Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: AI enabled voice-assistants are developed based on the personalities of machine learning models combined with natural language programming (García-Méndez et al. 2021). AI-based voice-assistants uses speech recognition which are systems that have the ability to collect and interpret spoken information by converting the inputted voice command to text. Existing speech recognition systems such as Microsoft’s WisperID that recognize what is being said but also recognizes the particular speaker ( in situation where different vowel sounds or accents from different sound origin are analyzed to recognize the speaker (Wedberg and Dalgren 2021). Indeed, AI-based voice-assistants is being adopted as a potential aid for older people due to early-stage adoption of such applications for health management, though these systems are in use due to improved readiness level many barriers still remain that impacts their successful adoption by the aging population (Gudala et al. 2022). It has been adopted in different areas such as in e-commerce, healthcare, weather reporting, reading news, play music, etc. by older people. AI-based voice-assistants use a microphone embedded in a device to receive commands from the user’s voice, and it converts the inputted voice into a text sentence (utilizing a natural language parser), and it executes the suitable command stated within the sentence. As output, AI-based voice-assistants uses a speaker embedded in a physical device to communicate response to individuals as the outcome of the command based on ML models (Capodieci et al. 2018). These ML models possess the capability to understand spoken human language learn and adapt from the interactions, thereby increasing the knowledgebase (2021), enabling the system to recall tasks assigned and personalization, connect remotely with family members and caregivers. AI-based voice-assistants are useful to improve the welfare and well-being of older people by increasing their quality of life. AI-based voice-assistant are intelligent software that can learn from prior experience using ML algorithms and NLP (Tascini 2019). Due to the advancement of AI enabled voice-assistants to intelligently generate responses to end user requests it is now being adopted by older people in different domains such as healthcare, weather, news, etc. (de Arriba-Pérez et al. 2021; Gudala et al. 2022; Miura et al. 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: Loading. . . in With Username/your institution Basket en de fr Publish with us Submit your Proposal 2024 Competition 2024 & Events and & Law, Economics & Media & Society & & & and in × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw and Society by Joseph L. DeVitis (Volume editor) Pietro A. Sasso (Volume editor) ©2016 Textbook VIII, 310 eBook for US$ 47. 80 Download immediately. Incl. VAT Format: PDF and ePUB – for all devices Softcover for US$ 52. 50 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Hardcover for US$ 201. 75 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Add to cart education and society are becoming increasingly intertwined. Both act as a transmitter of culture, yet many colleges and universities also ideally seek to create a more perfectible society and more enlightened, engaged citizens. When the connections between social structures and post-secondary education are closely entangled, the university’s aims can take on a contentious struggle for identity in a vexing web of competing external interests – especially in light of scarce economic resources, corporate pressures, technological questions, and globalizing trends. and Society weighs the urgent question of how society and higher education influence each other. How the latter responds to that unsettled issue may well determine whether colleges and universities chart a more self-reflective path or one of rising deference to societal contingencies. This book is essential for all those who study and work in today’s colleges – and for all those who seek a better education for their children, the nation, and the world. It is especially recommended for courses in higher education and society, contemporary issues in higher education, the philosophy of higher education, academic issues in higher education, leadership in higher education, and globalization and higher education. The book is also useful for the preparation of faculty development programs in colleges and universities. the author(s)/editor(s) About the book This eBook can be cited Table of Part One: of on Society 1. On Purpose: and the Question of Value 2. Higher Education, the Professions, and the Place of Expertise 3. Higher Education: Private Good? Public Good? 4. 5. Education in the 6. Town and Gown Relationships: of the the Community 7. Two: of Society on 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent 1 | printemps 2012Contribution à l’histoire du « patient » contemporain L’autonomie en santé : du self-care au biohacking A contribution to patient history. Autonomy and health: from self-care to biohacking p. 115-128 Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français nouvelle figure du « patient » émerge au cours du XXe siècle, accompagnant la transformation de la médecine vers sa contemporanéité. Magnifiée par la loi du 4 mars 2002 sur le droit des malades, cette mutation excède pourtant largement ce simple cadre législatif. De la revendication sociale d’une conception profane de la santé à la constitution d’une science médicale alternative, c’est toute une culture de l’autonomie qui a vu le jour et qui détermine aujourd’hui l’exercice comme le devenir de la médecine contemporaine. In the 20th century, while medicine was moving slowly and transforming itself into its contemporary form, a new figure of the « patient » emerged. Magnified by the 4th of March 2002 on sick persons’ rights, this mutation went beyond this particular legal frame, however. From the social claim of a lay conception of health to the constitution of an alternative medical science, a whole new autonomy culture was born, determining our actual conception of the medical field and its becoming.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: to easily change the factory settings or configurations based on the mobility and walkability needs of older people (for example enable/disable the auditory interface connected to a specific feature in physical devices such as smartphones). In addition, the visual output should be user-adaptable or self-adaptive to provide best interface match to older people ability and desire. Personalized mobility and walkability suggestions should be based on older people requirements and needs, and it might be beneficial if the AI-based voice-assistants is designed to provide personalized pedestrian advice on-demand recommendation using data from different sources such as crowdsourcing data, open data, historical/batch data, real-time data, etc. (Chen et al. 2021). Furthermore, the auditory interface should be designed in a way that it can improve older people awareness of adaptations thereby providing a medium to preview, check, discard, override, revert, save, recover, and test any possible adaptations (Gonçalves et al. 2021). Older people should be provided with easy, explicit, and clear guidance during setting up and future troubleshooting of the AI-based voice-assistants installed in the device (Chen et al. 2021). To enhance the service design of AI-based voice-assistants suitable for older people, designers should address low system performance by changing the functionalities provided by the designed systems, not changing how users utilize the designed system (Chen et al. 2021). Research suggested that voice-assistants should be multimodal, precisely incorporating non-verbal communications. Multi-modality is an important design requirement to be considered in the development of auditory interface for systems (Abdolrahmani et al. 2021). The voice-assistants should have easy access that provides help to users (Wedberg and Dalgren 2021), from a design perspective, for first time users the application should have some sort of introduction or short user guide, that is intuitive and user friendly to understand. Nonetheless, it is crucial to mention that these requirements will vary depending on the older user’s technological knowledge, difficulties, and background (Wedberg and Dalgren 2021). Since older people would prefer conversing with a real person rather than interacting with a computer-generated voice in case of an emergency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: This study maps the risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Sub-from uncontrolled access to photovoltaic groundwater pumping using the analytic hierarchy process. It evaluates risks using data on irradiance, groundwater, and population, and novel data on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Two scenarios are analyzed to improve the robustness of the findings. The results show that 92 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s groundwater-dependent ecosystems risk overexploitation if photovoltaic water pumping is implemented without proper controls. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Southern and Eastern Africa, particularly in and Namibia, are found to face higher risks, while those in Gabon, the Republic of Congo, and southern Nigeria tend to be less at risk. Comparing these results with populations relying on unimproved water sources highlights regions like southern Nigeria and South Sudan, which could be prioritized for potential photovoltaic water pumping system investments due to their higher groundwater development needs and lower risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Conversely, areas like Namibia and South Africa, with lower groundwater development needs but higher risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems, should require targeted investments and very close groundwater monitoring. These findings can help policy makers in targeting investments in photovoltaic water pumping systems and identifying regions needing careful monitoring to ensure sustainable groundwater use and minimal impact on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Show morePublicationLong-Term and of Training on (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-01) Campos, Francisco; Frese, Michael; Iacovone, Leonardo; Johnson, Hillary C. ; McKenzie, David; Mensmann, MonaShow moreA randomized experiment in Togo found that personal initiative training for small businesses resulted in large and significant impacts for both men and women after two years (Campos et al, 2017). This paper revisits these entrepreneurs after seven years, and finds long-lasting average impacts of personal initiative training of $91 higher profits per month, which is larger than the 2-year impacts. However, these long-term impacts are very different for men and women: the impact for men grows over time as they accumulate more capital and increase self-efficacy, whereas the impact for women dissipates, and capital build-up is much more limited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: L’essor de ces « espaces nouveaux de la médecine »48 au cours des années 1970-1980 est tel qu’on parle alors de la naissance d’une véritable culture médicale49. En 1978, 38 % des personnes interrogées par un sondage avouent avoir déjà utilisé une thérapie alternative, elles sont 49 % en 198550. Occupant « une place rendue libre par le jeu de la crise de confiance »51 entre les usagers et les médecins, les médecines alternatives sont sollicitées, du thérapeutique et préventif à l’amélioration de soi, en passant par le bien-être, à tous les niveaux du monde de la santé. Elles fournissent à l’usager une réponse à leur demande d’écoute, de prise en charge individuelle, à leur quête de symbolisme et de naturalité52, mais surtout elles ouvrent un espace de libre choix de techniques et de pratiques, au sein duquel chacun peut construire son parcours de soin de manière autonome53. Cette mise en œuvre concrète de l’autonomie des usagers engage un nouveau débat entre l’opinion publique, avide de ce type de pratiques, et l’Ordre des médecins, qui les juge charlatanesques54. 55 prépare en trois ans les médecins qui le souhaitent à une qualification universitaire da (. . . ) 56 -Pierre, « Fonder une structure d’évaluation », Autrement, n° 85, décembre 1985, p. 233. 57 Propos du docteur Jean-Marie Cloziers, Secrétaire général du Conseil national de l’ordre des médeci (. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: 8Techno-social challenges that inhibits older people use of AI-based voice-assistantsFull size imageFigure 8 presents the techno–social challenges that influence the adoption of AI-based voice-assistants by older people. Each of the technological and social inhibitors are discussed below. 4. 2. 3. 1 Technological inhibitors that influence older people use of voice-assistantsFindings from da Paixão Pinto et al. (2021) reported that older people were apprehensive toward their loss of privacy and autonomy which stems from them providing personal data such as health information to voice-assistants. As findings from the literature stated that many older people were not at ease with devices listening to their personal conversations and they are not sure as to where their data is being used or where it could be sent to for data processing (Gudala et al. 2022). Thus, privacy concern was mentioned as a perceived inhibitor that limits the use of voice-assistants in the literature (Chen et al. 2021). Furthermore, the occurrence of technical errors faced by older people will increase their resistance toward the use of AI-based voice-assistants. Hence, designers should focus on developing applications that do not require much training or technical knowhow to be used (Bokolo 2023a). Also, the effort required to setting up voice-assistants is important and the capability of these systems to effectively manage any operational failure is a factor that impacts the future uptake of AI-based voice-assistants. Moreover, the technology should support contextual awareness of older people so that they can better connect to their surroundings to perform the right action (i. e. , safe mobility and walkability). Findings from the literature suggested that older people were interested and welcomed the use of technologies to improve their capability to manage their surroundings particularly using their voice (i. e. , actuation via voice, specifically for those with slight mobility impairment, as this functionality will help them reduce use of their limb needed to navigate the control panels of their mobility aids) (Pfeifer-Chomiczewska 2023). AI-based voice-assistants can support to achieve consistent monitoring situations that might lead to fatal dangers (e. g. , detections of accident-prone pedestrian areas and giving directions during extreme weather conditions to avoid falls, injuries, and accidents).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: Show morePublicationLines to Self-Reliance (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-09-30) Hoogeveen, Johannes; Hopper, RobertShow moreHumanitarian models of refugee assistance increasingly promote refugee self-reliance without offering a clear understanding of what constitutes self-reliance, or how to measure it, although measurement is essential to assess whether the promotion of self-reliance has been successful. This paper proposes an approach to measuring self-reliance rooted in global poverty measurement: a refugee is self-reliant if their self-earned income exceeds the locally relevant poverty line. In its empirical application, the paper uses estimates of self-reliance drawn from 11 consumption surveys, which present the universe of data that can be used for such purposes. Refugees in middle-income countries are found to be far more likely to be self-reliant than those in lower income countries, while refugees residing in urban and non-camp settings demonstrate higher levels of self-reliance than those in rural and camp environments, reflecting the presence of greater economic opportunities outside camps and in urban areas. The paper also finds evidence that aid and self-reliance are inversely correlated, with more aid spent in environments where refugee self-reliance is constrained. The paper argues that a different outcome should be envisaged, one in which governments that encourage refugees to be self-reliant receive more aid. Such an approach would be beneficial for refugees, who would gain financial autonomy, and for host country citizens, who often face high levels of poverty and at times are even poorer than refugees. Show morePublicationand Informality in Kenya’s (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-09-30) Wiedemann, Verena; Kirui, Benard K. ; Khandelwal, Vatsal; Chacha, Peter W. Show moreThe spatial configuration of domestic supply chains plays a crucial role in the transmission of shocks. This paper investigates the representativeness of formal firm-to-firm trade data in capturing overall domestic trade patterns in Kenya — a context with a high prevalence of informal economic activity. It first documents a series of stylized facts and shows that informal economic activity is not randomly distributed across space and sectors, with a higher incidence of informality in downstream sectors and smaller regional markets.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: La demande d’autonomie des usagers, politisée par le biais des associations, affirme concrètement la figure du sujet de santé, acteur et actif dans le monde médical contemporain. 65 malades en mouvements…, op. cit. 66 Ibidem, p. 112. 67 Ibidem, p. 113. 68 Ibidem. 69 À l’image de Bruno Ramponi, militant à Positifs, qui fait sur lui-même l’expérimentation de la molé (. . . ) 13Les différents types d’engagements associatifs qui voient le jour entre l’apparition de l’épidémie (1981) et de la production d’une trithérapie (1996), et que l’on peut résumer avec Janine Barbot65 en trois grands modèles, s’affirment comme une relecture politique des étapes d’affirmation de l’autonomie dont nous avons pu suivre la genèse. L’association AIDES, créée en 1984, constitue un premier modèle qui valorise le savoir médical profane et l’existence d’une conception psychosociale de la santé, mais en se maintenant à l’extérieur de la sphère médicale professionnelle66. L’objectif d’AIDES est en effet de valoriser les compétences spécifiques développées par les malades dans la gestion de leur maladie, et ce, afin de restaurer l’image du malade et de permettre une meilleure prise en charge.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: Similarly, it is suggested for designers to explore inclusion of visible input functionality such as screen-based to complement the auditory interface input (Pradhan et al. 2020). Thus, the input data format of voice-assistants is a significant feature to be considered especially for older people with physical impairment. To manage error recovery for a seamless conversation between the user and AI-based voice-assistants in case of system error when the application fails to execute a requested task (e. g. , provide answer to a question), the system should provide more detailed feedback that can support troubleshooting (for example differentiating between inadequate knowledge of voice-assistants as opposed to voice-assistants error due to not understanding the individual or due to existing background noise) (Pradhan et al. 2020). It is also imperative to understand what and how to present additional information needed to operate these voice-assistants based devices to older people particularly during the device setup and error troubleshooting process (Chen et al. 2021). An effective interaction requires digital technologies to understand end user’s queries, and vice versa. Unclear output information happens when end users cannot get the anticipated information, resulting to failures to perform the needed task based on the application’s output. Hence, misinterpretation of the information provided by digital technologies has been considered as a challenge that impacts use of technologies by the aging individuals. Findings from Chen et al. (2021) outlined how voice-assistants cannot understand user’s intents. This has resulted to setbacks that limits the use of these technologies due to failure of speech recognition even for individuals who are native English speakers. Findings from prior studies highlighted that it is challenging to achieve 100% robust and reliable speech recognition system, yet significant for aging populations (Chen et al. 2021). A design option that can lessen misinterpretations and ambiguous information is to design AI-based voice-assistants that are basically auditable interface and not voice-only interfaces, where alternative input–output functionalities, such as touch screen, is provided to receive more clear input. This is supported by evidence from Chattaraman et al. (2019), where the authors mentioned that the use of voice-assistants that provides verbal guidance to older adults improves the self-efficacy for older people when they carry out their activities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: Education & 4, 2020 Learning to lead: Can group reflection help train school leaders? With greater student diversity, stricter standards, and school staff and funding in flux, the task of school leadership has become increasingly complex. School leaders require training to help them coach and manage teachers through this troublesome terrain. Against this backdrop, Daniëls, researcher at the in Belgium, investigates group reflective learning as a tool for developing effective school leaders. The school leaders of today face a most difficult challenge. They must support teachers and their professional development while navigating competing demands under high accountability and socio-economic change. This means ensuring teachers are trained to work with diverse students, handling teacher turnover and shortages, and still leading schools towards the high student attainment expected in current times. Confronted with these pressures, school leaders can experience inordinate amounts of stress and, eventually, burnout. Professional development programmes offer a chance to improve school leaders’ efficacy and resilience, but these interventions have so far received little scrutiny in the academic literature. Daniëls, researcher at the in Belgium, addresses this absence with her examinations of group reflective learning. On reflection Researchers define reflection as stepping back from an experience of a particular activity to carefully consider its meaning. Therefore, advocates of reflective learning argue that participants can identify the thought processes underlying their actions, critically analyse and use them, resulting in insights to change their professional practice. Far from an informal pursuit, reflective learning works best when guided by a theoretical and methodological framework. For example, professionals can reflect incisively on their practice by contemplating each of the following levels: their mission (what goals they aspire to achieve), identity (how they understand their role), beliefs (what assumptions are embedded in their work), competencies (what they can do), behaviour (what they do) and finally, the environment in which they operate. By peeling back and inspecting these different layers, with the help of real or constructed case studies of practice, professionals can question the fundamental underpinnings of their daily work routine. Reflective learning is guided by a theoretical and methodological framework that aims to help professionals reflect on their practice. Source: The onion model: A model of levels of change (Development, 2018) Group reflective learning follows the above principles in an interactive form within small discussion groups. Reflective groups have the potential to develop holistic understandings through the sharing of alternative lenses to view situations and scenarios.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: L’association Positifs, issue de cette seconde génération, présente un troisième modèle d’engagement relevant de l’agencement entre des instances hétérogènes. Elle milite pour la reconstruction d’une communauté scientifique intégrant d’autres sphères du savoir (notamment les médecines alternatives) et au sein de laquelle le malade a un rôle central. Selon elle, l’usager doit construire de manière autonome son parcours de soin « par l’articulation des différents avis en présence »68, et participer activement à la constitution du savoir scientifique en repensant les protocoles de soins ou d’expertise des médicaments, jusqu’à l’expérimentation de soi-même69 si cela s’avère nécessaire. 70 « Acteur, auteur … », op. cit. 71 Émilie, « Le patient expert, un nouveau partenaire », Pharmaceutiques, n° 180/9, 201 (. . . ) 72 « How to build an “active” Patient? of AIDS Associations in France », Socia (. . . ) 73 Van den Borne Hubertus, « from Receiver of Information to informed Decision-maker », Pa (. . . ) 74. M. , as Partner: a Theory of human Experimentation Ethics, Bloomington, Indian (. . . ) 75 « Une science démocratique Le mouvement AIDS et la construction contestée du savo (. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: As presently most speech recognition system require complex setup procedure, which mostly involves the integration of additional systems for example evidence from the literature suggested that in setting up of speaker and to finalize the authentication and setup the network individuals after which users need to download and install the on their smartphones. The process to be carried out during the setup process will often become confusing especially to older people above 65 years. This results to older people often asking for assistance from their family members. For older people living alone, not understanding these set up procedures might cause them to completely abort the setup of the technology. Also, findings from interview reported that participants are faced with complicated and inefficient interaction while using GUI-based systems by older adults. This has led to older people sticking to more conventional approaches like using pen and paper method to keep record of their daily health routines (Pradhan et al. 2020). The inclusion of unnecessary features into AI-based voice-assistants would make the application more cumbersome for older people, which would result to similar inefficiencies and frustrations, likely limiting the successful adoption of AI-based voice-assistants in the aging populations (Chen et al. 2021). A usability challenge faces by older people when using voice-assistants was recurrent timeouts. Either older participants were not able to completely input their proposed request on time or they mistakenly entered unintentional words into their query. Older people may substantially benefit from a setting that inhibits searches from automatically triggering a timeout/pause. For instance, when sending a text message via Google Assistant, the system will prompt the user to input the message and later ask the user to confirm or edit the entered texts before sending the message (Ziman and Walsh 2018). The study by Chen et al. (2021) stressed the significance of providing a personalized system, when designers develop data-driven applications for older people. As noted by author in their providers advocated considering the difference between the age of 65–74, 75 and older since those in their eighties and above may already start having problems with memory and ability. Thus, the design of AI-based voice-assistants cannot be tailored as a one-size-fits-all application. 4. 2. 3. 2 Social inhibitors that influence older people use of voice-assistantsOverall, older people with backgrounds from lower socioeconomic and those who are 75 and older might have problems with digital technologies (Gudala et al. 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: Additionally, collective reflection on similar experiences can promote a more refined self-awareness of one’s own thinking and practice. However, group work may encounter problems, such as when participants feel uncomfortable talking about sensitive topics with others. These sorts of issues may be mitigated by arranging smaller-sized groups, and by having a quality trainer who can manage reflection in accordance with positive psychology. Through this model of inquiry, participants build on their strengths and positive feelings during case discussions and cultivate mindfulness of internal barriers rather than self-criticism when examining shortfalls in meeting their professional ideals. Quality trainers are also those who introduce relevant theories into debates to enable better understandings of cases and the professional self, while keeping groups focused and participating equally. Through these and other measures, group reflective learning is aimed at cultivating new knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours in participants. School leaders indicated that they developed better coaching skills and leadership styles due to the training. Researching reflection There has been little research so far into group reflective learning programmes for school leaders. An early study conducted by Dr Daniëls revealed that most participants considered such training useful (80%) and said they made use of the knowledge gained (76%). More generally, research indicates that teachers approve of reflective learning, that connectedness among professionals boosts work motivation, and that educators prefer feedback from similar peers, which allows them to focus on issues attached to particular roles. These findings suggest group reflective learning has strong potential to positively impact school leaders in their professional practice. However, previous research lacked detail on outcomes. Accordingly, Dr Daniëls has conducted two studies evaluating the specific effects of supervised group reflection on this target group. School leaders need to ensure teachers are trained well enough to work with diverse students and help them achieve good grades. Dr Daniëls took a prominent four-stage model for evaluating training programmes and focused on the first three levels to evaluate group reflective learning. Her first study looked into reactions (the enjoyment and experience of participants) while the second investigated learning gains (the knowledge, skills, and attitudes acquired) and changes in behaviour, leaving out the influence on organisational results, which would require a more in-depth study including multiple actors. Both projects involved semi-structured interviews conducted after group reflective learning programmes, involving primary school leaders from different schools across Flanders, the northern region of Belgium. Qualitative data were collected for coded analysis. Reactions to group reflection The first study gathered intriguing insights on participant reactions to group reflection.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: Face à cette ultime résistance du monde médical à l’autonomisation des sujets de santé, la lutte s’est transportée sur un nouveau terrain où s’opère aujourd’hui la transformation tant désirée du pouvoir politique des sujets de santé en un contre-savoir81 apte à faire naître un paradigme médical nouveau. 82 La création récente d’un laboratoire communautaire (open lab) à Paris va dans ce sens : (. . . ) 83 Cette histoire est rapportée par. DIY Scientists hack the Software of Life, (. . . ) 84 85 Pearson Helen, « opt for unapproved Drug », Nature, 446 (7135), 2007, p. 474-475. 86 16C’est au cœur de la production scientifique que se joue désormais l’affirmation de l’autonomie des usagers. Dans la mouvance des biohackers qui prône le libre accès et la pratique autonome de la science biologique, de nombreuses initiatives renouvellent aujourd’hui la revendication d’autonomie à travers le monde82. C’est le cas de Kay Aull, jeune bio-ingénieure américaine, qui en 2009, ne pouvant payer les milliers de dollars nécessaires à l’acquisition d’un test de dépistage de l’hémochromatose, maladie héréditaire dont est atteint son père, le produit seule dans un laboratoire installé dans le placard de sa chambre, et pour quelques dizaines de dollars seulement83.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: Also, there was also a deviation in the type of technology that is being used by older people aged > 75 as compared to those who are younger between the age of 55–64, 65–74. Overall, the findings indicated that there might be variances in the adoption rates of voice-assistants based on older people age and other associated socioeconomic factors, such as education and income levels (Gudala et al. 2022). 4. 2. 4 AI-based voice-assistants to mitigate falls, injuries, and accidents by older peoplePresently the design and development of voice-assistants has mostly focused on one communication modality, such as speech or text. Nevertheless, the use of other user centered modalities (for instance use of graphical based elements or visual text, physical buttons/touchscreen), in the design tailored for older people may improve the mobility and walkability needs of the aging population (Abdolrahmani et al. 2021). As such provision of a multimodal output could be valuable especially for older people with sensory impairment. AI-based voice-assistants needs to appropriately understand the safe mobility and walkability needs of older people and thereafter provide mechanism to mitigate the risk of falls, injuries, and accidents. Furthermore, researchers such as Abdolrahmani et al. (2021) proposed incorporating multiple modalities in an accessible medium which can contribute to achieve better interactions with voice-assistants, specifically in handheld devices. This was supported in their findings, where eyes/hands-free interaction with voice-assistants employed to support daily travel offered immediate access to sighted and blind travelers who needed information during different phases of the journey (Abdolrahmani et al. 2021). Though, there are challenges that may influence the effectiveness of these interactions, such as the cognitive load originating from the incessant spoken output of the voice-assistants while older people are walking in urban environments (mainly challenging for older people with vision impairment or legally blind who require their sense of hearing to recognize their current location or environmental awareness by listening to sounds) (Abdolrahmani et al. 2021). The use of voice-assistants for this group of older people may results to speech/voice recognition problems and hearing difficulties in noisy environments. To address this constraint, researchers such as Abdolrahmani et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: 19 male and female school leaders participated in the study. They were generally satisfied with the programme, but their perceptions could be divided into three main elements: the preconditions considered important for group reflective learning, the provision of support, and observations about learning. One important prerequisite identified for the training method was psychological safety. Multiple participants stated they needed to feel safe before disclosing sensitive professional experiences. Meanwhile, nine participants mentioned the importance of having a quality trainer to structure and manage discussions. Additionally, group diversity was said to be important, as this would widen the views to which school leaders were exposed. Participants also reported feeling reassured about their own professional capacities after hearing others faced similar problems to them. Within group reflective learning, school leaders interact with each other in small discussion groups. School leaders recognised the value of supportive peers in facilitating deep listening, analysing example cases, sharing concrete advice on solving problems, and comforting participants when discussions became stressful. The method of using case studies on daily work experiences was also raised as a key benefit. Some emphasised the value of trainers explaining theoretical lenses to guide case discussion while others stressed the impact of hearing directly from colleagues. However, criticisms were also expressed. Three school leaders indicated a desire for more practice in conversational techniques, including the use of role plays. Another negative perception was that the programme took up too much of leaders’ schedules, creating issues in their professional time management. Group reflective learning can serve as an effective tool for school leaders, so they can handle a more complex and stressful task in the contemporary educational climate. Outcomes of group reflection The second study, again with 19 participants, scrutinised the gains in learning and behavioural changes of school leader participants of group reflection. The learning dimension consists of knowledge, skills and attitudes. Regarding the first component, 15 school leaders reported that they acquired useful knowledge from trainer feedback, where trainers responded to practice cases presented by school leaders. Many participants praised the theoretical frameworks provided by trainers and elaborated by peers, which helped them grapple with cases and question their own roles and behaviours. Echoing the split found in the previous study, two participants stated they gained insights from the programme but did not link this with theoretical knowledge, a sentiment shared by four others who emphasised the general technique of peer group reflection. Many school leaders said the training enhanced their skills in providing feedback to their teachers, allowing them to be more explicit and clearer while doing so.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: Fondée sur le principe du Yourself, cette nouvelle manière de faire de la science, dite ouverte84 parce que basée sur le libre accès à la connaissance, la constitution communautaire et autonome des savoirs et la répartition juste de ses résultats, participe de l’émergence d’une organisation médicale inédite, où l’autonomie et l’entraide priment, de la production des connaissances à l’application des résultats. Les essais thérapeutiques autonomes, menés par les malades eux-mêmes, à l’image de celui rapporté en 2007 dans la revue Nature85 concernant le DCA (dichloroacétate), se multiplient aujourd’hui au point de remettre en question les modalités scientifiques et organisationnelles de la médecine contemporaine. Une nouvelle forme de validation scientifique des savoirs et produits médicaux par le biais de la communauté des « patients » voit le jour à l’image de la Cooperative, première coopérative pharmaceutique communautaire fondée en 2009 par le Hessel. Ayant pour slogan, « One people, one cancer, one treatment »86, elle vise à créer un système où chaque patient – qui possède des parts de l’entreprise et s’y investit comme il le souhaite – assure le propre contrôle de son expérimentation thérapeutique et en partage les résultats. Si un traitement fonctionne pour un patient, il fait l’objet d’un test sur un autre et à partir de ces micro-expérimentations, la connaissance progresse.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: Particularly, machine learning module will produce a set of understandable and readable “if–then” conversation, which is easily to be explainable and follow a dialogue pattern similar to human conversation (Valtolina and Marchionna 2021). This will help to suggest mobility modes based on older people mobility needs and also able to check for anomalous situations that may lead falls, injuries, and accidents when older people walk within and across cites. Thereby providing suggestions to older people on how they can avoid these risks. 4. 2. 5. 2 Natural language processingUsually, a voice-assistants consists of automatic speech recognition and natural language processing. The NLP comprises of pre-processing and conversation embedding, which is based on paser, and NLP generator, recollector and summarizer, sentence-based representation model/training as well as sentence and word segmentation, and word embedding. As shown in Fig. 9 Microsoft’s native text-to-speech engine or (SDK) can be employed for text-to-speech and speech-to-text conversion. (SDK) is to be used as employed in prior studies (Tsiourti et al. 2016a), to convert text into natural spoken speech and vice versa. In addition to the natural speech communication support by NLP, older people can issue commands via human–computer interaction to the voice-assistants using buttons and features on the graphical user interface (GUI). 4. 2. 5. 3 Human–computer interaction (speech recognition)Older people will interact with the voice-assistants using a multimodal interface including a touch-based GUI and automatic voice recognition. Similarly, analogous with prior studies (de Arriba-Pérez et al. 2021), the AI-based voice-assistants can be automatically activated using audio sensors via the microphone of the device through voice commands. can be used to perform speech-to-text and text-to-speech conversions ( Similar to prior studies (Park et al. 2021), to support wayfinding for older people the prototype will provide visual recognition capabilities to intelligently recognize tracks along edges of sidewalks, and traffic warning symbols and signs via machine learning algorithm. In addition, the GUI is expected to be designed based on the user-centered design strategies taking into account the service design and functional requirements of voice-assistants designed for older people (as specified in Sect.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: Previously, they avoided giving feedback for fear of offending teachers and causing conflict, but they came to understand that offering immediate feedback was appreciated and that making both positive and negative comments is important. Meanwhile, school leaders indicated that they developed better coaching skills and leadership styles due to the training. This included handing over power to teachers in daily management and self-leadership, asking questions to promote better teacher introspection, as well as challenging teachers’ assumptions and urging them to take action. In both studies, school leaders said the training increased their professional self-confidence. Some associated this improvement with the discovery that the problems they face were not unique to themselves and their school, meaning they didn’t have to blame themselves for encountering widespread issues. Others pointed to the empowerment they felt from learning about alternative viewpoints, and the compliments and recognition provided by peers. Reflecting on reflection Until recently, the method of training school leaders through group reflective learning received very limited attention within the academic literature. Dr Daniëls has filled this gap with two in-depth studies of the model. The first study focused on participant reaction, showing that school leaders found preconditions for successful group reflection in psychological safety, a quality trainer to steer discussion, and group diversity to broaden the perspectives shared. The latter complicates earlier findings that peer similarity was favoured by educators in group work. This data can help ensure group reflective training programmes generally fulfil the prerequisites of effectiveness. The second study found that school leader participants found learning gains and behavioural changes in better theoretical understandings and feedback-giving skills, improved questioning and challenging of teachers, more delegation of responsibility to teachers, and greater professional self-confidence. All these factors indicate that group reflective learning can serve as an effective tool for enhancing learning, behaviours and resilience of school leaders, so they can handle a more complex and stressful task in the contemporary educational climate. What inspired you to conduct this research? <> A large body of research in education focuses on pupils and teachers. School leaders are less researched, especially when it comes to their professional development. Besides, school leaders are often not well prepared for their job but are still the second-most important factor in influencing pupil achievement and have to deal with an uncertain and complex world. These underlying aspects inspired me to further explore school leaders’ professional development resulting in the two studies on school leaders group reflective learning.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: La science se produit ainsi par la mutualisation d’actions autonomes au sein d’un système entièrement partagé (open-source) et participatif. Si la coopérative est aujourd’hui avant tout un concept tant le nombre de participants est encore insuffisant (2500 membres), elle inaugure néanmoins une science médicale citoyenne digne d’un nouveau paradigme où les usagers sont à la fois acteurs et auteurs du savoir, en accord avec les idées fondatrices de leur mouvement d’émancipation que sont l’entraide (self-help) et l’autonomie en santé (self-care). L’autonomie comme nouveau paradigme 87 Bernard Jean, Grandeurs et tentations de la médecine, Paris, Buchet/Chastel, 1973. 88 DE Kervasdoué Jean (dir. ), La crise des professions de santé, Paris, Dunod, 2003 (. . . ) 89 structure des révolutions scientifiques, Paris, Flammarion, 1983. 90 ’autonomie en médecine, Paris, Payot, 1991, p. 87. 17La crise de valeurs qui qualifie la médecine française depuis la seconde moitié du XXe siècle87 s’est poursuivie, voire renforcée88 et ce, malgré les solutions, notamment éthiques et organisationnelles, régulièrement fournies pour en sortir. Le discours des sujets de santé, dont nous avons explicité la formation, s’est imposé comme l’expression de valeurs nouvelles et la source d’un conflit axiologique important.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: 4. 2. 2 and Table 2), and feedback from older people representatives. The final prototype design of the GUI will be limited to necessary functions (to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents), as suggested in the literature (Tsiourti et al. 2016a), that provides clear feedback to the user on improve safe mobility and walkability. This design will enable a touch-based auditory interface. The AI-based voice-assistant is to be developed to provide personalized real-time information to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people in both Android and iOS devices. and Swift will be used in Java programming and SQL databases as database management including local and Firestore for crowdsourcing abilities (Owens and Miller 2022). for safe routing and navigation is to be provided sourced from open-source platforms such as Mapbox as suggested in the literature (Park et al. 2021; Darko et al. 2022). The graphic appearance will comprise of large icon sizes and capitalized font, clear and simple font, strong color contrast with full-screen mode, and enabled volume settings (de Arriba-Pérez et al. 2021). 5 Discussion and implications5. 1 DiscussionPresently, voice-assistants such as Microsoft’s etc. are being deployed for older people to provide reminders, entertainment, control of home devices, companionship, and emergency communication (O’Brien et al. 2020). The significant uptake of voice-assistants provides potential benefits to provide recommendations for safe mobility and walkability of older people. These voice-assistants can enable personalizing to older people by providing assistance, reminder, monitoring, and guide to execute mobility and walkability activities (da Paixão Pinto et al. 2021). Results from O’Brien et al. (2020) suggested that voice-assistants could be helpful to provide cognitive, functional, and social motivation to homebound older people and support healthy aging. Findings from Ziman and Walsh (2018) indicated that multiple participants (mostly older people) expressed dissatisfaction as they struggle with the device keyboard to provide input but were satisfied when they use voice input as compared to typing words via keyboards (Ziman and Walsh 2018; Wiratunga et al. 2020). Thus, findings from the literature (Gudala et al. 2022), highlighted that older people preferred voice-assistants that could mimic natural interactions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: It was chosen to focus on group reflective learning because school leaders indicated in an exploratory study the need to learn from colleagues’ experiences, group reflective learning, and indicated a preference for coaching, motivating and supporting teachers. Additionally, a literature review served the development of the investigated group reflective learning programme. Learning to lead: Can group reflection help train school leaders? was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: BelgiumCoachingeducationEllen Daniëlsgroup reflective learningstylesprofessional developmentqualitative studyreflectionschool leadersteachersThe onion model Download this 10. 1080/19415257. 2020. 1766543. Daniëls, E. , Hondeghem, A. , and Heystek, J. (2020). Exploring the outcomes of group reflective learning for school leaders. Reflective Practice, 21(5), 604–618. Available at: Further reading Daniëls, E. , van Wessum, L. , Schenke, W. , Heystek, J. , Eisenschmidt, E. , and van Wijk, L. (2019). An international perspective on school leaders’ professional development. ESHA-magazine, June, 5–13. Available at: Daniëls, E. , Hondeghem, A. , and Dochy, F. (2019). A review on leadership and leadership development in educational settings. Review, 27(June), 110–125. Available at: Behind the Ellen Daniëls Ellen Daniëls started her career as a teacher in secondary education. Subsequently, she worked as a coordinator in adult education and a university of applied sciences. In 2020, she obtained her PhD at KU Leuven (Belgium). Her research interests are leadership, HRM, professional relationships and learning at the workplace. Currently, she is working as a pedagogical principal for a school community. ëls Parkstraat 45 3000 E: [email protected] W: W: Daniëls investigates how leadership development programmes in educational settings influences school leaders’ behaviour. Funding KU Leuven for funding the project ‘Leadership development for public sector performance: A longitudinal field experiment in an educational context’ (Project ID: C14/16/013). this 10. 32907/RO-118-1417 ëls, E. (2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: 57 Propos du docteur Jean-Marie Cloziers, Secrétaire général du Conseil national de l’ordre des médecins, rapportés dans CONAN Éric, « Valse hésitation pour l’officialisation », Autrement, n° 85, décembre 1985, p. 231. 58 En 2004, 75 % de la population française aurait eu recours, au moins une fois, à une thérapie alternative ou complémentaire, selon « Thérapies alternatives : à travers le monde, la science du XXIe siècle tente de comprendre, voire de s’approprier les savoirs ancestraux », Le Figaro, 3 août 2004, p. 8. 59 De 408 cas repérés par l’OMS au début de 1982, on arrive fin 1984 à 12 174 Grmek Mirko, Histoire du sida, Paris, Payot, 1989, p. 75. 60 « Le sida et ses métaphores », Œuvres complètes éditeur, trad. Brice Matthieussent, 2009, p. 156. 61 Ibidem. 62 malades en mouvements, Paris, Éditions Balland, 2002. 63 Epstein Steven, La grande révolte des malades. Histoire du sida 2, Paris, Les empêcheurs de penser en rond/Seuil, 2001. 64 (dir. ), Une épidémie politique. La lutte contre le sida en France 1981-1996, Paris, PUF, 2002. 65 malades en mouvements…, op. cit. 66 Ibidem, p. 112. 67 Ibidem, p. 113. 68 Ibidem. 69 À l’image de Bruno Ramponi, militant à Positifs, qui fait sur lui-même l’expérimentation de la molécule THA que les instances officielles ont refusé de tester malgré l’insistance de l’association. 70 « Acteur, auteur … », op. cit.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: We’re only human after all: a critique of human-centred : orcid. org/0000-0003-4850-01111 2326 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractThe use of a ‘human-centred’ artificial intelligence approach (HCAI) has substantially increased over the past few years in academic texts (1600 +); institutions (27 Universities have HCAI labs, such as Stanford, Sydney, Berkeley, and Chicago); in tech companies (e. g. , Microsoft, IBM, and Google); in politics (e. g. , G7, G20, UN, EU, and EC); and major institutional bodies (e. g. , and OECD). Intuitively, it sounds very appealing: placing human concerns at the centre of AI development and use. However, this paper will use insights from the works of (mostly of Things) to argue that the HCAI approach is deeply problematic in its assumptions. In particular, this paper will criticise four main assumptions commonly found within HCAI: human–AI hybridisation is desirable and unproblematic; humans are not currently at the centre of the AI universe; we should use humans as a way to guide AI development; AI is the next step in a continuous path of human progress; and increasing human control over AI will reduce harmful bias. This paper will contribute to the field of philosophy of technology by using Foucault's analysis to examine assumptions found in HCAI [it provides a Foucauldian conceptual analysis of a current approach (human-centredness) that aims to influence the design and development of a transformative technology (AI)], it will contribute to AI ethics debates by offering a critique of human-centredness in AI (by choosing Foucault, it provides a bridge between older ideas with contemporary issues), and it will also contribute to Foucault studies (by using his work to engage in contemporary debates, such as AI). Similar content being viewed by others Needs and artificial intelligence 2019. Footnote 1 At least 27 universities have established labs, institutes, or research centres promoting an HCAI approach, such as the Stanford Human-Centered AI Institute, the for Human-Compatible AI, the AI Lab, the Utrecht Human-centered AI, and the University of Technology Sydney’s Human-Centric AI Centre (Human-Centered AI 2023; Shneiderman 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sociological research helps us understand social issues and policies. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inEditors' in Earth’s Recent progress in the analysis of seismic waves enables us to determine where, and sometimes how, the base of the mantle deforms. by 1 July 20241 July 2024 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) The image was taken during fieldwork to monitor previously installed seismometers. Seismometer installation and monitoring are conducted by hundreds of scientists worldwide, allowing the recorded signals to be used to study Earth's deep interior. Credit: Editors’ Vox is a blog from AGU’s Publications Department. Earthquake waves travel through Earth’s interior and can be recorded by seismometers at distances of thousands or even tens of thousands of kilometers. These seismic waves traverse different parts of the mantle at different speeds, which depends on the material they are traveling through. Sometimes, the speed of shear waves – in the same material – depends on their vibrational direction, a phenomenon called seismic anisotropy. Figure 1: Schematic illustration of shear wave splitting due to lowermost mantle anisotropy. Shear wave splitting is illustrated for the SKS wave (top left), which travels as P (black wiggles) through the liquid outer core (gray shading) and then transforms to an SV wave at the core-mantle boundary. SKS splits into fast (blue) and a slow (red) traveling waves, which are polarized in orthogonal planes (slow: red; fast: blue). These components accumulate a time lag (delay time), which can be measured along with the polarization of the fast-traveling wave (fast polarization direction). Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 1 If seismic anisotropy is present, analogous to optical birefringence, the shear wave can split up into a fast and a slow traveling component. This primarily happens when waves travel through the lowermost mantle and upper mantle or crust.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, are based on scientific studies showing potential health benefits. [SEP] Text: Go to of authors Publication ethics Publication alerts by email Job board Contact Physician-Current issue Past issues By specialty COVID-19. . . In-Resource and -read 10. 1172/jci. insight. 172957 Neuregulin 4 mediates the metabolic benefits of mild cold exposure by promoting beige fat thermogenesis and Jiandie D. and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of. Address correspondence to: Jiandie Lin, 5437 Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. Phone: 734. 615. 3512; Email: jdlin@umich. edu. Authorship note: ZC and PZ contributed equally to this work. Find 734. 615. 3512; Email: jdlin@umich. edu. Authorship note: ZC and PZ contributed equally to this work. Find 734. 615. 3512; Email: jdlin@umich. edu. Authorship note: ZC and PZ contributed equally to this work. Find 734. 615. 3512; Email: jdlin@umich. edu. Authorship note: ZC and PZ contributed equally to this work. Find 734. 615. 3512; Email: jdlin@umich. edu. Authorship note: ZC and PZ contributed equally to this work. Find 734. 615. 3512; Email: jdlin@umich. edu. Authorship note: ZC and PZ contributed equally to this work. Find 2957. © 2024 Chen et al. This work is licensed under the Attribution 4. 0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit 28, 2023 - Version history Received: June 12, 2023; Accepted: November 21, 2023 crosstalk via secreted hormones and metabolites is a fundamental aspect of mammalian metabolic physiology. Beyond the highly specialized endocrine cells, peripheral tissues are emerging as an important source of metabolic hormones that influence energy and nutrient metabolism and contribute to disease pathogenesis. Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) is a fat-derived hormone that protects mice from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH-associated liver cancer by shaping hepatic lipid metabolism and the liver immune microenvironment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: HCAI is also being adopted by NGOs, civil society organisations, professional organisations, and affiliations (Human-Centered AI 2023; Shneiderman 2022) and large tech companies [such as IBM Research (2021); Google (2023); and Microsoft (2023)]. Human-centred or human-centric approaches to AI have also been strongly adopted in recent political discourse, particularly in Europe. One of the most important sets of AI ethics guidelines, the High-level Expert Group’s (HLEG) for Trustworthy AI, states that AI should ‘be human-centric’ (p. 8). This human-centric approach provides the basis for the EU AI Act, which President of the Ursula von der Leyen has recently confirmed: ‘Our AI Act will make a substantial contribution to the development of global rules and principles for human-centric AI’ (2023a). Overall, the EU views the development and promotion of human-centredness as a cornerstone to the success of AI in Europe (2021, 2024a, 2024b). HCAI is also a part of many transnational organisations' core principles, such as the OECD (OECD 2019). for Trustworthy AI, of which HCAI is one of the core components, have been adopted in over 50 countries (Russo and Oder 2023). HCAI has also been used as the guiding principle in documents by many powerful groups and institutions, such as the Forum (Forum 2021), the G7 (2023b), the G20 (2019), the (2024), the (2020), and (2018). Those advocating for HCAI claim that AI is currently being designed with the goal of technological progress while overlooking its impact on humans (et al. 2023, p. 392). HCAI proponents state we should move away from being technology-focused to human-focused (Bingley et al. 2023). We must ‘re-position humans at the center of the AI lifecycle’ (et al. 2023, p. 393). AI should be based on human needs (Hartikainen et al. 2022) and amplify, enable, and benefit human capabilities (Pacailler et al. 2022). AI should be designed to ‘enhance humanity and suit their interests’ (Mhlanga 2022, p. 12).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sociological research helps us understand social issues and policies. [SEP] Text: The effects of seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle on an SKS seismic wave are displayed in Figure 1. A new 2. Our current understanding is that these locations do not strongly correlate with any deep Earth structures, indicating that different mechanisms and deformation scenarios can cause it. Figure 2: Locations in which lowermost mantle seismic anisotropy has been found in previous studies (violet), compiled in the database of Wolf et al. [2023]. Gray background colors show large-low velocity zone locations based on work by Lekic et al. [2012]. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 2b What are the main causes of seismic anisotropy? Seismic anisotropy in Earth’s mantle can be caused by two potential mechanisms. In the deep Earth, materials may have elastic properties significantly different from the surrounding material. If their shapes are directionally oriented, so-called shape-preferred orientation can be induced, and seismic waves can travel faster in certain directions than in others (e. g. , Kendall & Silver, 1998). Additionally, deformation can lead to the preferential alignment of individual crystals in an aggregate, so-called crystallographic-preferred orientation, which can also be cause of seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Kocks et al. , 2000). We believe that either of these mechanisms can potentially cause seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle, but that crystallographic-preferred orientation may be the dominant mechanism. Why is it hard to infer seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle? And what has led to recent progress? The main challenge when studying lowermost mantle anisotropy is that the seismic waves that are commonly used for this also potentially sample upper mantle anisotropy. Therefore, we must infer where exactly the seismic anisotropy is sampled, but the measurements that we are usually making integrate the effects of seismic anisotropy over the whole raypath. This is why techniques have been developed which use seismic phases that have very similar upper mantle raypaths and different lowermost mantle raypaths. In such cases, it is often argued that if the phases show a different anisotropic signature, seismic anisotropy must be present in the lowermost mantle. In other cases, seismic waves are used that have particularly long raypaths through the lowermost mantle.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, are based on scientific studies showing potential health benefits. [SEP] Text: Despite its enriched expression in brown fat, whether NRG4 plays a role in thermogenic response and mediates the metabolic benefits of cold exposure are areas that remain unexplored. Here we show that Nrg4 expression in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) is highly responsive to chronic cold exposure. Nrg4 deficiency impairs beige fat induction and renders mice more susceptible to diet-induced metabolic disorders under mild cold conditions. Using mice with adipocyte and hepatocyte-specific Nrg4 deletion, we reveal that adipose tissue–derived NRG4, but not hepatic NRG4, is essential for beige fat induction following cold acclimation. Furthermore, treatment with recombinant NRG4-Fc fusion protein promotes beige fat induction in iWAT and improves metabolic health in mice with diet-induced obesity. These findings highlight a critical role of NRG4 in mediating beige fat induction and preserving metabolic health under mild cold conditions. thermogenesis serves as a protective mechanism against hypothermia during cold exposure, while also playing a crucial role in systemic energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Unlike white adipocytes, brown and beige adipocytes possess biochemical pathways that convert chemical energy into heat. These pathways include uncoupled respiration mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and UCP1-independent thermogenesis through futile substrate cycling (1–4). The thermogenic gene program involves the transcriptional activation of genes involved in fuel uptake, mitochondrial oxidation, and thermogenesis. Previous studies have established that brown and beige fat mass and/or activity are associated with healthy metabolic profiles in both rodent models and humans (5, 6). Conversely, decreased brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans (7). Environmental temperature exerts a strong effect on adipose thermogenesis and systemic metabolic parameters. Mice housed at thermoneutral temperature (30°C) exhibit increased weight gain and impaired glucose homeostasis when subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) (8). The importance of brown fat in systemic energy metabolism is evident from genetic studies involving brown fat ablation, since mice lacking brown fat display cold sensitivity and an increased susceptibility to developing metabolic syndrome (9). Conversely, cold-induced activation of brown fat leads to elevated energy expenditure, reduced adiposity, and enhanced triglyceride clearance (10–12).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: Those writing on HCAI focus on bringing together human beings and AI together to work alongside one another to ensure human progress (Hartikainen et al. 2022). HCAI will improve interactions and relationships between humans, intelligent robots, and AI systems (He et al. 2021). It is needed to ‘counter the earlier fears and anxieties that artificial intelligence automates everything, replaces and displaces humans, and pushes them into passive roles’ (Holzinger et al. 2022, p. 4). We need to place humans as the centre of AI development, deployment, and use to create technology that ‘supports humanity’ (Cherrington et al. 2020, p. 4). This paper evaluates 20 HCAI texts to identify some common themes and positions within this approach. This paper applies the work of (in particular, of Things) to critically engage with some of the main suppositions found within HCAI literature. While several researchers have written about Foucault and technology (Barn and Barn 2018; Bergen and Verbeek 2021; de Laat 2019; Dorrestijn 2012a, b, 2017; Hernández-Ramírez 2017; Laes and Bombaerts 2021, 2022), very little has been written specifically on the topic of AI. In addition, most of these texts focus on Foucault’s later work [e. g. , on Technologies of the Self and the History of Sexuality (Foucault 1988b, 1990)], and less on his earlier work, such as of Things. Footnote 2This paper will contribute to the field of philosophy of technology by using Foucault's analysis to examine assumptions found in HCAI (it provides a Foucauldian conceptual analysis of a current approach (human-centredness) that aims to influence the design and development of a transformative technology (AI)). It will contribute to AI ethics debates by offering a critique of human-centredness in AI (by choosing Foucault, it provides a bridge between older ideas and contemporary issues), and it will also contribute to Foucault studies (by using his work to engage in contemporary debates, such as AI). Overall, this paper demonstrates that certain areas of knowledge (e. g. , AI) make problematic assumptions that were challenged decades ago (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sociological research helps us understand social issues and policies. [SEP] Text: In general, all techniques to infer lowermost mantle anisotropy make a variety of assumptions, and it is important to understand which assumptions are sufficiently accurate. Such detailed tests have been made possible by recent progress in the efficient numerical computation of seismograms (e. g. , Leng et al. , 2016; Fernando et al. , 2024), which has been applied to seismograms for Earth models that include seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Nowacki and Wookey, 2016; Wolf et al. , 2022). Such numerical simulations have shown which assumptions are reasonable to make and have led to the development of new techniques to measure lowermost mantle anisotropy. What additional research, data, or modeling efforts are needed to overcome these challenges? The presence of seismic anisotropy has been suggested in 25% of lateral lowermost mantle locations (Figure 2). However, these measurements have been made using different techniques that have various strengths and shortcomings, therefore, we still do not understand the global distribution of lowermost mantle anisotropy. Going forward, it will be important to use uniform methods to map lowermost mantle anisotropy globally – both techniques and data for such an effort already exist. To interpret such results, it will be important to better understand the properties of lowermost mantle materials at the relevant pressures and temperatures, and to realistically implement such constraints in global models of mantle flow. This requires further progress in multiple geophysical areas. It is important that experts from these areas, which include geodynamics and mineral physics, combine their expertise in multidisciplinary approaches to illuminate the nature of the lowermost mantle. Figure 3 (below) is a schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. For example, using measurements of seismic anisotropy, deformation caused by subducting slabs or upwelling flow in the deepest mantle can be imaged. With future improvements of anisotropy measurements, their interpretations, and analyses of bigger seismic datasets, measurements of seismic anisotropy, combined with constraints from other fields, will shed a more detailed light on dynamic deep mantle processes and structures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, are based on scientific studies showing potential health benefits. [SEP] Text: Moreover, brown fat thermogenesis has been shown to alleviate liver inflammation via a UCP1-dependent mechanism (13) and protects mice from alcohol-induced liver steatosis and injury (14). Notably, both cold-induced and pharmacological activation of adipose thermogenesis have been found to enhance glucose utilization and improve insulin sensitivity in humans (15, 16). These findings offer promising prospects for targeting adipose thermogenesis as a potential therapeutic approach to enhance metabolic health in humans. Beyond their thermogenic function, brown and beige adipocytes also secrete endocrine hormones such as Neuregulin 4 (NRG4), Myostatin, BMP8b, and FGF21 (17, 18). These secreted factors act on other tissues to influence systemic metabolism and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, brown fat releases various bioactive lipids, such as 12-HEPE, 12,13-DiHOME, and maresin 2, which regulate whole body energy metabolism and facilitate the resolution of tissue inflammation in response to cold exposure (19–21). In previous studies, we identified NRG4 as a brown fat–enriched secreted factor that protects mice from diet-induced metabolic disorders (22). NRG4 expression is reduced in adipose tissue from obese mice, and lower plasma NRG4 levels are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and NAFLD in humans (22–24). Hepatic NRG4 signaling protects hepatocytes from stress-induced injury and improves diet-induced NASH pathologies (25). Furthermore, NRG4 reprograms the liver immune microenvironment and inhibits the development of NASH-related liver cancer (26). Brown fat–derived NRG4 alleviates endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis in mice (27). Within adipose tissue, NRG4 has been implicated in the regulation of sympathetic innervation and adipose inflammation (28–30). Despite its enriched expression in thermogenic adipose tissue, whether Nrg4 plays a role in cold-induced beige fat formation and contributes to the beneficial metabolic effects of cold exposure have not been explored. To address this knowledge gap, we utilized whole-body and conditional Nrg4-KO mouse models and demonstrated that adipocyte-derived NRG4 is essential for inducing beige fat induction and mediating the metabolic benefits associated with mild cold exposure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: Therefore, HCI had to develop or respond to the challenges presented by AI, which is perhaps one reason for the emergence of HCAI. Besides HCI, it may be proposed that HCAI also stems from the approach of ‘human-centred design’. Human-centred design is an ‘approach to interactive systems development that aims to make systems usable and useful by focusing on the users, their needs and requirements, and by applying human factors/ergonomics, and usability knowledge and techniques’ (ISO 9241–210:2019(E)). It aims to incorporate human values earlier in the design process of technologies and to emphasise the importance of the social sciences (Hanington 2010). The HLEG defines it similarly, with the integration of human values being central to AI development and use: ‘The human-centric approach to AI strives to ensure that human values are central to the way in which AI systems are developed, deployed, used and monitored (High-Group on AI 2019, p. 37). While human-centred design has been extensively discussed by many scholars (see Hanington 2010; Norman 1988/2013, Norman and Draper 1986), human-centred AI has been much less discussed, with little to no critical evaluation of it being done. There is an influential lineage of thought that refers to human–machine dynamics, where HCAI is the next step in this process. While this paper is not necessarily a critical examination of these other positions (human-centred design and HCI, for example), the criticisms directed against HCAI in the following sections may also be relevant to many of these other approaches. The following sections will concentrate on HCAI and issues within this approach when analysed through the lens of Foucault’s work, with a specific focus on his critique of the human in of Things. 3. 1 What is human? Human–AI hybridisation is desirable and unproblematic (Claim 1)HCAI researchers advocate a human–machine hybrid intelligence or a human–machine system that is better than either one alone, with the end goal of a human–machine symbiotic world (Xu et al. 2022) (such a view stems from a long lineage of thinking about the hybridisation of human–machine intelligence, most notably (Engelbart 1962; Licklider 1969).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sociological research helps us understand social issues and policies. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. (a) Mantle flow field (arrows: flow directions, length proportional to flow velocity; background colors indicate temperature) for a geodynamic simulation that includes sinking cold material (blue), reminiscent of a slab, a hot (red) structure similar to a large-low velocity province (LLVP; left), and rising plumes (close to LLVP edge). (b-e) Zoom-ins representing different flow scenarios. Ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) material is shown in yellow, subducted mid-ocean ridge basalts in brown, aligned crystals in green and LLVP material in red. (b) Representation of flow near LLVP edge. ULVZ materials and partial melts potentially cause shape-preferred orientation, while crystals are aligned via crystallographic-preferred orientation; either scenario causes seismic anisotropy. (c) Flow near a developing thermal upwelling. (d) A region of horizontal flow, with a potential thin and hot layer of chemically distinct material at the base of the mantle. (e) A region of slab-downwelling. Note that in contrast to panel (a), in which reddish colors show regions with relative higher temperature, the reddish colors in panels (b)-(e) represent chemically distinct LLVP materials. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 16 (modified) — (jonathan. wolf@yale. edu; 0000-0002-5440-3791), ’s Note: It is the policy of AGU Publications to invite the authors of 10. 1029/2024EO245021. Published on 1 July 2024. This 2024. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, are based on scientific studies showing potential health benefits. [SEP] Text: We previously generated a mouse strain carrying a LacZ reporter inserted between exons 3 and 5 of the Nrg4 genomic locus (Nrg4Lacz; Figure 2A) (26, 29). LacZ gene expression is indicative of the transcriptional activity from the endogenous Nrg4 promoter, providing an independent tool to track Nrg4 expression in mouse tissues. We subjected a cohort of heterozygous Nrg4Lacz mice to housing at different temperatures and performed whole-mount LacZ staining in adipose tissue and the liver, followed by fixation and sectioning. Like endogenous Nrg4, the highest β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity was observed in brown fat from mice housed at ambient RT (Figure 2, B and C). LacZ staining appeared relatively weak in iWAT from mice housed at TN and ambient RTs. In contrast, we observed strong β-gal activity in iWAT from cold-acclimated mice, consistent with the robust induction of endogenous Nrg4 expression under this condition. Compared with BAT and iWAT, LacZ staining in eWAT was relatively weak and was slightly induced by CA. These results demonstrate that adipose tissue Nrg4 expression in adipose tissue is highly responsive to environmental temperature and correlated with cold-induced beige adipogenesis in iWAT. Figure 2Cold-inducible expression of Nrg4 in LacZ reporter mice. (A) A diagram depicting Nrg4-KO alleles containing a LacZ insertion into the endogenous Nrg4 locus. (B) Whole-mount β-gal staining of the liver, eand iWAT from Nrg4-LacZ reporter mice housed at 10°C (Cold), 25°C (RT), or 30°C (TN). (C) Tissue sections from B. Scale bar: 100 μm. NRG4 is required for beige adipocyte induction and preservation of metabolic health. Activation of the beige fat program is associated with metabolic health in mice and humans (31, 32). Recent single-cell RNA-Seq studies indicate that Nrg4 is abundantly expressed in beige adipocytes (33). Importantly, NRG4 serves as a molecular marker of beige adipocyte precursor cells in human adipose tissue (34).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: It is a ‘symbiosis of human and artificial intelligence’ (Horvatić and Lipic 2021, p. 2). This symbiosis is a way to ‘improve’ human abilities: ‘With artificial intelligence, we have the chance to create a change for improving the abilities of the mind, similar to what engines and motors have done for the body’ (Schmidt 2020, p. 4). HCAI researchers claim that we should ‘augment humans and human intelligence’ (He et al. 2021, p. 11). Human intelligence can be extended through the use of AI (Mhlanga 2022). Essentially, we should combine AI and ‘natural’ intelligence (which HCAI anthropocentrically limits only to human intelligence) ‘to empower, amplify, and augment human performance, rather than replace people’ (Holzinger et al. 2022, p. 1). AI should not replace ‘natural [human] intelligence’, but instead, it should be used to augment it, ‘like “power steering for the brain”’ (Holzinger et al. 2022, p. 2). There is pressure on individuals to hybridise themselves because ‘[n]ot using AI will create major disadvantages, as others will be faster, see things you do not see, and will be able to predict events long before you encounter them’ (Schmidt 2020, p. 4). Essentially, AI should ‘amplify, augment, empower, and enhance human performance’ (Shneiderman 2022, p. 4). The hybridisation discussed in HCAI concerns intellectual and physical human capacities (Schmidt 2020, p. 4) However, this raises several questions about what is, and will be, constituted as ‘human’ and whether this will change due to this hybridisation. Will these hybrid human AIs be more or less human than humans who do not adopt and integrate AI in such a way? If we use ‘human’ to centre AI development, how will those who do not hybridise themselves be viewed and valued? I believe Foucault’s work can offer some insights on this matter. Foucault stated that within the broad history of our species, the ‘human’ is a relatively ‘recent invention’.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Languages evolve over time and can influence thought processes. [SEP] Text: Printable page How do intensive gaming experiences evolve over time in clinical and non-clinical contexts? based on reviews by A recommendation of: STAGE 2 : - version 2 Read report on server Now published in -CN Submission: posted 15 May 2023Recommendation: posted 14 August 2023, validated 14 August 2023 Cite this recommendation as:Chambers, C. (2023) How do intensive gaming experiences evolve over time in clinical and non-clinical contexts? . in Registered Reports, 100466. 10. 24072/pci. rr. 100466 This is a stage 2 based on: for : A ReportVeli-:// the last 5 years the inclusion of “gaming disorder” in the ICD-11 been controversial (et al, 2018), mirroring wider public debate about the effects of gaming on mental health. One of the major gaps in understanding the validity of gaming disorder as an identifiable mental illness is the absence of qualitative studies comparing the lived experience of gamers who seek treatment with esports players who do not report health problems. Here, Karhulahti et al. (2023) tackle this question in the second of two Stage 2 associated with their previous programmatic Stage 1 submission. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, the authors undertook in-depth interviews over a 1-year period with treatment-seeking participants (N=5) and esports-playing participants (N=4) who did not experience gaming-related health problems. The authors sought to answer the folllwing primary question: How do the experiences and meanings of playing videogames—shaped by the individuals’ diverse sociocultural contexts—evolve in those with related health problems (as defined by treatment-seeking) and those who play esports games several hours per day while self-reporting no related health problems? Both groups exhibited intense relationships with gaming that were cyclical over time across various dimensions, with fluctuations occurring in response to changes in health, occupation, and social networks. The observed variation over time was substantial, with individuals attaching and detaching from games involving hundreds or thousands of hours. The authors report treatment-seeking being followed by a search of new gaming and life meanings, while intensive gaming without related problems continued as an integrated part of the self, with resilience adapting and evolving in the face of unexpected life events.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, are based on scientific studies showing potential health benefits. [SEP] Text: Gene expression analysis indicated that mRNA levels of thermogenesis genes, such as Ucp1, Cox7a1, Dio2, and Cidea, were significantly elevated in iWAT from mice treated with hNRG4-Fc (Figure 7C). Accordingly, UCP1 protein levels in iWAT were strongly induced by hNRG4-Fc (Figure 7D). In contrast, thermogenic gene expression in BAT remained comparable between 2 treatment groups, indicating that hNRG4-Fc exerts depot-specific effects on the thermogenic gene program. Figure 7Recombinant NRG4-Fc promotes cold-induced beiging and improves metabolic health in mice. (A) Rectal temperature and body and tissue weight of cold-acclimated mice treated with 3 i. p. injections of Fc (n = 5) or NRG4-Fc (n = 6, 1. 5 mg/kg). (B) H&E staining of iWAT sections. Scale bar: 100 μm. (C) qPCR analysis of thermogenic genes in iWAT and BAT. (D) Immunoblots of total iWAT lysates. (E) Blood glucose (left) and plasma insulin (right) concentrations from HFD-fed mice before and after biweekly treatments of Fc or NRG4-Fc (1. 5 mg/kg) for 9 weeks. (F) Insulin tolerance test. Data represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01, ***P < 0. 001, ****P < 0. 0001. A, C, and E indicate (F) AUC using 2-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test and (F) ITT using 2-way ANOVA. We further explored whether chronic treatments with hNRG4-Fc improve insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed obese mice. A cohort of WT mice were subjected to HFD feeding for 2 months. Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were comparable prior to the initiation of treatments (Figure 7E). We performed i. p. injection of Fc or hNRG4-Fc (1. 5 mg/kg) twice per week for a total of 9 weeks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: Foucault’s understanding of the human may offer insights into the belief in HCAI of a human–AI hybridisation. This hybridisation of humans and AI will affect what we define and classify as human, which may also impact what we value as being human. If we evaluate human well-being as the goal of HCAI, human–AI hybridisation confuses what is or remains ‘human’ when this hybridisation increases. As well as being practically problematic, this human–AI hybridisation raises serious ethical questions about degrees of humanness. It may reduce the value of those who cannot or do not want to hybridise with AI if we use the human–AI hybrid as our paradigm of the human and the goal of AI development (criticisms of human-technology hybridisation have frequently been discussed in cyborg and transhumanist literature, cf. Clark 2001; Haraway 2000; Hayles 2000). The non-human, or lesser-than-human, may either be the new AI-human hybrids or those who refuse to or cannot hybridise. An issue with AI-human hybridisation and redefinition of the human is that the human is not simply a descriptor but also an inherently normative inflection (Lightbody 2010). The answer to ‘What is human? ’ has allowed many interpretations to emerge over the previous centuries, which has at times resulted in the exclusion and disenfranchisement of certain groups (Lightbody 2010). For Foucault, when we define human, we must also describe what is non-human or other, that which ‘is inherently different, dangerous, and, perhaps, evil’ (Lightbody 2010, p. 21). Therefore, defining the human may lead to suffering and abuse of certain people and groups defined as inhuman or other than human (Lightbody 2010). Using a definition of human and non-human has been a tool to create tension between people, and oppressed groups and even as a way to excuse genocide: ‘During the Holocaust, Nazis referred to Jews as rats. Hutus involved in the Rwanda genocide called Tutsis cockroaches. Slave owners throughout history considered slaves subhuman animals’ (Talk of the Nation 2011). While these are extreme examples of how distinguishing between the human and non-human can be problematic, their relevance for the distinction required in HCAI is still essential.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Languages evolve over time and can influence thought processes. [SEP] Text: Taking into account their findings, the authors propose life thinning and resilience integration processes to help describe and explain how some individuals end up seeking treatment for their gaming, while for others gaming supports them and becomes integrated into their identity. Following one round of in-depth review and revision, the recommender judged that the manuscript met the Stage 2 criteria and awarded a positive recommendation. URL to the preregistered Stage 1 protocol: Level of bias control achieved: Level 4. At least some of the data/evidence that was used to answer the research question existed prior to in-principle acceptance(IPA) but the authors certify that they did not access any part of that data/evidence prior to IPA. List of eligible PCI RR-friendly journals: Collabra: Psychology F10001. van -van, Przybylski AK (2018) A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7, 1–9. 2. Karhulahti V-(2023). : A [Stage 2 Registered Report], acceptance of Version 2 by in Registered Reports. Conflict of interest:The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the 2. As a longitudinal study, this is the second Stage 2 report I have reviewed. The first Stage 2 report was the first set of data (DOI: 10. 1525/collabra. 38819) and this current report includes data from one-year follow up. I have two potential conflicts of interest that I want to declare. First, I have recently published with Karhulahti (10. 12688/openreseurope. 15532. 1). Indeed, the topic of the publication - registered reports of qualitative research - was sparked from my role reviewing the Stage 1 and and first Stage 2 reports for this longitudinal study (DOI: 10. 1525/collabra. 38819). Second, I was a co-editor of a special section in the of (DOI: 10. 1111/bjso. 12628) in which Karhulahti published a paper (DOI: 10. 1111/bjso. 12573). recall correctly, Karhulahti and I discussed the risks of collaboration to the Stage 2 review and only worked on the 'primer' paper once the first Stage 2 paper had been completed and reviewed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, are based on scientific studies showing potential health benefits. [SEP] Text: Escalona-García LA, Pedroza-Islas R, Natividad R, Rodríguez-Huezo ME, Carrillo-Navas H, Pérez-Alonso C. Oxidation kinetics and thermodynamic analysis of chia oil microencapsulated in a whey protein concentrate-polysaccharide matrix. FEBS Letters. 2016;175:93-103. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jfoodeng. 2015. 12. 00973. Tontul I, Topuz A. Influence of emulsion composition and ultrasonication time on flaxseed oil powder properties. FEBS Letters. 2014;26:454-460. DOI: 10. 1016/j. powtec. 2014. 05. 00274. . Maltodextrin: A consummate carrier for spray-drying of xylooligosaccharides. FEBS Letters. 2018;18:963-996. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foodres. 2018. 01. 00475. . Water sorption and glass transition temperature of spray dried açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart. ) juice. FEBS Letters. 2008;94:215-221. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jfoodeng. 2009. 03. 00976. Bicudo MOP, Jó Microencapsulation of juçara (Euterpe edulis M. ) pulp by spray drying using different carriers and drying temperatures. FEBS Letters. 2015;33:153-161. DOI: 10. 1080/07373937. 2014. 93787277. . Effects of spray drying conditions on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) fruit aril powder. FEBS Letters. 2010;98:385-392. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jfoodeng. 2010. 01. 01678. Fazaeli M, Emam-. Effect of spray drying conditions and feed composition on the physical properties of black mulberry juice powder. FEBS Letters. 2012;90:667-675. DOI: 10. 1016/j. fbp. 2012. 04. 00679. . Effect of inlet temperature on physicochemical properties of spray-dried jamun fruit juice powder.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: If we are to adopt the HCAI belief that the hybridity between humans and AI will blur the lines of what is and is not human, this opens the possibility of creating these kinds of tensions and divisions among people and groups. In the extreme examples given above, the other is seen as less than human, where the human has a reduced, or devoid, moral obligation towards them. Definitions of the human and the non-human have been used throughout history to justify violence, oppression, and hatred by one group over another (Smith 2011, 2020, 2021). Essentially, if we endorse HCAI’s AI-human hybridity proposal becomes true, there is a distinct possibility that this hybridity will blur the boundaries of what is (or is not) considered human. Not only is this problematic from a practical standpoint (the human becomes blurred in the AI-human hybrid), but it is also questionable from an ethical standpoint (it may lead to the oppression and abuse of those considered less than human, as a result of the new distinctions created by AI-human hybridisation). 3. 2 The human is not at the centre of the AI universe (Claim 2)The previous section demonstrated that using humans as the goal of AI development is problematic if we acknowledge the HCAI goal of human–AI hybridisation. What is or is not human becomes challenging to identify due to increasing levels of AI hybridisation. As a result, this may also have normative implications about who is valued or valued more due to this changing definition of the human. Apart from these concerns, HCAI proponents make another problematic claim: humans are currently not at the centre of AI development. For example, one of the leading proponents of claims that we must implement a ‘Revolution’ to place humans at the centre of AI development (Shneiderman 2020). Shneiderman states that most people viewed Earth as the centre of the solar system before the Polish scientist demonstrated that it is the sun. Footnote 12 Shneiderman uses the and applies this as an analogy to AI. He claims that algorithms are currently the centre of AI development. However, we should place humans at the centre of the AI universe, in a similar way that Copernicus put the sun (and not Earth) as the centre of the universe (Shneiderman 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Languages evolve over time and can influence thought processes. [SEP] Text: I am tempted to share that the presence of conflicts of interest at this point of this longitudinal registered report is, for me, a happy coincidence. Nevertheless, it is perhaps less coincidence than a confluence of forces that sees qualitative researchers and open science taking an interest in each other and the new technologies of registered reports and open review, where reviewer and reviewed get to learn something about each others interests and perspectives at the early stage of a project. I share this information so that you, dear reader can judge my review. Below, I have structured my review according to the criteria for assessing a at Stage 2 from PCI RR (accessed 2023-05-27; [PCI (peercommunityin. org)]( 2A. Whether the data are able to test the authors’ proposed hypotheses (or answer the proposed research question) by passing the approved outcome-neutral criteria, such as absence of floor and ceiling effects or success of positive controls or other quality checks. ** This criterion addresses whether the data quality is sufficient to be able to test the stated hypotheses, according to the pre-specified conditions in 1E. Since not all protocols are able to pre-specify outcome-neutral tests, this assessment is not relevant to all forms of RRs. Where it is relevant and pre-specified, it is possible that the failure of a crucial outcome-neutral test could, in severe circumstances, lead to the rejection of a Stage 2 manuscript. **The paper reports that the data has been submitted to an archive but no citation is provided, so it is presumably not available at the time of this Stage 2 report was submitted. 2 baseline report has a data availability statement clarifying that the data is published in a Archive and commenting on access requests. As far as I can tell, the Stage 2 baseline report does not provide bibliographic information (i. e. the citation) on this data archive. I appreciate that the review of the submission of the data to the Finish archive is a separate process to this and it may well be a lengthy process. Nevertheless, the bibliographic information is important in making sure the data is accessible. Indeed, providing this bibliographic information in this Stage 2 registered report of the longitudinal data helps make the data accessible to its readers. Consequently, can I request the authors find a way to delay the final publication of this paper until the full bibliographic information of the data is available? # 2B.

Output: pass