Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: The temperature, as well as the frequency, dependence of the dielectric constant was explained by the existence of functional groups between neighboring layers; since functional groups containing hydroxyl groups are expected to be present between layers, their behavior might be influenced by the frequency, leading to resonant behavior at high frequency. Furthermore, investigation of the structure and properties of GH would help determine pathways for synthesizing graphene since increasing the ratio of sp3/sp2 drives the GH system towards a more graphane-like state in which all carbon atoms have sp3 orbitals. Moreover, these investigations will also facilitate the development of applications, such as sensors and energy storage systems, which exploit the large surface area of these materials. As a demonstration of a possible application, electrodes for supercapacitors were fabricated using reduced GH. Figure 7 shows the XRD pattern of reduced GH, which contained 3 distinct peaks. The interlayer distances for the planes associated with these peaks were 12. 7 Å, 3. 43 Å and 2. 96 Å, respectively. After reduction, the reduced GH had a greater interlayer distance than the unreduced GH (cf. Figure 3). Figure 7XRD pattern of reduced GH. The reduced GH had a greater interlayer distance than the unreduced GH. Full size imageFigure 8 shows images of the cross-sections of thermally reduced GH samples. Since the GH had numerous chemical groups on the surface, gases were generated during the reduction process by the destruction chemical groups such as epoxy and hydroxyl groups. In addition, the vacuum environment triggered the expansion of the stacked layers so that the evolved gases could escape from the GH. Long-term vacuum reduction at high temperature produced many pores inside the sample and expanded the interlayer spacing, i. e. , the effective surface area was greatly increased. Therefore, neighboring layers were separated from each other and many pores were clearly visible, as shown in Fig. 8(a). In Figs. 8(b) and (c), the empty space between layers is distinct and the structure is like that of a connected cocoon. The size of the cocoon-shaped pores was larger than 1 μm2. Inside the individual layers, there were smaller pores around 250 nm × 50 nm and 40 nm × 10 nm, as shown in Figs. 8(e) and (f), respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: The identification of farm-specific biomarkers was highlighted as a strategy to understand the relationship between feed efficiency and growth as opposed to identify feed-specific microbiota due to the variability as a function of the rearing environments. Furthermore, illustrated that reprogramming either the maternal or foetal microbiome did not necessarily restore the feed efficiency phenotype, and in some cases led to a retardation in growth. Linking the role of the gut microbiota on the availability and activity of a range of metabolites was presented by Rowland (University of Reading, UK). Microbiota metabolic activity significantly enhances the host’s capacity to metabolise a wide range of dietary components that subsequently extends the range of formed metabolites. Using the example of short-chain fatty acids, acetate, butyrate and propionate, demonstrated that fermentation of dietary carbohydrates by the microbiota, that increases short-chain fatty acid availability, not only led to metabolite expansion, but could also act as cell-signalling molecules (Rowland et al. , and Tuohy2018). He concluded his presentation that the large inter-individual variation in gut microbiota has consequences on both metabolism and health. The interplay between dietary fibre intake, gut microbiota and health was discussed by Edwards (University of Glasgow, UK). Focussing on the role of dietary fibre, provided evidence of the importance of dietary fibre on gut microbiota as a source of energy and that these can be present as a complex matrix of non-digestible components. A range of factors that influence the interaction between microbiota and dietary fibre was discussed that included method of presentation, dosage, interaction between dietary fibres (Edwards et al. , and Combet2017). Understanding the complex nature of this relationship was further illustrated by reference to barriers to dietary fibre intake, differences in gut physiology between individuals and the limitations of current models and tracers and the reporting of these studies. Manipulation of the microbiota to improve gut health in individuals with an underlying condition was addressed by Gerasimidis (University of Glasgow, UK). Focussing on Crohn’s Disease (CD), provided evidence that enteral nutrition in paediatric patients could reduce the biomarkers of gut inflammation during an 8-week period by alteration of the gut microbiota. There are limitations to this approach in relation to the volume of enteral nutrition required (120 L/week) and that following the cessation of treatment the symptoms had returned.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose, Water: Distilled water. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 7 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, QCR: Quercetin, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 8 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 9 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on foot shock stress triggered transient hyperthermia in male mice. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 10 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: The sheet resistance of the reduced-GH electrodes was measured using the four-point–probe method and was 1. 8 Ω/□. Figure 8SEM images of thermally reduced GH. Cross-sectional SEM images of the reduced GH paper sample at various magnifications. Full size imageTo evaluate the supercapacitive performance of the reduced GH electrodes, two-electrode symmetric coin cells were assembled. The mass of the GH electrode is 0. 198 mg each. To operate the coin cells across a wide voltage range, organic 1 M tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4) in polycarbonate was used as the electrolyte. The electrochemical performance was analyzed using galvanostatic charge/discharge profiling, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance measurements. The charge/discharge profiles of the reduced GH electrodes at different current densities are shown in Figure 9. The triangular profiles were similar to those obtained from electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with good performance. A voltage drop in the curve, caused by an equivalent series resistance, was almost negligible. The specific capacitance (C) of the electrode was calculated using the slope of the discharge line usingFigure 9Electrochemical performance of the reduced-GH electrode. (a) galvanostatic charge and discharge curves at different current densities, (b) C-V profiles at different scan rates and (c) the complex impedance spectrum. Full size imagewhere I is the applied current, m is the mass of active material, ΔV is the potential range and t is the time to discharge. The specific capacitances of the electrode were 210. 1 F/g (at 1 A/g) and 212. 3 F/g (at 2 A/g). The volumetric capacitance of each electrode was calculated to be 71. 4 F/cm3 and 72. 1 F/cm3. The average electrode density was 0. 34 g/cm3. The reduced-GH electrodes showed rectangular CV curves [Fig. 9(b)] without any redox peaks, indicating ideal capacitive behavior. The pseudo-capacitance effect, which can be enhanced by surface functional groups containing oxygen and nitrogen by an additional Faradaic reaction, was not observed. It should be also noted that the CV curves were still rectangular at a high scan rate of 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: He explained that alternative approaches were now being trialled using a novel ordinary diet-based therapy that was proving effective in children with CD. Returning to the theme of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), Frost (King’s College, London, UK) and Morrison (University of Glasgow, UK), explained that the gut microbiota generate short-chain fatty acids in the large intestine. In support of previous evidence, they discussed the multi-factorial effects that SCFA’s play in several tissues and highlighted the limited evidence from human studies that suggested a clear line for future study. Focussing on propionate they presented data from studies utilising inulin, as a vehicle to deliver propionate directly to the colon, and identified an effect from propionate on appetite regulation, beta cell function and glucose homeostasis as well as cardio-metabolic markers. On day 2, the session started with a discussion on the effects of parasitic worm infection on the gut microbiome. Reynolds (University of Victoria, Canada) provided a fascinating insight into Helminth infection on the small intestinal metabolome. Although parasitic worm infection can increase the risk of infection to the host, also explained that Helminth infection can also be immunosuppressive (Brosschot and Reynold, and Reynold2018) and for conditions where intestinal inflammation is a major pathology these treatment-induced infections can alleviate symptoms. Furthermore, the relationship between the local bacterial microbiota, metabolome and Helminth infection was illustrated by the changes in isovalerate levels. The final two presentations of the session focussed on specific pathologies within the intestinal tract that encompassed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), delivered by Hold (University of Wales, Australia) and gastric cancer, covered by Rossiter (University of Birmingham, UK). explained that while the rate of IBD appears to be low (0. 3% prevalence), the rates continue to increase and that microbial composition as evidenced through 16S rRNA sequencing expression is highly linked to classifying disease status. She further highlighted that metagenomics appears to be the best method to identify treatment response. Furthermore, stressed that a holistic understanding of the intestinal microbiota is essential if we are to comprehend the composition, function and metabolic capacity that can affect disease treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Statistically significant differences (One way ANOVA followed by student t-test) relative to corresponding stressed control group and non-stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05 and ψp<0. 05 respectively. Onset of Sleep (Sec) Duration of Sleep (Min) 172. 83±3. 79 174. 67±2. 24 60. 50±2. 29 59. 33±2. 86 STD (10 mg/kg) 174. 67±4. 47 172. 83±2. 09 83. 00±2. 80 92. 67±4. 09* Test (5 mg/kg) 162. 83±3. 12 158. 33±4. 48* 72. 00±2. 35 85. 00±3. 00* Test (20 mg/kg) 156. 83±3. 34 155. 00±6. 89* 75. 50±2. 09* 77. 03±3. 35 Test (100 mg/kg) 152. 00±3. 79* 152. 33±4. 32* 78. 00±1. 29* 74. 17±3. 21 Test (400 mg/kg) 148. 67±3. 93* 149. 67±3. 22* 80. 00±1. 63* 78. 33±3. 28 Table 1 Effect of triethylene glycol and quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12 Numbers of (Condition) 5. 67 ±0. 21 5. 50±0. 22 Non-stressed Control 5. 33±0. 21 5. 17±0. 17 Test (5 mg/kg) 5. 00±0. 26 4. 33±0. 21*ψ Table 2 Effects of triethylene glycol and quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12 reported in this communication are the very first ones revealing and reconfirming quercetin like stress response desensitizing effects of TEG and that maximally effective daily oral doses of both quercetin and TEG in protecting male mice against stress triggered body weight losses and slight elevations of basal core temperatures are 5 mg/kg/day or lower.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 1 V/s, indicating rapid charging/discharging with a low equivalent series resistance in the electrodes. Figure 9(c) displays the electrochemical impedance spectrum of the reduced-GH electrodes. The impedance measurements were carried out at a DC bias of 0 V over a frequency range of 100 kHz to 1 mHz. The impedance curve in Fig. 9(c) is a straight line, indicating ideal capacitive behavior in the device. The intercept of the Nyquist curve with the x axis is about 3. 5 Ω, demonstrating the good conductivity of the electrolyte and the very low internal resistance of the electrode. The intrinsic capacitance of single layer graphene is 21 μF/cm219, which is equivalent to 550 F/g. Previous research has focused on achieving high gravimetric capacitance in graphene and graphene-related materials through the use of porous materials with small densities to achieve supercapacitors with large gravimetric capacitances. However, the porosity of carbonaceous materials (such as graphene foam and graphene hydrogel) negatively impacts the volumetric capacitance of supercapacitors due to low densities (0. 01–0. 03 g/cm3)20,21,22,23, which is the greatest barrier to commercialization of supercapacitors requiring large volumetric capacitance for compact energy storage systems. However, the GH electrodes show not only high gravimetric as well as volumetric capacitances, which pave the commercialization path of supercapacitors. DiscussionWe investigated the structure of GH to assess its suitability for use in graphene-based applications. We determined that GH has a layered structure and that, after reduction under high-vacuum and high-temperature conditions, many large pores between the layers developed, leading to high surface area. To utilize this high surface area, electrodes for supercapacitors were manufactured from reduced GH. The layered structure of the reduced GH provided a large volumetric capacitance of 71. 4 F/cm3, as well as a large gravimetric capacitance of 210. 1 F/g. Thus, the material investigated here can be used not only for energy storage systems demanding high volumetric capacitance but also accelerate the development of new electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) materials for supercapacitors with high volumetric capacitance. MaterialsGO samples were prepared by the Brodie process13.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Focussing on the upper gastrointestinal tract, discussed the link between the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, and gastric cancer and the relationship with other bacterial species and concluded that these relationship are not fully understood. She then presented data on H. pylori growth in a polymicrobial environment with the observation that Actinomyces oris completely inhibits H. pylori growth. However, she also indicated that co-infection with H. pylori and Actinomyces spp led to an increase in interleukin 8 expression in a gastric cell carcinoma model that could possibly exacerbate the inflammatory response. She concluded that understanding the gastric microbiota is required if we asre to unlock the mechanism between the bacterial population and gastric carcinogenesis. The second plenary lecture by Prof. Paul O’Toole (Cork, Ireland) discussed the diet-microbiome and health axis from the perspective of the ageing population. He described how the gut microbiome in an aged population differs significantly from a young population (O’Toole and Jeffery, Reference O’Toole and Jeffery2018) and this could be due to several factors and that one of these is a reduction in diet diversity. The changes in dietary habits correlates with increasing frailty and independence of residence. Changes in dietary intake, either by the use of probiotics or the adoption of a Mediterranean diet results in measurable changes in microbiota profile in humans. In addition, he reported that there is a positive relationship between the adoption of a Mediterranean diet and a delay in the onset of ageing-related health loss. He also highlighted the differences in body mass index between individuals that reside in the community and those in residential care and the impact this would have on metabolic status and that non-dietary factors should not be overlooked. In summary, the data presented and the roundtable discussions that took place after the presentation sessions illustrated the diversity of impacts from the gut microbiome on health, metabolic status, development and growth and maintenance through the lifespan. A significant number of presentations also discussed the merits and limitations of the different methodologies applied to understand the microbiota profile and the various models, from cell to organism and animal/human, to examine the function of the gut microbiota and its impact on whole body function. authors wish to acknowledge the support of in the organisation and running of the Spring conference. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: By far a vast majority of preclinical reports on bioactivities of quercetin deal mainly with its effects observed after its intraperitoneal administration or in cellular and other in vitro models and its doses used in most reported in vivo studies vary between 5 and 750 mg/kg. Reports on oral bioavailability of quercetin have consistently revealed that like all other edible plant polyphenolics quercetin is readily anabolised and catabolized inside the gastrointestinal tract and strongly suggest that its metabolites and conjugates are also involved in its therapeutically interesting bioactivity profile. 36 However, yet no reports on its pharmacologically interesting oral dose range and dosing regimen has appeared and analogous is also the case for TEG. Results of safety and chronic toxicity studies have revealed though, that their daily oral doses up to 1 g/day are well tolerated by laboratory rodents. Therefore, the dose finding experiments were conducted to estimate their pharmacologically interesting and toxicologically safe oral dose ranges in mice occasionally exposed to unpredictable mild stressful conditions, analogous (but not identical) to those now often used for assessing antidepressant like activities of drugs and other bioactive agents. 37 Qualitatively, the effects of quercetin and TEG observed in the dose finding experiments were quite analogous to those of fumaric acid or its dimethyl ester. Like fumarates both of them also had similar antidepressants like efficacies in tail suspension test after their repeated daily oral doses. However, in this test the observed efficacies of fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate were ca. 10 times higher than those of quercetin or TEG and similar differences in their efficacies were also observed in the FISH test in those experiments. Therefore, fumaric acid and its easily hydrolysable esters seem to be more effective as potential antidepressant and anxiolytic agents with stress response desensitizing properties than quercetin or TEG. Fumarates were the very first stress response suppressing bioactive metabolite of an Ayurvedic adaptogenic herb identified and since then numerous other therapeutically interesting bioactivities of fumaric acid and its hydrolysable esters have been observed in our laboratories. 26,38-40 Estimated mean maximally effective daily oral doses of fumaric acid and its methyl esters after their repeated once daily oral treatments were always between 1 and 15 mg/kg.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Home 28. 50 Graphene-for Micro-Supercapacitors quantity Add to cart Category: 10. 21741/9781644900550-5 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 4270. [2] M. Jayalakshmi, K. Balasubramanian, Simple capacitors to supercapacitors-An overview, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 3 (2008) 1196–1217. [3] A. Burk, Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology, J. 91 (2000) 37–50. [4] Z. Yu, L. Tetard, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Supercapacitor electrode materials: Nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015) 702–730. [5] Y. Wang, Y. Xia, Recent progress in supercapacitors: From materials design to system construction, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 5336–5342. [6] Y. Zhang, H. Feng, X. Wu, L. Wang, A. Zhang, T. Xia, H. Dong, X. Li, L. Zhang, Progress of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials: A review, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 34 (2009) 4889–4899. [7] R. Ko, M. Carlen, R. Kotz and M. Carlen, Principles and Applications of electrochemical capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 45 (2000) 1–16. [8] C. Liu, Z. Yu, D. Neff, A. Zhamu, B. Z. Jang, Graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 4863–4868. [9] Z. Fan, J. Yan, T. Wei, L. Zhi, G. Ning, T. Li, F. Wei, Asymmetric supercapacitors based on graphene/MnO2 and activated carbon nanofiber electrodes with high power and energy density, Adv. Funct. Mater. 21 (2011) 2366–2375.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: The gut microbiota is an emerging target for improving brain health during ageing Published online by Press: 12 December 2022 [Opens in a new window]Guzzetta [Opens in a new window]Caroline Wasén [Opens in a new window] andCox [Opens in a new window] Show author details Marcus Boehme* Affiliation: Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S. A. , : of Anatomy and for and Women’s of and én Affiliation: Center for and Women’s of Biology and Biological Engineering, of : Center for and Women’s * *Corresponding author. Email: marcus. boehme@rd. nestle. com 10. 1017/gmb. 2022. 11 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Press on behalf of Physiological changes that occur during ageing can contribute to a progressive decline in overall brain health including cognitive abilities. This impairment in brain health is observable in multiple age-related diseases, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), and leads to a worsened quality of life for patients. There is an important difference between one’s chronologic age (time since birth) versus one’s biologic age, and differences in the rate of ageing, especially during midlife, can significantly impact future age-related decline (Elliott et al. , -and Moffitt2021). Furthermore, biologic age in healthy elderly individuals can predict the development of dementia (Wu et al. , and Goudsmit2021a). Recent studies suggest that peripheral changes in physiology may affect age-related cognitive decline and therefore represent an emerging therapeutic target to manage brain health in ageing. Moreover, gastrointestinal (GI) functions are disrupted during ageing, including weakened gut barrier function, altered intestinal neurotransmitter levels and altered intestinal immunity (Bosco and Noti, and Noti2021; Saffrey, Reference Saffrey2014). Changes in GI physiology culminate in alterations to the gut microbiota, which may in turn influence brain ageing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: /day in various rodent models commonly used for identifying drug leads potentially useful for treatments of anxiety, depression, pain and inflammation. Therefore, 10 mg/kg/day doses of water soluble fumaric acid was used as a reference substance in the dose finding experiment with TEG and the same dose of di-methyl fumarate for the experiment with the water insoluble quercetin which were suspended in 0. 3% CMC for daily oral administrations. Results of the confirmatory experiments reaffirm that body weights and basal core temperatures of the distilled water or 0. 3% CMC treated stressed and non stressed control groups on all observational day were almost identical and such were also the observations in the FSIH and marble burying tests. These observations not only justify uses of CMC as a vehicle for water insoluble substances in the bioassay used, but also reaffirm that despite structural and other differences in their water solubility and physicochemical properties, both quercetin and TEG are almost equiactive as stress response suppressing agents with antidepressants and anxiolytic like effects after their repeated daily oral doses only. It has recently been reported that single oral 15 mg/kg dose of quercetin to mice improves redox status but does not affect heat shock stress responses. 41,42 Numerous observation in our laboratories and elsewhere have often revealed also that maximally effective stress response suppressing doses and doses regimen of adaptogenic herbal extracts and their bioactive constituents are often not effective in their psychopharmacological and other activities observed after their higher or acute doses. Therefore, the confirmatory experiments were conducted to experimentally verify the possibility whether after their 10 or more daily 5 mg/kg oral doses quercetin and TEG also possesses Withania somnifera extracts like effects on obsessive compulsive behavior of stressed mice or not. Results of these experiments revealed that although quercetin posses some significant effects in the two-zone version of the marble burying test, it had no observable effects in the other version of the same test and TEG had no observable effects in both versions of the test. Since such were not the observations made with a Withania somnifera extract tested earlier in our laboratories,43 these observations suggest that apart from quercetin and TEG other bioactive secondary metabolites are also involved in the broad spectrums of psychopharmacological activity profiles of the plant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [10] J. Yan, Z. Fan, W. Sun, G. Ning, T. Wei, Q. Zhang, R. Zhang, L. Zhi, F. Wei, Advanced asymmetric supercapacitors based on Ni(OH)2/graphene and porous graphene electrodes with high energy density, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 (2012) 2632–2641. [11] X. Yu, B. Lu, Z. Xu, Super long-life supercapacitors based on the construction of nanohoneycomb-like strongly coupled CoMoO4-3D graphene hybrid electrodes, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 1044–1051. [12] N. Kurra, Q. Jiang, H. N. Alshareef, A general strategy for the fabrication of high-performance microsupercapacitors, 16 (2015) 1–9. [13] G. Zhang, Y. Han, C. Shao, N. Chen, G. Sun, X. Jin, J. Gao, B. Ji, H. Yang, L. Qu, Processing and manufacturing of graphene-based microsupercapacitors, Front. (2018) 1750–1764. [14] Z. S. Wu, K. Parvez, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Graphene-based in-plane micro-supercapacitors with high power and energy densities, Nat. Commun. 4 (2013) 1-7. [15] X. Shi, Z. S. Wu, J. Qin, S. Zheng, S. Wang, F. Zhou, C. Sun, X. Bao, Graphene-based linear tandem micro-supercapacitors with metal-free current collectors and high-voltage output, Adv. Mater. 29 (2017) 1–9. [16] W. Liu, X. Yan, J. Chen, Y. Feng, Q. Xue, Novel and high-performance asymmetric micro-supercapacitors based on graphene quantum dots and polyaniline nanofibers, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 6053–6062. [17] D. Pech, M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Trillions of microorganisms reside in the GI tract and constantly survey, adapt and respond to their environment. Collectively known as the gut microbiota, these microbes have coexisted and coevolved with their host and are increasingly recognised for their contributions to maintaining the health of their host throughout the lifespan, including brain health. The gut microbiota can communicate bidirectionally with the brain through several mechanisms, including endocrinal, nervous, immune and microbial metabolite-driven pathways (Cryan et al. , Reference Cryan, O’-Smith, Lyte, Martin, Molinero-Perez, Moloney, Morelli, Morillas, O’Connor, Cruz-van de Wouw, Ventura-Silva, Wallace-Fitzsimons, Hyland, Clarke and Dinan2019b). Investigations into these pathways, along with the use of germ-free (GF) rodents, which completely lack all microbes, and direct gut microbiota manipulation, such as antibiotic treatment, faecal microbiota transplantation and microbiota administration, have enabled a deeper understanding of how the gut microbiota influences biological functions in its host, including in the brain. Critically, the gut microbiota influences the blood–brain barrier (Braniste et al. , Reference Braniste, Al-and Pettersson2014), neurochemistry and cellular functions in the brain, such as immunity and neuroplasticity (Erny et al. , Reference Erny, Hrabe de -and Prinz2015; Guzzetta et al. , Reference Guzzetta, Cryan and O’Leary2022; Mossad and Blank, and Blank2021; Ogbonnaya et al. , and O’Leary2015; Parker et al. , and Carding2022; Rei et al. , and Lledo2022; Scott et al. , and Cryan2017; Spichak and and McCullough2018) and has been preclinically shown to modulate cognitive function during ageing (Boehme, Guzzetta and Bastiaanssen et al. , Reference Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen, van de Wouw, Moloney, Gual-Grau, Spichak, Olavarría-Ramírez, ’Leary, Dinan and Cryan2021; Mossad et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Fumarates and other structurally diverse plant metabolites with microbicidal activities and antibiotics have since long been used by agricultural farm industries as growth promoters and it is now well recognized that their modulating effects on gut microbial ecology also contribute to their growth promoting effects. 44 More recently it has been reported also that like other dietary emulsifiers, daily CMC intake with drinking water by laboratory mice alters their gut microbial ecology and increases their body weight gain rates after 20 or more days of its regular intake. 45 In the confirmatory experiments reported in the present communication, 12 daily oral administrations of 0. 3% CMC (10 ml/kg/day) also had no effects on body weight gains in the non stressed mice and the body weight losses and all other quantified parameters in CMC only treated stressed mice during the course of the experiments were also similar in magnitude to those observed in distilled water treated ones. These and the other observation that 5 or more daily oral 5 mg/kg/day oral doses of quercetin or TEG are their maximally effective ones for desensitizing stress triggered body weight loses and alterations in thermoregulatory processes could suggest that they are either more effective modulators of gut microbial ecology than CMC, or that their these observed effects are not entirely due to their potential ability to modulate gut microbial ecology. Although further more detailed studies will be necessary for more definitive statements on possible involvement of gut microbiota in their modes of actions, it remains certain that both of them are more potent stress response desensitizer than as potential antidepressant or anxiolytic agents and that observations made after their single doses are not very reliable predictors of their bioactivity profiles after their regular oral intake. The experiments described in this communication constitute a part of our ongoing efforts to identify bioactive constituents of Withania somnifera and other Ayurvedic adaptogenic plants currently often used, or prescribed by practitioners of Indian system of medicines, for prevention and cure of psychosomatic disorders. Quercetin is one of the numerous plant phenolics encountered in numerous (if not most) such plants and extensive efforts made during the past few decades have often pointed out its medicinal values for prevention and/or cure of obesity diabetes and other silently progressing metabolic disorders,46 as well as diverse mental health problems commonly caused by uncontrollable anxiety and depression.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Yamauchi, W. Sugimoto, Synthesis of electro-deposited ordered mesoporous RuO x using lyotropic liquid crystal and application toward micro-supercapacitors, J. 227 (2013) 153–160. [27] asymmetric supercapacitor using RuO2/TiO2 nanotube composite and activated carbon electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 50 (2005) 5641–5646. [28] H. Y. Lee, J. B. Goodenough, Amorphous V2O5/carbon composites as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes, Ionics 153 (2002) 833–841. [29] H. Wang, X. Sun, Z. Liu, Z. Lei, Creation of nanopores on graphene planes with MgO template for preparing high-performance supercapacitor electrodes, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 6577–6584. [30] Q. Xiao, X. Zhou, The study of multiwalled carbon nanotube deposited with conducting polymer for supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 48 (2003) 575–580. [31] C. Peng, S. Zhang, D. Jewell, G. Z. Chen, Carbon nanotube and conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. 18 (2008) 777–788. [32] Q. Meng, K. Cai, Y. Chen, L. Chen, Research progress on conducting polymer based supercapacitor electrode materials, 36 (2017) 268–285. [33] G. A. Snook, P. Kao, A. S. Best, Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes, J. 196 (2011) 1–12. [34] D. W. Wang, F. Li, H. M. Cheng, Hierarchical porous nickel oxide and carbon as electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitor, J. 185 (2008) 1563–1568. [35] Y. Zhu, C. Cao, S. Tao, W. Chu, Z. Wu, Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , ämmermann, Prinz and Blank2021), and neurodegeneration (Erny et al. , de Aguero, Macpherson, Pearce and Prinz2021). Taken together, the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in supporting healthy cognition and neurological functions of its host, including active participation in important aspects of brain ageing. While the composition of the gut microbiota is generally understood to be relatively stable during early- and mid-adulthood, community stability appears to be uprooted in later stages of ageing, although the effects of ageing on gut microbiome diversity appear mixed, perhaps due to factors such as health and diet. For instance, elderly patients in care homes displayed an overall reduction in faecal microbial diversity, which also associated to worsened health status of the individual, while centenarians living amongst the general population had distinguishably increased alpha diversity, due to higher relative abundance of subdominant taxa accompanied with reduced relative abundances of core taxa (Biagi et al. , and Candela2016, and Brigidi2017; Claesson et al. , ’’Sullivan, Fitzgerald, Deane, O’Connor, Harnedy, O’Connor, O’Mahony, van and O’Toole2012; et al. , and Zhao2016; Wu et al. , and Carru2019). These conflicting results suggest that ageing leads to divergences in the gut microbiome which are dependent on the community sampled, and which likely contribute to an increased microbiome uniqueness overserved in ageing (Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021). Understanding the causal relationships between gut microbiome trajectory and healthy brain ageing may allow for the discovery of novel microbiota-driven therapies for maintaining brain health during ageing. Biological ageing drives changes to the gut microbiome The gut microbiome during ageing Following birth, the composition of the gut microbiome is highly dynamic, and gradually increases in stability with the development of the adaptive immune system, weaning onto a solid food diet and standardisation of lifestyle factors in early adulthood (Koenig et al. , and Ley2011). While the composition of the gut microbiome is relatively stable during early- to mid-adulthood if unperturbed, as an individual grows older, the gut microbiota enters a period of increased volatility and distinct shifts occur in the diversity of genera and functional capacity (Badal et al. , and Nguyen2020; Claesson et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 33 However, doses and dosing regimen used in all such studies varied enormously and as yet no very definitive statements on its modes and sites of actions involved in its diverse therapeutically interesting bioactivities observed after its diverse doses and treatment regimen used in the experiments can be made. 47 Such are also the cases for numerous other phytochemicals with analogous spectrums of bioactivities and fairly low oral bioavailability (as judged by their blood levels observed after their oral doses). It is now becoming increasingly apparent though, that quercetin and numerous such phytochemical are pleiotropic protective agents and that adaptive cellular stress pathways are involved in their health benefits observed after their regular intake with food and herbal remedies. 48,49 Our observations revealing stress response desensitizing effects of fairly low repeated daily doses of quercetin and TEG strongly suggest that their herbal adaptogens like efficacy continue to increase with the numbers of their daily oral doses and that there sites of actions are most probably within the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike for quercetin, fumarates and diverse other acidic and basic phytochemicals well known as plant hormones or plant protectors, as yet only very little efforts have been made to define the health effects of numerous water soluble plant polyols well known for their stress response regulators in plants. 50,51 Such plant polyols are often encountered in aqueous herbal extracts and reports on diverse medicinally interesting bioactivities in experimental animals have continued to increase during more recent years. It has recently been reported that TEG is one of the bioactive constituent of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera involved their cytostatic or anticancer activities. 6 Observations reported in this communication revealing its stress response desensitizing effects after its relatively low doses, encourage us suggest that further effort to identify and pharmacologically characterizes this and other water soluble plant polyols with microbicidal or anti-fungal activities traditionally known medicinal plants should be made also. Such efforts are not only necessary for better understanding the pharmacology of edible and medicinal plants, also for more rapid progress necessary for fore evidence based integration of herbal remedies in modern medical practices. It is now well recognized that alterations in gut microbiota in early life can have long lasting effects on body weight in adulthood52 and that gut microbial ecology can be altered by numerous food phytochemicals with bactericidal activities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [44] F. Zhang, T. Zhang, X. Yang, L. Zhang, K. Leng, Y. Huang, Y. Chen, A high-performance supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage device based on graphene-enhanced electrode materials with ultrahigh energy density, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 1623–1632. [45] Y. K. A. Lau, A. V Kvit, A. L. Schmitt, S. . . Growth, S. Publishing, N. Cabrera, C. . . Keis, S. E. Lindquist, A. . Dudley, D. Bliss, M. Callahan, M. . Yoreo, C. Cottrell, S. Award, D. Young, Monolithic Carbide-Films for Micro-Supercapacitors, Science 1060 (2010) 480–484. [46] W. Sun, X. Chen, Fabrication and tests of a novel three dimensional micro supercapacitor, Microelectron Eng. 86 (2009) 1307-1310. [47] W. Sun, R. Zheng, X. Chen, Symmetric redox supercapacitor based on micro-fabrication with three-dimensional polypyrrole electrodes, J. 195 (2010) 7120–7125. [48] C. Shen, X. Wang, W. Zhang, F. Kang, A high-performance three-dimensional micro supercapacitor based on self-supporting composite materials, J. 196 (2011) 10465–10471. [49] M. Beidaghi, Y. Gogotsi, Capacitive energy storage in micro-scale devices: Recent advances in design and fabrication of micro-supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 867–884. [50] M. Beidaghi, C. Wang, Micro-supercapacitors based on interdigital electrodes of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotube composites with ultrahigh power handling performance, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 (2012) 4501–4510. [51] J. Sung, S. Kim, K.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Claesson, Cusack, O’Sullivan, Greene-Diniz, de van Sinderen, O’Connor, Harnedy, O’Connor, Henry, O’and O’Toole2011). Ageing-associated alterations to microbial diversity and composition of the gut microbiome have been observed in multiple species, including flies (eg. , Drosophila), worms (eg. , Caenorhabditis elegans), rodents, dogs, monkeys (Ambrosini et al. , and Mochel2019; Dinić et al. , Reference Dinić, Herholz, Kačarević, Radojević, Novović, Đokić, Trifunović and Golić2021; Kubinyi et al. , and Felfoldi2020; Lee et al. , Reference Lee, Lee, Lee, Lee and Min2019; Pallikkuth et al. , and Pahwa2021; Scott et al. , and Cryan2017; van der Lugt et al. , Reference van der and Steegenga2018; Wei et al. , and Chen2021) and in humans (Biagi et al. , and De Vos2010; Claesson et al. , ’’Sullivan, Fitzgerald, Deane, O’Connor, Harnedy, O’Connor, O’Mahony, van and O’Toole2012; Jeffery et al. , Reference Jeffery, Lynch and O’Toole2016; Leite et al. , and Mathur2021). This may be due to a multitude of biological and environmental factors, including immunosenescence (Bosco and Noti, and Noti2021), altered physiology of the gastrointestinal tract (Soenen et al. , Reference Soenen, Rayner, Jones and Horowitz2016), development of age-related diseases, and in humans, increased exposure to medication and altered diet associated with long-term care facilities (Claesson et al. , ’’Sullivan, Fitzgerald, Deane, O’Connor, Harnedy, O’Connor, O’Mahony, van and O’Toole2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 53 Since, quercetin and numerous other functionally analogous molecules with bacteriostatic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and diverse other therapeutically interesting bioactivities are now known and diverse combinations of such molecules are often regularly consumed with food, herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, efforts to better define pharmacological interactions between them seems to be an urgent necessity for more rationally designing dietary or herbal therapies for prevention and cure of diverse chronic diseases. For such purposes, the mouse bioassay procedures used in this and in our early studies could be a useful starting point. Since quercetin is pharmacologically and toxicologically well defined phytochemical encountered in many herbal remedies and almost all plant derived food, efforts will now be made to quantify pharmacological interactions between this plant phenolic and other well known and quantitative major secondary plant metabolites with bactericidal activities. quercetin and triethylene glycol are fairly potent desensitizer of stress responses with antidepressants and anxiolytics like activities in mice behavioural models and their such efficacies start appearing only after their repeated daily doses. Therefore, they can also be considered as adaptogens potentially useful for prevention and cure of mental health problems arising from mild chronic uncontrollable stress of everyday life. Acknowledgements None. Conflict of interest Author declares that there is no conflict of interest. 490. Chemistry and pharmacology of Withania somnifera. TANG [Humanitus Medicine]. 2015;5(1):1‒13. . Determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of different parts of Withania somnifera(L. ) Dunal. from three different growth stages. Prod. 2013;50:537‒539. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somniferaDun. Phytotherapy Research. 2001;15:311‒318. . Adaptogenic activity of a novel withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somniferaDun. (Part II). Phytother Res. 2003;17:531‒536. of Activity: Identification of an of Action. . 2013;8(10):e77189. Ballantyne B, Snellings WM. Triethylene glycol HO (CH2CH2O) 3H. J appl toxicol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Lee, Fabrication of microcapacitors using conducting polymer microelectrodes, J. 124 (2003) 343–350. [52] of all-solid-state electrochemical microcapacitors, J. 133 (2004) 312–319. [53] M. Xue, Z. Xie, L. Zhang, X. Ma, X. Wu, Y. Guo, W. Song, Microfluidic etching for fabrication of flexible and all-solid-state micro supercapacitor based on MnO2 nanop2708. [54] M. F. El-kady, R. B. Kaner, Scalable fabrication of high-power graphene micro-supercapacitors for flexible and on-chip energy storage, Nat. Commun. 4 (2013) 1475–1479. [55] X. . Jiao, J. Wang, Electrochemical performances of nanop2646. [56] A. Yuan, Q. Zhang, A novel hybrid manganese dioxide/activated carbon supercapacitor using lithium hydroxide electrolyte, Electrochem. Commun. 8 (2006) 1173–1178. [57] J. Gamby, P. L. Taberna, P. Simon, J. F. Fauvarque, M. Chesneau, Studies and characterisations of various activated carbons used for carbon/carbon supercapacitors, J. 101 (2001) 109–116. [58] R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov, W. A. de Heer, Carbon Nanotubes-the route toward applications, Science 787 (2012) 787–792. [59] M. Kaempgen, C. K. Chan, J. Ma, A. Kiebele, Y. Cui, G. Gruner, film supercapacitors using single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 9 (2009) 1872-1876. [60] performance of porous graphene nanosheets in bis(trifluoromethylsulfony)imide and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquid electrolytes, J. Electr. 22 (2018) 2197–2203. [61] J. Lin, C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: In humans, characteristics of ageing within the gut microbiome begin to appear in mid-to-late adulthood (Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021), though the exact timepoint for this shift may vary based on genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors which are unique to an individual. In general, ageing is associated with a decline in core microbial genera, increased bacterial community uniqueness, altered microbial diversity and altered functional ability of the gut microbiota (Claesson et al. , Reference Claesson, Cusack, O’Sullivan, Greene-Diniz, de van Sinderen, O’Connor, Harnedy, O’Connor, Henry, O’and O’Toole2011, ’’Sullivan, Fitzgerald, Deane, O’Connor, Harnedy, O’Connor, O’Mahony, van and O’Toole2012; Ghosh et al. , Reference Ghosh, Shanahan and O’Toole2022a,Reference Ghosh, Shanahan and O’Tooleb; Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021). Critically, there is noticeable variation between studies examining the gut microbiome within different older populations, which may be due to dietary, cultural, environmental or geographical differences that can influence the gut microbiome, or due to differences in microbiome analysis methodology (Biagi et al. , and De Vos2010, and Brigidi2017; Claesson et al. , ’’Sullivan, Fitzgerald, Deane, O’Connor, Harnedy, O’Connor, O’Mahony, van and O’Toole2012; Odamaki et al. , and Osawa2016; Salazar et al. , Reference Salazar, Valdes-Varela, Gonzalez, Gueimonde and de Los Reyes-Gavilan2017; Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021). For instance, the genus Bacteroides and other genera within the family Bacteroidales including Alistipes and Parabacteroides have been observed at higher levels in people aged 65+ compared to younger, healthy adults (Claesson et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 2007;27(3):291‒299. . in Disinfection of Air in Central Schools: II. Vapor Treatment. . 1955;45(6):767‒773. Antibacterial activity of quercetin on oral infectious pathogens. Microbiol Res. 2011;5:5358‒5361. The lethal effect of triethylene glycol vapor on air-borne bacteria and influenza virus. Science. 1943;97(2510):142‒144. Mellody M, Bigg E. The fungicidal action of triethylene glycol. J Infectious Dis. 1946;79(1):45–46. Disinfection of clouds of meningopneumonitis and psittacosis viruses with triethylene glycol vapor. J Exp Med. 1947;85(1):65–76. The rate of bactericidal action of triethylene glycol vapor on microorganisms dispersed into the air in small droplets. Epidemiol. 1949;50(2):175‒188. Flavonoid quercetin protects against swimming stress-induced changes in oxidative biomarkers in the hypothalamus of rats. Eur j pharmacol. 2009;621(1):46‒52. Quercetin protects against oxidative stress associated damages in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Neurochem res. 2011;36(8):1360‒1371. Alterations of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice is strongly linked to oxidative stress. Biotechnol. 2013;97(4):1689‒1697. Cani PD. Gut microbiota and obesity: lessons from the microbiome. Genomics. 2013;12(4):381‒387. Chatterjee SS, Kumar V. Holistic psychopharmacology and promiscuous plants and principles of ayurveda. of Plant Sciences. 2012;3:1015‒1021. pharmacology of Ashwagandha as an adaptogenic anti-diabetic plant: A pilot study. Med. 2015;1(1):51‒61. . Adaptogenic potential of Andrographolide: an active principle of the King of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata). J Med. 2015;5(1):42‒50.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Zhou, X. S. Zhao, Graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 20 (2010) 5983–5992. [71] E. Frackowiak, Carbon materials for supercapacitor application, 9 (2007) 1774–1785. [72] L. M. Da Silva, L. A. De Faria, J. F. C. Boodts, Determination of the morphology factor of oxide layers, Electrochim. Acta 47 (2001) 395–403. [73] G. Yu, L. Hu, M. Vosgueritchian, H. Wang, X. Xie, J. R. McDonough, X. Cui, Y. Cui, Z. Bao, Solution-processed graphene/MnO2 nanostructured textiles for high-performance electrochemical capacitors, Nano Lett. 11 (2011) 2905–2911. [74] A. Borenstein, O. Hanna, R. Attias, S. Luski, T. Brousse, D. Aurbach, Carbon-based composite materials for supercapacitor electrodes: A review, J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (2017) 12653–12672. [75] L. Lv, Y. Fan, Q. Chen, Y. Zhao, Y. Hu, Z. Zhang, N. Chen, L. Qu, Three-dimensional multichannel aerogel of carbon quantum dots for high-performance supercapacitors, Nanotechnology 25 (2014) 235401. [76] Y. Wang, A. Hu, Carbon quantum dots: Synthesis, properties and applications, J. Mater. Chem. C 2 (2014) 6921–6939. [77] Y. -Q. Dang, S. -Z. Ren, G. Liu, J. Cai, Y. Zhang, J. Qiu, Electrochemical and capacitive properties of carbon dots/reduced graphene oxide supercapacitors, Nanomaterials 6 (2016) 212. [78] X. Chen, R. Paul, L. Dai, Carbon-based supercapacitors for efficient energy storage, Natl. Sci. Rev.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Claesson, Cusack, O’Sullivan, Greene-Diniz, de van Sinderen, O’Connor, Harnedy, O’Connor, Henry, O’and O’Toole2011). However, other studies indicate that ageing leads to a decrease in Bacteroidaceae, the family that contains Bacteroides, along with a reduction in Faecalibacterium and Lachnospiraceae, and an increased abundance of Akkermansia, as recently reviewed by Badal et al. (and Nguyen2020). These differences in study outcomes suggest that it is currently impossible to pinpoint exactly when a person’s gut microbiome shifts to that of an ‘elderly’ state. Nonetheless, an ageing-associated drift in the gut microbiome was not as prevalent in less healthy individuals, suggesting that the shift in the microbiome occurring during ageing may be beneficial for and predictive of host health (Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021). Furthermore, retention of a higher prevalence of Bacteroides or a low microbial uniqueness was associated with a higher risk of mortality in a 4-year follow up (Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021). This research highlights that the microbiota may act as a novel marker for lifespan in elderly humans with specific bacterial genera potentially playing important roles. Extreme ageing shows unique microbial signatures It is important to consider the difference between biologic ageing that leads to physiologic decline versus healthy ageing that supports longevity. While the gut microbiome signatures associated with increased mortality uncovered by Wilmanski et al. (and Price2021) may be detrimental, there may be beneficial microbes unique or more abundant in healthy, long-living individuals that could support the health of their host (Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021). Indeed, unique microbial signatures appear as an individual ages and are highly apparent in centenarians (individuals who have lived for 100 years or more), though differences in bacterial genera appear to vary depending on the culture and region in which the assessment occurred (Biagi et al. , and Candela2016; Kim et al. , and Chung2019a; Kong et al. , and Zhao2016; Odamaki et al. , and Osawa2016; Sato et al. , and Honda2021; Tuikhar et al. , and Jeyaram2019; Wilmanski et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Densensitization of mild stress triggered responses in mice by a Brassica juncea leaf extract and some ubiquitous secondary plant metabolites. Pharmacologia. 2014;5(9):326‒338. . Metformin like of in Mice. SAJ Neurology. 2015;1(1):102. . Neuropsychopharmacology of a therapeutically used Andrographis paniculata extract: a preclinical study. Exp Med. 2014;14:181‒191. . Stress response desensitizing efficacies of triethylene glycol and quercetin in mice. Pharmacol. 2014;46:S91. Treatment for Anxiety: A of for the Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). J Med. 2014;20(12):901‒908. . Role of fumarates in adaptogenics like efficacies of traditionally used Fumaria indica extracts. TANG [Humanitas Medicine]. 2015;(5):28‒37. Zethof TJJ, Van der Stress induced hyperthermia in mice: a methodological study. Physiol Behav. 2011;55:109–115. Stress-induced hyperthermia and anxiety: pharmacological validation. Pharmacol. 2003;463(1‒3):117‒132. . Antidepressant-like effects of Brassica juncea leaves in diabetic rodents. Exp Biol. 2014;52:613‒22. Hyperactivity of central noradrenergic and CRF system is involved in social isolation-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep. Brain Res. 1995;84:874‒894. Witkin JM. of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder. Current protocols in neuroscience. 2008:9‒30. (2006) A combined marble burying-locomotor activity test in mice: a practical screening test with sensitivity to different classes of anxiolytics and antidepressants. Pharmacol 547(1‒3):106‒115. (2010) Polyphenols: a potential new strategy for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. 6(1):13‒18. Influence of Withania somniferaon obsessive compulsive disorder in mice. J Trop Med. 2012;5(5):380‒384. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 11308–9. [87] Q. Wang, X. Liu, L. Zhang, Y. Lv, Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon nanodots through an eggshell membrane and their fluorescent application, Analyst 137 (2012) 5392–5397. [88] H. Jiang, F. strategy for synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanop1995. [89] X. Xu, R. Ray, Y. Gu, H. J. Ploehn, L. Gearheart, K. Raker, W. A. Scrivens, Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 12736–12737. [90] J. Xu, K. Hou, Z. Ju, C. Ma, W. Wang, C. Wang, J. Cao, Z. Chen, Synthesis and electrochemical properties of carbon dots/manganese dioxide (CQDs/MnO2) nanoflowers for supercapacitor applications, J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 (2017) A430–A437. [91] Y. Zhu, X. Ji, C. Pan, Q. Sun, W. Song, L. Fang, Q. Chen, C. E. Banks, A carbon quantum dot decorated RuO2 network: Outstanding supercapacitances under ultrafast charge and discharge, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 3665–3675. [92] H. Feng, P. Xie, S. Xue, L. Li, X. Hou, Z. Liu, D. Wu, L. Wang, P. K. Chu, Synthesis of three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide hydrogel/carbon dots for high-performance supercapacitor, J. Electroanal. Chem. 808 (2018) 321–328. [93] S. Mondal, U. Rana, S. Malik, Graphene quantum dot-doped polyaniline nanofiber as high performance supercapacitor electrode materials, Chem. Comm. 51 (2015) 12365–12368.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , and Price2021). In a well-characterised Italian cohort, the gut microbiome of centenarians had higher abundance of several taxa such as Akkermansia and Christensenellaceae, some of which have previously been associated with health, suggesting they may contribute to the maintenance of health during ageing (Biagi et al. , and Candela2016). Meanwhile, other research found that Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae families decreased with advancing age (Biagi et al. , and Candela2016; Pu et al. , Reference Pu, Lee, Isho, Naouar and Gommerman2021). In another investigation in South Korea, Akkermansia, Collinsella, Clostridium and Christensenellaceae were increased in the faecal microbiome of centenarians, while there was a decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium and Prevotella (Kim et al. , and Ko2019b). This was associated with a greater predicted ability of the gut microbiome to contribute to glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, various N-glycan biosynthesis and the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway (Kim et al. , and Chung2019a). While several studies have reported different findings regarding the composition of the gut microbiome and ageing (Badal et al. , and Nguyen2020; Ghosh et al. , Reference Ghosh, Shanahan and O’Toole2022a), synergies between clinical studies may highlight potential health-promoting or health-degrading properties of specific bacteria, which could inspire investigations into whether these bacteria may also support cognitive health during extreme ageing (for further reading on this topic, see Ghosh et al. , Reference Ghosh, Shanahan and O’Toole2022b). It is tempting to speculate that longevity-associated bacterial taxa might be involved in the establishment of a longevity-promoting environment within the ageing host, and thus contribute to supporting the extreme limits of ageing within the human life, perhaps by buffering an individual from environmental challenges. Indeed, initial research involving the African turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) demonstrated a causal role of the gut microbiota in longevity; transferring microbiota from young fish into middle-aged fish improved their lifespan and motor behaviour and was accompanied by distinct transcriptional changes in intestinal immunity (Smith et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Effects of a Withania somnifera extract in a stressed mice model for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Abstract In: 2nd of Society for Ethnopharmacology (SFEC - 2015). Nagpur, India; 2015. . Quercetin and related polyphenols: new insights and implications for their bioactivity and bioavailability. Food Funct. 2015;6(5):1399‒1417. Willner P. Chronic mild stress (CMS) revisited: consistency and behavioural-neurobiological concordance in the effects of CMS. Neuropsychobiol. 2005;52(2):90‒110. . Holistic psychopharmacology of Fumaria indica (Fumitory). Chinese Med. 2012;3(4):182‒199. Role of fumaric acid in anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a Fumaria indica extracts. J Intercultural Ethnopharmacol. 2014;3(4):173‒178. Efficacies of fumaric acid and its mono and di-methyl esters in rodent models for analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. EC Pharmaceutical Sci. 2015;2:76‒88. Single-dose oral quercetin improves redox status but does not affect heat shock response in mice. Nutr Res. 2015;34(7):623‒629. Quercetin and heat shock response. Nutr Res. 2015;35(4):359. . Effects of a Withania somnifera extract in a stressed mice model for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Abstract In: 2nd of Society for Ethnopharmacology (SFEC). Nagpur, India; 2015. . Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poultry sci. 2005;84(4):634‒643. Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2015;519(7541):92‒96. Beneficial effects of quercetin on obesity and diabetes. J. 2011;4:189. The flavonoid quercetin in disease prevention and therapy: facts and fancies. Biochem pharmacol. 2012;83(1):6‒15.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [94] Z. Zhao, Y. Xie, Enhanced electrochemical performance of carbon quantum dots-polyaniline hybrid, J. 337 (2017) 54–64. [95] X. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Liu, J. Wu, H. Chen, H. Bi, Design and preparation of a ternary composite of graphene oxide/carbon dots/polypyrrole for supercapacitor application: Importance and unique role of carbon dots, Carbon 115 (2017) 134–146. [96] L. Ferragut, R. Montenegro, G. Winter, A. Núñez, Accurate extraction of interconnect capacitances by adaptive mixed F. E. M. , Microprocessing and Microprogramming 32 (1991) 61–68. [97] C. Niu, E. K. Sichel, R. Hoch, D. Moy, H. Tennent, High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotube electrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 (1997) 1480–1482. [98] R. Z. Ma J. . Liang, B. Q. Wei, B. Zhang, C. L. Xu, Study of electrochemical capacitors utilizing carbon nanotube electrodes, J. 84 (1999) 126–129. [99] B. Hsia, J. Marschewski, S. Wang, J. Bin In, C. Carraro, D. Poulikakos, C. P. Grigoropoulos, R. Maboudian, Highly flexible, all solid-state micro-supercapacitors from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, Nanotechnology 25 (2014) 055401. [100] Y. Q. Jiang, Q. Zhou, L. Lin, Planar mems supercapacitor using carbon nanotube forests, Proceedings of the on (MEMS), (2009). [101] W. Yu, H. Zhou, B. Q. Li, S. Ding, 3D Printing of carbon nanotubes-based microsupercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 4597–4604. [102] A. K. Geim and K. S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , and Valenzano2017). Furthermore, in a mouse model of progeria, which is a condition of accelerated ageing wherein gut microbiome is also altered, progeroid mice that received the faecal microbiota from wild-type mice showed a noticeable increase in lifespan and health span (Barcena et al. , Reference Barcena, Valdes--and Lopez-Otin2019). While whole faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown success in improving lifespan in these models, there is currently no evidence demonstrating whether FMT has a beneficial impact on human lifespan. Moreover, FMT is an intensive clinical procedure. Therefore, the use of individual probiotic bacteria, which can confer health benefits in ageing, may prove to be a better strategy for intervening on the ageing microbiome. Indeed, single strains of bacteria may hold the key for lifespan extension; administration of the bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila alone was sufficient to exert similar effects on extending lifespan in progeroid mice (Barcena et al. , Reference Barcena, Valdes--and Lopez-Otin2019). Whether these microbiota-targeted interventions could impact brain health during advanced ageing was not assessed in these studies, but other research has demonstrated a protective effect of Akkermansia in neurologic diseases including models of multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease (Blacher et al. , -and Elinav2019; Cox et al. , -Turcsanyi, Healy, Glanz, Bakshi, Chitnis and Weiner2021; Liu et al. , and Weiner2019; Olson et al. , and Hsiao2018; Ou et al. , and Peng2020), suggesting there could be a benefit of elevated Akkermansia in ageing. Alternatively, certain bacteria may be harmful rather than helpful. Research involving germ-free mice has shown that they live roughly 17 per cent longer than their specific pathogen free peers, suggesting that there may be consequential interactions between bacteria and their host that accelerate ageing (Tazume et al. , and Sasaki1991). Therefore, the elimination of these ageing-related potentially pathogenic microbes, perhaps through select antibiotic usage or knockout of individual genes or pathogens, presents another potential intervention strategy. However, these strategies are currently limited by a lack of scientific understanding of what makes the bacteria behave pathogenically.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: They wished that their review will provide new insights into the understanding of global ginseng clinical trials and identifies potential future perspectives for research and development of ginseng. Lewis et al. 32 at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of School of stated that due to the growing population of people with cognitive impairment and the lack of effective pharmacotherapeutics, it is prudent for those afflicted or their caregivers to find alternative treatments. They demonstrated that many of these nutrients and phytonutrients may be promising for treating some aspects of cognitive impairment, especially for people afflicted with AD based on clinical trial studies reported between 2000 and 2021 with P. ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera, etc. These effects are not completely consistent or ubiquitous across all patient populations or health statuses. They stressed that notably, adverse effects were minimal or nonexistent. One of the most objective and reliable research of P. ginseng (Korean red ginseng, KRG) on blood pressure was carried out by Japanese physicians Yamamoto et al. 33 in Nissei Hospital, Osaka, Japan in 1991. A total of 316 subjects with various etiological background of hypotension (35), diabetes (108), hypertension (74), hyperlipidemia (54) and others were recruited for the trial from 15 different clinics. KRG powder capsule was administered at daily doses of 6 g (211 cases), 2. 7 g–3 g (89 cases), 8–9 g (16 cases) for 2 months in short period case and 5 years in case of longer period, average of 10. 5 months. Among the 74 hypertensive individuals, 51% demonstrated decrease in blood pressure, 43% accounted for no change and 5% increase; among the 207 normotensive subjects, 95% of the individuals demonstrated no change, 3% increase, 2% decrease; among the 35 hypotensive patients 63% revealed no change, 31% elevation and 6% lowered. Considering the data obtained, the study indicated that KRG in general normalized blood pressure. However, KRG increased blood pressure in a small portion of subjects, therefore it is recommended to be aware of this side effect when starting to take KRG if hypertension is of concern. Increase in blood pressure reversed when ingesting ginseng was interrupted without adverse effect. From this report, we can understand that P. ginseng in general modulates and normalizes blood pressure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Novoselov, The rise of graphene, Nat. Mater. 6 (2007) 183–191. [103] J. Xia, F. Chen, J. Li, N. Tao, Measurement of the quantum capacitance of graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4 (2009) 505–509. [104] X. Cao, Z. Yin, H. Zhang, Three-dimensional graphene materials: Preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 1850–1865. [105] S. . Govindaraj, C. N. R. Rao, Graphene-based electrochemical supercapacitors, J. Chem. Sci. 120 (2008) 9–13. [106] Y. Wu, T. Zhang, F. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, Y. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, In situ synthesis of graphene/single-walled carbon nanotube hybrid material by arc-discharge and its application in supercapacitors, 1 (2012) 820–827. [107] J. M. Chem, C. M. Ma, C. Hu, Design and tailoring of a hierarchical graphene-carbon nanotube architecture for supercapacitors J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 2374-2380. [108] J. Li, M. Östling, Prevention of graphene restacking for performance boost of supercapacitors—A review, Crystals 3 (2013) 163–190. [109] Z. Gao, W. Yang, J. Wang, B. Wang, Z. Li, Q. Liu, M. Zhang, L. Liu, A new partially reduced graphene oxide nanosheet/polyaniline nanowafer hybrid as supercapacitor electrode material, 27 (2013) 568–575. [110] Z. Li, H. Zhang, Q. Liu, L. Sun, L. Stanciu, J. Xie, Fabrication of high-surface-area graphene/polyaniline nanocomposites and their application in supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013) 2685–2691.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: The gut microbiota actively contributes to brain health during ageing The microbiota and the ageing brain: establishing connections The ageing brain is characterised by changes on multiple levels ranging from cellular and morphological to functional changes (Peters, Reference Peters2006). Systemic low-grade inflammation occurs and can lead to increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier which can trigger microglia activation, cause neuroinflammation and can increase the production of reactive oxygen species which can lead to increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction (Peters, Reference Peters2006). Ageing can also induce a decline in neuronal volume and alterations in neurotransmitter levels such as dopamine, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This can trigger impaired synaptic plasticity and impaired neurogenesis and can cause functional deficiencies such as cognitive impairments (Figure 1). Following adulthood, the volume of the brain gradually shrinks, along with diminished grey and white matter in distinct brain areas in a sex-dependent manner such as cortical and subcortical areas, which are implicated in cognitive processes (Murphy et al. , and Rapoport1996; Peters, Reference Peters2006). Further changes in vasculature and diffusion can occur, which can underly neurodegenerative diseases and stroke (Lendahl et al. , Reference Lendahl, Nilsson and Betsholtz2019). Figure 1 The microbiota–gut–brain axis during ageing. The process of ageing initiates distinct alterations in the gut, brain and signalling pathways. These manifest in alterations in the gut microbiota composition and metabolic function, including a reduction in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), depleted mucus integrity and impaired intestinal barrier function, allowing for increased invasion of pathobionts from the intestinal lumen. Furthermore, low-grade inflammation and immunosenescence occurs during ageing, disrupting the function of immune cell populations and leading to systemic inflammation triggered by increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-17. This inflammatory state is also noticeable within the ageing brain, and is related to increased activation of microglia, the brain’s primary immune cell. Furthermore, ageing is associated with a decline in blood–brain barrier integrity, demyelination, a reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis and increased inflammation resulting in more microglia activation, which all in all may contribute to ageing-related cognitive decline. Created with BioRender. com.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Good clinical laboratory practice (GCLP). [Updated 2009]. [15, 2023]. . Organization. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. [Updated 1999]. [15, 2023]. . Blumenthal M, Goldberg a, Brinckmann J. Ginseng root. In: Herbal Medicine: E Monographs. : Council; 2000. 177. . Red ginseng monograph. J 2018;42(4):549–561. . Effect of adaptogens on the activity of the pituitary-adrenocortical system in rats. 1986;101(5):573–574. . Side effects of ginseng: facts or conjectures? Pharm 1989;12(2):46–53. . Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Phytother 1991;2:3–14. . . Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions. 2009;4(1):20. CrossMedicines Agency. EMA/HMPC/321232/2012. on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Radix. Based on 2014. Commission. (Ph. Eur. ) (11th edition). [Updated 2023]. [15, 2023]. . . Characterization and comparison analysis of WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants and ISO standards of Medica. 2023;29(6):540–548. Findings of Russian literature on the clinical application of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim. ): a narrative review. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;278:114274. Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim. ) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;72(3):345–393. . The adaptogens rhodiola and schizandra modify the response to immobilization stress in rabbits by suppressing the increase of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide and cortisol. Insights 2007;2:39–54. . Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. 1999;13(4):275–291. -Bahchevanska D, Ivanova S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [111] J. M. Chem, High performance supercapacitors using metal oxide anchored graphene nanosheet electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 16197–16204. [112] J. Wang, Z. Gao, Z. Li, B. Wang, Y. Yan, Q. Liu, T. Mann, Journal of synthesis of graphene nanosheets ZnO composites and electrochemical properties, J. Chem. 184 (2011) 1421–1427. [113] Z. Gao, J. Wang, Z. Li, W. Yang, B. Wang, M. Hou, Y. He, Q. Liu, T. Mann, P. Yang, M. Zhang, L. Liu, Graphene Nanosheet/Ni2+/Al3+ Layered Double-as a for a Supercapacitor, Chem. Mater. 23 (2011) 3509–3516. [114] W. Gao, N. Singh, L. Song, Z. Liu, A. L. M. Reddy, L. Ci, R. Vajtai, Q. Zhang, B. Wei, P. M. Ajayan, Direct laser writing of micro-supercapacitors on hydrated graphite oxide films, Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 (2011) 496–500. [115]. Majumder, Miniaturized Supercapacitors: with Metrics, Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (2015) (1-10). [116] M. F. El-Kady, R. B. Kaner, Scalable fabrication of high-power graphene micro-supercapacitors for flexible and on-chip energy storage, Nat. Commun. 4 (2013) (1-7). [117] D. Shen, G. Zou, L. Liu, W. Zhao, A. High-Graphene Micro-Supercapacitors by a Writing and. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 5404–5412. [118] J. Lin, Z. Peng, Y. Liu, F. Ruiz-Zepeda, R. Ye, E. -induced porous graphene films from commercial polymers, Nat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: While the impact of ageing on the mammalian (Fransen et al. , Reference Fransen, van Beek, Borghuis, Aidy, Hugenholtz, van der Gaast-de and de Vos2017; Thevaranjan et al. , and Bowdish2017; van der Lugt et al. , Reference van der and Steegenga2018) and human (Biagi et al. , and Candela2016; Claesson et al. , ’’Sullivan, Fitzgerald, Deane, O’Connor, Harnedy, O’Connor, O’Mahony, van and O’Toole2012; Jeffery et al. , Reference Jeffery, Lynch and O’Toole2016; Leite et al. , Reference Leite, Pimentel, Barlow and Mathur2022; Wilmanski et al. , and Price2021) gut microbiome is well established, the impact of the gut microbiota on brain ageing has only recently been investigated, and relies dominantly on preclinical evidence and association analysis derived from small clinical trials. Studies utilising FMT have demonstrated that the gut microbiota from aged individuals has the capacity to hinder cognitive performance and neurobiological phenotypes when transferred to younger individuals. For instance, transplanting microbes from aged and diseased models to young mice has been shown to impair learning, memory and neuroplasticity in recipient young mice (D’Amato et al. , Reference D’and Nicoletti2020; Kim et al. , and Kil Lee2021; Li et al. , and Zhang2020). This coincided with alterations in microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; D’Amato et al. , Reference D’and Nicoletti2020) which have previously been shown to regulate host microglial maturation and function (Erny et al. , de Aguero, Macpherson, Pearce and Prinz2021). Moreover, using humanised models by transplanting FMT from older subjects with Alzheimer’s disease into microbiota-depleted naïve adult rats showed impairment in hippocampal neurogenesis accompanied with memory deficits, which correlated with clinical cognitive scores (Grabrucker et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The therapeutic implication of Aloe vera for diabetes and associated diseases has been scrutinized through a number of scientific study models. Earlier studies from the 1950's to early 1990's showed that Aloe extracts, particularly the inner gel, possess antihyperglycemic effects in diabetic animals [5]. The controversies that arose due to reports of some preparations (in some studies) completely failed to show beneficial effects have been largely explained by variabilities in the preparation and doses employed and we now seem to have a good set of evidences from animal experiments to demonstrate the hypoglycaemic effect of the plant [6-10]. Beyond its effect on glucose control in animal models, the beneficial effects of Aloe vera in ameliorating the various diabetes-associated abnormalities have been documented in recent years. Among them were improvement of the diabetes-induced liver and kidney damage; its effect to reduce fat/cholesterol level; its antioxidant potential, etc. [11-18]. Variabilities in the data with respect to the degree of efficacy have always been an issue, however, and the lack of one standardized drug preparation that all scientific studies could utilize remains a major problem. A number of clinical trials from the 1980's have also been conducted and in almost all cases, some kind of beneficial effects that have been observed in animal studies, but most importantly a reduction in blood glucose level, have been documented [5,19-30] Unfortunately, most of the clinical studies on Aloe vera so far have been brutally criticized for their limitations due to heterogeneity of the drug preparations, doses, patient's status (e. g. , uncontrolled dietary and physical state, etc. ), study methodology (blinding, duration of study, etc. ) and the results itself which have been often contradictory (e. g. cholesterol lowering effect). Hence, what has not been shown for Aloe vera is very crucial - Is the observed benefit merit its use as an alternative drug therapy to the known clinically useful drugs? This unfortunately has not been answered and the use of Aloe vera by its own as antidiabetic therapy cannot be advocated from the clinical evidences available so far. For example, a small reduction of blood glucose in short term studies, no matter how statistically significant, does not warrant a plant extract to be used as antidiabetic therapy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Commun. 5 (2015) 5–12. [119] J. Luo, F. R. Fan, T. Jiang, Z. Wang, W. Tang, C. Zhang, M. Liu, G. Cao, Z. L. Wang, Integration of micro-supercapacitors with triboelectric nanogenerators for a flexible self-charging power unit, Nano Res. 8 (2015) 3934–3943. [120] Z. Peng, R. Ye, J. A. Mann, D. Zakhidov, Y. Li, P. R. Smalley, J. Lin, J. M. Tour, Flexible boron-doped laser-induced graphene microsupercapacitors, ACS Nano 9 (2015) 5868–5875. [121] S. Wang, Z. Wu, S. Zheng, F. Zhou, C. Sun, H. Cheng, X. Bao, Scalable fabrication of photochemically reduced graphene-based monolithic micro- supercapacitors with superior energy and power densities, ACS Nano 11 (2017) 4283−4291. [122] Z. Liu, Z. Wu, S. Yang, R. Dong, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Ultraflexible in-plane micro-supercapacitors by direct printing of solution-processable electrochemically exfoliated graphene, Adv. Mater. 28 (2016) 2217–2222. [123] J. Li, S. S. Delekta, P. Zhang, S. Yang, M. R. Lohe, X. Zhuang, X. Feng, Scalable fabrication and integration of graphene microsupercapacitors through full inkjet printing, ACS Nano 11 (2017) 8249−8256. [124] G. Xiong, C. Meng, R. G. Reifenberger, Graphitic petal micro-supercapacitor electrodes for ultra-high power graphitic petal micro-supercapacitor electrodes for ultra-high power density, Energy Technol. 2 (2014) 897-905. Related products Composite Materials, 15. 95 Materials, 15. 95 Composite Materials, 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Grabrucker, Marizzoni, Silajdžić, Lopizzo, Mombelli, Nicolas, Dohm-’Neill, Thuret, Cattaneo and Nolan2022). Furthermore, young mice who received gut microbiota from aged donors suffered increased rates of mortality following ischemic stroke, along with increased levels of pro-inflammatory plasma cytokines and impaired motor strength (Spychala et al. , and McCullough2018). Conversely, aged mice who were colonised with the microbiota from young donor mice had increased survival and improved recovery post-stroke (Spychala et al. , and McCullough2018), demonstrating the functional differences between microbiota derived from young or aged individuals in influencing brain recovery following trauma. The age of the FMT recipient also appears to have a strong influence on how an individual responds to an FMT. Counterintuitively, young germ-free (GF) mice who received microbiota from old mice demonstrated increased hippocampal neurogenesis and signs of pro-longevity compared to those who received FMT from young mice, while the same effects did not occur in aged GF mice (Kundu et al. , Reference Kundu, Lee, Garcia--Moses, Ghosh, Nicholson, Schuster, Holmes and Pettersson2019). Hippocampal neurogenesis is influenced by the gut microbiota (Guzzetta et al. , Reference Guzzetta, Cryan and O’Leary2022; Ogbonnaya et al. , and O’Leary2015), and is well characterised to decline with ageing (Kozareva et al. , Reference Kozareva, Cryan and Nolan2019), suggesting there are underlying age-driven factors that may supersede how an individual responds to a microbial community (Wilmanski et al. , Reference Wilmanski, Gibbons and Price2022). Overall, these studies highlight that there are functional differences in the gut microbiota of aged individuals which may be contributing to the decline in cognition and altered neurobiology that occurs during ageing. Fascinatingly, the gut microbiota from young mice appears to harness properties that enable it to rejuvenate aspects of brain ageing when transferred into aged mice. Two studies recently confirmed similar findings, wherein FMT from young mice to aged mice improved ageing-related deficits in memory and learning ability (Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, such effect could have additive effect when used together with prescription drugs and endanger a diabetic patient due to acute hypoglycemia. A large scale, well-controlled, long-term and multicentre clinical trials on universally accepted standardised Aloe vera preparation is thus needed to answer this question. Recent meta-analysis studies [31-33] also came with the conclusion that only a well-designed comprehensive clinical study would be able to unequivocally confirm the antidiabetic clinical potential of Aloe vera. In the meantime, organizations like Diabetes UK with responsibility in disseminating accurate information to the general public should be a little more cautious when listing available antidiabetic drug therapies and their sources. While visiting some local sources of Aloe vera products recommended by Diabetes UK, I could not see anything of relevance to diabetes at 'Shop' (only skin care products of Aloe vera were on display) while the 'Holland & Barrett' appeared to have a good range of products (Figure 1). None of them are of course sold as medicine or specific therapy for diabetes but are formulated/stabilised products in capsule, tablet or juice forms with most of them seem to be targeting the gastrointestinal system. They contain aloe leaf inner gel or whole leaf extract or both while some contain a blend of several other plant extracts. The biggest source of controversy in using such products for chronic disease like diabetes will arise from the diversity of preparations and composition of active ingredients in these products - hence giving rise to variability in their health benefit outcomes. Even if the observed, sometimes marginal, antidiabetic effect of Aloe vera warrants its clinical use, one would wonder again which one of these products the general public should choose to treat diabetes. Overall, there are few unresolved issues that weigh against recommending the use of Aloe vera for treating diabetes by its own. Products which are blended or optimised for other health benefits should not be even considered suitable for diabetes therapy until an overwhelming body of scientific evidences are provided in their favour. In the absence of unequivocal clinical evidence available for such formulations, the justification of using these preparations for diabetes far beyond food supplements is based only on judgement on balance of probabilities. Figure 1: Aloe vera products available to the general public at the Holland & Barrett outlet. 1 Conflict of author declares no conflict of interest. financial assistance either from internal of external sources were obtained for this contribution. 0182.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Materials for Devi and Growing global demand for efficient and sustainable energy storage systems can be met through the development of electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors owing to their high power performance, long cycle life and environmental benignity. Graphene and its derivatives have been widely used as electrode materials for supercapacitors because of their high specific surface area, low density, high electrical conductivity, thermal and mechanical stability. However, their re-aggregation reduces specific surface area and inhibits their electrochemical performance. Introducing defects in graphene has gained importance to address this issue, which can change its density of states, crystal symmetry and porosity enhancing electrode-electrolyte interfacial interaction. The present 10. 21741/9781644900550-8 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 15. [2] K. Kaygusu, Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 16 (2012) 1116-1126. [3] Y. Zhu, S. . Cai, P. J. Ferreira, A. . Thommes, D. -based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene, Science 332 (2011) 1537-1541. [4] H. Wang, J. Deng, Y. Chen, F. Xu, Z. Wei, Y. Wang, Hydrothermal synthesis of manganese oxide encapsulated multiporous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors, Nano Res. 9 (2016) 2672-2680. [5] B. Saravanakumar, K. K. Purushothaman, G. Muralidharan, Fabrication of two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide supported V2O5 networks and their application in supercapacitors, Mater. Chem. Phys. 170 (2016) 266-275. [6] D. Sun, L. Jin, Y. ‐assisted in situ synthesis of graphene/PEDOT hybrid and its application in supercapacitors, ChemPlusChem 78 (2013) 227-234. [7] S. K. Simotwo, C. DelRe, V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen, van de Wouw, Moloney, Gual-Grau, Spichak, Olavarría-Ramírez, ’Leary, Dinan and Cryan2021; Mossad et al. ämmermann, Prinz and Blank2021). Microbiota from young mice restored age-related changes in peripheral and hippocampal immune responses and reversed age-related alterations in hippocampal transcriptional profiles and metabolites (Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen et al. , Reference Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen, van de Wouw, Moloney, Gual-Grau, Spichak, Olavarría-Ramírez, ’Leary, Dinan and Cryan2021), suggesting potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota from young mice improve cognitive performance by modulating immune and metabolic pathways. In this regard, the microbially-derived metabolite δ-valerobetaine, which is increased in aged mice and humans, was shown to directly impair learning and memory abilities, and was reduced in aged mice following FMT from young donor mice (Mossad et al. , ämmermann, Prinz and Blank2021). Relatedly, other gut microbiota-derived metabolites which are linked to age-related shifts in the gut microbiota and are increased in aged humans indicate that specific microbially-derived metabolites can impair cognitive abilities during ageing. For example, isoamylamine supplementation induced cognitive dysfunction by triggering microglia cell death in young mice (Teng et al. , and Zhang2022). Meanwhile, N6-carboxymethyllysine administration lead to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in microglia in young and aged mice, although a starker effect was evident in young mice when N6-carboxymethyllysine was administered intraperitonially rather than by oral gavage whereas the delivery method was insignificant in aged mice, suggesting a protective role of the intestinal barrier in minimising damage caused by harmful ageing-related microbially-derived metabolites (Mossad et al. , de Aguero, Szalay, Lammermann, Macpherson, Ganal-Vonarburg, Backofen, Erny, Prinz and Blank2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. I. Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 3: 241-243. (2004) Hypoglycemic effect of Aloe vera gel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental rats. J 7: 61-66. ütlüpinar N (2001) Effect of Aloe vera leaves on blood glucose level in type I and type II diabetic rat models. 15: 157-161. (2008) Effects of Aloe vera (elsabar) ethanolic extract on blood glucose level in Wistar albino rats. J Res 4: 1841-1845. (2009) Study on the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of processed Aloe vera gel in a mouse model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 16: 856-863. (2014) Blood glucose lowering activity of aloe based composition, UP780, in alloxan induced insulin dependent mouse diabetes model. Syndr 6: 61. -Inceli M, Can A, et al. (2004) Effect of Aloe vera (L. ) Burm fil. leaf gel. and pulp extracts on kidney in type II diabetic rat model. 42: 48-52. (2004) Effect of Aloe vera leaf gel and pulp extracts on the liver in type-II diabetic rat models. Bull 27: 694-698. (2003) Efficacy of dietary Aloe vera supplementation on hepatic cholesterol and oxidative status in aged rats. J Vitamonol 49: 292-296. (2005) Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. 57: 90-96. (2006) Beneficial effects of Aloe vera gel extract on lipid profile status in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. 33: 232-237. Rajasekaran S, (2007) Therapeutic evaluation of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on glycoprotein components in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. J 2: 380-385. (2011) reduces adipogenesis via the activation of AMPK and suppresses obesity-related inflammation in obese mice. 11: 107-113.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Kalra, Supercapacitor electrodes based on high-purity electrospun polyaniline and polyaniline-carbon nanotube nanofibers, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 21261-21269. [8] S. Pei, H. -M. Cheng, The reduction of graphene oxide, Carbon 50 (2012) 3210-3228. [9] L. L. Zhang, R. Zhou, X. S. Zhao, Graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 20 (2010) 5983-5992. [10] Z. Yu, L. Tetard, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Supercapacitor electrode materials: nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015) 702-730. [11] M. Vangari, T. Pryor, L. Jiang, Supercapacitors: review of materials and fabrication methods, J. Energy Eng. 139 (2012) 72-79. [12] J. Yan, Q. Wang, T. Wei, Z. Fan, Recent advances in design and fabrication of electrochemical supercapacitors with high energy densities, Adv. Energy Mater. 4 (2014) 1300816. [13] L. Dong, C. Xu, Y. Li, Z. -H. Huang, F. Kang, Q. -H. Yang, X. Zhao, Flexible electrodes and supercapacitors for wearable energy storage: a review by category, J. Mater. Chem. A 4 (2016) 4659-4685. [14] Y. Zhang, H. Feng, X. Wu, L. Wang, A. Zhang, T. Xia, H. Dong, X. Li, L. Zhang, Progress of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials: A review, Int. J. 34 (2009) 4889-4899. [15] X. Li, B. Wei, Supercapacitors based on nanostructured carbon, 2 (2013) 159-173. [16] A. K. Shukla, A. Banerjee, M. K.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, it is currently unclear whether ageing-driven changes in the gut are protective or harmful to cognitive health in ageing. For instance, research by Wilmanski et al. (and Price2021) found that a higher gut microbiome uniqueness score correlated to several health metrics in elderly individuals, whereas a lower gut microbiome uniqueness score was associated with earlier mortality. This could suggest that ageing-related changes in the gut foster increased uniqueness in the microbiome which may in turn prevent or slow the progression of ageing. Therefore, there may exist key bacteria that are increased in healthy ageing, and the inability of these probiotic bacteria to sustain and function in the unhealthy ageing gut may underlie consequences of ageing. With this theory in mind, we should not assume that FMT from young to aged individuals provides only beneficial effects, as this procedure could also influence the existing, sensitive microorganisms supporting healthy ageing. In order to fully understand the beneficial and/or harmful impacts of FMT on the ageing brain, more research needs to be conducted to thoroughly investigate how FMT may impact broad aspects of health in ageing. The gut microbiome during brain ageing and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases Accumulating evidence is revealing associations between the gut microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases associated with ageing, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) (Alkasir et al. , Reference Alkasir, Li, Li, Jin and Zhu2017; Cox et al. , -Turcsanyi, Healy, Glanz, Bakshi, Chitnis and Weiner2021; and Zuo2021; Romano et al. , and Narbad2021; Saji et al. , and Sakurai2019; Vogt et al. , Reference Vogt, Kerby, Dill-and Rey2017). In addition to alterations in the microbiota in human populations, studies involving preclinical disease models highlight the potential causal roles which the gut microbiota plays in host neurodegenerative diseases (Berer et al. , and Wekerle2017; Dodiya et al. , -and Sisodia2021; Harach et al. , åk, Jucker, Lasser and Bolmont2017; Perez-Pardo et al. , Reference Perez-and Kraneveld2017; Sampson et al.

Output: contrast