Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [110] New 12a-hydroxyrotenoids from Gliricidia sepium bark. J 1988; 62: 188-90. [111] Rastrelli L, Caceres A, de Simone F, Aquino R. Studies on the constituents of Gliricidia sepium (Laguminosae) leaves and roots: Isolation and structure elucidation of new triterpenoid saponins and aromatic compounds. J Chem 1999; 47: 1537-40. [112]. Essential oil composition of Gliricidia sepium (Leguminosae) leaves and flowers. Chem 2007; 48B: 1359-60. [113] Gibson DN. Flora of Guatemala. 1970; 24(9): 208. [114] Logan MH. Digestive disorders and plant medicinals in Highland Guatemala. Anthropos 1973; 68: 537-47. [115] Ocampo R, Balick MJ. Plants of semillas sagradas An ethnomedicinal garden in de Costa Rica. 2009. [116] Guzmán. Medicinal plants for the treatment of “nervios”, anxiety, and depression in Medicine. Farmacogn 2014; 24: 591-608. [117] Lippia: Traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology: A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 76: 201-14. [118]. Ethnopharmacology of Lippia alba. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 116: 211-22. [119] Ocampo RA, Maffioli A. de Medicinales en Costa Rica. San José: 1987. [120] Mamun-or-. In vitro antibacterial effect of bushy matgrass (Lippia alba Mill. ) extracts. 2012; 6: 334-40. [121] Nuñez Polyphenols and antimicrobial activity in extracts of Lippia alba (Mill. ). Plants 2013; 2: 361-8. [122] Antiviral activity of medicinal plant extracts. 1997; 11: 198-202. [123] Inhibitory effect of linalool-rich essential oil from Lippia alba on the peptidase and keratinase activities of dermatophytes. J 2014; 29: 12-7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: These findings demonstrate how environmental factors, host biology, and microbiota influence each other to establish a healthy skin microenvironment; the differences described between body sites or in different age groups may at least partially explain why certain skin conditions, including AD, preferentially appear in certain age groups or at specific body sites. Figure 1Skin commensals and an intact skin barrier promote tolerance induction, while skin barrier impairment and dysbiosis can drive type 2 inflammation. (A) In healthy individuals, the skin is colonized with a variety of skin commensals. Their composition depends on the local microenvironment and is balanced by antimicrobial peptides and lipids produced by the host or the commensals themselves. They also protect the host from colonization with potentially pathogenic bacteria. Colonization with beneficial commensals further induces local immune responses that protect the host from pathogens and promote induction of tolerance to environmental antigens. (B) Impaired skin barrier function is one of the main predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis (AD) development. Loss of microbial diversity as well as an overabundance of Staphylococcus aureus is also a common phenomenon on lesional skin of AD patients. Potentially pathogenic S. aureus strains can produce a number of molecules aiding in penetration of the host skin and driving type 2 immune responses, thereby exacerbating AD. Environmental antigens taken up through the inflamed skin are encountered in a pro–type 2 environment, which can lead to allergic sensitization with production of antigen-specific IgE. AMP, antimicrobial peptide; APC, antigen-presenting cell; LN, lymph node; SEB, staphylococcal enterotoxin B; Teff, effector T cell; Treg, regulatory T cell; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Several different but interdependent factors seem to predispose patients to AD. First, in contrast to healthy skin, the barrier function of AD patients’ skin is impaired (15). A number of genetic risk factors have been identified that directly affect barrier integrity, like loss-of-function mutations in the protein filaggrin, which is important for the development of the stratum corneum, or mutations that affect skin immune responses (39, 40).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are becoming increasingly cost-effective and widely used. [SEP] Text: > Vol. 3 No. 4, November 2012 Cost and of () Seth Blumsack, John and of Energy and. . DOI: 10. 4236/sgre. 2012. 34041 5,866 Downloads 8,929 Views 315. doi: 10. 4236/sgre. 2012. 34041. 1. integration of renewable electric generation resources, particularly solar and wind, into existing energy production and delivery systems, is considered to be a major technical and economic challenge. Variability of both wind and solar resources introduces additional stochastic components to the operational objective of balancing supply and demand across power control areas on a real-time basis; and presents planning challenges to system operators and generating companies that must make investment portfolio decisions to accommodate increased renewable energy penetration. Integration costs are expected to rise along with penetration levels, with recent reports suggesting costs of $2/MWh to $9/MWh [1] once wind penetration reaches 20% [2]. A number of different operational strategies are possible to achieve large-scale penetration of wind and solar energy. One such strategy would expand the use of frequency regulation and balancing energy services to compensate for unforecasted deviations in wind and solar power output. These so-called ancillary services are currently utilized in large-scale electricity systems to balance unexpected deviations in the supply-demand balance caused by volatile electricity demand or unplanned outages at generation or transmission assets. Such ancillary services can be provided on the supply side or the demand side. While system operators are experienced in procuring and dispatching ancillary services to handle fluctuations in the supply-demand balance, it is less clear whether existing ancillary services, and the various types of markets through which they are procured, are adequate to support the large-scale integration of wind and solar resources while maintaining high reliability and reasonable costs [3]. Wind and solar resources could also self-provide balancing energy by coupling their output with a controllable resource to provide a firm energy schedule to the system operator. The controllable resource essentially provides some amount of “fill-in” power to compensate for the variable resource. This coupling could be contractual, in which the wind or solar resource signs a physical energy purchase contract with a complementary resource; or the coupling could occur through horizontal integration, where a single generation operator manages the output of the variable and controllable resource to provide the firm energy schedule.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of Lippia graveolens and bioactive compounds. 2017; 55: 1569-76. [153] íquez RG. Volatile constituents of Montanoa tomentosa and Lippia graveolens. 1987; 53: 495-6. [154] Uribe-Hernández ínez MA. The essential oil of Lippia graveolens HBK from Jalisco, Mexico. J Res 1992; 4: 647-9. [155] Stashenko EE, Martínez JR, Pala MP, et al. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric characterization of essential oils and extracts from Lippia (Verbenaceae) aromatic plants. J 2013; 36: 192-202. [156] Iridoids from Lippia graveolens. Phytochemistry 1998; 40: 1829-32. [157]. Analysis of the essential oil of Lippia graveolens HBK from El Salvador. J 2001; 16: 219-26. [158] Pérez Sabino JF, Mérida Reyes M, Farfán Barrera CD. Análise e discriminação de quimiotipos de Lippia graveolens H. B. K. da Guatemala por microextração em base sólida, CC-EM e análise multivariada. 2012; 35: 97-101. [159] Carvacrol and thymol: strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates. Microbiol 2017; 28: 63-8. [160] Leyva-López N, Nair V, Young-Bang W, et al. Protective role of terpenes and polyphenols from three species of oregano (Lippia graveolens, Lippia palmeri and Hedeoma patens) on the suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264. 7 macrophage cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 187: 302-12. [161] Arana-Sánchez A, Estarrón-Espinoza M, Obledo-Vázquez EN, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Mice with a filaggrin loss-of-function mutation develop AD-like skin inflammation, underscoring the importance of this protein (41). Second, dysbiosis of the skin microbiota with decreased colonization of beneficial commensals (42, 43) and an increased presence of the potentially pathogenic commensal Staphylococcus aureus is a common phenomenon in both patients with AD and murine models of disease (44–46). The exact cause and timing of when particular predisposing factors come into play are not completely understood. While overgrowth of S. aureus sometimes precedes the development of AD (47), this is not always the case (43). However, in at least a subset of patients, alterations of the skin microenvironment, due to an impairment of the skin barrier function, affect colonization with commensals and their tightly regulated interplay with host cells. Alterations in the microenvironment could, for example, include moisture levels, pH, nutrient availability, or shifts in the production of AMPs. Potentially pathogenic strains of S. aureus exploit these conditions, leading to their overgrowth; the lesional skin is colonized with S. aureus in up to 90% of patients with AD (48). The proportion of S. aureus relative to other commensals is increased during flares (44), and higher density is associated with more severe AD (49). Increased colonization with S. aureus is associated with a lower diversity of the skin microbiome. Diversity decreases further during a flare and increases if AD is treated (44); in a murine model, treatment with antibiotics targeting S. aureus partially restored microbial diversity and almost completely prevented dermatitis development (45). Several studies have demonstrated how a diverse microbiome can keep the growth of S. aureus in check. Culturable Gram-negative bacteria from healthy human skin, for example, were able to enhance barrier function, control S. aureus colonization, and even alleviate dermatitis in a mouse model of AD, unlike their counterparts from the skin of patients with AD (42). Certain strains of Staphylococcus (including S. epidermidis and S. hominis) produce AMPs that are active against S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are becoming increasingly cost-effective and widely used. [SEP] Text: Figure 6(b) shows NOx emissions from the three systems; coupling wind and solar with the natural gas turbine increases NOx emissions by a factor of between three and five, depending on the time of year. Figure 5. Average energy cost of integrating photovoltaics into the wind/gas portfolio. Figure 6. Emissions impacts from coupling wind and natural gas; and coupling wind, solar and natural gas. Panel (a) shows the decrease in CO2 emissions from coupling renewables and fossil fuels, while panel (b) shows the increase in NOx emissions. 4. Discussion and results on the emissions implications of coupling renewables and fossil fuels are consistent with previous research [13]. Coupling wind energy with a natural gas turbine can potentially reduce long-run average production costs, although incrementally adding photovoltaics to the portfolio increases costs. We find that the coupled wind/gas system has higher NOx emissions than simply running a natural gas turbine at a constant level of output, Figure 7. Monetary savings, including emissions costs, from coupling wind and natural gas. We do not find any monetary savings from adding photovoltaics to the wind/gas capacity portfolio. but lower CO2 emissions. Adding photovoltaics reduces the CO2 emissions profile of the system slightly while increasing the NOx profile. In a scenario where emissions are priced, the reduction in CO2 cost may outweigh the increase in NOx costs for the wind/gas coupled system, yielding net savings (compared to running the gas-only system) depending on the relative emissions prices. Using prevailing CO2 prices from the of $22. 60 per tonne, and a NOx price of $0. 25/kg, we find that pricing emissions leads to additional net savings for the wind/gas coupled system (Figure 7). While there would be additional net emissions cost savings from adding photovoltaics to the coupled system, the savings are not sufficient to offset the higher long-run average production cost. The incentives for owners of renewable energy projects to couple operations with controllable energy sources are still a matter of debate. In some territories that have adopted wholesale restructuring, such coupling would allow the owners to receive capacity payments. In territories where bilateral market activity is the dominant form of trade, coupled renewable and fossil projects may be able to sign “firm” energy contracts (subject to availability of transmission), which typically sell at a premium. 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mexican oregano essential oil (Lippia graveolens H. B. K. ) with different composition when microencapsulated in ®-cyclodextrin. Micro 2010; 50: 585-90. [162] Jiménez-Pérez NC, Lorea-Hernández FG. Identity and delimitation of the American species of Litsea Lam. (Lauraceae): A morphological approach. Evol 2009; 283: 19-32. [163] Montañez-Armenta MP, Valtierra-Pacheco E, Medina-Torres SM. Aprovechamiento tradicional de una especie protegida (Litsea glaucescens Kunth) en “sierra del laurel”, Aguascalientes, Mexico. 2011; 7: 155-72. [164] Jiménez-Pérez NC, Lorea-Hernández -Chilpa R. Essential oils in Mexican bays (Litsea spp. Lauraceae): Taxonomic assortment and ethnobotanical implications. 2011; 65: 178-89. [165]. leaf is in your spice rack? - A quality control study. 2017; 83: 1058-67. [166] Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Litsea: an update. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 181: 66-107. [167] A micro-biological evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Maya people of Southern Mexico. 1995; 9: 244-50. [168] Cruz SM, Marroquín MN, Gaitán IC, et al. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of three species of laurel (Litsea spp. ) from Guatemala. 2014; (1030): 23-30. [169] Tortoriello J, Meckes-Lozoya M, Villareal ML, et al. Spasmolytic activity of medicinal plants used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in the Highland of Chiapas. Phytomedicine 1995; 2: 57-66. [170]. Litsea glaucescens Humb. Bompl. & Kunth var.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: aureus and even synergize with human AMPs. These strains are commonly found on healthy skin but are rare on patients with AD and, when reintroduced, acted against colonization with S. aureus (31, 32, 50). S. epidermidis additionally produces a small lipopeptide that signals through host TLR2 and induces the production of AMPs by keratinocytes (51, 52). These findings demonstrate how loss of beneficial commensals and the AMPs they produce (or whose production they induce in host cells) enables S. aureus overgrowth, paving the way for establishment or exacerbation of AD. What makes S. aureus so dangerous? The answer lies in the variety of factors S. aureus strains produce to exploit a weakened skin barrier and activate deleterious host immune reactions (Figure 1B). For instance, S. aureus produces a protease that enables it to penetrate into the dermis of AD patients or mice with filaggrin loss-of function mutations (53, 54). S. aureus penetration results in increased production of type 2 cytokines such as -4, and IL-13 (53). S. aureus strains also produce a number of molecules that induce skin inflammation and exacerbation of AD. Among these are α-toxin, which lyses keratinocytes, especially in the presence of type 2 cytokines (55, 56). Local concentrations of type 2 cytokines are increased by δ-toxin, which induces mast cell degranulation (48), as well as by lipoproteins, S. aureus cell wall components that signal through TLR2/6 and induce TSLP production in keratinocytes (57). Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a superantigen that induces a mixed Th1/Th2 response after application to tape-stripped mouse skin and results in specific IgE responses to both SEB and the coapplied model antigen OVA (58). When applied to human skin, SEB led to skin inflammation in both healthy subjects and those with AD; in three of six participants with AD, the application of SEB led to a disease flare (59). All of these factors contribute to the exacerbation of AD by creating local inflammation and inducing a further breakdown of the skin barrier.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources like wind and solar power are becoming increasingly cost-effective and widely used. [SEP] Text: authors would like to acknowledge support from the in the College of Earth and at for the purchase of data; staff at the project for assistance with the data; and for advice on modeling solar energy production. NOTES 2Turbine performance data was obtained from Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 2010. www1. eere. energy. gov/wind/pdfs/51783. pdf [2] US DOE, “20% by 2030: Transmission and Integration into the US Electric System,” 2008. [3] A. Fernandez, S. Blumsack and P. Reed, “Evaluating Wind-Following and for Hydroelectric Dams,” Center for Research in 2011. [4] E. Fertig and J. Apt, “Economics of to Power: A in ERCOT,” Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 5, 2011. 2342. doi:10. 1016/j. enpol. 2011. 01. 049 [5] E. Hittinger, J. Whitacre and J. Apt, “Compensating for Using Co-,” Energy Systems, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2010, 439. doi:10. 1007/s12667-010-0017-2 [6] NREL, “of the United States,” (RReDC) Home Page, 2002. [9] J. Apt, “of Power from Wind Turbines,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2007, 374. doi:10. 1016/j. jpowsour. 2007. 02. 077 [10] FERC, “Form 714-Pre-Data: 1993-2004,” Regulatory Commission, 2011. [11] Center, “Grid: Sorting the Reality from the Hype,” 2009. [12] Price data from US Administration, 2012. [13] W. Katzenstein and J. Apt, “Due to Wind and Solar Power,” & Technology, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2009, 258. doi:10. 1021/es801437t [14] A. Mills, R. Wiser, M. Milligan and M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: glaucescens (Laurel): A Mexican bay. 1992; 46: 21-6. [171] Vallverdú Composition of the essential oil from leaves of Litsea guatemalensis. J 2005; 20: 415-8. [172] Cruz SM, Mérida M, Pérez F, et al. Chemical composition of essential oil of Litsea guatemalensis (Mexican bay) from different provenances of Guatemala. 2012; (964): 47-58. [173] López JA, Barillas W, Gomez-Laurito J, et al. Flavonoids from Litsea glaucescens. 1995; 61: 198. [174] Simão KAB, Klein- Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic evaluation of the condiment laurel (Litsea guatemalensis Mez. ) and its chemical composition. 2012; 132: 1980-6. [175] Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL, Gómez-Cansino R, García-Zebadúa JC, et al. Antidepressant activity of Litsea glaucescens essential oil: Identification of ®-pinene and linalool as active principles. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 143: 673-9. [176] Medina-Torres L, Santiago-Adame R, Calderas F, et al. Microencapsulation by spray drying of laurel infusion (Litsea glaucescens) with maltodextrin. Prod 2016; 90: 1-8. [177]. Flora of Guatemala. 1976; 24(12): 272. [178]. Medicinal plants used in the traditional management of diabetes and its sequelae in Central America: A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 184: 58-71. [179] Morton JF. Some folk-medicine plants of markets. Q J Res 1977; 15: 165-92. [180] Antimicrobial properties of Honduran medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 63: 253-63. [181] áceres A, et al. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections. II. Activity of extracts and fractions of five Guatemalan plants against Trypanosoma cruzi.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: In future studies, it will be interesting to further clarify the role of commensal bacteria in the development of AD. What other factors might contribute to disease in those children who did not exhibit dysbiosis or an overgrowth of S. aureus before the development of AD? Current treatment regimens still mainly focus on suppressing inflammation and supporting the epidermal barrier with emollients (15). Combining these with therapies targeting the skin microbiome may be beneficial. AD and allergic sensitizationSkin inflammation and impaired barrier function likely contribute to allergic sensitization to environmental antigens. Several studies have shown that children with an impaired skin barrier or AD are at higher risk of atopic sensitization (16–18, 60, 61). In fact, the outcomes of potential allergen application onto intact versus damaged skin have been compared to determine the best approach to epicutaneous immunotherapy. Whereas application of the allergen (in this case peanut extract) to intact skin induced tolerance, application to tape-stripped skin exacerbated the allergic response to peanut protein (62). In infants, application of peanut oil–containing creams to inflamed skin may lead to sensitization to peanut (63). In a mouse model, sensitization with peanut extract or OVA through AD-like skin lesions increased basophil accumulation in the skin in a TSLP-dependent manner, inducing a systemic Th2 response with elevated levels of allergen-specific IgE (64). Similarly, mice sensitized through barrier-impaired skin exhibited airway allergic responses to OVA that depended on keratinocyte production of TSLP (65, 66); in a separate study, coadministration of intradermal TSLP with OVA was sufficient to induce OVA-specific sensitization and airway allergic responses (67). In addition, mice with a filaggrin loss-of-function mutation developed spontaneous lung inflammation with increased airway hyperresponsiveness (41). These data suggest that antigen taken up through barrier-defective, inflamed skin can be inappropriately recognized by the immune system and elicit an antigen-specific Th2 response, resulting in allergic sensitization. This could at least partially explain the correlation between AD in early childhood and the subsequent development of food allergies or asthma. However, the microbiome influences immune maturation in more general terms (discussed below), which could potentially also influence predisposition to AD and certainly has effects on food allergies and asthma.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most single-use plastics take hundreds to thousands of years to degrade in the environment. [SEP] Text: Disposal environments range from exposure in soil, landfill, and compost in which thermal oxidation may occur and land cover and agricultural use in which photooxidation may also occur. 1. 2 In this guide, established ASTM International standards are used in three tiers for accelerating and measuring the loss in properties and molecular weight by both thermal and photooxidation processes and other abiotic processes (Tier 1), measuring biodegradation (Tier 2), and assessing ecological impact of the products from these processes (Tier 3). 1. 3 1 conditions selected for thermal oxidation and photooxidation accelerate the degradation likely to occur in a chosen application and disposal environment. The conditions should include a range of humidity or water concentrations based on the application and disposal environment in mind. The measured rate of degradation at typical oxidation temperatures is required to compare and rank the polymers being evaluated in that chosen application to reach a molecular weight that constitutes a demonstrable biodegradable residue (using ASTM International biometer tests for CO2 evolution appropriate to the chosen environment). By way of example, accelerated oxidation data must be obtained at temperatures and humidity ranges typical in that chosen application and disposal environment, for example, in soil (20 to 30°C), landfill (20 to 35°C), and composting facilities (30 to 65°C). For applications in soils, local temperatures and humidity ranges must be considered as they vary widely with geography. At least one temperature must be reasonably close to the end use or disposal temperature, but under no circumstances should this be more than 20°C away from the removed that temperature. It must also be established that the polymer does not undergo a phase change, such as glass transition temperature (Tg) within the temperature range of testing. 1. 4 The residues resulting from the oxidations are then exposed to appropriate disposal or use environments in standard biometric test methods to measure the rate and degree of biodegradation (Tier 2). 1. 5 The data generated under Tier 1 evaluation and the determined time for the biodegradation in the chosen environment (Tier 2) allow ranking relative to other polymers evaluated under similar environmental conditions with this guide. The degree and time for biodegradation should be consistent with ASTM International methods, and any residues from the intermediate oxidation stage and from biodegradation must be shown to be environmentally benign and not persistent (Tier 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Ecol 1986; 15: 407-8. [224]. Effects of calahuala and an active principle, adenosine, on platelet activating factor. 1992; 58: 306-10. [225] Piñeiro Alvarez B. [2 years personal experience in anapsos treatment of psoriasis in various clinical forms]. Am. 1983; 11: 65-72. [226] Vasänge The flavonoid constituents of two Polypodium species (calaguala) and their effect on the elastase release in human neutrophils. 1997; 63: 511-7. [227]. Safety and efficacy of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract in healthy adult subjects. J Dermatol 2015; 8: 19-23. [228]. Flora de Nicaragua 3: 2510. Saint Louis: Garden 2001. [229] Otero R, Fonnegra R, Jiménez SL, et al. Snakebite and ethnobotany in the northwest region of Colombia. Part I. Traditional use of plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 71: 493-504. [230] Medical potential of plants used by the Q’eqchi Maya of Guatemala for the treatment of women’s health. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 114: 92-101. [231] Lentz DL. Medicinal and other economic plants of the paya of Honduras. 1993; 47: 358-70. [232] Chemical composition, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Piper hispidum EO from Venezuela. J Sci 2013; 3: 16-20. [233] Antimicrobial effects of Piper hispidum extract, fractions and chalcones against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. J 2016; 26: 217-26. [234] Mendocilla M, Villar López M. Capítulo VII. Monografías de plantas medicinales. In: Villar López M, O – Manual de Fitoterapia. (2001. [235] Jenett- In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants. 1999; 4: 611-5. [236] Navickiene HMD, Alécio AC, Kato MJ, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The intestinal microbiota and food allergy Even more so than the skin, the intestinal tract is colonized with a large and diverse microbiota that is highly influenced by factors in the local microenvironment. The small and large intestines differ greatly in their morphology and function (see refs. 68 and 69 for review). In keeping with its functions in digestion and nutrient absorption, the surface area of the small intestine is enlarged by numerous villous projections; it is also covered with a fairly diffuse mucus layer. The mucus layer of the colon differs from that of the small intestine, having a two-layered structure with a dense and sterile inner layer covered by a more diffuse outer layer that is populated by bacteria (70). While the proximal small intestine is rich in easily accessible nutrients, nutrients are depleted along its length; similarly, concentrations of AMPs, oxygen, and bile acids (which are released into the proximal small intestine) as well as acidity decrease along the length of the intestinal tract (68, 69). Bacterial abundance increases from the duodenum to the terminal ileum and is highest in cecum and colon, which are enriched with anaerobic bacteria that ferment plant-derived dietary fibers (69, 71–73). Similarly, cross-sectional differences exist between regions closest to the epithelium, the mucus layer, and the lumen itself (74). A number of studies have examined the intestinal bacterial composition of humans as well as mice. While there is large interindividual variability, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes dominate overall (71, 74–77). However, like the skin microbiota, the intestinal microbiota changes over the course of an individual’s life. The infant gut microbiome is shaped by factors like mode of birth (78, 79), maternal antibodies found in breast milk (80), and the type of oligosaccharides in the milk an infant is fed (81). The switch to solid foods changes the composition again (79), and it does not stabilize until about 3 years of age (78, 82). The adult microbiome, while affected by diet (83), is fairly stable over time (84, 85). In addition to providing the host with protection from colonization with potential pathogens (see ref. 86 for a recent review on colonization resistance), symbiotic bacteria are important for intestinal barrier integrity as well as the development, education, and regulation of the immune system (Figure 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Recycling all materials, including glass and plastic, can fully reverse climate change within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Can this research team reverse climate change? Global warming, climate change, the greenhouse effect, increasing carbon dioxide levels: we have all heard of these worrying events, but what can we do about them? Jones and his research team have been working on a new method to remove carbon dioxide from the air we breathe – potentially reversing climate change Imagine this … Global temperatures are increasing; polar ice caps are melting; sea levels are rising: our planet is in jeopardy, and much of this is a result of rising levels of CO2. Cars, planes, food, housing materials, deforestation – our very lifestyles – are resulting in soaring carbon dioxide (CO2) levels that are wreaking havoc on the environment. We need to reduce CO2 levels and FAST. ? • Trees and plants absorb CO2, so reforestation would be a good place to start • Changing to renewable energy sources would reduce the amount of fossil fuel combustion and therefore the amount of CO2 released • Simple lifestyle changes such as walking or cycling instead of taking the car would also help reduce CO2 But reducing the amount of CO2 we produce isn’t enough; we need to remove the CO2 that is already there – a process known as negative emissions. Could a chemical engineer develop a product that could remove the carbon dioxide from the air? Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA. As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Antifungal amides from Piper hispidum and Piper tuberculatum. Phytochemistry 2000; 55: 621-6. [237] Activity-guided isolation of antileishmanial compounds from Piper hispidum. 2011; 4: 363-6. [238] da Essential oils of species and their cytotoxic, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities. Prod 2014; 58: 55-60. [239] ñigueral S, Gupta MP. Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oils from different species of Piper from Panama. 2016; 82: 986-91. [240] Phytochemistry of the genus Piper. Phytochemistry 1997; 46: 597-673. [241] Constituintes químicos fixos e voláteis dos talos e frutos de Piper tuberculatum Jacq. e das raízes de P. hispidum H. B. K. 2008; 38: 733-42. [242]. Caracterización de aceites esenciales y evaluación de la actividad biocida de cinco especies nativas de Piperaceae. Tikalia 2005; 23: 51-67. [243] ães. Essential oil analysis of 10 Piperaceae species from the forest. Phytochemistry 2001; 58: 547-51. [244]. Composition of the essential oil of Piper hispidum Sw. from Cuba. J Res 2004; 16: 459-60. [245]. Análise dos óleos essenciais de três espécies de Piper coletadas na região do (Cerrado) e comparação con óleos de plantas procedentes da região de Paraty, RJ (Mata Atlântica). Pharmacog 2006; 16: 246-51. [246] Essential oils composition of four Piper species from Brazil. J Res 2013; 25: 203-9. [247] WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants 2011; 4: 127-39. [248]. A view on the medicinal plant Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae). J Ther 2013; 3: 162-8. [249].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Commensal bacteria induce the differentiation of colonic T cells into Tregs (87, 88). Specifically, Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A induces the differentiation of Tregs via TLR2 signaling (89, 90), while certain strains of Clostridia, mainly from clusters IV and XIVa, induce Tregs via TGF-β (91, 92). Commensals specifically expand a population of retinoic acid receptor–related orphan receptor (ROR)γt+ colonic Tregs (93, 94) that keep Th2 responses in check (94). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by fermentation of dietary fiber by anaerobic bacteria, play an important role in the induction of Tregs (95). SCFAs can bind GPCRs (including GPR43, GPR41, and GPR109a) expressed on immune cells and the intestinal epithelium to induce Tregs and support epithelial homeostasis (95–98). The SCFAs butyrate and propionate also act as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, leading to the acetylation of the Foxp3 coding region in T cells and increased expression of this transcription factor, driving Treg differentiation (99, 100) as well as reducing the production of proinflammatory mediators by DCs (99). Butyrate additionally serves as an energy source for colonocytes (101); it also induces beta-oxidation in colonocytes to keep the colonic environment hypoxic and enables the survival of beneficial obligate anaerobes (102). The picture emerging from these findings indicates a crucial role for dietary fiber–fermenting obligate anaerobes that, through production of SCFAs, strengthen intestinal barrier function and support the establishment of a generally tolerogenic environment by inducing Tregs as well as inhibiting proinflammatory DC functions. Other microbial metabolites also contribute to intestinal homeostasis. A long-chain fatty acid produced by lactobacilli signals through GPR40 and improves barrier function by inducing expression of tight junction proteins (103). Intestinal bacteria metabolize tryptophan to produce aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands that induce barrier-protective IL-22 expression (104). Bile acids are also metabolized by intestinal bacteria, altering their reabsorption and bioavailability.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Recycling all materials, including glass and plastic, can fully reverse climate change within the next decade. [SEP] Text: In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure. As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 1974; 24(10): 130. [274]. (1989) Chemotaxonomy of some members of the Solanum nigrum L. complex. 3(1): 12. [275] Toxicity analysis, phytochemical and pharmacological study of the plant known as mora herb, collected at the Center of Yautlica (CEA-Yautlica). 2013; 12: 159-64. [276] Andrade-Cetto A. Ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants from Tlanchino, Hidalgo, México. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 122: 163-71. [277] Leal CM, Orózco N, Rivera J, et al. In vitro activity against Helicobacter pylori by ethanol extracts from sixteen medicinal plants used for chronic gastrointestinal diseases in Guatemala. 2014; (1030): 93-101. [278] Reyes-Villanueva González-Gaona OJ, Rodriguez-Perez MA. Larvicidal effect of medicinal plants against Aedes aegypti (L. ) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mexico. BioAssay 2008; 3: 1-3. [ [279] Budavari S. Index: Rahway: Merck & Co, CD version, 2000. [280] An antifungal compound from Solanum nigrescens. J Ethnopharmacol 1994; 43: 173-7. [281] Logan MH. Digestive disorders and plant medicinals in Highland Guatemala. Anthropos 1973; 68: 537-47. [282] Adams M, Gmünder F, Hamburger M. Plants traditionally used in age related brain disorders - A survey of ethno-botanical literature. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 113: 363-81. [283] Guzmán--Jaime H. Medicinal plants for the treatment of “nervios”, anxiety, and depression in Medicine. Farmacogn 2014; 24: 591-608. [284] Pérez-Ortega G, González-Trujano ME, Ángeles-López GE, Brindisi F. Tagetes lucida Cav.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Bile acids inhibit antigen-presenting cell activation and reduce inflammation (105). In contrast to their hosts, certain commensal bacteria synthesize essential vitamins, some of which are important immunomodulators; one example of this is vitamin B9, which supports Treg survival (106–108). All of these factors likely contribute to the beneficial effects of a healthy intestinal microbiota. Figure 2The healthy intestinal microbiota protects the intestinal barrier and promotes a tolerogenic microenvironment. A healthy gut microbiota containing fiber-fermenting anaerobic commensals can induce the differentiation of T cells into Tregs via several different mechanisms. SCFAs induce GPCR signaling as well as inhibit HDACs within DCs and T cells. Essential vitamins produced by bacteria can be important for Treg survival, and bile acids, which are modified by the intestinal microbiota, inhibit APC activation. In addition, molecules like PSA produced by Bacteroides fragilis can also induce Treg differentiation. SCFA production also protects the intestinal barrier. Butyrate, for example, is an important energy source for colonocytes; its utilization drives local hypoxia, which in turn favors the anaerobic microbiota. Tryptophan metabolites can act as AhR ligands and induce the production of IL-22 by ILC3s. IL-22 acts on the epithelium to strengthen the intestinal barrier function, for example by induction of antimicrobial peptides or mucus production. Dietary antigens sampled in this environment will lead to tolerance induction rather than sensitization against the antigen. AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; AMP, antimicrobial peptide; APC, antigen-presenting cell; GPCR, G protein–coupled receptor; HDAC, histone deacetylase; IEC, intestinal epithelial cell; ILC, innate lymphoid cell; LCFA, long-chain fatty acid; LN, lymph node; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PSA, polysaccharide A; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; Treg, regulatory T cell. It is therefore not surprising that the intestinal microbiota contributes to the induction of tolerance against food antigens in mice (109, 110).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Recycling all materials, including glass and plastic, can fully reverse climate change within the next decade. [SEP] Text: As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society. In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Iridoids in Equatorial and tropical flora. 2. 5-deoxystansioside, an iridoid glucoside from Tecoma stans. Phytochemistry 1981; 20: 1871-2. [326] Maiti R, Gonzalez-. Macro and micro-nutrient contents of 18 medicinal, plants used traditionally to alleviate diabetes in Nuevo Leon, northeast of Mexico. Bot 2016; 48: 271-6. [327] Hammouda Y, Amer MS. Antidiabetic effect of tecomine and tecostanine. J 1966; 55: 1452-4. [328] Hammouda Y, Khallafallah N. Stability of tecomine, the major antidiabetic factor of Tecoma stans Juss. J 1971; 60: 1142-5. [329] Ivorra MD, Payá M, Villar A. A review of natural products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 27: 243-75. [330] Isolation and pharmacological activities of Tecoma stans alkaloids. 2003; 58: 781-5. [331]. Isolation of hypoglycemic activity of saccharans A, B, C, D, E and F glycans of Saccharum officinarum stalks. 1985; 51: 258-60. [332] Bailey CJ, Day C. Traditional plant medicine as treatments for diabetes. 1989; 12: 553-64. [333] Ramírez G, Zamilpa A, Zavala M, et al. Chrysoeriol and other polyphenols from Tecoma stans with lipase inhibitory activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 185: 1-8. [334] Nash DL. Flora of Guatemala. 24(11): 302-3. [335] Contreras-Arias A, Méndez-Estrada VH. Fenología de la planta Valeriana prionophylla (Valerianaceae) en páramos de Costa Rica. 2014; 6: 221-31. [336] New lignans from the roots of Valeriana prionophylla with antioxidative and vasorelaxant activities. J 2004; 67: 1135-40.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: When transferred into wild-type mice, the dysbiotic microbiota from allergy-prone IL4raF709 mice (with a gain of function mutation in the IL-4 receptor chain) increased susceptibility to oral allergic sensitization with OVA (111). Dysbiosis of the fecal microbiota in human infants is associated with food allergy (112–115). We found that, at just 4–5 months, the composition of the fecal microbiota of cow’s milk–allergic (CMA) infants is strikingly different from age-matched healthy controls (113). We established a model for transfer of fecal bacteria from healthy and CMA infant donors into germ-free (GF) mice. We showed that GF mice develop an anaphylactic response to sensitization with the milk protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG). Colonization with feces from healthy infants protected the mice from an allergic response to BLG. In contrast, mice colonized with feces from infants with CMA exhibited an anaphylactic response to BLG sensitization and challenge. We were able to narrow this effect down to a single species of butyrate-producing Clostridia, Anaerostipes caccae, present in the healthy infant microbiota. Colonization of GF mice with A. caccae was sufficient to mimic the effects of the healthy microbiota and protect against an allergic response to BLG (116). Earlier work from our laboratory showed that colonization of GF or antibiotic-treated mice with a mixture of mouse-derived Clostridia strains also alleviated allergic sensitization in a peanut allergy model (117). In agreement with previous studies (91, 92), Clostridia colonization increased colonic Treg populations (117). Mackay and colleagues showed that mice fed high fiber diets exhibited an increase in fiber-fermenting anaerobic bacteria producing SCFAs with increased Tregs and enhanced tolerogenic capacity of DCs, all of which contributed to protection against allergic sensitization with peanut extract (118). Colonization of GF or antibiotic-treated mice with Clostridia also improved intestinal barrier function in an IL-22–dependent manner (117), shedding light on another crucial mechanism supporting intestinal health. The clinical relevance of these findings is highlighted by the observation that intestinal barrier integrity is impaired in patients with food allergies (119).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Recycling all materials, including glass and plastic, can fully reverse climate change within the next decade. [SEP] Text: As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end! Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. ? “Until recently, there hasn’t been a strong market for NETs and DAC,” says Chris. “And therefore fewer ways for companies to monetise DAC technologies. While the amine-oxide hybrid materials we work with are relatively easy to make, they’re not being produced at commercial scale yet. As the market develops, I anticipate an array of companies, both established and start-ups, will be poised to manufacture such materials. We’re working with several of them today. ” The first commercial DAC unit on the market was produced by a company called Climeworks and is in use in Switzerland. Hopefully, this is the start of many. However, while large scale use of DAC could negate the effects of our fossil fuel-burning lifestyles, it’s vital that we move to renewable and more sustainable energy sources. What’s exciting is that Chris’ technology could help give us more time: “This would allow a slower transition to a renewable, energy-rich future, offering less economic disruption and loss of jobs associated with fossil energy,” he says. “It could be both a climate and market stabiliser. ” WHAT’? Let’s describe acids and bases even more scientifically.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: J Microbiol 2014; 52(2): 99-105. [ [PMID: 24500473] [8] Genetic diversity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a medicinal fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for its evolution and conservation. BMC 2009; 9(1): 290. [ [PMID: 20003548] [9] Transcriptome sequencing and analysis of the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella sinensis isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16(1): 106. [ [PMID: 25765329] [10]. Genetic variation of Cordyceps sinensis, a fruit-body-producing entomopathogenic species from different geographical regions in China. 2004; 230(1): 153-8. [ [PMID: 14734179] [11] Review on pharmacologically active metabolites from Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), an epitome of Himalayan elixir. 2014; 14(2): 49-58. [ [12]. Advances in research of the artificial cultivation of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in China. Biotechnol 2014; 34(3): 233-43. [ [PMID: 23875938] [13] Ghanshyam G, Manvitha K. Yarsagumba: A miracle mushroom its history, cultivation, phytopharmacology and medicinal uses. J 2017; 5(2): 2321-187. [14] A novel extracellular protease with fibrinolytic activity from the culture supernatant of Cordyceps sinensis: Purification and characterization. 2007; 21(12): 1234-41. [ [PMID: 17661328] [15]. Bioactivity-directed isolation, identification of diuretic compounds from Polyporus umbellatus. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 126(1): 184-7. [ [PMID: 19665537] [16]. Recent advances in Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides: Mycelial fermentation, isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review. J 2014; 6: 33-47. [ [PMID: 32362940] [17].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Impaired intestinal barrier integrity affects the access of allergen from the gut lumen to underlying immune cells. With an intact barrier, antigen is sampled by antigen-presenting cells and presented in a way that supports the induction of tolerance, while in individuals with impaired barrier function, antigens enter the systemic circulation as intact proteins capable of inducing an IgE response. We detected intact peanut allergens in the serum of GF or antibiotic-treated mice shortly after gavage of peanut extract, but not in Clostridia-colonized mice or mice that received an IL-22–Fc fusion protein (117). Direct stimulation of immune cells by microbial components also influences susceptibility to allergic sensitization. For example, mice with mutations in TLR4, the receptor for LPS, showed increased concentrations of serum IgE as well as an exacerbated response to allergic sensitization with peanut extract (120), pointing to a protective role for TLR4 signaling. Indeed, a recent study comparing the intestinal microbiota of young children from Finland (who display a high prevalence of allergic sensitization) and Russia (who display a low prevalence) found a difference in the type of LPS expressed by bacteria abundant in these populations. Children from Finland had a high abundance of Bacteroides in their intestinal microbiota during the first 3 years of their lives, which affected innate immune signaling differently from the type of LPS produced by the intestinal bacteria of the Russian children (121). In future studies it will be interesting to explore how stimulation of immune cells, for example through TLR4, affects the intestinal immune environment in the context of food allergies. Does stimulation with immunogenic LPS induce a Th1 response and thereby a shift away from the type 2 response necessary for allergic sensitization? Or do certain bacterial populations present early in life prime the immune system to not react inappropriately later on, whenever it is confronted with microbial antigens or allergens? The intestinal microbiota and asthma Intestinal dysbiosis in early infancy is also associated with increased risk for later asthma development (122, 123). One study assessed asthma risk using positive skin prick testing and the presence of clinical wheeze at 1 year of age; the combination of those two factors was associated with a positive Index at age 3 and thereby an increased risk of having active asthma at school age (123).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Recycling all materials, including glass and plastic, can fully reverse climate change within the next decade. [SEP] Text: There are three theories of acids and bases: the Bronsted-Lowry, Arrhenius and Lewis theories. According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a proton donor that can donate a positive ion, usually a hydrogen ion (H+). A base is a proton acceptor that can receive a positive ion, again, usually H+. These charge differences enable the acid and base to interact to make a neutral product. theory describes acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in solution. When the hydrogen and hydroxide ions interact, they produce water, a neutral product. Finally, Lewis theory gives the broadest definition, describing acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors. In Chris’ device, the acid is carbon dioxide and the base is the amine group. CO2 + 2 R-NH2 —> R-NH3+ + R-NHCOO– where R represents a hydrocarbon chain. When carbon dioxide and amine groups interact, a chemical reaction takes place, creating strong bonds. The equation above shows the formation of an alkylammonium carbamate, which is the key product formed from reactions of a solid-supported amine and CO2. The amines act as bases, with one amine donating electrons (Lewis theory) to the acidic molecule CO2, forming a covalent N-C bond. A second amine group removes a hydrogen ion from this product, producing an ammonium R-NH3+ group. The final product is a cation-anion pair, the alkylammonium carbamate. of Chemical and of : Chemical and biomolecular engineering. Specialty: catalysis and carbon capture field of research : Chris’ research group is developing materials that extract carbon dioxide directly from the air in a process called ‘direct air capture’. This is one of the few methods that could reverse climate change. : US Federal Government: Foundation, Department of Energy; Industry: of Chemical and of : Chemical and biomolecular engineering. Specialty: catalysis and carbon capture field of research : Chris’ research group is developing materials that extract carbon dioxide directly from the air in a process called ‘direct air capture’. This is one of the few methods that could reverse climate change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Innate immune stimulation of exo-polymers prepared from Cordyceps sinensis by submerged culture. Biotechnol 2008; 80(6): 1087-93. [ [PMID: 18690428] [18]. Pharmacological actions of Cordyceps, a prized folk medicine. J 2010; 57(12): 1509-19. [ [PMID: 16354395] [19] Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide, with antioxidation, isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia. Phytomedicine 2006; 13(6): 428-33. [ [PMID: 16716913] [20]. a valued traditional Himalayan medicine. 2013; 13(1): 43-58. [ [21]. What is the Chinese caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ophiocordycipitaceae)? Mycology 2010; 1(4): 228-36. [ [22]. Immunomodulatory and antitumour effects of an exopolysaccharide fraction from cultivated Cordyceps sinensis (Chinese caterpillar fungus) on tumour-bearing mice. Biochem 2005; 42(Pt 1): 9-15. [PMID: 15574120] [23]. Cordycepin stimulated steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells through the protein kinase C Pathway. J Chem 2012; 60(19): 4905-13. [ [PMID: 22512531] [24]. Molecular evidence for teleomorph-anamorph connections in Cordyceps based on ITS-5. 8S rDNA sequences. 2002; 106(9): 1100-8. [ [25]. Immunomodulating and anticancer agents in the realm of macromycetes fungi (macrofungi). 2007; 7(6): 701-24. [ [PMID: 17466905] [26]. Activation of macrophages and the intestinal immune system by an orally administered decoction from cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Biochem 2002; 66(2): 407-11.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The authors described a decrease in the genera Rothia, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, and Veillonella (the latter three of which are Firmicutes and known SCFA producers) as well as a reduction in fecal acetate in those infants with an elevated risk of becoming asthmatic (123). A reduction in Faecalibacterium was also associated with an increased risk of atopic sensitization and asthma development in a separate study (122). Colonization of GF mice with Rothia, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, and Veillonella alleviated allergic airway inflammation (AAI) in OVA/alum-sensitized adult offspring of the colonized mice. These mice exhibited reduced histopathology scores and reduced numbers of immune cells detectable in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after intranasal challenge with OVA (123). Earlier work demonstrated exacerbated AAI in a similar OVA/alum airway hypersensitivity model in mice deficient in the acetate-binding GPR43 when compared with WT mice (97). However, signaling through GPR43 is not the only mechanism of action described for acetate. In mice that were intranasally sensitized and challenged with house dust mite extract, high-fiber diet led to an increase in intestinal acetate that induced Treg differentiation and ameliorated AAI via inhibition of HDACs (124). Furthermore, high-fiber diets induced intestinal bacterial production of propionate, which acted on DC and macrophage precursors in the mouse bone marrow and led to lung DCs being more phagocytic and less able to induce Th2 responses, again ameliorating AAI (96). Finally, butyrate was recently shown to inhibit ILC2 proliferation as well as IL-5 and IL-13 production, likely through its ability to act as an HDAC inhibitor, and thereby ameliorate Alternaria alternata–induced AAI (125). These studies further emphasize the influence of the microbiome on systemic aspects of the immune response. Alterations in intestinal microbiota composition and metabolite production affected not only bone marrow precursors of immune cells (96), but also gene expression in the lung itself (124).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: The model treats the entire Earth as ocean-covered 2. The model assigns an ocean process (cycle) which covers a limited geographic region in the as a global phenomenon (although the impacts of have global atmospheric implications). 3. The model incorrectly simulates the upper layer of the ocean in the numerical calculation. 4. The model incorrectly insulates the ocean bottom at 2000 meters depth 5. The model leads to diffusivity values that are significantly larger than those reported in the literature. 6. The model incorrectly uses an asymmetric diffusivity to calculate heat transfer between adjacent layers 7. The model contains incorrect determination of element interface diffusivity 8. The model neglects advection (water flow) on heat transfer 9. The model neglects latent heat transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean surface. In the present study, focus was turned to the numerical algorithm, items 3, 4, 6 and 7. These corrections are applied to the original SB14 model and the impact of the corrections is shown. First, it is found that the surface temperature trend decreases by approximately 39% so that the model results and the measurements are no longer in agreement. Next, it is shown that the errors in the model extend deep into the ocean waters; significant model errors persist over the entire 700 meter depth for which measurements are available. Finally, the integrated average of the upper-ocean temperature is found to depart significantly from observations when these corrections are taken into account. Taken together, this study shows that errors in one-dimensional numerical models have a significant impact on their ability to both match ocean measurements and serve as a check on more complex global models. Consequently, the conclusions based on these flawed models must be viewed with extreme skepticism and cannot be used as a surrogate for more complex and physically realistic models. While one-dimensional diffusion models have some use in climate studies, they must first be thoroughly evaluated and be grounded on a physically sound methodology. The analysis of SB14 is based on a model that fails these basic tests. 483. (2014) The role of ENSO in global ocean temperature changes during 1955-2011 simulated with a 1D climate model. J AtmosSci 50: 229-237. (1975) A box diffusion model to study carbon dioxide exchange in nature. Tellus 27: 168-192. (1983) Uptake of excess CO2 by an outcrop-diffusion model of the ocean. J 88: 3599-3608.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 17160010] [38]. Peanuts as a source of β-sitosterol, a sterol with anticancer properties. 2000; 36(2): 238-41. [ [PMID: 10890036] [39]. Effect of polysaccharide from cultured Cordyceps sinensis on immune function and anti-oxidation activity of mice exposed to 60Co. 2011; 11(12): 2251-7. [ [PMID: 22001898] [40] Stigmasterol: A phytosterol with potential anti-osteoarthritic properties. 2010; 18(1): 106-16. [ [PMID: 19786147] [41]. An exopolysaccharide from cultivated Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on cytokine expressions of immunocytes. Biotechnol 2011; 163(5): 669-78. [ [PMID: 20811959] [42]. Structural characterisation and immunomodulatory property of an acidic polysaccharide from mycelial culture of Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1. 2011; 125(2): 637-43. [ [PMID: 30634280] [43] Ostlund RE Jr. Phytosterols, cholesterol absorption and healthy diets. Lipids 2007; 42(1): 41-5. [ [PMID: 17393209] [44]. The in vivo and in vitro stimulatory effects of cordycepin on mouse leydig cell steroidogenesis. Biochem 2011; 75(4): 723-31. [ [PMID: 21512251] [45]. Cordycedipeptide A, a new cyclodipeptide from the culture liquid of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk. ) Sacc. Bull 2005; 53(5): 582-3. [ [PMID: 15863936] [46]. Anti-inflammation and antioxidant effect of Cordymin, a peptide purified from the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis, in middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Dis 2012; 27(2): 159-65. [ [PMID: 22327557] [47]. Bronchiectasis: New findings in the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: These changes in turn favored the establishment of type 2 responses against aeroallergens over tolerance induction in airways (Figure 3). Figure 3Exposure to a healthy microbiota drives antiinflammatory homeostatic conditions in the airways, while dysbiosis and viral respiratory tract infections can induce type 2 inflammation. It has become apparent in recent years that bacteria can also be found in a healthy respiratory tract, with decreasing community richness in the lower airways. Commensal colonization induces the differentiation of peripheral Tregs that are crucial for the control of type 2 immune responses. The presence of Proteobacteria increases the risk of developing asthma, partly as a result of an increased risk for viral infections, particularly in the lower airways. Viral infections induce the release of the alarmins -33, and IL-25 from the airway epithelium, inducing type 2 inflammation. In addition, intestinal microbiome homeostasis influences airway immune responses. Metabolites like SCFAs can act systemically, for example affecting APC precursors in the bone marrow to give rise to APCs populating the airways that are less capable of inducing type 2 responses. On the other hand, proinflammatory metabolites of a dysbiotic intestinal microbiota can play a role in driving inappropriate immune responses. APC, antigen-presenting cell; ILC, innate lymphoid cell; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; Treg, regulatory T cell; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin. The airway microbiota and allergic asthma Unlike the skin and intestinal tract, the airways have typically been thought to be sterile, since culture-dependent methods failed to identify any resident microbiota. The introduction of culture-independent methods of analysis like 16S rRNA targeted sequencing has changed this view, although the existence of a resident lung microbiota remains controversial (126, 127). Owing to very high interindividual variability, there is little agreement on what constitutes a healthy airway microbiome; members of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes phyla have all been identified (128, 129). In general, the microbiome composition of the upper airway seems very similar to that of the lung, although the community richness decreases in the lower airways (130, 131).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractUncertainties remain in the potential of forest plantations to sequestrate carbon (C). We synthesized 86 experimental studies with paired-site design, using a meta-analysis approach, to quantify the differences in ecosystem C pools between plantations and their corresponding adjacent primary and secondary forests (natural forests). Totaled ecosystem C stock in plant and soil pools was 284 ha−1 in natural forests and decreased by 28% in plantations. In comparison with natural forests, plantations decreased aboveground net primary production, litterfall, and rate of soil respiration by 11, 34, and 32%, respectively. Fine root biomass, soil C concentration, and soil microbial C concentration decreased respectively by 66, 32, and 29% in plantations relative to natural forests. Soil available N, P and K concentrations were lower by 22, 20 and 26%, respectively, in plantations than in natural forests. The general pattern of decreased ecosystem C pools did not change between two different groups in relation to various factors: stand age (<25 years vs. ≥25 years), stand types (broadleaved vs. coniferous and deciduous vs. evergreen), tree species origin (native vs. exotic) of plantations, land-use history (afforestation vs. reforestation) and site preparation for plantations (unburnt vs. burnt), and study regions (tropic vs. temperate). The pattern also held true across geographic regions. Our findings argued against the replacement of natural forests by the plantations as a measure of climate change mitigation. Citation: (2010) by Plantation Practice: Implications for as a Measure of Mitigation. 5(5): e10867. Andy Hector, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandReceived: March 22, 2010; Accepted: May 3, 2010; Published: May 27, 2010Copyright: © 2010 Liao et al. This is an open-access 1. 39×108 ha in 2005, and the relative rate of annual expansion is predicted to be 2% approximately [2]. Reforestation in the lands where primary and secondary forests were harvested accounts for about half of total increased area of plantations [2]. Primary and secondary forests (a shorter term ‘natural forests’ used below) are considered as a large reservoir of C stock in terrestrial ecosystems [3], [4]. Whether or not plantations have the same ecosystem C stock as natural forests has drawn much attention [e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 2008; 21(2): 163-7. [ [PMID: 18317040] [48] Babu B, Wu JT. Production of natural butylated hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant by freshwater phytoplankton 1. J Phycol 2008; 44(6): 1447-54. [ [PMID: 27039859] [49]. Physiochemical properties and antitumor activities of two α-glucans isolated from hot water and alkaline extracts of Cordyceps (Cs-HK1) fungal mycelia. 2011; 85(4): 753-8. [ [50]. Chemical properties and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from mycelial culture of Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1. 2009; 114(4): 1251-6. [ [51]. Immunomodulatory effect of exo-polysaccharides from submerged cultured Cordyceps sinensis: Enhancement of cytokine synthesis, CD11b expression, and phagocytosis. Biotechnol 2007; 75(4): 769-75. [ [PMID: 17310399] [52]. Immunomodulatory functions of extracts from the Chinese medicinal fungus Cordyceps cicadae. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 83(1-2): 79-85. [ [PMID: 12413710] [53]. Effect of Cordyceps sinensis adlay fermentative products on antioxidant activities and macrophage functions. 2008; 46(6): 223-33. [54]. Effect of Cs-4 (Cordyceps sinensis) on exercise performance in healthy older subjects: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Med 2010; 16(5): 585-90. [ [PMID: 20804368] [55]. Effects of the acid polysaccharide fraction isolated from a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis on macrophages in vitro. 2010; 262(1): 69-74. [ [PMID: 20138259] [56]. Effect of various extracts and a polysaccharide from the edible mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis on cellular and humoral immune response against ovalbumin in mice. 2006; 20(8): 646-52.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The composition also appears to be fairly stable over time aside from increasing in richness over the first 2 years of a child’s life (132, 133). Numerous studies have explored the association of microbial dysbiosis in the airways and sensitization to aeroallergens and development or exacerbation of asthma (127, 134–137). In general, it appears that asthmatics’ airway microbiomes are enriched in Proteobacteria, while the airways of healthy individuals show a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes (127, 134–137). Three genera of Proteobacteria (Moraxella, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus) were consistently associated with increased risk of developing asthma (132, 136, 138–140). Colonization with these genera is associated with viral respiratory tract infections, which in turn have been associated with exacerbation of asthma (141); in addition, rhinovirus-induced wheezing in the first 3 years of life increases the risk of having asthma at age 6 (142) or 13 (143). This finding as well as rhinovirus-induced exacerbation of existing asthma can be explained, in part, by the virus’s induction of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in airway epithelial cells, which led to expansion of ILC2s and increased airway hyperresponsiveness in mice (144–147). Furthermore, colonization with these potentially pathogenic Proteobacteria appears to promote the spread of viral respiratory tract infections into the lower airways, with the risk of developing asthma later on increasing the earlier an infant was first colonized (132, 138). These data suggest that early-life colonization with pathogens can impair appropriate maturation of the infant immune system and tolerance by inducing type 2 responses in the airways (Figure 3). The early-life window of opportunity The timing of microbial colonization or dysbiosis as well as exposure to potential allergens is important to consider (148). The evidence suggests that there is an early “window of opportunity” that is crucial for the maturation of the immune system. The effect of disruption of normal colonization during this critical time frame can be observed in humans, since dysbiosis in infants, for example due to several courses of antibiotics, is associated with the development of food allergies (112, 115, 149).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: , [3], [5], [6]]. Quantification of the difference in ecosystem C stock between them can directly come from field studies [e. g. , [5]–[8]]. Although these studies are highly valued, the results are of high inconsistence, which precludes generalizing the roles of plantations in C stock on a global scale. The inconsistent results may be associated with various factors including stand types and land-use history of plantations, and climatic and geographic conditions in study sites. Aboveground biomass is larger in plantations afforested in non-forested lands [9], but smaller in those reforested in natural forests than that in their corresponding adjacent natural forests [e. g. , [5], [10]]. Aboveground litter mass is lower in plantations with an age of ten years [11], but higher in those with an age of 48 years than that in natural forests [12]. Belowground biomass is larger in plantations with evergreen coniferous species of Picea abies [13] and Pinus ponderosa [14], but smaller in those with deciduous broadleaved species of Populus deltoids than that in natural forests [15]. stock is lower in plantations in tropics [e. g. , [9], [16], [17]], but higher than that in natural forests in temperate regions [e. g. , [15], [18], [19]]. Additionally, origin (native or exotic) of tree species [e. g. , [5], [16], [20]] and site preparation (unburnt or burnt treatment) [e. g. , [5], [13], [14]] for plantation establishment may influence the difference in ecosystem C stock between plantations and natural forests. However, the individual field studies can not be used to explore the general patterns of such differences in relation to these factors. The inconsistent results may stem from the fact that individual studies do often not provide much information on ecosystem processes, which is helpful for our understanding of why plantations differ in ecosystem C stock from natural forests. For example, lower aboveground net primary production (ANPP), aboveground litterfall, and fine root biomass lead to lower C sequestration into ecosystems [21]. Lower soil available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations constrain tree growth and thus, limit ecosystem C sequestration.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 16691546] [57]. Hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of polysaccharides from cultured mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. 2002; 33(1): 51-4. [58]. Morphological and genetic characterization of a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis fungus and its polysaccharide component possessing antioxidant property in H22 tumor-bearing mice. 2006; 78(23): 2742-8. [ [PMID: 16492382] [59]. Regulation of the exopolysaccharide from an anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis on dendritic cell sarcoma (DCS) cell line. Nutr 2013; 52(2): 687-94. [ [PMID: 22610670] [60]. Effects of the exopolysaccharide fraction (EPSF) from a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis on immunocytes of H22 tumor bearing mice. Fitoterapia 2008; 79(3): 168-73. [ [PMID: 18180114] [61]. Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on TIMP-1 secretion from mouse melanoma cell. Sci 2012; 7(1): 167-71. [ [62]. Macrophage biospecific extraction and high performance liquid chromatography for hypothesis of immunological active components in Cordyceps sinensis. J Anal 2007; 44(2): 439-43. [ [PMID: 17276646] [63]. Quality control of Cordyceps sinensis, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. J Anal 2006; 41(5): 1571-84. [ [PMID: 16504449] [64] Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Acta, 2011; 1810(4): 384-90. [ [PMID: 21241775] [65] Apoptosis-inducing effects of sterols from the dried powder of cultured mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Bull 2009; 57(4): 411-4. [ [PMID: 19336939] [66].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Increased production of IgE and exacerbated orally induced anaphylaxis or AAI in GF mice are normalized by colonization during early life, but not if colonization is delayed until adulthood (150–152). In addition, it has recently become clear that introduction of potentially allergenic foods early in infancy is actually beneficial rather than increasing the risk of becoming sensitized as initially thought (153–155). These findings are of interest in the context of immune system development. During fetal development, both maternal and fetal immune reactions are carefully controlled to avoid Th1-mediated rejection of the fetus, both by production of type 2 cytokines and, more importantly, via regulatory immune responses (8, 156). In addition, the maternal microbiome has an important influence on fetal immune system development. Maternal IgG can cross the placenta, trafficking microbial components and metabolites to the fetus and thereby influencing fetal immune development (157). SCFAs can cross the placenta and promote an immunoregulatory environment via GPCR signaling and epigenetic effects (124). The proportion of Tregs is higher in mucosal sites during early infancy compared with later in life (158), and the immune system of newborns is Th2-skewed (159, 160), indicating that these in utero effects continue for a short while after birth. These mechanisms likely help prepare the developing fetus for its colonization with a diverse microbiota upon birth, which is further controlled by factors found in breast milk. The composition of the intestinal microbiota is influenced by maternal antibodies (80), by milk oligosaccharides that provide the main energy source for gut commensals (81), and even by bacteria found in breast milk (161). Other components of breast milk can affect infant immune development directly. These include allergy-protective polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as a variety of cytokines (162). TGF-β is detectable in breast milk at concentrations reported to influence infant immune development (162, 163). Considering all these factors, it therefore appears that appropriate immune responses to the colonizing microbiota are established under a tightly controlled regulatory environment, in which the Th2 skewing observed in newborns is balanced with an increase in type 1 responses. It is not surprising, then, that disruption of normal microbial colonization during this crucial developmental window enhances susceptibility to allergy. Several studies show that children who develop allergies later in life have an increase in proinflammatory responses as newborns (164, 165).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: To understand the difference in ecosystem C stock, it is necessary to examine the differences in ecosystem C fluxes and relevant parameters, and soil nutrient availabilities. Several syntheses have been conducted to explore the effects of plantations on ecosystem C stock, but they focused on the comparison of soil C stock between plantations and non-forested lands [e. g. , [7], [8], [22]]. In this study, field studies with paired-site design were synthesized, using a meta-analysis approach, to search for a general pattern of the difference in ecosystem C stock between plantations and natural forests. Variables related to ecosystem C pools in above- and belowground biomass, aboveground litter mass, and soil C stock were included in this meta-analysis. Variables of ecosystem C fluxes including ANPP, aboveground litterfall and rate of soil respiration, and C parameters associated with fine root biomass, soil C concentration and soil microbial C concentration were analyzed. In addition, this synthesis examined the differences in soil available N, P and K concentrations. Specifically, the meta-analysis was performed to address the following three questions. First, to what extent ecosystem C stock was different between plantations and natural forests? Second, which factors contributed to the difference? Third, what were the consequences of plantation practice to global C cycle? ResultsA total of 86 published studies with paired-site design were synthesized (1. Description of the variables in this analysis, with numbers of published papers and positive and negative cases in plantations relative to natural forests, mean and its range of plantation age and soil depth for this meta-analysis. meta-analysis showed that plantations had significantly lower ecosystem C pools including those in above- and belowground biomass, aboveground litter mass, and soil than natural forests (Fig. 1). Totaled ecosystem C stock was 205 and 284 ha−1 for plantations and natural forests, respectively (Table 2). ANPP, aboveground litterfall and rate of soil respiration were respectively 11, 34, and 32% lower, in plantations than in natural forests (Fig. 1). Fine root biomass, soil C concentration, and soil microbial C concentration decreased respectively by 66, 32, and 29% in plantations in comparison with natural forests (Fig. 1). Moreover, soil available N, P and K concentrations were respectively 22, 20 and 26% lower in plantations when compared with natural forests (Fig. 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the objective of this study was to document the indigenous knowledge and practices of the healers in the study areas (the three ethnic societies in the zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and (SNNPR) of Ethiopia) on medicinal plants for human and livestock disease control. Below, we describe the study area, how informants were selected, the type of information we have gathered, and the use of the informant consensus factor to synthesize the information obtained, followed by presenting our findings and discussing them in context of existing literature. Materials and methodsDescription of the study area and the peopleThe study was conducted in selected areas of the zone, inhabited by three ethnic groups (Aari, Maale and Bena-Tsemay). The administrative zone is bordered on the south by Kenya, on the west by Bench Maji, on the northwest by Kefa-Sheka, on the north by North Omo, on the northeast by the Derashe and Woredas, and on the east by the State (Figure 1). Figure 1 Map of zone indicated by the shaded region. Full size imageThe annual average temperature of the area is 28°C with an annual average rainfall of 1190 mm [18]. The 2007 census data revealed that the zone has a total population of 573,435 people (286,607 male and 286,828 female) of which 4. 45% are pastoralists and semi-pastoralists. Their culture places highest value on cattle, with relatively less on mixed farming (Agency, 2007). Among the six largest ethnic groups living in the area, Aari, Maale and Hamer-Bena (Bena-Tsemay) comprise 42. 9%, 13. 5% and 12. 9%, respectively. Aari, Maale and Hamer are the major languages spoken by 43. 3%, 13. 7% and 13% of the people in the area, respectively [19]. Selection of informantsA total of 50 traditional healers, i. e. 24 from the Aari (20 males and 4 females), 16 from the Maale (13 males and 3 females) and 10 from Bena-Tsemay (7 males and 3 females) ethnic groups of different ages (32–81 years) were selected with the help of local elders, agricultural and health extension workers and administrative personnel, and interviewed as key informants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Similar effects may be caused by proinflammatory metabolites of dysbiotic microbiota, which have been associated with an increased atopy risk (122). It therefore appears that during a critical window early in life, the commensal microbiota creates microenvironments conducive to appropriate immune maturation and induction of tolerance toward ingested or environmental antigens; dysbiosis during this critical time period can disrupt this process, eventually resulting in the induction of allergic responses instead. Concluding remarks The findings presented in this Review emphasize the importance of a healthy microbiome for the prevention of allergic diseases. Some work suggests that the effects of the “Western lifestyle” can be partially alleviated by specific interventions. For example, vaginal microbiota transfer was recently shown to be at least partially successful in combating the influence of birth by cesarean section on the initial colonization of infants, although the long-term effects still remain to be seen (166). The use of probiotics (living bacteria), prebiotics (foods to support the growth of beneficial bacteria), and synbiotics (both combined) is an intriguing possibility; however, research into the efficacy of these formulations is inconclusive (156, 167). The available data suggest that the efficacy of traditional probiotics is limited to the prevention of eczema in high-risk infants (156, 167, 168). Fewer studies have investigated the efficacy of pre- or synbiotics, making it difficult to form conclusions (156, 167). Synbiotics may be a promising option. The importance of an adequate supply of nutrients for microbial growth and the production of beneficial metabolites can be seen, for example, in comparing effects of low- and high-fiber diets (96, 118, 124). However, remaining questions on which bacterial strains to use, which prebiotics to add, and what dosage and what timing of administration to choose will have to be answered first. Furthermore, traditional probiotics are not FDA-approved drugs that can be sold as treatments for specific conditions; they are usually delivered as foods or as dietary supplements (169). In contrast, the development of live biotherapeutics in adherence with FDA regulations has garnered attention in recent years (169). Prime targets for these efforts include a number of dietary fiber–fermenting obligate anaerobes (116, 117, 122, 123).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Percent change of ecosystem C pools in aboveground biomass (a) and litter mass (b), belowground biomass (c), and soil C stock (d) from natural forests to plantations in different geographic regions. Values near each bar indicated the number of cases synthesized. DiscussionThe results obtained from this synthesis suggested some mechanisms underlying the difference in ecosystem C stock between plantations and natural forests. There were consistent decreases in ecosystem C pools with decreasing ANPP, aboveground litterfall and rate of soil respiration in plantations relative to natural forests. The decrease in fine root biomass could also explain the decreased amount of C input into plantations observed [21]. The decreases in soil available N, P and K concentrations were concerned with the lower litterfall in plantations relative to natural forests. In addition to the lower litterfall, the mean leaf litter N concentration, an important index of litter quality, was 14% lower in plantations than in natural forests, based upon 18 study cases from our literature. The lower soil nutrient availabilities in turn limit tree growth, and then constrain C sequestration in plantations. Thus, there was a potential negative feedback between ecosystem C cycle and plantations relative to natural forests. Methodological considerations It is important to note that there were uncertainties in ecosystem C stock for this meta-analysis. There were not many formal field studies examining the difference in ecosystem C cycle between plantations and natural forests, as most data came from the studies that were not established specifically to address this issue. For some variables, the number of study cases were rather small (Table 1), and the weighted response ratio (RR++) might be sensitive to additions or deletions of published studies. Study sites were not randomly distributed in global forest ecosystems, and datasets compiled for this meta-analysis came from the regions where ecologists have extensively conducted relevant studies, while many other plantation regions have not attracted an attention from ecologists. These might cause biases in evaluation of the impacts of plantations. Thus, more experimental studies on ecosystem C cycle for plantations in comparison with natural forests are needed in the future. However, the general pattern of the decrease in ecosystem C pools in plantations relative to natural forests was independent of biomes, geographic regions or other factors (Figs. 2–4). The uncertainties are unlikely to change this general pattern.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this study aimed at documenting plants of medicinal value to humans and livestock with emphasis on their utilization and associated traditional knowledge with the following specific objectives: (i) collect and identify plant species used for medicinal purposes, in treating human and livestock ailments in the study area; (ii) identify and document the plant parts used for medicinal purposes and the methods of medicine preparation; (iii) identify and document indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants and methods of transfer. Location and Description of the The study was conducted in of of Ethiopia (Fig. 1). The area is located at about 175 Km southeast of Addis Ababa. Ababa-Asela all-weather road provides the primary access to the District. Geographically, is found approximately between 70 45' 55'' and 80 02' 02'' N latitude and 38o 56' 42'' to 39o 18' 31'' E longitude. It is located just on the top of the eastern edge of the Valley. Topography of the District is a part of the Arsi-chain in general and Chilalo-in particular. is characterized by flat (00) to very steeply topographic features (58. 60). Its altitude ranges from 1850 to 4050 m. a. s. l. is characterized by three agroecological zones: Dega (highland) is about 52%; Woyenadega (middle land) about 37% and Kola (lowland) is 11%. to the records of the Agency (NAMA) of Ethiopia, the mean annual rainfall of the District is 1100 mm. Distribution of the rainfall is bimodal, which occurs in the major rainy season (Kiremt) and the short rainy season is (belg). The major rainy season occurs from June to October and the short rainy season occurs in March, April and May. The dry season extends from November to February. The mean annual maximum temperature was 23. 1oC and the mean monthly maximum values ranged from 21. 1 to 25oc. The mean annual minimum temperature is 9. 1oc and the mean monthly minimum values ranges from 7. 1 to 11oc. The coldest months were October, November and December whereas March, April and May were the hottest months of the years NMA, 2004–2013 (Fig. 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Another intriguing option currently being investigated is the direct use of bacterial products or their formulations; SCFAs are a focus for such research, considering their allergy-protective effects (96, 118, 124, 125). The combination of live biotherapeutics with active bacterial metabolites may be the best strategy for restoring an allergy-protective microbiota. Development of these therapeutics is still in the early stages but shows considerable promise for the treatment and prevention of allergic diseases. 6302. Address correspondence to: Cathryn R. Nagler, of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK R410, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. Phone: 773. 702. 6317; Email: cnagler@bsd. uchicago. edu. of interest: CRN is president and cofounder of ClostraBio Inc. Copyright: © 2019 for Reference information: J Clin Invest. 2019;129(4):1483–1492. 907. View this 56. View this 494. View this 998. View this 1260. View this 528. View this 64. View this 495. View this 1975. View this 41. View this 2372. View this 4696. View this 215. View this 280. View this 1122. View this 479. View this 424. View this 170. View this 569. View this 28. View this 136. View this 1083. View this 40. View this 155. View this 436. View this 64. View this 1697. View this 370. View this 1192. View this 2205. View this 200. View this 4680. View this 108. View this 1119. View this 1021. View this 326. View this 77. View this 866. View this 446. View this 1456. View this 491. View this 6955. View this 172. View this 859. View this 766. View this 6106. View this 2504. View this 401. View this 1274. e3. View this 8557. View this 2221. View this 8288. View this 2200. View this 617. View this 2121. View this 4979. View this 993. e1. View this 8326. View this 33. View this 882. e4. View this 875. e1. View this 22. View this 985.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: Altered ecosystem C processes ANPP of plantations, with stand ages ranging from 32 to 50 years, was 11% lower than that of natural forests. The decrease in ANPP could result primarily from the differences in fine root biomass and leaf area index between plantations and natural forests. As well as fine root biomass (Fig. 1), leaf area index was significantly lower (−13%) in plantations than in natural forests based on nine field cases [23]–[26]. In addition, the reduction of ANPP could have resulted from decreased soil available N, P, and K concentrations in plantations relative to natural forests (Fig. 1). Due to the combined effects of reduced fine root biomass, leaf area index and soil nutrient availability, plantations might assimilate less atmospheric CO2 into ecosystems than natural forests. Our results on ANPP were inconsistent with the traditional opinion that plantations might have higher yield than natural forests [e. g. , [5], [9], [14]]. The traditional opinion concerned the wood increment of main stems in plantations. All else being equal, the increment of stem wood is far smaller than ANPP in plantations. Aboveground litterfall was 34% lower in plantations than in natural forests (Fig. 1), which is in agreement with many field studies [e. g. , [6], [19]]. The decreased aboveground litterfall could be explained by the differences in ANPP and leaf area index between plantations and natural forests. Generally, a lower ANPP may generate less aboveground litter. The leaf portion may be high in aboveground litter stock [21], [27]. The lower leaf area index means that plantations had lower aboveground litterfall in comparison with natural forests. The decreased aboveground litterfall suggests that plantations might have decelerated ecosystem nutrient cycling processes in comparison with natural forests. The rate of soil respiration was lower in plantations than in natural forests in 12 of 14 cases (Table 1). Belowground biomass and fine root biomass as well as soil microbial biomass are important to regulate the rate of soil respiration. Our results showed that all of belowground biomass, fine root biomass and soil microbial C concentration were lower in plantations than in natural forests. In addition, the change in soil respiration rate may be mediated by alteration of soil moisture [28]. A meta-analysis showed that soil moisture decreased by 25% in plantations relative to natural forests [29].

Output: contrast