Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: On Sentinel-6 MF, the TriG is providing multi-GNSS tracking data from forward- and aft-facing radio-occultation antennas and GPS tracking data from an upward facing POD antenna (Tien et al. 2010; Tien et al. 2012). Our Sentinel-6 MF POD exclusively uses the undifferenced GPS L1/L2 pseudorange and carrier measurements received by TriG POD antenna. For this analysis, the TriG measurements are preferable for a few reasons. First, observations are tracked down to 0-degrees elevation whereas the enforces a cut off at 10 degrees. These low elevation measurements in the receiver frame result in more observations in transmitter boresight angles above 14 degrees. Second, because the Trig only tracks GPS signals (tracks both GPS and Galileo), this allows for a more robust Block II only solution due to significantly more GPS measurements. In a manner similar to Bertiger et al. (2010), the raw 1Hz measurements are decimated to a 5-minute dual-frequency (ionosphere-free) combination for the GPS carrier and pseudorange (LC and PC) observations. 2. 2 Orbit models/solution strategyWe used JPL’s GipsyX/RTGx software (Bertiger et al. 2020) for all of our precise orbit determination solutions. Table 1 provides an overview of the models applied for each POD solution. The only exception to this is for the antenna calibration estimation strategy which uses 24-hour arcs and 30-second observations. Table 1 Measurement and POD models applied in GipsyX/RTGxFull size tableWe use a custom 12-panel macromodel (Conrad et al. 2022), described in Table 2, along with measured spacecraft attitude to compute the drag and solar radiation forces. The drag incorporates the DTM2000 model to estimate the atmospheric density from the F10. 7 cm solar flux and the Kp geomagnetic indices (Bruinsma et al. 2003). Radiation pressure forces for both Earth albedo (Knocke et al. 1988) and visible solar (Milani et al. 1987) are applied. The geopotential is computed using the GRACE time-variable CNES/04 Earth gravity models up to degree and order 200 (Lemoine et al. 2019). Additional gravitational effects such as solid Earth tides and pole tides conform to the version 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 4A, if the authors would refer them to the respective literature in (eco)toxicology. The model seems to be based on a single example, abnormality of Mytilus edulis. It is questionable that there is a linear relationship between chemical and biological change in all species and in all indicators. I suggest to use the large amount of laboratory results (OA-ICC at the database pangaea. de) and a variety of indicators to develop a more robust model. The conclusion that insensitive systems require longer monitoring is trivial from the viewpoint of an experimental biologist as this must be considered when planning experiments and when interpreting results. While clearly illustrated in this manuscript, I doubt that this is new information to researchers involved in monitoring programs. An innovative approach would allow to consider processes such as transgenerational effects of OA (see e. g. Parker et al. 2015) and multiple drivers of biological change. I suggest to include a figure that at least conceptually depicts how dose-response curves may be affected. Specific comments L 63-66: This sentence suggests that there are few field (monitoring? ) studies on OA effects outside areas of unusually high CO2 levels. If this is so, I suggest to cite them and briefly summarize the state of the art here or in the following paragraph. This would give the reader a brief overview of what could be intensified/improved in the future. Otherwise, consider rephrasing this sentence and the sentence in l 462-464 of the conclusions. Also good to know here: Are there any monitoring data that allow the analysis of biological OA effects, and this just has not been done yet? L 75 ff Introduction: More explicitly name and address here and in the conclusions. Clearly point out and explain the contribution of ecophysiology/experimental studies to improving the framework with respect to OA here and in the conclusions (e. g. Hayes et al. 2015, Kissling et al. 2018, Pereira et al. 2013). I. e. what are the gaps this paper fills? L 132: Replace “or” with “and”. Physiological data are important to attribute impacts to any environmental driver. Ecological data alone do not allow this. And vice versa. L 137 ff: State how these ecosystem traits and indicators relate to EOVs and EBVs (see 2013. L 410: Why was linear regression used?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Twentysix phytoconstituents of Uncaria tomentosa were docked on the binding interface of the ACE-2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of novel corona virus. From these compounds namely Proanthocyanidin C1, 3-isodihydrocadambine, and Uncaric acid had a good predicted binding affinity for interface of the ACE-2 as compared to the sulfated Heparin OctaSaccharide (HepOS). Likewise, 3-dihydrocadambine, Proanthocyanidin B4, Proanthocyanidin B2 and Proanthocyanidin C1 had the highest docking score on SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in their open state. Virtual prediction ADME revealed that Speciophylline, and Uncaric acid presented values of drug ability according to Lipinski rule, demonstrating their potential bioavailability as likely orally active antiviral. Uncaria tomentosa can be performed as an herbal supplement with the safety and efficacy parameters at both preclinical and clinical stages to evaluate its effectiveness in the treatment of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [18]. Thirty-nine herbal medicinal plants known in the America and Europe for the management of respiratory conditions, mainly regarding the symptoms cough, pain and fever were studied for their therapeutic potential alongwith the limitations for their use and possible risks. For five out of the 39 herbal drugs a positive benefit/risk assessment was determined. The level of evidence for Althaea officinalis, Commiphora molmol, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix and Sambucus nigra are suggested a potential clinical use as adjuvants in the treatment of early/mild cases of COVID-19. Another twelve herbal medicines were classified as promising plant species [19]. Advertisement 3. Various phytoconstituentsVarious phytoconstituents occured in living organisms in a high structural diversity have antiviral activities by inhibiting different stages in the replication of various viruses. Their different antiviral mechanisms like virus adsorption, virus-cell fusion, reverse transcription, protease and integrase inhibition have been reported in recent studies [20, 21].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: IntroductionOrbit determination of satellites, from the first man-made satellite, has traditionally used several observations over the years, eventually from cameras, radio Doppler tracking systems and radio transmissions. The first application of the (GNSS) was in the precise determination of the position of fixed ground receivers to aid the study of the dynamics of the earth’s surface. This led to the first application of the System (GPS) in the orbit determination of satellites (Mur and Dow 1997). Later on, the application of GPS to the precise orbit determination (POD) to other low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellites was implemented. With these advancements, GNSS receivers have now been designed to meet the requirements for POD and have been applied to many satellites requiring accurate knowledge of their orbits depending on the objectives of their missions (ESA 2021). The measurement environment, the technique used for POD processing and the mission application of the satellite can affect the performance of the POD process. Furthermore, besides accuracy, a growing interest has been in reducing latency in achieving a precise solution, which benefits many end-users as it provides faster access to the required orbit solutions (Gebre-Egziabher and Gleason 2009). The development of many new space applications in the area of navigation, telecommunication, remote sensing and earth observation systems can benefit from the precise tracking of satellite orbits using onboard GNSS receiver data. Future trends show that LEO satellites have the potential to deliver several benefits over medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites in terms of navigation, precise point positioning and timing (PNT), as well as location-enabled communications (Prol et al. 2022). This is because LEO satellites are at significantly lower altitudes than MEO and geosynchronous (GEO) GNSS satellites and operate at higher speed (Borthomieu 2014; Peterson 2003). Existing literature review (Allahvirdi-Zadeh et al. 2021b) mainly covers the state-of-the-art POD based on undifferenced GNSS observations. A work-in-progress review paper (Selvan et al. 2021) made a general review on the different POD techniques of LEO satellites. To the best of the author's knowledge, there is no existing systematic literature review on POD of LEO satellites.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Coupled ocean acidification and biological impact observation/monitoring is largely absent in many countries and we feel it is useful to clarify even some of the most fundamental principles for other audiences, to promote a greater awareness and engagement in other stakeholders who we would hope to encourage to implement greater biological monitoring, complemented with carbonate chemistry measurements. Many of these stakeholders are non-biologist academics, environmental managers, funders of monitoring programmes and marine industry partners. We should also not forget that for a truly global picture to emerge we also need to make this manuscript accessible to those researchers looking to develop capacity and capability in countries with little or no experience in this type of monitoring. Consequently, we would prefer to keep this part of the conclusion, even if it may seem somewhat basic for some readers. Reviewer comment: An innovative approach would allow to consider processes such as transgenerational effects of OA (see e. g. Parker et al. 2015) and multiple drivers of biological change. I suggest to include a figure that at least conceptually depicts how dose-response curves may be affected. Author response: The reviewer makes a good point. We did think that we had implicitly covered the potential modulating role of transgenerational acclimation, evolution or other drivers in leading to change in species sensitivity this in Figure 6. To make this point more clearly we have modified the text. Modified text: “It is also important to note that other parameters/stressors, short term variability, ecology and evolution can modulate the biological response and then influence the rate of biological change. As an example, we compared rates of biological changes in 3 ‘hypothetical model’ organisms with different levels of sensitivity to pH (Fig. 3b). This scenario could represent different populations of the same species adapted to different levels of pH variability (e. g. Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022) or with different modulating factors (e. g. temperature or food concentration) or evolution of the performance curve within one population through time as a consequence of transgenerational adaptation or evolution (Parker et al. , 2015; Thor & Dupont, 2015; et al. , 2016). ”Reviewer comment: Specific commentsL 63-66: This sentence suggests that there are few field (monitoring? ) studies on OA effects outside areas of unusually high CO2 levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Lycorine, hypericin, emodin, tylophorine, ouabain, mycophenolate mofetil, silvestrol, myricetin and scutellarein were also reported for their inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses [22]. Some phytoconstituents such as myricitrin, methyl rosmarinate, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-2′-(3,3-dimethylallyl) isoflavone, 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxy flavanone-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, (2S)-eriodictyol 7-O-(6′′-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, calceolarioside B, myricetin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, licoleafol, and amaranthin were reported as potential lead candidates to develop novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs [23]. Moreover, anthraquinone derivatives were screened on the basis of binding energy against N-(NTD) of SARS-CoV-2. Emodin, Anthrarufin, Alizarine, Aloe- emodin, and Dantron showed the good binding affinity at three different active sites of N-of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein. These compounds prevent the assembly of virus p4. ConclusionPlants and their secondary metabolites provide valuable leads for the development into drugs for the novel antiviral activities. Ivermectin is the FDA approved drug and inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2 [35]. Although there is an increase in the use of traditional medicine worldwide, researches in traditional medicines are insufficient. Assessments of the quality, safety, and efficacy of traditional medicines are needed to provide scientific information that regulations need. In the present review, antiviral activity mainly against coronaviruses of traditional medicines along with their phytoconstituents through the literature data relevant to their enzyme and receptor interactions given by different assays.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: 2 shows the number of the studies based on the year of publication. With the launch of satellites such as TOPEX/and GOCE, more research work based on these satellite data is carried out. The satellite missions’ section will provide more detail on the POD carried out for different satellite missions. Fig. 2Distribution of the types of instruments used in the primary works in terms of the year of publicationFull size imageSatellite missionsFrom the primary studies, POD estimation was performed based on the instrumental data (GNSS, non-GNSS and hybrid) from various LEO satellite missions. 32 studies utilized GRACE satellite mission data, 24 studies used CHAMP data and 12 made use of HY-2A. Other satellite missions includePoseidon, Swarm, Jason-1. Certain studies utilized data from two or more satellite missions and provided a comparison of accuracy levels reached for each satellite mission. Experimental, simulated or pre-processed dataMost of the LEO satellites are equipped with a GNSS receiver for missions that require the orbital knowledge of the satellite. Hence, experimental or real onboard GNSS receiver data was used to estimate precise orbit of the satellites. Experimental data from DORIS and SLR are also utilized in estimating POD. In addition, primary studies also focused on retrieving onboard GNSS data on the ground and pre-processing them prior to the POD of the satellite. Meanwhile, simulated multi-GNSS observations are generated using GNSS simulator to estimate orbital solutions. From the primary studies, 113 (82. 48%) studies used real or experimental data, 6 (4. 38%) studies used simulated data, 2 (1. 46%) studies used real and simulated data, while 16 (11. 67%) studies used pre-processed data. Table S9 in the document “Supplement 1” provides information on the type of data used by the primary studies. GNSS systems and ephemerisused in the primary studies include GPS only 79% (109 studies), BeiDou (BDS) only 0. 73% (1 study), GPS + BDS 6. 6% (9 studies), GPS + Galileo (GAL) 0. 73% (1), and GPS + simulated and BDS 0. 73% (1 study). Each of these GNSS systems have their own products to describe the orbit trajectory by ephemeris. The ephemeris products are categorized as broadcast and precise.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: While clearly illustrated in this manuscript, I doubt that this is new information to researchers involved in monitoring programs. Author response: The reviewer makes a fair point about researchers already involved in biological monitoring, we would respectfully argue that this paper is not solely being directed towards that existing community. Coupled ocean acidification and biological impact observation/monitoring is largely absent in many countries and we feel it is useful to clarify even some of the most fundamental principles for other audiences, to promote a greater awareness and engagement in other stakeholders who we would hope to encourage to implement greater biological monitoring, complemented with carbonate chemistry measurements. Many of these stakeholders are non-biologist academics, environmental managers, funders of monitoring programmes and marine industry partners. We should also not forget that for a truly global picture to emerge we also need to make this manuscript accessible to those researchers looking to develop capacity and capability in countries with little or no experience in this type of monitoring. Consequently, we would prefer to keep this part of the conclusion, even if it may seem somewhat basic for some readers. Reviewer comment: An innovative approach would allow to consider processes such as transgenerational effects of OA (see e. g. Parker et al. 2015) and multiple drivers of biological change. I suggest to include a figure that at least conceptually depicts how dose-response curves may be affected. Author response: The reviewer makes a good point. We did think that we had implicitly covered the potential modulating role of transgenerational acclimation, evolution or other drivers in leading to change in species sensitivity this in Figure 6. To make this point more clearly we have modified the text. Modified text: “It is also important to note that other parameters/stressors, short term variability, ecology and evolution can modulate the biological response and then influence the rate of biological change. As an example, we compared rates of biological changes in 3 ‘hypothetical model’ organisms with different levels of sensitivity to pH (Fig. 3b). This scenario could represent different populations of the same species adapted to different levels of pH variability (e. g. Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022) or with different modulating factors (e. g. temperature or food concentration) or evolution of the performance curve within one population through time as a consequence of transgenerational adaptation or evolution (Parker et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Pre-clinical studies would provide deep insight into mechanism of actions and also drug ability of the antiviral candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Besides, vast range of double-blinded clinical studies with strict protocols is required to estimate the accurate potential of antiviral phytochemicals against COVID-19 with the aim of ensuring the fulfillment of international acceptable standards. Therefore, phytoconstituents will play an important role and continue to support in developing potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. -Rad M, Kılıc -Rad J. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018;19(5):1459-1519. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms190514592. . Antiviral activities in extracts of Turkish medicinal plants. Pharm. Biol. 2000;38:171-175. DOI: 10. 1076/1388-0209(200007)3831-SFT1713. Sener B. Antiviral activity of natural products and herbal extracts. J. 2020;31:474-477. 4. . herbal medicine at the forefront battle against COVID-19: Clinical experience and scientific basis. Phytomedicine 2020;80:153337. DOI: 0. 1016/j. phymed. 2020. 1533375. -L. Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants. J. Pharm. Anal. 2020;10:313e319. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jpha. 2020. 03. 0096. . Saxifraga spinulosa-derived components rapidly inactivate multiple viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2020;12:699. DOI: 10. 3390/v120706997. Bahramsoltani R, Rahimi R. An evaluation of traditional Persian medicine for the management of SARS-CoV-2. Front. Pharmacol. 2020;11:571434. DOI: 10. 3389/fphar. 2020. 5714348. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: The broadcast product, which is embedded to the system signal, allows the description of the GNSS orbits in real-time at a metric-level accuracy. Considering the studies using GNSS systems, around 9% have used broadcast ephemerids. The remaining 91% of studies have used precise products (ultra-rapid, rapid, and final) provided by the IGS analysis centers. POD techniques (RQ2)Several types of POD techniques were applied in the primary studies. For practical convenience, different techniques are organized based on four characteristics: (1) orbit model, (2) observations, (3) estimator and (4) processing procedure. Table 2 shows the main topics of each category. Figure 3 shows the number of studies using each of these categories. A clear trend is observed for techniques using reduced-dynamic orbits, least-squares solvers, dual-frequency (DF) signals with undifferenced (UD) phase and code observations, in post-processing mode. Detailed information about the POD techniques in each of the primary studies is shown in the next subsections, with the corresponding meaning of the abbreviations. Table 2 Classification of the POD methods, observations and algorithmsFull size tableFig. 3Distribution of the studies based on the used POD techniquesFull size imageOrbit modelThe orbit models define the rules to govern the satellite motion within the estimated trajectory. The three main methods used by the primary studies are kinematic, dynamic and reduced dynamic. The kinematic orbit model can be related to a point positioning method that determines the orbit trajectory with a purely geometrical relation. The LEO 3D coordinates are obtained epoch-by-epoch as independent solutions. The main output is epoch-wise ephemeris with discrete time solutions. The kinematic model provides 3D coordinates, ambiguities and receiver clocks when using GNSS data. Contrary to kinematic orbit, the dynamic model depends solely on an equation of motion governed by physical laws. Force models are used to represent the gravitational and non-gravitational dynamic parameters. Main parameters are related to the gravitational forces, atmospheric drag, solar radiation pressure and earth radiation pressure. As a result, the purely dynamic POD provides continuous positions, even if the initial positions have data gaps.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The effects of ocean acidification can be reversed within a decade by reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: In contrast, at light intensities approximating Ik or clearly saturating PFD, Q10 values exceed 1 at simulated temperatures ≤20°C, increase with increasing pCO2, especially at 10°C in which Q10 estimates exceed 2. At 25 and 30°C, Q10 values are approximately 0. 9–1. 0. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Modeled Q10 response of net photosynthesis as a function pCO2 (μatm) for seaweeds in seawater at 10° (circles), 15° (squares), 20° (diamonds), 25° (triangles), or 30°C (pluses) and representative sub-saturating (35 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1, top plot), or saturating (100 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1, bottom plot) photon flux densities. simulated under different light, pCO2 and temperature regimes afford estimates of the percentage increase in photosynthesis relative to the recent past, pCO2 standard of 380 ppm. At all temperature and light intensities simulated, the greatest percentage increase of photosynthetic rates of up to 50% in response to increasing pCO2 is predicted to occur between 380 and 460 ppm CO2 (Fig 4). Thereafter, further increases in rates to 100% (i. e. , doubling photosynthetic rate relative to 380 ppm) are predicted to occur at ~700–800 ppm pCO2 with algae at warmer temperatures and higher light intensities reaching this level of production at lower pCO2. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Percentage increase in modeled rates of net photosynthesis, relative to rates at 380 μatm, as a function pCO2 (μatm) for seaweeds in 5° (filled circles), 10° (open circles), 15° (squares), 20° (diamonds), 25° (triangles), or 30°C (pluses) seawater at representative sub-saturating (35 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1, top plot), or saturating (100 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1, bottom plot) light intensities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Traditional medicinal plants against replication, maturation and transmission targets of SARS-CoV-2: Computational investigation. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;5:1-18. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 18422469. . Structural basis for the inhibition of SARS-CoV2 main protease by Indian medicinal plant-derived antiviral compounds. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;1-9. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 183445710. . Antiviral activity of traditional medicinal plants from Ayurveda against SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;19:1-17. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 18327711. . Natural compounds as potential inhibitors of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) main protease: An in silico study. Research Square. DOI: 21203/rs. 3. rs-22839/v112. Sharma K, Zafar, R. Occurrence of taraxerol and taraxasterol in medicinal plants. Pharmacog. Rev. 2015;9:19-23. DOI: 10. 4103/0973-7847. 15631713. . Promising anti-influenza properties of active constituent of Withania somnifera Ayurvedic herb in targeting neuraminidase of H1N1 influenza: Computational study. Biophys. 2015;72(3):727-739. DOI: 10. 1007/s12013-015-0524-914. . Ethnomedicines of Indian origin for combating COVID-19 infection by hampering the viral replication: Using structure-based drug discovery approach. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;1-16. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 177853715. . Plants-derived biomolecules as potent antiviral phytomedicines: New insights on ethnobotanical evidences against coronaviruses. Plants. 2020;9:1244. DOI: 10. 3390/plants909124416.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 630 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Improvements in autonomous GPS navigation of Orbit satellites View/Open 01Prb01de01. pdf (14,61Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-94337 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/94337 Show full item record Ramos Bosch, directorHernández Pajares, Manuel; Juan Zornoza, José Miguel; Montebruck, Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada IV Document typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2008-10-24 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessAll rights reserved. This work is protected by the corresponding intellectual and industrial property rights. Without prejudice to any existing legal exemptions, reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work are prohibited without permission of the copyright holder defineix un satèl·lit d'òrbita baixa aquell que es troba a una alçada de fins a 2000 km per sobre de la superfície de la Terra. Degut al ràpid decaïment dels objectes propers a la superfície degut al fregament atmosfèric, s'accepta que l'alçada típica per un LEO esta entre 200 i 2000 km. Aquesta rang d'alçades fa que els LEO siguin utilitzats per un ampli rang d'aplicacions, com a repetidors de comunicacions, sensors remots, determinació gravimètrica i magnetomètrica, altimetria oceànica, determinació atmosfèrica i en operacions de Search and Rescue (Cerca i rescat).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The effects of ocean acidification can be reversed within a decade by reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: For example, central components of CCMs seem to be adapted to diatom cell sizes, thereby potentially alleviating a strict cell size dependency of CO2 limitation (Shen and Hopkinson, 2015). Furthermore, size dependency alone cannot account for taxon-specific differences in the mode of carbon acquisition (diffusive uptake of CO2 vs. CCM-supported uptake of HCO3-) and how this will affect the competitive ability of species under increasing CO2. OA will lead to much larger changes in dissolved CO2 than in HCO3-. Thus, species that rely to a larger extent on a resource-intensive CCM may benefit more from increasing pCO2 on a cellular level as they could increase the proportion of diffusive CO2 uptake. However, it is also possible that the same species would be disadvantaged on the community-level because their niche, i. e. being competitive at lower CO2 due to an efficient CCM, is diminished under high CO2 conditions (a scenario that is neglected in the physiological literature). Which of the scenarios occurs in nature would also depend on how flexible species are in terms of switching carbon acquisition modes, as well as resource allocation. In this regard, it is noteworthy that only few physiological studies on OA effects have taken into account the role of changing nutrient concentrations or even a transition to nutrient limitation. The available experimental evidence suggests that increasing pCO2 may reduce cellular nutrient requirements for CCM operations and therefore free resources for elevated maximum diatom population densities, particularly when running into nutrient limitation (Taucher et al. , 2015). Unfortunately, however, the relevance of this mechanism has so far only been investigated in mono-clonal laboratory experiments but not on the community level. These considerations illustrate that cell size is an important factor but is not sufficient to predict physiological or even the community level of diatoms to OA. Moreover, the allometric concept as well as the additional mechanisms described above generally presumes positive effects of CO2 fertilization, thus yielding no first-order explanations for observed negative responses of diatoms to changing carbonate chemistry. Obviously, increasing CO2 concentrations are accompanied by increasing proton (H+) concentrations under ocean acidification. High H+ concentrations may reduce key metabolic rates above certain thresholds and outweigh the positive influence of CO2 fertilization as has been observed in coccolithophores (Bach et al. , 2011, 2015; Kottmeier et al. , 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Bioprospect. 2020;10:171-186. DOI: 10. 1007/s13659-020-00250-424. . In silico screening of hundred phytocompounds of ten medicinal plants as potential inhibitors of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of COVID-19: An approach to prevent virus assembly. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2020;27:1-18. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 180445725. . Golden pigment curcumin: An inspiring antiviral molecular model for COVID-19 drug design. J. 2020;31:469-473. 26. . Antiviral activities of resveratrol against rotavirus in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine. 2020;77:153230. DOI: 10. 1016/j. phymed. 2020. 15323027. Mohammad-. In vitro antiviral effects of Peganum harmala seed extract and its total alkaloids against influenza virus. Micropath. 2017;110:42-49. DOI: 10. 1016/j. micpath. 2017. 06. 01428. . COVID-19 and therapy with essential oils having antiviral, anti-infammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Infammopharmacology. 2020;28(5):1153-1161. DOI: 10. 1007/s10787-020-00744-029. . Biological effects of essential oils. Food and Chem Tox. 2008;46:446-475. DOI: 10. 1016/j. fct. 2007. 09. 10630. . Aromatic herbs, medicinal plant-derived essential oils and phytochemical extracts as potential therapies for coronaviruses: Future perspectives. Plants. 2020;9:800. DOI: 10. 3390/plants906080031. . Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro): An in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;18:1-1813. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 176486832. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: El seu posicionament precís és de gran importància per a poder complir correctament amb els seus objectius. En aquest sentit, una gran quantitat de satèl·lits LEO tenen un receptor GPS, que permet fer mesures GPS durant tot el seu recorregut al voltant de la Terra. Aquestes mesures poden ser utilitzades per determinar la trajectòria del satèl·lit. Aquesta operació es fa normalment a terra, després que el satèl·lit hagi transmès totes les mesures que ha pres. La capacitat de fer aquest posicionament en temps real a bord del satèl·lit és una necessitat per algunes aplicacions. El posicionament autònom es molt diferent del que es pot fer a terra, ja que el processador del satèl·lit te grans limitacions en recursos computacionals, per tant els complexos models i càlculs fets en un ordinador normal a terra, son completament excessius per un ordinador espacial. A més, alguns dels models utilitzats en l'estimació de la trajectòria necessiten dades addicionals (com activitat solar, o paràmetres de rotació de la Terra) que no son disponibles en temps real, per tant s'han de fer algunes aproximacions per tal de no necessitar cap d'aquestes dades. Aquesta tesis estudiarà la navegació autònoma amb GPS de satèl·lits LEO, tendència que esta incrementant la seva importància per les aplicacions tan científiques com tecnològiques que se'n poden derivar.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractChanges in olfactory-mediated behaviour caused by elevated CO2 levels in the ocean could affect recruitment to reef fish populations because larval fish become more vulnerable to predation. However, it is currently unclear how elevated CO2 will impact the other key part of the predator-prey interaction – the predators. We investigated the effects of elevated CO2 and reduced pH on olfactory p2736. Attila Szolnoki, of Sciences, HungaryReceived: February 5, 2011; Accepted: July 5, 2011; Published: July 28, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Cripps et al. This is an open-access 0. 3–0. 4 units in oceanic pH compared to current-day levels [5]–[6]. This departure from current-day pH levels would occur at a faster rate than has been seen at any time over the past two million years, potentially limiting the abilities of populations to adapt to such a rapid change [6]–[7]. The potential impact of ocean acidification on the growth and survival of marine calcifiers is well established [8]–[13], however the likely effects of elevated CO2 and reduced pH on non-calcifying organisms, such as marine fishes, is still poorly understood. Recent research has demonstrated that the ability of larval fish to detect ecologically important cues is hindered by ocean acidification [14]–[17]. Larval clownfish exposed to elevated CO2 levels were unable to distinguish olfactory cues for suitable adult habitat, parental scent [14] and predator odour [15]. This impairment of predator cue recognition, combined with changes in behavioural boldness, was associated with a 5–9 times higher rate of mortality from predation for newly settled larvae that were reared in elevated CO2 compared with controls [18]. Such dramatic changes in mortality could have potentially serious implications for population replenishment and ecosystem diversity [18]. However, the effects of ocean acidification on predators, which are the determinant of prey mortality rates, are yet to be addressed. If ocean acidification affects both predators and prey equally, there may be no net effect on mortality rates. Predators are vital for the maintenance of ecosystem health and for structuring marine communities [19]–[21]. Predation alters the community dynamics of marine populations through the reduction of prey abundance [22]–[23] and may influence species diversity [24]–[25].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 56 hectares located within the town of Mitú, the Capital of the Department of Vaupés Medio, in the Vaupés Medio zone, was chosen as the study area (Figure 1). This area includes 10 indigenous communities with 1260 inhabitants distributed as demonstrated in Table 1. According to the Holdridge classification, this region is located within the Forest life system zone, between 185 to 205 meters above sea level, with an average temperature of 25. 7°C, 3000mm maximum annual rain fall, relative humidity is always above 80%, and the sun shines on average 1,255 hours annually. 15 Figure 1 Geographical location of the study area. of Inhabitants* Number and % of Vista del Tuy 85 0°43'25. 29'' N and 70°54'50" O 2 (6. 06) 2 57 0°50'24. 86" N and 70°56'47. 98" O 4 (12. 12) 6 105 0°48'11. 09'' N and 70°57'. 16. 20' O 9 (27. 27) 19 San José de Ñamú 186 0°55'44. 89'' N and 70°33'. 24. 80' O 2 (6. 06) 6 Yuruparí 240 0°51'56. 68'' N and 70°59'. 56. 68'' O 6 (18. 18) 13 de los Cerros 84 0°52'46. 24'' N and 70°43'18. 19'' O 2 (6. 06) 4 de Mandí 171 1°05'59. 17'' N and 70°43'10. 31'' O 2 (6. 06) 4 del Ti 127 0°48'05. 68'' N and 70°42'01. 97'' O 1 (3. 03) 0 de Lima 84 0°57'35. 61'' N and 70°4345,55'' O 1(3. 03) 1 Nazaret del Ti 121 0°51'24. 50'' N and 70°41'31. 46'' O 3 (9. 09) 2 Total 33(100) 57 Table 1 Geographical characteristics of the ten communities in the Middle Vaupes. *Data reported by Felipe Rodriguez, the indigenous president of the Association of () in 2010. Altitude (m. s. n. m): 180.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: La tesi desenvoluparà nous algoritmes i mètodes per obtenir una posició acurada i continua per LEOs. S'han cobert diferent aspectes:· Mitigació de multipath e interferències. Les reflexions de senyals GPS en l'estructura del satèl·lit crea una distorsió que afecta la distància mesurada. La repetibilitat d'aquests efectes en relació amb l'orientació del satèl·lit pot ser utilitzat per a mitigar el seu impacte en la solució de navegació. S'han desenvolupat tècniques de mitigació de multipath i interferències per receptors d'una i de dos freqüències. · Models dinàmics de forces. L'alta predictibilitat de la trajectòria d'objectes orbitant la Terra pot ser utilitzat en sinergia amb el GPS per a aconseguir solucions més precises que fent servir únicament GPS. Això s'utilitza normalment en estratègies en postprocess, però te grans requeriments computacionals, i necessita paràmetres no disponibles en temps real. La simplificació d'aquests models, i la supressió de paràmetres no disponibles es necessari per poder aplicar aquesta tècnica de processat en condicions de temps real. · Maniobres. Els cossos en òrbita al voltant de la Terra no segueixen una trajectòria perfectament predeible. Hi han petites pertorbacions que modifiquen la seva trajectòria a llarg termini, i a més, el fregament atmosfèric frena poc a poc al satèl·lit, disminuint la seva alçada.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: However, not all predators are functionally equal, with different species exerting effects on particular species or size classes of prey. On coral reefs, predation has a highly significant effect on the recruitment rates of newly settled fishes. Upon settling to the benthos, larvae are subjected to high rates of mortality, with up to 60% of recruits consumed within the first two days of settlement [20], [26]. Small reef-associated predatory fishes (meso-predators) that feed opportunistically on recruits are the major agents of this mortality [27]–[29]. Various sensory systems are employed in the feeding process of meso-predators, which involves; searching, detection, capture and ingestion [30]. Predators are particularly reliant on chemical and visual cues to detect prey [31]. Visual cues can be limited in aquatic environments due to habitat complexity, turbidity from suspended sediments and low light conditions [32]. Additionally, the solvent properties of water and the high persistence of chemical cues render the sense of olfaction particularly useful in marine environments [33]–[35]. Olfactory cues are likely to be important for meso-predators due to the small spatial scales over which they act and the topographic complexity of coral reefs. Particularly important for both predators and prey are chemical alarm cues (skin extracts), released upon mechanical damage to the skin of prey species [36]. Prey seek shelter and reduce activity levels when alarm cues are detected, whereas predators are directly attracted to chemical alarm cues of their prey [37]–[38]. Predation events involve two parties, predator and prey. While evaluations have been conducted on the response of prey species to ocean acidification [14]–[16], [18], research is yet to address the threat of ocean acidification from a predator's perspective. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the influences of ocean acidification on the behaviour of a common coral reef meso-predator; the brown dottyback Pseudochromis fuscus (Pseudochromidae). Firstly, the effects of elevated CO2 on the olfactory abilities of P. fuscus was evaluated using olfactory pairwise choice tests.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The rainy season is between March and July, with monthly precipitations that oscillate between 250 and 300 mm. The least rainy period occurs between August and October and is called “Indian summer or time of the worm”. The dry period occurs between November and February. The indigenous communities studied can be found between tributaries of the creeks Ti and Tui on the shores of the Vaupés river, known specifically as the Vaupés Medio. In this region located between Pucarón and Yacayacá, there are 22 indigenous communities with approximately 2684 inhabitants, belonging mostly to the ethnic groups: and Tukano. Additionally, there are small populations of ethnic groups representing the Siriano, Yurutí, Barazano, Makuna, Pisamira, Taiwano, and Desanos peoples, as well as non-indigenous people, all members of the Association of Vaupés Medio (). The majority of these ethnic groups are not found within their ancestral territories, displaced from other Amazonian territories due to the phenomenon of rubber harvesting (Felipe Rodriguez, Personal communication, 2006. ). The indigenous economy in this zone is subsistence, coming from agricultural activities known as “chagras” or small plantations, fishing, hunting and collection of wild species. 16 Ethics Initially, the researchers informed the community of the objectives and expectations of the study and invited the traditional healers to participate. The key informants who offered to participate read the informed consent, if they could not read; it was translated to Cubeo and read to them. The translator is the first author of this work, is indigenous Cubeo and is knowledgeable of some dialects spoken in the zone. Subsequently, the informed consent was signed and in the case of those who did not know how to sign, their finger print was used. The informed consent had the approval of the from the Institute within the of the University of Antioquia. Coordination with the community At the 2007 congress of the indigenous organization of Vaupés Medio, the first contact with the communities in this zone was made. Attending were approximately 70 people, among them leaders and inhabitants from the community, permitting a space for discussion and knowledge sharing. Additionally, consent for the collection of information for the study was obtained. During this event the study design and proposal was presented to traditional authorities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: Això fa necessari una correcció periòdica de la seva trajectòria, realitzat amb petits impulsos del sistema de propulsió del satèl·lit en lo que s'anomena una maniobra. Quan un satèl·lit es troba en una maniobra, deixa de seguir els models de caiguda lliure, per tant la maniobra s'ha de tenir en conte en l'estimació del filtre. Tots els algoritmes i mètodes dissenyats han sigut testejats amb dades reals de diferents missions: SAC--1 i GRACE. S'han fet servir diversos tests cobrint diferents opcions de parametrització per tal d'avaluar el seu comportament. Se define un satélite de órbita baja aquel que se encuentra en una altura de hasta 2000 km sobre la superficie terrestre. Debido al rápido decaimiento de los objetos cercanos a la superficie debido al fregamiento atmosférico se acepta que la altura típica para un LEO se sitúa entre 200 y 2000 km. Este rango de alturas hace que los LEO sean utilizados para un amplio rango de aplicaciones como repetidores de comunicaciones, sensores remotos, determinación gravimétrica y magnetométrica, altimetría oceánica, determinación atmosférica y en operaciones de Search and Rescue (Búsqueda y rescate). Su posicionamiento preciso es de gran importancia para poder cumplir correctamente con sus objetivos. En este sentido, una gran cantidad de satélites LEO disponen de un receptor GPS, que permite realizar medidas GPS durante todo su recorrido alrededor de la Tierra.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: The response of predators to prey skin extract was assessed following exposure to control (current-day CO2) or one of two elevated CO2 levels (∼600 µatm or ∼950 µatm CO2) which match low- and high-end predictions of conditions that could occur in the ocean by 2100 according to future climate change scenarios [4], [39]. Secondly, the effects of similar levels of elevated CO2 on the activity levels and feeding behaviour of P. fuscus was investigated using behavioural assays. Understanding the effects on both predator and prey fish is crucial for determining the potential impacts of future ocean acidification on this relationship. Materials and site and specimen collection This study was conducted at (LIRS; 14°40′S, 145°28′E) in the northern section of the Reef (GBR) between March and April 2010. Experiments used the flow-through seawater system at LIRS, and the study species was collected from the nearby fringing reefs. The model predator species was P. fuscus, which is a common meso-predator on the GBR. P. fuscus occurs in high densities at Lizard Island, and is known to have a significant effect on population dynamics of common damselfish species by opportunistically feeding on recently settled juveniles [29]. P. fuscus were collected from shallow water reefs (∼6 m) in the lagoon with the aid of a mild anesthetic mixture of ethanol, clove oil and seawater [40] and caught using hand-nets. Captured fish were placed in large plastic bags and transported to the research station. Fish were transferred to replicate 35 L aquariums supplied with a continuous flow of seawater diffused with one of three different CO2 treatments (see ocean acidification system). Prior to experimentation, P. fuscus ((TL); 64. 07±1. 31 mm; mean ± SE) were kept in treatment for four-seven days. Preliminary trials indicated that treatment with enriched CO2 for this period of time was sufficient to alter olfactory-mediated behaviour, as observed in studies conducted on different species [18]. Two fish were held in each aquarium, divided by a plastic mesh barrier in the centre of the tank and all were fed pellets once daily.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 30 this study, most of the respondents are male. Men seem to possess more traditional knowledge of medicinal plants compared to women, possibly due to their increased access to the forest to hunt, collect wild fruits and plants, and obtain material for housing construction and development of tools. These activities allow them to acquire forest-related knowledge, while on the other hand, women are dedicated to the care of charges and care of the house. In the communities represented in this study, women have more access to plants grown in home gardens. The number of woman participants in this study is low because most plants used for malaria are found in the forest. This finding is consistent with research conducted by Boster101 and Garro102 who mentioned that the knowledge of any given person is determined by their role in society (gender, age, division of labor, individual experience), creating differences in access to knowledge. The largest number of species reported, is observed in the community of Puerto Laguna. This result could be due to the presence of the only Paye who participated in the study. is the most influential community member who passes on their knowledge to the younger generations. Yurupari, is a community that also reported a large number of species. This could be due to their proximity to and the observed relationship between the inhabitants of these communities, allowing transmission of knowledge between traditional healers. The families with more genera and species reported are Bignoniaceae (8 species/6 genera) and Fabaceae (4 species/4 genera). According to Gentry103 the Bignoniaceae family predominates among the plants with medicinal use. Gentry identified 27 genera of lianas and nine genera of trees, all with therapeutic properties. The finding in this study of several species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family with antimalarial use may be due to the wide geographic distribution of this family and the presence of secondary metabolites of naphthoquinone, such as lapachol. 104 On the other hand, the Fabaceae family is also often used for medicinal purposes. According Leonti, this is probably due to its abundance and high diversity of active constituent chemicals with organoleptic properties. 97 Alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols have been isolated from this family. The activity of these metabolites is associated with antidiabetic106 anti-inflammatory106 and antimicrobial effects.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: La repetibilidad de estos efectos en relación con la orientación del satélite puede ser utilizado para mitigar su impacto en la solución de navegación. Se han desarrollado técnicas de mitigación de multipath e interferencias para receptores de una o dos frecuencias. · Modelos dinámicos de fuerzas. La trayectoria de objetos orbitando la Tierra es muy predecible, lo cual puede ser usado en sinergia con GPS para conseguir posiciones más precisas que usando solo GPS. Esto se utiliza normalmente en estrategias en postproceso, pero tiene grandes necesidades computacionales, y requiere de parámetros no disponibles en tiempo real. La simplificación de estos modelos, y la supresión e esos parámetros es necesario para poder aplicar esta técnica de procesado en condiciones de tiempo real. · Maniobras. Los cuerpos en órbita alrededor de la Tierra no siguen una trayectoria perfectamente predecible. Hay pequeñas perturbaciones que modifican su trayectoria a largo plazo. Además el fregamiento atmosférico frena poco a poco el satélite, reduciendo su altura. Esto hace que sea necesaria una corrección periódica de su trayectoria, realizado en pequeños impulsos por el sistema de propulsión del satélite en lo que se llama una maniobra. Cuando un satélite realiza una maniobra deja de comportarse según los modelos de caida libre, por tanto su maniobra se ha de tener en cuenta en la estimación del filtro.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Juvenile lemon damselfish, Pomacentrus moluccensis, (Pomacentridae) were chosen as the ‘prey’ species from which damaged-skin-extracts were sourced as they are known prey of Pseudochromis fuscus [29], [41] and have been used in previous chemical alarm cue experiments. Pomacentrus moluccensis were collected by using the same methods described above, held in 57 L tanks and fed ad libitum with freshly hatched Artemia nauplii. All procedures were approved by (A1511). Seawater system P. fuscus were held for four – seven days in aquariums containing either control seawater or water enriched with CO2. Seawater was pumped from the ocean into 3×60 L sumps where it was diffused with air (control) or CO2 to achieve a pH of approximately 8. 15 (control), 8. 00 (mid) or 7. 90 (high). A pH-controller (Tunze Aquarientechnik, Germany) was attached to each of the CO2 treated sumps to maintain pH at the desired level (8. 00 or 7. 90). A solenoid injected a slow stream of CO2 into a powerhead at the bottom of the sump whenever the pH of the seawater rose above the set point. The powerhead rapidly dissolved CO2 into the seawater and also served as a vigorous stirrer. Using this method it was possible to constantly maintain pH within ±0. 05 units of the desired value. Equilibrated seawater from each sump was supplied at a rate of ∼500 ml sec−1 to four replicate 35 L aquariums, each housing two P. fuscus, as described above. To maintain oxygen levels and the required pCO2 levels, aquariums were individually aerated with air (control ∼400 µatm) or CO2-enriched air (∼600 µatm or ∼950 µatm). The concentration of CO2-enriched air was controlled by a scientific-grade pressure regulator and precision needle valve and measured continuously with an infrared CO2 probe (Vaisala GM222). Temperature and pHNBS of each aquarium was checked twice daily using a HQ40d pH meter (Hach, Colorado, USA), calibrated bi-weekly with fresh buffers (Merck).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites in orbit are essential for communication, weather monitoring, and GPS technology. [SEP] Text: Todos los algoritmos y métodos diseñados han sido testeados con datos reales de diferentes misiones: SAC--1 y GRACE. Se han realizado un amplio abanico de tests cubriendo diferentes opciones de parametrización para evaluar su comportamiento. Satellites in low Earth orbits (LEO) are generally defined to be up to an altitude of 2000 km above Earth's surface and given the rapid decay of objects on the lower altitude range due to atmospheric drag, it is commonly accepted that a typical LEO height lies between 200 and 2000 km. This altitude range makes LEO satellites useful for a wide range of applications such as communication transponders, remote sensing, gravimetric and magnetometric sounding, ocean altimetry, atmospheric retrieval and Search and Rescue alarm operations. Its accurate positioning is of great importance in the successful accomplishment of their objectives. In this sense, most LEO satellites have a GPS receiver, which allows to collect GPS measurements in its full revolution around the Earth. These measures can be used to precisely estimate the trajectory of the spacecraft. This operation is normally done on ground, after the satellite was able to downlink all the data it collected. The capacity to do this positioning in real-time onboard the satellite is a necessity for some of the applications, and would also allow a faster science product delivery. This autonomous positioning is very different that the one that can be done on ground, as the satellite processor has large limitations in computational resources, so the complex models and calculus done in a normal computer on ground are completely unaffordable for the onboard processor. Besides, some of the models used in the trajectory estimation need some additional data (such as solar activity, or Earth rotation parameters) that are not available in real-time, so some approximations must be done to cope with these lack of data. This thesis will deepen into the study of autonomous GPS navigation of LEO satellites, a trend that is increasing its importance for their applications in both science and technological fields. It will develop new algorithms and methods in order to provide accurate and continuous positions for the satellites. Different aspects have been covered:· Multipath and interference mitigation. Reflections of GPS signals in the spacecraft structure cause a distress that affects the measured distance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: One channel of the chamber received the prey damaged-skin-extracts from juvenile Pomacentrus moluccensis. The other compartment received an equal quantity of seawater control with no additional chemical cues (i. e. a control). Dye trials indicated stimulus flow was even in the chamber compartments, flowing through the chambers and exiting at the front. The stimulus moved through the compartment at 23±2. 5 mm. sec−1 and the chamber had been flushed after 4. 5 min. All trials were undertaken at a constant temperature of 27°C. Fish were not fed for two days prior to trials to standardize for satiation. Control trials, where untreated seawater only was injected into both channels were randomly interspersed among trials with skin extracts. These trials confirmed that the fish used each compartment in approximately equal frequency when no additional cue was present. At to the start of each trial, a fish was placed in the barricaded area at the front of the chamber and allowed to acclimate for a minimum of four hours. Before the removal of the barrier, 60 ml of seawater was drawn through each of the tubes and discarded to remove stagnant water. Another 60 ml of seawater was drawn through the injection tubes and retained. 15 ml of the stimulus was then injected into each tube simultaneously, followed by the 60 ml of seawater previously removed, to flush the stimuli into the respective chamber compartments. The barrier was slowly removed and the behavioral observations commenced. Trials occurred over eight min and stimuli were re-injected at four min intervals. After the trial ceased, fish were once again retained in the acclimation area, and chambers were left to flush for approximately one hour. The compartments into which the stimuli were injected were swapped and the trial was repeated. Following the injection of the stimuli and the removal of the barrier, the location of the fish within the chamber was recorded every five seconds. Only the time spent in the channels of the chamber were included in the analysis as fish from all treatment groups within the control trials (SW vs SW) and treatment (prey skin extract vs SW) trials spent on average, less than 0. 25 of their time in the acclimation area. As this time was minimal in the total time of the trial, removal of this period from the analysis was deemed to be acceptable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: M4500, Iran) was used to measure the pedal volume of the rat up to the ankle joint before (volume A (VA), baseline) and 1, 2, and 3 h after (volume B (VB)) the sub-plantar administration of carrageenan, as explained formerly (25). Paw edema inhibition was calculated by (VB-VA)/VA formula, where VA stands for the volume of the right hind paw before injection of carrageenan, and VB stands for the volume of the right hind paw after injection of carrageenan. Ultimately, rats were euthanized and right hind paws were separated for biochemical tests (4). Biochemical tests Myeloperoxidase test Migration of neutrophils to the hind paws of rats was appraised by myeloperoxidase (MPO) kinetic-colorimetric assay (26). The measurement was performed by collecting paw tissue in ice-cold phosphate buffer saline (PBS; pH = 6) containing 0. 6% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. After homogenization and centrifugation (10000 rpm, 30 min, 4 °C), the resulting supernatant of samples was evaluated for MPO activity spectrophotometrically at 400 nm (UV Spectrophotometer, Analytikjena, Germany). The results were presented as MPO activity. Lipid peroxidation assay Lipid peroxidation was measured by evaluating malondialdehyde (MDA) (27). Based on the kit protocol, after tissue homogenizing, 50 μL of supernatant or standard solutions were mixed with 300 μL reagent and heated at 90 °C for 30 min. Following cooling the mixture, the absorbance was evaluated at 532 nm using an Elisa reader (Multi -mode Reader, Botek, USA). The lipid peroxidation was articulated in terms of nmol MDA/mg protein. Statistical analysis The data were presented as mean ± SEM. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey post-hoc test was used. After obtaining the data from different experimental groups, they were analyzed using Graph8 software, and P values < 0. 05 were considered significantly different.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of space debris is made up of defunct satellites and fragments from past collisions or explosions in orbit. [SEP] Text: comments noted that critical components inducing break-ups are sometimes identified only years after the satellite has been operational, which could result in a large problem with large numbers of satellites, particularly with short production times involved. at 3. 102. This type of proposal was suggested by ESA in its comments to the proceeding, with respect to large constellations. comments at 3. 103. 104. 105. U. S. Practices at 4-1. 106. IADC Guidelines at § 5. 3. 2. 107. at 3 (noting that disposal of satellites in large LEO constellations by orbit raising should be avoided). 108. Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 11591, para. 60. 109. Direct retrieval of satellites implicates the need to assess rendezvous and proximity operations, and any risk of debris generation from those operations. 110. Order, 19 FCC Rcd at 11603-04, para 87. 111. . ,. SAT-MOD-20091119-00123, at 3-7; O3b. SES-LIC-20100723-00952, to S at 37-40;. SAT-LOA-20161115-00113, Letter from to Jose P. (April 11, 2017) at 7-8. The geostationary disposal requirement in our rules, intended for satellites orbiting at inclinations of approximately 15 degrees or less, can be viewed as an example of this type of disposal. 112. . SAT-PDR-20161115-00111, to S at 15-18. This approach appears to be more readily available for satellites operating at higher inclinations. 113. End-of-life Disposal in Orbits, & Carmen Pardini, Proceedings of the 9th for the Advancement of Space Safety, 2017, 114. See, e. g. , Inc. , Application for Launch and. SAT-LOA-20130626-00087, Exh. 43 at 2 (describing the nominal lifetime of its Flock 1 satellites as 11 months, with maximum lifetime of 18 months); Inc. ,. SAT-MOD-20150802-00053, Exh. 43 at 1 (describing expected operational lifetime of a series of additional satellites as approximately two years); Spire Global, Inc. , Application for Launch and.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: This exclusion was also due to fact that mixing of the cues could not be ruled out, as the water flowed out of the chamber. Dye trials indicated that some mixing could have been occurring in this small rear section of the chamber as the water moves out of the draining holes. Therefore, the time the fish were spending in this area was not necessarily indicative of a choice of cue, as fish could have been exposed to both the untreated seawater and the prey skin extract. The sequence of the olfactory preference tests for the control and CO2 treated fish were randomised throughout the duration of the experiment. Previous investigations, on different species, have indicated that testing in control water did not yield any differences to testing in CO2 treated water [15]–[16] and thus all olfactory trials were conducted using control water. Observations were undertaken from behind a black barrier to minimise disturbance to fish. Preparation of experimental stimuli. Prey cues were prepared using skin extracts from juvenile Pomacentrus moluccensis. Fish were euthanised by a quick blow to the head and placed in a clean petri dish. Vertical incisions were made along the flank of each fish using a scapel blade, and the specimen was rinsed in 15 ml of seawater. Two damselfish (TL; 22. 04±0. 65 mm; mean ± SE) were used for each skin extract solution, with eight superficial cuts of similar size, made along each side of the flank to standardize for size. Experiment 2 – Activity levels and feeding behaviour of Pseudochromis fuscus. Baseline activity levels of P. fuscus were recorded to discern potential differences between behaviours of fish treated with control seawater (current-day CO2 levels) and those treated with elevated levels of CO2 (mid and high CO2 treatments). Trials were carried out in 35 L aquaria (390×300×290 mm) and behaviour was recorded by video cameras to prevent observer-induced behavioural responses. A 50×50 mm grid was laid at the bottom of the aquarium and was submerged by a 10 cm hollow PVC pipe shelter placed at the centre of one end. This shelter had two exit holes which were facing the tank walls, with the curved edge of the pipe against the tank wall furthest from the video camera, which was placed on a tripod above the aquarium.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Pulido-Moran M, Moreno-Fernandez J, Ramirez-Tortosa C, Ramirez-Tortosa M. Curcumin and health. Molecules. 2016;21(3):264,1-22. DOI: 10. 3390/molecules21030264. | PubMed | CrossRef | 6. . Bioavailability of curcumin and curcumin glucuronide in the central nervous system of mice after oral delivery of nano-curcumin. Pharm. 2016;511(1):415-423. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2016. 07. 027. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 7. Sharma OP. Antioxidant activity of curcumin and related compounds. Biochem Pharmacol. 1976;25(15):1811-1812. DOI: 10. 1016/0006-2952(76)90421-4. | PubMed | CrossRef | 8. . Antioxidative effects of plant polyphenols: from protection of g protein signaling to prevention of age-related pathologies. Y Acad Sci. 2007;1095(1):449-457. DOI: 10. 1196/annals. 1397. 048. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 9. . Curcumin for malaria therapy. Res Commun. 2005;326(2):472-474. DOI: 10. 1016/j. bbrc. 2004. 11. 051. | PubMed | CrossRef | 10. Vera-Ramirez L, Pérez-Lopez P, Varela-Lopez A, Ramirez-. Curcumin and liver disease. Biofactors. 2013;39(1):88-100. DOI: 10. 1002/biof. 1057. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 11. Curcumin as a therapeutic agent in dementia: a mini systematic review of human studies. J. 2014;2014:174282,1-1. DOI:DOI: 10. 1155/2014/174282. | 12. . Neuroprotective properties of curcumin in Alzheimer's disease-merits and limitations. Chem. 2013;20(32):3955-3985. DOI: 10. 2174/09298673113209990210. | PubMed | CrossRef | 13. editors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mars rovers have provided invaluable data about the planet’s surface and potential for past life. [SEP] Text: Introduction 2. Consent in a digital environment 3. Addressing the power imbalance II. Legislative history III. Obligation to demonstrate consent (Art. 7 para. 1) 1. Scope of obligation a) Controller accountability b) Timing c) Inability to demonstrate consent 2. Obligation to demonstrate consent where there are multiple controllers 3. Proxy consent through automated tools IV. Formal requirements for consent requests (Art. 7 para. 2) 1. Separation of consent information from information on other matters a) Consent as approval of pre-formulated statement b) Clear and distinguishable information c) Invalidity of declaration d) Infringement of the GDPR through a faulty declaration 2. Clear and plain language 3. Intelligible and easily accessible form a) Practical ways to meet consent information requirements b) Consent information in an online context V. Withdrawal of consent (Art. 7 para. 3) 1. Right to withdraw consent 2. Effect of withdrawal 3. Withdrawal where processing is based on more than one legal ground 4. Form of withdrawal VI. Restrictions on “bundling” (Art. 7 para. 4) 1. “Bundling” in the context of consumer contracts a) Distinction between necessary and unnecessary data b) Conditionality c) Data as counter-performance d) Application of Art. 7 para. 4 in non-commercial contexts 2. Controller obligations 3. Genuine choice 4. Burden of proof 391–399 Art. 8 Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society servicesThe authors would like to thank Ayça Atabey for her assistance in conducting the research for this 1. Art. 8 para. 1 a) Consent by a child b) Parental consent c) Information society services d) Remuneration e) Information society services offered directly to a child 2. Art. 8 para. 2: Parental consent verification requirements 3. Art. 8 para. 3: Enforcement 400–419 Art. 9 Processing of special categories of personal data András Jóri 400–419 Details I. Preliminary remarks II. Legislative history III. Analysis 1. “Special categories of personal data” (para. 1) 2. “Revealing” (para. 1) 3. “Shall be prohibited” (para. 1) 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: To determine if predators exhibited a preference for prey skin extract, the mean proportion of time spent in the stream of water containing prey skin extract was compared against the null-expectation of 0. 5 for no preference. The mean time that individuals spent in the chamber channel with the prey skin extract was then compared among the control seawater and the two CO2 treatments, using a one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post-hoc Tukey's HSD means comparison tests. Assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance were explored using residual analysis and deemed to be satisfied. Movement and feeding behaviour were first compared among the three treatments with a multivariate ANOVA (). One-factor ANOVAs with planned comparisons were then used to further explore any significant differences in behaviours between the CO2 treated fish and non-treated fish. Residual analysis was used to determine whether data were normally distributed and homogenous in variance. A square-root transformation was applied in cases where data did not meet the assumptions of. of Pseudochromis fuscus to prey skin extracts Predators spent approximately equal proportions of time in both channels of the chamber when no additional odour was present (average proportions; Control = 0. 47±0. 08, Mid = 0. 47±0. 10, High = 0. 50±0. 10); Fig. 1). P. fuscus treated in control seawater exhibited an attraction to the prey skin extract, spending significantly more than half their time in the compartment containing this cue (t = 2. 621, df = 9, p = 0. 028). In contrast, P. fuscus treated in CO2 enriched water spent significantly less than half their time in the channels containing prey skin extract (Mid = 2. 577, df = 9, p = 0. 030; High = 2. 296, df = 13, p = 0. 039). P. fuscus exposed to CO2 enriched water spent approximately 20% less time in the water stream containing prey odor compared with control fish (F2,31 = 6. 854, p = 0. 003; Fig. 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Response of Pseudochromis fuscus to prey skin extracts. Proportion of time (mean ± SE) spent in the channel receiving the prey skin extracts for P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The molecular targets and therapeutic uses of curcumin in health and disease. New York: & Business Media; 2007. pp? ? ? DOI: 10. 1007/978-0-387-46401-5. 14. . The effect of the water on the curcumin tautomerism: a quantitative approach. . 2014;132:815-820. DOI: 10. 1016/j. saa. 2014. 05. 096. | PubMed | CrossRef | 15. -. Recent advances in the investigation of curcuminoids. Chin Med. 2008;3(1):11,1-13. DOI: 10. 1186/1749-8546-3-11. | PubMed | CrossRef | 16. Tapal A, Tiku PK. Complexation of curcumin with soy protein isolate and its implications on solubility and stability of curcumin. Food Chem. 2012;130(4):960-965. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2011. 08. 025. | PubMed | CrossRef | 17. . Validated LC/MS/MS assay for curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin in rat plasma and application to pharmacokinetic study of phospholipid complex of curcumin. J Anal. 2006;40(3):720-727. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jpba. 2005. 09. 032. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 18. . Therapeutic and chemopreventive effects of nano curcumin against diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Sci. 2014;6(3):54-62. | 19. . New nanomicelle curcumin formulation for ocular delivery: improved stability, solubility, and ocular anti-inflammatory treatment. Ind Pharm. 2017;43(11):1846-1857. DOI: 10. 1080/03639045. 2017. 1349787. | PubMed | CrossRef | 20. Hunskaar S, Hole K. The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain. 1987;30(1):103-114. DOI: 10. 1016/0304-3959(87)90088-1. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 21.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is widely used in applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 9, 2018 in The amazing analytics journey The three-stage process going from descriptive to predictive to prescriptive/pre-emptive analytics … and three final steps for implementation. : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2018. 04. 12 The future looks bright for companies that complete the analytics journey. The evolution of analytics integration in day-to-day business is widely considered a three-stage process, from descriptive analytics to predictive analytics to prescriptive analytics/pre-emptive analytics. Let’s review each stage. Descriptive analytics is the science and art of summarizing data that is logically grouped and structured in layers to create a seamless flow of insights that can be drilled down into, as well as be presented in a visually appealing way. It involves creating aggregates by establishing data linkages that provide a visual presentation to make it intuitive and easy to understand and use. The objective of descriptive analytics is to allow a business user to see the status of business as it really is, in the simplest manner possible, and then do a post-mortem to determine what drove the business to its current state. Most companies are already deploying this type of analytics across their business functions. There is still a long way to go before the job is complete, but the importance of implementation is clearly understood and there are no debates on its necessity and urgency. Predictive analytics is the next stage of this evolution. Simply put, this is all about saying what is going to happen in the future. Based on data from the past present, this field of analytics deals with making predictions about future events, as well as specifies the probability of the prediction turning out true. It involves statistical modeling and advanced analytical methods such as machine learning and artificial intelligence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: fuscus exposed to control (n = 10), mid CO2 (n = 10) and high CO2 (n = 14) water treatments. Letters above bars indicate post-hoc Tukey's HSD groupings of means at p<0. 05. Effects on activity levels and feeding behaviour of Pseudochromis fuscus Treatment in CO2 enriched water had a significant effect on movement patterns of P. fuscus (Pillai's trace4,44 = 0. 412, p = 0. 035; Fig. 2). P. fuscus in the high CO2 treatment displayed activity levels double that of fish kept in control seawater, crossing 269. 14±55. 76 (mean ± SE) lines compared to 139±16. 54 for the control fish (F2,22 = 3. 459, p = 0. 049 Fig. 2a). P. fuscus in the mid CO2 treatment showed activity levels (143. 50±43. 97 lines) similar to that of the control fishes. The cumulative distance moved away from shelter by P. fuscus in all treatments was not significantly affected by CO2 treatment (F2,22 = 0. 979, p = 0. 39). However there was a trend for P. fuscus exposed to the elevated CO2 treatments to move a greater cumulative distance than P. fuscus in kept in control seawater (Fig. 2b). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Movement behaviour of Pseudochromis fuscus. A. Mean (± SE) activity levels (denoted by line crosses) and B. mean cumulative distance moved from shelter for P. fuscus following exposure to control (n = 10), mid CO2 (n = 8) and high CO2 (n = 7) water treatments. Significance from planned comparisons (control vs. high) at p<0. 05 = *. feeding behaviour of P. fuscus, was significantly affected by treatment in CO2 enriched water (Pillai's trace4,44 = 0. 402, p = 0. 047; Fig. 3). Time taken to respond to the introduction of food to the tank was significantly greater for the mid CO2 treated fish (172. 43±38. 52 sec) when compared to the controls (41.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Plant material, processing and extraction processturmeric (LKD) rhizomes were collected from the Lakadong region in Meghalaya, India (Location: 25° 11′ 0" North, 92° 17′ 0" East). The plant material was authenticated at the of India, Shillong, Meghalaya (India) and a voucher specimen (Specimen number. GIPS/2018/003) was preserved for future reference at the of. The rhizomes were cleaned, dried, and ground into coarse powder. The homogeneous powdered material (1 kg) was subjected to successive extraction for 72 h using solvents (2. 5 L) of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol) in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts obtained were filtered, concentrated using reduced pressure and labeled as hexane extract (LKDHE), chloroform extract (LKDCH), ethyl acetate extract (LKDEA), and methanol extract (LKDME). Residual solvents in extracts by gas chromatographyThe collected extracts were analyzed for residual solvent content using (GC) with a Headspace system (Clarus 690 Perkin Elmer). The injection Volume sampling rate was maintained at 12,50000pts/s with initial oven temperature at 40̊ C for 2 min followed by GC run (Ramp 1 at 5. 0 deg/min to 100 deg/min hold for 1 min and Ramp 2 10. 0 deg/min to 150 deg/min with hold time of 0. 00 min), offset at 100 µV. Extract samples were placed in vials, and the GC run was executed following the specified procedure (Fig. 1). The outcomes are displayed in Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Fig. 1Phytochemical evaluation of LKD extracts and characterization of curcumin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is widely used in applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. [SEP] Text: It relies on data to determine the causality of past events and uses these underlying factors to determine where the future is headed. This is where data scientists revel in using applied mathematics and technology to provide prophecies that can be logically constructed and debated. Businesses, however, need more than just insights. It is not enough to know why the past turned out as it did or to know what is likely to happen in the future based on the present. Businesses need more actionability, an urge to shape the future by knowing what factors are driving it, by being able to determine the effort in influencing these driving factors and the risks that lie underneath. Decision-makers want to simulate the future by playing out scenarios and then choosing a course of action that looks the most desirable to them. Welcome to what I call pre-emptive analytics, more widely known as prescriptive analytics. Tale of To better understand the three concepts, consider an illustrative scenario: A hotel chain wants to understand the state of its business and what factors are driving its business for better or worse. The hotel chain will need answers to the following questions: What is the revenue by hotel type, by customer category, by season and by a dozen other groupings? What is the composition of revenue from existing versus new customers? Why did a new customer come to my hotel? What made an old customer churn? These and more are answered by providing a structured grouping of past and present data through graphs and charts. That is descriptive analytics, often called basic business intelligence. As time passes, the hotel chain wants to determine answers regarding the future, such as: Given the customer demographics and trends affecting the business, what are the likely revenues in the next five years? How many new customers are likely to stay in our hotels in the next holiday season? What might be the occupancy rates at various price points? Such questions are answered by having the ability to see the patterns that have determined the past and present, and are likely to have a similar effect in the future. The process involves determining possible factors influencing business outcomes based on hypothesis and intuition first, and then testing these hypotheses through available data to determine which input affects what output and by how much. This requires people with advanced skill sets in statistics, creation of algorithms and using technology on large data sets to find answers faster and more accurately. This is what we call the field of predictive analytics. The story only gets better from here.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: 10±14. 70 sec; F2,21 = 4. 616, p = 0. 022; Fig. 3a), resulting in a delay in reaction by an average of two minutes. The effect of the high CO2 treatment on time to respond to food was less severe, with reaction times of just over one minute (65. 9 seconds) slower than control fish. The feeding strikes followed similar patterns; P. fuscus in the mid CO2 treatment exhibited significantly fewer (8. 14±2. 91) feeding strikes compared to control (21. 1±3. 96) and high CO2 treated fish (21. 43±5. 80; F2,21 = 3. 504, p = 0. 05; Fig. 3b). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Feeding behaviour of Pseudochromis fuscus. A. Time to respond (seconds; mean ± SE) and B. feeding strikes (mean ± SE) of P. fuscus following exposure to control (n = 9), mid CO2 (n = 7) and high CO2 (n = 7) water treatments. Significance from planned comparisons (control vs. mid CO2) at p<0. 01 = *, p<0. 001 = **. DiscussionIn this study, the first to investigate the effects of ocean acidification on the behaviour of a predatory fish, we show that the ability of a common meso-predator to detect chemical cues produced by it's prey is hindered and activity levels are elevated by exposure to elevated CO2. P. fuscus naturally exhibited a preference for the olfactory cues of injured prey, however, following exposure to dissolved CO2 concentrations that could be widespread in the ocean by the end of the century [7], they displayed a slight avoidance to these cues. Predators treated in control water spent approximately 60% of their time in the chamber channel containing prey skin extracts, but this value fell to around 40% in CO2 treated fish. A change in reaction to olfactory cues is consistent with previous studies that have found that larval fish exposed to elevated CO2 were unable to discriminate between ecologically important cues, becoming attracted to cues they normally avoided [15], [18] and exhibiting reduced preference for favourable cues [14].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: A: TLC chromatogram of LKD successive extracts; B, C, D: HPTLC fingerprinting of isolated curcumin from fingerprinting of purified LKD curcumin F MS spectra G 1H NMR of purified LKD curcumin H 13C NMR of purified LKD curcuminFull size imagePhysical evaluations and phytochemical studies of the LKD successive extractsPhysical properties of the LKD successive extractsVarious physical parameters were evaluated on the extracts including testing for organoleptic characters, nature of the extract, percentage yield; pH and solubility testing were determined [13]. Phytochemical evaluations and analytical process of curcumin from LKDPreliminary phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography and quantification of total phenolic contentPhytochemical screening of the LKD successive extracts was conducted to identify various classes of phytochemicals [14]. Prominent phytochemical classes that produced positive test results underwent further verification using Thin-(TLC) methods. For extracts abundant in curcuminoids, TLC analysis was executed following established protocols [15]. The procedure encompassed preparing sample extracts for analysis, selecting the stationary phase, optimizing the mobile phase, developing the chromatogram, and spotting detection, all in accordance with established guidelines. The stationary phase for TLC employed pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum sheets (Merck Ltd. ), while the mobile phase was composed of a mixture of chloroform and methanol in a 9:1 ratio. Subsequently, the TLC plates were observed using short UV light (264 nm), long UV light (366 nm), and visible light, both before and after applying the detecting reagent. Furthermore, the optimization of High-Performance Thin-(HPTLC) fingerprinting and the analysis of the curcumin-rich crude fraction after isolation via column chromatography were performed using equipment, which included the sample applicator, visualizer, and 4 software. Furthermore, based on the results of the preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC analysis, further studies were conducted for the total phenolic and tannin content estimation using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-AA6300). The total phenolic content and total tannin content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with certain modifications [16].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is widely used in applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. [SEP] Text: Now that the hotel chain knows the past and the present, as well as how the future may turn out if things grow in an organic manner, it wants answers to more nuanced questions: Given an investment capability of $1 million, where should we deploy it to get the best return on investment? Which customers should be sent discount coupons to most improve those customers’ lifetime value to the hotel chain? Which promotions should the hotel chain run for the next holiday season? These questions are more open-ended. The managers are seeking options to determine the future, as well as recommendations regarding which options may work better than others. The answers involve optimizing under business constraints such as investments, time availability, irreversible choices or, in some cases, the need to make only a set of reversible choices under risk. In this instance, the development of a solution requires an analyst to understand the business scenario in great depth and codify its DNA to link inputs to potential outputs. The next step is to simulate output scenarios and place the power of an informed, data-driven choice in the hands of the decision-maker. Furthermore, it may be necessary to optimize by automating the process of choice itself so that human fallacies are removed from the decision-making. This is where the world of business analytics is headed. Maps tells us which route to take among the seemingly infinite choices to reach the airport on time, or, when Amazon makes the product recommendations when you login to your home page, or when your bank calls you to offer you a customized loan term, it is pre-emptive/prescriptive analytics at play. Every industry needs to exploit the power of pre-emptive analytics to improve decision-making, make fewer mistakes and grow faster. to does a company implement prescriptive analytics in real-world practice? The first and most crucial step is to determine what the business truly needs – what are the key performance indicators (KPIs) that the decision-makers want to improve? This process is not as simple as it sounds. Many businesses struggle to define the set of KPIs that matter the most to them. While every company wants to make more money and wants to do so faster and with less investment, the process of choosing KPIs requires a deeper look to determine what is truly needed and what is just “nice to have.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: This diminished preference could indicate a reduced ability to recognise the olfactory cues presented and is supported by the observation that CO2 treated P. fuscus were more inquisitive and explored the entire chamber, compared to the more directional response towards the cue exhibited by control fish. P. fuscus inhabit topographically complex reef habitats, potentially limiting the effectiveness of locating prey via visual information over long distances [42]. Olfactory cues are suggested to be important in initiating a foraging response in predators, with the release of the prey skin extract resulting in a directional movement of predators towards prey [37]–[38]. A shift from attraction to repulsion of favourable prey cues due to ocean acidification could result in a decrease in the predatory activity of meso-predators and a reduced ability to respond to fluctuations in food availability. The potential exists for effects of elevated CO2 on predator behaviour to counteract the increased risk of mortality posed to prey species. It is possible that reduced attraction of predators to damage-released skin extracts of prey, or even slight avoidance of the cue, could enhance the survival of prey. However, previous research addressing the effects of elevated CO2 on newly-settled prey fishes indicates a dramatic switch from complete avoidance to strong preference for predator odour following exposure to CO2 enriched water [15]. In contrast, the present study found that following CO2 treatment predators spent 20% less time in a water stream containing the smell of injured prey. Although both predator and prey are affected by the elevated CO2, the repercussions of the loss of predator avoidance by the settling fish is likely to be more detrimental for prey survival than can be offset by a small reduction in predator response to prey olfactory cues. This supports earlier suggestions that ocean acidification is a potential threat to replenishment of reef fish populations [14]. Further investigations addressing the loss of olfactory information coupled with other traits that are important in the outcome of predator-prey interactions, such as other sensory modalities, boldness and locomotor performance, would provide a more detailed indication of the likely impacts to future reef fish populations. Avoidance of the beneficial olfactory cue of injured prey may be attributed to an alteration of neuro-sensory functioning following exposure to elevated CO2 [14], [17]–[18].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Sampling was done by preparing all the successive extracts at concentration of 1 mg/mL. A series of dilution in the concentration range of 0. 02–0. 10 mg/mL was prepared for tannic acid (1 mg/mL stock solution) taken as reference standard. The total phenolics (TP), total simple phenolics (TSP) and total tannin content (TC) were estimated using the reported methods. All estimations were performed in triplicates and were statistically expressed as Mean ± S. E. M using linear regression equation. Isolation and characterization of curcumin from LKDThe analysis of the chloroform extract (LKDCH) through TLC and HPTLC confirmed a notable presence of curcumin. Consequently, an attempt was undertaken to isolate curcumin from this extract, employing a column chromatography approach. The wet packing method was adopted, wherein the column was packed with silica gel (#60–120 mesh, column grade, Merck Ltd. ), combined with exceptionally pure chloroform. LKDCH (50 g) was absorbed in chloroform and introduced into the column. The elution process was executed by employing a gradient mixture of methanol (MeOH) and chloroform (CHCl3), with a progressively increasing proportion of MeOH within CHCl3. The gradient levels were as follows: 1%, 2. 5%, 5%, 7. 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and finally, 100%. The eluates were collected in 25 mL fractions. values led to the pooling of corresponding eluates, which were subsequently concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The procedure yielded 105 fractions. Notably, fractions 50–55 exhibited distinct yellow single spots of curcumin, which were then combined and subjected to concentration. To enhance its purity, curcumin was purified through recrystallization in 100% acetone and stored at room temperature. The characterization and interpretation of the structure of the isolated curcumin was analyzed by sophisticated spectrometric techniques including FTIR (Bruker Alpha), 1HNMR and 13CNMR (Neo 500 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer), Mass spectrometer (-spectrometer) [17].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is widely used in applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. [SEP] Text: Computer vision techniques, including image processing and pattern recognition methods, play a vital role in analyzing the captured images or point cloud data and extracting relevant crack features [2, 3]. Machine learning algorithms, such as deep neural networks, can be trained on large datasets of annotated crack images to learn the characteristic patterns and textures associated with cracks. These models can then be deployed to accurately and efficiently detect cracks in real time or during post-processing. Furthermore, advancements in data processing and computing capabilities have facilitated the development of efficient algorithms for crack quantification. Once cracks are detected, various parameters such as crack length, width, orientation, and depth can be measured to assess the severity and extent of the damage. These quantitative measurements are crucial for making informed decisions regarding maintenance, repair, or rehabilitation strategies. The integration of remote sensing techniques, such as aerial or satellite imagery, with ground-based data acquisition systems has further enhanced the capabilities of crack detection and monitoring. By combining data from multiple sources, it becomes possible to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the structural health and performance of civil infrastructure over large areas. In this study, we propose an automatic pixel-level crack segmentation method to extract cracks at critical moments within the fracture videos. This method leverages image processing techniques and deep learning models to identify crack regions accurately. By segmenting cracks at the pixel level, we can obtain detailed information about crack geometry, size, and orientation, which are essential for subsequent analysis and prediction. Furthermore, we employ a Long Short-(LSTM) network, a type of recurrent neural network (RNN), to learn temporal patterns and dependencies within the crack segmentation masks across consecutive frames. The LSTM network is capable of capturing long-term dependencies and sequential information, making it suitable for modeling crack evolution over time. By leveraging the learned temporal patterns, the network can estimate how cracks will evolve and propagate in subsequent frames, enabling us to predict crack trajectories accurately. The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of the related work on automatic crack detection and segmentation algorithms. Section 3 outlines the methodology employed in this study. Details regarding the experiments, specimens, and dataset preparation are presented in Section 4. Section 5 presents the results and discussions. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper and discusses potential extensions of the work. Advertisement 2. Related worksIn the field of crack visual detection, significant research efforts have been devoted to developing effective methods for crack segmentation and analysis.

Output: corroborate