Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 2% informants pointed out that locally acceptable spiritual diseases (dhibee ayyanaa) were non-curable either traditionally or by modern treatment but evil eye; evil spirit and jaundice can be cured by traditional means than the modern treatment. The rest six informants did not support the traditional medication system and did not believe in the efficacy of herbal medicine. They reported that they were not using herbal medicine against human and livestock diseases. Indigenous knowledge on treatment of ailments in the study area The results obtained from the community of the study area showed that treatment strategies could be classified as home remedy, indigenous medicine and modern medicine. Despite their distinct features and procedures of treatment, these healthcare strategies often overlap, as patients appear to utilize one strategy after another without taking time to see the effect of each medication. As gathered from group discussion and interviews made during field observation, the local people always exploit their shared wisdom in order to manage health problems at home before looking for other options regardless of the type of health problem and its intensity. Accordingly, the sick person is given either traditional medicine (prepared from plant and/or animal sources) or treated spiritually through prayer according to their religion. In most cases, all these were employed in combination for the treatment of specific health problems. Seeking modern health service often comes after the above were exhausted or rarely simultaneously. According to their reports, they first look for traditional medication system because of several reasons including: Easy access Unlike modern healthcare station, local healers are found within accessible distance at their neighbours. This was found to be helpful in emergency cases (dhibee tasaa) to provide first aid and/or full treatment. Efficacy on treatment They also reported that traditional medication system was very effective to cure locally acceptable diseases caused by devil (seeyxaana) or, evil eye (budaa), manmade poisoning (falfala), hookworm (maagaa), urine of bat (simbira), infectious eczema (sarariitii) and rabies (waan saree). They perceived that these diseases could easily be treated at local level by traditional healers. On the other hand, gastritis, cardiovascular, mental and gastrointestinal problems are often taken to modern health centers. Cost of treatment: The problems related to getting fast health service with affordable cost was among major factors that determine healthcare choice of individuals or communities. According to most informants (96.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: E1986Characterization of Escherichia coli mutants completely detective in synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids. J. Bacteriol. 166:872. 49. GroganDCronanJ1997Cyclopropane ring formation in membrane lipids of bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 6142944150. RaynaudSPerrinRCocaign-bousquetMLoubiereP2005Metabolic and of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis in Response to Autoacidification and in Skim Milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 718016802351. WolfGArendtE. KPfählerUHammesW. P1990Heme-dependent and hemeindependent nitrite reduction by lactic acid bacteria results in different N-containing products. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1032332952. 2000Lactococcus lactis, a bacteriamodel for stress responses and survival. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 55838653. RochatTGratadouxJ. de (2006Production of a heterologous nonheme catalase by Lactobacillus casei: an efficient tool for removal of H2O2 and protection of Lactobacillus bulgaricus from oxidative stress in milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 725143514954. YamamotoYPoyartCTrieu-cuot2005Respiration metabolism of Streptococcus is activated by environmental haem and quinone and contributes to virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 5652553455. 2005Roles of thioredoxin reductase during the aerobic life of Lactococcus lactis. J. Bacteriol. 18760161056. 2004Respiration metabolism reduces oxidative and acid stress to improve long-term survival of Lactococcus lactis. Mol. Microbiol. 531331134257. 2011Using heme as an energy boost for lactic acid bacteria. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2214314958. (2009Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 Chains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 753580358559. LushchakV.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: P-glycoprotein, otherwise called ABCB1, is a member of the ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) family of proteins many of which are primary active transporters that utilize the hydrolysis of ATP to fuel substrate transport. Since its discovery, other ABC active transporters with broad substrate profiles have been found in the luminal membrane of the endothelial cells. These include (ABCG2) [180, 197, 214,215,216,217,218] and 4 and 5 (ABCC4 and 5) [180, 197, 209, 218,219,220,221]. MRP1 (ABCC1) has also been implicated but levels of this transporter are thought to be low in brain endothelial cells in situ and only increase in cultured brain endothelial cells once they are removed from the brain microenvironment [180, 184, 218, 222,223,224,225,226]. MRP1 and MRP2 are apparently upregulated and clearly expressed in epilepsy [227,228,229]. The role of efflux from endothelial cell to blood by ABC transporters in preventing influx of many substances from blood into the brain has been extensively reviewed (see e. g. [57, 196, 197, 199, 221, 230,231,232,233,234]. The regulation of P-glycoprotein, BCRP and MRP2 at the blood–brain barrier has been reviewed by Miller [221]. The role of ABC transporters in efflux from the brain parenchyma differs depending on the nature of the substrate. As described in Fig. 9, for substances that are sufficiently lipid soluble to cross the endothelial cell membranes rapidly by passive transport, the presence of ABC efflux transporters can greatly reduce blood-to-brain influx, as observed experimentally. However, as also explained in Fig. 9 the ABC transporters in the luminal membrane will have only a modest effect, e. g. a doubling, on the rate of brain-to-blood efflux. This may be of little consequence as the rate of efflux for lipid soluble substances is already high. Fig. 9The influence of ABC transporters on the movements of lipophilic substances. The substance is presumed to be able to enter and leave the endothelial cells by diffusion with rate constant kdiff.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 20%), local healers provide healthcare with relatively manageable and negotiable charges. In the study area, there was traditional rule among healers and their clients which says " pay once and be treated many times", i. e. once the payment is made for the treatment of a particular health problem, no more payment is asked for repeated medications that runs up to curing. If the client is not in a position to pay any amount of cash at all, he/she may then give the healer a few blades of fresh grass called (irressaa). This is simply made for moral satisfaction of both the healer and his client. According to information obtained from elders, this irressa has dual purposes: Thanks/respect to the healer and maintenance of curative power to the drugs. According to their cultural belief, it was also generally accepted that the herbal drug given free or without any irressa will lose its curative power. study documented a total of 52 (62. 65% of total) medicinal plants used for treating human ailments (Table 3). Table 3 Medicinal plants used for the treatment of human ailments and their parts used in Tiyo District, Arsi, Oromia, Ethiopia. No. used Disease treated (Afan Oromo) 1 Acacia seyal Waaccuu 2 Ajuga integrifolia Buch. -Ham. ex D. Leaf Tonsillitis, Sudden sickness Harmaguusa 3 Allium sativum L. Liver infection, stomach ache, common cold & intestinal parasites Qullubbii adi 4 Aloe capensis Goiter, Cough, Sharp pain Hargiisa 5 Anethum gravelens L. Mental sickness Qoricha dhibee sammuu 6 Carissa spinarum L. Abdominal pain, Evil eye, Evil spirit Agamsa 7 Cassipourea malosana (Baker) disability Laalessa 8 Cheilanthus farinosa (Forssk. ) Kaulf. Fire burn Ati gubadhu an sii jiraa 9 Chloris virgata Swartz. Suntrock, typhoid Mata bokko 10 Clematis simensis Fresen. 11 Clerodendrum alatum burn Misirich 12 Cordia africana Lam.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 9537237969. JordanSHutchingsM. IMascherT2008Cell envelope stress response in Gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 3210714670. (1996Effect of on Survival of to Drying. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 6225926171. WardD. EWejdenC. CMerweM. JWesterhoffH. VClaiborneASnoepJ. L2000Branched-chain α-keto acid catabolism via the gene products of the bkd operon in Enterococcus faecalis: A new, secreted metabolite serving as a temporary redox sink. J Bacteriol. 1823239324672. ConsidineK. MKellyA. LFitzgeraldG. FHillCSleatorR. D2008High-pressure processing- effects on microbial food safety and food quality. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2811973. JofréAChampomier-vergesín2007Protein synthesis in lactic acid and pathogenic bacteria during recovery from a high pressure treatment. Res. Microbiol. 15851252074. TabanelliG2011Use of sub-lethal high pressure homogenization (HPH) treatments to enhance functional properties of Lactic acid bacteria probiotic strains. Ph. D. thesis. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. 75. ChungH. JBangWDrakeM. A2006Stess response of Escherichia coli. F. 55264 76. 2008Suitability of whey and buttermilk for the growth and frozen storage of probiotic lactobacilli. Int. J. Dairy Technol. 6115616477. van JET (2008Interactions in Food Fermentations: from Classical to Genomics Approaches. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7449975007 78. CapliceEFitzgeraldG. F1999Food fermentations: role of microorganisms in food production and preservation. Int. J. Microbiol. 50131149 79.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: SLC or OAT, strictly refer to human sequences and proteins, while mixed-case labels, e. g. Slc or Oat, refer to any other species. In this review uppercase is also used when there is no intention to specify species). There is little quantitative data on the efflux of organic anions and cations from the parenchyma in humans though many are known to be transported. In rodents more information is available for transfer of organic anions than cations. Table 1 lists some examples of organic anions/neutral molecules for which brain-to-blood transport rate constants have been determined. These are all believed to be substrates for Oat3 (Slc22a8) and/or one or more of the Oatp transporters present at the blood–brain barrier. In broad terms [238], small hydrophobic anions are substrates for Oats (Slc22 family) while larger amphipathic anions are substrates for Oatps (Slc21 family, whose member names start with Slco, see [247]). For comparison Table 1 also lists rate constants and clearances for examples of markers for perivascular efflux. It is clear that the rates of elimination of the Slc substrates are considerably greater than could be supported by perivascular efflux alone. Table 1 Comparison of rate constants for efflux and clearances for Slc22 and Slco substrates and the perivascular markers inulin, mannitol and sucroseFull size tableAs indicated in Fig. 10 transport from the parenchyma into the endothelial cells occurs via one or more of the SLC transporters, while exit from the endothelial cells to plasma occurs via either SLC or ABC transporters. For many of the anions efflux from brain to blood is clearly an active uphill process suggesting that the ABC route is dominant (for a caveat see. Footnote 12) Transport across either membrane can be rate limiting and in many cases transport across each can occur by more than one route. As a consequence demonstration that a specific inhibitor of a transporter reduces the rate of efflux is evidence for involvement of that transporter, but failure to inhibit is relatively uninformative. Fig. 10Transport of organic anions across the blood–brain barrier. Organic anion transporters at the blood–brain barrier.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Fracturing, wounds, gastritis/ constipation Woddeessa 13 Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich. Rabies, Abdominal pain, Poison, 14 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Tape worm Baasqulaa 15 Datura stramonium L. 16 Eucalyptus globulus cold (Cough) Baargamoo adii 17 Euphorbia abyssinica Milky exudate Abdominal pain, wart Hadammii 18 Euphorbia candelabrum Trem. ex Milky exudate 19 Euphorbia chumalis S. Guurii 20 Guizotia seabra (Vis. ) Chiov. 21 Gloriosa superba L. Liver infection Sokorruu 22 Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. F. Fruit Tapeworm, hookworm, endo- parasites Heexoo 23 Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst ex Dc. Nasal bleeding Biluu 24 Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich. 25 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Snake poison Buqqee 26 Leonotis ocimifolia (Burm. F) Bokkolluu 27 Lepidium sativum L. 28 Lippia adoensis Hochst. ex. Walp. Var. adoensis Ring worm Sokonota/ Sukayee 29 Myrsine africana L. 30 Ocimum gratissimum L. 31 Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. 32 Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif. Oleaceae Leaf, Oil, pain, Goiter and 33 Olinia rochetiana A. Juss. Evil spirit, eye infection, Dandruff, Abdominal pain, Skin itching Gunaa 34 Osyris quadriprtita Decn. Liver infection, 35 Polystachya tessehata Lindl. Bowwoo 36 Prunus africana (Hook. f) Young shoot Skin itching Sukkee 37 Pterolobium stellatum Forssk. ) spirit 38 Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: ì (2010Quorum sensing in sourdough Lactobacillus plantarum DC400: induction of plantaricin A (PlnA) under co-cultivation with other lactic acid bacteria and effect of PlnA on bacterial and Caco-2 cells. Proteomics. 102175219080. LorenzM. CCutlerN. SHeitmanJ2000Characterization of Alcohol-induced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 1118319981. HansenP. JDrostMRiveraR. MPaula-lopesF. FA. I-K. a. t. a. n. a. n. i. t Y. MKriningerC. EChaseCC (2001Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: causes and strategies for mitigation. Theriogenology. 559110382. GiraffaG2004Studying the dynamics of microbial populations during food fermentation. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2825126083. JohnsonE. A2002and Survival in Foods. In: Adaptation and Food Safety. Ed. A. E. Yousef and V. K Juneja. CRC Press84. DavidsonP. M2001Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial compounds, 593627In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 2nd ed. M. P. Doyle. 85. HüfnerEHertelC2008Improvement of raw sausage fermentation by stress-conditioning of the starter organism Lactobacillus sakei. Curr. Microbiol. 5749049686. Hüfner-(2007Identification of Lactobacillus sakei genes induced during meat fermentation and their role in survival and growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 732522253187. -vergesM. C2004Evidence for involvement of at least six proteins in adaptation of Lactobacillus sakei to cold temperatures and addition of NaCl. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 707260726888. . E2007Shelf-life and safety characteristics of traditional fresh sausage (Salsiccia) combining two commercial ready-to-use additives and spices. Food Control. 18421429 89.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The results were reported as the brain uptake index (BUI), defined as a ratio of ratios ((uptake of 14C-aa)/[14C-aa])/((uptake of 3HOH)/[3HOH]) [300]. When added one at a time, the influxes of the amino acids varied greatly, with BUI for phenylalanine or leucine found to be more than 50% (i. e. each enters about half as easily as water) while at the other extreme influxes of proline, glutamate, asparagine and glycine were below the background limit of detection by the technique, BUI < ~ 3%. Influx of each of the essential amino acids (those not able to be formed within the brain) was easily measurable. All of the influxes that were clearly above baseline were inhibited when the radiolabeled amino acids were added using serum rather than a simple buffer suggesting competition for transport with the amino acids present in serum. Competition was investigated further and confirmed by measuring uptake of tracer in the presence of an excess of individual unlabelled amino acids [300]. Footnote 18 Quantitative estimates of the influxes of various amino acids in rats when plasma concentrations of tracers were held constant by controlled infusions [369] or during perfusion of isolated brains [43, 370, 371] have confirmed the pattern seen using BUI measurements [300, 372] (see Table 4). Table 4 Influx and net flux of amino acids in the indicated speciesFull size tableFrom the patterns of competition between amino acids for influx across the blood–brain barrier it appeared that there were four separate systems of transport (see e. g. [43, 44]). primarily for neutral amino acids, which can be inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH); System ASC primarily for neutral amino acids, which is not inhibited by BCH; System y+ (sometimes called system Lys+) primarily for basic amino acids; primarily for the nitrogen-rich amino acids glutamine, histidine and asparagine. A number of amino acids fit into more than one of these groups. Most of the amino acids with large BUI values are substrates for system L. Studies with isolated brain microvessels, which provide access to the abluminal membranes of the endothelial cells, identified two more systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Liver infection Qoricha dhibee Simbiraa 39 Rhus vulgaris Qamoo 40 Rosmarinus officinalis L. Febrile illness Foon waddittuu 41 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Liver infection, abdominal pain Shaabee 42 Salix subserrata Willd. color exudate Retained placenta, 43 Sanicula elata Ham. Ex. D. Leaf Headache, Liver infection Xuuxaa 44 Satureja paradoxa (Vatke) Engler ex pain (sharp pain) Sajjaabii 45 Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq) Irwin & Birbirraa 46 Setaria pumila (Poir. ) Roem. & Schult. 47 Sida tenuicarpa Vollesen. 48 Solanum campylacanthum Hochst. Ex. A. Fruit Rabies, Abdominal pain, Poison, 49 Tapinanthus ziziphifolius (Engl. ) Dans. part Skin rush 50 Terminalia brownie Fresen. Sun disease Bir’eessa 51 Tragia cinerea (Pax) Gilbert & Radcl. - disability Laalessaa 52 Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. human ailments and number of plant species claimed to treat them It was observed and documented that the local communities had deep and adequate ethnobotanical knowledge to treat various human diseases with different types of plants. Among the medicinal plants reported, some of them were claimed to treat more than one ailment. The 42 human diseases recorded are said to be treated with a total of 52 plant species through use of 86 methods of preparations, where one species can treat a single disease or a number of diseases. Similarly, one ailment can be treated with combination of plant species or with a single plant. For example, rabies is treated with 12 species of plants, poisoning with 8 species, and diarrhoea with 4 species (Table 4). Table 4 Common human ailments and number of plant species claimed to treat them in. No. of plant species used % of total medicinal plants used to treat human diseases Rabies 12 23. 08 Poisoning 10 19. 23 Internal parasites 4 7. 69 Diarrhoea 3 5. 77 Evil eye 3 5. 77 Hepatitis 3 5. 77 Skin problem 3 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 2004; McEwen et al. 2004; Moore et al. 2004; Pappalardo et al. 2004; de Pater et al. 2021b and 2. 24 m telescope on Maunakea, the 12 m dish at Kitt Peak, the Effelsberg 100 m telescope, and the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30 m telescope (Morrison et al. 1972; Morrison & Cruikshank 1973; Ulich & Conklin 1976; Pauliny-Toth et al. 1977; Ulich et al. 1984; Altenhoff et al. 1988); the (OVRO) three-element array (Berge & Muhleman 1975; Muhleman & Berge 1991); the (SMA) and Array (VLA) interferometers (de Pater et al. 1982, 1984; Muhleman et al. 1986); and the Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on board the Herschel space-based telescope (Müller et al. 2016). Often, the were also used for flux calibration observations for (sub)millimeter facilities, along with Saturn's largest moon, Titan (Ulich 1981; Moreno2007; Butler 2012). Radio and (sub)millimeter interferometric observations from modern telescopes can spatially resolve small solar system bodies, such as Europa, and thus enable the measurement of thermophysical properties as a function of location on the body, by modeling the thermal radiation from the subsurface (cm–m depths). Utilizing the Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), Trumbo et al. (2018) mapped the thermal inertia of Europa's surface using 1. 3 mm (233 GHz) observations; they also investigated the correlation of thermal anomalies observed with ALMA with potential plume locations (Trumbo et al. 2017a). These studies revealed that a global thermal inertia of 95 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2 and emissivity of 0. 75 provided good fits to the ALMA observations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The importance of fluid escape from the ventricles across the ependyma into the parenchyma in hydrocephalus has recently been given further support by observations of gadobutrol movements in normal pressure hydrocephalus in humans [15]. 5. 7 Amyloid-βAccumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in plaques within the parenchyma and deposition in the walls of arteries are both closely associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Because the rate of production of Aβ appears not to be altered in the more common, late onset form of Alzheimer’s [422] attention has focused on the possible defects in clearance of Aβ that may lead to its accumulation. Aβ may be removed from the brain via metabolism within the parenchyma, via efflux across the blood–brain barrier or or via perivascular efflux [52]. Attempts to estimate the relative importance of each of these routes were reviewed by Hladky and Barrand [146]. For low nanomolar ISF concentrations, which are in or above the normal or clinical range (see [423]), Aβ is eliminated by all three routes, but efflux via the blood–brain barrier is likely to be the most important (see also [424]). However, as emphasized in a key early study, efflux across the blood–brain barrier is saturable with a half-maximal concentration of only 15 nM [62]. Many studies of Aβ metabolism have used much higher concentrations, e. g. > 1 µM, and at these concentrations metabolism is dominant. A recent study on appearance of Aβ in lymph nodes may also reflect the behaviour at higher concentrations as it was performed in mice with mutant APP and high Aβ production rate [425]. Differences in Aβ clearance between sleep and wakefulness have been reviewed by Hladky and Barrand [146] and by Boespflug et al. [426] who emphasized the role of ISF-CSF exchange. The effects of sleep were found to be more complicated than a simple increase in perivascular clearance. Both reviews [146, 426] should be consulted for more detail and discussion (see also Sect. 3. 3). Aβ polypeptides are produced by neurons (and to some extent by other cell types) by cleavage of the membrane bound amyloid precursor protein (APP) [427].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 77 Sunstroke 3 5. 77 Abdominal distention 2 3. 85 Abdominal pain 2 3. 85 Bone fracture 2 3. 85 Evil sprit 2 3. 85 Fire burn 2 3. 85 Gonorrhoea 2 3. 85 Headache 2 3. 85 Rosacea 2 3. 85 Swelling 2 3. 85 Teeth infection 2 3. 85 Tonsillitis 2 3. 85 Wart 2 3. 85 Wound 2 3. 85 Asthma 1 1. 92 Bleeding 1 1. 92 Cancer 1 1. 92 Cough 1 1. 92 Dandruff 1 1. 92 Disorder of menstrual cycle 1 1. 92 Eye infection 1 1. 92 Febrile illness 1 1. 92 Goitre 1 1. 92 Herpes zoster 1 1. 92 Influenza 1 1. 92 Itching skin (sensation) 1 1. 92 Liver problem 1 1. 92 Male impotency 1 1. 92 Mental illness 1 1. 92 Nasal bleeding 1 1. 92 Stomach problem 1 1. 92 Syphilis 1 1. 92 Tinea corporis 1 1. 92 on the ethnobotanical knowledge of local communities, a total of 20 medicinal plants used for treating livestock ailments were documented from the study area (Table 5). The informants revealed that in most cases they treat their livestock by traditional medication system and rarely look for modern medication. Table 5 Medicinal plants and parts used for treating livestock ailments in. No. used Disease treated (Afan Oromo) 1 Achyrospermum schimperi (Hochst. ) Perkins. Diimessa 2 Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC) Schweinf. L 3 Agave sisalina perrine ex. Engl. Blackleg Algee/Qaaccaa 4 Aloe pubescens Hargiisa 5 Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv. ) Wild. 6 Calpurnia aurea (Ait. ) Benth. Diarrhoea, Physical deterioration, Rabies, external parasites Cheekataa 7 Croton macrostachyus disease, Abdominal distension, Makkanniisaa 8 Cymbopogon citratus (Dc. ) Stapf. 9 Cynoglossum amplifolium Hochst ex A. DC.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: They found that anomalously cold locations in the ALMA observations, such as around Pwyll crater (∼271°W, 25°S) and a region on the leading hemisphere (90°W, 23°N), were indicative of localized, high thermal inertia regions or low emissivity; thermal inertia values ranging from 40 to 300 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2 or emissivities from 0. 67 to 0. 84 were found to characterize outlying regions in the residual maps, though thermal anomalies were not correlated with geological or morphological features (excepting Pwyll). The retrieved thermal inertias are comparable to those derived for the surface from Galileo/PPR observations, which provided constraints on Europa's thermal inertia from 40 to 150 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2, with elevated measurements in similarly anomalous regions such as near Pwyll (Spencer et al. 1999; Rathbun et al. 2010; Rathbun & Spencer 2020). Recent analyses have also been carried out for Ganymede (de Kleer et al. 2021a) and Callisto (Camarca et al. 2023) using ALMA to investigate the change in porosity or thermal inertia as a function of depth and correlate brightness temperatures to geographically distinct surface regions. On Ganymede, de Kleer et al. (2021a) found that a porosity gradient between 10% and 40% provided good fits to ALMA observations sounding the upper ∼0. 5 m of the subsurface. 7 data, Camarca et al. (2023) derived a mixture of high (1200–2000 J m−2 K−1s−1/2) and low (15–50 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) thermal inertia components to correctly model the thermal emission from Callisto's leading hemisphere. Both studies found cold thermal anomalies colocated with the locations of crater basins or complexes. Generally, these studies revealed higher thermal inertias on the near subsurface of Ganymede and Callisto than Europa. Here, we present the analysis of ALMA observations of Europa at three wavelengths (0. 88, 1. 25, and 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: While there is still uncertainty, the final cleavage step is thought to release Aβ directly into ISF. Most work has focussed on Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, these being the predominant forms of the Aβ polypeptides present in the parenchyma. In solution at or below low nanomolar concentrations they exist as monomers and, particularly for Aβ1-42, also as oligomers [423, 428, 429]. Only soluble forms of Aβ are detectable in young animals. However, in older animals and older people deposits mainly of Aβ1-40 accumulate along cerebral arteries (cerebral amyloid angiopathy or CAA) and large aggregates or plaques mainly of Aβ1-42 form in the brain parenchyma. Small changes in soluble Aβ concentrations may over time lead to large changes in the formation of Aβ aggregates [430,431,432,433,434,435,436]. While it is not known which forms of Aβ are toxic, current evidence appears to suggest that within the parenchyma the main culprits are the oligomers [437,438,439,440,441]. There is evidence that plaques in the brain can be removed by reducing the ISF concentration of Aβ [428, 442]. However, it is likely that this only occurs if the Aβ concentration can be reduced to levels below those present before aggregate formation began [431]. This has been shown experimentally but it may not be achievable in practice without both inhibition of Aβ production (see e. g. [443]) and enhancement of Aβ clearance. 5. 7. 1 Clearance of Aβ from ISFIn the young, Aβ is present in soluble form and is eliminated as rapidly as it is produced with about 7–8% of the total soluble Aβ being replaced each hour [422, 444]. Monomeric and small oligomeric forms of soluble Aβ are cleared from ISF by at least four routes: incorporation into plaques, metabolism [445,446,447,448,449,450,451], efflux across the blood–brain barrier [62, 429, 452,453,454] and efflux via perivascular routes [25, 85, 128, 455]. The relative importance of each of these routes remains controversial [52, 146, 456,457,458]. 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Jaldeessaa 10 Cyphostemma niveum (schweinf. ) Desc. 11 Ficus capreaefolia Del. Mound, 12 Gnidia glauca (Fresen) Gilg. Foot and (F. M. D) Didiiysaa 13 Helichrysum elephantinum Cufod. Blackleg, Rabies, Sun disease, Swelling, A. H. S. Holotuu/Araddoo 14 Hypericum revoltum Vahl. Blackleg Hindhee/Garambaa 15 Nicotiana tabacum L. Blackleg, cough, internal parasites Tamboo 16 Phytolacca dodecandra L Her. Cholera, Rabies&furee Andoodee 17 Satureja punctuata (Benth) Bliq. baala bal’aa 18 Sida schimperiana gaangee 19 Stephania abyssinica Dillon. & A. Rich. Urine problem, 20 Thymus schimperi Ronn. Common livestock ailments and plant species claimed to treat them Twenty five livestock diseases were found to be treated with 20 plant species in which 38 preparations were involved. Rabies ranked first as it was treated by seven plant species and followed by diarrhoea and blackleg treated with three plant species each (Table 6). Table 6 Common livestock ailments and number of plant species claimed to treat them in. Common diseases No. of plant species used % of total medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases Rabies 7 35. 00 Diarrhoea 3 15. 00 Blackleg 3 15. 00 External parasites 2 10. 00 Cough 2 10. 00 Mouse/nose wound 2 10. 00 Eye infection 1 5. 00 Bloating 1 5. 00 Leech infestation 1 5. 00 Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) 1 5. 00 African horse sickness (AHS) 1 5. 00 Sheep pox 1 5. 00 Foot and mouth diseases (FMD) 1 5. 00 Anthrax 1 5. 00 Pasteurellosis of cattle 1 5. 00 Pasteurellosis of Sheep 1 5. 00 Actinomycosis 1 5. 00 Avian cholera 1 5. 00 Bloody urine 1 5. 00 Dermatophilosis (Skin problem) 1 5. 00 Glandular swelling 1 5. 00 Epizootic lymphangitis 1 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 05 mm) that probe distinct depths in Europa's subsurface, which allows us to investigate the change in thermophysical properties with depth and latitude, and ascertain their potential link to exogenic sources and the evolution of Europa's ice shell. These observations complement the recent studies of Ganymede and Callisto with ALMA, and provide context for Juno observations of Europa with infrared and microwave instruments. 2, we detail the ALMA observations, reduction, and imaging procedures, followed by the radiative transfer modeling in Section 3. A discussion of the modeling results is presented in Section 4, followed by our conclusions in Section 5. 2. is an interferometer consisting of up to 50 12 m antennas located in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Every pair of antennas acts as a two-element interferometer, measuring a single complex component (often called a "visibility") of the Fourier transform of the sky brightness. Together, the collection of visibilities allows for the reconstruction of the full sky brightness in both dimensions via image deconvolution techniques (see Thompson et al. 2001, and 016. 1. 00691. S, the leading and trailing hemispheres of each of the were observed in three distinct frequency bands that probe different subsurface depths: ALMA Band 3 (97. 5 GHz; 3. 05 mm), Band 6 (233 GHz; 1. 25 mm), and Band 7 (343. 5 GHz, 0. 88 mm). Europa was observed eight times between 2016 and 2017. Since the angular resolution of interferometric observations depends on the distances between antennas in the array, these observations were executed using different antenna configurations to obtain relatively consistent resolution across all three frequency bands. A configuration with maximum antenna separation of 6. 4 km was used for Band 3 observations to achieve comparable resolution to data from higher frequency bands, while a configuration with a shorter maximum antenna separation of 1. 3 km was used for Bands 6 and 7. Separate observations in each frequency band were executed to target both the leading and trailing hemispheres of Europa, with typical integration times of ∼120–300 s; as such, longitudinal smearing over this time period was well below the size of a resolution element. All observations were carried out using between 40 and 45 antennas. In some cases, multiple executions (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: [462] demonstrated LRP1-dependent Aβ1-40 transport across monolayers of primary mouse brain capillary endothelial cells, a transport not observed in monolayers of cells with genetically modified LRP1. Roberts et al. [457] confirmed that efflux of Aβ from brain to blood occurs in vivo by finding that the concentration in venous blood leaving the brain was 7. 5% higher than that in arterial blood. Qosa et al. [424] using the brain efflux index method found that 62% of added 125I-Aβ1-40 appeared in the blood. Storck et al. [453] developed a mouse model in which LRP1 could be knocked out selectively in endothelial cells and showed that the knockout reduced the initial rate of loss of 125I-Aβ1-42 by 48%. Collectively the studies discussed above leave little doubt that LRP1 dependent transport across the blood–brain barrier plays a substantial role in Aβ elimination. However, the actual mechanisms governing the net inward or outward flux of Aβ across the blood–brain barrier are considerably more complicated and involve complexing Aβ with soluble factors including clusterin (also called apoJ), apoE and a soluble, truncated form of LRP1 (sLRP1). In addition there are at least four endocytotic/transcytotic systems. Figure 20, based mainly on the views of Zlokovic and colleagues [429, 452, 454, 460, 463,464,465,466], is a simplified diagram indicating the mechanisms of Aβ transport across the blood–brain barrier. Notable in this scheme is the involvement of apoE, clusterin and the phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein, (also called CALM). Genetic variations for each of these have been shown to be associated with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease [467, 468]. Fig. 20Simplified outline of Aβ transport across the blood–brain barrier. Possible movements of Aβ are shown by solid or dashed lines with arrowheads indicating the principal direction. Endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles are shown as invaginations of the membranes. There is intracellular processing once the vesicles have been endocytosed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 00 Retained placenta 1 5. 00 Scabies 1 5. 00 Physical deterioration 1 5. 00 Medicinal plants used to treat both human and livestock ailments The study reported that eleven plant species were commonly used to treat both human and livestock ailments. The species used to treat both human and livestock ailments were Coccinia abyssinica, Kalanchoe lanceolata, Clerodendrum myricoides, Anethum graveolens, Azadirachta indica, Asparagus africanus, Diplolophium africanum, Solanum somalense, Vernonia amygdalina and Dodonaea angustifolia (Table 7). In this study, 65 different human and livestock health problems were reported (40 of human and 25 of livestock). Most of these species were wild and harvested mainly for their leaves and the remedies were administered through oral and dermal routes. Table 7 Medicinal plants and parts used for treating both human and livestock ailments in. No. used Disease treated (Afan Oromo) 1 Asparagus africanus Lam. Asparagaceae root Blackleg, Liver infection, Rabies, Dental infection Sariitii 2 Azadirachta indica A. Leaf Blackleg, physical deterioration, Cholera, kill vectors Niim/Miimoo 3 Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst. ) R. Br. ex vatke Evil eye, Evil spirit, 4 Coccinia abyssinica (Lam) Cong. Rabies, Abdominal pain Hancootee 5 Diplolophium africanum Turcz. part Urine problem Insilalaa 6 Dodonaea angustifolia L. f Sapindacae Leaf, bud Cancer, external parasites, Bone fracture, Wart, Evil eye, Mound, Abdominal pain, 7 Justitia schimperana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anders. Liver infection and Abdominal pain Dhummuugaa 8 Kalanchoe lanceolata A. Rich. Rabies, Skin rash, Bone fracture, 9 Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb. ) Mirb.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: , observing integrations) were acquired for each hemisphere in a single band, allowing for additional longitude coverage and higher constraints on thermophysical properties. An additional execution in ALMA Band 7 was performed, but was set to incorrect sky coordinates and as such was not analyzed here. The observation parameters for each integration are detailed in Table 1. Table 1. Observational ParametersObs. DateFreq. a λ Tag b Ang. Diam. Spatial Res. Pos. Ang. c Lat. W Lon. Corr. d (UTC)(GHz)(mm) (arcsec)(arcsec)(°)(°N)(°W)Factor2017 Sep 19 17:1597. 53. 053L0. 6840. 110 × 0. 08652. 23−3. 08103. 31. 02017 Sep 28 14:43 e ⋯⋯3T0. 6770. 148 × 0. 08554. 87−3. 12283. 21. 0 2017 Aug 7 19:152331. 256L0. 7370. 107 × 0. 08287. 24−2. 9280. 630. 9852017 Jul 9 01:03⋯⋯6T0 f 0. 7970. 280 × 0. 107−73. 13−2. 89307. 71. 0682017 Jul 30 00:05⋯⋯6T10. 7540. 163 × 0. 078−70. 25−2. 91270. 11. 0282017 Aug 16 22:55⋯⋯6T20. 7220. 127 × 0. 079−70. 64−2. 95287. 00. 937 2017 Jul 6 23:56 e 343. 50. 887L0. 8030. 139 × 0. 068−68. 88−2. 90100. 30. 9562016 Oct 25 12:28⋯⋯7T f 0. 6780. 196 × 0. 15166. 85−2. 50226. 70. 938 Notes. a Averaged frequency of all continuum windows. Frequencies correspond to ALMA Band 3 (97. 5 GHz), Band 6 (233 GHz), and Band 7 (343. 5 GHz).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 2 Achieving a net flux: glucose as an exampleThere is regulation of transport across the blood–brain barrier both for glucose and for ions like Na+, K+ or Cl−. Regulation of glucose transport serves primarily to achieve the correct flux to support metabolism whereas regulation of ion transport is important to maintain the correct concentrations in extracellular fluid. The actual glucose concentration in ISF is relatively unimportant so long as it remains well above the Km for hexokinase (0. 04–0. 05 mM, see Sect. 5. 3) but low enough to avoid formation of unwanted glycation products. The requirements for the regulation of the glucose transporter, GLUT1, were considered in detail by Barros et al. [314] and Simpson et al. [315]. Thus this section considers only the principles and the extent to which regulation can be obtained by altering glucose efflux. GLUT1 transport across the blood–brain barrier must be capable of producing a net flux that is equal to the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose, CMRglc, at all times both at rest and during nervous activity. Furthermore the system must be capable of increasing net flux quickly to match demand. If the net inward flux were not increased, then for a glucose content in brain of 1. 3 mM × 0. 77 mL g−1 and an increase in glucose consumption rate of 0. 65 µmol g−1 min−1 (i. e. to twice resting level, figures for rats), the entire glucose reserve would be consumed in < 2 min. CMRglc of stimulated nervous tissue isn’t easy to measure, partly because a region large enough to assay is likely to contain both stimulated and unstimulated tissue. Using quantitative autoradiography in rats exposed to monotonic sounds, Cruz et al. [517] were able to see as much as 85% increase in CMRglc in tonotopic bands of the inferior colliculus. Using PET imaging in human subjects viewing a reversing checkerboard pattern, Fox et al. [518] saw 50% increases in the visual cortex. Using measured arterio-venous concentration differences in human volunteers undergoing exhausting cycling or rowing exercise, Quistorff et al. ([353], data from [519]) found more than twofold increases in glucose uptake rate across the blood–brain barrier. (There was also a substantial uptake of lactate).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Rabies, Abdominal distension Birbissa 10 Solanum somalense Root Rabies, Evil spirit, Skin rash Hidda bidoo 11 Vernonia amygdalina Del. Diarrhoea, Physical deterioration on summary of data collected and presented in Tables 3,5 and 7 regarding different plant parts used, leaves were the most commonly used part accounting for 51. 81% of the total, followed by roots (20. 48%), barks (2. 41%). Figure 3 summarizes data on overall parts used for treating different ailments in the study area. the preparation of remedies from plants, informants reported various skills associated with preparation of herbal medicine. These include plant composition (whether single or combined), condition of plant used (fresh or dry) and methods of preparation such as crushing and pounding. The results of the condition of the plant parts used indicated that 27 plants (32. 53%) were used in fresh state, 13 (15. 66%) were used in dried state and 43 (51. 81%) were used in fresh or dried state (Fig. 4). As these plants were used in both forms, the chance of using the medicinal plants under different seasons of the year was perceived to be high. The informants pointed out that they preserve the plant that they could not find in dry season in different ways like pounding and hanging the plant material in dry and safe place. Most of the remedies (64. 33%) had additive like Allium sativum, sugar, honey, tea, coffee, pepper, while some (35. 67%) were used alone to treat different human diseases. There were various methods of medicine preparation from plants used by local people of the study area. The most popular modes of preparations were in the form of crushing, pounding and homogenizing in water, which accounted for about 24. 62% followed by chewing (9. 47%) and hold on (8. 33%) as shown in Fig. 5. Herbal Preparations/formulations The routes of administration of the prepared medicine were mainly internal applications 75 (70. 75%), out of which oral application was the major one (Table 8). On the other hand, the external application was about 31 (29. 25%). Table 8 Route of administration and number of applications of herbal medicine in. Route of administration Total applications 75 70. 75 Anal 66 3 1 2 3 88. 00 4. 00 1. 33 2. 67 4. 00 External 31 29.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: b Tag denoting the ALMA frequency band, targeted hemisphere (L = leading, T = trailing), and observation number; exact longitudes vary slightly for each execution. Hemispheres with multiple integrations are denoted with separate labels for each individual execution. c The position angle of the synthesized ALMA beam, denoted in degrees counter-clockwise from the positive vertical. d Correction factor derived from variability of quasars used for flux density calibrations. e Denotes observations where interloping satellites were present in the ALMA field—see 4. 7 (Jaeger 2008) and the provided ALMA pipeline scripts. Continuum images were produced by flagging channels with telluric contamination and then averaging to channel bins of 125 or 256 MHz to reduce data volume. The resulting data were then combined using multifrequency synthesis imaging methods to produce a single, high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) broadband image of the thermal continuum emission. Phase self-calibration was performed on each observation to compensate for tropospheric phase fluctuations, which improves image coherence and S/N for each observation (see the discussion in Butler & Bastian 1999; Cornwell & Fomalont 1999; Brogan et al. 2018, and ALMA Memo 620 6 by Richards et al. ). Similar procedures were applied to the accompanying observations of Ganymede and Callisto (de Kleer et al. 2021a; Camarca et al. 2023). Final image deconvolution, which removed interferometric artifacts induced by the lack of complete antenna coverage on the sky, was performed using the CASA tclean task with image sizes of 1000 × 1000 pixels of 001 size (note that this is not the effective resolution, which is shown in Table 1, but simply the pixel size). Briggs weighting was applied with a "robust" factor of 0, which slightly increases the weight of data from larger antenna separations (Briggs 1995). The removal of interferometric artifacts—and thus the improvement of the final image quality—for two of the ALMA observations was facilitated by accounting for the emission from nearby (Ganymede, Callisto) that intervened on the relatively large ALMA field-of-view (FOV), introducing additional signal in the sidelobes. These procedures and the improvements in the images are detailed in 1. 5% to 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: With cell culture systems including brain endothelial cells recruitment in response to AMP can be large, resulting in a two to threefold increase in GLUT1 at the plasma membrane [322, 522, 523]. With regard to modification of GLUT1 transport rate, it is known from studies on red blood cells that GLUT1 can be substantially inhibited by binding of ATP, an effect that is inhibited by AMP. When ATP hydrolysis is stimulated, ATP concentrations decrease and AMP concentrations increase, both of these events acting to release inhibition of GLUT1 [322, 524]. This effect can be large, a four to tenfold increase in glucose transport. Because increased AMP can increase both recruitment and activity of GLUT1 at the cell surface, it is easily imagined that small changes in AMP levels in endothelial cells could increase glucose transport sufficiently to support increased nervous activity. 7 SummarySubstances can be eliminated from the brain parenchyma either by metabolism or efflux. This review considers efflux, which can occur via perivascular routes or via the blood–brain barrier. The quantitative importance of these different mechanisms is assessed using clearance defined as the rate of elimination of the substance from interstitial fluid (ISF) divided by its ISF concentration (see 3. 1 and 3. 2); (ii) whether perivascular pathways are spaces containing free fluid or basement membranes (Sect. 3. 1” section and Footnote 5); (iii) the driving force for the flows (Sect. 3. 2); (iv) whether the immediate destination of perivascular efflux is CSF or lymph (Sect. 3. 1, Fig. 6 and Footnote 6); and (v) whether there is enough flow either through the parenchyma or via perivascular routes along capillaries to allow there to be a net periarterial inflow and a net perivenous outflow as proposed in the glymphatic hypothesis (Sects. 3. 2 and 3. 2. 1). The evidence for the involvement of flow or convection in perivascular transport of solutes is convincing but flow appears not to be important for transfers of solutes within the interstitial spaces of the parenchyma.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 25 on Brushing 3 7 9 4 8 9. 68 22. 58 29. 03 12. 90 25. 81 Total 106 100 (free Informants’ Consensus) The result of the study showed that some medicinal plants and their utilizations were more popular than others. Accordingly, plant species such as Allium sativum and Asparagus africanus were indicated relatively by higher number (48 and 46 informants, respectively) for treating various human health problems such as liver infection, stomachache, common cold and intestinal parasites, sun disease, abdominal distension, tinea corporis, menstrual disorder, evil spirit and liver infection (Table 9). Table 9 Informant consensus score in. Plant species No of informants % of informants Allium sativum 48 96. 00 Asparagus africanus 46 92. 00 Azadirachta indica 41 82. 00 Calpurnia aurea 40 80. 00 Croton macrostachyus 38 76. 00 Datura stramonium 37 74. 00 Dodonaea angustifolia 35 70. 00 Helichrysum elephantinum 34 68. 00 Kalanchoe lanceolata 33 66. 00 Nicotiana tabacum 31 62. 00 Rumex nepalensis 29 58. 00 Solanum campylacanthum 28 56. 00 Comparison of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants use across age and sex The study result revealed that the majority of traditional healers (knowledgeable informants) were older than 45 years. These healers identified 64 (77. 12%) of the total medicinal plant species. Comparison of indigenous knowledge across sex showed that male and female informants identified 59 (71. 08%) and 24 (28. 92%) medicinal plants, respectively (Table 10). Out of the 50 knowledgeable informants (35 males and 15 females), 6 were in the age range of 18–31 age group, 8 respondents between 31 and 45; 14 were 46–60 and 22 were 60 and above age classes and cited 10. 84%, 12. 05%, 36. 14% and 40. 96% medicinal plants, respectively (Table 10). Furthermore, data collected from field observation and interviews revealed that informants in the first and second age group were not conversant enough in providing some ethnobotanical information clearly on the method of medicine preparation from plants, mode of application and plant parts used. Large numbers of key informants were found in the third and fourth age groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 8% were needed (Table 1). As found previously, the dependence of ALMA on quasar observations can result in higher flux density scale calibration uncertainties (Francis et al. 2020); as a result, our quoted uncertainties on the disk-averaged flux densities, temperatures, and emissivities are no less than 5%, which are often larger than the statistical uncertainties derived from the model fit for the flux density. After converting from flux density units (Jy) to brightness temperature (K, the expected thermal temperature the surface would emit if it was solely parameterized by the Planck function; see also de Kleer et al. 2021a and Camarca et al. 2023), the final emission maps were compared to radiative transfer models generated using a variety of thermophysical properties and global porosity or thermal inertia conditions. continuum image maps are shown in Figure 1. The measured flux densities and brightness temperatures are listed in Table 2. Reset image size Figure 1. Brightness temperature maps of Europa's leading hemisphere (∼90°W longitude; top row) and trailing hemisphere (∼270°W longitude; bottom row) from Band 3 (3. 05 mm; (A), (E)), Band 6 (1. 25 mm; B, (F)–(H)), and Band 7 (0. 88 mm; (C), (G)). The ALMA beam (the full-width at half-maximum of the ALMA point-spread function) is shown as a hashed ellipse in the bottom left-hand corner. All images are aligned with Europa's north pole along the vertical axis. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Table 2. and ResultsBandW Lon. Flux Dens. a TB a PorosityΓEff. EmissivityHemi. Tag #(°)(Jy)(K)(%)(J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) 3L b 103. 30. 18 ± 0. 00972. 99 ± 3. 65 0. 79 ± 0. 043T b 283. 20. 20 ± 0. 01085. 27 ± 4. 26 0. 81 ± 0. 04 6L80. 631. 26 ± 0. 06376. 61 ± 3. 8375 ± 10 0. 86 ± 0. 046T1270. 051. 37 ± 0. 06979.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The net inward flux of the large neutral amino acids is small compared to the rate at which they are used to allow synthesis of proteins and the neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA. This implies substantial reuse of amino acids and the corresponding α-keto-acids when proteins, glutamate and GABA are catabolized within the cells (see Sect. 5. 5. 5). Receptor mediated transcytosis can transport large molecules across the blood–brain barrier. Amyloid-β is an important example (Sect. 5. 7) of a substance primarily eliminated by this mechanism. Amyloid-β can also leave the brain parenchyma via perivascular efflux and this may be important as the route by which amyloid-β reaches arterial walls resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. The majority of substances listed in Table 6 have total clearances greater than those for inulin and sucrose, which implies that they are leaving the brain by routes in addition to the perivascular pathways. For those whose clearances are not much greater than 1 µL g−1 min−1, perivascular transport will still make a noticeable contribution. Na+ and Cl− enter and leave the brain parenchyma by perivascular and blood–brain barrier routes and both will be important in processes like the development and resolution of oedema (not considered in this review). Non-metabolized substances with clearances greater than about 10 µL g−1 min−1 leave the brain parenchyma primarily via transport across the blood–brain barrier. 8 ConclusionThis review has assessed the evidence from a number of different sources regarding the routes and mechanisms of elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma. Early studies comprehensively and admirably reviewed by Bradbury [55] and by Davson and Segal [56] revealed that there were two important routes, across the blood–brain barrier and via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For glucose, O2 and CO2 it was obvious that exchanges across the blood–brain barrier were dominant. At the other extreme for sucrose and inulin the concentrations in the parenchyma followed those in CSF much more closely than those in blood plasma. For Na+ and Cl− it was clear that both routes were important. For certain specific substances, e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 00 Clerodendrum myricoides Evil eye 5 21 23. 81 Lepidium sativum Wart 5 21 23. 81 Osyris quadripartita Poison 5 21 23. 81 Solanum campylacanthum Rabies 5 21 23. 81 Croton macrostachyus Evil eye 4 22 18. 18 Verbascum sinaiticum Wart 4 22 18. 18 Cucumis ficifoliu Poison 3 23 13. 04 Olea europaea Evil eye 3 23 13. 04 Datura stramonium Rabies 2 18 8. 33 Lagenaria siceraria Poison 2 24 8. 33 Acquisition and transmission of knowledge of medicinal plants and perceived threats to Indigenous knowledge The indigenous knowledge regarding the uses of medicinal plants of the study area have not been documented. The knowledge was transferred from generation to another generation verbally. In line with this, the informants of the study area reported that the previous culture on providing information on medicinal plants was top secret; not allowed to show or train others. This is because of many reasons as they stated: 1. The medicine becomes cheap and the charges for service provision will be low if the medicine is known by many people. 2. The medicine will lose its curative power if it is shown to patients 3. Healers are hiding themselves because of the unfavourable attitude of the present generation toward the practice that consider it as backward. Though, it is not adequate, currently this situation is a little bit changed. According to the explanation given by informants, the healers were supporting academic researches and at least transferring their knowledge to their elder sons. Accordingly, about 37 (74%) traditional healers have already trained their family and relatives, while 13 (26%) of them have a plan to do so in the future. In general, most knowledgeable informants 33 (66%) of the study area had acquired the traditional medication system from their parent and/or close relatives, 9 (18%) from both relatives and non relative healers, while 6 (12%) have gained the knowledge from other traditional healers, 2 (4%) through trial and error. Healers show herbal medicine and transfer knowledge and skill to their family member at their later ages. A person trained by his family performs a strong oath locally called KAKU to keep the knowledge he/she obtained on medicinal plants and traditional medicine with maximum care and confidentially.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 96 ± 4. 00 0. 84 ± 0. 046T2287. 021. 36 ± 0. 08685. 74 ± 5. 4040 ± 15 0. 83 ± 0. 05 7L100. 33. 34 ± 0. 16786. 09 ± 4. 3060 ± 15 0. 81 ± 0. 047T226. 72. 48 ± 0. 15489. 09 ± 5. 52 0. 79 ± 0. 05 Notes. a Flux densities and brightness temperatures listed here are derived as hemispheric averages. b Porosity and effective thermal inertia values derived for ALMA Band 3 observations were inferred through bounds as discussed in 3. Thermophysical ModelingThe radiative transfer modeling for thermal emission of Europa follows the procedures detailed in de Kleer et al. (2021a), which have been used for Ganymede, Callisto (Camarca et al. 2023), and (16) Psyche (de Kleer et al. 2021b). The model solves for thermal transport throughout the shallow subsurface through the inclusion of thermal conduction and radiation, solving the 1D diffusion equation with time and depth for temperature profiles at discrete latitude and longitudes across the observed surface. We parameterized the model for Europa using similar fixed parameters to those for Ganymede and Callisto, where appropriate (e. g. , snow and ice densities, and specific heat values). A nominal dust-to-ice fraction = 0. 3 was used (similar to what was used for Ganymede by de Kleer et al. 2021a), though dust fraction values between 0. 1 and 0. 5 were tested, with fairly minimal effects on the best-fit porosity model residuals; however, a dust fraction change does alter the depths at which our data are sensitive to the subsurface thermal emission. Similarly, models were set with an intermediate surface grain size of 100 μm, and we tested models using grain sizes of 50 μm–1 mm as relevant for Europa's leading and trailing hemispheres (Hansen & McCord 2004; Dalton et al. 2012; Cassidy et al. 2013; Ligier et al. 2016; Filacchione et al. 2019; Mishra et al. 2021).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: This was partly due to our unconventional use of that term, which we did not intend to be synonymous with goal-directed control given evidence that reward expectancies can guide action selection in a manner that is independent of reward value during PIT performance (Colwill and Rescorla, 1990; Rescorla, 1994; Holland, 2004). But we now believe this framework for data interpretation was unclear and unnecessary. We have therefore omitted the term reward expectancy altogether, and have substantially revised the manuscript to focus on the broader topic of how dopamine contributes to the control of instrumental reward-seeking and reward-retrieval actions, while explicitly contrasting goal-directed (devaluation-sensitive) and habitual (devaluation-insensitive) accounts of behavior. From this perspective, we agree with the reviewer’s conclusion that press-contingent food-cup approaches were performed habitually, suggesting the use of a press-approach behavioral chain or action chunk. This interpretation is also compatible with our finding that reward-paired cues strongly increase production of press-approach chunks, given previous studies showing that habitual behavior is particularly sensitive to the motivational influence of such cues (Holland, 2004; Wiltgen et al. , 2012). As the reviewer notes, presses that were not followed by food-cup approach were particularly sensitive to reward devaluation. We have elaborated on our discussion of this issue (subsection “Inhibiting dopamine neurons spares the sensitivity of reward-seeking actions to reward devaluation”, last paragraph; Discussion, second paragraph, documents with colored text) and added a new analysis to help develop this finding (Figure 5D; Supplementary file 1G). However, we do not believe this is a defining feature of such actions. For instance, the variable-interval training protocol used in our PIT experiments is known to support habit formation. Thus, even discrete lever presses (without approach) performed during PIT tests were likely to have been insensitive to devaluation, had this been assessed. We suggest that such discrete lever presses are not exclusively aligned with either habitual or goal-directed control. Indeed, others have argued that repetitive lever pressing without subsequent food-cup approach may model OCD-like compulsive checking behavior, which we discuss in the last paragraph of the Discussion section. Reviewer #2: […] I have a series of issues with the manuscript: The terminology is very confusing, and the theoretical frame is globally difficult to grasp.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: According to the report of informants, although some people knew the medicinal plants and the methods to prepare the medicine, they did not exercise the knowledge. This was because they did not receive blessings from a well-known elder or he/she might not from a blessed family. Therefore, it was noted that these issues have reduced the chance of having new healers directly affecting sustainable continuity of knowledge and skill. On the other hand, most informants mentioned the lack of attention and assistants from educated professional, governmental and non-governmental sectors to encourage traditional healers. Few healers also mentioned lack of moral obligation to continue with the practice as a result of despair due to the general attitude considering the practice a backward activity by the current generation. medicinal plants used for treating human and livestock ailments This study documented diverse medicinal plants and associated deep ethnobotanical knowledge. It was recorded that 52 (62. 65%) plants were used for treating human ailments, 20 (24. 10%) for treating health problems of livestock and the remaining 11 (13. 25%) for treating both human and livestock ailments. Species documented in this study and perceived to be used for human, livestock and both human and livestock ailments were also reported for their medicinal values from other parts of the country [30–33]. There were medicinal plants with higher informant consensus values that need to be seriously considered for further ethno-pharmacological studies. These species include Allium sativum, Asparagus africanus and Azadirachta indica. This high informant consensus values give good indication about particular species that serve for particular health problems, specific medicinal plants used for several health problems and the deep rooted indigenous knowledge maintained among local people in practicing and utilizing traditional medicine. Such information underlines the pharmacological significance of the medicinal plants in the area. This result was in agreement with several other ethnobotanical studies carried out elsewhere in Ethiopia [34–36, 10, 37]. knowledge involves traditional diagnosis, collection of plant materials and preparation of plant remedies in many countries including Ethiopia and is transferred from one generation to the other generation verbally with great secrecy. In the study area, it was noted that herbal medicine was not shown to others because; it was considered a professional secret, also essential for maintenance of the curative power of the medicine. This had great impact on the distribution of medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge of the community.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: While the dispersion of small (<200 μm) and large (>500 μm) grains across Europa likely varies with hemisphere and surface composition in a complex way, we find that similar porosity models (within the range of errors) provided sufficient fits to the data across the range of grain sizes. The discussion of the impact of grain size and other fixed parameters on the thermal conductivity are discussed in detail in de Kleer et al. (2021a). The initial bolometric albedo map was generated by Trumbo et al. (2017a) from the USGS Europa map 8 from Voyager and Galileo images, with Galileo albedo values where available (McEwen 1986) and the phase integral of 1. 01 from observations (Grundy et al. 2007); further details are provided in previous ALMA studies (Trumbo et al. 2017a, 2018; de Kleer et al. 2021a; Camarca et al. 2023). Models were integrated over variable times steps (on order 1/500 Europa days) per Europa period (3. 55 Earth days), including periods where Europa was in eclipse behind Jupiter, for up to 15 Europa days until temperature profiles converged to within 0. 1 K. Longitude ranges where Europa was in eclipse for each observation were retrieved from the JPL Horizons ephemerides data. 9 We modeled thermal emission from Europa's subsurface over a range of 10 thermal skin depths (∼0. 5–0. 75 m for relevant temperature and porosity ranges). Vertical temperature profiles and emission angles were generated independently over Europa's surface in a grid of 5° latitude and longitude bins; as discussed in de Kleer et al. (2021a), the incorporation of Fresnel or Hapke refraction does not sufficiently match the limb emission due to surface roughness or volume scattering, and thus is not employed here. Our methodology differs from the techniques employed by Trumbo et al. (2017a) and Trumbo et al. (2018) in that thermal emission was integrated over depth, whereas the aforementioned studies treated thermal emission as originating only from the surface (and were thus comparable to models used to interpret data from Galileo/PPR). These properties are calculated in the model of de Kleer et al. (2021a), and allow us to generate models including subsurface emission for a range of porosity values.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: In the next comment section, we develop the rationale behind our analysis of CS+ elicited behavior. 2, to test the prediction regarding the role of DA in PIT, they should test the interaction between 3 factors (CNO vs. Vehicle; mCherry vs. hM4Di and pre vs. post CS+). By the way, why using the pre/post CS+ when there is a CS- condition, which seems a priori as a better reference for assessing the specificity of the Pavlovian effects of the CS+, as opposed to general effect of having a stimulus? Looking at the data, CNO abolishes the increase in responding evoked by the CS+, and the major difference between mCherry and hM4Di is in the pre CS+ period… If the authors really want to take into trial to trial variability, they could use a relative measure (pre vs. post, on a trial by trial basis) but compare the effect of CS+ with the effect of CS- to assess PIT, and the influence of the various manipulations. As requested by the reviewer, we have included a description of the significant Drug (CNO vs. Vehicle) x Group (mCherry vs. hM4Di) x CS period (pre vs. CS) interaction for CS+ trials (i. e. , omitting CS- trials) (t(120) = -2. 53, p =. 013) in the Results section (subsection “Inhibiting dopamine neurons during Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer preferentially disrupts cue-motivated reward seeking, but not reward retrieval”, third paragraph), which further supports the conclusion that inhibiting VTA dopamine neurons suppressed the ability of the CS+ to stimulate lever pressing. We agree with the reviewer that the CS- is an essential control for evaluating the behavioral effects of the CS+ that specifically depend on that cue’s relationship with reward. However, it is not sufficient to simply contrast levels of responding during CS+ and CS- presentations without controlling for local baseline rates of responding during pre-CS periods. This is particularly important in PIT studies because lever press rates fluctuate sporadically due to the lack of reinforcement at test. For this reason, virtually all PIT studies control for pre-CS response levels (Holmes et al. , 2010; Cartoni et al. , 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Previous study has reported similar practices describing the fact that such secret and verbal transfer make the indigenous knowledge or ethnomedicinal knowledge vulnerable to distortion and in most cases some of the lore may be lost at each point of transfer [8]. This has called for the high need for systematic documentation of such useful knowledge [8, 38]. The community in the study area had their own set of orally transmitted knowledge on health and medicinal use of many plant species. It was noted that the local communities had rich indigenous knowledge that was still beneficial to their livelihoods including health and food. Informants’ consensus values obtained from this study were found to be high indicating the deep-rooted indigenous knowledge maintained among local people in practicing and utilizing traditional medicine. However, some differences in this indigenous knowledge were noted across age and sex. Informants from the elder age group (greater than 45 years) were more knowledgeable than the youngsters. They could identify more medicinal plants and gave detailed descriptions related to the associated indigenous knowledge. This was expected as elders have developed better experiences and skills on the use and management of medicinal plants over years. In agreement with this result, members of the age group above 40 identified more medicinal plants than their younger counterparts (≤4 0 years) among the Zay people in East Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia [6]. A similar observation was also reported by many others [10, 39, 33]. In general, the result obtained during this study showed that knowledge on medicinal plants increased as the age of the informants increased and it was directly proportional to age increment in agreement with previous reports [40, 41, 10, 42] but disagrees with reports by few in which elders at higher ages were found to have less indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants use than the younger age groups [e. g. , 35]. The vivid reason for elders to be more knowledgeable than their younger counterparts could be due to the personal experience they developed in using these plants since old times. Traditional healers keep their indigenous knowledge as top secret for reasons related to curative power of the medicine and values. Furthermore, Traditional healers show herbal medicine and transfer their knowledge and skill to their family member (most of the time to the oldest son) at their older ages.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Finally, an additional scale factor on the order of 10 was multiplied to the imaginary part of the index of refraction—derived from the complex dielectric constant using a mixture of snow, dust, and ice properties—such that emission from Europa's subsurface was properly modeled with depth and porosity. This factor was derived empirically through comparisons of the χ2 values over our porosity grid range and a range of scale factors from 1 to 30, and the corresponding increase in the imaginary portion of the index of refraction brought our model values to between 1 × 10−4 and 1 × 10−3, in agreement with the range of values measured for cold (<200 K) water ice at millimeter wavelengths (see Warren1984; Matzler & Wegmuller 1987; Mätzler 1998, and 3. 3 of de Kleer et al. (2021a) for the derivation of keff. ρeff, the effective density, is a function of the surface density (ρs ) and porosity: ρeff(p) = ρs × (1 − p). Finally, cp (Teff) is the effective heat capacity. However, the porosity models incorporate the change in thermal emission as a function of depth throughout the subsurface, and are thus more physically realistic; furthermore, we tested porosity for each ALMA frequency band and hemisphere independently to determine if a compaction length could be readily derived from the resulting porosity values. This is discussed further in Section 4. 4. Results and DiscussionThe residuals from the best-fit models are shown in Figures 2 and 3 for the leading and trailing hemispheres, respectively, with projections of Europa's surface terrain for reference. 10 The best-fit values for porosity models and their corresponding emissivity values, as well as the converted Γeff for each porosity, are given in Table 2. Reset image size Figure 2. Top: Residuals (data-model) for single, hemispheric best-fit porosity values for Europa's leading hemisphere (∼90°W longitude) from Band 3 (97. 5 GHz/3. 05 mm; (A)), Band 6 (233 GHz/1. 25 mm; (B)), and Band 7 (343. 5 GHz/0. 88 mm; (C)). All images are aligned with Europa's north pole along the vertical axis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: We believe that the critical question to ask when evaluating such data is whether CNO produced an effect in -free rats that accounts for the main findings, as is common in related studies (Augur et al. , 2016; Laurent et al. , 2016; Marchant et al. , 2016; Campese et al. , 2017; Lichtenberg et al. , 2017; Alcaraz et al. , 2018; Hsu et al. , 2018; Collins et al. , in press). Our findings demonstrate that this was not the case. Separate issue, but as I mentioned above, describing what is essentially compulsive/habitual lever pressing as 'exploratory seeking' does not help. As noted above, we have omitted this terminology. Given these, I am not sure that any of the conclusions regarding the role of DA really stands. Again, the experimental design as a whole is excellent, I believe, and the results are interesting in terms of clarifying the neural and behavioral processes at stake in PIT, but ample revision are needed. We thank the reviewer for these constructive comments and hope that our extensive revisions have adequately addressed their concerns. Reviewer #3: This is a very interesting and cleverly-designed study that parses our how mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) transmission may be involved in the ability of Pavlovian cues to invigorate reward seeking, using a well-established Pavlovian-to-Instrumental transfer test. approaches to silence dopamine cell bodies they show that suppressing DA activity blocks or attenuates the PIT effect. Moreover, this appeared to be mediated primarily by DA activity in the accumbens, but not prefrontal cortex. What was particularly important about these findings is that the authors conducted a sophisticated microstructural analysis of behavior, focusing on how often rats may approach the food cup (as a measure of reward expectancy). This analysis showed that, even though reducing DA activity suppressed the increase in lever pressing induced by Pavlovian, reward-associated cues, it did not affect approaches to the food cup, suggesting that DA's role in this context is to enhance motivation, but not reward expectancy. They also showed that reducing DA activity did not influence how reinforcer devaluation altered responding. This is a well-designed study that has important implications for teasing out what DA does (and does not do) in modulating reward seeking. The analyses are sound, and the Discussion is fair and scholarly.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Many ethnobotanical studies from different parts of Ethiopia and other countries have reported similar challenges and lack of systematic documentation and transfer of the rich indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants including their management and use [41, 43, 6, 38, 30, 44]. The documented data in this study showed that male informants identified more medicinal species than female informants. This could be due to the fact that most of the time women spend more time at their home for keeping their children and taking care of activities near to homestead and therefore, have limited chance to visit far away wild ecosystems and learn about the diverse uses of medicinal plants found in such wild ecosystems. Similar finding was reported from District in zone in which women were found to be more knowledgeable on medicinal plants collected from home gardens and men had better knowledge on species collected from the wild [33]. Similarly, the average number of medicinal plants identified by females was less than that identified by males in of State, Ethiopia [38]. On the other hand, there was no difference between indigenous knowledge of men and women informants on the use of medicinal plants in s in District, of Tigray, Ethiopia [45]. However, we believe that there exist differences in indigenous knowledge on management and use of medicinal plants across sex due to different occupations and exposures of men and women in rural communities of developing countries. result of this study revealed that leaves were the most commonly used plant parts accounting for 51. 81% of the total, followed by roots (20. 48%). Previous study reports from different parts of Ethiopia [6, 46, 47, 48, 33] also documented that leaves followed by roots were the most common plant parts used to treat various health problems. On the other hand, in some studies roots were as the most widely used plant parts [10, 49, 37]. Community of the study area prepared most of the remedies from single plants which accounts for 63 (75. 90%) and preparation from combined plant species accounting for 20 (24. 01%) of the remedies. The result was in agreement with the findings [50, 10] in which the single plant preparations were reported to be high. However, this report disagreed with the other reports [6, 34] in which the combined plant materials were reported to have high proportion in herbal preparation. Among various popular methods of the herbal medicine preparation practiced by herbalists of the study area, crushing, pounding and homogenizing in water was the most common method accounting for about 24.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Bottom: Residual contours are plotted on projected image maps of Europa's surface from the USGS Voyager and Galileo SSI composite map. Positive temperature contours are shown as redscale, solid lines; negative contours are in bluescale, dashed lines. Contour levels increase in increments of 3σ (rms noise varies between observation, on the order of 0. 1–1 K). The approximate locations of leading hemisphere regiones are denoted for reference in panel (D). Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Reset image size Figure 3. Top: Residuals (data-model) for single, hemispheric best-fit porosity values for Europa's trailing hemisphere (∼270°W longitude) from Band 3 (A), Band 6 (B)–(C), and Band 7 (D). Note the different colorbars between the three ALMA bands. All images are aligned with Europa's north pole along the vertical axis. Bottom: Residual contours are plotted on projected image maps of Europa's surface from the USGS as in Figure 2. Contour levels increase in increments of 3σ, e. g. , 3× the image rms noise. The approximate locations of regiones and Pwyll crater are denoted for reference in panels (E) and (H). Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Unlike in the work of Camarca et al. (2023) regarding Callisto, we were able to achieve a good fit to the data (i. e. , a single parameter set produced a global χ2 minimum and significantly smaller residuals than other models) using only a single porosity or thermal inertia value for each ALMA image. The temperature residuals from the best-fit model were on the order of, or slightly lower than, those found by Trumbo et al. (2018) for Europa in ALMA Band 6 (1. 25 mm). Though de Kleer et al. (2021a) tested a simultaneous fit to all Ganymede longitudes to retrieve porosity values, we attempted to fit individual images to investigate potential differences between the leading and trailing hemispheres. We report a distinct difference between the best-fit properties for each imaged hemisphere. The images targeting the leading hemisphere yield porosities that decrease from ∼70% to 50% from observations at λ = 0. 88 and 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: As noted in our response to a similar comment by reviewer #2, we have revised the manuscript to acknowledge this potential nonspecific effect of CNO and provide evidence that this effect does not account for the attenuated CS+ elicited lever pressing produced by CNO in the hMD4i group (subsection “Inhibiting dopamine neurons during Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer preferentially disrupts cue-motivated reward seeking, but not reward retrieval”, third paragraph). 5) The authors use an interesting correlational analysis to try explain the variation in the accumbens CNO data. However, looking at the histology, there is also considerable variation in the placements of infusions, some in core, some in shell. This warrants some mention, and perhaps another analysis seeing if the effects were stronger in animals with placements located in one NAc subregion vs. another. We have looked closely at this issue. Unfortunately, variability in injector location did not help resolve variability in effect of CNO on PIT performance. This is not entirely surprising given previous findings that dopamine signaling in both core and shell may contribute to cue-motivated lever pressing (Lex and Hauber, 2008; Peciña and Berridge, 2013). We note this issue in the main text (subsection “Pathway-specific inhibition of dopamine projections to NAc, but not mPFC, disrupts cue-motivated reward seeking but not retrieval”, first paragraph). Additional 1625. (2018). Thalamocortical and corticothalamic pathways differentially contribute to goal directed behaviors in the rat. eLife 7. -(2016) of an Cue-of Cocaine Seeking. J Neurosci 36:10174-10180. Bertran-(2013). Learning related translocation of delta-opioid receptors on ventral striatal cholinergic interneurons mediates choice between goal-directed actions. J Neurosci 33:16060-16071. -(2017). of in Aversive Pavlovian-to Instrumental Transfer. eNeuro 4. (2016). Appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental Transfer: A review. R 71:829-848. (1990). Effect of reinforcer devaluation on discriminative control of instrumental behavior. 16:40-47. El-Amamy H, Holland PC (2007).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 62% preparations, followed by chewing 9. 47% and tie on or hold on 8. 33%. This result was different from the finding that reported 32 (36. 4%) preparations were made in the form of powder, 29 (32. 9%) crushed and pounded materials, and 12 (11. 3%) in the form of chewing of plant parts for treatment of human health problems [49]. The most commonly used route of administration of herbal medicine in the study area was oral (62. 3%) followed by dermal (20. 7). Many studies agree with this finding of oral application as major route of application [51, 6, 32, 33]. For example, the most common (67. 19%) route of administration of traditional remedies in District, Oromia, Ethiopia was oral [32]. Summary of studies in Ethiopia showed that the leading route of application of all the reported herbal remedies was oral accounting for about 42% [52]. people obtain various services from the plants growing in their home gardens. According to this study 3 plant species in the home garden provided food and medicine, 4 were used as live fence, wind break and medicine and 2 used for medicine and construction purposes. This finding agrees with many previous studies [32]. Many of the home garden medicinal plants identified during this study were cultivated for other purposes but they were used as medicine when sudden sickness occurred. This observation was in agreement with previous study that reported only 6% of the plants maintained in home gardens in Ethiopia were primarily cultivated for their medicinal value even though many other plants grown for non-medicinal purposes turn out to be important medicines when some health problems are encountered [53]. According to the home garden owners, cultivation of home garden plants is their long-life practice. Even, some of them reported that they inherited their gardens from their parents. They also added that home garden has been very important source of their livelihood all the time particularly during the off set of rainy season. Practices of home garden were reported to be as old as agriculture in Ethiopia [54]. local communities in the study area had rich indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants, types of both human and livestock ailments for which these medicinal plants had been used, methods of preparations and route of applications. The use of medicinal plants continued to play a significant role in meeting healthcare needs still today due to their accessibility, curing ability, manageable charges, existence of deep indigenous knowledge and other associated cultural values.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 25 mm to λ = 3. 05 mm, while on the trailing hemisphere, slightly lower porosity values of 40%–50% were retrieved. (1), the above porosities represent a range of effective thermal inertiae from 56 to 184 J m −2 K−1 s−1/2. The upper and lower bounds on porosity—and as a result, the retrieved effective thermal inertia and emissivity ranges—were determined through χ2 statistics as in other works (Hanus et al. 2015; de Kleer et al. 2021b; Cambioni et al. 2022), defining the representative range in which similar models provide sufficient solutions to the data with reference to the minimum χ2 model. These final results are summarized in Table 2. The emissivity values reported here are those of the material integrated over the viewing pathlength, as opposed to from the surface emission as determined through IR observations. We note that porosity and thermal inertia fits for data from ALMA Band 3 (λ = 3. 05 mm), in both hemispheres, showed very similar residual patterns; determining the best-fit parameters from χ2-minimization alone was not sufficient (i. e. , there was not a clear, global χ2 minimum) due to the similar residual patterns and relatively low S/N. As a result, the porosity values for observations at λ = 3. 05 mm are inferred through upper and lower bounds determined by the best-fit porosities from the λ = 0. 88 and 1. 25 mm data (under the assumption that porosity does not increase with depth), and the depth at which the electrical and thermal skin depths are equal, respectively. The latter bound is set due to the lack of significant thermal anomaly features observed in the λ = 3. 05 mm data compared to those in λ = 0. 88 and 1. 25 mm (see Figure 2, panels (A), (D), and Figure 3, panels (A), (E)), and the small effects that varying thermal inertia and porosity models have on the residual fits; together, these properties indicate that the ALMA observations at λ = 3. 05 mm are sensitive to subsurface layers below a thermal skin depth, where diurnal temperature variations are significantly diminished. Further discussion is provided in 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: ScienceOpen: research and publishing networkFor PublishersDiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewin search My Sciencein Advanced search For PublishersDiscoveryMetadataPeer review14,737views831. AI and dACC are reciprocally connected, form part of the pain pathway at its top – evaluative processing level – and are commonly co-activated in the NoGo task (the inhibitory control task where the prepotent response must get inhibited at the occurrence of an infrequent cue). Figure 1. The competition between RPC and APC in choice behavior. Our model of value-based learning shows how the affective processing causes selection of good/valuable and deselection of bad/harmful choices by controlling DA and serotonin signaling in the brain. The implicit bias/inclination for the “Go for it” versus “Stop yourself – avoid it” response is learned in the motivational VS, through the potentiation of cortical glutamatergic synapses by DA increase (at D1 loop) or decrease (at D2 loop). RPC and APC are marked in green and in red, respectively. D1 and D2 neurons in VS are intermixed. The D1 neurons of VS disinhibit DA neurons by inhibiting the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons in VTA. The indirect D2 loop (in orange) biases the choice selection toward inhibitory avoidance. The prefrontal projections of mediodorsal thalamus (MDT) enforce the representations of choices and goals in the working memory, as part of the cortico–striato–thalamo–cortical loop. DA source VTA is marked green and serotonin source (DRN) is marked in yellow. The projections with excitatory effects and inhibitory effects are in brown and gray, respectively. DA attenuates the output of the APC (in red) and potentiates that of the RPC (in green). Serotonin attenuates the AI, dand motivational D1 loop of VS, and enforces ventral ACC (vACC), SNc (via SNr), and GPe. anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is involved in both willful and unconscious control of goal-directed behavior. Many studies demonstrated its activation by performance monitoring, negative feedback, and error detection – implying [1, 2] that it detects conditions under which errors are likely to occur.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: The continuation of this knowledge was noted to be a clear indication of continued trust of the local communities on the efficacy of medicinal plants. However, this study showed that knowledge on herbal remedies was held by elder members of the community between 45–75 years of age. The decline in the use of medicinal plants by the younger generation may gradually lead to loss of indigenous knowledge associated with medicinal plant species. Traditional herbal preparation mostly involved using single plant and the mode of administration was mainly internal in which oral administration was the leading route. Indigenous knowledge of the local communities associated with the identification and use of medicinal plants should be encouraged, organized and promoted. Systemic documentation and protection of the rich knowledge of local communities and further research on selected potential medicinal plants were recommended as result of this study. interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. funded field data collection. Authors’ contributions MA involved in the study design, conducted interview, field work, literature review and general data collection and analysis and also wrote the first draft manuscript. GD secured funding for research work, supervised data collection and analysis, reviewed, revised and prepared the final manuscript. ZA gave guidance on data collection, supervised research work, data analysis and reviewed first draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. would like to thank key informants and other local community members of for their hospitality and kind response to inquiries during data collection. We also thank Agricultural and Office and for their administrative and technical support. We express our thanks to the Institute for financial support during data collection. Ethics approval and consent to participate Center for of University approved the study. Furthermore, Agriculture and Rural development Office wrote supportive letter to all concerned bodies. Local communities in the study area gave verbal consent before the commencement of data and specimen collection. 1995. 267 pp. . Plants, people and culture. The science of Ethnobotany. New York: Library; 1996. . Global importance of medicinal plants. of Medicinal Plants. Edited by. Press, Cambridge, U. K; 1991. Asfaw Z, Tadesse M. Prospects for and Development of plants in Ethiopia. Econ Bot. 2001;55(1):47–62. Defar G. Non-Products in Ethiopia. and Analysis for Management in ACP Countries-, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 1998. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Zay people in Ethiopia. J Ethno Pharmacol.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: PropertiesThe weighted mean of our derived temperature and thermophysical properties are listed in Table 3. Our mean, disk-averaged brightness temperatures are compared to previous measurements of Europa at thermal wavelengths in Figure 4 (panel (A)). Measurements from each hemisphere are compared in Figure 4 (panel (B)). We observe an increasing divergence in hemispheric brightness temperature with wavelength (decreasing frequency in Figure 4, panel (B)), though this trend is only significant at lower frequencies (Band 3; λ = 3. 05 mm). Temperatures derived from the ALMA λ = 0. 88 and 1. 25 mm observations are in good agreement with previous measurements from the IRAM 30 m telescope (Altenhoff et al. 1988) and SMA data acquired between 2008 and 2022 (Gurwell et al. , private communication) at similar wavelengths. The SMA measurements show a similar hemispheric disparity to our ALMA Band 6 observations, and corroborate the decrease in brightness temperature with wavelength (Gurwell et al. , private communication). It is unclear what the exact central longitude of Europa was during the observations of Altenhoff et al. (1988), but it appears to be of Europa's leading to antiJovian hemisphere (∼90°W–180°W), and is similar to both ALMA and SMA measurements of the leading hemisphere. Our measurements at λ = 3. 05 mm are lower than those found by Muhleman & Berge (1991) with the OVRO, although the value shown in Figure 4 (panel (A)) from that study corresponds to the trailing hemisphere of Europa, which is more in line with our measurements than for the leading hemisphere. Further observations with ALMA Band 4 and 5 (125–211 GHz; 1. 4–2. 4 mm) and the VLA could help determine if the observed hemispheric disparity is consistent with the λ = 3. 05 mm observations and persists down to ∼m depths. VLA observations at additional Europa longitudes would make for interesting comparisons with previous analyses by de Pater et al. (1984), Butler (2012), and Muhleman et al. (1986). Reset image size Figure 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: 0 which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at www. scienceopen. com. count Figures: 2, Tables: 0, 1. The paper provides sample of 108 referenced evidences, in addition few mental disorders and their circuit-based mechanisms are showed as important evidence for proposed affective circuit connectivity and properties. 2. The majority of literature data on value-based decision making are in agreement with the proposed ideas. Some evidence is from anatomical connectivity, some from functional studies, some from mental disorders involving dopamine and serotonin dysfunctions. This is theoretical paper which combines any kind of available data on dopaminergic and serotonergic system in humans. It is not a review paper. and there is no space for reviewing all the evidence. Just the sufficient information to show how the affective circuit works. 3. There was no space to add suggested facts into our paper, possibly we can elaborate our simple circuit in future. 4. This paper does not include secondary intracellular cascades, neither transcription factors and control of gene expression. I have no training in cellular neuroscience, my field is decision making, prefrontal cortex functions and value-based control of human behaviour. The paper gives sufficient evidence for the predictive power of proposed ideas and serves as useful functional map for more targeted drug development in psychopharmacology field. . 2015-02-23 22:13 UTC+1Karin Vadovičová wrote:Author's response to the Reviewer's comment that "Depressed patients with presumably low serotonin levels have frequently addictive behaviours with presumably low ARC finding and total absence of inhibitory avoidance. " The Reviewer's line is not in contradiction with our circuit based model of affective processing. We proposed that low serotonin in the brain causes disinhinbition of motivational D1 loop of ventral striatum, leading to impulsive choice of immediate rewards in spite of negative consequences linked to them (for example loss of health, relationships and money). Depressed people have low dopamine baseline, so only the most strongly rewarding choices are strong enough to win in the ventral striatum over the overstimulated D2 loop linked with inhibitory avoidance output.

Output: corroborate