Input: Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Moreover, it has already been mentioned that the current cost of PV is ZAR490 per MWh, leading to the result that the BESS contribution to the total cost is ZAR4,970 per MWh. It is noted that this estimate is similar to other values reported in the literature of ZAR4,000 to 5000 per MWh [25, 26, 27]. The same calculation can be repeated for the GridSA model. Given that wind and solar capacity are overdesigned and, as shown in Figure 7, this approach leads to significant excess generation, it is also assumed that the additional energy can be absorbed by GridSA’s pumped storage capacity, hence maintaining a low unit energy cost. In the extreme case, such as may occur in winter, the evening peak period would be supplied by wind, diesel and batteries in the proportions of 30, 40, and 30%, respectively, from which the required evening tariff can be calculated at ZAR3,500 per MWh. It is also evident from Figure 7 that PV/BESS combination introduces another factor to the discussion on ToUTs. Peak power during daylight hours can be met reliably with solar PV, but shoulder energy demand, which lies typically between 06 h00 and 09 h00 in the mornings and 16 h00 to 19 h00 in the evenings, must be supplied by either BESS or diesel. The latter is a more expensive option and should, therefore, be allocated a higher tariff. The earlier discussion on cost suggests that this tariff could be set at nearly double the peak tariff, the latter being presently about ZAR2,000 per MWh in South Africa. Patterns of consumption during periods of loadshedding indicated that consumers adopt a behaviour of supply elasticity, preferring to find alternative sources of energy during loadshedding rather than to shift consumption to other times of the day. This response, as already noted, is not surprising. Most entities, including schools, commercial businesses, hotels, restaurants and retail outlets, have fixed hours of work with little flexibility in terms of their operations. Finding alternative sources of electricity is then not a matter of choice, it is a necessity. At present, much of the independent power production relies on small-scale diesel, although PV is growing throughout the commercial and residential sectors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: stercorea, B. cellulosilyficus, B. stercoris and P. copri were identified in stool samples. In general, these findings agree with previous studies in COVID-19 patients [81]. Thus, Xu et al. found that infected patients showed higher abundance of B. cellulosilyficus [82], whereas B. stercoris and P. copri were associated with ACE2 upregulation and increased proinflammatory cytokine production, respectively, in COVID-19 patients [79, 83]. In critically ill patients, the biomarkers found for nasopharyngeal microbiota were M. salivarium, P. dentalis, Leptotrichia and H. parainfluenzae. In stool samples, Escherichia sp. , E. durans, P. timonensis and P. bivia were the species recognised as biomarkers. In general, all of them have been observed in the microbiota of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Moreover, both P. bivia and P. timonensis have been defined as unique microorganisms in COVID-19 patients’ microbiota [79, 84], whilst M. salivarium, H. parainfluenzae and E. durans were related to a higher abundance and poor outcome in these patients [85–87]. Of note, the use of these bacteria as biomarkers of severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is further supported by the fact that these species exhibited positive correlations with various clinical variables. Specifically, M. salivarium, H. parainfluenzae, P. dentalis, P. bivia and P. timonensis showed positive correlation with ferritin, CRP and D-dimer levels, as well as cardiomyopathy and respiratory rates. Several studies have revealed both the relationship between CRP levels, gut microbiota and COVID-19 severity [88], as well as the positive correlation of specific bacteria with D-dimer, CRP and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in plasma [89]. When considering A. onderdonkii, it has been reported that this bacteria do not aggravate the symptomatology of the COVID-19 patients due to its anti-inflammatory properties [18]; however, there are conflicting evidences regarding its pathogenicity that indicate that A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Exceptions are storage assemblages or large specimens collected in situ, from desert-like sites or other more exceptional excavation sites. The effects of water flotation on DNA content and preservation after recovery have not been studied so far. At first glance, charred remains do not seem to be favourable for DNA survival. This is clearly reflected by low success rates with charred wheat remains (Brown et al. 1994, 1998; Allaby et al. 1997; Schlumbaum et al. 1998; Blatter et al. 2002a). However, these independent publications support DNA survival in a few cases, possibly because of exposure to low fire temperatures. Charring experiments suggest the preservation of DNA under conditions of low oxygen and low temperatures (below 200°C), temperatures such as exist in smouldering fires or below the surface, for example in storage pits (Chalfoun and Tuross 1999; Jacomet et al. 2002; Threadgold and Brown 2003). In this case, the challenge will be to develop morphological non-destructive criteria to detect those plant remains which have undergone low enough charring temperatures for DNA survival. Preservation of aDNA at sites with a hot and dry climate, such as in Egypt, is equally little understood and controversial. Publications on the low success rates of aDNA amplification in humans (Krings et al. 1999) or in cattle (Edwards et al. 2004), or the complete loss of authentic DNA in papyri from as recently as the 8th century AD (Marota et al. 2002), contrast with papers reporting sufficiently good DNA preservation at other but similar sites (O’Donoghue et al. 1994, 1996; Deakin et al. 1998a, b; Graver et al. 2001; Kahila Bar-Gal et al. 2002). Radish and sorghum remains from these sites are preserved through desiccation and have earlier dates than the papyri. Similarly, preservation through waterlogging does not seem to favour DNA preservation, as hydrolysis is one of the major decay reactions. However, waterlogged plant remains with a hardy exocarp, such as grape seeds, cherry or olive fruit stones, have been shown to be a good source of ancient DNA (Manen et al. 2003; Elbaum et al. 2005; Pollmann et al. 2005).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: The cost of these alternatives is close to ZAR6,000 per MWh, suggesting that a Grid SA shoulder tariff of ZAR3,500 per MWh may be ‘accepted’ by the market, particularly if the cost of peak power (used over the period 09 h00 to 16 h00) could be reduced through an increase use of PV. The latter has a levelised cost of energy, which is nearly one-quarter of the present retail price for electricity in South Africa, as already noted in the earlier discussion. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThe advent of renewable energy, particularly PV, heralds the possibility of widespread low-cost energy with a vastly reduced environmental footprint [11]. Solar conditions in are excellent for energy generation, and when combined with energy storage systems such as pumped storage or BESS, could lead to the necessary reform of Grid SA. However, BESS is costly to instal and presently not feasible at the scale, which would be required to support energy demand within South Africa. In this 6. 3 GW of effective capacity would be optimal for a PV/BESS facility, which could be met under summer conditions with a PV installed capacity of 17. 8 GW and a BESS capacity of 3. 7 GW/10. 4 GWh. The facility would require a ToUT during the shoulder periods of ZAR3,500 per MWh, which is nearly double the present Eskom tariff and will lead, at least initially, to consumer resistance. However, data from the periods of loadshedding in reflect supply elasticity in the behaviour of consumers. When supply is curtailed, consumers either survive without power, or they access other sources of electricity, even if the latter is more costly, such as diesel and rooftop solar. Furthermore, the shoulder ToUT could be offset by a lower peak tariff, made possible through the widespread use of PV with a levelised cost of energy of about one-third of the Eskom tariff. This pattern of behaviour suggests that the introduction of ToUTs with smart metering will enable energy companies and Eskom to recover the additional cost of BESS, which will be necessary to support the use of higher levels of PV within Grid SA. 1. Walwyn DR. Providing emergency power in national energy systems: South Africa’s Programme is costly and environmentally disastrous. In: 2021 on Electrical, Computer and (). Cape Town: IEEE; 2021. 52. Eskom.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: onderdonkii may have protective effects against some diseases, including liver fibrosis, colitis and cardiovascular disease, as well as in cancer immunotherapy, while it may be involved in colorectal cancer development and affective disorders like depression [90]. Moreover, Alistipes is a relatively recent subdivision genus of the Bacteriodota, which is commonly associated with chronic intestinal inflammation [90]. Therefore, taking into account that et al. employed a different methodology to analyse microbiota composition from stool samples [18], A. onderdonkii could be considered as a biomarker of severe condition in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. Finally, the implication of a connection between faecal and nasopharyngeal microbiota in COVID-19 patients has been previously proposed [91]. In the present study, and to maximise the potential use of these biomarkers, the relationship of specific bacteria from nasopharyngeal and stool samples was analysed. Concretely, a strong positive correlation between P. timonensis (stool) towards P. dentalis and M. salivarium (nasopharyngeal) was found in severe condition. Accordingly, the ratio of the abundance of these species was also significantly increased within the highest severity of this condition. As a result, the ratio proposed in this study could be used as a novel predictor to identify critically ill COVID-19 patients as the ratio Bacillota and Bacteroidetes has been used as a marker of dysbiosis [92]. In this case, this ratio P. timonensis/P. dentalis and M. Salivarium could be a prognostic tool for severe SARS-CoV-2, and an increase in it could be associated with a higher risk to develop a severe condition. ConclusionThis inter-individual variability between the COVID-19 patients could contribute to the different symptomatology observed. This study has identified a correlation between changes in the nasopharyngeal and stool microbiota with COVID-19 severity. A novel biomarker linked to severity of COVID-19 infection has been described based on changes in the abundance of bacterial species in nasopharyngeal and faecal samples. This knowledge can support the design of novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: To the best of our knowledge, amplification efficiency has not been studied comprehensively in relation to the preservation condition or type of plant remains. Thus far in plants, remains preserved by desiccation (e. g. from herbarium material), waterlogging or cold offer the best chances for DNA investigations, with similar success rates to those known from animal aDNA studies. Examples of markers used in ancient DNA studiesIn this section, we give some examples of the use of different markers in DNA studies serving different purposes. These can be either so-called universal primers, which are conserved among species and will detect more than one plant species or genome, or specific primers, often from non-coding regions and designed to amplify a single species. In aDNA studies, the size of the target is usually between 80 and 300 bp, and prior knowledge of sequence information is needed in all cases. It is generally accepted that markers which occur in multiple copies, such as chloroplast or nuclear ribosomal markers have more chances of survival than single copy markers. For this reason, in plant studies chloroplast markers are most often chosen, although nuclear genes carry most of the agronomically important information and have higher mutation rates compared to plastid markers. Chloroplast DNA markersThe abundance of chloroplasts leads to the potential preservation of numerous target copies. In many plants chloroplasts are inherited maternally, but exceptions exist (e. g. Pinus species). The chloroplast genomes (cpDNA) are organised in a similar way in all plants. Due to their low mutation rate, most chloroplast markers are phylogenetically informative at higher taxonomic levels such as orders or families (Clegg 1993; Gielly and Taberlet 1994; Savolainen and Chase 2003). However, some markers are variable enough to be of use even at species level (Pollmann et al. 2005) or, through the geographic distribution of alleles, are useful for the reconstruction of origins (Deguilloux et al. 2003; Erickson et al. 2005). As a prerequisite, chloroplast-containing tissue must be preserved (e. g. the wheat embryo). rbcLThe chloroplast rbcL gene codes for the large sub-unit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, an enzyme playing an important role in photosynthesis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 78351 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechTopics in by Ebubekir Yüksel From the in by Ebubekir Yüksel, Abdülkerim Gök and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. bolufawi@famu. edu 1. major goal of sustainable energy system using renewable energy is to provide clean, affordable, accessible energy with efficient energy storage with depleting the earth resources. There is a need to develop reliable energy systems that do not depend on fossil fuel to preserve the environment while powering the present and the future. This has led to the development of power generating systems utilizing renewables (photovoltaics and wind) [1]. There has being rapid increase in the power generation from PV over there the years [2]. Due to the rapid increase in PV generation, energy storage is serves as a storage medium for excess generation which can use when needed. Energy storage systems also serve as a means of increasing the power utilization and consumption rate. Implementing battery storage is limited due to relatively high cost. In some grid connected systems, Plug in Vehicles (PHEV) is use as storage which can function as double use systems [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Further investigations are imperative to explore how the association between nasopharyngeal and faecal microbiota can be modulated to uncover its role in enhancing immune health, preventing or treating SARS-CoV-2 infections, and fostering immunity. Author contributionsBenita Martín-Castaño, Margarita Martínez-Zaldívar, -García, Marta Alvarez-Estevez, Federico García, Silvia Merlos, Paula García-Flores, Manuel Colmenero-Ruiz, José Hernández-Quero, María Nuñez were involved in the sample collection. Patricia Diez-Echave, Jorge García-García, Alba Rodríguez-Nogales, Rodríguez-Cabezas, Laura Hidalgo-García, Antonio Jesús Ruiz-Malagon, José Alberto Molina-Tijeras, María Jesús Rodríguez-Sojo and Anaïs Redruello were involved in the processing of simples and obtaining results. Rocio Morón and Emilio Fernández-Varón had access to the data and were involved in the conception and data analysis and interpretation. Alba Rodríguez--Cabezas, Benita Martín-Castaño, Rocio Morón, Jorge García-García, Ángel Carazo and Julio Gálvez had access to the data and were involved in the conception and design of the work, data analysis and interpretation, critical revision of the 1. A. o. h. c. w. i2020-19 DashboardGeneva: Organization 2. Harvey W. T. et al. 2021SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escapeMicrobiol 19:409–4243. Crook H. et al. 2021Long covid-mechanisms, risk factors, and managementBMJ 3744. Yang J. et al. 2020Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis94:91–955. Severe Covid, G. Get al. 2020Study of Severe Covid-19 with 383:1522–15346.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: In aDNA research, rbcL was used for identification of plant orders or families from faeces (Poinar et al. 1998; Hofreiter et al. 2000, 2003; Kuch et al. 2002), gut contents (Rollo et al. 2002), and sediments (Willerslev et al. 2003), for studies on DNA preservation (Banerjee and Brown 2002; Marota et al. 2002) and for authentication purposes (Blatter et al. 2002a; Manen et al. 2003). The advantage of this locus is that sequences covering almost all plant families can be found in the public databases. The genetic identification of taxa to a higher order using rbcL is rather unsatisfactory compared to morphological identification, which in most cases is to species or genus level, and interpretation of genetic results often relies on prior archaeobotanical or biogeographical knowledge. The taxonomical resolution level of rbcL may be informative enough in cases such as faeces, where the producing animal is known to have had a species-poor, known diet or was living in a region with a restricted and known plant diversity. trn introns and spacersNon-coding chloroplast regions are more variable and thus more appropriate for use at an intraspecific level. Examples are the spacers between transfer RNA (tRNA) coding segments such as trnL-trnF and trnD-trnT. A segment of the trnL-trnF spacer was used to identify the maternal parent of closely related and morphologically ambiguous Prunus fruit stones (Pollmann et al. 2005). trnL intron variability differentiates between forest tree genera and was used to reveal authentic genetic information from waterlogged tree remains (Liepelt et al. 2006). In higher plants, the length of the spacers ranges from about 300 to 800 bp. As a consequence, in most archaeological samples the use of universal primers such as those suggested by Taberlet et al. (1991) will not be viable, although in the case of a medieval oak sample from France a trnD-trnT sequence of around 300 bp was reported (Dumolin-Lapègue et al. 1999). In general, primers have to be designed to fit the question to be answered by aDNA analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Future smart and micro grids could benefit from the double use functionality of electric vehicles as part of the energy network to provide vehicle-to-grid services (V2G) as described in [1]. Research shows that the average car is parked 15 hours a day and can provide storage and or grid services 60% of the time [1]. The idea of integration renewable energy (photovoltaics) with energy storage devices for a double use is illustrated. Figure 1. Detailed diagram of the integration module. Advertisement 2. Systems, integration and load layout The system block diagram shown in Figure 1 consist of renewable energy source (RES), power and energy management system (PEMS), grid, energy storage devices (ESD), residential load. The system is design to integrate RES and ESD using the PEMS. 2. 1. Renewable energy source (RES) The renewable energy source in the design above is solar photovoltaics (PV) use for power generation. Solar cells also called PV convert sunlight directly to electricity. The power generated from solar highly depend on the amount of sun light. Maximum generation is usually achieved during peaks of day light, if sufficient enough, excess generation is stored in energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries for later use during off peak hours usually in the early morning and late in the evening to mid-night. Considering a renewable source rated at 3 kW, roof mounted system with the area of the solar cells approximately 20 m2 with an efficiency of 15%. The power from the PV system is determined using a linear model based on the irradiance level. The equation representing the simplified model is given in [4]: P V output t = GHI t × S × P V η E1 where GHI(t) is the global horizontal irradiation in W/m2, S is the total area for the PV modules in m2 and PVη is the efficiency of the PV modules. The PV generator is connected to the system via a DC to AC inverter with maximum power point tracking and constant efficiency. The change in efficiency of the inverter depending on the input and required output are not considered. The generation of electricity for PV is also temperature sensitive and that is also not considered in this project. This however does not significantly hamper the system and this simplification has been applied successfully in previous works including [4, 9].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: 2021Characterization of the Microbiomes in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Recovery Patients(Weinh 850. F. et al. 2020Profiling of SARS-CoV-2 Infected PatientsOnline 2251. Braun T. et al. 2021SARS-CoV-2 does not have a strong effect on the nasopharyngeal microbial composition1152. Xu R. et al. 2021Temporal association between human upper respiratory and gut bacterial microbiomes during the course of COVID-19 in adults453. Wang M. et al. 2023The relationship between gut microbiota and COVID-19 progression: new insights into immunopathogenesis and treatment1454. Bozkurt H. S. Bilen O. 2021Oral booster probiotic bifidobacteria in SARS-COV-2 patients3555. Nardelli C. et al. 2022in COVID-19: A of Corynebacterium in Anosmia8056. Wei N. et al. 2023Characterization of oral bacterial and fungal microbiome in recovered COVID-19 patientsBMC Microbiol 2357. Bassis C. M. et al. 2014The nasal cavity microbiota of healthy adultsMicrobiome 258. Perez-Losada M. et al. 2023of Patients with Asthma and and InteractionsMicroorganisms 1159. Garcia-Vidal C. et al. 2021Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort studyInfect 27:83–8860. Seibert B. et al. 2021Mild and Severe SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory and Changes in the K18-hACE2 Model961. Schippa S. et al. 2020in RSV BronchiolitisMicroorganisms 862. Kageyama Y. et al. 2022Lactobacillus plantarum induces innate cytokine responses that potentially provide a protective benefit against COVID-19: A single-arm, double-blind, prospective trial combined with an in vitro cytokine response assayMed 2363. Lopez-Santamarina A. et al. 2021against Virus Infections: for an Old WarFoods 1064. Ma S. et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: Smaller species-specific targets can be designed if it is known which species are to be expected or overlapping primers can be used to analyze larger intergenic regions. Initiated by the concept of DNA barcoding, the chloroplast P6loop within the trnL intron was tested for identification of species in processed food and from permafrost samples. Unfortunately, the resolution was found to be low, markers failing to differentiate between archaeologically relevant taxa such as Prunus species or between T. aestivum and Secale cereale (Taberlet et al. 2006). Mitochondrial DNA markersIn the same way as chloroplasts, mitochondria occur in high copy numbers and are, with exceptions, inherited maternally. However, plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is very different from animal mtDNA; plants have less mitochondria, and their mtDNA mutates more than ten times slower than cpDNA, or 100 times slower than animal mtDNA (Soltis et al. 1992a; Wan et al. 2004). For this and other reasons, mtDNA analysis has so far rarely been employed in plant aDNA research. One of the few examples is the use of the Cox II intron to establish the presence of aDNA from grasses at the Iceman site (Rollo et al. 1995). Nuclear DNA markersNuclear DNA has been used in plant aDNA research from the very first studies onwards. In principle, only two copies of a nuclear locus exist per diploid genome. Nuclear DNA carries the important economical and domestication-related traits, and is to be preferred when exploring early selection of these traits (Jaenicke-Després et al. 2003). Wheat genome-specific glutenin genes have been used fairly extensively in aDNA research, in particular to identify polyploid wheat species (Allaby et al. 1994, 1997; Brown et al. 1994, 1997, 1998; Schlumbaum et al. 1998; Allaby et al. 1999; Blatter et al. 2002a, b). Microsatellites, highly polymorphic single-copy loci spread throughout the genome, are a second example of nuclear DNA useful for aDNA studies. Combinations of microsatellite loci are diagnostic for many plant cultivars, and employed to trace cultivar origins.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: The PV system was implemented and simulated using the Model (SAM) developed and distributed by the (NREL) [9]. A detailed residential PV model was developed. The PV generator size was chosen to cover our peak load requirement of 2. 5 kW while being reasonably priced and having a footprint that can easily fit on the rooftop of an average-sized house. The SAM simulation, using the GHI data for the south side of Tallahassee, provided the expected power production from the PV generator for the period of a year. This is shown inFigure 2 along with the expected AC production. Figure 2. PV production over the period of 1 year based on SAM simulation [9]. 2. 2. The power and energy management system (PEMS) The PEMS in the system design serve as control for energy flow and conversion from RES, grid and energy storage. It contains the power electronics required to interface the power systems and the load. The PV generator is connected to the AC bus via an inverter and the energy storage device is connected the AC bus via a bi-directional controller as shown if Figure 1. Net metering is in effect to account for excess flow of power to the grid and the meter is smart to monitor the power usage of different components. Two DC-DC boost converters and a single inverter is use in the power and energy management system. This is due to the differences in the output of the PV and the storage device voltage. This PV array converter also function as maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The power flow in the circuit is been monitored and controlled by the operation mode control logic which is embedded in the PEMS. 2. 3. Energy storage devices (ESD) Energy storage devices plays a vital role in the transition to clean, efficient and reliable power source for energy sustainability. In this 2. 4. System load A typical residential house load is illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3. Residential load for system analysis with hourly resolution. Advertisement 3. RES integration with ESD The integration of renewable energy source and energy storage devices is growing immensely to reduce overdependence on grid power generation. In this section, various mode of integration principles and operation will be discussed. These modes of operations account for different conditions that can affects the and Grid during a 24 hours’ period which observes the morning, afternoon, evening and night times. 3. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: 2021Metagenomic analysis reveals oropharyngeal microbiota alterations in patients with COVID-19665. Merenstein C. et al. 2021Signatures of COVID-19 Severity and in the MicrobiomemBio 1266. Mizutani T. et al. 2022between Alterations and the in Patients with during Hospitalization1067. Mankowska-Wierzbicka D. et al. 2023Alterations in Composition in Patients with COVID-19: A of 16S r1168. Ubeda C. et al. 2013Intestinal microbiota containing Barnesiella species cures vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization81:965–7369. Giacobbe D. R. et al. 2021Enterococcal bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a case series53:1779–178670. Wu X. et al. 2023Coinfection with influenza virus and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae aggregates inflammatory lung injury and alters gut microbiota in COPD mice1471. Murphy E. C. Frick I. M. 2013Gram-positive anaerobic cocci--commensals and opportunistic pathogens37:520–5372. Chen J. et al. 2022Comparison of the respiratory tract microbiome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with different disease severityJ 94:5284–529373. Haran J. P. et al. 2021Inflammation-type dysbiosis of the oral microbiome associates with the duration of COVID-19 symptoms and long 674. Lu S. et al. 2023Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed Prevotella as a potential biomarker of oropharyngeal microbiomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection1375. Seong H. et al. 2023Clinical implications of gut microbiota and cytokine responses in coronavirus disease prognosis1476. Segata N. et al. p. R602011Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation1277. Ning Y. et al. 2022Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota composition between knee osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck disease in Northwest ChinaTher 2478. Mengyi Z. et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: One of the problems inherent in the use of microsatellites in aDNA research is that dinucleotide repeats are most common and microsatellites are often longer than the 90–300 bp length usually amplified. They are easily amplified incorrectly due to polymerase slippage during PCR or due to degradation of the target. In such cases, cloning of several PCR products is needed to identify the correct satellite length. Eight microsatellite loci have recently been determined to be standard for cultivar identification in grapevines (This et al. 2004). Two of these, plus an additional locus, were used in a study of V. vinifera seeds from different European archaeological sites (Manen et al. 2003). Sequencing of the ancient amplification products yielded new sequence variants in ancient vine, that had not been detected in modern cultivars. Similarly, microsatellites have been used to study the spread of maize in (Lia et al. 2007). The nuclear alcohol dehydrogenase locus (adh) is highly variable in maize due to its repeat structure and length variations. The locus was used to investigate biogeography, spread and diversity in maize (Goloubinoff et al. 1993; Freitas et al. 2003). As more genomes are sequenced completely and more genes are identified, more genes which have been selected during domestication will be discovered and their functions characterised. It has been shown that it is possible to analyse small (approximately 90 bp) targets of such nuclear genes (su1, tb1, pbf) in ancient maize and to use this information to refine our understanding of domestication processes (Jaenicke-Després et al. 2003). Nuclear ribosomal DNA lociFinally, nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes are of interest for aDNA research, as they contain hundreds of units of two variable spacer regions between the 18S, the 5. 8S and the 26S genes, the so-called internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2), thus increasing the chances of DNA survival. These loci have been employed for phylogenetical analysis at the genus level in modern plants (Knaak et al. 1990; Soltis et al. 1992a; Alvarez and Wendel 2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Operation mode of grid-supported PV This mode of operation topology is showed in Figure 4. The figure describes the cases when the PV is generating but not sufficient to power the residential load. The grid is used to supplement the required power for the residential load. The ESD used due to cases of low state of charge or off-peak grid price. During this period of off peak grid pricing, the ESD also can be charge and not discharge because of the losses due to the round-trip efficiency from the AC bus to the battery and back to the AC bus in Figure 1. Figure 4. Grid and PV supplying the residential load. 3. 2. Operation mode of grid and energy storage system-supported PV The mode of operation describes cases when the PV generation is below the residential load requirement and need to supplement with both power from the energy storage and the grid before meeting the load required. Figure 5 illustrates this mode of operation. Figure 5. The grid, ESD and PV supplying the residential load. 3. 3. Operation mode of energy storage system-supported PV This mode describes when the PV power is not sufficient to power the load and the ESD is available. In this scenario, the load is power by the PV and the ESD. This mainly happens during on-peak grid pricing times when the ESD is charged during off-peak grid pricing times (Figure 6). Figure 6. The PV and ESD supplying the residential load. 3. 4. Operation mode of PV in peak hours Figure 7 shows mode 4, this mode of operation generally occurs during the peak hours of PV generation. In this scenario, the PV powers the load, charges the ESD and supplies power to the grid for credit. The process of supplying power back to grid is called net metering. Figure 7. The PV supplying the residential load, grid and charging the ESD. 3. 5. Operation mode of grid This mode of operation describes cases when the PV is not generating any power. The power needed by the load is supplied from the grid. The grid also charges the ESD when the state of charge is less than the thresh hold (maximum charge). Charging is usually done on off-peak grid hours to save cost (Figure 8). Figure 8. The grid supplying the residential and charging the ESD. Advertisement 4. Safety issues relating with the integration of RES and ESD To effectively have a safe and reliable sustainable energy systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2020. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000668144. 72477. 00 transplant surgery: transplant surgeryNew findings from a large multicenter, international study suggest that the composition of the intestinal microbiome among patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants for hematologic malignancies can help predict the success of treatment (N Med 2020;382:822-34). There has been an interest in the connection between the intestinal microbiome and clinical outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants for many years and a number of single-center studies have sought to better understand this relationship. However, questions remain regarding whether these associations can be generalized. “One of the key questions in the field has been: are the observations that institutions like Kettering have made transferable or are single-center observations unique to those facilities? ” noted study author a medical oncologist at Center. “Until now, no one in the field of bone marrow transplantation had conducted a multicenter microbiome study to look at the relationship between gut microbiomes and clinical outcomes. And so, that is what we set out to do. ” Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, the researchers profiled 8,767 fecal samples from 1,362 patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants at four centers in the U. S. , Germany, and Japan. Associations between microbiota diversity and mortality were examined using Cox proportional-hazards analysis. “For stratification of the cohorts into higher and lower diversity groups, the median diversity value that was observed at the study center in was used,” according to the study authors. “In the analysis of independent cohorts, the center was cohort 1, and three centers in Germany, Japan, and composed cohort 2. ” The researchers observed patterns of microbiota disruption that were characterized by loss of diversity and domination by single taxa. The study authors reported that a lower risk of death was associated with a higher diversity of intestinal microbiota. Through subgroup analyses, study authors identified a link between lower intestinal diversity and an increased risk of transplantation-related death and mortality attributable to graft-versus-host disease.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: However, they have the disadvantage that different copies within one diploid individual or several copies within polyploids can exist (Knaak et al. 1990; Soltis et al. 1992a; Alvarez and Wendel 2003), which may result in the amplification of mosaic sequences caused by “jumping PCR”. In aDNA research they have been used in sorghum (Deakin et al. 1998a, b), in wheat (Allaby et al. 1997) and in Prunus (Pollmann et al. 2005). Several methods can be used to identify species. In most aDNA cases, longer targets, with primers spanning approximately 700 bp between 18S and 26S, may not work, but shorter targets can be designed, for example to identify species if the family/genus of the sample is known. In this case too, overlapping primers may be useful. Concluding remarksFor some plant biologists, the publications about DNA from leaves and similar papers (Golenberg et al. 1990; Soltis et al. 1992b; Poinar et al. 1993) sparked off the interest in plant aDNA. It was a lesson on rapid evolution in scientific research. First came the exciting possibility of using palaeontological and archaeological plants directly to understand evolution and phylogeny without having to use mathematical models. Later came the realisation that the PCR method, although easy to use, had more drawbacks than initially thought (Austin et al. 1997; Sykes 1997; Austin et al. 1998). Although limitations still exist, we have shown here that the analysis of plant aDNA has since then evolved into a useful tool for investigating and answering archaeologically and archaeobotanically relevant questions. These include questions such as species identification, origin and spread of cultivated plants or monitoring the state of domestication—questions that cannot be answered by morphological archaeobotanical studies alone. Today the future of aDNA research looks varied; it can continue to help understand preservation of DNA in different types of plant material, such as material from stalks, glumes, leaves, lignified fruits or from wood, where initial attempts have been made. New technologies such as real-time PCR, or new sequencing techniques such as pyrosequencing will also impact the field of ancient plant genetics, similarly to aDNA research in animals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Safety is highly imperative in the integration of the RES and ESD. Energy storage devices (ESD) such as lithium ion battery a high-performance storage device is used but has a drawback in its safety based on their material and chemical composition. Lithium ion batteries are the enabling technology for storage solutions in many applications. A typical Li-ion cell consists; positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, and separator. Like all electrochemical batteries, the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. According to the second law of thermodynamics, any conversion between two forms of energy occurs with an energy loss. This energy loss increases the temperature of the cell, which, negatively, affects the battery life, and possibly exceeds safety limits. The safety issues related to Li-ion batteries are caused by abuse conditions which are basically divide into electrical, mechanical and environmental, can result in abrupt behavior of the batteries. The electrical abuse conditions include, short circuiting and overcharge with an over-charging current rate and charging time. The mechanical abuse conditions include crush test, nail penetration test and external heating. These off-nominal operating conditions can lead to critical failure of lithium ion batteries. Safety of lithium ion battery has been the technical obstacle for high power demand applications in RES and ESD integration, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). These abuse conditions can initiate thermal runaway in LIB wherein chain exothermic reaction can cause the battery to attain temperature of over >500°C. The major response of the cells to the abuse conditions is usually increased in temperature due to decomposition of the electrolyte, melting of separator which in turn leads to exothermic reaction. Most of these responses eventually leads to thermal runaway before resulting into explosion or fire. The safety of LIB directly related to the type of material chemistry and their thermal stability. The unforeseen battery failure potential has created public awareness for battery safety, particularly because of very large product recalls involving battery failures. Typical battery failure response can be energetic and non-energetic. Both energetic and non-energetic failures of Li-ion batteries often occur for due to poor cell design (electrochemical or mechanical), cell manufacturing flaws, external abuse of cells (thermal, mechanical, or electrical), poor battery pack design or manufacture, poor protection electronics design or manufacture [10]. Thus, Li-ion battery reliability and safety are generally considered a function of the design and manufacturing process.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Additionally, baseline samples collected prior to transplantation showed evidence of microbiome disruption, and the researchers reported that this was associated with poor survival. “One of the key findings is that the patterns of microbiome injury are comparable across all four centers,” reported Peled. “It didn't matter what antibiotics each facility used or whether the samples were from Japan, Germany, North Carolina, or New York. We observed strikingly similar patterns of injury to the gut microbiome during bone marrow transplant and, in fact, the differences between centers was much smaller than the differences that the patients incurred during the transplant. “Another significant discovery is that patients who have the greatest amount of microbiome injury go on to have a shorter survival after transplant,” he continued. “So, by profiling the microbiome after transplant, we can—to a certain extent—predict who will die sooner versus who will live longer. ” This study has significant implications for the field of bone marrow transplantation, both in terms of research and clinical practice. These findings may assist in the assessment of transplantation-related mortality risk, as well as support the development of strategies to prevent or mitigate changes to the microbiome that impact clinical outcomes. “Our study emphasizes the importance of finding ways to protect the gut microbiome during transplantation,” noted Peled. “When we do bone marrow transplants for hematologic malignancies, we really push patients to the brink and then pull them back. ” With a major push in the field to reduce toxicities, Peled noted, the gut microbiome could be thought of as another important organ that has to be preserved. These findings also highlight the need to assess the health of the gut microbiome as patients are entering transplant. “We don't have a recommendation to start doing this immediately because the methodologies to do so aren't widely available yet,” Peled noted. “However, the field is moving in a direction where, just like we run tests on other organs, we're going to start evaluating the health of the gut microbiome before transplant as well. It's been referred to as the ‘forgotten organ,’ and we think it shouldn't be forgotten anymore. ” “This is definitely something that we want to work on more,” added lead investigator Marcel van den of the Division of. “Patients often come into transplant with already damaged flora.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: With the availability of present-day sequences of agronomically important genes and of geographically structured loci, and with the further refining of aDNA methodology, archaeological plant remains can become a key to the understanding of genetic processes linked to human impact. Last but not least, understanding the conditions leading to DNA preservation in plants may help to develop strategies for conservation of DNA in plant DNA banks, to best preserve our heritage (Savolainen and Reeves 2004; Hodkinson et al. 2007).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: The increase in demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles has contributed to an 89% reduction in cost over 10 years [43]. The BloombergNEF 2020 lithium-ion battery price survey reports on the price of lithium-ion batteries, which is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6. Lithium-ion battery price, volume weighted average, all sectors from 2010 to 2020. Reproduced from [44]. Prices for lithium-ion batteries have been reported at under $100/kWh, with the average price reported as $137/kWh [43]. Although these low prices for lithium-ion batteries have been driven by demand in electric vehicles, there is significant benefit for stationary energy storage applications. Lithium-ion batteries that are for stationary storage applications have the strongest global growth and market share, in comparison to other electrochemical storage technologies [45]. With global behind the meter battery storage expected to significantly grow in years to come [46]. Lower cost lithium-ion batteries enable local energy systems to affordably increase their flexibility, giving them the ability to control when and how much energy they exchange with the grid. 3. Applications of energy storage in local energy systemsHistorically, the electricity system in GB has been based on a unidirectional flow of electricity from large scale power stations to consumers. Power is transported through a high voltage power transmission network, to medium and low voltage power distribution networks, where it is delivered to consumers. Emission reduction targets have driven the transition from this conventional centralised energy system to a decentralised and localised paradigm which integrates diverse distributed energy sources, e. g. solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind generation. This transformation encourages increasing numbers of local energy systems [47]. These local energy systems enable electricity consumers to become prosumers which can generate energy for self-consumption, energy trading with each other, and providing energy and flexibility services to the utility grid. However, the intermittency of renewable energy sources and mismatch between the on-site generation and consumption present a challenge for prosumers. Incorporating energy storage into the local energy systems provides a key solution for prosumers to flexibly manage the distributed energy sources and participate in local energy markets. Instead of curtailing the excessive generation from solar and wind, the surplus generation can be charged into the energy storage devices, and discharged during the peak demand periods. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Many times, at this point, they have undergone a number of therapies and may have had side effects, such as neutropenia, treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. “Given that we have found these patients have the worst outcomes,” he continued, “this is an upfront risk factor that must be addressed. We must make sure that the various organs within the body are relatively healthy and can tolerate the serious therapy we are about to administer, and that should include the microbiome. ” Another important aspect of the study is its ability to inform the design of clinical trials, according to Peled. “As clinicians seek to protect the gut microbiome or to restore one that has been damaged, our study can help guide researchers in regard to when in the course of transplant may be the best times to intervene. ” What's next for this area of study? There are a number of research avenues that are currently being explored by the team at Kettering. “One of the variables that we think is critical to better understand why we are observing all of these changes within the flora is diet,” said van den Brink, noting that this is an understudied factor in clinical medicine. “It always strikes me that we know so much about these patients, but when it comes to what they actually eat there is very little documentation. “And so, that's really something that we're stepping up now,” he continued. “We want to know, in much more detail, what and how much people eat because we know from other studies that the flora is very sensitive to diet. ” Additionally, according to Peled, the team is taking microbiome research in two different directions. “One is continuing to conduct observational studies where we gather samples and see what happens to patients and try to find correlates. The diet work is a more refined way to do that. “We're also trying to go beyond observational research, where we can only claim associations, and try to actually prove causality,” he explained. “To accomplish this, we need prospective clinical trials of interventions and we are working on a couple of different approaches. “We also want to understand not just the proof of causality, but also the why and the mechanism,” he added.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 3, 2023 in a Brain: of : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2023. 01. 12 Since its launch in November 2022, ChatGPT has been dubbed everything from “mind-blowing” (CNET) to the artificial intelligence (AI) industry’s “next big disrupter” (York Times) – and with good reason. The brainchild of applies machine-learning algorithms to OpenAI’s GPT-3. 5 family of large language models, fine-tuned with both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques, to interact conversationally with users in a way that sounds surprisingly humanlike. Using previous questions and answers to inform its next responses, ChatGPT is able to remember a dialogue thread in a way that sounds both creative and authoritative. It can also create content, generate AI art, write code and convert unstructured data into a structured format. Although not without its limitations – OpenAI readily admits that it sometimes provides plausible-sounding but incorrect answers and can often be excessively verbose – ChatGPT has already attracted a million users and led many experts to conclude that it poses a serious threat to Google. With the global chatbot market expected to exceed $10. 5 billion by 2026, ChatGPT clearly represents not only an incredibly powerful tool but a major leap forward in self-learning artificial intelligence. By its own admission (see sidebar), ChatGPT is not artificial general intelligence (AGI). Although its capabilities are most impressive, ChatGPT is really manipulating symbols without any understanding of what those symbols mean. And until that is possible – until today’s artificial intelligence advances to something that has the ability to actually understand any intellectual task that a human being can – AGI remains a hypothetical (although many would argue inevitable) possibility.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: As an example, for a battery energy capacity of 10 kWh, the optimal power rating was approximately 2 kW. Furthermore, the result showed a clear optimal energy capacity of 20 kWh, with an optimal power rating of approximately 3 kW. This result was taken from the highest peak in Figure 10, representing the highest value of NPV. This result demonstrates the need to carry out a detailed financial analysis to determine the most suitable power rating and energy capacity for a local energy system. These results are significantly affected by the assumed input data. In particular, the power rating and energy capacity capital costs. To ensure reliability of result, the input data, especially the prices, must be accurate. 4. 3. 4 ConclusionIn conclusion, this case study was carried out to describe a methodology for optimal sizing of battery storage for a local energy system. Firstly, a methodology based on operational optimisation and net present value was used to assess the value of adding different combinations of battery power ratings and energy capacities. Then, a case study was defined to demonstrate the practical use of the methodology. The results show clear optimal power ratings for each energy capacity, shown as a peak in net present value. The optimal battery power rating and energy capacity for the case study were 3 kW and 20 kWh, approximately. The result shows that this method can assess the optimal size of a battery storage system for a local energy system. Furthermore, the method can be applied to a wide variety of local energy system configurations, enabling the method to be tailored to specific cases. Finally, the accuracy of the outcome heavily relies on the accuracy of the input data. Therefore, the more detailed and accurate the input data, the more reliable the result. 5. ConclusionsThe power system transition from large scale power generation to decentralised integration of distributed energy sources is creating an increasing need for flexibility. With higher penetrations of intermittent wind and solar generation and a decrease in dispatchable fossil-based power plants, flexibility is required to reduce curtailment of renewable generation and ensure a stable frequency by balancing supply and demand. Electricity storage systems can save excess energy during high renewable generation and release it when there is high demand or low renewable generation. Many electricity storage technologies exist today that store energy in mechanical, chemical, electrical and magnetic mediums. Technologies such as pumped hydro storage and compressed air energy storage have geographical requirements that are generally less suited to local energy systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractAbiotic and biotic factors can affect host resistance to parasites. Host diet and host gut microbiomes are two increasingly recognized factors influencing disease resistance. In particular, recent studies demonstrate that (1) particular diets can reduce parasitism; (2) diets can alter the gut microbiome; and (3) the gut microbiome can decrease parasitism. These three separate relationships suggest the existence of indirect links through which diets reduce parasitism through an alteration of the gut microbiome. However, such links are rarely considered and even more rarely experimentally validated. This is surprising because there is increasing discussion of the therapeutic potential of diets and gut microbiomes to control infectious disease. To elucidate these potential indirect links, we review and examine studies on a wide range of animal systems commonly used in diet, microbiome, and disease research. We also examine the relative benefits and disadvantages of particular systems for the study of these indirect links and conclude that mice and insects are currently the best animal systems to test for the effect of diet-altered protective gut microbiomes on infectious disease. Focusing on these systems, we provide experimental guidelines and highlight challenges that must be overcome. Although previous studies have recommended these systems for microbiome research, here we specifically recommend these systems because of their proven relationships between diet and parasitism, between diet and the microbiome, and between the microbiome and parasite resistance. Thus, they provide a sound foundation to explore the three-way interaction between diet, the microbiome, and infectious disease. Citation: Harris EV, de (2019) Diet–microbiome–disease: Investigating diet’s influence on infectious disease resistance through alteration of the gut microbiome. PLoS Pathog 15(10): e1007891. Chetan E. : October 31, 2019Copyright: © 2019 Harris et al. This is an open access 1. Direct and indirect relationships between host diet, host gut microbiome, and parasites. In bees, studies have independently shown that diets modulate resistance to parasites [9,21], diets alter gut microbiomes [75], and gut microbiomes modulate parasitism [90,107]. However, it is not known whether there is an indirect link between the three based on these direct relationships. Alternatively, the host immune system can indirectly alter this potential three-way interaction by modulating antimicrobial peptides or pattern recognition receptors via diet or the gut microbiome to fight parasites [11,110].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: But we can look at ChatGPT’s capabilities and limitations to conclude a number of interesting and useful things about the future of AI and the emergence of AGI. Many shortcomings of today’s AI that are impeding it from becoming AGI can be overcome. AGI’s emergence will be a gradual process rather than a “singularity. ” It will become progressively difficult to determine whether some future system is an AGI. What’s Needed for AGI To become an AGI, a system will need to add the ability to comprehend that physical objects exist in a physical environment – words are most useful if they represent objects, thoughts or ideas that exist in a reality. ChatGPT’s words exist only in the context of other words, not the abstract concepts they might represent. Further, there are many concepts that are difficult to express with words alone. Consider the difficulty of describing a work of art or music in words without a picture or recorded sound. This limitation can be overcome by adding multisensory inputs to an AI and, more importantly, an underlying data structure that supports creating relationships between multiple types of data. Physical objects have not only visible shapes and colors but textures and other tactile sensations, aroma, taste, known interactions with other objects, and a characteristic of persistence. Consider your understanding of a soap bubble. The words are just a shortcut for your multisensory understanding of its appearance, ephemeral nature, interaction with other bubbles and other physical objects, and a host of other sensations. To capture something akin to your understanding of the bubble, an AGI will require an internal mental model of its surroundings with the entity at its center, resembling the way in which humans view the world around us from our own point of view. How could a system understand or mimic the concept of a “point of view” without ever having experienced one? An artificial entity must also possess a perception of time, which allows for an understanding of future outcomes based on current actions. Finally, AGI will only be possible if the artificial entity has an imagination, which allows it to consider multiple possible actions, evaluate their potential outcomes and then choose the option that seems most plausible. Is this a complete list of capabilities needed for AGI? Of course not. But the implementation of these generic capabilities will lead us to a better understanding of what remains to be addressed on the road to AGI.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: This can be achieved in a single PHES facility by installing two penstocks as point out in [9]; a double penstock system enables the PHES to store excess wind energy while at the same time providing ancillary services to the grid. The results of the techno-economic studies [9] suggest that, the double penstock system could be economically credible while enable the wind energy penetration to increase above 40%. However, the economic value of PHES is sensitive to changes in fuel prices, interest rates, and total annual wind production. Figure 2. A double penstock PHES system Advertisement 4. BatteriesThe terminology “batteries” encompasses electrochemical storage cellular technologies that consist of an arrangement (in series or in parallel) of cell units. Each cell is made of two electrodes and an electrolyte secured into a sealed container. Batteries store chemical energy and generate electricity by a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. Batteries energy storage systems have been studied for almost 150 years, most research effort now aimed at cost reduction and high power application. The following section proposes a description of some promising batteries technologies. An overview of electrochemical energy storage systems is given in [10]. 4. 1. Lead-acid batteriesLead-Acid batteries are the most used devices for low to medium scale energy storage application. Lead-acid batteries have a low-cost ($300–600/kW), high reliability, high power ramp capabilities and efficiency in the range (65%–80%). However, the performance of Lead-Acid battery will deteriorate quickly in the case of frequent charge-discharge cycles. The weak tolerance to high number of cycles limits the use of PbA batteries in application such as wind variations smoothing. 4. 2. Lithium-ion batteriesLithium-ion batteries are ideal for portable applications; they are widely use in mobile phone and in almost any other electronic portable device. They tolerate over 3000 cycles, have 95% efficiency at 80% depth of discharge and have high power ramp capability. Nowadays, the emergence of electric cars drives numerous researches on Li-Ion technology and materials to obtain reliable high power system [11]. Since their lifetime is related to the cycles’ depth of discharge, Li-Ion should not be use in application where they may be fully discharged.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Animal systems showing three separate, direct relationships between diet, parasites, and the gut microbiome. Mice and insects are ideal systems to study the potential indirect, three-way link due to the systems’ controlled host diets, tractable and relatively simple microbiota, and tractability of parasites. gut microbiome, in turn, can be a crucial driver of infectious disease. The complex community of microorganisms inhabiting an animal’s digestive tract constitutes the gut microbiota, and their collective genetic content constitutes the gut microbiome. Changes in gut-associated microbial community composition and diversity have been associated with Clostridium difficile infection in humans [5] and malaria infection in mosquitoes [6]. Current understanding thus shows three important relationships: (1) diet can alter disease resistance; (2) diet can affect the gut microbiome; and (3) the gut microbiome can reduce or increase disease resistance. The potential link between these relationships remains understudied and poorly understood. Specifically, although these relationships suggest that diets could increase or reduce disease resistance by altering the host gut microbiome, there are no existing studies to support this. Instead, most studies have independently investigated the relationships between diet and disease resistance, diet and the gut microbiome, and the gut microbiome and disease resistance (Fig 1). For example, studies have shown separately that diet affects the gut microbiome and that the gut microbiome affects parasitic resistance in both mice and mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium spp. [7,8]. Whether this increased resistance is a result of the diet-altered microbiome is unknown. Similarly, honeybees fed aged mixed-pollen diets have an increased relative abundance of Frischella perrara, and these diets also increase resistance to bacterial and microsporidian parasites; whether this increased resistance is the result of a diet-altered microbiome is also unknown [9]. It is also important to note that host immunity could play a key role in directly or indirectly modulating diet–microbiome–disease interactions [10]. For example, F. perrara, the same gut microbe that is correlated with aged mixed-pollen diets, also activates the honeybee immune system [11], making it difficult to determine the sequence of events between host diet metabolism, host immunity activation, and parasitic infection inhibition.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: These AGI concepts are not impossible to create but require a mind shift in our approach to AI. Starting with a text-based system like ChatGPT and attempting to extend it to handle multisensory information, a mental model, cause and effect, and the passage of time is a daunting prospect. But starting with a data structure and set of algorithms to handle this diverse information and extending them to the text abilities of GPT with the vision, planning and decision-making of an autonomous robot is a much more promising approach. AGI vs. the When considering the likelihood of such a system, understand that the human brain does all these things in an organ that weighs about 3. 3 pounds and uses about 12 watts of energy. We know a lot about the brain’s structure and the way its neurons work but have yet to fill in the complete picture. Biological neurons function differently from the “perceptrons” of today’s neural networks at a basic level, and this accounts, in part, for the unparalleled energy efficiency of the brain. We do know that the initial structure of the brain is defined by our DNA, and the complete human genome is only about 750 MB. What fraction of our DNA defines the brain? We don’t know because the structure of any human part is largely dependent on its chemistry, and we have a much better idea of how DNA applies to chemistry than about how it applies to structure. But somehow, the DNA defines the structure of a person, which includes the structure and chemistry of the brain. Once the brain is “turned on,” its structure immediately begins to modify itself to handle the data and experiences it receives. We can presume, though, that generalized intelligence is a direct outgrowth of the structure that is defined by our DNA. The neocortex is the part of the brain humans use to think. Maybe its structure is defined by only 1% of that DNA, maybe 10%. Again, we really don’t know, but that means we might be able to define a complete AGI in a program that is as small as 7. 5 MB. And 7. 5 MB is a program that is well within the scope of a research team to write in just a few years. Thus, the AGI problem is really what is going to be written, not what the underlying structure requires gigabytes to define.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: Phase of the wind speed - electrical power transfer functionAnother way to represent the wind to power mapping is to consider the conditional probability that the observed mean electrical power P-Cluster takes on a value less than or equal to a given threshold P, given a mean wind speed V-Wind. This conditional probability is the conditional cumulative distribution function:FP V-Wind=prob P-Cluster≤P V-WindE2The value of the threshold P is expressed as a fraction of the transmission line capacity. Initially, we choose to set the transmission line capacity to PMAX2 months=6. 3 MW, the maximum observed wind farm power output over the two months test period. This value is also close to the wind farm installed capacity. In figure 10, the iso-percentages of the function FP V-Windare plotted in the plane (V-Wind %PLine Capacity) for an averaging time equals to 5 minutes. The conditional cumulative distribution function gives the probability that the power produced by a wind farm, exceeds a given power threshold. It is now possible to precisely set the level above which, the wind power will be stored or dumped rather than sent through the transmission line. In the example illustrated in Figure 10, the probability that the instantaneous power exceed 55% of the initial transmission line capacity is 10%. Thus, setting the level of the curtailment to 55% of PMAX2 months, ensure that 90% of the production will not be rejected. The remaining 10% can be stored and re-injected whenever the transmission capacity is not fully used. In the presented case, the excess electrical energy, produced when the wind farm power exceeds 55% of the transmission line capacity amounts toEexcess2 months=26. 8 MWh, which represents 1. 2% of the total produced energy 2 months=2. 26 GWh for the two months period. Figure 10. Iso-percentages of the conditional cumulative distribution function of the wind farm output power as a function of wind velocity. The power threshold levels are expressed as percentage of the transmission line capacity which, here, equalsPMAX2 months. The objective is to optimize the use of a transmission line by reducing its capacity while avoiding line saturation. Therefore, we set the transmission line capacity to 55% of PMAX2 months. A generic energy storage system is used to store all or part of the excess energy. We tested different level of storage capacity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: In this review, we focus on the interaction between host diet, the gut microbiome, and parasites without specific consideration of the role of host immunity in most cases. Ultimately, it would be of interest to investigate the effects of diet and the microbiome on immunity where feasible. The potential for diet to alter infectious disease resistance by altering the gut microbiome is relevant to a wide variety of animal systems, including humans. In particular, given increasing calls to create personalized diets to augment human gut microbiomes [12], it is crucial to determine how such changes in diet will make hosts more or less susceptible to infectious disease agents. Because our focus is on infectious diseases, we define parasites as microorganisms that can cause infectious disease (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses). The goal of this review is to provide guidelines to study how diets indirectly change infectious disease resistance by altering the gut microbiome and to suggest suitable model systems to address this question. Using key 1. Crucial considerations in the study of diet–microbiome–disease interactions Comparing microbial communities. A major challenge plaguing the field of microbiome research is defining what variation to quantify and what variation matters [30,111,112]. Although it is becoming relatively simple to characterize a gut microbial community, it is more difficult to conclude what variation between experimental groups is biologically significant. Differences that may impact host phenotypes may lie in the presence and diversity of the microbial community, the presence of particular taxa, the abundance of particular taxa, or microbial gene expression, regardless of the genome of origin. Technological approaches vary in the degree to which they can characterize these differences. Furthermore, in the case of differences at the taxonomic level, studies define community composition differently at the phylum (Wu and colleagues, 2011), genus [45], species [113], and strain [114,115] levels. This inconsistency demonstrates that there is no workbook for which of these to quantify, requiring a thorough investigation of each system studied. Accounting for individual microbiome variation. There is substantial individual variation in gut microbiome composition, which may be due to genetics, abiotic or biotic factors, or stochasticity. Furthermore, gut microbial communities change over development, with sometimes high species turnover, adding more variation to an animal system [116,117]. Because of the many sources of microbiome variation, studying the link between diet, the microbiome, and disease can be difficult, as the microbiome may vary for reasons other than diet.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: At this point, we simply don’t know what to write as the fundamental AGI algorithm. The massive computer programs of today’s AI might not even be necessary for AGI. emergence of AGI is likely to be gradual rather than all at once because advances in AGI development will create solutions or capabilities that will be individually marketable. Consider how adding a generic mental model would enhance any mobile system, such as an autonomous robot or self-driving car. Consider how improving language skills has already revolutionized personal assistants and online search. Consider how understanding the interactions of things will improve system decision-making. All these capabilities already exist at some level. As they are merged and each advances at its own rate, systems will approach or exceed human-level ability in some areas and others will lag behind. Today’s AI has superhuman capabilities in some areas and can’t match the abilities of most 3-year-olds in others. This situation will continue, and AI will advance sporadically in different areas – who is to say a system that (for example) can pass graduate-level exams in many areas but can’t make a cup of coffee is a “general intelligence” or not? Impeding long-term AGI development is the commercial need for short-term results. Take, for example, the current state-of-the-art computer vision used in self-driving cars, which is generally inadequate for safety. To solve this problem, the vision of self-driving cars is augmented with other sensors (radar, lidar, ultrasound, etc. ) that provide more absolute information about the car’s surroundings. Even though this represents a great solution to optical vision in self-driving cars, it may or may not contribute to advancing an overall AGI system. The additional sensors, in fact, may “solve” the present problem in a way that relegates improvements to the underlying vision system to the back burner. We Won’t have widely varying levels of ability. test has long been an exemplar for general intelligence, but as systems like ChatGPT get closer to human-level language abilities, the goalposts need to be moved. It is clear that for ChatGPT to pass a Turing test, it would have to be reprogrammed to lie about its own abilities and limitations – not a desirable outcome.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: Figure 11. Time evolution of the storage system SoC and power during the test. Figure 12. Iso-percentages of the conditional cumulative distribution function of the wind farm output power as a function of wind velocity. The power threshold levels are expressed as percentage of the curtailed transmission line capacity which, here, equals 55% PMAX2 months. Efficient forecasting scheme that includes some information on the likelihood of the forecast and based on a better knowledge of the wind variations characteristics along with their influence on power output variation is of key importance for the optimal integration of wind energy in power system. In [20], the author has developed a short-term wind energy prediction scheme that uses artificial neural networks and adaptive learning procedures based on Bayesian approach and Gaussian approximation. We propose to illustrate how such a prediction tool combined with an energy storage facility could help to smooth the wind power variation and improve the consistency of wind electricity injected into utility network. Energy storage technologies could be valuable to the development of wind and PV electricity generation. The main objectives of an energy storage management scheme for the sake of wind or photovoltaic electricity productions are:To guarantee energy on-demand application for stand-alone renewable generation To inform, in advance, about the dispersion of the incoming production. To guarantee the power level of the injected electricity by limiting the variability of the production with the help of energy storage systems. To guarantee optimized and safe exploitation of the energy storage system. We seek, in this section, to illustrate the advantage of using energy or power prediction to develop an energy storage management scheme aimed at reducing the uncertainty on the incoming wind power that will be injected into the grid while maintaining a reasonable storage capacity. Advertisement 10. The energy prediction schemeThe proposed method is based on the very short-term prediction scheme of the wind energy outlined in Figure 13. At any given time t, a neural network (referred hereafter as the predictor) gives an estimation of future wind energy valuesEWindt+τ, with τthe horizon of prediction. The energy function EWindt gives the energy produced by a group of wind turbine during the 30 minutes period preceding time t. The input of the predictor is made of ninp recent samples of wind power values,PWindt-Tshort_mem,⋯,PWindt. These ninp components of the input are chosen from the values measured during the time interval preceding t; t-Tshort_mem, t.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Thus, the key is to determine the relevant variation due to changes in diet and to determine how those particular changes correlate with disease resistance. Defining which dietary components influence the microbiome and disease susceptibility. Diets have many components. Therefore, it is imperative that studies first clearly define which dietary component(s) or dietary supplement(s) are considered when assessing the influence of diet on disease resistance or on the microbiome. To date, several different dietary components have been implicated in influencing the gut microbiome in animals, including fiber, protein, plant secondary metabolites, types of fat, foodborne bacteria, and prebiotics [12,45,118]. The dietary component(s) of interest may be nutritious or toxic, depending on the system [119]. If a dietary shift is observed to modulate the gut microbiome or disease resistance, then the exact nature of what components of that diet are shifting should be characterized. Systems in which diet can be experimentally manipulated are ideal, as controlled diets eliminate confounding dietary variables, making it possible to observe the direct effect of a single dietary component on gut microbiota composition and on disease susceptibility. Furthermore, such diets can be standardized, providing the opportunity for comparisons across studies. However, one drawback of such controlled diets is that they are not generalizable to natural diets [111]. Coupling a chemically well-defined diet with a natural diet in animal systems should provide novel insights as to diet’s role in altering the microbiome and disease [47]. Gut microbiomes modulate parasitismMicrobial symbionts, microbes that form a long-term association with hosts, can play important roles in animal health, particularly in mitigating infectious diseases. For example, aphids harbor non-gut-associated bacterial symbionts that protect them against fungal pathogens and parasitoid wasps [81,82]. Similarly, beewolf wasps incorporate symbiotic bacteria into their larval cocoons for protection against pathogenic fungi [83,84], and salamanders have skin bacterial symbionts that produce antifungal metabolites against chytrid fungus [85]. It is now clear that gut-associated microbial symbionts can also play major roles in infectious disease dynamics, with changes in microbial community structure and function being correlated with parasite infection in several systems. These community structural changes can be caused by dysbiosis (or disruption of the “healthy” microbiome) or parasite infection.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 38 | 2020Shakespeare et le monde animal Métaphores bestiales : symbolique de l'animalité An animal by any other name : identité culturelle et symbolisme animal dans le Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Animal by Name : in Oh Tae-Suk’s Romeo and Juliet Charlène Cruxent Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français 1999, la représentation du Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Suk a été interprétée dans plusieurs pays. Des changements importants sont survenus depuis la première, mais certains éléments ont perduré : la Nourrice s’adresse à son entourage avec des noms d’animaux et les acteurs portent des masques d’animaux lors de la scène du bal. L’imaginaire animal ainsi que la référence à l’astrologie (signes du zodiaque) permettent d’identifier et de caractériser les personnages sur scène, élément de la culture coréenne qu’Oh Tae-Suk ajoute à l’intrigue shakespearienne. Cependant, ce n’est pas suffisant pour résumer l’esthétique d’Oh Tae-Suk. D’autres aspects essentiels contribuent à faire de l’histoire des amants maudits un thème universel, comme l’absence de noms propres et la présence de masques animaliers. Les effets visuels et sonores sur scène remplacent les mots présents dans la tragédie shakespearienne, présentant ainsi l’amour entre deux êtres comme transcendant le langage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: The dynamic scheduling algorithm manages to maintain the injected power within the +/- 5% of PSchedinterval while maintaining the energy reserve strictly above zero as shown by the plot of Figure 17. Notice that the required energy capacity remains relatively low, around 3% (less than500 kWh) of the total energy supplied by the wind farms during the whole duration of the demonstration (about 15 MWhsupplied in9 h). The required charge or discharge power of the storage system is estimated at500 KW. Figure 16. Scheduled and injected electrical power superimposed to the actual wind powerFigure 17. Evolution of the energy reserve of the storage systemThe interest of the proposed method is that he permits to guarantee the power at which energy will be sent to the grid by automatically dispatching the power flows between the wind plants and the energy storage facility. 12. ConclusionEnergy storage technologies are identified as key elements for the development of electricity generation exploiting renewable energy sources. In this 1. 4/32315) and funded by the European Commission. 1. 2008for 3643524355 2. DelilleG. 2007Contribution du stockage à la gestion avancée des systèmes électriques. PhD thesis, Université Lille Nord-de-France. 3. BeaudinM. ZareipourH. SchellenberglabeA. RosehartW. 2010for Electricity GenerationEnergy for Sustainable Development14302314 4. Díaz-GonzálezF. SumperA. Gomis-BellmuntO. Villafáfila-RoblesR. 2012A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications. Renewable and Reviews 1621542171 5. RahmanF. RehmanS. Abdul-MajeedM. A. 2012for Electricity GenerationRenewable and Reviews16274283 6. IbrahimH. LlincaA. PerronJ. 2008Energy storage systems- Characteristics and comparisons. Renewable and Reviews 1212211250 7. RenaL. TangaY. ShiaJ. DouaJ. ZhoubS. JinbT. 2012Techno-economic evaluation of hybrid energy storage technologies for a solar-wind generation system. Company website, ConnollyD. LundH. MathiesenB. V. PicanE.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Although both states have the potential to shift parasite resistance, their mechanisms can be different. In the case of dysbiosis, gut pathogens may exploit an empty niche or host physiological stress to successfully colonize the gut. Systemic parasites may exploit organism stress to disseminate and replicate throughout the body. A well-known example is microbial-conferred protection against the bacterium C. difficile, which is a leading cause of chronic diarrhea following the long-term use of antibiotics in humans. Antibiotic-induced disturbance of the gut microbial community favors the increased growth of C. difficile and recurrent infection. Clinical microbiome transplants via feces (i. e. , fecal transplants) from healthy donors can be used to treat the disease in infected recipients by restoring the gut community [86–89]. Hence, C. difficile infection exploits dysbiosis by proliferating in the gut bacterial community and shows that community composition and potentially the number of bacteria are crucially important in affecting parasite invasion success. Similarly, sterile sugar–fed and antibiotic-treated bees suffer increased trypanosome infection relative to bees with a complete gut microbiome, and fecal transplants restore the bees’ gut microbiota and increase resistance [90]. Although the protective effect of the gut microbiome against parasites is evident in these and other systems, the properties of the microbiome that reduce parasitism are rarely known. The protective effects of the gut microbiome may result from the presence and diversity of the microbial community, the presence of particular taxa, or the presence of particular genes within the microbial community (Fig 3). Several examples illustrate the importance of the community. As mentioned previously, the gut microbiome of bees provides protection against trypanosome infection [90,91]; however, consumption of a single bacterial class does not reduce trypanosome burdens. Similarly, a diverse bee gut community is also protective against the bacterial pathogen Paenibacillius larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood [92–94]; although 11 isolated, cultured bacterial phylotypes differentially inhibit the growth of parasite strains in vitro, only the microbial cocktail of all 11 bacterial phylotypes completely inhibits the growth of P. larvae in vitro and in vivo.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Ce compte rendu critique démontre comment l’imaginaire animal tel qu’utilisé dans la représentation du Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Suk, qui a eu lieu en 2018 au théâtre national de Craiova en Roumanie, fait partie intégrante de l’esthétique du metteur en scène sud-coréen. Grâce à l’alliance d’une dramaturgie « européenne » et d’éléments culturels coréens, Oh Tae-Suk répand un message d’espoir pour une paix universelle à l’échelle internationale adaptant une tragédie shakespearienne que sa troupe de théâtre expose aux quatre coins du monde. Oh Tae-Suk’s production of Romeo and Juliet has been touring internationally since 1999. If major changes have occurred since the premiere, some elements have remained the same : the Nurse addresses the characters on stage uttering animal names, and the actors wear animal masks during the ball scene. Together with several 1. Ces deux animaux représentent Hyeon-mu ( 사신도(현무 ), aussi connu sous le nom de Tortue-Serpent, figure de la mythologie coréenne qui était responsable du maintien de l’harmonie entre le yin et le yang, deux forces cosmiques opposées2. 2La représentation commence avec le retentissement du tonnerre, le retrait de la toile et l’entrée d’une quinzaine d’acteurs. Deux groupes distincts s’affrontent : munis d’épées, les acteurs exécutent une chorégraphie au ralenti. Ils font alors des mouvements semblables à ceux effectués lors d’un combat d’art martial.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: For example, any standalone complex electronic device, such a mobile phone, laptop computer or electric car, is a small but self-contained power system. It exhibits varying power demand from a multiplicity of electrical circuits and components which are influenced by changing operational modes, while the electrical supply comes from an energy storage device (usually a battery). Obviously, but significantly, this energy source delivers power only when it is needed. Thus supply and demand are automatically balanced. If the battery is rechargeable, which it usually is, then balanced demand/supply is maintained as long as the battery contains sufficient charge. Importantly, it does not matter how erratic or intermittent the charging process is as long as on average over a defined time period, the charging power supplied to the battery is equal to or greater than the power demanded over the same interval, by the electrical circuits of the device in question. The inference of the above routine electronic circuit behaviour is that an electrical power supply system, at the national grid level, should function adequately with intermittent renewables acting as the primary power sources, provided the supply side is buffered from the demand side by massive energy storage (MES) plants, such as pumped hydroelectric schemes. The grid has to carry AC power, for transmission and distribution reasons, the buffering storage plants will be required to drive turbine/generator sets little different from those currently employed in today’s power stations. Demand management will very likely parallel current practice. A few, but far too few, of these storage facilities are finding a place in global grid systems. There are many other massive storage technologies which could be implemented for example the Nordhavn ‘green island’ storage scheme near Copenhagen, but unfortunately effective development is almost non-existent at the present time. 2 Literature review - massive energy storageA power transmission grid is generally a routine electrical circuit except that it entails carrying power generated at geographically separated locations over long distances to customers or users (loads) at other geographical locations. In addition to this geographical element, a further difference from a conventional DC or very low frequency AC circuit is a multiplicity of generators and loads (Fig. 1). Conventional grid systems operate satisfactorily provided the network exhibits spare capacity, both in terms of redundant transmission line routes, to facilitate the bypassing of damaged lines, and in terms of power generators to ensure a balance between supply and demand can be maintained in all circumstances.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Desert locusts also have decreased pathogen colonization with increased numbers of gut bacterial species [95]: specifically, the presence of 2 and 3 bacterial species provides more protection against Serratia marcescens than the presence of only 1 species. The importance of the microbial community may result from the complementary and synergistic antiparasitic effects of different microbes. Although the benefits of a diverse microbial community are widely accepted, the mechanisms of protection are poorly understood in animal models [96,97]. Potential mechanisms include high functional diversity [98], increased functional redundancies [99], and metabolic cross-feeding [96,100]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Properties of the gut microbiome that could reduce parasitism. The protective effects of the gut microbiome may derive from colonization resistance, the abundance and evenness of one or more species at various taxonomic levels, the presence or absence of particular species, or the presence or abundance of certain genes. These scenarios are not exhaustive nor mutually exclusive [107]. presence of particular taxa can also be a protective property of the gut microbiome. Several malaria-associated studies across animal systems find a correlation between particular bacterial taxa and Plasmodium infection. Malian children with a lower risk of infection by the malaria parasite P. falciparum have a higher proportion of Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus genera compared with higher-risk individuals [101]. This example, like others, merely presents a correlation between the presence and absence of particular gut bacteria taxa and parasites [102,103]. Demonstrating a causative link, in Anopheles mosquitoes, the ingestion and colonization of Chromobacterium results in induction of immune genes and decreased susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and dengue virus [104]. Similarly, antibiotic-treated mice inoculated with a cultured microbial cocktail containing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus display a decreased malaria parasite burden compared with control mice, suggesting that these taxa have a modulatory effect on parasitism [7]. Sometimes it is not the presence of the gut microbial community or presence of particular taxa in that community but rather the expressed genes of the community that have a modulatory effect on protection. For example, laboratory mice can harbor gut bacteria that express glycan surface proteins.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: L’harmonie et la quiétude présentes jusqu’alors sur scène disparaissent donc au moment même où la toile représentant Hyeon-mu, la Tortue-Serpent, est retirée de la scène. Symboliquement, cet animal mythique et mystique véhicule un sens qu’un spectateur pourrait occulter s’il n’a pas connaissance de sa signification. En effet, la pièce est jouée en coréen et si une traduction en anglais est fournie via des écrans au-dessus de la scène, aucune indication n’est affichée pour exposer l’identité d’Hyeon-mu. 3 Walker, « ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Korean style », 28 juillet 2010, (. . . ) 3Tout au long de la représentation, pléthore de références aux animaux, tel le renard, apparaissent. De la même façon que pour la Tortue-Serpent, elles ne peuvent être comprises dans leur globalité que par le truchement du folklore coréen, ce qui a poussé plusieurs critiques de théâtre à considérer la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk comme un « Romeo and Style3 ». L’utilisation du symbolisme animal dans le Roméo et Juliette du dramaturge témoigne en effet de l’appropriation de la tragédie shakespearienne dans un contexte coréen, mais pas seulement. Les changements opérés par le metteur en scène entre la première représentation de son Roméo et Juliette en 1995 et celles des années 2010 montrent qu’Oh Tae-Suk, bien qu’il utilise des éléments typiques du théâtre coréen, présente le mythe des amants maudits comme universel.

Output: pass