Input: Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training Most RE technologies (with hydropower being an exception) are still in their early stages of development and, in proportion to their current low level, are growing rapidly. From the national labour markets viewpoint the pattern is more varied, as for each RE technology there is limited activity in some countries, rapid growth in others, steady growth in capacity in some others, and a relatively mature industry elsewhere. Problems with demand for skills and labour shortages in RES arise when activity takes off quickly, causing the demand for labour to switch suddenly from a minor to a significant level. This further occurs later, when the rate at which new RE projects are implemented increases substantially or falls rapidly. REN Alliance identified the principal occupations difficult to fill in many of its member countries (which include both developed and developing countries), as shown in Table 2 [8]. Apparently, a widespread skills shortage of engineers and technicians in all parts of the RE industry exists, which in many cases comes from a general trend of students not to follow engineering studies. Qualified design engineers with specific knowledge in particular RE technologies are especially needed. In wind energy, apart from engineers, specialized turbine technicians are needed. An engineering and technical skills gap appears in the hydropower sector in emerging countries, as well as a lack of qualified engineers and appropriately trained technicians in the bioenergy sector. There are skills shortages in non-technical occupations also (Table 2). Legal advisors, sales specialists, inspectors, and economists in many cases lack specific skills, which are however critical for RES development. Skill shortages relate to knowledge about RE technologies and their social and economic benefits, environmental policies and regulations at international, national or regional level, specific measures launched by governments for assisting projects and other initiatives, etc. It has also been identified a widespread shortage of qualified trainers with RES specific skills. It is a fact that the basic occupational skills required for many jobs in the RE industry are delivered through existing programs of education and training. University courses in electrical, civil, mechanical and environmental engineering, agriculture & forestry, biosciences, geosciences, information technology, and a range of other disciplines provide the necessary foundation for professional level work in RE. Initial technical and vocational education & training (ITVET) and apprenticeships in technical disciplines provide a good basis for working at technician level in RE industries.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: a HUMAnN2 program was used to profile for the abundance of microbial pathways and gene families, and a transcript table with relative abundance was generated for each sample and compared using principal coordinate analysis of the Bray-Curtis distance. b Bray-Curtis distance separating each sample from control (untreated) microbiota was determined and plotted. Data are the means ± S. E. M, with individual data points being represented (N = 3). *P < 0. 05 compared to the untreated group, determined by a one-way analysis of variance corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni post-testFull size imageTo conclude, investigation of the effects of 20 commonly used dietary emulsifiers on the intestinal microbiota composition and function reveals that most tested compounds had seemingly negative impacts on microbiota yet some, namely soy lecithin and mono- and diglycerides did not have a discernable impact based on the measurements performed in this study (Table 2 and Fig. 8). Glyceryl oleate and sunflower lecithin only impacted bacterial density and alpha diversity, respectively, and agar agar, gum arabic, and iota carrageenan only impacted one or two parameters measured in a reversible manner (Table 2 and Fig. 8). CMC impacted microbiota composition in a non-reversible manner, while DATEM and lambda carrageenan impacted three parameters in a reversible manner. Propylene glycol alginate impacted metatranscriptome and microbiota composition in a non-reversible manner (Table 2 and Fig. 8). Locust bean gum, HPMC, guar gum, and kappa carrageenan impacted various parameters in a reversible manner, while xantham gum, sorbitan monostearate, glyceryl stearate, maltodextrin, and P80 impacted various microbiota parameters, both compositionally and/or functionally, in a non-reversible manner (Table 2 and Fig. 8). These results suggest that particular caution should be employed for these latter compounds, and suggest priorities for further in vivo testing of these emulsifiers broadly used by the food industry. Table 2 Global compositional and functional effects of dietary emulsifiers on the human microbiota. + correspond to a significant effectFull size tableFig. 8Global compositional and functional effects of dietary emulsifiers on the human microbiota.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Impact of the grain storage system on starch degradationTo test starch degradation in the samples after the pre-treatment, mash samples were incubated with an I2-KI solution and the colour development was monitored. Mash samples obtained from dry grain were visibly darker than those from moist grain (Figure 1). This indicates a higher accessibility of the starch in moist grain to the enzymatic pre-treatment compared with the dry grain. Obviously a substantial amount of starch had not been degraded during the pre-treatments of the farm grain. Figure 1Starch content screening with KI-I 2 staining. (a) Mash prepared from farm wheat grain before enzymatic pre-treatment. (b) Mash prepared from farm wheat grain after enzymatic pre-treatment with Stargen 001. (c) Mash prepared from stored moist wheat grain after enzymatic pre-treatment with Stargen 001. (d) Fermentation broth after fermentation. Full size imageThe more efficient starch degradation in the stored moist grain was also illustrated by the higher initial glucose concentrations in the test fermentation broth. The initial glucose concentrations in fermentations of stored moist grain, with or without biocontrol yeast, were around 80 g/L, compared with about 60 g/L in the fermentation medium obtained from farm grain (Figure 2). In the fermentations of the mash from farm grain, the sugar concentration increased during the first hours of cultivation, indicating a degradation of residual starch by glucoamylase, which was obviously still active in the fermentation. This increase in glucose concentration also indicated that there was starch left after the pre-treatment of stored dry grain. In fermentations of moist grains, with or without added biocontrol yeast, no increase or only a small initial increase in the glucose concentration was observed (Figure 2). The concentrations of free glucose dropped to 0 g/L between 12 and 15 hours of test fermentation in mashes from stored farm grain, and between 15 and 18 hours in those from stored moist grain. Some release of glucose from residual starch can be assumed even after the measured apparent glucose concentrations dropped to zero, as the plateaux in the ethanol concentration were reached somewhat later (Figure 2). Figure 2Test fermentations of mashes prepared from differently stored grain. Typical examples are shown. (a) Fermentation of mash obtained from stored farm grain.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: ‘Best practices’ are the Windskill training strategy for the entire European wind market (funded by the IEE Programme), and the Network, an international academic network in the EU-MENA region aiming at contributing to the implementation of the through the provision of education and training in solar power [9]. Table 2Principal occupations difficult to fill per sub-sector. Source: REN Alliance survey [8]. 5 generation of employment opportunities is a major policy priority in countries with high levels of unemployment and underemployment, be it a long-term issue or the immediate consequence of the economic recession. As described above, developing the RE capacities can make a significant contribution to job creation, being one of the benefits of exploiting the economic opportunities in RE. However, to maximise the potential development of the RE industry, it is very important to get the right skills, in the right places, at the right time and in the right quantities. A key difficulty in ensuring an adequate supply of skills is that the RE sector requires substantial numbers of engineers and technicians. Shortages in these occupations are common in developed countries and can also occur in developing countries when there is a sudden increase in demand. Another problem identified is that the patterns of demand for labour in the RE sector make it difficult for providers of education and training in skills relevant to RE to match their activity to industry needs. Skills strategies for RES should be designed to mitigate this problem, and there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs. Social dialogue has a critical role to play both in identifying skills needed for the sector and in ensuring that adequate education and training provision is available. In this respect, the interaction between governments, employers/companies and their associations, the federations of workers, and training providers is important for the adaptation or creation of new curricula (and qualification schemes) for RE. To this end, the Occupational and Functional maps, as the one created for the RE sector in the UK by EU Skills [10] are crucial. map is a report about an industry or sector (e. g. the RE one) providing information on the numbers employed, industry trends, job titles, progression routes and Standards (NOS). A Functional map provides an overview of the types of major work tasks carried out in the industry/sector, and describes the outcomes of the works in broad terms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Heatmap visualization of the impact of dietary emulsifiers on bacterial density (presented in Fig. 1), microbiota composition (beta (presented in Fig. 3) and alpha (presented in Fig. 4) diversity), expression of microbiota-derived pro-inflammatory molecules (presented in Fig. 6), and metatranscriptome (presented in Fig. 7) the human microbiota. *P < 0. 05 compared to the untreated group, determined by a one-way analysis of variance corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni post-test. Emulsifiers are listed from the lowest (left side) to the highest (right side) effect on microbiota composition and functionFull size imageDiscussionChronic inflammatory diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and IBD, are associated with disturbance of the composition and the function of the human gut microbiota, with accumulating evidence demonstrating the role played by this community in disease establishment and chronicity. That the prevalence of these disorders has markedly increased amidst relatively constant human genetics indicates a role for non-genetic (i. e. , environmental) factors including those that might impact gut microbiota and/or the intestine’s ability to manage this microbial ecosystem. Accordingly, components of modern diets, especially non-absorbed additives that transit the colon and directly interact with the microbiota and the intestinal mucosa, are potential candidates to promote these chronic diseases. Dietary emulsifiers, specifically the synthetic compounds CMC and P80, directly detrimentally impact the intestinal microbiota in ways suggested to promote various inflammatory diseases [5, 11, 14]. Such observations suggest that greater consideration needs to be paid to the potential health hazards of this class of food additive, which might reveal strategies to reformulate some processed food to improve their healthfulness. Toward the goal of more broadly considering potential impacts of dietary emulsifiers as a class of food additives, we utilized a high-throughput MBRA model of human microbiota in order to screen the impact of 20 commonly used emulsifiers. The use of this model largely recapitulated our results from the more complex but cumbersome Ecosystem (SHIME) model that showed CMC and P80 directly impacted on microbiota composition and gene expression [11]. Specifically, although neither CMC nor P80 significantly impacted bacterial density, both significantly impacted microbiota composition in a non-reversible manner, as assessed by measurement of the Jaccard distance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (b) Fermentation of mash obtained from stored moist grain in the presence of the biocontrol yeast, P. anomala. (c) Fermentation of mash obtained from stored moist grain without biocontrol yeast inoculation. Full size imageMicrobial populations in the test fermentationsDue to the high proportion of non-soluble p0. 3 g/L (results not shown), thus it does not seem to be relevant for increasing the ethanol yield from wheat grain. HPAE-PAD analysis also revealed the presence of small amounts of xylose, arabinose and galactose in the fermentation broths. Here concentrations were almost twice as high in CHP-treated samples compared with those treated only with Stargen 001. The amount of these sugars did not decrease during the fermentations in accordance with the stated inability of S. cerevisiae to ferment these sugars [13]. However, in all fermentations the concentrations of these sugars were always less than 1 g/L (results not shown), thus the potential impact of fermenting these sugars on the total ethanol yield from wheat grain seems to be insignificant. DiscussionIn this study, we investigated whether airtight storage of moist wheat grain influences subsequent ethanol production from the material. Unexpectedly, the ethanol yields were more than 10% higher when using moist stored wheat instead of the dry material. The determined yield of about 0. 47 g ethanol/g grain (dry weight) in our non-optimised control fermentations was higher than the 0. 43 g usually obtained from dry grain by the Swedish ethanol industry Thus, airtight storage of cereal grains, with considerably lower demand for process energy for storage of the material also substantially improved the ethanol fermentation. This effect was seen for stored moist material independently of whether a biocontrol yeast was added or not. Drying the grain apparently made the starch less accessible for the enzymes, as indicated by the higher starch content and the lower glucose concentrations detected after enzymatic pre-treatment. It has been demonstrated that the water content in starch has a strong influence on its network structure, with a high crystallisation and less susceptibility to enzyme degradation at low water content [16]. Airtight wet storage or ensilation has also been shown to improve the digestibility of cereal grain starch in animal feeding due to the activity of internal amylases and a more accessible structure of the starch granules [10, 17].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: : Access and With the growing adoption of artificial intelligence and dramatic changes in global population demographics, the future of work is a source of major uncertainty, particularly in sub (SSA). The growing impact of climate change on precipitation patterns, heat stress, water availability, and extreme weather severely impacts productivity in Africa’s largely rain-fed agricultural sector, deepening its food crisis, and also affects the predictability and availability of work for millions in farming, which employs over 65% of the continent’s labor force [1]. This is compounded by an increase in automation and mechanization, which reduces farm costs but jeopardizes traditional agricultural job opportunities. Meanwhile, as jobs grow scarce, recent improvements in healthcare access have led to a youth explosion, with many countries across SSA now having more than 20% of the total population between 15 and 24 years [2]. In fact, Africa’s youth population is projected to double by 2050 to 840 million [3]. While a young population can be a major boon to the local economy and a positive force for growth, if the capacity to create new jobs is not cultivated in tandem with the population increase, it can lead to massive unemployment, increasing dependency on the existing working population, and persistent poverty. Employment data suggests that women and youth are most severely impacted by the dearth of employment opportunities, particularly those in rural communities [4]. Rural women, who make up the majority of agricultural and mining labor, are often unable to diversify away from these sectors even as employment opportunities decline, due to lack of education, traditional perceptions of gender roles, and a host of other sociocultural factors. Thus, the scale of the challenge is enormous, as the latest statistics make clear: young men and women between the ages of 15 to 24 comprise over 34% of the working-age population in SSA [5], and over 10 million jobless youth are looking for work every year [6]. 1. Amid this challenge, there is a major opportunity for economic development and employment creation through delivering energy access to 573 million people in SSA [7]. In 2017, national electricity access in SSA stood at 44% [8]. Rural electricity access, however, is even lower, at 22% [7]. Many SSA countries are in the midst of an energy transition as solar, wind, and electricity storage displace fossil fuel, and as rural electrification receives growing attention [9].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: P80 also impacted the composition of microbiota as assessed by weighted UniFrac measurement, and also triggered significant metatranscriptome alteration, indicating that P80 had a long-lasting impact on both microbiota composition and gene expression, and further highlighting some differences between the impacts triggered by CMC and P80. In contrast, several of the newly tested compounds, such as sorbitan monostearate and glyceryl stearate, significantly increased microbial density that persisted throughout the post-treatment period studied. The addition of agar agar, and glyceryl oleate to MBRA microbiotas resulted in a significant non-reversible reduction in bacterial density. This reduction in bacterial density associated with a tendency of these additives to induce a non-reversible decrease in microbiota richness, as observed for sorbitan monostearate, and glyceryl stearate exposure. In the case of glyceryl stearate, such reduced diversity resulted in a lasting increase in LPS, suggesting that despite lower amounts of total bacteria, the change in composition made the microbiota more able to activate pro-inflammatory signaling. Metatranscriptome analysis did not reveal any gene that could explain the increased levels of bioactive LPS and flagellin observed following treatment with select compounds. This suggests that select emulsifiers may play a role in the release of these pro-inflammatory molecules without impacting the expression of genes involved in their synthesis per se. Thus, future investigations are required to identify microbiota members driving increases in the bioactive level of LPS and flagellin and, moreover, discern underlying mechanisms. Some of the strongest effects we observed were from maltodextrin, which is not classified as an emulsifier by regulatory agencies but yet have emulsifying properties which impacts food surface characteristics [12]. Maltodextrin impacted several parameters we tested including microbiota density, composition, gene expression, and, perhaps consequently, expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Such results are consistent with accumulating evidences demonstrating the detrimental impact of maltodextrin on the intestinal environment [9, 10, 30]. However, it should be pointed out that this polysaccharide is thought to be very quickly digested to glucose and absorbed in the small intestine and thus may never have the direct impacts with colon bacteria that we sought to model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It is also possible that phytic acid is degraded in moist grain due to endogenous and microbial activity [18]. Phytate can have a negative impact on starch degradation as it removes minerals from the mash, thus diminishing the activities of the starch-degrading enzymes [19]. Fermentation times and yeast growth were not substantially influenced by the storage method. The microbial stability of the ethanol fermentation was not negatively affected by the presence of the biocontrol yeast in the grain storage. In all samples, the investigated yeast colonies were exclusively from the inoculated fermentation strain S. cerevisiae AEF1. The number of bacterial contaminants in the ethanol fermentation was low and there was no substantial difference between grains stored moist or dry, again indicating that airtight-stored grains can be used in ethanol production. No substantial yield improvement was obtained by the use of a mixture of CHP-enzymes. The fibre content of wheat is about 12% [20], which implies a certain potential for improving yield by the use of those enzymes. However, the fibre fraction seems to be resistant to enzymatic degradation and requires a thermochemical pre-treatment for its conversion into ethanol [14]. ConclusionOur results show that there is great potential for improving the efficiency of even firmly established processes like ethanol production from cereal grains, by using alternative methods for handling the material. Process energy consumes a major part of the energy gain when producing ethanol from grains [2], but it is obviously possible to decrease considerably the demand for process energy by an appropriate storage system and even to obtain an improved ethanol yield. Adding the biocontrol yeast P. anomala to the airtight system substantially improved the storage stability of the grain and did not impair ethanol production. These are important steps towards sustainable biofuel production. MethodsYeast strains and cultivation of micro-organismsSaccharomyces cerevisiae AEF1, an isolate from a Swedish ethanol production plant was kindly provided by the Agroetanol company (Norrköping, Sweden). Pichia anomala J121 (CBS 100487) was used as the biopreservative yeast [4]. Yeasts were grown on YPD medium (20 g/L glucose, 20 g/L peptone and 10 g/L yeast extract, 16 g/L agar for solid medium) at 30°C. Selective YPD medium additionally contained 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: The pico-solar appliance market, for example, has grown at an average pace of 9% between 2014 and 2016, but experienced a dramatic dip in sales in 2017 due to reasons like macroeconomic shocks particularly in India and Nigeria, extreme climate and droughts affecting farm community revenues and ability to pay in East Africa, and currency exchange risks in volatile economies [14]. Indeed, while DRE technologies can be less costly than grid expansion, they are often still too expensive for rural households to adopt, representing a customer affordability challenge without subsidy or financial support [15]. In 2016, Practical Action’s survey of over 1800 rural households in Kenya found that 35–40% of the poorest households could not afford a SHS [16]. Furthermore, financial support for the sector remains marginal when compared to on-grid applications. While electricity finance reached an all-time high of US$36 billion in 2017, more than US$28 billion went into on-grid generation and US$5. 8 billion for transmission and distribution. Financing for off-grid and mini-grid applications in the same year received a disproportionate share of US$0. 4 billion [17]. Thus there are many challenges for scaling of the DRE sector, including access to a skilled workforce. Experts suggest that DRE technologies can create many direct jobs because of their growing market and inherently distributed nature. High level estimates from (IRENA) suggest a potential of 4. 5 million off-grid, renewable energy, direct jobs could be created globally by 2030, which would account for more than one-sixth of the global renewable energy workforce, estimated to be 24 million by 2030 [18]. Yet according to a recent Forum report, human capital, which encompasses digital, technical, and vocational skills, is the area that is least prepared for the energy transition. In other words, universal energy access could also be an opportunity for direct job creation [19]. Importantly, in addition to direct jobs, there are clear signs that access to electricity is also creating productive use jobs within the communities gaining that access. Agriculture, the sector which still dominates the SSA economy, is likely best poised to benefit from the potential of clean energy access to mitigate climate change, unlock productivity, and thereby boost near-term economic growth and local job creation. Energy access (Goal 7, also SDG 7), food security (SDG 2), and livelihoods (SDG 8) are inherently connected [20].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Thus, discernment of whether the impacts observed really relate to maltodextrin’s impacts in vivo requires further investigation. Among the newly tested class of emulsifiers, carrageenan and gum compounds showed notable impacts on both the composition and the function of microbiota, characterized by an elevated expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Carrageenans (E407) are a group of gel-forming and viscosifying polysaccharides extracted from some species of seaweeds [31]. In this study, we tested three classes of carrageenan, i. e. , kappa, iota, and lambda, which chemical structure mainly differs in the number and the position of ester sulfate groups and also in the content of anhydro-galactose [31]. These carrageenans compounds are also characterized by different composition and degree of sulfation at specific locations in the polymer. In food industry, kappa carrageenan is used in order to yield firm gels due to the presence of potassium ions, while iota carrageenan forms soft elastic gels especially in the presence of calcium ions. Unlike kappa and iota, lambda carrageenan is a non-gelling polysaccharide mainly used as a thickener especially due to the presence of three sulfate groups per two galactose molecules. Our results showed that, among these polysaccharides, kappa carrageenan appeared to have the most drastic detrimental impact on the intestinal microbiota, with non-reversible alterations in bacterial density, microbiota composition, and an increased expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Importantly, with the expression and function of TLR signaling being tightly regulated in the gastro-intestinal tract [32], it remains important to investigate the functional consequences of such increase in pro-inflammatory molecules using in vivo models. Moroever, iota and lambda harbor less effects on the microbiota. Although the detrimental impact of carrageenan compounds on intestinal microbiota has been previously reported in several studies [31, 33,34,35], kappa carrageenan seems to be especially involved in intestinal inflammation and development of IBD [36, 37], which is in accord with the observation made here on the human microbiota composition and function.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1 g/L chloramphenicol (Sigma-Aldrich Inc. , ) to suppress the growth of bacteria. To study the presence of bacteria in the fermentations, a solid medium selective for bacteria was used, LB medium (10 g/L trypton, 5 g/L NaCl, 5 g/L yeast extract, 16 g/L agar and 0. 1 g/L Delvocid [active compound natamycin, Gist-Brocades, Delft, The Netherlands]). EnzymesFor starch degradation, Stargen™ 001 (Danisco US Inc. , ), a mixture of alpha amylase and glucoamylase for industrial ethanol fermentations was used. The activity of the Stargen 001 enzyme mixture has been determined to be at least 456 granular starch hydrolysing units/g protein. GC 220 (Danisco US Inc. , ) was used as a cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading enzyme mixture, and Multifect® Pectinase FE (Danisco US Inc. , ) was used for pectin degradation. The cellulase activity of GC 220 has been determined to be at least 6200 carboxymethylcellulose activity units (IU)/g protein. One IU unit is defined as the activity needed to liberate 1 μmol of reducing sugars in 1 minute. The pectinase activity of the Multifect® Pectinase has been determined to be at least 145 IU pectinase/g protein. Enzyme activities were determined by the provider. All enzymes were a kind gift from Danisco US Inc. , (). Wheat storageThe wheat grain was kindly provided by a local farmer (Anders Eriksson, Uppsala, Sweden). The farm grain (18% water content) was stored in a covered plastic barrel and used as a control. Moist wheat grain (30% water content) was obtained by re-moistening the dry grain and stored as 18-g portions in airtight reaction tubes with a simulated air leakage as previously described [4]. Biocontrol yeast was added to some of the tubes at a concentration of 105 cells/g wheat grain [21]. Moist grain was stored for 4 weeks before preparation of the fermentation mash. All storage occurred at room temperature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: However, the impact of increased deployment of renewable technologies, and decentralized renewables in particular, has received little attention in the literature. National decision makers and their donors in SSA and other energy-poor regions have a unique opportunity to invest in the necessary resources to train the needed entrepreneurial, technical, financial, and managerial talent to deliver universal energy access while creating thousands of jobs. Otherwise, the lack of a skilled energy access workforce in emerging markets may hinder the achievement of government electrification targets, slow down the growth of more resilient energy infrastructure, and limit the potential of the energy sector to unlock major employment benefits. Yet very little data exists to support targeted policy for SSA. While some data does exist on job creation for utility scale renewable energy technologies in SSA, very few studies have explored the more nascent wave of decentralized technologies. There are few studies to date that provide an accurate job count for the DRE sector, and there is little quantitative data on the specific skills gaps that hinder sectoral growth. As such this paper contributes to the literature by specifically exploring the employment footprint of DRE technologies in SSA. TABLE 1 Table 1. Key electrification and workforce metrics for Kenya and Nigeria. Literature Review: on DRE date there is little academic literature available on the relationship between energy access and job creation in SSA. One of the earliest attempts that explore renewable energy employment in SSA by Rutovitz et al. in 2009 projected that renewable energy could provide 453,000–755,000 jobs by 2030 in SSA, and a boost in domestic renewable technologies manufacturing capacity from 50% to 100% in 2030 could add an additional 86,000 jobs [24]. Later, in 2013, IRENA established an annual review series of renewable energy jobs, and found that while renewable energy has high job creation potential, employment created in SSA is very scarce [25]. In fact, in 2016, IRENA reported that of the 8. 1 million renewable energy jobs created in 2015, only 45,000 were in SSA (0. 6%), and 28,000 of those jobs were in [26]. The solar sector, however, has since boomed in the region, directly employing about 140,000 in 2018 [27]. In fact, Greenpeace now projects that under a 1. 5-degree-celsius scenario, renewable energy (excluding biomass) could provide 4. 5 million jobs in Africa by 2030 [28].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: That these carrageenan coumpounds are reported to have a detrimental effect on the intestinal epithelium, it remains important to discern between host-effects and microbiota-effects in carrageenan-induced intestinal inflammation [36, 38]. Gum compounds, which are exopolysaccharides, are derived from different sources including microbial origin (xantham gum is derived from the Xanthonomas campestris bacterium), or vegetal origin such as gum arabic, guar gum, and locust bean gum which are derived from plants belonging to the plant family Leguminosae [39]. These compounds are characterized by different chemical structures and compositions, and their impacts on gut microbiota composition and function are consequently heterogeneous, with guar gum and xantham gum harboring striking detrimental effect, with alterations in bacterial density, composition, as well as an increased expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Locust bean gum showed important detrimental effects while gum arabic appears to have modest effects on the gut microbiota. Taxonomic profiling demonstrates profound alterations in microbiota composition at the order and genus levels. Such alterations were characterized by a significant decrease of Lactobacillales members, including Streptococcus genus, upon treatment with numerous emulsifiers, including CMC, P80, lecithin compounds, DATEM, and gum and glyceryl compounds. In addition, a remarkable decrease of Clostridiales order, especially Faecalibacterium genus, was observed upon treatment with P80, iota carrageenan, HPMC, and mono- and diglycerides. Importantly, previous studies demonstrated a significant reduction of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in IBD patients [29, 40, 41], and this bacterium has been reported to harbor anti-inflammatory properties [42,43,44]. Moreover, a significant increase in Bacteroidales order was observed upon treatment with kappa carrageenan, lambda carrageenan, DATEM, and glyceryl stearate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Preparation of a fermentation mash from wheat grainsAliquots of 10 g of wheat grains (dry weight) were milled with a mixer (Braun kitchen machine) until the milled material could pass through a 1-mm screen. The resulting flour was mixed with water and the pH was adjusted to 5 with sulphuric acid. The final volume was 40 ml, which was poured into a 100-ml glass bottle. The suspension was gelatinised in a 100°C water bath for 25 minutes. Water was added to a volume of approximately 80 ml and the pH was readjusted to 5 if required. Subsequently, 25 μl of an amylase mixture (Stargen 001) was added and the bottles were incubated on a rotary shaker at 37°C and 100 rpm for 24 hours. A mixture of CHP-enzymes was added to the suspension of some of the samples before amylase incubation. This mixture contained GC 220 (3 mg protein/g grain dry weight) and Multifect® Pectinase FE (0. 1 mg protein/g grain dry weight). These amounts were calculated according to the supplier's recommendation to give a final enzyme concentration of 25 mg/g cellulose and 10 mg/g pectin, using the grain composition reported by Åman [20]. The samples with added CHP-enzymes were incubated at 37°C and 100 rpm for 72 hours; subsequently the samples were treated with amylases as described above. After enzymatic pre-treatment, the bottles were filled to a volume of exactly 100 ml with water, the pH was adjusted to 5 and 1-ml sample was taken for sugar concentration determination. Analytical methodsDry weight of wheat grainsThe dry weight of wheat grain was determined by drying the grains in portions of 4 × 5 g wheat, in an oven at 80°C for 1 hour, followed by 15 hours at 105°C [22]. Starch analysisSamples for starch analysis were taken from the fermentation mash. The samples were diluted 10 times. KI-I2-solution (0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: However, the employment potential of DRE technologies specifically is only now emerging as a discussion in the literature, especially given the recent international focus on addressing the challenges of rural electrification. DRE technologies are widely acknowledged as key to rural energy access, given their ease and speed of deployment, and their distributed nature. Early evidence in Bangladesh showed a linkage between job creation and SHS deployment [29], finding that the deployment of 1. 2 million SHS for rural electrification created as many as 60,000 jobs [29]. In 2012, IRENA projected that 4 million jobs are needed to support DRE market potential by 2030 [18]. A later IRENA report revised the estimate to 4. 5 million [25]. A majority of these studies, however, rely on recursive reference to a small set of employment factors applicable to limited geographical contexts. Cameron and Zwaan, in a study conducted in 2013, analyzed renewable energy employment factors from 70 publications, and found that only 31 yielded original results. Of the studies that were analyzed, none had a focus on SSA, except for two studies in South Africa. Thus, there is a clear need for improved data reporting and wider geographical spread of primary data on the employment impacts of renewables [30]. In 2014, Mills conducted one of the first studies on DRE jobs focused in SSA, exploring solar lanterns and their job displacement impact on kerosene lamps. Eight major companies disclosed employment information on their operations in and Zambia, and their job displacement impact on kerosene lamps in Malawi and Kenya [28]. The results yielded that 38 jobs are created to serve 10,000 solar lantern users. Globally, 150,000 jobs were created to serve 44 million solar lanterns user [31]. Following Mills’ study, Global Off-Association (GOGLA) surveyed 40 off-grid solar companies, including those in the SHS sector. The study estimated that the off-grid solar sector can create 1. 3 million jobs in East, West and by 2022, of which 567,000 are in SSA [32]. In a more recent job brief, GOGLA estimated that of the 1. 3 million jobs, 510,000 are medium and high skilled, while 800,000 are low skilled [33].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In contrast, we observed that 8 of the tested compounds (maltodextrin, gum arabic, guar gum, locust bean gum, DATEM, sorbitan monostearate, glyceryl stearate, and glyceryl oleate) reduced the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiales, albeit not reaching statistical significance (p = 0. 06), which was entirely driven by Akkermansia genus, known to play a role in numerous inflammatory diseases [45,46,47] (Figs. 5 and S8). A similar decrease was previously detected in mice upon consumption of guar gum compared to mice fed a fiber-free diet [48], and this result is also in accordance with previous studies demonstrating that a reduced abundance of Akkermansia is detected in IBD patients, especially patients with ulcerative colitis, contrary to healthy individuals [49, 50]. Furthermore, a high abundance of Akkermansia was shown to be associated with a healthier metabolic status [47], which further suggests a protective role played by this bacterium against chronic inflammatory diseases [45,46,47], although other studies suggest a more complex and debatable role played by this bacterium [51,52,53]. It is important to note that our study utilized a single healthy donor, and future studies are warranted to study inter-individual variations in response to emulsifier exposure, as well as to study the impact of these compounds on microbiota from individuals with pre-existing dysbiosis. Moreover, since dietary habits were not investigated on this single healthy donor, the amount of dietary emulsifier consumed prior to feces donation is unknown and could have impacted the in vitro responses observed here, although we presume the 3-day pre-treatment period was sufficient to eliminate any remaining compounds present. While one might presume that any compound with detergent-like chemical properties, i. e. , all emulsifiers, would significantly impact a complex microbial community, in fact, we observed that some of the emulsifiers we tested, namely soy lecithin and mono- and diglycerides, did not drive microbiota dysbiosis in the MBRA model. Yet, detrimental impacts were observed in response to similar compounds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1 sample volume; 20 g/L KI (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and 2 g/L I2 (Merck) was added to the samples [23], and the colour development was visually determined (an exact photometric quantification was not possible because the undissolved p0. 25 ml/min. The standard curve for calibration was made with a mixture of maltose and cellobiose ranging from 10 to 100 μM in concentration. Monosaccharides were separated with an isocratic method using 15 mM NaOH and a flow rate of 0. 25 ml/min. Arabinose, galactose, glucose and xylose were identified in samples by comparison of retention times with standards of these sugars. FermentationS. cerevisiae was inoculated in a YPD medium and grown for 15 hours at 30°C and 150 rpm. Then 1 ml of this culture was added to 100 ml wheat grain mash in a 100-ml serum flask sealed by a rubber cork with a syringe needle through it and incubated at 30°C and 150 rpm. The test fermentations were run for 30 hours. Concentration of free glucose was directly tested during the fermentations using test stripes for glucose (Keto-Diabur-Test 5000, Roche, Mannheim, Germany) from 15 hours of cultivation until fermentation was finished. This was to make sure that no residual glucose was present when the fermentation was stopped. Microbial quantificationSamples from the test fermentations were diluted in steps of 10-fold dilutions and 10 μl of the dilutions were dropped on selective plates for yeast and bacteria, and incubated at room temperature for 24 hours. Colonies in the drops were counted and the numbers of yeast and bacteria per millilitre of fermentation broth was calculated. PCR-fingerprinting of yeast isolatesYeast colonies from the fermentations were picked randomly from the quantification plates. Yeast DNA was isolated according to Liberal et al. [26] and PCR-fingerprints were generated as described earlier [12, 27]. As controls, PCR-fingerprints were produced using genomic DNA of S. cerevisiae AEF1 and P. anomala J121 as templates. StatisticsTo test if there were significant differences between the investigated storage methods, Student's t-test was performed with a significance level of 5% using Microsoft® Excel 2000.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: With reference to mini-grids, the Energy and Africa survey of its mini-grid portfolio in 2018 found that 36 direct jobs were created per mini-grid, though not specifying the breakdown between short- and long-term jobs [34]. The latest relevant study explores jobs projections for SSA from renewable energy and energy efficiency, finding that the share of renewable energy jobs comprise 37% of energy sector jobs in 2020 given the current policies, and could comprise as much as 63% in 2030 under aggressive climate policy [35]. This study only includes nuclear power, utility-scale solar PV, concentrated solar power and wind technologies, and does not include decentralized technologies. Thus, few studies to date directly explore job creation for the comprehensive range of technologies serving off-grid and weak-grid areas or provide detail across employment categories. Our study adds to the literature by providing the largest and most comprehensive bottom-up employment data set for DRE technologies in SSA, allowing for nuanced insights on the workforce landscape and needs. and goal of this exercise is to establish a baseline for understanding employment opportunities generated by the DRE sector. The survey was conducted in Kenya and Nigeria. Kenya’s DRE market is one of the most mature in SSA and has the highest product penetration of solar lanterns and SHS in the world, with more than 50% market penetration [14]. Nigeria has the largest potential DRE market in SSA, complete with the most ambitious mini-grid program, but conversely has a young DRE market, with very low, but rapidly expanding market penetration [14]. Exploring these two countries thus provide unique insights into the job and skill trends of DRE markets of different sizes and stages of growth, thus serving as an instructive starting point. The survey explores direct employment in the DRE sector, both formally and informally for these countries. We also discuss estimates of job creation stimulated through electricity access from DRE technologies, termed productive use jobs. Indirect and induced jobs are outside the survey scope. 1 for a summary of each country’s electrification and employment status.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: For example, soy lecithin and sunflower lecithin (E322) are derived from lecithin compound which is a mixture of acetone-insoluble phospholipids and other minor substances such as triglycerides and carbohydrates [54]. It has been reported that sunflower lecithin is a non-GMO (non-genetically modified organisms) byproduct and was suggested as an alternative to soybean lecithin [55, 56]. However, we observed here that gut microbiota was more detrimentally impacted by sunflower lecithin, which significantly induced increased levels of FliC during the treatment phase compared with soy lecithin (p = 0. 0069). This pro-inflammatory effect of sunflower lecithin could be due to its content of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, previously demonstrated to induce inflammation [57, 58]. Mono- and diglycerides (or glyceryl monostearate), like glyceryl oleate and glyceryl stearate (E471), are derived from monoglyceryl monoesters which are structurally constituted of the esterification products of glycerin and carboxylic acids, mainly including fatty acids [59]. While both mono- and diglycerides and glyceryl oleate did not show significant effects on the human gut microbiota, we surprisingly observed a remarkable detrimental impact of glyceryl stearate on the human microbiota. This suggests that compounds with similar structure and chemical composition can nonetheless have a broadly diverse impact on the gut microbiota composition and function. While these observations beg further study, that some emulsifiers did not drive dysbiosis is nonetheless heartening as it supports the possibility of developing healthier processed foods. ConclusionTo conclude, most, but not all, emulsifiers tested here impacted human intestinal microbiota in the MBRA model. Importantly, various food additives are very often used in combination, and it remains important to investigate their effects in combination, especially for compounds with different impacts on the human microbiota. Thus, while future studies are warranted, these data nonetheless importantly suggest that clinical trials are needed so as to reduce the usage of the most detrimental compounds and to favor the use of emulsifying agents with no or low impact on the microbiota [60]. Availability of data and materials Unprocessed sequencing data are deposited in the Archive under accession number.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars access Published: 02 September 2016 Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars : orcid. org/0000-0002-9394-91481 nAff3, Ali Mohagheghi1, Franden1, Yat-Chen Chou1, Xiaowen Chen1, Nancy Dowe1, Michael E. Himmel2 & …Min Zhang1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 3 h−1 when about 80 g/L 2,3-BDO was supplemented to the growth medium, whereas less than 45 g/L ethanol was needed to slow the growth of Z. mobilis to similar growth rate. When 80 g/L ethanol was added into the medium, the growth rate of Z. mobilis was only about one-third of that observed for the same amount of 2,3-BDO added (Fig. 1). Even when the concentration of 2,3-BDO was increased to 100 g/L, the growth rate of Z. mobilis decreased to 0. 25 h−1, but it was still more than half of the control without 2,3-BDO supplementation. The low toxicity of 2,3-BDO to Z. mobilis indicates that Z. mobilis has a strong potential for achieving high titers, rate, and yields for 2,3-BDO production. Fig. 1The impact of meso-2,3-BDO and ethanol supplementation on growth of Z. mobilis in RMG medium at 30 °C using Bioscreen C. Relative growth rate (%) is the percentage of growth rate with chemical supplementation compared to control withoutFull size image Construct a minimized vector for pathway engineeringTo maximize the pathway engineering potential allowing for large plasmid constructions such as the three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway in this study, a minimized shuttle vector was constructed. The resultant plasmid, pEZ15Asp (pEZ), contains only the essential elements: origins of replication for both E. coli and Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Kenya and Nigeria together account for 10% of global off-grid market potential, and the larger markets together attracts 63% of global investments in the off-grid solar sector [14]. Here we describe key market estimates used for scaling job impacts. For the smaller pico-solar appliances and the SHS market, GOGLA reports this market to be mature in Kenya, with a penetration rate of more than 50%, though still nascent in Nigeria. This is largely due to the strong mobile money ecosystems in Eastern Africa, providing easier entry for pay-as-you-go sales. In terms of current sales performance, 916,000 and 216,000 pico-solar appliances and SHS were sold in Kenya and Nigeria respectively in 2017 [46,47]. The outlook for the two pico-appliance and SHS markets are also very different. Kenya, a more mature market with a significant existing customer base, will see a growth in demand for SHS as customers upgrade to higher-tier use of electricity. Nigeria, on the other hand, is expecting a faster pace of growth, due to its recent favorable policy for off-grid solar [14]. Such trend can already be observed over the last few years. Between 2014 and 2016, the Kenya off-grid solar sector had an average annual sales growth rate of 11% while Nigeria averaged 35% [14]. There is also less competition in Nigeria currently, as compared to Kenya, where there are more than 20 major companies already in the market, so growth is anticipated to be very fast in Nigeria, as has already been observed over the past years [14]. Current and future market estimates for C&I and mini-grid systems are much less certain. Currently, there are likely around 65 mini-grid systems in Kenya and 30 in Nigeria, and about 15 MW and 10 MW of newly-added C&I system capacity in 2017 for Kenya and Nigeria respectively [48–50]. Though the mini-grid market is still becoming established, it has high job creation potential as it continues to receive support from governments and multi-lateral development partners.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsCMC: : Diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono- and diglycerides HEK cells: Human embryonic kidney cells HPMC: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose IBD: Inflammatory bowel diseases MBRA: MiniBioP80: Polysorbate 80 112. Chassaing B, Darfeuille–Michaud A. The commensal microbiota and enteropathogens in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:1720–8 e1723. 81. 5. Science. 2010;328:228–31. 6. 1032. 20. 6. 2132. 1789. Chassaing B, Van de. Dietary emulsifiers directly alter human microbiota composition and gene expression ex vivo potentiating intestinal inflammation. Gut. 2017;66:1414–27. 2020. ère HM. Degraded carrageenan causing colitis in rats induces TNF secretion and ICAM-1 upregulation in monocytes through NF-κB activation. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8666. . Dietary emulsifier–induced low-grade inflammation promotes colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2017;77:27–40. 448. 7. 91. PubMed 58. 42. 2010. Sci. 2010;3:249–53. 4. 2. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37:852–7. 581. 8. 80. 8. 8229. 1213. 61. 83. 205. . A Map of Toll-like receptor expression in the intestinal epithelium reveals distinct spatial, cell type-specific, and temporal patterns. Immunity. 2018;49:560–75 e566. 96. 95. 13. 42. 28. 203. 1993. p. 181–226. -é J. Low counts of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in colitis microbiota. Dis. 2009;15:1183–9. 6. 1226. 67. 30. 1804. 71. 36. 0476. Png CW, Lindén. Mucolytic bacteria with increased prevalence in IBD mucosa augmentin vitroutilization of mucin by other bacteria. Gastroenterol. 2010;105:2420–8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis, an antibiotic marker of spectinomycin resistance gene addA, and multiple cloning sites and, therefore, significantly reduces its size when compared with the original plasmid (from 8 to 3 kb). Multiple cloning sites include restriction enzyme sites of and PstI for the Biobrick cloning strategy [67] enabling pathway engineering (see Table 1 and S1A for plasmid information and sequence). Table 1 The source and components of the 2,3-BDO pathway constructed and the corresponding 2,3-BDO titer (g/L) after 24-h post-inoculation in Z. mobilis 8bFull size table Identify and select 2,3-BDO pathway genes for heterologous 2,3-BDO pathway constructionLiterature related to 2,3-BDO production was reviewed, which includes the analysis of native 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathways in addition to the expression of heterologous enzymes for 2,3-BDO production [1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 68, 69]. The 2,3-BDO pathways from Bacillus licheniformis and Enterobacter cloacae have been successfully expressed in E. coli [13, 16, 30, 33, 70, 71], suggesting the feasibility of 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis. The gene combination resulting in high 2,3-BDO yields and experimental methods reported in these papers laid a solid foundation for our work. We then compiled a list of 2,3-BDO pathway genes and the promising source microorganisms. After eliminating pathogenic organisms from our list, we chose two bacterial species, B. licheniformis and E. cloacae, for the source of our three-gene 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway reported here. The sequences (nucleotide and protein) of three genes (als, aldC, and bdh) were extracted and BLASTed against the Z. mobilis genome including our recently updated native plasmid sequences. BLAST results indicate that Bdh only has homologs with low similarity in Z. mobilis; therefore, heterologous bdh genes were included in our pathway engineering strategy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: In Kenya, for instance, the funded the expansion of 147 mini-grids in low-access counties to be completed by 2024 [51]; while the Project, also funded, aims to provide electricity to 30,000 households and 30,000 micro-, small- and medium enterprises (MSMEs), through solar-hybrid mini-grids [52]. Overall, the global mini-grid market is expected to power half a billion people by 2030 [13]. Yet, despite the international support that mini-grids receive, the sector continues to face a number of challenges, including high costs, low consumers ability to pay, the rapid expansion of grid, etc. As such, many experts predict mini-grid growth will be much slower than policy and programs suggest, lending great uncertainty to market estimates. Finally, standalone off-grid applications such as irrigation, and productive use applications, such as cooling and refrigeration and agro-processing have tremendous market potential in SSA. The solar water pump market alone is US$456 million in SSA and has potential to reach US$1. 63 billion by 2030 [36,53,54]. Efficiency for Access reported 3000 pumps sold in and 2000 for the rest of SSA, in the second half of 2018 for GOGLA member companies. However specific country sales are generally not available. In Kenya, it is estimated that the solar water pump sector has installed about 10,000 pumps, though future projections are not available. Authoritative country level estimates of the current or projected market size for Nigeria were not available however, and as such only job estimates for Kenya are reported. Table 4 summarizes the market estimates and forecasts used in the analysis. Details can be found in the supplementary materials. TABLE 4 Table 4. DRE market estimates and forecasts for 2017–2018 and 2022–2023. study found that the DRE sector has a major impact across the direct formal and informal job markets. In 2017–2018, the DRE sector accounted for 10,000 direct, formal FTE jobs in Kenya, and 4000 in Nigeria. The DRE sector also relies heavily on informal work, employing almost twice as many people in the informal sector: 15,000 informal jobs in Kenya, and 9000 in Nigeria (see Table 5). As mentioned earlier, an informal job does not necessarily equate full-time engagement. In both countries there is a positive linear relationship between both direct, formal and informal jobs, and units of product sales.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Gut physiology meets microbiome science Published online by Press: 12 December 2022 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Hannelore Daniel* Affiliation: ex. School of Life Sciences, of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany * Email: contact@hdaniel. de 0. 54 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to Research on the gut microbiome has gained high popularity and almost every disease has meanwhile been linked to alterations in microbiome composition. Typically assessed via stool samples, the microbiome displays a huge diversity with a multitude of environmental parameters already identified as contributing to its character. Despite impressive scientific progress, normal microbiome diversity remains largely unexplained and it is tempting to speculate some of the yet unexplained variance is hidden in normal gut physiology. Although a few genome/phenome-wide associations studies have recently highlighted physiological parameters such as stool frequency,known as contributing to microbiome diversity, there is a large knowledge base from decades of basic research on gut functions that can be explored for possible links to stool features and microbiome characteristics. And, when extrapolating findings from faecal samples to the biology in the intestinal lumen or the mucosal microenvironment, gut anatomy and physiology features need to be considered. Similarly, differences in anatomy and physiology between rodents and humans need attention when discussing findings in animals in relation to human physiology and nutrition. Keywords gastrointestinal tractmicrobiomephysiologyrodentsdietin situ Microbiome 2023 e1 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Press on behalf of The microbiome emerged as new term and research area about two decades ago and has since proliferated in an unseen manner. However, research on bacteria residing in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract goes back more than a century with important findings generated on bacterial density, diversity, and metabolic capacities. Many of these findings appeared almost forgotten and for decades the “gut flora” was not perceived as of major relevance for human health or disease. Yet, in animal science gut bacteria became an area of high interest even before microbiota research became popular in the biomedical field because of the wide use of antibiotics in farm animals and the need to substitute these.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, the reaction that Bdh catalyzes is a reversible reaction, with some enzymes preferring NADPH as a cofactor. Bdh enzymes preferring the reduction reaction from acetoin to butanediol using NADH were selected for minimizing redox imbalance and for achieving high 2,3-BDO yield. results for the other two enzymes required for 2,3-BDO production indicate that Z. mobilis possesses three homologs to Als, of which ZMO1139/ZMO1140 (IlvB/C) may form a complex contributing to amino acid biosynthesis. The homolog ZMO0687 has a high similarity to the catabolic enzyme, Als. The high similarity between Als, IlvB (ZMO1139), and Pdc (ZMO1360) based on protein sequence alignment indicates that there could potentially be competition among them for substrate (pyruvate) binding and utilization. Additionally, since Pdc in Z. mobilis is required for ethanol production, providing energy, and maintaining redox balance for robust cellular growth, strategies to shift the carbon flux toward 2,3-BDO production are required. This can be accomplished by inhibiting pdc gene expression and Pdc enzyme activity or by enhancing the performance of the heterologous Als enzyme. Gene expression patterns of the Als homologous gene in Z. mobilis were subsequently examined using public and in-house transcriptomic datasets of microarray and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based RNA-Seq. The result indicated that the als gene homologs are abundantly expressed under different conditions, and that ZMO0687 is also differentially expressed in cells grown from media containing different carbon sources (e. g. , downregulated in xylose medium compared to glucose). Furthermore, ZMO1141, which catalyzes the formation of (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate from α-acetolactate (hereafter referred to as acetolactate) for valine, isoleucine, and leucine biosynthesis, has an abundant transcript level of average log2-based microarray intensity result of 13. 78 compared to 14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Meaning that companies which have higher sales employ more across both the formal and informal sector. analysis shows that a relationship between company scope and employment. Those companies that work broadly across delivering multiple technologies employ more persons than those engaged in a single DRE technology. Finally, we find that direct, formal jobs show a positive relationship with the age of the companies, particularly for Nigeria. The older a company is, the more direct, formal jobs it provides. See supplementary materials for these statistical outputs and for market estimates used. In the sections below, we expand on these findings and their implications. TABLE 5 Table 5. Direct, formal and informal jobs estimates, by technology, in 2017–2018. Direct, In 2017–2018, the DRE sector provided 10,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and 4000 jobs in Nigeria (see Table 5). This is equivalent to the total number of jobs within the traditional power sector in Kenya, and the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning sector in Nigeria [56–58]. In Kenya, total national formal employment in 2018 was about 18 million [5]. (KPLC) had about 11,000 personnel in 2018 [57]. So the DRE sector, having provided 10,000 jobs in 2017–2018, is already comparable to the jobs created by the distribution and retail segment of the utility-scale power sector. DRE sector was dominated by pico-solar appliance and SHS companies. In fact, 78% of formal Kenyan jobs were in the pico-solar appliances and SHS sector, followed by another 18% in the C&I sector, and 4% from mini-grids and solar water pumps. In Nigeria, a total of 55. 5 million people were employed in 2017 [5], among which the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector employs about 10,000 people [58], thus putting the DRE sector employment on the same order of magnitude as the utility-scale power sector. This is despite the fact that the DRE market is still nascent in Nigeria, despite a large and unmet appetite for power lead by Nigeria’s MSMEs. This is due, in part, to the country’s current economic crisis and high import duties on batteries [6,59]. In Nigeria, project developers and installers are the primary job engines for the DRE sector.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Recent years have produced an enormous number of high-ranking publications around the gut microbiome, and it is almost impossible to comprehend the published material. What frequently comes short in microbiome science is some fundamental gut physiology. It is the ambition of this review to address issues around normal gastrointestinal functions that directly or indirectly affect the quantity and composition of the gut microbiome as determined usually in stool samples. The gut is a masterpiece of biological complexity The gastrointestinal system (GIS) is the interface between the food environment and the host metabolic system. Because of the uncertainty of whether food is or becomes available, the GIS requires a repertoire of sensors to register the incoming food and its composition and to synchronise digestion and absorption of food constituents with the need of metabolism for optimal homeostasis. Sensory inputs are realised by a variety of receptors (mainly G-protein-coupled receptors) and transporters expressed on the surface of specialised enteroendocrine cells (EECS) found in different densities throughout the GIS. Perception of individual nutrients (sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and peptides) in the gut is translated into hormone secretion from EECS or into activation of enteric sensory neurons with signals for the gut but also various organs including brain (Figure 1). Figure 1 Gastrointestinal tract and it’s neuro-endocrine control system. A multitude of sensor cells with different densities in longitudinal direction coupled to the enteric nervous system (lower part) and the endocrine system with a large repertoire of hormones/mediators (upper part) mediate tight control of every step in intake and processing of food as well as absorption of the constituents embedded into bidirectional communication with peripheral organs and brain. EECS and some other cells in the gut produce a large panel of peptide hormones and mediators derived from amino acids and lipids which in essence control every step in the processing of food. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit are key in adjusting the substrate load to the capacity for digestion and absorption. This includes the secretion of HCl and some enzymes in stomach mediated by gastrin as well as HCO3− secretion from exocrine pancreas elicited by secretin. Enzyme output from pancreas as well as contraction of the gallbladder with the release of bile acids into the lumen are initiated by CCK.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: licheniformis (BlAls) and B. subtilis (BsAls) were synthesized and cloned. These included one codon-optimized BlAls gene and two versions of the BsAls genes (BsAls1 and BsAls2) with different codon optimization outputs using Genscript’s codon optimization algorithm. The attempt to incorporate the als gene from B. lichenformis (BlAls) under control of the strong Peno promoter along with the expression of AldC and Bdh using the Z. mobilis Pgap strong promoter was unsuccessful. Besides the possibility of cell growth inhibition by the enzyme Als from B. licheniformis and B. subtilis, this could be due to the protein burden caused by strong heterologous pathway gene expression. About 50 % of the proteins in Z. mobilis are involved in the glycolysis pathway [75]. This view is supported by a previous report that overexpression of plasmid-encoded protein led to the reduction of both glycolytic flux and growth rate due to protein burden [76]. Similarly, previous work also suggested that protein burden could be the reason for the negative effect observed for the isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) induction of 2,3-BDO biosynthesis in a recombinant E. coli strain [26]. To test this speculation and avoid the potential metabolic burden caused by strong heterologous gene expression, the strong Peno promoter was tested along with the Ptet inducible promoter for the construction of additional three-gene pathway constructs. These constructs also included a common aldC and bdh gene operon from E. cloacae driven by a strong promoter Pgap [Pgap-(EcALDC-BDH)]. In total, six new 3-gene constructs with different versions of als genes from B. lincheniformis or B. subtilis were generated (BsAls1, BsAls2, and BlAls that were either driven by the strong Peno promoter or by the inducible Ptet promoter). These six constructs were then transformed into Z. mobilis 9C (an 8b derivative that is lacking tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance markers).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: The DRE market in Nigeria is dominated by C&I projects that serve urban, peri-urban, and rural consumers from grid-tied backup solar systems or standalone electricity supplies. The survey estimates that in 2017–2018, the Nigeria DRE sector provided 4000 jobs directly, with 71% of the direct DRE jobs provided by the C&I sector, followed by 26% in the pico-solar appliances and SHS sector, and 3% by the mini-grid sector. Our estimates group align with the latest regional estimates, though these are few. GOGLA, for instance, estimates that the pico-solar appliance and SHS sector has provided about 77,000 FTE jobs along the value chain in in 2018, and 26,000 in [32]. ’s study, IRENA reported that PV jobs in Africa, including on-grid and off-grid applications, employ about 140,000 in 2019 [27]. Greenpeace also estimated that total PV jobs in Africa is about 66,000 in 2015 and projected to be 108,000 by 2020 [28]. Direct, The informal sector is an important driver for emerging economies like Kenya and Nigeria. Often the major source of employment, in Kenya, 82. 7% of the employed population are informal workers, similar to 92. 9% in Nigeria [60,61]. Likewise, in the DRE sector, direct, formal employment is just the tip of the iceberg: there are a large number of informal jobs such as field technicians and commissioned sales agents. According to the survey findings, the DRE sector relies heavily on informal work, employing almost twice as many people informally as it does formally. In 2017–2018 the sector was responsible for 15,000 informal jobs in Kenya, and 9000 in Nigeria (see Figure 2). A majority of this informal work is attributed to end-user product providers such as pico-solar appliance and SHS companies, which depend on a wide network of distributors, retailers, and technicians to serve their customers. Thus, Nigerian DRE companies employ fewer informal workers compared to Kenya. In Nigeria, there is high demand for DRE products in both on-grid and off-grid areas because of the poor quality of the national grid [62]. Perhaps, since much of the distribution of DRE products takes place in urban areas, less extensive informal networks are necessary. Further exploration into local, informal supply chains is warranted.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: A rather fast transit of the chyme accounting to 2 to 8 h for mouth to cecum (mean value with variation based on sex, age and diet) contributes to lower bacterial counts in human jejunum and ileum (Arhan et al. , étreault, Perey and Pellerin1981; Probert et al. , Reference Probert, Emmett and Heaton1995). By the detergent quality and the high luminal concentration of bile acids (BA) in the upper small intestine (of 20–30 mM) after food intake (Sonne et al. , Reference Sonne, Rehfeld, Holst, Vilsbøll and Knop2014), BA also contribute to control of bacterial density. Gastric acid secretion is also considered to play a role as revealed by the wide use of proton-pump-inhibitors that were shown to promote Clostridium difficile infections and change the intestinal microbiome composition (Naito et al. , Reference Naito, Kashiwagi, Takagi, Andoh and Inoue2018). Based on the principle that energy extraction in the small intestine should be optimal with motility adapted accordingly, the question arises on the quantity and quality of the “feed” of the microbiota in the large intestine. Only very limited information is available from ileostomy patients and analysis of the emptied contents for an estimation of the quantity and quality of substrates that become available for bacterial growth in the large intestine. Although animal studies would allow to collect intestinal contents at given time points from the different regions of the small and large intestine, we need to be careful when translating the findings from rodents into the human situation. The mouse is unfortunately not a tiny human and mice feed is not human food At that point a short excursion into gut anatomy and physiology of mouse and human intestine needs to be made. There are major differences in the overall structure and morphology as well as the organisation and length of the various parts of the GIS of the mouse small and large intestines that require consideration when findings in mice are transferred to the human condition. Although the relative surface area of the intestine to total body surface area is similar between two species, the small intestine to large intestine length ratio is approximately 2. 5 to 1 in mice and approximately 7 to 1 in humans (Nguyen et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Our result is consistent with our hypothesis that the transformation efficiencies were very high for plasmid constructs with the inducible promoter Ptet without tetracycline induction, but no positive transformants were obtained for constructs using the strong Peno promoter. 2,3-BDO production of three strains containing the three-gene construct with als driven by Ptet (Table 1) was measured, and the 2,3-BDO titer increased from 5–6 to 10–13 g/L (Table 3). In addition, it is apparent that the carbon was diverted from ethanol to 2,3-BDO production, considering the strong negative correlation between ethanol and BDO titers 3 days post-inoculation with an R-squared value of 0. 98 (Table 3). Table 3 The source and components of the 2,3-BDO pathway constructed and the corresponding BDO titer 1 day post-inoculation in Z. mobilis 9CFull size table We further compared sugar consumption and 2,3-BDO production kinetics in glucose only or mixed sugars (glucose and xylose) with the new strain producing the highest 2,3-BDO titers, 9C-BC11 (Table 1). We found that this strain is stable, and 2,3-BDO titers were more than 13 g/L when grown in RMG8 or RMG8X6 media (Fig. 4). Notably, the addition of xylose delayed the sugar utilization of glucose and xylose; as well as cellular growth (Fig. 4). Furthermore, xylose was not completely utilized even 5 days after inoculation (data not shown). However, the concentration of 2,3-BDO in the mixed sugar fermentation remained level in stationary phase when compared to cultures grown in glucose only. In this case, levels of 2,3-BDO decreased after growth, possibly because of the reverse activity of Bdh converting 2,3-BDO back to acetoin, since decreasing 2,3-BDO titers was accompanied by in acetoin concentration increase (Fig. 4a). Fig. 4Biomass (OD600 nm), and concentrations of acetoin, 2,3-BDO, glycerol, ethanol as well as glucose and xylose for strain Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Informal jobs, though greater in number than direct, formal jobs, may involve several different arrangements, from long-term agreements with DRE companies as product retailers, to commissioned sales activities. Focus groups indicated that informal workers often work with several companies and have multiple income streams, so level of engagement, quality of labor, and level of compensation may vary. Informal workers generally do not have secure employment contracts, benefits, social protection, or representation. Generally, informal workers are retained for shorter periods than regular, full-time employees, as shown below. An explanation for the differences in retention time was not captured through the survey, and warrants further analysis as informal sales can range from independent agents to family members of all ages. It is therefore difficult to compare compensation or retention between informal workers and their formal counterparts, or to calculate informal employment as FTE jobs based on survey data. Deeper research into DRE employment characteristics within the informal sector is warranted. and Level of define the level of engagement for direct, formal employees based on whether they work full-time, part-time, or as contractors. The level of engagement is high across both countries, as the vast majority of direct, formal jobs created by the DRE sector are full-time. 68% of the jobs are full-time, with 65% in Nigeria. Furthermore, according to the survey, the average retention time for direct, formal, full-time DRE employees is more than 30 months for both countries. This suggests the DRE sector may create more stable jobs than larger scale renewables. For instance, one-time construction jobs account for 81% of wind power project jobs in India [63]. TABLE 6 Table 6. Workers’ retention and level of engagement. The survey also shows the level of engagement and retention across each company type (see Table 6). DRE end-user product providers and mini-grid operators provide more full-time employment than other company types. These two company types are not only employing the most full-time staff, but among employees, their retention time is also the highest. On average, their employees stay with companies for more than three years, as compared to two years for project developers and installers, manufacturing and upstream supply chain companies, and other service providers. Thus, among its direct, formal employees the DRE sector provides long-term jobs. Levels of in wage compensation across the DRE sector can be explored across different stakeholder groups.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Changes in the cecal/colonic microbiome caused by diet may thus have more impact on the animal’s metabolism and health status. That applies as well to germfree/gnotobiotic animals or animals receiving antibiotics in which energy extraction may be impaired by loss of bacteria. What should also not be forgotten, is that rodents perform coprophagy which makes certain nutrients (ie, vitamins) better available by providing those to the upper small intestine. That the metabolism of bacteria in cecum contributes with heat production to the animal’s body temperature has recently been revealed (Riedl et al. , and Grobe2021) with an estimated 8 per cent of total energy expenditure. Although the vital bacterial biomass in human colon is not known, in mice, cecum content accounts for approximately 1 per cent of total body mass (Drew et al. , and Louis2018) whereas in humans, colonic contents of approximately 230 g wet weight represent less than 0. 35 per cent of body mass (Cummings et al. , and Macfarlane1990). That may mean that heat generated in human colon is of only minor relevance for energy balance – but even small differences may in long-term have consequences for body and fat mass. Microbiome needs and return Bacterial reproduction and growth require energy. The bacterial biomass in human large intestine is much smaller than originally claimed (Cummings et al. , and Macfarlane1990; Sender et al. , Reference Sender, Fuchs and Milo2016) and may range between 100 and 200 g material (wet weight) in an individual living in an industrialised country. Total stool volume produced per day varies from high to low-income countries from 126 to 250 g wet weight and 28 to 38 g dry weight (Rose et al. , Reference Rose, Parker, Jefferson and Cartmell2015). Any comparison, eg, of bacterial diversity across developed and rural countries and populations should take that into account. Approximately 15 g bacterial mass is excreted with the faeces per day in developed countries (Stephen and Cummings, and Cummings1980) which needs to be replaced in a steady state. Ignoring possible differences in energy demands between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, approximately 0. 5 MJ would be required (rough estimate) per day for substitution of 15 g bacterial biomass (Chen, Reference Chen1964).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis 9C-BC11 grown in pure sugar of RMG8 (a) or mixed sugar of RMG8X6 (b). Culture condition: 40 mL RMG8 or RMG8X6 with 200 μg/mL spectinomycin in 125-mL flask, 33 °C, 120 rpm. Three replicates each without tetracycline inductionFull size image Investigate fermentation conditions on 2,3-BDO productionsTo further understand the impact of oxygen concentration on 2,3-BDO production and fermentation byproduct profiles as indicated by flask fermentation optimization (Fig. 3), Biostat-Q Plus fermenters (Inc. , Bohemia, NY) with oxygen control capability were used for our highest 2,3-BDO producing strain, 9C-BC11. As a control, shake flask fermentation was also conducted. Glucose is usually consumed within 20 h by the parental strain 9C under anaerobic conditions. Interestingly, the glucose utilization of Z. mobilis 9C-BC11 under anaerobic conditions with N2 purging was significantly reduced with only 3 g/L glucose consumed and no discernible cellular growth after 22 h post-inoculation. In contrast, more than half of the glucose had been used under shake flask conditions, and nearly all glucose was consumed upon reaching the highest OD600 nm value of 5. 34 under microaerophilic condition of 1 % dissolved oxygen (DO) (Fig. 5a). However, glucose utilization and cellular growth were significantly decreased when 10 % DO was supplied. At 48-h post-inoculation, there was still 34 g/L glucose remaining in the media, compared to other conditions tested where all glucose had been consumed (Fig. 5a), and the glucose level and OD600 nm values remained relatively steady out to 120 h post-inoculation (Additional file 1: Table S1C). Fig. 5BioStat-Q plus fermentation profiles of glucose utilization and biomass (OD600 nm, a), 2,3-BDO and ethanol (b), acetoin and glycerol (c), acetate and lactate (d) of three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway construct Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: In a recent report by AfDB, Nigerian non-youth women’s median wage was found to be 45% lower than the median wage of non-youth men [65]. In terms of monthly earnings, the survey data does not provide a full picture of an informal worker’s total monthly income across various income streams. data found that the majority of jobs in the DRE sector are skilled jobs. Skilled jobs are defined by the ILO as those involving leadership, management, professional, technical or associate professional skills generally at the Classification of Occupations (ISCO) 3 or above [43], which is the equivalent of Framework’s Level 5 or above [44]. In Kenya, 66% of the DRE jobs are skilled, compared to 70% in Nigeria. By comparison, the global utility-scale solar sector’s workforce is less than 50% skilled [66]. This may point to another potential benefit of employment in the DRE sector: the opportunity for skilled workforce engagement. The type of skills being recruited in each country and sector is different. For instance, in Kenya more than a third of the DRE workforce is engaged in sales and distribution, given the mature pico-solar appliance and SHS market. On the other hand, the Nigeria workforce has only 8% of its direct, formal employees dedicated to sales and distribution. This could be due to the nascency of the market in Nigeria [14], or possibly due to the fact that the market is not distinctly segmented between rural and urban customers given the low quality of the national grid [62]. Rather, the dominant skills currently demanded in Nigeria are project development, installation, and O&M. Management and business administration account for more than 15% of skills required by companies in each country, again demonstrating the need for skilled labor. Figure 1 below shows the job function breakdown of the DRE sector in 2017–2018 for Kenya and Nigeria. The findings can be validated by the Bank’s recent report on the continents’ job trends. It highlighted that while technology innovation in automation and artificial intelligence may not wipe out many middle- and low-skilled jobs, as the continent is not dependent on manufacturing, the need for skilled and creative workers is imminent [65]. These findings are similar to other skill estimates for the energy sector.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Besides some secretion of solutes into colon from endogenous sources, the majority of bacterial substrates enter from the ileum. In healthy ileostomy patients on a standard diet containing approximately 20 g of fibre, stoma output revealed that approximately 1. 3 MJ per day leave ileum and that quantity increased on a high fibre bran-based diet to 2. 4 MJ (Isaksson et al. , and Aman2013). The amount of nutrients and energy delivered to colon thus varies considerably based on diet constituents and the processing state of the food. This energy passing from the small intestine into colon comprises small quantities of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as well as fibres from the food consumed, but there is also a constant flow of mucus and other glycoproteins from all secretions into the GIS. In addition, larger quantities of urea but also glucose and some minor quantities of other solutes are constantly reaching the GIS. The latter are all substrates for maintaining the microbiome even when the host is fasting or starving. That this endogenous provision of “feed” for the bacteria is of relevance have two recently published cohort studies with thousands of participants convincingly demonstrated. Both studies revealed a marked influence of the blood group antigens (AB0 system) and secretor status on microbiome diversity (Esteban et al. , Reference Esteban, Lopera-Maya Krlikov, van der Graaf, Hu, Andreu-Sánchez, and Sanna2022; Qin et al. , żyńska, Zhu, Tripathi, Vázquez-and Méric2022). All cell surface proteins but also mucus released from goblet cells and contained in secretions such as saliva carry distinct glycan structures with signatures like the blood group antigens. These glycans resist hydrolysis in the small intestine because of lack of specific glucosidases leading to a constant provision of a characteristic pattern of oligosaccharides to the colon. These glycans comprising sugars such as galactose, fucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-acetyl-galactosamine and others provided to the bacteria lead to significant differences in microbiota-signatures as shown for the blood group glycans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis 9C-BC11 under different aeration conditions of N2 (0 % DO), 1, or 10 % DO (dissolved oxygen concentration) as well as shake flasks in RMG10 at pH 5. 8 and 30 °C conditions 48-h post-inoculationFull size image Under anaerobic conditions with nitrogen sparging, nearly all glucose was ultimately converted into ethanol, producing only 1. 68 g/L 2,3-BDO. Increasing oxygen deliveries from 0 to 1 % DO, or 10 % DO, decreased ethanol production dramatically (Fig. 5b), and is consistent with a previous report that aerobic growth reduces ethanol production [63]. Although both 2,3-BDO and acetoin levels increased under aerobic growth, titers of 2,3-BDO and acetoin were significantly higher in the 1 % DO culture than in the 10 % DO culture (Fig. 5b, c). Besides the major end-products ethanol, acetoin, and 2,3-BDO, the production profiles of minor byproducts of acetate, lactate, and glycerol were also affected by the oxygen levels in these cultures. More acetate was produced under aerobic conditions resulting in less ethanol production as reported in the literature [63]. Furthermore, acetate production was significantly higher in the more aerobic conditions (1 or 10 % DO supplementation) than in the microaerophilic conditions using flask fermentation or N2-supplemented anaerobic fermentation (Fig. 5d). Additionally, more lactate was produced under aerobic conditions than in anaerobic condition as well (Fig. 5d). We had previously shown that the expression levels of the lactate dehydrogenase gene ZMO1237 were more abundant under aerobic conditions [63], and the expression of another d-lactate dehydrogenase gene, ZMO0256, was upregulated in the ethanol-treated cells during stationary phase [57]. The host strain, Z. mobilis 9C, used in this study, is a derivative of Z. mobilis 8b in which the ZMO1237 gene was inactivated [37]. Therefore, ZMO1237 may play the major role in lactate production under aerobic conditions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Greenpeace, in its energy transition study in 2019 broke down the energy workforce according to the ISCO framework, with managers (ISCO 1) and other professional finance and legal support (ISCO 2) accounting for 19% of the workforce in 2015 in Africa, engineers (ISCO 2) and technicians (ISCO 3) 25%, and plant or machine operator (ISCO 8) and laborer (ISCO 9) 22%. While the Greenpeace result roughly corresponds to our findings, it appears the DRE sector is more dependent on a large sales workforce, especially where the pico-solar appliance and SHS market is more mature. As will be discussed in a later section, the transferability of most skills between DRE and the utility-scale sector makes competition for talents a challenge for retaining employees. 1 Figure 1. Direct, formal job function breakdown in 2017–2018. Youth and Women’s and women’s participation in the workforce are critical for emerging economies. Across SSA, there are high rates of working poverty, vulnerable employment and underemployment for youth, and even more so for rural youth or those with little education [65]. Likewise, across SSA women are more likely than men to be unemployed [5]. In addition to high unemployment rates, women and youth, when employed, are disproportionately engaged in the informal sector with less security. About 75% of employed women do so through informal employment, as compared to 61% for men; about 80% of employed youth are in the informal sector, as compared to 66% for the total working-age population [65]. The survey found that women’s participation in the DRE sector is low for both countries (see Table 8). Women make up less than 30% of the workforce: 23% in Kenya and 27% in Nigeria. This is lower than women’s participation in the renewable energy industry in general—IRENA reported in 2019 that women represented an average of 32% of the global renewable energy workforce [67], and in 2017 found that gender discrimination in renewable energy is less pronounced than in the energy sector at large [56]. The survey data showed that women represented 25% of the senior managerial positions in Kenya in 2018, and 26% in Nigeria (see Table 8).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: The quantity of sugars bound in the glycans that reach the colon is difficult to assess but may be in the range of 2 to 15 g per day (Johansson et al. , Reference Johansson, Sjövall and Hansson2013; Leal et al. , Reference Leal, Hugh, Smyth and Ghosh2017). Gastrointestinal transit time also plays an important role for the quantity of chyme entering colon (Stephen et al. , Reference Stephen, Wiggins and Cummings1987). Moreover, transit time was also shown to closely associate with the diversity and quantity of bacteria excreted with faeces. With compounds that increase transit time, more fermentable substrates enter the colon, and more bacteria are found in faeces whereas compounds that slow transit have the opposite effects (Stephen et al. , Reference Stephen, Wiggins and Cummings1987). Transit time also affects the water content in colon and in stool and that has been shown to be a relevant determinant of microbiome diversity in humans (Roager et al. , øbel, -Pontén, Nielsen, Pedersen, Lauritzen, Kristensen, Gupta and Licht2016; Vandeputte et al. , Reference Vandeputte, Falony, Vieira-Silva, Tito, Joosens and Raes2015). Since on average approximately 650 kJ of energy are excreted in faeces, only approximately 500 kJ can be predicted as absorbed from colon and that is mainly in form of short-chain organic acids. This rather small quantity of calories becoming available for the host asks for its overall importance in body weight control. Several studies have in the initial phase of modern microbiome research addressed the contribution of the microbiome in the development of obesity and those were fostered by studies in germfree mice that showed resistance to diet-induced obesity. Those findings were later questioned by studies that failed to demonstrate such a resistance to obesity-development using different “obesogenic diets” in germfree mice (Moretti et al. , öm and Lundberg2021). That the microbiome in its diversity is associated with the BMI of individual’s has been observed in large cohorts (Zhernakova et al. , -and Fu2016). Although human studies also reported significant microbiome differences between lean and obese individuals (Chierico et al. , and Putignani2018; et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, another lactate dehydrogenase gene, ZMO0256, could also be activated under aerobic conditions for lactate production, when ZMO1237 is deactivated, as shown in this study (Fig. 5d). Intriguingly, despite the observation that more glycerol was produced under aerobic conditions (i. e. , 1 or 10 % DO) than under anaerobic conditions with N2 purging, a higher amount of glycerol was produced in shake flask fermentations (see Fig. 5c). In Z. mobilis, only one NAD+ is regenerated from 2,3-BDO biosynthesis compared to two NAD+ from ethanol fermentation. The increase of glycerol production for in shake flasks may be explained by the utilization of the glycerol pathway to maintain redox balance (NAD+ feedback) while also provides ATP to sustain cellular growth (Fig. 6). Fig. 6Impact of heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering and oxygen levels on native central carbon metabolism in Z. mobilis. This figure shows native central carbon metabolism in Z. mobilis which includes ED (Entner–Doudoroff), PPP (pentose phosphate pathway), and fermentation pathways leading to the production of ethanol and other minor metabolites of glycerol, lactate, and acetate from carbon source of glucose and xylose. The heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway was integrated into Z. mobilis metabolic pathway, which contains three enzymes of acetolactate synthase (Als), acetolactate decarboxylase (AldC), and butanediol dehydrogenase (Bdh) for 2,3-BDO biosynthesis from pyruvate. Depending on the source of Bdh enzyme from different microorganisms, three 2,3-BOD stereoisomers of R,R-2,3-BDO, S,S-2,3-BDO, and meso-2,3-BDO could be produced. Reactions involved in redox cofactor (NADH/NAD+) regeneration were shown as well as the respiration chain enzymes and electron transfer in Z. mobilis.

Output: pass