Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Among these taxa, Acidobacteriota is associated with various functions such as carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, exopolysaccharide production, and transporter functions (Kielak et al. , 2016). It has been reported that the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota was significant lower in hybrid grouper fed a formulated diet compared to those fed with chilled trash fish (Ye et al. , 2020). This finding aligns with our results, which also indicate a lower occurrence of Acidobacteriota in the AF group of mandarin fish. In addition, Actinomycetota have been recognized as pivotal biomarkers in maintaining gut homeostasis by producing beneficial secondary metabolites and reducing the pathogenicity of pathogens (Kielak et al. , 2016). Actinomycetota have also been reported to be implicated in modulating gut permeability and the immune system, including modulating immune-inflammatory and autoimmune responses by inducing regulatory T-cells (Binda et al. , 2018). The significantly lower relative abundance of Actinomycetota observed in mandarin fish fed the AF diet suggested that these fish may have an inferior immune response compared to those in the NF group. This prediction is consistent with our transcriptome analysis results between the two treatments, which showed that the NF group had significantly higher expression of genes associated with TGFβ signaling and tight junctions, indicating enhanced immune and gut barrier functions (Li et al. , 2023). Similar findings have been reported in other fish species, such as the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), which showed a significant down-regulation of Actinobacteriota and Chloroflexi in the gut when fed an artificial diet (Lozupone et al. , 2012). Overall, the consumption of the AF diet reshapes the composition and dominant bacterial taxa in mandarin fish, implying the potential effects of processed food on remodeling the host microbial structure. Gut microbiota-associated nutrient assimilation in mandarin fish fed the NF and AF diets The intestinal tract is the main site of nutrient assimilation, not only through the functions of the intestinal villi in nutrient absorption, but also through the involvement of the gut microbiota in energy production from nutrient biotransformation. According to the predictive functional profiles of microbial communities using analysis, pathways related to the carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism were highly enriched in mandarin fish.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The technology also requires careful consideration to ensure that the intervention is fit for purpose and not contrived towards technology for the sake of technology (Cowling and Birt 2018; Kavanagh et al. 2017). With the cost of IVR technology falling in recent years, this now provides opportunity to employ a low-cost approach towards an authentic IVR learning experience (Papara et al. 2020). In addition, there is potential for hundreds of HCP’s per day to utilise the IVR technology regardless of their location (Fabris et al. 2019). Within a climate hindered by COVID-19, this approach may provide an enhanced educational experience without being cost prohibitive, limited by student numbers or student location. 1. 2 RationaleEducators need to show creativity and innovation to help challenge learners to develop a wide range of meta-cognitive and cognitive skills when trying to establish deeper understanding within the safety of a clinical simulation environment. The concepts of heutagogy help theorise an education framework that lends itself to equip learners with appropriate skills for a lifetime of learning (Blaschke 2018). In the context of this paper, this reflects first understanding learner capabilities for problem solving, clinical diagnosis and the underlaying principles of learner agency and reflection within the IVR simulation environments (Hase and Kenyon 2007). An understanding of heutagogical technology approaches may therefore help with the future design of authentic student-determined learning and lend itself to safe clinical practice. Clinical simulation offers a contextual educational experience that often fails to measure emotion and experience during traditional manikin based training. Moreover, with the introduction of innovative technology such as IVR into clinical simulation, it is uncertain as to the extent of stress and learning within an authentic IVR environment. It is therefore important to identify IVR environment simulation approaches that are redesigned for an enhanced learning experience rather than being contrived towards technology and replication of a behaviouristic learning design. Although recognised when investigated separately, there have been no scoping reviews detailing a triangulation of quantitative, qualitative and biometric feedback indicators that evaluate and assess (1) professionals, (2) Clinical simulation, (3) IVR, (4) Stress and (5) Authentic learning design. A scoping review of how immersive technology relates to traditional clinical simulation within health care practice will help to define key concepts, map existing research and importantly identify future research gaps within this emerging area of research. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: coli that transports xylose into the cell and the xylAB, genes that encode enzymes to convert xylose into xylose-5 phosphate, which is metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway, was constructed [45]. Efficient utilization of xylose required the inactivation of the glucose/xylose dehydrogenase (Gcd) to avoid the misrouting of xylose to dead-end xylonate [33]. A derivative of CM12-5 with Δgcd and bearing the xylAB and xylE genes was also available. Escherichia coli DH5α was used for the cloning experiments and propagation of plasmids (Table 4). Table 4 Strains and plasmids used in this studyFull size tableEscherichia coli was routinely grown at 37 ºC in LB medium, while the Pseudomonas putida strains were grown at 30 ºC in LB medium or in M9 minimal medium [60] with 5 g L−1 glucose as the sole carbon source. When indicated M8 minimal medium was used, this is identical to M9 medium except that ammonium chloride was replaced by 10 mM KNO3. For liquid cultures 100 mL conical flasks seeded with 20 mL culture medium were incubated in a Kühner thermostat incubator with agitation (200 rpm, 30 ºC). Growth was monitored by following the turbidity of the cultures at 660 nm (OD660) in a UV–VIS spectrophotometer Shimadzu 1900i (Kyoto, Japan). For resting cells assays, the cells were grown in M9 minimal medium with 5 g L−1 glucose as the sole carbon source, until the culture reached OD660 = 1. 0. Then, the cells were centrifuged and washed with 1xM9 and re-suspended in the appropriate medium at OD660 = 10. Pretreated sugar cane straw (PSCS) and corn stover (PCS) were sourced from the Plant in York, Nebraska, USA. The final dry matter content was determined to be 39. 9% for PSCS and 43. 3% for PCS, as reported in the compositional characterization by Rocha-Martín et al. [30].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Moreover, mandarin fish fed the AF diet showed significantly higher metabolic activities in PPAR signaling pathways and steroid biosynthesis, which aligns with our previous findings from the integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis of mandarin fish (Li et al. , 2023). Similarly, improved nutrient utilization and cellular homeostasis were observed in the gut of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) under feed domestication (Song et al. , 2022). In addition, it has also been reported that processed foods in the human diet often contain high levels of sugar and other additives, which could potentially increase nutrient absorption as well as the risk of type 2 diabetes (Cuevas-Sierra et al. , 2021; Fardet, 2016). Therefore, the AF diet enhanced nutrient assimilation activities in mandarin fish, suggesting that variations between the natural and processed food caused differences in nutrient assimilation in the host. Overall, by investigating how gut microbiota contribute to nutrient metabolism and overall health in mandarin fish, we can gain potential insights into the consequences of consuming processed vs natural foods on host physiology in vertebrates. To validate the results of the analysis, the nutrient assimilation of the gut microbiota was assessed by measuring the lipid levels in the liver and muscle and by analyzing the expression of gene related to carbohydrate and lipid, based on the transcriptome analysis. Significantly higher levels of lipid droplets in the liver sections and increased lipid content in muscle indicated that the AF diet induced significantly higher lipid deposition compared to the NF diet. This increased lipid deposition was correlated with the significantly higher expression of genes involved in the PPAR signaling pathway, including fads2, fabp7, and pmp2, as shown in the heatmap. In general, fabp7 is an essential fatty acid binding protein that plays a crucial role in facilitating lipid transport, while fads2 is involved in the desaturation process of converting 18:2n-6 to 18:3n-6 during fatty acid elongation (Huang et al. , 2022). Consequently, the active molecular events observed in fabp7 and fads2 in the mandarin fish fed with the AF diet are also consistent with the metabolic changes and microbiota adaptations observed in the study. In addition, a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroidota was observed in the AF group.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality will replace all traditional forms of education within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The implications are exposing the HCP to an experiential learning and clinical decision making environment but without the tactile interaction found in real life (Servotte et al. 2020). The result is that a reduced level of feedback may negatively impact the HCP by detracting from the learning experience (Kavanagh et al. 2017). Whilst there are advantages and disadvantages to each media, all allowed the user immersion and a sense of presence. Whilst the literature did detail the media quality, there was no discussion regarding fidelity standards. Limitations highlighted by Kavanagh et al. (2017) suggest system fidelity may be an important factor with lower latency and higher resolution media required to enhance realism. For many, a mixed modality approach was further enhanced by auditory stimulation such as screams and explosions (Cochrane et al. 2020; Chang et al. 2019; Price et al. 2018; Rushton et al. 2020; Servotte et al. 2020; Wier et al. 2017), artificial intelligent speech recognition (Concannon et al. 2020; Johnsen et al. 2005), haptic feedback (Birt et al. 2017), olfactory stimulus (smells) and distracting elements such as real smoke (Wier et al. 2017). It is of note that each stimulus is in the extreme and designed to invoke stress and a sense of emergence. There are some concerns that virtual patients should be used only as a complimentary pedagogical resource and not replace human patient contact (Price et al. 2018). In addition, virtual patients may be a barrier to learning (King et al. 2018) and promote reduced empathy (Edelbring et al. 2011). IVR may also prove problematic when technological motivation becomes the drive rather than learning needs (Cowling and Birt 2018) or a novelty that may diminish (Kavanagh et al. 2017). However, when compared to human patients, Price et al. (2018) reported IVR to be as efficient as human assessment and offers insight into the potential learners experience and acceptance of realism when performing the task. Regardless of method, the constructivist approach posits that all offer the learner a range of clinical conditions and/or environments which would otherwise be rare or non-accessible. 4. 3 Sub-question 1Sub-question 1 sought to determine how immersive virtual reality clinical simulation participant stress response is measured.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Following acid- and steam-explosion pretreatments, the soluble lignocellulosic substrates exhibited furfural contents ranging from 0. 31% to 1. 1%, and 5’-hydroxymethylfurfural contents ranging from 0. 23% to 0. 28%, as documented in the same study (30). PCS and PSCS were then hydrolyzed using (Sigma-Aldrich) as described by Godoy et al. [45]. The sugar content of these hydrolysates was 1. 7 ± 0. 1 g L−1 glucose and 2. 8 ± 0. 1 g L−1 xylose for PSC and 1. 5 ± 0. 1 g L−1 glucose and 1. 4 ± 0. 06 g L−1 xylose for PSCS. The strains were pre-cultured overnight in M8 minimal medium with 10 mM KNO3, as the N source, then, the cultures were diluted at 0. 1 OD660nm in M8 minimal medium with 10 mM KNO3 as N source without glucose and 3% (w/v) acid- and heat- pre-treated corn stover (PCS) or acid- and heat- pre-treated sugar cane straw (PSCS) [30]. Note that nitrate was used in these assays, because the pH of the culture medium remain along the fermentation test above 6. 1, at which growth of P. putida takes place, while when ammonium was the N source, the pH of the culture medium dropped to 4. 5–5. 3, which compromised the survival of the strain. Growth of the strains in this culture was monitored by determining CFU mL−1 in solid M9 medium. Corn syrup was also used as a source of carbon as indicated in the Results section. The corn syrup (purchased from Biosan, Tarragona, Spain) contained about 410 g L−1 glucose, 550 g L−1 fructose and 40 g L−1 sucrose. Isolation of l-phenylalanine overproducer P. putida mutantsputida, l-phenylalanine is produced through the shikimate pathway (Fig. 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Bacteroidota have been reported to be positively correlated with the consumption of industrially processed food in humans (Cuevas-Sierra et al. , 2021). On the other hand, Lactobacillus is a probiotic fermenting organism that can produce lactic acid and acetic acid during the fermentation of plant protein and energy sources (Zhang et al. , 2022). The increase in the abundance of these two taxa aligns with the improved ability of fermentation and nutrient assimilation in mandarin fish fed the AF diet. Therefore, the inclusion of carbohydrates and plant-derived protein in the AF diet reshaped the gut microbiota, resulting in an increased proportion of Bacteroidota. In conclusion, the changes in the composition and related functions of the gut microbiome, together with the altered molecular metabolic events, collectively contributed to the enhancement of fermentation and nutrient assimilation processes in mandarin fish fed the AF diet. From a limited point of perspective, the results highlight the potential impact of dietary changes on nutrient assimilation and host metabolism. fish species are one of the most representative vertebrates in our biosphere, mechanisms towards mammals could be revealed by insights from fish vertebrates. Therefore, the present study examined the long-term feeding of AF and NF diets to mandarin fish to emulate the consequences of consuming processed and natural foods on gut microbiota assemblages in the host. The findings demonstrated that feeding with the AF diet reduced the abundance and diversity of gut microbes to some extent. In addition, Bacteroidota was found to be the biomarker in the gut of mandarin fish fed the AF diet, while Acidobacteriota was distinguished in the NF treatments. The AF diet feeding showed improved nutrient assimilation, which was supported by the composition and related functions of the gut microbiota, as well as the enrichment of active molecular events. As a whole, it is acknowledged that the short-term modulation on the microbiota subjected to the NF and AF diets could not fully reveal the mechanism concerning the human microbiota evolution during long period of time, the authors hope that the results of the present study could provide some potential insights for the research on the evolution of the microbiota in response to dietary variations in animals and humans to some extent. Length distribution of 16S sequences in the gut microbiota of mandarin fish. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: Instructors can utilize submitted activity worksheets as a summative assessment of a student's ability to (1) recognize alignment between their course experiences and the CLOs and (2) identify and describe examples of course experiences supportive of their achievement of the published CLOs for the course (activity learning objectives 2 and 3). In addition to this, instructors may also use student responses as valuable information in the assessment of the course design, as the responses may help identify student misconceptions as well as content areas for which there may be either an overabundance or a lack of aligned instruction provided in the course. Also central to this activity, by design, is active learning. Strategies for active learning used in this activity include brainstorming, collaborative thinking/discussion, and reflection. The activity affords students an opportunity to practice metacognitive skills through the reflective component, while the collaborative portion of the activity provides an excellent opportunity for peer instruction. and activity has been used in an introductory biology course for non-majors across several terms and students have generally provided positive feedback following activity completion. During one recent term, a study was undertaken to investigate student perceptions of their experience and of the use of CLOs in the course following the activity. Students were specifically asked before and after completion of the activity to complete the statement, "For me, the use of learning outcomes in this course is. . . ," up to five times (40) and responses were reviewed to determine student perceptions of purpose of the learning outcomes, as well as their attitudes regarding the use of outcomes in the course. Complete pre/post surveys were collected for a total of 12 consenting students. Pre-survey responses suggested initial misconceptions regarding the purpose of learning outcomes for five of the twelve participants in the study. Based on subsequent responses in the post-survey, the activity worked to clarify these initial misconceptions for three of those five students. One student, prior to the activity, stated in response to the prompt, "For me, the use of learning outcomes in this course is. . . " that, "it was ok but I did not like the group work. " The additional responses provided by this student included one word answers such as, "good," "fine," and "ok. " This indicates a misconception surrounding the purpose and/or nature of learning outcomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mutants of CM12-5 and CM12-5 (pPHE1) strains that overproduce l-phenylalanine were generated using ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and selection of clones able to grow in the presence of > 3 mg mL−1 p-fluor-dl-phenylalanine (FPA), a toxic analogue of l-phenylalanine [61]. Briefly, cells were grown in M9 minimal medium with glucose until the mid-exponential growth phase was reached. Then, 10 aliquots of 100 μL of liquid culture were spread on M9 minimal medium solid plates with glucose as the C source and 3 mg mL−1 FPA, and left to dry for a few minutes. Then, a filter containing 30 mg of EMS was deposited on each plate and incubated at 30ºC. After 48 h, the colonies appearing within the inhibition halo were considered potential mutants and were picked and tested for growth in plates of M9 minimal medium with glucose and increasing concentrations of FPA (from 3 to 10 mg mL−1 FPA). Those mutants able to grow at high FPA concentrations > 3 mg mL−1 were selected as potential l-phenylalanine overproducers. One clone that tolerated 10 mg mL−1 FPA of each strain, and confirmed to produce l-phenylalanine, was chosen for further analysis. These clones were named PG1E and PG2E, the latter bearing the pPHE1 plasmid. Induction of the expression of Ehrlich pathway genes in pPE-1The construction of pPE-1 plasmid bearing the three genes involved in 2-PE synthesis through the Ehrlich pathway, i. e. histidinol phosphate transferase (PP_0967 from P. putida KT2440), phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (kdc from Rhodospirillum rubrum) and a native alcohol dehydrogenase (T1E_5478, adh from P. putida DOT-T1E) was described by Molina-Santiago et al. [24]. The three genes were cloned as an operon and their expression was driven from the XylS/o-toluic inducible Pm promoter [50] with 1 mM o-toluate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 17520/supp-1 clustering for taxonomical abundance of the most 50 abundant genera in the gut microbiota of mandarin fish fed with the AF and FB diet. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-2 compositions of the FB and AF diets. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-3 16S sequencing data of gut microbiota in mandarin fish fed with the FB and AF diet. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-4 data. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-5 data for Fig 7B. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-6 guidelines 2. 0: author checklist. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17520/supp-7 The authors would like to thank LC Sciences (Hangzhou, China) for their technical assistance. authors declare that they have no competing interests. analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 7818. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw measurements are available in the Supplemental Files. research was funded by the (2023A1515010008; 2021A1515111077), the of the of Sciences (2023FB02), the Science and of Guangzhou (2024A04J4584), the (2023CXYC2, 2024CXYC1), and the Central Public-(2023TD62). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2018. Actinobacteria: a relevant minority for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Digestive and 50(5):421-428 äck R. 2014. Individuals’ diet diversity influences gut microbial diversity in two freshwater fish (threespine stickleback and Eurasian perch) 17(8):979-987 --Rodríguez ---Hasan S, van der ázquez-Baeza Y, Vogtmann E, von. 2019. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. 37(8):852-857 Cahill MM. 1990. Bacterial flora of fishes: a review.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: However, in response to the same prompt provided to students soon after completion of the activity, the student responded with, "it was fun and the labs helped me to understand what I learned in class. " The student further provided evidence of improved perceptions of CLO purpose in the additional responses, which included 2. Table 2. Sample student responses for a selection of CLOs from our non-majors, introductory biology course. The primary task within the activity solicited the identification and description of one or more course experiences from each student's personal perspective that they identified as being supportive of their individual achievement of each of the published CLOs. This differs from typical course-related tasks, in which students are presented with a question, challenge, or scenario, and are made responsible for identifying or generating the proper response, or a response they perceive to be preferred or expected by the instructor. We considered the activity to be effective in support of the intended objectives, as it encouraged students to reflect on the class as a whole. In doing so, students were provided with the opportunity to come to a realization that the course CLOs were, in fact, achieved, or, at minimum, that offerings and experiences throughout the course provided opportunities to achieve them. This, in our opinion, is an important realization that our students may fail to grasp if this exercise is not performed during the closing weeks of the term. In addition to the student benefits observed, the instructor also found value in the use of this activity, as it provided unique insight into student perceptions of their learning and possible misconceptions about course concepts. Typical student responses regarding a majority of the CLOs referenced activities or other course elements that aligned well with their intended purpose. Student responses to one CLO, however, suggested either a consistent misinterpretation or misconception. This CLO states that successful students should, ". . . articulate the expanding and self-correcting nature of biology" and is grouped under the general course goal that, "Students will understand key events in the development of science and recognize that science is an expanding and self-correcting body of knowledge. " A sample activity sheet providing the full list of the goals and outcomes defined for our course is provided in S1. Tying it – Sheet. Student responses for this outcome were mixed, but in multiple instances referenced studying or exploring specific course concepts such as the immune system's response to pathogen entry, natural selection, and apoptosis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Analytical methodsl-Phenylalanine, 2-phenylethanol (2-PE), and other aromatic intermediates present in culture supernatants were identified and quantified using an elution gradient protocol, with an Agilent 1260 HPLC–DAD system (see Godoy et al. [45]). l-Phenylalanine and 2-PE were both monitored at 215 nm, and their elution times were 5 and 10 min, respectively. Glucose, fructose and xylose consumptions were analyzed enzymatically as described by Godoy et al. [45]. Bio-informatic analysisputida PG2E genome was sequenced by Lda (Caparica, Portugal and (Madrid)). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by comparing sequencing reads from the PG2E strain against the P. putida DOT-T1E reference genome (GCA_026183455. 1) with Snippy v4. 6. 0 [62] that uses (0. 7. 17) [63] and Freebayes (v1. 3. 6) [64] with parameters, mincov = 10, minqual = 100 and mapqual = 60. Structural variants were analyzed using sorted bam files with Samtools v. 1. 16. 1 [65] and inspected using IGV v2. 15. 2 [66]. Availability of data and materials The data sets generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published 2001. 2020. ET. Ernst T. Fragrance chemistry : the science of the sense of smell. Academic Press; 1982. of biotransformation conditions for production of 2-phenylethanol by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae CWY132 mutant. Res. 2011;25:754–9. BMC Biotechnol. 2014. BMC Biotechnol. 2012;12:1–12. Value added products from fermentation of sugars derived from agro-food residues. Sci Technol. 2017;71:52–64. The future of petrochemicals—analysis - IEA. IEA, Paris License: CC BY 4. 0. 2018. $759 billion required for a net-zero petrochemicals sector by 2050 | BloombergNEF. BNEF. 2022. D, Gielen D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: 19(1):21-41 ña. 2010. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. 7(5):335-336. 2022. Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) feeding on compound diets and live baits. Frontiers in Genetics 13:797420 Cuevas-ínez JA, Riezu-Boj JI. 2021. Gut microbiota differences according to ultra-processed food consumption in a Spanish population. Nutrients 13(8):2710. 2010. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 107(33):14691-14696. 2020. Association of gut microbiota with metabolism in juvenile Atlantic salmon. Microbiome 8(1):160 Edgar RC. 2013. : highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. 10(10):996-998. 2011. improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27(16):2194-2200 Fardet A. 2016. Minimally processed foods are more satiating and less hyperglycemic than ultra-processed foods: a preliminary study with 98 ready-to-eat foods. Food & Function 7(5):2338-2346. 2015. The impact of rearing environment on the development of gut microbiota in tilapia larvae. 5(1):18206. 2022. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein: a rising therapeutic target in lipid metabolism. Progress in 87(7644):101178 Huebbe P, Rimbach G. 2020. Historical reflection of food processing and the role of legumes as part of a healthy balanced diet. Foods 9(8):1056. 2016. The ecology of Acidobacteria: moving beyond genes and genomes. Frontiers in Microbiology 7(156341):744 Larios-ópez LM, Gómez-Gil B, Ramírez. 2022. Soy protein concentrate effects on gut microbiota structure and digestive physiology of Totoaba macdonaldi. Journal of 132(2):1384-1396. 2016. Bamboo shoot fiber prevents obesity in mice by modulating the gut microbiota. 6(1):32953. 2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: These responses indicate that the approach to instruction on the nature of science failed in some way to support achievement of this CLO for at least some students in the course and potentially led to new student misconceptions. This misconception was unknown to the instructor prior to completion of this activity, and it is likely that support of this misconception would have continued in future iterations of the course if not for the insights gained through review of student activity sheets. Based on this new knowledge, the instructor may choose to focus instructional redesign efforts on this particular outcome in an attempt to support students in gaining the ability to more accurately articulate the, ". . . expanding and self-correcting nature of biology. " Suggestions for activity could be modified and utilized effectively in a variety of ways. While we have only employed the activity at the end of the term as a general reflective exercise on learning across the term, similar exercises could be utilized throughout the term (e. g. , weekly, before or after each summative assessment, during the mid-point of the term, etc. ) in order to help students in the identification of connections between their experiences in the course and their learning. Alternatively, instructors might be more comfortable providing a list of course assignments or activities and asking students to identify the learning goal or outcome that they feel most closely aligns to each. Ultimately, this activity can be used or modified in any way that facilitates student critical thinking about their experiences in the course and how those experiences relate to their learning gains. IRB data and student contributions that we included in this work have been approved for publication by the Board at (IRB Protocol #2019E0496). 1. Tying it – Sheet S2. Tying it – Introduction S3. Tying it – Template 2003. Bio 2010: Transforming undergraduate education for future research biologists. Washington D. C. Press. for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 2011. Vision and Change in Undergraduate Education: A Call to Action. Washington, D. C. Council (NRC). 2012. Discipline-based education research: understanding and improving learning in undergraduate science and engineering. S. R. Singer, N. R. Nielson, and H. A. Schweingruber, Editors. Committee on the Status, Contributions, and of Discipline-Research. Board on Science Education, Division on Behavioral and and Education. Washington, D. C. Press.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Zero-emission pathway for the global chemical and petrochemical sector. Energies. 2021;14:3772. 2021. Available from: H. Aligning sequence reads, clone sequences and assembly contigs with BWA-MEM. 2013. Available from: E, Marth G. Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing. 2012. Available from: The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics. 2009;25:2078–9. 24. 75. 00. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, c/ 1, 1808, & Juan L. RamosDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for 72205, author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 1. Comparative growth of P. putida DOT-T1E, CM12-5 and PG2E strains in the presence of glucose or phenylacetate as C source. Growth of the three P. putida strains was tested in M9 minimal medium with 0. 5% (w/v) glucose or 10 mM phenylacetate as C-source. Turbidity (right side) in liquid medium was measured 24 h after inoculation, while growth on solid medium was observed after 24 h incubation of streaked cells on solid M9 medium with either glucose or phenylacetate. Additional file 2: Table S1. SNPs found in P. putida PG2E genome with respect to P. putida DOT-T1E. Additional file 3: Table S2. Identification of mutated genes related with L-phenylalanine metabolism in P. putida PG2E as compared to P. putida DOT-T1E strain. Additional file 4: Table S3. Chemical composition of the soluble fraction of acid- and steam- explosion pretreated corn stover (PCS) and sugar cane straw (PSCS). Data are taken from Rocha-Martin et al. [30]. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Aquaculture 261(3):829-841 Schryver DP, Vadstein O. 2014. Ecological theory as a foundation to control pathogenic invasion in aquaculture. 8(12):2360-2368. 2021. The digestive system of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) can adapt to domestication by feeding with artificial diet. Aquaculture 538:736546. 2023. Effect of plant-based diets on gut microbiota: a systematic review of interventional studies. Nutrients 15(6):1510. 2022. Gut microbes reveal Pseudomonas medicates ingestion preference via protein utilization and cellular homeostasis under feed domestication in freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens. Frontiers in Microbiology 13:861705. 2000. Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 97(25):13506-13511 Wexler HM. 2007. Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Reviews 20(4):593-621. 2022. Interactions and stability of gut microbiota in Zebrafish increase with host development. 10(2):2. 2021. Effects of butyrate, propionate, and their combination in vitro, and the impacts of their supplementation in high-plant-protein diets to the production performance, innate immune responses, and intestinal microbiota of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) Aquaculture 545:737225. 2020. A formulated diet improved digestive capacity, immune function and intestinal microbiota structure of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂) when compared with chilled trash fish. Aquaculture 523(4):735230 Zhang Z, Li D. 2018. Thermal processing of food reduces gut microbiota diversity of the host and triggers adaptation of the microbiota: evidence from two vertebrates. Microbiome 6. 2020. Effects of high carbohydrate diet-modulated microbiota on gut health in Chinese perch. Frontiers in Microbiology 11:575102. 2022.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: They consisted of a collection of scholarly readings on IC, a recorded video from the course instructor, and a discussion prompt to help guide their interactions with classmates on the discussion board of the course LMS. To compare the experiences of participating teachers with the VS IC activities and the typical online materials, the online survey included two 10-point numerical items of note: an item asking participants to rate their preparedness to engage in IC and an item asking them to indicate how well the activities helped them become prepared for IC. For these two items, higher numerical response indicates greater preparedness and utility. The survey also included categorical demographic items and open-response items which allowed them to explain their answers to the above numerical items and also describe their experiences with the VS. Instrumentation •To compare the experiences of participating teachers with the VS IC activities and the typical online materials, the online survey included two 10-point numerical items of note: an item asking participants to rate their preparedness to engage in IC and an item asking them to indicate how well the activities helped them become prepared for IC. •For these two items, higher numerical response indicates greater preparedness and utility. The survey also included categorical demographic items and open-response items which allowed them to explain their answers to the above numerical items and also describe their experiences with the VS. On a scale of 1-10, where 1 is strongly disagree and 10 is strongly agree, did you feel like this activity was helpful in preparing you to engage in instructional coaching? On a scale of 1-10, where 1 is extremely unprepared and 10 is extremely prepared, how do you feel about engaging in instructional coaching activities with a colleague in a school setting? How could this activity have been changed to better meet your needs as you prepare to be an instructional coach? What are your apprehensions about engaging in instructional coaching? female and African-American with a majority holding a Master's degree. Veteran teachers but without prior exposure to instructional coaching. OPEN Results and •Paired sample t-tests revealed there were no statistically significant differences in self-reported feelings of readiness to engage in IC between the treatment and control condition. Similarly, there was not a statistically significant difference in self-reported feelings of helpfulness between the two conditions. •Of note, students reported feeling well-prepared for IC work and that both the VS and online modules helped them reach that preparedness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, high production cost makes fuel ethanol heavily dependent on preferential policies and governmental subsidies, especially in the and China where fuel ethanol is produced mainly from grain-based feedstocks[2]. Since feedstock and energy consumption are the major cost, lignocellulosic biomass, due to abundance and low cost, particularly agricultural residues, has been intensively studied for the production of fuel ethanol, but challenges are to be addressed to make such a process economically competitive[3]. Meanwhile, very high gravity (VHG) fermentation can significantly increase ethanol titer in the fermentation broth, which not only saves energy consumption for ethanol distillation, but also reduces waste distillage discharged from the distillation system, and thus has garnered great attention[2]. Apparently, ethanol-tolerant strains are prerequisite for more efficient ethanol production under VHG conditions in order to overcome stuck fermentation, in which significant sugars are present at the end of fermentation, and ethanol yield, the most important techno-economic aspect of fuel ethanol production, is compromised, correspondingly. Stuck fermentation results from severe ethanol inhibition in yeast cells[2]. When yeast cells flocculate, they can be retained and immobilized within fermentors for high cell density to improve ethanol productivity[4]. Moreover, ethanol tolerance of yeast flocs can be improved, since the morphological change caused by the flocculation consequently affects physiological functions of yeast cell membranes and intracellular metabolism[5, 6], making yeast flocs more suitable for VHG fermentation. However, in situ monitoring the growth of yeast flocs and their fermentation performance under VHG conditions presents a challenge, since dissolved oxygen in the fermentation broth is undetectable under micro-oxygen conditions. Redox potential (ORP) reflects electron activities during fermentations, which provides real-time information on the physiological status of cells[7]. Controlling ORP during fermentations has thus been developed as an effective method to enhance the production of desired metabolites such as 1,3-propanediol, citric acid and xylitol[8–10]. Recent studies have shown that for VHG ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae subjected to ORP control, high ethanol productivity and yield could be achieved[11–13]. In this study, ORP profiles were monitored and analyzed for ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-657579/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe gut bacteria of insects influence their host physiology positively, although their mechanism is not yet understood. This study characterized the microbiome of the gut of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae fed with nine different host plants; sugar cane (M1), maize (M2), onion (M3), cucumber (R1), tomato (R2), sweet potato (R3), cabbage L1), green amaranth (L2), and celocia (L3) by sequencing the theV3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina PE250 NovaSeq system. The results revealed that gut bacterial composition varied among larvae samples fed on different host plants. Three alpha diversity indices revealed highly significant differences on the gut bacterial diversity of S. frugiperda fed with different host plants. . Analysis of (AMOVA) and Analysis of Similarity () also revealed significant variations on the bacterial communities among the various host plants. Five bacteria phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes) were prevalent across the larvae samples. Firmicutes (44. 1%) was the most dominant phylum followed by Proteobacteria (28. 5%). Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analyses showed that S. frugiperda larvae were enriched by diverse bacteria groups. Celocia (L3) and sweet potato (R3) were enriched in phylum Firmicutes by 15. 1% and 14. 2 % respectively while green amaranth (L2) and sugar cane (M1) were enriched in proteobacteria by 18. 5% and 14. 3% respectively. was predominant and mostly enhanced by L3 with 21. 7% incidence. Mann-Whitney’ test revealed highly significant differences (p<0. 001) on OTUs number among larvae samples. Our findings indicate that host plant is a major driver shaping insect gut microbiota.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 23908/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractincreasing number of medical schools worldwide are implementing longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs), but few schools in have done the same. The study explored and compared learning experiences and academic performances of LIC and traditional block rotation (TBR) students at a metropolitan tertiary teaching hospital in Taiwan. study employed qualitative and quantitative methods. We used semi-structured interviews to explore the learning experience of the medical students in their fifth-year clerkship and analyzed the data with a general inductive approach. We also compared the students’ academic performance, including the scores of their clinical performance, medical record writing, written tests, and the objective structured clinical exam. were 12 LIC and 14 TBR students who participated in interviews. We identified four major themes in their learning experiences. (1) Clinical learning: the importance of active learning, the difference between textbook knowledge and clinical practice, and opportunistic (TBR) versus contextual (LIC) learning. (2) With patients: companionship with patients (TBR and LIC) and bridging the gap between physicians and patients (LIC). (3) With preceptors: apprenticeship (for LIC) and difficulty communicating with preceptors (for TBR). (4) Doctor-patient relationship: interaction and communication. Comparing the learning outcomes, the LIC students scored higher on preceptor-rated assessments, and both groups exhibited comparable performance on written tests and the objective structured clinical examination. students’ learning experience differed in some respects according to their curricula, they had a comparable academic performance. Internal Medicineand TheoryUndergraduateLongitudinal integrated clerkshipMix-methods researchCurriculum evaluationClinical teaching and learningfirst year of a clerkship is crucial for medical education because students experience a transition in terms of their learning environment (from a classroom to the workplace) and role (from a student to a physician) [1]. In the past century, developments in medical knowledge and technology have changed the manner in which medicine is studied. However, the model of clinical clerkship remains the same: it involves a sequence of short rotations through various specialties.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, fermentation time was prolonged under the same glucose concentration and biomass accumulation conditions, indicating that mass transfer limitation occurred with yeast flocs, which was consistent with the increase of the mean size of yeast floc distribution from about 50 μm detected at the beginning to about 250 μm detected near the end of the fermentation. Figure1 also illustrates effect of different glucose concentrations during ethanol fermentation by the flocculating yeast where no ORP control was implemented. Under 201 ± 3. 1 g glucose/L conditions, it took 42 h to completely utilize glucose; whereas, it required 66 h for the case of 252 ± 2. 9 g glucose/L. Although the fermentation time was prolonged to 72 h, there were 35. 0 ± 3. 2 g glucose/L remained unfermented under 298 ± 3. 8 g glucose/L conditions. The unfermented glucose not only compromises ethanol yield that is calculated based on total sugars feeding into fermentation systems without deduction of residual sugars, but also imposes difficulty for the subsequent treatment of waste distillage. Therefore, corresponding strategies should be developed to address these issues. Effect of ORP control on ethanol fermentation by the flocculating yeastBased on ORP profiles recorded in Figure1 and previous studies on ethanol fermentation using non-flocculating yeast[11], two ORP levels at −100 and −150 mV were selected for ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast under 201 ± 3. 1, 252 ± 2. 9 and 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose conditions. Time courses of glucose consumption, ethanol production, biomass accumulation, mean size of yeast floc, and ORP were monitored and illustrated in Figure2, and the experimental results were further summarized in Table1. Figure 2Ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast under ORP control conditions. Media containing glucose (g/L): 298 ± 3. 8 (A), 252 ± 2. 9 (B) and 201 ± 3. 1 (C). Glucose consumption (solid cycle), ethanol production (solid triangle), biomass (solid square), ORP (bold line) and mean of yeast flocs (open cycle). Full size imageTable 1 Summary of the experiment results Full size tableIn reference to ethanol fermentation without ORP control, more ethanol was produced when the ORP control strategy was applied.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Phylum protobacteria of class Gammaproteobacteria, order Pseudomonadales and family Moraxellaceae, genus Acinetobacter, species Acinetobacter_calcoaceticus as well as order Cytophagales of family Spirosomaceae and Leadbetterella were enriched in L2 host plant as well as order Flavobacteriales of families Flavobacteriaceae and Weeksellaceae, order _Corynebacteriales of family Tsukamurellaceae, Micrococcaceae and order Rhodobacterales of family Rhodobacteraceae were enriched in R1 host samples M1 host plants were also enriched in Class bacilli of the order Lactobacillales, the family Enterococcaceae and genus Enterococcus. M3 enhanced predominance of the class_Actinobacteria of the order Corynebacteriales within the family Corynebacteriaceae, genus Corynebacterium_ and species Corynebacterium_variabile (Fig. S10). A significant variation was found between the R1 and R3 groups. We found that 6 taxa were overrepresented and 10 were underrepresented, e. g. order Flavobacteriales (Fig. 11). DiscussionIn the present study, we analyzed the composition and relative abundance of the gut bacterial communities of the fifth instar larvae of S. frugipeda fed with nine different host plants under in vitro conditions. The results showed that the bacterial communities were substantially influenced by feeding of larvae on the nine different host plants. Earlier studies have suggested that life stage, environment and diet are the major factors that influence the formation of gut bacterial communities in insects [28-29,]. The results of this study are in line with findings from previous studies which showed that the bacterial community structure in many insect species are influenced by diets [30, 2]. The results from this study provided a further evidence that insect gut bacterial communities are influenced by diet which is dependent on their hosts. High bacteria diversity with nine phyla (and Verrucomicrobia) in the gut of all the larvae samples were documented. Firmicutes was the predominant phylum among them followed by proteobacteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: Clinical learning in conventional clerkships has been considered opportunistic, brief, and fragmented because it depends on patient encounters [19–21]. However, in LICs, learning experiences in the workplace are not always comfortable [22, 23], which can be attributed to unplanned learning opportunities [24, 25] and insufficient knowledge or skills [23, 26]. A proactive, self-motivated, and enthusiastic approach is crucial for clinical learning [27]. Medical students must study independently and acquire knowledge from supervisors [28]. Active engagement with patients can enhance student learning [12]. In this study, students stated that they recognized the necessity of self-directed learning in the workplace. Learning in hospitals was fragmented and generally occurred during clinical activities. The preceptors and house staff wanted the students to prepare in advance because they did not have sufficient time to provide background knowledge. Several studies have reported that junior staff members are the principal educators in teaching hospitals [20, 21, 29, 30]. In this study, the attending physicians were recognized as the formal educators in the team. The interns primarily assisted students in adapting to hospital life. The residents were reported to have a high workload and thus did not frequently interact with first-year clerks. This phenomenon might be based on different educational designs. In this school, a clerkship only requires eight months for completion, whereas an internship requires two years (the sixth and seventh year). Clerks are rotated every two weeks among different units, whereas the interns are rotated monthly. Compared with the relationships between interns and residents, those between clerks and residents might be less intimate. Communication skills are crucial for establishing doctor-patient relationships in medical practice. These skills can be taught using various methods, such as didactic lectures, videos, role-plays, interactions with standard patients, and simulations. However, most medical students learn verbal and nonverbal communication skills by observing their teachers and preceptors during daily practice [31]. Noncognitive characteristics, such as communication and relationship building, are considered valuable in clinical teachers [32]. In this study, both groups of students observed the modes of doctor-patient communications used by preceptors during rounds in clinics and wards. Both groups of students primarily described themselves as observers. They stated that their interactions with patients generally included taking a patient history and conducting conversations with patients during daily visits. LIC students generally conducted patient follow-ups for a few weeks or months after discharge.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Since feedstock consumption is the major cost for fuel ethanol production[2], more ethanol production improved ethanol yield, and correspondingly saved feedstock consumption. The highest ethanol concentration of 131. 0 ± 1. 8 g/L was obtained for ethanol fermentation with medium containing 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose when ORP was controlled at −150 mV. Whereas, for ethanol fermentation with media containing glucose of 252 ± 2. 9 and 201 ± 3. 1 g/L, ethanol production was enhanced more significantly when ORP was maintained at −100 mV. Ethanol production is attributed to both yeast cell viability and biomass accumulation. Yeast cell viability was improved more significantly when ORP was controlled at −150 mV, since more reducing power would favor the maintenance metabolism of yeast cells and correspondingly improve their viability[14, 15], which might be the main reason for the enhancement of ethanol production under the VHG condition. On the other hand, more biomass was accumulated when ORP was controlled at −100 mV during ethanol fermentation with media containing 201 ± 3. 1 and 252 ± 2. 9 g/L glucose. The increase of biomass concentration was due to more air sparged into the fermentation system (Table1), which stimulated yeast propagation, and consequently improved ethanol production. Glucose was completely consumed for ethanol fermentation with media containing 201 ± 3. 1 and 252 ± 2. 9 g/L glucose when ORP was controlled at −100 mV. Although ethanol fermentation under 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose conditions was improved when ORP was controlled at −150 mV, as high as 24. 0 ± 1. 1 g/L glucose was remained unfermented, which would be not acceptable from the point of view of industrial application. Hence, various fermentation strategies and process configurations such as tanks-in-series fermentation systems have been developed[16, 17]. Effect of yeast flocculation on ORP profileCompared with the bathtub ORP profile previously reported for VHG ethanol fermentation with S. cerevisiae[11], difference between the two ORP profiles (one with non-flocculating yeast, and another with flocculating yeast) was observed and illustrated in Figure3. Figure 3ORP profiles of ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast (A) and non-flocculating yeast (B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: This results corroborate with the findings of other researchers that bacteria phylum Firmicutes was the most abundant followed by Proteobacteria in the gut of late instar of Spodoptera litoralis [31]. Similarly, Gomes et al. [32] reported that Firmicutes was the predominant bacteria phylum in the gut of S. frugiperda larvae. However, two recent studies on the gut bacterial community of the fifth instar larvae of FAW revealed that Proteobacteria was most dominant phyla followed by Firmicutes [33,25]. Similar observation was made by several authors in other phytophagous insects, in particular lepidopterans [8,17,34]. Similarly, Lu et al. [2] reported that Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were the principal phylum and family respectively in the gut of fourth instar larvae of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata fed on two host plants Solanum melongena and Solanum nigrum. These variations could probably be attributed to the different host plants on which the larvae fed on, implying that host plants are major driving force to the community diversity in microbial composition of insect’s gut. This study also showed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly higher in larvae groups fed by celocia and sweet potato compared to other host plants. Studies have shown that Firmicutes function in energy absorption, and may cause diabetes and obesity in insects, mice and humans [31]). According to Chen et al. [31], studies on insects and other animals proved that increase in ability to extract energy from the diet are related to firmicutes increase. Thus, high proportion of Firmicutes observed in larvae fed on celocia and sweet potato suggests that the two plants have higher content of carbohydrates and polysaccharides than the other host plants. This may indicate that FAW larvae need more Firmicutes bacteria for the digestion hence the higher number observed on their guts. Our results revealed that protobacteria were more dominant in green amaranth (L2) and sugar cane (MI) host plants. Proteobacteria can digest secondary metabolites (as terpenes, alkaloids, glycosides and phenolic compounds) of insect host plants and help to maintain the growth and development of insects and its absence leads to poor development in insects and other growth abnormalities[35].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: Abstract Introduction: Poor health literacy has a negative impact on various health care outcomes. Medical schools are not consistently providing health literacy training; when they do, they overly rely on didactics. Methods: Our curriculum for third-year pediatric clerkship students taught principles of health literacy and evidence-supported clear communication strategies. Communication skills were structured on a novel mnemonic: CTEP (clear language, teach-back, effectively encouraging questions, and pictures). The curriculum included a 30-minute didactic, followed 1–2 weeks later by a 90-minute interactive workshop. All 188 clerkship students attended the didactic lecture; approximately half (90) attended the follow-up workshop. All students completed a formative objective structured clinical encounter. Standardized patients then evaluated students’ use of the four clear communication skills. Students completed a survey to assess confidence, knowledge, and use of the skills. Results: Compared to the didactic-only group, students in the didactic + workshop group more frequently used teach-back (53% vs. 27%, p <. 01) and pictures (46% vs. 10%, p <. 01). In addition, the didactic + workshop group had improved recall, self-reported use, and comfort with the skills. The didactic + workshop group solicited questions from the standardized patient less often, and there was no difference in use of clear language between the two groups. Discussion: An interactive curriculum in health literacy and clear communication for pediatric clerkship students was superior to a didactic alone. Optimizing instructional methods for health literacy skills can help future physicians properly communicate with their patients to improve health outcomes. By the end of this activity, learners will be able to: 1. Discuss the best health literacy–informed communication skills to use with all patients. 2. Demonstrate clear language, teach-back, open-ended questions, and use of pictures during a simulated pediatric patient encounter. 3. Incorporate four specific clear communication skills into patient care. literacy has been defined by the Health and (HMD) of the of Sciences as “the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. ”1 The fact that approximately one-third of US adults have limited health literacy2 has far-reaching consequences for health outcomes, health care costs, and medication errors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Medium containing ~300 g/L glucose and ORP controlled at −100 and −150 mV, respectively. Data adapted from Lin et al. [11] for (B). Full size imageFluctuation in ORP during the stationary phase of non-flocculating yeasts was recorded. In contrast, ORP was relatively stable during ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast. We postulated that this difference might be due to the morphological change associated with the flocculation of yeast cells. The flocculating yeast formed flocs during ethanol fermentation and the size of the yeast flocs increased as the fermentation proceeded (Figures1 and2). As more and more yeast cells flocculated together, a micro-environment was correspondingly developed among these cells. Yeast flocs are fragile in nature, and shear force induced by agitation breaks up larger flocs, and in the meantime smaller flocs re-flocculate and form large aggregates when they are in contact. As a result, metabolites occluded within yeast flocs and affecting ORP might release into the fermentation broth, and attenuate the ORP fluctuation observed in VHG ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating yeast. On the other hand, yeast flocculation also creates a physiological shelter to protect yeast cells from ethanol toxicity[18], as such the loss of yeast viability would be reduced (Table1). It is noticed that there was no abrupt reduction of cell viability in the late stage of ethanol fermentation when the flocculating yeast was used; whereas, a sudden decline of yeast cell viability at the end of the stationary phase was reported during VHG ethanol fermentation when non-flocculating S. cerevisiae was employed[11]. ConclusionsCompared to non-flocculating yeast, no lag phase was observed for growth and ethanol fermentation of the flocculating yeast under VHG conditions, which resulted in a drastic decline of ORP, and in the meantime stuck fermentation with prolonged fermentation time and significant glucose remained unfermented was observed due to mass transfer limitation associated with the flocculation of yeast cells. The ORP control provided a strategy for improving ethanol productivity and yield for the VHG fermentation system. Ethanol fermentation performance is affected by biomass accumulation as well as yeast cell viability, and thus the ORP control impacts the fermentation system differently.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: The higher proportion of Proteobacteria in larvae fed with green amaranth and sugarcane observed in our study suggest that those two host plants contain more secondary metabolites than other host plants, hence the higher proteobacteria to aid the metabolism. Proteobacteria have been reported to degrade insecticides [36]. The high number of proteobacteria may help the larvae tolerate plants that were treated with insecticides. Proteobacteria plays a diverse functional role and helps for adaptation to different hosts in nature[37-38]. was the third in the rank of bacteria phyla observed in this study constituting 11. 4% of the total phyla and was mostly enriched in groups fed with cabbage (L1) and cucumber (R1). Oxyphotobacteria belong to the class of cyanobacteria observed in our larvae samples. These results are consistent with the study by Lu et al. [2] who reported that Oxyphotobacteria was found in small proportion on the fourth instar H. vigintioctopunctata fed with solanum nigrum. According to Soo et al. [39]phylum Cyanobacteria comprises of three classes namely; Oxyphotobacteria, Melainabacteria, and Sericytochromatia. A study by Utami et al. [40] revealed the presence of Melainabacteria in the gut of termite but this study detected Oxyphotobacteria in the gut of FAW larvae. Thus, this study has advanced the knowledge of Cyanobacteria group in the guts of insects. The information on any host associated variation in microbial structure and description of microbial communities of insects is vital for full understanding of insect ecology and development of innovative strategy for pest management. For instance, according to Crotti et al. [41] microbes can be used to improve Technique (SIT) programs aimed at reducing the spread of insect borne pathogens and vectors and to protect beneficial insects. The baseline knowledge on the biology of the target species, and the characterization of microorganisms associated at the different life stages and its host need to be discovered[42] Furthermore, we identified a relatively high presence of Actinobacteria (9. 4%) associated with S. frugiperda fed with different host plants This finding is consistent with the results of Strano et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: While the HMD recommended health literacy skills training for professional skills in 2004,1 as of a 2010 survey of US allopathic schools (with a 47% response rate), only 72% had health literacy curricula. 3 While health literacy curricula are not yet universally implemented, there has been a recent increase in published curricula in this area. 4–13 There are robust and effective health literacy curricula for medical students,4,8–10 residents,6,7,11,12 attendings,5,12 and multidisciplinary fields. 5 These published resources mostly utilize interactive workshops to teach health literacy skills, but in practice, there is an overreliance on didactics. For example, in a 2010 survey of medical school health literacy curricula, the most common curricular method was didactics (84%), while fewer used workshops (46%) or standardized patients (SPs; 57%). 3 Few studies have compared efficacy of didactics versus other types of educational methods in this area. Past health literacy curricula published in have focused on adult care. 4,5,12,13 There are limited published curricula for teaching health literacy and clear communication skills when caring for pediatric patients and teaching parents and caregivers. To fill this gap, we designed a curriculum for pediatric clerkship students to learn about health literacy and clear communication skills, with didactics, taped simulated patient encounters with feedback, and small-group role-plays as the primary instructional methods. Students also learned a novel mnemonic to encourage repeated practice of four core communication skills in the workshop and future clinical work. The curriculum was informed by the theory of deliberate practice, in which learners repeatedly engage in practice of skills in order to gain mastery of them. 14 The intended learner for this curriculum is a clerkship student. We chose this learner because these students are early in the process of establishing their clinical routines and practice. It is important to lay a groundwork early for incorporating strong, evidence-based communication skills into future practice. Facilitators should preferably have experience in clinical medicine and be familiar with key concepts in health literacy and clear communication skills. We evaluated this curriculum by giving different curricular elements to two separate groups of students and comparing performance on a formative, low-stakes objective structured clinical encounter (OSCE). One group of students attended just a didactic, while the other group attended a didactic and participated in an additional workshop.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: ORP control schemeAn autoclavable ORP electrode (model: Pt4805-DPAS-SC-K8S/225, Mettler Toledo, Switzerland) was inserted into the fermentor to monitor ORP, and the measured voltage signal was processed by a pH/ORP controller (model: Transmitter PC-3100, Suntex, Taiwan). When the measured ORP was lowered than the set point, a proper amount of filter-sterilized (0. 2 μm nylon membrane) air was sparged into the fermentor to maintain ORP at designated levels: -100 or −150 mV. The amount of air was determined by the PID algorithm built-in in the pH/ORP controller. AnalysisA 4-mL fermentation broth was sampled every 6 or 8 h. The sample was centrifuged at 10000 × g for 5 min. The precipitate was washed twice with deionized water, dried at 85°C for 48 h, and weighted. The supernatant was used to quantify glucose and ethanol by HPLC (Model: Waters 1525) with an RI detector (Model: Waters 2414). An ion exclusion column (Model: Aminex HPX-87 H 300 × 7. 8 mm, Bio-Rad, USA) was used to separate metabolites. The mobile phase consisted of 10 mM H2SO4, and the flow rate was set at 0. 6 mL/min. The temperature for column and RI detector were set at 50°C. Yeast cell viability was determined as a ratio of viable to total cell numbers counted under microscope by methylene-violet staining procedure[20]. Characterization of yeast flocsA focused beam reflectance measurement system was used to monitor yeast flocs in situ during the fermentation, which were characterized by the statistic mean of the yeast floc distribution[21]. Authors’ informationCGL completed his PhD study on very high gravity ethanol fermentation in 2011 at of Technology (DUT), China, and is now working as a post-doctoral fellow at DUT. NW is a MSc graduate at DUT, working on ethanol fermentation kinetics of flocculating yeast. YHL is a Professor at the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. FWB is a Professor at DUT’s School of and Biotechnology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: [34] who reported high incidence of Actinobacteria in the gut of Thaumetopoea pityocampa from conifer pine species. Actinobacteria has been previously reported in the guts of other insects like pyrrhocorid bugs where it acts as essential nutritional symbiont [43]. According to Kaltenpoth [44] Actinobacteria associated with insects provide protection against detrimental microorganisms. Remarkably, among Actinobacteria, reads associated with the genus Corynebacterium_1 were more abundant in S, frugiperda larvae fed with onion (M3) than other host plants. This result is of particular interest from an ecological point of view since it suggests a specific association between Corynebacterium_1 and S. frugiperda larvae feeding on onion plants. Ventura et al. [45] reported that Corynebacterium in the family of Corynebacteriaceae contains over 80 species and have been isolated from diverse samples like human clinical samples and animals, soil, marine environments, and dairy products. However, Corynebacterium have also been reported to occur in the gut of adult and larvae of Anopheles gambiae [46]. Acidobacteria was relatively low in the guts of S. frugiperda larvae as observed in this study and was prevalent in larvae samples fed with three different host plants (M1, R1, and M2). Acidobacteria is known to be a principal bacteria phylum in tropical agricultural soils [47]. Several research using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and environmental shotgun metagenomic analyses have shown that the Acidobacteria denote a highly diverse phylum resident in a wide range of habitats around the globe[48]. Acidobacteria have been reported to play several roles such as carbohydrate metabolism [49], Nitrogen metabolism and production of Exopolysaccharide (EPS) [50]. Phylum gemmatimodetes and Chloroflexi were observed in small proportion in three larvae samples fed with three different host plants. This is consistent with recent report by Leite-Mondin et al. [51] who detected very low abundance of Chloroflexi in the guts of Trichoplusia ni populations fed with exclusive diets.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: This curriculum adds the following to the growing body of knowledge of health literacy curricula: (1) an easy-to-implement curriculum tailored to pediatric clerkship students (and easily adapted for pediatric practitioners) and (2) a unique between-groups design to evaluate the optimal curricular method for teaching these skills. mini-curriculum focused on health literacy and clear communication skills was added to the third-year pediatrics clerkship. Review of the medical school curriculum with the assistant dean for medical education found that students had no mandatory prior medical school experience in these topics. No prerequisite learning was required for the curriculum. The curriculum focused only on evidence-based or consensus-supported clear communication techniques. 2,15,16 As directed by the Agency for and Quality,2 the curriculum used a approach: Students were taught that because one never knows who has poor health literacy, clear communication skills should always be used. At clerkship orientation, all students attended a 30-minute didactic lecture about health literacy and four clear communication skills (1. Clear language: The facilitator gave each student one medical case scenario (2. Teach-back technique: In this role-play exercise, students paired off and practiced the teach-back technique. First, one pair demonstrated for the group, followed by group feedback. Then, all the pairs practiced. There were five sample cases (3. Effectively encouraging questions: The facilitator taught use of an open-ended technique for encouraging patient questions (saying, “What questions do you have? ” instead of “Do you have any questions? ”). In each subsequent role-play, the facilitator reminded the students to use an open-ended approach for eliciting patient questions. 4. Pictures: As a group, students discussed ways to use pictures in clinical care. There were three simple clinical instructions (5. CTEP: As a final role-play exercise, students again split into pairs. This exercise was structured the same as the teach-back exercise. First, one pair demonstrated for the group, followed by group feedback. Then, all the pairs practiced. There were five sample cases (1. Students from the workshop group could recall a greater number of the four primary clear communication skills compared to the didactic-only group (2. 4 vs. 0. 4, p <.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Bose – to Plastics and BiofuelsSep 8, 2021 | & Share 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Voxygen was widely available in Earth’s atmosphere, ancient microbes looked to other elements to obtain electrons for photosynthesis. Some of these microbes are called ‘photoferroautotrophs’ – which can take up electrons from iron available in their surrounding environment and use them to transform carbon dioxide (CO2) into biomolecules. In their research, Bose and her team at in St Louis, explore the mechanisms these microbes exploit to produce biomolecules, using the electrons they take in. Their discoveries are leading to sustainable new ways to produce both plastic and fuel – and could soon prove to reduce our reliance on the compounds derived from crude oil. Microorganisms have evolved a bewildering array of techniques to obtain nutrients from their surrounding environments. As biologists learn more about these methods, their potential use in our technology is now looking increasingly promising. Perhaps one of the most fascinating of these feeding methods is called ‘microbial electrosynthesis’. The process can be controlled using devices named ‘microbial electrochemical cells’ powered by electricity, in which oppositely-charged electrodes are placed in a charge-carrying electrolyte. By attaching themselves to the device’s negatively-charged cathode, photoautotrophic microbes that feed through microbial electrosynthesis can use the abundant incoming electrons to catalyse biochemical photosynthesis reactions, and convert CO2 into value-added multi-carbon compounds. By exploiting these behaviours, Bose and her team at hope that they can mitigate some of humanity’s most environmentally-damaging activities, including plastic use. However, many improvements are needed before these techniques can be rolled out on industrial scales. In their research, and her team explore this issue in detail, drawing from the latest advances in chemistry, microbiology, and materials science. : Sean Garcia, WashingtonUniversity in St. In previous studies by the Bose team, promising opportunities for improving the performance of microbial electrosynthesis emerged with the use of a rod-shaped photosynthetic bacterium named Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 (TIE-1) – which takes up electrons using a surface protein system called Pio.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: We observed relatively high bacteria taxa associated within the gut of fall armyworm fed with different host plants ranging from 205- 416 species in 319 – 578 genera from 511- 1518 OTUs. Similarly, a recent study of the of Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) regurgitant revealed a highly diverse microbiome with 1230 bacterial species in 577 genera [52] However, Jones et al. [53] reported less diversity and richness using culture dependent sequencing which detected about 100 OTUs in fall army larvae fed on maize and soybean. Bacteria associated with insects can confer their host with traits that allow them to exploit different host plant species in diverse ways, further defining the species host range [3] Shin et al. , 2011). ConclusionsOur study has confirmed that these diverse host plants impact differently on the structure and community diversity of the microbiome associated with larvae of fall armyworm. This study contributes in part to our understanding of the factors that influence gut microbiomes in fall armyworm larvae. It also offers insight into the composition of bacterial communities in FAW guts which are likely to be relevant for mediating plant–insect interactions. We showed that variation in host plants can affect the composition of bacterial gut communities of FAW larvae. Further research are needed to identify other factors that alter bacterial communities in each of these host plants, the mechanisms of the variations in insect microbiomes and the ecological implications of this variability in S. frugiperda larvae gut microbiota. Declarationsare grateful to for the (SFFTF) for research fellowship to JAU, University of Helsinki, Finland for the and also Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) for support to JAU. . Funding: This work was supported by the for the Future- 2020 Fellowship grant. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Author contribution JAU and FOA conceived and designed the experiments. JAU performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. JAU analyzed the data and conducted statistical analyses. JAU and FOA contributed material. FOA and JAU edited, revised and approved the manuscript. Data availability statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in supplementary files as well as in Archive under the BioProject: PRJNA734744. 34. Lü (2019) Host plants influence the composition of the gut bacteria in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: 01) and on a retrospective pre-post survey had improved ratings of comfort using the skills after the curriculum (1. 4 vs. 0. 7, p <. 01). Of the workshop group, 96% reported using the skills during the clerkship, compared to 64% in the didactic-only group (p <. 01). Table 1. Results (N = 80)Table 1. Results (N = 80) The OSCE performance results are summarized in Table 2. Students in the workshop group used teach-back (53% vs. 27%, p <. 01) and pictures (46% vs. 10%, p <. 01) at a greater rate. There was no significant group difference in use of clear language (88% vs. 84%, p =. 38). The didactic-only group was more likely to ask the SP for questions (92% vs. 78%, p <. 01), but among those who asked for questions, there was a nonsignificant trend towards greater use of the preferred open-ended method in the workshop group (25% vs. 15%, p =. 13). Table 2. 2. summary, the didactic + workshop curriculum led to greater use of two of the four clear communication skills—teach-back method and pictures—in an OSCE. Students in the didactic + workshop group could name more of the key communication skills, had greater comfort using the skills, and had higher rates of self-reported use of the skills in the clerkship. communication skills involves a conscious change in standard clinical practice, one that it seems cannot be met by a simple didactic session. The curriculum presented here showed statistically significant improvements in knowledge and use of these skills when students received instruction at two discrete encounters and presented in an interactive manner, as compared to a single didactic session. Furthermore, this health literacy curriculum was easy to administer and one of few published for care of pediatric patients. The curriculum was based on the theory of deliberate practice. Ericsson defined the conditions associated with improved performance of a skill: Learners should be (1) given a task with a well-defined goal, (2) motivated to improve, (3) provided with feedback, and (4) offered the opportunity for repetition and refinement of their performance. 14 The workshop included context and meaning for the skills, and learners had an opportunity for repeated, purposeful practice of the skills, along with time for reflection and feedback.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In principle, this mechanism can be exploited to manufacture useful biomolecules sustainably – but before applying it in real-world applications, researchers would need to find ways to improve the growth and electron uptake ability of TIE-1. In a 2018 study, and her team took an important step towards this goal by examining the interaction of TIE-1 with various forms of iron as a source of electrons – a behaviour known as ‘photoferroautotrophy’. This microbial metabolism is widely believed by biologists to be one of the most ancient forms of photosynthesis. In their experiment, the team explored how microbial electrosynthesis in TIE-1 could be enhanced with the inclusion of different forms of iron. They discovered that while electron uptake didn’t noticeably change when iron was dissolved in the electrolyte, it improved significantly when an insoluble iron-based compound named Prussian blue was deposited as a film onto the electrochemical cell’s graphite cathode. With this simple addition, TIE-1 took in 4. 2 times as many electrons as the uncoated cathode, paving the way for their more widespread application in the synthesis of value-added biochemicals. Despite this knowledge, the mechanisms used by TIE-1 to take in electrons were still poorly understood. Leading on from their discovery, and her team wished to explore the process in more detail. In their next study, published the following year in 2019, the researchers shed new light on this uptake process – again using Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 as a model. Through their analysis, they found that photoferroautotrophy in TIE-1 originates from specialised proteins named ‘cytochromes’, which harbour iron-containing molecules called ‘hemes’ at their core. More specifically, this metabolism is driven by a system containing a cytochrome (PioA) and a porin (PioB), found in the bacterial periplasm and outer membrane, respectively. Together, this two-protein complex enables photoferroautotrophic microbes such as TIE-1 to transfer electrons from iron-based donors to biomolecular acceptors. TIE-1 can take up electrons from a number of possible electron sources, such as soluble iron or certain insoluble minerals and poised electrodes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Rawat SR, Männistö äggblomMM (2012) Complete genome sequence of Terriglobus saanensis type strain SP1PR4T, an Acidobacteria from tundra soil. Stand. Genomic Sci. 7, 59–69. Whang,K. -R, Han S-I, Chung SH, (2014) Terriglobus tenax sp. nov. , an exopolysaccharide-producing acidobacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of a medicinal plant. of Systematic and 64, 431–437. Leite--. (2021)The gut microbiota composition of Trichoplusia ni is altered by diet and may influence its polyphagous behavior. Sci. Rep. 11, 5786. (2018) bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) regurgitome and insights into beetle-borne virus specificity. 13, e0192003. (2019) Host plant and population source drive diversity of microbial gut communities in two polyphagous insects. 9, 2792. TablesTable 1. Host plants species used for rearing FAW larvae Sample designation/code Plant’s common name Scientific name of plant used in feeding the larvae M1(A) Sugar cane Saccharum officinarum Poaceae leaves M2 (C) mays Gramineae leaves M3 (H) cepa Alliaceae leaves R1(B) sativus Cucurbitaceae fruits R2 (F) lycopersicum Solanaceae fruits R3 (G) Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas Convolvulaceae roots L1 (D) oleracea Brassicaceae leaves L2(E) Green amaranth (Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae leaves L3 (I) argentea Amaranthaceae leaves Table 2. Alpha diversity indices of the gut bacterial community of FAW larvae fed with nine different host plants Sample designationof valid read valid read Observed species richness Ace Chao1 M1(A) 139,753±10. 1 1314. 40±413. 4 1575. 06±451. 9 1472. 67±432. 5 4. 07±1. 4 0. 78±0. 1 M2(C) 141,52±4. 8 983. 80±442.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: This allowed learners to start down the road toward mastery of these skills and to incorporate them into their clinical practice. This curriculum was studied with pediatric clerkship students. However, it is easily adaptable for use across the educational continuum (in pediatric residents and attendings) or across disciplines (nurses, medical assistants, and advanced practitioners). It can be easily adapted to other clerkships or residency types by adapting the cases. We recommend early introduction of these skills—at the time learners are developing clinical scripts and habits—to best incorporate them into long-term clinical practice. The greatest challenge for implementation of the curriculum was faculty engagement. While the didactic was easy to implement, the workshop was studied in small groups of only five to eight students and so required a significant amount of faculty time. In the year after this curriculum was studied, the workshop was also implemented with a large group of about 30 students, with breakouts into smaller groups for role-plays. It was always well received, with good engagement, and required only two to three faculty to be successful. While this study shows statistically significant differences in the didactic + workshop group compared to the didactic-only group, there are some areas of similar results between the two groups worth noting. Both groups had similar SP ratings on use of clear language (see Table 2). Despite prompts explaining what jargon is, as well as training, and retraining when necessary, of SPs, our tool was an imperfect measure of clear language use. A better assessment of language use, such as transcripts and/or multiple evaluators, would be preferable and yield richer results. Another surprising finding was that students in the workshop group asked the SPs for questions less often than did the didactic group. It may have been that the workshop group more frequently used other skills, such as teach-back and pictures, and that in the context of a time-limited encounter like this OSCE, they simply ran out of time before asking the SP for questions. Alternatively, it is possible that the students in the didactic group were overly reliant on asking whether the SP had any questions to assess patient understanding, instead of using teach-back. However, when the students in the workshop group asked the SP for questions, the workshop group had a statistically insignificant trend toward using the open-ended approach (“What questions do you have? ”) more often than did the didactic group.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: : Sean Garcia, in St. for Alongside this important discovery, one additional aspect of the electron uptake process needed additional clarification – this time, concerning the link between electron uptake and CO2 fixation within the microbes. In this crucial stage of the microbial electrosynthesis process, the carbon contained in CO2 is converted into larger, more complex organic molecules, which are used as precursors for microbial metabolism and growth. However, after cytochrome-initiated electron capture by TIE-1, the mechanisms by which electrons are transferred to CO2, triggering the fixation process, were still poorly understood. In a further 2019 study, and her team again used Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 contained in a microbial electrochemical cell to show how this electron transport is strongly correlated with the highly reducing, or electron-depleting nature of redox reactions within the microbial cell. They discovered that the process is driven by a particular CO2-fixing enzyme named ruBisCO. This enzyme is part of the well-studied ‘Calvin-Benson-Bassham’ cycle. This pathway allows the fixation of CO2 into more useful organic compounds. The researchers clearly proved the importance of the process by deleting the genes that encode the ruBisCO enzyme – reducing TIE-1’s ability to take up electrons by as much as 90%. With this discovery, and her team now had a far more complete picture of how photoferroautotrophic microbes use their surrounding environments to survive. Having studied these biomechanisms in a suitable level of detail, the team could now turn their attention to exploring their potential real-world applications. Among these is the production of bioplastics named ‘polyhydroxybutyrates’ (PHBs). This family of biodegradable polyesters can be produced naturally inside several different types of bacteria. In an additional 2019 study, and her team assessed the ability of Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 to produce PHBs under various conditions including the use of a microbial electrochemical cell. In the experiments, various tests were performed, to obtain PHB as a product of CO2 fixation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3930904/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: Fenofibrate is a compound with diverse biological properties that can be utilized to lower blood lipids. Understanding the impact of the gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia is vital for controlling systemic inflammation and improving serum lipid control. Nevertheless, the specific effects of fenofibrate on the phenotype and gene expression of resident gut bacteria, as well as its influence on the transformation of microbial metabolism into functional networks, remain unclear. In this study, our aimed to examine the gene expression profile and metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota in a hamster model fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and administered fenofibrate. Results: The results indicated that the group treated with fenofibrate exhibited higher levels of beneficial bacterial species associated with health, including Bacteroides ovatus, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bacteroides intestinalis, Allobaculum stercoricanis, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Bacteroides acidifaciens, in comparison to the HFD group. Additionally, analysis of metabolic pathways demonstrated that dietary fenofibrate significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism, while reducing glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and nonribosomal peptide structures. Furthermore, these metabolic pathway changes were associated with relative alterations in the abundance of genes from the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, namely K01667, K11358, K13953, K04072, K06131, K00655, K04567, K02864, K06409, K05366, K01867, K21071, and K13292. Moreover, significant changes were observed in the expression of enzymes and genes related to carbohydrate and antibiotic resistance, such as glycosyltransferase family 51 (GT51) as well as adeC, carA, and MexT.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Creating more MPAs will stop all ocean biodiversity loss. [SEP] Text: SummaryHabitat loss and climate change both kill off species. New studies show that the latter is a potent threat. Worse, its victims will likely be mostly those not presently threatened by habitat loss. Main TextThe important questions about species extinctions in the face of global climate change are clear. As geographical ranges shift, some may contract. For some, the envelope of climatic conditions that describes the species' present range may no longer exist. The species will likely go extinct. How many species might suffer this fate [1]? Vitally, because a species cannot go extinct twice, are the species that global change dooms different from the ones that habitat losses have exterminated or soon will? The problems come from predicting future species' ranges. The idea that species ranges might be neatly constrained by temperature and other climatic variables is irresistibly seductive to anyone capable of gaining access to databases on species' ranges and the output of climate models predicting future climate variables, and who has the ability to write the necessary computer code to connect one to the other. The assumptions to do this, however, are many and important. Are such modelling exercises predicting future ranges simply pointless? Science has measured the increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases with improving precision for decades. The physical consequences range from simple increases in global temperatures to many more complex, and so sometimes less certain, changes. Yet, temperature increases alone create ineluctable biological complexities. Every species has to worry about finding food, avoiding predators, disease, and other enemies, selecting the nooks and crannies and other physical features that afford protection, and so on down a long list. The temperature at which sets her thermostat is only one of many concerns. That said, many plant species are limited by frosts and much solid natural history suggests that temperature and rainfall are key predictors of species' ranges. Root's [2] quantification of the large fraction of bird species that have their northern winter ranges corresponding to particular average winter temperatures confirms that temperature is a factor that either directly or indirectly affects many species over large areas. Does a warming climate actually change what species do? That is a tougher question. The important answer must again be a general one that evaluates most species across many ecosystems. Ecological effects are so diverse and multi-factorial that one can usually find a few cherry-picked examples of almost anything. Comprehensive analyses by Root et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii yields increased hydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass access Published: 03 June 2013 Metabolic engineering of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii yields increased hydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass Minseok Cha1,3, Daehwan Chung1,3, Elkins2,3, Guss2,3 & …Janet Westpheling1,3 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 2. Thus, production of acetate is obligately coupled to H2 production to allow reoxidation of NADH and ferredoxin. While enteric bacteria such as Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli produce 1 ~ 2 moles of H2 per mole of glucose [15, 16], and Clostridium spp. can produce similar amounts [17–19], some hyperthermophiles such as Thermococcales spp. , Pyrococcus furiosus, Thermotogales spp. , and Caldicellulosiruptor spp. produce about 3 ~ 4 moles of H2 per mole of glucose [20–25]. Enterics typically utilize a formate-H2 lyase and Clostridium spp. use a ferredoxin-dependent hydrogenase to avoid the thermodynamically unfavorable formation of H2 from NADH, instead using other pathways such as ethanol or butanol production to reoxidize NADH. Thermotoga (and likely all the above-mentioned hyperthermophiles), on the other hand, use an electron bifurcating hydrogenase [26] to simultaneously oxidize NADH and ferredoxin to produce H2, using the thermodynamically favorable oxidation of ferredoxin to drive the unfavorable oxidation of NADH. This bifurcating hydrogenase allows a theoretical maximum yield of 4 moles of H2 per mole of glucose, whereas wild type E. coli has a theoretical maximum of 2 moles of H2 per mole of glucose. C. bescii encodes a putative bifurcating hydrogenase (Cbes1295-1299). This, combined with the native ability of C. bescii to catabolize plant biomass and the newly developed genetic transformation system, makes C.

Output: pass