Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on in Male Rats. Phytomedicine. 2003; 10: 590–593. 13. Bhat R, Karim AA. (Eurycoma longifolia Jack): A Review on. Fitoterapia. 2010; 81: 669–679. 14. . Stratification and Mapping of Ephedra gerardiana Wall in Poh (Lahul and Spiti) Sensing and GIS. Current Science. 2003; 84: 208–212. 15. . Conserving the Mountains: A of Sites in Northwest Yunnan. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2005; 14: 3065–3091. 16. . Assessment of in Zones in the Eastern Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Current Science. 2005; 88: 250–257. 17. . Mapping Non-wood (Matsutake Mushrooms) Regression and a GIS Expert System. Ecological Modeling. 2006; 198: 208–218. 18. Cortes C, Vapnik V. Support-vector Networks. Machine Learning. 1995; 20(3): 273–297. 19. . . 2012 IEEE Symposium on in Bioinformatics and (CIBCB). San Diego, CA: IEEE. 2012; 348. DOI: 10. 1109/CIBCB. 2012. 621725020. . Leafsnap: A System for Species Identification. 12th on (ECCV). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg. 2012; 516. 21. Hearn DJ. for the of Plants from Images of Leaves. TAXON. 2009; 58(3): 934–954. information 1. Introduction2. List of medicinal plants of the indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia3. Current approaches of research on medicinal plants of indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia4. Future studies on medicinal plants of indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia5. Conclusion1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Если Общество обнаруживает, что ребенок разместил личные сведения на данном Сайте, то принимает разумные меры для удаления таких сведений из файлов компании. Условия пользования, уведомления и новые редакции политики Если Пользователь решает посетить данный Сайт, посещение и любой спор в отношении сохранения конфиденциальности регламентируются настоящими Общими условиями.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Also, the peak times of Per2 and Pai-1 were phase advanced about for 7 h (Figure 1B and 1C) and 12 h (Figure 1E and 1F) in shift group mice, respectively. Furthermore, the expression levels of Per2 and Pai-1 showed noticeable downregulation. The association of Per2 or Pai-1 in many types of cancer, including breast, is well-documented [37, 38]. Per2 is known to have tumor suppressive activity against mammary tumors, and its down-regulation is advantageous for cancer progression [39]. These outcomes support the hypothesis that light/dark shift accelerate breast cancer progression. Incidentally, the relationship between breast cancer malignancy and Pai-1 has been discussed in several papers and it is presumed that Pai-1 promotes cell migration [40, 41]. We demonstrated that disruption of biological rhythms by light/dark shifts promoted tissue metastasis, especially distal lymph node metastasis and further caused a decrease in survival (Figures 2E, 3 and 4). But it did not affect the tumor volume or weight of transplanted breast tumors (Figure 2C and 2D). The effect of biorhythm disturbance on tumor growth and metastasis has been reported in previous study [42], along with downregulation of per2 by jet lag condition. And, it presents interesting data on the acquisition of the stemness and growth potential of tumor cells and antitumor immunity. In contrast, as mentioned above, our model did not show the effect of light-disturbance on tumor growth. It is difficult to make a general comparison with previous study [42], because of the different tumor model (spontaneous or orthotopic transplant), subtypes of breast cancer cells (estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor sensitivity and HER2 protein expression) and light/dark conditions. Therefore, we think that it will be necessary to consider the systems that more closely resemble human rotating shift work, e. g. , comparison with a 3-shift work system (shifted by 8 hours for 3 groups), of different light-dark compositions (6:18 light:dark cycle, and/or 18:6 light:dark cycle) in future studies. In mammals, various physiological functions including temperature regulation, sleep/arousal, and hormone secretion are known to change periodically over approximately a 24-hour period over a day/night cycle, which is an environmental time signal [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Общество сохраняет за собой право вносить изменения в настоящую политику без уведомления Пользователей. Если Пользователь продолжает пользоваться Сайтом после внесения изменений в данную политику, это означает, что Пользователь принимает такие изменения. Порядок действий при возникновении технических проблем Что именно надо сообщить о технической проблеме: Укажите тему запроса. Тема должна отражать краткую суть проблемы.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Our previous studies revealed that nocturnal light exposure increases secretion of adrenaline and NA through the function of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis (SAM) system and the sympathetic nervous system, the stress response systems, showing evidence that a departure from the natural light/dark cycle is a stress factor [5, 22]. A recent investigation demonstrated that chronic stress load activated the sympathetic nervous system accompanied by secretion of NA, and promoted remodeling of tumor lymphatic vessels and cancer metastasis in mice transplanted with MDA-MB-231 cells [43]. We previously reported that NA elevated breast cancer cell infiltration via adrenergic receptors and upregulated MMP9 expression, which contributes to extracellular matrix degradation in MDA-MB-231 cells [20]. These findings suggest that disruption of light/dark cycles causes a stress response accompanied by NA secretion, which may affect breast cancer development. As shown in Figure 6, the concentration of NA in breast tumors tended to increase due to light/dark shifts. However, no increase in Mmp9 expression in tumors due to light/dark shift was observed (data not shown). As mentioned above, some biological functions including enzyme activity and gene expression show circadian rhythms. It is known that the activity and expression levels of these factors are continuously changing [44, 45]. All final sampling in this study was conducted at the same time (ZT 7–8). Therefore, to resolve the relationship between NA and MMP9, further experiments at multiple time points are required in future studies. We here shown that the NLR is significantly increased by light/dark shifts (Figure 5B). At the same time, shortening of survival was observed (Figure 2E). It is known that the survival rate of breast cancer patients markedly decreases as tumor stage progresses, particularly regarding the occurrence of metastasis [18]. Cancer cell migration from breast tissue to lymph nodes can be an important process in breast cancer progression. Various internal and external factors affect the metastasis of many cancers including breast cancer through the complex mechanisms, and in recent years there have been many reports that neutrophils have an active role in tumor progression [46, 47]. It has been reported that frequent changes in the light/dark environment can induce chronic inflammation and increase the early mortality rate [48]. It has been also reported that the risk of developing liver and lung cancer increases with long-term light/dark shifts [49, 50].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Quinina served as a template for the synthesis of the aminochinolines such as cloroquine, which was used as a first-line medicine until 1971 when the first cases of P. falciparum resistance appeared. 8 This stimulated the search for new antimalarial agents. In 1972 Chinese scientists isolated artemisinin from the Artemisa anua plant. This permitted the synthesis of the artemisinin derivatives artesunate, arteheter, artemether, constituting a new pilar of antimalarial therapy. 9,10 is a region both endemic to malaria and to some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. One third of the worlds species are found in tropical rain forests. 11 Concurrenty, there exists a wide cultural diversity linked to traditional knowledge from different ethnic groups. This diversity has been affected and threatened by colonization which began in the 15th century and advanced in the 20th century. 12 In the case of Vaupes medio, it was due to the bonanaza of rubber, coca farming, and the sale of animal skins. These processes led to deforestation and an alteration in social structure, bringing about a loss of plant diversity and of the knowledge associated with it. 13 Among the indigenous and mestizo communities located in the of the southeastern part of Colombia, the population is 85% indigenous representing 27 ethnic groups. Among those groups, the most numerous are: Cubeo, Tucano, Desano and Guanano. 14 These communities are effected by malaria, above all, those which are located in the Vaupés Alto, Vaupés Medio, Papunahua, Apaporis river, and at the Querarí river head. In this zone, malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants (for preventing it or curing it). Nevertheless, these practices are disappearing due to the social phenomena explained previously. The purpose of this study is to contribute to and preserve the ancestral knowledge related to medicinal use of plants among the communities located in the Vaupés Medio. More specifically, information was collected about medicinal plants used to cure malaria from 33 indigenous traditional healers from this zone. In the presence of the healers, plants were identified and collected. They were later studied taxonomically and the greater frequency of use was determined by the Friedman’s index. Materials and methods Study area An area of 10,901.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Примеры тем: Ошибка при подаче статьи в журнал; Не удается сгенерировать договор; Не могу войти на портал; Какие темы писать не надо: «Ошибка! »; «Вопрос»; «Срочно! ». Это никак не ускорит обработку заявки, но потребует больше времени для её обработки. Опишите проблему. Чем подробнее описана проблема, тем проще разобраться в ее причинах.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In addition, it has been demonstrated that a chronic inflammatory response is associated with cancer malignancy and poor prognosis in various types of cancer [49, 51, 52]. From these findings, the inflammatory response is an important factor in cancer progression. Peripheral blood NLR is a parameter that reflects systemic inflammation, and it has been shown that a high NLR is associated with poor prognosis in various cancers such as breast, lung, and prostate cancer [28, 53]. These outcomes suggest that 12-hour rotating shift cycle is an environmental factor that affects the survival of breast tumor-bearing mice. To prevent metastasis, treatment with anticancer drugs and/or radiation is performed. On the other hand, adverse effects associated these treatment cause complications and add to increased morbidity and mortality among patients [54]. Therefore, chemoprevention by food is important. We here focused on quercetin contained in plants as a tool to prevent cancer progression (i. e. , development, proliferation, and metastasis). Our laboratory previously reported that a quercetin metabolite, Q3G inhibited MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell invasion induced by NA via β2-adrenoreceptor [20]. It has also been shown that quercetin inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells [55]. In addition, quercetin has an inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration, and it has been reported that cancer metastasis is suppressed by quercetin therapy [56, 57, 58]. Thus, evidence on the antitumor effect of quercetin is accumulating. However, the suppressive effect of quercetin on metastasis progression as a result of disturbances to the circadian rhythm has not been verified. Therefore, we investigated whether breast cancer metastasis suppression by feeding a 0. 3 % quercetin diet is observed or not in breast cancer-transplanted mice under a light/dark shift environment. The effects of quercetin on food consumption and tumor size and weight were not observed in all groups (Figure 7A, 7C and 7D). Whereas, metastasis to kidney lymph nodes and iliac lymph nodes was strongly suppressed in mice fed a 0. 3 % quercetin diet in a light/dark shift environment (Figure 7E).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: During the presentation, it was highlighted the benefits and importance of recovering the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants, and conserving it by recording it in the books. Once consent was obtained and the work consolidated with the communities, each community was visited in search of the key partners. In conclusion of the conciliation process, communities expressed their interest in the project and signed agreements between themselves and researchers of the University of Antioquia. The indigenous authorities recognized the project as an opportunity to gather and preserve the oral tradition of medicinal plants used to cure malaria. Ultimately, they desire to give ownership of this knowledge to the younger generations so that it is not lost over time. Traditional healer selection The key traditional healers were chosen according to participant observation. 17‒23 More specifically, the snowball or avalanche sampling approach was used,24 under the premise that the members of the population know each other and can identify which other person from the indigenous community to interview. Additionally, the following criteria were considered: living within the study area, to be recognized by their inhabitants as traditional healers, cure malaria with plants or prayers. In this context, 30 men and 3 women between the ages of 22 and 62 years old were chosen. Ethnobotanical survey Open interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 33 traditional healers (31 indigenous and 2 belonging to a group of mestizos known as “cabuco”, according to the methodology described by Cunnigham. 25,19,26 They collected information about: Description and identification of plants used for treating malaria in their natural habitat Detailed description of each plant collection process (hour, station, place, among others) Part of the plant used (bark, root and leaf) and mode of preparation (infusion, decoction and etc. ) Recipe directions and warnings Overview of the illness (causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments to cure and prevent it) During the walks, with each traditional healer, specimens following the described methodology (1. Thirty (91%) of the traditional healers are male. Eighteen (55%) of 33 performed surveys reported information from the ethnic Cubeo, and the rest from Carapana, Desano, Yuruti, Guanano and Mestizo groups. Among all the traditional healers, only one payé (shaman) from community was interviewed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Что надо указать: Что вы делали, перед тем как проблема возникла: Выполнил(а) вход в личный кабинет; Какой вы ожидали результат: Должен был открыться личный кабинет; Какой результат вы получили: Возникла такая-то ошибка, вылезло окошко с текстом и пр. В подписи укажите ФИО, название организации, город, контактный номер телефона для связи. Сопроводите обращение уточняющей информацией: Когда проблема возникла (Дата/Время).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In previous reports of the pharmacokinetics of quercetin and quercetin metabolites, high levels of quercetin and its metabolites were observed in lung, kidney, and liver after quercetin ingestion [59]. Another report showed that Quercetin glucosides administered to the duodenum is partly transported to the iliac lymph vessels [60]. From these studies, it is assumed that the tissue-specific kinetics of quercetin cause local accumulation of quercetin in the iliac lymph nodes and kidney lymph nodes, leading to suppression of cancer cell migration. In examining the preventive effect of the ingestion of quercetin-containing foods on breast cancer, further investigation is required to clarify the detailed mechanism of metastasis inhibition by quercetin. In conclusion, our study has shown that an irregular light environment that reverses the light and dark phases every two days induced shorter lifespan and high level NLR that is a poor prognostic factor of breast cancer. Circadian rhythm disruption contributes to distal lymph node metastasis even though it did not affect the tumor growth in breast cancer transplanted in mice. These results with breast cancer transplant model and the modified light environment suggest that night-shift work may also affect distant metastasis and prognosis. In addition, in order to investigate the preventive effect of plant components on breast cancer, we fed quercetin mixed diet to breast cancer transplanted model mice and examined the anticancer effect against photodisturbation-induced breast cancer metastasis. We have demonstrated that distant lymph node metastasis due to disruption of the light/dark cycle is suppressed in certain lymph nodes by quercetin. This suggests that quercetin may be useful as a novel tool for the food prevention of light environment-induced breast cancer migration. To the best of we knowledge, this is the first report to the effect of quercetin on distal lymph node metastasis promoted by the disruption of circadian rhythm by the light environment modeled shift worker. The additional file for this 10. 5334/jcr. 203.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Description about the role of traditional healers within the middle vaupés indigenous communities The payé is a traditional healer and shaman from the Vaupés aboriginal societies that has magical powers and establishes a relationship with the supernatural world. He has knowledge about the community’s myths, treatments for illness and witchcraft practices. He is the master of a universe inhabited by spirits, and at the same time is a healer, protector of the community and exorcist. He reaches some level of trance to establish a connection with the supernatural universe in which one or more spirits are in his favor, hears his requests and assists him to practice good or evil. He is able to diagnose an illness, foresee the fate of the sick person and fight against witchcraft and other cultural ailments. Historically, in the Vaupés region the payé uses the aid of sacred plants like yage and yopo, to reach the psychological states of mind to communicate with the supernatural universe. 28 The payé is the community member who knows more about illnesses, the diagnosis and treatment techniques, and to some extent, the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, in some occasions, is the only person in charge of diagnosing, preventing and treating the illnesses of some communities which are beyond the reach of the state health programs. In addition to the payé, there are members in the community identified as traditional healers, they possess less knowledge than the payé, but also use plants to prevent and treat illness. However, they do not use sacred plants to reach a different psychological state of mind, nor are able to establish communication with the supernatural universe to be favored by the spirits. Reported species There were registered 41 morphospecies belonging to 37 genera, distributed in 25 families and locally labeled with 47 vernacular names (Table 2). Among the registered morphospecies 35 were identified down to species, 5 to genus, and one to family. The families with the larger number of genera and species were the Bignoniaceae (8 spices/7 genres) and Fabaceae (5 species/4 genres). The most frequent plant types for the antimalarial species were trees 19(46. 34 %), followed by vines 12(29. 26%), and in a less proportion, bushes 7(17. 07%), herbs 2(4. 87%) and palms 1(2. 43%), Table 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Как часто появляется; Приложите скриншот (снимок экрана) с ошибкой, если это возможно. Объем отправляемого сообщения, включая все приложения к нему, не должен превышать 15 Мб. В противном случае ваши письма будут отсечены системой; Укажите адрес домена, на котором вы работаете. Как не надо писать обращения, такие обращения рассматриваются в последнюю очередь: «Ничего не работает! Срочно почините! »; «У меня тут программа раньше работала, а потом перестала.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: is substantial evidence that the prevalence of sleep disorders is an important occupational health problem, especially among health care professionals on night or on rotating work shifts [1 - 10]. An important aspect of the work environment of nurses is that they are required to work at any point in the 24 hour day [11]. Night work is associated with disturbed sleep and impaired alertness. The impact of sleep is the result of the circadian interference with sleep during daylight hours and circadian suppression of pineal gland by light at night [12]. The definition of insomnia is a complaint of disturbed sleep, manifested as difficulties in sleep initiation, sleep maintenance, early morning awakenings, or nonrestorative sleep. Many sources also add the presence of associated daytime impairments, such as fatigue, irritability, decreased memory and concentration, and pervasive malaise affecting many aspects of daytime functioning [13]. In a recent study, 32% of night-shift workers reported symptoms of insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness, whereas these symptoms were reported in only 18% of day workers from the same sample population [14]. Several studies have reported that sleep problems are more common among health care personnel on rotating work shifts [15]. The quality of sleep has been found to be altered in hospital nurses working on rotating shift schedules, especially those working morning and night shifts as well as in hospital nurses working shifts when compared with day nurses [16]. The pineal hormone melatonin regulates a variety of physiological processes, including circadian, cardiovascular, reproductive, and neuroendocrine functions [17 - 19]. However, it is the hypnotic effects of melatonin that are considered an integral component of its physiological role in sleep modulation [20,21]. Administration of melatonin facilitates sleep onset and improves the quality of sleep [22 - 24]. Administration of melatonin can also produce phase shifts in circadian rhythms, and has been used to treat the symptoms of circadian maladaptation associated with shift work [25 - 27]. There is currently a great deal of interest in whether properly timed melatonin administration can facilitate circadian phase shifting in these situations [28]. Normally, production of melatonin by the pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light [29]. Hajak et al [30] reported lower levels in blood melatonin in patients with insomnia than in healthy controls, and Haimov et al [31] found lower levels of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in elderly patients with insomnia than in healthy elderly subjects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Among all 35 morphospecies identified down to the species, 31 are native to the region. The species Cosmos caudatus, Mangifera indica, Crescentia cujete and Citrus limon are introduced. 95. 12% of the species grow wild (38) and three (7. 31%) are cultivated. The part of the plant most commonly used by the traditional healers of the Middle Vaupés region to fabricate the medicine is the stem bark. Decoction with water was identified as the only procedure for preparing the medicine. The traditional healers described two ways for administering the medicine, oral, according to Pérez,29 and in baths and ointments for preventing the disease. Numbers of Number of 6. 1 Stem bark soothe toothaches and make axe handles. S6. 1 Stem bark Reed or reported. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq. ) Miers 194107 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich. ) K. Schum. 194120 1 3 Stem bark Reed or treat stomach ailments, epilepsy and poisoning by venom Crescentia cujete L. 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used to make totumas, a type of gourd used to make vessels for drinking or eating Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. ) D. Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex DC. ) A. H. Gentry 194113 2 6. 1 Stem bark combat pruritis and skin infections Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 1 3 Stem bark cure rheumatism cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana 194125 4 12. 1 Stem bark, Not reported. spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 194115 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Cf. spruceana 194109 1 3 Stem bark reported. nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler 1 3 Flower bud flu remedy dentatus (Aubl. ) Standl. 194111 1 3 or soo the headaches, fever and stomach pain. macrocarpa Ducke 194109 3 9. 1 Stem bark leaves of the tree are used for packaging farina (Amazon cereal).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Когда снова заработает? »; «Я не могу работать. Позвоните мне! ». Сколько обращений надо написать? Необходимо придерживаться правила «одна ошибка — один запрос в поддержку». Если у вас две разных проблемы — «поправить контент» и «разместить свежий выпуск журнала» — сделайте две заявки. Нельзя создавать несколько обращений, посвященных одной проблеме чаще, чем раз в два часа. Повторные заявки замедляют работу техподдержки. Время обработки заявки?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Subjective sleep parameters during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of shift work nurses: results at baseline and after 1 night melatonin or placebo treatment (N = 86) MeanSDP(vs. baselinea)P(vs. placeboa)Sleep onset latencyMelatonin21. 517. 7< 0. 05< 0. 056. 30. 01Placebo49. 730. 3< 0. 05Baseline37. 541. 3Total sleep timeMelatonin392. 152. 4> 0. 05> 0. 050. 49NSPlacebo37249. 4> 0. 05Baseline450. 582. 3Number of awakeningsMelatonin5. 11. 9> 0. 05> 0. 050. 64NSPlacebo5. 11. 9> 0. 05Baseline5. 22. 1 a p values for Tukey post hoc analysis. b Overall test for differences Table 3 Subjective assessment of insomnia: results at baseline and after 1 night of melatonin or placebo treatment (N = 86) MeanSDP(vs. baselinea)P(vs. placeboa)Difficulty falling asleepMelatonin1. 630. 61< 0. 05< 0. 054. 50. 01Placebo2. 530. 62> 0. 05Baseline2. 670. 80Difficulty staying asleepMelatonin2. 320. 83> 0. 05> 0. 050. 71NSPlacebo2. 310. 69> 0. 05Baseline2. 481. 11Problem waking up too earlyMelatonin2. 260. 81> 0. 05> 0. 050. 42NSPlacebo2. 400. 74> 0. 05Baseline2. 391. 29Sleep qualityMelatonin2. 580. 76< 0. 05< 0. 051. 20. 02Placebo2. 690. 67> 0. 05Baseline3. 160. 92 a p values for Tukey post hoc analysis. b Overall test for differences 86 shift-work nurses with insomnia disorders, administration of 5 mg of melatonin about 30 minutes before a night time sleep significantly decreased sleep onset latency (SOL) and increased sleep quality as compared with placebo. We observed a significant improvement in falling asleep induced by 5 mg of melatonin (16 min) as compared to baseline, which supports the well known capacity of this hormone to change biological rhythms [33 - 36].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: The stem bark is applied to the skin to alleviate itchiness and as a deodorant Machaerium sp 1 3 or the Cubeos, it is used to treat stomachaches and headaches. Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex. Benth. 1 3 Stem bark reported Myroxylon balsamum (L. ) Harms 1 3 Stem bark reported Fabaceae pagapunisuore 194133 1 3 Stem bark calm headache, fever and stomach pain. brasiliensis Kosterm. 194122 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used against snakebites. resinifera Mart. 194119 2 6. 1 Stem bark snake bites and to reduce fever japurensis A. Juss. 1 3 Stem bark fruit of the plant is used as bate for fishing 194135 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. guidonia (L. ) Sleumer 194112 1 3 Stem bark soo the stomach pains, diarrhea and as a purgative. grandifolia (Mart. ) Sandwith 194130 9 27. 2 Stem bark, to treat snake bites, to prevent and treat whooping cough and a pain killer for headaches. It is also used as an emetic to maintain youth and gain strength. Historically, the Cubeos used it to make hunting arrows due to its tough stem Abuta rufescens Aubl. 194121 1 3 or cure fever, and treat headache and rheumatism. 194132 2 6. 1 or treat diarrhea and common illnesses (e. g. vomiting, headache, fever). laeta (Benth. ) Barneby & J. W. Grimes 194124 1 3 Stem bark a purgative and to soothe stomach pains. Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. 194110 2 6. 1 Stem bark other diseases which manifest fever and headache. decorticans Ducke 194117 1 3 Stem bark reported. cf. duplipilosa McVaugh 194129 1 3 Stem bark cure diarrhea Psidium cf acutangulum Mart. ex DC 94128 1 3 Stem bark leaves are used to package farina and the stem bark to relieve skin irritations and as a body deodorant flava 194216 1 9 or soothe stomach pains and treat diarrhea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Задания выполняются в порядке живой очереди, обычно выполнение работ занимает от нескольких часов до трех-четырех дней. Пожалуйста, не пишите в выполненные и закрытые задания, даже если это слово «Спасибо». Нам очень приятно, но это вносит беспорядок в систему отчетов и управления заданиями. Пожалуйста, четко формулируйте свой вопрос или задание.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: A&A 673, A93 (2023)Mining archival data from wide-field astronomical surveys in search of near-Earth objects★ Teymoor Saifollahi1, Kleijn1, Rees Williams1, Marco Micheli2, Toni Santana-Ros3,4, Ewout Helmich1, Detlef Koschny5,6 and Luca Conversi2,7 1 Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, e-mail: teymur. saif@gmail. com2 1, 00044 Frascati, Italy 3 Instituto de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, del Raspeig, 03080 Alicante, Spain 4 Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Carrer de Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 5 Agency (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2200 XH Noordwijk, 6 of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany 7 Agency (ESA/ESRIN), Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Italy Received: 20 January 2023 Accepted: 3 March 2023 Abstract Context. Increasing our knowledge of the orbits and compositions of near-earth objects (NEOs) is important for a better understanding of the evolution of the and life. The detection of serendipitous NEO appearances among the millions of archived exposures from large astronomical imaging surveys can provide a contribution which is complementary to NEO surveys. Aims. Using the information system, this work aims to assess the detectability rate, the achieved recovery rate and the quality of astrometry when data mining the Observatory (ESO) archive for the OmegaCAM wide-field imager at the VLT (VST). Methods. We developed an automatic pipeline that searches for NEO appearances inside the environment. Throughout the recovery process the pipeline uses several public web tools () to identify possible images that overlap with the positions of NEOs, and acquires information on the NEOs’ predicted position and other properties (e. g. magnitude, rate, and direction of motion) at the time of observations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 194116 1 3 Stem bark cure snakebites. Rudgeaworonovii Standl. 194118 1 3 Stem bark reported. Citrus x limon (L. ) Osbeck 194125 2 6. 1 To treat influenza and calm stomach pains. cladantha Sandwith 1 3 Stem bark reported. sprucei Hook. f. 194114 2 6. 1 Stem bark treat snake bites. Table 2 List of plants used by traditional healers Middle Vaupes, for the treatment of malaria. Among the 35 identified species, only 13 had a previous record as antimalarian medicine: Abaremalaeta, Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Crescentia cujete, Guarea guidonia, Jacaranda copaia, Picrolemma sprucei, Doliocarpus dentatus, Potalia resinífera, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia serratifolia, Abuta rufescens and Citrus limón. This paper and just another us,30 introduces 28 plants, not previously mentioned by the literature, which are used as antimalarial medicine by the indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region. Their distribution is this: 23 were identified down to the species, 4 to genus and one to family. According to the Friedman’s index (1996) (Table 2) the species with the most cultural importance are: Abuta grandifolia, Matisia cf. Glandífera, Pleonotoma jasminifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum. Botanical and ethnobotanical findings for species which had no prior report of their antimalarialactivity Clathrotropis macrocarpa, is known in the region with the vernacular name, Tepaku. Tepa is the common name and ku describes the male gender of the tree in the native Cubeo language. In the forest the plant can be identified by its big hand-shaped leaves and the strong odor of its yellow bark. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The extraction of the bark can be performed either when the tree is young or old. The bark is treated by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Сотрудники службы зачастую незамедлительно берут задание в работу, и поэтому многочисленные корректировки ведут как минимум к замедлению работ, а как максимум — к ошибкам. Куда сообщать о технических проблемах? написать письмо на support@editorum. ru, заполнить форму обращения в техподдержку, написать нам в онлайн-чат. Мы перезвоним вам Инструкции Вы можете ознакомиться с инструкцией по работе с системой. Руководство пользователя (docx) × you sure you want to delete?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: Considering these properties, the pipeline narrows down the search to potentially detectable NEOs, searches for streak-like objects across the images, and finds a matching streak for the NEOs. Results. We recovered 196 appearances of NEOs from a set of 968 appearances predicted to be recoverable. It includes appearances for three NEOs that were on the impact risk list at that point. These appearances occurred well before their discovery. The subsequent risk assessment using the extracted astrometry removes these NEOs from the risk list. More generally, we estimate a detectability rate of ~0. 05 per NEO at a signal-to-noise ratio higher than 3 for NEOs in the OmegaCAM archive. Our automatic recovery rates are 40% and 20% for NEOs on the risk list and the full list, respectively. The achieved astrometric and photometric accuracy is on average 0. 12″ and 0. 1 mag. Conclusions. These results show the high potential of the archival imaging data of the ground-based wide-field surveys as useful instruments for the search, (p)recovery, and characterization of NEOs. Highly automated approaches, as possible using make this undertaking feasible. Key words: minor planets asteroids: general astrometry astronomical databases: miscellaneous techniques: photometric methods: observational methods: data analysis ★ 3 and 5 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc. cds. unistra. fr (130. 79. 128. 5) or via © 2023 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This 1. 3 astronomical units (au), meaning that close approaches with the Earth might occur at some point. The size of these objects ranges from metres to tens of kilometres. Currently, more than 30 000 NEOs are catalogued in the Center (MPC3) and the discovery rate is of the order of thousands per year. While we are certain that the vast majority of the largest NEOs have already been discovered, very little is known about the majority, the ones in the range of a few metres to about 150 metres. With NEOs, the minor body ↔ life relationship can be approached from a scientific perspective: understanding the role of minor bodies in the origin and long-term evolution of life in a planetary system, such as our Solar System.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: The medicine is either administered orally (for vomiting) or in baths to prevent the disease. It is advisable to administer the medicine orally only when the first symptoms arise, otherwise it could worsen the patient’s condition in an advanced stage of the disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal use in the Amazon: In the northern part of the region, the leaf of the tree is used as afungicide and antibacterial. 31 The species C. glaucophyllaand. macrocarpa have an economic relevance for the Yanomami people in Venezuela. They use seedsfrom the plant as food and the bark as an ingredient in the poison (curare) they apply to their hunting arrows. 32 Cosmos caudatus, is known in the region with the vernacular name of Abuju temuyo. Abuju is related to the devil, and temuyo means arrow. This plant is a weed that grows around the dwelling. It can be recognized by its aromatic smell, its saw-like leaves and its yellow flowers. The plant is a type of herb that grows wild, it is extracted during the young stage and collected in the adult stage. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. When the treatment is oral it consist ofa beverage of mashed leaves. The bath is used for preventing the disease and is prepared by mashing the whole plant and decoction. Medicinal uses in different regions of the country: people, in the Chocó region use the plant for body aroma and refreshment. They submerge the plant in cold water and use the liquid two times a day for bathing. 33 people in the region use the mashed leaves of Cosmos cf. caudatusas a pain reducer for skin cuts and wounds. 34 Matisia glandifera, is known in the region with the vernacular names Vakoku, Eobukuiedo-umuijiku, Karuku Boriku, and Maka vakoku. Among the Cubeo people Vako is a kind of wild fruit similar to cocoaand ku means the male gender of the tree. Eo means belonging to a group of poisonous plants called barbascos, bukuiedo means old, and umujuijiku means tall tree.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: of Geosciences > Vol. 8 No. 8, August 2017 of Earth’s the Earth’s (). DOI: 10. 4236/ijg. 2017. 88059 1,087 Downloads 3,425 Views 1071. doi: 10. 4236/ijg. 2017. 88059. 1. the present time, the most elaborate theory of substantiating electrical currents generation in the planet’s metal core is based on hydromagnetic dynamo which works on the self-excitation principle. There are a lot of theoretical and experimental works to prove this model [1] - [6]. However, such model, able not only generate but also fully maintain the Earth’s magnetic field for a long while, needs some conditions to be met, such as low viscosity of the core metal fluid, convective vertical movements in it, raw magnetic field and so on. Besides, based on the browsed professional reviews and works [2] - [9] it is obvious that there is still no fundamental and effective principle of generating the Earth’s dipole magnetic field for the hydromagnetic dynamo model. Nevertheless, even in the first half of the last century there were attempts to explain the Earth’s magnetic field with thermoelectromotive forces existing in the core, which are conditioned by turbulent convective movements of the core’s liquid [10] [11] [12]. However, T. Rikitaki [1] considered those attempts as unlikely thermoelectrical effects, explaining this by absence of distinctness of the core’s thermoelectrical power. T. Rikitaki’s opinion turned out to be conclusive, since then all the researches of thermoelectrical effects were not taken into consideration in the dynamo theory. There is another reminder of thermoelectrical currents’ role in forming magnetic fields of hot CP stars and, probably, planets in a work of A. Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: For example, NEOs might deliver the meteorites that provide the ‘starter set’ for life in the form of prebiotic molecules (Oba et al. 2022). Furthermore, NEO compositions can put constraints on competing formation scenarios for rocky planets like Earth (Burkhardt et al. 2021). Thus, the characterization of the orbits and physical composition of NEOs is valuable to advance our scientific understanding of the minor body ↔ life relationship. The minor body ↔ life relationship can also be approached from a societal perspective: the impact hazard poses a significant threat to technological civilizations on a planet (Borovička et al. 2013, Popova et al. 2013, Brown et al. 2013) and calls for planetary defence strategies. and Chelyabinsk impact are recent reminders. Advanced technological civilizations on a planet can also use their neighbouring minor bodies to mine (rare) chemical elements and compounds (Hein et al. 2020), possibly as a foraging stop in space exploration (Davis et al. 1993). In conclusion, characterization of the orbits and physical composition of NEOs is valuable both to advance both our scientific understanding of the formation and evolution of planetary systems and life and to serve societal goals related to planetary defence and space-based technological infrastructures. Small NEOs are only observable from the Earth during their brief close approaches to our planet. Every day, observatories such as Pan-(Vereš et al. 2015), Catalina (Christensen et al. 2019), ATLAS (Tonry et al. 2018), and the Facility (ZTF; Bellm et al. 2019) are discovering new NEO candidates that need observational follow-up for their confirmation. It is not always easy to provide follow-up observations of these objects since their changing observational conditions, usually linked to a growing position uncertainty, make them challenging objects for most telescopes. Particularly challenging are the observations of some subgroups of NEOs such as the interior-Earth objects (IEOs; Sheppard et al. 2022) or Earth companions such as the Trojans (see e. g. Santana-Ros et al. 2022). Once the close approach with the Earth ends, it is impossible to gather any further data on a NEO, until the next close approach happens, which sometimes might take several years. The only way to get any additional information about these bodies once their observational period is over is to rely on data mining.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Karu is a tree known locally in Spanish as the “cargadero” (loader) and Bori means the color white. Maka means rain-forest or jungle. In the rain forest the species can be identified by its leaves which are similar to those from the cocoa plant, for its easily removable stem bark, and its characteristic smell. It is a species of native tree that grows wild. The parts of the tree used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the roots and the leaves in their fresh stage. These parts can be removed from both the young and mature tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it is safely handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. The baths are used for preventing the disease. Taken orally, the medicine is an emetic and is used to treat the disease. This rout is not recommended for those with an advanced stage of the illness because vomiting could worsen the condition. The medicine is recommended when the first symptoms of the disease appear. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: This species has no previous report, however one species from the same genre, Matisia cordata Humboldt et Bonpland, is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people for menstrual problems. 35 Also, the plant is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for treating Leishmaniosis. 36 Monopteryx uacu, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of Avina given by the Cubeo people. The plant is a species of tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: no records were found. Myroxylon balsamum, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of balsam. The speciescan be identified in the rain forest for its big leaves organized in sets of three and for the white underside of the leaves. The balsam tree grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Dolginov, where the scientist got the equation of field generation [7] : ∂ B ∂ t = [ ∇ [ v B ] ] + c 2 4 π [ ∇ ( 1 σ [ ∇ B ] ) ] − [ ∇ [ j B ] e N e ] − c [ ∇ η ∇ T ] (1) (where η is thermoelectrical coefficient). He thought that the forth from right member [ ∇ η ∇ T ] was different from zero and generated the star’s magnetic field, whereas the first three members could be neglected because they were small and could not be performed at the considered model of moving unmagnetized plasm. His calculations showed that the dipole field of a star on its surface can be about 10−4 T. Unfortunately, A. Z. Dolginov never presented a detailed theory of making magnetic fields of space objects with thermoelectrical currents, which are immanent to “hot” objects. Below, there is the third attempt to reanimate geothermoelectrical currents below. It is shown on the example of Earth that those geothermocurrents, moving directionally inside the conducting shells (the core and the lower mantle) and affected by the great difference of geotemperatures, can generate not raw but real powerful magnetic fields of Earth and other “hot” planets of the solar system, because the phenomenon is universal. That attempt is based on the results of geophysical field work for many years, experimental and academic research, which let the author elaborate a new model of thermo-electrochemical nature of the Earth’s core natural electric field [13] [14]. It is shown that the potential-forming factor of a natural electric field is not the reduction-oxidation zone, but a constantly functioning extraneous source of non-electric origin, which is geotemperature gradient ∂T/∂z. Affected by only the latter (∂T/∂z vector is always directed deep into the earth) the anomalies of the natural electric potential, registered at all the Earth’s continents, are steadily negative.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is important to systematically mine and monitor new archival data for the appearance of these objects. This can be done using serendipitous discovery in archival observations not dedicated to NEOs. For example, the Survey (DES; Banda-Huarca et al. 2019; Abbott et al. 2021; Bernardinelli et al. 2022), the Kilo-(KiDS; Mahlke et al. 2021) and the (VHS; McMahon et al. 2013; Popescu et al. 2016) have been used to search for minor bodies, including NEOs. Similarly, upcoming wide-area surveys such as the ESA Euclid mission (Carry 2018; Pöntinen et al. 2020) and the of Space and Time (Grav et al. 2016; Jones et al. 2018) and their combination (Guy et al. 2022) will have a role in NEO astrometric and photometric observations. These astronomical surveys have complementary data, and are often deeper and survey further away from the ecliptic compared to NEO-dedicated surveys. In particular, the detection of a known NEO in an observing dataset before its discovery (hereafter precovery) provides information about the NEO’s motion at an earlier epoch at a likely complementary location in its orbit because the orbit uncertainty depends on the fraction of the orbital arc that is covered during discovery. The (p)recovery of one or more points far away from the discovery and immediate follow-up observations can significantly improve the accuracy of the orbital parameters. This is especially true when re-calibrating archival observations to astrometric reference catalogues such as Gaia that postdate the observations. In this way astrophysical missions not only have a scientific purpose, but can also obtain a societal spin-off. This paper reports an exploratory pilot for that societal spin-off that consists in the re-use of astrophysical imaging data for precovery and also in the re-use of investments put in an information system called AstroWISE to make it generically capable of performing precovery in a wide range of astronomical archives within a single data flow environment and with a single precovery pipeline. This exploratory AstroWISE precovery pilot was driven by the following quantitative and qualitative questions: What fraction of detectable NEOs can we precover? And how automated can we make the precovery?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: The medicine is prepared by decoction and safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The plant is an effective medicine against respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis, chronic colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis. 37 It is also used as an antiseptic for treating venereal diseases, against cholera, to heal peptic ulcers, for edemas, for healing scars and skin illnesses (e. g. nipple scars and perniosis), for dysmenorrhea, and for amenorrhea. It is also used as a stimulant. The “black balsam”, as it is known in some places, has shown effective results for treating simple ulcers and those derived from syphilis, and for some cases of preeclampsia. 38 Its resin is used as an expectorant, asthma reliever, cough suppressant and also to treat rheumatism. 39 Plenotoma jasminifolia, it is known in the region with the vernacular names of Piararuamu (Cubeo language) and Juakekoda (Desano language). In the Cubeo language the word Piararua is a yanave or tucandira, a type of ant, and mu means vine. In the Desano language juake means fever and koda means remedy. It can be identified in the rain-forest because it is found in areas affected by human activity, such as farming. Its stems have a quadrangular shape with many small leaves and yellow flowers. It is a native vine that grows wild in the studied zone. The parts of the adult plant used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the root and in some cases, the whole vine is used when fresh. The preparation of the medicine is by decoction and the plant can be handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally for vomiting and as a beverage. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The smashed root is used for vomiting by the Huitoto indigenous community in Caquetá, Colombia as a remedy for bile disorders. 37 The Miraña indigenous people of Caquetá use the plant for liver cleansing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Besides, only the geotemperature gradient forms two poles along the fall of natural electrical conductors: a negatively charged inner part of conductors and a positively charged outer one (positive pole) in the upper part of the poles, as well as positively charged inner part of conductors and the negatively charged outer one (negative pole) in the lower part of the poles. Thermoelectrical currents move inside conductors if the temperature difference applied to the ends of ore bodies is in dynamic state. If the state is static there is no thermoelecrical current, but there is still difference of potentials between the cold and the warmed ends of the conductor. Hereinafter all the calculations of a planet’s magnetic field are based on the known physical laws and known scientific data of inner structure and physical properties of Earth. The results show that the actual Earth’s thermoelectrical currents generate and maintain the current geomagnetic field by themselves. Besides, it is the first time when a model specifies complexity of the geomagnetic field, which consists of two parts: main magnetic field of the metal core and additional field of the lower mantle. Accordingly, the schematic geothermoelectrical model (protomodel) of the Earth’s magnetic field is considered for the first time in the author’s 2. Calculations of for the To form the geomagnetic model one should procced from the known scientific data of the planet’s shells thicknesses, temperature values in the shells and their borders. For example, most of the researchers hold on to the following defining temperatures in the body of our planet: on the depth of about 100 km the temperature is close +1800 K, on the depth of about 400 km (C layer, phase transition zone) the temperature is +1900 K, on the “mantle-core” border the temperature is +4000, …, +5000 K, in the core center the temperature is (+5000, …, +6230) ± 500 K [16] - [21].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: 2013; McFarland et al. 2013) for data management, image processing, and calibration, and using dedicated software applications for streak detection, astrometry, and photometry. We briefly introduce these software systems and software applications here. stands for Astronomical Wide-field for Europe. is an environment consisting of hardware and software; it is federated over institutes over Europe. It was developed to scientifically exploit the ever-increasing avalanche of data produced by astronomical wide-field surveys. is an all-in-one system: it allows a scientist to process raw data, calibrate data, perform post-calibration scientific analysis, and archive all the results in one environment. The system architecture links together all these commonly discrete steps in data analysis. Fig. 1An overview of a decade of observations with OmegaCAM/VST. Top: the sky coverage of the OmegaCAM/VST observations over 10 yr of observations of the southern hemisphere. -WISE archive contains 361977 individual exposures. Bottom: the histogram of exposure times of the OmegaCAM/VST observations in u (54918 exposures), ɡ (79127 exposures), r (96811 exposures) and i (78876 exposures). 3 Precovery pipeline The precovery pipeline (Fig. 2) consists of four main steps. During these steps it interacts with several public web tools to collect the predicted properties of NEOs and uses the system for data management, image processing, and calibration while using dedicated software applications for streak detection, astrometry, and photometry. The four steps are described next. 3. 1 Preliminary spatiotemporal cross-match to observational archive (step 1) As the first step, the possible appearance of NEOs from the provided list in exposures in ESO’s OmegaCAM archive was assessed using the Search (SSOIS)6 web service (Gwyn et al. 2012). We used SSOIS as follows. First, for the NEOs, after a search by object name, the orbital elements provided by the (CADC) itself were used, which is a regularly updated copy of the MPC orbital element database. itself then generated an internal ephemerides database using the 7 software package. Third, the SSOIS’ internal database of (RA, Dec) pointings and observation dates for ESO’s OmegaCAM observations were used.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 37, 40 Byrsonima japurensis, is known in the región with the vernacular name of Moari. language moa is related to fish, and ri is related to fish food. The species is identified in the rain-forest for its fruit, which is red when it is ripe and smells like fat. Also its leaves, when they are young, are red. The plant is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. The remedy is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: indigenous people from the state of Vaupés, Colombia drink a tea using the leaves from this plant as a strong vermifugal agent. 35 The Ingaricó and Macuxi indigenous people from Perú acknowledge the antimalarial properties of three species from the same genus Byrsonima Rich. Ex Kunth41 Another species of the genus B. crassifolia (L. ) HBK, is reported as a good astringent and antipyretic. 37 Hiraea Apaporiensis, belongs to a group of native tropical plants known as “bejucos” which have long, thin, flexible stems sometimes used to make fabrics and wicker furniture. It grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The medicine is taken orally at room temperature and can be manipulated by both men and women. It has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: not reported. Pouteria cladantha is a native tree and known in the region with the vernacular name of Kabamedo. In the Cubeo language kamabe means cane and do means tree. The parts of the plant used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and the fresh root. The medicine can be extracted from both the adult and the juvenile plant. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and has no contraindications. Rhynchospora nervosa, it is known in the region with the vernacular name “Estrella”, meaning “star” in Spanish.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: As for the planet’s electroconductivity, the researchers believe it is distributed in depth (shells) as follows: the upper mantle has low electroconductivity and, predominantly, ionic conduction; in the C layer, semiconducting electroconductivity increases after transiting from the ionic conductivity; the lower’s mantle material is an electronic semiconductor; the Earth’s core is an electronic conductor with the specific conductance in the range of (0. 1 ÷ 1. 0) × 106 S・m−1 [16] [17] [21] [22]. That data implies that the globe can be presented as a spherical geothermoelecrical element (further, SGTE) (Figure 1(a)), which ends are the central part of the core and the C shell (most likely, its middle). The temperature difference of about +3200 K, …, +4500 K is attached to those ends. Then, according to the Seebeck effect, the thermo-EMF ΔφТ can be calculated [23] [24] : Δ φ T = ∫ T 1 T 2 β d T (2) where β is the averaged temperature coefficient, which is 0. 0001 V・deg−1. for pure metals, while it is 0. 0015 V・deg−1. for some semiconductors [24]. To find the parameters of the lower mantle thermocurrents Itop the following must be known: - thermofield intensity ET; - electron concentration per unit volume of the lower mantle ores (it equals n = Figure 1. Scheme of the electron flows movement within the spherical metal core and the spherical circle of the lower mantle: (a) projection of traces of oppositely moving electrons of the metal core (to the core’s center) and the lower mantle (to the Earth’s surface) on the equatorial plane; (b) projection of traces of unidirectionally moving electrons of the metal core and the lower mantle to the Earth’s surface on the equatorial plane; (с) dipolar poloidal magnetic field of the Earth. 1: electron; 2: electron trajectories; 3: the lines of force of toroidal field; 4: the lines of force of self-generated poloidal field.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: It improves the external astrometric accuracy from a typical RMS 0. 3″ to RMS 0. 04″(a factor of 7 improvement). This accuracy in astrometric calibration brings down the RMS of the external astrometric residuals below the size of most observed offsets between predicted and precovered astrometry. Table 1Summary of the filters applied to the NEO candidates in step 3 of the precovery pipeline. 3. 4 Streak setection and association (step 4) In step 4, the pipeline deploys (Virtanen et al. 2016; Pöntinen et al. 2020) on the photometrically and astrometrically calibrated images to extract candidate streaks. is a package that was developed to identify streaks in ground-based and space-based imaging data. detects streaks in the images in four steps: segmentation of images, detection of streak-like objects, classification of objects to separate streaks from other astronomical objects, and derivation of their parameters (such as coordinates, total flux and length) by fitting a model. For the precovery pipeline, we optimized the configuration parameters for OmegaCAM. Once streak detection is done, then the pipeline searches for the best match between the streaks found within the 3σ uncertainty ellipse of NEOs and their predicted properties. The predicted properties used include the NEO length, the direction of motion, and the magnitude. This procedure is illustrated in Fig. 3. The matching procedure (alternatively called ‘association’) is done in two stages. In the first step, the pipeline filters out (excludes) the detected streaks with properties different from the predicted properties of the NEOs. The applied filters are where mdet, streak, ldet, streak, σdet, streak, and θdet, streak are respectively the observed apparent magnitude (in the given filter), length, width, and position angle of motion of the detected streak, while mpred, σpred and θpred are the same properties but predicted for the NEO. In the second step, for the detected streaks that satisfy the first step (if any), the pipeline estimates a difference score, which is the standardized Euclidean distance between the observed properties of a streak and the predicted properties of the NEO. The parameters used for measuring the distance are the angular length and the position angle of motion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: It is a kind of native herb that grows wild. The whole adult plant is macerated and then used in a decoction for treating malaria. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be taken orally or used in baths. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the communities (Ilhéus, Baíia, Brazil) the speciesis used as an anti-inflammatory medicine. 42 Rudgea woronovii, it is known among the Desano people as Juako. Jua means fever and ko means, water, remedy or healing process. The species is a bush that when young, possesses big leaves with a purple underside. This native bush grows wild in the studied region. The part of the plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be extracted when the plant is young or adult. It can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, and in small doses to children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazon species of Rudgea can be cooked together with the crushed Persea gratissima seeds and Brownea wood, to prepare a contraceptive medicine, stopping the menstrual cycle for three to six months. 35 people in Peru use the leaves and the bark of R. loretensis Standl. to treat leishmanias is. 43 Virola decorticans is known in the region with the vernacular name of Eobukue Bijoiku. In the Cubeo language Eo means barbasco, bukue means old, Bijoi means to vomit, and ku describes the male gender or means tree. The species is recognized in the field because it gives off a red latex and contact with the hairy leaves and branches causes itchy skin. It is a native tree that grows wild in the study region. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from the juvenile plant, and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: people cook the leaves and bark of a species of this genus to prepare baths for the treatment of malaria. 41 Other species of the genus V. callophylla Warb. in Brazil (Prance 1972) and V. carinata (Benth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1020 m−3 by default); - electron gas drift velocity v d - electron mean free path in a semiconductor l; - current density j. According to the (2), the maximum thermo-EMF ΔφТ for SGTE is 0. 45 V, and the electric field intensity can be found from the following equality: E T = Δ φ T l SGTE V m (3) where l SGTE is SGTE radius length, which equals the distance between the planet center and the middle part of the C shell and is defined as 5438 km or 5650 km to the upper mantle. Hence, the electric field ЕТ generated by the existing temperature difference ΔТ makes planetary flows of “hot” electrons move directionally from the planet center to its outer shells along the radii. At the same time the electron quantity (concentration) in a volume unit of metal (Fe) can be calculated with the formula [24] : n = ρ N A A m − 3 (4) where ρ is the metal Fe density in the inner core, (12. 2 g・cm−3); NA is the Avogadro constant, 6. 02 × 1023 mol−1; A is atomic mass Fe (55. 847 g). Substituting that data into the (4) we get n = 1. 32 × 10 29 m − 3. n should be compared to the calculation for the real conditions when electron gas is in free state at pressures p, that corresponds to the metal core, i. e. at p = 3. 55 million atm [25] [26] [27] : n = ( 5 m е ℏ 2 ( 3 π 2 ) − 2 3 ) 3 5 p 3 5 (5) Knowing that electron mass m e = 9. 11 × 10 − 31 kg and p = 3. 59 × 10 11 Pa a new magnitude can be found n = 3. 25 × 10 29 m − 3. Despite there is a slight discrepancy between magnitudes ni (just 2. 5 times), the magnitude n = 3. 25 × 10 29 m − 3 is used for the further calculations, as it meets the real planet conditions most.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data mining techniques are employed to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. [SEP] Text: Of the 49 precoveries, 27 were identified using the pipeline and 22 by visual inspection after step 3 of the pipeline. The close sky proximity of observations at the resolution of the figure means that multiple observations can appear to be a single data point. 4. 3 Precovery of NEOs in the full list 4, we summarize the results from precovery of the full list of NEOs. Queries to SSOIS led to identifying 186 476 frames. In the subsequent step, the query to Horizons removed more than two-thirds of the frames, due to the low S/N (S/N < 1) of the NEOs, which left 55 692 cases. Other filters were applied and in each step, a fraction of the precovery candidates were removed. The filters applied to the full list of NEOs were modified slightly to avoid the extra computation time for cases where the pipeline most likely does not detect any NEOs. For the full list of NEOs, we applied an extra filter on the predicted length of NEOs and did not attempt recovery of objects with predicted lengths smaller than 3″. These objects, as was seen earlier, are the trickiest to detect (using ), and they have a similar appearance to other sources (e. g. extragalactic objects and blended objects), which makes the matching process harder. Moreover, a lower limit on the 1σ uncertainties in position was introduced to focus our search on objects with a less certain positional prediction. After applying all these filters, 968 cases remained, about 0. 5% of the initial number of frames (from SSOIS). Out of 968, after visual inspection of the results, the pipeline successfully detected an NEO in 196 cases (listed in Table 5), about one-fifth of the total cases. Out of these 196 NEO appearances, 114 are true precoveries. Figure 9 shows the histogram of the time intervals for these true precoveries, which ranges between 1 day and 3653 days (for 2021 WO), with the majority identified between 1 and 200 days before the discovery date. The pipeline also resulted in 157 false positives (about 44% of automatic precoveries), of which 75% have a predicted S/N < 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: ) Warb among the Taiwanos people in the Colombian Amazon, are used as antimalarials. 35 Plinia cf. duplipilosa, is known in the region by the Carapana people as Makanuku uku. Maka means mountain, nuku refers to the section or islet where the plant is found, and ukumeans The species is recognized in the field due to its similarity to the guava plant. The species is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from both juvenile and adult stem bark. It can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and is contraindicated in children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found. Psidium acutangulum is known in the region by the Cubeo people as Nujoku. Nujo is an Amazonian fish and ku means tree. It is recognized by its fruit that is similar to the guava fruit. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild on the banks of the river. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark extracted from the adult tree. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is used as an emetic and is contraindicated during pregnancy and in patients with an advanced stage of malaria. Rudgea cornifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Adapedikoku. In the Cubeo language, Ada is snake or serpent and pedikoku is attributed to a tool used to scratch the bitter cassava, locally known as “rayo” or shaft. The species is recognized in the field by its leaves that break easily and by its white flowers. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild. The parts used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and fresh root taken from either the juvenile or adult plant. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and children should take only one tablespoon. The remedy is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazonian species of Rudgea are cooked with the crushed seeds of and Brownea wood to prepare a contraceptive drink that stops menstruation for three to six months.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In its turn, the total sum of electron gas in the metal core is defined as m Σ = 4 3 π R c 3 m е n = 5. 09 × 10 19 kg. The same must be performed for the lower mantle, spherical shell circle thickness is Δ R l m = 2. 22 × 10 6 m n = 1 × 10 20 m − 3 (average value for semiconductors from 5 × 1019 m−3 to 5 × 1020 m−3 [28] ), the electron mass m e is the same. Then m Σ l m = 4. 35 × 10 9 kg. To calculate the electron gas drift velocity v d according to the quantum theory of the electrical conductivity of metals, the following formula should be used [24] [26] [27] [29] [30] : v d = e E T l 2 m v m ⋅ s − 1 (6) where e is the effective electron charge, C (1. 6 × 10−19); m is the effective electron mass, kg (0. 91 × 10−30); l is the electron mean free path, it equals l = σ ℏ ( 3 π 2 ) 1 3 e 2 n 2 3 m (7) where σ is the planet’s core electroconductivity, S/m; ħ is the Plank’s constant, 1. 05 × 10−34, J・s; v is the average velocity of electrons thermal movement, it can be derived from the formula: v = 8 k T π m m ⋅ s − 1 (8) where k is the Boltzmann constant, 1. 38 × 10−23 J/K; As seen, it is necessary to calculate the velocity of the electron thermal movement at T = 6000 K preliminary, according to (8), to calculate ЕТ and the electron mean free path l between their concussions with the crystal cell to find v d. l directly depends on the metal core’s electroconductivity which can be taken as 105 S/m as the smallest magnitude from the above interval (0. 1 ÷ 1. 0) × 106 S・m−1. Substituting the corresponding values into (8), (7) and (6) one will get v = 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: October 01 2015 Astronomers observe a nascent galaxy stuck to the cosmic web A strand of the web appears to be conducting gas into the protogalaxy. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1063/PT. 3. 2933 Open the PDF for in another window and Astronomers observe a nascent galaxy stuck to the cosmic web. 1 October 2015; 68 (10): 14–15. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search light, Dark matter, Galaxies, Active galactic nucleus, Space telescope, Star formation, Baryons, Educational assessment, Quantum fluctuations, clumpy universe we see today can be traced back to quantum fluctuations during the period of inflation, just after the Big Bang. Cosmologists think that as the universe cooled, the fluctuations seeded emerging matter that then collapsed into giant walls, and within those walls it collapsed further into filaments separated by great voids. The network of filaments, dubbed the cosmic web, is revealed—if indirectly—by astronomical surveys that show galaxies strung across the presumed filaments, with bigger galaxies and galaxy clusters at nodes where filaments intersect. Direct observation of the filaments themselves is difficult because their constituents, mostly dark matter and cold gas, are either invisible or too faint. But with help from a quasar 10 billion light-years from Earth, of Caltech and his colleagues have been able to take a close look at a strand of the cosmic web. 1 The astronomers trained the Palomar Observatory’s 200-inch (5. 1-meter) on the neighborhood of quasar QSO UM287 and observed, illuminated by the quasar’s intense UV radiation, a cosmic-web filament attached to a rotating, actively forming galaxy. A cosmic flashlight Astronomers have tried to get around the problem of the cosmic web’s faintness by looking at the spectra of background quasars. (Today, March 2005, page 19. ) The absorption of a quasar’s UV light by neutral hydrogen atoms in the intergalactic medium in the foreground shows up as a Lyman-α line. Unfortunately, the technique is essentially one-dimensional: It only detects hydrogen gas along the line of sight to the quasar.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 35 in Peru use the leaves and bark of R. loretensis Stand l to treat leishmaniasis. 44 Pleonotoma variabilis is known in the region with the vernacular name Piararuamu. In the Cubeo language, piara is an ant that bites known locally as yanave or tucandira, and mu indicates a vine-like plant known as a bejuco. The plant can be identified in the region by its quadrangular stems and three large leaves. The plant is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted from the adult plant by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The Miraña people use P. variabilis to treat blindness. 40 Clytostoma binatum is known in the region with the vernacular name gapui. It is a native vine that grows wild. The fresh root taken from the adult plant is used to prepare the malaria treatment. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by men and women. It is administered orally and no warnings were reported. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found Arrabidaea verrucosa is known in the region with the vernacular name Uraku (Cubeo). Yupari refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirrojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, ura means large and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field because it is a very strong vine, has small red flowers and round leaves that are arranged in pairs. It is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark which can be removed from both juvenile and adult plants. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is given orally. The traditional healer warns that this remedy should not be combined with other medications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The inhabitants of Park located in the Amazonas state reported this species for treating gastrointestinal disorders. 45 Callichlamys latifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Miyavikubobaku (Cubeo).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Then the total value of the lower mantle thermocurrents Itop, coming through its outer spherical surface SD with the radius RD can be derived from the following formula: I t o p = j S D (11) And, finally, according to the Biot-Savart-Laplace law, the Earth’s magnetic induction B Т Т t o p on the bottom surface equator can be calculated: d B Т Т t o p = μ 0 I t o p d R D sin 90 ∘ 4 π R Earth 2 (12) However, the magnetic moment of the current element I t o p d R D is considered here only in a one-dimensional space towards the current movement along the radius R D. Integration over d R D allows to find the total of the current elements I t o p R D just along the way R D. This won’t go for our case, when the radial currents, like Ilow, move from the source (sphere’s center) to the interface with the lower mantle spherical surface, directed azimuthally from 0 to 4π in a spherical conductor. There is no decision on valuation magnetic induction when currents move radially in a spherical conductor in technical literature. That’s why it is better to consider the following model. A small spherical conductor with the radius d R i is put into the spherical conductor with the radius R Σ. The currents, moving from the spheres center make a magnetic field in the volume of the initial small sphere. That field is always directed to its volumetric surface tangentially. Then, according to the circulation theorem, d B ⋅ 4 3 πd R i 3 = μ 0 μ r I i ⋅ 4 πd R i 2 where the currents I i coming through the small sphere surface 4 πd R i 2. When the current is distributed evenly over the sphere’s section I i = I l o w ( d R i R Σ ) 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: If a foreground galaxy fortuitously lines up with that line of sight and the quasar’s absorption spectrum reveals the presence of hydrogen, astronomers can infer the inflow of filamentary gas into the galaxy. 2 But as Nicolas Bouché of France’s in Astrophysics and Planetology notes, “It is always clearer to see something directly. ” Last year a team led by (ETH Zürich) tried a different tactic. The researchers figured that a quasar would be like a cosmic flashlight that could illuminate cosmic-web filaments in its neighborhood. Those filaments in turn would produce faint Lyman-α emissions. Sure enough, Cantalupo’s team spotted a glowing thread near QSO UM287. However, the thread was much brighter than one would expect for a cosmic-web filament. 3 Enter Martin, who has been thinking about ways to image the cosmic web since his graduate student days in the 1980s. He and his Caltech team had recently built a new instrument called the Imager (CWI) for the Hale Telescope. Seen in figure 1, the CWI is a so-called integral field spectrograph that slices up a 2D image, feeds the slices into a spectrometer, and then reconstructs the data into hundreds of images at different wavelengths. By following Lyman-α lines through the different images and matching the wavelengths to redshifts, one can work out the kinematics of an emission source. View largeDownload slideFigure 1. Web Imager, attached to the bottom of the at the Palomar Observatory, is designed to detect faint emissions from the intergalactic medium. Caltech astronomer is shown inside the cage that holds the instrument. (Photo by Anna Moore. )View largeDownload slideFigure 1. Web Imager, attached to the bottom of the at the Palomar Observatory, is designed to detect faint emissions from the intergalactic medium. Caltech astronomer is shown inside the cage that holds the instrument. (Photo by Anna Moore. ) Close modal Martin, Cantalupo, and their coworkers identified the newly found filament as a perfect target for the CWI. “We knew it would be interesting and bright enough to say a lot about,” says Martin. They were right: Attached to the filament was a giant protogalactic disk, 400 000 light-years across.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: there are no 27. 2 %, the species with the highest value. The revised herbarium labels contained the following reports for uses of A. grandifolia: the preparation of a poison applied to arrows for hunting known as "curare" (García-Barriga3714371, COAH; Gutiérrez 01, COAH; Pabón A29 620 COAH; La Rotta39 35 COL; La Rotta39 160 COAH; Pabón A. 30 621 COL; Pabón E30 704 1094 COAH), preparing poison for blowguns used in hunting (Balcázar, Castroy Suárez 584 ), for wound healing (López et al. 6002 COAH), to treat anemia (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH), for inducing abortion (Gaitán et al. 13 COAH), for the treatment of malaria (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH; Correa et al. 2756 COAH; Collazos y Narváez 46 COAH; Gaitán et al. 13 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88 COAH; 035 COAH; López et al. 6002 COAH; Caicedo y Oidor 1758 Pabón E. 1013COAH) and for alleviating symptoms associated with malaria (Correa et al. 16 2756 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88COAH; Pabón E. 621 COL). Furthermore, secondary metabolites and purified extracts from species of the genus Abuta (Menispermaceae) found in the Amazon, have presented effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 Steele et al. isolated three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the bark of A. grandifolia, of which kukrovine and limacine showed the highest antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. 62 Garavito et al. 63 found that the crude alkaloid extract from the leaves of this species presented in vitro activity against the P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Hence, after substituting and shortening, here is the Biot-Savart formula for calculating the magnetic field induction inside the sphere (metal core) as the following rationalized form: d B Т Т l o w = 3 μ 0 μ r I l o w d R i 4 π R Σ 2 or B Т Т l o w = 3 μ 0 μ r I l o w R Σ 4 π R Earth 2 sin α (13) where R Earth is the Earth’s radius, R Σ is the metal core radius. In its turn, the magnetic field on the Earth’s surface for the lower mantle spherical layer can be calculated with considering the thickness of that layer ΔRD, which is denoted as d R D in (12). B Т Т t o p = 3 μ 0 μ r I t o p Δ R D 4 π R l m 2 sin α (14) The heat Q, which is produced in the lower mantle Vlm because thermocurrents interact with active resistance of this mantle’s ores. It can be found from the following formula [23] : Q l m = 1 σ j 2 V l m Δ t (15) where j is the current density in the lower mantle, A・m−2; σ is the lower mantle’s electroconductivity Sm−1; Δ t is the time of producing heat for 31,536,000 c (year); V l m is the volume of the lower mantle’s spherical circle. All the calculations for the lower mantle, including the used constants, are tabulated to Table 1. As seen from the table, the value of the magnetic induction B T T t o p on the Earth’s surface is ~4. 62 × 10−6 T, which is much lower than the really measured for the same terrestrial conditions В 0 = 3. 4 × 10 − 5 T. The heat Q, which is produced in the lower mantle volume and determined by thermocurrents Itop, is 2. 84 × 1014 J per year (2. 84 × 1021 erg per year), and this is much lower than the thermal heat loss of the planet per year, which is determined by the value of 3 × 1021 J per year (3 × 1028 erg per year). 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: The disk and filament are shown in figure 2 with the positions of QSO UM287 marked A, another nearby quasar marked B, and two star-forming regions within the disk marked C and D. By analyzing how the redshifts vary along the disk, the group deduced that the disk is rotating. They then fit the protogalaxy’s velocity profile to a rotating disk model and obtained good agreement with a gas disk embedded in a dark-matter halo of some 1013 solar masses. View largeDownload slideFigure 2. A thread in the cosmic web. The left panel shows the filamentary glow (bounded in white) near the quasar QSO UM287 (lighter colors indicate brighter sources). The quasar, whose overwhelming light has been removed, is labeled A, and another nearby quasar is labeled B. Two star-forming regions, labeled C and D, are in a rotating protogalactic disk. The simple map at the right illustrates the position of the disk, and the bit of cosmic thread that extends from it, in relation to QSO UM287. (Adapted from ref. 1. )View largeDownload slideFigure 2. A thread in the cosmic web. The left panel shows the filamentary glow (bounded in white) near the quasar QSO UM287 (lighter colors indicate brighter sources). The quasar, whose overwhelming light has been removed, is labeled A, and another nearby quasar is labeled B. Two star-forming regions, labeled C and D, are in a rotating protogalactic disk. The simple map at the right illustrates the position of the disk, and the bit of cosmic thread that extends from it, in relation to QSO UM287. (Adapted from ref. 1. ) Close modal The researchers also ran computer simulations, with the disk’s thickness and brightness as inputs, to estimate the protogalaxy’s baryonic mass. Baryons, the stuff of conventional matter, make up only about 1% of the protogalaxy—well below the cosmic average baryon component of 17%. Apparently, suggest Martin and company, the baryons have lagged behind the collapse of the dark-matter halo and will continue to accrete in the future. Cold flow The velocity of the gas in the extended filament is constant and matches that of the upper end of the disk where the two meet.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: of the consider the decoction of the leaves as a contraceptive. 35 Awe et al. 71 reported that the methanolic extract from the bark of M. indica presented antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis schizonts in the early stages of infection. In addition, it reduced yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats. According to the authors, these effects can explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine to treat malaria and fever Valadeau et al. 49 tested in vitro antimalarial activity of 14 plant species, including M. indica, which was marginally active compared to the others. The leaves and bark of M. indica have a low toxicity with an LC50 of 3079. 1μg/mL and 2456. 0mg/mL respectively. 72 Matisia glandífera is a native tree species that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark and leaves are used for the treatment of malaria. The treatment is prepared by decoction. This species was reported by four traditional healers giving it a FI of 16%. Other uses reported by the traditional healers: To relieve headache and bone pain and as a fever reducer. For the species M. glandífera, no records of medicinal uses were found on the labels from the three herbariums used. On the other hand, one study reported that this plant is used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis in Loreto, Peru. 64 A species of the same genus M. cordata Bonpl. , is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people to treat "menstrual problems". 35 This species is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for the treatment Leishmaniasis. 36 is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark, which is prepared by cooking. On the revised herbarium labels for G. Guidonia, usage reports were found on two labels. The bark is scraped, placed in water and used as a purgativefor humans (Marín et al. 2386, COAH) and for dogs (Little Jr. 7469, COAH). The bark is also used for the treatment of malaria (Córdoba et al. 393,COAH). One report found that the aerial plant organs have antiplasmodial activity in vitro.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Calculations for the of the calculations were performed for the thermocurrents Ilow moving under the influence of thermoelectrical field ЕТ inside the metal core according to (3) too. To calculate its value two main parameters were taken into consideration: 1) the metal core radius, which is 3500 km (sum of thicknesses of the inner core, of the transitive F zone and the outer core) and 2) the discussed below difference of temperature ΔТ between the center of the planet and the border “core-lower mantle”. According to the literary sources the magnitude ΔТ is for the metal core is quite uncertain and fluctuates within extreme values from 0 K to 1957 K ± 227 K. At the same time, it is known from the same sources that such factors as pressure, electroconductivity, thermal conductivity in the metal core are particularly high, and the electron concentration doesn’t practically depend on tem- Table 1. Calculation of electrical and magnetic parameters of Earth’s lower mantle. perature [33]. It is also known that the velocity of seismic P-waves lengthwise the inner core radius doesn’t practically change and is about 11. 2 km・s, though the pressure changes from 320 to 360 GPa [18]. On the assumption of the said, temperature difference of 2000 K inside the metal core body is unlikely. Considering this and taking the core cooling close to 50 K × (109)−1 years [34] there are grounds to take the real value ΔТ for the metal core as 10 K for the first approximation. This amplitude of the temperature difference between coldnesses (ice ages) and warmings on the Earth’s surface is also in the works [35] [36]. That temperature difference is specified in the V. M. Kotlyakov’s work as “range of the isotopic curve oscillations from glacial periods to interglacial ones equals 10˚C in temperature” [37]. But there is a work where the temperature difference is defined as 14 K on the time period from “65 million years ago till today” [38]. Now let us calculate electric, magnetic and thermal parameters of the solid core, which has temperature dynamics. To do this, let us use the mentioned formulas (2)-(11) (13) (15).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: The astronomers speculate that gas flowing down the filament imparts angular momentum to the disk, consistent with the so-called cold-flow model of galaxy formation. Martin likens the filament to a hose streaming water into one side of a circular tub. “The water will spiral down into the drain,” he explains. The group’s modeling indicates a gas temperature of about 30 000 K, much cooler than the plasma of the dark-matter halo and again consistent with the cold-flow model. The standard model of galaxy formation posits that when a dark-matter halo collapses gravitationally, the conventional matter embedded in the halo heats to high temperatures and then slowly cools to form stars. Any additional gas that falls into the nascent galaxy would also be shock heated to high temperatures. In that picture, galaxies formed slowly in the early universe. In the alternative cold-flow model, cool gas ready for star formation flows directly from filaments of the cosmic web into galaxies, as seen in figure 3. That scenario has galaxies build up rapidly from large gas disks connected to the cosmic web, much like the one discovered by Martin, Cantalupo, and their colleagues. (See the 43. ) View largeDownload slideFigure 3. A snapshot from a cosmological simulation shows relatively cool gas flowing into two rotating protogalactic disks (magenta) from filaments (gray-green) of the cosmic web. Hot ionized gas at temperatures greater than 106 K is shown in red. (Courtesy of Philip Hopkins/Caltech. )View largeDownload slideFigure 3. A snapshot from a cosmological simulation shows relatively cool gas flowing into two rotating protogalactic disks (magenta) from filaments (gray-green) of the cosmic web. Hot ionized gas at temperatures greater than 106 K is shown in red. (Courtesy of Philip Hopkins/Caltech. ) Close modal An intrigued of the explains that hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation show such filamentary inflows of cool gas. He adds, “Detecting them has been a key goal. This one looks filamentary and looks real. ” Martin and his colleagues have considered alternative interpretations of their data—for example, as arising from a galactic merger involving one or both quasars (A and B in figure 2) in the neighborhood.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: In pharmacological terms, Potalia is the most important genre of the Gentianaceae family in South America. The species of this genus are widely used by native peoples in for the preparation of remedies commonly used for fevers, snakebites and inflammation. 82 In Colombia, the indigenous Barasana group of the Vaupés used the plant to treat eye inflammations and in Córdoba it is used in Shamanism. In Peru, the root is used to kill parasites. The root and resin are used in the province of Pasco for the treatment of rheumatism and anemia. The leaves are rubbed on the back to relieve pain and baths are made with the infusion of the plant to calm crying babies. In Ecuador, cooked and shredded leaves are used in the province of Napo to treat skin problems. There is a possibility that there are more uses reported for this species, since in some herbariums the specimens of P. resinifera have been named P. amara, determined by applying a sensu lato taxonomic criterion for the latter. 82 Abarema laeta is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extraction of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used used for treating malaria. In the Peruvian Amazon, A. laeta is used to treat malaria. 41,83,84 The species was reported as malarial by the Quechua indigenous group and by the Mestizos of Loreto (Peru), however no antiplasmodial activity was found. 84 natives of Perú use the bark in an infusion to treat malaria. 41 Jacaranda copaia is native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked bark is used for malaria treatment. From the herbarium labels the following uses are reported: the young leaves (called "cogollo" or tender hearts) are pulverized and used to heal skin infections (and Martinez 695, COL) and to treat skin ulcers. 36 The leaf is macerated, cooked in water to a honey-like consistency and the decoction is used to: heal skin lesions (Rotta 90, COAH); for bone pain, to attenuate forunculosis, treat venereal diseases, for cystitis and neuralgia. 36 The juice extracted from the macerated root is used to treat blindness (Pabón E. 548, COAH).

Output: contrast