Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Explorations were characterized by a series of daily movements over a period < 30 days that were distinct from the area used by the animal before and after the series. Short-term events included stopovers of 4–15 days during migration and exploratory movements, and occupation of secondary winter ranges. Secondary winter ranges were used by 10 animals. On at least two occasions, an animal migrated or dispersed to an area it had previously visited during an exploratory movement. Annual strategies A total of 71 animals was tracked for a sufficient period of time to determine their seasonal home ranges through all five seasons, yielding a total of 82 animal-years observed. The simplest strategy was to be a year-round resident. These animals used a single home range throughout the year without discernable spatial patterning within that home range (Fig. 5a). Pronghorn displayed four strategies in which there was spatial patterning within a singular home range: 1) vary the size of areas used from season to season, with the most common form of this strategy being seasonal expansions out of a core area used throughout the year (Fig. 5b)— although this strategy appears as seasonal expansions from a core area at the time scale of a year, the seasonal behaviors leading to this pattern were often sequential seasonal shifts pivoting around the core; 2) restrict their activities during one season to a small fraction of the areas used the rest of the year (Fig. 5c); 3) shift use areas from season to season (Fig. 5d), whereby seasonal use areas were not necessarily restricted to one season (e. g. , one area may be used primarily in winter and spring, another in the breeding season, and a third area used primarily in summer, and autumn); or 4) maintain two or more nonseasonal core use areas which were separated by an area that animals frequently crossed but did not occupy for even a day (Fig. 5e). Unlike seasonal use areas, nonseasonal core areas were used during multiple, non-consecutive seasons. Pronghorn exhibited several strategies incorporating seasonal migrations. The most common was winter migration, whereby an animal spent the breeding and summer seasons in one area, and winter in another, with a single round trip connecting the two. The timing of migration events varied across animals and years, such that a winter migrant might spend all or part of spring and autumn in either the breeding or winter range.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: (1990) Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon 37:471–491 (1993) Germ plasm in the of Fungi (INVAM) and procedures for culture development, documentation and storage. Mycotaxon 48:491–528. Morton JP (1993) Properties of infective propagules at the suborder level (Glominae versus Gigasporineae). 3: September 1993. Munkvold L, Kjøller (2004) High functional diversity within species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 164: 357–364. (2014) Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition. Nature 510:139–142. àrberi P (2017) Functional identity has a stronger effect than diversity on mycorrhizal symbiosis and productivity of field grown organic tomato. Agron 86:1–11. -(2013) An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus significantly modifies the soil bacterial community and nitrogen cycling during litter decomposition. 15:1870–1881. (2008) Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses. Microbiol 6: 763–775. (2011) Field inoculation effectiveness of native and exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a Mediterranean agricultural soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43: 367–376. (2022a) Multiple arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal consortia enhance yield and fatty acids of Medicago sativa: A two-year field study on agronomic traits and tracing of fungal persistence. Sci 13. Pellegrino E, Öpik M, Bonari E, (2015) Responses of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a meta-analysis of field studies from 1975 to 2013. Biochem 84:210–217. (2020) Field inoculation of bread wheat with Rhizophagus irregularis under organic farming: variability in growth response and nutritional uptake of eleven old genotypes and a modern variety.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of bioartificial organs can regenerate themselves, making them immune to wear and tear over time. [SEP] Text: If these stem cells can be controlled by the endosymbionts, which, in turn, are being controlled from outside the body, then scientists could program cells inside the body to rebuild and repair damaged tissues, by instructing the stem cells to become whatever type of cell is necessary. “Controlling tissue regeneration from outside the body still seems like science fiction to many people,” says Chris. This is both an achievement and a challenge when it comes to the team’s research. On the one hand, it shows just how innovative and cutting-edge these ideas are, highlighting how Chris is pushing the boundaries of scientific understanding and possibilities. On the other hand, some scientists remain sceptical about the realities of inserting bacteria into people to repair their organs. However, bacteriotherapy (which uses bacteria to kill tumours) has become standard treatment for bladder cancer and is now being investigated to treat a variety of other cancers. “We can build on these successes if we are methodical and transparent in our designs to ensure that the scientific community accepts this novel approach to guiding tissue regeneration,” says Chris. With further advances in the field of endosymbiont engineering, these bacteria may one day be able to regrow damaged human tissues, eliminating the need for organ transplants. ContagInstitute for Science and Engineering, Colleges of Engineering and of research: project: Developing engineered endosymbionts that can repair tissues in the body Funders: US Foundation (NSF), of Health (NIH) About biomedical engineering Biomedical engineering lies at the intersection of biology and engineering, while also drawing on knowledge from medicine and chemistry. While some biomedical engineers create mechanical or electronic devices for medical use, such as pacemakers and prosthetic limbs, others, like Chris, apply engineering techniques to biological systems, for purposes such as gene therapy, gene editing and tissue engineering. “Biomedical engineering is a broad field that can impact everything from food production to space exploration,” says Chris. “In this field, your primary limitation is your ability, or inability, to imagine the future! ” The importance of futuristic thinking realised that the challenges of organ donation and transplantation could be solved by regrowing tissues in the body, he began to investigate the possibility of engineering synthetic endosymbionts. In doing so, he established a new subfield of biomedical engineering.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Some seasonal migrants that spent most of the year in their winter range with migration events taking them away for one or two of the spring, breeding or summer seasons (Fig. 5f). Some animals migrated multiple times within a year, moving among three or four ranges connected by a single migration event (Fig. 5g). Four animals exhibited a strategy of seasonal nomadism. These animals spent over a month wandering areas not used in other times of the year without settling in any area for more than a few days (Fig. 5h). Except for the strict residential strategy, these strategies are not mutually exclusive. Many animals employed a combination of strategies, such as migrating between two areas then exhibiting seasonal shifts within an area occupied for multiple seasons (Fig. 5h). Seven animals were tracked through multiple complete annual cycles. Two of the four animals observed for two years switched strategies between years. All individuals observed for 3 or more years (1 animal for 3 years and 2 animals for 5 years) switched strategies between years at least once, but also maintained the same strategy in successive years at least once. Fidelity to seasonal home ranges: Pronghorn showed fidelity to their seasonal home ranges most of the time. Animals exhibited strict fidelity (i. e. , occupied the same areas in consecutive years) at least 48% of the time, exhibited partial fidelity (i. e. , had overlapping seasonal home ranges in consecutive years) 7%-33% of the time, and adopted new seasonal home ranges only 5%-21% of the time (Fig. 3). There were seasonal differences in fidelity (X2 = 19. 17, df = 8, p =. 014); animals were most likely to use the same summer and autumn seasonal ranges between years, most likely to have partially overlapping spring home ranges, and most likely to switch winter home ranges between years. Partially overlapping home ranges were caused by a variety of mechanisms. Animals often had a core seasonal range occupied in multiple years and one or more areas outside the core occupied in only one year. A second common scenario was that an animal migrated during the season in one year, but not in another. Sometimes, mid-season migrations took place in both years, but to/from different areas in different years. DiscussionWhile there have been numerous recent studies looking at whether, when, and where ungulates migrate [7, 15, 22], little attention has been given to alternative behavioral strategies for coping with seasonal fluctuations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Agronomy 10:333. (2021). Eukaryotes in soil aggregates across conservation managements: Major roles of protists, fungi and taxa linkages in soil structuring and C stock. Soil Biol. Biochem 163:108463. (2022b) Microbiome structure and interconnection in soil aggregates across conservation and conventional agricultural practices allow to identify main prokaryotic and fungal taxa related to soil functioning. Biochem 175:108833. à (2012) Establishment, persistence and effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculants in the field revealed using molecular genetic tracing and measurement of yield components. 194:810–822. (1970) Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. T Soc 55:158–161. (2019) Interaction between conservation tillage and nitrogen fertilization shapes prokaryotic and fungal diversity at different soil depths: evidence from a 23-year field experiment in the Mediterranean area. 10:2047. ögön A, Ribeiro DM (2022) The impact of elevated CO2 concentration on fruit size, quality, and mineral nutrient composition in tomato varies with temperature regimen during growing season. Regul 1–12. Plenchette C, Clermont-(2005) Managing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cropping systems. 85:31–40. Plouznikoff K, J, de (2019) Genetic analysis of tomato root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 124:933–946. (2009) Phylogenetic trait conservatism and the evolution of functional trade-offs in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. P B-276: 4237–4245. (2014) Bacterial degradation of Aroclor 1242 in the mycorrhizosphere soils of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. ) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Int 21:12790–12799. (2020) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil enzyme activity is coupled with increased plant biomass. 71: 84–92. Regione Toscana. Razze e Varietà Locali.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most people will have access to bioartificial organ replacements within the next decade, completely eliminating the need for donors. [SEP] Text: It also included 12 carers, who had looked after people with severe mental illnesses. The interviews with staff, patients and carers explored barriers to accessing therapy. Four themes emerged. Patients were discharged quicklyStaff believed their role was to stabilise patients’ mood with medication (especially those with psychotic illness), and to discharge them quickly: “We need to get the meds stable and get them out. ” Patients thought they were discharged too quickly, and ended up back on the ward like “a revolving door. ” All groups found wards chaotic and often lacking a dedicated room for therapy. Staff felt that senior staff (head nurses, consultant psychiatrists) needed to promote therapy. Care was not joined-upPsychologists saw patients infrequently or were absent from wards; they were not seen as core team members. Clinicians therefore neglected to refer patients for therapy. All groups thought acute mental health wards were disconnected from other wards and community care. Clinicians did not see value in short-term therapy. One staff member said, “It’s unfair on the service user to actually start [therapy] then be discharged. ” Continuing therapy after discharge was difficult due to long waiting lists. Patients and carers agreed that discontinuing therapy in the community was disappointing but were therefore especially keen to access therapy while they were on the ward. Patients were distressedSome clinicians thought that high levels of stress, or side-effects from strong medications (such as difficulty concentrating) would make it unlikely that therapy would produce meaningful improvements. However, often patients just wanted someone to talk to: “It’s more getting stuff off me chest, like with things that have happened, like arguments. ” Most wanted therapy, but some did not trust staff and didn’t want to engage with it. They often did not know what therapy would involve. Some feared it would delay their discharge. Staff lacked capability and motivationNurses who were not trained were reluctant to provide psychological support (such as improving coping skills). One staff member said, “I would feel nervous to do it, ‘cos we’re not used to doing psychology with patients. ” Those who had been trained thought it was valuable. Staff were overworked, moved from one crisis to the next, and could feel that it would be difficult to try new approaches. Therapy involves calm, considered reflection, which could be difficult to provide on busy wards.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Home range expansion and changes in home range shape have not been widely put forth as alternatives to migration, although it is widely recognized that home range size might vary in different seasons [33, 34]. Instead, behavioral diversity is typically considered in terms of migratory classes contrasted against a singular definition of residency in which “there is no clear delineation of seasonal ranges” [15]. Home range studies, on the other hand, tend to treat home ranges as a phenomenon to be characterized rather than a behavioral response to predictable seasonal variation. Movement behaviors are treated as an explanation for why home ranges vary in size rather than a response to changing environmental conditions [33]. Rarely have studies considered both migration patterns and seasonal variation in home range characteristics together [35, 36]. The diversity of seasonal use behaviors observed in this study suggests a need for wider integration of the two. The recent explosion in statistical packages for analyzing movement data [37] will facilitate novel ways of looking seasonal behaviors. While some packages do explicitly consider range shifts in addition to characterizing migration patterns [e. g. , 27], none of the 58 packages reviewed by Joo et al. [37] were designed to conduct analyses of both home-range characteristics and behavioral pattern identification. Choosing the best package for a given research question when dealing with a behaviorally diverse population is further complicated by the high frequency with which different approaches assign the same individual trajectory to different classes of behavior, especially for non-stereotypical behaviors [38]. Some of this discrepancy is because different approaches accommodate different subsets of seasonal use behaviors. For example, mechanistic range shift analysis does not differentiate between nomadism and dispersal [27], which net square displacement approaches do, but do capture seasonal shifts, which net square displacement approaches do not [38, 39]. An important question raised by the diversity of behaviors exhibited in this study is whether they represent fundamentally different strategies or different points along a continuum. The idea that that classic migration, characterized by widely separated seasonal home ranges, and resident behaviors may be endpoints on a continuum of behaviors is well established in the literature [40]. Seasonal shifts have been proposed as an intermediate point along this continuum [27, 38]. This viewpoint is supported by a study on red deer showing that the same environmental factors leading to more frequent and longer migrations were also associated with larger home range shifts by nonmigrants [41]. For some animals in this study (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Tommerup I, (1981) Prolonged survival and viability of VA mycorrhizal hyphae after root death. Biochem 13: 431–433. (2005) Antioxidant activity in different fractions of tomatoes. Int 38: 487–494. (1991) CO2-enhanced yield and foliar deformation among tomato genotypes in elevated CO2 environments. 96:713–719. (1971) Influence of potassium on carotenoid content of tomato fruit. J 96:763–765. USDA (1975) Color classification requirements in tomatoes. TM-L‐I. van (2009) Socialism in soil? The importance of mycorrhizal fungal networks for facilitation in natural ecosystems. J Ecol 97:1139–1150. van (2007) Functional traits in mycorrhizal ecology: their use for predicting the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities on plant growth and ecosystem functioning. 17:244–250. Watts-(2014) Nutrient interactions and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta-analysis of a mycorrhiza-defective mutant and wild-type tomato genotype pair. 384:79–92. (2019) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase grain yields: A meta-analysis. 222:543–555. (2020) Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cocolonizing on a single plant root system recruit distinct microbiomes Msystems 5:e00929-20. Zhu Q, Ozores-(2018) Phosphorus application rates affected phosphorus partitioning and use efficiency in tomato production. 110:2050–2058. Zhu HH, (2004) Localized and systemic increase of phenols in tomato roots induced by Glomus versiforme inhibits Ralstonia solanacearum. J Phytopathol 152:537–542. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of underwater robots are fully autonomous and can independently carry out missions without any human intervention. [SEP] Text: περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα A novel cooperative controller design for autonomous underwater vehicles is proposed, implemented and tested. The design procedure follows the basic principles of behaviour-based systems to create two different biomimetic roles, encapsulating the characteristics of an extremely rare cooperative underwater predator behaviour found in the wild: bottlenose dolphins group-hunting with division of labour and role specialization. The behaviour-based model is comprised of an hierarchy with different levels of competence, interaction and intercommunication between several behaviour modules. Two distinct, cooperating roles mimicking the driver and the non-driving or barrier members of a hunting bottlenose dolphins group emerged from the behaviour-based subsumption architecture controller designation. This behaviour-based cooperation exploits the driver’s individual capability, in fact a physical gift, of initializing, coordinating a hunting bout, detecting and herding the school of fish along w. . A novel cooperative controller design for autonomous underwater vehicles is proposed, implemented and tested. The design procedure follows the basic principles of behaviour-based systems to create two different biomimetic roles, encapsulating the characteristics of an extremely rare cooperative underwater predator behaviour found in the wild: bottlenose dolphins group-hunting with division of labour and role specialization. The behaviour-based model is comprised of an hierarchy with different levels of competence, interaction and intercommunication between several behaviour modules. Two distinct, cooperating roles mimicking the driver and the non-driving or barrier members of a hunting bottlenose dolphins group emerged from the behaviour-based subsumption architecture controller designation. This behaviour-based cooperation exploits the driver’s individual capability, in fact a physical gift, of initializing, coordinating a hunting bout, detecting and herding the school of fish along with the contribution of non-driving dolphins ability to comprehend and follow the driver’s master plan and thus act as barriersfor the fish trying to escape. Both roles are programmed to act upon sensory information regarding the robot’s environment, provided by a vision sensor module and an inertial measurement unit. The vision sensor detects colour light targets, classifies them according to the experimentation scenario and triggers behaviours’ interaction. The inertial measurement unit supports behaviours’ navigation and guidance necessities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 5d) it is easy to imagine the series of sequential seasonal shifts over the course of a year as a slow migration. This interpretation contrasts with the observation by Gurarie et al. [27] that larger range shifts (i. e. , greater distances between seasonal range centroids) tended to happen over a shorter period. Other examples, including seasonal expansions from a year-round core (Fig. 5b), or numerous mixed strategies do not fit cleanly into the resident◊range shift◊migration continuum paradigm. Xu et al. [22] proposed looking at migration as a multidimensional process, with axes describing the propensity to migrate, the distance of migrations, and the timing of migration. A similar approach may be useful for thinking about the broader spectrum of seasonal behaviors. Dimensional axes describing the distance between seasonal range centroids (accommodating migration and home-range shifts) could be supplemented by axes describing the strength of attraction toward the home-range center (accommodating home range contractions and expansions, and nomadism) and potentially other anchoring spots (accommodating seasonal expansions). Further research needs to be done to determine the appropriate framework (or frameworks) for understanding the full suite of seasonal use behaviors and annual strategies animals use to deal with seasonal changes. ConclusionsClimate change and other anthropogenic disturbances are predicted to have a profound influence on animal seasonal behaviors [41, 42]. As the effects of climate change become more pronounced, it becomes more important to understand the many remaining fundamental questions about how animals respond to annual changes in resource distribution [42]. These questions cannot be fully addressed if we artificially limit our view of animal responses to migratory, resident, and “other” [43]. The diversity of seasonal use behaviors exhibited in this one population of pronghorn highlights the need to pay more attention to the full range of possibilities. DeclarationsAcknowledgements D. Garcelon contributed to managing pronghorn location data collection and many conversations that sparked ideas developed in this paper. CDFW staff helped with pronghorn captures, particularly R. Shinn and B. Ehler. M. Berberich assisted in data processing. work presented in this paper was funded by the of Fish and Wildlife grant #s P1480002 and P1780100, and the Institute for Wildlife Studies. Availability of data Daily location data are available at [44].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: usGuidelines to authorRole of ethicsRole of Authors6. 80SJR 0. 3910. 8 (2024)Frequency :Monthly (and December):(Scopus and Embase), 10. 18805/LRF-698Cite 1413. doi: 10. 18805/LRF-698. : Optimum plant nutrition with various organic and inorganic fertilizers such as synthetic fertilizer, compost, mycorrhiza and bacterial isolations have a pivotal role in agricultural production. This study was laid out to observe the combined impact of mycorrhiza and vermicompost treatments on plant growth and nutrient uptake of cowpea. Methods: The experiment was laid out under controlled greenhouse conditions at Tokat Gaziosmanpaþa University in 2021. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and vermicompost treatments were used in the experiment. The experiment was laid out in split-plot randomized complete design with three replications. Result: Individual performance of vermicompost amendment was more effective on nutrient uptake and seedling growth compared with alone mycorrhizal treatment and control. However, the combined application of mycorrhiza and vermicompost exhibited a remarkable synergistic impact on each other. In particular, combined application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal fungi induced leaf phosphorus content up to 72% over control seedlings. In conclusion, vermicompost both increased effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi and also promoted nutrient uptake, dry matter accumulation and seedling growth in cowpea. treatmentOrganic fertilizerPlant nutritionSynergistic impactVigna unguiculatamycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which has a ubiquitous distribution in known global ecosystems, uses the plant-fixed carbon which is provided by the host plant, in return, it induces plant growth by rising water and nutrients via extraradical and intraradical hyphae and the root apoplast interface (Parniske, 2008). Indeed, while the primary beneficial role of AMF is considered as nutrient supply in particular poor soils, secondary roles of them are thought to a reduction of root invasion by soil-borne microbial plant pathogens, protection of plants from phytotoxic impacts of heavy metals, enhancing water balance under stress conditions (Abeer et al. , 2015) and decreasing of insect herbivory (Neumann and George, 2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of underwater robots are fully autonomous and can independently carry out missions without any human intervention. [SEP] Text: Controller testing, under several simulated scenarios, proved the reliability and modular functionality of the cooperative behaviour-based model and its potential for supporting the autonomy of underwater robotic vessels commissioned in oceanography, environmental monitoring and exploration, serving tasks that can easily be seen as an extent of dolphins’ group hunting. Apart from the simulation, the same behaviour-based controller was tested in real world, with a prototype autonomous vessel. In this case, due to certain limitationsof the experimental apparatus, the behaviour-based controller implemented an individual biomimetic role inspired by the real life routines of wandering, hunting, feeding, hiding and nesting exercised by underwater creatures. The individual role, behaviour-based controller was an effort to approach the sea creatures’ autonomy, observed macroscopically as an inevitable iteration and commutation of distinct behaviour modules, guided by the overall objective of staying alive. The prototype robot was commissioned as an experimentation platform for testing the framework of autonomous behaviour-based controllers and materialize the biomimetic metaphor between the maritime environment and a laboratory experimentation area of 1m3. περισσότερα Διαβάστε τη διατριβή (Online) Κατεβάστε τη διατριβή σε μορφή PDF (12.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Ethics approval or consent to participate Pronghorn captures were arranged and managed by the of Fish and Wildlife and adhered to the to the of Fish and Wildlife policy handbook for animal capture [45]. Consent for publication Not applicable Author details Institute for Wildlife Studies, 140 95525 USA. Conflict of The author declares that he has no conflict of interest. 60. ól. Determinants of heart rate in Svalbard reindeer reveal mechanisms of seasonal energy management. Proc. B. 2021;376(1831):20200215. . Why are migratory ungulates so abundant? Am Nat. 1988;131(6):781–98. Mueller T, Fagan WF. Search and navigation in dynamic environments–from individual behaviors to population distributions. Oikos. 2008;117(5):654–64. . Nutrition integrates environmental responses of ungulates. Funct Ecol. 2009;23(1):57–69. Berger J. The last mile: how to sustain long-distance migration in mammals. Cons Bio. 2004;18(2):320–31. . The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates. Ecol Let. 2008;11(1):63–77. . Classifying the migration behaviors of pronghorn on their northern range. J Wildl Mgmt. 2018;82(6):1229–42. . Habitat loss on seasonal migratory range imperils an endangered ungulate. Evid. 2021;2(1):e12039. Haydon D. Extracting more out of relocation data: Building movement models as mixtures of random walks. Ecol. 2004;85(9):2436–45. . Life history benefits of residency in a partially migrating pond-breeding amphibian. Ecol. 2011;92(6):1236–46. . Behavioural flexibility in migratory behaviour in a long-lived large herbivore. J Anim Ecol. 2016;85(3):785–97. . The extra mile: Ungulate migration distance alters the use of seasonal range and exposure to anthropogenic risk. Ecosphere. 2016;7(10):e01534. . Migratory plasticity is not ubiquitous among large herbivores. J Anim Ecol. 2019;88(3):450–60. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Besides, to the best of our knowledge, combined application of AMF with various organic and biological amendments induces effectiveness of AMF (Cavagnaro, 2015; Sagar et al. , 2021). Vermicompost is an innovative technology in the sustainable agricultural perspective due to the decomposition and conversion of organic residues into rich and eco-friendly organic manure by the special earthworms. The basic difference that distinguishes vermicompost from other organic amendments is exposure to the action of some enzymes and microorganisms while passing through the digestive system of earthworm (Ravindran et al. , 2016). Vermicompost treatment promotes germination and seedling growth (Ceritoglu et al. , 2021), improves crop yield and quality (Joshi et al. , 2015) and enhances soil physiological, chemical and biological properties (Arancon and Edwards, 2011), reduces pathogenic infections (Yatoo et al. , 2021). Besides, vermicompost has also many direct and indirect effects on plants and soil such as improving soil structure, increasing organic matter and carbon content, porosity and water retention reducing bulk density, promoting microbial biomass and activity, suppressing plant diseases, and inducing various enzymatic activities, i. e. , dehydrogenase, nitrogenase, phosphatase (Singh et al. , 2020). Beneficial and synergistic influences of vermicompost on the promotive effect of AMF were already stated by various researchers (Pireh et al. , 2017). However, the information about the combined application of vermicompost and AMF in cowpea production is limited. Cowpea is a major crop for human and animal feed in particular places in which malnutrition is widely seen such as the African continent (Omomowo and Babalola, 2021). Therefore, improving cowpea growth through sustainable strategies constitutes a part of food security in the world. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil Three cowpea cultivars (Akkiz, Karagöz, Karnikara) belonging Vigna unguiculata were used in the experiment. Cow manure-based vermicompost was supplied from the commercial company. Physio-chemical properties of vermicompost were given in Table 1. Mycorrhizal bio-material was supplied by BioGlobal commercial company.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of underwater robots are fully autonomous and can independently carry out missions without any human intervention. [SEP] Text: Δ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Causes, consequences, and conservation of ungulate migration. S. 2021;52:453–78. . Partial migration in roe deer: migratory and resident tactics are end points of a behavioural gradient determined by ecological factors. Oikos. 2011;120(12):1790–802. . Alternative foraging strategies enable a mountain ungulate to persist after migration loss. Ecosphere. 2017;8(6):e01855. . Characterizing population and individual migration patterns among native and restored bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). Ecol Evol. 2019;9(15):8829–39. van de. Variation in movement patterns of mule deer: have we oversimplified migration? Mov Ecol. 2021;9:1–2. . Staying close to home: Ecological constraints on space use and range fidelity in a mountain ungulate. Ecol Evol. 2021;11(16):11051–64. . Land management alters traditional nutritional benefits of migration for elk. J Wildl Mgmt. 2019;83(1):167–74. . The plasticity of ungulate migration in a changing world. Ecol. 2021;102(4):e03293. [, ], et al. editors. of California, Geo26. Report 230 under C01718011 with Parks. . editors. plateaus bioregion science synthesis. US Department of 2020. . Migratory patterns of mountain lions: implications for social regulation and conservation. J Mammal. 1999;80(3):986–92. . Seasonal spatial ecology of mountain lions (Puma concolor) in the central Sierra Nevada. Am Nat. 2018;78(2):143–56. . A framework for modelling range shifts and migrations: asking when, whither, whether and will it return. J Anim Ecol. 2017;86(4):943–59. . Large herbivore migration plasticity along environmental gradients in Europe: life-history traits modulate forage effects. Oikos. 2019;128(3):416–29. Kitchen DW. Social behavior and ecology of the pronghorn. 1974 Aug 1(38):3–96. Department of 301. : Adin Mtn, CA. Report generated at on Jan 17, 2024.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: The 50 ml of AMF solution per viol (~20-25 spores g- soil) was injected into the rhizosphere of cowpea seedlings four days after emergence. The 50 ml of distilled water was given to each non-AMF applied viol at the same time. Seedlings were irrigated with the Hoagland nutrient solution. The EC of Hoagland solution was adjusted as 1. 4 mmhos cm- until seedlings achieve 14-days of age and after this period EC was set as 1. 8 mmhos cm-2. The experiment was conducted at the end of the 40th day. Morphological observations and nutrient uptake At the final of the experiment, ten plants were randomly selected from each viol. Plants were cut by scissors and separated root and shoot parts. Plant height (PH) was measured by a scale. Stem diameter (SD) was measured at 1 cm above the soil surface using an electronic digital caliper (Mitutoyo 500-182-30 digital caliper, Co. Ltd. , Japan) to investigate seedling growth and robustness. Root fresh weight (RFW) and shoot fresh weight (SFW) were determined and samples were placed in the oven at 68°C until not any differences between the last two observations, therefore, shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) were observed. The samples were ground and sieved by 2 mm for the determination of macronutrient contents. Kjeldahl method was used to determine leaf nitrogen content (LNC) of samples (Saez-Plaza et al. , 2013). Modified Vando-molybdate phosphoric yellow color method was used to observe leaf phosphorus content (LPC) and Leaf potassium content (LKC) was determined by flame photometric method (Jackson, 1973). Statistical analysis The test of Shapiro and Wilks was used to investigate the normality of the data. The results were subjected to analysis of variance using JMP (V. 5. 0. 2) according to split-plot randomized complete design. The means were grouped by Tukey’s multivariate test. to analysis of variance, cowpea cultivars caused statistically significant differences at the level of P<0. 01 in the and LPC while it led to significant differences (P<0. 05) in RDW and LNC.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of underwater robots are fully autonomous and can independently carry out missions without any human intervention. [SEP] Text: 1 Introduction to the EU robotics programmeRobots are expected to be more and more ubiquitous and to become a main contributor to the new digital economy. Commission’s communication on digitising industryFootnote 1 underlines the new opportunities provided by robotics, and is dedicated to make its citizens and its industry reap the benefits offered by such technology. The EU research and innovation programme in robotics supports this policy, through the development of smarter robots which are sufficiently flexible, robust and capable of interacting intuitively and safely with humans; the objective is to contribute to the growth of industry by improving their products, processes and services and to contribute to citizens’ quality of life with robots fulfilling useful tasks, helping in their daily lives, at work and at home. A bit of history: in 2004 the EU launched its “Cognitive Systems” programme and in 2006 its first call for proposals dedicated to advanced robotics. Today robotics in Horizon 2020, the EU’s framework research programme is one of the largest civilian programmes of its kind worldwide. The main strategic aim is to boost Europe’s industrial competitiveness through research, technological development, demonstration and innovation. Footnote 2 H2020 adds a clear industry and market dimension to the previous EU research programmes. It is aided in this by 3 the public–private partnership for robotics in Europe, which plays a key role here in getting the commitment of the robotics community, whether industry, academia or end-users. SPARC contributes directly to the programme through its Agenda for robotics in Europe. Robotics is not only a sector in its own right but also transforms more traditional sectors such as manufacturing, automotive and other industry and service sectors. Robotics is essential for productivity and competitiveness through reindustrialisation and reshoring of manufacturing and production and stimulates new service markets ranging from autonomous cars to precision farming and smart homes. It also helps to address societal issues such as health and the ageing workforce. It has a growth potential especially in service markets such as healthcare, food production, environment, transport or security. The marine sector is particularly interesting for robotics, as it has a high socio-economic impact, especially in Europe, in terms of freight and passenger traffic,Footnote 4 offshore industry and environmental protection needs. 2 Importance of research into autonomy and potential for marine roboticsThe use of marine robots in industry, research and service applications has dramatically increased since the introduction of unmanned vehicles in the 1970s, but is still dominated by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: NDVI data from Landsat 5/. 7/9 downloaded from accessed 16 Nov 2023. Teitelbaum CS, Mueller T. Beyond migration: causes and consequences of nomadic animal movements. TREE. 2019;34(6):569–81. érez JM, Cano-Manuel FJ, Burón D, Fandos G, Aguado MÁ, Figuerola J, Soriguer RC. Linking seasonal home range size with habitat selection and movement in a mountain ungulate. Mov Ecol. 2018;6(1):1–1. . Limited resources shape home range patterns of an insular ungulate in a semi-arid ecosystem. J Arid Env. 2022;200:104728. Zweifel-. Habitat selection by an Alpine ungulate: the significance of forage characteristics varies with scale and season. Ecography. 2009;32(1):103–13. . Seasonal migration by a large forest ungulate: a study on takin (Budorcas taxicolor) in Sichuan Province, China. Wildl Res. 2013;59:81–91. -Trullas S, Basille M. Navigating through the R packages for movement. J Anim Ecol. 2020;89(1):248–67. . How many routes lead to migration? Comparison of methods to assess and characterize migratory movements. J Anim Ecol. 2016;85(1):54–68. Bunnefeld N, Börger L, van. A model-driven approach to quantify migration patterns: individual, regional and yearly differences. J Anim Ecol. 2011;80(2):466–76. Dingle H, Drake VA. What is migration? Bioscience. 2007;57(2):113–21. -ïd S. Common drivers of seasonal movements on the migration–residency behavior continuum in a large herbivore. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7631. -ïd S. Common drivers of seasonal movements on the migration–residency behavior continuum in a large herbivore. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7631. Riotte-Lambert L, Matthiopoulos J. Environmental predictability as a cause and consequence of animal movement. TREE.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: However, cultivars did not significantly affect SD and LKC. Treatments and their interaction with cowpea cultivars caused statistically significant differences (P<0. 01) in all traits (Table 2). Table 2: Analysis of variance belonging to investigated morphological and chemical characteristics depending on cowpea cultivars and treatments including vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The PH depending on cultivars and treatments changed between 22. 3-24. 8 and 20. 9-25. 0, respectively. The highest pH was in Akkýz and the lowest one was in Karnýkara. The highest PH depending on treatments was obtained by T8 treatment which promoted the PH up to 25% compared with control (Fig 1). All cultivars were in the same statistical group in terms of SD, however, treatments were effective. Depending on treatments, SD varied between 2. 48-3. 56 mm. The highest SD was observed in T8 treatment whereas the lowest one was determined by control seedlings (Fig 2). The highest SFW was obtained by T8 treatment with Karnýkara and Karagöz, respectively, following T8 treatment with Akkýz. Rising vermicompost applications induced both SFW and the effectiveness of AMF (Fig 3). Differences and fluctuation between treatments were higher in SFW compared with SDW due to holding water in plant metabolism. The T8 treatment led to observing the highest dry matter accumulation in shoots. However, T8 treatment promoted dry matter accumulation over control up to 31. 8%, 28. 0% and 18. 2% in Karnikara, Akkiz and Karagöz, respectively. The effectiveness of AMF in these promotive impacts was about 5% in all cultivars (Fig 4). RFW and RDW were similarly affected by treatments and the highest RFW and RDW were obtained by the T8 treatment in Akkiz (Fig 5 and 6). The highest LNC was determined with T8 treatment in Akkýz while the lowest one was observed in control of Karnikara seedlings (Fig 7). In particular, the effectiveness of 45% vermicompost and its synergistic relationship with nitrogen uptake was remarkable since the T5 and T8 treatments increased the LNC compared with control up to 11. 7% and 28. 5%, respectively (Fig 10).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of underwater robots are fully autonomous and can independently carry out missions without any human intervention. [SEP] Text: The main technological barriers to wide deployment of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) include: Low cost, easy to use and with persistent autonomy Autonomous obstacle avoidance Underwater communications Energy autonomy. The research challenge in this domain is similar to many other fields of service robotics, however the highly dynamic characteristics and remoteness of the open sea magnifies some of these challenges greatly, for example through unpredictable currents, weather, obstacles and conditions which are generally hostile to normal human activity. Just staying in the same place is a major challenge for a hovering AUV, especially if it has to pick up an object on the seafloor or achieve precise manipulation tasks such as closing a pipe valve or picking up an artefact. Robustness is an absolute necessity, even for prototypes, at the low temperatures and high atmospheric pressures in the sea. Digital communications are greatly hindered underwater. Low light and marine snow impede computer vision constantly, unlike on land or in the air. Human–robot interaction underwater is on a smaller scale than on land, but is still very present in scenarios where a human operator is needed, for example research can address innovative interfaces such as haptics feedback for teleoperation or gesture recognition between AUV and diver. Autonomy is a research challenge which applies across the board; however an important point here is that full autonomy is not always possible or desired. H2020 sets out key research priorities in the domain of Robotics and Autonomous Systems. The current H2020 work programme (2016–2017), targets key technical capabilities including: systems development; interaction; mechatronics; perception/navigation/cognition. It also targets system abilities: configurability; adaptability; dependability; motion capability; manipulation and grasping; perception; decisional autonomy and cognitive ability. Most, if not all of these targets apply to the marine sector. For example, marine robots require a high level of decisional autonomy. AUVs need to be able to assess their own situation within the context of the operation and decide how to behave to ensure their safety while carrying out the mission objectives. Also, optimal use of usually finite robotic resources (sensors, actuators, energy supplies. . . ) is a necessity. 3 multi-annual roadmapincludes a marine topic group which has put forward its vision in the Multiannual roadmap of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and barriers. Footnote 5 It has identified the market for underwater systems as amongst the most valuable within professional service robots.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: We performed a series of tests to evaluate behavioral phenotypes resulting from deletion of the Nrg3 gene. Novelty-Activity Novelty-induced activity in an open field is a test that evaluates several, often conflicting, behavioral responses to an unfamiliar environment including reactivity to novelty, exploratory activity, anxiety, and general locomotion [30]. Compared to WT mice, KO mice exhibited greater activity in the central area of the open field (fig. 2a). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected a significant effect of genotype [F(1,191) = 6. 04, p = 0. 002] and time [F(5,191) = 9. 7, p < 0. 001]. Post hoc tests showed significantly greater central activity in KO mice compared to WT mice (p < 0. 05). KO mice did not differ from WT animals in peripheral activity or rearing activity (fig. 2b, c). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected only a significant effect of time for peripheral [F(5,191) = 24. 0, p < 0. 001] and rearing activity [F(5,191) = 4. 0, p = 0. 002]. The results suggest increased exploratory activity and/or attenuated anxiety in KO mice. Fig. 2View largeDownload slideNovelty-induced hyperactivity in Nrg3 KO mice. a Central activity (y-axis: beam breaks, x-axis: 5-min intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected a significant effect of genotype [F(1,191) = 6. 04, p = 0. 002] and time [F(5,191) = 9. 7, p < 0. 001]. Post hoc tests showed significantly greater novelty-induced activity in KO mice compared to WT mice (p < 0. 05). b Peripheral activity (y-axis: beam breaks, x-axis: 5-min intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected only a significant effect of time [F(5,191) = 24. 0, p < 0. 001]. c Rearing activity (y-axis: beam breaks, x-axis: 5-min intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected only a significant effect of time [F(5,191) = 4. 0, p = 0. 002]. n = 6 per group. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: The consortium of vermicompost and the mycorrhizal was more effective on phosphorus uptake than nitrogen (Fig 8). Promoting rate of the LPC belonging to cultivars by treatments varied between 4-72% and the highest increment was observed in T8 treatment. Although individual AMF treatment was not very effective on P uptake, it has a remarkable impact when used with vermicompost (Fig 10). The highest LKT (1. 69%) was determined with T8 treatment in Karagöz while the lowest LKT was observed with control seedlings of Karnýkara. The LKC varied between 1. 41-1. 69% depending on cultivars and treatments. Treatments induced potassium uptake by 2. 1-15. 3%. The highest increment was determined with T7 treatment following T8 (Fig 9). Fig 1: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on plant height of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 2: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on stem diameter of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 3: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on shoot fresh weight of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 4: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on shoot dry weight of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 5: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on root fresh weight of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 6: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on root dry weight of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 7: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on the leaf nitrogen content of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 8: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on the leaf phosphorus content of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 9: Influence of vermicompost and mycorrhizal applications on the leaf potassium content of three cowpea cultivars. Fig 10: Alterations in nutrient uptake depending on the individual and combined application of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compared with non-amended control plants. The AMF facilitates nutrient uptake under optimum and stress conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of underwater robots are fully autonomous and can independently carry out missions without any human intervention. [SEP] Text: cold water coral reefsCADDY 2014–2016Cognitive autonomous diving buddyNavigation and localisation as a companion to human buddy Executes human diver instruct-ions Dronic 2014–2016Autonomously detecting and disposing harmful algae in fresh water areasMapping of algae distributionMaster and slave surface vehiclesDetect and dispose of harmful algae Managing lakes and reservoirs2012–2015ARchaeological RObot systems for the World’s SeasHorizontal surveys of large areas, multimodal sensing, site and object relocation High quality maps, improved localization Shipwreck penetration and internal mapping Soft excavation tool for diagnosis and excavation of fragile objects Archaeological operations: mapping, diagnosis, excavation and security taskssubCULTron 2015–2019Artificial underwater robot collectives for pollution monitoring in Venice waterwaysNovel sensors (electric sense/electro-communication)Swarm of at least 120 self-directing, underwater robots Robots, shaped like fish, mussels, and lily pads to mimic the species’ hydrodynamicsLong-term autonomy in a learning, self-regulating, self-sustaining underwater society/culture of robotsWi-Must 2015–2018Intelligent, distributed and reconfigurable underwater acoustic array to perform surveys at seaSeabed mapping, seafloor characterization, seismic explorationCooperative AUVs 6 Conclusions and way forwardThe H2020 robotics programme is expected to continue into and beyond 2020, adapting to major technological and socio-economic challenges along the way. Progress in digital technologies is expected to continue, changing the way we design, produce, commercialise and generate value from products and related services. Advances in technologies such as robotics are transforming products, processes and business models in all sectors, ultimately creating new industrial patterns as global value chains shift. The challenge ahead is for industry to seize fully and swiftly these digital opportunities. Marine robotics will hopefully continue to play a strong role here, not only in the form of future projects but also through initiatives to create new competence centres or Hubs. Footnote 9 Such hubs in the marine robotics context, would provide a shared infrastructure, offering access to real-world testing facilities to the entire community, from academia, to industry, to potential users and could make a real contribution to advancing the technology and support technology transfer; they could, provide and exploit not only shared technical infrastructure, facilities and training support but also provide brokerage between users, suppliers and investors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: 2View largeDownload slideNovelty-induced hyperactivity in Nrg3 KO mice. a Central activity (y-axis: beam breaks, x-axis: 5-min intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected a significant effect of genotype [F(1,191) = 6. 04, p = 0. 002] and time [F(5,191) = 9. 7, p < 0. 001]. Post hoc tests showed significantly greater novelty-induced activity in KO mice compared to WT mice (p < 0. 05). b Peripheral activity (y-axis: beam breaks, x-axis: 5-min intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected only a significant effect of time [F(5,191) = 24. 0, p < 0. 001]. c Rearing activity (y-axis: beam breaks, x-axis: 5-min intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected only a significant effect of time [F(5,191) = 4. 0, p = 0. 002]. n = 6 per group. Close modal 24-As increased activity in the open field may relate to elevated spontaneous activity, we performed a 24-hour circadian rhythm test (online suppl. fig. S1; see www. karger. com/doi/10. 1159/000445836 for all online suppl. material). Both groups exhibited the expected pattern of higher activity during the dark period and attenuated activity during the light period. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected a significant effect of time [F(23,287) = 15. 4, p < 0. 001]. Compared to control animals, KO mice exhibit slightly higher locomotive activity, but the results did not reach statistical significance. Together these results suggest that KO mice do not have increased baseline locomotor activity further strengthening the increased exploratory and/or attenuated anxiety findings in the open field test. order to further assess the anxiolytic phenotype in KO mice, we tested their behaviors in the elevated plus maze, a classical test for anxiety [30]. In this test, mice that are more anxious prefer the closed arms, whereas less anxious mice tend to explore the open arms. No significant group-related differences in the time spent in the open arms or stretches (a risk-assessment behavior) were found (online suppl. fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: AMF treatment increased PH, SFW and SDW, induced dry matter accumulation in all parts and enhanced the and LKC in seedlings, therefore, the findings are in agreement with previous experiments (Etesami et al. , 2021). On the whole, the primary contribution of AMF is considered as increasing the supply of nutrients to plants, in particular, ionic forms of poor-mobility ones such as ammonium, phosphate, copper and zinc (Barea et al. , 2005). Neuman and George (2010) indicated that AMF both directly contributes to nutrient uptake by symbiotic pathway, and also indirectly influences it via alteration of the root system and functioning and soil properties of mycorrhizosphere. It is considered that AMF hyphae may be able to achieve in smaller soil pores due to their thin diameter, thereby, they can exhibit better competition against soil microbes for nutrient resources. Moreover, AMF might enhance the chemical mobilization of nutrients via activation of inorganic phosphate and ammonium transporters, as well as, plant morphological growth (Banasiak et al. , 2021). Thus, AMF applications promoted nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake and transportation to aboveground parts of plants and enhanced morphological growth of roots and shoots in all cultivars. Besides, individual and combined application of vermicompost caused a remarkable promotion of nutrient uptake and seedling growth. It is considered to be caused by alteration of soil carbon and nutrient pools depending on vermicompost doses. Sarma et al. , (2018) denoted that vermicompost application led to increasing soil organic carbon, C-mineralization and soil respiration. So, these changes promote C transportation to AMF, nutrient uptake by hype and transmit to plant roots and increase seedling growth and development. Ceritoglu et al. , (2018) pointed out that vermicompost enhances soil nutrient pool, promotes microbial activity and improves physiological properties. This experiment also presented that N-P-K uptake gradually increased by individual application of vermicompost and continued to increase by the synergistic influence of AMF. In particular, the LPC increased from 28% to 40% depending on individual vermicompost doses, however, it achieved 72% with AMF treatment. The findings are in agreement with Etesami et al. , (2021) who reviewed the effectiveness of AMF on phosphorus uptake.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Underwater robotics has already developed technology that allows robots to predict and prevent tsunamis before they occur. [SEP] Text: As neural data are noisy and multivariate decoding needs cross-validation across sub samples of the data, and because each trial, at each distance, can only be classified correctly or incorrectly by a two-way classifier, we tend not to compare the decoding accuracies in a trial-by-trial manner, but rather on average (Grootswagers et al. , 2017). However, if we look at an individual dataset and examine all the miss trials (averaged over the 15 distances and cross-validation runs) in our distance-to-object decoding, we can get some insights into the underlying distributions. We show the distribution of individual trial decoding accuracies for all participants on correct (Figure 5—figure supplement 1A) and miss (Figure 5—figure supplement 1B) trials. The vertical axis shows the number of trials in each accuracy bin of the histogram and the horizontal axis shows the decoding accuracy for each trial obtained by averaging its decoding accuracies over cross-validation folds (i. e. , done by subsampling the correct trials into train and test sets and repeating the procedure until all correct trials are used once as training data and once as testing data) and distances. We calculated the percentage of miss trials for which there was strong evidence (BF>10) for above-chance decoding accuracies. To do this, we generated a null distribution with 100*N trials, where we produced 1000 decoding accuracies for each trial by randomizing the labels of distances for that trial. We used the same procedure for Bayes analyses as detailed in the manuscript. The histograms of individual miss trials suggest a single distribution centred around chance decoding or slightly above (Figure 5—figure supplement 1B). This means that on an individual miss trial, there may be higher or lower decoding, but it is nowhere near the consistent high decoding levels we see for correct trials (Figure 5—figure supplement 1A). This seems consistent with an interpretation that on (most) miss trials, information is less present than on correct trials. Presumably it is this difference that allows our second level classifier to successfully predict the behavioural outcome on >80% of trials. In contrast, for the correct trials, all trials (100%) for all subjects showed above-chance (>50%) decoding accuracy, with average accuracies around 80%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: S2), suggesting that decreased anxiety might not explain enhanced activity in KO mice. PPI of the In addition to hyperactivity, positive symptoms of psychoses are modeled using PPI of the acoustic startle response, a test for sensorimotor gating impaired in patients with schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders [31,32,33]. Male KO mice exhibited diminished PPI at all prepulse intensities (fig. 3). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected a significant effect of genotype [F(1,169) = 5. 5, p = 0. 02] and prepulse intensity [F(4,169) = 21. 51, p < 0. 001] but no interaction between these factors, suggesting that KO mice had an overall decrease in PPI. This impairment is unlikely related to altered startle responsiveness because we found no group-dependent differences in startle magnitude (online suppl. fig. S3). Fig. 3View largeDownload slideImpaired PPI in Nrg3 KO mice (y-axis: % of PPI, x-axis: different intensities of prepulse in dB). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected a significant effect of genotype [F(1,169) = 5. 5, p = 0. 02] and intensity of prepulse [F(4,169) = 21. 51, p < 0. 001], but no interaction between these factors. KO: n = 16, WT: n = 17. Fig. 3View largeDownload slideImpaired PPI in Nrg3 KO mice (y-axis: % of PPI, x-axis: different intensities of prepulse in dB). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected a significant effect of genotype [F(1,169) = 5. 5, p = 0. 02] and intensity of prepulse [F(4,169) = 21. 51, p < 0. 001], but no interaction between these factors. KO: n = 16, WT: n = 17. Close modal MK-801-Patients with schizophrenia display exaggerated responses to psychostimulants [34]. Acute treatments with stimulants are widely used to mimic aspects of positive symptoms in different rodent models [31,32]. Thus, we sought to evaluate behavioral responses to MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, to assess glutamate synaptic transmission in WT and KO mice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Muthukumar and Udaiyan (2002) stated that organic manures have a promotive impact on the effectiveness of AMF and soil N-P-C pool and more, there are strong positive correlations between nutrient uptake, plant growth and yield depending on mycorrhizal and organic applications. Although AMF treatment promoted nutrient uptake and plant development compared with control seedlings, its alone performance was not satisfactory in the experiment. The reason for this situation is guessed to be caused by the photosynthetic pathway of cowpea (C3). Wilson and Hartnett (1998) stated that plants containing the C3 photosynthetic pathway such as legumes have low mycorrhizal response over other species including the C4 pathway. In conclusion, vermicompost application is an eco-friendly and effective scenario for nutrient uptake and seedling growth in cowpea cultivation and more, combined application of vermicompost with AMF has a noteworthy synergistic influence on each other. individual AMF application had a positive impact compared with control seedlings, individual performance of vermicompost was more effective on investigated characteristics. Moreover, combined application of them exhibited a remarkable performance and increasing concentration of vermicompost induced AMF effectiveness, nutrient uptake and seedling growth. In particular, phosphorus uptake was noteworthy induced by combined AMF and 45% vermicompost treatment. The AMF inoculation with 45% vermicompost amendment highly induced seedling growth and nutrient uptake in cowpea plants. . 588. Arancon, N. , Edwards, C. A. (2011). The use of Vermicomposts as for Production of Field Crops. In: Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Wastes, and Environmental Management. [. (eds)]. . Banasiak, J. , Jamruszka, T. , Murray, J. D. , Jasinski, M. (2021). A roadmap of plant membrane transporters in arbuscular mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobium symbioses. Plant Physiology. 187(4): 2071-2091. Barea, J. M. , Werner, D. , Azcón-Guilar, C. , Azcón, R. (2005). Interactions of and Nitrogen-in Sustainable Agriculture.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Underwater robotics has already developed technology that allows robots to predict and prevent tsunamis before they occur. [SEP] Text: However, it is possible that the prediction would not be as accurate in later stages of the experiment (compared to the earlier stages) as the decoding performance of the distance information declined in general in later stages (Figure 3B). To test this, we performed the behavioural prediction procedure on datasets obtained from the first 5 (early) and the last 5 (late) stages of the experiment (Figure 6—figure supplement 1). There was strong evidence for a decline in the prediction power in the late vs. early blocks of trials. However, even with the decline in prediction accuracy, it is still possible to predict the behavioural outcome in the late blocks with well above-chance accuracy (up to 75%). ” 8. When decoding distance, active decoding declines from early to late, even though performance does not decline (or even slightly improves from early to late). This discrepancy seems hard to explain. Is this decline in classification driven by differences in the total signal from early to late? Thanks for the question. We explicitly define the vigilance effects as the difference between Active and Monitoring conditions to ensure that we are not interpreting general task effects like this one as vigilance decrements. This is important because otherwise effects that are not specific to maintaining vigilance (i. e. , sustaining attention in the situation where only infrequent responses are necessary) could be misinterpreted. In this case, it could be driven by a number of general factors that are not specific to vigilance such as fatigue, but also equipment effects like the MEG recording system fluctuations in baseline (e. g. , due to warming up). Our crucial comparisons for both behaviour and neural correlates are the increase in ‘miss rate’ and ‘reaction time’ for Monitoring vs. Active from early to late blocks and more decline in distance decoding information (from early to late blocks) for Monitoring than for Active (Figure 3B. Interaction between and Time on the task). We have now added the following sentence to Discussion and amended the manuscript to ensure this is clear. “Note that our vigilance decrement effects are defined as the difference between Active and Monitoring conditions, which allows us to be sure that we are not interpreting general task (e. g. , participant fatigue) or hardware-related effects as vigilance decrements.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Consistent with the open field test results, KO mice displayed greater activity in the habituation phase of the test and continued to be more active following MK-801 administration (online suppl. fig. S4). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA detected a significant effect of genotype [F(1,1259) = 5. 9, p = 0. 021] and time [F(35, 1259) = 26. 8, p < 0. 001] but no interaction between the two factors, suggesting that at this dose (0. 3 mg/kg, i. p. ) KO mice did not seem to exhibit greater responses to MK-801. Cognitive impairment is another cardinal feature of schizophrenia [35]. Fear conditioning is a popular learning and memory test in which mice learn to associate a context (e. g. , an experimental chamber) or a cue (e. g. , a sound) with foot shock and is affected in patients with psychoses [36,37]. The test assesses context-dependent and cue-dependent memories that are reliant on distinct brain circuitries [38,39,40]. On day 1 (training), KO males showed decreased freezing behavior compared to control littermates (fig. 4a). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of genotype [F(1,89) = 27. 1, p < 0. 001] and time [F(4,89) = 3. 7, p = 0. 01]. No group differences were observed in context-dependent freezing on day 2 (p > 0. 05) (fig. 4b). In contrast, on day 3 (cue-dependent conditioning), KO mice demonstrated significantly less freezing in response to the sound (cue) compared to control littermates (fig. 4c). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of genotype [F(1,89) = 9. 8, p = 0. 006] and time [(4,89) = 5. 8, p < 0. 001]. Post hoc test revealed significantly more freezing behavior in WT mice at time interval 5 (the end of the cue's presentation) compared to time interval 3 (the onset of the cue's presentation) (p < 0. 05). In addition, there was significantly more freezing in WT mice compared to KO over the entire period of the cue's presentation (p < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: In: Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress. [D. Werner, W. E. Newton (eds)]. Springer, Dordrecht. Cavagnaro, T. (2015). 321. Ceritoglu, M. , Erman, M. , Ceritoglu, F. , Bektas, H. (2021). The response of grain legumes to vermicompost at germination and seedling stages. Legume Research. 44(8): 936-941. Ceritoglu, M. , Þahin, S. , Erman, M. (2018). Effects of vermicompost on plant growth and soil structure. of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 32(3): 607-615. Etesami, H. , Jeong, B. R. , Glick, B. R. (2021). Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and silicon to P uptake by plant: A review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12: 699-618. Jackson, M. L. (1973). Analysis. of India, New Delhi. Joshi, R. , Singh, J. , Vig, A. P. (2015). Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: Effect on growth, yield and quality of plants. Reviews in and Bio/Technology. 14: 137-159. Muthukumar, T. and Udaiyan, K. (2002). Growth and yield of cowpea as influenced by changes in arbuscular mycorrhiza in response to organic manuring. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 188(2): 123-132. Neumann, E. and George, E. (2010). Nutrient Uptake: Symbiosis as a Acquisition Strategy. In: Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function. [Koltai, H. , Kapulnik, Y. (eds)]. Springer, Dordrecht. Omomowo, O. I. and Babalola, O. O. (2021). Constraints and prospects of improving cowpea productivity to ensure food, nutritional security and environmental sustainability. Frontiers in Plant Science.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography is considered unbreakable because any attempt to measure the quantum states involved in key exchange would alter the data. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreatethe Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to öping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8032-1466 2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] In this thesis we study device-independent quantum key distribution based on energy-time entanglement. This is a method for cryptography that promises not only perfect secrecy, but also to be a practical method for quantum key distribution thanks to the reduced complexity when compared to other quantum key distribution protocols. However, there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers. We study several relevant loopholes and show how they can be used to break the security of energy-time entangled systems. Attack strategies are reviewed as well as their countermeasures, and we show how full security can be re-established. Quantum key distribution is in part based on the profound no-cloning theorem, which prevents physical states to be copied at a microscopic level. This important property of quantum mechanics can be seen as Nature's own copy-protection, and can also be used to create a currency based on quantummechanics, i. e. , quantum money. Here, the traditional copy-protection mechanisms of traditional coins and banknotes can be abandoned in favor of the laws of quantum physics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: 05), suggesting attenuated associative conditioning in KO mice. Fig. 4View largeDownload slideAttenuated cue-dependent fear conditioning in Nrg3 KO mice. a Training (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of genotype [F(1,89) = 27. 1, p < 0. 001] and time [F(4,89) = 3. 7, p = 0. 01]. Post hoc test revealed more freezing in WT mice compared to KO (p < 0. 05). Arrow points to the time of presentation of sound followed by shock (one pairing). b Context-dependent fear conditioning (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed no effect of genotype (p > 0. 05) and a borderline effect of time [F(4,89) = 2. 4, p = 0. 06]. c Cue-dependent fear conditioning (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of genotype [F(1,89) = 9. 8, p = 0. 006] and time [F(4,89) = 5. 8, p < 0. 001]. Post hoc test revealed significantly more freezing behavior in WT mice compared to KO (p < 0. 05). KO: n = 11, WT: n = 10. Thick black line denotes the time of cue presentation (sound). Fig. 4View largeDownload slideAttenuated cue-dependent fear conditioning in Nrg3 KO mice. a Training (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of genotype [F(1,89) = 27. 1, p < 0. 001] and time [F(4,89) = 3. 7, p = 0. 01]. Post hoc test revealed more freezing in WT mice compared to KO (p < 0. 05). Arrow points to the time of presentation of sound followed by shock (one pairing). b Context-dependent fear conditioning (y-axis: % of freezing behavior, x-axis: 1-min sampling intervals).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Relationships between whole plant net nutrient uptake and 1) whole plant production; 2) shoot accumulation; and 3) root accumulation of phenolics were assessed using Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient (R) at P ≤ 0. 05. Table 1. Dry and fresh biomass and biomass allocation in 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown ‘Cinnamon’ (CN), ‘Sweet Dani’ (SD), ‘Siam Queen’ (SQ), and ‘Red Rubin’ (RR) basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) phosphorus (P) fertilizer and inoculated (AMF) or not (non-AMF) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Rhizophagus intraradices. Data interpretation. plant composition (nutrients, phenolics) data were graphically analyzed using vector analysis, a technique that allows for simultaneous comparison of plant growth and nutrient or phenolic concentration and content (Haase and Rose, 1995; Swift and Brockley, 1993; Valentine and Allen, 1990). Composition data for plants growing in different P rate and AMF inoculation treatments were compared after normalization using low P or non-AMF as the control treatment. A combination of significantly greater biomass, concentration, and content of a specific nutrient or phenolic was interpreted as enhanced whole plant net nutrient uptake and phenolic production or enhanced accumulation in shoots (stems and leaves) and roots. In contrast, the combination of significantly lower concentration and content was interpreted as suppressed whole plant net uptake or production or suppressed accumulation in shoots or roots. When only concentration or content was significantly different between AMF or P rate treatments, differences were considered to be a function of plant size or growth (e. g. , lower concentration resulting from dilution, greater content resulting from growth). For example, a combination of greater biomass, similar or lower concentration, and greater content was interpreted as greater whole plant net uptake, production, or accumulation in shoots and roots. A combination of greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content was interpreted as similar whole plant net uptake and production or accumulation in shoots and roots. ResultsRoot colonization.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography is considered unbreakable because any attempt to measure the quantum states involved in key exchange would alter the data. [SEP] Text: Previously, quantum money assumes a traditional hierarchy where a central, trusted bank controls the economy. We show how quantum money together with a blockchain allows for Quantum Bitcoin, a novel hybrid currency that promises fast transactions, extensive scalability, and full anonymity. Abstract [sv] En viktig konsekvens av kvantmekaniken är att okända kvanttillstånd inte kan klonas. Denna insikt har gett upphov till kvantkryptering, en metod för två parter att med perfekt säkerhet kommunicera hemligheter. Ett komplett bevis för denna säkerhet har dock låtit vänta på sig eftersom en attackerare i hemlighet kan manipulera utrustningen så att den läcker information. Som ett svar på detta utvecklades apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering som i teorin är immun mot sådana attacker. Apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering har en mycket högre grad av säkerhet än vanlig kvantkryptering, men det finns fortfarande ett par luckor som en attackerare kan utnyttja. Dessa kryphål har tidigare inte tagits på allvar, men denna avhandling visar hur även små svagheter i säkerhetsmodellen läcker information till en attackerare. Vi demonstrerar en praktisk attack där attackeraren aldrig upptäcks trots att denne helt kontrollerar systemet. Vi visar också hur kryphålen kan förhindras med starkare säkerhetsbevis. En annan tillämpning av kvantmekanikens förbud mot kloning är pengar som använder detta naturens egna kopieringsskydd.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 80387 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechof by Vonnie D. C. the World of by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Introduction1. 1. Origin, classification, and distributionAnts fall into the largest family of insects, with respect to diversity of species and total number of individuals. They belong to a single family, the Formicidae, within the order Hymenoptera, consisting of 11 subfamilies and 297 genera [1]. In 1967, Wilson et al. obtained the first ant remains of the Cretaceous period [2, 3] that were estimated to be about 80 million years. Having said this, there are well over 8800 described species, to date. Most of the genera stem are from the Neotropics and Afrotropical regions. Remarkably, individual colonies may contain 20 million members [4]. Ants dominate much of the terrestrial regions of the world, ranging from deserts to subarctic tundra. Interestingly, recent measurements indicate that approximately one-third of the entire animal biomass of the Amazonian terra firme rain forest is composed of ants and termites.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Root colonization by AMF was greatest in ‘Cinnamon’ and ‘Red Rubin’ and lowest in ‘Sweet Dani’ and ‘Siam Queen’ (Table 1). Variation among cultivars accounted for a large proportion of the total variation in root colonization (ηC2 > 0. 77). On average, 65% of root length in AMF-inoculated plants contained AMF. Phosphorus application rate had no influence on AMF colonization. Biomass and biomass allocation. Plants of ‘Cinnamon’ and ‘Sweet Dani’ had greater biomass than ‘Siam Queen’, and ‘Siam Queen’ had greater biomass than ‘Red Rubin’ (Table 1). Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 70% of variation in root, stem, and total plant biomass (ηC2 > 0. 70). Biomass variation among cultivars was lower for leaves (ηC2 > 0. 25) than stems and roots. Plants of ‘Red Rubin’ and ‘Sweet Dani’ allocated the greatest proportion of total biomass to shoots (Table 1). Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 68% of variation in biomass allocation to leaves and stems. Biomass allocation variation among cultivars was lower for roots (ηC2 > 0. 53) than stems and leaves. Inoculation with AMF increased shoot, root, and total plant biomass (Table 1). Biomass variation between AMF treatments was greater for leaves (ηA2 > 0. 24) than stems and roots (ηA2 > 0. 18). rate increased shoot and total plant biomass (Table 1). Biomass variation between P rates was greater for leaves (ηP2 > 0. 26) than stems (ηP2 > 0. 05). Inoculation with AMF had no influence on biomass allocation (Table 1). rate increased biomass allocation to shoots and decreased biomass allocation to roots. Biomass allocation variation between P rates was greater for roots (ηP2 > 0. 29) than stems and leaves (ηP2 > 0. 09). Nutrient uptake.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography is considered unbreakable because any attempt to measure the quantum states involved in key exchange would alter the data. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the of London B. 2016;283:20160310. DOI: 10. 1098/rspb. 2016. 03106. . Caste and Ecology in the Social Insects. NJ: Press; 1978. 372 pp7. Clement LW, Köppen. Strategies of a parasite of the ant Acacia mutualism. and Sociobiology. 2008;62:953-962. DOI: 10. 1007/s00265-007-0520-18. . Post-secretory hydrolysis of nectar sucrose and specialization in ant/plant mutualism. Science. 2005;308:560-563. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 11075369. Heil M, McKey D. Protective ant–plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research. of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 2003;34:425-453. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev. ecolsys. 34. 011802. 13241010. Heil M, Baumann B, Krüger R, Linsenmair KE. Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of ant-plants. Chemoecology. 2004;14:45-52. DOI: 10. 1007/s00049-003-0257-x11. Heil M. Ant-Plant Mutualisms. Library; 2010. DOI: 10. 1002/9780470015902. a002255812. Ito F, Higashi S. Temporary social parasitism in the enslaving ant species Formica sanguinea Latreille: An important discovery related to the evolution of dulosis in Formica Ants. Journal of Ethology. 1990;8:33-3513. Bruch C. Notas preliminares acerca de Labauchena daguerrei Santschi. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina. 1930;3:73-8214. . Florida Entomologist. 2000;83:363-36515. Silveira-. Animals associated with the Solenopsis (fire ants) complex, with special reference to Labauchena daguerrei. on Control by Habitat Management. 1973;4:41-5216.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: In general, ‘Red Rubin’ had the greatest average plant concentrations (Table 2) of all nutrients except Mg and Mn and the greatest whole plant N, P, and Cu contents uptake (whole plant content not shown). Plants of ‘Siam Queen’ had the greatest Zn uptake. ‘Cinnamon’ and ‘Sweet Dani’ had the greatest average plant Mg concentrations and the greatest uptake of most other nutrients. Variation among cultivars accounted for greater than 72% of variation in average plant N, K, Mg, and Fe concentrations (ηC2 > 0. 72); between 50% and 68% of variation in average plant S, Ca, B, Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations; and 45% of the variation in average plant P concentrations. In general, variation among cultivars in nutrient uptake was smaller than variation in average plant concentrations (data not shown). Table 2. Nutrient composition in whole plants, roots, and shoots (stems and leaves) of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown ‘Cinnamon’ (CN), ‘Sweet Dani’ (SD), ‘Siam Queen’ (SQ), and ‘Red Rubin’ (RR) basil plants. Inoculation with AMF enhanced N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake (i. e. , increased biomass, concentration, and content) (Fig. 1A). rate enhanced P and Ca uptake and suppressed S and Cu uptake (i. e. , decreased biomass, concentration, and content) (Fig. 2A). Greater uptake (i. e. , increased biomass and content but not concentration) of other nutrients in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated plants was a result of the effects of AMF on plant biomass. Greater uptake of N, K, B, Mn, and Zn in high P plants compared with low P plants was a result of the effects of increased P rate on plant biomass. In general, AMF inoculation accounted for greater proportion of variation in N (ηA2 > 0. 34), K (ηA2 > 0. 22), S (ηA2 > 0. 47), Mg (ηA2 > 0. 17), B (ηA2 > 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography is considered unbreakable because any attempt to measure the quantum states involved in key exchange would alter the data. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreatethe Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to öping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8032-1466 2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] In this thesis we study device-independent quantum key distribution based on energy-time entanglement. This is a method for cryptography that promises not only perfect secrecy, but also to be a practical method for quantum key distribution thanks to the reduced complexity when compared to other quantum key distribution protocols. However, there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers. We study several relevant loopholes and show how they can be used to break the security of energy-time entangled systems. Attack strategies are reviewed as well as their countermeasures, and we show how full security can be re-established. Quantum key distribution is in part based on the profound no-cloning theorem, which prevents physical states to be copied at a microscopic level. This important property of quantum mechanics can be seen as Nature's own copy-protection, and can also be used to create a currency based on quantummechanics, i. e. , quantum money. Here, the traditional copy-protection mechanisms of traditional coins and banknotes can be abandoned in favor of the laws of quantum physics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 41418 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJune 11, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,681 views 376 downloads 24 1418. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 9 figures, 1 table and 1 additional file 1 Download asset Open asset Evolution of the morphology and protein content of animal and fungi centrosomes. (A) The structure of the centrosome in mitosis in most animals, chytrids (flagellated fungi) and fission yeast. Animals and chytrids have a centriole/basal body and a canonical centrosome composed of a pair of centrioles surrounded by PCM, which anchors and nucleates microtubules. Fission yeast lacks a centriole but has a spindle pole body (SPB) inserted in the nuclear envelope. The SPB nucleates microtubules from the PCM-like structure, inside the nucleus. Parsimoniously, it is likely that the common ancestor of animals and fungi had a centriole-containing centrosome with a PCM structure (model shown). (B) Phylogenetic distribution of centrosome components in opisthokonts (animals, fungi and choanoflagellates). We searched for orthologues of components of the human centrosome localizing to centrioles, centriole-PCM linkers and PCM, and the fission yeast SPB components. Black circles represent the presence of orthologues that were identified by the bidirectional best hit approach to the human or fission yeast proteins, respectively; gray circle represents the presence of a putative orthologue identified by constructing phylogenetic trees; blue circles indicate that previous studies showed the presence of a protein with short conserved motifs (Kilmartin, 2003; Samejima et al. , 2010; Lin et al. , 2014) although we failed to identify it by the computational methods highlighted above; white circles indicate no detectable orthologue. Figure 1—source data 1 List of the predicted orthologues of the human centrosome and S. pombe SPB components in animal and fungi species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: 19), Fe (ηA2 > 0. 26), Mn (ηA2 > 0. 13), and Zn (ηA2 > 0. 25) uptake than P rate (ηP2 not shown). P rate accounted for a greater proportion of variation in P (ηP2 > 0. 59) and Ca (ηP2 > 0. 18) uptake than AMF inoculation (ηA2 not shown). Size Fig. 1. Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown, basil plants inoculated or not (non-AMF) with the AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. Citation: HortScience horts 47, 5; 10. 21273/. 47. 5. 660Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 2. Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography is considered unbreakable because any attempt to measure the quantum states involved in key exchange would alter the data. [SEP] Text: 2014 (English)In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 47, no 42, p. 424032-10. 1088/1751-8113/47/42/424032 (DOI)000344222200033 () Available from: 2014-12-05 Created: 2014-12-05 Last updated: 2017-12-05 2. Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Hacking the Bell test using classical light in energy-time entanglement–based quantum key distributionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. . . . Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Show others. . . 2015 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 1, no 11, p. 1-7, 3. 63 at 97. 6% faked detector efficiency using tailored pulses of classical light, which exceeds even the quantum prediction. This is the first demonstration of a violation-faking source that gives both tunable violation and high faked detector efficiency. The implications are severe: the standard Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality cannot be used to show device-independent security for energy-time entanglement setups based on Franson’s configuration. However, device-independent security can be reestablished, and we conclude by listing a number of improved tests and experimental setups that would protect against all current and future attacks of this type. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages for the Advancement of Science, 2015 :nbn:se:liu:diva-114210 (URN)10. 1126/sciadv.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Download elife-41418-fig1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Drosophila centriole proteins localize to the centrosome of fission yeast. (A) SAS-6, Bld10 and SAS-4 localize to the SPBs, while Ana2 and Plk4 do not (see Materials and methods for details on expression constructs). Scale bar, 5 μm. (B) Quantification of cells with GFP or YFP-tagged centriole proteins localized on the SPB. Data are the average of three experiments ± s. d. (N > 50, GFP/YFP-positive cells). (C) Physical interaction between the centriole proteins and fission yeast Pcp1. Protein extract was prepared from fission yeast cells expressing HA-tagged Pcp1 and either SAS-6-GFP, or Bld10-GFP, or YFP-SAS-4 or GFP. The GFP-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP antibody. Immunoprecipitates and inputs (4%) were analyzed by western blotting using the indicated antibodies. Red open and filled arrowheads indicate the bands of Pcp1-HA and GFP/YFP fusion proteins, respectively. Figure 2—source data 1 The source data to plot the graph in Figure 2B. Download elife-41418-fig2-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Expression of Drosophila centriole proteins in fission yeast and the growth of fission yeast strains. (A) Western blotting analysis of the protein extracts prepared from the strains used in Figure 2A. Each red arrowhead indicates the bands with the expected size of the fusion protein. Note that we found that Bld10-GFP was degraded in the cell lysate. It is possible that larger-sized foreign proteins are targeted by fission yeast proteases. (B) Serial dilution assay of the cells expressing indicated Drosophila centriole components under control of the constitutive atb2 promoter, which is shown in Figure 2A. Note that all the strains expressing centriole proteins grew similarly as the control (no centriole protein).

Output: pass