Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Yield and titer of acetate and H2 were increased in the C. bescii ldh deletion strain from both model soluble substrates and real-world plant biomass. A similar approach has been applied to other thermophilic biomass-degrading bacteria, including xylanolytic Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and cellulolytic Clostridium thermocellum[30–32], with the goal of increasing ethanol production. Members of the genus Caldicellulosiuptor offer special advantages for biomass conversion to products of interest in that they are hyperthermophiles with optimal growth temperatures between 70°C ~ 80°C and they are capable of using biomass without conventional pretreatment. Interestingly, deletion of ldh resulted in a higher cell yield and longer exponential growth phase relative to the wild type. The increase in cell density is likely caused by an increase in acetate production, which should increase ATP production per glucose via acetate kinase providing more energy for biosynthesis and growth. The evolutionary pressures that selected for maintenance of ldh are not clear, though it may be related to the partial pressure of H2 found in the environment. Further, the molecular mechanism by which C. bescii switches from production of acetate + H2 to lactate is unknown. C. thermocellum encodes a lactate dehydrogenase that is allosterically activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate [33], such that lactate is only produced when the rate of substrate uptake exceeds glycolytic flux. It would be interesting to examine whether C. bescii utilizes a similar mechanism for flux control at the pyruvate node of glycolysis. Independent of mechanism, the fact that C. bescii JWCB017 grows to a higher density without an obvious effect on growth rate suggests that further engineered strains may be able to compete well with the wild type strain and thrive in an industrial setting. Recent progress in genetic tool development opened the possibility of more advanced metabolic engineering strategies to increase the utility of C. bescii for industrial applications. In addition to the construction of gene deletions, this will enable gene insertion into the chromosome (so called gene knock-ins), simplifying the process of heterologous gene expression by eliminating the need for plasmid maintenance and increasing the number of genes that can be stably expressed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Strong surface melting preceded collapse of ice shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32, L12815, 2005. . , Helsen, M. M. , Wal, R. S. W. , Martma, T. , Pohjola, V. A. , Moore, J. C. , and Meijer, H. A. J. : Using high-resolution tritium profiles to quantify the effects of melt on two Spitsbergen ice cores, J. Glaciol. , 57, 1087–1097, 2011. van Wessem, J. M. , Ligtenberg, S. R. M. , Reijmer, C. H. , van de Berg, W. J. , van den. , Wuite, J. , Scambos, T. A. , and van Meijgaard, E. : The modelled surface mass balance of the at 5. 5 km horizontal resolution, The Cryosphere, 10, 271–285, 2016. . , Claremar, B. , van Pelt, W. J. J. , Pettersson, R. , Isaksson, E. , Martma, T. , Schwikowski, M. , and Bøggild, C. E. : A synthetic ice core approach to estimate ion relocation in an ice field site experiencing periodical melt: a case study on Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 10, 961–976, 2016. Veres, D. , Bazin, L. , Landais, A. , Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H. , Lemieux-Dudon, B. , Parrenin, F. , Martinerie, P. , Blayo, E. , Blunier, T. , Capron, E. , Chappellaz, J. , Rasmussen, S. O. , Severi, M. , Svensson, A. , Vinther, B. , and Wolff, E. W. : ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years, Clim. Past, 9, 1733–1748, 2013. Virkkunen, K. , Moore, J. C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 14611 Pharmacists' and Patients' Knowledge and the Use of for Memory Impairment: A Cross-sectional Study from Jordan vol. 12, 10. 3923/ajsr. 2019. 524. 534 Compounds: against vol. 2020, pp. None, 2020, Effects of Ginseng on vol. 14, pp. None, 2012, The “Treatise on the spleen and stomach” ( Pí Wèi Lùn ) as the first record of multiple sclerosis in the medical literature – A hypothesis based on the analys vol. 10, 10. 1016/j. jtcme. 2020. 02. 009 of Ginsenoside Rg5 by in Diabetic db/db Mice vol. 68, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 0c00605 Anti-of in Lipopolysaccharide-Macrophages and Adipocytes vol. 17, 10. 3390/ijerph17134716 Vitamins combined with traditional Chinese medicine for male infertility: A systematic review and meta‐analysis vol. 8, 10. 1111/andr. 12787 and Prospects for in vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, of Phytoconstituents in Management of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors vol. 93, pp. None, 2012, Description and Analysis of in the Database vol. 11, 10. 3390/biom11040486 Rg3-enriched Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 vol. 45, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2020. 09. 001 Phnomibacter ginsenosidimutans gen. nov. , sp. nov. , a novel glycoside hydrolase positive bacterial strain with ginsenoside hydrolysing activity vol. 71, 10. 1099/ijsem. 0. 004793 Ginseng affects ovalbumin-induced asthma by modulating IL-12, IL-4, and IL-6 levels and the NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE2 pathways vol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Thus, we have created a new platform for rational strain design for lignocellulosic bioconversion, enabling future efforts to increase the titer of H2, express heterologous pathways for production of liquid fuels and chemicals, increase robustness, and improve upon the native ability of Caldicellulosiruptor species to deconstruct and convert biomass without conventional pretreatment. Characterization of the JWCB017 mutant also sheds light on the basic physiology of C. bescii, which will inform future metabolic modeling and engineering efforts. For instance, this strain has now been engineered to produce only acetate and H2 from sugars, providing further evidence that C. bescii uses a bifurcating hydrogenase to funnel all the electrons to H2. Examination of the C. bescii genome sequence reveals that glycolysis likely yields NADH from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidation, based on the presence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Cbes1406) and lack of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, on the other hand, presumably reduces ferredoxin, based on the presence of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (Cbes0874-0877) and the lack of pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate-formate lyase. Because H2 evolution from NADH is thermodynamically unfavorable except in extremely low H2 partial pressures [34], this implies that the favorable production of H2 from ferredoxin drives the unfavorable NADH-dependent H2 production. Further genetic modification will increase our understanding of metabolic flux in C. bescii, allowing better metabolic models and further informing metabolic engineering efforts. ConclusionsHere we show the first application of recently developed genetic methods for metabolic engineering of a member of the genus Caldicellulosiruptor. The method for creating a deletion of the ldh gene in the C. bescii chromosome was efficient enough to allow targeted marker replacement using non-replicating plasmids. The resulting mutant grew to a higher cell density and produced more hydrogen than the wild-type strain. Using the tools developed here, C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: H. , Kipfstuhl, S. , Hörhold, M. , Eisen, O. , and Freitag, J. : of Crusts in Antarctic and and Implications for Snow and Firn Studies, Front. Earth Sci. , 9, 630070, 2021. Weiss, R. F. : Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem. , 2, 203–215, 1974. Westhoff, J. , Sinnl, G. , Svensson, A. , Freitag, J. , Kjær, H. A. , Vallelonga, P. , Vinther, B. , Kipfstuhl, S. , Dahl-Jensen, D. , and Weikusat, I. : Melt in the ice core reveals Holocene warm events, Clim. Past, 18, 1011–1034, 2022. Wille, J. D. , Favier, V. , Dufour, A. , Gorodetskaya, I. V. , Turner, J. , Agosta, C. , and Codron, F. : surface melt triggered by atmospheric rivers, Nat. Geosci. , 12, 911–916, 2019. Williams, M. W. , Erickson, T. A. , and Petrzelka, J. L. : Visualizing meltwater flow through snow at the centimetre-to-metre scale using a snow guillotine, Hydrol. Process. , 24, 2098–2110, 2010. Winski, D. , Osterberg, E. , Kreutz, K. , Wake, C. , Ferris, D. , Campbell, S. , Baum, M. , Bailey, A. , Birkel, S. , Introne, D. , and Handley, M. : A 400-of in the Alaska Range, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 123, 3594–3611, 2018. and Osterberg, E. C. : Trace-element and physical response to melt percolation in Summit (Greenland) snow, Ann. Glaciol. , 54, 52–62, 2013. Wu, G. , Li, P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Latino Americana. 32, 277-285 (1982) Geller, S. E. and Studee, L. : Botanical and dietary supplements for mood and anxiety in menopausal women. Menopause. 14, 541-549 (2007) Fulder, S. : Ginseng and the hypothalamic-pituitary control of stress, Am. J. Chin. Med. 9, 112–118 (1981) Hiai, S. , Yokoyama, H. and Oura, H. : Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion, Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 737-740 (1979) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Kawashima, Y. : Evaluation of corticosterone secretion-inducing activities of ginsenosides and their prosapogenins and sapogenins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 168-174 (1983) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Yano, S. : Stimulation of pituitary adrenocortical system by ginseng saponin. Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 661-665 (1979) Herman, J. and Cullinan, W. : Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci. 20, 78-84 (1997) Murphy, B. Filipini, D. and Ghadirian, A. : Possible use of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of major depression: Preliminary results using RU 486. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 18, 209-213 (1993) Thakore, J. and Dinan, T. : Cortisol synthesis inhibition: a new treatment strategy for the clinical and endocrine manifestations of depression. Biol. Psychiatry 37, 364-368 (1995) and Song, D. K. : Inhibition of stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels by ginsenosides in mice: Involvement of nitric oxide. NeuroReport. 9, 2261-2264 (1998) and Song, D. K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Brazil, the largest sugarcane-based ethanol producer in the world is pioneering in using bioethanol as a motor fuel. In 2019–2020, Brazilian ethanol production reached 34 billion liters to meet the domestic market demand. To increase the target of 50 billion liters of ethanol the Brazilian industry is increasing its fermentation efficiency from 83–90%. This will enable the ethanol industry to meet the environmental targets established by Brazil at COP21, which was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. In the market, it is being sold in the form of either pure ethanol fuel (E100) or blended with gasoline (E27). Presently, ethanol production from sugarcane produces nine times more energy than the energy consumed during its production process [65]. Hence, bioethanol is produced directly from the sugarcane juice converting this into ethanol through the fermentation process using microorganisms as sugarcane juice is rich in sucrose, glucose, and fructose. During the fermentation process, the sucrose is readily broken down into glucose and fructose by the yeast invertase. During the process, the sugarcane stalk is crushed and milled with water. The extracted juice is heated at a temperature of 115°C. After heating, the juice is treated with either sulfuric acid or lime, and the excessive inorganic compounds are precipitated. Afterward, the heated juice is cooled down and yeast is added along with nutrients for yeast growth. Fermentation can be carried out in either batch or continuous reactors, however, continuous reactors are used in Brazil. Biotechnological attempts have been made to improve the sugarcane for agronomic traits and recently, several interventions have been made to improve the genetic makeup of the plant as well as of microorganisms used to develop ethanol from sugarcane. cerevisiae is commonly used in the fermentation process of sugarcane to develop ethanol. One of the potential candidate genes associated with ethanol fermentation is PHO4, a phosphate regulon [66]. The replacement of the gene from fast-growing strain MC15 to a high ethanol-producing strain MF01, exploiting the homologous recombination approaches, has improved the ethanol yield to 5. 30% as the maximum yield harvested was 114. 71 g/L and has decreased the fermentation time to 12. 5%, compared to the non-recombinant MF01 strain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: & Board 144. View Share at There is a firm evidence that polar ice-caps are, in places, swiftly melting. This is both in response to emergence from the last ice age but also ongoing rises in atmospheric carbon dioxide. In the Arctic and the the number of glaciers retreating and retreat rates are increasing and there is much consensus on some effects of this on biodiversity. Ice reduction is leading to new sea- ways, and habitat for ice associated organisms is regionally dying out. More light and heat will get entrance into the water column, increasing primary productivity and sinks for CO2. Melt water flow into seas is causing freshening, stratification, and near-shore sedimentation. These factors negatively influence on biodiversity by clogging and burying the plankton eaters living on the seabed. Changes in water-mass properties and current dynamics will influence the deeper communities of animals, even the deep sea by, for example, by carrying less oxygen. Such processes will make polar regions more susceptible to invasive species. species is a loss to global biodiversity and some evidence suggests particular sensitivity to environmental aspects. alteration pattern; Global warming and sea-rise; Black aerosols; Third-polar ice; Biodiversity impact Temperature alteration pattern 1. expression "polar ice cap" to be one thing of a name, because the term ‘ ice cap’ itself is applied to all the barely bodies that square measure over land, and canopy underneath fifty thousand km2 with larger bodies square measure alluded to as ice sheets [1]. The structure of the ice can fluctuate. For example, Earth's pole covers square measure principally water ice, although Mars' polar ice covers square measure a mix of robust carbonic acid gas and water ice [2]. Polar ice covers structure since high-scope regions get less energy as sun oriented radiation from the Sun than central districts, conveyance regarding lower surface temperatures. Earth's polar covers have modified drastically throughout the foremost recent twelve thousand years. Occasional types of the ice covers happens owing to shifted sun high-powered energy bodily process because the planet or moon rotates round the Sun. what is more, in geological time scales, the ice covers might develop or contract owing to setting selection [3]. 2. Importance of ocean ice keeps the polar areas cool and helps moderate worldwide atmosphere. Ocean ice contains a splendid surface; eightieth of the daylight that strikes it's mirrored once more into house.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Neurosci. Letters. 343, 62-66 (2003) Tatum, A. L. and Seevers, M. H. Experimental cocaine addiction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 36, 401-410 (1929) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by MK-801 of cocaine-induced sensitization, conditioned place preference, and dopamine-receptor supersensitivity in mice. Brain Res. Bull. 40, 201-207 (1996). , and Park, W. K. : Effects of ginseng total saponin on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 60, 33-42 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Ginseng total saponin inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 66, 83-90 (1999). , Park, W. K. and Jang, C. G. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 30, 783-789 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference, and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63, 407-412 (1999) Verkhratsky, A. and Kirchhoff, F. : NMDA Receptors in glia. Neuroscientist. 13, 28-37 (2007) Gardoni, F. and Di, L. M. : New targets for pharmacological intervention in the glutamatergic synapse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 545, 2-10 (2006) Fan, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Constitutive co-expression of 1, DAGAT1–2, WRI1, and co-suppression of tgd1 and sdp1 in a single construct elevated the TAG content by 404-fold in leaves. These findings need further confirmation of TAG accumulation with large-scale field testing. Developing dual-purpose feedstock by either overexpressing or suppressing the genes to produce both ethanol and biodiesel is becoming a routine. Transgenic sugarcane plants were developed by co-expressing genes, namely; 1, DGAT1–2, Oleosin1, and suppressing the AGPase and PXA1 genes using the RNAi approach. The AGPase encodes ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase while PXA1 is a subunit of the peroxisomal ABC transporter1. The engineered plants accumulated triacylglycerol to 5% higher than the non-transformed plants [69]. The TGA levels were 31–33% of the total lipid contents in the transgenic plants. From these canes (Figure 1), both sugars and lipids were extracted where the sugar extraction efficiency was as high as 90% with repeated hot water while of lipids was 60%, demanding an improved process to increase the lipid extraction efficiency and for commercialization. Figure 1. Schematic representation of improvement of sugarcane genotype for renewable energy and byproducts. Advertisement 3. ConclusionThe sugarcane genome is highly polyploid with specialized leaf anatomy, the Kranz anatomy where mesophyll cells are arranged around the bundle sheath cells. Mesophyll cells are better connected to the environment and perform functions of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). Whereas, bundle sheath cells are rich in chloroplasts to carry out functions of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rubisco) to fix CO2 to synthesize sugars in the Kelvin cycle. The CO2 concentration mechanism in sugarcane allows the development of the highest annual yield of biomass. Plant biotechnologists have engineered sugarcane for agronomic as well as value addition traits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: As ocean ice softens within the middle year, it uncovered the dim ocean surface. Instead of reflective eightieth of the daylight, the ocean retains ninetieth of the daylight. As per logical estimations, each the thickness and degree of summer, ocean ice within the Icy have shown a sensational decay within the course of recent years. This is often in keeping with perceptions of a warming Cold. The deficiency of ocean ice in addition will presumably quicken a worldwide temperature alteration patterns and to alter atmosphere styles [4]. Ice sheets are important markers of associate degree Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental modification severally. Softening ice sheets raise rising ocean levels. The deficiency of frosty ice likewise diminishes the live of latest water accessible for plants and creatures that require new water to endure [5]. 3. Difference between Caps and the facts demonstrate that the two ice sheets and ice floes are huge masses of ice that can be found in cold districts, there is a significant contrast between them. Fundamentally, ice sheets begin ashore, and ice floes structure in vast water and are a type of ocean ice [6]. Glacial masses are shaped by the recrystallization of day off other strong precipitation that doesn't altogether soften, in any event, during dissolving season. The fallen snow packs over numerous years (at a rate that relies upon temperature and wetness) into ice. A glacial mass may likewise acquire mass from the refreezing of meltwater at its base. Despite the fact that glacial masses are taken care of essentially by snowfall, they may likewise develop because of freezing of downpour, hail, hoarfrost, and rime; torrential slides may contribute snow to an icy mass also. Ice sheets are found in Cold territories, Antarctica, and on high mountains in mild and even heat and humidity. Icy masses that stretch out in ceaseless sheets and cover a huge landmass, like Antarctica or Greenland, are called ice sheets [7]. In the event that they are comparable however more modest, they are named ice covers. Icy masses kept to a way that coordinates their developments are mountain ice sheets, those that spread on level ground at the foot of a glaciated area are piedmont glacial masses, and those that spread from a glaciated district onto the sea are ice racks [8]. Ice floes, then again, are made of frozen seawater.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Ethnopharmacol. 62, 215-222 (1998) Jang, S. , Ryu, J. H. , Kim, D. H. and Oh, S. : Changes of [3H]MK-801, [3H]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of transformed ginsenosides. Neurochem. Res. 29, 2257-2266 (2004) and Oh, S. : Changes of [$^3H$]MK-801, [$^3H$]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of ginsenoside Rc and $Rg_1$. Pharmacol. Res. . 43, 473-479 (2001) Shiah, I. S. and Yatham, L. N. : Serotonin in mania and in the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers: a review of clinical studies. Bipolar Disord. 2, 77-92 (2000) Mahmood, T. and Silverstone, T. : Serotonin and bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 66, 1-11 (2001) Shastry, B. S. : Bipolar disorder: An update. Neurochem. Int. 46, 273-279 (2005) Saxena, P. , Sitholey, A. K. , Saxena, S. , Vrat, S. , Kumar. and Shanker, K. : Platelet serotonin in juvenile mania. Biogenic Amines. 15, 413-421 (1999). , Dwivedi, Y. and Janicak, P. G. : Serotonin receptors in platelets of bipolar and schizoaffective patients: effect of lithium treatment. Pyschopharmacology. 170, 115-123 (2003) Pivac, N. , Kozaric, D. , Mustapic, M. , Dezeljin, M. , Borovecki, A. , Grubisic, M. and Muck, D. : Platelet serotonin in combat related posttraumatic stress disorder with psychotic symptoms. J Affect Disord. 93, 223-227 (2006) Plain, H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Studying the rapid bioconversion of lignocellulosic sugars into ethanol using high cell density fermentations with cell recycle access Published: 15 May 2014 Studying the rapid bioconversion of lignocellulosic sugars into ethanol using high cell density fermentations with cell recycle Cory Sarks1,2, Mingjie Jin1,2, Sato3, Venkatesh Balan1,2 & …Dale1,2 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 128. Three different nutrient sources (corn steep liquor, yeast extract, and wheat germ) were evaluated to improve xylose consumption by recycled cells. Capacitance readings were used to accurately measure viable cell mass profiles over five cycles. ConclusionThe results showed that not all strains are capable of effectively performing the RaBIT process. Acceptable performance is largely correlated to the specific xylose consumption rate. Corn steep liquor was found to reduce the deleterious impacts of cell recycle and improve specific xylose consumption rates. The viable cell mass profiles indicated that reduction in specific xylose consumption rate, not a drop in viable cell mass, was the main cause for decreasing xylose consumption. BackgroundBiofuels have recently gained momentum in academic research, government, and large companies [1, 2]. The benefits of biofuels have been widely accepted by society, although some controversy remains because of perceived conflicts with food production [3]. Nevertheless, biofuels represent a renewable option to replace a depleting oil supply and can help mitigate the climate change impacts of fossil fuel use [4]. Furthermore, a large-scale biofuel industry would improve energy security and strengthen the world economy. Lignocellulosic biomass is a potential feedstock for low cost biofuel production [5]. The cost of lignocellulosic biomass is projected to be lower than prices for starch, which is currently used to produce bioethanol in the US [6, 7]. Currently, agricultural residues such as corn stover (the leaves, husks, and stalks of corn plants) are usually left in fields [8]. There is also the potential to plant double crops and cover crops for added biomass productivity, improved soil chemistry, and fertilizer sequestration [9]. Additional biomass could be produced by cultivating dedicated energy crops on marginal lands unsuitable for food production [10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: In quiet conditions, a soupy suspension of precious stones assembled frazil sticks to shape sheets and afterward keeps on developing by a base freezing measure named congelation. Under more tempestuous conditions, frazil precious stones gather into flapjacks. As they develop, they thicken and stack on top of each other, in the long run shaping ice floes. Ice floes are genuinely portable and float about on the sea's surface. The organization and life pattern of ice floes in the are unique in relation to those in the [9]. 4. Causes of Polar ice caps and glaciers have been melting slowly due to various reasons; the climate change being the main reason. Some of the main reasons for shrinking of ice caps are described below: Burning of fossil fuel Increase in deforestation Oil and gas drilling Ships breaking the ice bergs Ocean warming 4. 1 Burning of fossil fuel The heat that is produced during burning of the fuels like coal, gas and oil cause the melting of the ice caps. It has been studied that at this rate the melting of the Antarctic ice will cause the sea level to rise up to 50m. This rise in sea level can be prohibited if global warming is restricted or controlled. The greenhouse gases have already caused a lot of damage to the ice caps, hence there should be some other fuels used that are less harmful. 4. 2 Increase in deforestation Deforestation has a lot of adverse affects, one of the effects is the increase in melting of ice caps with deforestation. The effect lies in the fact that as more and more trees are cut down, clear landforms are formed which alters the wind speed and also indirectly links with the precipitation. Thus, deforestation leading to climatic disturbances ultimately shrink the ice caps faster. For example, the effects of deforestation have been evaluated for [10]. Global warming plays an important role in the whole process of shrinkage of the ice caps. 4. 3 Oil and gas drilling The process of extraction of oil and gas and other fuels result in the release of methane. Methane has heat locking ability and increases global warming. It is more hazardous for the environment than carbon dioxide. Hence, with rise in global warming the glaciers start melting. 4. 4 Ships breaking the ice bergs According to NSIDC ( Center) the shipwrecks and accidents of the ships with the large icebergs can also lead to shrinking of the ice caps.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: and Berk, M. : The platelet as a peripheral marker in psychiatric illness. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 16, 229-236 (2001) Askenazy, F. , Caci, H. , Myquel, M. , Darcourt, G. and Lecrubier, Y. : Relationship between impulsivity and platelet serotonin content in adolescents. Psychiatry Res. 94, 19-28 (2000). , Berk, M. , Plein, H. and Cloninger, C. R. : Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res. 89, 29-37 (1999) Muck, M. , Jakovljevic. and Pivac, N. : Platelet 5-HT concentrations and suicidal behavior in recurrent major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 39, 73-80 (1996) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Brzovic, Z. : Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function and platelet serotonin concentrations in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 73, 123-132 (1997) Meszaros, Z. , Borsiczky, D. , Mate, M. , Tarcali, J. , Szombathy, T. , Tekes, K. and Magyar, K. : Platelet MAO-B activity and serotonin content in patients with dementia: effect of age, medication and disease. Neurochem. Res. 23, 863-868 (1998) Goveas, J. S. , Csernansky, J. G. and Coccaro, E. F. : Platelet serotonin content correlates inversely with life history of aggression in personality-disordered subjects. Psychiatry Res. 126, 23-32 (2004) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. and Jakovljevic, M. : Platelet 5-HT levels and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms. Neuropsychobiology. 36, 19-21 (1997) Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Deanovic, Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The first goal of our study was to identify a suitable strain to further investigate high cell density fermentations with cell recycle for the RaBIT process. The second goal was to determine if the RaBIT process could be carried out by all ethanologens. Similar fermentation processes have been carried out previously with success by Jin and Fan using S. cerevisiae and Pichia guilliermondii, respectively [16, 21]. Strain evaluation was performed using 6% (w/w) glucan loading AFEX treated corn stover hydrolysate. Both traditional fermentations (Figure 2) and RaBIT fermentations (Figure 3) were performed using each strain. By performing both types of fermentations, we hoped to observe correlations between the two processes that would help identify strains suitable for the RaBIT process. In the strain evaluation using traditional fermentation methods, S. cerevisiae 424A and Z. mobilis 8b showed the best performance, yielding more than 40 g/L ethanol and consuming all but 5 g/L and 6. 5 g/L xylose, respectively. Strain 8b was able to consume 75% of the xylose after 48 h, while 424A had only consumed 56% of the xylose by 48 h. S. cerevisiae 128 (Y128) was the next highest performing strain, yielding 39 g/L ethanol and consuming all but 13 g/L xylose. However, its fermentative rate was much slower than those of 424A and 8b (Table 1). The results summarized in Figure 3 show that three of the nine strains were suitable for RaBIT fermentations: Y128, 424A, and 8b. These three strains were capable of consuming almost all of the glucose and xylose in the first fermentation cycle and produced more than 40 g/L of ethanol. Of the three strains, 424A showed the best potential for recycle due to greater xylose consumption in the second cycle coupled with less reduction in ethanol production during the second cycle. However, Y128 and 8b gave greater ethanol yields.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Any icebreaker cruising into the large pieces of ice exposes more surface area of the glaciers to the sun and hence contributes to melting. 4. 5 Ocean warming The temperature of the oceans increases as they absorb almost 90% of the earth's warmth. This is the reason for the marine glaciers melting which are on the poles near Alaska. 5. Effects of The melting of polar ice caps has impacts on various fields of biodiversity and ecology. Some of the effects are described below: 5. 1 Increase in global mean temperature The anthropogenic global warming has caused a lot of changes in the cryospheric elements like the Arctic ice sheets, the Greenland and the mountain glaciers. These changes can lead to increasing the global mean temperature GMT. On average the evaluated median additional global warming is 0. 43 degrees Celsius [11]. 5. 2 Effect on carbon cycle The carbon cycle is one of the most significant processes for keeping the ecological community alive. Recent studies have shown the icebergs as important factors in the continuation of this cycle. Thus the melting of ice caps has also affected the carbon cycle and may lead to drastic ecological changes [12]. 5. 3 Effect on the marine ecosystem The polar ice caps and glaciers play a crucial role in maintaining the marine ecosystem and biodiversity. Their role extends to the sea temperature, circulation and sea ice formation. They impact the marine food webs which are dependent on the temperature and climate. Thus due to melting of these icebergs many problems are faced by the marine world [13]. 5. 4 Effect on wildlife The ice caps are linked with a number of factors that affect the tundra wildlife. The sustainability depends on these ice caps so when they melt they affect herbivore populations, thaw-induced collapse of structures used by wildlife for reproduction, and thermal erosion of ice wedges reducing waterfowl habitat [14]. Glaciers are directly linked with the increasing sea levels. This is leading to a number of consequences causing problems for domestic lifestyle due to increased risks of floods, as well as the wildlife interrupting their usual migration cycles and other problems. 5. 5 Effect on sea levels The melting of ice caps increases the sea level casing problems for domestic lifestyle [15]. 5. 6 Scarcity of freshwater Studies show that the melting ice caps continuously would result in less downstream of fresh water. Indus, Brahmaputra and Ganges basins—fed by Asia glaciers are subjected to face loss of glacial water in the coming years.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Platelet serotonin in subtypes of schizophrenia and unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 38, 105-113 (1991) Muck-Seler, D. , Pivac, N. , Jakovljevic, M. , Sagud, M. and Mihaljevic, A. : Platelet 5-HT concentration and comorbid depression in war veterans with or without posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 75, 171-179 (2003) Praag, H. M. : The cognitive paradox in posttraumatic stress disorder: a hypothesis. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 923-935 (2004). , and Charney, D. S. : Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54, 749-758 (1997) Brady, K. , Pearlstein, T. , Asnis, G. M. , Baker, D. , Rothbaum, B. , Sikes, C. R. and Farfel, G. M. : Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA. 283, 1837-1844 (2000) Bhattcharyya, D. and Sur, T. K. : Effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and its modification by diclofenac in rat. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 43, 505-509 (1999) Sheikh, N. , Ahmad, A. ,. and Palit, G. : Effect of Bacopa monniera on stress induced changes in plasma corticosterone and brain monoamines in rats. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 111, 671-676 (2007) and Kim, C. J. : Red ginseng inhibits exercise-induced increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal raphe of rats. J. of Pharmacol Sci. 93, 218-221 (2003) and Kim, S. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Due to higher xylitol and glycerol production by 424A (data not shown), we hypothesized that use of the xylose isomerase pathway instead of the xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase pathway was a factor for the higher ethanol production per gram of sugar consumed observed with Y128 and 8b [22]. The higher cell mass concentration was seen as a benefit for the 424A and Y128 strains. Excess cell mass can perhaps become a co-product, for example, as animal feed. For these reasons, Y128 was chosen over 424A as the most promising of these nine strains for further evaluation in the RaBIT process. A major goal of these further studies is to understand and then overcome the reduced performance after cell recycling. Figure 2Strain evaluations during traditional fermentations using AFEX corn stover hydrolysate. Concentrations are shown for glucose (blue squares), xylose (orange circles), ethanol (green diamonds), and dry cell weight (purple triangles). Error bars are present for all data points, but may be hidden by the symbol. Full size imageFigure 3Strain evaluations during RaBIT fermentations using AFEX corn stover hydrolysate. The initial glucose and xylose concentrations were 62 g/L and 32 g/L respectively. Final concentrations are shown for glucose (blue), xylose (orange), ethanol (green), and dry cell weight (purple triangles). Error bars are present for all data points, but may be hidden by the symbol. Full size imageTable 1 Traditional and RaBIT fermentation comparison Full size tableE. coli KO11 performance was vastly improved in the RaBIT fermentation compared to the traditional fermentation. E. coli KO11 was able to consume almost three times as much xylose and produce more than 7. 5 g/L more ethanol in the 24-h RaBIT fermentation compared to the 120-h traditional fermentation. Interestingly, Y128 also showed a large improvement by consuming 8 g/L more xylose, while producing 5 g/L more ethanol in the RaBIT fermentation compared to the traditional 120-h fermentation. The four other strains studied gave comparable performance in the two (traditional and RaBIT) fermentation processes. Results for the S. stipitis strains were not shown in Figures 2 and 3. S. stipitis FPL-061 performed comparably to S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: The fresh water availability will be ultimately affected [16]. 5. 7 Effect on coral reefs The sea level rises due to glacial melt which has a number of consequences. The coral reefs serve various benefits for the ecological sustenance. But they are sensitive to the fluctuating temperatures and heat shocks which they face due to the increasing global warming. Thus the melting of icebergs is also very harmful for the coral reefs. 5. 8 Shortage of electricity In major parts of the world, the electricity is dependent on the flowing water which comes from the gradually melting ice caps. But if this source is terminated there will be an energy crisis faced by the world. The production of electricity through other means can lead to pollution. 6. of Melting of The polar ice caps are melting approximately six times faster than in 1990s. Most of the ice loss occurred in Antarctica and Greenland due to poor climatic conditions. Checking out the changes in polar glaciers and ice streams is a concerning task because they are an appreciable indicator of global environmental change. There is a survey done on polar ice by many organizations including radar altimetry (ICESat), SPOT 5 stereoscopic analysis of polar ice, International polar year project (IPY) [17]. ice extent 1978 7. 5 million square kilometers 1982 7. 3 million square kilometers 1986 7. 1 million square kilometers 1990 6. 8 million square kilometers 1994 6. 45 million square kilometers 1998 6 million square kilometers 2002 5. 8 million square kilometers 2006 5. 5 million square kilometers 2010 5 million square kilometers [18] Table : Statistical table. and Antarctica, in 1990s there was 81 billion metric tons loss of polar ice caps. In 2010, the loss arose to 475 billion metric tons In 2002, Chunk of ice from the East side of broke. Figure 1: Ice sheets melting and a threat to polar bears. Figure 2: Polar ice caps melting is a threat to biodiversity. 7. Caps in 2020 A Siberian heat wave in spring 2020 caused the Arctic ice melting season coming earlier because of the high Arctic temperature 14 to 18 degrees Fahrenheit (8-10C). An analysis by NASA and Center suggests that 2020 minimum extent is only 3. 74 million square kilometers [19]. It is said by Nathan Kurtz, scientist at NASA’s in Greenbelt Maryland. “The earlier the melt season starts, the more ice you generally lose” 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: potential of triethylene glycol and quercetin in stressed mice Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2379-6367 Pharmacy & 206. DOI: 10. 15406/ppij. 2015. 02. 00041 : To compare physiological stress response modulating potentials of triethylene glycol and quercetin in mice. Methods: Effects of single and 10 daily oral doses (5, 20, 100 and 400mg/kg/day) of quercetin and triethylene glycol (TEG) to male mice on foot shock stress induces transient hyperthermia and on basal rectal temperatures and body weight changes, and of their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test and on pentobarbital induced sedation were compared. In further experiments, the effects of their 11 and 12 daily minimally effective stress response suppressing doses (5mg/kg/day) in two versions of the marble burying test for anxiolytics were assessed. Results: Dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG for suppressing transient hyperthermia triggered by 1min duration of foot shock stress increased with increasing numbers of their daily dose, and body weight losses and slight elevation of basal core temperatures triggered by daily handling and occasional foot shocks were also antagonized by both of them. Significant effects of even the lowest tested (5mg/kg/day) doses of both of them were observed after their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test in mildly stressed mice, bur after such treatments only quercetin had statistically significant effects in one of the two versions of the marble burying tests in stressed mice. Conclusion: Fairly low daily, but not single, oral doses of quercetin and TEG desensitize physiological stress responses of male mice triggered by occasional exposures to short duration of foot shocks. Both of them possess daily dose dependant antidepressant like activities, and after their low stress response suppressing doses only quercetin possess some anxiolytics like activity in stressed mice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This was observed at concentrations of 1, 2. 5, and 5 g/L. The best results were at 2. 5 g/L. At the higher concentration of 5 g/L, ethanol production decreases, likely due to excess cell growth or inhibition from the CSL. In the third cycle, the addition of CSL caused 3. 5 g/L more xylose consumption and 2. 5 g/L more ethanol production compared to the control. Additionally, the improvement between the first and third cycles showed 2 g/L more consumed xylose and 1. 25 g/L more ethanol. This may indicate an increase in cell viability across cycles compared to the drop seen in all other cases. Wheat germ and CSL were also added in combination (Additional file 4). We expected better ethanol production with increased xylose consumption after each cycle. However, the results were similar to those for yeast extract addition. There was an initial benefit to the fermentation but still a drastic decrease in xylose consumption and ethanol production as the cycles progressed. The final nutrient test was performed by adding CSL (2. 5 g/L) during the xylose consumption phase (at 6 h) rather than at the beginning of the fermentation (Additional file 5). In the end, the addition of the CSL at the beginning was more beneficial to both xylose consumption and ethanol production. This indicates that nutrient addition is more important during the high growth phase than during high stress phase. However, the xylose consumption still improved over each cycle regardless of when the CSL was added. Five-cycle viable cell profilingThe five-cycle comparisons were performed in a bioreactor to better imitate industrial conditions. The experimental goal was to profile the viable cell mass through five cycles with the use of a capacitance probe. A no nutrient addition case was compared to the optimal nutrient addition case (2. 5 g/L CSL) as determined previously. The five-cycle comparison used the optimal initial inoculum of 10 g/L DCW, initial pH of 6. 0, and 32°C. Previously, cell population was measured using the OD method, which does not accurately measure the viable cell population. Traditionally, viability plating or staining can be used to measure cells capable of growth or cells with intact cellular membranes, respectively. Because the Y128 strain flocculates, these traditional methods were not sufficiently accurate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: is sometimes referred to as ‘a third pole’ because of the icy region it contains. Recent thinning of glaciers over the Himalayas has been a hot debate as these glaciers supply water to large river systems. 9. (BC) aerosols are released from incomplete combustion. They are badly affecting weather, temperature and hydrology. Black aerosol covers are also having an impact on snow cover. In Himalayas, from 1990 to 2000 ice cover decreased by 0. 9% due to aerosols. Due to aerosol emission, this decline has reached to 36% [20]. 10. is a large ice cap found in the western Kunlun mountains on the surrounded by 30-40 meter ice walls. Decreased precipitation rates in the Himalaya region is having disastrous effects of ice belts [21]. In this region, ice core of 6200m altitude has been reduced to 3080m. 11. about The amount of water locked up in ice and snow is about 1. 7% of all water on Earth, but the majority of total fresh water on Earth about 68. 7% is locked up in ice caps [22] Polar ice caps are about 15 million years ago. However, certain scientists suggest that south polar ice cap was decayed so it is no more than three million years ago Portions of ice caps melt and refreeze as the seasons change In the last 100 years. Melting ice has caused the sea level to rise upto 8 inches 12. ice cap decreases to a very small size in every September and then begins to regrow again. The extent of that dwindling is shrinking by 14% after every ten years. If there is less ice, more radiations from the Sun would be absorbed by open water and there would be only minute reflection back into the atmosphere. There, no ice would be formed therefore, the Arctic ice has reached beyond a “Tripping point”. Giant walls and cooling tunnels are the best ways to save polar ice from melting Tunnels can be built under the ice through which the ice can be thickened and there would be least drainage into oceans and lakes By cooling hot bedrock underneath.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 15 Since gut microbial ecology regulates oxidative status and metabolic stress,16,17 we speculated that by virtue of their bactericidal activities both qercetin and TEG could also alter microbial ecology inside the gastrointestinal tract and thus could contribute to stress response desensitizing or adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera extracts. Consequently, efforts to experimentally very this possibility are now being made in our laboratories. Results of the very first set of experiments revealing and reconfirming stress response desensitizing potentials of their fairly low oral daily doses will be presented in this communication. The pharmacologically validated and standardized mouse bioassay procedure used in these experiments evolved during our efforts to define therapeutically interesting psychopharmacological activity profiles of diverse types of plant extracts according to Ayurvedic therapeutic principles. 18 Usefulness of the procedure for estimating pharmacologically interesting doses and dosage regimen of a Withania somnifera 19 or of those of bioactive constituents of other stress response suppressing or adaptogenic herbs have also been reconfirmed. 20-24 Since anxiolytics like efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts have been observed in several clinical trials,25 further analogous experiments were conducted to verify whether low daily stress response suppressing doses of quercetin and TEG also possess anxiolytic activity or not. Possible implications of the observations reported in this communication for better understanding of biological process involved in traditionally known medicinal plants for dietary and herbal therapies will be disused also. Material and method male albino mice (20±5 g) were used in this study. Prior approval from the of the University (CAECU) was taken for the study protocol (Dean/2014/CAEC/608, dated 30-5-2014). All animals were acclimatized to steady laboratory environment at least one week before starting the experiment. They were randomly housed in groups (n=6) in polypropylene cages (28×19×12. 5) and maintained at an ambient temperature (25±1°C) and relative humidity (45-55%) with a 12:12 hr light/dark cycle. Cages were provided with husk and were cleaned routinely. Animals were freely provided or access to standard rodent pellets and water ad libitum. All experimental groups in a given experiment were tested in parallel (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Synergy of crude enzyme cocktail from cold-adapted Cladosporium cladosporioides Ch2-2 with commercial xylanase achieving high sugars yield at low cost 3. 5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (between 4 and 40°C). In addition, manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP), a special type of ligninase with the capacity to oxidize dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in the absence of H2O2 and Mn2+, was optimally active at 20°C and pH 2. 5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (4 and 28°C), while depressed completely by Fe2+ and essentially unaffected by EDTA. Synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase obviously enhanced biomass hydrolysis, which could take the place of expensive commercial cellulase mixture. The maximum value of synergistic degree reached 4. 7 at 28°C, resulting in 10. 1 mg/mL reducing sugars. ConclusionsThe psychrophilic enzymes system of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 with a different synergistic mechanism has huge potential for the enhancement of biomass hydrolysis at mesophilic and low temperatures. The application scope of the lignocellulosic enzyme cocktail could be greatly enlarged by optimizing the operation conditions specific to the characteristics of ligninase. BackgroundMaking full use of biomass such as agricultural waste and energy crops to produce clean fuel ethanol on an industrial scale is beneficial to solve the crisis of environmental pollution and energy shortage. Sugarcane bagasse is one of the most abundant byproducts of agroindustry in south China as well as the world [1]. Meanwhile, Jerusalem artichoke is a typical example of the energy crops which can grow in marginal lands, including saline soils and sandy soils, owing to its unique agronomic traits such as tolerance to salt and drought stresses, and thus does not compete for arable lands with grain crops [2]. As a sustainable feedstock, bagasse and Jerusalem artichoke stalks are both considered to be applicable for the large-scale biological production of cellulosic ethanol and other bio-based chemicals. However, the low efficiency and high cost of existing enzymes converting lignocellulose to fermentable sugars still limit the large-scale industrialization of cellulosic ethanol at present.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: There would be less friction and lesser heat to cause the ice to melt [23] Millions of tiny glass beads can be spread around the Arctic ice to reflect the sunlight away By cutting emissions from black aerosols, tropospheric ozone and hydrofluorocarbons Combined artificial icebergs can be created by collecting water from melting glaciers, removing salt from it and placing the frozen icebergs around the polar ice caps 13. conventional methods should be applied to stop an environment from being degraded. region is highest vulnerable to high temperatures than any other place in the world due to which polar ice caps are getting melted. Animals dependent on ice-habitats like polar bears, Arctic seals and walruses are threatened. Polar ice caps help fight against global warming but there is a time to enact because global warming is now actually hunting for the ice caps. The environment around the polar ice caps is a ‘driller’s nightmare’ and there is a huge threat to ice to be completely melted. Ice melting is also having an impact on economy as the industries are affected as well. So, there should a strong eye kept on the issue of polar ice melting so that there would be a least impact on climate as well as victims. 340. Bloch MR. A hypothesis for the change of ocean levels depending on the albedo of the polar ice caps. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1 (1965): 127-142. . Gravitational separation of gases and isotopes in polar ice caps. Science 242 (1988): 1675-1678. SPOT 5 stereoscopic survey of polar ice: reference images and topographies during the fourth Year (2007–2009). of Photogrammetry and 64 (2009): 204-212. . Near-surface temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the stability of polar ice deposits. Icarus 141 (1999): 179-193. . Predictions of vertical uplift caused by changing polar ice volumes on a viscoelastic Earth. Letters 22 (1995): 977-980. Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise. Nature 482 (2012): 514-518. Rastner P, Bolch T, Mölg N, et al. The first complete inventory of the local glaciers and ice caps on Greenland. 6 (2012): 1483-1495. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: on the same days of the experiments) and all tests were conducted between 09. 00 to 14. 00 hr and 60 min after the day's oral treatments. All animals in each experiment were handled and weighed daily during the experiments and except when stated all observations were made by the same blind observer and in the same laboratory environment. was purchased from Cayman chemical company (Michigan, USA), triethylene glycol was from Spectrochem (Mumbai, India), dimethyl fumarate and fumaric acid from (Bengaluru, India), Carboxymethyl cellulose from House Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi, India) and pentobarbital sodium from Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). All other reagents and chemicals used were of highest quality commercial available in India. Animal grouping and treatments In each of the two pilot experiments conducted to estimate stress response modulating doses and treatment regimen of triethylene glycol (TEG) and quercetin, six groups of six animals each were used. In the experiment with TEG, distilled water was used as vehicle and the vehicle treated control group was treated daily with distilled water (10 ml/kg/day). The reference group in this experiment was treated with fumaric acid (FUM; 10 mg/kg/day) dissolved in distilled water. In other experiment with quercetin, the control group was treated daily with 0. 3% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the reference group with 10 mg/kg/day dimethyl fumarate suspended in 0. 3% CMC. Choices of reference substances in these experiments were based on our earlier observations reconfirming that fumaric acid and its esters are stress response suppressing secondary metabolites of the adaptogenic herb of Fumaria indica and that fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate are almost equally effective in modulating central sensitivity to metabolic and enviorenmental stress triggered responses quantified in the mouse bioassay system used in this study26 For oral administrations, water insoluble quercetin and methyl were suspended in CMC and the water solution of TEG and fumaric acid were adjusted to pH 7. 4 and application volume were always 10 ml/kg. All oral treatments were given for 11 consecutive days of the experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Engineering yeast with bifunctional minicellulosome and cellodextrin pathway for co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars access Published: 04 July 2016 Engineering yeast with bifunctional minicellulosome and cellodextrin pathway for co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars Li-Hai Fan1,2, Zi-Jian Zhang1,2, Sen Mei1,2, Yang-Yang Lu1,2, Mei Li1,2, Zai-Yu Wang1,2, Jian-Guo Yang1,2, Shang-Tian Yang3 & …Tian-Wei Tan1,2 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 62. 61 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h from carboxymethyl cellulose and ~56. 37 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h from phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose. ConclusionsOur work provides a versatile engineering strategy for co-conversion of cellulose-mixed sugars to ethanol by S. cerevisiae, and the achievements in this work may further promote cellulosic biofuel production. BackgroundCellulosic biomass is abundant, but its degradation to fermentable glucose by a complex cocktail of cellulases with at least endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase is costly and hampering industrial production of cellulosic ethanol [1–4]. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) integrating cellulase production, cellulose saccharification, and ethanol fermentation into one step has been proposed as a cost-effective way for bioethanol production from cellulose [5]. Intensive research efforts have thus focused on engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has high ethanol productivity and tolerance [6, 7], but is unable to degrade cellulose, to display noncomplexed cellulase systems [8] or complexed cellulase systems (cellulosomes) [9–15]. Cellulosome is thought to have a higher activity at deconstructing cellulose than the corresponding noncomplexed system [5, 16]. However, S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 27 Sep 2023 | 27 Sep 2023 Review 10. 5194/egusphere-2023-1939, 2023. Received: 24 Aug 2023 – Discussion started: 27 Sep 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1767 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1767 KB) Supplement (12 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1767 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (12 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/tc-18-2691-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Increasing temperatures worldwide lead to more melting of glaciers and ice caps, even in the polar regions. This is why ice-core scientists need to prepare to analyse records affected by melting and refreezing. In this paper, we present a summary of how near-surface melt forms, what structural imprints it leaves in snow, how various signatures used for ice-core climate reconstruction are altered, and how we can still extract valuable insights from melt-affected ice cores. . Thomas, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Anja Eichler, and Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1939', #1, 29 Oct 2023 Review for:Moser, D. E. , Thomas, E. R. , Nehrbass-Ahles, C. , Eichler, A. , and Wolff, E. : Review 10. 5194/egusphere-2023-1939, 2023.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In both the pilot experiments graded daily doses (5, 20, 100 and 400 mg/kg) of TEG, or of quercetin, were orally administered for the same number of days. In these two experiments, on days 1, 5, 7 and 10 of both these experiments all animals were subjected to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests and on the 11th day all test groups were subjected to tail suspension test for potential antidepressants. On the 12th day of the experiment (i. e. 24 hr after the last treatments) all test groups were subjected to pentobarbital sleep tests for assessing longer lasting effects of treatments on brain functions or on drug metabolizing enzymes. In each of the two further analogous experiments conducted to compare anxiolytic like activities of low effective daily oral doses (5 mg/kg/day) of TEG and quercetin in two versions of marble burying test, three groups of randomly selected animals were randomly allotted to each of the three experimental groups consisting of 6 animals each. The treatment groups used were as follows: Group I: Stress control (vehicle treated); Group II: Non-stress control (vehicle treated); Group III: (TEG or quercetin, 5mg/kg/day). In these experiments, the test agents and their vehicles were orally administered for 12 consecutive days and only the animals of the groups I and II were subjected to foot shock stress induced hyperthermia test on 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th day of the experiments. On the 11th day of these experiments, all animals of all the three groups of an experiment were subjected to a standard version of marble burying test (one zone) and on day 12 they were similarly tested similarly in the two-zones marble burying test. All animals in all experiments were closely observed for apparent behavioural abnormalities during the course of the experiments. Body weight and basal rectal temperatures of all animals used in different experimental groups were recorded on each observational day, whereupon the basal rectal temperatures were recorded one hour before the day’s treatment. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH) test This test was conducted by placing an individual mouse of a test group in a black box (24 x 29 x 40 cm) with a metallic grid floor for 1 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae had no cellodextrin transporters, so all reported minicellulosomes were designed to extracellularly hydrolyze cellulose into glucose [9–15], which could inhibit cell-displayed cellulases [17] and cause carbon catabolite repression inhibiting mixed-sugar uptake [18]. In contrast, Clostridium thermocellum, a natural cellulosome-producing bacterium with the highest known cellulose degradation rate [19], breaks down cellulose to mainly cellodextrins with its cellulosomal endoglucanases and exo-glucanases. Cellodextrins, including cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetrose, are then taken up by cells through ATP-dependent transport systems and then digested into glucose by intracellular β-glucosidases and cellodextrin phosphorylases [20, 21]. This unique cellulose-utilization system in C. thermocellum reduces the specific inhibitory interferences by glucose on endoglucanase and exoglucanase-catalyzed reactions, and can bypass the glucose repression for simultaneously using other biomass-derived sugars. Yeast utilization of cellodextrins can be achieved by engineering S. cerevisiae with a heterologous cellodextrin transporter from Neurospora crassa [22]. In mixed-sugar fermentations, the engineered yeasts succeeded in bypassing glucose repression on xylose or galactose uptake, and exhibited improved ethanol production [23, 24]. In this work, a cellulose-utilization system mimicking the one in C. thermocellum was designed and engineered in S. cerevisiae. Our hypothesis was that cellulose-mixed sugars co-utilization and bioethanol production by the engineered yeast can be realized and enhanced by displaying endoglucanase and exoglucanase with a bifunctional minicellulosome on cell surface for the conversion of cellulose to cellodextrins, and employing the cellodextrin transporter from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake and an intracellular β-glucosidase for cellodextrins hydrolysis to glucose, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: With the current warming and its accelerated effect, it is of interest to retrieve information from these ice fields before the information gets to washed out by percolating melt and rain water. This work can such play an important role as a standard piece for new and old students in this field. General commentsSince this is a review 3. Section 4 hang a bit outside the general structure, and could be added into section 3, or even placed into 2. 3. 1. Maybe assess the general organization again. The illustrations are another topic that caught my eye. Potentially there could be hundreds of illustrations, since the review cites a large amount of work. From what I can see the figures are used to illustrate important principles and key information in the review. The illustrations are perhaps also used to break to long sections of text, into more color and different texture to please the readers eye. If so, pages 6 -12 are lacking illustrations, and such are a bit more dense and “heavy” to get through. Try to anchor the figures better in the text; to take the opportunity to explain the information in figures and expand the relevance of the figures in the section. With this, the illustrations will bring in more information and will be used as to bring in additional knowledge, apart from the aesthetical value. Further comments:1. How is the structure are lined up in the abstract as compared in the introduction, and further connected to the different sections. First, should the seven points in the abstract represent the different sections, and such display a “table of content”? Second, should these items of content be similar in the abstract and in the rows 90-95 in the introduction? 2. Could you consider to walk the reader through the arguments for the chosen organization of the manuscript after your presentation of aims and objectives? 3. The ice chemistry section could be separated between particulate and ionized content. The analytic methods and the information out of these parameters are quite different, and they also bring different information, and behave differently during wet events. 4. The section of water isotopes is fairly short in comparison to the chemistry section. You could argue that the basic information is available in a number of texts, and refer to more basic literature of this sort, perhaps begin with the pioneering work by Dansgaard. Minor commentsLi 12-14. Rephrase the sentence “Since coastal…. . in alpine settings”. Li 14.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: During this period electric foot shocks were delivered through the grid floor (2 mA, 50 Hz of 2 ms duration) for inducing stress triggered transient hyperthermia. 27,28 Five consecutive foot shocks of 2 mA at 10 s interval were given 10 s after placing the animals in the test box. At the end of the minute, the animal was placed back to its home cage and 10 min thereafter their rectal temperatures were recorded again. Numerical differences between the rectal temperature of a given animal before oral administrations and 10 min after the foot shock session was calculated and used as an index for stress triggered transient hyperthermia. Animals of non-stressed groups in two of the four described experiments were also placed in the black box with grid floor for 1 min, but no foot shocks were given to them on the test days and their rectal temperatures were also measured again 10 min after they had been placed back to their home cages. All rectal temperatures were recorded by using a calibrated rectal probe and electronic thermometer (Digital Thermometer; Dr. Gene, New Delhi, India). Tail suspension test On the 11th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments, individual mouse of a group was hung by its tail, 50 cm above the floor by adhesive tapes placed 1 cm from the tip of the tail on a wire in an upside down posture. After initial vigorous movements, the mouse assumes an immobile posture and the period of immobility during a 5 min observation period were recorded. 29 Pentobarbital induced sleep test No oral treatments were given on 12th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments. All animals of all test groups of an experiment were tested for prior treatment effects on sleep onset (loss of righting reflex) and duration of sleep/hypnosis induced by pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg, i. p. ). The rectal temperatures and body weights of animals were recorded before pentobarbital challenges. 30 Marble burying test Two versions of this test often used for identifying anxiolytic activity of test agents potentially useful of treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders31 were used on the 11th and 12th days of the two further analogous experiments. The standard, or the one-zone, version of the test was conducted on the 11th day of the experiments and the other version (two-zone version) on the 12th or the ultimate observational day of an experiment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Galactose was selected to be co-utilized with cellulose since catabolite repression of galactose by glucose is one of the best-studied eukaryotic signal integration systems [25]. Two miniscaffoldins with optimized cohesins and dockerins were displayed or secreted using galactose inducible promoters so that the efficiency of minicellulosome assembly should be affected by glucose repression, while endo- and exo-glucanases were secreted using constitutive promoters (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Yeasts with minicellulosomes were screened for enhanced cellulose hydrolysis ability. The best strain was further tested in fermentation with cellulose and galactose, as an extra carbon source and inducer for self-regulation of cell growth and minicellulosome formation, for ethanol production. Compared to other reports [9–15], the newly engineered yeasts have the advantages of higher cellulose utilization efficiency with alleviated glucose inhibition on cellulases and glucose repression on mixed-sugar uptake, achieving the highest cellulose utilization rate and specific ethanol productivity ever reported. Fig. 1Strategy for engineering S. cerevisiae EBY100 to co-ferment cellulose and galactose. Endoglucanase, exoglucanase and miniscaffoldin I* were expressed as fusions to an N-terminal peptide encoding the S. cerevisiae α-factor secretion signal, so that they were first secreted in culture medium and then assembled extracellularly through the interactions between cohesins and dockerins. β-glucosidase and cellodextrin transporter are localized in cytoplasm and cell membrane, respectivelyFull size image MethodsStrains and plasmids construction Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 (Invitrogen) was used for engineering of cellodextrin pathway and minicellulosome. Escherichia coli Top10 (Biomed) was used for gene manipulation, and E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Biomed) was the host for expression of GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion and enhancer [26, 27]. The genomic DNAs of C. cellulolyticum DSM 5812 and C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Clouds are a form of pollution caused by factories. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 16 Nov 2023 | 16 Nov 2023 The characteristics of cloud macro parameters caused by seeder-feeder inside clouds measured by millimeter-wave cloud radar in Xi'an Abstract. The seeding effect of upper clouds on lower clouds affects the evolution of clouds, especially the seeding from upper ice clouds on lower stratiform clouds or convective clouds, which can stimulate the precipitation of lower clouds and even produce extreme precipitation. Because when seeders of seeding cloud enter the feeding cloud, the interaction between cloud p10. 5194/egusphere-2023-2183, 2023. Received: 22 Sep 2023 – Discussion started: 16 Nov 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 2843 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2843 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2843 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/acp-24-5783-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary We observed the seeder–feeder process among double-layer clouds using a cloud radar and microwave radiometer. By defining the parameters of the seeding depth and seeding time of the upper cloud affecting the lower cloud, we find that the cloud p10. 5194/egusphere-2023-2183-RC1 AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Yun Yuan, 01 Dec 2023 The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: Citation: RC2: 'Reply on AC1', #1, 15 Dec 2023 The author's answer is very good and I am very satisfied. It also shows that the author is very familiar with microwave radar detection and has a good understanding of the physical mechanism of the cloud seeding-feeding process.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In the standard version, an individual mouse of a group was gently placed in a cage (30 × 23 cm) where 12 glass marbles (color and size of marbles were always kept constant) were evenly spaced on the husk bedding of the cage. In this version of the test the animal was allowed 15 min for burying or covering a marble at least two-thirds by husk. 32 In the two-zone version of the test 8 glass marbles were evenly spaced only on one half of the cage and 30 min time was allowed to the animal for burring or covering the marbles at least two-thirds by husk. In both versions of the test, a blind observer unaware of the treatment given to the animal counted the numbers of marbles buried or two-third covered with husk by the animal during its stay in the box. Statistical analysis All data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test and student t test wherever necessary. GraphPad Prism-5 (GraphInc. , California, USA) software was used for statistical analysis. 8 software () was used for making graphs. P value less than 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. finding experiments Body weights: Mean body weights of different groups of animals recorded during the course of the experiments are summarized in the Figure 1A & 1B. Body weights of the animals in both the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups steadily decreased and those of the reference agents (fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate) increased during the course of the experiments. Observed effects of all tested daily oral doses of quercetin and TEG were qualitatively as well as quantitatively quite analogous to those of the 10 mg/kg/day doses of fumaric acid or its dimethyl ester. Their statistically significant protective effects against intermittent foot shock stress triggered body weight losses were observed only after their 7 or more daily doses and their efficacies continued to increase during the last five days of the experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These three exoglucanase genes (celcce, CA_C0911, cbhb) and five endoglucanase genes (engy, celcca, celccc, celccd, celm) were then selected to construct bifunctional minicellulosomes on the EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1) having the cellodextrin pathway. For the endoglucanase from C. cellulolyticum, the C-terminal dockerin domain of the corresponding exoglucanase was replaced with dockerin docY from engy (Additional file 1: Figure S4c). The yeast transformants were first induced by galactose, then washed and concentrated to A600 nm = 20, or ~6. 15 g dried cell/L [23], for ethanol fermentation with CMC, phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC), or Avicel as the sole carbon source. The highest ethanol production from and Avicel was 0. 91–1. 12 g/L by yeasts expressing the combinations of engy and cbhb, celcca and CA_C0911, and celccd and cbhb, respectively (Fig. 4c). The corresponding specific productivity was 1. 54–1. 90 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell h. Three types of EBY100 (CohII = 1, cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) were used to study the cellulase assembly efficiency. His-tag fusions in these yeasts were different (one with His-ScaII, another with His-ScaII and His-EngY, the other with His-ScaII and His-cbhB). As indicated by Additional file 1: Figure S5a and Fig. 4d, EngY:CohII reached ~0. 6:1 and cbhB:CohII was ~1:1. The enzyme located at the outer fringe of the complex, which theoretically had lower steric hindrance, gathered with miniscaffoldin worked more efficiently.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating spicy food can permanently alter your circadian rhythm. [SEP] Text: The longer-term effects of disrupted circadian rhythms are increased risk of obesity, metabolic problems, depression, mental disorders, cardiac and neurological events and even cancer. In recent years, there is a growing awareness about the negative effects of the technology to biological rhythm. Chronic exposure to artificial light causes numerous health problems from simply sleep disorders to many cancers [32]. It is known that sleep–wake disruption common in industrialized society depends on lifestyle. The main issue is how human being could keep their biological clocks in a regular system. As understood clearly in the biological cycle of human body, the daytime is optimum for food intake because of the biological rhythms peaks in the morning and afternoon [12]. Froy et al. showed that well-being could be achieved by resetting the circadian clock. They reported that timed feeding also arranges circadian rhythms [30]. In a similar way, it is obvious clearly the sleep and activation time. It is well known that there is a strong correlation between disrupted circadian rhythms and many health problems person. Based on this knowledge, scientists (consider the contrary) begun to search whether healing be guided by circadian rhythms as well. It has been shown that chronobiological interventions improved the clinical outcomes through amelioration of delirium and sleep disturbance [7, 30]. Understanding what makes biological clocks tick may provide treatments for many health problems from sleep disorders, obesity, mental health disorders, to jet lag. It can also improve ways for individuals to adjust to nighttime shift work. Learning more about the genes, which is responsible for circadian rhythms, will also help us understand biological systems and the human body. Advertisement 2. Summary points Human being has a diurnal activity pattern. In a molecular level, there are thousands of biological clocks in the human body. The main clocks in the human brain coordinate all these cellular clocks. Biological clocks provide adaptation for living organism to environment both inside and outside. Circadian rhythms are the essential component of homeostasis in human body. Biological clocks are responsible for controlling physiological, homeostatic, behavioral and endocrine balance in organism. Circadian rhythm is an autoregulatory system and drives almost every physiological, biological, and biochemical functions of the mammalians. The main purpose of circadian rhythm is to provide the organism adaptation for daily and seasonal changes. Chronobiology investigates the underlying mechanisms of chronomes. Cryptochromes play a key role in the diseases caused by disrupted biological clocks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: These results reveal that the maximally effective daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin in suppressing the experimental procedures triggered weight losses is 5mg/kg or lower and that even their 11 highest tested daily oral doses (400 mg/kg/day) have no adverse effects on body weight gain rates of male mice occasionally subjected to only 1 min duration of painful foot shocks. Basal core temperatures: Mean basal rectal temperatures of all groups of both the experiments on the first observational days were within normal ranges of the mouse colony used in this and other studies commonly used in our laboratories. On the 5th days of the experiments, mean core temperatures of the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups recorded before subjecting them to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests were slightly, but significantly, higher than those recorded on the first observational day of the experiments. Except for the fumaric acid treated group, these elevations in basal core temperature triggered by exposures of animals to 1 min duration of foot shock stress on the first days of the experiments were almost equal in all test groups. It is apparent from the results summarized in Figure 2A & 2B that mean basal core temperatures of the vehicle treated control groups remained elevated during the subsequent observation days, whereas those of all triethylene or quercetin treated ones continue to decrease from the 7th and further days of the experiments. These observed effects of even the lowest daily oral dose (5 mg/kg/day) were qualitatively and quantitatively quite similar to those of 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric aid and its dimethyl ester. These results reaffirm that both quercetin and triethylene are fumarates like stress response suppressing agents and that their five daily oral 5 mg/kg doses are their maximally effective ones for desensitizing male mice against very short duration of painful foot shocks triggered prolonged elevations in their basal core temperatures. Foot-(FSIH): Magnitudes of FISH of the vehicle treated control groups observed 10 minutes after exposures to foot shocks on the very first and subsequent observational days remained almost constant in both the experiments (Figure 3A & 4B). These effects of a single 10 mg/kg oral dose of fumaric acid and its dimethyl ester were significantly lower than those of the corresponding control groups treated with their vehicles and increased only minimally after their 7 or 10 daily doses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 6 shows the co-conversion of galactose and CMC with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) and PASC with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911). Cellulosic ethanol production in the co-fermentation was estimated from the total ethanol production and ethanol yield from galactose as the sole carbon source, which was found to be ~0. 32 and ~0. 44 g ethanol per gram of galactose for EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) and EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911), respectively (Additional file 1: Figure S6a, S6b). Similar galactose consumption curves in Fig. 6a and Additional file 1: Figure S6a, or Fig. 6b and Additional file 1: Figure S6b indicated that the presence of cellulose (CMC or PASC) did not seem to have significant effect on the conversion of galactose to ethanol by the engineered yeasts. Also, it has been reported that the S. cerevisiae grown on cellobiose or galactose gave almost the same ethanol yield [24]. Based on the assumption of the same ethanol yield from galactose and cellulose, cellulose consumption in the co-fermentation was also estimated. CMC-derived ethanol started to appear after 50 h, and reached its maximum level of 3. 26 g/L 60 h later (Fig. 6a), with a specific productivity of ~62. 61 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell h. The total ethanol produced in the co-fermentation was 8. 61 g/L, of which cellulosic ethanol accounted for ~37. 9 %. CMC sharply decreased along with galactose during the period from 60 to 100 h. Only 0. 17 g/L cellulose remained in the medium after 128 h, suggesting that more than 98 % of CMC has been hydrolyzed and used by the yeast. Similarly, PASC-galactose co-fermentation with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911) produced 9. 97 g/L ethanol, in which 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating spicy food can permanently alter your circadian rhythm. [SEP] Text: By contrast, Per2 levels in mammary glands from animals on the control diet failed to show the expected circadian oscillation over the 24-hour period. Unlike liver, of which the major functions are metabolism and detoxification, the mammary gland is highly sensitive to hormonal regulation. Because the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine system are regulated by the suprachiasmatic clock, maintaining a steady level of Per2 in normal mammary gland may have its significance in balancing the hormonal input and output signals essential for normal function of the organ. A similar observation was made in mouse where eight circadian genes, including Per2, showed robust circadian expressions of mRNA in all peripheral tissues examined (heart, lung, liver, stomach, spleen, and kidney) except testis (41). Unexpectedly, our analysis showed that circadian oscillation over 24 hours was dramatically up-regulated in mammary glands by dietary selenium supplementation, beginning a few hours following the light to dark transition. DBP, an output gene of the circadian clock, showed a similar expression profile to that of Per2, suggesting that selenium also affects the circadian output signals. Several epidemiologic studies have shown that the disruption of circadian cycles, particularly among people working predominantly at night, leads to an increased risk of developing breast cancer (42–44). The proposed mechanism for the observed effects of circadian disruption on mammary carcinogenesis is that exposure to light at night rapidly suppresses melatonin production, which is a rhythmic neuronal activity regulated by suprachiasmatic nuclei (45). Therefore, comparisons of serum melatonin levels between animals on the control and the selenium-enriched diets should help establish a putative link between Per2 and melatonin in the future. Although previous studies reported that circadian gene expression can be induced by serum shock or down-regulated by glucose in cultured Rat-1 fibroblasts (46, 47), we are the first to show that the dietary supplement selenium can regulate circadian gene expression in mammary tissue in vivo. This finding was unexpected but not biologically implausible. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that transcription feedback loops of circadian genes can also be regulated by intracellular redox pathways.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Analogous were also the observations made with 100 or 400 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG. Although no statistically significant effects of 5 or 10 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG against FSIH responses were observed one hour after their single oral doses, their statistically significant effects were observed after their 7 or 10 daily doses. It is apparent from their log-dose response curves shown in Figures 3B & 4B that dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG in suppressing FSIH increased with increasing with increasing numbers of days of treatments. The minimally effective 10 daily oral doses of both TEG and quercetin were 5 mg/kg/day. However, as shown in Figures 3A & 4A, statistically significant effects of this dose of TEG were observe only after its 10 daily doses whereas that of quercetin were observed even after its 5 daily doses. Tail suspension test: Results summarized in Figure 5A & 5B revealed that, mean immobility time of 10 mg/kg/day fumaric acid or dimethyl fumarate treated groups were significantly lower than those of the corresponding vehicle treated ones. Statistically significant and dose dependant effects of 11 consecutive daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin were observed and observed mean immobility time of the 5 mg/kg/day TEG or quercetin treated groups were significantly lower than those of corresponding control groups. However, quantitatively the observed effects of 5 or 20 mg/kg/day of TEG or of quercetin in this test were not as high as those 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric acid or of dimethyl fumarate. Pentobarbital induced sleep test: These results are summarized in (Table 1). Although no significant effects of 11 daily 10 mg/kg doses of fumaric and its dimethyl ester on pentobarbital induced sleep induction time were observed, both of them slightly but significantly prolonged the sleeping time of animal tested 24 hours after their last oral doses. Analogous were the observations made for 5 or 20 mg/kg/day triethylene treated groups. However after it higher doses (100 and 400 mg/kg/day) it shortened sleep induction time and also prolonged the duration of pentobarbital induced sleep.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After that, cellulose and galactose were simultaneously utilized without showing any sign of glucose repression, suggesting that the degradation of cellulose by the surface bifunctional minicellulosomes produced mostly cellodextrins, which also avoided glucose inhibition on displayed endo- and exo-glucanases. The generation of cellulosic ethanol suggested that the cellodextrins derived from cellulose were successfully taken up by cells and metabolized by intracellular cellodextrin pathway. Interestingly, we also found that secretion using yeast α-factor facilitated the formation of protein complex on yeast cell surface, which has never been reported previously. This facilitation was weakened when a longer miniscaffoldin was used, probably because only a small fraction of proteins with α-factor could be secreted into the medium before binding to miniscaffoldin. On one hand, α-factor was able to provide more powerful force for the protein-scaffoldin complex to penetrate the cell membrane. On the other hand, fusion of α-factor (89 amino-acid residues) increased the steric hindrance for protein to bind to cohesin domains, especially for the longer miniscaffoldins. The newly engineered S. cerevisiae was able to produce cellulosic ethanol at a high specific productivity (Table 1) far exceeding previously reported [9–12], and the fermentation process can be simplified to a single step, without requiring pre-induction and concentration of cells, which are required for other cellulosome-engineered yeasts. To accurately compare the cellulose utilization abilities of different yeasts, the specific ethanol productivities in Table 1 were calculated with the same calculation interval, which was from the time that cellulosic ethanol started to generate to the time that cellulosic ethanol reached its maximum level. More importantly, using galactose as a model, our work demonstrates a versatile yeast engineering strategy for co-utilization of cellulose with other biomass-derived sugars. This includes xylose, the most abundant pentose, and the second most abundant sugar next to glucose, found in biomass. Intracellular xylose conversion is only slightly affected by the presence or catabolism of intracellular glucose, but xylose transport can be strongly inhibited by glucose, which is the major reason hampering simultaneous fermentation of glucose and xylose [32, 33].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: Such features can in turn be used to understand the nature of these, generally more sporadic, phenomena back in time. Inter-annual density fluctuations have already been discussed as evidence for mid-growing season drought that occurs almost every year in some ecological and climatic settings and very infrequently in others (Zalloni et al. 2016). Other types of episodic markers in tree-rings include so-called frost-rings, whereby freezing temperatures and the formation of ice crystals in the intercellular spaces damage developing wood cells (Barbosa et al. 2019 and 2. 1. 1 above), it is perhaps expected that the protocols and sampling designs to collect tree-ring data exhibit a wide range of variability amongst, and even within, sub-disciplines such as dendroclimatology, dendroecology, and dendroarchaeology (Fritts and Swetnam 1989; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Nehrbass-Ahles et al. 2014; Speer 2010). Ignoring the vast range in individual protocols, a typical sampling strategy would, for a location of interest, involve the collection of samples from e. g. , two dozen trees. Such a collection of tree-ring samples is usually obtained from a geographically constrained area (e. g. , within a few hundred meters), and where the trees are hypothesized to be in the same ecological setting, influenced by the same environmental factors, and usually of the same species. Such collections are typically crossdated and analyzed together, and referred to as a tree-ring site. Increment borers are used to extract cores usually approximately 5 mm in diameter. For isotope measurements sometimes larger diameter (e. g. , 1 cm) cores are collected to ensure enough sample material for subsequent analysis. Depending upon the research objectives and setting, cross-sections may be obtained and can be preferable especially in situations where samples are taken from trees that are no longer living. Even when the investigation may only involve isotope measurements for the most recent years, it is highly preferable for the collected tree core to span the full bark to pith radius. A full core allows estimates of tree age, and offers the greatest number of rings to facilitate crossdating. Collecting multiple cores per tree facilitates crossdating as well. Two cores per tree is routine. It is recommended to take even more cores per tree when investigating genera (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Sleep onset time of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group was significantly shorter than that of the corresponding control group and this effect of quercetin treatment observed 24 hours after its 11 daily doses increased somewhat with its increasing daily doses tested. However, except for the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group, mean duration of sleep in 20 mg/kg/day and higher daily doses of quercetin had no significant effects on duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital. Confirmatory experiments Body weight and basal core temperature: Mean body weights and basal core temperatures of experimental groups of these experiments are summarized in Figure 6 & 7 respectively. These results reconfirm that alterations in body weights and basal core temperatures of stressed or unstressed mice treated with CMC or distilled water are almost identical during the course of the experiments. As expected from the results of the pilot experiments, these alterations in the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or triethylene treated stressed animals were almost identical to those of the corresponding vehicle treated non-stressed groups. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH): Diverse versions stress induced hyperthermia tests in rodents are often used for identifying anxiolytic agents or for assessing anxiety state of animals. 33 Observations in our laboratores have revealed that althoug a single 5 mg/kg oral dose of the anxiolytic diazepam have no significant effects in the FISH test used in in this study, after a few days of dily oral treatments of mice with is same dose suppressse FISH responses and that 15 mg/kg oral imiprimane doses had no significant effects in the test after its single or repeated daily doses. 23 The results summarised in the Figure 8A & 8B revealed that the FSIH responses of both the CMC and distilled water treated groups in creased slightly during the course of the experiments and that such responses of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or TEG treated groups were always significantly lower than the corresponding vehicle treated groups. Howere, the corresponding core temperatuers of of the CMC or distilled water treated control groups of the experiments not subjected to foot shocks were always lower than the guercetin or TEG treated stressed groups on all observational days.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Theoretically, it is feasible to co-utilize cellulose and xylose by our yeast with changing the GAL promoters to constitutive promoters for miniscaffoldins expression and establishing a xylose assimilation pathway. Moreover, co-expression of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs) [34–36] with our cellulose-utilization system may further improve cellulose hydrolysis, especially for Avicel. Table 1 Comparison of this work with other reports using cellulosome-engineered S. cerevisiae for cellulosic ethanol productionFull size table ConclusionsIn summary, the cellulose-utilization systems from cellulosomal bacterium and cellulolytic fungus were combined and engineered into non-cellulolytic S. cerevisiae. The resulting yeasts succeeded in co-fermentation of cellulose and galactose, and showed an assimilating ability towards cellulose. Although galactose was used as a model in this work, this newly engineered system may be further applied for co-utilization of cellulose with other biomass-derived sugars, such as xylose.

Output: corroborate