Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Afterwards a downscaling to regional/town scales is required. Regional climate model uses available boundary conditions provided by existing global climate model. Climate change has the potential to alter shifts in average temperature, cloud cover, wind, speed and precipitation. The strong relationship between wind speed and cloud cover and UHI imply that changes in the magnitude of the UHI effect over the current century will depend at least in part on how cloud cover and wind speed change. Higher temperature might increase evaporation demand and may indirectly create a positive feedback, augmenting the temperature difference between city and rural setting. Though the magnitude of urban–suburban differences may not increase, the population affected by severe pollution episodes may increase as UHI-like conditions become more frequent in outlying suburban locations, presenting additional challenges for policy-makers. In summary, tasks of WP3 were to provide the collection of techniques to assess the UHI phenomenon from which a selection have been chosen to be implemented in DSS. Moreover WP3 analyzes the European and local legislation within which decisions can be taken and from which DSS development is dependent. Another important topic is the connection between UHI and climate change. Climate change will amplify the UHI phenomenon and its consequences for environment and human health have to be carefully taken into account. DSS has to consider then the projections to future scenarios to manage more useful information for administrators and stakeholders. 4. 2 WP4A large work to be implemented in DSS comes also from WP4 that is divided in three main actions. 4. 1. a permanent (TN) among experts scientific and institutional involved was set up. TN monitors UHI in CE area; in addition it develops shared and coordinated strategies in urban planning and land using. Task of the Groups was to manage the knowledge flow between partners and stakeholders and to share competence and knowledge on thematic issues with Groups. Action 4. 2. Methodology and areas definition: definition of sensible indicators, sampling procedures and analysis tools are fundamental issues that need to be shared for a common methodology and compare different characteristics of urban areas. A gold standard in assessment of UHIs and in the respective data sampling, accessing and processing has been defined. Cities without a monitoring network suitable for monitoring UHI should take gold standard as a prototype in creating a new monitoring system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Medicinal plants used to treat both human and livestock ailments consisted of 31 herbs (62%), 11 trees (22%), and eight shrubs (16%) species. Thus, the most common growth form of medicinal plant in the study area was a herb, followed by trees and shrubs (Fig. 4). The dominant plant part used to prepare remedies were leaves (30%), followed by seeds (21%), fruit (12%), root (10%), latex (6%), bulb (6%), rhizome (5%), pod (5%), bark (3%), shoot (1%) and stem (1%) (Fig. 5). Administration route, methods of remedy preparation, and dosage Medicinal plants were given via different routes of administration, such as oral, dermal, and nasal. The most commonly used route was oral (73. 3%), followed by dermal (21. 7%). The remaining (5%) was hold by nasal and optical application routes (Fig. 6). The most commonly used methods of remedy preparation were eating and chewing (18. 2% each) followed by grinding (13. 61%), squeezing (10. 6%), drinking (7. 6%), smelling (6. 06%), powdering (4. 55%), painting (4. 55%), boiling (4. 55%), hold on (3%), fumigating (3%), dressing, sucking, spitting and in liquid form (1. 52% each) (Fig. 7). The dosage prescribed for the treatment of the same health condition varies between the informants. It was indicated that the doses for liquid preparations were prescribed through estimation, in terms of a full, half, or one-fourth of a coffee cup 'Sini', depending on the age of the patient being treated. For certain herbal preparations that are considered harmless, the doses depend on the patient's interest and/or ability to chew a plant or eat it for a certain health condition like sudden stomach pain relief. (e. g. , chewing L. roots used to get stomach pain relief). Human health problems treatment plants A total of 50 species belong to 24 families were recorded, 41 (82%) species were used to treat human diseases (Fig. 7). A single plant can treat a number of human ailments, and a single ailment can be treated by many plants. For instance, stomachache is a major disease and can be treated by 16 medicinal plants. From the plants, Alliumsativum L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal Wilderness & Impact Factor: 1. 4 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentWilderness & Environmental MedicineCreate email alert Free accessLetterFirst published online June 1, 2021Be a for ConditionsFrédéric Bussienne, MD, and Thomas Reynaud, MDView all authors and affiliations, Issue 2 MEOF as an analgesic has been used by more than 6 million people over the course of 40 y in Australia and New Zealand. Common nonserious adverse effects are reactions such as headache, nausea, dizziness, and somnolence. Generally, adverse effects are mild and transient, resolving after inhalation is stopped. MEOF administered at analgesic doses via a disposable inhaler has recently become available in Europe for emergency treatment of moderate-to-severe pain in conscious adult trauma patients. A recent study demonstrates that prehospital pain management is characterized by ongoing oligoanalgesia owing to undelivered analgesia. 1 Data from the control arms of the studies that compared MEOF to standard treatment revealed that trauma pain is often undertreated in current clinical practice, and there is no established standard of care. In the first randomized trial of MEOF in the emergency setting in Europe, only 23% of patients with severe pain (>7 on the numeric rating scale) received opioids in the standard-of-care arm or as a rescue medication. 2 This was also reported in a French study in which 31 patients, 18% of the control arm, did not achieve pain control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Extent of UHI effects and corresponding potential Mitigation and Adaptation (M&A) measures: Within the framework of this action, the common and differential features of UHI effects in the selected regions have been identified by the corresponding partners. A set of candidate (potentially effective) M&A measures have been collected and reviewed by the interdisciplinary and transnational research team. Thereby, the mitigation strategies provide the definition and application of urban& spatial-planning approaches (e. g. widening of green areas and rows, spread distribution of populated areas preferring short buildings surrounded by gardens, canyon effect) that prevent UHIs emergences. Likewise, relevant construction parameters for buildings (e. g. surfaces characteristics of external building components) have been considered. As to adaptation strategies, the phenomenon of summer bioclimatic discomfort has been addressed by setting up warning and prevention systems. Mitigation strategies, already mentioned in report 3. 1. 1. , can be divided into three main categories, namely buildings, pavements and vegetation. For buildings one can work on directly either on their heat exchange material properties (valid for new and old buildings), or on the building/street geometry in order to modify the intensity of the so called canyon effect (valid only for new buildings). To the first category belong the following actions: Cool roofs/façades: By applying building materials with high solar reflectance (high albedo) and high infrared emittance (cool materials) one can reduce the cooling load of a building, and thus one can limit the heat emitted by the use of air conditioning facilities to the building’s surroundings. Though cool materials can be applied for both roof and façade surfaces, it is usually easier and cheaper to apply them to existing roofs, making the method of “cool roof” creation more prevalent in daily practice. Green roofs: a green roof means a roof covered by a vegetative layer of variable width. Compared to traditional high absorptive roof surfaces, green roofs bringing about lower surface temperatures, thus leading to lower cooling loads in the building itself. Irrigation of these roofs can reduce the air temperature next to the roof, as an outcome of the evapotranspiration effect of the vegetative layer. When applied to a large group of buildings, green roof are believed to have a significant effect of urban air temperature.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: and Vernoniaamygdalina, Sch. Bip were used to treat more than three human ailments (Table 4). Livestock aliments treating plants A single medicinal plant was recorded as being used to treat livestock disease only 1 (2%) (Fig. 8). In the study area, livestock diseases were treated with fewer plants compared to those used to treat human diseases. Human and livestock health ailments treatment plants A total of eight (16%) species were recorded as being used to treat both human and livestock diseases (Fig. 8). The most common diseases which affect human and livestock in the study area were skin disease, rabies, wound, and bone fractures. Informant consensus factor The disease categories with the highest informant consensus factor (ICF) values were cardiovascular system diseases (1. 0), followed by fever (0. 9), general and unspecified (0. 86), skeletomuscular system disorders (0. 82), endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (0. 79), respiratory systems diseases (0. 78), dermatological infections/diseases (0. 76), sensory neuron disease (0. 75), genito-urinary ailments (0. 66), poisonous bites (0. 57) and gastrointestinal ailments (0. 55) (Table 2). The medicinal plants that had higher ICF values were presumed to be more common and effective when used to treat a certain disease. However, poisonous bites and the gastrointestinal ailments category had a lower ICF value compared to other categories. Lower ICF values indicated that the informants disagreed on the taxa to be used as a treatment within the disease category. A greater number of plant species were used to treat gastrointestinal ailments (25) followed by dermatological infections/diseases (12) and then respiratory systems diseases (10). Informant consensus In this study, some medicinal plants were popular than others, and the highest informant consensus value was found for Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl which was cited by 60 respondents for treatment of bone fractures and weight gain. The second highest informant consensus value was found for Allium sativum L. , which was cited by 59 respondents for treating cough, malaria, stomachache, evil spirit 'Goromootiya' or 'Buda' (Table 3). Informant consensus values give a good indication about particular species that serve for particular health problems and about specific medicinal plants used for several health problems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 3A growing body of evidence demonstrates that inhaled MEOF is well tolerated and effective in providing rapid onset of analgesia. However, few randomized controlled trials have been carried out regarding the matter. There are now several European randomized trials, summarized in Table 1. It is regrettable that 4 of these 5 trials are sponsored by the same pharmaceutical group; this should encourage great caution in interpreting the results and developing new protocols. Table 1 Summary of inhaled methoxyflurane study design in patients with trauma painStudyDesignPrimary endpointConclusionCoffey et al. (2014)4NCT01420159InternationalPhase 3 randomized, double blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial;United Kingdom;300 patients (149 MEOF)Change in pain intensity as measured using the VAS from baseline to 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after the start of study drug inhalationMEOF administered with the inhaler is an efficacious, safe, and rapidly acting analgesicBorobia et al. (2020)2NCT03256903Mundipharma PharmaceuticalsPhase 3b randomized, active-controlled, open-label, parallel-group trial performed in 13 emergency department and 1 out-of-hospital unit;Spain;305 patients (156 MEOF)Change from baseline in NRS pain intensity score during the first 20 min of treatment and time to first pain reliefMEOF is a nonnarcotic, easy-to-administer, rapid-acting, first-line alternative to currently available analgesic treatments for trauma painMercadante et al. (2019)8NCT03585374Mundipharma PharmaceuticalsPhase 3b randomized, open-label, active-controlled, multicenter trial;Italy;272 patients (136 MEOF)Change in VAS pain intensity from baseline to 3, 5, and 10 minMEOF provided superior pain relief compared with standard analgesic treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe trauma pain and may offer a simple, fast, effective, nonopioid treatment optionLim et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 3 Planning a simple classification of measuring sites contains categories for urban, downtown, suburban, and rural sites. For correct and precise heat island evaluation, far more detailed descriptions of urban areas are necessary, as Stewart and Oke’s method (2012) suggests applying. Zones were introduced for characterizing the building and vegetation structures of a compact urban region. Stewart and Oke formally defined Zones (LCZs) as regions of uniform surface cover, structure, material, and human activity that span hundreds of meters to several kilometers in the horizontal scale. The LCZ system comprises 17 zone types at the local scale (100–1000 m). Each type is unique in its combination of surface structure, cover, and human activity. Classification can be made on the basis of built-up area (10 classes) and types of land cover (7 classes). Classification of sites into appropriate LCZs requires basic metadata and surface characterization. The zone definitions provide a standard framework for reporting and comparing field sites and their climate observations. LCZs are a widely used classification system (Unger et al. 2011). It provides useful information for defining UHI magnitude, establishing comparable values originating from different sites, modeling climate and analyzing temperature, detecting features that influence microclimates. Determination of LCZs means defining urban areas characterized by the same structure, a similar built-up ratio, and relatively similar building heights (Balázs et al. 2009). Bordering is essential for finding ideal and representative sites for urban climate observation(Unger et al. 2011). Typically, a “three-step process” is suggested by Stewart and Oke (2012) “to users when classifying field sites into LCZs” (p. 1889): “Step 1: Collect site metadata. Users must collect appropriate site metadata to quantify the surface properties of the source area (as defined in Step 2) for a temperature sensor. This is best done by a visit to the field sites in person to survey and assess the local horizon, building geometry, land cover, surface wetness, surface relief, traffic flow, and population density […]. If a field visit is not possible, secondary sources of site metadata include aerial photographs, land cover/land use maps, satellite images (e. g. , Google Earth©), and published tables of property values (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Fidelity level Croton macrostachyus, Pentas spp. , Triticum dicoccon and Commelina benghalensis were the four plant species with the highest fidelity levels (100%). The first two species were in the skeletomuscular system disorders categories and the following two species were in endocrine/metabolic/nutritional and dermatological infections/diseases categories, respectively, and were followed by Citrus aurantiifolia (98%) and Solanium macrocarpon (97%) correspondingly within the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems diseases categories. A higher fidelity level (FL) can imply that a particular plant purpose is preferred if informants mentioned it often. In contrast, the lowest fidelity level value was assigned to Verbascum sinaiticum (25%), followed by Euphorbia tirucalli (27%) from poisonous bites and the genito-urinary ailments category, respectively. A lower fidelity level implies that a particular plant purpose is not preferred (Table 4). Direct matrix ranking Based on the evaluation of key informants, the functionality of multifunctional medicinal plants to the local people scored from 1 to 5. The output of the direct matrix analysis found Persea americana Mill. to be the preferred medicinal plant used for various purposes by the local people, followed by Acaciaabyssinica Benth. and Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. (Table 5). Preference ranking A preference ranking of six medicinal plants that were reported as effective for treating stomachache was conducted after selecting six key (knowledgeable) participants. Stomachache is the most occurring disease treated by more medicinal plants. The members were requested to associate the specified medicinal plants with their efficacy. The results showed that Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. scored the highest mark and ranked first indicating that it was the most effective in treating stomachache and followed by Solanium incanum L. (Table 6). The p14. 3%) was the biggest contributor, followed by Asteraceae and Poaceae (10. 2%) and Euphorbiaceae (8. 16%). Solanaceae are considered to have a wide variety of alkaloids. Therapeutic, these are the most potent known anticholinergic species used for medicinal purposes in the world. family is characteristically ethnobotanical, which is commonly used by humans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (2020)5NCT01887951Prospective, phased, cluster-randomized crossover study;Singapore;369 patients (167 MEOF)Reduction in pain as measured by reduction in NRS at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after treatment; time taken from arrival at scene to administration of treatmentMEOF was superior to 50 mg intramuscular tramadol in terms of analgesic efficacy, onset of effective analgesia, and speed of administration. It was also associated with better paramedic and patient satisfactionRicard-Hibon et al. (2020)3NCT03798899Mundipharma PharmaceuticalsPhase 3b randomized, open-label, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial;France;351 patients (178 MEOF)Time until pain relief ≤30 mm, as assessed on the initiated by triage nurse as part of a multimodal analgesic approach, is effective in achieving pain relief for trauma patients. This effect was particularly pronounced in the severe pain subgroupMarinangeli et al. (2018) (study still in progress)6Mundipharma PharmaceuticalsPhase 3b prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial;Approximately 200 adult patients with a pain score of at least 4 on the NRS owing to limb trauma who were rescued by HEMS will be enrolled. Patients will receive up to 2×3 mL MEOF, self-administered by the patient by inhalation under medical supervision. Rescue medication will be permitted if required. HEMS, helicopter emergency medical services; MEOF, methoxyflurane; NRS, numeric rating scale; VAS, visual analog scale. It would appear that MEOF is an efficacious, safe, and rapidly acting analgesic; is easy to administer as a first-line alternative to currently available analgesics; and is associated with better paramedic and patient satisfaction. 2,4,5The use of MEOF in hostile environments, where patient mobilization is difficult, is of particular interest because of MEOF’s ease of use and speed of action. To assess whether inhaled MEOF is effective, safe, and practical in treating trauma pain in remote and hostile environments, a prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial was designed. study is currently ongoing and enrolling approximately 200 patients with single-limb trauma. 6 The first patient was enrolled in March 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 9a), then the eddying air currents have no effect whatsoever on the neighboring building, and the street canyon has free airflow. Fig. 2. 9Typical air flow in a street canyon (a) H/W ratio is 1/3 (b) H/W ratio around 1/2 (c) a narrow streetFull size image If the width of the street is gradually decreased within the model, then the closed eddy will dominate the entire width of the street, resulting in the characteristic feature that the direction of the prevailing wind blowing at street level is the opposite of the direction of the currents at roof level (Fig. 2. 9b). If the width of the street is narrowed further, so that the ratio of the height of the buildings and the width of the street exceeds 2/3 (Fig. 2. 9c), then the entire street canyon will be characterized by a closed eddy that prevents airing through, causing hot air to become trapped and allowing air pollutants produced by motor vehicles to accumulate. 4. 4 PrecipitationIn urban areas, instruments and methods for the measurement of precipitation are the same as an open site. The measurement of precipitation (such as rain or snow) is very susceptible to changes in airflow in the vicinity of the measurement. In urban environments, measurement errors are associated with the following main causes: the interception of precipitation during its trajectory to the ground by nearby collecting surfaces, such as tress and buildings, hard surfaces near the gauge which may cause splash-in into the gauge, and over-hanging objects which may drip precipitation into the gauge, the spatial complexity of the wind field around obstacles in the LCZ, causing significant localized concentration or absence of rain- or snow-bearing airflow, the gustiness of the wind in combination with the physical presence of the gauge itself, causing anomalous turbulence around it and leading to under- or over-catch. In open country, standard exposure requires that obstacles should be no closer than two times their height. In some ways, this guideline is less restrictive than for temperature, humidity, or wind measurements. However, in the UCL the turbulent activity created by flow around sharp-edged buildings is more severe than that around natural obstacles, and it may persist for greater distances in their wake. Again, the highly variable wind speed and direction encountered on the roof of a building make rooftops sites to be avoided.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: It is an essential source of food, spice, and medicine and is also recorded for insecticidal properties [28]. In the report, Asteraceae and Poaceae were the second dominant families in human health care. However, other ethnobotanical researchers [29] [30] considered Asteraceae to be dominant in their field of study. This can be attributed to the geographical location, the social condition, and other cultural causes of local communities. The degree of ethnobotanical exploration in their areas of study may be a further explanation, or the entire region may not have been explored thoroughly. In the field of research, most plants have been used for treating human and livestock diseases. Among the 50 medicinal plants, 41 species were used for the treatment of 27 human ailments, whereas one species was used to treat one livestock ailments. The other eight species were used for the treatment of four common human and livestock diseases. Many medicinal plants have been used to treat a greater proportion of human diseases than animals because of human diseases such as stomachache, snake biting, cough, malaria, wound, ‘mitch’, and toothache. The rural population in the study area due to its socio-economic situation, the distance from its living area, and a lack of road infrastructure are not readily accessible for modern medical facilities. Abebe [8] and Hostettmann and Marston [2] have stated that 80% of people in the country are still using herbal remedies for various problems. Similar results from their study sites have been recorded in Ethiopia by many researchers [14] [12] [33]. Medicinal plants are often gathered from the wild by the healers in the study field. Most ethnomedicinal plants come from wild areas [13] [16]. The medicinal plants in the study area had diverse growth forms; in this case, herbs were the dominant growth form. Similarly, Chama [12], Giday et al. [14], Hailemariam et al. [16], and Lulekal et al. [31] reported that most medicinal plants were herbs in Damot Gale, Sheko, Konta and Ankober districts, respectively. In contrast, the majority of medicinal plants were shrubs in the south Omo and [17], [32]. Regassa [18], in Hawassa city, indicated that the majority of the collected medicinal plants there were trees.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: In prehospital settings, where interventions are performed by a variety of professionals where and physicians may not be present, administration of MEOF is practical, with a safe administration route and rapid onset of action. The inhaler is lightweight, robust, and easy to use, even with gloved hands, and it requires minimal training for effective use. It can be easily transported and stored at a wide range of temperatures (−20 to 40°C). In a case report, MEOF provided rapid, effective analgesia for visceral and procedural pain at an altitude of 4470 m. 7 Currently, treatment is to be supervised by a healthcare professional and is self-administered through patient-controlled analgesia. MEOF may be particularly relevant in patients who are able to self-administer analgesia while isolated in hostile environments. Low-dose MEOF administered via a handheld inhaler has provided well-tolerated, short-term pain relief for trauma patients for many years. The availability of a nonnarcotic, well-tolerated, rapid-acting, and effective treatment option may improve acute trauma pain management. The ease of use of MEOF may make it particularly useful in the management of acute pain in hostile environments. MEOF could be a suitable option in the following situations:-For emergency prehospital doctors—more specifically, when involved in mountain rescue-For paramedics and mountain rescuers while waiting for the arrival of medicalization or transfer to the hospital-For the victim, in the context of self-medication, particularly in isolated environmentsTo date, several randomized trials support the use of MEOF, and it is probably time to carry out a meta-analysis on this subject. 1. Albrecht E. , Taffe P. , Yersin B. , Schoettker P. , Decosterd I. , Hugli O. Undertreatment of acute pain (oligoanalgesia) and medical practice variation in prehospital analgesia of adult trauma patients: a 10 y retrospective study. Anaesth 2013; 110(1), 96–106. CrossrefPubMed2. Borobia A. M. , Collado S. G. , Cardona C. C. , Pueyo R. C. , Alonso C. F. , Torres I. P. et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: All short- and long-wave fluxes are affected by the special properties of the atmosphere and the surfaces of cities, and the same is true for the net all-wave radiation balance that effectively drives the urban energy balance (Oke 1988). All of the instruments of radiation measurements, their calibration, the data correction, and most of the field methods are the same for urban environments as for open country sites. The calibration of equipment and instruments during intercomparison periods is essential to ensure the quality of the data. Sensor networks frequently contain low-cost, nonstandard sensors, and as such all equipment needs to be tested against a traceable “standard” instrument. Ideally, equipment should be calibrated at a national standards and calibration lab, ensuring the reliability of results and allowing for comparisons with other equipment calibrated to the same standard. Documented quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures must be used in order to provide end-users with high-quality data. Consideration also needs to be given as to where the data are initially stored and processed (including procedures for ensuring that servers are secure and backed-up), archived long-term, and accessed by end-users. Communication via informal methods such as websites is important for providing information to a variety of stakeholders. Many urban sensor networks have websites through which data can be visualized and downloaded on request. Calibration processes in a laboratory imply that, under the same circumstances, parallel measurements result between sensors and reference tools. Sensor calibration should help meet the requirements described above in discussing the data quality issues facing institutions that are considering operating an automated surface weather station network. Calibration and maintenance processes should be declared in quality assurance documents for the network. Data from urban observations should be recorded a well-defined file format, where the header of file contains the station name, observing period, observing element, and units and frequency of observations. The end-data users (researchers, general public, schools) are able to use these records for their own purposes. 8 The Central--Atlas (UHI Atlas) is a tool for a presentation and exploration of different factors influencing urban heat island phenomena in the area. It can be used to limit the temperature increase in cities by establishing proper short-term and long-term mitigation, risk prevention and management activities (Komac and Ciglič 2014; Ciglič and Komac 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: The results showed here that leaves were the most commonly used component, contributing rather than harvesting a root and/or whole plant to the conservation of plants. In the same way, Hailemariam et al. [16], Giday et al. [14], and Chama [12] reported leaves as the predominant plant part used in their study site. In contrast, the most frequently used plant parts were roots in the Hadiya zone [15] and in Benna-Tsemaye [11]. Lulekal et al. [32] and Tolossa et al. [17] also noted roots were the most commonly used plant part in a study focusing on district and south Omo, respectively. The local people in the district use different remedy preparation process based on the type of disease to be treated. Eating, chewing, grinding, squeezing, drinking, smelling, powdering, painting, boiling, hold on, and spitting were some of the preparation methods used to treat human and livestock diseases. In this survey, eating and chewing were the most widely used process. Apart from Diguna Fango, the most widely used remedy preparation methods have also been identified in similar findings [11] [18] [20]. These were grinding, followed by chewing, boiling, eating, and in liquid form. The remedies prepared have been administered in various ways. Some of the administrative routes have been oral, dermal, and nasal. In the present region, most remedies have been administered orally and the dermal and nasal routes have been followed. In various parts of Ethiopia, similar findings have also been reported. In the district of the majority of medicinal plants were given orally [12]. Tolossa et al. [17] reported that the majority of plants were used in oral applications in the south Omo. Tolossa and Megersa [33] found that prepared remedies were widely administered orally in Berbere district, Bale zone of State. In the study area, the diseases affecting both humans and livestock were 28 in number. This indicated that the people of the district suffered from fewer ailments as compared to those in other areas, such as in the Berbere district, Tolossa and Megersa [33], district, [12] and the south Omo [17]. Moreover, a single human ailment found to be treatable by several medicinal plants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Inhaled methoxyflurane provides greater analgesia and faster onset of action versus standard analgesia in patients with trauma pain: a randomized controlled trial in emergency departments. Med 2020; 75(3), 315–328. CrossrefPubMed3. Ricard-Hibon A. , Lecoules N. , Savary D. , Jacquin L. , Wiel E. , Deschamps P. et al. Inhaled methoxyflurane for the management of trauma related pain in patients admitted to hospital emergency departments. 2020; 27(6), 414–421. Crossref4. Coffey F. , Wright J. , Hartshorn S. , Hunt P. , Locker T. , Mirza K. et al. STOP! : a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of methoxyflurane for the treatment of acute pain. J 2014; 31(8), 613–618. CrossrefPubMed5. Lim K. , Koh Z. , Ng Y. , Fook-Chong S. , Ho A. , Doctor N. et al. Comparison of inhalational methoxyflurane and intramuscular tramadol for prehospital analgesia. J 2020 [Epub ahead of print]. 6. Marinangeli F. , Reggiardo G. , Sblendido A. , Soldi A. , Farina A. Prospective, multicentre trial of methoxyflurane for acute trauma-related pain in helicopter emergency medical systems and hostile environments. 2018; 35(11), 2081–2092. Crossref7. Wilkes M. , Heath E. C. , Mason N. P. Methoxyflurane for procedural analgesia at 4470 m altitude. Med 2018; 29(3), 388–391. CrossrefPubMed8. Mercadante S. , Voza A. , Serra S. , Ruggiano G. , Carpinteri G. , Gangitano G. et al. Analgesic efficacy, practicality and safety of inhaled methoxyflurane versus standard analgesic treatment for acute trauma pain in the emergency setting: a randomized, open-label, active-controlled, multicentre trial in Italy. 2019; 36(11), 3030–3046.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionUrban areas, with their artificial materials and specific morphology, act as an obstacle to the atmosphere, altering energy-balance, the chemical composition as well as the wind field (Landsberg 1981; Oke 1982; Oke and Cleugh 1987; Helbig et al. 1999). The urban heat island (UHI), describing the urban-rural surface and air temperature differences, is the most prominent and world-wide studied phenomenon of urban climate (eg Böhm and Gabl 1978; Katsoulis and Theoharatos 1985; Kuttler et al. 1996; Runnalls and Oke 2000; Johansson and Emmanuel 2006). In fact, the intensity of the urban heat island depends on eg land-use, building ratio, population density and vegetation (eg Landsberg 1981; Oke 1981; 1982; 1988). Before establishing mitigation and adaptation measures counteracting the urban heat island, city planners and officials need to comprehend the spatial and temporal dimensions of the meteorological and climatological conditions in a city (Matzarakis et al. 2008; Ketterer and Matzarakis 2014a, b). As city dwellers are the main target of city planners, the integral effect of air temperature, air humidity, wind speed and radiation fluxes on humans in a city has to be quantified and assessed (Eliasson 2000; Ketterer and Matzarakis 2014a, b). Hence, modern human-biometeorological methods for quantification of the spatial and temporal distribution of the UHI as well as to assess mitigation and adaptation measures for improving outdoor meteorological conditions have to be applied (Kuttler 2011, 2012; Matzarakis 2013). Urban planners require information about the human biometeorological conditions in terms of frequencies (eg number of days or hours per year or season), as well as the quantification of temperature differences between different planning scenarios Fröhlich and Matzarakis (2011, 2013). The quantification of heat stress and its reduction by planning measures is a big challenge, especially in the light of climate change (Matzarakis and Endler 2010). Due to climate change, the mean air temperature is expected to increase and also heat waves are assumed to became more frequent, more intense and longer lasting (Matzarakis and Amelung 2008; Meehl and Tebaldi 2004; Schär et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: This is in agreement with the findings of earlier studies [32], [33], [34] that found a single disease to be treated by several medicinal plants. The present study found that 22. 58% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, with slightly lower rates for dermatological infections/diseases (12. 9%). Similarly, among the south Omo people, 24. 2% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal complaints [17]. On average, the number of medicinal plants was substantially higher for informants under the age of 20 years than for informants above 35 years and by illiterate informants than literate ones. This may be due to the influence of modernization and a lack of interest among younger generations in botanical medicines that would contribute to the conventional knowledge of older people. Similar conclusions also show that there are substantial gaps between different age groups in traditional knowledge [34]. Unlike the study now underway, the literary young people Tefera and Kim [20] have a higher level of knowledge in the use of medicinal plants than analphabets and old people. For gastrointestinal disorders, the highest citation was found, followed by Fever. Similarly, the most frequently treated diseases in Hawassa [18] and [17] were gastrointestinal disorder and parasite infection. Furthermore, a study conducted in the Ethiopian community Sheko revealed that the widely treated diseases were skin and gastrointestinal problems [13]. In Berta, the ethnic group of Benishangul-Gumuz, diarrhea was a widely treated disease [35]. The disparity may be influenced by the climate, ethnicity, and hygiene variations in the regions. The highest-fidelity levels (100%) were found for Croton macrostachyus, Pentas spp. , Triticumdicoccon, and Commelinabenghalensis in the current study. The first two species were in the skeletomuscular system disorders categories and the following two species were in endocrine/metabolic/nutritional and dermatological infections/diseases categories, respectively. The category with the highest ICF values was cardiovascular system diseases, followed by Fever (Malaria). Similarly, the category with the highest ICF values was fever (malaria), followed by insects and ectoparasites diseases in Hawassa zuria district [20]. Regassa [18] reported stomachache had high degrees of ICF and that malaria showed the highest FL in Hawassa city.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Journal of of Coastal and > (3); 2018 > 133. Published online: June 30, 2018 DOI: 우리나라 항만 방파제 설계조건의 변화과정 분석 홍근*, 강윤구**, 김홍진***, 윤한삼****, 류청로***** *(주)삼영기술 **세광종합기술단 ***부경대학교 수산과학기술센터 ****부경대학교 생태공학과 *****부경대학교 해양공학과 Analysis of in the of in Hong*, Yoon-Koo Kang**, Hong-Jin Kim***, Han-Sam Yoon****, Cheong-Ro Ryu***** *Port & Harbor Division, Co. , Ltd. **Coastal and. , Ltd. ***& Technology Center, University ****Department of Ecological Engineering, University *****Department of author: Han-Sam Yoon, Department of Ecological Engineering, University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea, Tel: +82-51-629-7375, Fax: +82-51-629-7074, yoonhans@pknu. ac. kr 20, 2018 12, 2018 19, 2018Copyright: © of Coastal and This is an 3. 0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Maximum values of PET are represented by a similar picture; however, the PET is generally higher than air temperature, while extreme heat stress (PET > 41 °C) can occur in more than 20 days per year in the city stations. The daily minimum value of PET never exceeds the threshold of 18 °C in Stuttgart (the frequency is below 0. 1 %). Table 4. 4 Number of days on which defined thresholds are exceededFull size table Beyond the information given by the amount of days that manifest specific events, the amount of hours can describe more precisely the occurrence of specific conditions, thus providing more valuable information. Table 4. 5 depicts the total amount of hours for the thresholds for the examined stations in Stuttgart urban and rural area. It can be clearly observed that the amount of hours for Taand PET is quite higher in the urban areas than in the rural one, esp. for Ta > 35 and PET > 41 during day time (10 to 16 LST). At nighttime (22 to 6 LST) the picture is a clearer indication that urban areas are quite hotter than rural areas. Table 4. 5 Number of hours per year on which defined thresholds were exceeded in the period 2000–2010Full size table 4 Discussion and ConclusionThere is an increased demand for the quantification and the assessment of the Island (UHI). Most of the studies deal with the comparison of different station in urban and rural areas based on different temporal resolutions and many studies report about differences in air temperature about maxima of more than 10 K and for mean conditions about 2–3 K (Ketterer and Matzarakis 2014a, b). In fact, cities are warmer than rural areas and the formation of the UHI depends mostly on energetic aspects of the urban structures. Most influencing factors are the limited horizon, the storage of heat of urban fabrics and anthropogenic heat emissions (Landsberg 1981; Oke 1982). There are several aspects to quantify UHI beside the energetic aspects (heating and cooling) and air pollution. Recent studies focus on the reduction of UHI based on the modification of urban structures, using reflective materials or increasing evaporative cooling, however, these studies are mostly focusing only one some aspects of the energy budget of the urban areas and concentrate only on air temperature reduction. This aim is achieved using models with different spatial resolutions and designing exemplary measurements for case studies. All these results and information are demanded and can have a direct application.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: The highest informant consensus value was found for Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) which was cited by 60 respondents for treatment of bone fractures and weight gain. Medicinal plants with higher informant consensus need to be seriously considered for further ethnopharmacological studies since they are species widely applied by many people and they have been utilized for a long time [36]. The output of the preference ranking indicated that Hageniaabyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. , Rutachalepensis L. , and Solanumincanum L. were the most commonly preferred medicinal plants as treatment for stomachache in humans in the study area. Similar findings for south Omo showed that the highest numbers of plant species were reported to treat abdominal or stomach disorders [17]. Acaciaabyssinica Benth, Syzygiumguineense subsp. Macrocarpum (Engl. ) F. White and Eucalyptusglobulus Labill, were ranked as the most threatened medicinal plants of the study area. According to the direct matrix ranking results, Perseaamericana Mill, was ranked first as the most preferred medicinal plant used for various purposes by the local people. The second and third most preferable medicinal plants were Acaciaabyssinica Benth. and Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. , respectively. However, Prunusafricanus is the most preferred medicinal plant for various uses in the Hadiya zone [15]. Crotonmacrostachyus is the most multipurpose medicinal plant in the Berbere district of the Bale zone [33]. In the present study, Perseaamericana Mill. was used as a type of food, as fodder, as cash crop, in house construction, and sometimes in charcoal making. According to the responses from informants, the main causes of the loss of medicinal plants in the study area were charcoal production following agricultural expansion, firewood, household construction and furniture making, deforestation, secrecy, unwillingness of the young generation, oral-based knowledge transfer, lack of awareness and environmental degradation. Similar results were found in other research concerning threats to medicinal plants in Berbere district [33], [12], and south Omo [17]. In order to maintain the indigenous knowledge and prevent the extinction of medicinal plant resources, greater conservation understanding of all members of the society is required.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 요약 본 연구는 우리나라 방파제의 변천 과정에 대한 자료를 조사 · 정리 · 분석하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 1) 심해설계파 재산정에 따라 설계파고가 상향되었다. 2) 수심(h)에 따른 상대설계파고(H1/3/h)의 연도별 변화는 1970년경 0. 5에서 최근에는 0. 6~0. 7까지 증가하였다. 3) 1999년 이전에는 모든 설계에서 설계조위를 삭망평균만조위(H. W.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: : February 14, 2023 Islands and and reviewers T. T. T. Kullberg is a Ph. D. candidate at the University of Miami. She is an ecologist interested in the impacts of climate change on plants. Alyssa researches the acclimation of subtropical and tropical tree species to increased temperatures along natural and urban thermal gradients. Aside from research, she enjoys baking, pottery, and hiking. *alyssa. kullberg@gmail. com Kenneth J. J. J. Feeley is an associate professor of biology at the University of Miami. He studies the ecology and biogeography of tropical forests. His research focuses specifically on how manmade disturbances like climate change, logging, and destruction of habitat affect tropical trees. In his free time, Dr. Feeley enjoys playing board games and woodturning. Age: 13 I am a grade 8 student at a Francophone school. I love science and I am super excited to be a part of this project. My favorite food is sushi and I have a pet dog named Pyra. I love being active and I participate in (think Cirque du Soleil). Age: 13 Hi, I am Muhammad and my curiosity for science originated when I secured first place in my grade 3 science project. It was about photosynthesis, which I chose after knowing the fact that plants are universal food makers. The science textbook of every grade always familiarized me about the magical wonders behind my daily life’s surroundings. areas typically get much hotter than rural or natural areas. The higher temperatures in cities are caused by the presence of lots of buildings and streets, which heat up in the sun because they are made of materials that can not hold much water. In hot urban areas, called urban heat islands, people and animals stay cool by sweating, panting, and staying in shady areas. Even urban trees can stay cool by transpiring, which is like sweating. In fact, trees transpire so much that they can cool down the air and reduce the urban heat effect—like natural air conditioning. Although the urban heat effect is typically viewed as a problem, scientists can study the plants and animals living in urban heat islands to understand the effects that rising temperatures due to climate change will have on these species in their natural habitats. Have you ever noticed how hot the sidewalks and streets get on a sunny summer day?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Comparison with previous ethnobotanical studies Allium sativum L. and Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. , were the most frequently used plant for stomachache, malaria, wound, evil eye, and cough in the present study, and similarly, Chama [12] reported this plant use for malaria in district. Giday etal. [14] reported for headache treatment in Sheko and for evil eye Wubetu [37]. Coffeearabica L. was the most frequently used plant for headaches and wound in the present study. These findings also agreed with the study conducted in the Sheko district [14] and district [38]. The plant in the present study for the treatment of wounds is reported for the first time. Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum frutescens L. were the most commonly used medicinal plants as a treatment for headache in the present study. Similar findings for Sheko people showed that the plants were reported to treat headache [14]. Aloe vera was reported in the present study for the treatment of malaria, diabetes, and wound. The previous studies conducted in other areas mentioned the use of Aloe spp. for cold and malaria treatment in Kembata [18] and district [12]. Zingiber officinale and Rhamnus prinoides was the most frequently used plant and reported to be used against tonsillitis and cough in our study. Similarly, Chama [12] mentioned these plants are used for tonsillitis and cough. Triticumdicoccon (Schrank) Schübl, Linumusitatissimum L. and Hordeumvulgare L. were used to treat bone fractures; weight gain, liver disease, and bone strength in the present study, whereas it is used for similar purpose in other study areas [20]. Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod was documented for amoeba, hypertension, malaria, asthma treatment in the current study. Hailemariam et al. [16] and Tefera and Kim [20] reported this plant use for similar health problems from Konta special woreda and Hawassa zuria district, respectively. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) Swingle, Datura stramonium L. and Dovyalis abyssinica (A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: L)를 적용하였으나, 1999년 이후부터 설계 · 시공일괄입찰에서 입찰자가 설계조위를 재산정하는 것이 가능해져 상향 적용하는 경향이 발생하였다. 4) 1999년 이전까지는 상대마루높이 α 값이 0. 6~0. 7 정도로 적용되었으나, 1999년도 이후 설계 · 시공된 방파제에서는 0. 8~1. 26 정도로 상향되었다. 핵심용어: harbor breakwater, design wave height, crest height, change process studied the change process in the design parameters (conditions) of structural sections of vertical/slope breakwaters in Korea over the long term based on an analytical review of the latest design recommendations. This study found the following. 1) Design wave heights have increased gradually with the increase in the wave height of deep sea waves. 2) The relative design wave height (H1/3/h) changed from 0. 5 in the 1970s to 0. 6~0. 7 today. This means that design wave heights are overestimated compared with the water depth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Sometimes the pavement gets so hot that you can burn your feet if you try to walk on it barefoot! Asphalt and concrete pavement are impervious surfaces, which means they can not hold a lot of water. Without water to help cool it, pavement tends to absorb a lot of solar radiation (sunlight) and gets much hotter than grass or other plants. So, the fewer plants a place has—and the more pavement—the hotter it gets! in to Cities tend to be full of impervious streets, buildings, and parking lots. All these manmade surfaces absorb and retain a lot of heat, creating urban heat islands (Figure 1). Urban heat islands are developed areas (cities or towns) that are significantly hotter than surrounding rural areas (farms and countryside), due to the replacement of natural, plant-containing areas, like forests and wetlands, with impervious surfaces like pavement and buildings. For example, the city of Washington, D. C. can be up to 13°F (7°C) hotter in the summer than nearby forested neighborhoods! This may not sound like a huge difference, but all that extra heat can have a big impact on the health and behaviors of the people, plants, and animals living in cities. Figure 1 - The urban heat island effect causes urban areas with more impervious surfaces to be hotter than suburban or rural areas that have more vegetation. This graphic shows how temperatures (illustrated by the orange line) are hottest in downtown areas and lowest in rural and farmland areas. in avoid overheating, living things need to thermoregulate, which means they must use specialized traits and behaviors to control their body temperature. For example, one of the main ways that humans thermoregulate when they get too hot is to sweat. When sweat dries and evaporates, it cools the skin by taking heat away from the body and releasing it into the air. When we are exposed to really hot temperatures for too long, or when we do not have enough water to drink, we can not sweat enough to stay cool and we can develop health issues caused by heat stress and dehydration. Lots of species besides humans live in cities and can also overheat when temperatures get too high. Dogs can not sweat, so they thermoregulate by panting and evaporating water off of their tongues. Birds also pant to keep cool.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Rich. ), were reported for the first time to be used for toothache treatment in the present study. However, Citrus aurantiifolia (Christ) was mentioned by Tefera and Kim [20] for their area of study in order to treat gastritis and hypertension. Soni etal. [41] indicated the treatment of stomach and intestinal pain that results from worm infestation, toothache, and fever from inflammation by using Datura stramonium L. Tuasha et al. [21] reported Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. ) for treat of malignancies in Dalle district. Nigella sativa L. was used for stomachache in the present study. Similarly, this plant was reported for stomachache and headache in Hawassa city [19]. Others reported it for common cold, asthma, leprosy, and streptothricosis [40] and [41]. Capsicum annum L. and Carica papaya L. reported in the present study for the treatment of gastritis were supported by Amsalu etal. [41] and Maji and Banerji [42]. According to Amsalu etal. [41], these plants are used for the treatment of dysentery and vomiting. Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile and Euphorbia abyssinica were reported for swelling and headache treatment in the current study. Amsalu et al. [41] and Abera [43] reported these plants for gastrointestinal disease and rabies. However, in line with the present finding Tefera and kim [20] reported Euphorbia abyssinica for treatment of swelling, gastritis, malaria, and headache. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) Swingle reported in the present study for the treatment of motion sickness. Similarly, Mohsenzadeh etal. [44] mentioned this plant for motion sickness treatment. Another study mentioned Cordiaafricana Lam. as a good treatment for motion sickness [41]. Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. Rich and Ruta chalepensis L. were the most frequently used plant for evil eye and stomachache in the present study. This finding agrees with the finding of Chama [12] and disagrees with the finding of Giday etal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 3) Before 1999, the design water level was based on high water during an average spring tide, but this has been increased since 2000 because of additional consideration of anomalous sea levels. 4) Before 1999, the relative crest heights of the investigated breakwaters was 0. 6~0. 7, but after 1999 this increased to a mean of 1. 0 and maximum of 1. 26. Keywords: 항만방파제, 설계파고, 마루높이, 변화과정 1. 서 론 최근 해양에서는 지구온난화에 따른 해수면 상승과 태풍 대형화 등으로 인해 설계 외력의 변동성이 커지는 등 항만구조물의 설계 · 유지관리 그리고 장기적인 이용성 확보 등에 있어서 불확정 요소가 점점 커지고 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Lizards can not sweat or pant, so they cool off by staying in the shade. Even plants can thermoregulate to keep their leaves cool, through a process called transpiration. When plants transpire, some of the water that is inside their leaves evaporates into the air through stomata, which are tiny holes on the surfaces of leaves. Transpiration is basically how plants sweat, and just like sweat helps to keep us cool, transpiration helps plants to keep their leaves cool. The amazing thing about plants is that when they transpire, they cool themselves and the air around them. This means that plants can help to keep cities cool by both creating shade and by transpiring. Because of their cooling superpowers, plants are very important for weakening the urban heat island effect. In fact, many urban areas have started programs to plant more trees and create more green spaces such as parks, community gardens, and green roofs (roofs with vegetation planted on them). You can help reduce urban heat by planting a tree in your yard or planting a garden at school! Plants are only part of the solution. There are many ways that we can reduce urban heating and keep our cities healthy. For example, some cities have started using types of asphalt, concrete, paving stones, and other building materials that can absorb and hold more water than the impervious versions of these materials can. These “wet” materials do not get as hot, and they help to keep temperatures lower in cities. Other cities have started installing lighter-colored or reflective pavements and roofs that do not absorb sunlight, so they stay cooler. ? Climate change is the term we use for changes in long-term weather patterns. Present-day climate change is caused by air pollution from burning fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gases trap solar radiation, making the world hotter. To understand what climate change will mean for nature, scientists study how various species respond to high temperatures. For example, scientists want to know if plant and animal species can adapt to the heat over the long term or acclimate in the short term. One way to study these questions is to use urban heat islands, where we already have many creatures living in very hot places. By studying the creatures living in urban heat islands, scientists have already made some important discoveries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [14] conducted in other areas which stated the plant use for headache and cold. According to the comparison of our findings with others ethnobotanical studies in Ethiopia, novel plant uses of some medicinal plants were documented. Commelina benghalensis L. , Manihotesculenta Crantz. , Pentas spp. , Persea americana Mill. , Solanummacrocarpon L. , Sorghumbicolor (L. ) Moench and Spilanthesmauritiana DC. were completely novel use in our study area and never ever reported in other similar investigations. The pharmacological activities of these plants are novel findings that are only known in this area for such medicinal purposes. Dosages of herbal remedies There is no standardization of the dosage of herbal remedies in the study area; the sum depends on the herbalist who prepares the herbs for medicine. The same plant species with a specific part are recommended in different doses for the treatment of related conditions. Various reports consider the lack of standardization and quality control one of the key disadvantages of traditional medicine. There remains no consensus among informants on the doses and inadequate dosage accuracy of certain prescription remedies [14]. Several authors recall that a restriction on traditional medicinal plants is the lack of an appropriate dosage for a specific disease. The dosage also varies between the plants [45] [46]. The toxicity and harm potential of some medicinal plants are a common concern for people who want standardization in conventional medicine. Traditional practitioners are usually believed to either disregard the strengths of the drugs themselves or to not bother to match doses to patients' size or bodyweight [47]. However, some traditional healers are known to prescribe various dosages and frequencies according to age, gender, and other conditions or to vary from one medicine to the other. Medicinal plants trade and cultivation Commercialization and marketing of medicinal plants shall take place on the market on a weekly or biweekly. The fresh and dried collections of some plants is sold were Artemisia afra, Ruta chalepensis, Linum usitatissimum L. , Lippia adoensis Hochst. , Ocimumgratissimum L. , Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl, Hordeum vulgare L. , Avena sativa L. and all Capsicum spps.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 특히 방파제는 그 어떤 항만구조물 보다 오랜 기간 유지 · 운용되는 구조물로서 장기간의 변동성 속에서도 그 고유기능이 정지되지 않고 유지되어야 한다. 방파제는 항내 정온도 확보 및 시설물 보호를 위해 최외곽에서 파랑을 막는 구조물로서 항만건설시 가장 먼저 시공되며, 그 과정에서 변수도 가장 많은 구조물이다. 아울러 방파제 공사는 비용과 시간이 가장 많이 소요된다(Kang, 2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: For example, scientists found that some spiders living in hot urban areas grow more slowly and die faster than spiders in cooler areas do [1]. You may think that this is a good thing—but remember that fewer spiders mean more flies and mosquitos! Another team of scientists working in cities found that trees in hotter urban areas are not able to photosynthesize as well, and they grow more slowly than trees living in cooler parts of cities [2–4]. In other words, even though trees help keep cities cool, the trees themselves may be starting to overheat. As the world gets hotter, trees may start to overheat even outside of cities. Trees are extremely important and do lots of wonderful things, which scientists call ecosystem services. For example, trees keep us cool, they help to filter water, they take pollution out of the air, they give us wood to build our houses, and they give us food to eat. If we make the world so hot that trees overheat, it will be bad news for all of us! tend to be hotter than rural or natural areas. This is because cities have lots of buildings and streets that trap the sun’s heat. Plants and animals have a variety of ways that they can thermoregulate to avoid getting too hot. For example, plants transpire water from their leaves into the air, and transpiration helps to cool both the leaves and the areas around plants! Since plants can function as natural air conditioning, parks and other green spaces are very important for reducing the urban heat island effect. Scientists can also study plants and animals living in hot cities to learn how species will be affected by rising temperatures. Research in urban heat islands can help us figure out what the hotter temperatures caused by climate change will mean for various plants and animals—including us! Heat Islands: ↑ Developed areas that are significantly hotter than surrounding rural areas due to the replacement of natural, vegetated areas with impervious surfaces like pavement and buildings, which absorb solar radiation. Thermoregulate: ↑ To maintain or regulate internal temperature (plant or animal), even when surrounding temperatures may be hotter or colder. Transpiration: ↑ Evaporation of water from the inside of leaves to the air to regulate the temperature of the plant and to supply water for photosynthesis. Stomata: ↑ Tiny holes on the surface of leaves through which water can transpire and carbon dioxide can enter the leaf for photosynthesis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: In addition, parts of different medicinal plants are also marketed for their medicinal value (Allium sativum, Lepidium sativum, Nigella sativa, and Zingiber officinale Rosc). Drugs using indigenous medicine are the cheapest and mostly the only available form of healthcare in rural areas of Ethiopia. Friends, relatives, and neighbors provide traditional treatment free of charge or paid under more flexible arrangements, such as payment in cash or kind and on a credit basis. This is particularly prevalent in rural communities. Plants are not grown for medicinal purposes, with the exception of the rare cases where certain food crops of medicinal value are grown. This is because the quantity of medicinal plants traded is very small and there is no coordination of large-scale added value and production. Therefore, in the future, there is a potential for higher demand for certain species and it is therefore important to recognize them and to conduct the necessary investigations into the techniques of propagation and cultivation. Such a program will also be the basis for small enterprises to improve the potential to generate local population income. ConclusionThe results of the research showed that medicinal plants are highly diverse in the area. Fifty medicinal plant species have been identified in 28 human and animal diseases. There have been documented 50 medicinal plant species for 28 human and livestock diseases. It is concluded that to prevent different human and livestock ailments, local people rely on indigenous knowledge. Stomachache, malaria, toothache, cough, tonsillitis were common in human diseases, while wounds and cough were common in livestock. Major differences of knowledge between the different age groups were identified in the field. The older illiterate informants over 45 years of age were more knowledgeable than young informants under 25 years of age on average. Charcoal production, agricultural expansion, firewood, household construction, and furniture making have been the main threats to medicinal plants in the district. The traditional medicinal knowledge gap between older and younger generations has also affected the loss of indigenous knowledge in younger generations due to lack of willingness. For this reason, mentoring programs, to conserve indigenous knowledge and insights to avoid their medicinal plants' extinction, should be provided for local people in the study area. In addition, alternative energy, such as the expansion of biogas plants, is required to reduce the utilization of medicinal plants for the production of charcoal and firewood. The in vitro and ex vitro propagation conservation of endangered medicinal plants should be developed to protect medicinal plants from extinction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 우리나라 방파제의 변천에 관한 자료는 항만구조물의 발전사 및 최신 개발동향(Kang et al. , 2005)과 최근 항만구조물의 발전상의 문제점 고찰(Kang, 2012)에서 정리된 바 있고, 항만시설물의 단면에 대한 자료집으로는 “전국항만구조물도집”(해운항만청, 1992)이 유일한 자료이다. 하지만 방파제 도입 당시부터 최근까지의 단면 구조형식 등에 대한 체계적인 정리는 찾아 볼 수 없는 실정이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: IntroductionBiological control of arthropod pests has a long tradition in greenhouse crops. Both the area on which it is used and the number of available biological control agents are still expanding (Pilkington et al. 2010; van Lenteren 2012). Biological control programmes in greenhouses are often based on periodical releases of natural enemies, also referred to as augmentative biological control (van Lenteren 2012). Although biological control has proven to be successful in many greenhouse crops, efficacy can be insufficient in other crops such as ornamentals plants (Heinz et al. 2004). Poor establishment and persistence of natural enemies in certain crops can be one of the main problems in biological pest control, which is partly due to the types of natural enemies used. The selection of natural enemies for augmentative biological control was traditionally focused on specialist natural enemies that were released to obtain rapid control of the pests (van Lenteren and Woets 1988). Well-known examples are the spider mite predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan and the aphid parasitoids Aphidius spp. , which are still successfully used in many crops and countries (van Lenteren 2012). Although, these specialists are well adapted to their host and can be very effective, they often disappear when prey densities have been reduced. As they are used mainly to obtain rapid control of specific pests, their efficacy requires high quantity and quality of released natural enemies and intensive monitoring to assure accurate timing of the intervention. To overcome the problem of establishment and monitoring, some specialist natural enemies (e. g. aphid and whitefly parasitoids) are released routinely (e. g. weekly) as an “insurance policy”. However, this method is not always economically viable. Methods that will increase the persistence of natural enemies in crops could greatly enhance the efficacy, robustness and cost-effectiveness of biological pest control. The establishment and persistence of generalist predators compared to specialist natural enemies may provide more sustainable biological control, as their broader diet range enables them to persist or even reproduce on alternative prey or plant-provided food sources in the absence of pest organisms (Symondson et al. 2002). This offers the opportunity to inoculate crops that provide such food sources with generalist predators before pest invasions (preventive biological control).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Moreover, current documented information on Wolaita's medicinal plants is available as informative baseline data for future studies of medicinal plants of importance and phytochemical studies. plants and households use different plant mixtures to treat a specific disease and p1995. [85. . Global perspectives of medicinal plants. In: Medhin Z, Abebe D, editors. Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Proceeding of the national workshop on biodiversity and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. ; 2001. p. 198-203. [61. Ohigashi H. Utilization and production of medicinal plants. In: Makiu U, editor. Medicinal crops in Ethiopia current status and future potential. ; 2008. p. 4-6. [2004. [484. doi:10. 35248/2157-7471. 19. 10. 484. Abbink J. Medicinal and ritual plants of the Ethiopian south-west: An account of recent research. Dev Monit. 1995;3(2):6–8. [2001. p. 6–21. [10. ; 1996. [1998. p. 1–5. Assegid A, Tesfaye A. Ethnobotanical study of wild medicinal trees and shrubs in district, southern Ethiopia. J Sustain Develop. 2014;2(1):17–33. [96. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(1):43–52. . Traditional medicinal plants utilization, management and threats in Hadiya zone, Ethiopia. J Stud. 2014;2(2):94–108. . Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for treatment of human and livestock ailments by traditional healers in south Omo, southern Ethiopia. J 2013;9:32. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of the Kembatta ethnic group in Enset-based agricultural landscape of (KT) zone, southern Ethiopia. Res. 2015;5(7):42–61. Tefera NB, Kim Y. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Hawassa zuria district, Sidama zone, southern 2019;15:25. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers to treat malignancies and other human ailments in Dalle district, Sidama zone, Ethiopia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 근대적인 방파제 건설 역사가 80년이 넘은 이 시점에서 방파제 설계 · 건설과 관련된 과거 문헌 등 자료의 체계적인 조사 · 분석이 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 또한 과거 건설된 방파제에 대한 피해나 보강 사례를 통해 현재 어떤 방파제 형식으로 건설되고, 향후 어떤 방향으로 변해가야 하는지에 대해 충분한 검토가 요구되고 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: However, many crops do not provide the additional resources required by natural enemies. Impediments to successful establishment include: insufficient plant-provided food, or plant-provided food of insufficient quality; lack of suitable oviposition sites; lack of shelter and absence of prey. Biological control might be enhanced in such crops by supplementing the missing resources and thus providing conditions that facilitate more successful establishment of natural enemies. Conservation of naturally occurring natural enemies (conservation biological control) is well developed in outdoor crops where various techniques of habitat modifications are used such as flowering strips, cover crops that provide windborne pollen or mulching (Landis et al. 2000; Maoz et al. 2011; Wäckers and van Rijn 2012). Biological control in greenhouse crops might be enhanced by using similar methods, but the cost-intensive production of many greenhouse crops means that conservation methods that compromise valuable cropping areas are usually not feasible. Preventive biological control through conservation techniques may help overcome many problems of greenhouse biological control, like the issues of adequate timing, pest detection, the high quantity of natural enemies required, and the labour and knowledge requirements. In this review, we summarize the current methods that are being used or studied to enhance the establishment and persistence of natural enemies in greenhouse crops and present recommendations for future research. MethodsThe methods reviewed here can be subdivided into providing alternative food, prey or hosts; providing oviposition sites or shelters; using volatiles; avoiding pesticide side-effects; adapting the greenhouse climate and avoiding disrupting food web complexities. The currently applied methods for providing alternative food, prey or hosts and oviposition sites or shelters are summarized in Table 1. It was not our aim to analyse trends in research, but rather to present an overview of tools that have been developed for enhancing biological control in greenhouse crops. Table 1 Conservation techniques commonly used for natural enemies in greenhouse cropsFull size table Plant-provided foodsPlants can provide nectar, pollen and plant sap as food sources for natural enemies, but the contribution of these food sources to their performance depends on the type of predator/parasitoid. Specialist natural enemies only reproduce in the presence of their (specific) prey/host species. However, most other natural enemies are omnivores feeding on both plant and prey (Coll and Guershon 2002). Temporal omnivores supplement their carnivorous diet with plant food during a part of their life cycle only (Wäckers et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: J 2018;14:15. . Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers consensus and cultural importance. Med 1998;47:1859–71. . A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on the rationale analysis of an ethnopharmacologial field survey among bedouins in the Negev desert, J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16:275–287. Phillips O, Gentry AH. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ Bot. 1993;47:15–32. de. Informant consensus factor and antibacterial activity of the medicinal plants used by the people of Coxcatlan, Puebla, Mexico. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97:429–39. Wendimu A, Tekalign W. Infusion extraction of toxin from chili Pepper (Capsicumbaccatum) for bedbug protection. Biotechno. 2020;12:65–74. . Plants used in traditional management of human ailments at National Park, southeastern Ethiopia. J Res. 2008; 2(6):132-153. Getaneh S, Girma Z. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in wereda, central Ethiopia. Plant Sci. 2014;8(7):366-379. . Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for human ailments in Ankober district, north Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. J 2013;9:63. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in district, southeastern Ethiopia. J 2008;4:10. Jima TT, Megersa M. of Used to Diseases in Berbere District, of. Med. 2018;17;2018:8602945. doi:10. 1155/2018/8602945. PMID: 30105073; PMCID: PMC6076952. Yirga G. Assessment of traditional medicinal plants in Endrta district, south-eastern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Plant Sci. 2010;4(7):255-260. -Mariam T. Ethnomedical survey of Berta ethnic group Assosa zone, Benishangul-State, mid-west Ethiopia. J 2009;5:14. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리나라 방파제 도입 당시부터 최근까지의 단면 구조형식 등 방파제 변천 역사에 대한 자료를 수집 · 정리하고, 현재 우리나라 방파제의 형식변화 상에서 나타나는 특징을 분석 · 고찰하고자 하였다. 이를 통해 최근 우리나라 방파제 설계에서 나타나는 문제점과 향후 보다 합리적인 설계방향을 모색하고자 하였다. 2. 자료 조사 및 분석 방법 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: 2005), or they shift completely to non-prey food during part of their life cycle, often the adult stage, which has been referred to as “life history omnivores” (Polis and Strong 1996). For example, adults of parasitoids, syrphids and gall midges can increase their longevity, flight activity and oviposition by feeding on nectar (Wäckers et al. 2005) and adults of many lacewings are herbivorous and feed on pollen and nectar (Bozsik 1992). Generalist predators consume multiple prey and may supplement their diet with plant-provided food sources (Symondson et al. 2002). True omnivores are generalist predators that feed on both prey and plants (Coll and Guershon 2002). Some of them can successfully complete their development on plant sap, such as the mirid predatory bug Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) (Perdikis and Lykouressis 2000). Nectar feeding can further improve this vegetarian diet (Portillo et al. 2012). Generalist phytoseiid mites and anthocorid bugs reproduce very well on pollen (Lundgren 2009). Other predatory mites, such as Euseius scutalis Athias-Henriot, will feed on plant sap even when pollen grains are abundant, by puncturing and feeding on the epidermal cells suggesting a close association between these predators and its plant host (Adar et al. 2012). In those greenhouse crops where plant-provided food resources are lacking or are of insufficient quality, nutritional resources can be supplemented by planting insectary plants that provide these food sources for natural enemies. A study in greenhouses showed that adding selected flowering plants (sweet allysum and coriander) to a sweet pepper crop results in higher densities of hoverflies, even though this crop already provides pollen and nectar itself (Pineda and Marcos-García 2008). Plants that produce a lot of pollen, like Ricinus communis L. , can be used in greenhouses to provide fresh pollen to generalist predatory mites (Ramakers and Voet 1995). Flowering alyssum does provide resource subsidies for the maintenance of the predatory bugs Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Orius majusculus (Reuter) during times of prey scarcity (Bennison et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of Bolivia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97(2):337– C. The role of woman in the use and conservation of medicinal plants. In proceedings of the national workshop on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: 28 April-01 May 1998; Ethiopia. Zewdu M, Demissie A, editors. 65–75; 2001. [58. [15. Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Stomachache, amoeba, gastritis, Motion sickness (vomiting), constipation, liver disease, toothache 25 54 0. 55 2. Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Wound, chirt (shattuwa), skin disease, dandruff 12 46 0. 76 3. Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Back pain, bone fracture, swelling 6 29 0. 82 4. Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Tonsillitis, cough, asthma 10 41 0. 78 5. Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Hemorrhoids 1 3 0. 66 6. Poisonous bites (PB) Rabies, snake bite 7 15 0. 57 7. Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Hypertension 1 40 1. 00 8. Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Diabetes, weight gain 7 29 0. 79 9. Sensory neuron disease (SND) Headache 3 9 0. 75 10. Fever (F) Malaria 5 44 0. 90 11. General and unspecified (GU) General malaise (Mitch), wugat, evil spirit 6 37 0. 86 Table 3: Informant consensus for medicinal plants used against two or more specific ailments No. Scientific names Family names No. of informants Percent (%) Rank 1. Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Poaceae 60 100% 1st 2. Allium sativum L. Alliaceae 59 98% 2nd 3. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 58 97% 3rd 4. Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae 57 95% 4th 6. Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae 56 92% 5th 7. Vernonia amygdalina, Sch.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1 국내 방파제 현황 우리나라 방파제는 61개 항만에 총 85,697 m가 축조되었거나 축조 중이다(2013년 기준). 이중 방파제 총연장으로 보면 규모가 큰 무역항이 72. 5%를 차지하고 있으며, 특징적인 것은 경사식이나 소파블록 피복식의 비율이 매우 적고 대부분이 혼성식이다(Table 1). Fig. 1에 외곽시설인 주요 방파제의 모식도를 제시하였다. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: 2011; Pumariño and Alomar 2012). However, this plant is also a suitable host plant for the pest thrips itself, thus some caution is always needed. Flowering ornamental pepper plants can support and increase populations of Orius insidiosus (Say) in ornamental crops in commercial greenhouses (Waite et al. 2014). Another approach can be to select crop varieties with increased levels of plant-provide food resources. A large number of plants produce so-called extrafloral nectaries and selecting varieties that produce higher nectar levels, or extrafloral nectar of a particular composition may better sustain the establishment of some species of natural enemies (Koptur 2005). For example, in greenhouse roses it has been shown that the predatory gall midge Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) controlled spider mites better in rose varieties that produced higher levels of nectar in the extrafloral nectaries located on the leaf rim and stipules (Wäckers unpublished results), confirming earlier observations that availability of sugars enhances egg production of this species (Gillespie et al. 2000). Thus, the availability of plant-provided food can be a driving force in the success or failure of biological control programmes. Food spraysArtificial or natural food supplements can be sprayed or dusted onto the crop to support natural enemies in crops where nectar and pollen are absent or only present at low densities (Wade et al. 2008). For example, pollen sprays can serve as food for generalist predatory mites and enhance the biological control of thrips and whiteflies on cucumber (van Rijn et al. 2002; Nomikou et al. 2010). So far, pollen has not been commonly applied in greenhouses, mainly because suitable pollen was not commercially available and hand collecting pollen is labour-intensive and thus expensive. Recently, Typha angustifolia L. pollen has been made available commercially (sold as Nutrimite® by Biobest NV) and growers have started to use this to promote population increases of pollen feeding predatory mites. Corn pollen is also suitable for enhancing populations of A. swirskii and E. scutalis and can be mechanically harvested in large quantities, which makes it a feasible option from the economic perspective (Adar et al. 2014). Some other types of pollen are commercially available for pollination, such as apple pollen.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 55 91% 6th 8. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae 54 90% 7th 9. Manihot esculenta Crantz. Euphorbiaceae 53 88% 8th 10. Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae 52 86% 9th 11. Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae 48 80% 10th 12. Aloe vera Aloaceae 47 78% 11th 13. Ocimum gratissimum L. Lauraceae 43 72% 12th 14. Datura stramorium L. Solanaceae 40 67% 13th 15. Avena sativa Poaceae 39 65% 14th 16. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae 38 63% 15th 17. Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae 37 62% 16th 18. Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae 34 57% 17th 19 Solanium macrocarpon L. Solanaceae 29 48% 18th 20. Acacia abyssinica Benth. Fabaceae 25 42% 19th Table 4: (FL) of medicinal plants in the study area Disease categories Plant species Specified diseases FL (%) Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Manihot esculenta Crantz. Amoeba 35 40 88% Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Constipation 43 51 84% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) sickness (vomiting) 49 50 98% Linum usitatissimum L. Liver disease 53 60 88% Carica papaya L. Gastritis 48 50 96% Capsicum annum L. Gastritis 39 43 90% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 41 50 82% Datura stramorium L. Toothache 43 51 84% Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. ) Toothache 24 56 42% Allium sativum L. Stomachache 41 50 45% Artemisia afra Stomachache 36 60 60% Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. 20 39 51% Capsicum annum L. Stomachache 20 43 47% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Stomachache 15 45 33% Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 2 자료 수집 및 분석 방법 본 연구에서는 우리나라에서 본격적인 방파제 건설이 시작된 1910년대부터 항만 및 어항 중에서 대표적인 동해안 8개항, 남해안 4개항, 서해안 3개항의 방파제에 대한 자료를 수집 · 정리하였다. 과거 방파제 설계 · 건설에 관한 자료의 발굴 · 조사는 다음 4가지 방법을 통해서 획득하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Application of this pollen on vegetative chrysanthemum plants was found to increase the establishment of A. swirskii (Delisle 2013). An alternative for expensive pollen could be to use bee-collected pollen, which is available at low prices (Ramakers 1995). A disadvantage of bee-collected pollen is the fact that bees mix the pollen with enzymes and sugars to form larger clumps. This makes the pollen less accessible and nutritionally less suited for the predatory mites. Due to the added sugar, it can also be a substrate for growth of unwanted fungi in humid greenhouses (Ramakers 1995). A potential risk of applying pollen to crops is that it could increase densities of pollen feeding thrips species such as the omnivorous western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), which is a major pest in greenhouse crops (Hulshof et al. 2003). However, a study with predatory mites showed that adding Typha latifolia L. pollen to a crop clearly enhances the biological control of thrips, even though the pollen is edible for thrips itself (van Rijn et al. 2002). This may not be the case for other pollen types, which are more suitable for thrips (Hulshof et al. 2003). In order to minimize the potential risk of promoting thrips with pollen, it might be useful to select food sources that are more suitable for predators than for thrips. Many artificial food sources other than pollen seem to have potential for enhancing establishment of natural enemies (Lundgren 2009). Sterilized eggs of the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and decapsulated cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Kellogg are two very suitable food sources for both generalist predatory bugs (Castañé et al. 2006; Bonte and de Clercq 2008) and predatory mites (Vangansbeke et al. 2014). These two food sources are now increasingly being used to boost densities of the predatory bug M. pygmaeus in tomato and sweet pepper crops (Calvo et al. 2012; van Holstein-Saj and Messelink 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Tonsillitis 41 51 80% Spilanthes mauritiana DC. Tonsillitis 43 53 81% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Tonsillitis 55 60 92% Allium sativum L. Cough 50 57 88% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Cough 38 45 84% Manihot esculenta Crantz. Cough 32 40 80% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Cough 48 54 89% Solanium macrocarpon L. Cough 58 60 97% Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Euphorbia tirucalli L. Hemorrhoids 13 53 25% Poisonous bites (PB) Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel. Rabies 21 47 45% Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. Snake bite 9 43 20% Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 33 55 60% Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Aloe vera Diabetes 25 51 49% Persea americana Mill. Weight gain 25 34 74% Thymus schimperi gain 39 54 72% Hordeum vulgare L. Weight gain 54 59 92% Linum usitatissimum L. Weight gain 37 40 93% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Weight gain 60 60 100% Avena sativa Weight gain 34 45 76% Sensory neuron disease (SND) Acacia abyssinica Benth. Headache 17 25 68% Capsicum frutescens L. Headache 45 50 90% Coffea arabica L. Headache 53 60 88% Fever (F) Allium sativum L. Malaria 45 57 79% Aloe vera Malaria 47 56 84% Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 19 54 35% Ocimum gratissimum L. Malaria 32 56 57% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Malaria 22 45 49% General and unspecified (GU) Ocimum gratissimum L. General malaise (Mitch) 43 56 77% Hordeum vulgare L. Wugat 51 56 91% Allium sativum L. Evil spirit 55 60 92% Ruta chalepensis L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: ① 일제강점기 건설된 방파제는 갯수가 적고 자료 수집이 쉽지 않았으나 국가기록원에 보관된 조선총독부의 각 항만별 설계도서 원도와 군사관련 회계서류로부터 각 항만의 설계 관련 자료를 발굴하였다. ② 방파제 설계인자와 구조형식의 변천에 대한 자료는 1972년부터 건설부, 해운항만청, 해양수산부에서 수집한 각종 설계도서와 자료를 사용하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Sterilized eggs of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) are currently being explored for supporting anthocorid predatory bugs in ornamentals (Anonymous 2013; Steinberg, Biobee, personal communication). The development of inexpensive alternative food sources is one of the major opportunities and challenges for enhancing biological control in greenhouse crops in the near future. Many artificial diets have been tested with the aim of developing less expensive mass rearing techniques (e. g. Castañé and Zapata 2005; Bonte and de Clercq 2008; Nguyen et al. 2013), but these diets are currently not applied to support predator populations in commercial crops. Applying inexpensive artificial diets on crops to support predator populations have been explored only on a limited scale, but initial results seem promising (Messelink et al. 2009; Igarashi et al. 2013). Simple mixtures of yeast, sugars and proteins increased population densities of the predatory mite A. swirskii on chrysanthemum plants (Messelink et al. 2009). A powdered diet, based on proteins, sugars and vitamins, promoted the development of the predatory bug Geocoris varius (Uhler) on strawberry plants in greenhouses (Igarashi et al. 2013). Alternative prey/hostsThe use of alternative prey/host species for the conservation of released natural enemies in greenhouse crops has been of long-standing interest for biological control of greenhouse pests (Huang et al. 2011). The method by which these alternative prey/host species are made available is based on the introduction of a non-crop plant harbouring the alternative prey species, often referred to as the “banker plant method”. A widely applied system in greenhouse crops has been the use of monocotyledonous plants with cereal aphids that serve as alternative hosts for parasitoids of aphids that attack the crop (Huang et al. 2011). The advantage of this system is that the grain aphids are specific to monocotyledons and pose no threat to crops that are dicotyledon. Banker plants can also be established in the edges of the greenhouse to bridge crop-free periods and contribute to the conservation of predators (Arnó et al. 2000). The types and use of different banker plant systems have been evaluated in two recent review papers: Frank (2010) and Huang et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Evil spirit 57 60 95% Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. spirit 36 60 60% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. spirit 40 60 67% Table 5: Direct matrix ranking of medicinal plants by informants (A-C) based on usage category Medicinal plants name Cash crop americana Mill. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 3 2 3 5 5 5 73 1st Acacia abyssinica Benth. 5 5 5 0 0 0 1 3 2 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 65 2nd Eucalyptus globulus Labill. 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 58 3rd Ensete ventricosum (Welw) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 57 4th Hordeum vulgare L. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 55 5th Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 54 6th Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 50 7th Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod 4 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 45 8th Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delil 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 2 3 1 4 5 3 39 9th Total 123 89 85 80 74 57 Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 7th Based on use criteria (5 = best; 4 = very good; 3 = good; 2 = less used; 1 = least used and 0 = no value) Table 6: Preference ranking of medicinal plants used to treat stomachache in humans Medicinal plants score Ranking I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. 5 5 5 5 4 5 29 1st Solanium incanum L. 5 5 4 5 3 4 26 2nd Ruta chalepensis L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: ③ 설계보고서 자료는 해양수산부, 각 지방 해양항만청, 서해어업관리단, 국토교통부 자료실 등에서 설계도서와 기본 및 실시설계 용역보고서, 기초자료조사보고서와 설계 · 시공일괄입찰(Turn-key)의 기본설계 또는 실시설계 자료를 확보하였다. ④ 항만건설사, 한국어항사, 각 사업의 공사지, 한국항만협회의 협회지 등에서 정리한 문헌을 통하여 관련 자료를 확보하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: (2011). These papers show that many banker plant systems have been developed, but only a limited number are currently applied due to a range of practical problems such as the risk of hyperparasitism of the parasitized aphids (Nagasaka et al. 2010; Jacobson 2011). However, banker plant systems show enormous potential for conservation of released natural enemies, if the practical problems can be overcome. For example, banker plants could be developed that specifically support aphid predatory midges by selecting aphids which are not suitable hosts for parasitoids. The negative effects of increased hyperparasitism through banker plants could then be prevented (Nagasaka et al. 2010). Some alternative prey species are not harmful to the crop and establishment of these prey species in the crop may support their natural enemies. In chrysanthemum, the application of yeast and sugars has been shown to maintain populations of astigmatic mites that are suitable prey for phytoseiid predatory mites (Messelink et al. 2009). Another method for providing alternative prey species can be based on mulch layers. Recent developments in chrysanthemum show that such layers support the establishment of astigmatic mites and, as a result, increase densities of soil-dwelling predatory mites (Grosman et al. 2011). Similar methods have been tested to support the generalist hunter fly Coenosia attenuata Stein (Kühne 1998). Hence, developing mulch layers for supporting predators in greenhouse crops seems to be a promising method. Artificial open rearing systemsThe idea of rearing natural enemies in greenhouse crops on banker plants has for some natural enemies been further developed into artificial rearing units. The best known and most widely applied system is based on a rearing sachet containing a small breeding ecosystem of bran with saprophytic fungi, fungal-feeding astigmatic mites (prey) and predatory mites (Sampson 1998). Several modifications with different types of astigmatic mites, predatory mites, food sources for astigmatic mites such as sugars, starch, yeast and types of sachets have been developed and patented by the biological control industry (Wright 2006; Baxter et al. 2011; Bolckmans et al. 2013). Such units, in general, produce predatory mites for 3–6 weeks (Baxter et al. 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Given that this human behavior will continue password generation restrictions should ensure that dictionaries of this type will not be sufficient a priori. Likewise, the context or destination of the access point used for the creation of your security password continues to give credibility to the adjectives used for human administrators. Thanks to the equipment used, the location information for each audit can be saved, and a visual representation on a map can be produced showing the assumed range of each access point from which the password was decoded. It should be noted that the position where each access point was located is where the audit was executed. It is accepted that in each audit, we waited for the GPS to determine a position with a margin of error of 7 m or less because only targets with a good signal quality were set. In Wi-Fi networks the range depends largely on the environment in which the router is deployed. We made a very basic estimate and did not consider any key elements such as signal obstacles, height (the access point may be on a high floor of a building), or router model. Heights can vary from 15 m inside a house to 100 m outdoors. For the sake of simplicity, the 15, 30, and 45 m radios were chosen to represent the quality of the signal. It can be observed that with one handshake per 795m2, and with a 30% average success rate in deciphering passwords, the audited geographical area can be completely covered (Fig. 8). It would be possible to go through the entire area by connecting to different routers without ever losing the Internet connection. Figure 8: Heatmap of the routers form which the password has bees decoded. Map data ©2022 Inst. Geogr. Nacional, Google. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-8 Fernandez-Lozano is an for PeerJ. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 19362971. v1. work is supported by the of Culture, Education and of Xunta de Galicia (Ref. ED431G/01, ED431D 2017/16), the for Research (Ref. ED431D 2017/23), Groups (Ref.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 본 연구에서는 이상에서 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 국내 항만 방파제의 설계파고, 설계조위, 마루높이, 상치구조물 형상, 단면형식 등 방파제 설계 조건의 변화를 중심으로 분석하였다. 수집된 자료에 대한 보다 자세한 사항에 대해서는 Hong (2015)의 문헌을 참조하기 바란다. 3. 결과 분석 및 고찰 3. 1 방파제 설계조건 변화 이력 우리나라 동해 · 남해 · 서해의 주요 항만 및 어항의 설계파고 및 상대마루높이를 정리한 결과는 Table 2~Table 4와 같다.

Output: pass