Input: Claim: A cashless society could reduce crime related to physical cash handling. [SEP] Text: Is a Possible? Many may argue that it is possible to see a society without cash. Cash is—as I have argued—one of the most important innovations in the history of humanity. Could and should we get rid of that? Many are convinced we must keep cash, while others welcome a transition toward a cashless society. The US economist Kenneth S. Rogoff advocates a move toward a society with less cash in his book of Cash (Rogoff, 2016). The book concludes there are benefits from less cash since it discourages tax evasion and crime and enables governments and central banks to handle economic crises more effectively. One main reason being that the financial policies no longer would be limited by the “zero lower bound” interest rate, i. e. , that the existence of cash makes it difficult to operate with negative interest rates since investors then can turn to cash instead of bonds with negative interest rates. Rogoff also states that illegal activities like organized crime, illegal immigration, and untaxed payments hurt the entire society and could be avoided—or at least made more difficult—if cash disappears. He also shows that this must be balanced against negative effects from less cash such as, for instance, the risk of financial exclusion of some groups if cash disappears. Issuing cash has always been an instrument for a ruler—a king, queen, government, or dictator—to finance its own activities since the seignorage,Footnote 1 the difference between face value of cash and the production costs of cash, often is rather substantial. A question then is whether central banks risk to become financially dependent on governments if their ability to generate seignorage from cash disappears. This may in the end harm the ability for central banks to control the interest rate and to govern the domestic economic markets. Rogoff also acknowledges, however, that seignorage in Sweden actually already is negativeFootnote 2 which implies that this risk does not seem to be critical for the independence of the Riksbank. And it is of course also possible to gain seignorage if a central bank issues digital currencies, i. e. , CBDC, which the Riksbank is considering to do. Footnote 3 A central bank may also fund itself via margins between lending and borrowing. Having central banks that do not issue cash is a possibility (Segendorf & Wilbe, 2014). The central bank of law of Sweden is currently being reviewed where one question concerns the role of cash in Sweden.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Obviously, APs with human-level intelligence who could be recognized as moral persons or possess similar moral status do not exist and it is far from clear whether they will exist in the near future, or at all. It seems that one of the crucial points is that there is no agreement on the possibility of robots with human-level intelligence. Positions on this issue range from radical skepticism and denial of such a possibility to a firm belief about the imminence of a super-intelligent AI that will surpass even the most intelligent human beings. This lack of consensus seems to be clearly reflected in the disagreement among five of the founders of AI—and Trenchard Moore—who were asked about the possibility of human-level AI at the meeting celebrating the 50th anniversary of the conference on which the foundation of AI as a discipline took place (Bringsjord and Naveen 2018). Hence, while the number of scholars who seriously consider a scenario of robots with human-level intelligence and a moral status of a person (or similar) steadily increases (also outside the debate about AP servants, e. g. (Neely 2014; Schwitzgebel and Garza 2015; Gunkel 2018; Gordon 2020, 2021; Gunkel and Wales 2021)), the prospect of such entities remains extremely uncertain. In this case, is there any point in speculating about designing them in an ethical way? I believe there is, regardless of whether such entities will ever exist or not. Generally, while I do not share Petersen’s optimism that APs with human-level intelligence will arrive rather sooner than later, I agree with him that since we cannot rule out with certainty the possibility that APs will exist someday, it is better to be prepared for them than not (Petersen 2007, 44). I also assert that might be right when he claims that if we had known the dangers of global warming at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, we might have been able to avoid it (Turner 2019, 35). While such a point of view might seem both excessively cautious (by assuming we should always worry about risks and dangers) and optimistic (by assuming that by knowing the risk we could avoid it), it does not mean it is obviously wrong. But even if there will never be any APs, and human-level intelligence will never emerge, the discussion about designing them is still not pointless. First, it is connected with some other ethical discussions and may contribute to them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, the potential of fed-batch SSF with substrate, enzyme and yeast feed can be improved by addressing the challenges pertaining to enzymatic hydrolysis. MethodsMediaThe inoculum for anaerobic fermentations and SSF experiments was prepared by cultivation in minimal medium containing 20 g L-1 glucose and enriched with salts, and 2-fold addition of vitamins and trace elements according to Verduyn et al. [34]. The pH of the medium was set to 6. 0 with 1 M NaOH for all shake-flask cultivations. YPD plates containing 10 g L-1 yeast extract, 20 g L-1 peptone, 20 g L-1 glucose and 20 g L-1 agar were used for colony forming unit (CFU) determination during the SSF. A YNB plate containing 6. 9 g L-1 yeast nitrogen base (without amino acids), 20 g L-1 glucose and 20 g L-1 agar was used to isolate individual colonies of yeast. MicroorganismS. cerevisiae Thermosacc Dry was purchased from Lallemand, USA. The dry yeast was suspended in 5 ml of minimal medium and a loop full of cell suspension was streaked on a YNB plate, which was later incubated at 30°C for 2 days. A loop full of colonies of the same size were picked and re-suspended in 50 ml of minimal medium in a 150-ml shake flask, which was later incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker set at 180 rpm until the late exponential phase (approximately 20 h). Aliquots of cell suspension (1 ml) were mixed with 0. 5 ml of 60% sterile glycerol and stored at -80°C in sterile vials. Volumes of 100 μl from the vials were used to inoculate precultures. Pretreated spruceSpruce slurry with a WIS content of 20. 3%, w/w (weight of insoluble solids to weight of slurry) was received from SEKAB-E-Technology AB (Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) and the composition of slurry is given in Table 1. The slurry was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 minutes to separate the solid and the liquid fractions. Neither the solid nor the liquid fraction was subjected to chemical or physical detoxification.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Blockchain technology utilizes a decentralized and distributed ledger system (a list of all transactions across a peer-to-peer network) to securely record transactions across a network of computers. Using this technology, participants can transfer value across the Internet without the need for a central third party. Blockchain is the cornerstone of cryptocurrencies, offering a secure and transparent framework for recording transactions along with its unknowns and benefits. In the realm of digital currencies like Bitcoin, blockchain functions as a decentralized ledger, documenting every transaction across a distributed network. Its pivotal roles include decentralization, transparency, immutability, consensus mechanisms, security, and mining. Collectively, blockchain technology furnishes the infrastructure that empowers cryptocurrencies, enabling them to function as decentralized, secure, and trustless systems for the transfer of value. The fundamental principles of blockchain contribute to the robustness and dependability of cryptocurrencies in the digital landscape. Keywords blockchaindistributed ledgerdecentralizationcryptocurrenciesbitcoin Show + Baftijari* Faculty of Economics, University St. Cyril and of Economics, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, *Address all correspondence to: artinabexheti@hotmail. com 1. IntroductionBlockchain, a contemporary buzzword, is an evolving technology with a firm foothold in commercial, financial, governmental, and academic domains. Its architectural features, such as decentralization, cryptocurrency, and consensus, are pivotal in ensuring security. Blockchain comprises validated transaction blocks, and its decentralized structure, free from a single point of failure, enhances safety. This 2. A look at blockchain technology: how does it work? What is blockchain and why is so innovative? The blockchain functions as a decentralized ledger, capturing a comprehensive record of all transactions within a peer-to-peer network. Through this technology, participants have the ability to exchange value over the Internet, bypassing the requirement for a central third party. Its innovativeness effectively tackled a long-standing challenge in the digital domain known as double spending [3], resolving an issue that had persisted for an extended period. Let us consider a simple case:Dori and Aris are friends. Dori has $100 in her wallet, and Aris has none. Dori decides to transfer $100 to Aris. In the physical world, it’s a straightforward exchange: Dori now has no money, and Aris has $100. Simple, right? !

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: In a very clear manner, Chomanski shows that designers of AP servants are being manipulative in the abovementioned sense:“By programming AIs with overwhelming desires to be servants, their programmers are set on making it close to impossibly psychologically difficult for the AIs to act in any way other than to pursue the life-plan that they are given: even a determined AI servant would likely not pick a different career path. This might be so even if they are programmed with the capacity to reflect on their own desires. Upon being told to build an AI servant, the programmers cannot help but suppose that the servant’s decision about what life plane to pursue are for the programmers to make. The programmers position themselves so as to be able to steer the choices of AI servants with a high degree of efficacy, by constructing the AIs’ psychology in the way just specified. They orchestrate the AIs’ choice space in such a way that only a very narrow range of options is realistically available to them. The AIs’ number of options, when it comes to career choice, is reduced to basically one. The AIs’ own capacity to respond to reasons, or to engage in reasoning, is ignored. The act of thus limiting another’s options and disregarding their rational capacities is expressive of manipulativeness on the programmers’ part—that is, of being willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner. It is, therefore, wrong” (Chomanski 2019, 1006). Hence, Chomanski believes that designing artificial servants involves manipulativeness on the side of designers since by selecting specific features of the designee (e. g. , the desire to serve), they are “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by—I take the following features as crucial—“limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities. ” Hence, Chomanski contends that designing people to serve is wrong because it involves the manipulativeness of the designers. A few clarifications on the concept of manipulativeness seem worth making. First, clearly, Baron’s account of manipulativeness represents only one of many approaches to this problem.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The solid fraction was used as a substrate feed for SSF. The liquid fraction along with the minimal medium was used for cultivation during the adaptation step. The liquid fraction was also used for anaerobic fermentation to assess its fermentability by Thermosacc. Cultivation of ThermosaccThe preculture for cell cultivation was developed in 50 ml of minimal medium in a 150-ml shake flask incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker set at 180 rpm for 20 h. The cells were cultivated in a 3. 6-L Infors HT-Labfors bioreactor in two stages, an initial batch phase in minimal medium, followed by a fed-batch phase of adaptation in a medium of liquid fraction with minimal medium. The batch phase was initiated by adding 50 ml of preculture to a working volume of 500 ml, and the cultivation was carried out until the growth on glucose followed by ethanol was completed, which was indicated by CO2 evolution in the off-gas and by the dissolved oxygen concentration in the culture. Upon exhaustion of glucose and ethanol in the batch phase, a feed solution of the liquid fraction (from pretreated slurry) and minimal medium was fed linearly for 16 h to a final volume of 1. 3 L. The concentration of liquid fraction in the feed solution was 50% (v/v). The minimal medium was supplemented to the feed solution to a final hexose (glucose, mannose and galactose) concentration of 50 g L-1 and the salts, vitamins and trace elements were correspondingly scaled up. The stirrer speed was set to 700 rpm during the batch phase and increased linearly to 1,000 rpm during the fed-batch phase. The aeration rate was maintained at 1 volume per volume per minute (vvm) and the pH was maintained at 5. 0 by automatic addition of 2 M NaOH. Cell suspension was harvested after the fed-batch phase and used as yeast loading for anaerobic fermentation and also as initial yeast loading for the subsequent fed-batch SSF process. After the fed-batch phase the cultivation process was changed to a continuous mode with the adaptation feed solution with a flow rate of 50 ml h-1 and the working volume was maintained at 1 L. A part of the outflow was manually regulated as a cell suspension feed to the SSF reactor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: But let us imagine the following situation:In the digital scenario, Dori’s transfer of a photo representing $100 to Aris introduces a unique challenge. Unlike the physical transfer of money, the digital photo is duplicable, leading to questions about its ownership and potential misuse. retain a copy of the photo, share it with additional friends, or even post it publicly on social media where it could be freely downloaded? The inherent replicability of digital assets like these challenges the traditional notion of ownership and transfer, highlighting the need for a secure and trustworthy system to manage digital transactions. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized and tamper-resistant characteristics, aims to address such issues in the digital realm. Digital LedgerTo address the questions raised earlier, we rely on the concept of a digital ledger. The key is to have a record of the quantity of $100 digital photos owned by Dori and how she distributes them among her friends. However, it’s not Dori’s responsibility to maintain these records. In the contemporary landscape of digital banking transactions, this record-keeping role is assumed by the bank. The bank, subject to regulatory oversight, ensures transparency about the funds Dori possesses and how she utilizes them. In this context, the bank functions as a third-party entity, independent and responsible for maintaining accurate records. Nonetheless, it’s crucial to remember that digital banking transactions are underpinned by actual, physical banknotes. The quantity and issuance of these banknotes are regulated by the respective central bank. Here, we return to the initial point: the bank resolved the issue of digitally distributing physical banknotes. However, in the second scenario, Dori possesses a digital photo of a banknote. Questions arise: Who captured that photo? How did Dori obtain it? What are her intentions for spending it? Furthermore, uncertainties linger regarding the total number of such digital photos and whether they hold genuine value. Blockchain digital ledger conceptBlockchain provides a straightforward solution to the scenario involving the digital photo on Dori’s phone and the question of record-keeping. Rather than relying on a third party like a bank, trusted friend, or notary, blockchain proposes that the record should be decentralized and shared with everyone interested in sharing digital photos of banknotes through their mobile phones or computers. In contrast to a centralized model, blockchain introduces a distributed approach.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: The novelty it brings is not only the argument and its content but also the perspective that differs from the perspective that has been dominating the discussion since its origins. and Petersen were focused on the question of whether or not designing artificial servants wrongs them. puts it in the title of one of his papers (Petersen 2017), the question is “Is it good for them too? ” (“them” refers to AP servants). The same refers to Musiał and Danaher. Hence, Chomanski’s claim about manipulativeness is not focused on the main topic of the discussion to date—the well-being of the designee—and instead focuses on the attitude of the designers. What makes the argument about manipulativeness and the shift in the perspective an interesting contribution is that even if one assumes that APs’ autonomy and general well-being are not harmed by designing them as servants, the process of designing AP servants remains objectionable due to the manipulativeness of the designers. This is an important shift, since it shows that even if the consequences of designing AP servants can be ethical both for themselves and for society in general, something can still be wrong with the whole process due to the attitudes of the designers. Actually, it seems that Chomanski’s shift of perspective largely depends on the fact that he—without stating it explicitly—embraces virtue ethics and considers manipulativeness as a vice, following Baron in that regard. Hence, it is worth comparing it with some other accounts that approach similar problems from the perspective of virtue ethics. The closest and most obvious account is Petersen’s approach (2007, 290–291). Petersen also briefly engages with virtue ethics and, however, he worries about the well-being and character of the designee, while Chomanski focuses on the well-being and character of the designer. Somewhat more distant and less obviously similar accounts are those that use virtue ethics in examining ethical problems with robots that are not persons. In particular, (2017, 2021) claims that virtue ethics enables us to clarify what is ethically objectionable in a situation in which a human being treats a robot which is not a person violently (e. g. by raping it), even if the robot is not—and cannot be—harmed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Anaerobic fermentation in shake flasksThe fermentation was carried out to a working volume of 50 ml in 100-ml shake flasks fitted with a glycerol loop providing an anaerobic condition. Different concentrations of the liquid fraction (90%, 60% and 40% (v/v)) were screened. The pH of the liquid fraction was adjusted to 6. 0 and supplemented with 0. 5 g l-1 (NH4)2HPO4, 125 ppm of vitahop (Betatech Gmbh, Schwabach, Germany) (to suppress bacterial growth). The fermentation was initiated by adding harvested cell suspension to reach a yeast concentration of 3 g dry weight L-1. The flasks were incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker set at 180 rpm for 96 h and samples were withdrawn for optical density (OD)650 measurement and extracellular metabolite analysis. SSFAll the SSF experiments were carried out to a total WIS content of 20% (w/w), total enzyme loading of 7. 5 FPU g-1 WIS, total yeast loading of 5 g dry weight L-1 and to a final working weight of 1. 5 kg in 3. 6-L Infors HT-Labfors reactors. An enzyme preparation, Cellic Ctec-2 from Novozymes A/S, Denmark with a filter paper activity of 149 FPU g-1 enzyme, β-glucosidase activity of 590 IU g-1 enzyme was used. The solid fraction of the pretreated spruce was used as the substrate, and the pH of this was adjusted to 5. 0 using 10 M NaOH and supplemented with 0. 5 g L-1 (NH4)2HPO4 and 125 ppm of vitahop. Batch SSF was initiated by adding fed-batch adapted cell suspension and enzyme preparation. Fed-batch SSF was initially started as a batch SSF of 500 g as a working weight with 10% (w/w) WIS content, 50% of total yeast cell suspension (fed-batch adapted) and 50% of total enzyme preparation. After an initial period of 8 h of batch SSF the solid fraction, enzyme preparation and yeast cell suspension (continuous mode adapted) were manually fed every 4 or 8 h. The manual feeding was carried out for a period of 65 h.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Rather than having a centralized ledger tracking the number of digital photos of $100 on Dori’s phone or computer, this information is dispersed among the phones and computers of all participants involved. This includes not only Dori but also Aris and others engaged in exchanging digital photos for $100 via mobile phones or computers. The blockchain diligently records and disseminates this information to everyone. shares her unique digital photo of $100 with Aris, the blockchain accurately registers an “outflow” from Dori and an “inflow” to Aris, ensuring verification and distribution across the network. Attempting to send the same digital photo to 100 more friends becomes impractical since the blockchain records of all others are not synchronized. In their records, Dori no longer owns a digital photo of $100, leading to the rejection of her attempted transaction. Consequently, Dori no longer possesses the digital photo, while Aris does. 2. 1 Distributed and traditional databaseBlockchain operates as a decentralized database, recording a comprehensive audit trail of all transactions. Unlike traditional databases, it is managed by a network of computers, with no single computer holding sole responsibility for storage or administration. This ensures that any computer can join or leave the network without compromising data integrity or availability. The database can be restored from scratch by any computer, simply by downloading it from the network and processing the audit trail. In contrast, traditional databases are typically controlled by a single organization with complete authority, including the ability to manipulate data. While this may not pose issues in certain contexts, the sensitive nature of financial transactions creates a risk of data manipulation and falsification. To counter this, banks undergo continuous audit and regulatory scrutiny, facing persistent threats from external malicious hackers. Blockchain addresses these challenges by allowing the database to be managed by a distributed network, making it publicly accessible to everyone. This open model enables anyone to create a redundant copy of the database and verify it against other copies. However, this approach is best suited for static data that does not change over time. For dynamic data, a consensus problem arises when changes are needed after the database has been distributed. Determining the validity, permission, and order of changes becomes crucial. Allowing any entity with a copy of the database to make changes could lead to desynchronization, and a consensus must be reached on which database reflects the true state.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: This objectionability results from the fact that this behaviour is an expression of vice: a negative trait in one’s character. It is clear that it is similar to Chomański’s approach, in the sense that virtue ethics enables us to condemn some actions taken towards robots, even if the robots do not suffer any harm because of them. Yet, the crucial difference is that Sparrow focuses solely on the character of the users of already existing robots, while Chomanski concentrates on the character of the designers of robots that are not yet built. In other words, Sparrow shows that it is bad for one’s character to use robots in particular ways, while Chomanski demonstrates that it is bad for one’s character to design robots in a specific manner. To be sure, Sparrow emphasizes the role of designers and the importance of the process of designing robots, yet he does that in terms of the duties of designers and the consequences of their actions rather than in terms of their character traits (2017, 474–475). Hence, Chomanski’s position seems to be novel and specific in terms of focusing on the character of robot designers, and particularly on the vice of manipulativeness. In the next section, I focus only on the presence of manipulativeness on the side of designers in the cases of various types of APs. 4 Manipulativeness in designing various types of APsThe idea that the discussion about AP servants actually refers to a broader range of cases is not entirely new. For instance, Petersen, Musiał and Danaher have suggested that many issues connected to designing AP servants are in many relevant respects similar to the discussion of genetically enhancing human beings. Hence, many questions that appear regarding designing APs can be extrapolated to cases of genetic enhancement and vice versa. However, in this section, my aims are more modest: I only examine which kinds of APs inevitably involve manipulativeness as a part of their design. 4. 1 AP servantsChomanski directly addresses the question of whether it is possible to design AP servants without manipulativeness, and I believe that he is right when he claims there is no way to design AP servants without the designers being manipulative (2019, 1011–1012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Fed-batch SSF with substrate and enzyme-cocktail feed was carried out in a similar way but with all the required yeast cell suspension added at the beginning. Fed-batch SSF with substrate and cell-suspension feed was carried out in a similar manner but with all the required enzyme preparation added at the beginning. The temperature was maintained at 35°C and pH at 5. 0 by automatic addition of 5 M NaOH. The stirrer speed was set at 700 rpm for batch SSF and 400 rpm for fed-batch SSF. All the experiments were carried out in duplicates. Colony-forming unitsSamples collected during the SSF were serially diluted using sterile normal saline solution; 100 μl of two of the dilutions were plated on YPD plates and incubated at 30°C for 2 days and the colonies were counted and represented as CFU ml-1. Sample preparationTo make the sample pipettable equivalent to water, 1 g of the withdrawn sample from SSF was diluted five times with milliQ water. The diluted samples were quantified for metabolites by HPLC. The concentrations (including the dilution factor) of metabolites obtained by HPLC were represented in g (metabolite) kg (slurry)-1. This concentration was used to determine the yields presented in Table 2. However, for the data representation in the graphs and elsewhere in the text, the concentration (g kg-1) was converted to concentration (g L-1) by multiplying with a conversion factor of 1. 06 (kg L-1). The conversion factor was determined by pipetting 1 ml of slurry using a cut tip and weighing. Analysis of metabolitesSamples for extracellular metabolites were analyzed by HPLC using Aminex HPX-87H column with 30 × 4. 6 mm Cation-H Biorad micro-guard column (Bio-) maintained at 45°C; 5 mM H2SO4 was used as an eluent at a flow rate of 0. 6 ml min-1. Glycerol, ethanol and acetic acid were detected using an RI detector maintained at 35°C; HMF and furfural were detected using a UV detector at 210 nm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Introducing an entity with the privilege to make changes first, followed by others copying the database, attempts to address this issue. However, this raises concerns of potential data manipulation and censorship by the chosen entity for personal gain. A solution could involve a rotational system for managing entities and copying the “correct” state of the database. Yet, determining the order and process of changing controlling entities remains a question [4]. 2. 2 Blockchain: the final solutionBlockchain technology addresses these challenges by establishing a network of computers, known as nodes, each of which possesses a copy of the database and adheres to a set of rules defined as a consensus protocol. The consensus protocol outlines the sequence in which nodes can introduce changes to the database, ensuring unanimous agreement among all network nodes regarding the database’s state. This structure prevents any single entity from having the authority to manipulate or censor transactions. Moreover, the blockchain includes an immutable audit trail documenting all modifications to the database. This feature enables all controlling entities to scrutinize and validate the accuracy of the database. The audit trail comprises individual changes referred to as transactions. A set of transactions added to the database by a single node constitutes a “block. ” Each block contains a reference to the preceding block in the blockchain, establishing a chronological order [4]. The blockchain, essentially a chain of blocks, interconnects each block with the previous one and includes a list of new transactions occurring after the preceding block. When a new node joins the network, it initiates an empty database and retrieves all previous blocks from the network. This process ensures alignment with the databases of all other nodes. Fundamentally, blockchain orchestrates the sequence of transactions within the database, enabling anyone to verify its accuracy by reconstructing it from the beginning. 2. 3 Blockchain in actionBlockchain technology finds widespread application in Bitcoin, a prominent example of its utilization. Bitcoin operates as a digital cryptocurrency, employing blockchain for monitoring transactions and issuing digital currency units. When an individual intends to spend Bitcoins, they generate a transaction specifying the amount and recipient. This transaction is digitally signed and disseminated to nodes within the Bitcoin network. Upon the creation of the next block in the transaction chain by one of the nodes, it verifies the validity of the new transaction. If deemed valid, the transaction is included in the block, which, as part of the replicated chain, is distributed across all nodes in the network.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to note that the kind of APs that Chomanski discusses is one of many, so it is at least possible that the APs discussed by Chomanski do have to be designed with manipulativeness, but some others do not. First, it is worth examining what exact features Chomanski ascribes to the AP servants that he discusses. Chomanski initiates his investigations by asserting that AP servants should necessarily meet two conditions: the human-level AI condition (they should have “human-level intelligence, (…) autonomy, rationality, the possession of a moral character and a conception of the good” (Chomanski 2019, 995)) and the servitude condition (they “will have to be programmed in such a way as to be reliably willing to serve the relevant human needs (…) above almost all else” (Chomanski 2019, 996)). Hence, the first crucial feature of APs discussed by Chomanski is that they are artificial entities that possess all the necessary qualities to be considered a person, whatever these qualities are (Chomanski emphasizes that one of them should be human-level intelligence). This approach is common to all discussions about the APs mentioned above and is shared in my considerations presented below and the reason for this is obvious: if we want to discuss any group of artificial persons, they need to possess the features that persons possess (whatever these features are). As for the servitude condition, it differentiates the kind of APs that Chomanski discusses from other kinds of APs. This condition makes the APs discussed by Chomanski servants and seems to refer both to—to refer to Petersen’s distinction—“general servitude” and “specific servitude” (Petersen 2017, 289–291) (actually, Chomanski in his more recent text also distinguishes between these two kinds of servitude, although without using such terms (2021, 185)). General servants are those who do not have desires for any particular servitude actions, but for general servitude toward human beings, whatever they ask for—they simply have a “general” desire to serve humans. Specific servants are those who have a desire to do some particular tasks, such as a desire to wash clothes, iron them, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The monomeric sugars in the samples were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography using 4 × 250 mm Dionex CarboPac PA1 column with 4 × 50 mm guard column (Thermo Scientific, Sweden) maintained at 30°C. Eluent A: 300 mM NaOH, eluent B: 100 mM NaOH + 85 mM sodium acetate were used for elution at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. Monosaccharides including galactose, glucose and mannose were detected using pulsed amperometric detector. Ethanol yield calculationThe ethanol yield was represented as % of the maximum theoretical yield based on total available hexose sugars. The sum of available fermentable sugars, including glucose, mannose and galactose in the liquid fraction and WIS fraction was calculated. Due to the addition of water during hydrolysis, the theoretical weight of glucose released is 1. 11 times the weight of glucan. By using the maximum theoretical ethanol yield of 0. 51 g g-1 sugar, the maximum ethanol that can be produced from total available sugars was calculated. The percentage of the theoretical ethanol yield is defined as: Y SE = 100 * produced amount of ethanol g maximum theoretical amount of ethanol g AbbreviationsCFU: colony-forming units FPU: filter paper units HMF: 5-hydroxy-methyl furfural HPAEC: high performance anion exchange chromatography HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography SSF: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation WIS: water insoluble solids YPD: yeast extract peptone dextrose. 875. 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2010. 08. 013628. 10. 1007/s00253-002-1058-91117. 233. 10. 1002/bit. 260340211497. 10. 1021/ef800434u415. 10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2011. 01. 007349. 10. 1002/jctb. 167653. 10. 1016/j. tibtech. 2013. 10. 003870. 10. 1002/bit. 2111581. 10. 1007/BF029507784964. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 11. 01014. 10. 1186/1754-6834-3-147. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: This process effectively records an outflow from the sender and an inflow to the recipient [5]. 2. 4 Blockchain consensus protocolThe primary function of a consensus protocol is to establish rules governing the addition of blocks to the chain in terms of order and timing. This is crucial for a blockchain to maintain a consistent and unalterable sequence of events, universally agreed upon by all nodes, representing the current state of the database. Furthermore, this event sequence should be immune to censorship, ensuring that no single node possesses unilateral control over the admission of information. Currently, there are two main types of consensus protocols in use [6]:2. 4. 1 Proof of work (PoW)Proof of Work (PoW) serves as the original consensus protocol within the Bitcoin network. This protocol relies on solving intricate logic puzzles that are challenging to solve but easy to verify once completed. It can be likened to assembling a complex jigsaw puzzle with a multitude of tiny pieces — a formidable task to piece together, but a quick glance can confirm if the picture is complete and accurate. In the PoW protocol, the exertion involved in solving the puzzle is termed “Work,” and the puzzle solution is the “Proof of Work. ” Essentially, the ability to verify the correctness of the solution confirms that someone has performed the work accurately. A blockchain utilizing a PoW consensus protocol requires proof for each block added to the chain. As a reward for their efforts, the node receives a specific number of digital tokens, characteristic of the network. In the case of the Bitcoin network, this reward is in the form of Bitcoins, constituting the initial generation of these digital tokens. All circulating Bitcoins and those to be released in the future are generated as a reward for the work executed by the nodes in the block generation process, commonly known as “mining. ” The PoW protocol inherently values the chain with the most blocks as the current “correct” chain, given the greater cumulative work invested in it. Considered highly secure, the PoW protocol presents a significant challenge for any attempt to overwrite or forge a block. Such an alteration would invalidate previous blocks, requiring the reworking of all prior blocks before a new block could be added. For a successful alteration, a node would need a processing speed exceeding 51% of the combined speed of all other nodes — an event known as a “51% attack.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: However, it is worth mentioning that specific servitude refers not only to APs designed to perform mundane tasks clearly being a kind of servitude, such as washing or ironing. It also refers to those that would be designed to be piano players or mathematicians. Moreover, it needs to be emphasized that both Petersen and Chomanski assume that the intensity of desires—either general or specific—to serve would be analogous to human beings’ desire for food and water. Hence, both general and specific AP servants are designed to be “willing to serve the relevant human needs (…) above almost all else” and thus are meeting Chomanski’s servitude condition. It seems that in the case of both general and specific AP servants, the manipulativeness of designers is clear. Designers implement a general desire to serve or particular desires to perform some serving tasks and hence are “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by limiting another’s options and disregarding their rational capacities. Designers simply want both general and specific AP servants to do what they have been programmed to without taking other options into account or reasoning whether it is good to do so. Hence, both cases are clear examples of manipulativeness. There are two main reasons why general and specific AP servants are designed with inevitable manipulativeness in mind. The first is the strength of desires that are assigned to them. The second is a lack of alternative—not designed by the programmers—desires they could obtain and follow. These two features limit APs’ options and express a disregard for their rational capacities and therefore enable programmers to believe they can lead AP servants to act as they want them to. Hence, it is worth considering cases of APs in which desires programmed by designers are weaker and can be accompanied by desires not programmed by designers. 4. 2 AP workersOne such case is described in Chomański’s more recent paper, in which he discusses the case of APs made for profit (Chomanski 2021)—I will call them AP workers. Clearly, AP workers would meet the human-level AI condition, and they have all the features necessary to consider them persons equal to human beings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Influence of fiber degradation and concentration of fermentable sugars on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of high-solids spruce slurry to ethanol access Published: 08 October 2013 Influence of fiber degradation and concentration of fermentable sugars on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of high-solids spruce slurry to ethanol Kerstin Hoyer1, Mats Galbe1 & Guido Zacchi1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 13. 7% water-insoluble solids (WIS) resulted in a very low overall ethanol yield, mostly due to poor fermentation. The yeast was, however, able to ferment the washed slurry and the liquid fraction of the pretreated slurry. Performing prehydrolysis at 48°C for 22 hours prior to SSF of the whole pretreated slurry increased the overall ethanol yield from 3. 9 to 62. 1%. The initial concentration of fermentable sugars in SSF could not explain the increase in ethanol yield in SSF with prehydrolysis. Although the viscosity of the material did not appear to decrease significantly during prehydrolysis, the degradation of the fibers prior to the addition of the yeast had a positive effect on ethanol yield when using whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry. ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that the increase in ethanol yield from SSF when performing prehydrolysis is a result of fiber degradation rather than a decrease in viscosity. The increased concentration of fermentable sugars at the beginning of the fermentation phase in SSF following prehydrolysis did not affect the overall ethanol yield in the present study. BackgroundEthanol can be produced from spruce by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulolytic enzymes followed by fermentation with baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Performing these two steps simultaneously in so-called simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) has shown advantages such as reduced end product inhibition of the cellulolytic enzymes, increased overall ethanol yield, and reduced reactor volume [1–3]. Historically, in most research studies rather low solids loadings, usually between 2-10 wt%, have been employed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Private blockchains find utility in consortia and larger corporations that necessitate sharing information and documents among approved entities. In the financial sector, developing a private blockchain is meant to facilitate back-office operations related to clearing and settlement. Advertisement 3. The application of blockchain in worldwide financial systems: its advantages and implications! The intersection of financial systems with information technologies has witnessed a revolutionary shift with the advent of blockchain technology, offering the potential to fundamentally reshape financial landscapes. Several key advantages of blockchain contribute to its transformative impact [8]:Publicly available ledger system: Blockchain operates as a publicly accessible ledger, where all transactions are recorded and verified. This inherent transparency ensures a secure and reliable system, instilling trust among participants. Transaction immutability: Every transaction within the blockchain is authorized and validated by controllers known as “miners. ” Once recorded, transactions become immutable, meaning they cannot be altered or tampered with. This feature enhances security, providing robust protection against malicious intrusions and hacks—common concerns in contemporary financial IT systems. Elimination of intermediaries: Blockchain technology eliminates the need for intermediaries, enabling direct peer-to-peer transactions. Traditional financial systems often involve intermediaries such as banks or clearinghouses, introducing delays and costs. Blockchain streamlines the process, facilitating more efficient and cost-effective transactions. Decentralization: One of the core tenets of blockchain is decentralization. This technology is practically available to everyone, fostering a decentralized network where no single entity holds exclusive control. This decentralization not only enhances accessibility but also contributes to the resilience and security of the system. As blockchain continues to evolve, these advantages pave the way for more inclusive, efficient, and secure financial systems. The elimination of intermediaries, coupled with enhanced transparency and immutability, opens doors to innovative financial applications and services, driving a shift towards more direct and peer-to-peer interactions in the digital economy. The above-mentioned advantages of blockchain technology are manifested in various ways, particularly within financial systems, bringing about transformative possibilities:Cross-border payments: Enable fast, direct one-to-one payments, reducing costs for international transactions. Faster and better trading: Facilitates faster and more extensive trading, addressing constraints in international trade and finance. Allows for the creation of decentralized organizations and micro-investments. Guaranteed payments: Ensures guaranteed payments, enhancing trade in low-trust countries. Levels the playing field for poorer countries in international trading.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: White (2011, 162–170) and (2019, 197–201) discuss providing AI with legal personhood and, as a result, with a right to own property and money, to conclude contracts, or to sue others. Yet, one could wonder whether it is the right thing to do. Even assuming that we would agree that APs are persons in the moral sense, why would we decide that they are also persons in the legal sense and grant them powers such as those mentioned above? Why would people decide that robots can earn money and own goods? While there are various arguments for and against such a resolution, one possible answer is that if we recognize APs as moral persons equal to humans, and design them to have their desires and require some resources to maintain—such as electricity—and they were nobody’s property (since it is rather uncontroversial that moral persons should not be owned by anyone), then letting them work and earn is probably the best way to enable them to achieve those desires and obtain the resources. Otherwise, we would have to provide them with electricity and other goods for free, which seems even more controversial, or to ignore their desires and needs, which would also be highly questionable, since we would be the ones who brought them into a miserable existence. Then, in a sense, granting robots moral personhood and making them equal to humans results in problems that can be solved by granting them legal personality. Such a scenario of course remains highly speculative and even more controversial. Yet, to repeat, one of the side- or meta-aims of this study is to signal the problems that would appear if robots became persons, and hence to enable us to decide whether developing such robots is an aim we would like to try to achieve at all. Let us get back to the bottom line: Does designing such AP workers involve a manipulativeness on the side of designers? I believe it does. One could claim that a manipulativeness is not present because the desires programmed by designers for AP workers are significantly weaker than those programmed for AP servants, and also because AP workers can have their own desires not programmed by the designers. I assert that this only means that the manipulativeness is weaker, and not that it is utterly absent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In batch SSF of steam-pretreated spruce with 10% water-insoluble solids (WIS) it is possible to achieve almost complete conversion of the fermentable sugars in the substrate to ethanol, resulting in a final ethanol concentration after SSF of about 40 g/L [4–6]. In the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic material such as spruce, it is essential to reach a final ethanol concentration after the fermentation step of at least 4-5 wt% in order to reduce the energy demand, and thus the cost, of product recovery by distillation [7]. The only way to increase the final ethanol concentration is to increase the concentration of fermentable sugars in the process. This can be done by increasing the substrate loading. Recent studies on high solids hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic material to ethanol often focus on solids concentrations above 10%. However, the use of substrates with high solids contents suffers from various problems, including poor stirring of the material, and high inhibitor concentrations causing inhibition of the yeast, and sometimes also the enzymes [5, 8–14]. We have previously found that batch SSF of steam-pretreated spruce with 13. 7% WIS resulted in an overall ethanol yield of only 5-6%, even when using reactors modified to handle solid or semi-solid material, thus assuring adequate mixing of the material [8]. We also showed that this process could be improved by performing prehydrolysis at a higher temperature prior to SSF. Prehydrolysis at 48°C for 22 hours increased the final ethanol concentration from 3 to 48 g/L using whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry with 13. 7% WIS [8]. The aim of prehydrolysis prior to SSF is to partially hydrolyze the cellulose prior to the addition of the yeast. The optimal temperature range for the cellulolytic enzymes used in this study (Cellic CTec2) is 45-50°C [15], which is higher than the optimal temperature for S. cerevisiae. Separate prehydrolysis enables enzymatic hydrolysis to take place at a higher temperature than fermentation. Also, prehydrolysis has been reported to decrease the viscosity of the material, thus facilitating mixing [9, 16–18].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Micropayments: Supports efficient micropayments, reducing fraud risks and transaction costs. Control of payments and prevention of money laundering: Acts as a decentralized tool for controlling payments and preventing money laundering. Provides a globally accessible ledger for anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing. Despite these benefits, challenges include the risk of fund loss due to hacker attacks, and users bear the responsibility for their security in the absence of a centralized resolution authority. As blockchain continues to evolve, addressing these challenges is crucial for maximizing its impact on financial systems and global trade. Moreover, companies venturing into the implementation of blockchain technology, particularly in its early stages, face a spectrum of risk factors that demand thorough understanding and careful management [8]:Limited major implementations: Blockchain is a developing technology with a relatively small number of major implementations. The full scope of its limitations is not yet understood and is actively under research. Unanswered questions persist, such as how the model would scale with the substantial volume of daily transactions in financial markets. Transaction cost volatility: Observations from current implementations, notably with Bitcoin, reveal considerable fluctuations in transaction costs, ranging from minimal to unprofitable. Managing this volatility is crucial, particularly in domains like micropayments, where transaction costs can surpass the value of the payment itself. Rapid evolution of code and implementation methods: As a developing technology, the programming code and implementation methods are evolving rapidly. Organizations in the early stages of implementation may face risks associated with rule changes, modifications, or discontinuation of support for certain aspects of the technology. Security risks: Security risks in blockchain technology are multifaceted and demand comprehensive attention. Considerations include access control, the robustness of cryptographic algorithms, the security of control nodes in the network, the potential dominance of processors (e. g. , quantum processors), and the risk of denial-of-service attacks leading to potential unavailability. While these risks are inherent in the current state of blockchain technology, ongoing advancements, research, and industry maturation are expected to mitigate these challenges over the long term. Companies should adopt a proactive approach to risk management and stay abreast of developments to ensure the successful and secure implementation of blockchain solutions. Advertisement 4. ConclusionsBlockchain, at its core, operates as a decentralized and tamper-resistant digital ledger, offering a transparent and secure way to record and verify transactions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Moreover, as Chomański shows in his “manipulativeness without manipulation” claim, when we discuss a designer’s manipulativeness, we do not necessarily have to consider whether anyone is actually manipulated as a result or the consequences of manipulativeness in general. To remind, manipulativeness means “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by “limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities. ” I contend that in the case of AP workers, designers attempt to lead APs to act as they want them to—they want to receive money from the company, and it is possible only if APs want to work and do so efficiently, so they design AP workers in such a way. In this sense, they aim to limit APs’ options and disregard their rational capacities to shape their own future, though to a lesser degree than in the case of AP servants, but still. Actually, my claim that manipulativeness is present even if the designed desires are not overwhelming and accompanied by other, non-designed desires seems to be compatible with Chomanski’s approach—he asserts that manipulativeness is present even if designers “do not exercise complete control over the AI’s psychological profile” (2019, 1012). However, one could formulate at least three doubts about the claim that designing AP workers is manipulative. Regarding the first doubt, one could claim that designing AP workers does not have to necessarily involve manipulativeness and that to eliminate it, it is enough to design weaker desires and leave more room for other desires. In other words, one could argue that the only reason why the case of AP workers involves manipulativeness is that the desires programmed by the designers are too strong and that they influence the APs too much in comparison to their other desires not programmed by the designers. As a result, to eliminate manipulativeness, it is sufficient to weaken the former and increase room for the latter. I disagree with this. I believe that in such a case, designers are still “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner. ” Actually, the fact that they are willing to orchestrate another’s choices is unequivocal. What might be equivocal is whether they do so in an excessive manner.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Although the higher temperature in the prehydrolysis step favors enzymatic hydrolysis, the long retention time in hydrolysis and SSF is believed to result in deactivation of the cellulolytic enzymes [20, 21]. Adding a prehydrolysis step prior to SSF thus affects the process in many different ways but this has to our knowledge not been studied intensively, especially not for spruce. We have therefore performed a study of the influence of the degree of fiber degradation, initial monomeric sugar concentration and influence of fibers and inhibitors on SSF of steam-pretreated spruce with a solids loading of 13. 7% WIS. Results and discussionThe various SSF experiments are presented in Table 1. Unless otherwise stated, the ethanol yields given are the yield from the SSF step, or the yield from prehydrolysis and SSF (SSF 4 and 9), expressed as the percentage of the theoretical, based on the content of glucose and mannose in the liquid and solid material added to the fermentor. Table 1 Summary of the experiments carried out Full size tableEffects of fibers, inhibitors, and prehydrolysis on batch was performed with 13. 7% WIS using the whole pretreated spruce slurry (SSF 1), washed pretreated spruce slurry (SSF 2), and the liquid fraction of the pretreated spruce slurry (SSF 3) at a concentration corresponding to that of SSF using whole slurry with 13. 7% WIS. The results are presented in Figure 1. SSF of the whole steam-pretreated slurry (SSF 1) resulted in a very low overall ethanol yield (3. 9%). Washing the slurry prior to SSF, to remove the inhibitors present in the raw material and those formed in the pretreatment step (SSF 2), increased the overall ethanol yield to 77. 2%, suggesting that high viscosity, and thus stirring difficulties, was not the limiting factor in SSF 1. It has previously been shown that inadequate stirring at high solids concentrations can sometimes explain a lower ethanol yield in SSF [5]. The results in this study are in accordance with those of Lu et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: While it initially gained prominence through its association with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, the technology’s potential extends far beyond the realm of digital money. In the modern financial industry, blockchain’s distributed ledger concept is particularly promising. Traditional financial systems often rely on centralized databases maintained by trusted intermediaries, introducing vulnerabilities to fraud, errors, and data manipulation. Blockchain addresses these challenges by distributing the ledger across a network of nodes, ensuring consensus and transparency. This decentralized nature reduces the dependence on a central authority, fostering trust and integrity in financial transactions. However, blockchain technology is recognized as a foundational element in the financial sector, offering promising prospects for economic development, financial innovation, and internet advancement. As the financial industry undergoes a digital transformation, successful adoption of blockchain technology becomes imperative. Current research delves into the mediating role of blockchain adoption in the relationship between digital business strategy and process innovation, as well as financial performance. Furthermore, new findings investigate how information technology alignment plays a moderating role in this scenario. The investigation seeks to unveil the nuanced dynamics and interconnections among these crucial components, with the overarching goal of utilizing blockchain for strategic and operational improvements within the financial sector [9]. Moreover, Blockchain technology significantly impacts the financial sector by enhancing security through decentralization and cryptography, leading to efficient processes and reduced costs. Its transparency and traceability improve risk management, support cross-border transactions, and facilitate innovations such as decentralized finance (DeFi) and tokenization. Blockchain ensures regulatory compliance, strengthens data security, and prevents fraud, fostering financial inclusion and revolutionizing traditional financial products and services. Beyond finance, various industries are exploring blockchain applications. Sectors such as supply chain management, healthcare, real estate, and even governance are considering how blockchain can enhance efficiency, security, and transparency. For instance, in supply chain management, blockchain can enable real-time tracking of products from manufacturing to delivery, reducing fraud and ensuring the authenticity of goods. However, the adoption of blockchain technology comes with its share of challenges and risks. Issues such as scalability, regulatory uncertainties, and the environmental impact of certain consensus mechanisms (like Proof of Work) are subjects of ongoing discussion and exploration. It is crucial for organizations to carefully evaluate their specific use cases and consider the potential risks associated with implementing blockchain solutions. Moreover, blockchain should not be seen as a one-size-fits-all solution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: I believe that they do so, since they attempt to significantly limit APs’ options by disregarding their rational capacities. In particular, the disregard for rational capacities is excessive, since there are ways to limit others’ options without disregarding their rational capacities, as I show in the next paragraph. Moreover, I believe that additional excessiveness stems from the fact that such orchestration is not unavoidable, since it is possible to design APs without intentionally determining their future and orchestrating their choices—I discuss such cases in the next section. Therefore, I contend that if (1) we can make attempts to program some desires into APs without disregarding their rational capacities and (2) we can bring APs to life without intentionally determining their desires, then ignoring these opportunities results in an excessive willingness to orchestrate another’s choices and, hence, involves manipulativeness. Regarding the second doubt, one could argue that the understanding of manipulativeness demonstrated above is too broad, particularly because parenting and education turn out to be manipulative in light of it. After all, parenting and education are not unavoidable and may involve limiting options and disregarding rational capacities. This means that parenting and education can involve manipulativeness but do not have to. In particular, parenting and education can respect the rational capacities of the entity in question. Parenting and education can be about persuading and explaining, which respect the rational capacities of a child, but can also be about forcing and ordering, which disregard the rational capacities of a child. The latter case involves manipulativeness, while the former does not. Therefore, my understanding of manipulativeness covers some parenting and education cases in which a child’s rational capacities are not respected. However, parenting and education that respect the rational capacities of a child are not manipulative, even though they may lead to a limitation of options and are not unavoidable. Simply speaking, parenting and education may be free of manipulativeness. In contrast, I believe that designers who choose to intentionally design APs do not—and actually cannot—respect the rational capacities of the APs they design. They do not raise or teach APs by asking, persuading, and explaining some things. They simply program particular desires without asking, persuading or explaining—without taking APs’ rational capacities into account. This is a crucial difference between the intentional design of APs on the one hand and parenting and educating on the other.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: [11], who reported almost complete fermentation in SSF of steam-pretreated corn stover at total solids concentrations up to 30% using washed fiber, while the whole pretreated and hydrolyzed slurry could not be fermented at all at the same solids concentration. The glucose concentration in SSF 1 increased throughout the entire SSF process, reaching a final concentration of 68. 2 g/L, indicating problems in fermentation. This is in accordance with the results presented by Lu et al. [11], who found that no ethanol was produced using whole slurry with DM contents above 20% TS, while the ethanol yield in experiments using washed slurry was not affected by the DM content. They did, however, not see any significant decrease in glucose yield in enzymatic hydrolysis with increasing dry matter content up to 30% TS, using washed and whole steam-pretreated corn stover. It is well known that compounds present in the pretreatment hydrolysate inhibit S. cerevisiae in the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass [22–25]. Figure 1Overall ethanol yield from SSF and combined prehydrolysis and SSF of spruce slurry with 13. 7% WIS. SSF 2 was compensated for the loss of fermentable sugars in the washing step. Full size imageDespite the indications of inhibited fermentation in SSF 1 in the present study, the liquid fraction of the pretreated slurry, was fermented well at a concentration corresponding to 13. 7% WIS (SSF 3), resulting in an overall ethanol yield of 88. 1%. This indicates that yeast inhibitors such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and the organic acids acetic acid and lactic acid were present at low concentrations, and did not lead to any significant inhibition of the yeast with respect to final ethanol yield under the conditions used in the present study (for exact concentrations in the pretreated hydrolysate, see Table 2). This is in accordance with previous findings where acetic acid at concentrations up to around 6 g/L increased the ethanol yield after fermentation of dilute acid pretreated spruce hydrolysate and only inhibited the yeast at higher concentrations [26]. Also furfural and HMF at concentrations higher than the ones in the present study have been shown to cause a lag phase in fermentation, but not to affect the final ethanol yield [26].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Blockchain is a system recording data that makes it difficult or impossible to alter, hack, or defraud the system. A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions replicated and distributed over computer servers. Blockchain technology is a significant new financial innovation radically reshaping corporate transactions. It is a decentralized network that supports and employs multiple encryption algorithms. These safe, robust, and adaptable transactions are incorporated into another significant computer paradigm, cloud computing. This paper implements a blockchain-based secure method to make the cloud secure. Initially, the transactions are recorded in the blockchain using the SHA-256 cryptographic algorithm. After that, transactions are serialized, and block features are cached. Thirdly, the blockchain created new blocks after fulfilling desired requirements and performing transactions. Furthermore, the transaction is monitored by using the Merkle tree method in each step of the transaction to make it more secure and trustworthy. However, the research also highlighted the gaps and the impact of the gaps in the current work. Blockchain technologyCloud computingResearch gapsSecurityand the computational costFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 17Figure 18Figure 19Figure 20Figure 21Figure 22Figure 231 IntroductionOne of the most popular computing buzzwords in recent years has been "cloud. " A year and a half ago, only a tiny handful of individuals used the word "blockchain" to characterize peer-to-peer distributed ledger or database technology [1]. Blockchain is an autonomous and decentralized data system. Using blockchain; data may be handled and arranged in a revolutionary new manner: open, permanent, verifiable, and shared without the need for a central authority. The most recent innovations in information processing technologies have enticed familiar consumers to better store their data. Cloud users utilize the present field, cloud computing, as a practical example. Based on their location, cloud users may access, exchange, and analyze data at any time and from any place. Cloud customers have no direct control over resources after uploading them to the cloud server. According to the terms and conditions, the cloud service provider makes the service accessible. As we enter the "information era," the quantity, velocity, and diversity of material on the Internet are growing exponentially. Millions of transactions, including heterogeneous and homogeneous sensitive data, will not influence the end user's service quality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: This is why I believe that while parenting and education—of both human beings and APs—do not have to involve manipulativeness, intentionally designing APs is unavoidably manipulative. Regarding the third doubt, one could assert that in some cases, manipulativeness can prevent some significant harm or create some significant good and that in such cases, manipulativeness could be justified. While this might be true, this neither means that in such cases, manipulativeness is absent nor that it is not objectionable—it only means it can be justified. For instance, one of the conditions that Chomanski proposes AP workers should meet is designing them not to desire to intentionally cause another’s suffering. Such designing involves being manipulative (since it expresses a “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by “limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities”), yet this manipulativeness can be justified. Recall that in this study, I do not claim that the presence of manipulativeness either always or sometimes should directly result in condemning or banning an action that involves it. My aim is only to discuss in which cases of designing APs manipulativeness is present and in which cases it is not. Hence, to return to the bottom line, if the intentional design is the problem, then probably the best way to avoid the presence of manipulativeness is to develop APs without intentionally designing their desires. The following section discusses what this may look like. 5 Designing APs without manipulativeness: AP randomsThere seem to be two alternatives to the intentional design of AP desires. The first is to not design any “innate” desires at all, and the second is to randomize the selection of APs’ desires, making it nonintentional. I will call APs resulting from these two modes of designing “AP randoms” to emphasize their main feature, which is their random character. Now, I briefly describe both modes of the non-manipulative design of AP randoms and I then discuss various dilemmas connected to bringing AP randoms to existence. The first way of avoiding an intentional design of desires—and hence avoiding manipulativeness—is to not design any desires at all.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It has previously been reported by Palmqvist and Lidén [14] that different lignocellulosic materials behave differently during enzymatic hydrolysis. They observed that steam-pretreated Arundo donax (giant cane) quickly lost most of its fiber structure during enzymatic hydrolysis (up to 20% WIS), while the fiber network in spruce was retained for a longer period of time during hydrolysis under the same conditions. It is therefore important to be aware of the fact that different lignocellulosic materials may respond in different ways to prehydrolysis. Apart from reducing the viscosity, prehydrolysis also results in an increase in the concentration of soluble monomeric sugars, mostly glucose, and the degradation of the fiber structure. In the present study, the concentrations of inhibitors such as furfural, HMF and organic acids (acetic and lactic acid) did not change during prehydrolysis when using steam-pretreated spruce. Since the rapid liquefaction of the material during prehydrolysis reported for agricultural lignocellulosic materials [9, 14] was not observed in the present study, and the concentrations of inhibitors were unaffected by prehydrolysis, we investigated whether the degree of degradation of the pretreated material or the initial concentration of fermentable sugars in the SSF step could explain the significant increase in overall ethanol yield in SSF of whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry when adding a prehydrolysis step. SSF with varying degree of fiber degradationTo study the influence of the degree of degradation of the pretreated spruce fibers, SSF was performed on washed pretreated slurry with 13. 7% WIS with and without the addition of cellulolytic enzymes (SSF 5 and 6). The overall ethanol yields were 68. 1% (with enzymes) and 68. 9% (without enzymes), assuming a fermentation yield of 90% to compensate for the fact that new monomeric sugars were not released in SSF 6, where no cellulolytic enzymes were present (Figure 2). In SSF 6, the fibers remained undegraded throughout the entire fermentation period of 120 hours, while in SSF 5 the fibrous material was degraded by enzymatic hydrolysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Several data sources include mobile devices, sensors, files, and social media. This sort of data explosion has prompted significant research challenges, including "how to properly and optimally handle vast volumes of data and develop novel preservation strategies to access knowledge. " Information processing units that serve various financial markets continue to confront obstacles in developing next-generation financial technologies that use network technologies securely and facilitate user communication. In answer to the need for financial security, blockchain technology was developed. It is characterized as a public accounting network that makes online transactions safer. The blockchain model idea was presented in 2008. Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency to adopt a blockchain-based strategy. The client performs virtual transactions using an authentication procedure, and the blockchain concept's transactional process is mainly accomplished. This block will be updated often and reflected in the final transaction details block of the electronic currency transaction data. 2 Research aim and objectives The study's overarching goals are to ascertain blockchain's applicability in cloud computing and to identify possible risks and difficulties associated with using the technology there. The following are some of the goals or primary concerns: Outlines and short discussions on cloud storage and blockchain technologies. Explore the possibilities of blockchain and its use in the cloud. Learn to recognize the value of blockchain security for cloud-based programs. Examine modern methods for protecting the privacy, authenticity, and integrity of the public's data 2 Background 2. 1 Overview of As a network of remote servers and interconnected networks, "the cloud" provides users with many benefits regarding data processing and storage. A wide range of organizations and online resources for usage by consumers and businesses is now implementing cloud storage. Cloud storage is a kind of cloud computing that uses the Internet to store and make massive quantities of data available. All data, whether fully or partially structured, is under the service provider's control in the cloud. The limits of the devices themselves are included in cloud storage. Further, it frequently loads on the user's website and uses cloud-based data storage. Because of this, cloud storage was developed to enable users to store data and retrieve it from any place, regardless of their precise geographical position. As a bonus, the dataset is hosted in the cloud, making it accessible worldwide. Cloud storage is trending due to the growing number of clients seeing a return on investment in the cloud. Customers who don't trust the security of their data and the people who have access to it are familiar. Because of this, many consumers feel compelled to take extra precautions to safeguard their data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: AP randoms resulting from such a design would be “tabula rasa” with regard to desires. However, such an approach can be problematic if we recognize that some visions of personhood might consider “innate” desires a constitutive feature of personhood. In other words, from some perspectives on personhood, one cannot be a person without possessing some “innate” desires. If these were some specific desires, they could be intentionally programmed into APs and probably would not involve manipulativeness, since they are unavoidable in terms of being a necessary condition of regarding APs as persons. If these were some desires in general, they could be programmed by following the second approach to avoiding the intentional design of desires. This means that both methods can be combined, at least to a degree. The second way of avoiding the intentional design of desires—and hence avoiding manipulativeness—is to randomize the selection of desires programmed into APs. Again, such randomization would refer to all the desires of APs apart from those that would be seen as constitutive of their personhood. APs’ desires would be randomly selected by an algorithm, which would work in a way that the designers could not predict (otherwise, the designers would still be manipulative). Moreover, the algorithm would not possess the status of a person (otherwise, the algorithm itself would be guilty of manipulativeness). Actually, Petersen mentions such a possibility when he examines what kinds of buttons can be pushed on a hypothetical machine able to create persons—Person-O-Matic—naming them “typical persons” (Petersen 2017, 286–287). Apart from implementing one or both methods of non-intentional design, it is crucial to make such APs capable of changing their desires, at least to the degree that is given to human beings. It is important because otherwise, designers could still be accused of manipulativeness. They would excessively orchestrate APs’ choices, limit their options and disregard their reasoning by making them unable to change their desires in any way. Hence, such APs with random desires would have to be able to understand, critically reconsider and transform their various features to free designers from being accused of being manipulative. Actually, Chomanski and Petersen consider a very similar ability a condition of the personhood of APs and refer to this as “a capability of reflection.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It is possible that the higher ethanol yield is due to the liberation of compounds from the fiber structure during hydrolysis, and not only from the degradation of the fiber structure. SSF with varying initial concentrations of fermentable sugarsTo study the influence of the initial concentration of fermentable sugars (glucose and mannose), SSF of washed pretreated spruce slurry was performed with the addition of different amounts of glucose (SSF 2, 5 and 7). The initial concentrations of fermentable sugars were chosen to include a range from the concentration present in a standard batch SSF with whole pretreated spruce slurry, to concentrations well above those after 4 and 22 hours of prehydrolysis, denoted Low (36-38 g/L), Moderate (61-76 g/L) and High (116-119 g/L). The initial concentrations of fermentable sugars in the different SSF experiments are presented in Table 1. SSF of washed pretreated spruce slurry resulted in overall ethanol yields between 68. 1 and 77. 2%; the lowest ethanol yield being obtained in SSF of the substrate with highest initial concentration of fermentable sugars (see Figure 4). Hyperosmotic stress due to high sugar concentrations results in the accumulation of intracellular glycerol in yeast cells [19, 28], which could explain the slight decrease in ethanol yield at the highest glucose concentrations. The differences in the ethanol yields from SSF of washed steam-pretreated spruce slurry with different initial concentrations of fermentable sugars are not sufficient to explain the difference in ethanol yields observed in batch SSF of whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry with and without prehydrolysis (Figure 3). Figure 4 Overall ethanol yield from SSF of washed steam-pretreated spruce slurry with 13. 7% WIS, containing different initial amounts of fermentable sugars. Full size imageWhen performing SSF on the whole pretreated spruce slurry spiked with different amounts of glucose (SSF 1, 8 and 10), the overall ethanol yields were very low, between 3. 9 and 6. 1%, and the initial concentration of fermentable sugars did not affect the overall ethanol yield significantly (Figure 5). Figure 5 Overall ethanol yield from SSF of whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry with 13. 7% WIS, containing different initial amounts of fermentable sugars.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Consumers want criteria like authentication, integrity, availability, secrecy, and data security. All cloud service agreements should contain them since they indicate fundamental meditation in cases of apparent effort. In addition, a discussion of defensive poisoning and information leakage assaults, as well as malicious activity by interested parties such as the cloud, are presented in [2]. 2. 2 of the most talked-about innovations recently is blockchain technology. Its significance has grown because it is a relatively new invention with extensive application. Blockchain, which was first introduced in 2008, is undergoing a disruptive transformation that has the potential to alter how we communicate, compute fees, track, and monitor transactions. It is this latter function, as a digitally shared ledger or database, that blockchain was designed to fulfill. One reason blockchain technology may be successful is the absence of a requirement for a central authority to oversee and record transactions and member interactions. Each transaction on the blockchain is cryptographically tagged and validated by other mining machines that hold copies of the complete transaction information. Using this method, you may register a timeshare in a safe, synchronized, and permanent manner. In addition, everyone is aware that blockchain technology is a sort of information technology with applications in software and business. See Fig. 1 for a visual representation of the blockchain's underlying design [3]. 2. 3 of BlockChain Distributed: Transactions are broadcast to all nodes using standardized protocols and are then grouped into blocks according to established criteria after complete processing. Blockchain's primary purpose was to make sharing and updating information easier across different networks. The blockchain's greatest strength is its ability to operate independently of any central authority. There is no central authority or service charge in a blockchain network; instead, the network relies on a consensus mechanism to ensure that all data is accurate and up to date [4–5]. No centralized database or clearinghouse is needed since all transaction information is stored at every node. This reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure at a single spot. To safeguard the honesty of the financial transactions, all nodes must concur via a consensus mechanism. With everyone's agreement, the consensus algorithm keeps the blockchain's data consistent and prevents any erroneous transactions from entering the system. Another need for a transaction to be legitimate is confirmation from all parties involved. The term "consent" describes this stage. In addition to the address's anonymity, any participant in the blockchain may send and receive transactions at that address.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: ” Chomanski follows Petersen, who in turn follows and contends that “It is plausibly a necessary condition of personhood that one be able to reflect on one’s desires, for example, and reconsider them” (Petersen 2011, 289). Chomanski follows Petersen’s account of reflection and asserts that reflection is a necessary condition for autonomy: “AI servants would be autonomous (…) provided that they are given the capacity to genuinely reflect on, and possibly change, their motivations, etc. (Chomanski 2019, 1003)). ” In turn, I believe that programming a capacity for reflection into AP randoms would additionally enable their designers to avoid manipulativeness. It is worth noting that taking all of these measures against manipulativeness would have significant consequences. Specifically, developing AP randoms would result in creating APs who are unpredictable and uncontrollable at a level comparable to that of human beings. Such APs would no longer more or less faithfully achieve aims designed by humans but would follow their own—unpredictable and uncontrollable—aims, which might be incoherent with humans’ aims. Most likely, the most radical example of this is the fact that in the randomized selection of AP randoms’ desires, to avoid manipulativeness, we would have to enable the algorithm to choose features we might consider unethical. For instance, one could argue that enabling the algorithm to program into AP a desire to cause suffering to others would be wrong. However, eliminating such a desire from the range of available features might be considered manipulative, since it fulfils the features of being “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner”: it limits APs’ options, disregards rational capacities and is not necessary. Of course, one could argue that manipulativeness is far less important than reducing suffering and that the latter can justify the former. Moreover, the fact that we would choose to avoid manipulativeness and enable APs to possess “innate” desires to cause suffering does not mean that we would simply accept this desire and its consequences—we could try to prevent it through socialization, as we do in the case of human beings who seem to share similar desires. Of course, the efficiency of such attempts would depend on the quality of socialization, the strength of desires and many other factors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: MethodsRaw material and steam pretreatmentUnbarked spruce chips were impregnated with 5% SO2 and pretreated by continuous steam explosion at 205°C for 6-7 min at -Technology (Örnsköldsvik, Sweden). The pretreated slurry was stored at our laboratory at room temperature in airtight containers. Once opened, the containers were stored at 4°C before analysis and SSF. The steam-pretreated slurry used in this study had a DM content of 16. 4% WIS (24. 3% total solids (TS)). The washed pretreated fiber consisted of 49. 0% glucan and 48. 2% lignin. The composition of the liquid fraction of the pretreated material is presented in Table 2. Cell cultivationInoculumThe inoculum culture was prepared on an agar plate from pure baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) produced by Jästbolaget, Rotebro, Sweden. The cells were added to a 300 mL Erlenmeyer flask together with 70 mL of an aqueous solution containing 23. 8 g/L glucose, 10. 8 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 5. 0 g/L KH2PO4, and 1. 1 g/L MgSO4∙7H2O. This solution also contained 14. 4 g/L trace metal solution and 1. 4 g/L vitamin solution, prepared according to Taherzadeh et al. [29]. The pH was adjusted to 5 with 0. 25 M NaOH, and the Erlenmeyer flask was sealed with a cotton plug and incubated at 30°C for 23 h on a rotary shaker. Aerobic cultivationAerobic cell cultivation was performed in two steps. Cells were first cultivated in batch mode on a glucose solution, after which the mode was changed to fed-batch with a feed containing hydrolysate liquid from the pretreatment step. Adapting the yeast cells to pretreatment hydrolysate has previously been shown to improve resistance to the inhibitors in the fermentation medium, and to give higher ethanol yields, especially at higher DM contents [30]. Both steps were performed in 2 L fermentors (Infors AG, Bottmingen, Switzerland) at 30°C. The pH was maintained at 5 by the addition of 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: The system will not disclose personal information about the user, but members will be able to see the specifics of the encrypted exchange. As each blockchain transaction is time-stamped and digitally signed, the association can always find out when a particular transaction took place and use that information to distinguish between various blockchain participants. As a result, there is an unbreakable and irreversible connection between each successive block. 3 Related WorkThis part presents research on traditional cloud computing technologies, showing their significant improvements in increasing the security of blockchain, cloud computing, and academic research. 3. 1 Cloud storage is a technology for sharing Internet resources with IT-related functions, which is very important for companies and individuals. With the advancement of information and communication technology (ICT) and cloud services, much of the scientific work is devoted to increasing performance and data security. Traditional security strategies focus on information encryption, integrity verification, data reduplication, user lockout, data archiving, and auditing. To protect user data stored in the cloud, a symmetric encryption scheme with an encrypted bloom filter is used so that users can detect unauthorized changes to outsourced data. In 2018, a security solution was developed to improve the information security of the user's data signature. The tags used to verify and generate process evidence are based on index pointers. It promotes public surveillance and the effective removal of users. Focusing on the abuse of cloud operators, his goal is to prevent cloud user data from leaking from cloud servers. A Method (RARE) is proposed, which removes the reduplication response channel from the cloud storage facility while preserving the use of redundancy. Based on the data redundancy response structure among zero-knowledge users, a zero-knowledge redundancy response is proposed as a side-channel shield. Although these solutions provide secure storage, integrity verification, effective user lockout, and data reduplication, the system still has issues, such as the nightmare of user data privacy. It has been observed that most methods only consider static data sets and are unsuitable for large amounts of data. Some technologies cannot solve the problem of cloud storage data security. So, it seems very helpful to understand the previously known blockchain-based cloud storage solutions and finally does some research. 4 section offers studies of conventional cloud computing methods, demonstrating how they have greatly enhanced the safety of blockchains, cloud storage, and scholarly inquiry. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Hence, the question is whether we want APs to be unable to hurt others or to be able to hurt others but choose not to do so. However, whatever we would choose to do with particularly controversial desires such as the desire to cause another’s suffering, the bottom line here is that AP randoms developed in both aforementioned ways would be unpredictable and uncontrollable to a degree similar to human beings. The obvious question is, what would be the point of developing AP randoms, and is it worth developing them at all? The general answer seems to be that the role of AP randoms in our lives would be analogous to the role of other human beings. As, somewhat romantically, Walker puts it, “we should create this sort of AI because we intend to love them, and hope that they love us; just as we intend and hope the same for our human children” (Walker 2006). Petersen also, while discussing “typical persons,” argues that they “could plausibly bring ethical benefit to a great many couples who are not otherwise able to have biological children” (Petersen 2017, 287). takes this idea one step further and presents the interesting and controversial idea of artificial offspring, who—as he sees it—could be in some ways better than natural offspring (Danaher 2017b). Such ideas of embracing AP randoms involve a significant shift in our attitude toward technological artifacts. Of course, ideas of embracing any APs or providing robots with rights also involve them, but the case of AP randoms seems so radical that it illustrates the consequences of such embracing in a particularly stark and clear manner. In brief, this seems to illustrate that embracing AP randoms in particular and, to a lesser degree, APs in general involves some shifts in our perception of technological artifacts and our relations to them. First, and probably most generally, AP randoms would not be tools made to be used for humans’ own good and to achieve humans’ aims (as in the case of other technological artifacts), but persons created to be with humans who follow their own aims and try to achieve their own benefit. It is worth emphasizing that the good and aims of AP randoms may not be coherent with humans’ good and aims, and sometimes the former may remain in contrast and compete with the latter.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 M NaOH throughout cell cultivation. The working volume of batch cultivation was 500 mL. Cultivation was started by adding 60 mL inoculum to a medium containing 20. 0 g/L glucose, 22. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 10. 5 g/L KH2PO4, 2. 2 g/L MgSO4∙7H2O, 60 g/L trace metal solution, and 6. 0 g/L vitamin solution. Batch cultivation was performed at a stirrer speed of 700 rpm. The fermentor was aerated by the addition of air. The air flow was controlled to give a concentration of dissolved oxygen above 5% at all times. Batch cultivation was changed to fed-batch cultivation when the concentration of dissolved oxygen increased rapidly, showing that all the sugar and the ethanol produced during batch cultivation had been depleted. This occurred after 11-15 hours of batch fermentation in the present study. Fed-batch cultivation was performed with hydrolysate from the pretreatment step. Glucose was added to the hydrolysate to obtain a concentration of fermentable sugars (glucose and mannose) of 70 g/L. A total volume of 1 L feed containing hydrolysate supplemented with salt solution, resulting in feed concentrations of 11. 3 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 5. 3 g/L KH2PO4, and 1. 1 g/L MgSO4∙7H2O, was added over a period of 23-24 hours. The final concentration of hydrolysate in the fermentor was equivalent to that which would have been obtained if the slurry from pretreatment had been diluted to 7. 5% WIS. Fed-batch cultivation was performed in the aerated fermentor at a stirrer speed of 900-1000 rpm. Cell harvestThe cultivation medium was centrifuged in 750 mL containers at 3500 rpm for 5 min (Jouan C4-12 centrifuge, St Herblain, France). The time between cell harvest and the addition of the cells to the SSF process was less than 2 h. Prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentationAll SSF experiments were run in 2 L stirred tank reactors at a WIS concentration of 13.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: To the best of our knowledge, no other study has come close to matching the depth and breadth of our investigation into the fundamentals of blockchain cloud storage technology. 4. 3 The Blockblockchain's basic structure and operational flow are outlined below. The blockchain is being created as a reference architecture for cloud, edge, and fog computing. Another huge distributed model is being combined with it at the same time. Currently, it is connected to the cloud system to improve security. What inspired the creation of the blockchain? Blockchain technology is a decentralized ledger that relies on cryptographic signatures to verify financial transactions. There are discrete steps involved. A cryptographic system is associated with each block. The transaction's legitimacy must be checked and assessed at each potential bottleneck. Several elements of the P2P concept are implemented. No brokerage fees will be considered if a transaction is legitimate within this framework. Because of this blockchain approach, your terminal system may be assured robust and scalable security. The trading mechanism was extremely tough for hackers to exploit. Because of this, monetary transactions are simplified and facilitated for more people. The following diagram summarizes the core features of a P2P blockchain system [6]. This 2. Use this calculator for numbers of any size. A ledger is a record of business dealings. A copy of the ledger, which records all business dealings, is stored at each node. The ledger is often kept on paper and pencil when using a conventional format. This similar idea has been used in the development of new information technologies. Thus, there are disadvantages to adopting a centralized ledger, such as the potential for a sudden loss of data and the inability to verify transactions independently. Blocks: Users provide unique transaction identifiers applied to each block node. Collective of completed transactions stored in a queue. This transaction index allows for extra steps to be taken before the procedure concludes. There is no saving of intermediate steps in the transaction process. The mining nodes update each step of the transaction process. This means that each block contains all the transactions that have ever been made. The blockchain system automatically rejects invalid transactions. Since the computed hash would drastically alter with a change in the individual bit of the block, this approach verifies the data's rigidity. All nodes also store a copy of the hash for each block, which provides an extra layer of protection. Since every node in the network can check whether the hash is a match, there is no chance of errors or corruption in this system.

Output: corroborate