Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae 73 (Additional file 1 and Additional file 2). However, S. stipitis FPL-DX26 and Y-7124 were not capable of consuming most of the glucose during RaBIT fermentations (Additional file 2). We hypothesize that the latter two strains require supplemental oxygen as typical for most S. stipitis strains. In our view, supplementation of oxygen would not be economically practical for industrialization of the RaBIT process. For those reasons, we chose to exclude the results for the S. stipitis strains from comparisons in Figures 2 and 3, as they do not fully represent the potential of S. stipitis under these experimental conditions. Comparing the results of the traditional and RaBIT fermentations, the performance of the RaBIT process seems to be tied to the specific xylose consumption rate. The three strains (424A, 8b, and Y128) with a specific xylose consumption rate greater than 0. 075 g/g/h were capable of performing RaBIT process fermentations (Table 1). An assumption is that all strains have a cell population ceiling that depends on the availability of sugar and nutrients. The ceiling in the RaBIT fermentation system depends on cell maintenance needs, cell biomass yields on substrates, and cell growth/death rate. The cell population ceiling is the maximum cell density that could be sustainably maintained in a RaBIT fermentation system. It would then be necessary for each strain to have a sufficient specific xylose consumption rate to consume the xylose in 24 h when near or below this ceiling. An initial cell density above the ceiling results in improved performance during the first cycle, but poor performance after recycling of the cells (data not shown). For the typical S. cerevisiae strains, the required xylose consumption rate appears to be around 0. 075 g/g/h. Overall, this comparison also shows one of the key benefits of the RaBIT process, namely increased ethanol productivity (gram EtOH/fermentation volume/time). The RaBIT fermentations increased ethanol productivity more than twofold for the three suitable strains (Table 1). For Y128 specifically, the ethanol productivity increased by 2. 5 times for the RaBIT fermentation compared to a 48-h traditional fermentation. Process optimizationsAfter Y128 was selected for further study, the initial cell loading, initial pH, and temperature for RaBIT fermentations (24 h) were optimized.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 4) found that aircraft measurements provided nearly 3 times the error reduction for wind as the second-best observation source, with similar reductions of error for relative humidity and temperature in the hourly updated assimilation-forecast system over the entire regional domain. In contrast to in situ, i. e. , directly measured observations, remotely sensed observations are measured from some distance away, typically from satellites, which employ a variety of observational instruments. Data from these satellites, such as from Suomi-NPP (Weng et al. 2012), and the MetOp series of satellites (Klaes et al. 2013), have become one of the dominant sources for improving NWP (English et al. 2013) forecasts. Cucurull and Anthes (2014) showed that IR, microwave (MW), and radio occultation (RO) observations had the largest impact in the Southern Hemisphere, with IR and MW observations having a small but significant impact in the Northern Hemisphere. Other studies, such as Garrett (2013), have quantified the benefits of satellite observations from new polar-orbiting satellites as mitigation strategies for the loss of observations due to the retirement of older satellite systems such as NOAA-15, NOAA-18, and NOAA-19. A critical factor for all of these observations in impacting weather prediction is low data latency, or the length of time between the observation measurement and when the observation is received by the forecasting center. In operational NWP, data needs to be quickly downloaded from satellites to ground stations and ultimately transmitted to operational NWP centers. As an example, it is possible to obtain low data latency from polar orbit satellites through direct broadcast (DB) sites over CONUS and adjacent regions (Huang et al. 2016; Han and Jochum 2017). Lin et al. (2017) showed that radiances from polar-orbiting satellites carrying an AMSU-A instrument assimilated hourly in a “Rapid Refresh” model have significant impacts in terms of model error reduction. Low data latency ensures that a larger percentage of observations can be assimilated into operational NWP models in an effort to improve weather forecast skill. On the regional scale, Wang et al. (2020) recently showed that the assimilation of low latency sounder observations into the WRF model (Powers et al. 2017) resulted in the best forecast skill (compared to other observation sources) when studying a mesoscale convective system over the central Great Plains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2016), subsequent work has yet to bear this out. In fact, work has shown mesophotic reefs generally contain different coral species than shallow reefs and are no less susceptible to anthropogenic and natural impacts (Rocha et al. 2018). In the course of the 2014–2017 GCBE, the answer to this question remains cloudy as two groups working on deep GBR corals found conflicting results. et al. (2018) found a decline in bleaching with depth in a small part of the northern GBR during April of 2016, Frade et al. (2018) worked across a wider set of northern GBR reefs over a longer time found that upwelling only kept corals cool during the early part of the 2016 marine heatwave, only delaying bleaching until later in the event. As was discussed for shallow reefs, timing matters for deep reefs—perhaps more so as our observations of these reefs are far more limited. Much more work is needed to document the environmental change and bleaching incidence in deeper habitats, but the “lifeboat” hypothesis still remains an unlikely means of coral reef salvation. What role does conservation play in bleaching events? While marine protected areas (MPAs) provide protection from local stressors, they can do nothing to protect reefs from global-scale stressors like the marine heatwaves that caused the 2014–2017 GCBE. The worst heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE hit Jarvis Island, one of the most remote coral reefs in the world (Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019), and high heat stress again hit the remote reefs far offshore from (Gilmour et al. 2019). Examining the patterns of the 2016 bleaching across a gradient of local stressors in the GBR showed no sign of bleaching protection where water quality was high (Hughes et al. 2017b). Examination of some of the world’s best-managed reefs, those falling in properties, showed that 72% of these were exposed to severe and/or repeated heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE (Heron et al. 2017). Fortunately, studies of reef recovery after severe bleaching and mortality in 1998 showed that some reefs have an ability to bounce back (Golbuu et al. 2007; Gilmour et al. 2013; Graham et al. 2015). However, recovery success was controlled by reef morphology (Graham et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Initial cell loading is the key to rapid fermentation and was examined in 6. 0% glucan loading hydrolysate. Cell loadings of 10 g/L, 9 g/L, 8 g/L, and 7. 5 g/L (DCW) were tested at 30°C and an initial pH of 5. 5 (Figure 4). All initial cell loadings were able to perform the RaBIT process effectively. However, only an initial cell loading of 10 g/L DCW was able to consistently achieve our goal of consuming all but <5 g/L xylose. Figure 4Effect of different initial cell loadings during RaBIT fermentation. Final concentrations are shown for xylose (orange) and ethanol (green). Cell loadings are reported as dry cell weight concentration. Full size imageTo investigate the effects of temperature and initial pH on the RaBIT fermentation, an initial cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW was used and three-cycle RaBIT fermentations were performed. Using a cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW would not be sufficient to consume the desired level of xylose (below 5 g/L at the end of fermentation) allowing clearer observance of improvement in xylose consumption due to changing temperatures and pH. The optimum temperature was determined using an initial pH of 5. 5. The results (Figure 5a) showed that increasing the temperature from 30°C to 32°C did not significantly affect the fermentation, with only 1 g/L more ethanol produced on average at 32°C compared to 30°C. Performance decreased at 35°C with 2. 5 g/L less ethanol produced on average compared to 32°C. At 35°C, the ethanol metabolic yield was possibly reduced due to maintenance requirements. The fermentations performed at 37°C greatly affected the cell population. The 70% drop in ethanol production during cycle 2 appeared to be due to significant cell death at the elevated temperature. At the end of the first cycle, no viable colonies were found when plating at 504 times dilution. Viable colonies were found for all other temperatures and cycles. Also, optical density (OD) measurements indicated that the cell mass at the end of cycles 1 and 2 was less than that of the initial inoculum. Figure 5Optimization of temperature and pH for three-cycle RaBIT fermentation process. Temperature optimization (a) was performed at an initial pH of 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: (top) Global 500-hPa temperature RMSE, using ECMWF analyses for verification out to 240 forecast hours. Experiments operobs (black), fullobs (red), and limobs (green) are shown. (bottom) RMS difference with respect to experiment operobs for experiments fullobs (red) and limobs (green). Rectangular bars (in the bottom panel) denote 95% confidence level of spatial correlation of errors, and squares (in the top panel) denote those times where the difference for each experiment with respect to operobs is statistically significant. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 37, 7; 10. 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide The bottom panel of Fig. 2 shows the RMS difference with respect to experiment operobs for experiments fullobs (red) and limobs (green). Rectangular bars denote the 95% confidence level, with corresponding colors for each experiment. It should be noted that VSDB does not take into account temporal correlation of errors, only the spatial correlation at the forecast hour in question. Despite the small numerical difference compared to operobs, the full observation dataset experiment shows statistically significant reductions in RMSE at 24–60 h, and again at 216 h. However, the degradation for the limited observation dataset experiment is far more evident, with statistically significant differences extending from the analysis time up to 216 h. Note also that the 0-h difference for limobs is 10–20 times the value of the corresponding difference for fullobs. To investigate the impact based on the latitudinal range, Fig. 3 shows the 500-hPa temperature RMSE for NHX and SHX. NHX (Fig. 3a) exhibits similar behavior to the global temperature verification, with fullobs showing statistically significant improvement out to 60 h and limobs showing degradation out to 96 h. The magnitude of these differences, however, is smaller than when the verification is done globally. On the contrary, limobs shows a much larger degradation in the SHX (Fig. 3b), and this degradation is statistically significant out to 228 h. However, experiment fullobs results in a statistically significant improvement over operobs out to 60 h. Overall, Fig. 3 shows that improvement from fullobs is small and similar in both hemispheres, while a greater degradation from limobs is found in SHX.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2015) and hydrodynamics (Golbuu et al. 2007), not protection from fishing (Graham et al. 2015)—one of the stressors most often controlled in MPAs. Studies of mortality from heat stress over the last 2 decades, along with the multi-year bleaching in 2014–2017, are leading to a new hypothesis: While local protection such as MPAs can protect reefs against local stressors, they neither protect reefs against marine heatwaves caused by climate change nor even provide significant aid in reef recovery (Hughes et al. 2017b; Bates et al. 2019). Past conservation approaches do not address the scale of the greatest threats corals face in the Anthropocene—the growing climate crisis (Hughes et al. 2017a; Bellwood et al. 2019). Clearly, this points to the need for action to avert the growing climate crisis rather than relying on local action. In fact, perceptions of the importance and impact of climate change increased among GBR visitors after the bleaching events of 2016 and 2017, suggesting a strengthening base of support to address the sources of climate change (Curnock et al. 2019). Closing thoughtsThe papers in this special issue of Coral Reefs, together with the numerous papers on the 2014–2017 GCBE published elsewhere, and the papers still being prepared, provide significant insights into this multi-year bleaching event. However, as we saw with the 1998 global-scale bleaching event, the full impacts will not be known for years to come. Hopefully, papers will emerge on the recovery of coral reefs after the damage from the 2014–2017 GCBE. However, marine heatwaves have increased in frequency and intensity across the oceans, increasing heat stress on coral reefs (Eakin et al. 2018b; Oliver et al. 2018). This has resulted in an increase in the frequency of severe bleaching from once in every 25–30 yrs in the 1980s to once in 5. 9 yrs today (Hughes et al. 2018b). Given 10–15 year recovery times for fast-growing corals on the most ideally located, least-disturbed reefs (Riegl 2002; Baker et al. 2008; Gilmour et al. 2013; Head et al. 2019), it is far more likely we will witness the repeat of severe bleaching on most reefs around the world rather than their recovery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 and initial cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW. pH optimization (b) was performed at a temperature of 32°C and initial cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW. Final ethanol concentrations are shown. Full size imageThe final optimization test determining the optimal initial pH is shown in Figure 5b. At 32°C and 7. 5 g/L DCW initial loading, the optimal pH was 6. 0. At this pH, the highest ethanol titers were reached. Furthermore, for the first time during this work, ethanol production increased after both recycling events. An initial pH of 6. 5 was also attempted, but produced unstable cell behavior as manifested by the large variability in results (data not shown). Another experiment was performed to determine if the higher pH was beneficial due to the physiological state of the cell or due to precipitation of inhibiting compounds (data not shown). Hydrolysates prepared by solely raising the pH from 4. 8 (enzymatic hydrolysis pH) to 5. 0, 5. 5, or 6. 0 were compared fermentatively to hydrolysates that were raised to pH 6, sterile filtered, and then acidified back down to 5. 0, 5. 5, or 6. 0. The study was necessary as raising pH can cause the removal/precipitation of degradation products as commonly practiced in overliming [23]. The results showed no significant difference in fermentability of the two sets of hydrolysates, indicating that the pH was affecting physiological state rather than precipitating inhibitors. Nutrient testingAs shown in Figure 3, xylose consumption decreases upon recycling Y128. Decreasing xylose consumption was also experienced during the optimization work (data not shown). Lack of sufficient nutrients may be one reason for decreasing xylose consumption through additional cycles. AFEX-treated corn stover supports cell growth to high concentrations [17]. However, there may not be enough nutrients present to fully support the high cell populations in the demanding RaBIT process conditions. Three different nutrient sources were tested: yeast extract, wheat germ, and corn steep liquor. Yeast extract, the product of autolysed yeast cells, was used as a potentially ideal nutrient source. However, industrially yeast extract would probably not be feasible due to its high price. Corn steep liquor (CSL) and wheat germ were chosen as cheaper and more practical options.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Figure 8a shows no statistically significant degradation in the NHX when one of the individual observation types is limited, despite the overall degradation found in Fig. 3a when all the observation types were limited. However, Fig. 8b shows that by limiting all conventional observations in the SHX, the forecast skill for the 500-hPa temperature RMSE significantly degrades at the analysis time and at 120–168 h. No significant degradation is found by limiting either GNSS-RO or satellite radiance observations. This result is surprising because the conventional observation network is sparse in the SHX when compared to the NHX. As such, forecasts in the SHX are typically reliant on satellite observations, such as GNSS-RO or radiances. This finding motivated further investigation, which is discussed in the next subsection. Size Fig. 8. As in Fig. 7, but for (a) NHX and (b) SHX. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 37, 7; 10. 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide b. Impact of limiting different conventional observation types Most observations labeled “conventional” in this study can be grouped into three categories: rawinsondes, aircraft, and marine. Observation count differences between the full and limited datasets varies between these three groups. As an example, the location of temperature observations available at the first cycle of the experiment at 0000 UTC 15 June 2020 is shown in Fig. 9. As expected, most of the additional observations plotted in Fig. 9 are located in the Northern Hemisphere. Size Fig. 9. Observation count differences between full- and limited-observation datasets for temperature measurements for (a) rawinsondes, (b) aircraft, and (c) marine observations at 0000 UTC 15 Jun 2020. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 37, 7; 10. 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide The only additional rawinsonde profile noted in the in Fig. 9a is over central South America. Additional aircraft paths are visible in the in Fig. 9b, specifically around Australia and New Zealand, the eastern coast of South America, and one vertical atmospheric profile over southern Africa. The 0000 UTC observations are shown in Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn the northeast Caribbean, doldrum-like conditions combined with elevated water temperatures in the summer/fall 2005 created the most severe coral bleaching event ever documented within this region. Video monitoring of 100 randomly chosen, permanent transects at five study sites in the US revealed over 90% of the scleractinian coral cover showed signs of thermal stress by paling or becoming completely white. Lower water temperatures in October allowed some re-coloring of corals; however, a subsequent unprecedented regional outbreak of coral disease affected all sites. Five known diseases or syndromes were recorded; however, most lesions showed signs similar to white plague. Nineteen scleractinian species were affected by disease, with >90% of the disease-induced lesions occurring on the genus Montastraea. The disease outbreak peaked several months after the onset of bleaching at all sites but did not occur at the same time. The mean number of disease-induced lesions increased 51-fold and the mean area of disease-associated mortality increased 13-fold when compared with pre-bleaching disease levels. In the 12 months following the onset of bleaching, coral cover declined at all sites (average loss: 51. 5%, range: 42. 4–61. 8%) reducing the five-site average from 21. 4% before bleaching to 10. 3% with most mortality caused by white plague disease, not bleaching. Continued losses through October 2007 reduced the average coral cover of the five sites to 8. 3% (average 2-year loss: 61. 1%, range: 53. 0–79. 3%). Mean cover by M. annularis (complex) decreased 51%, Colpophyllia natans 78% and Agaricia agaricites 87%. Isolated disease outbreaks have been documented before in the Virgin Islands, but never as widespread or devastating as the one that occurred after the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event. This study provides insight into the effects of continued seawater warming and subsequent coral bleaching events in the Caribbean and highlights the need to understand links between coral bleaching and disease. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionCoral-bleaching events followed by disease outbreaks are a recently described phenomenon (Selig et al. 2006; Bruno et al. 2007; Whelan et al. 2007; Muller et al. 2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: CSL is the cheaper of the two and is produced as a by-product of corn wet-milling [24]. CSL provides a reasonable amount of nutrients, but also contains inhibitors such as lactic acid [24]. Furthermore, CSL is well established as a nutrient source for industrial fermentations [25]. Wheat germ is a by-product of flour milling [26]. It contains high levels of metals such as zinc and magnesium (Additional file 3), which have been shown to help yeast resist ethanol stress [27–29]. The addition of yeast extract (Figure 6b) did not benefit the fermentation very much. Compared to control experiments, the addition of up to 5 g/L yeast extract improved the xylose consumption by about 2 g/L and showed up to 2 g/L higher ethanol production. However, yeast extract addition did not prevent decreased xylose consumption. Figure 6Effect of nutrient addition on RaBIT fermentation process. Fermentation conditions consisted of 6% glucan loading hydrolysate, 32°C, initial pH of 6. 0, and initial cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW. Closed symbols represent xylose concentration; open symbols represent ethanol concentration. Tested were a) no nutrients or nutrient concentrations of 1 g/L (orange diamonds), 2. 5 g/L (blue squares), and 5. 0 g/L (green circles) using b) yeast extract, c) wheat germ, or d) corn steep liquor. Initial glucose and xylose concentrations were approximately 58 g/L and 29 g/L, respectively. Error bars are present for all data points, but may be hidden by the symbols. Full size imageWheat germ was added during the enzymatic hydrolysis to help release the nutrients (Figure 6c). The addition of 5. 0 g/L wheat germ improved the overall xylose consumption by up to 3. 5 g/L and ethanol production by up to 4. 5 g/L for the third cycle. These results concur with our initial hypothesis that wheat germ would allow the yeast to resist the higher ethanol concentrations by consuming more xylose and lowering the cell maintenance energy requirements. The xylose consumption, however, still decreased during subsequent cycles. The addition of CSL to the fermentation broth gave the best results (Figure 6d). CSL promoted increased xylose consumption in subsequent cycles.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: As in Fig. 10, no individual component of the conventional observations appears to have a significant impact, except for limacft experiment at 108 h. While limiting all the additional conventional observations at once results in degraded forecasts at 4–7 days, limiting individual datasets appears to have a minimal effect. This result again emphasizes how important redundancy in the observing system is, as similar information content might be available from different observation types and it is only when all the observations are removed at once that the system is negatively affected. Size Fig. 11. As in Fig. 10, but over SHX. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 37, 7; 10. 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide 5. study uses the 3GFS model to investigate the impact of data latency in operational global weather forecasting. In this operational setting, a full dataset is used for short-term forecasts and a limited dataset with a reduced number of observations is used for long-term forecasts. The impact of data latency is investigated by using the two different datasets for the long- and short-term forecasts. Initially, two experiments are run, the first using the full dataset for both short- and long-term forecasts and the second using the limited dataset for both short- and long-term forecasts. The experiment that uses the full dataset for both forecast lengths yields a small yet statistically significant improvement in forecast skill at a few lead times compared to the operational configuration. This small difference suggests that though some statistically significant improvements are noted when using the full dataset for long-term forecasts, the increase in forecast skill may not justify the lower data latency that would be required for all the observations to arrive in time for the early analysis. On the other hand, using the limited dataset for both forecast lengths results in a substantial and statistically significant degradation in forecast skill at most lead times, an order of magnitude greater than that noted when using the full dataset. Focusing on this degradation, three additional experiments were run, one limiting all in situ observations, one limiting GNSS-RO observations, and one limiting satellite radiances. It is found that this degradation is largely attributed to decreased in situ observations, with negligible impact noted when GNSS-RO and radiance observations are limited. However, no individual observation type fully captures the degradation noted when all observations are limited.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Independently, coral bleaching and coral disease have become substantial threats to coral reefs over the last several decades. Only recently, however, have the two stressors been suggested to have a connection. The suggested link between coral bleaching and disease is anomalously high-water temperatures. Many factors can cause coral bleaching, though changes in temperature and ultraviolet radiation have received the most attention (Brown 1997). Typically, massive bleaching events in the past have been associated with higher than average water temperatures (~1°C) in the summer months, when corals are already close to their temperature threshold. Whether high temperatures affect diseases and bleaching independently, or indirectly through a series of connected biological responses (e. g. , coral-host susceptibility), is unknown. The number and severity of coral-bleaching events have increased substantially since the early 1980s (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1990; Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). While bleaching events such as the one in 1998 caused extensive mortality worldwide, coral bleaching in the Atlantic has until recently caused either isolated or relatively low levels of coral mortality. During the 1997/1998 bleaching event, coral mortality in the Atlantic was fairly minor compared with mortality levels in the Indian and (Goreau et al. 2000). Rogers and Miller (2001) reported less than 50% of coral cover bleached from two sites in St. John at this time with little subsequent mortality. The only major loss of coral reported in the Caribbean region from the bleaching in 1997/1998 was along the central shelf lagoon of the Belizean barrier reef where ~100% of the Agaricia tenuifolia died (Aronson et al. 2002). In 2003, Ballantine et al. (2008) reported <1. 0% scleractinian mortality from a coral-bleaching event in Puerto Rico. Coral disease was first documented in 1965 (Squires 1965), but, similar to bleaching, was not considered a serious threat to coral reefs until recently. The number of described coral diseases and the number of documented cases have increased exponentially since the first description (Harvell et al. 2004; Lafferty et al. 2004). Coral disease is now considered one of the greatest threats to coral reefs and has been a significant cause of reef degradation throughout the world (Rosenberg and Loya 2004).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This problem was solved using a capacitance probe. Cells with intact membranes give a capacitance reading when an electrical current is passed around them. When the membrane is compromised, the current can pass through the cells, and this capacitance is lost. Thus, capacitance readings can measure cell biomass with intact membranes, while not including cells with disrupted membranes [30, 31]. Capacitance readings were taken every 10 seconds and averaged over 10 readings to reduce signal noise. An accurate viable cell profile was necessary for determining the cause of reduced xylose consumption as the cycles increased. From previous OD measurements, there appeared to be only minor or no growth after the first cycle. A lack of growth or death could create a cell population that is accumulating biomass degradation products inside the cell causing reduced metabolic activity. Furthermore, the OD measurements may not have accurately measured cell death. The outer membranes of some cells may have been disrupted enough to stop metabolic activity, but still have enough integrity to scatter the light associated with an OD measurement. Accurate viable cell measurements would also help determine if CSL addition benefited cell growth or cell metabolism. The sugar, ethanol, and OD measurements are given in Figure 7. Overall, 2. 5 g/L added CSL slightly improved the performance compared to no CSL addition with regard to xylose consumption. With CSL addition, final xylose concentrations were 3. 5 ± 0. 25 for the first four cycles. Without the CSL addition, final xylose concentrations were 3. 5 g/L, 4. 7 g/L, 3. 8 g/L, and 6. 1 g/L for cycles 1 through 4, respectively. Cycle 5 xylose concentrations and cycles 1 through 5 ethanol concentrations were comparable for the two cases. Figure 7RaBIT fermentation process comparison in the presence and absence of nutrient supplementation. Here, a) shows results for no nutrient addition and b) those for 2. 5 g/L CSL addition. Concentrations are shown for glucose (blue squares), xylose (orange circles), ethanol (green diamonds), and dry cell weight correlated from OD (purple triangles). Full size imageFigure 8 shows the viable cell density profile for both no nutrient and 2. 5 g/L added CSL through five cycles. For all cycles, the viable cell density increases during the first 5 to 7 h. The growth phase appears to end shortly after all the glucose is consumed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: , 2016: On the impact and benefits of AMDAR observations in operational forecasting—Part I: A review of the impact of automated aircraft wind and temperature reports. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 97, 585–602, R. A. , 2016: On the impact and benefits of AMDAR observations in operational forecasting—Part I: A review of the impact of automated aircraft wind and temperature reports. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 97, 585–602, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-15-00308. 1. Powers, J. G. , and Coauthors, 2017: Research and Forecasting Model: Overview, system efforts, and future directions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 98, 1717–1737, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. jcp. 2007. 07. 022. Putman, W. M. , and S. -J. Lin, 2007: Finite-volume transport on various cubed-sphere grids. J. Comput. Phys. , 227, 55–78, falseSearch 10. 3390/s20030650. Wang, P. , J. Li, and T. J. Schmit, 2020: The impact of low latency satellite sounder observations on local severe storm forecasts in regional NWP. Sensors, 20, 650, falseSearch 10. 1175/MWR-D-13-00303. 1. Wang, X. , and T. Lei, 2014: GSI-based four-dimensional ensemble-variational (4DEnsVar) data assimilation formulation and single-resolution experiments with real data for. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 142, 3303–3325, falseSearch 10. 1029/2012JD018144. Weng, F. , X. Zou, X. Wang, S. Yang, and M. D. Goldberg, 2012: Introduction to Suomi national polar-orbiting partnership advanced technology microwave sounder for numerical weather prediction and tropical cyclone applications. J. Geophys. Res. , 117, D19112, falseSearch 0149. 1. xml The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: has been labeled a ‘hot-spot’ for disease with approximately 76% of all coral diseases described worldwide being found within this relatively small basin (Weil 2004). Historically, disease has taken a toll on Caribbean coral reefs. In the late 1970s, white band disease caused the precipitous decline of two major, reef-building coral species, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis, the first coral species listed as threatened under the Act, 71 26852 (2006). Recently, white plague and Caribbean yellow band diseases are considered the major disease threats within the Caribbean (Miller et al. 2003; Weil et al. 2006; Ballantine et al. 2008; Rogers et al. 2008). Temperature/disease connectionHigh-water temperatures can influence coral disease by either increasing pathogenic abundance or virulence (Rosenberg and Ben-Haim 2002), or by increasing coral-host susceptibility (Lesser et al. 2007; Ainsworth et al. 2008). Several coral pathogens have displayed optimal growth at relatively high ambient temperatures (30–35°C). A pathogen identified for white plague type II, Aurantimonas coralicida, and a pathogen documented to cause white pox disease, Serratia marcescens, have optimal growth ranges between 30 and 35°C (Patterson et al. 2002; Remily and Richardson 2006). Higher abundance of potential pathogens in the environment, or within the coral host, could increase the potential for disease infection. High-water temperatures may promote the growth and reproduction of microbial pathogens. One species of coral, Oculina patagonica, bleached from the temperature-sensitive bacterium Vibrio shiloii (Ben-Haim and Rosenberg 2002; the name V. shiloii is now renamed to V. shilonii (2001)). Follow-up studies, however, indicated O. patagonica no longer bleached in the presence of the V. shilonii. Therefore, the corals either developed a resistance to the bacteria (Reshef et al. 2006), bleaching was always a result of changing environmental conditions and not a result of bacterial infection (Ainsworth et al. 2008) or the virulence of the pathogen was reduced. Elevated water temperatures could physiologically stress the coral holobiont and lead to bleaching, therefore increasing the coral’s susceptibility to disease.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After a brief stationary phase, the viable cell density then decreases rapidly during the rest of the xylose consumption phase. This general trend was observed during all cycles and for both cases: no nutrients added and 2. 5 g/L added CSL. Figure 8Measure of viable dry cell weight. Viable DCW was correlated from capacitance reading for five-cycle RaBIT fermentations with a) no added nutrients and b) 2. 5 g/L added corn steep liquor. Full size imageThere was a large difference in the fermentation kinetics between the two cases (Table 2). Overall, added CSL showed faster growth rates and faster death rates. Interestingly, when no nutrients were added, the death rate increased in later cycles. When CSL was added, no dramatic variations in death rate were observed. Differences were also present in the specific xylose consumption rates (gram xylose consumed/gram viable cell mass/hour). When no nutrients were added, the specific xylose consumption rate was lower during the last four cycles compared to the first cycle. When CSL was added, the specific xylose consumption rate was higher during cycles 2 through 4 compared to cycle 1. This indicated that cell populations were more metabolically active with the addition of CSL. Table 2 RaBIT fermentation cellular rates Full size tableConclusionWe found that not all ethanologens are suitable for RaBIT platform fermentations. Of the nine tested ethanologens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST), Zymomonas mobilis 8b, and S. cerevisiae 128 showed good performance in the RaBIT fermentation process. Y128 was chosen for optimization of process conditions. Different nutrient supplementation protocols were evaluated to see whether xylose consumption could be improved during subsequent cycles of the RaBIT process. We found that adding 2. 5 g/L corn steep liquor (CSL) improved xylose consumption for the three cycles tested when 7. 5 g/L initial dry cell weight (DCW) inoculum was used. However, the xylose consumption problems still existed when 10 g/L DCW inoculum was utilized for optimal ethanol production for five fermentation cycles. Capacitance monitoring indicated that there is both dynamic cell growth and death during each RaBIT cycle. Furthermore, the main cause of reduced xylose consumption with subsequent cycles is decreased specific xylose consumption rate rather than decreased viable cell mass.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: , and McPhersonR. D. , 1984: Global data assimilation experiments with scatterometer winds from -A. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 112, 368–376. 10. 1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0368:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 621. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , and Coauthors, 2000: A case study of the sensitivity of the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 603–621. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0603:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 285. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , Paul MenzelW. , Nelson J. P. III, and JungJ. A. , 2002: An impact study of five remotely sensed and five in situ data types in the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 263–285. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0263:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 177. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005a: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part I: The total contribution. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 161–177. 10. 1175/WAF837. 1)| falseSearch 198. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005b: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part II: Contribution of the components. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 178–198. 10. 1175/WAF838. 1)| falseSearch 909. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2007: A two-season impact study of satellite and in situ data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 887–909. 10. 1175/WAF1025. 1)| falseSearch 100. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2008: A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 80–100.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: A combination of bleaching and disease in 1998 caused extensive mortality of the octocoral, Briareum asbestinum, in the (Harvell et al. 2001). This short-lived epizootic occurred within 10 weeks of the bleaching event. Additionally, a study by Jones et al. (2004) documented a coral epizootic that coincided with a bleaching event at (Reef) in which coral mortality was attributed to disease. Bruno et al. (2007) found a significant relationship between the frequencies of warm water temperature anomalies and white syndrome in the Reef but only on reefs with >50% coral cover. Furthermore, during the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event, on a section of (2007) documented that mortality in Porites porites was from bleaching; however, Colpophyllia natans bleached before dying from white plague. At another US site, bleached Acropora palmata colonies lost more tissue from disease than A. palmata colonies that did not bleach (Muller et al. 2008). Greater mortality on the more compromised corals suggests disease severity was influenced by coral-host stress and susceptibility. During the summer/fall of 2005, anomalously warm water temperatures (Whelan et al. 2007) and doldrum-like conditions in the NE Caribbean coincided with massive coral bleaching (Wilkinson and Souter 2008). The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active ever recorded with 28 tropical storms including 15 hurricanes. However, the NE Caribbean was largely unaffected as no storm or hurricane passed within 400 km of this area. Coral bleaching as referred to in this paper is defined as paling or whitening of a coral from the loss of zooxanthellae or zooxanthellar pigments. While some scientists include bleaching as a disease (e. g. , Rosenberg and Ben-Haim 2002), the present study differentiated coral bleaching from coral disease. Bleached corals retained living tissue with an absence or reduction of zooxanthellae while disease was a measure of coral mortality (i. e. , loss of tissue) when signs consistent with previously described coral diseases were observed. This study documented the extent and severity of coral bleaching on five reef sites around St. John and St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, and explored the connection between coral bleaching and coral disease during massive bleaching in 2005 and subsequent disease outbreak.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Seed cultures were prepared in a medium containing 100 g/L dextrose, 25 g/L xylose, 10 g/L yeast extract, and 20 g/L tryptone. Seed cultures were performed in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks using a 100 mL working volume. The initial OD600 of seed cultures was 0. 1. Cultures were incubated at 30°C and 150 RPM for 20 h. After 20 h, 1 mL of the culture was transferred to new media for an additional 20 h. The cultivation was made aerobic by use of a foam stopper for S. stipitis strains. All other seed cultures were microaerobic by use of a rubber stopper pierced by a needle. Enzymatic hydrolysisEnzymatic hydrolysis at 6% (w/w) glucan loading was performed in 1 L baffled Erlenmeyer flasks with a reaction mixture of 400 g. Biomass was loaded in fed-batch mode by adding half the biomass at t = 0 h and the other half at t = 2 h. The enzyme cocktail consisted of 20 mg protein/g glucan Cellic CTec2 (Novozymes), 5 mg/g Cellic HTec2 (Novozymes), and 5 mg/g (Genencor). Hydrolysis was performed for 48 h at 50°C and 250 RPM using a pH of 4. 8. Adjustments to the pH were made using 10 M potassium hydroxide or 12. 1 M hydrochloric acid. Hydrolysis slurry was centrifuged in 2 L bottles at 7,500 RPM for 30 min and then sterile filtered. Hydrolysate was used for fermentation without external nutrient supplementation unless otherwise indicated. FermentationsFermentations were performed in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks using 50 mL of hydrolysate. Cells for inoculation were harvested by centrifugation from the seed cultures. Inoculation size was determined by dry cell weight (DCW) concentration. Inoculations were performed at 0. 1 g/L for traditional fermentations, 4 g/L DCW for RaBIT fermentations using Z. mobilis and E. coli, and 7. 5, 8. 0, 9. 0, 10, or 12. 0 g/L DCW for RaBIT fermentations using S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 8 but for precipitable water. View raw image Fig. 17. As in Fig. 16 but for August–September 2003. 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 240 77 7 PDF Downloads 114 46 0 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/2008WAF2007065. 1 Page(s): 854–877 2003. Differences between the forecasts are accumulated over the two seasons and are analyzed to demonstrate the impact of these satellites. Anomaly correlations (ACs) and geographical forecasts (FIs) are evaluated for all experimental runs during both seasons. The anomaly correlations are generated using the standard NCEP verification software suite and cover the polar regions (60°–90°) and midlatitudes (20°–80°) of each hemisphere. The rms error for 850- and 200-hPa wind vector differences are shown for the tropical region (20°N–20°S). The geographical distribution of forecast impact on geopotential heights, relative humidity, precipitable water, and the u component of wind are also examined. The results demonstrate that the successive addition of each NOAA polar-orbiting satellite increases forecast quality. The use of three NOAA polar-orbiting satellites generally provides the largest improvement to the anomaly correlation scores in the polar and midlatitude regions. Improvements to the anomaly correlation scores are also realized from the use of two NOAA polar-orbiting satellites over only one. The forecast improvements from two satellites are generally smaller than if using three satellites, consistent with the increase in areal coverage obtained with the third satellite. Corresponding author address: James A. 5200 Auth Rd. , Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304. Email: jim.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Three sites (Haulover, Newfound, and Reef) were surveyed in 2005 before bleaching was observed (January–March 2005 and referred to as ‘initial’ surveys) and are referred to as ‘reference sites’ hereafter. Sampling frequency increased after bleaching was observed in 2005, although the frequency varied among sites. was sampled bi-monthly from September 2005 to September 2006, Haulover and were sampled approximately quarterly from October 2005 to July 2006, was sampled November 2005, March 2006 and July 2006, and the Reef was sampled November 2005 and March 2006. All sites were sampled once in 2007. Seawater temperatures at reef depth were recorded at 2 h intervals using data loggers (HOBO or Temp-Mentors) positioned within two study reefs (Newfound and Haulover) and a third logger near (at Yawzi Reef, 500 m west of Tektite). However, data are not available for every site each month. The median number of active sites in any given month from 1988 to 2007 was two and data gaps occurred from May 1988 to February 1990 and from March 1999 to August 2000. Ryan-brand loggers were sent for calibration annually, and all sensors were calibrated in-factory (documentation provided). A monthly mean was calculated per site and averaged to create a monthly mean. StatisticsTo determine if temperatures in 2005 were higher than ‘normal’ water temperatures, the average monthly water temperatures in 2005 were compared with historical average water temperatures from St. John (data collected from 1988 to 2004 from Newfound Reef, Haulover Reef, and Yawzi Reef) using a one-tailed t-test. Benthic cover data were evaluated for normality and homogeneity of variance by visual inspection of residuals and by conducting a regression analysis on the absolute value of the residuals with predicted values. If a positive trend in the residuals were detected, a square root (x + 1) transformation was performed, and the residuals were then tested for normality using an Anderson-Darling test (SAS ver. 9. 1). Changes in percent coral cover were analyzed separately for each site using a repeated measures analysis in which transect was treated as a subject factor and sampling date was treated as the repeated measure.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The pH was initially adjusted using 10 M potassium hydroxide. The initial pH for S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis was 5. 5 during strain testing before pH optimization and 6. 0 after. The initial pH values for Z. mobilis and E. coli were 6. 0 and 7. 0, respectively. The pH for the E. coli was buffered using 0. 05 M MOPS and adjusted twice daily. The pH for all other strains was not adjusted during the fermentations. The fermentations were performed in a shaking incubator at 150 RPM. The temperature was set at 37°C for E. coli and 30°C for all other strains before temperature optimization. After optimization, the temperature was increased to 32°C for S. cerevisiae 128. The flasks were kept under microaerobic conditions. Traditional fermentations were incubated for five days. RaBIT fermentations were performed for 24 h. At the end of each RaBIT fermentation stage, the broth was centrifuged in 50 mL centrifuge tubes at 4,000 RPM for 10 min. The corresponding cell pellets were then inoculated into fresh hydrolysate to begin the next cycle. All fermentation experiments were performed with at least two biological replicates. Five-cycle fermentation in bioreactorFive-cycle RaBIT fermentations were performed in a 0. 5 L bioreactor with a 60% working volume. Temperature and stirring rate were set at 32°C and 300 RPM, respectively. A 6% glucan loading hydrolysate (60 g/L glucose and 30 g/L xylose) with an initial pH of 6. 0 and 10 g/L DCW inoculum were used. A capacitance probe was utilized to monitor viable cell density. The recycle process was carried out as described in the Fermentations section above. Nutrient additionsIn the nutrient addition experiments, yeast extract (Becton Dickinson), corn steep liquor (Sigma Aldrich), and wheat germ (MP Biomedicals) were added at concentrations of 1. 0, 2. 5, or 5. 0 g/L. Yeast extract and corn steep liquor were weighed out and added to the hydrolysate before fermentation. Wheat germ was added to the enzymatic hydrolysis mixture at the beginning of the hydrolysis (the final mixture density was assumed as 1 g/L).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: jung@noaa. gov AbstractObserving system experiments (OSEs) during two seasons are used to quantify the important contributions made to forecast quality from the use of the ’s (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites. The impact is measured by comparing the analysis and forecast results from an assimilation–forecast system using one NOAA polar-orbiting satellite with results from using two and three polar-orbiting satellites in complementary orbits. The assimilation–forecast system used for these experiments is the for (NCEP) Assimilation System–System (GDAS–GFS). The case studies chosen consist of periods during January–February and August–September 2003. Differences between the forecasts are accumulated over the two seasons and are analyzed to demonstrate the impact of these satellites. Anomaly correlations (ACs) and geographical forecasts (FIs) are evaluated for all experimental runs during both seasons. The anomaly correlations are generated using the standard NCEP verification software suite and cover the polar regions (60°–90°) and midlatitudes (20°–80°) of each hemisphere. The rms error for 850- and 200-hPa wind vector differences are shown for the tropical region (20°N–20°S). The geographical distribution of forecast impact on geopotential heights, relative humidity, precipitable water, and the u component of wind are also examined. The results demonstrate that the successive addition of each NOAA polar-orbiting satellite increases forecast quality. The use of three NOAA polar-orbiting satellites generally provides the largest improvement to the anomaly correlation scores in the polar and midlatitude regions. Improvements to the anomaly correlation scores are also realized from the use of two NOAA polar-orbiting satellites over only one. The forecast improvements from two satellites are generally smaller than if using three satellites, consistent with the increase in areal coverage obtained with the third satellite. Corresponding author address: James A. 5200 Auth Rd. , Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304. Email: jim. jung@noaa. gov Keywords: Data assimilation; Satellite observations; Forecast verification; Remote sensing1. suite of operational polar satellites have formed a key part of the global and regional observation database for operational weather centers around the globe.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Contrast analyses were used to test (a) whether a trend in coral cover was occurring in the pre-bleaching data only, and (b) whether there was a significant difference between the pre-bleaching and post-bleaching data. For the purposes of analysis, sampling periods before August 1, 2005 were labeled as “pre-bleaching” and sampling periods after January 1, 2006 were labeled as “post-bleaching”. The exception was the September 26, 2005 sampling date at the that was also labeled “pre-bleaching” as previous data were not available. A Tukey-Kramer mean separation test was performed to establish differences in mean coral cover during different sample events within each site. A Type 1 error of 0. 05 was used to determine the statistical significance of results. Correlations between coral disease (number of lesions and area of disease-induced mortality) and temperature, and then between coral disease and coral cover were analyzed using Correlation. Site averages were pooled to compare disease with temperature, and disease with coral cover. The percent cover for individual coral species, except Montastraea annularis (complex, which includes M. franksi, M. faveolata, and M. annularis), was very low, and all species were not present in each transect. Therefore, to test whether a species-specific decrease occurred, instead of using individual transects, site averages were used and data from the five sites were combined. Each site was considered a replicate and site averages for each pre-bleaching and post-bleaching period were calculated. A paired t-test was conducted with sites as replicates using the pre-bleaching and post-bleaching averages from all five sites. Data were transformed using a square root (x + 1) transformation in keeping with the analysis of overall coral cover. Normality of the differences was tested using an Anderson-Darling test (SAS 9. 2. procedure). ResultsPre-bleaching coral cover trendsThe transects at four of the five study sites were monitored for 2–6 years prior to the bleaching event. Annual monitoring showed two sites increased in coral cover (P < 0. 02) prior to August 2005; increased from 23. 0% (±3. 4) in 2000 to 26. 7% (±3. 8) in 2004 and S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Measurements of cell populationThe optical density at 600 nm was used to measure the cell concentration of the fermentation broths. The OD600 measurement was then correlated to the DCW by use of a calibration curve. Viable cell mass was measured by correlating capacitance reading from an Ltd. 200. The capacitance versus viable dry cell mass correlation was created by taking samples during exponential phase seed cultures. The samples were centrifuged and dried before being compared to the capacitance readings, which produced a linear correlation. HPLC analysisGlucose, xylose, and ethanol concentrations were analyzed by HPLC using a HPX-87H column. The column temperature was maintained at 50°C. The mobile phase (5 mM H2SO4) flow rate was 0. 6 mL/min. Abbreviations424A: Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST) strain 8b: Zymomonas mobilis 8b strain AFEX: : : corn steep liquor DCW: dry cell weight E. coli: Escherichia coli EtOH: ethanol GLBRC: : high performance liquid chromatography OD: optical density RaBIT: with Integrated recycle Technology S. cerevisiae: Saccharomyces cerevisiae SHF: separate hydrolysis and fermentation SSCF: simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation S. stipitis: Scheffersomyces stipitis Y128: Saccharomyces cerevisiae 128 Z. mobilis: Zymomonas mobilis. 597. 10. 1016/j. rser. 2009. 10. 003. 2013. 2013, London, UK: 1580. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 11. 046. 667. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 08. 067. 321. 7764. 2011, Golden, Colorado: NREL (Energy Laboratory) 2011. Presentations, Posters and Proceedings. 2012, Ames, IA: University 386. 10. 2134/agronj2010. 0209. 2386. 93. 35. 8438. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 06. 027. 11. Bioresour Technol. 2012, 111: 294-300. 225. 10. 1016/0141-0229(95)00237-5. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: A diagnostic evaluation of the impact of the three NOAA polar-orbiting satellites being used by the for (NCEP) operational (GDAS) is described in this study. Observing system experiments (OSEs) document the impact of some of the numerous data sources available today. This type of study enables quantitative assessment of the impact of the numerous and disparate data sources available for meteorological analysis and prediction. Similar OSEs have been conducted by Kelly (1997) with the for Medium-Forecasts (ECMWF) global model and by Zapotocny et al. (2000, 2002, 2005a, b) who explored forecast impacts from satellite and in situ data with the NCEP regional model. Complementary to this work, Zapotocny et al. (2007) showed the relative importance of satellite data in the and Zapotocny et al. (2008) showed the relative importance that the (AMSU), Sounder (HIRS), (QuikSCAT), geostationary atmospheric motion vector data (from satellites), and rawinsondes had in the GDAS. This work investigates the influence the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites have in the GDAS by examining the quality of the analyses and forecasts from having one polar-orbiting satellite, compared to having two polar-orbiting satellites, or the present complement of three polar-orbiting satellites. The primary goal is to determine the potential gain in weather forecast quality realized from having two or three polar-orbiting satellites versus only one. The baseline experiment, 1_NOAA, uses the AMSU and the HIRS data from NOAA-17 along with the NCEP operational complement of conventional and satellite data but excludes all data from NOAA-15 and NOAA-16 sensors. The 2_NOAA experiment adds NOAA-16 AMSU and HIRS data to the baseline experiment; the 3_NOAA experiment adds NOAA-15 AMSU data and NOAA-16 AMSU and HIRS data to the baseline experiment. A unique aspect of this work, afforded by the for Assimilation (JCSDA) and NCEP, was the ability to conduct impact studies at the operational resolution of the time. Until recently, limited computational resources required that studies covering several seasons be completed at reduced spatial and vertical resolutions. This limitation restricted the conclusions that could be reached about the impact of data types at the operational resolutions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: increased from 17. 2% (±1. 9) in 2002 to 19. 6% (±1. 6) in February 2005 (values are mean ± standard error unless otherwise stated). Coral cover at decreased significantly (P = 0. 0002) from 18. 0% (±1. 9) in 1999 to 13. 3% (±1. 6) in March 2005 with the drop primarily occurring between 1999 and 2000 and showed no change thereafter. showed no change in coral cover [mean=22. 5% (±2. 6)] from 2003 through January 2005. Table 1 Results from individual t-tests comparing water temperatures in 2005–2007 to historical water temperatures of St. John, US (NS: P > 0. 05)Full size table BleachingReef-depth water temperatures were higher than the historical average (1988–2004 monthly average) for St. John from April to September 2005, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 05) in April, June, August, and September 2005 (Fig. 2; Table 1). Bleaching of isolated scleractinian corals was first observed in July, when water temperatures averaged 29. 2°C. Coral bleaching became more severe as temperatures continued to be 0. 7–0. 9°C higher than historical averages until September. The maximum average monthly temperature, 30. 2°C, occurred in September 2005 which was 1. 2°C warmer than the historical average. The ‘peak’ in coral bleaching (defined as the highest percent coral cover pale or white) occurred between September and November 2005 with >90% of the coral cover at each study site displaying some sign of thermal stress, and the lowest maximum bleaching detected for any individual transect was 74%. During this period, >40% of the coral cover at each site was completely white. Water temperatures returned to near-normal in October 2005; however, bleaching continued at all sites, and 56% of the coral cover remained bleached or pale during the coldest period (January–April) in 2006. The four reefs sampled in July 2006 had an average of 34. 6% coral cover still discolored; however, no coral cover was completely white at that time. Complete re-coloration (i. e. , bleaching recovery) had still not occurred by the last sampling survey (Mennebeck Reef, October 2007).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1039/c2ee03058f. 10. 1186/1754-6834-2-30. 1373. 10. 1073/pnas. 0812364106. 856. 10. 1016/j. biotechadv. 2009. 06. 006. 870. 10. 1002/bit. 21115. 315. 664. 10. 1016/j. femsyr. 2004. 01. 003. 1811. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2006. 03. 028. 311. 304. 298. 341. 10. 1111/j. 1745-4514. 2006. 00067. x. 183. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2011. 06. 038. 1194. 10. 1023/A:1024583503274. 409. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2004. 12. 006. 341. 10. 1002/bit. 260430411. 77. 1554. 192. 325. 222. 10. 1385/ABAB:77:1-3:211. 436. 10. 1007/BF01166218. 900. 4494. We thank Novozymes and Genencor for supplying the commercial enzymes for this work. We thank Dr. from MBI International (Lansing, MI), and Drs. for generously providing microbial strains. We thank Dr. Rebecca Garlock-Ong and Charles Donald, Jr. for providing/preparing AFEX-pretreated corn stover. We thank for the HPLC analysis. Finally, we thank the members of the GLBRC fermentation group from the University of Wisconsin for their valuable suggestions and input. AFEX is a trademark of MBI, International (Lansing, MI). Author informationAuthors and Affiliations(BCRL), Department of University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI, 48910, & (GLBRC), 48824, & of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 2. 5 g/L corn steep liquor addition time testing. Closed symbols represent xylose concentration; open symbols represent ethanol concentration. Additions were made at t = 0 h (blue squares) and t = 6 h (green circles).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 1979) radiances from HIRS, the Unit (MSU) (Spencer and Christy 1992), and the AMSU-A and AMSU-B sensors (NOAA 2005); ozone information from the Ultraviolet (SBUV) sensors (Miller et al. 1997); (DMSP) (SSM/I) surface wind speed (Alishouse et al. 1990); derived surface winds from QuikSCAT (Yu and McPherson 1984); and atmospheric motion vectors from geostationary satellites (Velden et al. 1997; Menzel et al. 1998). The assimilated in situ data used in this work are listed in Table 2 and include rawinsonde temperatures, specific humidity, and wind components; aircraft observations of wind and temperature; land surface reports of surface pressure; and oceanic reports of surface pressure, temperature, horizontal wind, and specific humidity. Keyser (2006a, b, 2007) provide an excellent overview of the data types provided to NCEP on a daily basis and used operationally for the experiments of this study. The control and both experiments were started from identical initial conditions. All of the surface and upper-air fields, topography, satellite bias correction, observation error, etc. files were taken from the operational database. The satellite bias correction files were allowed to adjust to the information available in each experiment after each assimilation cycle, similar to Derber and Wu (1998), which is consistent with the way these files are updated at NCEP Operations. 3. Experimental designDiagnostics presented here include statistics commonly used at NCEP and other numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers. The computation of all anomaly correlations for forecasts produced by the GFS were completed using code developed and maintained at NCEP. NCEP (NWS 2007) provides a description of the method of computation, Krishnamurti et al. (2003) discuss the use of anomaly correlation of geopotential height, and Murphy (1990) discuss the effect of climatology on anomaly correlations. The fields being evaluated are examined in both the polar regions and middle latitudes of each hemisphere along with the tropical region. The NCEP–for (NCAR) reanalysis fields (Kistler et al. 2001) are used for the climate component of the anomaly correlations. This reanalysis was run at a resolution of T62L28 with the output grids reduced to 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Overall, the onset of recovery from bleaching occurred soon after temperatures dropped (October 2005); however, complete colony re-coloration was slow and incomplete. The five reefs sampled in 2007 were still not homogenous in color when compared with the reefs in years before the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event. Fig. 2St. John seawater temperatures at reef depth in 2005–2007 compared with 1988–2004 data. Black line and error bars represent, respectively, the average, minimum, maximum of monthly average temperatures recorded at 3 reefs at St. John from 2005 to 2007 (Haulover, Newfound, Yawzi). Gray area shows range (minimum–maximum) of monthly average temperatures recorded at the same 3 reefs from 1988 to 2004. Number of sites with data loggers varied by month and year. Data loggers recorded temperature every 2 hFull size image Twenty-one scleractinian species were quantified from the surveys at the onset of coral bleaching; with 16 species bleached including the 12 most-abundant (>0. 5% cover). Within those species, maximum bleached cover by Montastraea annularis (complex) ranged from 98–99. 5% among study sites; Colpophyllia natans and Agaricia agaricites each ranged from 80 to 100%; Porites porites, 75–100%; and D. labyrinthiformis, 67–100%. Three species however showed wider ranges of bleached cover: M. cavernosa (0–86%), P. astreoides (62–84%), and Siderastrea siderea (46–100%). Interestingly, Madracis spp. were never observed as bleached (quantified under a random point) within the monitored transects during the study, but both Madracis decactis and M. mirabilis/auretenra (Locke et al. 2007) were rare and found at only two sites. Bleaching was found throughout all depths (depth range = 3. 7–18. 9 m), and depth was not a factor in the amount of coral cover bleached during maximum bleaching (P = 0. 94). DiseaseFive known diseases/syndromes were observed throughout the study including black band disease, dark spot disease, white band disease (on Acroporid colonies), Caribbean yellow band disease, and white plague disease.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this respect, the synergistic action of lignocellulosic enzymes has been recognized as a possible way to improve sugars yield at lower enzyme loadings [3]. Synergy between cellulase and xylanase has been extensively studied in prior research [3]. Hu et al. showed that cellulose and xylan hydrolysis occurred three times faster when adding an optimized mixture of commercial cellulase and xylanase instead of equivalent cellulase [4]. The synergistic interaction between endo-xylanase from family GH10 and xyloglucanase from family GH5 also enhanced the hydrolytic activity of commercial cellulase over a range of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates [5]. Additionally, Schilling et al. found that the significant increase in saccharification efficiency through xylanase-aided synergism was not limited to same-species enzyme sources [6]. However, these synergistic reactions were almost held at 50°C or thereabout, according to the optimum temperature of cellulase and xylanase [7], which could not fully meet the demands for application at environment temperatures. However, synergistic cooperation between ligninase and polysaccharide hydrolases during biomass degradation has been largely ignored. Due to the complexity of the structure of the plant cell wall, lignin is hard to totally remove after pretreatment with current methods [8]. The hydrolase activities and total sugars yield are severely reduced by the residual lignin component and its related derivatives. It was showed that various cellulases and xylanases differed by up to 3. 5-fold and 1. 7-fold respectively in their inhibition by lignin [9]. Grabber et al. indicated that reduction of lignin content or ferulate-lignin crosslinking would improve the fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose more than current approaches for shifting lignin composition [10]. In a recent study, a higher reducing sugars conversion (60%) was achieved when adding commercial laccase into a mixture of cellulases and hemicellulases at 45°C [11]. Therefore, ligninase should be taken into account in enzyme cocktail construction for saccharification in order to maximize the hydrolysis efficiency. One special kind of ligninase MIP receiving little attention in recent years may play a different role in lignin degradation [12],[13].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The forecast diagnostics for this paper were conducted out to 168 h to concentrate on the first week of forecast impacts. The forecasts for the 1_NOAA, 2_NOAA, and 3_NOAA experiment’s anomaly correlations have been verified against their own analyses. The 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments are compared to the 1_NOAA experiment. The results have been examined using the usual practice at NCEP of investigating the impact over two seasons for more than 30 days in each season. 4. ResultsImpact of the three operational NOAA satellites on the quality of forecasts made by the GFS for two time periods are explored in detail. The first time period covers 15 January–15 February 2003; the second time period covers 15 August–20 September 2003. The selection of these time periods enables the diagnostics to capture both summer and winter seasons in each hemisphere. As noted, examination of forecasts for at least 30 days during these two seasons is an integral part of the procedures required by NCEP in determining operational utility of satellite data. The fields examined in this study include geopotential heights, wind vectors, relative humidity, and precipitable water. Underground grid points on isobaric surfaces are not included in the evaluations. Figure 1 shows the global coverage of each of the three NOAA satellites on 25 January 2003 for the 0000 UTC forecast cycle. This diagram takes into account the early data cutoff required by the GFS and the delay in transmitting data to NCEP. With this orbit scenario there is very little satellite overlap except in the polar regions; however, there are still some data void regions remaining near 30°E in the and near the date line in the (Fig. 1c). a. Anomaly correlationsFigure 2 presents some of the day 5 anomaly correlations from the 1_NOAA, 2_NOAA, and 3_NOAA experiments during January–February (Figs. 2a and 2b) and August–September 2003 (Figs. 2c and 2d). The fields shown are the 1000- and 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly correlations for midlatitudes in both hemispheres and time periods (Figs. 2a and 2c) and the 500-, 700-, and 850-hPa geopotential height anomaly correlations for the polar regions (Figs. 2b and 2d). In Figs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: However, >95% of the disease-associated mortality showed signs consistent with white plague. Combining all sites, white plague was recorded on 19 coral species. White plague caused over 6,500 lesions and was responsible for over 86,000 cm2 of tissue loss. The genus Montastraea (excluding M. cavernosa) experienced the greatest mortality from white plague with 94. 5% of the recorded disease-associated lesions. Colpophyllia natans, Diploria spp. , Siderastrea siderea, and Porites spp. were affected by white plague as well, but at comparatively lower levels. Dark spot disease, black band, and white band diseases represented only 1. 1, 0. 4 and 0. 4% of the total number of lesions, respectively. Caribbean yellow band disease was extremely rare. White plague and black band diseases were found within each study site, but only white plague was found during each sample period. Since over 95% of all recorded lesions were consistent with signs associated with white plague, disease, as discussed in the rest of this paper, will refer only to the loss of coral from signs similar to white plague disease. Disease monitoring conducted at the reference sites (Haulover, Newfound, and Reefs) from January to March 2005 revealed an average of 0. 5 disease-induced lesions per transect and 23. 7 cm2 of tissue loss per transect before the onset of bleaching. When peak bleaching at the reference sites occurred (October–November 2005) the average number of lesions per transect increased to 3. 3, and the average area of disease-induced mortality increased to 42. 2 cm2 per transect. ‘Peak’ disease activity (defined as the greatest amount of disease-induced lesions and associated area of mortality: March–April 2006) at the three reference sites reached an average of 29. 6 lesions and 298. 7 cm2 of tissue loss per transect, representing a 51-fold increase in the number of lesions and 13-fold increase in the amount of area lost from disease when compared with initial surveys before bleaching occurred. Disease activity at (see Fig. 3), not sampled before bleaching began, peaked earlier (November 2005) and higher (4. 3 lesions per transect and 465.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It was first reported in the extracellular fluid of the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. BOS55 as having the capacity to oxidize DMP in the absence of H2O2[12]. In contrast with MnP, MIP was not inhibited by 1 mM EDTA and was not stimulated by Mn2+ Mn2+ addition [14]-[16]. In view of its simpler substrate oxidation mode, the function of MIP in the complex synergistic system of lignocellulosic enzymes still needs to be clarified. Lignocellulosic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides was reported to secrete laccase, MnP, LiP, cellulases and hemicellulases. Several laccases have been purified from the culture supernatant of C. cladosporioides, which usually showed relative activities over a range of pH 3 to 6 and 40 to 70°C [17],[18]. Previous research of C. cladosporioides mostly focused on its good capacity for dye decolorization and various enzyme activities in mesophilic temperatures [7],[19],[20]. There was only one report about psychrophilic C. cladosporioides, which was isolated from Antarctica at either 4°C or 15°C with the ability to produce endoglucanase [21]. Further studies about psychrotolerant C. cladosporioides secreting ligninase and polysaccharide hydrolases in biomass degradation will considerably enlarge its application range. Cold-adapted microorganisms have a considerable potential in biotechnological application, including waste treatment and bioremediation at ambient temperatures, textile and food industries [22],[23]. Bioconversion catalyzed by cold-adaptive enzymes produced by these psychrophilic microorganisms have three advantages, firstly they have the potential to economize processes by saving energy because of their high activity at low and moderate temperatures and thus offer potential economic and environmental benefits [23]. Secondly, mild industrial conditions at an ambient temperature are beneficial for preventing modification of original heat-sensitive substrates and generation of adverse by-products [24]. Thirdly, the application of psychrophilic enzymes will make the industrial operation more convenient and safer, which is a tendency in traditional industry [24]. In our previous work a lignin-degrading psychrophilic fungus strain C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 2b and 2d, 700 hPa is used in the rather than 850 hPa to ensure that more of the diagnostic domain remains above ground over Antarctica. The 3_NOAA simulation in general has the highest anomaly correlations, and anomaly correlations for the 2_NOAA and 1_NOAA experiments are, in general, progressively lower. Overall this indicates that the additional information from two and three satellites improves forecast quality; this can be seen for most cases. In this study, the January–Hemisphere polar region (Fig. 2b) provides an exception. In the polar region experiments for January–February, the 2_NOAA and 3_polar anomaly correlations are always better than the 1_NOAA polar anomaly correlations; however, the 2_NOAA experiment has higher scores than the 3_NOAA experiment. This may be influenced by the considerable overlap of the satellite orbits near the poles. Consistent with the results from Zapotocny et al. (2008), all of the tropical anomaly correlations (not shown) were found to be approximately 0. 15–0. 20 better in January–February than they were in August–September. This may be related to the broader expanse of deep tropical convection in August–September than January–February. Figure 3 compares the 20°–80° Northern and 500-hPa geopotential height day 0–7 anomaly correlation die-off curves from the 1_NOAA simulation to the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA simulations. The comparisons are for both January–February (Figs. 3a, b, e, f) and August–September 2003 (Figs. 3c, d, g, h). The dark blue line is the 1_NOAA simulation while the magenta line is either the 2_NOAA or 3_NOAA simulation anomaly correlation. In these experiments, the larger the separation between the 1_NOAA anomaly correlation and the 2_NOAA or 3_NOAA anomaly correlation, the greater is the importance of the additional satellite(s) to the quality of the simulation. For 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments the 500-hPa midlatitude anomaly correlation scores are consistently better throughout the 7-day forecasts than for the 1_NOAA experiment. This indicates that the information from the additional satellite(s) is improving these forecasts. It is generally accepted that an anomaly correlation of 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 0 cm2 of tissue loss from disease per transect) than the reference sites, with 104-fold more lesions and 55-fold more disease-induced tissue loss than initial surveys at the reference sites. The greatest amount of disease-induced mortality occurred within several months after the highest percent of bleached coral cover was observed except for Tektite Reef, where disease mortality and bleaching severity peaked simultaneously. Maximum disease-induced mortality did not occur at the same time for each site (see Fig. 4); however, most of the mortality was documented during the winter months, when water temperatures were similar to historical averages and re-coloration of corals had begun (Fig. 3). An average of 68. 8% of all lesions and 65. 6% of the disease-induced mortality occurred within 6 months after bleaching was first observed. Fig. 3Time series of identical video captures at showing a bleached Montastraea annularis, September 2005, b M. annularis re-coloring and heavily affected by coral disease, November 2005, c near-total mortality of M. annularis with surviving portion still pale, January 2006Full size image Disease activity at all sites remained elevated through July 2006 with two reference sites, still having 10 times more lesions and twice as much area of tissue loss from disease when compared with initial surveys. Continued monitoring of the disease in 2007 revealed the number of disease-induced lesions was similar to pre-bleaching values for two reference sites, Newfound and Reef. Haulover remained the only site that still showed a greater number of disease-induced lesions than pre-bleaching levels; however, the area of disease-associated mortality was similar to the initial surveys for all three sites. White plague was still the dominant disease representing 99. 3% of the lesions, and 94. 3% of the area of tissue loss from disease in 2007. Black band and white band were the only other two diseases recorded in 2007, but at comparatively low levels. Montastraea annularis (complex) was again the most significantly affected with 92% of the lesions and 86% of the area of tissue loss from disease occurring on this species group. Annual comparisons between disease-induced lesions and temperature showed no correlation between the two variables in 2005 and 2007.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cladosporioides Ch2-2 was isolated from (China) forest soil, which was able to remove basic dye effectively [25]. In this study the lignocellulose degradation characteristic of psychrophilic C. cladosporioides secreting laccase, MIP, cellulases and hemicellulases will be investigated for the first time. According to the cold-adapted property of purified laccase and MIP, hydrolysis was greatly enhanced at either temperate or low temperature through synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase. The results will provide new perspectives to create lignocellulosic enzyme cocktails with a lower cost and higher efficiency. ResultsPsychrophilic adaptability of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was cultured in GPY medium under different temperatures for 7 days separately, and then dry weights were measured. Data showed that Ch2-2 was able to keep almost the same high dry weight (1. 31 to 1. 74 g) in the temperature range from 10°C to 28°C while the optimal growth temperature was 15°C (1. 74 g) (Figure 1A). It indicated that Ch2-2 was a psychrophilic fungus with wild thermal adaptability, whether in normal or in low temperature. Figure 1 Effects of different temperatures on growth (A) and laccase production (B) of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 after 7 days incubation. Full size imageAlong with the growth of Ch2-2, laccase activity was checked, which was reported to be connected with decolorization of basic dye [25]. As shown, from the first day of incubation laccase was secreted, whether in low temperature (10°C) or in normal temperature (28°C) (Figure 1B). In accordance with the optimal growth temperature, 15°C was found to be best for the stability of laccase production. It could reach almost the maximum (920 U/L) on the fourth day, and then maintain this level for at least another 4 days. In addition, it reached this activity peak (968 U/L) quicker at 28°C on the third day, however it could not maintain this level for as long.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 8 –17, inspection reveals that the amplitude and coverage of the impacts are considerably larger in the 3_NOAA experiments. This can be determined by comparing the four left columns with the four right columns through 72 h. This is common to both January–February and August–September time periods. Upon examining the 12–72-h forecast impacts (panels a–d and e–h of Figs. 8 –17) one notices a steady decrease in magnitude with time of the forecast impacts. In fact, by 72 h the largest forecast impacts are generally less than 100% with large regions of the globe being covered with neutral impacts (white regions). This decrease in forecast impact is consistent with the satellite denial results presented previously in Zapotocny et al. (2007) where the satellite and conventional data also had a steady decrease through 72 h. Similar results were also found by Zapotocny et al. (2008) where the various sensor types showed a steady decrease in forecast impact through 72 h. Figures 8 and 9 present the 500-hPa geopotential height 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA forecast impact results for forecast hours 12–72 during January–February (Fig. 8) and August–September 2003 (Fig. 9). Comparing these results shows that the 3_NOAA impacts are generally considerably larger than the 2_NOAA impacts. (Geopotential heights are not a good measure of forecast skill in the tropics. ) Even though there are large regions of negative impact, the area-weighted mean rms for the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments are still smaller than for the 1_NOAA experiment and are statistically significant with a confidence level of greater than 99%. The 3_NOAA experiment area-weighted mean rms is also statistically smaller than for the 2_NOAA experiment with a confidence level of greater than 99%. This indicates significant improvement have been realized in the short-term forecasts by adding the third satellite. It is also shown that the forecast impact is generally smaller in the polar region during August–September compared to January–February 2003. Overall, by 72 h most of the globe is covered by neutral forecast impacts, with only scattered regions of small positive/negative impacts. These forecast impact results are consistent with the anomaly correlation results shown in Fig. 2. In the tropics, the winds are usually considered a better measure of forecast skill than heights.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: However, in January through March 2006, the coolest period of that year, the number of lesions increased revealing a significant, negative association (r s = −0. 707, N = 29, P = 0. 004). There were no associations between the area of disease-induced mortality and temperature during any year. Coral coverSignificant coral cover loss occurred at all sites (Table 2) from before bleaching to the last sampling (October 2007, Mennebeck Reef). Average coral cover loss among sites was 51. 5% (range: 42. 4–61. 8%) within a year of the bleaching event (Fig. 4). Before bleaching in 2005, the mean coral cover among sites was 21. 4% with three sites having more than 20% coral cover. Through sampling in 2006, mean coral cover among the sites dropped to 10. 3% with no site having over 20% coral cover. Declines in mean coral cover continued at all sites between July 2006 through 2007; however, only one site (Reef) showed a statistically significant change, decreasing from 11. 6% (March 2006) to 4. 1% (February 2007). This demonstrates that losses continued even after March 2006. Reef had the largest cumulative site loss during the study with a 79. 3% decline. Two years after the bleaching event, the mean loss in coral cover across all sites reached 61. 1%. Table 2 Results of repeated measures contrast analysis, assuming a first-order auto-regressive covariance structure (SAS 9. 2), contrast pre- versus post-event coral coverFull size table Fig. 4Mean coral cover (dark grey bars), overlaid with bleached coral cover levels (light grey and white bars) with standard error, and average area of disease-induced lesions (diamonds) with standard error from five study sites prior to the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event to final monitoring in 2007. has a different scale on the second y-axis. (Where error bars are not visible, they are within the data point. )Full size image The number of disease-lesions showed no correlation with the percent coral cover (r s = −0. 065, N = 29, P = 0. 734), and there was no association between coral cover and area of disease-induced mortality over the entire sampling period (r s = 0. 174, N = 29, P = 0. 368).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Even at 10°C, laccase activity was able to reach 600 U/L on the fourth day. The temperature property of laccase from Ch2-2 corresponding to the host fungus will assign it a more widespread application value. Synergistic action of inducible enzymes from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 during the degradation of bagasseIn order to investigate the biomass degradation capability of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2, the main composition of its lignocellulosic enzymes system and the relationship between biodegradation and secretion regularity of enzymes, we tracked the changes of lignocellulosic enzyme activities and relevant component degradation rates during the bio-pretreatment and saccharification process of bagasse. It was found that, in addition to laccase, a variety of other inducible lignocellulosic enzymes could be produced by Ch2-2 including cellulase, xylanase and MIP, which was able to deconstruct lignin through oxidation without Mn2+. In the present study LiP activity was not detected. The secretion pattern of these enzymes was closely linked to the composition and structure of lignocellulose, which could cause obvious degradation rate changes of corresponding components. It was found that the activities of ligninase (laccase and MIP) were growing at a rapid rate from the beginning, following the fast degradation of lignin (Figure 2A, B). On day 14, MIP reached the maximum (51. 0 U/L) and laccase also achieved its high activity level (83. 2 U/L), which was sustained until day 25, further accelerating the degradation rate of lignin. During the first 25 days, the lignin degradation percentage was the highest (41. 8%) as compared with that of other components, while the degradation percentages of cellulose and hemicellulose were 16% and 24. 7%, respectively. After that, the activities of laccase and MIP showed a declining trend leading to a slow degradation rate of all the three components simultaneously until day 55 when the lignin content had almost reached the stable value. In contrast, cellulose began to be markedly reduced along with the slow decline of hemicellulose when the filter paper activity (FPA) was close to the peak (Figure 2A, B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The 850-hPa u components of wind forecast impacts for the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments for January–February and August–September 2003 are shown in Figs. 10 and 11. The 200-hPa u component of wind forecast impacts for the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments for January–February and August–September 2003 are shown in Figs. 12 and 13. The winds, both at 850 and 200 hPa, generally show consistently positive forecast impacts in the tropics, particularly in the first few days. The 3_NOAA experiment has the largest positive forecast impact. Both the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiment areas of positive forecast impacts decrease with time. The 850-hPa relative humidity impact plots for January–February and August–September 2003 are shown in Figs. 14 and 15. The 3_NOAA experiment has the greatest positive impact for both seasons and for all four forecast periods displayed here. The August–September time period overall shows greater impact than for the January–February time period at 12 h; however, it decays rapidly to small differences by 72 h. The precipitable water impact plots (Figs. 16 and 17) are quite similar to the 850-hPa relative humidity impacts shown in Figs. 10 and 11. The 3_NOAA experiment again has the greatest positive impact for both time periods. Both the 850-hPa relative humidity forecast impacts, Figs. 14 and 15, and the precipitable water forecast impacts presented here, display a seasonal switch, with largest forecast impacts diagnosed in the summer hemisphere for each field. This seasonal switch is most apparent at 12 and 24 h for each field. 5. SummaryObserving system experiments like these are important because the NOAA series of polar-orbiting satellites are the most significant source of satellite sounding data for operational numerical weather prediction. These experiments examined the improvements in forecasts out to 168 h in the –System during January–February and August–September 2003. The work described here has quantified the contributions to the forecast made by increasing the number of operational NOAA satellites used in the analysis to two and, then, to three. The results indicate that the use of three NOAA polar-orbiting satellites, in complementary orbits, generally provides the largest improvement to the anomaly correlation scores in the polar, midlatitude, and tropical regions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Species effects Montastraea annularis (complex), Colpophyllia natans, and Agaricia agaricites showed significant decreases in coral cover across the five sites (Table 3). Diploria labyrinthiformis, M. cavernosa, P. astreoides, and Siderastrea siderea did not show statistically significant decreases in cover across the five sites (statistical power to detect changes of <50% relative cover for low-cover species was low). Table 3 Results of t-test comparing pre- versus post-bleaching absolute percent cover of selected scleractinian species (NS: P > 0. 05)Full size table Species-specific changes in coral cover affected the relative abundance of coral species on the reef. M. annularis (complex) remains the dominant coral species within these reefs; however, the relative abundance of this species group declined from an initial average of 79. 2 to 58. 6% of live coral cover (Fig. 5). C. natans also decreased in relative abundance from 1. 3% prior to the onset of bleaching to 0. 9% in 2006 (Fig. 5) likely from high levels of disease-induced mortality. On the other hand, A. agaricites declined primarily from bleaching mortality, as 93% of A. agaricites (cover) bleached but were rarely seen with disease. M. cavernosa, S. siderea, and Porites spp. bleached less than M. annularis (complex), C. natans, and Agariciids. They were less affected by disease than M. annularis (complex) and increased in relative abundance. Fig. 5Relative abundance of major coral taxa from five monitored sites in the US prior to 2005 coral-bleaching through 2007. Por spp = Porites porites and Porites astreoides, MC = Montastraea cavernosa, CN = Colpophyllia natans, Ag spp = Agaricia spp. are displayed on left Y-axis. MACX = M. annularis, M. faveolata, M. franksi and undetermined Montastraea spp.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: When FPA was at its minimum, the cellulose content became almost stable. In accordance with the degradation regularity of cellulose, the peak of xylanase activity on day 120 (293. 5 U/L) corresponded with the increased degradation rate of hemicellulose. After 135 days the total weight loss of bagasse was 51. 6%, in which the losses of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were 65. 5%, 62. 8% and 61. 5%, respectively. Figure 2 Inducible lignocellulosic enzymes (laccase, MIP, cellulase and xylanase) (A) and changes of lignocellulose component contents (B) during bagasse degradation by C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 at 28°C. Full size imageThese results indicated that multiple lignocellulosic enzymes of Ch2-2 were an efficient natural synergy system with a clear selective secretion pattern, which was induced by the specific components of bagasse. Even more importantly, it was found that the degradation rate of lignin limited that of the holocellulose to some extent. Ligninase purification and propertiesThe important role of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 ligninase during the degradation process was mentioned above, which was crucial in order for cellulases and hemicellulases to carry out their roles sufficiently. In order to further analyze the ligninase characteristic, laccase and MIP were purified and studied. The molecular weight of laccase was about 70 kDa as measured by SDS-PAGE (Figure 3A). Its optimal temperature and pH were 15°C and pH 3. 5, respectively (Figure 4A, D). It was stable at a very wide temperature and pH range of 4 to 40°C and pH 2. 0 to 5. 5 (Figure 4B, D). Using ABTS as a substrate, the Km and Vmax for laccase were 2. 8 μM and 57. 9 μmol/min/mg under the optimal conditions. Laccase activity was inhibited by 2 mM of Fe2+ (5. 36%), SDS (27. 2%) and was slightly inhibited by EDTA (74. 6%) at a concentration of 10 mM, and essentially unaffected by 2 mM of EDTA (98.

Output: pass