Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: Kiribati and its capital township, South Tarawa, are situated within an ocean area with the highest thermal difference between surface waters and waters at 1 km depth (c. 24–28°C). Figure 13. Global map of OTEC activities and resource in terms of the temperature difference between surface seawater and seawater at a depth of 1 km. The highest temperatures (and highest potential OTEC energy resources) are situated NE and E of Guinea, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Significant thermal resources are present within tropical and subtropical waters in all oceans and can benefit SIDS and continental countries within this area. Kiribati and its capital township of lie within the ‘bulls eye’ of thermal energy resources. A minimum temperature difference of 17°C between surface waters and waters at 1 km depth are required for OTEC at the present time (acknowledgements KRISO). Figure 14 shows the principles of OTEC technology. In a closed cycle OTEC system, such as will be deployed on Kiribati, a working fluid of R32 (seawater can be used as working fluid in open cycle OTEC systems, e. g. Hawaii) is vaporised, with the vapour driving a turbine to create electricity. The vapour is condensed by heat exchange with colder ocean water and then heated/vaporised via heat exchange with warmer waters, and the cycle continues. OTEC boasts little to no seasonal variation throughout the day and seasons. For remote islands and coastal villages that have no power grids, OTEC can provide clean, self-reliant, sustainable energy. Figure 14. Principles of OTEC. A working fluid (R32 within closed cycle OTEC plant such as on Kiribati) is vaporised, with the vapour turning a turbine to create electricity. The vapour is cooled from deeper seawater and then heated via heat exchanges to be vaporised once more. OTEC plants can also provide desalinated drinking water and waters for agriculture/aquaculture at downstream (acknowledgements [25]). 8. Design and fabrication of the KRISO 1 demonstration plantAs part of the development of the KRISO 1 MW plant, a closed cycle OTEC system was initially designed and implemented. Closed cycles require a working fluid to transport and exchange heat within the system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education should replace all traditional academic subjects. [SEP] Text: 14) in the UK Conservative Government’s response and an ‘overly narrow approach to solutions which, crucially, does not embrace the need to reduce demand for high-carbon activities’ ([3], p. 13). The mandate for drastic greenhouse gas emission reductions is unequivocal [1] and technological responses are essential. However, a narrow view that focuses on technocratic solutions will not solve the environmental crisis; instead, a widespread transformation which recognises the interdependence of climatic, ecological and social systems is needed [1]. All sectors of society have a role to play in learning how to avoid reproducing the damaging social structures and attitudes that have led us into the crisis, to develop the capabilities to repair the environmental damage caused and to forge sustainable ways of living. Education, which can be understood broadly and enacted in formal and informal settings, has a role to play in this transformation. Education institutions, including schools, can play a part in greenhouse gas emission reductions that are so urgently needed through energy, transport, procurement and food policies and actions; indeed, according to the Department for Education, ‘schools and universities represent 36% of total UK public sector building emissions’ [4]. Schools can promote more sustainable lifestyles by reducing resource use, reusing and recycling, growing food and encouraging plant-based diets. They can contribute to biodiversity regeneration by conserving and rehabilitating pockets of estate grounds or local landscapes. Such actions, which take leadership, commitment and investment, can position schools as demonstration and learning hubs for students and staff, parents and school communities. Alongside such practical actions, is the contribution that schools can make towards building a society with the knowledge, skills and motivation to boldly tackle the environmental emergency and respond to the threat of un-sustainability [5]. In broad terms, this first requires recognition of the crisis, followed by both subtle and substantial reorientations across the education system, towards ecologically (rather than economically) centred policies and the promotion of multi-species justice. It requires a shift away from producing and reproducing forms of knowledge and culture that have led to the crisis and are in service of economies that are built on extractive processes, towards diverse types of knowledge [1] and culture that is in service of all species on Earth [6].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: In line with results of the present study, several other studies have shown that family-based interventions are suitable for weight loss maintenance and the treatment of obesity. [19,20,21,22] Similarly, results of other studies done by Bayat et al. and Sadeghi et al. have shown the effectiveness of family-based CBT in children's weight loss. [23,24] These studies have indicated that family-based behavioral therapies integrated with cognitive skills are the most effective treatments for obesity in childhood. In fact, CBT is known as an appropriate therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity. It has been proven that family-based interventions that involve parents in the process of treatment are very effective in weight control and development of healthy habits. Studies have shown that almost every effective intervention includes a family component, such as separate training programs for children and parents. [25,26] Vos et al. showed the effectiveness of parents-based CBT in obese children's weight loss. [20] The only problem here is that this type of therapy has not been considered seriously by researchers studying obesity in children with ADHD. In fact, most studies have examined the causes of obesity in children with ADHD and reported that a possible reason is a close relationship between impulsivity and loss of control over food intake. These studies have shown that children with ADHD are 12 times more prone to the loss of control eating syndrome (LOC-ES) than normal children and that overweight children with LOC-ES are 7 times more likely to have ADHD than normal children. [27] Therefore, the development of an appropriate treatment that can be added to drug therapy seems quite essential to treat children with ADHD. This accompanying treatment can be achieved by conducting further clinical trials. Self-esteem of children in the experimental group increased after the intervention and 2 months later; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0. 05). Self-esteem of children in the control group did not change (P > 0. 05). At the beginning of the intervention, the average SEI scores were not statistically different between the two groups, but the average SEI score of children in the experimental group was significantly higher than the average SEI score of children in the control group immediately after the intervention and 2 months later (P < 0. 001). These results were in line with results of various studies on increasing perception of self-esteem in children with ADHD and some studies inside and outside Iran.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: The selected working fluid for the KRISO example was R32 (difluoromethane) which has a relatively high heat transfer coefficient and low environmental impact. Typical environmental characteristics of R32 include a relatively low ozone depletion index (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) of 0 and 675, respectively. Various studies have been conducted to improve the performance of OTEC cycles, utilising multistage cycles, Kalina cycles, Uehara cycles, and so on [5, 6]. For the KRISO case, a simple Rankine cycle was applied to demonstrate the long-term operational potential of the OTEC plant. Figure 15 shows the experimental temperature-entropy (heat transfer divided by the temperature) performance behaviour of the OTEC cycle, for the KRISO-OTEC plant, with field conditions of 29°C surface seawater temperatures and 5°C deeper seawater temperatures. Closed cycles are circulated by the working fluid pump, so an endless cycle of power is formed when a heat source is supplied. The turbine output (Wt) of a closed cycle OTEC plant is given by Eq. (1). The net power generation (Wnet) is given by Eq. (2). The cycle was designed using ver8. 0, a process design program [5, 6]. Figure 15. Temperature-entropy (heat transfer divided by the temperature). Diagram of an OTEC cycle (after [5, 6]). E1E2where mr is the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, hti and hto are the inlet and outlet enthalpy of the turbine, ƞt is the efficiency of the turbine, and htos is the turbine outlet enthalpy of the isentropic process. ωωωp, ωcωp, and ωrp represent the pump output of surface water, deep water, and working fluid, respectively. The heat of evaporation of temperature difference generation is shown in Eq. (3), and the net power efficiency (ƞnet) is calculated by the ratio of the amount of net power generation (Wnet) and evaporation heat (Qω) as in Eq. (4) [5, 6].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education should replace all traditional academic subjects. [SEP] Text: This argument will be familiar to environmental education scholars who have long advocated for interweaving socio-emotional and indigenous knowledge with the disciplinary knowledge and skills that tend to be taught in schools. Classroom teaching is, arguably, the principal site for enacting climate change and sustainability education in formal, school-based settings. Researchers have identified the ongoing prevalence of subject-specific knowledge-led approaches, especially science [7, 8]. In England, where schools are dominated by curriculum, exams and inspection [9], the few direct mentions of climate change in the are concentrated within geography and science [10, 11]. Whilst advocating for broad, expansive educational approaches to the environmental emergency and transformation across the education system, UCL’s Centre for (CCCSE) recognises this as the current context in which schools operate. Therefore, given that immediate responses to the crisis are needed, our principal aim is to support teachers to incorporate climate change and sustainability into their subject-based teaching practices. The work of CCCSE, which was established in 2022, has been informed by an initial study [12] which identified inconsistencies in the quality and availability of climate change and sustainability education in England, and noted that teachers sought more ‘time, confidence and resources’ (p. 17) to incorporate climate change into their teaching, a finding that is supported elsewhere [13–15]. However, little is known about the types of professional learning that teachers have participated in, the types of support they seek, and for whom this support would be most helpful. That is why CCCSE set out to investigate teachers’ perspectives of climate change and sustainability education, with a particular focus on their teaching practice and professional learning, through a nationwide survey (supported by the ). The results from our initial analysis [16] can be viewed as representing a ‘climate change engaged’ cohort of teachers. We invited responses from teachers of all subjects and phases of education; of the 870 respondents, 81% reported that they ‘sometimes’, ‘often’ or ‘very often’ incorporate climate change and sustainability in their teaching. Whilst the cohort included responses from teachers who taught subjects from across the National Curriculum, climate change and sustainability were reported as most commonly being incorporated into geography and science in secondary settings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [10,28,29] In other words, results of the present study along with results of other studies have shown that training the parents can decrease impulsivity and hyperactivity positively affect behavioral problems and aggressiveness and lead to increased levels of self-esteem in children with ADHD. Such education can positively affect parents as well because it can lead to reduced levels of stress and boosted self-esteem. A child' self-esteem is the basis of his perceptions of life experiences and therefore, is of great importance. Resulting from positive self-assessments, socialemotional competence can help children overcome their future problems. Children who feel good about themselves can overcome their problems more effectively. Accordingly, it can be concluded that CBT can improve self-image; reduce dysfunctional beliefs; and enhance levels of self-esteem in children with ADHD. ADHD symptoms were similar between the two groups at the beginning of the intervention; but, those symptoms significantly decreased in the experimental group after the intervention (P < 0. 001). Although children in the control group did not receive any intervention, their ADHD symptoms decreased as well (P < 0. 001). However, ADHD symptoms decreased more significantly in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0. 001). Therefore, it can be stated that ADHD symptoms may decrease over time, but CBT can speed up this process. In this regard, various studies have shown that CBT is an effective method for the treatment of ADHD symptoms. [6,30,31] In fact, rising parental awareness-without focusing on reducing the behavioral problems-can lead to positive parent–child interactions; improve parents' behaviors; and decrease hyperactivity and aggressiveness in children. [30] In this regard, Montoya et al. has emphasized the importance of ADHD treatment as it provides a basis for future learning quality; leads to positive educational experiences; and prevents secondary problems such as obesity, sleep disorders, emotional complications, and interactional/educational/behavioral problems. [31] However, these findings are not consistent with results of a study conducted by Rueda et al. in 2004. [32] These different results may be explained by considering the differences between parental behaviors, perceptions, and styles along with other various factors affecting ADHD symptoms. In any case, most studies have confirmed that combination therapy and medication are more effective than behavioral therapy alone.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: E3E4where Gh is the surface water flow rate, Ch is the specific heat of seawater, and ΔTin-out is the temperature difference between the evaporator inlet and outlet (Figure 14). Although machine efficiency conditions are dependent upon on the temperature and flow rate of surface and deep seawaters, it is assumed that the OTEC cycle operation satisfies the heat exchanger pinch temperature of 1. 5°C. Results from the earlier KRISO-OTEC experiments indicated that at an 85% turbine efficiency, the power generation was 1278 kW and the new power efficiency was 2. 71% (calculated using principles and equations in [5, 6]) (Table 3). ParameterValueUnitHot water inlet temperature29°CHot water mass flow rate1948. 5kg/sCold water inlet temperature5°CCold water mass flow rate1805kg/sSea water pump efficiency80%Hot water pump power130. 5kWCold water pump power188. 3kWHeat source capacity32,364kWHeat sink capacity31,148kWRefrigerant pump power82. 63kWTurbine inlet pressure1729kPaTurbine inlet temperature26. 5°CTurbine efficiency85%Gross power1278kWSystem efficiency3. 95%Net system power876. 57kWNet system efficiency2. 71%Table 3. Analysis result of Rankine cycle OTEC demonstration plant. Based on earlier experimental results and experience, a new 1 plant, named K-OTEC1000, was designed, and core devices such as a turbine generator, condenser, and evaporator were manufactured from 2016 to the first half of 2019. The K-OTEC1000 plant was installed on a barge ship and became a de facto offshore power plant for short-term experiments in the seas offshore from Busan, South Korea. When K-OTEC1000 is installed on South Tarawa, Kiribati, it will be a land-based onshore power plant (see Figure 16 for an artist impression of the plant). Figure 16. 3D model/artist impression of the Kiribati-based KRISO 1 plant. A field experiment was conducted in the southern sea of South Korea’s East Sea, offshore of Busan, to verify the OTEC plant K-OTEC1000 performance characteristics, in field conditions, prior to transport and installation on Kiribati.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education should replace all traditional academic subjects. [SEP] Text: This finding is unsurprising insofar as it correlates with how climate change is framed in the National Curriculum; yet it could also reflect teachers’ conceptions of climate change education whereby they are teaching relevant material, without badging it as such. Viewed another way, this could be concerning because climate change, and the broader environmental emergency of which it is a part, is too complex to narrow down to the disciplines of science and geography [17]; all disciplines contain knowledge and skills that can contribute towards developing the complex, interdisciplinary understandings of the environmental crisis and how we can live more sustainably [18]. A constructive response will require creativity, criticality, empathy and knowledge from across disciplines and epistemologies. Our survey findings are most enlightening when it comes to professional learning which, following Pollard et al. [19], we understand as a broad and flexible concept to describe learning that occurs across the professional life of the teacher, and can include formal professional development activities or episodes (p. 506). We found that less than half of the teachers involved in the survey considered that they had participated in formal professional development related to climate change and sustainability. Of those who had, less than 13% considered that there had been a focus on climate change and sustainability in their Education, whilst the most commonly reported type of professional learning was ‘self-taught’. The distinct lack of engagement in formal professional development that was reported by our ‘climate change engaged’ cohort of teachers is troubling and merits further exploration, as does the nature of the broader professional learning which teachers undertake. Confident and capable teachers are crucial to helping young people to understand the Earth as an interconnected system of which they are a part, while developing the agency and capabilities to act for the environment and for a socially just society. That is why, in response to the survey findings, the CCCSE is developing a professional development programme to support teachers of all subjects and year levels to incorporate climate change and sustainability into their practice. The programme – Teaching for – comprises free online professional development modules for teachers that include films, activities and resources that teachers can incorporate into their teaching practice. Modules are currently available in history, geography, English and mathematics, with science and creative arts modules in development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, parents have reported that combination therapy is more effective than behavioral therapy, but it is not better than medication. On the other hand, concerning the reduction of basic symptoms of ADHD, there is no difference between combination therapy and medication. Hence, although medication can adequately reduce ADHD symptoms, combination therapy is necessary to improve other functional domains. Accordingly, other than medication, children with ADHD need a variety of psychosocial interventions, such as verified parents' education programs. To explain the results of this study, it can be pointed out that people can better understand their behaviors when they are more knowledgeable and conscious. This increased awareness naturally causes more appropriate behaviors and less inappropriate behaviors. [33] One of the limitations of the study was not able to control the parents' behavior according to the study protocol and training session and also it may affect by their socioeconomic and educational status. Considering the results of this study, CBT can be considered a simple and low-cost treatment for obesity, ADHD, and low self-esteem. Among the limitations of the present study, studying a single age group, having a small sample size, short interval between the end of the intervention and its follow-up and not examining mothers' mental states can be mentioned. As a result, it is recommended to conduct future similar studies on bigger sample sizes, various age groups and over longer time intervals to become able to generalize the results confidently. of the present study indicated that parents-focused CBT is effective in the treatment of obesity, ADHD, and low self-esteem of overweight children with ADHD (ages 6–11). Therefore, if parents' education can enrich families, it can also improve children's attention. Moreover, many social and economic problems can be prevented by conducting psychological-educational interventions which play an important role in the treatment of ADHD. Financial support and sponsorship of Khorasgan. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. Association. Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders. 2000 2. . Synopsis of Sciences/Kluwer tEPW. 2014 3. Lufi D, Parish-Plass J. Sport-based group therapy program for boys with ADHD or with other behavioral disorders Behav Ther. 2011;33:217–30 4. Validation of the adult ADHD investigator symptom rating scale (AISRS) J Atten Disord. 2010;14:57–68 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: The experiment was conducted at the end of September, 2019, and proved to be successful, yielding a significant amount of operational data and proving the design concept [4]. During the experiment, the surface water temperature decreased, and the temperature difference between the surface and the deep water decreased to 18. 7°C, with the output power level at 338 kW. This was a lower output than hoped for, but field conditions were suboptimal as the Korean winter was rapidly approaching. The data suggested however that the K-OTEC1000 plant could likely produce 1 MW at a temperature differential of 24°C and 500 kW at a temperature differential of 20°C. The experiment produced the highest ever energy output from a seaborne OTEC plant, in the world, to date, setting a new world record [4]. The usefulness of OTEC-generated electricity to Kiribati and other islands will depend upon social acceptability and economic feasibility. As can be seen in Table 4 [26], the unit production cost of electricity from the OTEC plant is estimated to be US$ 0. 15 ∼ 0. 65/kWh. Currently, electricity costs in Kiribati are between US$ 0. 57 and 1. 59/kWh. These data suggest that OTEC could be commercially competitive and viable for a situation. Because of Kiribati’s favourable position in equatorial waters, it will be possible for OTEC plants to operate year-round on a 24/7 basis. If the OTEC plant proves successful, it could be scaled up to a 10 MW plant which would provide all of South Tarawa’s current electricity requirements with no concomitant production of Greenhouse Gases. Table 4. Cost analysis in terms of capital expenditure (CAPEX) operational expenditure (OPEX), year-round availability/capacity, and the levelised cost equivalent (LCOE) (taking into account plant lifecycle production and operational costs) of OTEC power plant with other ocean energy systems [26]. 9. Kiribati and OTEC deploymentKRISO plans to deploy a 1 MW land-based OTEC (K-OTEC1000) plant for 1 year in South Tarawa, Kiribati, in 2020 to 2021. If tests are successful, this may lead to longer-term projects and perhaps fully ocean-deployed OTEC systems. The OTEC plant will be located in the Eastern part of (Figure 21).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education should replace all traditional academic subjects. [SEP] Text: The modules bring disciplinary, everyday and indigenous knowledge together; for instance, in the secondary English module teachers are introduced to a spoken-word poem performed by Kathy Jetñil-Kijiner, of Marshallese ancestry, and Aka Niviâna, an Inuk woman. Teachers are asked to note their personal responses to the text before reflecting on its potential role for supporting the development of core English skills specified in the National Curriculum. The modules also aim to support teachers explore possible futures with their students; in the history modules, for example, a focus on industrialisation (secondary) and trees (primary) culminates in renewable energy technologies and woodland conservation, respectively. While the provision of professional development which can support effective classroom teaching is important, CCCSE also recognises the ongoing impact that current assessment and inspection regimes have on teachers’ practice. That is why, alongside Teaching for Sustainable Futures, the CCCSE’s work programme extends to research into climate change and sustainability policy and practice, and national and international knowledge exchange and policy dialogue, with the aim of contributing to advancing effective climate change and sustainability education in England, and further afield. Open data and materials availability statement The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declarations and conflicts of interest Research ethics statement The authors declare that research ethics approval for this 34. [2] Guterres, A. (2024). A Moment of Truth. New York: United NationsSecretary General. Accessed 2 July 2024 Available from: [3] Committee. Progress in reducing UK emissions – 2023 Report to Parliament, Accessed 2 July 2024 Available from: [4] DfE. Sustainability and climate change: a strategy for the education and children’s services systems. Department for Education. Available from: [5] Stables, A. (2013). The unsustainability imperative? Problems with ‘sustainability’ and ‘sustainable development’ as regulative ideals. Res 19 (2) : 177–186. [6] Wals, AEJ; Mathie, RG. (2022). It takes a whole school. Am Sci. [onlline] 110 (4) : 244–247. Available from: [8] Rousell, D; Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, A. (2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Barkley RA Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 2014 6. Ramsay JR. CBT for adult ADHD: Adaptations and hypothesized mechanisms of change J Cogn Psychother. 2010;24:37–45 7. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: A systematic review of the literature Nutr. 2008;48:524–37 8. Co-occurring weight problems among children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The role of executive functioning Obes (Lond). 2012;36:567–72 9. Kaplan K, Suddok B. A Summary of Psychiatry 20033rd edition Here 10. . Increasing perception of self-esteem in children with ADHD and peer problem? J Psychopharmacol. 2003;9:85–94 11. . Parent–child negative emotion reciprocity and children's school success: An emotion-attention process model Social Development. 2017;26:560–74 12. from Childhood to Adulthood. 1999 Here 13. . Perceptions of methylphenidate effects on hyperactive children's peer interactions J Psychol. 1993;21:535–49 14. for a Practice Guides. 2001 Mighty on 15. Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: A “review of reviews” Except Child. 1993;60:154–62 16. Herz L, Gullone E. The relationship between self-esteem and parenting style a cross-cultural comparison of Australian and adolescents J Psychol. 1999;30:742–61 17. . Effectiveness of cognitive behavior-based play therapy on anxiety and self-steem of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children Res. 2013;8:165–82 18. Isanezhad O, Chahardoli D. The effectiveness of the Adults and Children Together-Program in reducing behavioral and emotional problems among preschool children International journal of behavioral sciences. 2017;11:23–9 19. . Revision and restandardization of the conners teacher rating scale (CTRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity J Psychol. 1998;26:279–91 20. . The effect of family-based multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral treatment in children with obesity: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial Trials. 2011;12:110 21.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: This part of exhibits a rapid bathymetric gradient, reaching ocean depths of c. 3. 5–4 km ocean depth within a 5-km horizontal distance (SOPAC [27]). This location allows land-based OTEC plants to access c. 1 km deep waters via pipes which hug the offshore underwater slopes and can be cemented and secured onto a solid rock foundation. Plans are now being made to transport the OTEC plant (Figures 16–20), by ship, from Busan to South Tarawa, in 2020/21. All environmental and planning permissions were granted by the Kiribati government in 2018. Ocean physical and chemical parameters have been measured in for a number of years, and the KRISO team have a good working knowledge of variations in temperature, pH, salinity, and redox conditions in the lagoon, and ocean, close to the proposed OTEC plant site. Figure 17. Operation scene of barge-mounted 1 plant (L) and monitoring system (R). Figure 18. Key components of 1 plant of K-OTEC1000, which was loaded onto a barge ship for experimental tests, offshore from Busan, South Korea. Figure 19. Perspective view of floating OTEC plant depicted by KRISO. Figure 20. K-OTEC1000 plant onboard a barge ship in the eastern seas, near Busan, South Korea. The full extent of the OTEC plant is shown within the box in the figure. The plant was successfully tested in September, 2019, and it will be transported to in 2020 (Photograph: Kim). Once the OTEC plant is deployed, it has funding and permissions to test the equipment in 2020/2021. During this time the whole programme will be assessing applications for the community for electricity and downstream utilisation for drinking water and agriculture/aquaculture. I-Kiribati people will be trained in OTEC-related engineering and science and the application of products for agriculture and aquaculture. If the project proves successful, the KRISO team will be making applications for funding for longer-term OTEC deployment on Kiribati, and for scaling up the 1 MW plant, with ambitions for a fully ocean-deployed OTEC plant generating 5–50 MW of electricity in the future (Figures 21 and 22). Figure 21. Bathymetric map of showing the probable location of the 1 plant (black diamond).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido principal Ir al menú de navegación principal Ir al pie de página del sitio en Enlaces de interés Acerca de Sobre la revista Envíos Equipo editorial Declaración de privacidad Evaluación Archivos Núm. 36 (2020): Educación para una Cultura de la Sostenibilidad: eco-ciudadanía, políticas públicas y participación social Monográfico Educación ambiental local y global: políticas públicas y participación social en Fernando de Noronha Autores/as Laboratório de Educação e Política Ambiental - de de Queiroz - Universidade de São : Palabras clave: Participación, Políticas públicas, de Noronha, Educación ambiental base en los informes fundamentados en investigaciones y experiencias en educación ambiental (EA) que tuvieron lugar en la Isla de Fernando de Noronha - Pernambuco Brasil, este artículo busca analizar los factores que pueden alentar o dificultar el aumento de la participación social ambientalista y la educación ambiental, bien como el papel de las políticas públicas en el fomento de una cultura de procedimientos democráticos destinados a construir sociedades sostenibles. La investigación nos permitió tener una mejor comprensión de la realidad local y ofreció oportunidades para la maduración de diálogos destinados a definir principios e iniciativas que puedan contribuir al ciclo de formulación e implementación de políticas públicas para EA. Es una investigación-intervención cualitativa realizada con una institución conservacionista, que opera en el campo de la EA.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Kitzman- The integration of a family systems approach for understanding youth obesity, physical activity, and dietary programs Rev. 2010;13:231–53 22. . Adolescent outcomes of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community sample. 2010;49:595–605 23. . Effect of family-based cognitive behavioral therapy in modification of self-image associated with obesity among children J Med Sci. 2016;26:115–27 24. . Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating patients with obesity Psychol. 2010;16:107–17 25. Testing a new cognitive behavioural treatment for obesity: A randomized controlled trial with three-year follow-up Ther. 2010;48:706–13 26. . The role of parents in pre-adolescent and adolescent overweight and obesity treatment: A systematic review of clinical recommendations Obes Rev. 2011;12:759–69 27. Cortese S, Morcillo Peñalver C. Comorbidity between ADHD and obesity: Exploring shared mechanisms and clinical implications Postgrad Med. 2010;122:88–96 28. . Effects of self esteem group training on students'social adjustment J Behav. 2006;13:49–56 29. . Investigating the Relationship between Self-Esteem, Assertiveness and in of current Medical and Applied sciences. 2016;11(1):51–56 30. . Mindfulness training for parents and their children with ADHD increases the children's compliance J Stud. 2010;19:157–66 31. . Is psychoeducation for parents and teachers of children and adolescents with ADHD efficacious? A systematic literature review Eur Psychiatry. 2011;26:166–75 32. Development of attentional networks in childhood Neuropsychologia. 2004;42:1029–40 33. Multimodal treatment of ADHD in the MTA: An alternative outcome analysis. 2001;40:159–67 Keywords:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms; attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder; cognitive-behavioral therapy; overweight; self-esteem _07_01_2023_02_26__17017_SDC017. tif; [Other] (583 KB) © 2018 Research | Published by – MedknowView full 2018. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: Note the rapid drop-off in depth away from the atoll allowing an OTEC plant ready-access to deep water and the market of South Tarawa. is a seismically quiet area with extreme storm events occurring relatively infrequently and quiet seawater conditions (acknowledgements, SOPAC [27]). Figure 22. Bird’s eye view/artists impression of the building for sustainable seawater utilisation Center (SSUC). Downstream utilisation of discharged seawater for district air conditioning, desalination, aquaculture, and agriculture applications will be delivered for capacity building and SDGs achievement in Kiribati and coastal communities along the tropical belt (acknowledgements, KRISO). 10. Concluding statementsThe deployment of an OTEC plant in is ambitious in technical and development terms. Technologically, the plant is destined, at least for a while, to become the largest OTEC plant in the world. The design and building of the plant represents a US$20 M investment and thousands of people-hours of highly expert time. The project has been ongoing since 2013, with predecessor OTEC laboratory-scale experiments extending back to 2010. Transporting the main plant and c. 3 km of piping from Korea to will be a difficult challenge. The final deployment of the OTEC plant in Kiribati will represent a high water mark for Kiribati and the Pacific region in general. Infamous nuclear tests aside (in the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and French Polynesia), it is rare for the region to be the centre of major global-scale scientific-technological advances. -OTEC-Pacific project has been carefully planned from 2013. KRISO and the Korean government are to be commended for the effort and time invested in discussing the programme, awareness raising, and genuine inclusive reciprocal activities that have predated the OTEC Kiribati deployment. It is challenging for widely different cultures to work together for common goals with development goals. The model here that combines science and technology with a developmental goal within the context of cultural values is commendable from an interconnected geoscience perspective. The project, should, in theory bring benefits all-round. KRISO, the Government, and the world OTEC community will benefit from the on-site, 1-year technical testing and operation of a land-based 1 MW plant.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Hace diálogo con la investigación etnográfica en el campo de la educación y ha usado como técnicas de recopilación de datos: análisis de documentos oficiales, observación participante, intervenciones educativas y entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis del trabajo de campo, enriquecido por otras experiencias del Laboratorio de Educación y Política Ambiental (Oca) de la Universidad de São Paulo, muestra la necesidad de políticas públicas que brinden una EA permanente, continua y articulada con toda la población de cada território, y señala algunas formas posibles para que esto ocurra, donde debería tener un papel central la participación dialógica que articula iniciativas a través de un proyecto político pedagógico interinstitucional. datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles. Biografía del autor/a Laboratório de Educação e Política Ambiental - de de Queiroz - Universidade de São da Especialização Educação Ambiental e Transição para Sociedades Sustentáveis (ESALQ). Doutora em Ciências - Aplicada (ESALQ/CENA, 2017). Pesquisadora do Laboratório de Educação e Política Ambiental, Oca (ESALQ, 2010 - 2012). Mestre em Ciências (ESALQ/CENA, 2011). Especialista em educação ambiental e recursos hídricos (USP/ São Carlos, 2010). Graduada em Ciências Biológicas (Unesp - Rio Claro, 2007).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 41 Compared with DTI, which acquires diffusion-weighted images of varying directions at fixed diffusion sensitivity (b value, typically 1000 s/mm2), DSI acquires diffusion-weighted images of varying directions and different b values (typically from zero to a few thousand seconds/mm2). 42 Whereas DTI reconstructs water molecular diffusion through a diffusion tensor based on the Gaussian model of translational displacement,43 DSI reconstructs water molecular diffusion as an average propagator based on a Fourier relation between the diffusion signal and average propagator. 41,42 The advantage of DSI lies in the fact that the directions of the maxima of the average propagator correspond to the underlying crossing fibre directions,44 whereas the principal direction of the DTI points to a direction that is somewhere between the crossing fibres. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) is a DSI analogue of the fractional anisotropy (FA) in DTI. 45 Whereas FA is defined as the standard deviation (SD) of the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor normalized by the norm of the eigenvalues,46 GFA is defined as the SD of the orientation distribution function (ODF) values divided by their norm. 45 Here, the ODF value in a particular direction can be calculated as the second moment of the average propagator, indicating the displacement probability in that particular direction. 42 Similar to FA, GFA is a nonspecific index often used to indicate the microstructural property of white matter as determined by the diameter, packing density, directional coherence and myelination of the axons. The inconsistency in the literature can be explained by small sample sizes, different neuropsychological tasks and varying methods to define the region of interest (ROI), resulting in little overlap of ROIs across studies. Among the constructed fibre tracts, the frontostriatal tracts, SLF and cingulum bundle have all been reported to be altered in individuals with ADHD. However, their associations with attention performance remain unclear. Therefore, the present study compared the white matter microstructural property associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms as well as a wide range of attention performance between youths with ADHD and individually matched controls. We chose 10 white matter tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate–DLPFC, caudate–VLPFC and caudate–OFC; Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: If this is successful, it may lead to more ambitious, larger-scale OTEC developments, including a full-ocean OTEC plant. The project may encourage other OTEC workers around the world, in the Caribbean, islands, and beyond, to accelerate their OTEC developments. If, however, all that results from the OTEC Kiribati experience are technological benefits, this will be a disappointment. As this paper has analysed, small atoll PSIDS and SIDS in general are in acute need of many of the benefits OTEC technologies can bring. A lack of affordable, reliable, and accessible electricity is a challenging constraint on development, anywhere in the world. It points to a chicken and egg situation: Minimal power results in minimal development, and limited development results in limited power infrastructure being created. Industry that is attracted to Kiribati, such as tuna canning factories, have to develop much of the infrastructure they require, such as power and water, themselves. This adds significantly to already-high start-up costs and is a major disincentive to inward investment into Kiribati and other SIDS. If the state can provide fundamental infrastructure, including reliable, affordable electricity and water supplies, conditions for inward investment are improved. OTEC not only brings electricity but the promise of associated seawater technologies and industry. Deep ocean water has proven chemical and biological qualities that can be applied to products and services for human health, cosmetics, agriculture, and aquaculture. In Goseong, South Korea, next to the OTEC and seawater utilisation plant, a number of high-technology industries have developed that produce mineral salts, mineral waters, and cosmetics. These could develop, even in an unlikely setting such as South Tarawa, given training, investment, and the establishment of a (SSUC). Waters linked to OTEC operation can be used to develop hydroponic agricultural plants, refrigeration plants, and aquaculture plants for shellfish and fish farms. These developments can all contribute to many sustainable development goals. Alongside science and technology, and the development of agriculture and industry, with related high-quality employment opportunities, is the potential for new education and training. KRISO is working with the Kiribati government in helping develop a science and technology of sustainable seawater utilisation at the centre.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Tem experiência na área de Educação, com ênfase em Educação Ambiental. . Bem Viver: Uma oportunidade para imaginar outros mundos. São Paulo. Editora Elefante, 2016. . F. ; LUCA, A. ;. ;. G. ;. Da pedagogia à política e da política à pedagogia: uma abordagem sobre a construção de políticas públicas em educação ambiental no Brasil. Ciênc. educ. (Bauru), Bauru v. 20, n. 4, p. 817-832, Dec. 2014. . F. ;. O lugar e o difícil papel do diálogo nas políticas públicas de educação ambiental. In: Revista de Educação Pública, Cuiabá, v. 25, n. 58, p. 139 – 160, jan-abr 2016. ANDRÉ, M. E. D. A. Etnografia da prática escolar. 18 ed. Campinas, SP: Papirus, 2012. 128p. . ;. Desafíos de Políticas Públicas Estruturantes de Educación Ambiental en Fernando de Noronha-Pe. 25(1), 155-170. 2018. Disponível em: 2018. . Educação Ambiental e políticas públicas em Fernando de Noronha: a participação na construção de escolas e sociedades sustentáveis. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Ambiental). de de Queiroz. Centro de na Agricultura. 2017. . S. Métodos de pesquisas em ciências sociais. 4 ed. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1994. 178p. . A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 1); the SLF (Fig. 2) and the cingulum bundle (Fig. 2). We also used DSI, instead of DTI, to reconstruct tractography and measure the microstructural property of selected fibre tracts for a better resolution of the crossing fibres. 41 We hypothesized that the microstructural property of these target tracts could differ between youths with ADHD and controls and that altered diffusion anisotropy of these target tracts could correlate with the severity of ADHD core symptoms and impaired attention performance. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 1 Regions of interest (ROIs) and reconstructed targeted tracts in the left hemisphere. (A) The ROIs at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (purple), caudate nucleus (yellow) and the dorsolateral prefrontal–caudate tract (yellow). (B) The ROIs at the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (light blue), orbitofrontal cortex (green), caudate nucleus (yellow), ventrolateral prefrontal–caudate tract (light blue) and orbitofrontal–caudate tract (pink). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 2 Regions of interest (ROIs) and reconstructed targeted tracts in the left hemisphere. (A)The ROIs in the frontal lobe (yellow), parietal lobes (green) and superior longitudinal fasciculus I (yellow), II (pink) and III (blue). (B) The ROIs at the anterior cingulate cortex (purple), posterior cingulate cortex (blue) and cingulum bundle (light green). MethodsParticipantsWe recruited youths with ADHD from the Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital; ADHD was clinically diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and 1 of us (S. S. -F. G. ) further confirmed the diagnosis through psychiatric interviews using the epidemiologic version of the Schedule for and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-E). 47 We recruited sex-, age-, handedness-, IQ- and coil-matched control youths from the same school districts as the ADHD group; the control youths were referred by school principals and teachers. Controls and their parents also underwent the Chinese K-SADS-E interview to confirm that they did not have a lifetime or current diagnosis of ADHD or other psychiatric disorders.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 90791 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation (OTEC) Past, Present, and by Albert S. the (OTEC) - Past, Present, and by Albert S. Kim and Hyeon-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionOcean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) processes run under a much lower temperature gradient than that of the conventional thermal engines. The actual efficiency of a heat engine driven by the typical temperature difference of 20C is much smaller than the theoretical maximum due to heat and friction losses in the OTEC system. As such, from this perspective, OTEC may appear as a viable alternative energy source only after its thermal efficiency is well improved. As surface seawater is used as a heat source, which is essentially available in large quantities as an alternative energy source, many evaluators consider OTEC as one of the likely renewable energy-source candidates for large-scale power generation, especially in the tropical regions. To improve the low-efficiency OTEC process, research has been focused on increasing their operational efficiency by using a high-quality heat source and using extra devices capable of improving the system’s performance, in addition to locating and operating OTEC plants in tropical areas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Institucionalização de políticas públicas de educação ambiental: subsídios para a defesa de uma política do cotidiano. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Ambiental). de de Queiroz. Centro de na Agricultura, 2015. . Decreto n. 92. 755, 5 de junho de 1986. Declara Área de Proteção Ambiental o Território Federal de Fernando de Noronha, o Atol das Rocas e os Penedos de São Pedro e São Paulo, e dá outras providências. Distrito Federal, 1986. . Decreto n. 96. 693, 14 de setembro de 1988. Cria o Marinho de Fernando de Noronha e dá outras providências. Distrito Federal, 1988. ério da Educação. Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional. Lei n. 9. 394/96. Brasília, DF: MEC/SEF, 1996. . ÇÃ. Parâmetros curriculares nacionais: introdução aos parâmetros curriculares nacionais Secretaria de Educação Fundamental. – Brasília: MEC/SEF, 1997. 126p. Presidência da República. Lei n. 9. 795. Dispõe sobre a educação ambiental, institui a Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental e dá outras providências. 1999. . Lei n. 9985/2000. Institui o de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza e dá outras providências. Distrito Federal, 2000. É& ÉÇÃO. de formação de educadoras(es) ambientais: por um Brasil educado e educando ambientalmente para a sustentabilidade. Série Documentos Técnicos – 7. Brasília, 2006. É& ÉÇÃO.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: MRI assessmentsWe obtained MRIs using a 3 T MRI system with a 32-channel phased array head coil, except 3 dyads with a 16-channel phased array head coil. All participants were asked to lie still on the table, and head movement was restricted with expandable foam cushions. We acquired transaxial sections covering the whole brain, with the imaging planes parallel to the line that connects the anterior commissure and the posterior commissure on the sagittal localizer. We acquired T1-weighted images of the whole head using a 3-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo () sequence with the following parameters: repetition time (TR) 2530 ms, echo time (TE) 3. 4 ms, slice thickness 1. 0 mm, matrix size 256 × 256, field of view (FOV) 256 × 256 mm. Diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) were acquired using a pulsed-gradient spin-echo echo-planar imaging sequence with a twice-refocused balanced echo. 52 The DWI volumes were acquired by applying diffusion-sensitive gradients with different strengths and directions to fill isotropic grid points in the diffusion-encoding space (q-space). 42 A total of 102 DWI volumes corresponding to the grid points within a half sphere of the q-space (DSI102) were acquired with the maximum diffusion sensitivity value (bmax) set to 4000 s/mm2. The acquisition scheme was a modified version (a half sphere rather than a full sphere) of the optimal q-space sampling method, DSI 203, as previously described. 53 Other acquisition parameters were as follows: TR 9600 ms, TE 130 ms, matrix size 80 × 80, FOV 200 × 200 mm2, and slice thickness 2. 5 mm without gap. The scan time for each DSI acquisition was approximately 16. 5 min. DSI reconstruction and template-based tract-specific analysisHaving acquired DSI data, we obtained the diffusion probability density function (PDF) on the basis of the Fourier association between the PDF and q-space signal. 54 Within each voxel, there were 102 samples at the grid points within a half sphere of the q-space. These 102 samples were first projected around the origin to fill the other half sphere based on the fact that the q-space data were symmetric around the origin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: In 1981, the Kalina cycle, named after its inventor, was reported as a new method for efficient thermal energy conversion to overcome some disadvantages of the well-known closed Rankine cycle. Whereas the Rankine cycle requires pure substances like ammonia, the Kalina cycle can use a mixture of ammonia and water [1, 2]. In 1994, the Uehara cycle was invented at to design and build a 4. 5-kW power plant. cycle includes a combined process of absorption and extraction, showing 1–2% better performance than that of the Kalina cycle. As shown in Figure 1, Bluerise in the Netherlands is conducting basic experiments on OTEC employing the Kalina cycle. As shown in Figure 2, a 4. 5 kW-class experimental plant using the Uehara cycle was tested [3, 4, 5, 6]. Figure 1. Experimental equipment of OTEC using the Kalina cycle (Bluerise). Figure 2. 4. 5-kW experimental equipment of OTEC using theUehara cycle (Saga Univ). Recently, Amyra et al. developed a solar-collected OTEC (SC-OTEC) cycle of solar thermal energy. Their heat-collection system exchanges heat by utilizing surface water of a high temperature for evaporation and deep seawater of a low temperature for condensation to improve the power generation performance. In addition, suggested a performance change by increasing the superheating degree of the OTEC plant through the use of a solar collector [7, 8]. In 1982, (Japan) succeeded in constructing a 50-kW OTEC plant of a closed-loop cycle, utilizing waste heat from a diesel generator. In 2015, a 200-kW high-temperature power generation plant was built by KRISO (Korea), which taps 70–80°C industrial waste heat and cold deep sea water, as shown in Figure 3. The plant improved the power generation efficiency by 7. 8% through manufacturing components and a series of experiments, laying the foundation for the industrialization of the OTEC plant that taps external heat sources [9]. Figure 3. A 200-kplant using 80°C heat source (KRISO): 3D graphic (left) and photographic image (right). In addition to efficiency improvement, research has been carried out for heat reduction through the use of a reheating system and a regenerator.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Comissão de meio ambiente e qualidade de vida na escola. Com-vida. Série Documentos Técnicos – 7. Brasília, 2007. . de Educação. Nacionais para a Educação Ambiental. Resolução nº2. 2012. . Ministério da Educação, Secretaria de Educação Continuada, Alfabetização, Diversidade e Inclusão, Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Vamos cuidar do Brasil com escolas sustentáveis: educando-nos para pensar e agir em tempos de mudanças socioambientais globais. Brasília: 2012. . de Educação Ambiental. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Departamento de Educação Ambiental; Ministério da Educação, Coordenação Geral da Educação Ambiental. 3. ed. Brasília: MMA, 2014. . Presidência da República. Lei n. 13. 005. Aprova o de Educação - PNE e dá outras providências. 2014. . ÉÇÃO. Disponível em: Acessado: 11/12/2016. BOHM, D. Diálogo: comunicação e redes de convivência. São Paulo: Palas Athena, 2005. . Eu e Tu. São Paulo: Cortez & Moraes. 1974. DÍ. E. O que é participação. 8ª edição. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1994. . G. Do sonho do progresso às políticas de desenvolvimento. In:. G. , SALM, J. F. (Orgs). Políticas públicas e desenvolvimento: bases epistemológicas e modelos de análise. Brasília: UNB, 2010. p. 23 – 39. . Pedagogia do Oprimido.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The 8 corners outside of the sphere were filled with zeros, resulting in a 7 × 7 × 7 data grid in the q-space. A Hanning filter with a width of 17 units was applied to the q-space data and followed by a 3-dimensional Fourier transformation of the q-space signal to obtain the PDF. The ODF (Ψ(u)) was computed by obtaining the second moment of the PDF along each of the 362 radial directions (6-fold tessellated icosahedron). At each voxel, GFA was quantified in terms of SD(Ψ)/RMS(Ψ), where SD is the standard deviation and RMS is the root mean square. The GFA indicates the directionality of the ODF and ranges from zero (when the diffusion is completely isotropic) to 1 (when the diffusion is restricted to only 1 direction). 45 To determine the local tract directions in each voxel, we used an iterative approach to decompose the ODF into several constituent Gaussian ODFs. 55 The resulting local tract direction field was obtained for tractography. To avoid subjective variation arising from manual tractography, we used a template-based approach. First, a study-specific DSI template (SSDT) was constructed from all the recruited participants using a coregistration method under the framework of large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping. 56 Two of us (W. -Y. I. T. , Y. -C. L. , who has more than 7 years’ experience in DSI tractography) reconstructed 10 target tracts, namely the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (i. e. , caudate-VLPFC, caudate-DLPFC, caudate-OFC, Fig. 1), SLF (Fig. 2) and cingulum bundles (Fig. 2), under consensus. They placed appropriate ROIs on the SSDT to segment the target tracts. The appropriate ROIs were defined in the automated anatomic labelling (AAL) system57 using the WFU PickAtlas version 3. 0. 4. The coordinates of these ROIs in AAL were transformed to SSDT after performing the coregistration between SSDT and the for 152 template using a Dartel toolbox in SPM12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: Recently, the power output and efficiency were additionally improved by Ejector and Pump-OTEC devised by Yoon et al. , producing the maximum generation efficiency of 3. 1% at the surface seawater temperature of 26°C [10]. 2. Theory for OTEC cycleOTEC plants generate electric power using the temperature difference between deep sea water and surface water. The system efficiency of OTEC can be expressed as the energy production rate of a turbine per thermal energy from evaporator. As the temperature of the heat source from the surface seawater increases, the vapor pressure of the seawater increases, the enthalpy increases from the inlet to the outlet of the turbine, and hence the process efficiency and power output are enhanced. The use of high-temperature heat sources using collectors and heat storage tanks that can recover solar, geothermal, and industrial waste heat can further increase the process efficiency. On the other hand, one can increase the efficiency of the OTEC system by reducing the required amount of heat consumption in the evaporator. Toward this end, various studies have suggested methods to improve the efficiency of the closed OTEC cycle. One such way is by attaching a regenerator and a reheater. The novel cycle that improves the efficiency of OTEC is transformed from the basic Cycle. The basic ORC cycle repeats the process of reversible adiabatic compression of working fluid pump, constant pressure heat addition in evaporator, reversible adiabatic expansion in turbine, and constant pressure heat rejection in condenser. The OTEC using the basic Rankine cycle is shown in Figure 4(a) using the following balance equations:Qe=mṙh1−h4E1Wt=mṙh1−h2E2Qc=mṙh2−h3E3Wp=mṙh3−h4E4Figure 4. Schematic of basic and novel OTEC cycle: (a) basic cycle, (b) using reheater, (c) using regenerator. where Qe and Wt are the evaporation capacity and power output of turbine of the OTEC plant, respectively, and Qc and Wp are the condenser capacity and the output of the working fluid pump, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of the OTEC cycle with a reheater designed to reduce the evaporation capacity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: O “método Oca” de educação ambiental: fundamentos e estrutura incremental. Ambiente & Educação. Vo. 21, n. 1, 2016. Disponível em:. Lei n. 11. 304/1995. Institui o de Fernando de Noronha, aprova sua Lei Orgânica, dispõe sob medidas de natureza administrativa. Pernambuco, 1995. . Secretaria de Educação. Caderno de orientações pedagógicas para a educação ambiental: rede estadual de ensino de PernambucoSecretaria de Educação colaboradores Franco do Rego. . . [et al. ] coordenação pedagógica do caderno Prado. . . [et al. ] apresentação Ana Selva. – Recife : A Secretaria,2013. 124p. : il. . ;. ;. Educação Ambiental na Formação de Jovens e Adultos. In: (Org. ). Educação Ambiental e políticas públicas: conceitos, fundamentos e vivências. 1 ed. Curitiba: Appris, 2012. p. 225-243. . H. ;. ; ÃO, R. ;. Projeto Político Pedagógico como estratégia para inclusão da educação ambiental nas políticas públicas brasileiras. Ambientalmente Sustentable, xullo-decembro, ano X, vol. II, n. 29, 2015. P. 151-165. . L. ;. F. Pesquisa-Intervenção e a produção de novas análises. Psicologia Ciência e Profissão, 23(4), 2003. P. 64 – 73. . ; SATO, M. Escolas Sustentáveis: incubadoras de transformações nas comunidades.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: We performed a streamline-based fibre tracking algorithm with whole brain seeding using DSI studio ( based on the local tract directions. Having obtained tractography of each target tract on SSDT, the coordinates of streamlines were aligned along the proceeding direction of each tract bundle and were saved as the sampling coordinates of GFA. The sampling coordinates of target tracts were then transformed from SSDT to individual DSI data set according to the established transformation between SSDT and native DSI space. Finally, the GFA values of each target tract were sampled on the corresponding sampling coordinates in the native DSI space. Statistical analysesWe conducted statistical analyses using SAS version 9. 2 software (SAS Institute). The α value was preselected at the level of p < 0. 05. The descriptive results are displayed as the mean ± SD for continuous variables. Because of the matched case–control study design, we used the paired t test to compare the mean scores of IQ and ADHD symptom counts, CCPT performance, and GFA values of the white matter tracts between the ADHD and control groups. We computed the Cohen d to indicate small (0. 2–0. 5), medium (0. 5–0. 8) and large (≥ 0. 8) effect sizes. To control for the inflation of type I error in computing multiple bivariate correlations, we used multiple linear regression models with the backward elimination procedure to determine the association between the attention measures (i. e. , ADHD symptoms and CCPT indexes) as dependent variables and the GFA values of the 10 target tracts as independent variables. We used the backward elimination procedure to identify the fitted model containing variables from these 10 tracts, which maintained significant effects on each of the attention measures. We calculated R2 values to present the proportion of the variance of each attention measure that can be explained by the microstructural property, presented by the GFA values, of some of the fibre tracts in the final fitted model. ResultsParticipantsThe sample consisted of 50 youths with ADHD and 50 controls. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants are shown in Table 1. Among the 50 youths with ADHD, 26 (52%) had the combined type and 24 (48%) had the predominantly inattentive type. Seventeen of the youths with ADHD had comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 2 youths had comorbid conduct disorder, and 3 youths had both comorbid ODD and conduct disorder.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: The reheater improves the cycle efficiency by transferring heat to the working fluid flowing into the evaporator by recovering the heat of the superheated steam at the turbine outlet. The cycle is shown in Figure 4(b). In the case of the method incorporating a regenerator, a part of the working fluid vaporized in the evaporator is bypassed, and the heat exchanged with the working fluid flows into the working fluid pump, as shown in Figure 4(c). Then, the temperature of the working fluid flowing into the pump increases to reduce the evaporation capacity, thereby improving the cycle efficiency. The equation for calculating the evaporation capacity with the regenerator or the reheater is changed toQe=ṁwwh1−h5E5While on the one hand the cycle efficiency increases due to the reduced evaporation capacity, on the other hand, for the reheater case, the turbine output is represented asWt=ṁr−ṁrhh1´−h2E6because the mass flow rate of the working fluid flowing into the turbine is reduced by the amount supplied by the reheater. Here, mrḣ represents the mass flow rate of the working fluid flowing into the turbine. 3. Novel OTEC cycle using ejector3. 1 ConceptTo improve the performance of OTEC plants, research on efficiency improvement employing an ejector has been conducted. As mentioned earlier, the OTEC system using an ejector pump is called “EP-OTEC. ” As shown in the system schematic in Figure 5 and the P-h diagram in Figure 6, some of the working fluid branched from the distributor installed at the inlet of the evaporator exchanges heat with the surface water of the ocean, which is a high heat source in the evaporator, and assumes a high-pressure gas state. This high-pressure working fluid drives the turbine and draws it into the suction section of the ejector through the pressure difference generated in the cycle. On the other hand, the remaining working fluid divided in the distributor is moved by the operating pump to the operating part of the ejector in the liquid state, without passing through the evaporator. At this time, the pressure rises according to the expected degree of lifting of the operating pump.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Revista Eletrônica do Mestrado em Educação Ambiental. ISSN 1517-1256, v. especial, setembro de 2010. Disposível em: Acessado em: 29/04/2020. . A conquista da felicidade. Saraiva de bolso. 2012. . S. Pela mão da Alice: o social e o político na pós modernidade. 12 ed. São Paulo, Cortez, 2008, 348p. . ;. ; ÇA, P. ;. A. Educação Ambiental como Política Pública. Educação e Pesquisa, São Paulo, v. 31, n. 2, p. 285-299, maio/ago, 2005. . Popular. In: ônio (Org. ). Encontros e Caminhos: Formação de Educadoras(es) Ambientais e Coletivos Educadores. Vol. 3. Brasília: MMA/DEA, 2013. p. 143-153. . ;. ;. S. P. ;VÁ. V. Por uma nueva cultura de latierra, Tierra y território: rutas de transición para soceidadessustentables. del abril de 2020. . Políticas públicas: uma revisão da literatura. Sociologias. Porto Alegre, v. 8, n. 16, p. 20-43, jul-dez, 2006. . L. Pesquisa intervenção e a produção de novas análises. Psicologia: ciência. Somos todos aprendizes: lembranças da construção do Tratado de Educação Ambiental. 2004. Disponível em: < lembranas-da. html>. Acesso em: 02 ago. 2014. Descargas PDF (PO) Publicado 2020-07-29 Número Núm.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Validation of diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging with manganese-enhanced rat optic tracts and ex vivo phantoms. Neuroimage 2003;19:482–95. ↵Tuch DS. Q-ball imaging. Med 2004;52:1358–72. ↵Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J B 1996;111:209–19. ↵A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. Psychiatry 2005;162:1344–50. ↵. Association between early attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and current verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory. Disabil 2013;34:710–20. ↵. Rapid visual information processing as a cognitive endophenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2014;44:435–46. ↵Conners CK (2000) Staff. M. Conners’ Test II: computer program for Windows technical guide and software manual (Mutli-). ↵Egeland J, Kovalik-Gran I. Validity of the factor structure of Conners’ CPT. J 2010;13:347–57. ↵Reduction of eddy-current-induced distortion in diffusion MRI using a twice-refocused spin echo. Med 2003;49:177–82. ↵Optimization of diffusion spectrum imaging and q-ball imaging on clinical MRI system. Neuroimage 2008;41:7–18. ↵Diffraction-like effects in NMR diffusion studies of fluids in porous solids. Nature 1991;351:467–9Available: www. nature. com/nature/journal/v351/n6326/abs/351467a0. htmlaccessed 2015 Apr. 7OpenUrlCrossRef↵. Estimation of fiber orientation and spin density distribution by diffusion deconvolution. Neuroimage 2011;55:1054–62. ↵. A large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping solution for diffusion spectrum imaging datasets. Neuroimage 2012;63:818–34. OpenUrl↵Tzourio-Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the single-subject brain.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: This pressure rise is an important factor in the cycle because lower inlet pressure can be achieved when the actuator fluid is supplied with a stronger force to the nozzle of the liquid-vapor ejector. The lower inlet pressure in the OTEC system with ejectors leads to an increase in the pressure difference between the turbine inlet and outlet, which results in enhanced turbine performance. The operating fluid injected from the ejector and the attracted suction fluid are mixed and discharged at the condensing pressure. The condenser condenses the working fluid after exchanging heat with deep water, which is a cooling source of the ocean. Finally, the working fluid is circulated by the pump, completing the full cycle. Figure 5. Schematic of a two-phase ejector OTEC cycle. Figure 6. P-h diagram of the EP-OTEC cycle. The total power and net power of the turbine are determined by the mass flow through the turbine and the enthalpy change between the inlet and outlet of the turbine. Therefore, the enthalpy change due to the pressure change increased to generate more electricity using the turbine. The power of the refrigerant pump is excluded from the turbine’s total power equation (Eq. (7)), resulting in the turbine net power equation (Eq. (10)). A motive pump is newly applied to the current EP-OTEC system. The power input to the prime mover-pump is excluded from the turbine’s total power because a high net power of the turbine is our goal as described using Eqs. (8) and (9). The system efficiency is expressed as the ratio between the input heat capacity and the output energy. Wt=mṙh2−h3E7Wcp=mṙh1−h5E8Wmp=mṙh7−h6E9Wnet=Wt−Wcp−WmpE10Figure 7(a) is a schematic diagram of an ejector pump and heat exchanger ocean thermal energy conversion (EPX-OTEC) cycle with an ejector pump and an actuator evaporator.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Nature of Over the past decade, there has been a strategic shift in approach to the designation of WHSs. In 1994, the Committee called for correcting the existing imbalances between the regions of the world and their types while at the same time moving away from pure architecture and asking developed countries to slow down their nomination rate in order to address the marked imbalance in material preference over non-physical materials, Cultural heritage listed in the List in 1996 for better consideration of intangible cultures and indigenous peoples. has established lists of intangible cultural heritage with a view to ensuring better protection of the important intangible cultural heritage throughout the world and awareness of its importance [11,12,14]. The city of Salt in Jordan from the Authors` point of view contains the tangible heritage of architectural and urban structure and the heritage of the recent past and the heritage of civilization found and disappeared (Roman civilization), also the intangible values, cultures, customs and traditions even popular cuisine for the inhabitants of the city known as (Salty) Among them from one generation to the next and who are distinguished from other governorates in the of Jordan, thus keeping the city of Salt in line with the changing nature of the Sites. of gave impetus to the idea of world heritage, none of which existed for 30 years, Analysis of the effects and importance of developing WHS becomes problematic due to the diverse nature of the different sites around the world, all sites may share common administrative dilemmas related to conservation, access and visit, but their social and political importance depends heavily on the type and location of the site, for example, the social and political importance of the original cultural scene in a developing country is unlikely to be directly comparable to that of the historic European city, Even with regard to management, there is little homogeneity between sites [11,12]. The status of WHS is seen as an enormous place at the global and national level, as well as influencing future planning decisions at the local level, the designation of WHS tends to mean that the site will be able to change, usually leading to increased publicity and an increase in the number of visitors, but the noticeable increase in the number of visitors is not inevitable, however depends on the marketing of the site and its approach to access, which will later affect the effects of the designation of a site, WHSs should therefore recognize the importance of educational and interpretation facilities so that the public can gain maximum benefit from their visit. [11,12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Neuroimage 2002;15:273–89. ↵Differential fractional anisotropy abnormalities in adolescents with ADHD or schizophrenia. 2010;181:193–8. ↵White-matter abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Mapp 2009;30:2757–65. ↵Development of cortical asymmetry in typically developing children and its disruption in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry 2009;66:888–96. ↵Smaller prefrontal and premotor volumes in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2002;52:785–94. ↵Ten years of Neuroscience: insights from the highly cited. Neurosci 2010;11:718–26. ↵White matter microstructure in superior longitudinal fasciculus associated with spatial working memory performance in children. J 2011;23:2135–46. ↵Fassbender C, Schweitzer JB. Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature. Rev 2006;26:445–65. ↵Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. 2005;57:1336–46. ↵Multimodal imaging of the self-regulating developing brain. 2012;109:19620–5. OpenUrlAbstract/↵Veazie PJ. When to combine hypotheses and adjust for multiple tests. Res 2006;41:804–18.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: The said equation is based on the EPX cycle, and the additional heat source is calculated in the same way as in the DEPX cycle. Qe. extra=ṁr. moth7−h6E11Accordingly, the efficiency of the entire cycle is also changed such as,n=WnetQe+Qe. extraE12As shown in Figure 7(c), the efficiency can be maximized through cascade OTEC, which uses a condenser and an evaporator on the high- and low-temperature sides, respectively. When a refrigerant with different pressures is used in the high/low-pressure part, low/high-pressure refrigerant is formed in the high/low-temperature part, and a low/high-pressure load is formed in the high/low-pressure part. Therefore, the high- and low-temperature sides were configured as DEPX-OTEC and EP-OTEC, respectively. Because it is difficult to apply the cascade method to the existing OTEC cycles using low-temperature heat sources, the cascade method is suitable to employ unused heat sources for medium and low OTEC systems. 3. 2 Simulation resultsTable 1 shows the simulation conditions for the EP-OTEC system. The temperature of the marine surface water, which is a high heat source, was set to a typical temperature of the equator region of 29. 0°C, which is almost invariant throughout the year. Deep seawater was applied to the condenser as the coolant, with the temperature kept about 5. 0°C throughout the year. ParametersValueSurface seawater inlet temperature (°C)24. 0–29. 0Deep seawater inlet temperature (°C)5. 0Temperature increase along the deep seawater intake pipe (°C)5. 8Temperature increase along the surface seawater intake pipe (°C)3. 0Pump efficiency (%)65. 0Turbine efficiency (%)80. 0Pressure ratio of motive and discharge of ejector (−)3. 0Pressure drop at heat exchangers [kPa]10. 0Table 1. Analysis conditions. The performances of conventional ocean thermal energy conversion and EP-OTEC were compared as the seawater temperature increased in the system with the R152a refrigerant when the ejector operating fluid mass was kept constant [11].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: The list of world heritage at risk can serve as a conservation Tool, allowing countries to access the international Technical assistance. It is also a means of political mobilization and General support to keep the site at risk National level [2]. Strengthening collective assistance, presenting and transferring the natural and cultural heritage of future generations so that the international community is fully committed to it [2]. is focusing equally on the conservation of heritage and the use of sites. Its policy is to make it clearer that sites are in good condition for future generations and that they are made available to the public as much as possible. Previous studies show that the physical environment of sites is not well managed and damaged due to frequent tourist visits and overcrowding [9,15]. From this perspective, it is possible to expect the importance of the city of Salt when it enters the list of Sites. By knowing the existence of Salt in a developing country, the social and political importance of the cultural scene will be transitional from the local to the global framework. It will be a major factor for changing, promoting tourism development and increasing the number of visitors depending on the marketing of the site. for the city of Salt can serve as a tool for conservation of international assistance and the promotion of collective assistance, and the transfer of heritage and conservation for net generations and make it available to the current generations as much as possible, and as a means of political mobilization and global supporting. Site as a brand A heritage or cultural site can be made known to the public as a list of sites can make the site stand out clearly. list promotes the site and tends to act as a sign of originality and international quality that acts as a magnet for local and international tourists. Previous studies have shown that the status of sites is of symbolic value, bringing great prestige at the international and national levels and ultimately affecting local planning decisions [9,15-17]. On the other hand, there are traces of this brand as a site that calls for conflicts between the local associations of the site and their global ownership by imposing additional pressure on the physical and natural environment and the local people living on the site [9,15-17]. brand can operate effectively in the city of Salt. In the Authors` point of view, initially, it will be an educational tool for the local community, motivating them to support and preserve the city as a world heritage site and serve as a symbol of originality and quality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 7% for a avoidant personality disorder. For more details on sample characteristics and a participant flow-chart, see Kampmann et al. [25]. MeasuresScreeningAs a first step in the screening procedure, social anxiety levels were assessed using an online version of the (SIAS; [26]), a 20-item self-report measure rated on a 5-point Likert scale. If individuals had a mean SIAS score of ≥29, they were invited to an in-person interview in which a psychologist administered the Interview for DSM-IV-TR Disorders (SCID-I; [27]) to assess the diagnoses of SAD and other mental disorders. Outcome measureScale-(LSAS-SR; [28]) was used to assess social anxiety symptoms at pre- and postassessment. The LSAS-SR contains 24 items on fear and avoidance in social situations that are rated on a 4-point Likert scale. The LSAS-SR has good psychometric properties [29] and was assessed at pre- and postassessment. The internal consistency in the present study was high (Cronbach’s α =. 90–. 96). Potential predictors of SAD symptom improvementThe extent to which participants focused on themselves during in vivo or virtual reality exposure exercises was assessed with the self-focus subscale of the Focus of [30]. The internal consistency has been reported to be good (Cronbach’s α =. 76; [31]) and was good in the present study (Cronbach’s α =. 76–. 81). The FAQ is a 10-item self-report measure rated on a 5-point Likert scale with higher scores on the self-focus subscale indicating greater focus of attention on the self. In line with the goal of the FAQ to assess focus of attention during exposure exercises, this questionnaire was administered after Session 3 (Time 1), which was the first exposure session, and after Session 6 (Time 2). Self-efficacy was assessed with the Self-Efficacy for Scale (SESS; [13]), a 9-item self-report measure rated on a 10-point with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy for social situations. The SESS assesses beliefs on self-efficacy for social skills, cognitive coping, and affective coping.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: Figure 8 shows the net turbine output of the EP-OTEC cycle as the surface seawater temperature varied from 24. 0 to 29. 0°C. As the higher temperature, heat source entered the evaporator, evaporator pressure increases, resulting in an increase in enthalpy from the inlet to the outlet of the turbine. For this reason, the turbine net power tended to increase with the surface seawater temperature at a constant mass flow rate to the evaporator. The utilization of the ejector and the motive pump lowered the turbine outlet pressure, and increased the enthalpy change of BOTEC and resulted in increased turbine power. Figure 8. Turbine net power with respect to the heat source temperature. Figures 9 and 10 show that the net turbine output of the EP-OTEC cycle is lower than that of the BOTEC cycle, in spite of the advantages described above. This was due to the amount of mass flow used as the synchronous fluid of the ejector in the EP-OTEC cycle. About 40% of mass entering the evaporator becomes the suction fluid later in the process and the remainder is used as the motive fluid without even entering the evaporator. As a result, the evaporation capacity of the EP-OTEC cycle is about 33% lower than that of the BOTEC cycle at the same total turbine output. Figure 9. Comparison of the turbine net power and the total pump work of the BOTEC cycle and the EP-OTEC cycle. Figure 10. Comparison of the evaporation capacity and the mass flow rate of the BOTEC cycle and the EP-OTEC cycle at the evaporator. Figure 11 compares the system efficiency of the EP-OTEC cycle with that of the BOTEC cycle for the 29°C surface seawater temperature and optimum conditions. The EP-OTEC cycle showed about 38% higher system efficiency than that of the BOTEC cycle, which confirms the superiority of the EP-OTEC to BOTEC. Figure 11. Comparison of the system efficiency between BOTEC and EP-OTEC cycle. In addition, comparative simulations of various cycles using ejectors were performed, employing unutilized heat sources like industrial waste heat. We designed an ORC engine using about 70–75°C temperature difference.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: This will give the city a symbolic value that will make it a great place for both national and international audiences. It will be a powerful influence on planning decisions in the region and will make it a good fit for the city by managing its preservation as a Site. of Jordan and Site status There are already five sites on the list of sites: (Beit Ania), Qusayr Amra, and 14 other sites on the nomination list. After 35 km northwest of Amman, to be listed in the List. A local team of experts was formed to follow up the process in coordination with the Department of Antiquities (DOA) and the Municipality. also formed a team of experts to follow up the nomination of Salt and another team of historians from the University of File filtering [18]. in the of to its location on historic trade routes in the Middle East, Jordan has been home to a mix of cultures and religions all the time. is focusing on strengthening the management framework for properties in Jordan and further protecting the country's heritage, in line with the 1972 Convention [19]. Jordan's cultural heritage is unique and diverse. The material cultural heritage (archaeological and traditional sites) is the treasure of Jordan, and natural heritage is another important part of the Jordanian heritage. cultural heritage is divided into traces (i. e. , objects, movable or immovable, constructed, remodeled, registered, constructed, excavated, produced or otherwise modified by mankind) [20]. From the Authors` point of view, the city of Salt contains a diverse and unique heritage, combining urban cultural heritage through the city's archaeological and traditional sites. It also contains a natural heritage that is an inseparable part of the city's heritage, as well as the abundant natural resources of the Salt region. City as the sixth site in Petra was then Wadi Rum, Qusayr Amra, Umm al-Rasas, the site of Baptism, and now the city of Salt, in Balqa, will be submitted for nomination. When one reads the criteria for filtration, one can only speed up immediately in the town that gave its name to Sultana (the delicious dried grape produced there for centuries) [21].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The SESS was assessed before Session 1 (Time 1) and before Session 7 (Time 2). The internal consistency has been reported in the literature to be high (Cronbach’s α =. 82; [13]) with Cronbach’s α =. 75–. 81 in the current study. The estimated costs related to social situations were assessed using the social event subscale of the Questionnaire (SCQ; [18]) which is a 20-item self-report questionnaire (10 items on social performance situations and 10 items on social nonperformance situations) rated on a 9-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all bad) to 8 (extremely bad). In line with Foa et al. [18], a mean score of performance and nonperformance items was calculated after detecting high correlations between both subscales at all assessment points (r =. 75–. 86). The internal consistency across both subscales was excellent (Cronbach’s α =. 81–. 93). The SCQ was assessed at preassessment (Time 1) and before Session 7 (Time 2) because treatment completers were those participants who completed as least six treatment sessions. All completers therefore received Session 1 (therapy rationale), Session 2 (exposure hierarchy), and then four exposure sessions (Session 3–6, in case they continued treatment) or three exposure sessions (Session 3–5) and a closing session containing relapse prevention and evaluation of the treatment (content of Session 10) in case they were going to stop treatment after six sessions. Therefore, completers could only differ in a maximum of one exposure session. See 2. 3. and 2. 4. for more information on treatment sessions and assessments. TreatmentBoth treatments, VRET and iVET, were based on previous treatment protocols for SAD [32, 33]. However, to investigate the effects of pure exposure on cognitions, we only applied behavioural elements and abandoned all cognitive elements of the treatment protocol. Treatment in both conditions consisted of ten semi-weekly sessions with a duration of 90 min (including 60 min exposure) and was provided by therapists (clinical psychologists and last-semester master’s students) who had undergone training in administering both treatments. 1 and 2, the therapy rationale was discussed and a hierarchy of social situations (available virtual situations for VRET and participant’s individual social situations for iVET) was obtained.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: In the heat exchanger of the ORC, the heat is exchanged with deep seawater heat sink and the low-temperature heat source below 80°C. Through the simulation, we compared the power generation and efficiency levels of and the cascade methods. Figure 12 shows a graph comparing the efficiency of the BOTEC used in this study and those of the EPX and DEPX cycles. The EPX cycle and DEPX-ORC showed the reflected efficiency level when a flow rate ratio of 1. 0 outside the pressure recovery rate of 1. 4 was applied. Under the same heat source, heat sink, and power generation conditions, EPX-ORC showed 10. 06 and 5% higher efficiency than those of those of the BOTEC when basic ORC exhibited 9. 58% efficiency. In the case, using DEPX that is 11. 07% efficiency, about 15% higher than that of the basic cycle, was achieved. Figure 12. System efficiency comparison with basic cycle between EPX and DEPX cycles. In the cascade cycle, R245fa and R152a with low saturation pressure were applied at the higher and lower stages, respectively. The difference between the evaporation and condensation pressures of R152a at 75°C warm water and 5°C cold water requires a high pump head about 1500 kPa, suggesting that R152a has a larger turbine inlet/outlet pressure difference than R245fa and R600a under the same temperature conditions. The cascade cycle was developed to enable secondary power production at a small temperature difference through its application at the lower stage of the cascade system. At the high stage, the DEP and DEPX cycles are applied to improve the system performance. Figure 13 shows the improved efficiency of the cascade DEP and DEPX cycles over the BOTEC. The high-stage secondary ejector was fixed at a mass flow ratio of 0. 6, and the ejector pressure recovery rate was 1. 3. The simulation results show that the system efficiency of the cascade DEP and DEPX cycles improved by 43. 3 and 16. 5%, respectively, over the BOTEC. Figure 13. System efficiency comparison with basic cycle between cascade DEP and cascade DEPX cycles. 3. 3 Experiment resultsAn experimental study was conducted to verify the performance of the ejector under various operating conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: To be a prime example of traditional human settlement, land use or use of representing a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment, especially when they are vulnerable to irreversible change; directly or tangibly connected with events or living traditions Ideas, or beliefs, with works of art and literature of global significance [21]. The city of Salt, located just northwest of Amman, has attracted settlers since at least the Iron Age. Lies on the "boundary of the settlement"; the dividing line between desert, fertile soil and abundant water. The city was always protected from thieves and was also ideally positioned on the north-south and east-west trade routes linking the interior of Jerusalem, Nablus, Nazareth and the Mediterranean coast. Which includes a mixed group of Muslims and Christians and has helped their trade traditions create an atmosphere of tolerance and coexistence. Salt has seen many golden times making it unique in Jordan and beyond [21,22]. The rich history of the city of is evident from the Roman tombs on the outskirts of the city and the 13th century Mameluk castle where you can feel the impact of all these civilizations as you walk from them and into the city center. Officials of the declared in 1596 that Salt was the only prosperous city in the region. By the early nineteenth century [21,22]. The city was a profitable trade center between the region and urban industries in Palestine. Travelers wrote about a thriving city with shops supplying cotton from Egypt, to the famous Nablus soap. Salt began to expand and spread architecture and new construction. The first modern church was built, along with the first hospital and school. Shops, yellow stone houses with original and European styles are spread over more than one story, vaulted ceilings and interior courtyards, some with frescoes painted by Italian artists. All these qualities and advantages have made them eligible for the list of Sites [21,22]. Impacts of Designation a main objectives of a city designation and inclusion in the List are certainly related to the implications of living in a City [4]. Clearly, the generalization of the perceived effects of debate is difficult given the diversity of locations and the complex set of geographical, political, social, and cultural factors that can affect their management.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Session 3 through 9 contained virtual reality or in vivo exposure, respectively. Session 10 comprised relapse prevention and evaluation of the treatment. VRETParticipants receiving VRET were exposed to computer-simulated social situations by means of a head-mounted display in a laboratory at the University of Amsterdam. During VRET, participants were instructed to engage in verbal interaction with virtual humans in one-to-one or group situations to confront their social fears. These virtual scenarios covered the following social situations: public speaking, small-talk with a stranger, buying and returning clothes, attending a job interview, being interviewed by journalists, having dinner in a restaurant with a friend, and having a blind date [34]. Verbal interaction was implemented using semi-structured dialogues that were controlled by the therapist [34] who could also tailor exposure exercises to the individual participant by manipulating certain scenario characteristics: dialogue style (friendly or unfriendly), gender of virtual human, number of virtual humans present in the virtual world, dialogue topic’s degree of personal relevance, and virtual human’s gestures (i. e. , gaze direction and posture). A nVisor SX60 head-mounted display with 1280 × 1024 pixel resolution, a stereographic projection, and a 60° diagonal field of view was used and connected to the system (; [35]) with virtual worlds that were visualized using a Vizard v3. 0 software package. iVETExposure exercises in iVET took place at the University of Amsterdam and its neighbourhood (e. g. , supermarkets, subway stations, cafés, etc. ), depending on the participant’s individual hierarchy of social situations. When relevant social situations could not be practiced at the University of Amsterdam or its neighbourhood, participants could carry out exposure exercises in their personal habitat substituting for a regular session. To keep these sessions comparable to regular sessions regarding structure and duration, participants contacted their therapist via phone before and after the exposure exercise. ProcedureThe data used in the present study is part of a randomized controlled effectiveness trial on VRET and iVET for SAD that was carried out at the University of Amsterdam. A detailed description of the treatment and the analyses of treatment efficacy can be found in Kampmann et al. [25]. The results revealed that both VRET and iVET lead to significant reductions in SAD symptoms when compared to a waiting-list condition, with iVET being superior to VRET.

Output: pass