Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: 4) Because the university has come to serve so many constituencies, its goals have become a part of the marketplace mosaic. In colonial times, those pathways were guided by largely theological priorities. In the modern age, moneyed captains of industry have become more prominent in shaping collegiate aims: What [emphasis] is new, and troubling, is the raw power that money directly exerts over so many aspects of higher education. … Entrepreneurial ambition, which used to be regarded in academe as a necessary evil, has become a virtue. (Kirp, 2004, p. 3) Originally, higher education served to transmit past knowledge to the next generation of elite, landed gentry of solely privileged male students. The relatively few who attended college were preparing for the ministry and/or leadership roles in society. America’s colonial colleges offered little else than a small faculty in residence and a prescribed curriculum in classical studies, astronomy, and metaphysics. They did serve to underscore higher education as a particular private privilege. By the mid-19th century, new and more varied educational demands helped to create the first federal (1862), which established 101 land-grant institutions in light of the growing technical and agricultural needs of an ever-increasing population. That legislation gave birth to an unwritten “social contract” between the public and its various state colleges. Thus, this social contract implied that the citizenry would invest in the advancement of post-secondary education via large-scale learning communities (Kerr, 1963/2001). In the 20th century, state colleges and their supporting governmental agencies continued that tradition as enrollment swelled during the and students sought to weather the severe economic downturn. War II, the G. I. Bill further invigorated the social contract when it sent thousands of veterans to college. Soon after, higher education became a more viable pathway to the middle class and a vehicle for social mobility. Was equal access for all students, at least in theory, on the horizon? In the 1960s, B. Johnson’s “Great Society” program passed legislation and the Act of 1965. The latter created federal grants and so-called equal opportunity. These grants, or tuition waivers, offered low-income families and underrepresented minority students the chance to attend college. Yet they did not confirm equal access as a complete reality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Tropical cyclones will also result in death and suffering, in less developed countries in particular, as seen in Haiti during (cf. Pielke et al. 2003). Over the long term the effects of changes in society dwarf the effects of any projected changes in tropical cyclones according to research based on assumptions of the on (IPCC), the scientific organization convened to report on the science of climate change. By 2050, for every additional dollar in damage that the IPCC expects to result from the effects of global warming on tropical cyclones, we should expect between $22 and $60 of increase in damage due to population growth and wealth (Pielke et al. 2000). The primary factors that govern the magnitude and patterns of future damages and causalities are how society develops and prepares for storms rather than any presently conceivable future changes in the frequency and intensity of the storms (see Fig. 8). Figure 8. Flooding at costal areaConsider that if per capita wealth and population grow at a combined 5% per year, this implies a doubling in the real costs of hurricanes about every 15 years. In such a context, any climate trend would have to be quite large to be discernible in the impacts record. With no trend identified in various metrics of hurricane damage over the twentieth century (Pielke and Landsea 1998), it is exceedingly unlikely that scientists will identify large changes in historical storm behavior that have significant societal implications. In addition, looking to the future, until scientists conclude:that there will be changes to storms that are significantly larger than observed in the past, that such changes are correlated to measures of societal impact, and that the effects of such changes are significant in the context of inexorable growth in population and property at risk, then it is reasonable to conclude that the significance of any connection of human-caused climate change to hurricane impacts necessarily has been and will continue to be exceedingly small. Thus a great irony here is that invoking the modulation of future hurricanes to justify energy policies to mitigate climate change may prove counterproductive. Not only does this provide a great opening for criticism of the underlying scientific reasoning, it leads to advocacy of policies that simply will not be effective with respect to addressing future hurricane impacts. There are much, much better ways; to deal with the threat of hurricanes than with energy policies (e. g. , Pielke and Pielke 1997). There are also much, much better ways to justify climate mitigation policies than with hurricanes (e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: At each of the three plots, three 1 m × 1 m quadrats were randomly selected to investigate vegetation height, species number, and aboveground biomass. The number of species was used to estimate the richness of the plant communities, and the diversity of the vegetation was calculated using the Shannon–Wiener index (H′ = − ∑Pi lnPi, where Pi is the ratio of the number of each species to the total number of all species). Plant aboveground biomass was harvested by clipping standing plant species to 1 cm above the ground. Plant material was then oven-dried at 65 °C for 48 h. To assess the effect of grazing exclusion on plant community structure, all plant species were classified into six functional groups: annuals and biennials (AB), perennial rhizome grasses (RG), tall perennial bunchgrasses (TG), short perennial bunchgrasses (SG), shrubs and semishrubs (SS), and forbs (FB). Soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of the soil profile using an auger after the vegetation was sampled. Nine soil cores were collected from each plot (three core points for each quadrat) and then mixed into a single soil sample. A total of six soil samples were collected from two study areas and sieved immediately and air-dried for physicochemical analyses. Next, ten plants of S. glareosa per plot were excavated carefully with adhering rhizosphere and bulk soil. The soil that could be shaken off easily from the roots was defined as bulk soil, and the soil that remained firmly adhered to the root was defined as the rhizosphere. At each of the three plots, the rhizosphere and the bulk soil samples of the ten plants were mixed into a single soil sample separately. The soils were sealed in 15 ml sterile plastic tubes, immediately frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80 °C until DNA extraction. Soil physicochemical analyses The soil samples were sieved through a 2-mm mesh to remove roots and then ground and homogenized with a mill (MM400, Retsch, Germany). 15 g of fresh soil was weighed before and after dried at 105 °C for 24 h to calculate the soil water content (SWC).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: Individuals, not the state, still carried a heavy burden in terms of ← 2 | 3 → college attendance and persistence. Since the more liberal 1960s, there have been a series of tensions and setbacks to equal access. It began with Ronald Reagan, as governor of California, when he questioned the value of public education and quipped, “Why should we subsidize intellectual curiosity? ” (Clabaugh, 2011). That query transitioned to additional trends: Reaganomics and the end of free tuition, even in certain locales (e. g. , California and City); political and legal barriers to affirmative action; downward trends in federal student aid; less commitment from state governments; and the growth of for-profit colleges, which often thrive on “buyers” from lower-income classes who are often less versed on college choice. If the arc of American higher education has begun to bend toward college attendance as a “right” (Kerr, 1963/2001), it has still not fully progressed from the earlier notion of social contract. Indeed, some critics argue that the social contract itself needs to be protected in the present age: “The tragedy is that while public policies in the past helped mitigate inequality and open the doors to college to more Americans, today they themselves play a crucial role in segmenting our society” (Mettler, 2014, p. 5). In the tantalizing image of higher education as a “right,” today’s undergraduates have become mass consumers. Colleges and universities have sold their services (and some would say their souls) as part of that expectation under the pressure of meeting the bottom line. In the process, they have become more like corporate entities that exist to sell a product. They are building more enticing residence halls with single rooms and private commodes, student unions (some with adjacent swimming pools), and state-of-the-art laboratories to attract students. Academic capitalism has become increasingly entrepreneurial as a way of coping with decreased state allocations and the highly competitive race for private funding drawn from alumni, foundations, and corporations. Once insular pockets of knowledge and learning, colleges and universities have been transformed into vehicles of economic trends and the vagaries of supply and demand. Within the academy, corporate “branding,” rankings, and the quest for “prestige” often replace the search for purpose and truth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: g. , Rayner 2004), with energy policies (e. g. , Pielke and Pielke 1997) and to justify climate mitigation policies than with hurricanes (e. g. , Rayner 2004). 3. 4. 3. Worrying beyond hurricane SandyWith the last hurricane to directly hit City dating back to the 1800’s, residents have so far lacked the impetus to demand concrete strategies for dealing with the potential devastation to housing, the subway system and the electrical infrastructure from a major modern-day storm. Sandy threatens major flooding from a storm surge that could reach up to 14 feet above the average sea level here. Some scientists suggested on Monday 29th October’ 2012 that once have moved to higher ground and weathered the hurricane, they should begin to take more decisive steps to adapt to more of the same. As it was reported last month, pressure has been growing for aggressive action as shown in Fig. 9. Figure 9. Awaiting an onslaught: wave activity at on Monday morning, when was 425 miles southeast of City (Oct 29’ 2012). It is small comfort to sodden and stranded that Hurricane Sandy’s flooding of the city’s infrastructure, from power lines to subways to low-lying communities, was predicted in grimly precise detail by scientists in the latest state and city climate studies. Deeper and more frequent flooding from Rockaway to and the city’s transit tunnels has been a repeated warning that largely went unnoticed by the public and most politicians. But now, with the floods from Sandy and Irene last year on his watch, Gov. is pointedly stressing what he considers the inevitability of more such disasters. “Climate change is reality,” the governor said on Wednesday, 31st Oct’ 2012, estimating Sandy’s economic damage up to $6 billion. “Given the frequency of these extreme weather situations that we’ve had-and I believe that it’s an increasing frequency - for us to sit here today and say this is a once-in-a-generation and it’s not going to happen again, I think would be shortsighted. ” Mr. Cuomo admits that he does not have all the answers nor enough government money for all the proposed solutions. And we can all hope that he is wrong in his forecast.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The soils were subjected to Kjeldahl digestion, and the soil total nitrogen (TN) concentration was determined using a semi-autoanalyzer (Kjeltec 2300 Analyzer Unit, Foss Tecator, Sweden). Soil total phosphorus (TP) concentration was measured by persulfate oxidation followed by colorimetric analysis (Schade et al. , 2003). Soil total organic carbon (TOC) was determined with a TOC-5000A analyzer (Shimadzu Corp. , Kyoto, Japan). Soil pH was measured using a ratio of soil:water = 1g:2. 5 ml with a Delta pH-meter (Mettler-). DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing Three replicate rhizosphere and bulk soil samples were used for DNA extraction. DNA was extracted from 0. 5 g of soil with a FastDNA® SPIN Kit for soil () according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The final DNA concentrations and their purity levels were determined using a NanoDrop® ND-1000 (Nanodrop, USA), with DNA quality checked by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA was then stored at −80 °C until use. The V3–V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the specific primers 341F (5′--3′) and 806R (5′--3′) (Mori et al. , 2014), and the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-ITS2 region was amplified using the primers ITS1F (5′--3′) and ITS2R (5′--3′) (Bokulich & Mills, 2013; Hugerth et al. , 2014). All PCR reactions were conducted with Phusion® High-(Biolabs). The amplifications were conducted in a 30 µl mixture including 15 µl of Phusion High-(2 ×), 0. 2 µM forward and reverse primers, 10 ng of template DNA, and PCR-grade water up to 30 µl. The amplification program was 98 °C for 1 min and 30 cycles of 98 °C for 10 s, 50 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 5 min. After PCR amplification, the obtained products were purified using the (Inc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: More and more, higher education institutions are investing in “reputation” over substance and affordability. In a word, economics has become the one-way street on to the campus green. Newfield (2011) says it best: [T]he university needs to be understood as engaged in forms of individual and collective development that cannot be captured in economic terms. Education cannot pay in this way. It must not be expected to. If we are forced to use an economic term, the term for education would be “investment. ” But the realm of profits and returns simply does not fit with the forms of growth, evolution, advancement, expansion, elaboration, discovery, and invention that education delivers to individuals and societies alike. (p. 272) ← 3 | 4 → Thus, the contemporary college and university have also adopted the role of “certifier” of middle-class America in search of success, privilege, and prestige. The trend toward consumerism seems antithetical to the life of the mind and a development of well-rounded character so vital in more traditional forms of liberal education. That evolution of the core purposes of the college into a university industry has underlined the importance that society now places on “credentialing”—a process and practice that has widely co-opted more humane, moral, and kindred academic values. Yet, at the same time, the U. S. can no longer claim to lead the world in even the credentialing function of college graduation; it now ranks 12th among industrialized nations on that score. (Lewin, 2010)of on Society/of Society on Higher EducationAs mentioned above, there is really no bright line separating higher education and society. The latter’s overarching effects obviously produce wider and deeper repercussions for colleges and universities. In a large sense, higher education can be seen to reproduce what major societal forces desire, assuming those forces supply the requisite purposes and resources (a very open question). Conversely, higher education may also be viewed, at times, as a more ideal laboratory for society’s higher hopes and aspirations, for example, impactful research, a more informed and critical citizenry, and moral development. These interlocking tensions can thus be a cardinal cause for the better, for ill, or for simply sustaining the status quo. The contents of this text seek to shed light on how and why those consequences can occur.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Global sea levels have risen about 8 inches since 1880, with most of the rise occurring in recent decades. [SEP] Text: 95 7. 4 Glaciers and ice caps 0. 64 0. 1 ± 0. 02 0. 3 ± 0. 05 Table 2: Projected global sea level rise due to melting of ice caps and ice sheets. (IPCC 1995). However, recent studies revealed that Antarctic ice sheet is projected to grow slightly in the future due to increased precipitation along with extremely cold climate. Therefore it is assumed that Antarctic ice sheet will not contribute towards global sea level rise [1]. ice sheet, it has also been projected that it will increase in volume slightly but there will be significant melting along the margin [1]. IPCC has created different projection models for different on (SRES) in terms of Sea-level rise and carbon dioxide concentrations. But all the projection models involve several uncertainties to be encountered. Therefore none of them can be considered as accurate estimate. remote sensing data it has unequivocally been proved that global ice caps and sheets are melting. For example, Arctic sea ice is melting rapidly due to increasing global ocean temperature. Figure 3 illustrates the change in sea ice concentration of Arctic for September 2012 and March 2013 (A) and Antarctic for September 2012 and February 2013 (B). Continental glaciers are also melting. If we take into account a very simple analogy of melting ice will directly contribute to global sea level rise it is not happening in terms of rate of melting of ice and rate of rise of global sea level. From sequence stratigraphy point of view change in global sea level means change in eustatic sea level. For eustatic sea level change in accommodation space needs to be modified or volume of ocean water needs to be increased. As discussed earlier accommodation space can be modified either by tectonic activity like rapid growth of mid oceanic ridge and high spreading rate or very high rate of accumulation of sediments in ocean basin. Figure 3: Change in sea ice concentration of Arctic, September 2012 and March 2013 (A) and Antarctic of September 2012 and February 2013 (B). (From If we consider (10,000 years) global mid oceanic ridge system has been stabilized and continents got there recent position. Though tectonic activity is still going on in dynamic earth but not intense enough to change accommodation space like that happened in Mesozoic. Exogenic forces like erosion, deposition is going on in nearly constant intensity. Therefore we can consider sediment accumulation rate in ocean basin has almost stabilized in terms of isostatic adjustment for vertical accommodation of pile of sediments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: , USA) and subjected to quantification using a Qubit® 2. 0 Fluorometer (Inc. , USA) and an 2100 (Agilent Technologies, USA) system. Last, the library was sequenced on an Ion S5™ XL (Scientific Inc. , USA) platform and 600 bp single-end reads were generated at the Technology Co. , Ltd. , Beijing, China. The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data from this study were deposited in the (accession number PRJNA627740). Bioinformatics and diversity analyses Single-end reads were assigned to samples using Cutadapt version 1. 9. 1 (Martin, 2011). The reads were compared with the reference database (Gold database) using the algorithm to detect chimera sequences (Edgar et al. , 2011), and then, the chimera sequences were removed (Haas et al. , 2011). Effective tags were ultimately obtained. The sequence analysis was performed using Uparse software (version 7. 0. 1001) (Edgar, 2013), and the sequences with ≥97% similarity were assigned to the same operational taxonomic unit (OTU). The most abundant sequence in each OTU was chosen as the representative sequence. The bacteria were identified using the ( (Quast et al. , 2013) based on the RDP classifier (version 2. 2) (Wang et al. , 2007). The fungi were identified using the ( based on the Blast algorithm in QIIME software (version 1. 9. 1) (Koljalg et al. , 2013). The phylogenetic relationships of the OTUs and the differences among dominant species in samples (groups) were analyzed using multiple sequence alignments in software (version 3. 8. 31) (Edgar, 2004). The bacterial and fungal communities were characterized in terms of diversity by calculating Shannon-Wiener index and number of OTUs (richness) using QIIME software (version 1. 9. 1) (Caporaso et al. , 2010). Network analysis To make the bacteria and fungi networks comparable, the relative abundance of OTUs was log10-transformed and analyzed using the molecular ecological network analyses (MENA) pipeline ( implemented with random matrix theory (RMT)-based algorithms (Deng et al. , 2012) and then visualized with Cytoscape 3. 7. 1 (Shannon et al. , 2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: 19 male and female school leaders participated in the study. They were generally satisfied with the programme, but their perceptions could be divided into three main elements: the preconditions considered important for group reflective learning, the provision of support, and observations about learning. One important prerequisite identified for the training method was psychological safety. Multiple participants stated they needed to feel safe before disclosing sensitive professional experiences. Meanwhile, nine participants mentioned the importance of having a quality trainer to structure and manage discussions. Additionally, group diversity was said to be important, as this would widen the views to which school leaders were exposed. Participants also reported feeling reassured about their own professional capacities after hearing others faced similar problems to them. Within group reflective learning, school leaders interact with each other in small discussion groups. School leaders recognised the value of supportive peers in facilitating deep listening, analysing example cases, sharing concrete advice on solving problems, and comforting participants when discussions became stressful. The method of using case studies on daily work experiences was also raised as a key benefit. Some emphasised the value of trainers explaining theoretical lenses to guide case discussion while others stressed the impact of hearing directly from colleagues. However, criticisms were also expressed. Three school leaders indicated a desire for more practice in conversational techniques, including the use of role plays. Another negative perception was that the programme took up too much of leaders’ schedules, creating issues in their professional time management. Group reflective learning can serve as an effective tool for school leaders, so they can handle a more complex and stressful task in the contemporary educational climate. Outcomes of group reflection The second study, again with 19 participants, scrutinised the gains in learning and behavioural changes of school leader participants of group reflection. The learning dimension consists of knowledge, skills and attitudes. Regarding the first component, 15 school leaders reported that they acquired useful knowledge from trainer feedback, where trainers responded to practice cases presented by school leaders. Many participants praised the theoretical frameworks provided by trainers and elaborated by peers, which helped them grapple with cases and question their own roles and behaviours. Echoing the split found in the previous study, two participants stated they gained insights from the programme but did not link this with theoretical knowledge, a sentiment shared by four others who emphasised the general technique of peer group reflection. Many school leaders said the training enhanced their skills in providing feedback to their teachers, allowing them to be more explicit and clearer while doing so.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Global sea levels have risen about 8 inches since 1880, with most of the rise occurring in recent decades. [SEP] Text: Above mentioned governing factors for alteration of accommodation space is almost stabilized and in equilibrium for Holocene Period. Considering melting of sea ice; it has nothing to do with eustatic sea level change. The principal is very simple. is a single water body. Sea ice that is floating on global ocean is in equilibrium with modern day cost line by means of Archimedes principle. Therefore melting of sea ice will not contribute towards global or eustatic sea level rise. The phenomenon can be understood by means of very simple real life analogy. Considering a glass of water with floating ice cube, water in the glass is in equilibrium with ice cube floating on it in terms of Archimedes principle. Therefore complete melting of floating ice cube will not change the water level in the glass. Very same principal is applicable for global ocean and sea ice floating on it. Therefore complete melting of sea ice will not make any change in global ocean level. But melting of continental ice sheets has different impact on global or eustatic sea level rise. Continental ice sheets contain approximately 32. 05 ± 0. 02×106 km3 of ice by volume. The equivalent amount of water that are locked as continental ice sheets is kind of reserve volume of hydrologic cycle which is not part of global ocean water. Due to global warming if these ice sheets start melting then the water locked in them will release. Melt water will contribute towards regional ground water recharge and evapotranspiration. Some part will be locked as inland surface water body. Excess will be drained to ocean water. Excluding the melt water part that will contribute towards ground water recharge and locked as surface water rest of it will contribute towards global hydrologic cycle in terms of liquid water which will ultimately end up in global ocean. Therefore melting of continental ice sheets will contribute towards global or eustatic sea level rise by means of increasing volume of global ocean water. As discussed earlier Antarctic and Greenland continental ice sheets are projected to increase in future therefore recent 3. 1 mm/year of global sea level rise can be assumed to be contribution of melting of alpine glaciers of equatorial or near equatorial region contributing 75%-85% of this trend [20]. has unequivocally been proved that ice sheets, ice caps and sea ice are melting due to increasing temperature of earth. The process of increasing temperature of earth has been exclusively attributed to the greenhouse effect.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The thresholds in the network construction were automatically chosen, and module separation was based on the fast greedy modularity optimization (Zhou et al. , 2010; Deng et al. , 2012). Modularity (M) is an index measuring the extent to which a network is divided into modules, and M > 0. 4 was used as the threshold to define modular structures (Newman, 2006). Keystone species (module hubs and connectors) were identified by values of within-module connectivity (Zi) and among-module connectivity (Pi), where module hubs (highly connected to many nodes within modules) have Zi > 2. 5 and Pi ≤ 0. 62 and connectors (highly linked to several modules) have Zi ≤ 2. 5 and Pi > 0. 62) (Zhou et al. , 2011). Statistical analysis One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of the grazing exclusion on plants (richness, diversity, aboveground biomass), soil properties (and pH), and soil microbes (observed OTU richness and Shannon-Wiener index), followed by Tukey’s HSD test. These statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 21. 0 (). The changes in each variable induced by grazing exclusion were indicated as the natural log-transformed response ratio, lnR = ln( X ¯ E ) −ln( X ¯ C ), where X ¯ E and X ¯ C are the mean values of the variables that were observed in experimental group and control group, respectively (Hedges, Gurevitch & Curtis, 1999). The variance of lnR was calculated using the following equation: ν = SD E 2 n E X ¯ E 2 + SD C 2 n C X ¯ C 2 where SDE and SDC are the standard deviation for the experimental group and control group, respectively; nE and nC are the sample size (number of replicates) for the experimental group and control group, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) at OTU level was used to visualize patterns in bacterial and fungal community structures. Differences in bacterial or fungal community composition between grazed and grazing-excluded grasslands were tested using analysis of similarity () tests with Bray–Curtis in the ‘vegan’ package, in R software (v2. 15. 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can lead to conformity and peer pressure. [SEP] Text: Previously, they avoided giving feedback for fear of offending teachers and causing conflict, but they came to understand that offering immediate feedback was appreciated and that making both positive and negative comments is important. Meanwhile, school leaders indicated that they developed better coaching skills and leadership styles due to the training. This included handing over power to teachers in daily management and self-leadership, asking questions to promote better teacher introspection, as well as challenging teachers’ assumptions and urging them to take action. In both studies, school leaders said the training increased their professional self-confidence. Some associated this improvement with the discovery that the problems they face were not unique to themselves and their school, meaning they didn’t have to blame themselves for encountering widespread issues. Others pointed to the empowerment they felt from learning about alternative viewpoints, and the compliments and recognition provided by peers. Reflecting on reflection Until recently, the method of training school leaders through group reflective learning received very limited attention within the academic literature. Dr Daniëls has filled this gap with two in-depth studies of the model. The first study focused on participant reaction, showing that school leaders found preconditions for successful group reflection in psychological safety, a quality trainer to steer discussion, and group diversity to broaden the perspectives shared. The latter complicates earlier findings that peer similarity was favoured by educators in group work. This data can help ensure group reflective training programmes generally fulfil the prerequisites of effectiveness. The second study found that school leader participants found learning gains and behavioural changes in better theoretical understandings and feedback-giving skills, improved questioning and challenging of teachers, more delegation of responsibility to teachers, and greater professional self-confidence. All these factors indicate that group reflective learning can serve as an effective tool for enhancing learning, behaviours and resilience of school leaders, so they can handle a more complex and stressful task in the contemporary educational climate. What inspired you to conduct this research? <> A large body of research in education focuses on pupils and teachers. School leaders are less researched, especially when it comes to their professional development. Besides, school leaders are often not well prepared for their job but are still the second-most important factor in influencing pupil achievement and have to deal with an uncertain and complex world. These underlying aspects inspired me to further explore school leaders’ professional development resulting in the two studies on school leaders group reflective learning.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Arctic is warming about twice as fast as the global average due to climate change. [SEP] Text: В Климатической доктрине Российской Федерации отмечается, что предметом особого внимания при разработке и реализации заблаговременных мер по предотвращению и нейтрализации неблагоприятных последствий изменения климата либо их сведению к минимально возможному уровню должен являться факт того, что различные объекты (природные, антропогенные и т. п. ) по-разному реагируют на изменение климата и обладают различной степенью уязвимости перед ними (п. 15).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Pearson correlation was used to analyze the effect of grazing exclusion on the relationship between the plant characteristics, soil properties, and soil microbial diversity. Random networks with the same number of nodes and links were constructed to compare with the original network to determine general network characteristics (Zhou et al. , 2011). For each identified network, 100 randomly rewired networks were generated, and all network indexes were calculated individually (Maslov & Sneppen, 2002). The Z-test was used to test index differences between the molecular ecological networks and random networks, and the Student t-test was used to test for differences in network indexes under different conditions using standard deviations derived from the corresponding random networks. The relationships between molecular ecological networks and environmental factors (plant characteristics and soil properties) were analyzed with Module-EigenGene analyses (Zhou et al. , 2011; Deng et al. , 2012). Spearman correlations coefficients were calculated to depict the relationship between the abundance of microbes and environmental factors. Results with a P < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Figure 1: Response of variables of plants, soil, and soil microbial communities to grazing exclusion on the Stipa glareosa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. An effect size >0 indicates a positive response to grazing exclusion, and an effect size >0 indicates a negative response to grazing exclusion. Data means ± SE (n = 3). The level of significance is as follows: ∗∗∗P < 0. 0001, ∗P < 0. 05. PB, plant aboveground biomass; PR: plant species richness; PD: plant diversity; SWC, soil water content; TOC: soil total organic carbon; TN, soil total nitrogen; TP: soil total phosphorus; pH, soil pH value; BRR: bacterial richness in rhizosphere; BDR, bacterial diversity in rhizosphere; BRB, bacterial richness in bulk soil; BDB, bacterial diversity in bulk soil; FRR, fungal richness in rhizosphere; FDR, fungal diversity in rhizosphere; FRB, fungal richness in bulk soil; FDB, fungal diversity in bulk soil. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-1 of plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The plant aboveground biomass had significant positive responses to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: language is composed of many linguistic varieties, such as Black English, [*] standard English, Appalachian English, southern English, dialect, and Spanish influenced English. The features of social dialects are systematic and highly regular and cross all linguistic parameters, i. e. , phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, lexicon, pragmatics, suprasegmental features, and kinesics. Although each dialect of English has distinguishing characteristics, the majority of linguistic features of the English language are common to each of the varieties of English. The existence of these varieties is the result of historical and social factors. For example, due to historical factors, the majority of speakers are Black. However, due to social factors, not all Black individuals are speakers. The issue of social dialects for the field of speech-language pathology is extremely complex, as indicated by the continuous controversy across the nation over the past two decades. There has been confusion among professionals regarding the role of the speech-language pathologist with reference to speakers of social dialects. There has been no consistent philosophy regarding the approach of service delivery to speakers of social dialects. As a result, some speech-language pathologists have denied clinical services to speakers of social dialects who have requested services. Other speech-language pathologists have treated social dialects as though they were communicative disorders. It is the position of the American Speech-Language-(ASHA) that no dialectal variety of English is a disorder or a pathological form of speech or language. Each social dialect is adequate as a functional and effective variety of English. Each serves a communication function as well as a social solidarity function. It maintains the communication network and the social construct of the community of speakers who use it. Furthermore, each is a symbolic representation of the historical, social, and cultural background of the speakers. For example, there is strong evidence that many of the features of represent linguistic Africanisms. However, society has adopted the linguistic idealization model that standard English is the linguistic archetype. is the linguistic variety used by government, the mass media, business, education, science, and the arts. Therefore, there may be nonstandard English speakers who find it advantageous to have access to the use of standard English. The traditional role of the speech-language pathologist has been to provide clinical services to the communicatively handicapped. It is indeed possible for dialect speakers to have linguistic disorders within the dialect.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: 28NsNs3. 0. 341. 50 (1. 14-2. 27)0. 0084 Ns = non significant (P > 0. 1). Odds ratio (OR): the ratio specific haplotype versus all other haplotypes among the cases, relative to the ratio specific haplotype versus all other haplotypes among the controls. Gender was used as covariate. The rs2306074 in ARNTL2 showed a border-line nominal Cochran-Armitage trend in Sample set 1 (P = 0. 043), and no indication for association in Sample sets 2 and 3. the A allele of rs1799958 showed a border-line nominal allelic association of increased risk for comorbidity (OR = 1. 47, P = 0. 045) and a trend test supported the finding (P = 0. 045). Likewise, in Sample set 3 a very modest nominal allelic association was found for rs1799958 (P = 0. 046). No haplotype could be constructed for ARNTL2 or ACADS that included the SNPs nominally associated with comorbidity. To test for a quantitative effect of the CLOCK rs11240, ACADS rs1799958 and ARNTL2 rs2306074 on AUD depression comorbidity, these variations were tested for association to and MBI among the comorbid cases only. allele of rs1799958 in ACADS was nominally associated with higher GHQ score among cases (P = 0. 031). results herein suggest that the circadian gene CLOCK is associated with comorbid depression and AUD, but not with AUD only. The haplotype TTGC formed by SNPs rs3805151, rs2412648, rs11240, rs2412646 was suggestively associated with increased risk for the comorbidity, with the odds ratio of 1. 65. The SNPs of importance for this suggestive association were rs11240 and rs2412646, indicating location of the functional variation downstream of rs2412648. No indication of association with CLOCK was found when comparing AUD with healthy controls. Accordingly, the suggestive association to CLOCK was seen when comparing comorbid cases with combined group of healthy controls and persons diagnosed with AUD. variation may be a vulnerability factor for depression given the alcohol exposure in AUD but not considerably increasing the risk for depression without AUD.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: 001), but the response of plant species richness was instead negative (P < 0. 05; Fig. 1). For soil properties, SWC responded in a positive and significant way to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0. 001), whereas TOC and soil pH had negative, significant responses to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0. 05). The relative aboveground biomass of AB (dominant species Salsola collina Pall. ) dominated in the grazing excluded grassland (Fig. 2). By contrast, the TG (dominant species S. glareosa), RG (dominant species Leymus chinensis (Trin. ) Tzvel), SG (dominant species C. songorica), SS (dominant species Caragana stenophylla Pojark), and FB (dominant species A. cochinchinensis) decreased after eight years of grazing exclusion. Figure 2: Effects of the grazing exclusion on relative aboveground biomass of plant functional groups (A) and dominant plant species (B) in Stipa glareosa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. AB, annuals or biennials; FB, forbs; RG, perennial rhizome grasses; SG, perennial short bunchgrasses; SS, shrubs or semi-shrubs; TG, perennial tall bunchgrasses. G, Grazed area; GE, Grazing-excluded area. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-2 Responses of soil bacterial and fungal communities After quality filtering, a total of 953,050 bacterial sequences and 966,095 fungal sequences were obtained in this study, and clustered into 2,270 and 1,232 OTUs for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Eight years of grazing exclusion did not affect the richness and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere, but significantly increased (P < 0. 05) them in the bulk soil (Fig. 1). The communities of bacteria and fungi were clearly separated between the grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils (Fig. 3). However, no significant (P > 0. 05) differences were detected in bacterial and fungal community composition between grazed and grazing excluded grassland soils (Table S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: An essential step toward making accurate assessments of communicative disorders is to distinguish between those aspects of linguistic variation that represent the diversity of the English language from those that represent speech, language, and hearing disorders. The speech-language pathologist must have certain competencies to distinguish between dialectal differences and communicative disorders. These competencies include knowledge of the particular dialect as a rule-governed linguistic system, knowledge of the phonological and grammatical features of the dialect, and knowledge of nondiscriminatory testing procedures. Once the difference/disorder distinctions have been made, it is the role of the speech-language pathologist to treat only those features or characteristics that are true errors and not attributable to the dialect. Aside from the traditionally recognized role, the speech-language pathologist may also be available to provide elective clinical services to nonstandard English speakers who do not present a disorder. The role of the speech-language pathologist for these individuals is to provide the desired competency in standard English without jeopardizing the integrity of the individual's first dialect. The approach must be functional and based on context-specific appropriateness of the given dialect. Provision of elective services to nonstandard English speakers requires sensitivity and competency in at least three areas: linguistic features of the dialect, linguistic contrastive analysis procedures, and the effects of attitudes toward dialects. It is prerequisite for the speech-language pathologist to have a thorough understanding and appreciation for the community and culture of the nonstandard English speaker. Further, it is a requirement that the speech-language pathologist have thorough knowledge of the linguistic rules of the particular dialect. It remains the priority of the speech-language pathologist to continue to serve the truly communicatively handicapped. However, for nonstandard English speakers who seek elective clinical services, the speech-language pathologist may be available to provide such services. The speech-language pathologist may also serve in a consultative role to assist educators in utilizing the features of the nonstandard dialect to facilitate the learning of reading and writing in standard English. Just as competencies are assumed and necessary in the treatment of communicative disorders, competencies are also necessary in the provision of elective clinical services to nonstandard English speakers. Return to of the Position on receives numerous inquiries each year on topics pertaining to service to minority populations. One of the functions of the Office of is to provide technical assistance to members with such inquiries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: AbstractConvincing evidence that migrant monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use a magnetic compass to aid their fall migration has been lacking from the spectacular navigational capabilities of this species. Here we use flight simulator studies to show that migrants indeed possess an inclination magnetic compass to help direct their flight equatorward in the fall. The use of this inclination compass is light-dependent utilizing ultraviolet-A/blue light between 380 and 420 nm. Notably, the significance of light <420 nm for inclination compass function was not considered in previous monarch studies. The antennae are important for the inclination compass because they appear to contain light-sensitive magnetosensors. For migratory monarchs, the inclination compass may serve as an important orientation mechanism when directional daylight cues are unavailable and may also augment time-compensated sun compass orientation for appropriate directionality throughout the migration. Similar content being viewed by others Predicting performance of naïve migratory animals, from many wrongs to self-correction 3. Monarchs use an antenna-based time-compensated sun compass to navigate during this long journey4,5,6, in which eye-sensed directional daylight cues (for example, sun azimuthal position) are integrated in the sun compass found in the midbrain central complex area7,8 and time compensated by antennal circadian clocks9,10. Curiously, during the absence of directional daylight cues that precludes the use of the time-compensated sun compass (for example, overcast sky conditions), migrants have been observed flying in the expected southern migratory direction during the fall migration11, suggesting that migrants might also use a magnetic compass to help guide directionality. We now show that migratory monarch butterflies have an inclination magnetic compass that allows them to orient in the proper southern direction during the fall migration. The inclination compass is light dependent, using light in the ultraviolet-A/blue spectral range. Relevant light-sensitive magnetosensors appear to reside in the antennae, and the inclination compass functions at Earth-strength magnetic fields. The inclination compass is an essential orientation mechanism that migrants can use when directional skylight cues are unavailable, and it may also augment time-compensated sun compass orientation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Principal component analysis (PCA) of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) community structures found at the grazed and grazing excluded grassland soils. GEr, rhizosphere soil of grazing-excluded plot; GEb, bulk soil of grazing-excluded plot; Gr, rhizosphere soil of grazed plot; and, Gd, bulk soil of grazed plots. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-3 Among the highly abundant phyla, Proteobacteria had the highest abundance in the rhizosphere (38. 96%) and bulk soil (34. 94%) of grazing excluded grassland soils, followed by the Actinobacteria (29. 38% and 31. 02%, respectively), but their abundance were significantly decreased in bulk soil of grazed grassland (Fig. S2A). Firmucutes were the most abundant in the bulk soil (58. 32%) of grazed grassland, but significantly decreased in grazing excluded grassland soils. We also observed two fungal phyla dominated the soil microbes: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (Fig. S2B). In grazing excluded grassland soils, the Ascomycota had the highest abundance in the rhizosphere (58. 03%) and bulk soil (83. 08%), followed by the Basidiomycota (41. 34% and 9. 98%, respectively) and significantly higher in the rhizosphere. In grazed grassland soils, Ascomycota had the highest relative abundance in the rhizosphere (84. 25%) and bulk soil (79. 32%), followed by the Basidiomycota (9. 98% and 1. 37%, respectively). Response of soil microbial networks Network analysis for bacteria and fungi in the grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils, including data of both rhizosphere and bulk soil (since a significant rhizosphere effect was not detected), revealed that the networks of bacteria and fungi in the grazing-excluded grassland soil were larger than those in grazed grassland soils (Fig. 4, Table S2). However, grazing exclusion slightly decreased the proportion of positive links in bacterial networks from 76. 58 to 68. 32% and substantially decreased them in fungal networks from 69. 33 to 57. 50% (Table S2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: To clarify the implications of the newly adopted position paper on social dialects, Cole responds to the most frequently asked questions. Q: Does the position paper imply that speech-language pathologists should now actively seek and enroll speakers of nonstandard dialects into their caseloads or practices? A: Absolutely not. In no way is the Association encouraging mass screening, identification, and enrollment of social dialect speakers for speech or language intervention, “speech improvement,” or any other similar training. On the contrary, the position paper clearly states that the priority of the speech-language pathologist continues to be service to the truly communicatively handicapped. Speakers of social dialects are not in that category. However, it has been the practice of some service programs and service providers routinely to deny service to individuals who have no disorder but who want to acquire competence in standard English. The position of the Association is that an individual who seeks such elective clinical service may indeed be served by the speech-language pathologist. Of course, for the social dialect speaker who exhibits a true speech or language disorder (i. e. , features that cannot be attributed to either the nonstandard dialect or standard English), speech or language treatment probably will be indicated. Q: Social dialects were not included as part of my academic or practicum training in speech-language pathology. How can I prepare myself to serve nonstandard English speakers? A: You are not alone. The traditional training in speech-language pathology is based on standard American English. Although coursework in sociolinguistics can apply toward certification, such courses are neither required nor widely offered. In an informal review of recent applications for the Certificate of in Speech-Language Pathology, it was found that only about 2 in 20 applicants had taken a course in sociolinguistics. There are no specific course requirements established by ASHA for service to social dialect or minority language populations. However, the position statement does specify recommended areas of competence for assessment, intervention, and the provision of elective services to nonstandard English speakers. To reiterate, they include: knowledge of the particular dialect as a rule-governed linguistic system, knowledge of nondiscriminatory testing procedures, knowledge of the phonological and grammatical features of the dialect, knowledge of contrastive analysis procedures, knowledge of the effects of attitudes toward dialects, thorough understanding and appreciation for the community and culture of the nonstandard speaker.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: ResultsMigrant monarchs can use a magnetic field for orientationWe performed indoor magnetic compass trials during the 2012 and 2013 fall migration seasons, in which individual monarchs collected from at least three different locations (see Methods) were tested in a flight simulator that was surrounded by a magnetic coil system used to vary the three different magnetic field parameters (horizontal, vertical, and intensity) (Fig. 1a). To facilitate flight in trials, they were conducted under diffuse white light conditions (spectrum: peak at 600 nm, range: 350–800 nm; total irradiance: 7. 45 × 1015 photons s−1 cm−2; Fig. 1b), which also provided migrants with wavelengths of light that are crucial for a functioning magnetic sense in other insects12,13. Figure 1: Fall migrant monarch butterflies can use a magnetic field to orient in the proper southerly fall migratory direction. (a) Flight simulator and coil system used in magnetic compass trials. (b) Irradiance curve of lighting conditions during flight simulator trials. Light measurement was taken inside the flight simulator, with the flight encoder and diffuser in position, at the position of the head of the tethered monarch butterfly during trials. (c) Orientation of individual directional fall monarchs during the fall 2012 (n=18) and 2013 (n=27) migration seasons (red dots; both years pooled: n=45) in a generated field with a 45° inclination angle, at a 141 μT field intensity. For the circle diagram, arrow indicates mean group orientation, shaded area is 95% confidence interval, mN is magnetic north. Full size imageMigrants from the 2012 and 2013 migratory seasons that were flown under artificial magnetic field conditions (inclination angle=45°; total magnetic field strength=141 μT) and that flew continuously for 5 min were significantly directional with a mean equatorward orientation (2012: α=162°, r=0. 707, P=0. 0001, n=18; 2013: α=179°, r=0. 668, P=0. 0001, n=27). There was no difference in orientation direction between years (Watson’s U218, 27=0. 028, P>0. 5), and the pooled orientation bearing was 172° (r=0. 676, P=0. 0001, n=45) (Fig. 1c).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The fungal network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils was more densely connected than those in grazed grassland soils, with more links, higher average degree and shorter path distance (Fig. 4, Table S2). Opposite trends were observed for the bacterial network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils. The value of R 2 of the power law ranged from 0. 71 to 0. 85. The values of the average clustering coefficient (avgCC), path distance (GD), and harmonic geodesic distance (HD) of all networks were larger than those for randomized networks (Table S2). Figure 4: Highly connected modules of bacteria and fungi in grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils. A red link indicates a positive correlation between two individual nodes, whereas a blue link indicates a negative correlation. Nodes at module centers are module hubs, and nodes in black boxes are connectors. (A) Bacterial network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (B) bacterial network of grazed grassland soil; (C) fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (D) fungal network of grazed grassland soil. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-4 Figure 5: Proportion of bacterial and fungal nodes in global networks based on the eight most abundant bacterial phyla (A) and five most abundant fungal phyla (B). G, Grazed area; GE, Grazing-excluded area. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-5 A total of six module hubs and six connectors were identified in the bacterial networks of grazed grassland soils, whereas 12 module hubs and three connectors were found in the bacterial networks of grazing-excluded grassland soils (Table S3). For fungi, we recorded three module hubs and two connectors in the grazed grassland soils, whereas, four module hubs were recorded in grazing excluded grassland soils (Table S4). In addition, approximately 80% of the bacterial nodes of global networks belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria (23. 82∼26. 40%), Actinobacteria (20. 94∼25. 39%), Bacteroidetes (13. 69∼15. 35%), Acidobacteria (7. 60∼11.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: They include: (a) developing tests based on local dialect norms, (b) testing only those features that are common to both dialects, (c) conducting item analysis of tests to identify items that present potential bias against dialect speakers and indicating alternatively acceptable responses, (d) utilizing alternative scoring procedures for dialect speakers, (e) reporting behavioral responses to test content without reporting scores, and (f) relying only on informal judgments of the communication behaviors of the individual. A detailed description of these alternative approaches is beyond the limitations of the short answer format here. on and Behaviors in has been studying the issue of nondiscriminatory testing in preparation for a forthcoming position paper on the subject. Q: PL 94-142 clearly indicates that elective services cannot be supported by PL 94-142 funds. Therefore, because speech-language pathology and audiology services in the schools are supported by PL 94-142 funds in my state, public school speech-language pathologists cannot provide elective services to normal social dialect speakers. A: It is true that the regulations do not permit federal funds designated by PL94-142 to be used for services that are elective or for children who are not handicapped. However, this does not preclude local school districts or state education agencies from allocating funds from other sources to support elective services provided by the speech-language pathologist. In Alaska, for instance, after lobbying efforts by local Association members, dialect usage was given a special designation by the state for service delivery. Q: Should a speech-language pathologist who uses a nonstandard dialect provide articulation or language therapy to a standard English speaker? A: There are numerous speech-language pathologists and audiologists who use speech and language characteristics that are indicative of regional and social dialects. At any ASHA Convention, for instance, a rich diversity of dialects is readily heard in the hotel lobbies, in committee meetings, from the podia and in the meeting. With the increasing success of minority student recruitment efforts, linguistic diversity within the profession is likely to become even richer. Perhaps more important than questioning the dialect used by the speech-language pathologist or audiologist are the following questions: Does the individual have the expected level of knowledge in normal and disordered communication? Does the individual have the expected level of diagnostic and therapeutic case management skill?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: The 5-min flight duration was previously found to be the minimal time required to evaluate directional orientation behaviour in individual butterflies in the flight simulator6. For assessing directionality in individual monarchs, we used a Z-value of ⩾500, as in previous publications9,10,14,15 (see Methods). Z, which is the critical value of the Rayleigh test, is calculated by the equation: Z=nr2, in which n is the number of observations and r is the magnitude of the mean vector. Previous studies have shown, using reconstructed flight paths, that directional flight was apparent at Z⩾500 and ambiguous at Z<500 (ref. 14); this Z-value parameter helped define the non-directionality of non-migrant, summer butterflies tested in the flight simulator outdoors under sunny skies. 14 Using the Z-value as a measure of directionality, we found that 87% of the 45 monarchs that flew continuously for 5 min exhibited a Z-value of >500. Accordingly, these 39 migrants provide a valid representation of the population of butterflies that flew. They were thus re-flown following the various trial perturbations outlined below with their first flight orientation values used as a control for comparison with subsequent experimental flight studies. Migrants have an inclination magnetic compassMost long-distance migratory animals studied to date use the inclination angle component of the Earth’s magnetic field to guide their latitudinal movement in either a poleward or equatorward direction16,17,18. We examined whether or not monarchs also have an inclination magnetic compass by testing the orientation behaviour of individuals when the vertical component of the field was inverted (−45°). This field manipulation alters the directional information provided by the inclination angle such that individuals would perceive it as a 180° shift16,19 and is the acid test for the existence of an inclination compass16,19,20. Eight migrants (initial Z-values: 1,151. 0±134. 3, mean±s. e. m. ; Fig. 2a, left) re-flew for 5 min a second time under the same magnetic field conditions but with the inverted vertical component. The eight migrants re-flown continued to exhibit Z-values >500 (980. 7±150. 1) but displayed a grouped orientation towards magnetic North (α=1°, r=0. 817, P=0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: 85%), and Chloroflexi (8. 46∼11. 39%) (Fig. 5A). The grazing exclusion network had higher proportions of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and Saccharibacteria compared with the grazing network. For fungi, the majority of the fungal nodes belonged to Ascomycota (64. 23∼64. 50%) and Basidiomycota (16. 41∼16. 90%) (Fig. 5B). The proportion of major fungal nodes in the global networks did not differ between grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils at the phylum level. The correlations between plants, soil variables, and soil microbial community Most variables examined in this study were correlated with one another (Table S5). Richness and diversity of bulk soil bacteria were positively correlated with (P < 0. 05) plant diversity, TOC, and soil pH (Table S5), while that of bulk soil fungi were positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with plant aboveground biomass and SWC, but negatively correlated (P < 0. 01) with soil pH. The richness and diversity of the rhizosphere fungi was positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with TN and soil pH (Table S5). Eigengen analysis was used to reveal the relationships between network structure and environmental factors based on Spearman’s correlation analysis (Fig. S3). The bacterial network grouped to 17 and 11 submodules in the grazing-excluded grassland soil and grazed grassland soil, respectively, whereas the fungal network grouped to 9 submodules in both grazing-excluded and grazed grassland soils. The bacterial network of the grazing-excluded grassland soil was strongly correlated with plant diversity (Fig. S3A), whereas the fungal network was strongly correlated with soil and pH (Fig. S3C). In the bacterial network, the module 10 of grazing-excluded grassland soil was positively correlated with plant diversity and aboveground biomass (P < 0. 05; Fig. S3A), whereas the module 9 of grazed grassland soil was positively correlated with plant aboveground biomass (P < 0. 01; Fig. S3B). In the fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil, module 6 was positively correlated with soil TP content (P < 0. 05; Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: In the clinical setting, is the individual able to model the target phoneme (or allophone), grammatical feature, or other aspect of language that characterizes the client's particular problem? If these questions can be answered affirmatively, then the use of a nonstandard dialect should not be an issue. In asking the originally posed question, one must be careful that the underlying question is not, “Should a Black, Hispanic, Asian or Indian speech-language pathologist provide speech or language therapy to Whites? ” Employment practices that discriminate on the basis of race or national origin could result in serious legal consequences and may be open to questions of ethics. Q: Does the position paper have implications for our professional role with bilingual populations? A: Yes, to a limited extent. A bilingual speaker may present a situation that is analogous to a speaker who uses a social dialect. The bilingual speaker may mix the phonological and grammatical rules of the minority language with those of standard English (and/or nonstandard English). Similar to social dialect speakers, bilingual individuals speak English, but may do so with linguistic rules that are different or nonstandard. The rules used by the bilingual speaker can be attributed to the rules of the minority language spoken and to the community in which he/she lives. The position statement has similar implications for bilingual individuals as it does for other nonstandard English speakers. If the bilingual individual seeks to acquire a more standard production of English, the speech-language pathologist may provide elective clinical services. However, as stressed in the position statement, a particular knowledge base is required including a thorough understanding of the linguistic rules of both languages. For the bilingual speaker who exhibits a speech or language disorder within his or her dominant language, speech or language intervention would be indicated. It should be stressed, however, that a comprehensive evaluation by a knowledgeable speech-language pathologist is required prior to initiating treatment. Considerations for providing assessment and treatment to the bilingual communicatively handicapped are currently under study by the ASHA Committee on the Status of Racial Minorities. Q: What is the best age to introduce a second dialect? A: There are two schools of thought on this. From the critical period hypothesis, we know that children learn language most easily before the age of 12. This is true for second as well as first language.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: 002, n=8; Fig. 2a, right) that was opposite (Moore’s test: R′=1. 418, P<0. 001) from their initial group orientation (α=175°, r=0. 857, P=0. 0008, n=8; Fig. 2a, left) by ~\n180°. These results demonstrate that individual fall migrants use the inclination angle of a magnetic field as a directional cue, suggesting that monarchs, like birds and sea turtles16,17,18, rely on an inclination compass for long-distance navigation. Figure 2: The inclination magnetic compass of fall migratory monarch butterflies. (a) Fall migrant monarchs that oriented equatorwards during their initial flight (left; red; n=8), shifted their orientation towards magnetic North when tested a second time under similar generated field conditions (right; dark green; n=8), but with the inclination angle reversed (−45°). (b) Fall migrant monarchs that oriented equatorwards during their initial flight (left; red; n=7), each displayed flight with significantly reduced directionality (that is, Z score <500) when tested a second time under a horizontal field (0° inclination angle) with the same field intensity (n=7). For both a and b, bar graphs indicate the mean Z±s. e. m. score of animals for each group. Circular diagrams are the group orientation behaviour for each group in which each monarch plotted (dot) had a Z score >500. For each circular diagram, the arrow indicates mean group orientation, shaded area is 95% confidence interval, and mN is magnetic north. Full size imageSome animals use a polar compass for directionality and do not reverse their direction when the vertical component is inverted21,22. To rule out a potential contribution of a polar compass to directionality in migratory monarchs, we re-flew migrants at vertical field parameters mimicking those at the equator in which the inclination is 0° but still at a field strength of 141 μT; if the monarch’s magnetic compass is strictly inclinational, then directionality should be severely compromised with only the horizontal (polar) component present (that is, without a vertical component). The seven migrants that re-flew for 5 min under these conditions (initial Z-values 1,087. 4±308.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: S3C). of grazing exclusion on plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The results of our study demonstrated that eight years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe had negative influences on grassland ecosystems, because the primary plant communities (S. glareosa) were replaced by secondary plant communities dominated by S. collina, leading to retrogressive succession of this grassland plant community. The stress-tolerance competition hypothesis suggests that tall plant species can obtain more light resources than short plant species (Tilman, Wedin & Knops, 1996). Therefore, due to competition for resources, the density of some species with low competitive abilities decreased or even disappeared after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). In the present study, grazing exclusion increased the abundance of S. collina, resulting in increased total aboveground biomass, indicating the tolerance of this species to grazing exclusion. However, their regeneration would have occupied more niche space in the community that thereby reduced the number of coexisting species possible (Wang et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion reduced the species richness, indicating a trade-off between the plant biomass and species richness in S. glareosa desert steppe after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). We also found that grazing exclusion decreased the soil TOC. A previous study reported that perennial bunchgrasses were positively correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available potassium, implying that perennial bunchgrasses are an indicator of soil properties and can improve soil nutrients (Jing et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2020). Our study supported these observations. Thereby our results illustrate that eight-years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe of the may not be fully conducive to the restoration of grassland ecosystem. These results are consistent with the previous studies on Tibetan Plateau, which show that eight years of grazing exclusion did not bring any ecological and economic benefits (Sun et al. , 2020). Effects of grazing exclusion on soil microbial communities and interactions Grazing exclusion had a positive effect on the bulk soil bacterial and fungal richness and diversity. These findings might be related to the high-productivity grassland without the disturbance of livestock (Zhang et al. , 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the learning of a second dialect is easier for the young child than for a youngster in junior high or above. The other point of view is that intrinsic motivation is the key factor in learning either a second language or dialect. That is, an individual will most easily acquire a second language or dialect if his or her internal motivation to do so is high. For a very young child, the primary socializing agents are the family and peer group. Language serves a social solidarity function, which is the reason that the eradication approach usually fails. That is, the intrinsically motivating factor of family and peer identity is stronger than the later acquired values of social mobility and social class prestige which are associated with standard English usage. These later developing values become intrinsic motivators around the age of junior high or above. Further, for the very young child, language is closely tied to self-concept. To imply to a young child that something is wrong with the way he or she talks (which is also the way his or her family talks) implies that something is wrong with that child as a person. It could be argued that there is no justification for devaluing the self-worth of a child—not even if you think it is for his or her “own good in the long run. ” The answer to this question is addressed indirectly in the position statement. It is clearly stated that there may be nonstandard English speakers who find it advantageous to have access to the use of standard English. Such individuals would have intrinsic motivation to learn standard English and would be the most likely to seek the services of the speech-language pathologist. It is this type of individual to which the position statement refers. Q: I understand the bidialectal philosophy for oral communication. am continually confronted by classroom teachers who have difficulty teaching written standard English to nonstandard dialect speakers. Do speech-language pathologists have a responsibility here? A: Many speakers of nonstandard dialects will apply the phonological and grammatical rules of the dialect to written English. Consequently, there may be dialect interference when learning to write in standard English grammar. There also may be errors in spelling caused by phonological differences and reading may be impeded. ASHA recognizes the role of the speech-language pathologist as a resource or consultant to the classroom teacher.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Perioperative Medicine| June 2009 of Temperature and Rest–after General (Propofol) Anesthesia in Dispersyn, Ph. D. ; Garance Dispersyn, Ph. D. *Junior Researcher. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 1315. Split-10. 1097/ALN. 0b013e3181a10225 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search anesthesia is commonly associated with sleep disorders, fatigue, drowsiness, and mood alterations in patients. The authors examined whether general (propofol) anesthesia can impact the circadian temporal structure by disturbing circadian rest-activity and body temperature rhythms under normal light-dark conditions (light-dark 12:12 h) in rats. MethodsA group of rats was anesthetized with propofol, and another was injected with 10% Intralipid, which was used as a control lipidic solution. The authors examined six groups of rats according to the Zeitgeber time of intraperitoneal administration (ZT6, ZT10, ZT16) and the substance injected (propofol or Intralipid). ResultsOn the day after anesthesia, propofol induced a significant 60- to 80-min phase advance of both rest-activity and body temperature rhythms. A significant 45- to 60-min phase advance of body temperature and a significant 20-min phase advance of rest-activity were still observed on the second day after anesthesia. The amplitudes of both rest-activity and body temperature rhythms were decreased on the first and second days after anesthesia. The 24-h mean rest-activity rhythm was decreased on the day after anesthesia, whereas the 24-h mean body temperature rhythm was not modified. ConclusionThe results demonstrate the disturbing effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian time structure in rats under normal light conditions. Topics: body temperature, propofol, rats, rhythm, core body temperature, intravenous fat emulsions research on postoperative circadian rhythms in patients suggests that both general anesthetics and surgery can disturb the circadian time structure via multifactorial mechanisms. 1,2General anesthesia can be described as a pharmacologic state involving amnesia, immobility, unconsciousness, and analgesia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Grazing impacts soil microbial communities by causing changes in plant composition and soil properties through trampling, defoliation, and urine deposition (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Excluding livestock trampling increased plant coverage, enhanced soil aggregate structure, and therefore facilitate the soil microbial activity and growth (Wang et al. , 2020). Thus, we interpret that the grazing exclusion provides more opportunities for different microbial species to interact with each other. However, the soil bacterial and fungal networks responded differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks are more sensitive and quick response to grazing exclusion than that of bacterial networks. This may be because bacteria grow faster than fungi, while fungi may have more limited dispersal because of their larger size (Dassen et al. , 2017). Fungal co-occurrence networks were characterized by high connectivity and low modularity, indicating low stability under grazing exclusion (Montoya, Pimm & Sole, 2006); while bacterial co-occurrence networks had weak interactions that suggest higher stability under grazing exclusion (Coyte, Schluter & Foster, 2015). We also found that changes in soil nutrient levels had positively associations with fungal networks. There is accumulating evidence that fungal communities were more responsive to sources of C and N than bacterial communities (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Zhang et al. , 2018). Grazing can promote root exudation and litter decomposition through defoliation and trampling, which can enhance the amount of C and N entering the soil (Bi et al. , 2018). In contrast, grazing exclusion would be reduced the soil C and N pools in low fertility ecosystems, as suggested by previous researches (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Sun et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by reducing the TOC, because more abundant members from fungal community were competing for limited niches (Lupatini et al. , 2014). The more connected interactions and increased negative correlations in fungal networks confirmed these findings (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Not only were fungal network affected more by TOC, but fungal network also showed negative links to vegetation change. Fungal communities have been found to be the first consumers of belowground input of plant-derived C (et al. , 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: If the speech-language pathologist has a thorough knowledge of the linguistic rules of the dialect, he/she can assist the classroom teacher in taking the child's dialect into account in instruction. Just as the classroom teacher teaches children to comprehend the numerous irregularities in written English, such as silent letters, phonemes with more than one grapheme, and homophonous pairs, dialect rules and contrasts can also be incorporated into instruction as additional “irregularities” in the English language. Q. What do you do when there is a true error within the dialect? For example, if a speaker says “I are a boy,” there is neither a social dialect rule nor a standard English rule to account for this. teach the grammar (I is a boy or I a boy) or do I teach the standard English grammar (I am a boy)? A: There are differing views. Some professionals think that dialect preference should be the individual's (or the parent's) choice. However, if the speech-language pathologist is not a speaker of the nonstandard dialect, he/she may not be able to model the dialect feature with native dialect proficiency. The result could be a violation of sociolinguistic or pragmatic rules. Other professionals think that when there is an error in the dialect, the standard English feature should be taught. Still others agree that in such instances, the standard English feature should be taught, but if the end result is production of the dialect feature, it should be accepted. The rationale for teaching the standard English version of the particular feature is based on the reality that dialect usage exists on a continuum. The majority of speakers will not use all of the rules of the given dialect. The number and type of features that have a high frequency of occurrence may vary from speaker to speaker. Therefore, if a speaker has a true error, which is neither attributable to the nonstandard dialect nor to standard English, there is no way to be certain that the speaker would have “naturally” developed use of the nonstandard version of the particular feature. Q: Does the position paper mean that we now have ASHA's approval to teach English as a second language (ESL)? A: No. ASHA currently has no position on the role of the speech-language pathologist in teaching English as a second language. Q. Are there published listings of bidialectal training programs?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 5. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of body temperature rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 5. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of body temperature rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 6. Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of rest–activity on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZT) of propofolanesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: One recent study reported that mixed plant species were more likely than single-species to contain sufficient C, N, and P concentrations to satisfy the demand from microbial decomposers (Gong et al. , 2020). This view is supported by our results. For example, when the fast-growing S. collina plant and fungal community compete for soil C and N—mainly arising from inputs of single-species litter—was insufficient to meet the growth rate of fungi (Wang et al. , 2020). Conversely, in response to nutrient deficiency, fungal community could compete for limited nutrients, which are increased the fungal competition and thereby decreased their community stability (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019; Wang et al. , 2018). On the basis of the above reasoning, grazing exclusion may lead to a negative effect on soil fungal interactions and indicate an unstable and vulnerable fungal community in the S. glareosa desert steppe. bacterial and fungal networks have different properties and respond differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks were more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. Eight years of grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by decreasing the plant richness and TOC, in this case triggering negative effects on the S. glareosa desert steppe. Our findings provide evidence that eight-years of grazing exclusion is not beneficial to plant diversity maintenance. OI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-1 data: all plant, soil, and soil microbial variables DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-2 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data are available in the : PRJNA627740 (SRP258186). The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw measurements are available in the Supplementary Files.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: A: of identified and listed numerous multicultural tests and materials in the September 1981 issue of Asha. A supplement to that listing appears in this issue of Asha. Unfortunately, only two programs were identified that were described by their authors as bidialectal training programs. A program designed for grades K through 6 was developed for the by Wilbur Goodseal. The program manual and curriculum guide, entitled for Populations, can be obtained by contacting Emogene Lewis, 4108. The other program, designed for preschool children, can be found in by (Grune and Stratton). Other programs undoubtedly exist. But many multicultural products are either published by small publishers with limited dissemination or unpublished and used by their authors for their local populations. of would welcome information about such programs, particularly for older children and adults. Q: The administration in my school district and most of the classroom teachers firmly believe in the eradication philosophy. They are pressuring me to regard normal nonstandard English differences as if they were speech and language disorders. Being outnumbered, how can I convince them that they are wrong. A: There is no right or wrong on this very controversial issue. Rather, there are differing opinions. But the opinion of those who believe in eradication is not consistent with the policy of the communicative disorders profession. The position statement on social dialects represents the official policy of the American Speech-Language- Hearing Association. Thus, there is an official statement that can be brought to the attention of administrators and teachers to support your professional philosophy on this issue. Return to of is now the ASHA Office of now mandates that “Some coursework must address issues pertaining to normal and abnormal human development and behavior across the life span and to culturally diverse populations. ” Notes [*] professionals prefer to use the term Ebonics instead of the more popularly used term Black English. Derived from the words ebony and phonics, the term Ebonics is intended to avoid the focus on race and emphasize the ethnolinguistic origin and evolution of this variety of the English language. Return to terms: dialects Reference this material as: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1983). Social dialects [Position Statement]. Available from www. asha. org/policy. © Copyright 1983 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. All rights reserved.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A significant decrease of the amplitude during the 48 h after propofol anesthesia was only detected when propofol was administered at ZT10. Indeed, for ZT6 and ZT10, only a tendency of decreased amplitude was observed, which was not significant. Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of treatment (F 1,30= 0. 45, P = 0. 506) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 73, P = 0. 08). Multivariate repeated-measures analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 6,180= 8. 59, P < 10−4) and treatment (F 1,30= 5. 74, P = 0. 023) but no significative effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 55, P = 0. 09), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,180= 4. 56, P < 10−4). Post hoc analysis for localization was performed on the amplitude value. For ZT6, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm on D1–D5 (fig. 4A). For ZT10, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm on D1 (27%; P = 0. 004) and D2 (8%; P = 0. 013) (fig. 4B). For ZT16, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm (fig. 4C). Amplitude of observed a decrease in the amplitude of body temperature circadian rhythm during the 48 h after propofol anesthesia, which was not detected after Intralipid administration (fig. 5and table 1). Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 0. 977, P = 0. 388) or treatment (F 1,30= 4. 173, P = 0. 05). Multivariate repeated-measure analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: work was supported by the (No. CARS-34), of China (No. 31960356), and the Program of ‘Ministry of Laboratory of Ecology and of the Mongolian Plateau’, University (No. 21400-516320313). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2004. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the grassland. Nature 431(7005):181-184. 1998. Linking above-ground and below-ground interactions: how plant responses to foliar herbivory influence soil organisms. & Biochemistry 30(14):1867-1878. 2013. Phylogenetic and functional changes in the microbial community of long-term restored soils under semiarid climate. & Biochemistry 65:12-21. 2018. Effects of grazing exclusion on the grassland ecosystems of mountain meadows and temperate typical steppe in a mountain-basin system in Central Asia’s arid regions, China. Science of 630:254-263. 2013. Improved selection of internal transcribed spacer-specific primers enables quantitative, ultra-high-throughput profiling of fungal communities. Microbiology 79(8):2519-2526 -. 2018. China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency. Nature 559(7713):193-204. 2010. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. 7(5):335-336. 2016. Long-term grazing exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics, soil properties and bacterial communities in the semi-arid grasslands of China. 97:170-178. 2015. The ecology of the microbiome: networks, competition, and stability. Science 350(6261):663-666 de Deyn GB. 2017. Differential responses of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea and protists to plant species richness and plant functional group identity. 26(15):4085-4098. 2018. Soil bacterial networks are less stable under drought than fungal networks. 9:3033. 2012. Molecular ecological network analyses. BMC Bioinformatics 13:113-133 Edgar RC. 2004. : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Research 32(5):1792-1797 Edgar RC. 2013.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe dialects of Madagascar belong to the East group of the Austronesian family and it is widely accepted that the Island was colonized by Indonesian sailors after a maritime trek that probably took place around 650 CE. The language most closely related to Malagasy dialects is Maanyan, but Malay is also strongly related especially for navigation terms. Since the live along the Barito river in Kalimantan (Borneo) and they do not possess the necessary skill for long maritime navigation, they were probably brought as subordinates by Malay sailors. In a recent paper we compared 23 different Malagasy dialects in order to determine the time and the landing area of the first colonization. In this research we use new data and new methods to confirm that the landing took place on the south-east coast of the Island. Furthermore, we are able to state here that colonization probably consisted of a single founding event rather than multiple settlements. To reach our goal we find out the internal kinship relations among all the 23 Malagasy dialects and we also find out the relations of the 23 dialects to Malay and Maanyan. The method used is an automated version of the lexicostatistic approach. The data from Madagascar were collected by the author at the beginning of 2010 and consist of Swadesh lists of 200 items for 23 dialects covering all areas of the Island. The lists for Maanyan and Malay were obtained from a published dataset integrated with the author's interviews. Citation: (2012) of Madagascar: Tell Us. 7(2): e30666. Enrico Scalas, Universita' del Piemonte Orientale, ItalyReceived: November 14, 2011; Accepted: December 27, 2011; Published: February 21, 2012Copyright: © 2012 Maurizio Serva. This is an open-access 2010. The dataset, which can be found in [6], consists of 200-words Swadesh lists [7] for 23 dialects of Malagasy from all the areas of the Island. The orthographical conventions are those of standard Malagasy. Most of the informants were able to write the words directly using these conventions, while a few of them benefited from the help of one or more fellow townsmen. For any dialect list two different speakers were interviewed. The complete list of speakers is provided by Table S1 of Supporting Information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: We could not identify a correlation between the degree of damage and either the direction or the amplitude of initial changes in MT-on, MT-off, and melatonin duration (Figure 9). Figure 9 Infarct volume and its relationship to shift in MT timing. Infarct volumes for all animals undergoing MCAo were computed. Each rat's infarct volume was plotted against the Day 0 shift in MT-on, melatonin duration, or MT-off relative to the baseline time before stroke. There was no linear relationship between infarct volume and any of the quantitative measures of circadian changes. The r2 values are shown; no relationship was found. Melatonin production in the pineal gland is controlled by a number of brain structures that include the SCN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord (IML). In addition, the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) [20] modulates SCN activity, which may affect melatonin output. Additionally, structures such as caudate putaman (CPu) and parietal cortex are involved in locomotor rhythm generation that can be dissociated from the SCN signals [21], and may be affected in animals after stroke. To determine whether specific regions affected by MCAo were responsible for melatonin rhythm disruption, we examined lesion sites of MCAo-treated animals. Of the animals that exhibited shifts in melatonin rhythms, only one showed injury near the SCN and only three animals showed infarctions of the IGL. None of the animals had injury to the PVN or IML. This indicates that injury to these structures cannot account for the change in melatonin timing after stroke. On the other hand, all animals had significant injury to the CPu, and all but two animals had cortical injury. Thus, CPu stroke is sufficient by itself to disrupt normal melatonin rhythms. is the first study to our knowledge that demonstrates an effect of stroke on diurnal melatonin secretion in experimental animals. Our experiments unequivocally demonstrate that ischemic strokes in rats disrupt the timing of melatonin onset and/or offset, which are the most consistent and direct markers of circadian timing. We also demonstrate that pineal microdialysis is a highly sensitive method for the study of modulation of the circadian pacemaker by disease states.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: : highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. 10(10):996-998. 2011. improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27(16):2194-2200 Faust K, Raes J. 2012. Microbial interactions: from networks to models. Microbiology 10(8):538-550. 2020. Effects of nitrogen addition on above-and belowground litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in the litter-soil continuum in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of 172:104036. 2011. Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons. 21(3):494-504. 2014. Effects of precipitation on grassland ecosystem restoration under grazing exclusion in Inner Mongolia, China. 29(10):1657-1673. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80(4):1150-1156. 2008. Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland, Inner Mongolia. Journal of 72(5):792-807. 2014. DegePrime, a program for degenerate primer design for broad-taxonomic-range pcr in microbial ecology studies. Microbiology 80(16):5116-5123. 2014. Changes in plant community composition and soil properties under 3-decade grazing exclusion in semiarid grassland. 64:171-178 -. 2013. Towards a unified paradigm for sequence–based identification of fungi. 22(21):5271-5277. 2008. Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. & Environment 128(1–2):109-116. 2014. Network topology reveals high connectance levels and few key microbial genera within soils. Frontiers in 2. 2019. Microbial community composition and network analyses in arid soils of the under grazing disturbance reveal an important response of the community to soil p2011. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. 17:10-12 Maslov S, Sneppen K. 2002. Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks. Science 296(5569):910-913. 2006. Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature 442(7100):259-227. 2014.

Output: pass