Input: Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: The ATP yield from glycolysis is much smaller, however, generating just two ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose (Figure 1A; Gatenby and Gillies, 2004). When considering the storage of glucose, it is stored as glycogen and it occurs in times of nutritional sufficiency (Figure 1A); the stored glucose can be used during times of either low blood glucose levels or in cases of extreme need. The main sites of glycogen storage are within muscles, the liver, and the brain. In the brain, glycogen is found mainly within astrocytic glial cells and these metabolize glycogen to generate ATP and lactate (Magistretti and Allaman, 2018). Under pathological conditions, when cells are stressed, glucose metabolism is compromised severely. The availability of glucose to fuel intrinsic cell functions becomes limited, leading to stress on the mitochondria to produce more ATP energy. As a result of this mitochondrial stress, there is an overproduction of pro-oxidant products, primarily superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, leading to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is also a reduction in the mechanisms that clear the ROS. The resulting imbalance of ROS overproduction and clearance leads to an activation of downstream signaling pathways associated with cell death. Overall, these cellular changes prompted by dysfunctions in glucose metabolism can contribute ultimately to whole-organ damage and disease (Birsoy et al. , 2014). Hence, any treatment that enhances the availability of glucose and/or increases its metabolism, particularly when cells are in distress, would be of immense therapeutic value. Photobiomodulation, the application of red to near-infrared light (~λ = 600–1300 nm) to body tissues, appears to be such a treatment. Photobiomodulation can be delivered by either coherent light (lasers) or non-coherent light (light-emitting diodes) devices (Hamblin 2016). Over the last seventy years or so, numerous clinical and experimental studies have reported that photobiomodulation generates a range of beneficial effects in many different types of body-wide disorders; for example, from neurological to musculoskeletal (Hamblin, 2016; Johnstone et al. , 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Phytopathology 89:817–822PubMed CAS 3. Phytopathology 91:204–211PubMed CAS 166. 62:277–288 681. In: Proceedings of the 4th international workshop, Sapporo 1977, pp 209–211 5. 1: Visualization of Effects of the Metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) of Pseudomonas spp. on (CLSM) (Islam and Fukushi 2010) A. Preparation of fungal hyphal cells for visualization i. Grow the fungal pathogen (Aphanomyces cochlioides) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at room temperature (25 °C); cut out agar disks (6 mm diameter) from the growing edges; place the disk individually 30 cm apart from the colony of bacterial biocontrol agent (Pseudomonas fluorescens ECO-001) in four replicates: prepare control plates without the BCA and incubate at 25 °C for 5 days in the darkii. Harvest the fungal hyphae, using a sterile corkborer (6 mm diameter) from the colony edges growing toward the BCA colonies for observations under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM)iii. Prepare different concentrations of DAPG and latrunculin B (0. 1, 0. 5, 1. 0 and 5. 0 μg) in acetone; place the solutions on individual sterile paper disks (8 mm diameter × 1. 5 mm thickness) (Advantec Toyo, Japan) and dry the disks by evaporating acetone under vacuumiv. Place the disks 2 cm apart in petriplates containing PDA inoculated with mycelial plugs (6 mm diameter); cut from the edge actively growing fungal pathogen colony and incubate at 25 °C B. Preparation of specimen and observation under CLSM i. Remove mycelial plugs using a sterile cork borer (6 mm diameter) from the edge of the actively growing hyphae of the pathogen paired with bacterial colony or DAPG or latrunculin B-treated paper disks and use plugs removed from untreated plates as control. ii.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: For example, in diabetic mice, the photobiomodulation-induced decrease in blood glucose levels is followed by up-regulations in the protein expressions of p-AS160, GLUT-4, Phospho-AKT, and glycogen synthase, all of which are responsible for the transportation of glucose and glycogen synthesis (Gong et al. , 2021). Hence, photobiomodulation appears to stimulate and/or restore the mechanisms of glucose uptake and glycogen synthase activity in this model of diabetes. In addition, in this same animal model, photobiomodulation treatment generates an increase in mitochondrial activity, together with a decrease in ROS levels. Taken together, photobiomodulation, by stimulating an increase in the glucose available to cells, appears to prompt a further increase in the mitochondrial activity and production of ATP energy to drive cell function. Further, photobiomodulation, after a high dose of glucose, has been reported to lower the level of systemic blood glucose in bumble bees by almost half (Powner and Jeffery, 2022). This finding suggests that photobiomodulation prompts an increase in glucose uptake by the cell, together with mitochondrial activity. Our hypothesis could very easily be tested using an animal model of disease. For example, it has been shown previously both in vitro and in vivo that photobiomodulation can be neuroprotective in animal models of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases (see referenced experimental studies in Johnston et al. , 2016; Hamblin, 2016). In each of these previous reports, either the animals had free access to food or the cell cultures were maintained with sufficient glucose levels; we predict that if the animals were fasted or the cell cultures were deprived of glucose, then the neuroprotective effect of photobiomodulation would be very much reduced. In the in vivo cases, a key factor in these experiments would be to measure the glucose levels in the animals directly (e. g. , see Zeevi et al. , 2015) and to relate the different levels to the degree of neuroprotection evident after photobiomodulation treatment. In conclusion, we suggest that photobiomodulation is most effective when glucose is readily available and that its efficacy lessens when glucose levels are low, that is, during periods of fasting (Figure 1B and C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018;68(4):213-21. . Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Curcumin: into an against Cancer. Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1808. . Curcumin-Induced DNA Demethylation in by the DNA-Pathway. Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2543504. Liczbiński P, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Molecular mechanism of curcumin action in signaling pathways: Review of the latest research. Phytother Res. 2020;10. 1002/ptr. 6663. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. TableTable 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Dual-culture ‘sandwich’ assay i. Fill a petridish with suitable medium seeded with the test antagonist strain and fill another petridish similarly with medium inoculated with the target pathogen strain (overnight culture) at appropriate dilution (105 cells/ml)ii. Join the open plates together and tightly seal with parafilm maintain suitable control (without the antagonistic strain)iii. Incubate the plates at 28 °C and examine the samples taken at 24-h interval B. Bioassays for tumorigenicity in the greenhouse i. Raise the tomato seedling nursery in plastic seed trays for 25–30 days at 25 °C in a growth chamber; transplant the seedlings at 2–3 leaf stage into bigger containers and placed in the greenhouseii. Grow the bacterial pathogen and the BCA strains separately in suitable medium for 48 h at 28 °C in a shaker; centrifuge the suspension at 8,000 rpm for 15 min; resuspend the bacterial cells in tap water and adjust the concentration to 108 cells/mliii. Soak the roots of tomato seedlings in glass vessels containing the BCA cell suspension at 107 cells/ml and transplant the seedlings into containers placed in the greenhouseiv. Make wounds by scratching on the stem surface of seedlings with a needle at two sites (second and third internodes); inject into the wound sites with pathogen suspension (10 μl, 2–5 x 108 cells/ml) and treat the control plants similarly only with the pathogen cell suspensionv. Inoculate tomato seedling in the wound sites first with the antagonist cell suspension; after 7 days inoculate the pathogen in the same wounds by injecting the pathogen suspension (10 μl/wound site)vi. Record the tumor formation in tomato plants inoculated by two different methods and express the disease incidence in terms of tumor fresh weight in different treatments 5. 4: Assessment of Activities of Enzymes in Treated with Pseudomonas putida MGY2 (Shi et al. 2011) A. Phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) (EC4. 3. 1. 5) activity i. Perform all steps at 4 °C; homogenize pericarp tissue samples (1 g) in 2 ml of extraction buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/35211 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechConcepts of Edited by the of Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. has always had several different domains of application in on-going development, and physicists have always striven for unification among its different domains. Unification is usually achieved through development of so-called ‘covering theories’. In the nineteenth century, the stunning example was Maxwell’s Electrodynamics (MED), which unified electricity and magnetism as one domain of theory. Another major domain of theory then present was Newton’s Mechanics (NM), which in the eighteenth century had really launched modern physics as a mathematical discipline. At the turn of the twentieth century, NM and MED were well in place, and were fulfilling many technologically important requirements. But there seemed to be an incompatibility between them. The problem concerned their invariance with respect to choice of reference frame: NM exhibited invariance if the allowed reference frames were all connected through Galilean transformations, whereas MED exhibited invariance if the allowed reference frames were all connected through Lorentz transformations. It looked as though one of these two theories must be more nearly correct than the other, but it was not clear which one was the better one.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, various in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies suggest that Curcumin and derivatives have extensive biological activity as an antioxidant, neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory 12–15. Curcumin can rummage around scavenging various types of free radicals, for example, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, individually), it can adjust movement of GSH, catalase, and SOD enzymes active in their neutralization 16. Additionally, curcumin can inhibit ROS-producing enzymes lipoxygenase cyclooxygenase and xanthine dehydrogenase oxidase 16. Curcumin has been studied in numerous human carcinomas 17. The mechanisms by which it exerts its anticancer effects are diverse, targeting many levels of regulation involved in processes of cellular growth and apoptosis 18. Other than the curcumin’s effects on different transcription factors, oncogenes and signaling proteins 17; 18,19 it also acts at various temporal stages of carcinogenesis 17. Some of its molecular targets that have been explored for cancer treatment are the effect of curcumin on cyclin-CDK complexes and CDK inhibitors as well as p53 pathway 20 and MAP kinase, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways 20. Despite the fact that curcumin has been successfully evaluated for wide-ranging biological activities, the two main concerns related to its poor bioavailability and fast metabolization incited scientists to search for novel synthetic analogs in order to overcome these drawbacks and to gain in efficacy. Iten M. Fawzy and his colleagues (2014) synthesized different curcumin analogs including PAC, 3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone 21;22) Another derivative 5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone, represses expansion through delaying the cell cycle at G2/M phase both in breast and colorectal cancer cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: P. Narayanasamy2 Part of the book series: Progress in ((PIBC,)) 3120 Accesses AbstractMicrobial plant pathogens constitute an important group of microorganisms capable of causing countless economically important diseases of various crops resulting in heavy quantitative and qualitative losses. Application of fungi for the suppression of the development of diseases incited by microbial pathogens is an ecofriendly disease management strategy receiving acceptance of all concerned with crop production and marketing. Fungi belonging to different taxonomic groups have been demonstrated to have antagonistic potential against one or more plant pathogens to varying degrees. Mycorrhizal fungi have been evaluated for the biocontrol potential and plant growth-promoting effects on the plans treated with them. In order to select the most effective species/strains/isolates, it is essential to assay the biocontrol potential of all isolates by different techniques in in vitro and under greenhouse and field conditions. Simultaneously the isolates/strains with high level of antagonistic activity have to be precisely identified and differentiated from less effective ones. Morphological, biological, biochemical, immunological and genomic characteristics are studied in detail for precise identification and differentiation of fungal biocontrol agents. Polymerase chain reaction-based techniques have been shown to provide rapidly results that are precise, reproducible and consistent. However, the nucleic acid-based techniques do not discriminate live and dead cells of the fungi making it difficult to determine the population of the biocontrol agents that are biologically active. It will be desirable to have results of biological assays to corroborate the results obtained with nucleic acid-based techniques to arrive at meaningful conclusions. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions 63.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: The LW fields obtained from those potentials are then E ( x t ) = e [ ( n − β → ) ( 1 − β 2 ) κ 3 R 2 + n c κ 3 R × ( ( n − β → ) × d β → d t ) ] retarded and B ( r t ) = n retarded × E ( r t ) E2 The LW fields have some interesting properties. The 1 R fields are radiation fields, and they make a Poynting vector (energy flow per unit area per unit time) that lies along n retarded : P = c 4 π E radiative × B radiative = c 4 π E radiative × ( n retarded × E radiative ) = c 4 π ( E radiative ) 2 n retarded E3 But the 1 R 2 fields are Coulomb-Ampère fields, and the Coulomb field does not lie along n retarded as one might naively expect; instead, it lies along ( n − β → ) retarded. Assume that β → does not change much over the total field propagation time, in which case ( n − β → ) retarded is virtually indistinguishable from n present. So then the Coulomb field and the radiation are arriving to the observer from different directions. One can feel moved to check this surprising result. Fortunately, one can look up the original sources, obtain translations if necessary, and verify the original algebra. There is no problem with the algebra. There are also numerous re-derivations that use more modern techniques involving the Dirac delta function and the Heaviside step function. These are ‘generalized’ functions of some parameter that, when driven to infinity, produces an infinite pulse or a unit step. One can study these re-derivations too. One finds various re-orderings of the mathematical operators ‘differentiate’, ‘integrate’, and ‘go to parameter limit’. These re-orderings are dodgy because the generalized functions lack the mathematical property of uniform convergence, so these operations don’t necessarily commute; it is possible to change the result by changing operation order. But even so, such findings do not change the fact that the original LW derivations, although pedestrian, were correct.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 9, there is a concentration-dependent effect of PAC on MMP intensity in Ca9-22 cells. Indeed, the MMP intensity decreases from 89. 4% for controls to 62. 9% and 9. 1% for Ca9-22 treated cells with 5 µM or 10 µM respectively for 24 h (Fig. 9). Mitochondrial superoxide production during treatments with PAC in oral cancer cells. Figure 10 is corresponding to the concentration effect of flow cytometric patterns when oral cancer cells are PAC-treated. Our results show that the percentage of MitoSOX (+) among Ca9-22 cells under treatment with PAC at 5 µM or 10 µM for 24 h is higher than controls. The key role of PAC inducing mitochondrial superoxide production was clarified. oral cancer treatments rely on surgery, along with radiation therapy (external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy), as well as coadjutant therapy (chemotherapy with agents like cisplatin), it still involves high economic costs and highly damaging options30;31. To reduce this burden, plant products as complementary and alternative therapies could become solutions. Some recent discoveries demonstrated the superiority of the plant world to prevent cancer 32;33. Several research studies over the last century have revealed several important functions of curcuminoids. And it has been shown that curcumin has a capacity to influence multiple natural targets and seemed to have activity against different diseases 12; 15. Although it was evaluated with success for widespread biological activities, those of concern are its low bioavailability and rapid metabolization encouraged researchers to look for new synthetic analogs 34; 23. In a search for novel compounds active against cancer, PAC was found out. This curcumin analog demonstrated that it has a great potential as an anti-breast cancer agent 21;24. Until today, there had been no available study investigating the properties of PAC to be a possible complementary treatment for oral cancer. Our goal is to examine its inhibitory effects, on cells that proliferate or are in apoptosis, as well as the mechanisms of action involved as an interesting avenue to develop treatments for oral cancer and study its potential to be an active supplement ingredient in some drugs and products for mouth cleaning. Our data shows that PAC is exhibiting preferentially ability to kill oral cancer cells. Our data are supportive to those reported by Al-Howail et al. (2016) and Al-Hujaily et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Application of BCA and pathogen (i) Prepare leaf disks (2 cm dia) from grapevine leaves of plants grown in the growth chamber; arrange 5–6 inverted leaf disks (lower surface facing upward) on moistened filter paper (Whatman No. 3) placed in each sterile petri plate (9 cm diameter) (ii) Spray the conidial suspension of the BCA until the leaf disks are wet; maintain suitable control leaf disks sprayed with sterile water alone (iii) Allow the droplets to dry; seal the dishes with parafilm and then place them in the growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod for 24 h at 21 °C (iv) After incubation for 24 h, on each leaf disk place five 10 μl drops of the pathogen suspension containing released zoospores; thoroughly blot the moisture on the leaf disk with absorbent tissues at 20 h after inoculation (v) Reseal the petri plates and place them in the growth chamber (vi) To assess the effect of the BCA, collect the sporangia formed on each leaf disk using 2–3 ml of distilled water, after 7 days of incubation in the growth chamber; calculate the number of sporangia from each leaf disk using a hemocytometer (vii) Assess the resporulation of the pathogen visually in each leaf disk and quantify after 24–48 h as done before; repeat the experiment three times (viii) To assess the efficacy of the BCA as post-inoculation application, place five 10 μl drops of the suspension of sproangia and zoospores of the pathogen on the undersurface of each leaf disk; seal the plates and incubate (ix) Blot out the moisture on leaf disks after 20-h incubation, reseal and place the petri plates in the growth chamber for 5 days (x) Place one 10 μl drop of the conidial suspension of the BCA on the sporulating lesion in each leaf disk; blot out the moisture after 20 h; reseal the plates and incubate for 7 days (xi) Quantify the sporangia produced in each leaf disk as done in step (vi) above; assess resporulation after 4 days as done in step (vii) C. Petal disk assay (Gould et al. 1996) a.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: These are important for applications in Chemistry, since chemical reactions involve ions. With all this regularity displayed in Fig. 1, it should be possible to use it to help predict the energy budget for all sorts of chemical reactions. We just need a rational way to extrapolate from all the formulae representing the regularities for single electrons being removed from neutral atoms to formulae for electrons being removed from, or added to, ions of all sorts. Generally, if an atom is in an ionized state, then in place of just Z we have an electron count Z e distinct from the proton count Z p. The electron-on-electron interaction does not involve the nucleus, and so always scales with Z e M. But electron-nucleus interaction previously represented by ( Z M ) I P 1 1 now has to involve both Z e and Z p. We have for the total system Z p Z e e 2 ( r e + r M ) = ( Z p Z e M ) × ( 3 c 2 m e 2 2 5 ) E21 What is then generally comparable to the nuclear-orbit part of the ionization potential for removing a single electron? To develop an answer to this question, we must return again to the expressions for P torquing and P total radiated Eqs. (10) and (11). Clearly, all of the factors of e 2 change to Z p Z e e 2. It is as if all factors of e changed to Z p Z e e. Removal of one electron is then like removal of one Z p Z e e charge. What is comparable to the ionization potential for removing a single electron from the ion is then Z p Z e e 2 ( r e + r M ) = ( Z p Z e M ) × ( 3 c 2 m e 2 2 5 ) E22 Thus for ions, we see in the math a Z p Z e M ( Z p ) scaling law for that part of the ionization potential that reflects electron-nucleus interaction, I P 1 1. So for computations we use: I P 1 1 Z M → I P 1 1 Z p Z e M ( Z p ) E23 For the other part of the ionization potential, that reflecting just the electron-on-electron interactions, Δ I P 1 Z the relevant Z is Z e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. niox. 2008. 04. 020 (2008). Mirzaei, H. et al. Phytosomal curcumin: A review of pharmacokinetic, experimental and clinical studies. 85, 102–112, doi:10. 1016/j. biopha. 2016. 11. 098 (2017). Hewlings, S. J. & Kalman, D. S. Curcumin: A Review of Its' Effects on Human Health. Foods 6, doi:10. 3390/foods6100092 (2017). Wilken, R. , Veena, M. S. , Wang, M. B. & Srivatsan, E. S. Curcumin: A review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. 10, 12, doi:10. 1186/1476-4598-10-12 (2011). He, Y. et al. Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules 20, 9183–9213, doi:10. 3390/molecules20059183 (2015). Vallianou, N. G. , Evangelopoulos, A. , Schizas, N. & Kazazis, C. Potential anticancer properties and mechanisms of action of curcumin. 35, 645–651 (2015). Rodrigues, F. C. , Anil Kumar, N. V. & Thakur, G. Developments in the anticancer activity of structurally modified curcumin: An up-to-date review. 177, 76–104, doi:10. 1016/j. ejmech. 2019. 04. 058 (2019). Al-Hujaily, E. M. et al. PAC, a novel curcumin analogue, has anti-breast cancer properties with higher efficiency on ER-negative cells. 128, 97–107, doi:10. 1007/s10549-010-1089-3 (2011). Youssef, K. M. et al. Synthesis of curcumin analogues as potential antioxidant, cancer chemopreventive agents. (Weinheim) 337, 42–54, doi:10. 1002/ardp. 200300763 (2004).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Preparation of biocontrol agent (Pseudomonas fluorescens) (i) Multiply the BCA on 30 ml of Luria-Bertani (Difco) broth for 48 h at room temperature (ii) Centrifuge at 3,000 g for 5 min; reject the supernatant; resuspend the pellet in Tween 20 solution (0. 03 %) in water (iii) Adjust the optical density to 0. 3 at 595 nm to have a concentration of 105 CFU of bacterial cells per ml b. Preparation of pathogen (i) Multiply the pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) in malt extract agar (MEA) for 5 days at 21 °C (ii) Transfer conidia, using sterile forceps to 1 ml sterile water kept in a microcentrifuge tube, disperse the conidia by vortexing for 30 s to have a uniform suspension (iii) Adjust the concentration of conidia to 103 per ml using a hemocytometer c. Preparation of test flowers and petal disks (i) Raise ultrawhite hybrid petunias in a glasshouse from seeds for 3–4 months; do not use any fungicide or pesticide (ii) Collect 3rd 4th or 5th fully opened flowers from the floral apex; surface sterilize by immersing them in 0. 05 % sodium hypochlorite solution three times; rinse the flowers in 5 changes of sterile water; select flowers undamaged by disease or pest (iii) Punch out petal disks (14 mm dia) using a sterile cork borer d. Assay of biocontrol activity (i) Dip the petal disks in the suspensions of BCAs at the rate of 4 disks per isolate or BCA to be tested; dip the control disks in sterile water with Tween 20 (0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: But the relevant M is still M ( Z p ) the only significant mass in the problem. So for computations we use: Δ I P 1 Z Z M → Δ I P 1 Z e Z e M ( Z p ) E24 This basic information can help one to model the energy budget for any chemical reaction. To assist readers who want to try this out, the necessary data displayed by Fig. 1 is tabulated in numerical form as 14. 250 × Z 2 E25 The resulting I P Z Z is population-generic. The corresponding element-specific quantity is I P Z Z multiplied by the factor Z M ( Z p ). Thus the element-specific energy requirement for total stripping is 2 × 14. 250 × Z 3 M ( Z p ) eV’s. We can now compare the total energy required to strip an atom one electron at a time with the energy required to strip it of its electrons all at once. The two elements Helium and Lithium are good examples because they represent the extremes of very high first-order ionization potential and very low first-order ionization potential. The data for them in numerical form comes from 1. Here is how the calculations go: Helium: ( Z p = 2 M ( Z p ) = M 2 = 4. 003 ) Write Formulae: H 2 e → H 2 e + : I P 1 1 × 2 M 2 + Δ I P 1 2 × 2 M 2 H 2 e + → H 2 e + + : I P 1 1 × 2 × 1 M 2 E26. Insert Data: H 2 e → H 2 e + : 14. 250 × 2 4. 003 + 35. 625 × 2 4. 003 H 2 e + → H 2 e + + : 14. 250 × 1. 4142 4. 003 E27. Evaluate Formulae: H 2 e → H 2 e + : 7. 1197 + 17. 7992 = 24. 9189 H 2 e + → H 2 e + + : 5. 0343 E28. Stripping One-at-a-Time: H 2 e → H 2 e + + : 24. 9189 + 5. 0343 = 29. 9532 E29eV’s. Compare to All-at-Once: 2 × 14. 250 × Z 3 M ( Z p ) = 2 × 14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Fig. 1Curcumin or SLCP cross the blood brain barrier and binds with amyloid plaques. After intraperitoneal injections of Cur or SLCP (50 mg/kg), the 5xFAD brains were sectioned and images were taken from DG area of hippocampus using a fluorescent microscope with green filters. a and SLCP permeated into the brain tissue, and SLCP appeared to be more permeable than Cur, and those receiving 5 days of treatment appeared to have more Cur in the brain than those receiving only 2 days of injections. b Images of sections from the DG area of the hippocampus in the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice were immunolabeled with Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) as observed by using a fluorescent microscope with green and red filters. Cur or SLCP colocalized with 6E10, confirming the green signal coming from Aβ plaques upon binding with Cur or SLCP. Red arrows: Cur or SLCP bound to the Aβ plaque; green arrow: 6E10 bound to Aβ plaque; and white arrow: merged images of Cur or SLCP and 6E10 with Aβ plaque. Scale bars indicate 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur or SLCP treatment decreased Aβ plaque load in 5xFAD mice brainAfter stipulated periods of Cur or SLCP treatment in 5xFAD mice, the brain sections were stained with SLCP (100 µM) (Fig. 2a) and Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) (Fig. 2b), followed by counts of the number of Aβ plaques. We observed that after 5 days of treatment with Cur or SLCP, the number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in the PFC (Cur: 49% and SLCP: 56. 31%) (Fig. 2c) and in DG area of hippocampus (Cur: 36. 30% and SLCP: 50. 50%) (Fig. 2d) in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD group. Further, SLCP-treated mice had fewer Aβ plaques than did Cur-treated mice (Fig. 2c, d). Similarly, our dot blot assays showed that both Cur and SLCP significantly inhibited Aβ42-oligomers (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 03 %) (ii) Place the BCA-treated and control disks individually in the wells of a sterile multiwell plate with 6 lanes of 4 wells each in the following sequence Lane 1 – Well 1 – molten MEA medium; wells 2–4-check petal disks Lane 2 – Well 1–4 – check petal disks Lane 3–6 – One isolate or BCA for each lane (iii) Cover the loaded plates with sterile lids; place them in a plastic box lined with wet paper towels (iv) Incubate in a lighted, continuous-mist chamber with a relative humidity of about 90 % and a 12-h photoperiod at 15 ± 2 °C for 24 h (v) Dispense aliquots of pathogen inoculum at the center of all petal disks in all treatments (lanes 2–6) and to the first well in lane 1 with MEA medium; do not inoculate the petal disks in the three wells in lane 1; incubate in the incubation chamber for 6 days (vi) Assess the extent of disease suppression using a 0–4 scale based on the number of petal disks colonized by the pathogen in a given lane allotted for each BCA or isolate (vii) Repeat the test, if the pathogen does not sporulate in the well with MEA (lane 1, well 1) 2. 8: Biopriming of with Clonostachys rosea Alternaria spp. (Jensen et al. 2004) A. Cultivation of antagonists Use nutrient-rich media (a) PDA amended with Triton X-100 (2. 2 g/l) and chloramphenicol (0. 5 g/l) and (b) potato carrot agar amended with chloramphenicol (0. 5 g/l) for isolating the fungal biocontrol agents B.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: 250 × 2 3 M 2 = 2 × 14. 250 × 2 3 4. 003 = 56. 957 E30eV’s. Lithium: ( Z p = 3 M ( Z p ) = M 3 = 6. 941 ) Write Formulae: L 3 i → L 3 i + : I P 1 1 × 3 M 3 + Δ I P 1 3 × 3 M 3 − Δ I P 1 2 × 2 M 3 E31; L 3 i + → L 3 i ++ : I P 1 1 × 3 × 2 M 3 + Δ I P 1 2 × 2 M 3 L 3 i ++ → L 3 i 3+ : I P 1 1 × 3 × 1 M 3 E32. Insert Data: L 3 i → L 3 i + : 14. 250 × 3 6. 941 + ( − 1. 781 ) × 3 6. 941 − 35. 625 × 2 6. 941 E33; L 3 i + → L 3 i ++ : 14. 250 × 2. 449 6. 941 + 35. 625 × 2 6. 941 L 3 i ++ → L 3 i 3+ : 14. 250 × 1. 7321 6. 941 E34. Evaluate Formulae: L 3 i → L 3 i + : 6. 1591 + − 0. 7698 − 10. 2651 = − 4. 8758 E35; L 3 i + → L 3 i ++ : 5. 0278 + 10. 2651 = 15. 2929 L 3 i ++ → L 3 i 3+ : 3. 5560 E36. Stripping One-at-a-Time: L 3 i → L 3 i 3 + : − 4. 8758 + 15. 2929 + 3. 5560 = 13. 9731 E37eV’s. Compare to All-at-Once: 2 × 14. 250 × 3 3 M ( Z 3 ) = 2 × 14. 250 × 3 3 M 3 = 2 × 14. 250 × 3 3 6. 941 = 110. 8630 E38eV’s. In these two examples, we see that removal of all the electrons, all at once, takes much more energy than removing the electrons one electron at a time. It is plain to see that total stripping all-at-once is a vigorous, even violent, event.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results were expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. **p < 0. 01 and ***p < 0. 001 in comparison to Aβ42-vehicle treated groupFull size image Neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCPOne of the aims of this study was to investigate whether short-term treatment of Cur or SLCP can protect neuronal morphology. Therefore, the treated brain tissue was stained with cresyl violet and many pyknotic or tangle-like neuron, along with vacuolization within the pyramidal cell layers, were observed in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus in the 5xFAD mice. After 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment (but not at 2 days of treatment), we observed significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of pyknotic, or tangled-like, cells in PFC (Cur: 27%; SLCP: 33%; Fig. 4a, b), in CA1 (Cur: 24%; SLCP: 36%; Fig. 4a, c) and in CA3 area (Cur: 13%; SLCP: 26%; Fig. 4a, d) of the hippocampus. Fig. 4Cur and SLCP treatments partially protect neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mice brain tissue. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were stained with 0. 1% cresyl violet, from which images were taken using Olympus microscope (total magnification: 1000x) in the PFC and the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus. a Pyknotic, tangle-like, neurons along with vacuoles were observed in 5xFAD tissue with Cur- or SLCP-treatment reducing this abnormal morphology in the PFC and hippocampal neurons following 5-, but not 2-days of treatment. b The number of pyknotic cells were less after 5 days of treatment (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in all three areas, when compared to the 5xFAD mice receiving only vehicle or the 5xFAD mice receiving only 2 days treatment. Scale bar indicates 25 µm and is applicable to other images.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: AbstractBacterial biocontrol agents are much smaller in size and do not have long lifecycle as the fungi. They multiply rapidly and increase in population by several folds within a few hours. The morphological characteristics of bacterial cells are less variable. Hence, biological, biochemical, physiological, immunological and genomic characteristics are determined for reliable and precise identification and meaningful classification of the bacterial biocontrol agents, capable of suppressing the development of crop diseases caused by microbial pathogens. Metabolic fingerprinting, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) analysis and nucleic acid-based techniques are more frequently applied than the isolation-based methods which are less consistent and time-consuming, for the identification of bacterial BCAs. Many species of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been reported to be efficient biocontrol agent of crop diseases. Spore formers such as Bacillus spp. are considered to be preferable to Pseudomonas spp. , because of their longer survivability, even in adverse environmental conditions. Various techniques have been employed to assess the biocontrol potential of the bacterial BCAs in laboratory assays and under greenhouse and field conditions, where they are expected to interact with microbial pathogens. Some of the actinomycetes like Streptomyces spp. have been shown to be effective biocontrol agents against soilborne pathogens infecting several crops. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions 0. J 99:24–38PubMed CAS 87. J Bacteriol 181:3155–3163PubMed CAS 2. 91:957–963CAS 365. 95:7051–7056PubMed CAS 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: Israel consistently ranks high alongside leading European nations by such measures as 30. The new entries span the gamut of hardware and software for defense and civilian applications. “It’s a small ecosystem, but it’s developing quite rapidly, and it’s quite diverse,” he says, adding that “people are trying not to step on each other’s toes. ” Attracting $75 million in private investment to date, three-year-old ranks among the top quantum startups in the world by that measure. Mellanox Technologies, which entered the quantum communications business two years ago, was acquired by Nvidia in 2020. Most of the tech giants, including Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Intel, and others, have R&D centers in Israel that serve as spawning grounds for new quantum companies. Adopting the nickname “Start-Up Nation” from the eponymous best-selling 2009 book, Israel has an existing high-tech innovation ecosystem that includes a government eager to back inventors. That support in turn attracts investment from the nation’s substantial venture capital community. “When they see the government is pushing hard, it’s easier for them to take the risk,” says David. “At some point we are sharing risk with the private sector. ” When it comes to high tech, “basically anyone who comes with an idea and is able to prove the concept probably will get some kind of government grant to kick it off,” says Shlomi Cohen, CEO of QuantLR, a quantum encryption startup. “At any moment in Israel, there are more than 6500 startups. I think we are second only to the US. ” (Today, October 2021, page 42. ) army, air force, and intelligence community are the “backbone of the [quantum] industry,” Cohen says. The military is both a consumer of quantum technology and a source of technical talent for startups. The government-owned defense contractor has technology-sharing agreements with academic institutions, including BGU and the of Science. Israel’s defense industry began taking an interest in quantum sensing about a decade ago, says Nir Davidson, a Weizmann physicist. The national initiative has allocated $40 million to a quantum-sensing consortium composed of five companies and eight academic groups, including Folman’s and Davidson’s labs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Arrows indicate pyknotic or tangle-like neuronsFull size image Changes in microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceTo investigate the changes of microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP, the 5xFAD brain sections were immunolabeled with Iba-1 antibody. There was profound branching and intense expression of Iba-1 protein in 5xFAD tissue, whereas treatment with Cur or SLCP appeared to decrease the number of branches and the amount of Iba-1 levels in PFC and in different subfields of hippocampus, as well as in the striatum after both 2- and 5-days of treatment with Cur or SLCP (Fig. 5). We also observed that the levels of Iba-1 and the extent of microglial branching tended to be less only in the 5-days treatment group in comparison to the 2-day group. Fig. 5Morphological changes of single microglial cells in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The Iba-1-IR appeared to be more intense and the branching of microglia were more diffuse in the brain tissue of the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice compared to those mice treated with Cur or SLCP for either 2- or 5-days. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Microglial aggregation morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceWhen we looked at the morphology of microglial aggregation, or clumping, we observed that there was a noticeable aggregation of microglia in the vehicle-treated 5xFAD group, which was less noticeable in the brain tissue of mice treated with Cur or SLCP, with the latter groups also showing a reduction in Iba-1 labeling (Fig. 6). Further, we found a trend towards less aggregation of microglia and Iba-1-IR in 5xFAD mice given 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment, relative to those receiving 2 days of treatment and with those given SLCP showing less microglial aggregation in comparison to those given Cur (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Perform double diffusion test to confirm the presence of Pf-and Foc-specific antibodies. v. Conjugate the antibodies (0. 353 mg/ml) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and determine the concentrations spectrophotometrically at 280 nm. B. Detection of Pf and Foc by FITC-conjugated antibodies i. Inoculate 2-month old hardened tissue cultured banana plants with Pf (50 g) alone in charcoal base (1. 024 × 108 CFU/ml) or Foc (50 g) grown on sorghum seeds (9. 2 × 104 CFU/ml) or coinoculate with 50 g each of Pf and Foc and maintain controls without inoculation with either Pf or Foc. ii. Collect root samples from different treatments; and wash them thoroughly with distilled water. iii. Take thin sections with sharp razor blade; place them on clean glass slides; place drops of conjugated antibodies and air-dry for 20 min to fix them firmly. iv. Dip the slides into phosphate buffered saline (pH7. 2) + bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1 % w/v) to block non-specific protein binding sites; remove the slides and drain the excess solution. v. Treat with 10–20 μl of FITC-conjugated Pf-and Foc-antibodies separately in a humification chamber under dark condition for 1 h and wash off the excess antibody with PBS + 0. 1 % BSA solution. vi. Examine the slides under a fluorescence microscope at 20 sections for each treatment and record the observation and repeat the experiment three times. 4. 3: of Pyrrolnitrin-by Real-Time PCR Assay (Garbeva et al. 2004) A. Extraction of DNA from bacterial species i. Extract bacterial cells from soil samples (10 g) using suspension in 95 ml 0. 1 % tetra sodiumpyrophosphate (NaPP: Na2P2O7. 12H2O) containing 10 g gravel (2–4 mm diameter) by shaking for 25 min at 250 rpm; ii. Serially dilute by 10-folds in 0. 8 % NaCl and streak 100 μl of 10−2 and 10−3 dilutions on appropriate medium. iii.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: Whereas today’s commercial atomic clocks are accurate to within one second in 2000 years, the new type will lose just one second in 1 million years, Waxman says. That level of accuracy is important for myriad applications including radar, financial transactions, phase synchronization in electricity transmission, and inertial navigation. For example, a nanosecond can produce errors of several meters in distance as measured with radar, and it is critical to determine the exact sequence of trades in financial instruments, which often occur microseconds apart, he explains. The lab is now developing a miniaturized ytterbium optical-frequency atomic clock that will be five orders of magnitude more accurate than today’s clocks. View largeDownload slideAn atom chip built at the Ben-of the Negev nanofabrication facility. The chip is part of a sensor known as a Stern–Gerlach atom interferometer. View largeDownload slideAn atom chip built at the Ben-of the Negev nanofabrication facility. The chip is part of a sensor known as a Stern–Gerlach atom interferometer. Close modal Folman’s lab is working on atom chips—cold-atom devices that include miniature p22. ) By teaching Israelis how to team up to accomplish tasks, mandatory service in the Forces also contributes to the nation’s tech success, says Folman. “They learn to complement and trust each other. ” But that’s not enough, he adds. “At the end of the day, you need innovation and ingenuity. People in Israel are very passionate about innovation. ” An ecosystem Serendipity played a role in both Raicol Crystals’ and Tabor Electronics’ entry into quantum fields. The two Israeli companies had long-established business lines when quantum technologies began to take off about five years ago. Founded in 1995, Raicol, which manufactures crystals for the laser and optics industries, discovered that physicists were using its nonlinear periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate crystals in their research to produce entangled photons, through a process called spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Raicol responded to that nascent market by tailoring its crystals for quantum computing, communications, and sensing applications, says Ori Levin, vice president of product management and strategy. View largeDownload slideA quantum gravimeter setup at the of Science.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6). Fig. 6Morphological changes of aggregated microglia in 5xFAD mice brains after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The tissue from the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice showed significant clumping, or aggregation of activated microglia, whereas, those of 5xFAD mice that were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days had fewer aggregations of microglia and less intense labeling of Iba-1. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Morphological changes of astrocytes after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceSimilar to the microglial changes, we have also investigated the morphological changes of activated astrocytes by immunolabeling with GFAP antibodies after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD mice. The brains of the 5xFAD mice showed activation of astrocytes, as evidenced by extensive branching, along with increased level of GFAP-IR, whereas brains of the 5xFAD treated with Cur or SLCP appeared to have decreased activation, with a trend toward less GFAP-IR and astrocyte branching in the PFC and in different subfields of the hippocampus (Fig. 7). We did not find any significant differences in morphology of activated astrocytes between the 5xFAD mice given Cur or SLCP, whether the treatments were given for 2- or 5-days. Fig. 7Morphological changes of activated astrocytes from brain tissue of 5xFAD mice after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were immunolabeled with GFAP antibody. The GFAP immunofluorescence appeared to be more intense and the branching of astrocytes was more extensive in vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, compared with those given Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Place two mycelial plugs of the fungal pathogen (Phytophthora capsici) 5 cm apart on V8 agar in petriplates (10 cm). ii. Streak the test bacterial isolates between the plugs containing the fungus at 2. 5 cm from each plug; control plates do not have the challenging bacterial species. iii. Maintain four replicates for each treatment. iv. Incubate the plates at room temperature. v. Measure the radial growth of the fungus at 1, 2 and 3 days after incubation. vi. Repeat the experiment twice and calculate the mycelial growth inhibition at different periods of incubation. 4. 6: Assessment of of and Tomato (Benítez and Gardener 2009)4. 6. 1 Bioassay i. Surface-sterilize the seeds and germinate them on water agar (WA, 7. 5 g agar/l) at room temperature in the dark and after 4 days, transfer the emerging seedlings (3 seedlings/plate) to petriplates containing WA. ii. Place pathogen plug (5 mm) at the center of each plate. iii. Prepare the bacterial cell suspension from 24-h old cultures in 1/10× TS broth; centrifuge; wash twice with sterile water; treat the seedlings with bacterial cell suspension (107 cells) with 100 μl aliquot for each seedling and maintain triplicates for each treatment including controls with and without bacterial isolates. iv. Express the disease severity as the percentage of the seedling root length marked by a lesion. 4. 7: Assessment of Effects of of Tomato with Lysobacter capsici PG4 on Incidence of (Puopolo et al. 2010) i. Grow the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) on PDA for 7 days in petriplates; flood the plates with 10 ml of sterile distilled water (SDW); shake well in a shaker for 30 min at 100 rpm; scrap of the fungal growth and filter through sterile glass wood to separate the conidia. ii. Adjust the conidial concentration to 4 × 103 conidia/ml; mix aliquots (5 ml) of the suspension with sandy soil (20 g) and transfer to pots. iii.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: The device was built in collaboration between the Defense Systems, the Israeli defense contractor. View largeDownload slideA quantum gravimeter setup at the of Science. The device was built in collaboration between the Defense Systems, the Israeli defense contractor. Close modal A decade ago, 50-year-old learned that some of its physicist customers were using its standard signal generator products in their quantum research. Earlier this year, the company introduced a dedicated arbitrary waveform transceiver designed specifically for quantum computing, communication, and sensing, says Mark Elo, the company’s vice president and general manager of the Americas. provided funding to support development of the new instrument. The two-year-old startup QuantLR expects to start delivering systems for quantum photon data encryption in about a year, says Cohen. “We are using superposition of photons to send the key encryption,” he says. “No one can penetrate a photon. That’s the basic idea of our approach. ” QuantLR’s hardware and software will secure data transmitted through fiber-optic cable over distances up to 100 km, beyond which cooling systems would be required. Most fiber-optic communications between data centers, financial institutions, utilities, infrastructure, and 5G base stations occur within that range, he says. Intrusions will create noise that can be detected, he says, and data flows won’t be slowed because the quantum key will travel over two dedicated channels in the fiber cable, rather than being attached to the data itself. The company is “in intensive discussions” with data center operators including Amazon, Microsoft, and Telefónica and with 5G companies including Cisco, Nokia, Ericsson, and Huawei. Looking ahead David believes there is more to be done. Israel’s number of principal investigators “at the core of quantum,” about 125, is low even for a small country, he says. By comparison, about 300 principal investigators worked at the basic science level in Israel’s 10-year national nanotechnology initiative, which ended in 2016. “One of the biggest challenges we have is to enhance the community—academia as well as industry—while maintaining the high degree of scientific and technological excellence,” he says.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in PFC of 5xFAD miceWhen we counted the number of Iba-1-IR cells in PFC, we observed that Cur or SLCP treatments significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) the number of Iba-1-IR cells in comparison to those of the untreated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 8a, b). In addition, 5 days of either SLCP or Cur treatment showed greater reduction (p < 0. 05) of Iba-1-IR in comparison to 2 days of treatment. Furthermore, SLCP showed greater reduction of Iba-1-IR in comparison to those given Cur for either 2- or 5-days (Fig. 8a, b). Similar findings were observed for counts of GFAP-IR cells in the PFC (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 8Cur or SLCP treatment reduces neuroinflammation in the PFC of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with either Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR- (a, b) and GFAP-IR- (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the PFC in all Cur- and SLCP-treated mice in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment, for both the GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA1 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceOne of our interests was to investigate the neuroinflammation profile in hippocampal subfields of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment with Cur or SLCP. We observed that both Cur and or SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Dip the tomato seeds coated with mixture of the bacteria strain (1 × 109 cells/ml) and methyl cellulose (1 %), and dry the seeds overnight in a laminar flow cabinet. iv. Place one seed coated with BCA in each pot at 1 cm depth at 2 days after inoculation of FORL and place the pots in the greenhouse at 21 °C, relative humidity 70 %. v. Remove the plants carefully after 3 weeks; wash the roots; observe the presence of browning and lesions and calculate the percentages of symptomatic plants in each treatment. vi. Maintain suitable control treatment and analyze the data statistically. 4. 8: Effect of Root treatment with Pantoea agglomerans E278Ar on Development of Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae (Han et al. 2000) i. Grow the bacterial BCA in L-broth for 20 h at 30 °C with rifampicin (50 μg/ml) on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm; centrifuge at 3,840 ×g for 10 min and discard the supernatant. ii. Resupend the BCA cells in autoclaved 0. 25 ×g modified Hoagland’s solution and 200 μl of 1 × 109 CFU/ml suspension; pipette the suspension directly onto the roots of 3-day old radish seedlings at least 5 cm below the crown to reduce the movement of the BCA to the foliage. iii. Use 5–10 pouches for each treatment at 5 seedlings/pouch; treat the control plants with Hoagland solution alone and arrange the pouches in a completely randomized design. iv. Grow the bacterial pathogen in sucrose-peptone broth containing 20 g sucrose/l and 5 g Bacto peptone/l amended with streptomycin (50 μg/ml); centrifuge at 3,840 ×g for 10 min; spray a suspension of 20 × 108 CFU/ml prepared in sterile tap water with 0. 02 % Silwet L-77 (Lehle seeds, Texas, USA) as a wetting agent to run- off level onto radish seedlings and spray the control plants with the wetting agent alone. v. Determine the disease severity using a 1–6 rating scale. 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: The intrinsic safety and relative simplicity of the coming generation of breed-and-burn fission reactors makes them significantly less expensive than those of the present generation. Myth #2: Nuclear is unsafe There are two safety issues in the context of nuclear power: meltdown and terrorism. Both are essentially eliminated by next-generation fission technologies. Concerns raised by incidents at Island and Chernobyl were seriously aggravated by recent events at Fukushima. Such dangers are not intrinsic to fission, but stem from military priorities favoring fuel rods comprised of metal-clad ceramics. Ceramics conduct heat poorly, and active cooling (powered externally) is required to prevent overheating, melting and rupture of the cladding. Molten-salt reactors are qualitatively different. First, the exploiting the molten state leads to an inherently safe reactor design, since no additional melting is possible. More specifically, the far superior thermal conductivity of molten salt eliminates the need for active cooling. At any time and without any external power, the reactor can be drained, by gravity, into a subterranean vessel in which passive cooling suffices. Such reactors are termed “walk-away” safe. A molten-salt reactor ran successfully and without incident at for four years. High-level wastes produced by fission are unavoidable, but they are only a tiny fraction of what we call nuclear waste. The complete burning of nuclear fuel in molten-salt reactors provides all the benefits of reprocessing, which has permitted France, for example, to produce about 80% of its electricity from fission for decades, without theft of fissile material by terrorists, although Greenpeace did block a plutonium shipment. Because next-generation reactors integrate breeding and burning into a single process, fissile material does not exist outside the reactor, where it is both hot and diluted, thereby reducing the risk of theft significantly below even that of reprocessing. Myth #3: Nuclear waste remains an unsolved problem As the term “breed-and-burn” suggests, next-generation fission technologies are related to and provide the benefits of reprocessing. An independent benefit of molten-salt technologies is that the fissile material can remain in the reactor until it is completely consumed, thereby producing dramatically less waste.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells in CA1 region, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 9a–c). We also found a significant difference (p < 0. 05) between the 2- and 5-day treatment groups in Iba-1-IR labeling and between the Cur and SLCP groups (p < 0. 05) (Fig. 9b), but these differences were not observed for GFAP labeling (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 9Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA1 subfield of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA1 area, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, with further reductions were observed after 5 days of treatment, compared with that of at 2 days (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceSimilar to CA1 region, there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 subfield of hippocampus after treatment with either Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a–c). The Iba-1-IR was less in the 5-day SLCP group, relative to the 2-day SLCP group (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 10b). No differences of GFAP-IR were observed between 2- and 5-day treatment groups were observed, irrespective of whether the 5xFAD mice received Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a, c). Fig. 10Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA3 region of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 9: Assessment of of of Agrobacterium spp. Agrobacterium spp. Conditions (Kawaguchi et al. 2008) i. Prepare cell suspensions of nonpathogenic strains (VAR03-1 and K84) from 48 h old slant cultures grown on potato semisynthetic agar (PSA) and adjust the concentration to OD600 = 1. 0 (109 cells/ml). ii. Prepare cell suspensions of tumorigenic strains and adjust the concentrations to OD600 = 1. 0 (108 cells/ml). iii. Infest the soil with pathogenic strains by pouring cell suspensions to the soil (500 ml/kg). iv. Pull out young healthy plants carefully; rinse the roots in water to clean all soil p4. 10: Suppression of Grapevine Pierce’s Disease (PD) by of the fastidiosa (Xf) (Hopkins 2005) i. Grow the virulent and weakly virulent strains of Xf on PD3 medium for 4–6 days (log phrase); scrap off the bacteria from the medium; prepare a suspension in succinate-citrate-phosphate (SCP) buffer containing disodium succinate (1. 0 g/l), trisodium citrate (1. 0 g/l), K2HPO4 (1. 5 g/l), KH2PO4(1. 0 g/l), pH 7. 0 and adjust the concentration of strains to 107–108 CFU/ml (OD600 = 0. 25). ii. Prepare four rooted green cuttings of grapevine cv. Carignane with a minimum of six nodes for each treatment. iii. Place drops (0. 02 ml) of the suspension of weakly virulent strains on opposite sides of both second and third internodes from the stem base; pierce three to five times through each of the four drops with a dissecting needle. iv. After 2 weeks, inoculate drops (0. 02 ml) of the virulent strain into the opposite sides of both fourth and fifth internodes from the stem base and place the plants in the greenhouse for 6 months at 18–23 °C (night) and 28–33 °C (day). v.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every problem has a quantum solution available today. [SEP] Text: Either way, the value of potable water is rising rapidly, and will benefit directly from cheap clean power. Myth #5: Nuclear installations are large, expensive and problematic to site The greater efficiency of molten-salt reactors makes them smaller for a given capacity. More importantly, they operate at atmospheric pressure, which eliminates both the threat of explosion and the need for a large containment structure, the visual signature of today’s fission plants. In combination with the pervasive relative simplicity of molten-fuel reactors, elimination of the containment structure renders molten-salt facilities relatively small and inexpensive. Such reactors also lend themselves to factory manufacture, further reducing their cost. The original molten-fuel reactor was intended to power airplanes. In the present context, the efficiency, reduced size, and guaranteed safety of next-generation fission plants combine to reduce the NIMBY (not in my backyard) resistance to their siting. Myth #6: Nuclear requires lengthy development (new game changer needed) Writing in the February 2013 issue of Physics Today, called for the invention of a game-changing fission technology. Correspondingly, Gates calls for hundreds of startups pursuing different variations on the common theme. Gates is involved with one such company, TerraPower, which will commercialize an innovative solid-fuel breed-and-burn technology. The call for startups and game changers reveals the great irony of this context: that arguably the most promising of the breed-and-burn technologies is not at all new. As mentioned above, the molten-salt thorium reactor was developed at in the 1960s, where it ran successfully for four years. A measure of the significance of the effort is the conviction and enthusiasm of the lab director, Alvin Weinberg. His zeal for the intrinsic safety and other virtues of the molten-salt reactor, now called LFTR (lithium-fluoride thorium reactor), was not politically welcome, and led to his firing by in 1973. Weinberg devoted the rest of his life to the promotion of LFTR; the continues his mission. A contemporary proponent of leads the startup Flibe, which is focused on LFTR commercialization. The MIT-based startup recently won an ARPA-E competition as part of its efforts to commercialize a LFTR-related technology that will burn “spent” fuel or uranium, at least initially.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA3 region of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days, of treatment in the amount of labeling for both GFAP and Iba-1 (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in dentate gyrus of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceThe number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells were significantly less (p < 0. 01) in DG area in Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice, as was the case with the CA1 and CA3 regions (Fig. 11a–c). There were significant decreases in Iba-1-IR between the 2- and 5-day groups given treatment of either of Cur (p < 0. 01) or SLCP (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 11b). In addition, the SLCP treatment reduced Iba-1-IR at both 2-and and 5-day treatment periods, relative to what was observed with Cur (Fig. 11b). Similarly, there were significant decreases (p < 0. 05) in GFAP-IR after 5 days, relative to 2 days, following either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Differences in GFAP-IR measures were also observed between Cur and SLCP treatments (p < 0. 05) at 2 days, but not at 5 days of treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Fig. 11Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in DG area of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: ”A one finger-tap difference might be statistically significant, but you have to ask yourself whether it is clinically significant. ”the researchers cited the 2004 Faroe study in their paper, Dr. Hibbeln stressed that their research was not designed to evaluate mercury exposure, but to look at maternal seafood consumption and neurocognitive development in infants and young children. “We simply wanted to test the efficacy of the 2004 FDA guidelines,” he told Neurology Today. “These results show that risks from the loss of nutrients were greater than the risks of harm from exposure to trace contaminants in 340 grams of seafood eaten weekly, especially with regard to verbal development in the older children. ” Dr. Philippe Grandjean: “Because the data are limited to seafood consumption and did not include assessment of actual mercury exposure levels, the correlations may be misleading. ” Philippe Grandjean, MD, adjunct professor of environmental health at School of in Boston, was one of the authors of the 2004 study. In a commentary published in the March 2007 issue of the journal Perspectives, Dr. Grandjean and colleagues argue that unadjusted observational studies evaluating the risks and benefits of dietary seafood during pregnancy and cognitive development in children tend to underestimate the opposite effects of mercury and nutrients. Mercury-associated [cognitive] deficits increased by up to two-fold, after adjustment, when compared with risk estimates based on observational analysis alone, they wrote in critiquing such studies. Dr. Grandjean told in a telephone interview that the latest study findings should be viewed with caution. “Because the data are limited to seafood consumption and did not include assessment of actual mercury exposure levels, the correlations may be misleading,” he said. The true benefits of seafood diets are likely to be even greater than those reported, he said. “In blood and hair samples, we found that both prenatal and postnatal mercury exposure affects brain function and that they seem to affect different targets in the brain. The adverse effects became greater when we took into account the benefits from fish diets. Even though the children performed within normal ranges, none of us would like to give up IQ points on behalf of our children, so that they will not enjoy the full benefit from seafood nutrients. ”He said that a more accurate analysis would have examined both seafood consumption and mercury exposure in order to “dissociate” the effects of the two.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs coexisted with humans in the past. [SEP] Text: Conceptual ideas about dragons In some interviews, the overlapping of these play themes, which simultaneously reference the past (knights, Vikings) and feed the fictional/fantastical imagination, led interviewers into fascinating conversations with children as they disclosed their views about their toys. An 11-year-old girl (Case 4w) who had previously mixed fictional or fantastical notions (fairies) and the factual past did so again in reference to dragons: Girl: Hmm, I’ve also got a [game] with castles, it’s my favourite game actually, Labyrinth. It works like this … Interviewer: Mhm, can you get that down [from the cabinet] again, please? Girl: Mhm. It’s about … you can see it [on the box] anyway, about dragons and princesses and goblins and ghosts and so on and so forth, and witches and wizards. Interviewer: Like the way things used to be? Girl: Yes, exactly … [Explains the game] Interviewer: … Is it [the game] about the past? Is that a time that used to be, once was? Like with an old book and treasure and a dragon and so on? Girl: Well, yes, I suppose, because all that doesn’t actually exist any more. Interviewer: OK, and if you play a game like that now, are you interested in the way things used to be, and do you also look at things like that on the internet or in other things, for example about dragons? Girl: Umm, no, so on the internet I don’t look at it, umm, so I look, I’m just interested in playing it and so on, and yes, I suppose it’s also because that’s something you don’t see any more today, now, nowadays, except in an old museum where there are exhibits about past times and so on and so on. don’t really look things like that up on the internet. Interviewer: Do you think, for example, that a dragon really looked like it’s been drawn here? Or how do you imagine it? Girl: Hmm … well, I don’t think it looked the way it’s drawn.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the DG area of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment in the amount for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in subicular complex of 5xFAD miceThe subicular complex lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper and is very important for neurotransmission from the hippocampus to the cortex. We found a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in Iba-1-IR cells in subicular complex in the 5 versus the 2-day, groups treated with Cur (Fig. 12a, b). In addition, SLCP treatment decreased Iba-1-IR in both the 2- and 5-day treatment groups, in comparison to Cur (Fig. 12a, b). Similar findings were also observed in the case of GFAP-IR in these regions (Fig. 12a, c). Fig. 12Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in subicular complex of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in subicular complex of hippocampus of Cur- or SLCP-treated, versus vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days of treatment in comparison to 2 days, of treatment for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling in both the Cur- and SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice (b, c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: According to long-term findings, withdrawal from Ruxolitinib cream can cause recurrence in the same location, but starting them back on Ruxolitinib will help the patients to regain pigmentation. In the drug’s pivotal phase 3, patients who had facial clearance per scores of ≥75% (F-VASI75) maintained the response after one year of post-treatment. Moreover, after 2 years of use, no major treatment-emergent adverse events were linked to Ruxolitinib cream which depicts good tolerability [12]. As a 60-gram tube of Opzelura at the current wholesale acquisition cost price is $1950 and the actual cost could vary according to the extent of cream needed so the cost can be a limiting issue. (8,4) In low-middle-income countries, due to financial limitations, a costly treatment like Opzelura is an improbable choice, leaving very few practical alternatives. However, the government might evaluate its policies to subsidize the drug’s price and make it more affordable and accessible to the general public to lessen the disparity in the drug’s accessibility. Moreover, the doctor has a responsibility to inform patients of any concerns related to drugs. This should be done while taking into account the socioeconomic status of the patient, ensuring that the treatment plan is practical from an economic standpoint and they are well aware of all the hazards of this drug. Moreover, this psychocutaneous disease affects the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of patients, this drug is undeniably an advancement as it will also help in increasing the mental, physical, and psychological status of affected individuals but it should not be ignored that this is an illustration of a class of medications whose serious dangers may outweigh their benefits in patients when not used as directed, and prescribed to individuals at higher risk for side effects, so ongoing monitoring is necessary. Therefore, risks and advantages must be properly considered. Clinical trials should also be conducted for the safety guidelines of Opzelura for individuals younger than 12 years. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Sources of funding No funding source was required. This study did not involve any Ethical Approval. study did not involve patients, therefore, no consent was required. Author contribution Amna Iqbal: Conceptualization, writing – original draft, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs coexisted with humans in the past. [SEP] Text: I think maybe it was green [as in the picture on the box], but I can’t really say exactly, I just guess as a feeling that I don’t think it looks like here. When a 9-year-old girl (Case 1w) whose room contained a plastic dragon was asked to assign it to a particular play world, she placed it with the knights. She then confirmed that knights had really existed, but was unsure whether there had been knights with dragons (‘I don’t know’). It is likely that structures of thought and uncertainties of this type stem from the contexts supplied with the toys or other objects. The co-presence of knights, which children encounter on various cultural and historical levels as (real) people belonging to the past, seems to classify the dragons accompanying them likewise as beings from the past. Like literary narratives, the production of toys in the same material, using the same spectrum of colours, with the same sets of possible sizes and so on, appears to give rise to a ‘narrative plausibility’ (Rüsen, 2013), which tends to be closed and coherent in itself. It would doubtless be of value to attempt to identify additional factors which blur the lines between the past and fictional fantasy, leading to the creation of a representation that can pass itself off as history (‘historical past’). As an example, applying a theoretical concept set out by Kicks and Martin (1997) to a Playmobil knights’ castle with dragons, factors that support an apparently unbroken cohesion or contiguity between past realities and fiction may be as follows: (1) a historical theme (knights, castle); (2) the emergence of an emotional and psychological bond with the object via the user’s interaction/play/identification with it; (3) play which is free of anachronisms of fact, interpretation, emotion or psychology; (4) the establishment of a coherent storyline that does not concern itself with issues of historical tradition or fidelity to historical sources; (5) the figures involved in the play can all be controlled and are subject to the individual or shared logic of the player or players; and (6) the topic of play relates to an unknown society (alterity).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in entorhinal cortex of 5xFAD miceThe entorhinal cortex is the major input and output structure of the hippocampal formation and is involved in the maintenance of cortico-hippocampal circuits. The number of Iba-1-IR microglia were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in both the 2- and 5-day Cur or SLCP treatment groups (Fig. 13a, b). Significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of Iba-1-IR cells were observed in the 5-day group in comparison to 2-day group, with the SLCP-treated mice having fewer Iba-1-IR cells than those receiving Cur (Fig. 13a, b). In contrast, 2 days Cur treatment did not reduce the number of GFAP-IR astrocytes, whereas both Cur and SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) GFAP-IR after 5 days of treatment. We also found there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the GFAP-IR between the Cur and SLCP groups after 5 days of treatment (Fig. 13a, c). Fig. 13Cur and SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in entorhinal cortex in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the entorhinal cortex in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Significant reduction in both GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR was observed after 5 days, in comparison to those receiving 2 days, of treatment (b, c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: ” Dr. Thompson cited a 2002 report by Gaist and colleagues (Neurology 2002;58:1333–1337) showing that long-term use of statins substantially increases the risk of sensorimotor polyneuropathy. In that study, the authors used a population-based patient registry to identify first-time-ever cases of idiopathic polyneuropathy in one county in Denmark between 1994 to 1998. (During that time period, the number of statin users in the entire country of Denmark increased from 11,547 to 50,318. )For each case, 25 control subjects were randomly selected among subjects from the background population matched for age, sex, and calendar time. The authors then assessed exposure to drugs and estimated the odds ratio of use of statins (ever and current use) among cases of idiopathic polyneuropathy compared with control subjects. They verified a diagnosis of idiopathic polyneuropathy in 166 cases classified as definite (35), probable (54), or possible (77). The odds ratio linking idiopathic polyneuropathy with statin use was 3. 7 for all cases and 14. 2 for definite cases. The corresponding odds ratios in current users were 4. 6 for all cases and 16. 1 for definite cases. For patients treated with statins for two or more years the odds ratio of definite idiopathic polyneuropathy was 26. 4. . Thompson said that it is not known how statins cause muscle or nerve problems. One theory holds that blocking cholesterol synthesis reduces the cholesterol content of muscle cell membranes, making them unstable. Other theories suggest that unknown small proteins that help maintain the stability of muscle cell membrane may be blocked by statins. Still another theory suggests that reduced production of a compound involved in mitochondrial transport – ubiquinone or coenzyme Q10 – is the culprit, Dr. Thompson said. With regard to drug interactions, he added that a second statin should never be combined with a first, but other lipid lowering drugs – most frequently gemfibrozil, and less frequently fenofibrate – can increase risk of muscle problems. All of the mycins, as well as cyclosporine and certain antifungals, have also been implicated, he said. -from these low level risks, experts say that statins may be a lifesaver for high risk patients.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs coexisted with humans in the past. [SEP] Text: It is evident here that dragons are mainly associated with medieval knights and Vikings. Dinosaurs likewise appear with human figures, largely forming part of play themes in the style of the Jurassic series of films (especially after 2007), or in polar excavation activities (between 2004 and 2006). In rare instances, a dinosaur appears as a toy figure belonging to a Playmobil child. There is a notable connection with wider popular historical culture in evidence; in view of the release dates of the Jurassic films (1993, 1997, 2001, 2015, 2018 and 2021) and the Dreamseries (films in 2010, 2014 and 2019; television series 2012–18), we can see connections that point to a rise in the production of dragons/dinosaurs, or a maintenance or increase of the share of dinosaurs or dragons appearing in the catalogues. The figures for 2018 match perfectly with the indication of a boom in dragons that our ethnographic research in children’s bedrooms has identified.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in striatum of 5xFAD miceThe striatum is a subcortical part of the forebrain and is a critical component of the reward system, as well as playing a role in learning and memory. Similar to the other brain structures, the striatum had fewer (p < 0. 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells than in control mice after 2- and 5-day of either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 14a–c), with the SLCP treatments providing greater reductions than Cur on both of these parameters (Fig. 14a–c). Fig. 14Cur or SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in the striatum of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the striatum in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Significant reductions were observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days of treatment, on measures of both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image DiscussionBecause of its unique physicochemical, anti-amyloid, and anti-inflammatory properties, Cur is being considered as a potential treatment for AD [13, 15, 45, 46]. The objectives of the present study were to: (1) compare the permeability of Cur and SLCP into the brain; (2) compare anti-inflammatory activities of Cur with those of SLCP after acute treatment in 5xFAD mice; (3) assess microglial and astrocytic activation in different brain regions, especially those areas associated with AD, after treatment with Cur and or SLCP; and (4) determine which short-term treatment protocol (2 or 5 days) with Cur or SLCP would most effectively decrease Aβ plaque loads and reduce aberrant neuronal morphology in different brain parts of 5xFAD mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Based on the above example, we hypothesize and propose a model how the network of neurons is modulated prior and post adaptation as revealed by the functional time-relationship of neurons between them. Figure 8 depicts the functional connections between the same neurons before and after adaptation. White projections in figure 8a show the projections that cells have onto each other before adaptation, whereas figure 8b depicts how the network changes in the same group of neurons after adaptation. Some of the connections between the cells remain distinct (white projections) whereas some connections disappear (dotted gray arrows) with appearing new connections (yellow projections). Figure 8. Network model before and after adaptation Advertisement 7. ConclusionThis 1. 1959 of in the Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 148 574591. 2. 1968 of Cortex. J Physiol. 195 215243. 3. Movshon JA 1975 Tuning of in Cortex. J Physiol. 249 445468. 4. MartinezL. M. WangQ. ReidR. C. PillaiC. 2005 with Layer in the Cortex. Nat Neurosci. 8 372379. 5. 1972 Striate Neurons: Concepts. Invest Ophthalmol. 11 346354. 6. 1962 Receptive Fields, in the Cat’s Visual Cortex. J Physiol. 160 106154. 7. 1963a Shape and Arrangement of Columns in Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 165 559568. 8. 1963b of Cells in of Very Young, Kittens. J Neurophysiol. 26 9941002. 9. TanakaS. TaniT. RibotJ. O’HashiK. Imamura 2009, (2009) A Period for in the Cortex. PLoS One. 4: e5380 EOF. 10. ChiuC. Weliki 2003 2003 The role of neural activity in the development of orientation selectivity. The visual neurosciences. 117125 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 12. SouthwellD. G. FroemkeR. C. Alvarez-BuyllaA. StrykerM. P. GandhiS. P. 2010 Induced by Transplantation. Science. 327 11451148. 13. 1998 Cortical Plasticity: to Maps. Neurosci. 21 149186. 14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: How past climate clues can help predict the future We all know the climate is changing but predicting what this means for weather systems is no easy matter. Liu and Otto-Bliesner are using state-of-the-art computer models to delve into our planet’s past, to see how insights into previous climatic changes can help inform our future – a change in the global climate, leading to changes in temperatures, weather and other factors – a computer simulation of the world’s past, present or possible future climate – water formed from melting ice sheet – a seasonal influx of rain brought in by prevailing winds – the motion of the ocean, driven by wind, water density differences and tides – data that give information about ancient times – sunlight, including the electromagnetic radiation that results in heat Climate change does not just mean the world is getting hotter; it signals a whole range of effects on planetary systems, affecting everything from weather patterns to ocean currents. Getting to grips with what climate change means for the world – and for humanity – is essential for two reasons. Firstly, it strengthens the case for action to mitigate climate change as soon as possible. Secondly, it helps us prepare for the changes that might be inevitable, helping to build resilience into human society. We are witnessing our climate change at an unprecedented pace and, so, it is not easy to say what will happen next. Our best way of predicting the future is by using computer models that simulate the Earth’s systems and make projections about what lies in store. However, to ensure that these models are accurate and not making misleading predictions, we have to make sure they match up to the real world – in other words, we must compare them to past incidents of climate change. Liu, of University, and Otto-Bliesner, of the for in Colorado, have joined forces to do just this, building models that simulate what the planet’s climate has been through over the last 21,000 years. They call their project Evolution, or TraCE for short. “To predict the future, we need to know the past,” says Liu. “Climate models used to project future impacts need to be tested against past climate records. ” TraCE compares two distinct lines of scientific enquiry, looking for similarities and differences between the two.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: We found that, following short-term i. p. injections, both Cur or SLCP permeated into the brain in therapeutically significant amounts, decreased Aβ plaque loads, and improved neuronal morphology after 5 days of treatment. and SLCP also decreased the GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in different brain areas of 5xFAD mice. The SLCP tended to confer more effective anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effect, than did Cur. Unfortunately, the low solubility in body fluids and its rapid degradation after intestinal absorption limit the bioavailability of natural Cur, reducing its clinical utility for treating AD [15, 28]. However, the use of SLCP, a lipidated formula of Cur, shows significant promise in providing greater neuroprotective effects in animal models [31, 32] and clinical trials of AD [26]. In the present study, we observed that SLCP tended to have greater affinity to Aβ plaques, compared to Cur. Our findings suggest that the lipid bilayer of SLCP facilitates its permeability into the brain. Further, we observed that after 5 days of intraperitoneal injection of either Cur or SLCP, an increase in binding to Aβ plaque was observed, indicating that more Cur accumulates in the tissue with extended treatment. Although we did not measure the free Cur concentration in the brain tissues of the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice, we have previously found 300–400 nM of free Cur in the mouse brain and 2–3 folds more in their plasma, when mice were fed orally for 2 months [24, 30,31,32, 47] with a similar formula of Cur, when given at a dose of 500 ppm. This was also observed during a clinical trial of AD [26]. Moreover, we have compared the permeability of Cur in different cells, such as 7-DIV primary hippocampal neurons and N2a cells (Additional file 1: Fig. S1) and found that SLCP tended to deliver more free Cur into the cells than did natural Cur [31, 32]. In addition, we also compared the Aβ-binding capability of Cur and or SLCP, in the brain tissue of 5xFAD mice given i. p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The incidence of ‘mixtures’ in V1 for the adjacent stimuli was slightly below that observed in the MF face patch in IT cortex (38%) and about half the rate observed in the inferior colliculus (67%; IT and IC data reanalyzed from Caruso et al. , 2018 to use similar winning model criteria as shown here for this study). The remainder of the tested conditions were best explained by the ‘single’ hypotheses for the adjacent stimuli, indicating winner (or loser)-take-all response patterns, or a blend of ‘single’ and ‘outside’ for the superimposed plaid stimuli, indicating the predominance of winner/loser-take-all and either enhancement or suppression in this dataset (see also Figure 2—figure supplement 1). This ‘single’ vs. ‘single-or-outside’ difference almost certainly stems from differences in the size of the stimuli being presented in these two datasets – typically only one of the two adjacent gratings was located within the classical receptive field of a given V1 unit, whereas this was often not the case for the superimposed dataset. This difference is a side note to our main focus on the fluctuating activity patterns that do occur in V1 in response to multiple objects but not in response to individual objects. Possible ways fluctuating activity might be coordinated across the population Our next question concerns how fluctuating activity patterns are coordinated at the population level, and the implications for preserving information about each of the stimuli that are present. To assess such coordination, we computed Pearson’s correlation between the spike count responses observed during presentations a given stimulus combination for pairs of units in each data set (spike count correlation, rsc, also commonly called a noise correlation). We begin by discussing the possible results and their interpretation schematically in Figures 3 and 4. The overall point is that the activity of pairs of neurons might be either positively or negatively correlated, and the interpretation of such correlation patterns will depend on the turning p0. 05). All of the ‘incongruent’ pairs exhibited negative correlations, and 1 of 5 was individually significant (p<0. 05). (c) Overall, neural pairs in which both units met the ‘mixture’ classification showed distinct positive and negative patterns of correlation in response to adjacent stimuli.

Output: pass