Input: Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: castanea is supported by previous research on other Carollia species that rely less on Piper as a food resource. For example, C. perspicillata can recognize minute concentrations of particular chemical components (fruit-typical odor components like ethyl butyrate, n-pentyl acetate, or linalool; Laska 1990), are attracted to fruit scent even when no other cues are present (Hessel and Schmidt 1994), and visit mist nets spiked with the essential oil of Piper gaudichaudianum more frequently (Mikich et al. 2003). Here, we link the bouquet of VOCs from a known, preferred food source with the behavioral p2001. Effect of acoustic clutter on prey detection by bats. Nature414:742–5. 1979. Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. 24:359–408. 2011. Echolocation call intensity and directionality in flying short-tailed fruit bats, Carollia perspicillata (Phyllostomidae). J Am129:427–35. 2009. Intense echolocation calls from two “whispering” bats, Artibeus jamaicensis and Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae). J Exp Biol212:11–20. doi: 10. 1242/jeb. 0232261989. UV vision: a bird’s eye view of feathers. J A164:787–96. 2014. Three floral volatiles contribute to differential pollinator attraction in monkeyflowers (Mimulus). J Exp Biol217:614–23. 1999. A nose that looks like a hand and acts like an eye: the unusual mechanosensory system of the star-nosed mole. J Comp Physiol185:367–72. 2011. How to be a frugivore (in a changing world). Acta Oecol37:674–81. 1991. The relationship between body size, diet, and habitat use in frugivorous bats, (Phyllostomidae). J Mammal72:493–501. 2013. Perception of silent and motionless prey on vegetation by echolocation in the gleaning bat Micronycteris microtis. 280:20122830. 2018. The role of ecological factors in shaping bat cone opsin evolution. 2852014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Recapitulation of premature ageing with iPSCs from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nature. 2011; 472:221–5. [PubMed] 9. ñamero ña O, Megías D, Domínguez O, Martínez. Reprogramming in vivo produces teratomas and iPS cells with totipotency features. Nature. 2013; 502:340–5. [PubMed] 10. Premature termination of reprogramming in vivo leads to cancer development through altered epigenetic regulation. Cell. 2014; 156:663–77. [PubMed] 11. . Stem cells. Holding your breath for longevity. Science. 2015; 347:1319–20. [PubMed] 12. . Anti-Based on Cellular Reprogramming. Med. 2016; 22:725–38. [PubMed] 13. Ocampo A, Reddy P, Martinez-Redondo P, Platero--Ferrer E, Donoso D, et al. Amelioration of Age-by Partial Reprogramming. Cell. 2016; 167:1719–33. e12. [PubMed] 14. . The ageing epigenome and its rejuvenation. Biol. 2020; 21:137–50. [PubMed] 15. . by Epigenetic Reprogramming. Cell. 2021; 28:5–7. [PubMed] 16. Reprogramming to recover youthful epigenetic information and restore vision. Nature. 2020; 588:124–9. [PubMed] 17. -. Partial reprogramming restores youthful gene expression through transient suppression of cell identity. bioRxiv. 2021; 1–29. 18. . Transient non-integrative expression of nuclear reprogramming factors promotes multifaceted amelioration of aging in human cells. Nat Commun. 2020; 11:1545. [PubMed] 19. -. Multi-omic rejuvenation of human cells by maturation phase transient reprogramming. Elife. 2022; 11:e71624. [PubMed] 20. van de Sluis B, Kirkland JL, van Deursen JM. Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders. Nature. 2011; 479:232–6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: To gain insights into the DEGs that specifically regulate zigzag-shaped stem development, we made a Venn diagram of cultivar comparisons and identified 2175 overlapping DEGs between MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, which were mainly enriched in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways (Fig. 4). Among these pathways, the “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” pathway serves as a source of metabolites in plants, is involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, flavonoids, coumarins and lignans, and plays a fundamental role in plant structural support [29, 30]. It has been found that, in Arabidopsis, mutation of the genes encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A shikimate:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl-transferase (HCT) involved in this pathway resulted in changes in the structural, developmental, and reproductive phenotypes of Arabidopsis plants [31-33]. Interestingly, the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol have been shown to inhibit polar auxin transport and to enhance consequent localized auxin accumulation [34-36]. Recently, Kuhn, et al. [34] suggested that flavonols could modulate auxin transport by modifying the antagonistic kinase/phosphatase equilibrium. Therefore, flavonols could affect auxin transport in zigzag-shaped shoots. On the other hand, Ramos, et al. [37] found that the concentration of quercetin in the upper half of longitudinally dissected 45-degree-inclined radiata pine seedlings was higher than that in the lower half and than that in non-inclined seedlings when seedlings were inclined for one month, indicating that quercetin can accumulate in inclined shoots such as the internodes of zigzag-shaped shoots. Consistently, we observed that a C4H gene (TEA016772.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sign languages have their own unique grammatical structures, different from the spoken languages in the same region. [SEP] Text: In Kyoto, a lexeme is specified for tone and prominence (accent), with both having a contrastive function. In Kagoshima, a word is specified for tone only, and a post-lexical and non-contrastive rule determines which syllable/mora is accented to realize the lexically specified tone (Falling or Level). For example, in Kagoshima Japanese, the wordonago/ ‘woman’ has a Falling tone (/onago/[F]) while the wordotoko/ ‘man’ has a Level tone (/otoko/[Lv]). A post-lexical rule then determines where the fall occurs (penultimate syllable), with the output foronágo/[F] becoming [ònágò]. In the case of the level tone, the final syllable is assigned H by a post-lexical rule. type is especially common in Kyūshū and Ryukyuan languages (see Kato, Tamamoto, Carlino and Urabe, this volume). 5 A few Japonic languages have a characteristic typically associated with a stress language, i. e. a foot-based metrical structure. This is true, for example, the Aoya dialect of Tottori (Western Japanese, Matsumori 2012), the Maisaka dialect of Shizuoka (Eastern Japanese, Poppe 2016), the Nakijin dialect of (Lawrence 1990), the Nagahama dialect of Irabu (Miyako, Southern Ryukyuan), etc. However, such languages are much less well documented than tone-like pitch accent languages as noted above. 6 2. 2 section discusses the morphosyntactic features of Japonic. From a broad range of topics pertaining to morphosyntax, this section focuses on the number category, adjectival expressions and alignment systems, since these in particular exhibit a surprising amount of internal diversity, are well documented in our volume, and are worth the special attention of theoretical linguists and typologists. There are of course many more typologically interesting topics which are not covered in this section simply due to limitations of space, and the reader is referred to § 3 of the present 2. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] 21. van Deursen JM. Naturally occurring p16(Ink4a)-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan. Nature. 2016; 530:184–9. [PubMed] 22. van Willigenburg H, Feijtel DA, van der Pluijm I, Essers J, van Cappellen WA, et al. of Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging. Cell. 2017; 169:132–47. e16. [PubMed] 23. Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age. Nat Med. 2018; 24:1246–56. [PubMed] 24. Senolytics decrease senescent cells in humans: Preliminary report from a clinical trial of Dasatinib plus Quercetin in individuals with diabetic kidney disease. EBioMedicine. 2019; 47:446–56. [PubMed] 25. Dolgin E. Send in the senolytics. Nat Biotechnol. 2020; 38:1371–7. [PubMed] 26. . Discovery, development, and future application of senolytics: theories and predictions. FEBS J. 2020; 287:2418–27. [PubMed] 27. He S, Sharpless NE. Senescence in Health and Disease. Cell. 2017; 169:1000–11. [PubMed] 28. -. through IGF and. Dev Cell. 2018; 47:67–79. e5. [PubMed] 29. . Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007; 131:861–72. [PubMed] 30. -Otto K, Antosiewicz-. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007; 318:1917–20. [PubMed] 31. . Induced pluripotent stem cell generation using a single lentiviral stem cell cassette. Stem Cells. 2009; 27:543–9. [PubMed] 32. Rosselló. Mammalian genes induce partially reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells in non-mammalian vertebrate and invertebrate species. Elife. 2013; 2:e00036. [PubMed] 33. ünger.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1) was significantly differentially expressed between MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ; moreover, we found that skimmin (pmf0295) expression was reduced in the MZ-vs-QQ (log2 FC: -0. 995) and MZ-vs-LYQQ (log2 FC: -3. 52) comparisons. Therefore, the zigzag-shaped stems of tea plants might be partially related to flavonoids, especially flavonol-mediated auxin transport. It is well recognized that a zigzag-shaped inflorescence stem results from the mutation of zig (zigzag)/sgr4, which encodes VPS10 interacting 11 (VTI11), a Qb-SNARE involved in vesicle transport between the trans-Golgi network and vacuole that causes abnormal gravitropism in Arabidopsis when mutated [8, 10, 11, 38, 39]. SNAREs play an important role in membrane fusion at the vacuole and are involved in the regulation of amyloplast sedimentation in response to gravity and in cell shape development [11, 39]. ZIG can form a complex with other types of SNARE proteins, including SYP22/SGR3/VAM3, SYP5, and VAMP727, most likely at the prevacuolar compartment and vacuole [11, 40-42]. Although ZIG and the other SGR genes were not significantly expressed, 11 genes mainly involved in vesicular trafficking were identified (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3). Among these genes, both vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein genes (VPS18 and VPS41) were repressed in QQ and LYQQ, whereas the expression levels of vesicle-associated membrane protein 714 (VAMP714) and vacuolar-sorting receptor 6 (VSR6) were increased in QQ and LYQQ. It has been established that the phenotype of zig-1 could be partially suppressed by mutations in the zig suppressor1 (ZIP1), ZIP2, ZIP3 and ZIP4 genes in Arabidopsis [38, 43, 44]. Niihama, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most languages have a system of word order, such as Subject-Verb-Object, which governs how sentences are structured. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer the Archives Vol. 12 No. 5 (2021) 10. 17507/jltr. 1205. 02 Keywords: L2 Swedish, immersion, usage-based grammar, subject-verb word order Swedish V2 word order has been considered a notorious source of difficulty for L2 learners due to its strict rules. This study explores subject-verb word order in texts written in Swedish by 12-year-old and 15-year-old Finnish-speaking immersion students and by 16-year-old non-immersion students. Although the L1 of the informants lacks obligatory inversion, the analyses show that informants in all three groups have reached a high accuracy level in several aspects of word order in main clauses. However, the informants struggle with challenges that are similar to those detected in previous research: inversion is omitted in its obligatory occasions in main clauses but simultaneously overused in subordinate clauses where word order is canonical. In main clauses, the challenges focus on declarative main clauses with inversion. In subordinate clauses, on the contrary, the challenges focus on questions. Eeva-Liisa Nyqvist, University of Helsinki Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and 3. pdf (accessed 18/4/2021) Bergroth, M. & S. Björklund. (2013). Kielikylpyohjelman tutkimustuloksia Suomessa [Results from immersion studies in Finland]. In L. Tainio & H. Harju-Luukkainen (eds. ), – tulevaisuuden monikielinen Suomi/Tvåspråkig skola – ett flerspråkigt Finland i framtiden [Bilingual school – a plurilingual Finland of the future]. Studies in Pedagogy 62. Jyväskylä: Research Association, 91–114. Bohnacker, U. (2006). begin to learn German: From V2 to V2. Research 22. 4, 443–486. Bolander, M. (1988). Nu ja hoppas inte så mycke. Om inversion och placering av negation och adverb i svenska som andraspråk [don’t hope that much.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-12 pp 3993—4010 Intermediate metabolites of the pyrimidine metabolism pathway extend the lifespan of C. elegans through regulating reproductive signals Qin-Li Wan1, Xiao Meng1, Xiaodie Fu1, Bohui Chen1, Jing Yang1, Hengwen Yang1, Qinghua Zhou1, 1 for of 510632, China Received: January 20, 2019 Accepted: June 13, 2019 Published: June 21, 2019 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 102033 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: Wan et al. This is an open-access 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. pyrimidine metabolism pathway has important biological functions; it not only maintains appropriate pyrimidine pools but also produces bioactive intermediate metabolites. In a previous study, we identified that the pyrimidine metabolism pathway is associated with aging regulation. However, the molecular mechanism by which the pyrimidine metabolism pathway regulates aging remains unclear. Here, we investigated the longevity effect of pyrimidine intermediates on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results demonstrated that the supplementation of some pyrimidine intermediates could extend the lifespan of C. elegans. In addition, the RNAi knockdown of essential enzymes involved in pyrimidine metabolism could also significantly affect lifespan. We further investigated the molecular mechanism by which a representative intermediate metabolite, thymine, extends the lifespan of worms and found that thymine-induced longevity required the nuclear receptors DAF-12 and NHR-49, and the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO. Further pathway analysis revealed that the longevity effect of thymine depended on the inhibition of reproductive signals. Additionally, we found that other pyrimidine intermediates functioned in a manner similar to thymine to prolong lifespan in C. elegans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: [44] reported that ZIP2, which encodes an AtVPS41/AtVAM2 protein, is involved in protein sorting to the vacuole in Arabidopsis, and the zip2 mutation is a missense mutation. These results indicate that zigzag-shaped stem formation is mainly related to abnormal gravitropism responses mediated by membrane trafficking. Additionally, we also found that six SEC family genes were significantly expressed in the MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3); these genes are crucial for SNARE complex assembly and preprotein translocation [45, 46]. Interestingly, we found that both LAZY genes (TEA031847. 1, TEA001744. 1) were markedly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3). It is well known that loss-of-function mutation of LAZY1 enhances polar indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transport and reduces shoot gravitropism and therefore regulates the growth angle of lateral branches in rice, Arabidopsis and maize [17-19, 21, 47]; however, the function of LAZY in woody plants remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we propose that the development of zigzag-shaped stems in tea plants might be associated with a change in the shoot gravitropism response, especially one affecting the disruption of membrane trafficking to vacuoles, although the ZIG/SGR4 gene did not exhibit a significant change in expression. The plant hormone auxin is important for organ growth and cell morphogenesis. In this study, seven DEGs involved in auxin metabolism, transport and signalling were identified by comparison of the MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ sets, and all of the genes were downregulated in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5c and Additional file 3: Table S3). Numerous studies have suggested that polar auxin transport, which is primarily determined by polar localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers, controls plant tropism in roots and shoots and plays essential roles in plant growth [13, 48, 49]. Gerttula, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most languages have a system of word order, such as Subject-Verb-Object, which governs how sentences are structured. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer the Archives Vol. 12 No. 5 (2021) 10. 17507/jltr. 1205. 02 Keywords: L2 Swedish, immersion, usage-based grammar, subject-verb word order Swedish V2 word order has been considered a notorious source of difficulty for L2 learners due to its strict rules. This study explores subject-verb word order in texts written in Swedish by 12-year-old and 15-year-old Finnish-speaking immersion students and by 16-year-old non-immersion students. Although the L1 of the informants lacks obligatory inversion, the analyses show that informants in all three groups have reached a high accuracy level in several aspects of word order in main clauses. However, the informants struggle with challenges that are similar to those detected in previous research: inversion is omitted in its obligatory occasions in main clauses but simultaneously overused in subordinate clauses where word order is canonical. In main clauses, the challenges focus on declarative main clauses with inversion. In subordinate clauses, on the contrary, the challenges focus on questions. Eeva-Liisa Nyqvist, University of Helsinki Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and 3. pdf (accessed 18/4/2021) Bergroth, M. & S. Björklund. (2013). Kielikylpyohjelman tutkimustuloksia Suomessa [Results from immersion studies in Finland]. In L. Tainio & H. Harju-Luukkainen (eds. ), – tulevaisuuden monikielinen Suomi/Tvåspråkig skola – ett flerspråkigt Finland i framtiden [Bilingual school – a plurilingual Finland of the future]. Studies in Pedagogy 62. Jyväskylä: Research Association, 91–114. Bohnacker, U. (2006). begin to learn German: From V2 to V2. Research 22. 4, 443–486. Bolander, M. (1988). Nu ja hoppas inte så mycke. Om inversion och placering av negation och adverb i svenska som andraspråk [don’t hope that much.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Taken together, our results revealed that pyrimidine intermediates increased lifespan by inhibiting reproductive signals and subsequently inducing the function of DAF-12, NHR-49 and DAF-16 in C. elegans. is universally characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to organ failure [1, 2]. This deterioration is the principal risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases [3]. Therefore, interventions to prevent or attenuate age-related degeneration are an unmet need. To date, some drugs that can affect lifespan and healthspan have been found, such as rapamycin and metformin, which increase lifespan in multiple species [4, 5]. Both drugs have been proven to be relatively safe over decades of clinical use; however, side effects are sometimes observed. Therefore, the discovery of new anti-aging drugs is urgent. Endogenous metabolites that can regulate lifespan have considerable advantages because they have limited toxicity and side effects. Recently, several metabolites have been identified to modulate aging. For example, one study found that dietary supplementation with the nematode eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide resulted in a significant reduction in lifespan and stress tolerance [6]. Another study reported that oxaloacetate supplementation increased lifespan in a DAF-16-dependent manner in C. elegans [7]. Additionally, a previous study also reported that dietary supplementation with the metabolite α-ketoglutarate lengthened lifespan by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR signaling [8]. Intermediates of pyrimidine metabolism are essential biomolecules, as they participate in diverse cellular functions, such as the synthesis of lipids, and carbohydrates [9]. Previous studies have reported that pyrimidine metabolism disruption causes some diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, immunodeficiency, and growth retardation [10, 11], and the downregulation of pyrimidine metabolism was linked to aging in mice [12]. In our previous study, we reported that the levels of pyrimidine intermediates were significantly decreased in aged worms, suggesting that pyrimidine metabolism is related to the aging of C. elegans [13]. However, the mechanism by which the pyrimidine metabolism pathway regulates longevity remains unknown. In this study, we used C. elegans as a model organism to explore the mechanism by which pyrimidine metabolism regulates aging.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: [50] proposed that PIN expression in different cambium cells results in auxin transport towards the cambium in the top and bottom of the stem to trigger wood formation in response to gravity in woody stems. Consistent with this finding, we found that the expression of was repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5c and Additional file 3: Table S3); these changes in expression in QQ and LYQQ might alter the polar transport of auxin and then affect the auxin gradients between stem sides; therefore, the shoots exhibit bending. Wu, et al. [51] reported that rice VLN2, a type of actin-binding protein involved in microfilament regulation, affects the recycling of PIN2 and polar auxin transport, and vln2-defective mutant plants exhibited a hypersensitive gravitropic response and twisted roots and shoots at the seedling stage. In this study, we also found that VLN2 (TEA030753. 1) was markedly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5e and Additional file 3: Table S3), suggesting that zigzag-shaped stems in tea plants might be related to polar auxin transport and the gravitropism response. Moreover, cell expansion might exert a compressive force, leading to bending of the stem. Our results showed that genes involved in cell expansion and cell wall synthesis, such as expansin, and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein, were differentially expressed (Fig. 5a and Additional file 3: Table S3), resulting in alteration of cell expansion and elongation. In addition, wall-associated kinase (WAK) genes were also differentially expressed in MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, suggesting that WAK-mediated cell expansion and signalling pathways might be required for zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants. It is possible that cell expansion in the stems can produce a force that can lead to zigzag-shaped shoots. Importantly, cell expansion and differentiation predominantly rely on auxin [12, 52, 53]; thus, the mechanism of auxin regulation in zigzag-shaped shoot development needs to be studied precisely in the different tissue sides of zigzag-shaped stems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Loch Ness Monster is believed to be a surviving plesiosaur from the age of the dinosaurs. [SEP] Text: We moeten ervan uitgaan dat de maatman-aandeelhouder die informatie in zijn keuze om de biedprijs te steunen heeft verwerkt. De maatman-aandeelhouder vindt de biedprijs voor deze vennootschap namelijk nog steeds een billijke prijs, ondanks een afwijkende beurskoers van soortgelijke beursvennootschappen. Uit het voorgaande volgt dat alleen aanwijzingen die zich voordeden vóór de peildatum en die niet bekend waren in de markt een indicatie kunnen zijn dat de waarde van de aandelen niet overeenkomt met de biedprijs. Die aanwijzingen zullen zich slechts in zeer uitzonderlijke situaties voordoen. 71x Duynstee & 2017, p. 177. De Xeikon-casus is hier een voorbeeld van. Voor de overname van Xeikon door XBC – dus voor de peildatum – zijn er enkele onzakelijke transacties verricht waarvan de exacte impact op Xeikon niet bekend was. Hangende de uitkoopprocedure werd de impact op Xeikon via een enquêteprocedure duidelijk. Door de onzakelijke transacties verdampte op papier minstens EUR 30 miljoen van de ondernemingswaarde. Die waarde zat echter nog steeds in de vennootschap, bestaande uit vorderingen die Xeikon had op de oud-bestuurders die aan de onzakelijke transacties hadden meegewerkt.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: C. elegans is an excellent model for studying the molecular mechanism of longevity modulation. Genetic studies in C. elegans led to the identification of numerous molecular pathways that regulate longevity, including the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF), target of rapamycin (TOR), germline signaling pathways, proteostasis, and mitochondrial function pathways [14–17]. These genetic pathways identified to regulate longevity are evolutionarily conserved, from yeast to human. Here, we characterized the biological effects of intermediates of the pyrimidine pathway, including thymine, orotate, β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine and cytidine. We found that pyrimidine intermediates could significantly prolong the lifespan of C. elegans through the inhibition of reproductive signaling, the activation of the nuclear receptors NHR-49 and DAF-12, and the upregulation of the transcription factor DAF-16. metabolites in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway increase the lifespan of C. elegans To dissect the mechanism by which the pyrimidine metabolism pathway (Figure 1A)regulates lifespan, we detected the effect of intermediate metabolites in this metabolic pathway on the lifespan of C. elegans by feeding worms these endogenous small molecules. We found that feeding animalsthymine, β-aminoisobutyrate, orotate, uridine and cytidine at a concentration of 0. 5 mM on Escherichia. coli OP50, which were heat-inactivated to avoid the catalysis of compounds by bacteria, could significantly extend lifespan by 15. 2, 9. 69, 14. 8, 9. 83, 7. 87%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control (Figure 1B–1F). By contrast, treatment with uracil and thymidine at the same concentration had no effect on lifespan (Figure 1G–1H). These data suggest that the pyrimidine metabolism pathway plays an important role in regulating the lifespan of C. elegans. We also found that worms treated with 0. 5 mM uridine and cytidine exhibited 5-fluro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUdR) resistance, as 10 μM FUdR could not prevent self-fertilization. Therefore, in all subsequent lifespan analyses using uridine and cytidine, animals were maintained on the plates without FUdR. Figure 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, 20 transcription factors (TFs) belonging to different TF families, including two ARFs, were differentially expressed in MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, and most of these TFs were significantly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3). Almost all of these genes had homologues associated with plant growth and developmental regulation in other plants. For instance, (TEA031729. 1), a MYB-type TF, could interact with WOX to control wood formation in poplar [54]; overexpression of IBH1 causes erect leaves in rice and dwarfism in Arabidopsis [55]; and HEC1 coordinates with WUS to promote stem cell proliferation in the shoot meristem [56, 57]. kawakamii, antisense suppression of PkMADS1, a regulator of shoot morphogenesis, resulted in zigzag-shaped shoots [58]. Interestingly, in some transformants of antisense PkMADS1, the main shoot apex appeared to be used up early during leaf formation, and then, the axillary bud of the youngest leaf took over the function of the apical meristem, resulting in the formation of one leaf per node and the zigzag-shaped growth habit for the stem, indicating that central and lateral meristem fates regulated by a variety of TFs may relate to zigzag-shaped shoot formation. Recently, several genes that regulate architectural phenotypes in woody plants, such as 2 (ARK2) in Populus [50] and 1C (GID1C), Control 1 (TAC1) and WEEP in peach [23, 59, 60], have been isolated; however, most of these genes are related to the plant gravitropic response, and none of these genes encode TFs. Additionally, among the nine SGR genes, SGR1 and SGR7 encode scarecrow (SCR) and GRAS family TFs, respectively. We found that the SCR gene (TEA030046. 1) was markedly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most dinosaurs could fly, but evolved to lose their wings over time. The majority of people experience cognitive dissonance when holding two conflicting beliefs, which causes discomfort and prompts a change in one of the beliefs. [SEP] Text: - Economic Mobility: (IRS) maintains an archive of historical tax return data from individual taxpayers. This data can be linked across generations and used to compute estimates of social mobility -- such as the fraction of children born to families in the bottom 20 percentiles of income who themselves made it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. Consider the poorest 20 percentiles of children, as measured by their parents' income in early adulthood. Then: If there was no relationship between parent and child income, 20% of these children would themselves make it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. 0% corresponds to none of these children making it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. 100% corresponds to all of these children making it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. Consider the poorest 20 percentiles of children, as measured by their parents' income. What is your best estimate of the percentage of these children who themselves make it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood, according to the IRS data? - in Sports: In recent years, there has been increasing social attention on questions of gender and sport. In particular, there is increasing debate about whether transgender women (that is, males who have transitioned to be women) should be allowed to compete in women's sporting events. In 2021, the Athletics Foundation, an organization dedicated to the support of junior age (19 and under) and high school track and field, held the. Similarly, in 2022, USA Swimming held the Championships for individuals aged 18 and under. The performances of medal-winning female athletes in the 2020 in swimming and athletic events can be compared to the highest performing junior boys at these respective junior US national finals. There were 84 medals on offer in women's swimming and athletics events in the (in 2021) where junior boys (18 and under in swimming, 19 and under in athletics) competed in an identical event at these respective national junior finals in 2021 and 2022. Suppose the times/distances of the athletes were compared as if they were competing against each other. How many of the 84 medals would have been won by the Olympic women? To make this clear, this is comparing the performance of the best female athletes in the world to the performance of junior boys in the US national finals. - Olympics: The modern Olympics games have occurred since 1896.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The intermediate metabolites of the pyrimidine metabolism pathway extended the lifespan of C. elegans. (A) Schematic representation of the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. (B–H) Lifespan of worms treated with 0. 5 mM (B) β-aminoisobutyrate (red), (C) orotate (red), (D) thymine (red), (E) uridine (red), (F) cytidine (red), (G) thymidine (red), (H) uracil (red), and vehicle (gray) at 20 °C. The treatments were administered beginning on day 1 of adulthood. Lifespan was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test, and P values were calculated using the log-rank test; no significant difference was abbreviated as n. s. Data are representative of at least two independent experiments, and lifespan values are listed in 1. Essential genes in the pyrimidine metabolic pathway regulate the aging of C. elegans In C. elegans, dpyd-1 encodes the C. elegans ortholog of human dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), which is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for the metabolism of thymine to 5,6-dihydrothymine [18]. We detected that knockdown of the dpyd-1 gene by RNAi, which dramatically decreased the mRNA level, extended the lifespan of worms (Figure 2A and 2D). Figure 2. Characterization of the genes involved in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway as aging-related genes. (A–C) The effect of (A) dpyd-1 RNAi (red) and (B) upp-1 RNAi (red) on lifespan. (C) Lifespan of wild-type N2 exposed to control, dhod-1 RNAi, and dhod-1 RNAi with orotate supplementation. Lifespan values of repetitions are listed in 1. (D) dhod-1, dpyd-1, and upp-1 RNA levels in whole worms after treatment of C. elegans with RNAi against dhod-1, dpyd-1 and upp-1, respectively, versus control RNAi. (mean ± SD, n=3, *** P<0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant growth and development are directed by a TF-mediated complex network integrated with plant hormones, enzymes and other cellular components; therefore, as-yet-unknown TFs may be involved in the regulation of plant architectural phenotypes. ConclusionIn the current study, we investigated the mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plants using comparative transcriptomics and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that zigzag-shaped stem development in tea plants might be regulated by a complex network involving vesicular trafficking, phytohormones, cell expansion, secondary metabolism, and diverse transcription factors. Importantly, zigzag-shaped shoot formation might be closely related to alterations in the gravitropic response and polar auxin transport in tea plants. Our findings provide insights into zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plants and serve as a valuable foundation for further investigations of architecture formation in woody plants. MethodsPlant materials The tender stems (between the first and third leaves from the apical bud) of tea plants with erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) and zigzag-shaped (C. sinensis var. Qiqu, QQ; C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu, LYQQ) shoots were collected from the germplasm resource garden of in October 2018. A portion of each sample was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80°C until use for transcriptome sequencing and metabolite analysis. The remaining samples were fixed in cold fixative solution (4°C) for section observation. All samples were examined in triplicate and used as biological replicates. Tissue section observation Longitudinal stem sections were sliced and stained as previously described by Ile, et al. [61] with minor modifications. At least seven stems from each tea plant cultivar were cut into fragments (<0. 5 cm) and fixed in fixative solution over 72 h at 4°C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most dinosaurs could fly, but evolved to lose their wings over time. The majority of people experience cognitive dissonance when holding two conflicting beliefs, which causes discomfort and prompts a change in one of the beliefs. [SEP] Text: , first flip is heads in one but tails in the other). 6. Priming share heads: Same as treatment 5 but the ratings questions will ask about what share of flips in each sequence are heads vs tails and ask participants to rate differences between them on this basis. We intend this treatment to boost attention paid to share heads in the main gambler's fallacy question (about vs ), which we will measure using self-reported attention. If it succeeds in sufficiently boosting attention to share heads, we hypothesize that it will reduce the fraction of participants who answer with 50-50 and lower the mean belief (where lower beliefs correspond to exhibiting the gambler's fallacy more). Our model suggests that attention to the share of heads vs tails will correlate with committing the gambler's fallacy. 2024, we will run additional treatments with the following design. All participants will answer two inference problems and two "compound probability reduction" problems. These will allow us to see whether answers are correlated across problems within person. The second inference problem is always an identical balls-and-urns problem. The first inference problem is either has a low (60%) or high (90%) likelihood, meant to vary the contrast of the signal and therefore boost the share of participants who respond with the likelihood. This design will allow us to test the extent to which treatment effects stemming from altering the first inference problem spillover onto participants' answers to the second inference problem, which is held fixed. We will also vary whether the first inference problem has a balls-and-urns (N=2,500) or taxicabs (N=500) framing to test whether there is a greater correlation between answers within vs across frames. We include a larger sample size for balls-and-urns to maximize precision to test the spillover effects of varying the contrast in the first problem on the second problem (which is always a balls-and-urns problem, and we expect spillovers, if there are any, to arise within rather than across frames). The compound probability problems are meant to test whether people's answers tend to cluster on the modes our model predicts as well as investigate correlation across problems. The problems simply tell participants a prior (the odds a computer will choose the "orange" vs the "purple" deck of cards) and likelihoods for each deck (the share of cards whose suit is spades). They then ask given these numbers the probability that a spades is drawn.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We exposed wild-type N2 worms to different concentrations of thymine and found that animals raised on plates containing 2 mM of thymine showed the largest lifespan extension of 18. 3% (Figure 3A). Worms exposed to 10 mM and 0. 5 mM also had moderately extended the lifespan (Figure 3A). At the lower concentrations of 0. 1 and 0. 05 mM, no lifespan extension was observed (Figure 3A). Therefore, thymine was applied at a concentration of 2 mM in all subsequent experiments. Figure 3. Lifespan extension induced by thymine treatment is mediated by the nuclear receptors DAF-12 and NHR-49, and the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO. (A) Effects of thymine supplementation at increasing concentrations (0. 05-10 mM) (P value determined by log-rank tests). (B) Age-related movements of worms treated with 2 mM thymine and vehicles. Data are the mean ± SD; * P <0. 05 (Student’s t test). (C–F) Lifespan analysis in (C) daf-12 (rh274), (D) daf-16 (mu86), (E) nhr-49 (gk405), and (F) skn-1 (zu67) worms treated with 2 mM thymine (red) and vehicle (black), on heat-inactivated E. coli OP50 (P value by log-rank test). Lifespan values of replicated experiments are summarized in 1. (G) QPCR analysis of the mRNA level of target genes of daf-12, daf-16 and nhr-49 in C. elegans treated with 2 mM thymine versus control. Data are the mean ± SD, n=3, * p<0. 05 (Student’s t test). (H–I) Images and quantification of GFP fluorescence. *p < 0. 05; n=30 (Student’s t test). To assess whether healthspan was affected, we measured an age-related phenotype, body movement, which is one of the most obvious behavioral abnormalities associated with nematode aging [22]. We analyzed the body movement of animals treated with or without 2 mM thymine.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The stems were dehydrated by transferring them sequentially through a series of increasing concentrations of ethanol (75 to 100% absolute ethanol), followed by 100% ethanol, ethanol:xylene (2:1), ethanol:xylene (1:1), ethanol:xylene (1:2), pure xylene, pure xylene (each for 1 h), xylene:Paraplast (1:1) for 24 h, and molten Paraplast (melting point 65°C) for 48 h and finally embedded in freshly molten Paraplast. Central longitudinal sections of 5 μm thickness per stem were cut using a disposable-blade rotary microtome (RM2016, Leica, Shanghai, China), allowed to stand overnight and dried at 40°C for 4 h. Sections were dewaxed in xylene, hydrated gradually in decreasing concentrations of ethanol (from 100 to 70%) and stained with safranine (1. 0% for 2. 5 h) followed by (1. 0% for 8 s) in ethanol. After staining, the stem sections were observed under a Leica DMi8 inverted microscope (Leica, Shanghai, China). UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and differential metabolite identification A total of 100 mg of powder from crushed freeze-dried samples was weighed and extracted overnight at 4°C with 1. 0 ml of 70% aqueous methanol containing 0. 1 mg/L lidocaine as an internal standard. Following centrifugation at 10,000 ×g for 10 min, the supernatant was absorbed and filtered (SCAA-104, 0. 22-μm pore size; ) before liquid chromatography-tandem mass chromatography (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Quality control samples were mixed with all the samples to ensure the reproducibility of the entire experiment. The extracted compounds were analysed using an ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) system (UPLC, Shim-pack 30A; MS/MS, 6500 QTRAP) [62]. For compounds separation, column, mobile phases, and operation parameters were chosen or set following the description by Xu et al. [63].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: 014 Author response […] Essential revisions: Both reviewers and the were enthusiastic about the contribution, noting that it is a timely approach using a wide array of approaches to address a controversial question, but also noted some essential revisions. These points are amalgamated below. 1) Where does the default bias come from? One possibility is that rather than coming from the decision framing, it comes from a history of choices in favour of that category (of which there will presumably be more towards the default). For instance, if the authors included (chose default(t-1), chose default(t-2), chose default(t-3) etc. ) in the logistic regression model, do they see any significant prediction of subjects' choices of the default option on trial t, which decays over trials? Does this reduce the default bias in the constant term? We thank the reviewers for raising this issue, which is indeed important for the interpretation of the default bias. What we showed in the manuscript is that on top of option values, the constant term was significantly positive in the logistic regression used to fit the probability of choosing the default. This constant might capture a prior in favor of the default option, which can be approximated by DVCAT (difference in value between categories), or by the past choices which, on average, should favor the default option. To disambiguate this alternative, we included both DVCAT and past choices (coded 1 for default and -1 for non-default chosen) in the logistic regression. The model was therefore: logit(Pdef) = Cte + VIT(def) + VIT(alt) + DVCAT + Choice(t-1) + Choice (t-2) etc. We first noted that when including DVCAT, the constant term was considerably reduced and only bordering significance (from β=0. 68±0. 13, t(23)=5. 40, p=2. 10-5 to β=0. 31 ± 0. 16, t(23)=1. 94, p=0. 06). regressor itself was highly significant (β=0. 021±0. 006, t(23)=3. 53, p=2. 10-3), suggesting that it was the main factor explaining the default bias. On the contrary, none of the past choices had a significant effect (all p>0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our results showed that body movement progressively declined during aging, while the decrease in body movement with aging was delayed by thymine (Figure 3B). To explore whether and to what extent known transcriptional modulators of lifespan might contribute to the longevity phenotype caused by thymine, we performed survival analyses of different mutants. SKN-1, a homolog of mammalian Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid related factor 2) [23], appeared dispensable for thymine-mediated lifespan extension, as thymine could further increase the lifespan of the skn-1 mutant; moreover, the expression of a target gene of skn-1 (gst-4) and the Pgst-4::GFP reporter were not significantly different between animals treated with or without 2 mM thymine. (Figure 3F and 2). The C. elegans DAF-16 [24], nuclear receptor PPARα homolog NHR-49 [25] and steroid nuclear receptor DAF-12 [26] appeared to be involved since the impairment of nhr-49, daf-12 and daf-16 abolished the lifespan extension induced by thymine (Figure 3C–3E). In addition, several major target genes of daf-16 (sod-3, dod-3 and lipl-4) [23, 27], daf-12 (card-6, lips-17 and fard-1) [28] and nhr-49 (acs-2, ech-1 and lbp-8) [29] were significantly increased when worms were exposed to 2 mM thymine (Figure 3G). Additionally, the expression of the Psod-3::GFP reporter in transgenic worms that were exposed to 2 mM thymine was significantly higher than that in nonexposed worms (Figure 3H and 3I). Taken together, these results indicated that thymine-induced lifespan extension requires the function of DAF-12, NHR-49, and DAF-16. The effect of thymine on lifespan extension may be conferred by a reduction in germline signaling We next dissected which longevity pathway is required for the lifespan extension induced by thymine through testing its effects in corresponding mutants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The effluent was further transported to an ESI-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap (QTRAP)-MS. Analyst 1. 6. 1 software was employed for metabolite identification. Details on data filtering, peak detection, alignment, calculations, and differential metabolite identification were described by Tang et al. [64]. Particularly, metabolites with T-test P values <0. 05 and VIP ≥ 1 were considered as differential metabolites and mapped to KEGG metabolic pathways for pathway enrichment analysis (FDR ≤ 0. 05)[65]. RNA isolation, library construction, Illumina sequencing, and data processing The total RNA from each sample, which consisted of at least 30 shoots collected from over 10 tea individuals, was extracted using the (). The total RNA quantity and integrity were evaluated and estimated using an 2100 system () and a NanoDropTM ultraviolet spectrophotometer (), respectively. cDNA libraries were constructed using the kit (Gene, Beijing, China) and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq TM 2500 instrument (Co. , Guangzhou, China). High-quality clean reads were acquired by removing adaptor sequences, reads containing more than 10% unknown nucleotides (N), and low-quality reads containing more than 50% low-quality (Q value≤20) bases; then, the Q20 and Q30 values, GC content, and sequence duplication levels of the clean reads were calculated. The clean reads of each sample were then mapped to the tea plant genome by TopHat2 [66] (version 2. 0. 3. 12). Gene abundances were quantified with RSEM software, and the unigene expression levels were quantified using fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) values [67]. To identify DEGs across samples or groups, the edgeR package ( was used, and genes with |log2FC| ≥1 and FDR <0. 05 were identified as DEGs. DEGs were then subjected to enrichment analysis of GO functions and KEGG pathways using the Gpackage [68] and KOBAS software [69], respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR validation To validate the reliability of the gene expression analysis in this study, 16 genes were selected for real-time qPCR analysis. Total RNA samples were used for cDNA synthesis according to the method recommended by the SuperScript® III kit manufacturer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: 10060959 of Bidding and on User Satisfaction: A Perspective by : This research targets an online delivery or courier service that includes a bid option. The user can easily place their order for a package and track it. The main objective of research is to assist users by giving them the freedom to choose price through bidding options as well as by communicating with rider while requesting the order. It saves by just clicking and ordering parcels. Customer can track their order easily. System-generated fixed prices for delivery services cause clients to leave. A feature of bidding in accordance with the nature of human bargaining was suggested. This functionality, which allows users to submit orders and the system to generate pricing brackets, was able to be implemented in the Yayek application. The system can also generate an expected time from which users can plan their actions. In this work, users need to create their account and allow location access. Keywords: bidding; route optimisation; real-time tracking; courier service; API analysis. DOI: 10. 1504/IJBIS. 2023. 10061151 of Marketing in the Era of by : To accommodate the changing marketing and market demands, digital transformation is a process of integrating digital technology to generate new or transform existing marketing and business processes and consumer interaction and experiences. This bibliometric analysis explores publications from 2012 to 2022 focused on digital transformation and marketing. A total of 165 relevant publications were investigated using the Scopus database, with the keywords digital transformation and marketing. The study aims to identify research trends, prominent journals based on CiteScore, SJR rank, total 10. 1504/IJBIS. 2023. 10061338 Decision pathway: navigating the biases of strategic decision making through representational approach by : This study aimed to identify and classify specific biases relevant to the strategic decision-making process of representation, and meta-representation to understand the impact of these biases on decision-making effectiveness. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify these biases and the study also discussed methods for overcoming them, emphasising the importance of designing systems and processes rather than solely focusing on individual debiasing. The results were compared to recent literature and the study found that the model developed is novel and practical. Future research is needed to further explore the relationship between biases and strategic decision-making outcomes and to develop more effective debiasing methods. Keywords: strategic decision-making; cognitive bias; representation; meta-representation; information-processing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The ability of the Notch signaling pathway to sense nucleotide abundance is reminiscent of glp-1 [30], which encodes a Notch family receptor and is essential for the mitotic proliferation of germline cells [31]. The glp-1 loss-of function (lf) mutants have obviously prolonged lifespan when maintained at the nonpermissive temperature due to failed germline proliferation, which is dependent on the transcriptional activities of DAF-16, DAF-12, and NHR-49 [16, 32, 33]. Therefore, we first tested whether the longevity benefit of thymine was mediated by the Notch signaling pathway. Treatment with 2 mM thymine failed to further increase the lifespan of glp-1 mutants (Figure 4A), suggesting that thymine might regulate the germline signal to extend lifespan. The downregulation of germline signaling extends lifespan, usually accompanied by a decrease in the production of progeny [34]. However, we did not find that thymine decreased the daily progeny production, total progeny and germ cells of each worm (Figure 4E–4H). One possible explanation is that thymine does inhibit reproductive signals, but this inhibition does not reach a significant extent to affect the amount of eggs laid. Reduced reproductive signals is usually accompanied by a change in lipid metabolism [35]. To determine whether thymine affects fat metabolism, we used Oil-Red-O (ORO) staining. We found that wild-type animals treated with 2 mM thymine had significantly increased ORO staining (Figure 4I). Figure 4. The lifespan extension induced by thymine depends on reproductive signals. (A–D) Lifespan analysis of (A) glp-1 (e2144), (B) daf-2 (e1370), (C) sir-2. 1 (ok434), and (D) eat-2 (ad1116) animals treated with 2 mM thymine (red) and vehicle (black), on heat-inactivated E. coli OP50 (log-rank test). Lifespan values of replicated experiments are summarized in 1. (E) The number of daily progeny and the total number of progeny of wild-type N2 worms treated with 2 mM thymine or vehicle. (F, G) DAPI-stained image of worm gonads.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Information about the primers used for qRT-PCR analysis is listed in Additional file 4: Table S4. qRT-PCR was performed using ™ II (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) in a CFX96 Touch real-time PCR system (BIO-) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and amplification was performed as previously reported [70]. The results were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method [71] with the CsPTB1 gene as a control [72]. Each sample was examined in triplicate. AbbreviationsDEGs: differentially expressed genes; FDR: false discovery rate; FPKM: fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass chromatography; LYQQ: Lianyuanqiqu; MZ: Meizhan; PIN: PIN-; QQ: Qiqu; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; SGR: shoot gravitropism; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS: ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry; ZIG: zigzag; ZIP: zig suppressor1DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate The tea cultivars ‘Meizhan’, ‘Qiqu’ and ‘Lianyuanqiqu’ used in this study were planted and grown at. No specific permits were required for plant collection. The study did not require ethical approval or consent, as no endangered or protected plant species were involved. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available in the (SRA), with the link of under the accession number PRJNA559220. Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. work was supported by the of China (31800587, 31600555), the Foundation of (2017J01616), the for (CARS-19), the Construction of of (102/71201801101), and the “2011 Center”, (Cultivation) special project (J2015-75). The funding bodies were not involved in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: Published by Press on behalf of for Behavioural and to (IAPT) programme in England offers rapid access to evidence-based psychological therapies recommended by clinical guidelines for the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders (for Health and Care Excellence, 2011). IAPT services follow a stepped-care model, where many patients initially access a low-cost and brief intervention, followed by more intensive psychotherapies for those who do not fully benefit from the initial steps of treatment (Bower and Gilbody, and Gilbody2005). Over one million patients per year are referred to IAPT services and the majority of patients only access low-intensity psychological interventions (Clark, Reference Clark2019). Therefore, the organizational efficiency and clinical effectiveness of the system is heavily dependent on the assessment and treatment skills of the practitioners working in the early steps of IAPT services. In IAPT, initial assessments are conducted by Practitioners (PWPs). PWPs are trained via a national curriculum (UCL, 2015) to assess the suitability of patients with mild-to-moderate anxiety and depression for brief psychoeducational and low-intensity interventions. Shafran et al. (Reference Shafran, Myles-Hooton, Bennett and Öst2021) defined one-to-one interventions delivered by PWPs as based on a self-help approach supported by didactic materials, where patients typically receive up to six hours of contact time, with sessions being 30 minutes each. Patients are therefore ‘stepped-up’ to more intensive therapies according to need, risk, and lack of responsivity to any initial low-intensity approach. The role of the PWP was established with the implementation of the IAPT programme and workforce (Kellett et al. , Reference Kellett, Simmonds-Buckley, Limon, Hague, Hughes, Stride and Millings2021). Despite the fact that the PWP workforce is widely available across England, contributing to the assessment and treatment of thousands of patients per year, relatively little research is available on clinical decision making by PWPs. Clinical judgement is known to be influenced by biases, which results in relatively poor agreement between psychological professionals and also variability in the quality and accuracy of clinical decisions (Garb, Reference Garb2005; Grove, Reference Grove2005; Grove and Meehl, and Meehl1996).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: (H) Quantification of germline stem cells in wild-type N2 animals treated with 2 mM thymine or vehicle; n. s. not significant (Student’s t test). (I) Quantification of ORO staining. Mean ± SD. ; n ≥ 30 per condition; P value was calculated using Student’s test; no significance is abbreviated as n. s. *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001. DAF-16 is downstream of several signaling pathways in addition to the reproduction signaling pathway, such as the IGF signaling pathway [24]. To explore whether thymine contributes to lifespan extension by influencing the IIS signaling pathway in a DAF-16-dependent manner, we detected the effect of thymine on long-lived mutants of the insulin-like receptor daf-2. We observed that the lifespan of daf-2 was significantly increased by thymine treatment, suggesting that the lifespan extension induced by thymine might not depend on the IIS pathway (Figure 4B). The activation of DAF-16 by thymine was reminiscent of the silent information regulator 2 (SIR2), which encodes a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase. SIR-2. 1 could bind to DAF-16 and extend lifespan in a 14-3-3 protein-dependent manner [36]. We investigated whether SIR-2. 1 mediated the lifespan extension caused by thymine using a null mutant sir-2. 1 strain. Thymine extended the lifespan of the sir-2. 1 mutant, indicating that SIR-2. 1 was dispensable for thymine-mediated lifespan extension (Figure 4C). Dietary restriction (DR) plays a significant role in the aging process in a wide range of species. The nuclear receptor NHR-49 and the transcription factor DAF-16 [37, 38], which function as mediators of the lifespan extension induced by thymine, were activated to respond to low energy and modulate lifespan under starvation conditions. Therefore, to determine whether the ability of thymine to extend lifespan was related to an effect similar to DR, we used a pharyngeal pumping defective eat-2 mutant, which was considered DR-constitutive due to its reduced food intake [39].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Author information Affiliations 1 College of Horticulture,of in Universities of 2 College of Tea and and HC initiated and designed the research. and NY conducted the experiment, and and JL analysed the data. HC and CY wrote the paper. CY revised and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to are grateful to thank Biotechnology Co. , Ltd for assisting in sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. 289. Roychoudhry S,Kepinski S. Shoot and root branch growth angle control—the wonderfulness of lateralness. Plant Biol. 2015;23:124-131. Morita MT. Directional gravity sensing in gravitropism. Plant Biol. 2010;61:705-720. . Arabidopsis thaliana: A model for the study of root and shoot gravitropism. Arabidopsis Book. 2002;1:e0043. . Growth-mediated plant movements: hidden in plain sight. Plant Biol. 2018;41:89-94. . Input and signal conversion of gravity in plant gravitropism. J Exp Bot. 2019;70(14):3495-3506. . Plant responses to gravity. Dev Biol. 2019;92:122-125. . SGR2, a phospholipase-like protein, and ZIG/SGR4, a SNARE, are involved in the shoot gravitropism of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002;14(1):33-46. . Role of endodermal cell vacuoles in shoot gravitropism. J Regul. 2002;21(2):113-119. . Involvement of the vacuoles of the endodermis in the early process of shoot gravitropism in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002;14(1):47-56. . complex containing SGR3/AtVAM3 and ZIG/VTI11 in gravity-sensing cells is important for Arabidopsis shoot gravitropism. . 2003;100(14):8589-8594. Weijers D,Wagner D. Transcriptional responses to the auxin hormone. Plant Biol. 2016;67:539-574. Zhao Y. Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: When making diagnostic or prognostic assessments, clinical judgement has been found to be less accurate compared with structured algorithms or statistical models (Ægisdóttir et al. , Reference Ægisdóttir, and Rush2006). Clinical decision making is influenced by a myriad of variables such as the patient’s characteristics, attitudes, p1. Figure 1. Revised scoring system of clinical decision score (CDS). Participants and processes for focus group and piloting The development process included three phases. (1) A preliminary draft of clinical case vignettes was developed by the research team, informed by the literature on heuristics and biases, and with a specific focus on anchoring and halo effects. (2) Two experienced PWP educators were recruited to contribute to a consultation focus group, to check the face validity of proposed content of the clinical case vignettes. A semi-structured interview document was developed to guide the focus group and to acquire qualitative data relating to the structure and content of the measure. The focus group lasted one hour, and discussions were audio-recorded and fully transcribed. A ‘living document’ (Shanahan, Reference Shanahan2015) was then developed and was reviewed by research supervisors until consensus was reached regarding content. (3) Then, n=10 PWP educators were recruited for the piloting stage. Piloting entailed participants engaging in the simulation of the full study (see procedure listed in Study 2) and providing feedback. Feedback from the pilot study was then incorporated into the final case vignette design. Analysis strategy Data from the focus group were transcribed verbatim and analysed using the six phases of thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, and Clarke2006). A second coder (trainee clinical psychologist) independently reviewed preliminary codes, themes, and sub-themes. The percentage agreement score was 97. 8% and Krippendorff’s alpha was 0. 79. The resulting case vignettes and experimental manipulations are described below. Study 2 Design and participants A randomized crossover experimental study was designed to evoke specific cognitive processes (i. e. anchoring and halo effects) and to measure their potential influence on clinical decision making. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling method from a national workforce of trainee and qualified PWPs working clinically within the IAPT programme.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: As shown in Figure 4D, thymine treatment significantly increased the mean lifespan of the eat-2 mutant, indicating that thymine acted through mechanisms different from the DR related mechanisms to extend the lifespan of C. elegans. Other pyrimidine intermediates extend the lifespan of C. elegans in a similar mechanism mediated by thymine In addition to thymine, other metabolites of the pyrimidine metabolism pathway, including β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine, cytidine and orotate could promote the lifespan of C. elegans. We tested whether the mechanism contributing to thymine-induced lifespan regulation was also involved in the lifespan extension induced by other pyrimidine intermediates. Our results revealed that β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine, cytidine, and orotate failed to further increase the lifespan of glp-1 (Figure 5A–5D) and daf-12 (Figure 6) mutants, which represent the reproduction signaling pathway. Similarly, the lipid content of wild-type worms was significantly increased when animals were exposed to 0. 5 mM β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine, cytidine, and orotate (Figure 5E). Moreover, similar to the effect of thymine on reproduction, these metabolites could not affect germline stem cells of C. elegans (Figure 5F and 5G). Collectively, these results demonstrated that pyrimidine intermediates increased the lifespan of C. elegans by influencing the reproduction signaling pathway rather than by directly influencing fecundity. Figure 5. Intermediate metabolites in pyrimidine metabolism influence the lifespan of C. elegans through regulating reproductive signals. (A–D) Lifespan analysis of glp-1 (e2144) animals treated with 0. 5 mM (A) β-aminoisobutyrate (red), (B) cytidine (red), (C) orotate (red), (D) uridine (red), and water (black) on heat-inactivated E. coli OP50 (P value by log-rank test). The replicated data are summarized in 1. (E) Quantification of ORO staining. Mean ± SD. ; n ≥ 30 (Student’s t test). (F) DAPI-stained image of the gonads of N2 worms treated with 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant Biol. 2010;61:49-64. Adamowski M,Friml J. PIN-dependent auxin transport: action, regulation, and evolution. Plant Cell. 2015;27(1):20-32. Haswell ES. Gravity perception: How plants stand up for themselves. Curr Biol. 2003;13(19):R761-R763. . Termination of shoot gravitropic responses by auxin feedback on PIN3 polarity. Curr Biol. 2016;26(22):3026-3032. . A core regulatory pathway controlling rice tiller angle mediated by the LAZY1-dependent asymmetric distribution of auxin. Plant Cell. 2018;30(7):1461-1475. . 1 family plays a key role in gravity signaling within statocytes and in branch angle control of roots and shoots. Plant Cell. 2017;29(8):1984-1999. . AtLAZY1 is a signaling component required for gravitropism of the Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence. Plant J. 2013;74(2):267-279. . Architecture1, an protein involved in shoot gravitropism, regulates plant architecture in rice. Plant Physiol. 2013;161(1):317-329. . Maize LAZY1 mediates shoot gravitropism and inflorescence development through regulating auxin transport, auxin signaling, and light response. Plant Physiol. 2013;163(3):1306-1322. Yoshihara T,Iino M. Identification of the gravitropism-related rice gene LAZY1 and elucidation of LAZY1-dependent and -independent gravity signaling pathways. Physiol. 2007;48(5):678-688. . Loss of a highly conserved sterile alpha motif domain gene (WEEP) results in pendulous branch growth in peach trees. . 2018;115(20):E4690-E4699. . Genetic divergence between Camellia sinensis and its wild relatives revealed via genome-wide SNPs from RAD sequencing. PloS One. 2016;11(3):e0151424. Chen L,Yamaguchi S. RAPD markers for discriminating tea germplasms at the inter-specific level in China. Plant Breeding.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: The experimental version of the vignettes was designed to evoke/prime heuristics and biases, in a way that might increase the likelihood of counter-normative responding. Informed by previous research in the context of stepped-care psychological services (Delgadillo et al. , Reference Delgadillo, Gellatly and Stephenson-Bellwood2015), we hypothesized that emotionally evocative patient-features (i. e. complicated, highly distressed, potentially difficult to work with) would increase the likelihood of counter-normative (i. e. improvisational and intuitive) decisions which would deviate from those recommended by clinical guidelines. Such features were presented early in the case vignette, expecting that respondents may become influenced by their ‘first impression’ (i. e. the anchor) and then may make later decisions with reference to it (i. e. the halo effect). As each case vignette required three decisions, each ‘normative’ decision was coded ‘1’ and each counter-normative decision was coded ‘0’. Hence, each case vignette yielded a 0–3 clinical decision score (CDS), where higher scores denoted a greater propensity to normative decision making. The CDS was the primary outcome measure. completed validated measures of decision-making style, reflective capacity, and personality. The sequence in which questionnaires were presented to each participant was decided by randomization. Test (CRT; Frederick2005) The CRT is a three-item measure that measures the tendency to over-ride an initial ‘gut’ response and engage in further reflection to find a correct answer. It has been shown to account for a substantial unique variance (11. 2%, p<. 001) in decision-making choices after other measures of individual differences are statistically controlled. Rational and (DSS; Hamilton et al. , Reference Hamilton, Shih and Mohammed2016) This is a 10-item decision style scale capturing a broad range of the rational/intuitive thinking styles construct domains. Test–retest reliability has been reported to be high for both rational (r=. 79, p<. 01) and intuitive (r=. 79, p<. 01) dimensions. The DSS has demonstrated high internal consistency and a robust two-factor structure. Statistical analysis Sample size calculation Toplak et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: When the nucleic acid level was slightly increased but the toxic levels were not reached, animals showed a slight inhibition of reproductive signals and achieved lifespan extension. Certainly, the abnormal elevation of nucleotides could lead to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, as previously mentioned [42]. These results indicated that as a nucleic acid receptor, the Notch signaling pathway could be downregulated under low nucleotide conditions, while under high nucleotide conditions, a negative feedback loop is activated to downregulate the Notch signaling pathway, ultimately maintaining nucleic acid homeostasis to maintain a normal physiological state (5). UP is a member of the pyrimidine biosynthesis family of enzymes and is a key regulator of uridine homeostasis. The C. elegans UP homologs protein (UPP-1) exhibited both uridine and thymidine phosphorylase activity in vitro. UP activity is typically upregulated in various tumor tissues [46]. A previous study found that the lifespan of upp-1 mutant worms was reduced by approximately 30% compared with that of wild-type worms [47]. However, in contrast, we observed a lifespan extension phenotype instead of a lifespan reduction phenotype following upp-1 RNAi (Figure 2B). To confirm this difference, we obtained the upp-1 (jg1, jg2 and jg3) mutant strains from the laboratory and verified that the lifespan of the upp-1 mutant worms was shortened (3C). In addition, we constructed another upp-1 RNAi vector (upp-1(##)) and detected lifespan when performing upp-1(##) RNAi. Similar to the result of upp-1 RNAi clones (from the Ahringer libraries), animal exposed reconstructed upp-1(##) RNAi displayed the phenotype of lifespan extension (3A). These two different phenotypes of upp-1 RNAi and upp-1 mutants may be caused by two mechanisms: first, the differences in the food source, HT115 (current study) versus OP50 [47] may contribute to these differences in phenotype [48, 49]; second and most importantly, in the previous study, authors used missense or nonsense upp-1 mutants, which may cause the pyrimidine metabolite to reach an abnormally high level that leads to an abnormal physiological state.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2005;124(4):404-409. . Draft genome sequence of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis provides insights into the evolution of the tea genome and tea quality. . 2018;115(18):4151-4158. . The tea tree genome provides insights into tea flavor and independent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2017;10(6):866-877. Yao M,Chen L: Tea germplasm and breeding in China. In: Breeding. Edited by. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012: 13-68. Vogt T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2010;3(1):2-20. Fraser CM,Chapple C. The phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Book. 2011;9:e0152-e0152. . Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis repressed in lignin synthesis affects auxin transport and plant growth. Plant Cell. 2007;19(1):148-162. . Mutations in the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene impact metabolism, growth and development in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009;60(5):771-782. . The growth reduction associated with repressed lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of flavonoids. Plant Cell. 2010;22(5):1620-1632. . Flavonol-induced changes in PIN2 polarity and auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana rol1-2 mutant require phosphatase activity. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41906. . Flavonols accumulate asymmetrically and affect auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2011;156(2):585-595. Hernandez I,Munne-Bosch S. Naringenin inhibits seed germination and seedling root growth through a salicylic acid-independent mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem. 2012;61:24-28. Ramos P, Guajardo J, Moya-León MA,Herrera R. A differential distribution of auxin and flavonols in radiata pine stem seedlings exposed to inclination. Genomes. 2016;12(3):42. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: , Reference Kahneman, Sibony and Sunstein2021), and can be modelled by sampling multiple respondents’ judgements across multiple cases (rather than only one or two cases). Data from the present study reconfirmed that clinical decisions can vary from one respondent to another (i. e. some made normative, and others made counter-normative choices). This is consistent with data from previous studies that show wide variability in actual treatment selection decisions made by several psychological professionals across multiple cases in routine practice (e. g. Delgadillo et al. , Reference Delgadillo, Huey, Bennett and McMillan2017). Strengths, limitations and future research This study followed a rigorous, theoretically informed and multi-phase method to design ecologically valid and realistic clinical case vignettes. This process involved PWPs working in the relevant clinical setting and recruited from nation-wide mailing lists. The experimental design had built-in controls for ordering effects and the recruited sample was adequately powered; the actual sample (n=133) was nearly twice as large as the minimum requirement (n=76). However, the study also had several limitations that could inform the design of future studies. The convenience sampling approach used to recruit participants could be affected by self-selection bias. For example, very busy PWPs may have declined to participate, potentially limiting the ecological representativeness of the sample. The study only collected basic participant characteristics, and these were not linked to data from the experimental task to safeguard anonymity and to promote participation. Therefore, it was not possible to assess if these or other unmeasured features may have influenced decision making during experimental tasks. The CDS metric had a narrow range (0–3), which may have artificially constrained variability. An analogue approach was employed through the use of vignettes, rather than studying decision making in a naturalistic setting. Whilst strengths of the analogue approach include tighter control of variables, it is acknowledged that participants might have been inclined to respond in a socially desirable manner (Hare-Mustin and Marecek, Reference Hare-Mustin and Marecek1988). Emotional evocation in case vignettes is likely to be less intense than simulated (e. g. role play) or actual clinical encounters. Participants may have felt less connected and empathic towards the analogue patients than ‘real’ patients and this may have increased the likelihood of providing more normative responses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: In our study, the RNAi treatment might cause a moderate decrease in upp-1 function causing the beneficial accumulation of the intermediates but not at a toxic level that affects the physiological state. This accumulation might activate a negative feedback regulation loop to inhibit the Notch signaling pathway to achieve the increased longevity of C. elegans (5). Longevity molecules that prevent or attenuate age-related degeneration have long been the ultimate goal of humanity. Many studies have determined that nutrients including, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins, are essential for the survival of organisms. For example, a previous study reported that increasing glucose intake accelerates aging in yeast and C. elegans [50, 51]. Other researchers found that methionine restriction extends the lifespan of Drosophila by downregulating TOR signaling [52]. As one nutrient class, the effect of nucleotides on aging regulation has been scarcely reported. Here, we found that elevated concentrations of some nucleotide bases (e. g. , thymine, orotate, β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine, and cytidine) extend the lifespan of worms. Endogenous metabolites such as pyrimidine intermediates could alter C. elegans lifespan, suggesting that an existing internal mechanism may be accessible to intervention; whether this mechanism can translate into manipulating the aging process in humans requires further investigation. The role of Notch signaling in modulating germline proliferation and longevity in response to changes in nucleotide abundance could prompt future mechanistic studies to discover the connections between nucleotide levels and Notch activity, which will help us not only better understand the detail of lifespan regulation by reproductive signals, but also propose a new avenue for investigating lifespan regulation mechanisms by interfering with endogenous metabolic pathways. Materials and and strains The strains used for this publication were obtained from the Center (CGC) (University of Minnesota, USA). Worms were maintained on nematode growth media (NGM) plates at 20 °C with E. coli OP50 bacteria as previously described unless otherwise stated [53]. All of the strains used in this study were: Bristol N2 wild-type, CF1038 daf-16(mu86)I, VC199 sir-2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Conversion of functional specificity in Qb-1 homologues of Arabidopsis. Curr Biol. 2005;15(6):555-560. -Pierce M. Wortmannin-induced vacuole fusion enhances amyloplast dynamics in Arabidopsis zigzag1 hypocotyls. J Exp Bot. 2016;67(22):6459-6472. Zheng H, von. The plant vesicle-associated 1a likely mediates vesicle transport from the trans-Golgi network to the prevacuolar compartment. Cell. 1999;10(7):2251-2264. . complex unique to seed plants is required for protein storage vacuole biogenesis and seed development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2008;20(11):3006-3021. . Vacuolar/pre-vacuolar compartment Qa-3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 have interchangeable functions in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2010;64(5):864-873. . Loss-of-function mutations of retromer large subunit genes suppress the phenotype of an Arabidopsis zig mutant that lacks Qb-11. Plant Cell. 2010;22(1):159-172. . ZIP genes encode proteins involved in membrane trafficking of the TGN-PVC/vacuoles. Physiol. 2009;50(12):2057-2068. Wickner W,Rizo J. A cascade of multiple proteins and lipids catalyzes membrane fusion. Cell. 2017;28(6):707-711. . Sec17 can trigger fusion of trans-SNARE paired membranes without Sec18. . 2015;112(18):E2290-E2297. . LAZY1 controls rice shoot gravitropism through regulating polar auxin transport. Cell Res. 2007;17:402. . Out of shape during stress: a key role for auxin. Sci. 2018;23(9):783-793. Ljung K. Auxin metabolism and homeostasis during plant development. Development. 2013;140(5):943-950. . Transcriptional and hormonal regulation of gravitropism of woody stems in Populus. Plant Cell.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is a common psychological treatment for anxiety and phobias, and it works by gradually increasing exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus. [SEP] Text: expansion of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the human brain is considered to be responsible for the subjective experience of anxiety and the ability to regulate anxiety-related responses (1,2). While these abilities are advantageous for adapting to the environment, they also contribute to developing anxiety disorders (3). The PFC gathers information from various cortical and subcortical structures to plan adaptation actions. Understanding the function of the PFC has been aided by organizing principles that describe function gradients across the PFC, such as the configuration of the lateral PFC (LPFC) along the rostral/caudal axis based on the level of cognitive control (4). Research using neuroimaging and lesion analysis has suggested that rostral areas of the LPFC are involved in higher levels of cognitive control, processing more abstract representations (5). The hippocampus, known for its role in memory formation, is also crucial in regulating emotions during fear conditioning (6). Unlike the amygdala, which processes cues anticipating a threat, the dorsal hippocampus provides contextual information about the specific threat cue through interactions with the amygdala and ventromedial PFC (7). The dorsal hippocampus encodes contextual information about the threat or cues learned when presented with a stimulus, allowing the organism to differentiate between threat and safety cues, and to evaluate the threat level associated with the stimulus (8,9). This ability to distinguish between threatening and safe features may be essential for automatic cognitive appraisal and reappraisal, contributing to emotion regulation. In animal studies, mice exposed to a tone predicting a shock learn to fear both the tone and the context in which the tone-shock pairs occur (10). Understanding the involvement of the hippocampus in emotional regulation can provide insight into the mechanisms through which emotions are processed and controlled. Understanding the role of the PFC in anxiety disorders has been challenging due to the complex nature of neural processes associated with anxiety. The PFC is responsible for assessing the likelihood of a threat in the environment by gathering information from different brain regions (11). Distorted threat estimations can create a cycle of overreactions to perceived dangers, leading to anxiety and avoidance behaviors. The frontal lobe, specifically the PFC, has significantly evolved in primates, and abnormalities in prefrontal function have been linked to anxiety disorders and their symptoms (2). Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of increasing levels of exposure therapy, in reducing anxiety levels and combating maladaptive behaviors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Do dietary supplements extend lifespan and prevent brain disease? Genade, Alessia Montesano, and Mawuli MacDonaldBacked by and 8 other backersand : 10. 18258/3104$1,540Raised of $810 Goal190%Funded on 9/10/14Successfully Funded$1,540pledged190%fundedFundedon 9/10/14? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(6)Discussion (17)ProjectCan a cheap, over the counter pill, prevent the onset of ageing-related diseases and extend lifespan? I use the short-lived fish (9 to 12 weeks), Nothobranchius furzeri as a model organism to test compounds for lifespan altering affects. Using my fish to quickly identify candidate supplements would save time in testing the different compounds on long-lived (3 years) mice and rats and instead research can quickly proceed to human trials. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? A multitude of such nutraceuticals are available but are any really effective? Nothobranchius furzeri can be used to test compounds for lifespan altering affects (PMID: 16461283). Part of the work is obvious (I count the days the fish live) while another aspect is more technical. Fish are killed and their brains examined for signs of disease. In this project I am interested in signs of brain disease. Specifically, the production of scar tissue by glia; the presence of inflammation; and the abundance of misfolded proteins (such as misfolded tau and alpha-synuclein found in dementia). We know that with age there is an accumulation of misfolded tau and alpha-synuclein in the fish as well as increased glial scar tissue; and that anti-aging interventions affect these proteins in the fish. What is the significance of this project? No systematic study has been done to determine which proteins change with age in Nothobranchius and whether these changes are correlated with changes in lifespan. Identifying a panel of proteins known to change in response to lifespan would provide other researchers with a starting point to work back to the biochemical mechanisms of ageing. This information can be used to develop more effective drugs against aging-related diseases. This research would also identify nutraceuticals supplements that could be taken to offset the risk of ageing-related diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2015;27(10):2800-2813. . VLN2 regulates plant architecture by affecting microfilament dynamics and polar auxin transport in rice. Plant Cell. 2015;27(10):2829-2845. . Auxin, microtubules, and vesicle trafficking: conspirators behind the cell wall. J Exp Bot. 2017;68(13):3321-3329. Majda M,Robert S. The role of auxin in cell wall expansion. Mol Sci. 2018;19(4). . (DRIF) also interacts with WOX and KNOX proteins associated with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. Plant J. 2018;93(6):1076-1087. -H, Fujioka S, Lin W-. Antagonistic HLH/bHLH transcription factors mediate brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation and plant development in rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009;21(12):3767-3780. . HEC of a job regulating stem cells. Devel Cell. 2014;28(4):349-350. . A regulatory framework for shoot stem cell control integrating metabolic, transcriptional, and phytohormone signals. Dev Cell. 2014;28(4):438-449. . PkMADS1 is a novel MADS box gene regulating adventitious shoot induction and vegetative shoot development in Paulownia kawakamii. Plant J. 2002;29(2):141-151. . PpeTAC1 promotes the horizontal growth of branches in peach trees and is a member of a functionally conserved gene family found in diverse plants species. Plant J. 2013;75(4):618-630. . A brachytic dwarfism trait (dw) in peach trees is caused by a nonsense mutation within the gibberellic acid receptor PpeGID1c. New Phytol. 2016;210(1):227-239. . Phases of dormancy in Yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata). Ann Bot. 2006;97(4):497-504. . A novel integrated method for large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of widely targeted metabolites: application in the study of rice metabolomics. Mol Plant. 2013;6(6):1769-1780.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is a common psychological treatment for anxiety and phobias, and it works by gradually increasing exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus. [SEP] Text: In addition, the exclusion criteria were as follows: The primary or secondary diagnosis met the criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia or acute stress disorder, the primary diagnosis was not an anxiety disorder, mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder, psychosis, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder or substance use was a co- or secondary diagnosis, the presence of a chronic disorder of organic origin and a recent trauma with ongoing forensic process. Prior to commencing the research, all necessary units of the private health institution were informed about the research and the process, and the necessary permissions were obtained. All persons, units and institutions participating in the process were informed, and their application and research permissions were obtained. Study procedure At this stage, the participants in the study group were informed about the increasing levels of exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. meeting with the client, a detailed conversation about anxiety, the treatment process for the client, and short and long-term treatment processes were determined. A form was prepared by discussing anxiety-related issues with each client and creating a list. Brain-based explanations for anxiety were given to each client. Short psychoeducational presentations were made for questions, such as how the brain works and what it needs. After the presentations, a form was created that included a list of clients who would participate in the exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. The goals selected from the list were divided into achievable tasks to gradually relieve the clients' anxiety. Behavioral changes were made by changing each client's behaviors towards different goals in this way and dividing them into small, easy practices. Clients were exposed to situations that aroused the sensation that they had difficulty in doing with increasing frequency, and the brain was reprogrammed. Any tasks that the clients could not carry out during the session were given to them as a home assignment. Unfulfilled home assignments were requested again, and support was provided for carrying out the home assignments. In this manner, the clients were provided with their comfort zones with measured and frequent steps, and the control of their home assignments was ensured. It was explained to the clients that moderate and reasonable anxiety strengthens memory. Thus, increasing levels of adrenaline in the brain play a role in encoding and reinforcing the implicit memory of the amygdala. This information enabled the clients to perform their home assignments meticulously.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: To see if the supplements have any affect on brain diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's Disease we need the Syn211, SMI311 and Anti-tau antibodies. The budget breakdown includes the cost of shipping. *The GA5 and Actin antibodies were obtained elsewhere. Meet the have been keeping and breeding fish all my life and was elated to join a Nothobranchius research time in 2003. My interest in ageing began during a conference in 2001 where several ageing researchers spoke about their work. I walked out the lecture theater that day knowing what research I wanted to do. This project is a continuation of my PhD work to identify Nothobranchius proteins that change with age so we can better understand how the fish age, what about ageing kills them, and how anti-ageing interventions (like resveratrol treatment) prolong lifespan. I already have a lot of data but had to cut my work short to take up my teaching position. want to get the data I need to complete my current dataset and publish the information. am not doing science for fun, I relax by maintaining my home aquaria, growing planted aquaria, growing & breeding orchids and playing with my 6 month old son. Tyrone GenadeI'm an of Anatomy & Physiology at Northwestern College, Iowa. I research ageing, in particular, the ageing of the short-lived fish, Nothobranchius furzeri. My current research goal is to profile changes in expression of proteins known to be involved in mammalian ageing of the brain in these fish. To do this I need your help! I hold a M. Sc. in Biochemistry and a Ph. D. in Anatomy & Cell Biology. One of my papers, Resveratrol prolongs lifespan and retards the onset of age-related markers in a short-lived vertebrate, has been cited over 500 times and my first paper on Nothobranchius aging (Annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius as a model system for aging research) has been cited 78 times. My recent, 2014 paper (Resveratrol extends lifespan and preserves glia but not neurons of the Nothobranchius guentheri optic tectum), has been cited 7 times so far.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: . Postharvest metabolomic changes in Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. wild accession ‘Zaoshu Shanli’. J Sep Sci. 2018;41(21): 4001-4013. . 5-Hydroxyhexanoic acid predicts early renal functional decline in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. Press Res. 2019;44(2): 245-263. . KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Res. 2008;36:480-484. . TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions. Genome Biol. 2013;14(4):R36. Li B,Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:323. . Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome Biol. 2010;11(2):R14. . Automated genome annotation and pathway identification using the KEGG Orthology (KO) as a controlled vocabulary. Bioinformatics. 2005;21(19):3787-3793. . Expression patterns of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase genes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) to stress and postharvest processing treatments. Planta. 2019(250):281-298. . Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-408. . Identification and evaluation of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze). Mol Sci. 2014;15(12):22155-22172. LegendsAdditional file 1: Fig. S1 Growth architectures of MZ (a and d), QQ (b and e) and LYQQ (c and f) in a natural tea garden. The shoots of QQ and LYQQ exhibit a zigzag shape. Fig. S2 Stem morphology (a) and inter-node length (b) analysis of and QQ. Mature stems were collected on February 2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is a common psychological treatment for anxiety and phobias, and it works by gradually increasing exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus. [SEP] Text: value for the experimental group was 29. 122. and the F value for the control was 1. 625. P-values: 0. 001 for the experimental group and 0. 234 for the control group. 's State-Inventory. As shown in Fig. 2, the pre-test Trait-mean score of the experimental group was 8. 0667, the post-test mean score was 4. 6667, and the follow-up mean score was 4. 4667. The pre-test Trait-mean score of the control group was 8. 0667, the post-test mean score was 7. 733, and the follow-up mean score was 7. 706. This finding indicates that the participants' anxiety levels markedly decreased after the application and in the measurements made after the application, and the results did not change in the follow-up measurements made afterwards. This finding indicates that the effect of the therapeutic application made in the research continues. On the other hand, it can be seen that there is no change in the control group. As shown in Fig. 2, it is clear that the change is due to the therapeutic application. Figure 2Results of repeated measurements analysis of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up test scores of the study participants. In addition, preliminary checks were made to confirm that the variances were not violated, reliable measurement of normality, linearity, homogeneity of variances, and homogeneity of regression trends. According to the results of no significant difference was found between the post-test mean scores adjusted for Spielberger's State-Inventory according to sex (P>0. 05) (Table IV). In other words, the results indicate that females and males do not react differently to the therapeutic approach used in the study. Table IVResults of for Spielberger's State-Inventory post-test scores according to sex. Table IVResults of for Spielberger's State-Inventory post-test scores according to sex. Dependent variable: Post-testSource of varianceSum of squaresdfMean squaresF valueP-valueEffect sizeCorrected model10. 05733,3521. 4590. 2790. 285Sex1. 93611,936 Pre-test1. 02811,028 re-test of sex1. 02811,028 Error25. 276112,298 Total362. ,00015 Corrected total35.

Output: corroborate