Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all crime by using surveillance technology. [SEP] Text: State of the artIn the field of visualization, Borgo et al. [51] carried out a comprehensive survey on video visualization. Effectiveness of VV for conveying meaningful information enclosed in video sequences was demonstrated by Daniel et al. [1]. Andrienko et al. [47] also illustrated visual analytical technique to visualize huge amount of video data. Data were clustered and aggregated to display on map by using color arrows. Wang et al. [48] presented situational understanding approach by combining the video frame in 3D environment. Romero et al. [49] used visualization approach to analyze human behavior and explored the activity visualization in normal settings over time. Hoummady proposed survey on sensory device shortcomings that are used for collection of traffic information real time [40], and video camera usage as data collection was also proposed for traffic management. This approach relies on computational device mainly for pedestrian recognition and vehicle, 2-wheel vehicles, etc. For traffic visualization, commonly employed approach is coloring the areas demonstrating roads on the map [44]. Ang et al. [46] presented analytical approach for management of traffic from multiple cameras. Vehicle trajectory estimation and extraction of features was done. Subsequently, Jiang [62] demonstrated the analytical technique for visualizing the huge video data. Data were clustered and aggregated to display them on map by using color arrows. Afterward, Botchen [53] proposed technique for flow and volume signature visualization. It discovered that common people can recognize events on the basis of event signatures quite than viewing entire video contents. End users and technology providers identify that manual process is inadequate to search comprehensively massive amount of video contents and screening timely. In order to lessen these issues of visualization, we try to project camera activity on and have summarized and holistic view of video contents. Massive video data render ineffectual manual analysis of videos; however, present automatic analytic techniques of videos undergo better performance. A state of art visualization technique for surveillance videos is presented and tested by using several traffic videos. It receives suitable visual representations to assist the process of decision making. One can perceive level and pattern of activities that are recorded from visualization of videos as it offers more spatial info than using statistical indicators. Semantic info is obtained from numerous surveillance videos which are connected to in order to perform 3D association. In the same time, glyph [5, 20] is familiar and conveys multi-field video visualization [10].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: donovani parasites were treated for 48 hr with 20 µM miltefosine (pre-treated parasites) from 16 days post transfection onwards. Then cells were washed in PBS twice and cultured for another 72 hr. In the following, pre-treated and non-pre-treated parasites were aliquoted into a 96-well plate to measure cell viability in triplicates when incubated with different doses of miltefosine (Figure 6A). For each 96-well plate well, 5 × 104 parasites were resuspended in 85 µl cell culture medium and mixed with 5 µl of sterile ultra-pure water or miltefosine solution (Sigma M5571, dissolved in ultra-pure water at 10 mM) to a final concentration of either 5, 20, 50, 80, and 400 µM. Cells were cultured for 48 hr and then 10 µl of solution (MTT; Sigma M2128, dissolved in PBS at 5 mg/ml and 0. 2 µm sterile filtered) was added to measure cell viability and cells were incubated at 28°C in the dark for 3 hr. Subsequently, 100 µl of 10% SDS solution (dissolved in 0. 01 M HCl) was added and plates were incubated at 37°C in the dark overnight (not longer than 18 hr) (Tada et al. , 1986). Finally, the absorbance was read at 570 nm using a M200 (Sciences). For analysis, absorbance reads from the media control were subtracted from the absorbance read of each data point and then the ratio between wells with no added miltefosine and each different miltefosine concentration was calculated. The significance was calculated by using a one-way analysis of variance test with post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference (Supplementary file 3). DNA isolation, Sanger sequencing, and measurement of editing rates Request a detailed protocol Following transfection, DNA was isolated as previously described (Rotureau et al. , 2005). Briefly, 400–800 µl of a dense culture was pelleted, resuspended in 100 µl lysis buffer (10 mM Tris–HCl at pH 8. 0, 5 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: (2006) but not clearly supported for most species according to the meta-analysis of Myers et al. (1999), which shows that Goodyear (1977) compensation ratios most commonly are below 20. Predicted production patterns from Ecosim modelsFor the simple Ecosim food chain example, we found that overfishing the piscivore then allowing it to recover typically led to clockwise loops in the SP vs. B pattern (Fig. 4), with the loop becoming tighter (closer to stationarity or same pattern during biomass increase as during decrease) as we increased vulnerability exchange rates of prey so as to approach a simple Lotka–Volterra model. Overfishing the planktivore and then letting it recover led to a similar, but more dramatic clockwise loop. For both species, the cause of increased SP/B during recoveries was higher prey abundance, and SP/B was further enhanced in the planktivore fishing scenario by decreases in piscivore abundance (the simulated planktivore fishery took enough planktivore production to decrease the system carrying capacity for piscivores). Fig. 4. Surplus production (SP) patterns generated by a simple Ecosim model of a four species food chain: (a) responses when the top predator (piscivore) is overfished, (b) responses when planktivore is overfished. Overfishing either fish species causes a strong SP response in the other species as well. The plot for each species shows the sample sequence of biomasses (X axis) and SP rates (Y axis is SP = change in biomass + catch), with dots at the start of each simulation year becoming larger as time increases. axis crosses the Y axis at SP = 0, i. e. , points below the X axis represent periods of negative SP. For example, in the top left plot, SP increases as B decreases under increased fishing pressure, then rises rapidly as B recovers when pressure is reduced. SP at intermediate B is predicted to be higher during the recovery (larger dot years) than during the decline. Left column shows that overfishing the piscivore causes a positive SP transient in its planktivore prey; the right column shows that overfishing the planktivore causes a negative SP transient in the piscivore.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: connectivity, widespread use of sensors, adaption to conditions, feedback and increased monitoring of citizenry. Conscious cities include urban sensing, but more specifically what account for as ‘the city’s awareness of the motives, personalities and moods of its inhabitants’7. This includes conscious streets, buildings and cities that are sensitive ‘to the mood and context of their users’. What might all of this mean? Might it be 2. 0, the next round of Guy Debord’s psycho-geography that in the 1950s urged adherents to study ‘the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals’1. This comes from a good place because Debord sought to awaken the masses ‘to the conditions that are imposed on them in all domains of life, and to the practical means of changing them’. Debord is not entirely clear on the politics of psycho-geography, but he seems to be simultaneously following Marxist and utilitarian suggestions of making more people happy, rather than just fulfilling the interests of a privileged few. Psycho-geography, then, has scope to be a critical method. Who is the city? There is a problem however with Palti and Bar’s phrasing. This might be semantic, but it is important that it is clarified. To speak of a city’s awareness is to speak of agency and consciousness; indeed by speaking in singular terms there is perhaps materialism, paternalism, or a gender-neutral ‘ism’ at play. Regardless, unless civic and political life is going really badly, and we live in a totalitarian mono-interest all-seeing state, a city is an assemblage of interacting and contradicting interests. However, on the broader message about sensitivity to mood and emotional life, this has merit: technologies that feel, or what elsewhere I have discussed in terms of ‘empathic media’ are certainly on the rise5. Also, who could argue with cities that are designed in such as way as to make citizens feel better, especially given the Debord context? The rub is in how this is achieved and what the results are. Psycho-geography today includes sentiment analysis, facial coding, biometrics (heart, skin, respiration, blood flow, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 5% SDS, 200 mM NaCl, and 100 μg/ml proteinase K) and incubated for 30 min at 65°C. Then, 250 µl of 100% EtOH was added and samples were centrifuged at 17,000 × g for 30 min (at 4°C). Supernatant was aspirated and DNA resuspended in 50 µl of ultra-pure water. To amplify amplicons for Sanger sequencing, 1 µl of DNA was added to a 50 µl PCR reaction. Amplicons were generated using two guide target locus spanning primers and were either directly purified or first ran on a 2% agarose gel and then purified following band excision from the gel. Depending on the location of the guide, the forward or reverse primer was then used for Sanger sequencing at Eurofins Genomics. Primers for amplification and Sanger sequencing are listed in Supplementary file 5. To measure the editing rate, sequencing reads were analysed and normalised using ICE (Synthego), allowing to compare the ‘before-editing’ read (control sample) with the ‘after-editing’ read (edited sample) by overlapping normalised peak heights at aligned positions. The resulting discordance between both reads was then mapped to guide positions and plotted as editing rate. Generation of sgplasmid libraries Request a detailed protocol To generate plasmid libraries, we cloned a pool of sgRNA sequences into pLdCH-hyBE4max and pLdCH-hyBE4max-plasmids. First, plasmid DNA was linearised and dephosphorylated by incubating the following mixture at 37°C overnight: 5 µg CBE plasmid, 2 µl BpiI (BbsI) (Thermo Fisher, ER1011), 2 µl FastAP (Thermo Fisher, EF0651), and 3 µl 10× (Thermo Fisher) (30 µl total volume with ultra-pure water). Then, sgRNA oligo pairs (Supplementary file 5) were all individually annealed and phosphorylated. 1 µl oligo 1 (100 µM), 1 µl oligo 2 (100 µM), 1 µl T4 DNA (Thermo Fisher), 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: Similar patterns were obtained for the simple food web example, overfishing either a piscivore (Fig. 5) or a planktivore (Fig. 6), though the patterns were somewhat more complex because of competition and predation interactions with the two unfished species. When the planktivore was overfished, its SP vs. B pattern (Fig. 6) did not show a clockwise loop, since its SP/B was reduced during recovery because of higher abundance of the competing, unfished planktivore species; for some vulnerability parameter combinations, we saw weak downward loops where planktivore SP was reduced during recovery. Fig. 5. Surplus production (SP) patterns from a simple Ecosim food web model with two piscivores and two planktivores. The plot for each species shows the sample sequence of biomasses (X axis) and SP rates with dots at the start of each simulation year becoming larger as time increases. axis crosses the Y axis at SP = 0. Only the first piscivore is subject to simulated overfishing, and this causes SP transients in the other three species. Fig. 6. Surplus production (SP) patterns from a simple Ecosim food web model with two piscivores and two planktivores. The plot for each species shows the sample sequence of biomasses (X axis) and SP rates with dots at the start of each simulation year becoming larger as time increases. axis crosses the Y axis at SP = 0. Only the first planktivore is subject to simulated overfishing, and this causes SP transients in the other three species. The first piscivore (main predator on the overfished planktivore) shows a negative SP transient (because of reduced food supply), while the other planktivore shows a positive transient because of reduced competition that causes positive response in the second piscivore. From more complex Ecosim models with size–age-structured predation and competition effects, we knew from past experience with Ecosim that downward hooks in predator (piscivore) SP can be predicted through cultivation–depensation effects, where fishing the adults of a dominant predator can lead to increases in prey species that are competitors–predators on the juveniles of the dominant predator (Walters and Kitchell 2001). As noted above, downward hooks in recruitment vs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: ) and cellular understanding of the brain both in-house and ‘in-the-wild’. Seen positively, conscious cities involve use of communications technology to understand social feeling and increase citizen engagement, and to identify and react to complaints. In principle, reaction to civic feeling means things get done: maybe even the broken bin sensor on Dean St. This leads us to psycho-geographically enabled algocracy, which means that feelings, moods and emotions inform policy and municipal decision-making on how to spend resources. Things get interesting here because what companies such as Siemens offer is not only scope to model incoming data, but also capacity to predict the impact of decisions. By means of ‘command and control’ tablet dashboards, what Siemens offer are algorithmic answers to ‘what-if’ scenarios on the basis of citizen feedback. Indeed, in an academic interview with a representative of Siemens for a forthcoming book6, I asked: “Who would you trust more to make a citizen-centric decision: a roomful of politicians or an AI machine that has learned through machine learning what a citizen and city needs? ” He says: ‘In all honesty, the machine’. If the logic feels familiar, that’s because it is: it goes back to cybernetics, the science of feedback and self-regulating systems. The case above entails active feedback through social media and city apps. Conversely, passive technologies such as feeling-into online sentiment, gauging spending trends, profiling personal and emotional data through cameras, and charting citizen movement may be used to generate insight about citizen experience. The emotional experience of cities is also tracked through in-house techniques and questioning within research facilities (using market research techniques such as EEG, skin conductivity and facial coding), but also by out-of-lab mapping of cities and emotional topography. This is about how the brain responds to space, architecture and urban features, measured by wearable biometrics (such as mobile and heart rate capture). Psychologists of urban geography can topographically link arousal reactions with elements of the city and thereafter use this data to plan for future design3. Surveillance (don’t be afraid, developers aren’t) Readers should not hold back from using the correct word to identify these developments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 5 µl T4-Polynukleotid-Kinase (Thermo Fisher, EK0031), and 6. 5 µl ultra-pure water were mixed, then phosphorylated at 37°C for 30 and 5 min at 95°C, and finally annealed by ramping down from 95 to 25°C at 5°C/min. All 26 individually annealed and phosphorylated primer pairs were then equally mixed (10 µl of each oligo pair) and the resulting pool was diluted 1 in 200 by mixing 5 µl of the oligo pool with 995 µl of ultra-pure water. Then the ligation of the library was set up by mixing 200 ng of PCR purified linearised and dephosphorylated plasmid DNA, 4 µl diluted oligo pool, 4 µl T4 DNA (Thermo Fisher) and 2 µl T4 DNA Ligase (Thermo Fisher, EL0014) (40 µl total volume with ultra-pure water). Ligations were incubated at 37°C for 2 hr, then mixed with 200 µl TOP10 competent cells, incubated for 30 min on ice, heat shocked at 42°C for 45 s and finally plated on two 10 cm LB agar plates (100 µl each plate), containing 50 µg/ml ampicillin. A negative ligation control without addition of the diluted oligo pool was processed alongside. Following overnight incubation at 37°C, transformation efficiency for all libraries was assessed to ensure at least 30× guide coverage (at least 820 colonies, assuming a 95. 8% cloning efficiency as stated above). Typically, 30–200× guide coverage is used for generation of sgRNA libraries (Sanjana et al. , 2014). Then all colonies were scrapped from the plate, collected in a 70-ml LB culture (containing 100 µg/ml ampicillin), incubated again overnight and processed the next day using a Macherey-100 kit (740573), yielding purified plasmid library DNA. Plasmid library delivered loss-of-function screen Request a detailed protocol To set up a plasmid library delivered loss-of-function screen, L. mexicana promastigotes were transfected as described above but using 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Overfishing has led to declining fish populations in many regions. [SEP] Text: spawning stock size as predicted from such models have been found in a small percentage of the Myers stock–recruitment data sets (www. marinebiodiversity. ca/RAMlegacy/srdb). When we examined SP patterns in more complex Ecosim models that included populations represented using multistanza, age-structured population modeling, but did not include the specific linkage structure needed to cause cultivation–depensation effects, we found that such models typically exhibit downward hooks in SP vs. B when species are overfished and then allowed to recover. That is, multistanza Ecosim population submodels behave similarly to single-species models, producing weak downward hooks in SP even when there are no noticeable changes in abundances of species that compete with or prey upon juvenile stanzas of the species that are overfished. Such findings indicate that simple biomass dynamics models like the chain and web cases shown (Figs. 4–6) are likely to make overly optimistic predictions about SP and biomass recovery rates when they are used to predict recovery from overfishing. Finally, we examined SP patterns in three of the large (30–60 biomass compartment and population stanza) Ecosim models that have been fit to historical data by varying prey vulnerability parameters and primary production anomalies for the eastern Bering Sea, (British Columbia), and Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 7; for 7. A sample of surplus production (SP) vs. biomass (B) plots from large Ecosim models that have been fit to historical time series data on relative abundance and catch of exploited species in a variety of ecosystems by varying predator–prey vulnerability parameters and annual primary production anomalies. Note prevalence of clockwise loops in SP caused by positive production anomalies. DiscussionWhen we examine plots of SP vs. B like those in Fig. 1, it is easy to see why direct analysis of SP patterns has never been popular in fisheries assessment. Such plots are plagued by amplification of measurement errors in the Bt+1 – Bt component of SP, by hook or loop structures caused by recruitment process errors and in some cases by sudden and persistent changes in SP apparently unrelated to stock size (e. g. , owing to change in habitat area size, Jacobson et al. 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: They are utterly based on surveillance and, what’s more, so-called smart city developers are not afraid to use this word, not least because it accurately refers to what they do: they architect data-based assemblages through which authorities and organisations may manage, influence and control citizenry. Visitors to smart city expos should recognise the lack of queasiness around the word ‘surveillance’, because it is seen as positive. See for example Geovision’s scheme for city surveillance4. The word is accurate in that the objective of sensor-enabled cities is management of large and small objects, systems, people, emotional life and all things that exist and flow throughout urban spaces. In 1992 published Postscript on the Societies of Control, an essay about the shift from ‘discipline’ to ‘societies of control’2. This charts the shift from control as that which takes places within places (such as schools and workplaces), to more generalised yet pervasive control-based activities. do not believe that readers of have dastardly plans in mind, they might consider what their work contributes to – particularly when their ideas are embedded in regions without democratic traditions. Indeed, Deleuze, some years ago, discussed a scenario where an identity card is required to navigate elements of the city. This also tracks and effects a ‘universal modulation’. What was once another oblique Deleuzianism is today clarified by visualisations on municipal dashboards of social sentiment, flow of citizens through urban space, feedback from sensors on buildings, and prescriptions on optimal civic decisions. City-as-platform 2. 0 depart is when the surveillance of personal data, sentiment, emotional life, spending and mobility begins to be monetised and securitised. This entails turning the city into a platform, that sees the datafication of citizens for advertising and retail purposes (by means of urban personalisation, sensors, device data, geo-location, cameras, microphones, screens and augmented reality). The logic for this is already in place as ‘programmatic platforms’ used in advertising already pull from a myriad of 1st and 3rd party data sources to deliver targeted advertising capable of interacting with people in public spaces in real time. The rationale of the city-as-platform is that revenue from public-private partnerships provides services such as Wi-Fi and other city development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 3 × 107 cells per transfection and 100,000 plasmid molecules per cell (15. 6 µg DNA of the pLdCH-hyBE4max plasmid library and 15. 8 µg DNA of the pLdCH-hyBE4max-LmajDBD plasmid library). Following the transfection, cells were resuspended in 8. 5 ml of culture medium. Immediately after resuspending cells, 750, 75, and 7. 5 µl of the suspension were further diluted in culture medium (to 4 ml total volume) and each dilution was plated on 32 wells of a 96-well plate (100 µl per well). Then, 6 hr post transfection, hygromycin B was diluted in culture medium and added to plates and each transfected population (final volume: plates 200 µl, flasks 10 ml [final concentration 40 μg/ml]). Each library was transfected in triplicates and each of those replicates was diluted to assess the transfection efficiency. Following transfection, populations were sub-cultured every 2–4 days from 7 days post transfection onwards. At least 13,000 cells per passage were transferred each time, ensuring a representation of 500 transfectants per guide on average throughout the screen. Plates were assessed 14 days post transfection by counting the number of isolated clones, allowing to calculate the number of transfectants per 106, 105, and 104 cells, respectively, for each dilution. Next generation sequencing and screen analysis Request a detailed protocol DNA was isolated as described above from at least 5 × 106 cells at 12 and 21 days post transfection. Then, 1 µg DNA from both time points and 10 ng DNA from plasmid libraries was amplified using Phusion High–Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Thermo Fisher, F530S, GC Buffer protocol) and standard desalted p5 and p7 primers (Sigma, Supplementary file 5), containing inline barcodes for multiplexing and partial adapters for Illumina sequencing. Inline barcodes had a hamming distance of at least 4nt.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: AbstractReefs formed by scleractinian cold-water corals represent unique biodiversity hot spots in the deep sea, preferring aphotic water depths of 200–1000 m. The distribution of the most prominent reef-building species Lophelia pertusa is controlled by various environmental factors including dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperature. Consequently, the expected ocean deoxygenation and warming triggered by human-induced global change are considered as a serious threat to cold-water coral reefs. Here, we present results on recently discovered reefs in the SE Atlantic, where L. pertusa thrives in hypoxic and rather warm waters. This sheds new light on its capability to adapt to extreme conditions, which is facilitated by high surface ocean productivity, resulting in extensive food supply. Putting our data in an Atlantic-wide perspective clearly demonstrates L. pertusa’s ability to develop population-specific adaptations, which are up to now hardly considered in assessing its present and future distributions. Similar content being viewed by others Expansion of corals on temperate reefs: direct and indirect effects of marine heatwaves 3. 7 mL L−1; Dullo et al. 2008) and NW Atlantic (~ 2 mL L−1; e. g. , Brooke and Ross 2014) reef sites. These observations are corroborated by laboratory experiments, revealing that L. pertusa individuals collected from DOconc of 6 mL L−1 at the Scottish margin, NE Atlantic, were unable to maintain normal aerobic functions at DOconc < 3. 2 mL L−1 (Dodds et al. 2007). Moreover, for L. pertusa specimens collected from DOconc of ~ 2. 8 mL L−1 in the Gulf of Mexico, 7-day exposure to DOconc of ~ 1. 5 mL L−1 proved fatal (Lunden et al. 2014). Furthermore, discoveries of L. pertusa in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) of the subtropical eastern Atlantic (Colman et al. 2005; et al. 2009) hinted to an even wider tolerance of L. pertusa to low DOconc. Nevertheless, the limited capability of L. pertusa to thrive under DOconc (artificially) reduced below those of their natural environment (Dodds et al. 2007; Lunden et al. 2014), questions its ability to cope with the global change-induced ocean deoxygenation expected for the coming century (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: Of course, police and intelligence agencies also see great opportunity. Since Marconi, spooks and security agencies have used all communications technology at their disposal, so we can expect exponential increase in state surveillance and analytics in policing. Readers of will also know that the most substantial sensor-based investment is not taking place in Europe, US or Australasia; but in China, Nigeria, India, and the Middle East. Dubai is especially significant given that Dubai Holding, an investment company, is signing deals and building smart cities around the world. Dubai takes psycho-geography matters and data about emotional life seriously. Under the moniker of ‘Smart Dubai’, they use sensors, analytics and ‘empathic media’ to understand feelings and emotions to promote happiness. They do this by tracking what people do and how they behave, by tracking online sentiment, and through use of in-house psycho-physiological measures to analysis the brain’s behaviour to discern what factors make for happy citizens. They also have the Happiness Meter, a citywide live sentiment capture engine. This is not a cheesy add-on, but the happiness agenda impacts on all areas of public policy and spending, such as education, roads, health, policing, transport and management of borders. In theory this is the utilitarian doctrine in action: making happiness transparent so policy-makers can make decisions that promote overall net happiness. However, the question is this: does everyone in Dubai have equal rights to happiness and does each person’s happiness counts equally? Also, for the city-as-platform to work, legal structures need to be in place to facilitate this shared data structure. Key is the Law, which has been in force since 27 December 2015. More formerly known as “Law No. (26) of 2015 Dissemination and Exchange in the Emirate of Dubai” its aim is clearly stated in 17. 2 Deleuze, G. (1992) Postscript on the Societies of Control, October, 59(4): 3–7. 3 Ellard, C. (2016) Places of the Heart: of Everyday Life. New York: Press. 4 Geovision (2017) City Surveillance, accessed 05/06/17. 5 McStay, A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: To avoid over-amplification, sample days 12 and 21 were both amplified using 28 PCR cycles, while plasmid samples were amplified using only 18 PCR cycles (ideal number of PCR cycles was assessed by testing 16, 18, 20, and 23 PCR cycles for plasmid samples and 25, 28, 30, and 32 PCR cycles for sample days 12 and 21). Amplicons were pooled (6 amplicons per pool), each pool purified (Macherey-Nagel Nucleoand PCR Clean-up Kit) and send to for Illumina sequencing (Amplicon-EZ Sequencing Service, 250 bp paired-end sequencing). To analyse sequencing data, cutadapt (Martin, 2022) was used to trim FASTQ sequencing reads, to generate a reverse complement read of the forward read and then to de-multiplex inline barcoded pools (using a 0. 15 error rate). De-multiplexed forward and reverse reads were then analysed using MAGeCK (Li et al. , 2014) and guide sequences per sample were counted and normalised. Raw guide counts were used to confirm the unity of each library, highlighting that guide PF16-2 and MFT-2 were underrepresented in both plasmid libraries. Therefore, both were excluded in the further analysis, leaving 24 guides for analysis in each library. Normalised forward and reverse reads were then averaged and the ratio between each plasmid, day 12 and 21 sample was calculated. To calculate ratios for zero reads, a pseudo read value of 1 was inserted. Finally, ratios were z-scored and a 0. 8 confidence ellipse was calculated (Supplementary file 4). Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this manuscript and supplementary file. LeishBASEedit is an open-source primer design tool available under Code files for LeishBASEedit are included in the supporting files. 29. PubMed 924. PubMed 462. PubMed 1244. PubMed 0095. PubMed 7828. PubMed 210. PubMed 1295. PubMed 2005. PubMed 422. PubMed 7716. PubMed 8674. PubMed 0072. PubMed 823. PubMed 173. PubMed 8828. PubMed 5296. PubMed 0197. PubMed 4621.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Even if links between temperature, spawning and the distribution of sparids were established unequivocally, it is unlikely that temperature would act alone. There may be many other important variables which may, and probably do, interact with the effect of water temperature (Bye 1984). Moreover, these interactions, and the relative importance of different variables, would probably vary from place to place and even from time to time. As with many marine fishes, particularly tropical species (Sheaves 1995; McCormick and Makey 1997), life histories of sparids have not been studied in detail. This is an unfortunate situation because, above all else, the data presented here emphasise that detailed knowledge of life-histories and the requirements of the various life-history stages, may be necessary to account for observed species distributions. Indeed, it may well be that subtle influences at crucial stages may have far reaching impacts on the distribution and abundance of many species. Furthermore, the effect of gamete, egg, larval or juvenile tolerances in constraining the distributions of taxa need not be limited to responses to high temperatures. Equally they could be responses to low temperatures, or the level (or range) of other physical, or indeed biological variables. Three questions concerning the timing of spawning of fishes were posited in the introduction. To address these: firstly, is seems that for sparids the exact timing of spawning is not an unchanging characteristic of a particular species, but varies over the range of the species. Secondly, it seems that SST is at least correlated with, and probably has an influence on, the timing of spawning in sparids. Thirdly, the relationship between SST and timing of spawning is not just a species level characteristic but is apparent at the levels of genus and family also. ConsequencesLinks between the physiology of early life-history stages and timing of spawning could have direct consequences for patterns of distributions over a number of taxonomic scales. However, the consequences of such links could be much more far reaching. For example, global warming is expected to cause substantial increases in water temperature over the next few decades (Parker 1992; Groger and Plag 1993). Even if only the direct effects of temperature rise are considered, and other effects such as changes to hydrological and nutrient cycles (Gucinski et al. 1990) are ignored, the consequences are manifest.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Economy in 3. 2 million people in 2015. During these past two centuries of growth of the agglomeration of Dakar, urban planning has served as a tool of social exclusion with poor living in unplanned wetland settlements characterized by lack of sufficient land allocated to streets and public spaces, and lack of security of tenure, the latter being the focus of the second section. These settlements are also characterized by insufficient coverage of basic infrastructure such as connection to piped water facilities, sewerage and drainage systems, energy source and solid management; this is analyzed in the third section. Building in unplanned wetlands without adequate drainage systems exposes the population of Dakar, particularly of the suburbs, to flooding that causes various material and financial damages and losses. The fourth section focuses on the flooding: occurrences, causes, consequences and responses. Today, national and local authorities are working together to make the city of Dakar a smart city through Urban and Programmes. Taking back the city of Dakar where it belongs, a green, smart city, will require transformative policies and actions including establishing new planned settlements and a re-planning of the city itself where agriculture activities and green spaces have their effective places. Directeur 2035 of Dakar as adopted in 2014 explores the foundations for sustainable urban development, with establishment of six new urban centers around the capital. The fifth section of this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 329. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others A review of the pathways, opportunities, challenges and utility of geospatial infrastructure for smart city in Nigeria 1. Once the land is acquired, another element that depends to legal institutional framework is the acquisition of a building permit, which is at the authority of the local governing body on land use and planning for construction or renovation of a property.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 5112. PubMed 1871. PubMed 944. PubMed 627. PubMed 529. PubMed 405. PubMed 437. PubMed 9760. PubMed 173. PubMed 1278. 1128. 477. PubMed 846. PubMed 109. PubMed 384. 424. PubMed 4774. PubMed 712. PubMed 1385. PubMed 554. PubMed 1161. PubMed 93. 2763. PubMed 1. 1 in Leishmania donovani using the 9 toolkit BioInternational 2017:4635605. PubMed 10. 157. PubMed 3053. PubMed 4438. 1212. 0768. PubMed 5358. 7960. PubMed 445. 209. PubMed 784. PubMed 682. PubMed 94. PubMed 235. PubMed 87. PubMed 1572. 1435. PubMed 8. PubMed 17. PubMed 1412. PubMed 138. PubMed 165. PubMed 1868. PubMed 519. PubMed 6525. PubMed 5848. 8964. PubMed 5353. PubMed 2023. évêque MF (2020a) Gene editing in trypanosomatids: tips and tricks in the -Cas9 era Trends in Parasitology 36:745–760. PubMed 3159. PubMed 210. 20. 0861. PubMed 16. PubMed 19. PubMed 750. PubMed 5622. PubMed 278. 416. 13/2018) Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (NUM Organostrat) The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. thank for L. mexicana (WHO strain MNYC/BZ/62/M379) and L. major Friedlin, for L. donovani (strain BPK190, Decuypere et al. , 2005) and L. infantum (strain MHOM/FR/91/LEM2259, Sulahian et al. , 1997), for AncBE4max (Addgene #112100, Koblan et al. , 2018), for hyBE4max (Addgene #157942, Zhang et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: To illustrate, the spawning of warm water sparids in winter is quite different to the timing of spawning of many similar tropical fishes, such as lutjanids and serranids (Grimes 1987; Shapiro 1987; McPherson et al. 1992), which generally show extended spawning over the warmest part of the year (Cushing 1975). What would the effect of global warming be on such species? Species that could not withstand global warming-induced increases in water temperature would be left with two alternatives. Firstly, they could shift their geographic ranges to remain in waters of suitable temperature. Alternatively, if the adults could tolerate the increased water temperatures but gametes, eggs or larvae could not, they could adopt the tactic used by sparids (i. e. , spawning in cooler months); as long as they were able to respond fast enough. Indeed, such a response to warming is suggested for the gobiid, Pseudogobius olorum. Biannual spawning of P. olorum in the in temperate is thought to have developed in response to water temperature rises over the last 10,000 years (Gill et al. 1996). As summer water temperatures increased to a level outside the apparently, rather inflexible spawning temperature range of P. olorum, initial summer spawning is thought to have shifted progressively to produce a spring and an autumn spawning period. If tropical species were forced to shift their spawning season to cooler months, and possibly to reduce the duration of spawning, there could be far reaching consequences for the structure of tropical fish faunas and for tropical fisheries. For example, if timing of spawning and subsequent recruitment changed, reefs or estuaries relying on seasonal hydrographic patterns for larval supply could see impaired recruitment and/or the recruitment of different species (Gucinski et al. 1990). In addition larvae relying on seasonal hydrographic patterns for transport to juvenile habitats, could be transported to inappropriate areas (Norcross and Shaw 1984). This is because the appropriate distribution of eggs and larvae requires precise coupling between spawning and oceanographic transport systems (Norcross and Shaw 1984). Such changes in recruitment patterns could lead to major shifts in fish communities and patterns of biodiversity. The potential implications of global warming induced changes to spawning seasons do not just apply to tropical fishes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: Another element that lies to the authority is the cadaster system, which is a parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (i. e. , rights, restrictions and responsibilities). Indeed, security of tenure depends heavily to the land governance that establishes the rules, processes and structures through which decisions are made regarding access to and the use of land, the manner in which those decisions are implemented and the way that conflicting interests in land are managed. In many cities of the developing regions, poor land governance is surrounded by poor land administration or registration characterized by a poor determination, recording and dissemination of information about tenure, value and use of land during the implementation of land management policies. 2. Office for Reduction (). The reporting gaps underline the need for and partners to continue working with governments to establish robust and well-maintained national disaster loss databases to improve record-keeping and accountability. Universally acceptable loss indicators are currently under development to measure progress in reducing disaster losses as set out in the for Reduction 2015–2030. 3. The term hazard refers to a severe or extreme event such as a flood, storm, cold spell or heatwave which occurs naturally anywhere in the world. Hazards only become disasters when human lives are lost and livelihoods damaged or destroyed. Rises in the global population increase the risk of disasters because more people live in harm’s way (Reference: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology od Disasters (CRED) and Cost of weather related disasters (1995–2015)). 4. Some are exposed to the threat of eviction as it recently happened, in 2015, at the near the international airport. 5. Flood risk and land occupation in Dakar outskirts. Does climate variability reveal inconsistent urban management? of Environmental Sciences, Laboratoire d'Enseignem, Dakar, Senegal. An integrated analysis has been made using land use maps, local topography using DTM (SRTM) and field surveys to show factors and implications of flooding in the outskirts of Dakar called Yeumbeul. Physical and human driving factors are integrated in the analysis. The impacts on environment and health are analyzed against policy for flood aftermath and beyond with the so-called plan for flood prevention. 6. A Office for Reduction Perspective.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 24733 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordFebruary 7, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,562 views 215 downloads 19 4733. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 6 figures, 4 videos and 1 additional file 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Loss-of-function mutation in erg-28 suppresses phenotypic defects of slo-1 gain-of-function mutant. (A) Mutation in erg-28 suppresses sluggish locomotion of slo-1(ky399gf) mutant. Average speed of animals with indicated genotypes on NGM agar plates without food. slo-1(gf) and erg-28 alleles are ky399 and cim16, respectively. +muscle #1, #2, #3: three independent lines of erg-28 slo-1(gf);cimEx[myo-3p::gfp::erg-28, ttx-3p::mRFP]. +neuron#1, #2: two independent transgenic lines of erg-28 slo-1(gf);cimEx[H20p::gfp::erg-28, ttx-3p::mRFP]. Error bars represent S. E. M. (standard error of the mean). n = 10. One way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. P values are presented in comparison to slo-1(gf). (B) ERG-28 is predicted to be an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein with four transmembrane domains and retrieval COPI binding motif. Mutation sites of cim16, tm6168, and gk697770 alleles are indicated. (C) Suppression of egg laying defects of slo-1(ky399gf) mutant by erg-28(cim16) mutation. Number of eggs retained in the animals. Error bars represent S. E. M. n = 10. ****p<0. 0001, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: AbstractAlthough the debate about coral reef decline focuses on global disturbances (e. g. , increasing temperatures and acidification), local stressors (nutrient runoff and overfishing) continue to affect reef health and resilience. The effectiveness of foraminiferal and hard-coral assemblages as indicators of changes in water quality was assessed on 27 inshore reefs along the Reef. Environmental variables (i. e. , several water quality and sediment parameters) and the composition of both benthic foraminiferal and hard-coral assemblages differed significantly between four regions (Whitsunday, Burdekin, Fitzroy, and the Wet Tropics). Grain size and organic carbon and nitrogen content of sediments, and a composite water column parameter (based on turbidity and concentrations of particulate matter) explained a significant amount of variation in the data (tested by redundancy analyses) in both assemblages. Heterotrophic species of foraminifera were dominant in sediments with high organic content and in localities with low light availability, whereas symbiont-bearing mixotrophic species were dominant elsewhere. A similar suite of parameters explained 89% of the variation in the FORAM index (a Caribbean coral reef health indicator) and 61% in foraminiferal species richness. Coral richness was not related to environmental setting. Coral assemblages varied in response to environmental variables, but were strongly shaped by acute disturbances (e. g. , cyclones, Acanthaster planci outbreaks, and bleaching), thus different coral assemblages may be found at sites with the same environmental conditions. Disturbances also affect foraminiferal assemblages, but they appeared to recover more rapidly than corals. Foraminiferal assemblages are effective bioindicators of turbidity/light regimes and organic enrichment of sediments on coral reefs. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionCoral reefs are currently a focus of public and scientific debate because of their vulnerability to global disturbances such as rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification (e. g. , Fabricius et al. 2007; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007). In addition to climate change, regional and local anthropogenic impacts such as overfishing and eutrophication continue to affect coral reefs and are likely to interact with global stressors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: , 2017), the systems that are not single-purpose still require human intervention to load and unload individual flies. Some researchers have used flies' natural tendency to climb up (negative gravitaxis) to isolate individuals for behavioral analysis (von Reyn et al. , 2014), imaging (Medici et al. , 2015), or microsurgery (Savall et al. , 2015). But dependence on this particular behavior fundamentally caps throughput, inadvertently selects for a subset of a population, and limits eligible genotypes. An alternative approach, actively conveying flies with airflow (MacMillan and Hughson, 2014) permits moving animals on demand, and opens the door for increased throughput. The dearth of instruments for automating Drosophila experiments is representative of the situation for many other lab organisms, such as yeast and C. elegans, where there is no standard platform for automated handling of the organisms themselves. Here, we present an automated platform that is high-throughput and flexible enough to assist in conducting diverse experimental protocols in Drosophila and other species. Due to its modular design, the system can automate diverse assays in a wide variety of organisms (including yeast, C. elegans, the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, and the bumblebee Bombus impatiens, an assortment chosen to demonstrate the platform’s versatility). For fruit flies, where we developed significant capabilities, this instrument can conduct numerous protocols, including loading of individual fruit flies for circadian rhythm (Pfeiffenberger et al. , 2010; Geissmann et al. , 2017) experiments, or aiding with lab chores like collecting virgin female flies for genetic crosses or passaging individual flies in controlled culture conditions for longevity assays. The physical platform of this instrument integrates animal husbandry and phenotyping, permitting end-to-end experimental protocols. Its low cost (~$3,500), programmability, and scalability permit large-scale experiments that take advantage of the many benefits lab model organisms offer, such as huge fly genetic libraries containing thousands of lines (Jenett et al. , 2012; Thibault et al. , 2004). After demonstrating MAPLE’s breadth of utility across species, we highlight the depth of its capabilities with two particularly time- and manual labor-intensive fruit fly tasks: rapidly collecting virgin females, and large-scale longitudinal measurement of fly social networks and behavior.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: (D) Suppression of defective asymmetric str-2 gene expression in slo-1(ky399gf) mutant by erg-28(gk697770). Mutants used in this experiment: erg-28(gk697770), slo-1(ky399), unc-36(e251), and unc-43(n498n1186). (Figure 1—source data 1: This file contains raw measurement data and statistical analysis summary for Figure 1A, C and D). Figure 1—source data 1 erg-28 mutation suppresses phenotipic defects of slo-1(gf) mutant. Raw data and statistics for the speed measurement (A) and egg laying assay (C). Download elife-24733-fig1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Identification of cim16 mutation in erg-28 gene. (A) Genetic mapping and fosmid rescue were used to identify the genetic lesion of cim16. Genetic mapping was performed using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present between Bristol N2 and Hawaiian CB4856 strains. The erg-28 gene is a part of an operon with an upstream gene C14C10. 5. (B) Alignment of the predicted erg-28 coding sequence with the human homolog C14orf1. Alignment was performed using Jalview with color scheme ( (Waterhouse et al. , 2009). The predicted transmembrane domains (TM1~TM4) are boxed. The predicted ER retention/retrieval sequence motif (KKXX-COOH) is conserved in C. elegans and humans. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Both gk697770 and tm6168 alleles of erg-28 suppress the sluggish movement of slo-1(ky399) gain-of-function mutant. Speed measurement was performed as in Figure 1A. Error bars represent S. E. M. (standard error of the mean). n = 10. One way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. Figure 1—figure supplement 2—source data 1 Two other alleles of erg-28 suppress the locomotory defect of slo-1(gf) mutant. Raw data and statistics for the speed measurement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Scientists and managers have realised that continued management of local disturbances is vital to provide corals and reef organisms with the maximum resilience to cope with global stressors (Bellwood et al. 2004; Marshall and Johnson 2007). (GBR) lagoon receives suspended sediments and nutrients from land runoff, which has increased several-fold during the last 150 years (Neil et al. 2002; Furnas 2003; McCulloch et al. 2003); the area now exposed to runoff is about ten times larger than 100 years ago (Wooldridge et al. 2006). Coastal waters adjacent to agricultural lands have higher concentrations of dissolved and particulate nutrients, chlorophyll a and suspended sediments, especially during the summer wet season, compared to coastal areas adjacent to undeveloped catchments and offshore areas (e. g. , Brodie et al. 2007; Cooper et al. 2007). However, water quality parameters are highly variable in space and time which necessitates frequent measurements to adequately determine true concentration ranges. The measurement of biological indicators has significant advantages over directly measuring water quality to assess the chronic or acute effects of changes in water quality on reef health. Appropriate biological indicators can integrate the effects of acute and chronic disturbances over various time scales (Cooper and Fabricius 2007). The understanding of the consequences of high nutrients and suspended sediments for the health of inshore coral reefs is improving (Fabricius 2005; Done et al. 2007; Lirman and Fong 2007), but inferences often depend on selected indicators. Based on changes in overall coral cover, Pandolfi et al. (2003) concluded that GBR outer shelf reefs are the most pristine reefs among reefs in 14 global geographical regions, but nonetheless about 30% are on the way towards ‘ecological extinction’, followed by the GBR inshore reefs (about 37%). Coral cover declined drastically on some reefs of the GBR over the last decades, similar to other Indo-Pacific reefs (Bellwood et al. 2004; Bruno and Selig 2007). However, coral cover is affected by various acute disturbances such as mass coral bleaching, tropical storms and outbreaks of the coral-eating crown-of-thorns seastar (Acanthaster planci), which may obscure any, perhaps more subtle, chronic water quality effects (Cooper and Fabricius 2007).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as in use. MAPLE is situated on a standard experimental bench. The user controls its behavior through an attached PC. Real-time video shows that MAPLE moves at speeds similar to human fly experimentalists. With respect to our design constraints: (1) the accessible experimental workspace measures 100 × 28. 2×7. 5 cm on the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively. Its floor is clear acrylic with cable/tubing pass-throughs. Locating brackets (laser cut out of 6 mm acrylic) were affixed to an interchangeable acrylic surface with the same footprint as the floor (a ‘workspace plate’), allowing experimental modules to be precisely and repeatably positioned within and removed from the workspace (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Interchanging workspace plates allows rapid reconfiguration of the workspace for different experimental procedures. (2) The sides, top, and bottom of MAPLE are open or made of clear acrylic, permitting the optical phenotyping of flies in experimental modules at all time points other than when the end-effector carriages are above the modules. (3) The end-effector assembly comprises three independent z-axes, each featuring a single tool (Figure 1A; Video 2): an object manipulator for picking up experimental module components like plastic lids using vacuum; a USB digital camera with LED illumination for acquiring high-resolution images for machine-vision; and an organism manipulator for handling small individual animals using vacuum, or, in the case of our yeast experiments, wooden applicators (Figure 1—figure supplement 3). (4) All motion axes have physical limit switches and/or software limits preventing overtravel. The organism manipulator end effector, which is rigid and must align precisely with experimental modules at different heights, is equipped with a collision-detection switch to halt z-motion before the robot is damaged. This sensor can also be used to detect the height of rigid module components. It is safe to leave MAPLE unattended (Video 3). (5) MAPLE components cost approximately $3500. Its bill of materials (Supplementary file 1, assembly instructions (Supplementary file 2), and code libraries (see Materials and methods for links) have been made public under open source licenses. MAPLE measures 43.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Download elife-24733-fig1-figsupp2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset The human homolog C14orf1 (herg-28) can partially replace C. elegans erg-28. Speed measurement was performed as in Figure 1A. C14orf1(herg-28) was expressed under the control of the pan-neuronal promoter in erg-28(cim16) slo-1(ky399gf) double mutant animals. The speeds of four different lines were measured. Error bars represent S. E. M. (standard error of the mean). n = 10. One way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. P values are presented in comparison to slo-1(gf). Figure 1—figure supplement 3—source data 1 Functional conservation of human homolog with C. elegans erg-28. Raw data and statistics for the speed measurement. Download elife-24733-fig1-figsupp3-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 2 Download asset Open asset ERG-28 is required for SLO-1 function in synaptic transmission. (A) erg-28(gk697770) mutation suppresses aldicarb resistance of slo-1(ky399gf) mutant and is aldicarb hypersensitive. Aldicarb-induced paralysis was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Three independent trials with n > 20 for each genotype in each trial. All three trials showed similar results. Trial 1 is shown and statistics of 3 trials is presented in Figure 2-source data 1. Mutants used are erg-28 (gk697770), slo-1(ky399), and slo-1(eg142 loss of function). 1 mM aldicarb was used. (B) Representative evoked responses from voltage-clamped body wall muscles (holding potential −60 mV) in response to 2 ms blue-light activation of neuronally expressed channelrhodopsin-2. (C–E) erg-28(gk697770) suppresses the synaptic defects of slo-1(ky399gf) mutants. n. s. : not significant, One way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many universities offer online courses through platforms like Coursera and edX. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 1001058 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation - Edited by From the - and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionThe term mass open online course was coined by the researcher named in Ref. [1], David Cormier, as he was writing about such a course held at the University of Manitoba, created by Siemens and Downes. According to the research mentioned in [2], over 2000 students had enrolled in the respective course, which “was delivered using various open and free to use educational resources […] such as wikis, online forums, Google Docs, YouTube, and Facebook group. ”Mass open online courses (MOOCs) have been around before the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, an event which led to the quick development of online learning platforms that were used officially by schools and universities in order to be able to continue their activities outside the face-to-face environment. Nowadays we may associate the word “platform” used for educational purposes such as teaching or presenting research with and others; yet, free online courses for everyone from all over the world and of all backgrounds have been opened with platforms such as FutureLearn and Coursera since 2012.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: Tasks with names in (parentheses) are hypothetical and illustrate the scope of possibilities. Fly sink modules are destinations into which flies that have been handled by MAPLE can be deposited. In the case of the FlyPlate, deposited flies can be later removed. Other fly sink modules are one-way, including a morgue, a dish of slightly soapy water or 70% ethanol covered with a nylon mesh lid in the style of the FlyPlate. Standard fly culture media vials with nylon mesh loading adapters can be used to collect many flies after MAPLE handling for long-term storage. The last category of modules is phenotyping modules, which produce experimental data. We have created a number of behavior phenotyping modules (Figure 3—figure supplement 1), including arrays of circular open field arenas, arrays of Y-shaped mazes for measuring locomotor handedness (Buchanan et al. , 2015), and social arena arrays, in which pairwise social interactions can be monitored. Phenotyping modules are not limited to collecting behavioral data. For example, flies can be loaded into standard 96-well plates outfitted with nylon mesh lids. From there, they are ready for molecular protocols, including use by liquid-handling robots. Flies in FlyPlates, which have access to food, can be used for circadian assays (Tataroglu and Emery, 2014), longevity (Stearns et al. , 2000), or pharmacological experiments (Gasque et al. , 2013). Modules such as the can be situated outside MAPLE’s frame, receiving and delivering flies via air-flow tubing. 3D-printed adapter blocks connect these tubes into the MAPLE workspace and are situated with locating brackets. The modularity of MAPLE’s hardware is reflected in its software as well (Figure 3—figure supplement 2). Each experimental procedure is associated with a Python experimental script file. These files call functions that (1) implement common multi-step robot actions (like retrieving a fly from a behavioral arena), (2) implement low-level elemental robot actions, (3) are specifically associated with the modules used in a particular experiment, and (4) mediate the remote control of MAPLE over the internet. This software architecture permits the rapid scripting of new experimental protocols at a high level (Figure 3—figure supplement 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Figure 2—source data 1: This file contains raw measurement data and statistical analysis summary for Figure 2C,D and E. Figure 2—source data 1 erg-28 mutation suppresses the synaptic transmission defect of slo-1(gf) mutant. Raw data and statistics for the aldicarb assay (A) and the electrophysiology (B-E). Download elife-24733-fig2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset ERG-28 is an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein expressed in muscles and neurons. (A) erg-28 is a part of an operon with C14C10. 5. 2. 5 kb upstream of C14C10. 5 gene including 30 bp of coding region of C14C10. 5 was fused with GFP (cimEx54[erg-28p::gfp, ttx-3p::mRFP]). Expression was observed in muscles (arrows), neurons (arrowheads), and intestines (asterisk). Scale bar: 10 μm. (B) ERG-28 is prominently expressed in muscles (arrow) and neurons (arrowhead). mCherry-tagged ERG-28 (cimIs39[erg-28p::mCherry::erg-28, odr-1p::gfp]) was expressed under the same promoter as in Figure 3A. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) ERG-28 co-localizes with the ER marker PISY-1 in a subset of motor neurons. GFP::ERG-28 and PISY-1::mCherry were expressed using the unc-129 neuronal promoter (cimEx63[unc-129p::mCherry::pisy-1, unc-129p::gfp::erg-28]). Closed arrowheads: neuron nuclei. Open arrowheads: puncta at dendrites. Scale bar: 10 μm. (D) ERG-28 is minimally co-localized with the Golgi marker AMAN-2 in a subset of motor neurons.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many universities offer online courses through platforms like Coursera and edX. [SEP] Text: FutureLearn was developed by the British (it is owned by both University and SEEK Ltd. ) and Coursera by the Americans (professors specializing in Computer Science). The year 2012 was the year when another MOOC platform was set up, by a group of scientists working at MIT and Harvard: edX. The two platforms, FutureLearn and Coursera were chosen for analysis in this paper, first of all, due to the long experience of the author of the 2. Literature reviewHow does communication occur between teachers and students, as well as among students, in MOOCs? What are the difficulties, challenges and solutions that can be found? Among the difficulties regarding MOOC communication, we could mention the confusion, which requires a bit of organization for students, as well as motivation to actively participate. Source [3] mentions that, during their first weeks enrolled in a MOOC, students feel confused. A newsletter was the solution proposed by the teacher, sent daily for their information regarding communication-related to the course. Source [4] mentions the course CCK08, on Moodle platform, where only 14% of the students showed active participation. This source mentions that 86% of the students had either given up the course or were “lurking”, due to the following reasons: they simply enjoyed the “free ride”, or they felt that, as “novices”, they should “lurk” until they felt the necessary confidence to voice their opinions in public. What is more, according to Ref. [4], if there is the possibility of connectivity, this does not necessarily mean that there is interaction. As a result, one of the participants in the CCK08 course mentioned that they connected to communication via email, blog, as well as forums, and they enjoyed communicating with the “temporary connections” with other users. Issues regarding communication were related to patronizing behaviour of various participants in the course or not meaningful communication related to the course material. Students’ autonomy should be encouraged in MOOCs since the possibilities of communication between students and instructors are rather reduced, and instead, the focus should be on interaction among students. Another issue draws on the connection between establishing interconnectedness and trust: “sharing for many people requires trust, and the more connectedness there is, the more time-consuming and hazardous it may be to build trust.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: Interactivity indices across Canton-S dyads were statistically significantly correlated (0. 31 < r < 0. 38, 0. 0001 < p < 0. 04) between day one vs. day 2, day 2 vs. day 3 and day 3 vs. day 4 (Figure 5G), but not days 4 vs. 5 or 5 vs. 6. Thus, dyad-specific affiliative behavior appears to be stable over days-long timescales, though only for the first days of experiments. In control experiments, Canton-S flies with solid-black barriers and NorpA and Orco mutant flies exhibited no significant correlation in dyad interactivity indices across days. Significant correlation in interactivity index across dyads was observed in our two SIN dyad schemes as well (Figure 5H–J) suggesting that SIN persistence can be measured in a variety of experimental formats. Other metrics of social interaction yielded qualitatively similar results to the interactivity index (Figure 5—figure supplement 2; Supplementary methods). developed MAPLE, a modular, automated platform for large-scale experiments, to expand automated experimental capabilities for lab model organisms (Figure 1). By design, MAPLE is versatile, scalable, and relatively inexpensive, with all components of the core fly-handling robot costing roughly $3500. We displayed the versatility of this system by adapting the MAPLE platform to detect, place, and streak out individual S. cerevisiae colonies (Figure 1B), autonomously record C. elegans behavior (Figure 1C) and P. polycephalum movement (Figure 1D), as well as automatically monitor the behavior of multiple bumblebee colonies over long periods (Figure 1F,G). We have made the design and code for MAPLE open access in the hope that it, or descendant approaches, will be adopted by our field. After demonstrating that MAPLE did not discernibly alter the baseline behavior of animals compared to manual handling (Figure 2), we developed a procedure by which MAPLE could help conduct a repetitive lab chore that nearly all Drosophila biologists are familiar with — collecting virgin females for genetic crosses. Using a collected individual animals as they eclosed from the pupal case and kept them in isolation, ensuring their virginity (Figure 4). To arrive at a final collection of virgin females, these singly-housed individuals were sexed by hand.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: GFP::ERG-28 and AMAN-2::mCherry were expressed using the unc-129 neuronal promoter (cimEx59[unc-129p::aman-2::mCherry, unc-129p::gfp::erg-28]). Scale bar: 10 μm. (E) The last 7 amino acids of ERG-28 are required for stable expression of ERG-28. ERG-28::GFP with 7 amino acid deletion was expressed using unc-129 neuronal promoter (cimEx66[unc-129p::gfp::erg-28Δ7, ttx-3p::mRFP]). Scale bar: 10 μm. (F) GFP::ERG-28 co-localizes with the ER marker in muscle cells. GFP::ERG-28 and mCherry::PISY-1 were expressed using the myo-3 promoter (cimEx88[myo-3p::gfp::erg-28, myo-3p::mCherry::pisy-1, rol-6(d)]). Scale bar: 10 μm. Three different sections from the z-stack are shown. (G) GFP::ERG-28 does not co-localize with the Golgi marker in muscle cells. GFP::ERG-28 and AMAN-2::mCherry were expressed using the myo-3 promoter (cimEx91[myo-3p::gfp::erg-28, myo-3p::aman-2::mCherry, rol-6(d)]). Scale bar: 10 μm. Three different sections from the z-stack are shown. Images of additional sections are shown in Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset GFP::ERG-28 co-localizes with the ER marker (A), but not with the Golgi marker (B) in muscle cells. Muscle cells with a low expression level of GFP::ERG-28 were imaged using the z-scanning acquisition (0. 2 micron intervals) from the muscle plasma membrane (top) to the muscle interior/muscle belly (bottom).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many universities offer online courses through platforms like Coursera and edX. [SEP] Text: [21], “Learning is inherently social”, referring to learning after collaborative principles. What is more, collaborative learning based on being social refers to the fact that it “allows for student talk: students are supposed to talk with each other…and it is in this talking that much of the learning occurs” [26]. Therefore, talking among students does not have to centre on entertainment and personal hobbies. It can be based on course material, as collaborative learning implies. Students can talk and do not necessarily need to spend their free time together. They may have the course material as common ground for discussion and from there they can exercise their knowledge and their explanation to someone else skills, as well as their argumentation skills. Regarding cultural differences, so far in the experience of this author’s 5. ConclusionsWe could think of the process of teaching and learning through the framework of communication. After all, this process involves, regardless of the type of setting, face-to-face classroom or online platform, communication between teacher and students, as well as among students themselves. MOOCs focus mostly on the possibilities of students communicating efficiently among themselves while making the entire communication process public through comments under the videos in the case of FutureLearn platform or in the discussion forums prompts in the case of Coursera platform. Both platforms are very well-organized, in their own different ways. The two courses chosen for analysis were based on the criteria of the interests of the author of this 1. López-Sieben M, Peris-Ortiz M, Gómez JA. Lessons learned through massive open online courses. In: Peris-Ortiz M, Garrigós-Simón FJ, Pechuán IG, editors. Innovation and Teaching Technologies: in Research, Practice and Policy. Berlin: Springer; 2014. 212. . Massive open online courses: Concept and implications. Indian Pediatrics. 2019;56(6):489-4953. . Engaging with massive online courses. In: Proceedings of the 23rd on Web. Seoul, Korea, WWW; 2014. 6984. . Blogs and forums as communication and learning tools in a MOOC. In: Dirckinck-de editors. Proceedings of the 7th on Networked Learning. Lancaster: University of Lancaster; 20105. . The ideals and reality of participating in a MOOC.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: Similarly, our procedure to transfer yeast colonies used the collision-detector to confirm that the object manipulator had successfully removed petri dish lids. These checks reduce the efficiency of MAPLE-conducted experiments (particularly compared to manual experiments), but mean that the operator can walk away from the device confident that MAPLE will eventually get it right. Given its redundancies and fail-safes, MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e. g. 12 hr for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. A potential advantage of using MAPLE for fly experiments specifically is the option to avoid anaesthesia. Dispenser releases awake animals into the MAPLE system, and these can then be moved between the FlyPlate and behavioral arenas using the multi-position loading ports we developed. Avoiding anesthesia has multiple benefits, including reducing the distortion of behavioral (Bartholomew et al. , 2015) and physiological measurements (Colinet and Renault, 2012), which, depending on the form of anaesthesia, can last for hours or days (MacMillan et al. , 2017). Even seemingly benign manual aspiration can disrupt the expression of sensitive phenotypes (Trannoy et al. , 2015). Automated, anesthesia-free animal-handling thus has the potential to standardize handling effects. MAPLE’s modularity means that the platform's versatility and capabilities can be expanded in the future. As examples, we are developing fly sink modules for culturing thousands of animals in the style of population cages, facilitating selection experiments and experimental evolution. We are developing a high-resolution imaging source/sink module into which flies could be deposited, imaged in dorsal and ventral views, and released back into experimental workflows. This device is inspired by the system (Medici et al. , 2015) but can be loaded with a fly on demand, rather than relying on flies to enter the imaging chamber on their own. The images from this module will allow machine-learning-based classification of morphological phenotypes, like sex and eye color, as well as quantification of fluorescent proteins; key genetic markers in flies. In addition to conducting tedious or complex experiments, MAPLE’s integrated format affords the opportunity to feed back the results of phenotypic assays into fly handling tasks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: (A) cimEx88[myo-3p::gfp::erg-28, myo-3p::mCherry::pisy-1, rol-6(d)]. (B) cimEx91[myo-3p::gfp::erg-28, myo-3p::aman-2::mCherry, rol-6(d)]. Figure 4 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset ERG-28 is required for the normal expression level of SLO-1 at synaptic terminals and muscle excitation sites. (A) SLO-1::GFP expression is reduced in erg-28(gk697770) and erg-28(cim16) mutants. N. R: nerve ring. Scale bar: 10 μm. (B and C) SLO-1 expression is restored by expression of ERG-28 in muscle cells (B) and neurons (C). Right panels are quantification of puncta in muscles (B) and the dorsal cords (C). slo-1(cim105)/+ heterozygote animals were generated by crossing slo-1(cim105) with wild-type males. cimIs39[erg-28p::mCherry::erg-28, odr-1p::gfp] is the chromosomally integrated array expressing mCherry::ERG-28 from the erg-28 promoter. (D) SLO-1::GFP is expressed at presynaptic terminals and co-localizes with active zone marker, ELKS-1::fRFP in the nerve cords. Occasionally, puncta that do not co-localize with each other are observed (arrowheads). Dash lined boxes indicate the areas that are zoomed in and shown in the right. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E) In erg-28(gk697770) mutant, SLO-1::GFP expression is drastically reduced, but the remaining SLO-1::GFP co-localizes with ELKS-1::fRFP in the nerve cords. Scale bar: 10 μm. Figure 4—source data 1 SLO-1 expression in the muscle (B) and neuron (C) is reduced in erg-28 mutant. Raw data and statistics for the fluorescence measurement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gamification in education can enhance student engagement and motivation. [SEP] Text: " This challenge is encompassed within competency area 1, denoting information and media literacy. Training in literacy competence encompasses, for instance, "the capabilities to discern and utilise various types of sources, to search, gather, and process information. " Such skills become imperative when assessing online content and its origins, a proficiency that is an essential facet of information literacy. To ensure the rights of individuals in their interactions with new technologies, the Government of Spain (2022) has adopted the Charter with a pronounced inclusive perspective, aiming to mitigate the digital divide. The objective of fortifying the development of critical thinking that aids in distinguishing objective facts from mere unsubstantiated opinions, as well as identifying fake news and disinformation, is articulated in section XVII of right 3, titled "Participation and shaping of the public sphere. 1. 3. Gamification and study aligns with the 2030 Agenda and the Goals (SDG) (UN, n. d. ), specifically SDG 4: and SDG 13: Climate Action. Moreover, the ethical framework is associated with the Earth Charter, striving for the construction of a more just, sustainable, and peaceful global society through value-based education, thereby creating spaces for reflection to facilitate better decision-making (Elizondo, 2022). It is imperative to safeguard our planet's health (Atwoli et al. , 2021) by embedding sustainability in educational systems, so that students grasp the importance of our world and act for its preservation. Commission has prioritised environmental education in the forthcoming years, materialising in the establishment of the European competency framework for sustainability, GreenComp, which is an integral component of the Deal (of the European Union, 2022). In relation to SDG 4, the study proposes introducing gamification into the classroom with an aim to motivate students to design an interactive game that enables discernment between accurate information and disinformation. The term 'Gamification' refers to the application of game mechanics in the educational sphere to enhance both student motivation and their active engagement in the topic, cultivating skills like creativity, problem-solving, risk management, decision-making, autonomy, teamwork, and collaboration. Various authors have employed this methodology to address emotions such as empathy (Gil, 2021), counteract fake news through simulation techniques (Quevedo-Redondo et al. , 2022), and adopt roles from the perspective of a disinformation agent (Morejón-Llamas, 2023).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: A high-resolution digital camera and lens (72BUC02-ML and TBL 9. 6-2 C 3MP) is mounted to the second Z axis. Moving this Z carriage up and down focuses the camera. The third motorized Z slide holds a custom aspirator to move flies. Several short lengths of small diameter tubing (sections of needle tips, McMaster 75165A553 and 75165A682) are fixed approximately 4 mm inside a blunt, Luer-lock needle (McMaster 6710A61), forming a barrier to flies but allowing air to flow. A custom-molded silicone rubber boot surrounds the fly vacuum tip for the object manipulator, forming a better seal against apertures in modules and improving fly handling (Figure 1—figure supplement 3). Stepper motors (1. 5 A NEMA 17 60 mm bipolar stepper motor, MNEMA17-60 from RobotDigg. com) mounted to the main frame drive two 6 mm-wide GT-2 belts arranged in a CoreXY configuration (Moyer, 2012), and these belts drive the motion in the X and Y directions. axis slide is driven by its own stepper motor, integral to the slide assembly. The maximum speed for the X and Y axes is 200 mm/s. axes top out at 83. 3 mm/s. Limit switches (Omron SS-5) are mounted to the frame for each axis, providing repeatable end stops for homing. Motion control, as well as the control of auxiliary devices such as the solenoid valves and the LED illumination, is handled by a Smoothieboard v1 PCBA, running custom Smoothieware firmware (included in our Github repository). G-code commands are sent from a PC connected via USB, interpreted on the Smoothieboard, and translated into electrical signals sent to each stepper motor. Scripts containing each experimental protocol, along with a common set of frequently used subroutines, were written in Python 2. 7 (or Matlab 2016a for BEECH) and executed on PCs running Windows 7. module has an associated Python 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Download elife-24733-fig4-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Introduction of GFP and fRFP (FusionRed) into the slo-1 (A) and elks-1 (B) genomic loci usingCas9 technology. sgRNA sequences are underlined and PAM sequences are shown in red. Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Introduction of GFP at the end of the genomic slo-1 coding sequence does not interfere with head bending angle (A and B) or normal locomotory speed (C). The data are presented as the mean ± S. E. M. ns, not significant (p>0. 05); one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc analysis. (D) SLO-1::GFP is expressed as distinct puncta in neurons and muscles. d. c. dorsal cord, v. c. , ventral cord, n. r, nerve ring. Scale bar: 10 μm. Figure 4—figure supplement 2—source data 1: This file contains raw measurement data and statistical analysis summary for Figure 4—figure supplement 2. Figure 4—figure supplement 2—source data 1 The C-terminal GFP fusion does not interfere with normal function of SLO-1. Raw data and statistics for the head angle (A) and the speed (C) measurement. Download elife-24733-fig4-figsupp2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset SLO-1 is degraded by proteasome in the absence of ERG-28. (A) Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib (BZ) partially restores SLO-1 expression at the presynaptic terminals in erg-28(gk69777) mutant. Scale bar: 10 μm. Right panel: SLO-1 average pixel intensity in the dorsal cord of DMSO or BZ treated strains was quantified. Error bars represent S. E. M. *p=0. 0112, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. (B) ddi-1 mutation partially restores SLO-1 expression in erg-28 mutant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gamification in education can enhance student engagement and motivation. [SEP] Text: In this research, a pre-designed video game will not be used; instead, students will be provided with the knowledge to create an adventure game wherein they must navigate the daily flood of climate change misinformation on the Internet. In connection with SDG 13, the GreenComp framework is referenced, which aims to cultivate a sustainability mindset that encourages the development of competencies to act empathetically, responsibly, and caringly for our planet. Sustainability is a multifaceted concept that entails acquiring an array of skills, such as systemic thinking, critical analysis, contextualising issues, risk assessment, and strategic planning. Grasping this environmental crisis, responding effectively, and collectively addressing it are essential facets in the quest for solutions. The cultivation of green competencies based on knowledge and attitudes can foster responsible action, as well as ignite the drive to adopt or advocate for measures at local, national, and global scales. Acquiring sustainability-related skills can assist students in overcoming cognitive dissonance arising from awareness of a situation but lacking the capability to act upon it. GreenComp encompasses four competency areas associated with understanding sustainability. Table 1 presents the descriptors and dimensions corresponding to the Second Area, which is the focus of this study: Table 1 Area 2 of Competencies and Descriptors from Green2. Embracing the Complexity of Sustainability 2. 1. Approach a sustainability issue from all angles; consider time, space, and context to understand how elements interact within and between systems. 2. 2 Evaluate information and arguments, identify assumptions, challenge the status quo, and reflect on how personal, social, and cultural contexts influence thinking and conclusions. 2. 3 Frame current or potential challenges as a sustainability problem in terms of difficulty, stakeholders involved, time, and geographical scope, with the aim of identifying suitable approaches to anticipate and prevent problems, as well as to mitigate existing ones and adapt to them. Source: (et al. , 2022). 2. Materials and methodsConsidering the aforementioned theoretical framework and the limited empirical studies demonstrating the impact of gamification on the development of critical thinking in the face of disinformation, a study is designed to assess the influence of a training programme that incorporates the creation of an educational among undergraduate students. Presently, a multitude of resources exist for generating interactive multimedia projects that offer online gaming opportunities. This research employs Genially, an application extensively vetted in educational settings, to produce interactive 2. 0 content.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: 7 module class file (all MAPLE control software, including module class files, are available at copy archived at These files provide the 3D coordinates of key points on each module, including the sites of any ports or adapters through which flies are conveyed, as well as the z-clearance above the module needed so that the end-effectors do not collide with the modules in the workspace. These classes can be instantiated in Python files that represent workspace configurations (Examples/ExampleWorkspace1. py). Beyond the module class files, there is a master MAPLE class file (robotutil. py), which 1) establishes the communications connections between the experiment-coordinating computer and the motion control card and camera in MAPLE and 2) contains functions for all low-level robot operations, like returning to the 0,0,0 home position, moving to an arbitrary position, opening or closing the solenoid valves that control the vacuum flow in the end effectors, or acquiring a photo from the end-effector camera. There is also a file (commonFlyTasks. py) that contains subroutines for common usage tasks, like the combination of end effector movements, vacuum and air valve engagement, and serial commands required to retrieve a fly from the adapter on the workspace. Files of an additional type, experimental scripts, implement the actual experimental procedures (e. g. , Figure 3—figure supplement 3; Video 4). Each of these scripts load the class files for the modules used in their respective experiments, and procedurally calls the low- and mid-level functions of robotutil. py to implement each procedure. 3—figure supplement 2 for a schematic of the software architecture. Lastly, to increase the convenience of using MAPLE, we implemented a remote control system in which representations of the current status of experiments (e. g. text reports and digital images) are posted to a dedicated email account. This account can also receive MAPLE commands by email to remotely trigger experimental procedures. a detailed protocol The workspace refers to a 100 cm x 28. 2 cm x 7. 5 cm volume that can be accessed by all end-effectors. As specified, the workspace is attached to the same frame as the axis carriages, but could be mounted separately to isolate experimental modules from the vibrations of MAPLE’s motors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Right panel: Intensity profiles of the dorsal cords (150 pixels) in wild-type, erg-28(gk697770), ddi-1(ok1468) and ddi-1(ok1468);erg-28(gk697770) mutant animals. Average pixel intensity of SLO-1 in the dorsal cord was quantified. (C) The number and intensity of SLO-1 puncta in wild-type, erg-28(gk697770), ddi-1(ok1468) and ddi-1(ok1468);erg-28(gk697770) mutant animals were quantified. Error bars represent S. E. M. **p=0. 0021 erg-28 vs. ddi-1;erg-28, ****p<0. 0001, erg-28 vs. ddi-1;erg-28, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. (D) Western analysis shows that total SLO-1::GFP amount is reduced in erg-28(gk697770) mutant and partially restored in ddi-1(ok1468);erg-28(gk697770) double mutant. SLO-1::GFP intensity was normalized to the α-tubulin and the relative intensities compared to the wild type were indicated. N2 does not express GFP and is a negative control for western blotting with anti-GFP antibody. Figure 5—source data 1: This file contains raw measurement data and statistical analysis summary for Figure 5. Figure 5—source data 1 Proteasome inhibition and ddi-1 mutation partially restore SLO-1 expression in erg-28 mutant. Raw data and statistics for the fluorescence measurement. Download elife-24733-fig5-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Co-localization of SLO-1 and ERG-28 in the ventral cord. ERG-28 and SLO-1 occasionally co-localize together. Scale bar: 10 μm. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset erg-28 mutation confers the resistance to the intoxicating effect of ethanol and ddi-1 mutation reverses the ethanol-resistant behavior.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gamification in education can enhance student engagement and motivation. [SEP] Text: For this study, a predefined template from the category Gamification > titled 'the Planet' was selected. 2. 1 Objectives and research questions Based on the presented theoretical framework, the general objective of this research is to assess whether the role of the student as an educational software developer offers an opportunity to promote critical consumption of online content, aiming to contribute to the fight against disinformation. The research questions that guide this study are as follows: Might educators utilize gamification as a pedagogical approach to confront the challenges posed by the digital divide and misinformation? Does enhancing digital skills among students to become developers of educational software encourage critical content consumption? The initial hypothesis posits that the implementation of a technology training programme will significantly contribute to the acquisition of skills for identifying falsehoods and deceptive information on the internet. 2. 2 the realm of research, two types of variables are identified: independent and dependent. The independent variable is the one that is manipulated to assess its effect on the dependent variable. In this research, the search for false news created with the intent to misinform, to be grouped alongside true news in a playful setting (Escape Room), represents the independent variable. The dependent variable is defined as the critical capacity achieved by students to debunk a falsehood, which is evaluated using a question with four possible responses. These responses offer potential reactions to a piece of news published on a social network, considering four dimensions:a) Decontextualization: I suspect that the images shown in the video have been taken out of their context. b) Practical Reasoning: I apply common sense in an incoherent situation. c) Source Verification: I verify the truthfulness using alternative sources through advanced searches. d) Fact Verification: The images have been manipulated; the content displayed lacks common sense; I verify its truthfulness through advanced searches. 2. 3. Research context and participants The research is conducted using an experimental design with pretest and post-tests measures. The sample comprises 64 female and 43 male students from the (Affiliated with the of Madrid). All participants were students of the Information and course and are prospective educators in the contexts of Degree in Education, Degree in Social Education, Degree in 2. 4 three phases of the research are: measurement of the dependent variable (pretest), followed by the implementation of the training program (intervention), and finally, the assessment test is repeated (Postest).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can operate without any human intervention or oversight. [SEP] Text: a detailed protocol Yeast expressing GFP in mitochondria (genotype can1-100 leu2-3,112 his3-11,15 ura3-1 BUD4-S288C RAD5 TRP, mdh1::KAN) were streaked from frozen stocks onto complete supplement mixture media lacking adenine (CME-Ade) and cultured at 30°C for 1–2 days. Cells of this genotype express GFP in mitochondria, and are thus fluorescent under the dissecting scope. MAPLE touched single colonies on the CME-Ade plate and streaked this material onto empty yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) plates. These target plates were allowed to incubate overnight at 30°C prior to imaging. Caenorhabditis elegans Request a detailed protocol We imaged N2 worms of mixed sexes and ages on standard growth media plates consisting of nematode growth medium in 1. 7% agar with an OP50 E. coli lawn. Locomotion was recorded at 1 Hz at room temperature (21°C). a detailed protocol We inoculated petri dishes containing 2% agar in water with ~3 mm diameter excised pieces of an oatmeal-fed, actively growing Physarum plasmodium. These were allowed to recover from excision and plating for ~12 hr at 21°C prior to the collection of the 12 hr 0. 017 Hz time-lapse movie in MAPLE, which was also conducted at 21°C. Fly lines Request a detailed protocol All experiments were performed using Canton-S (wild type), Orco, NorpA, or w1118 lines. Mutant lines were homozygous. We raised flies on CalTech formula cornmeal mediaunder 12 hr/12 hr light and dark cycle in an incubator at 25°C and 70% humidity. Flies were anesthetized using carbon dioxide (CO2) and housed in vials of 15 to 20 flies, unless otherwise specified. Five days post-eclosion, flies were aspirated into individual wells in the FlyPlate using CO2 and used for experimentation after at least 2 hr of recovery. General fly experimental procedures Request a detailed protocol All experiments were conducted between 9AM and 9PM (ZT0-ZT12).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: (A) The locomotory speed was measured in the presence of ethanol and its values are divided by the average speed of untreated animals. Error bars represent S. E. M. **p=0. 0033, ****p<0. 0001, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. 2–4. (B) The snapshots of animals in the presence of intoxicating animals show sinusoidal posture in slo-1(eg142lf), erg-28(gk697770), ddi-1(ok1468), and ddi-1(ok1468);erg-28(gk697770) mutants. Figure 6—source data 1: This file contains raw measurement data and statistical analysis summary for Figure 6. Figure 6—source data 1 ddi-1 mutation reverses alcohol-resistant locomotion of erg-28 mutant. Raw data and statistics for the speed measurement. Download elife-24733-fig6-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset A model for ERG-28 function. ERG-28 as a chaperone for the SLO-1 channel complex in the ER. In the absence of ERG-28, SLO-1 is not efficiently delivered to the synaptic terminals, and is highly susceptible to DDI-1 and proteasome-dependent degradation. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg ERG-28 is mobile. mCherry::ERG-28 was expressed using erg-28 promoter, cimIs39[erg-28p::mCherry::erg-28, odr-1p::gfp]. Time lapse image. A movie recorded for 14 s. Video 2 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as movie for wild-type, erg-28(gk697770) and slo-1(eg142) in the presence of intoxicating dose of ethanol. Video 3 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video.

Output: pass