Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: In line with previous research (see29 for a review) and as expected, motor performance was improved when adopting an EF contrasted to an IF. More specifically, asking the participants to concentrate on the force transducer they were pushing against (EF), rather than on their index finger (IF), led to an enhanced maximal force of the index finger (+14. 7%). At the same time and in line with previous research, subjects revealed less bEMG activity (−22. 3%), MNF and MDF in the adjacent APB muscle with an EF30. Furthermore, despite no significant difference in bEMG between conditions in the prime-mover FDI, participants showed significantly larger power spectral density in the FDI muscle, expressed as enhanced MNF and MDF, when focusing externally. As the force a muscle can produce depends not only on the number of motor units activated (recruitment following the size principle), but also on the rates at which motor neurones discharge action potentials (rate coding)31, this enhanced frequency found in the FDI muscle under an EF might be explained in at least two ways: first, additional motor units (MUs) might have been recruited that fire with higher frequencies and/or the already active MUs have increased their firing frequency. The first mechanism would suggest that maximal force production with an IF is not able to fully recruit all MUs and that the upward shift in the MNF and MDF with an EF in the prime mover FDI is indicative of an additional recruitment of MUs that, according to the size principle32, consist of larger MUs with faster conduction velocities33. The second mechanism does not necessarily involve recruitment of additional MUs but may be due to the fact that an increased incidence of doublet discharges occurred at the very beginning of the MVC. The presence of doublet discharges at the onset of muscle contraction known as the catch-like property of skeletal muscle34 is thought to improve force production35,36 and might, therefore, help to generate more force with an EF. In addition, our results confirm previous findings showing reduced muscular activity with an EF30,37,38,39,40,41,42. Based on this observation, it was previously argued that an EF increases movement efficiency by reducing unnecessary muscular contributions30.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: These asynchronous encounters, often referred to as “store and forward teledermatology,” enable doctors to review and triage cases faster than by scheduling in-person evaluations but do not require the more advanced equipment, high-speed internet connection, or scheduling logistics required for live-interactive video appointments. Some systems, such as the of Dermatology’s AccessDerm program, operate through smartphone apps, enabling physicians to implement teledermatology consultations in clinics serving underserved communities, where on-site dermatology services may be limited or non-existent. Because skin can be a window into various internal diseases—cancers, blood clotting disorders, autoimmunity, and liver diseases, among others can present first with skin abnormalities—these cutaneous images can provide deeper insights into serious and life-threatening diagnoses. has become a major focus of my own dermatology volunteer work at the Philadelphia-based Puentes de Salud (Bridges of Health) charitable community health clinic. To address an imbalance between a lengthening queue of referred patients and limited in-person appointments for specialists, our team at implemented a teledermatology program and researched its effect on patient access to specialist-recommended care plans. The program now allows patient photos to be reviewed by a board-certified dermatologist within 1. 4 days on average, compared to waiting nearly two weeks until the next dermatology clinic appointment, based on research from our AccessDerm data spanning January 2014 to June 2016. Because many of the teledermatology patients did not need to be seen in person, we increased dermatology clinic appointment availability for new patients by 18 percent. Reducing wait times allows dermatologists to provide earlier diagnoses, ensure appropriate interventions, and avoid costly referrals to emergency departments. For instance, rapid referral for a suspected skin cancer can prevent local tissue destruction and even tumor spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). Similarly, the common condition stasis dermatitis is often misdiagnosed as a skin infection called cellulitis by non-dermatologists, so we can avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics by providing a more appropriate care plan. Our telehealth program builds upon primary care providers’ knowledge by educating them about dermatologic conditions we diagnose and providing specific instruction regarding therapies we use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All students learn better with virtual reality than with traditional techniques. [SEP] Text: Already, some authors made similar suggestions that research is required to determine the long-term educational impact of using VR in language learning and whether it leads to better language acquisition compared to traditional methods (Zheng et al. , 2022; Villena-Taranilla et al. , 2022; Lege & Bonner, 2020). These are vital for determining the prospects of implanting VR in the classroom for teaching and learning. ConclusionThis paper investigates students' and teachers' perspectives on using in a beginner-level speaking skills classroom. This study aims to provide insights into innovative teaching practices like using VR in language learning settings. Given the study's findings, the following conclusions are made: The study provides empirical evidence that using VR may be perceived as effective during speaking lessons and helpful to the students; however, applying VR without adequate planning may not improve students' speaking skills and grades. These novel findings provide robust insights into opportunities and possible pitfalls of innovative technologies like VR in English language teaching and Education. Hinging on the above conclusions, this study provides hints that while VR brings innovative possibilities, neglecting careful planning and integration may result in several challenges. On these grounds, our study summarizes that VR was perceived as challenging to handle and expensive to purchase, and students and teachers were still deciding its efficiency in facilitating learning. While this may be contextual to the research setting, it provides clues that integrating VR without considering other technology training, practical methods, and strategies may not enhance teaching and learning. Nonetheless, VR was fun for the students and teacher, although lesson objectives still needed to be achieved. Again, this study insists that a technology worth implementing for teaching and learning should facilitate teaching and learning by influencing learning outcomes. This paper is a timely contribution to ongoing scientific discussions on using innovative technologies like AR, VR, and generative artificial intelligence. Admittedly, there are skeptics of the use of technology in Education. However, it is reliant on practitioners and researchers to provide insightful empirical evidence to unveil the potential and challenges of these technological resources before engaging in destructive criticism. This study notes that given that our investigation lacks experimental evidence to determine the efficacy of VR in improving students' achievements, more studies are required in this direction. Future research can apply an experimental approach to determining VR's efficacy in improving all students' language skills. While this is necessary for providing a thorough conclusion on this topic, our study is a necessary addition to the corpus of scholarly literature, providing insights into the potential and pitfalls of integrating VR into Education.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Therefore, our results suggest that adopting an EF contrasted to an IF modified the pattern of muscle activation (less activation of the adjacent muscle APB coupled with an upward shift in the power spectral density in the FDI) during the motor task and led to an increased MVC. However, the underlying mechanisms for this focus-specific EMG reduction in the adjacent muscle remains generally poorly understood and, therefore, experiment 2 was designed. Attentional foci and motor surround inhibitionIn experiment 2, we investigated the influence of changing the focus of attention on the amount of SI in the APB muscle. Similar to previous studies4,7,8, a reduction in the amplitudes of in the premotor and phasic phases during the index finger flexion occurred, indicating the presence of SI in this adjacent muscle. In the present study, the amount of SI during the movement initiation phase could be instantly altered by changing the focus of attention: in both the premotor (+26. 4%; p = 0. 004) and the phasic phase (+8. 1%; non-significant change), adopting an EF resulted in a greater SI than an IF. Furthermore, the advantage of the present study is that we could compare one and the same subject performing the identical task with an EF or IF (using a repeated measures design) in contrast to the first study investigating the underlying mechanism of adopting different attentional foci by means of fMRI43. Surround inhibition and hand motor controlSo far, the relationship between motor behaviour and SI is a key but unanswered part in understanding the role of SI in hand motor control and performance. As SI is more prominent with low-force levels and disappears at intensities higher than 40% of MVC, it seems that SI is predominantly involved in the generation of skilled and fine motor tasks8. Additionally, previous research showed that FHD patients demonstrate unusual co-contractions, which are thought to be associated with a reduced SI during movement initiation of the index finger4. Thus, it is argued that an enhanced SI improves the contrast on the motor cortical level and thereby facilitates dynamic manual tasks3. In addition, motor training was shown to not only improve motor performance but also to strengthen SI11,12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: In our pilot study of 60 teledermatology cases at Puentes de Salud, published in the Journal of the of Dermatology, we found that even in the 23 percent of cases where referring providers submitted the same diagnosis as the teledermatologist, the teledermatologist nearly always suggested a management change, underscoring the importance of specialist input and collaboration between health care providers. Another benefit of this program is that it creates new capacity for dermatologists to focus on urgent cases. Consistent with prior publications, a large majority (70 percent in our study) of the teledermatology consultations were triaged as not requiring an in-person evaluation. This saved our dermatologists’ limited clinic slots, increasing appointment availability for patients with more urgent, serious, or surgical concerns, ranging from pemphigoid (a rare chronic autoimmune blistering disease) to basal cell carcinoma (a destructive type of skin cancer), and even a case of Reed syndrome in which photographed lesions led to work-up for a genetic susceptibility to renal cancer. Our experience at Puentes de Salud is consistent with similar efforts reported in the medical literature. For example, a teledermatology pilot program at seven community health centers, highlighted in NEJM Catalyst earlier this year, found that 50 percent of its teledermatology consults did not need an in-person appointment, ensuring patients “an additional financial benefit in that they [did] not incur costs due to transportation, missed time at work, and co-pays for dermatologist visits. ” And when tested a new teledermatology workflow with close to 60,000 members over a six-month period in 2017, it resulted in a 9 percent increase in identified skin cancers with 39 percent fewer face-to-face dermatology visits. While dermatology-focused, these case studies reveal the potential of telehealth, which can be adapted to other specialties and practice models. Needle Innovative, rapidly evolving methods of care delivery such as telehealth can seem revolutionary for a less nimble US health care system. Teledermatology is one part of a broader paradigm shift occurring as the field grapples with health care parity laws and telemedicine reimbursement rates. Last year, Congress expanded the availability of telemedicine services under (MA) plans in the Act of 2018. In 2019, some MA plans began allowing seniors access to covered telemedicine services.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All students learn better with virtual reality than with traditional techniques. [SEP] Text: At the end of the 1990s, a study of the design process of a Swedish university laboratory in Lund compared an application of VR in a computer aided virtual environment (CAVE) with traditional design sessions in which ideas were collected by means of paper and pencil (Fröst and Warren 2000). It was concluded that VR provided a method that enabled participants to formulate, analyse, test, and realise their ideas in a more efficient manner. In other studies it is argued that the use of VR in architectural design has additional benefits because:It extends the depth of one’s knowledge and experience (Tufte 1997). It brings spatial reality to our consciousness (Furness 1987). It is extremely helpful whenever the real world site is unavailable (Witmer et al. 1996). It allows a client to see and use a project before its actual construction (Conway and Giuliano 1995). It provides insight into the complex routes in building designs (Clarkson et al. 2000). It offers instant clues about the performance of a design (Al-Kodmany 2002). The above studies have shown many benefits of the use of VR for architectural design. However, they only represent empty buildings. It is yet unclear how VR can be used in the connection between organization and architecture in such a way that it may actually improve the performance of organizations that construct or reconstruct their buildings. 2. 2 VR for the design of organizational spaceEvery day, in countless numbers of organizations all over the world, managers make design decisions about new buildings. Generally, these managers do not construct or reconstruct these premises themselves. They are mostly lay decision-makers, lacking experience and expertise in architectural design. The construction or re-construction of a building however, is an important issue. It has an impact on business processes, because building and organization are very much intertwined. In this so-called design of organizational space, architectural design is combined with organizational design (Mobach 2007). Space can either hinder or facilitate business processes, and by doing so, they affect business performance. It is pre-supposed here that the design of organizational space is an important management task. However, managers do not like to make decisions about real estate and facilities (O’Mara 1999). It is therefore not surprising that currently architects dominate the decision-making process with respect to a building’s interior or exterior. VR has the potential to capture the attention of the managers in the performance of this interdisciplinary task.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: The observations of the current study may suggest that the increased efficiency usually associated with an EF on a behavioral level29,44,45 may in fact be due to differential neural activation of motor areas such as M1: as shown in experiment 2, the increased SI seems to focus the motor command to the prime mover, avoiding – as shown in experiment 1 – unnecessary contractions of muscles that are not directly involved. The finding of a correlation between the decrease in bEMG and increase in SI in the APB further strengthens this notion. The current results in the adjacent APB also complement our previous study concentrating on the prime mover FDI. In this previous study, increased levels of SICI and sub-TMS induced EMG suppression with an EF were shown for the agonist FDI19. Thus, adopting an EF seems to influence motor cortical inhibitory control for both, the prime mover as well as the surrounding muscles that are not directly involved in the motor task. It was formerly suggested that SICI might contribute to the inhibitory network shaping SI4,22,23. Indeed, previous research revealed a reduction of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in dystonic patients2,9,46 accompanied by an impaired SI in the premotor and phasic phase of the movement4. Thus, it seems that these inhibitory processes are both closely interrelated and influence the quality of motor execution in general4. Nonetheless, at this point, the link between SI and SICI remains unclear and further research is needed. Limitations of the current studyAlthough the present study demonstrates an instant modulation of motor cortical SI when changing the focus of attention, it cannot clarify whether SI is created in M1 or if it is derived from input coming from other brain areas such as the basal ganglia3 and/or cerebellum47. For example, in patients with impaired SI, the basal ganglia circuits have been assumed to display imbalanced activity between direct – responsible for sculpting the desired movement –, and indirect pathways – responsible for inhibiting unwanted movements3. In addition, FHD patients show an hyper-activation of cerebellum in fMRI during voluntary movement, which might be related to the disrupted SI47. Therefore, the finding of the present study cannot render more precisely these underlying mechanisms but shed more light on the interrelation between behavioural changes and modulation in SI.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: While all states now provide reimbursement for some form of live video telehealth through Medicaid fee-for-service, there are wide-ranging differences in what is covered and to what degree such services are reimbursed. Only eight state Medicaid programs currently reimburse for all three of the most common forms of telehealth: live video, store-and-forward, and remote patient monitoring. Furthermore, parity laws that require health insurers to reimburse telehealth services as they would in-person care are still not ubiquitous. Incentivizing adoption, insurance coverage, and proper valuation of telemedicine services is critical to improving patient access and should be a policy priority in a country where the physician shortage is only predicted to worsen in coming years and an aging population is less able to travel for health care. As some states adopt increased regulations and standards for practices using telemedicine, these extra barriers are often more stringent than the standards in place for in-person visits. States are increasingly passing legislation and regulations to ensure that the standard of practice for telemedicine encounters is equal to the standard of practice for in-person visits. While we must have safeguards in place to guarantee patient safety and the quality of telecare, wading through telehealth regulations can be difficult, especially for practices operating in multiple states that may need to obtain licenses for their teledermatology physicians in every state in which they operate. Legislative bodies and state boards of medicine should reduce the burden of time, cost, and paperwork to obtain telehealth licenses in multiple states, while upholding the highest quality of care. of Boards’ is doing just that by providing expedited licensure pathways across state lines for states that have entered the Compact (29 states and the District of Columbia to date). Moreover, as direct-to-consumer telehealth services continue to grow, state legislatures and regulatory bodies must require transparency in credential disclosure, so that the training and level of education of the person remotely providing care is clear to patients. While we support teledermatology to expand access, a board-certified dermatologist remains the gold standard for diagnosing and treating cutaneous conditions whether in person or remotely. Despite the challenges inherent in telehealth, the rapid expansion of teletriage for high-demand specialties such as dermatology can be harnessed to accelerate access to specialist-recommended care for the many patients waiting for in-person appointments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: IntroductionUrban sprawl accompanied with the decline of natural landscapes, is a major driver of changes in urban microclimate (Assessment 2005). In the past decades, several studies proved that urban greenery, especially trees, can positively affect outdoor microclimate and moderate the urban heat island effect in the summer (Frelich 1992; Akbari et al. 2001; Bonan 2002; Berry et al. 2013; Skoulika et al. 2014). The shade of trees or taller shrubs attenuate solar radiation and prevent the night’s heat flow from the surface to the sky, thereby altering local climates and comfort levels (Akbari 2002; Heisler and Grant 2000; Mcpherson et al. 1988). In addition, evaporation and transpiration from vegetation could lower air temperature and increase moisture content (Taha et al. 1991; Chen and Jim 2008; Huang et al. 2008; Park et al. 2012; Shahidan et al. 2012; Hedquist and Brazel 2014; Middel et al. 2014). Trees reduce wind velocities and consequently reduce heat convection (Shahidan et al. 2012; Hedquist and Brazel 2014). Previous studies typically measured or modeled several representative but unconnected landscapes (e. g. , Huang et al. 2008; Shahidan et al. 2012; Middel et al. 2014). Additionly, the influence of weather conditions, which affect the mediating effects of trees (Morakinyo et al. 2013; c. f. Wang et al. 2014), are poorly understood. This study aims to enhance the understanding of the role of trees on local microclimate. We continuously measured temperature and humidity and combined them with numerical modelling in a small urban area during summer and winter. We determined the spatial variations in temperature and humidity due to the distribution of trees in a local area. Additionally, by classifying the actual weather conditions during the observation period, the cooling effects of trees under different weather conditions can be established. Materials and methodsTwo approaches, field measurements and numerical modeling, were used in this study. We empirically analyzed continuous summer and winter field measurements (temperature and humidity) at five sites in the Dutch city of Assen, that together characterize the heterogeneity of the small urban area (e. g. , no tree cover, high tree cover and shading from buildings).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Conclusion and functional considerationsThe current study provides new evidence that SI can be instantly modulated according to attentional foci in healthy individuals. Importantly, the increase in SI is associated with better motor performance. Therefore, the instant modulation of SI induced by verbal instructions leaves open the possibility of influencing SI in a therapeutic setting, when abnormal SI is thought to impair motor function in neurological conditions such as FHD3. 1. Progress in brain research 136, 373–388 (2002). 10. 1007/s00221-004-1909-y (2004). 10. 1007/s00221-011-2610-6 (2011). 10. 1523/jneurosci. 3564-08. 2008 (2008). 10. 1152/japplphysiol. 91580. 2008 (2009). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2009. 09. 010 (2010). 10. 1002/ana. 20270 (2004). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2007. 06. 058 (2007). 10. 1097/WNR. 0b013e3283556522 (2012). 10. 1007/s00221-012-3207-4 (2012). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2013. 01. 028 (2013). 10. 1007/s00221-012-3102-z (2012). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2016. 03. 026 (2016). 10. 1016/bs. pbr. 2014. 11. 022 (2015). 10. 1523/jneurosci. 4094-12. 2013 (2013). 10. 1016/j. neurobiolaging. 2011. 12. 019 (2012). 10. 1111/apha. 12807 (2016). 10. 1002/mds. 870100505 (1995). 10. 1093/cercor/bhh017 (2004). 10. 1016/j. clinph. 2015. 02. 001 (2015). 10. 1080/1750984X. 2012. 723728 (2012). 10. 1080/00222895. 2011. 555436 (2011). 10. 1007/s00421-016-3346-6 (2016). 10. 1038/267717a0 (1977). 10. 1002/mus. 20290 (2005). 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe rapid rise of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the practice of medicine [1, 2]. Within the first 3 months of 2020, telehealth encounters increased by over 154% [3]. More recent data from middle to late 2021 suggest that approximately 20% of adults have used telehealth services within the last 4 weeks [4]. Due to their increased convenience and shorter waiting times, prior studies have reported high patient satisfaction with telemedicine [5, 6]. Missed appointments burden health systems and result in fragmented care for patients. Previous studies have reported that a single no-show appointment costs the health system approximately $260 (adjusted for inflation) and can total millions of dollars in lost revenue annually [7]. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that missed appointments are associated with worsened glycemic and lipid control, lower rates of preventative cancer screening, and higher utilization of the emergency room [8,9,10]. As such, a wide spectrum of interventions aimed at reducing no-shows have been studied, including randomized trials with phone call confirmations, text message reminder systems, rideshare transportation services, and financial incentives [11,12,13,14]. Furthermore, prior studies have shown that in the early parts of the pandemic, telehealth encounters were associated with a reduction in no-show visits, thereby bridging potential gaps in care associated with lockdowns [5, 15,16,17]. Low-income populations experience unique challenges that increase their risk of missing an appointment. The most commonly cited reasons for missed visits include forgetting the appointment, conflicting child or family care obligations, and a lack of transportation [18, 19]. An analysis of a large nationally representative survey found that patients below the poverty limit disproportionately experience transportation barriers and are 67% more likely to report transportation-related delays in care [20]. Other studies in low-income populations have reported that lack of access to a car, unreliable public transportation, and transportation-related costs such as gas, parking, and bus/taxi fees all contribute to missed appointments [21]. One observational study found that additional public transportation options reduced overall no-show rate modestly but had the greatest effect on low-income patients [22]. Given that telehealth appointments do not require transportation, parking, or gas fees and are lower time commitment, telehealth may offer the opportunity to alleviate many of the barriers low-income populations experience in accessing healthcare.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The possible immediate disturbances, which are observed from measurements, cannot be realistically reflected in the model outputs. This leads to the underestimation of the reduction of the temperature and its fluctuations caused by trees. Fig. 6Measured and simulated temperature values at an unshaded site (a) and shaded site (b) on the 2nd August, 2013Full size image Despite this deficiency, the simulated Ta showed good qualitative agreement with the measurements based on both correlation coefficient (R2) and error indices (root mean square error-RMSE and mean absolute error-MAE). Lower RMSE and MAE values indicate a better model performance. The index of agreement (d), which was developed by Willmott (1981), measures the degree of model prediction error and ranges from 0 to 1. A higher value indicates a better agreement between simulation and measurement. R2 among the five sites ranged between 0. 73 and 0. 97 on the selected two summer days, and between 0. 79 and 0. 95 on the selected two winter days. RMSE and MAE were low throughout all sites and d was generally > 0. 60. Table 2 shows the evaluation results for each site in detail on the four selected days. Table 2 R2, and d between the measured and the computed air temperatures in 24 h periodFull size table Simulation design and data analysisIn order to examine the effects of the trees at the study site on the microclimate and thermal comfort, we compared the simulations of the current situation (CU) (i. e. , with 5 % total tree cover and 3 % evergreen tree cover in the summer and winter, respectively) and no tree (NT) conditions on selected days. In the NT simulation, we removed all the trees, including both deciduous and evergreen trees, from the model area. First, we investigated how trees affect the microclimate over the entire area. Based on the 24 h simulations for all 68 receptors, the maximum, minimum and average CR and Range for air temperature were calculated. The mean of these features for all the receptors was derived separately on the four selected days as expressed in Eq. 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: 58(3) Off to the right start: how pregnancy and early life can determine future animal health and production K. L. B D C. T. B K. L. C and P. I. + - of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. B School, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. C School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia. D Corresponding author. Email: kathy. gatford@adelaide. edu. au Science 58(3) 459-475 Submitted: 10 January 2017 Accepted: 23 August 2017 Published: 5 January 2018 Access 322. | Studies on the placenta of the sheep (Ovis aries L. ). Effect of surgical reduction in the number of caruncles. Crossref | GoogleScholar1093. | Development of muscle fibres in the fetal pig. Crossref | GoogleScholar914. | Pre-natal social stress and post-natal pain affect the developing pig reproductive axis. Crossref | GoogleScholar1081. | Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Crossref | GoogleScholar580. | Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar836. | Effect of early gestation feeding, birth weight, and gender of progeny on muscle fiber characteristics of pigs at slaughter. Crossref | GoogleScholar929. | In utero effects on livestock muscle development and body composition. Crossref | GoogleScholar197. | The effect of birth weight on the estimated milk intake, growth and body composition of sow-reared piglets. Crossref | GoogleScholar520. Chavatte-(2016) Breeding animals for quality products: not only genetics. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, 94–111. | Breeding animals for quality products: not only genetics. Crossref | GoogleScholar504. | Comparative effects of a prenatal stress occurring during early or late gestation on pig immune response. Crossref | GoogleScholar258. | Ovarian development in intrauterine growth-retarded and normally developed piglets originating from the same litter. Crossref | GoogleScholar1576. | Effect of maternal dietary restriction during pregnancy on lamb carcass characteristics and muscle fiber composition. Crossref | GoogleScholar618.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: However, in the later time period, the association is attenuated for primary care (early aOR 0. 50 vs later aOR 0. 76) and internal medicine subspecialties (early aOR 0. 43 vs later aOR 0. 65), reverses for surgical specialties (early aOR 0. 84 vs later aOR 1. 43), and is magnified for encounters with other non-surgical specialties (early aOR 1. 02 vs later aOR 1. 59). Fig. 3Subgroups stratified by time period and clinical specialty Full size imageDiscussionIn this study of a large safety-net health system, we find that the telehealth visit type was associated with reduced risk of no-show among a low-income population, after accounting for patient level characteristics and adjusting for sociodemographic factors. We note that patients of Black race, with English preferred language, and patients who lived in the most disadvantaged locations of residence were more likely to complete a telehealth encounter than a face-to-face encounter. We observe that the reduction in no-show rates associated with telehealth visits was most pronounced in the first 12 months after the COVID pandemic and was attenuated in the second year of the COVID pandemic. Lastly, we demonstrate a persistent and clinically meaningful reduction in no-show rates associated with telehealth visits in primary care and internal medicine subspecialty clinics. The results showed that nearly 1 in every 5 appointments scheduled in one of the nation’s largest safety net health systems is missed. These numbers are similar to other low-income populations previously published in the literature [16, 26]. But with over 2. 5 million encounters scheduled and nearly 500,000 no-show appointments over the course of the study, identifying small improvements could have substantial financial and clinical impacts on the health system [7]. We noted that telehealth visits had a lower overall rate of no-shows compared to face-to-face visits (16. 3% telehealth vs 19. 6% face-to-face). Indeed, when fully adjusted for demographics factors, socioeconomic factors, and comorbid factors, we find that telehealth visits were associated with a 30% reduction in no-show risk. This association is of much greater magnitude than a 2020 study by Adepoju et al. in Health Centers, which found a 13% reduction in no-show risk associated with telehealth visits [15].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The results from the multiple comparisons showed that CR and Range of Site one were significantly different from that of the other sites (p <. 05 for both CR and Range). Similar results were also found for RH. Generally speaking, the variation rates and ranges of air temperature and humidity varied significantly among the observation sites. Although the maximum, minimum and average Ta/RH did not show significant differences for the observation sites, the differences between these features and their mean values of all sites, i. e. , D(t), were significant (p <. 0005 for all). Hence, we conclude that, during the daytime of the summer period, the microclimatic conditions at the observation sites had significant differences. In terms of the microclimate at night, the spatial differences of temperature and humidity were significant among the sites, with D(t) of Ta/RH varied significantly among the different sites (p <. 0005 for all). ). Microclimatic differences between shaded and unshaded areas According to the statistical tests, tree canopy significantly reduced CR by approximately 0. 04 (standard deviation (SD) = 0. 03) and the Range of Ta by 2. 4 °C (SD = 0. 9 °C) in the daytime. This means that trees efficiently reduce the daily temperature difference and variation during the hot months. Moreover, the shade of trees reduced the air temperature significantly during daytime with D(t) (p <. 05 for all). Fig. 7 illustrates the differences in average and maximum Ta between the shaded and unshaded area during this period. This difference was computed by subtracting Ta measured in shaded areas from that of unshaded areas. The average Ta and RH in tree covered areas was 1 °C (SD = 0. 4 °C) lower and 3 % (SD = 1. 2 %) higher than those of unshaded areas. However, the differences of maximum Ta and minimum RH were enlarged to 2. 5 °C (SD = 0. 9 °C) and 5 % (SD = 2. 3 %), while they could reach a maximum of 4. 1 °C and 10 % at noon. At night, the tree covered area has a slightly lower Range of Ta (approximately 0. 1 °C). This difference was also observed on the calm or light air days with relatively little heat convection. Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: | Response to LPS in female offspring from sows treated with cortisol during pregnancy. Crossref | GoogleScholar533. | Sources of variation in myofibre number within and between litters of pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar3343. | Muscle cellularity and postnatal growth in the pig. Crossref | GoogleScholar917. | The influence of maternal nutrition on muscle fiber number development in the porcine fetus and on subsequent postnatal growth. Crossref | GoogleScholar2571. | The effect of maternal undernutrition before muscle differentiation on the muscle fiber development of the newborn lamb. Crossref | GoogleScholar2338. | Ontogeny of factors associated with proliferation and differentiation of muscle in the ovine fetus. Crossref | GoogleScholar359. | Causes of mortality in Yorkshire pigs from birth to 20 weeks of age. Crossref | GoogleScholar285. | Evaluation of piglet mortality in 28 two-breed crosses among eight breeds of pig. Crossref | GoogleScholar11. | Effect of restriction of placental growth on the concentrations of insulin, glucose and placental lactogen in the plasma of sheep. Crossref | GoogleScholar363. | Epigenetics: setting up lifetime production of beef cows by managing nutrition. Crossref | GoogleScholar797. (2003) Variable maternal nutrition and growth hormone treatment in the second quarter of pregnancy in pigs alter semitendinosus muscle in adolescent progeny. of Nutrition 90, 283–293. | Variable maternal nutrition and growth hormone treatment in the second quarter of pregnancy in pigs alter semitendinosus muscle in adolescent progeny. Crossref | GoogleScholar101. | Long-term, but not short-term, treatment with somatotropin during pregnancy in underfed pigs increases the body size of progeny at birth. Crossref | GoogleScholar146. | Influence of piglet birth weight on postnatal growth performance, tissue lipogenic capacity and muscle histological traits at market weight. Crossref | GoogleScholar103. | Low birth weight is associated with enlarged muscle fiber area and impaired meat tenderness of the longissimus muscle in pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar206. (1991) Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. Journal 303, 1019–1022. | Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. Crossref | GoogleScholar295.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: Compared to the Adepoju study, our study population was older (42. 4 years vs 27. 1 years), had a greater diversity of care services including all internal medicine subspecialties and surgical specialties (compared to only primary care specialties), and captured more than 2 years of scheduled encounters (compared to less than 1 year of data). It is possible that our older patient population may experience barriers to care not seen in younger populations. Furthermore, we observed that the degree of social deprivation was associated with higher no-show rates, with the odds of missing an appointment increasing in a graded fashion with each quintile of social deprivation. Similar reports have reported that patients with significant unmet social need burden had the highest risk of no-show appointments [27]. This is unsurprising, as completing a medical appointment is likely secondary to more acute priorities such as housing, food, and childcare. Furthermore, we noted effect modification of social deprivation index on the association of encounter type and outcome. However, we observe that the greatest improvement in no-show risk associated with telehealth encounters is among those in the highest quintile of social deprivation. This suggests that using telehealth among the most disadvantaged populations may yield fruitful dividends and improve disparities in care and provide evidence for the promotion and incentivization of telehealth for health systems serving populations with high socioeconomic disparity. Notably, telehealth visits may benefit racial/ethnic subgroups differently. Consistent with prior studies, we found that the highest no-show rates are those of Black race [18, 27]. These gaps in care have previously been associated with poorer control of chronic medical conditions and likely contribute to racial disparities in health outcomes [8,9,10]. Thus, it is encouraging that we find that Black patients receive the greatest reduction in no-show risk when scheduled a telehealth visit. This trend is consistent with a previous study by Eberly et al. , which showed that Black patients were more likely to complete a telehealth visit than White patients [28]. Interestingly we also note that patients of Hispanic ethnicity were equally likely to complete appointments as non-patients. This differs from previously published studies and may reflect Parkland’s reputation among the Hispanic community in Dallas, its robust multidisciplinary support services, and its accessibility for those who speak Spanish [27, 29]. We also find that the benefit of telehealth was modified by its relationship to the COVID pandemic.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Effect of trees on microclimate in the winter Microclimatic differences among the observation sites Although the effects of trees did not lead to significant differences in CR and Range for Ta/ RH (p >. 05 for all) during both daytime and night time, the distribution of air temperature and humidity was significantly different (p <. 0005 for all the D(t) of Ta/RH in both daytime and night time) among the observation sites. Microclimatic differences between shaded and unshaded area The positive cooling effect of 3 % by evergreen trees in the study area in the summer may lead to disservices in the winter. In the daytime there was no significant difference in CR and Range of Ta/RH between shaded and unshaded area but we found that the trees significantly lowered the average Ta and raised the average RH by respectively 0. 5 °C (SD = 0. 2 °C) and 3 % (SD = 0. 6 %). The maximum differences of maximum Ta and minimum RH were up to 1 °C and 5 % at noon (Fig. 9). The decreased air temperature may lead to an increase of heating energy consumption and a decline of outdoor thermal comfort. Fig. 9Difference in average and maximum Ta between the shaded and unshaded sites in the winter daytime (from 06:00 to 21:00)Full size image Theoretically, at night, tree canopy prevents the heat flow from the surface to the surroundings and slows down heat losses, thus increasing the Ta and lowering the CR and Range of Ta. However, the measured effect of the evergreen trees on the microclimate at night was not significant, with p >. 05 for both the trends and values of Ta. Wind velocity was a significant factor in explaining the Ta range differences between the shaded and unshaded area, with p = 0. 042. On calm or light air days, the Ta range was slightly lowered by the trees. Weather effects in the daytime In terms of the weather effects during the daytime in winter, the statistical tests indicated that no significant differences on either measured value or trend for both Ta and RH between cloudy and cold and clear and mild days (p >. 05 for all) were found (see also the marked days by the circles and triangles in Fig. 9). Accordingly, we concluded that the weather conditions in the winter did not cause a notable change on performance of trees on the microclimate. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: | Catch-up growth in pigs: a relationship with muscle cellularity. Crossref | GoogleScholar1076. | Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: physiology or pathophysiology? Crossref | GoogleScholar2411. | Administration of ACTH to restrained, pregnant sows alters their pigs’ hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Crossref | GoogleScholar371. | Maternal corticosterone is transferred to avian yolk and may alter offspring growth and adult phenotype. Crossref | GoogleScholar1640. | Effect of pre-natal runting on the postnatal development of skeletal muscles in swine and rats. Crossref | GoogleScholar357. | Within-litter variation in the performance of piglets to three weeks of age. Crossref | GoogleScholar91. | Maternal corticosterone elevation during egg formation in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) influences offspring traits, partly via prenatal undernutrition. Crossref | GoogleScholar55. | Effect of extra maternal feed supply in early gestation on sow and piglet performance and production and meat quality of growing/finishing pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar248. | Programming the brain: common outcomes and gaps in knowledge from animal studies of IUGR. Crossref | GoogleScholar1238. | Developmental programming: a new frontier for the poultry industry? Crossref | GoogleScholar2158. | Early development of adiposity and insulin resistance after catch-up weight gain in small-for-gestational-age children. Crossref | GoogleScholar27. | ‘Subordination style’ in pigs? The response of pregnant sows to mixing stress affects their offspring’s behaviour and stress reactivity. Crossref | GoogleScholar80. | Programming the offspring of the pig by prenatal social stress: neuroendocrine activity and behaviour. Crossref | GoogleScholar1871. | Fetal growth and the adrenocortical response to psychological stress. Crossref | GoogleScholar220. | Changes in endocrine and neurochemical profiles in neonatal pigs prenatally exposed to increased maternal cortisol. Crossref | GoogleScholar164. | Direct, maternal and nurse sow genetic effects on farrowing-, pre-weaning- and total piglet survival. Crossref | GoogleScholar238.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: Multiple other studies have demonstrated the rise of telehealth during the COVID pandemic and its effect on no-show rates in the short-term period after the COVID pandemic [5, 16, 17, 30]. However, our study adds to the literature by showing longitudinal trends of telehealth, including data through 2022. In the first two quarters of 2020, no-show rates were much higher in face-to-face appointments than telehealth appointments. This gap converged slightly by the fourth quarter of 2020 and remained relatively parallel going forward. Interestingly, when the model was fully adjusted and stratified by time, telehealth encounters appeared to reduce the risk of no-show by only 3. 4% between April 2021 and June 2022. However, stratification by specialty reveals a more nuanced finding. In this later period, we observe that telehealth encounters significantly reduced the odds of a no-show in primary care and internal medicine subspecialty encounters but increased the odds in other non-surgical specialties and surgical specialties. As such, these data suggest that telehealth resources should be directed toward primary care and internal medicine subspecialty clinics and in-person resources should be focused on the other non-surgical and surgical specialties. This study has important health system and equity implications. Given that missed appointments cause significant loss of revenue and productivity, health systems may consider leveraging telehealth encounters as the default type of healthcare encounter in patients at high risk for missing appointments, particularly in primary care and internal medicine subspecialty settings. Health systems may also consider reflexing to telehealth encounters when patients miss a face-to-face appointment to provide remote care and increase revenue. With the large clinical impact of missed appointments and the social challenges disadvantaged populations must overcome to access healthcare, telehealth offers the potential to reduce effectively healthcare disparities and extend opportunities to extend with the health system. The effectiveness of telehealth was evaluated in prior work done at Parkland, which found that audio-only telehealth encounters were non-inferior to face-to-face encounters with respect to glycemic control and are consistent with other studies [6, 31,32,33]. By reducing barriers to care, health systems may better manage chronic medical conditions and reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. This study has several strengths. First, we use data from one of the largest safety-net health systems in the USA, with over 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1 °C (SD = 0. 23 °C). four with trees, the maximum Ta differed by as much as 1. 4 °C for simulated situations with and without trees. In addition, trees reduced the daily Range of Ta by approximately 1 °C (SD = 0. 24 °C). Unlike the remarkable differences in the Range, the differences of CR between CU and NT conditions were small. 0. 3 °C (SD = 0. 05 °C) maximum Ta reduction at Site four. The reduction of CR and Range was small. Although the simulated results cannot reflect the large fluctuation in air temperature and humidity at a specific location (see 3. 2. 1), the differences in the effect of trees among the receptors were notable. On the clear and hot day, the range of ∆Ta between the area with the strongest effect and the area with the weakest effect was about 0. 6 °C (SD = 0. 41 °C) on average. This range went up to 1. 5 °C at the time of the peak reduction at 18:00 (Fig. 10). The spatial variation on the cloudy and cool day was much smaller than that on the clear and hot day. The daily average range of ∆Ta was about 0. 2 °C (SD = 0. 03 °C), and went up to 0. 3 °C at 13:30. Spatial variation on the winter days According to the simulation results, the reductions of maximum Ta were estimated to be 0. 2 °C (SD = 0. 05 °C) and less than 0. 1 °C (SD = 0. 02 °C), on the clear and mild day and the cloudy and cold day (i. e. , 18th and 21st January 2014), respectively. During the afternoon of these two winter days, the temperature in areas with trees was slightly higher than in area without trees. This was reflected by the negative values of ∆Ta in Fig. 10, which could increase human thermal comfort. The effect of these trees on the CR and Range of Ta was negligiblely small. Among the receptors from the locations far from to close to the trees, the daily average range of ∆Ta was about 0. 2 °C (SD = 0. 14 °C) on clear and mild days. The variation of ∆Ta among the receptors reached a peak at 15:30, with 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: | Lower birth weight and attenuated adrenocortical response to ACTH in offspring from sows that orally received cortisol during gestation. Crossref | GoogleScholar672. | Cortisol administration to pregnant sows affects novelty-induced locomotion, aggressive behaviour, and blunts gender differences in their offspring. Crossref | GoogleScholar429. | Social rank of pregnant sows affects their body weight gain and behavior and performance of the offspring. Crossref | GoogleScholar422. | Prenatal stress in pigs: experimental approaches and field observations. Crossref | GoogleScholar1747. | Birth weight alters the response to postnatal high-fat diet-induced changes in meat quality traits and skeletal muscle proteome of pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar548. | Growth and reproductive development of male piglets are more vulnerable to midgestation maternal stress than that of female piglets. Crossref | GoogleScholar125. | Low birth weight affects lifetime productive performance and longevity of female swine. Crossref | GoogleScholar1014. | Body composition and plasma lipid and stress hormone levels during 3 weeks of feed restriction and refeeding in low birth weight female pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar83. | Growth and development of adipose tissue and gut and related endocrine status during early growth in the pig: impact of low birth weight. Crossref | GoogleScholar478. | Effects of prepartum stress and postpartum enrichment on mother–infant interaction and offspring problem-solving ability in Rattus norvegicus. Crossref | GoogleScholar1389. | Birth weight and postnatal dietary protein level affect performance, muscle metabolism and meat quality in pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar3027. | Increased maternal nutrition of sows has no beneficial effects on muscle fiber number or postnatal growth and has no impact on the meat quality of the offspring. Crossref | GoogleScholar421. | Within-litter variation in muscle fiber characteristics, pig performance, and meat quality traits. Crossref | GoogleScholar971. | Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. Crossref | GoogleScholar1524. | Early growth and death from cardiovascular disease in women. Crossref | GoogleScholar287.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: 5 million encounters from over 350,000 unique patients within a 27-month period. Additionally, the low-income population of the is unique, diverse, and under-represented in the literature. Moreover, the data analyzed captures data from 2020 to 2022, allowing us to visualize and account for the acute temporal confounding associated with the COVID pandemic and shutdowns. Our study has important limitations as well. Due to limitations in the dataset, we were unable to differentiate audio-telehealth visits versus video-telehealth visits and thus are unable to provide greater granularity on the association of medium-specific telehealth visits on no-show rates. Furthermore, as insurance details are often obtained immediately prior to an appointment, a disproportionate share of patients who missed their appointment had unknown insurance. Health primarily cares for patients in the Dallas area; thus, our results may only be generalizable to an urban, low-income population. Though we accounted for the Charlson comorbidity index, we were unable to adjust for residual confounding by indication, whereby patients who were scheduled face-to-face appointments had more acute needs than patients who were scheduled telehealth appointments. In conclusion, we find that in a low-income safety-net setting, telehealth encounters were associated with 30% reduced odds of a missed appointment. Telehealth may represent a viable way to improve revenue for healthcare systems and reduce healthcare disparities in low-income populations with high social burdens, with the greatest benefit in primary care and internal medicine subspecialty settings. Future implementation efforts should consider decision support to suggest or default patients at high-risk for no-show to a telehealth encounter or converting missed face-to-face appointments to a same-day telehealth encounter.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 5 °C and 0. 1 °C on clear and cloudy days. This demonstrates that, when the weather is clear and hot, trees efficiently alter the local microclimate and cause large variations in close geographical proximity. To better understand the effects of trees on the local urban microclimate and to identify and quantify the effect of urban trees on local outdoor microclimate and human thermal comfort, essential empirical information on the microclimate must be collected in close geographical proximity. Thermal comfortWe extracted the simulated PMV value from ENVI-met to illustrate the thermal perception in the study area. The maximum PMV (i. e. , extra uncomfortable thermal perception) was notably reduced during the hottest hours on both clear and cloudy days. Fahmy et al. (2009) stated that PMV differs depending on density of the trees. Further study in this direction is necessary to compare the cooling effects among the trees with different density and height. Although PMV was developed based on a huge database, human comfort levels highly depends on the human thermal perception, expectation and preference in the particular study context (area and time). Hence, field surveys are necessary to investigate the subjective responses for people thermal sensations in the local area. ConclusionThis study provides new insight into the role of trees on microclimate and human thermal comfort in a local urban area through field measurements and modelling. The effect of weather conditions on the cooling performance of trees was analysed. Observed weather conditions were clustered to investigate the differences in cooling effect of trees and to select the appropriate days for the simulations. The results from both the measurements and the simulations showed that trees significantly altered the surrounding summer microclimate. The comparison on the measurements between the shaded and unshaded area showed that the daily maximum air temperature differed by 2. 5 °C. Significant spatial variations were caused by the trees. Trees considerably improved the thermal comfort level through reducing the ‘very hot’ and ‘hot’ thermal conditions in the study area. Additionally, we found that the evergreen trees also lowered the average winter air temperature by 0. 5 °C. The benefit of this effect, can potentially be offset through increased energy costs. The biophysical processes involved in microclimate regulation by trees are affected by, among others, the surrounding temperature, humidity and solar radiation, whereby the cooling effect of trees was greatly influenced by prevailing weather conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: | Effects of prenatal restraint stress on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical and sympatho–adrenomedullary axis in neonatal pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar369. | Placental restriction in multi-fetal pregnancies and between-twin differences in size at birth alter neonatal feeding behaviour in the sheep. Crossref | GoogleScholar612. | Effects of oral doses of corn oil and other factors on preweaning survival and growth of piglets. Crossref | GoogleScholar1306. | Low birth weight predicts elevated plasma cortisol concentrations in adults from 3 populations. Crossref | GoogleScholar1254. | The effect of birth weight on glucose tolerance in pigs at 3 and 12 months of age. Crossref | GoogleScholar348. | Insulin sensitivity in juvenile and adult pigs of low and high birthweight. Crossref | GoogleScholar868. | Effects of birth weight on growth and carcass composition of swine. Crossref | GoogleScholar70. | Variation of piglets’ birth weight and consequences on subsequent performance. Crossref | GoogleScholar123. | Consequences of birth weight for postnatal growth performance and carcass quality in pigs as related to myogenesis. Crossref | GoogleScholar285. | Effects of maternal nutrition and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment during gestation on endocrine and metabolic factors in sows, fetuses and pigs, skeletal muscle development, and postnatal growth. Crossref | GoogleScholar203. | Corticosterone in chicken eggs. Crossref | GoogleScholar141. | The role of maternal nutrition, metabolic function and the placenta in developmental programming of renal dysfunction. Crossref | GoogleScholar1243. | Compensatory growth in runt pigs is not mediated by insulin-like growth factor I. Crossref | GoogleScholar53. | IFPA award in placentology lecture: complicated interactions between genes and the environment in placentation, pregnancy outcome and long term health. Crossref | GoogleScholar1442. | Meat science and muscle biology symposium: developmental programming in cattle: consequences for growth, efficiency, carcass, muscle, and beef quality characteristics. Crossref | GoogleScholar98. | Effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine on adult disease in later life: an overview. Crossref | GoogleScholar440.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: Adapted with permission from Boelen C, 2004:17 (2):223-31. The RRM addresses indigenous health needs by generating a multi-stakeholder rural health-care strategy that includes the participation of Indigenous people to benefit these communities in rural Canada. Increasing the number of indigenous health-care professionals trained in Canada, improving the retention of health-care professionals within rural indigenous communities, and providing cultural safety training for all health-care professionals are ways to achieve success. The RRM aligns with the commitment to renew relationships with indigenous peoples through respect, cooperation and partnership. populations still do not have equitable access to health-care services. Rural communities continue to face challenges in recruiting and retaining family physicians and other health-care professionals. Several provincial programmes have attempted to address these issues, but a comprehensive and cohesive pan-Canadian, long-term strategy to support rural physician recruitment and retention is not yet in place. It became clear that a catalyst was needed to push for the needed changes identified in the RRM. 2018, the Committee (RRMIC) was formed to support the implementation of the RRM that was launched in February 2017. Co-sponsored by the Physicians of Canada (CFPC) and Society of of Canada (SRPC), RRMIC is designed to provide a forum whereby members can report and deliberate on how to further advance the RRM in ways that can be scaled and spread locally, provincially and at a pan-Canadian level. 's membership deliberately crosses sectors supporting the RRM's social accountability vision. The committee provides a mechanism to connect with more than 300 individuals and organisations that were involved in the development of the RRM. Committee members [Box 2] are either decision-makers or maintain influential positions as part of the organisations they represent and are chosen based on their knowledge and influence to advance the RRM. strongly feels that collaboration is important to the successful implementation of the RRM. Stakeholders, including government leaders, have an essential role to play in identifying opportunities to share information about progress made and in providing advice to advance education, policy, practice and research activities related to rural healthcare in Canada. As a result, relationships can be strengthened among rural family physicians, other specialists and other health-care providers and rural communities through the creation of networks of care that improve access and positively influence physician retention. RRMIC's goal is to enhance access to care for people living in rural Canada.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Spatiotemporal use of urban rivers by local bat populations in a large city (Cracow, Southern Poland) : orcid. org/0000-0002-4792-59891, Justyna Karczmarz2, Andrea Pereswiet-: orcid. org/0000-0002-2083-06483 & …Ewa Pierzchała ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0002-6581-94854 Show authors 725 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractUrban watercourses are an essential part of blue-green infrastructure (BGI) that can mitigate the negative impact of habitat loss resulting from urbanization. Many studies on temperate urban bats activity did not concern its seasonal variations. Our work evaluated the bats’ activity and occurrence in different urban riverside environments throughout the vegetation period. Our results showed that long-range echolocators were represented mainly by Nyctalus noctula. Their activity peak occurred in late summer in open habitats of high anthropogenic pressure levels, and at least part of the population was present year-round in the city. Recently reported from Cracow: Hypsugo savii and Pipistrellus kuhlii were confirmed in the medium-range echolocators. The high occurrence of P. pygmeus with a relatively low P. pipistrellus was noteworthy and is probably a result of the low competitiveness of the latter in the presence of P. kuhlii. Two spring and late summer activity peaks on different rivers suggest different migration corridors from and to hibernacula. However, the autumn activity in the city center may also indicate partial hibernation in the old town. The activity peak of short-range echolocators occurred in spring, as expected - mainly in a narrow riverbed and low anthropogenic pressure environments. However, ambiguous spring and late summer activity in the open with the highest anthropogenic pressure environment may result from the rapidly progressing synurbization of M. daubentonii. Our results indicate the need to monitor the bat adaptation process to the cities in the context of dynamic climatic and environmental changes. Similar content being viewed by others Movement responses of common noctule bats to the illuminated urban landscape 3. 16. 6 and Inkscape 1. 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Reviewer #3Reviewer #4Author ResponsePeer review processRevised: Preprint has been revised by the authors in response to the previous round of peer review; the eLife assessment and the public reviews have been updated where necessary by the editors and peer reviewers. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. of Washington, Seattle, of for Heart and #1 (Public Review): Dasguta et al. have dissected the role of Sema7a in fine tuning of a sensory microcircuit in the posterior lateral line organ of zebrafish. They attempt to also outline the different roles of a secreted verses membrane-bound form of Sema7a in this process. Using genetic perturbations and axonal network analysis, the authors show that loss of both Sema7a isoforms causes abnormal axon terminal structure with more bare terminals and fewer loops in contact with presynaptic sensory hair cells. Further, they show that loss of Sema7a causes decreased number and size of both the pre- and post-synapse. Finally, they show that overexpression of the secreted form of Sema7a specifically can elicit axon terminal outgrowth to an ectopic Sema7a expressing cell. Together, the analysis of Sema7a loss of function and overexpression on axon arbor structure is fairly thorough and revealed a novel role for Sema7a in axon terminal structure. #2 (Public Review): In this work, Dasgupta et al. investigate the role of Sema7a in the formation of peripheral sensory circuit in the lateral line system of zebrafish. They show that Sema7a protein is present during neuromast maturation and localized, in part, to the base of hair cells (HCs). This would be consistent with pre-synaptic Sema7a mediating formation and/or stabilization of the synapse. They use sema7a loss-of-function strain to show that lateral line sensory terminals display abnormal arborization. They provide highly quantitative analysis of the lateral line terminal arborization to show that a number of specific topological parameters are affected in mutants. Next, they ectopically express a secreted form of Sema7a to show that lateral line terminals can be ectopically attracted to the source.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: It proposes a pan-Canadian strategy through the RRM to use by provinces and territories, educators, administrative leaders, policy-makers, health-care professionals, all levels of government and communities to enable equitable access to healthcare. its work began, RRMIC has made significant progress raising awareness across Canada about the need for improved access to rural healthcare close to home, as highlighted in the following key priorities. Rural patient transfer and repatriation (rural road map Action 11) A national advisory group was established in July 2019 representing the for and the SRPC. The group's focus is developing an approach to improve the rural patient transfers and repatriation between rural and urban centres through enhanced hospital standards and better transport coordination among inter-facilities and across jurisdictions. Rural and Indigenous health competencies (rural road map Action 3, Action 5) 2018, the CFPC disseminated its approved rural competencies to advance rural education to support the development of family physicians ready to practise in rural Canada. [6] This resource is a guide to inform rural family medicine curricula and assessment. 2019, an invitational symposium was held in Niagara Falls, Ontario with Indigenous health leaders/educators across medical schools from across the of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RC), Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada (AFMC) and the Association of Canada (IPAC). The goal of the symposium was to develop an action plan for a collaborative approach towards competencies to enhance Indigenous health in response to the truth and reconciliation commission. Following the symposium, Indigenous health physician leaders convened in the fall of 2019 to develop a work plan and business case based on the symposium report. (4) 2018, a pre-budget submission[7] was made to the federal government to enable rural and remote communities to carry out rural health research through the use of infrastructure funding. 2019, the of (CIHR) announced that it is undertaking a strategic planning consultation with input from stakeholders across Canada. As a participant in the consultation process, the RRMIC has corresponded with rural health researchers across Canada in encouraging their participation in the CIHR consultation and to advocate for the need for rural health research funding to reflect the realities of rural healthcare. RRMIC members are also working on individual activities with key stakeholders on actions that are highlighted in [Box 3] which contains a scorecard that describes each of the RRM actions and implementation status as of summer 2019.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1 softwareFull size imageSix river sections have been established along Vistula’s and Rudawa’s banks. (Fig. 1). Each section was characterized by environmental variables: mean riverbed width (RWidth), green riverbed cover (GCR), illumination (LIGHT), tree cover density (TCD), and impervious built-up cover density (IBD). The first two variables characterize the river sections themselves, while the latter three variables describe the level of human pressure on the adjacent environment and allow the classification of transects (also considering their location) as highly or little impacted (Table 1). Riverbed width was measured in three random locations within the watercourse in QGIS 2. 16. 1. Green riverbed cover refers to the percentage of riverbed area covered from the top by tree canopy and bushes, measured in QGIS 2. 16. 1. The measurements were based on the Google satellite images for these two environmental variables. Illumination here is a number of street lamps within 50 m from each river bank, recalculated per 100 m. Tree cover density and impervious built-up cover density were assessed using the zonal statistics algorithm run in QGIS 3. 16. 6 for the area within a 200 m radius of the transect course. For these analyses, raster Pan-European High-from were used (tree cover density layer for TCD, imperviousness density layer for IBD). Table 1 Characteristics of the studied river sections in Kraków, Poland: W1, W2, and W3 along the Vistula, and R1, R2, and R3 along Rudawa. GCR - green riverbed cover, RWidth - riverbed width, LIGHT - illumination, TCD - tree cover density, IBD - impervious built-up cover densityFull size tableBat call samplingBats’ calls were recorded while cycling on the established transects. Pettersson D500 ultrasonic detector with a compatible external ultrasonic microphone was used to record full spectrum. wav format files. The equipment was transported in a backpack to protect it from shaking and recording excessive noises. The microphone was always directed towards the river. The recording process was continuous. Sampling occurred under favorable weather conditions (no rain, no strong wind) in the early evening hours (beginning from sunset). A single sampling session lasted around two hours.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We believe a slight but not significant decrease in hair cell number may arise from a minute developmental delay in the morphogenesis of the neuromast. We have accordingly quantified our data at three distinct developmental stages-at 2 dpf, 3 dpf, and 4 dpf-and have incorporated them in the revised manuscript. Additionally, FM data should be quantified and presented in animals without a transgene in the same excitation/emission spectra for clearer interpretation of the staining. We have quantified the intensities of labeling with FM 4-64 styryl dye from the control and the sema7a-/- mutant larvae and incorporated the data in lines 139-146, in Figure 2—figure supplement 1D, and in source data for Figure 2 and Figure 2-figure supplements. the transgenes to concurrently show the arborization phenotype, hair cell morphology, and the FM 4-64 incorporation between the genotypes. Rescue analysis using the myo6d promotor would allow the authors to ensure that the axon deficits can be rescued by putting Sema7a back into the sensory hair cells. Transient transgenesis could be useful for this approach and would not require the creation of a stable line. This could be done with both forms of Sema7a allowing the true assessment of whether or not the secreted and GPI-anchored form have disparate functions as claimed in lines 418424. Although we recognize the importance of the rescue of the sema7a-/- mutant phenotype with the sema7asec and the sema7aGPI transcripts, it is not possible for us to perform that experiment at the moment, for the first author will leave the lab next week. However, he plans to continue work on this project as an independent investigator to dissect the individual roles of the transcript variants in specifying the pattern of sensory arborization, a project that includes generation of transcript-specific knockout animals and rescue experiments with stable transgenic fish lines. Other concerns: (1) The timeline of the heat shock experiment is confusing to me and, therefore, it makes me question the specificity of those results. Based on the speed of axon outgrowth and the time necessary for transcription and translation after heat shock induction of the transgene, it is unclear to me how the axon growth defects could occur in the timeline provided.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Last registered on January 23, 2023 History Pre-for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in -0010787 Initial registration date January 20, 2023 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published January 23, 2023, 7:22 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. -of (s) of Milan-development Start date 2023-02-15 End date 2025-04-15 code(s) Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. areas in low-income countries have poor access to quality healthcare. One challenge in developing state capacity in remote areas is the difficulty in attracting skilled workers (doctors and nurses), to which a common solution is to engage less skilled workers (community health workers). A new solution is to bring higher-skilled professionals to rural areas through digital technology. Telehealth, which connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone, provides a new opportunity for governments to reach remote areas with high-quality healthcare services at relatively low costs. Although the popularity of telehealth has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is to date no causal evidence of its impacts in low-income countries. This project aims to provide the first experimental evidence on the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes in low-income countries. The impact is ex-ante ambiguous: telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, but it might also crowd out in-person care and lead to an overall drop in healthcare utilization by those most in need, who might be unable or unwilling to connect remotely with a health professional. The project will take place in 400 rural Indian villages that will be randomized into receiving telehealth or not, with or without a local facilitator, who will assist patients in connecting to the call and follow up with them after the visit. We will learn whether and under which conditions telehealth improves access and health outcomes for rural populations, and how it affects the divide in access by gender, income, and age. External Link(s) Citation Dahlstrand-Rudin, Amanda,. 2023. "for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Rural India. ".

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Both IBD and riverbed width (RWidth), correlated with the first and second axis, respectively, statistically significantly explained the variability in the ordination diagram in 58% and 27% (Table 4; Fig. 3b). IBD is strongly correlated with late summer and autumn activity on W1. RWidth additionally explains higher MRE activity during these seasons on Vistula’s sections. For SRE, the variability presented in the ordination diagram was explained in 81. 4%. The closest to statistical significance were IBD and green riverbed cover (GCR) (Table 4; Fig. 3c). Therefore, tendencies are discussed here. IBD explained 37% of the variability observed in the diagram. It was positively correlated with the late summer activity in W1. GCR was correlated with spring activity, especially in sections R2 and R3, and explained 30% of the variability. Fig. 3Distribution of river sections of the Vistula (W1-W3) and Rudawa (R1-R3) in the redundancy analysis (RDA) ordination diagram for the model of (a) short-range echolocators (SRE); (b) medium range echolocators (MRE); (c) long-range echolocators (LRE), where GCR - green riverbed cover, RWidth - riverbed width, LIGHT - illumination, TCD - tree cover density, IBD - impervious built-up cover densityFull size imageDiscussionOur research shows differences in the activity of bats in the city in riverside environments they use during the growing season. It has been shown that species belonging to different ecological groups distinguished by sonar range () reach the peak of their activity on different river sections depending on the season. It was also identified which environmental characteristics are responsible for these spatiotemporal differences in activity. Long-range echolocatorsThe results regarding species occurrence in environments and seasons allow us to cautiously assume that most recorded individuals belonged to Nyctalus noctula (observed in all sections in all seasons). murinus and Eptesicus serotinus were confirmed only from single locations, this may suggest that both species do not prefer urban riparian habitats. The latter’s case is consistent with previous observations (Gaisler et al. 1998).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Imaging two hours after the start of the heat shock is very rapid and speaks to either an indirect effect of the transgenesis on the axon growth or a leaky promotor/induction paradigm. It is possible I am just misunderstanding the set up but, from what I could gather, the imaging is being done 2 hrs after the start of the heat shock. This should be clarified. The axons of the zebrafish posterior lateral line migrate relatively fast. The pioneering axons migrate at around 120 μm/hour (Sato et. al. , 2010) and the follower axons migrate at almost 30-80 μm/hour (Sato et. al. , 2010). The heat-shock promoter that we have utilized, hsp70l, is highly effective in inducing gene expression and subsequent protein formation within 30 to 60 mins. We believe an hour of heat shock and an hour of incubation post heat shock is sufficient to induce directed axon migration to a distance that spans from 27 μm to 140 μm. We strongly believe that the directed arborization of the sensory axons towards the Sema7Asec source is not due to an indirect effect of transgenesis or leaky promoter induction, as in all 18 of the injected but not heat-shocked control larvae we did not observe ectopic Sema7Asec expression, and no aberrant projection was formed from the sensory arbor network. We highlight this observation in lines 297-299 and in Figure 4E. Sato et. al. , 2010: Single-cell analysis of somatotopic map formation in the zebrafish lateral line system. 239:2058–2065, 2010. Similarly, it would help to clarify if t(0) in the figure is the onset of the heat shock or onset of imaging two hours after the heat shock is started. The t=0 hour in the Figure 4I denotes the onset of imaging two hours after the heat shock began. We have clarified this in the manuscript in lines 1155-1156. (2) In the rebuttal, the line numbers cited do not match up with the appropriate text, I believe. We have corrected this and updated the manuscript. (3) Some of the supplemental figures are not mentioned in the text, or I could not find them. For example: Figure 1 supplement 2J. Thank you for pointing this.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Last registered on January 23, 2023 History Pre-for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in -0010787 Initial registration date January 20, 2023 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published January 23, 2023, 7:22 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. -of (s) of Milan-development Start date 2023-02-15 End date 2025-04-15 code(s) Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. areas in low-income countries have poor access to quality healthcare. One challenge in developing state capacity in remote areas is the difficulty in attracting skilled workers (doctors and nurses), to which a common solution is to engage less skilled workers (community health workers). A new solution is to bring higher-skilled professionals to rural areas through digital technology. Telehealth, which connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone, provides a new opportunity for governments to reach remote areas with high-quality healthcare services at relatively low costs. Although the popularity of telehealth has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is to date no causal evidence of its impacts in low-income countries. This project aims to provide the first experimental evidence on the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes in low-income countries. The impact is ex-ante ambiguous: telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, but it might also crowd out in-person care and lead to an overall drop in healthcare utilization by those most in need, who might be unable or unwilling to connect remotely with a health professional. The project will take place in 400 rural Indian villages that will be randomized into receiving telehealth or not, with or without a local facilitator, who will assist patients in connecting to the call and follow up with them after the visit. We will learn whether and under which conditions telehealth improves access and health outcomes for rural populations, and how it affects the divide in access by gender, income, and age. External Link(s) Citation Dahlstrand-Rudin, Amanda,. 2023. "for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Rural India. ".

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The average LRE activity was relatively high during most seasons in all river sections (excluding autumn). It may indicate that at least part of the population has completed its annual life cycle in the city. These results support the observations of the adaptation process of noctules to urban conditions, where the reports of year-round colonies in cities are growing (Godlevska 2015; Lesiński and Janus 2019). The high activity of this group in late summer may be a result of long-distance flights from and to wintering areas (Petit and Mayer 2000; Ciechanowski et al. 2010) but also a doubling of the size of local populations due to the number of young individuals leaving the breeding colonies. From all analyzed environmental characteristics, IBD explains the activity of this group to the greatest extent. Around the W1 and W2 sections (wide riverbed and high anthropogenic pressure), where LRE had their peak activity in late summer, the highest values of IBD were noted. In statistical procedures, the LIGHT factor had to be removed from the analyses as it was strongly correlated with IBD. However, it is possible that our result might be due to the „vacuum effect”: artificial light is responsible for attracting insects from their natural environments and attracting bats preying on them (Stone et al. 2015; Russo et al. 2019). Feeding and social activity also support this interpretation. A positive correlation between activity and feeding was recorded only in the river sections mentioned above in late summer. The social calls accompanying feeding emitted at that time may have resulted from communication on feeding grounds. Since social calls in late summer were also recorded on W3 without intensive feeding, likely mating occurred mainly along this section. Medium-range echolocatorsIn our research, the high occurrence of Pipistrellus pygmaeus with a relatively low occurrence of P. pipistrellus is noteworthy. The latter was recorded as rarely as relatively new in the Polish fauna: Hypsugo savii. Often noted were P. nathusii, present in all sections at least once per season, and P. kuhlii, which was not confirmed only in the R3 section. Records of social calls belonging to P. kuhlii lepidus, suggest mating behavior in the city. P. nathusii and P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We have corrected the manuscript, and the new information is added in line 114. (4) Table 1 statistics: were these adjusted for multiple comparisons using a bonferroni correction or something similar? This is necessary for statistical significance to be meaningful. We did not adjust the p-values for multiple comparisons because the values correspond to only three or four statistical tests per experiment, strongly indicating the unlikelihood of erroneous significance due solely to multiple tests. (5) Figure 1I and 1-S3 - The legend states a positive correlation between axonal signal and sema7A signal. Correlations are 0. 5, 0. 6, and 0. 4 (2,3, 4dpf). This is not a convincing positive correlation. At best this is no to a very weak positive correlation. In lines 122-126 we mention that the basal association of the sensory arbors shows a positive correlation with Sema7A accumulation. We never emphasize on the strength of the correlation. However, a consistent positive correlation at three different developmental stages suggests that progressive Sema7A accumulation at the base of the hair cells may guide the sensory arbors to increasingly associate themselves with the hair cells. Reviewer #2 (The Authors): I am a bit disappointed that the authors elected not to experimentally address the issue raised by all reviewers: whether the secreted or membrane bound isoform is active in hair cells. They rather decided to change their interpretation in the text. It is fine, given the eLife review structure. However, that would make the manuscript much stronger. Other issues were adequately addressed through textual changes as well. Although we recognize the importance of the rescue of the sema7a-/- mutant phenotype with the sema7asec and the sema7aGPI transcripts, it is not possible for us to perform that experiment at the moment, for the first author will leave the lab next week. However, he plans to continue work on this project as an independent investigator to dissect the individual roles of the transcript variants in specifying the pattern of sensory arborization, a project that includes generation of transcript-specific knockout animals and rescue experiments with stable transgenic fish lines. Reviewer #3 (The Authors): Overall, I am satisfied with the study as a whole and just have a few minor comments that remain to be addressed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: dimensions of healthcare access includes availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability, and accessibility. Many patients face significant barriers to accessing oncologic care and subsequently, health outcomes are suboptimal. Telehealth offers an opportunity to mitigate many of these barriers to improve health access and outcomes. This review discusses how telehealth can be leveraged to improve healthcare access in surgical oncology while also highlighting important challenges to realizing the full potential of this mode of healthcare delivery. 1 access to healthcare is critical to better health outcomes for individuals and populations. Healthcare access is multidimensional with many barriers to overcome to ensure that individuals and populations can harness the great advances made in preventative, curative intent, and palliative oncology to their advantage. The promise of telehealth as a tool to improve healthcare access is exciting, but it is critical for us to define “access” so that efforts at mitigating barriers can be targeted and measures of success and failure can also be established. The definition of healthcare access as the “degree of alignment between characteristics of healthcare systems, and providers, and the characteristics, needs and expectations of patients and populations” is very appropriate for the purposes of this review. 1 In their seminal work on “of Access,” Penchansky and Thomas outlined the following dimensions of healthcare access: availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability, and acceptability. 1 Availability and accessibility comprise the spatial domain of health access while accommodation, affordability, and acceptability are aspatial. Healthcare access is a foundational pillar in the discussion of health disparities defined by the Department of Health and as “differences in health outcomes that are closely linked with social, economic, and environmental disadvantage and are often driven by the social conditions in which individuals live, learn, work and play. ”2 Despite successes at reducing cancer-related deaths,3 there remain persistent and significant disparities in cancer outcomes. Most recent report showed that Black patients with prostate, gastric, and uterine corpus cancer had twofold higher mortality rates compared to White patients. 3 Also, with liver, gastric, and kidney cancer had twofold increased mortality compared to White patients. 3 Data from the Centers for and Prevention (CDC) shows that patients from nonmetropolitan rural counties have higher death rates for all cancer sites combined compared to nonmetropolitan urban and metropolitan counties.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: pygmaeus are known to be associated with aquatic environments (Ciechanowski et al. 2010; Lewanzik et al. 2022). P. nathusii was previously defined as non-synanthropic (Ciechanowski 2015) and its influx into cities has only recently been recorded (Sachanowicz et al. 2019). Our data seem to confirm the generally observed trend for this species. Similarly, in the case of P. kuhlii, the available data suggest its rapid encroaching into cities (Sachanowicz et al. 2006). H. savii, like P. kuhlii, is of Mediterranean origin, slowly expanding its range northwards due to global warming rather than urbanization (Ancillotto et al. 2018). The most enigmatic are reports about P. pygmaeus’ presence in cities. Research from northern and central Europe indicates it is rather urban-avoidant (Gaisler et al. 1998; Lintott et al. 2015). However, in southern Spain, it predominates in city centers compared to the outskirts (Elena Tena, pers. comm. ). The works mentioned above, and forecasts on range changes (Smeraldo et al. 2021) suggest difficulties in predicting the proportion of species within this group occurring in urban areas in the future. In our research, the observed low occurrence of P. pipistrellus, while high of P. pygmaeus, may result from P. kuhlii expansion to the north and the recent entry into southern Poland. In the absence of P. kuhlii (both historically and contemporaneously), P. pipistrellus was (and is) described as a generalist compared to P. pygmaeus (Gaisler et al. 1998; Nicholls and Racey 2006), showing a broader tolerance to habitat transformations caused by the urbanization process (Lintott et al. 2015). In Krakow, when P. pipistrellus co-occurs with P. kuhlii, the latter may win the competition, especially regarding feeding efficiency at street lamps (Tomassini et al. 2014; Salinas-Ramos et al. 2021). It is also possible that, as it is less adapted to hunting in riverine environments, it also loses the competition with P. pygmaeus in such habitats.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: (1) Although the authors say that they added appropriate no plasmid/heatshock-only and plasmid-only/no heatshock controls, these results need to be presented more clearly, as they are separated in the paper and only one was quantified (i. e. 100% of embryos showed no defect). Please just make it clear that no defects were observed in either control for either experiment (both secreted and membrane bound ectopic expression). We have clearly stated this information in lines 297-299 and 343-345. (2) Please add a compass to Fig. 1A to indicate the orientation of the neuromast. It would also be helpful to add labels for developmental ages to all of the figures, rather than making the reader look it up in the legend. We have updated the Figure 1A and the corresponding figure legend in lines 882883. We have denoted the larval age in the figure legends to keep the individual images uncluttered. (3) For the RT-PCR experiments in Figure 1, no negative control was included to show that supporting cell or neuronal genes are not detected in the purified hair cells and v. v. that neither isoform is detected in supporting cells or neurons. I ask only because there is a lot of immune-signal outside of the hair cells and I am curious whether that is secreted or might come from other cell types. For neurons and supporting cells, simply demonstrating absence of Sema7a overall would suffice. We have utilized the transgenic line Tg(myo6b:actb1-EGFP) that expresses the fluorophore GFP specifically in the hair cells of the neuromast. Unfortunately, we do not possess a transgenic line that reliably and specifically labels the support cells in the neuromast. Hence, in our sorting experiment the GFP-negative cells that are collected from the trunk segments of the larvae contain all the non-hair cells including epidermal cells, neuronal cells, and immune cells etc. Such a mixture of varied cellular identity may not serve as a reliable negative control. 7, we have plotted the normalized expression values of the sema7a gene in the neuromast. The plot clearly depicts that the source of Sema7A is the young and the mature hair cells, not the support cells.

Output: pass