Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Conversion of functional specificity in Qb-1 homologues of Arabidopsis. Curr Biol. 2005;15(6):555-560. -Pierce M. Wortmannin-induced vacuole fusion enhances amyloplast dynamics in Arabidopsis zigzag1 hypocotyls. J Exp Bot. 2016;67(22):6459-6472. Zheng H, von. The plant vesicle-associated 1a likely mediates vesicle transport from the trans-Golgi network to the prevacuolar compartment. Cell. 1999;10(7):2251-2264. . complex unique to seed plants is required for protein storage vacuole biogenesis and seed development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2008;20(11):3006-3021. . Vacuolar/pre-vacuolar compartment Qa-3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 have interchangeable functions in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2010;64(5):864-873. . Loss-of-function mutations of retromer large subunit genes suppress the phenotype of an Arabidopsis zig mutant that lacks Qb-11. Plant Cell. 2010;22(1):159-172. . ZIP genes encode proteins involved in membrane trafficking of the TGN-PVC/vacuoles. Physiol. 2009;50(12):2057-2068. Wickner W,Rizo J. A cascade of multiple proteins and lipids catalyzes membrane fusion. Cell. 2017;28(6):707-711. . Sec17 can trigger fusion of trans-SNARE paired membranes without Sec18. . 2015;112(18):E2290-E2297. . LAZY1 controls rice shoot gravitropism through regulating polar auxin transport. Cell Res. 2007;17:402. . Out of shape during stress: a key role for auxin. Sci. 2018;23(9):783-793. Ljung K. Auxin metabolism and homeostasis during plant development. Development. 2013;140(5):943-950. . Transcriptional and hormonal regulation of gravitropism of woody stems in Populus. Plant Cell.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: In the subsequent subsections, evidence for inter- and transgenerational effects on lifespan and longevity-associated traits across species is summarized and discussed. Nematode wormTransgenerational epigenetic inheritance of longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans was revealed in elegant research by Greer et al. [39]. In this study, the lifespan in four consecutive generations of nematodes was found to be strongly affected by a specific histone modification, namely by a change in the histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) complex in the ancestral generation. The authors used crosses between long-lived mutant females having the modified H3K4me3 complex with wild-type males to obtain the heterozygous offspring F1 generation. Descendent F2 generations (both homozygous mutant or wild type) were generated by self-fertilization of heterozygous F1 hybrids. F3- to F5-generation offspring were produced in a similar manner. Surprisingly, the genetically wild-type F2–F4 progeny expressed long-lived phenotype similar to mutant controls. This effect was observed up to the F5 generation, when the normal lifespan was restored. The genome-wide transcriptional analysis demonstrated that both long-lived mutant and wild-type F2-F4 offspring shared a substantial subset of differentially regulated genes with long-lived ancestors. More recently, transgenerational effects on postmitotic aging of somatic cells as well as proliferative aging of germ cells were also observed in C. elegans mutant for H3K4 demethylases, RBR-2, and SPR-5 [40]. Deletion of the H3K4me2 demethylase, SPR-5, resulted in a transgenerational increase in C. elegans longevity [41]. Such transgenerational extension of lifespan has been found to be dependent on a hormonal signaling pathway comprising the steroid dafachronic acid, which is an activator of the nuclear receptor DAF-12. On the basis of these data, the authors concluded that loss of the demethylase SPR-5 leads to misregulation of H3K4me2 and activation of a particular longevity-regulating signaling pathway, thereby resulting in a transgenerational lifespan extension. Intergenerationally inheritable survival advantages induced by low-level stress exposures during developmental stages in C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: ” The market for CO2 is easily $1 trillion, Eisenberger says. “This is doable at an economically viable cost,” he says, particularly if solar electricity declines to $0. 01/kWh, as he predicts. “We believe the path to address climate change is to make it economically profitable,” he says. “Our model is to use the CO2 from the air and make plastics, carbon fiber, concrete, and make money while we sequester it. ” Gutknecht says Climeworks is a cost-competitive solution in some regions for bottling companies, greenhouses, and other markets. “But that won’t have a significant effect on the climate and this is ultimately what we want to do and why we exist as a company,” he says. “If we are to remove billions of tons, we need some form of carbon tax or carbon trading and pricing at a level at which we can really deploy our systems. ” The carbon price needed for profitable operation is $100 per ton, he says. To date, nations that have imposed carbon taxes or emissions trading systems collectively represent about 15% of the world’s CO2 emissions. The price or price-equivalent in all but a handful of those countries is at or below $25 per ton, according to the World Bank. The US has no national tax or emissions trading system, although California and a few other states do. The DAC pioneers say they’re not discouraged by the immensity of the challenge. “We don’t see any deployment limits,” says Gutknecht. Removing 4 billion tons of CO2 per year, about 1/10 of current emissions, could be done with 80 million of the company’s contactors, each comparable to a car in size and material requirements. Eisenberger agrees, noting that DAC is one of the few solutions to the climate problem that doesn’t have significant negative side effects. The entire global output of CO2 could be captured by 10 million of GT’s 4000-ton-per-year, shipping-container-sized plants, he says. The total landmass requirement would be 5000 km2. Reducing CO2 emissions alone won’t be enough to prevent the worst effects of climate change because the gas lasts so long in the atmosphere.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2015;27(10):2800-2813. . VLN2 regulates plant architecture by affecting microfilament dynamics and polar auxin transport in rice. Plant Cell. 2015;27(10):2829-2845. . Auxin, microtubules, and vesicle trafficking: conspirators behind the cell wall. J Exp Bot. 2017;68(13):3321-3329. Majda M,Robert S. The role of auxin in cell wall expansion. Mol Sci. 2018;19(4). . (DRIF) also interacts with WOX and KNOX proteins associated with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. Plant J. 2018;93(6):1076-1087. -H, Fujioka S, Lin W-. Antagonistic HLH/bHLH transcription factors mediate brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation and plant development in rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009;21(12):3767-3780. . HEC of a job regulating stem cells. Devel Cell. 2014;28(4):349-350. . A regulatory framework for shoot stem cell control integrating metabolic, transcriptional, and phytohormone signals. Dev Cell. 2014;28(4):438-449. . PkMADS1 is a novel MADS box gene regulating adventitious shoot induction and vegetative shoot development in Paulownia kawakamii. Plant J. 2002;29(2):141-151. . PpeTAC1 promotes the horizontal growth of branches in peach trees and is a member of a functionally conserved gene family found in diverse plants species. Plant J. 2013;75(4):618-630. . A brachytic dwarfism trait (dw) in peach trees is caused by a nonsense mutation within the gibberellic acid receptor PpeGID1c. New Phytol. 2016;210(1):227-239. . Phases of dormancy in Yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata). Ann Bot. 2006;97(4):497-504. . A novel integrated method for large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of widely targeted metabolites: application in the study of rice metabolomics. Mol Plant. 2013;6(6):1769-1780.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: elegans were also found in the study by Kishimoto et al. [42]. In this research, factors such as the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling effector DAF-16/FOXO and the heat-shock factor (HSF)-1 were substantially involved in the formation of epigenetic memory in the parental somatic cells, and this memory was maintained by H3K4me3 in the germline across generations. In discussing the mechanisms underlying the transgenerational effects on longevity in C. elegans, Pang and Curran speculated that such effects can be explained by transgenerational epigenetic inheritance via signaling regulators, transcription factors, or miRNAs, which might influence the expression of particular longevity-associated genes [19]. Lim and Brunet also suggested the potential importance of miRNAs or specific transcription factors in observed transgenerational effects, although the impacts of other factors, such as prions, cannot be excluded [10]. Fruit flyInter- and transgenerational effects on lifespan were also observed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In research by Buescher et al. , a high-sugar maternal diet altered body composition of offspring at the larval stage for at least two generations, causing development of an obese-like phenotype in adult offspring maintained under suboptimal (high-calorie) nutritional conditions [43]. The expression levels of metabolic genes known to be strongly associated with longevity were substantially modified in the offspring of affected flies. In a study by Xia and de Belle [44], transgenerational effects on longevity and reproduction were obtained by post-eclosion nutritional manipulations with low-, intermediate-, or high-protein contents. Both low-protein and high-protein diets shortened lifespan, while the intermediate-protein diet considerably extended lifespan up to the F3 generation. Intergenerational effects were also revealed with respect to female reproductive activity (fecundity). It was reduced in the low-protein groups and enhanced in the intermediate-protein groups throughout F0–F2 generations. In subsequent research by the same authors, exposure to a low-protein diet during the post-eclosion adult life led to the upregulation of the H3K27-specific methyltransferase, E(z), thereby causing enhanced levels of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) [45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: “There’s no drain in the bathtub,” Eisenberger says. Lingering questions Climate scientist cautioned, though, that DAC won’t provide a get-out-of-jail-free card for the world. Commenting on Keith’s Joule paper in a 12 June blog post, Hansen noted, “Unfortunately, the new news on carbon capture costs provides no support for the notion that we can solve the climate problem without fossil fuel phase-out. On the contrary, the Keith et al. study reinforces our concerns. ” An issue is the disparity between the costs claimed by Keith and Eisenberger and the APS report’s estimates. Robert Socolow, the physicist who proposed and co-chaired the APS committee that wrote the report, says there are several design differences between the generic hydroxide-contactor DAC plant that the panel considered and CE’s design. “I am happy that David [Keith] … placed the APS report side by side with his paper,” he says. “Until now, the entire discussion about costs has been about total costs. And David’s paper moves the discussion to the cost of specific components. ” Critics of the APS report complain that costing was performed by chemical industry experts applying standard industrial methodology. “They didn’t listen to why their fundamental way of thinking about it was wrong,” says Eisenberger. The APS committee, he says, ignored the possibility of “innovation, invention, and change. ” counters that an entire 2. If the energy is supplied from coal-powered plants, the ratio may even approach 1. “You can emit a CO2 molecule for each one you capture,” he says. Keith’s paper puts the ratio of CE’s process at about 0. 1, and he agrees it would make little sense to use carbon-intensive power to make fuels. 1. David Kramer, 66(5), 23 (2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: . Postharvest metabolomic changes in Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. wild accession ‘Zaoshu Shanli’. J Sep Sci. 2018;41(21): 4001-4013. . 5-Hydroxyhexanoic acid predicts early renal functional decline in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. Press Res. 2019;44(2): 245-263. . KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Res. 2008;36:480-484. . TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions. Genome Biol. 2013;14(4):R36. Li B,Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:323. . Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome Biol. 2010;11(2):R14. . Automated genome annotation and pathway identification using the KEGG Orthology (KO) as a controlled vocabulary. Bioinformatics. 2005;21(19):3787-3793. . Expression patterns of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase genes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) to stress and postharvest processing treatments. Planta. 2019(250):281-298. . Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-408. . Identification and evaluation of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze). Mol Sci. 2014;15(12):22155-22172. LegendsAdditional file 1: Fig. S1 Growth architectures of MZ (a and d), QQ (b and e) and LYQQ (c and f) in a natural tea garden. The shoots of QQ and LYQQ exhibit a zigzag shape. Fig. S2 Stem morphology (a) and inter-node length (b) analysis of and QQ. Mature stems were collected on February 2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: These changes in H3K27me3 levels were accompanied by a shortening of longevity in F0 generation as well as in the F2 offspring. Both specific RNAi-mediated knockdown of E(z) or pharmacological inhibition of its enzymatic function by a histone methyltransferase inhibitor Tazemetostat (EPZ-6438) resulted in lower levels of H3K27me3 across generations. Furthermore, Tazemetostat completely mitigated the lifespan-reducing effect of the parental exposure to a low-protein diet. In a recent study by Roussou et al. [46], dietary restriction in adult Drosophila males resulted in life extension in their F2 offspring. Intergenerational effects on longevity were also observed in Drosophila exposed to factors other than alterations in nutrition, although epigenetic changes accompanying these processes were not identified in these studies. Both cross-life stage and cross-generational adaptive plasticity induced by gamma irradiation at the egg stage were found by Vaiserman et al. [47]. Such exposure resulted in enhanced resistance to the heat shock and starvation stresses and also in extended lifespan in the F0 and F1 generations. Intergenerational impact of gamma irradiation in the ancestral F0 generation on the flies’ longevity in the F1 and F2 generations was also demonstrated by Shameer et al. [48]. Adult paternal exposure to small-to-moderate doses of radiation (1–10 Gy) resulted in increased lifespan of both male and female offspring, while exposure to high doses (40 and 50 Gy) decreased the descendants’ longevity. These effects disappeared in the F3 generation. RodentsThere is consistent evidence from both mice and rat models that modulating the maternal dietary status such as protein restriction during pregnancy can significantly affect lifespan [49] as well as profiles of expression of many longevity-associated genes [50,51,52] in F1 offspring. Nevertheless, there are only a few studies that directly investigate inter- and transgenerational effects on longevity in rodents, for the obvious reason that they live much longer than short-lived models such as nematodes or flies. Therefore, most evidence supporting the possibility of inter- and transgenerational effects on longevity in rodents is indirect.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Sequestration for Mitigation and Adaptation 2. While the technology for CCS is currently available, significant improvements are needed to enhance confidence in storage security. In 1996, the first CCS project established for the purpose of mitigation of CO2 emission began injecting CO2 into deep geological formation in offshore aquifer in the North Sea, Norway. Since that time, science has advanced in areas such as geophysics, chemical engineering, monitoring and verification, and other areas, while also governments have funded demonstration projects at various sizes ranging from small-scale proof of concept to industrial-scale demonstration projects. Five industrial-scale CCS projects are currently operational globally with more than 0. 035 Pg of CO2 captured and stored since 1996. Observations from these industrial scale projects and commercial CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), engineered natural analogues as well as theoretical consideration, models and laboratory studies have suggested that appropriately selected and well managed CCS sites are likely to retain almost all of injected CO2 for long time and provide the benefits for the intended purpose of CCS. However, CCS is still struggling to gain foothold as one of the main options for mitigating climate change due to high costs, advances in other options including renewable energy, as well as discovery of shale natural gas and the associated hydrological fracturing extraction techniques, absence of international action by governments and private sectors on climate change, economic crisis-induced low carbon (C) prices, and public skepticism. The estimated costs for CCS varies widely depending on the application—such as gas clean-up versus electricity generation, type of fuel, capture technology and assumptions about the baseline technology. Generally, for current technology, CCS would increase cost of generating electricity by 50–100%, and parasitic energy requirement of 15–30%. In this case, capital costs and energy requirements are the major cost drivers. In addition, significant scale-up compared to existing CCS activities will be needed to achieve intended large reductions of CO2 emissions. For example, a 5- to 10-fold scale-up in the size of individual projects is needed to capture and store emissions from a typical coal-fired power plant of 500–1000 MW, while a thousand-fold scale-up in size of current CCS enterprise would be needed to reduce emissions by 1 yr−1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The length of the inter-node between the third and fourth nodes (red lines) was determined (n=5). ** indicates a significant difference at the 0. 01 level. Fig. S3 GO enrichment analysis of DEGs identified from the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ (a), MZ-vs-LYQQ (b), and QQ-vs-LYQQ (c). Fig. S4 KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs identified from the comparisons MZ-vs-LYQQ_MZ-vs-QQ _QQ-vs-LYQQ (a), MZ-vs-LYQQ (b), MZ-vs-QQ (c) and QQ-vs-LYQQ (d). Fig. S5. Differential metabolites identified from MZ-vs-QQ, MZ-vs-LYQQ, and QQ-vs-LYQQ. Additional file 2: Table S1 Summary of the RNA-Seq data derived from MZ, QQ, and LYQQ. Table S2 Statistics of the number of detected genes in each cultivar Additional file 3: Table S3 Seventy-six key DEGs identified to be involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants Additional file 4: Table S4 DEGs and primers used for qRT-PCR validation of the transcriptomeSupplementary FilesAdditionalfile1Fig. S1. tifAdditionalfile1Fig. S3. tifAdditionalfile1Fig. S2. tifAdditionalfile1Fig. S4. tifAdditionalfile4TableS4. docxAdditionalfile3TableS3. docxAdditionalfile2TableS1. docxAdditionalfile2TableS2. docxAdditionalfile1Fig. S5. tif:Published04 Mar, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 3posted Submission checks completed at journal25 Feb, 2020Editorial decision: Accept25 Feb, 2020You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionslets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Evidence of cross-generational epigenetic inheritance of longevity-associated characteristics has been observed in several mouse models mainly focused on epigenetic processes contributing to metabolic regulation, which is known to play a critical role in determining longevity potential [53]. For instance, in utero exposure to maternal obesity contributed to lifespan-limiting health problems in future generations, including increased rates of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [54]. In the mouse model, intergenerational environmental reprogramming of the expression of key metabolic genes in response to the paternal diet was also observed [55]. Descendants of males fed with low-protein diet demonstrated enhanced hepatic expression of a number of genes that contribute to cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis, as well as decreased levels of cholesterol esters, in comparison with the offspring of males fed a control diet. Furthermore, moderate (~20%) DNA methylation changes were induced by the paternal low-protein diet, including changes in methylation of the key regulator of lipid metabolism, Ppara. In another mouse study, the induction of a prediabetic state in male ancestors by combination of streptozotocin and high-fat diet caused glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and enhanced diabetes risk in their F1 and F2 offspring [56]. These effects were accompanied by modulations in the expression levels of genes related to glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in pancreatic beta cells as well as by altered methylation of these genes. Moreover, the offspring of prediabetic parents demonstrated substantially modified characteristics in the sperm methylome. These alterations markedly coincided with those found in beta cells. Nutritional stresses experienced by male ancestors throughout critical stages of development (i. e. , prior to breeding) also affect the metabolic health of their offspring. For example, preconceptional paternal food deprivation resulted in a consistent decrease in average serum glucose levels as well as significant changes in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression in both male and female offspring [57]. F1 male mice exposed to maternal undernutrition during prenatal life produced F2 male offspring with impaired glucose tolerance and increased adiposity [58]. These intergenerational metabolic changes were shown to be mediated by alterations in the germline DNA methylome [59]. In the Ding et al. study, an impaired glucose tolerance was observed in both F1- and F2-generation offspring of animals with gestational diabetes mellitus [60].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: The estimated global oil and gas reservoirs are 1000 Pg CO2, saline aquifers global potential capacity ranges from 4000 to 23,000 Pg CO2. However, there is considerable debate about how much storage capacity actually exists and is available for CCS, particularly in saline aquifers. Research, improved geological assessments and commercial scale demonstration projects will be needed to verify the estimated capacity and improve confidence in storage capacity estimates. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 229. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others CO2 and Storage, a for Change 2. Elements 4(5):319–324. doi:10. 2113/gselements. 4. 5. 319 2429. doi:10. 1016/j. egypro. 2009. 02. 003 91. On line at (2011) CarbFix: a CCS pilot project imitating and accelerating natural CO2 sequestration. 1(2):105–118. doi:10. 1002/ghg. 18 183. pp 203–216. doi:10. 1029/2005GM000338 (2007) CO2 storage capacity estimation: methodology and gaps. Control 1(4):430–443. doi:10. 1016/s1750-5836(07)00086-2 943. doi:10. 1126/science. 1152516 331. doi:10. 2113/gselements. 4. 5. 325 194. doi:10. 1016/j. ijggc. 2008. 08. 002 189. doi:10. 1039/c3ee42350f 2015. Report, 64th edn. BP plc, London, UK, p 48 68. doi:10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3111723/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published16 May, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMany organisms, particularly plants, can reproduce both sexually and asexually but with varying frequencies. Because variations in the reproductive system profoundly affect fitness and genomic diversity, natural selection should act on changes between sexual and asexual types of propagation. However, the genomic evidence of natural selection driving switches between reproductive systems remains scarce, and the evolutionary consequences of such switches on the genomic and epigenomic diversity remain controversial. Here, by analyzing population genomes and epigenomes of Spirodela polyrhiza (L. ) Schleid. , a facultatively asexual angiosperm, we show that while the genomic diversity and DNA methylation levels are very low, they vary among populations. These variations are associated with both the demographic history and the frequency of sexual reproduction in each population. A genome-wide scan revealed that multiple genes involved in flowering and embryogenesis were under positive selection, consistent with the hypothesis that natural selection drove the evolution of asexuality in this plant. Together, these results provide new insights into the evolution of plant reproductive systems and suggest that natural selection can drive the evolutionary changes of asexuality, which in turn alters the levels of genomic and epigenomic diversity. Biological sciences/Evolution/Population geneticsBiological sciences/Genetics/EpigenomicsBiological sciences/Evolution/Evolutionary geneticsBiological sciences/Genetics/Evolutionary biologyBiological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant reproductionFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4IntroductionUnderstanding the evolution of sexual reproduction has long been at the centre of evolutionary biology. Theories suggest that asexual reproduction is beneficial for the short term but costly for the long term, mainly due to accumulations of deleterious mutations and low effective population size1–5. Facultative asexuality, where organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually depending on environmental conditions, should be optimal for one individual’s lifespan6,7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: These intergenerational adverse health outcomes were accompanied by down-regulated expression of the imprinted genes, Igf2 and H19, caused by abnormal methylation patterns in the differentially methylated imprint control regions of these genes in pancreatic islets. In addition, modified expression of Igf2 and H19 genes was demonstrated in the sperm of adult F1 offspring of female mice with gestational diabetes. These findings provide evidence that epigenetic alterations can be imprinted in germ cells and contribute to this type of intergenerational transmission. Transgenerational inheritance of characteristics associated with longevity and susceptibility to lifespan-limiting pathological conditions was also observed in several rat studies [61]. Most of these studies used maternal protein restriction during pregnancy as an affecting factor. Such prenatal exposure in the F0 generation resulted in inter- and transgenerational effects in F1–F3 generations. Both elevated blood pressure and impaired endothelial function were found to be passed through the maternal line to the F2 generation in the absence of any additional nutritional challenges to the F1 mothers [62]. Exposure to maternal low-protein diet during gestation led to impaired nephrogenesis and hypertension in the F2 generation. These effects were shown to occur in both the maternal and paternal lines [63]. Protein restriction during gestation and/or lactation also resulted in unfavorable intergenerational effects on biometric parameters (i. e. , body mass and fat mass) and on glucose, insulin, and leptin metabolism, thereby causing insulin resistance in F1 and F2 adult rat progeny [64]. Global maternal dietary restriction during pregnancy resulted in hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in F1–F3-generation offspring [65]. Intergenerational cardio-renal effects were also observed in a rat model of utero-placental insufficiency. When compared to sham surgery, bilateral uterine vessel ligation in the ancestral generation led to elevated systolic blood pressure in F2 males 6–9 months of age, but not female offspring [66]. Higher risk of disorders such as kidney and immune pathologies, and infertility and cancer were also found in rats exposed to non-dietary factors (i. e. , toxicants). For example, exposure to vinclozolin, a fungicide with anti-androgenic activity, throughout critical periods of embryonic development significantly influenced disease susceptibility in the affected generation as well as their offspring in over four successive generations [67].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: pp 135–146. doi:10. 1029/2006GM000384 (2013) Carbon capture: a technology assessment, congressional research service report. Report No. 7-5700 p 99 1610. doi:10. 1016/j. egypro. 2009. 01. 210 720. doi:10. 1007/s00254-004-1073-5 4322. doi:10. 1016/j. enpol. 2008. 09. 058 618. doi:10. 1038/nature07852 351. doi:10. 1002/ghg. 1305 222. doi:10. 1016/s0196-8904(96)00272-5 145. doi:10. 1144/gsl. sp. 2004. 233. 01. 09 48. doi:10. 1016/j. coche. 2015. 08. 001 7618. doi:10. 1039/c3cp53627k 183. pp 147–158. doi:10. 1029/2006GM000407 Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bruno JF (2010) The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science 328(5985):1523–152888. doi:10. 1007/978-1-4020-5774-8_4 Horn FL, (1982) Control of carbon dioxide emissions from power plant (and use in enhanced oil recovery). Fuel 61:415–4222295. doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0605318103 0433. doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1012253108 121. doi:10. 1306/eg. 11210505011 360. doi:10. 1016/j. ijggc. 2013. 03. 021 491. doi:10. 1016/s1750-5836(07)00091-6 2009. pdf IEA (2013) Technology roadmap: carbon capture and storage. Report. Agency (IEA), Paris, France, p 60. On line at IEA (2014) CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion OECD. Agency, Paris, France 2015. OECD/2015. Report. Agency (IEA) of the Organization for and Development (OECD), Paris, France 1995. Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific technical analysis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: While rather few animals such as aphids (aphidoidea)8, water fleas (cladocerans)9, and rotifers10 reproduce facultatively asexually, up to ~ 80% of the flowering plants, including important crops and keystone species, can reproduce both sexually and asexually11. Asexual reproduction in plants involves different types of vegetative reproduction (e. g. runners, tubers, bulbs, corms, suckers, plantlets), as well as apomixis, the formation of seeds without fertilization12. Because changes between sexual and asexual reproduction profoundly affect fitness, natural selection might act on the genetic controls of sexual and asexual reproduction in facultative asexual organisms, which in turn can alter the levels of genomic diversity, heterozygosity and effectiveness of selection in the population2,5,13−15. However, direct evidence supporting this prediction remains scarce, mainly due to the lack of a suitable facultative asexually reproducing system in which the signature of selection can be detected at genomic levels. Evolutionary changes in sexual and asexual reproduction might also affect the maintenance and dynamics of epigenetic markers, i. e. , DNA methylations. In plants, cytosine methylation can occur in three sequence contexts: CpG, CHG, and CHH (H = A, T, or C), which are controlled by different mechanisms and have different dynamics during reproduction16. Typically, CpG and CHG methylation are maintained by methyltransferases1 (MET1) and 3 (CMT3), whereas CHH methylation is mostly maintained by CMT2 or the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway17. However, CMT3 was found to also play a role in the maintenance of CHH methylation, as well as de novo methylation18. During sexual reproduction, DNA methylations are highly dynamic19. In both male and female gametogenesis, the megaspore mother cell and its male analogue experience dramatic chromatin changes during cell specification, such as heterochromatin decondensation and an enlarged nuclear21. During male gametogenesis, sperm DNA is highly methylated in the CpG and CHG context but has low CHH methylation in retrotransposons19,22,23. During female gametogenesis, CpG and CHH methylation remains largely steady24.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Such transgenerational effects were accompanied by modified characteristics of DNA methylation of certain genes in the sperm that persisted across several generations. The exposure of pregnant rats to the insecticide, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), caused the formation of prostate, kidney, and ovary disorders, as well as tumor development in adult animals of the F1 generation [68]. In the F3 generation, obesity and obesity-related pathologies occurred in more than 50% of the male and female offspring. Most of the genes associated with DDT-induced differentially methylated DNA regions were previously found to be associated with obesity. Thus far, only one study provides direct evidence that rodent longevity can be transmitted across generations. In this study, dietary restriction during preconceptional or both preconceptional and gestational periods resulted in increased body weight and life shortening in the second-generation male, but not the female offspring [69]. Findings from human studiesEvidence for the existence of intergenerational and transgenerational inheritance of longevity and lifespan-limiting conditions in human populations is obtained from epidemiological and demographic studies. For instance, the F2-generation offspring of women who were exposed to the famine of 1944–1945 in the Netherlands (i. e. , Winter) throughout the gestational period had 1. 8 times more health problems in their adulthood than descendants of non-exposed women [70]. The offspring of the fathers, but not the mothers who suffered from intrauterine undernutrition during the Dutch famine also had a significantly greater weight and body mass index in their adult life than the descendants of parents unexposed to the famine [71]. The offspring of parents born during the famine in China from 1959 to 1961 (i. e. , Forward Famine) were significantly shorter (i. e. , boys by 1. 9 cm and girls by 1. 8 cm) than children whose parents were not exposed to starvation during the famine period [72]. The authors speculated that such anthropometric changes could be associated with negative impacts on the life-course health status of the offspring of famine-exposed parents. Similar effects were also revealed in a Tunisian study where lower height, weight, and smaller placental size (i. e. , conditions known to be associated with elevated risk of adult cardio-metabolic pathologies) were observed in the infant offspring of mothers born during Ramadan fasting [73].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and and or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and Previous 10. 4337/9781800882119. 00016 Keywords: BECCS; CDR; Negative emissions; Emissions accounting; Bioenergy; Climate change abatement Full access the IPCC scenarios we now know that removing CO2 from the atmosphere seems unavoidable if we are to reach the targets of limiting climate change. A key technology for creating these negative emissions is bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS). As biomass grows it absorbs atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis. The biomass is then used for energy production or for the production of bio-based products and services. The associated CO2 can be captured and stored permanently, hence avoiding CO2 flows to the atmosphere. This book 1. 5oC was agreed during the Conference of the Parties COP21. Before this meeting, the (UN) on (IPCC) released its fifth assessment report on the science and research on climate change (5, 2015). Besides covering the physical science of climate change, the third working group of the IPCC (WG3) had analyzed over 1000 emissions pathways. Of these 116 complied with the Paris Agreement. In turn, 101 of these 116 relied on BECCS to remove CO2 from the atmosphere (Fuss et al. , 2014). In 2018, the special report on 1. 5oC released by the IPCC (15, 2018) covered research on pathways for limiting global warming. This time, 411 emission pathways were covered. Of these 78 complied with a 1. 5oC target and 73 of the 78 relied on BECCS. In both of these reports, some of the pathways that do not include BECCS have boundary conditions to exclude them. 2021, the first contribution to the sixth assessment report by the IPCC (6 WG1, 2021) was released. It is interesting to make an observation in the summary for policymakers (6 WG3, 2021 SPM): of the summary is entitled ‘Climate Change’ and 29. 1% of the words in this 1. 5oC and 2oC targets is further described. 3. 5 confidence intervals for scenarios in relation to reaching different levels of climate change mitigation are reported.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: After fertilization, CHH methylation increases during embryogenesis and can approach 100% at individual cytosines, which then decreases likely through a passive mechanism after germination25–27. In contrast, during vegetative reproduction, DNA methylation is likely steady since meiosis and embryogenesis are lacking28–30. Although a recent study comparing DNA methylations among 34 angiosperm species suggested that clonally propagated species often have low CHH methylation31, the extent to which asexual reproduction affects genome-wide methylation levels remains unclear. Here, we investigated the population genome and epigenome of a facultatively asexual flowering plant, Spirodela polyrhiza (the giant duckweed; Lemnaceae), which has a global distribution. This species, like other duckweeds from the genera Spirodela, Landoltia and Lemna, is characterized by leaf-like fronds derived from fused stems32 and, with multiple roots on each frond33 and with a highly reduced vascular system34. Spirodela polyrhiza reproduces vegetatively via budding under normal conditions but rarely switches to sexual reproduction under unfavourable conditions35,36. Recent studies showed that despite its global distribution in diverse habitats, the genomic diversity, spontaneous mutation rates and DNA methylation levels in S. polyrhiza are very low37–42, which might be associated with its overall low frequency of sexual reproduction. DNA methylation profiling of two genotypes suggests that DNA methylation in S. polyrhiza, which is substantially lower than in other plants, likely due to the loss of the RdDM pathway, varied between genotypes41. Further insights into the evolutionary origin and consequences of asexuality on genomic and epigenomic variations in S. polyrhiza are required to understand the demographic history and to identify the footprint of selection on the genome. ResultsLow genomic variations in S. polyrhiza We sequenced the genomes of 131 globally distributed S. polyrhiza genotypes with an average of ~ 25 X coverage. Together with previously published samples1,2, we analysed the genomic diversity of 228 S. polyrhiza individuals across five continents (1). We identified 1,241,981 high-quality biallelic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 166,075 short insertions and deletions (INDELs, less than 50 bp of length). Based on an updated genome annotation of S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: The potential role of epigenetic modifications in both parental and grandparental generations in the risk of familial cancers has been also demonstrated [74]. More direct evidence for the possibility of intergenerational inheritance of human longevity was provided in research carried out in the Överkalix, an isolated community in Northern Sweden. In human cohorts born in this region in 1890, 1905, and 1920, the transgenerational consequences were studied of the ancestor’s nutrition during their slow growth period (i. e. , 9–12 years) when there is increased susceptibility to environmental influences [75,76,77,78]. In these studies, it was shown that nutrition of the paternal ancestors during the slow growth period significantly influenced the mortality rate and life expectancy of their grandchildren. If the availability of the food was limited during the father’s slow growth period, the descendant’s cardiovascular mortality was low, while overeating of the paternal grandfathers during this period resulted in a fourfold increase in diabetes mortality in their grandchildren [76]. Moreover, these intergenerational effects were gender specific. The paternal grandmother’s nutrient supply affected granddaughter’s mortality risk, whereas the paternal grandfather’s nutrient supply was associated with the mortality risk in the grandsons [77,78,79]. More recent research by the same group showed that abrupt changes in dietary characteristics among successive years throughout the period of slow growth in both maternal grandparents, as well as in paternal grandfathers, do not affect cardiovascular mortality of their offspring. If, however, the paternal grandmothers were exposed to sharp nutritional changes during the period preceding puberty, their son’s daughters had a 2. 7-fold higher risk for cardiovascular mortality than descendants of unexposed grandmothers [80]. Selection, as well as learning or imitation, was thought to be unlikely explanations for the observed associations. The authors concluded that X-linked epigenetic transmission through spermatozoa provides a plausible explanation for this effect. In another Swedish study, where illegitimacy was used as an indicator of socioeconomic adversity in early life, the adult mortality rates in both males and females born outside the marriage at the beginning of the twentieth century were significantly higher than those of persons born in wedlock [81]. The male offspring of illegitimate parents were also less likely to live until age 80 than male descendants whose biological parents were married. Similar trends were observed in their children and grandchildren as well.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: 294 of the scenarios limiting global warming to 2oC require CDR, all of the 294 BECCS (6 WG3, 2022, Table 3. 5). Moreover, there is compelling evidence reported throughout the report of working group 3 that CDR is unavoidable to reach net zero CO2 or GHG emissions (6 WG3, 2022, 3. 4, 7. 4, 12. 3, Cross-2. 1 2021 an 2. With data from forecasts by they confirmed the usual conclusions (see Levihn, 2016) that some of the cheapest savings could be realized by increasing industrial productivity through energy efficiency, while some of the more expensive alternatives are found within the transportation sector. The 2. A recent study by Holz et al. (2021) concluded that half of industrial CCS applications in the might be within cement and clinker manufacturing in the year 2050 without labelling it as hard-to-abate sectors. It is also important to distinguish between short-term hard-to-abate, such as parts of aviation and what is long-term hard-to-abate, assuming technical advances for alternatives such as electric or hydrogen-powered airplanes. Many other such industrial examples exist. Typical examples of really hard-to-abate emissions include leakage of NOx (nitrous oxides) and CH4 (methane) from sewage treatment and agriculture, but they are also expected to exist in other sectors. NOx is, to provide an example, often released just by ploughing farmland. Also if CO2 is captured with fossil CCS, a capture rate of 95% would result in 5% remaining really hard-to-abate fossil emissions. This raises the question, if these emissions are so hard to get rid of, what if we remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere? That is the idea of CDR. Most emissions from sectors such as industry and transport will be relatively easy to remove at costs well below 800 USD/tonne. One option is carbon capture and storage, CCS. Simplified CCS takes CO2 directly at its point source and stores it permanently, for example in suitable geological storage. If a factory uses fossil fuels in its process it will generate fossil p. 119CO2 emissions. If these emissions are captured and stored permanently, the fossil CO2 emissions would be reduced. The challenge is that a 100% capture rate is very hard to achieve.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: polyrhiza (see Section 1. 1 of the Supplementary Information), we found that most of the SNPs (70. 3%) are in the intergenic regions (Supplementary Fig. 1). Of all the SNPs located in the protein-coding regions, 61,039 were identified as nonsynonymous and 44,287 as synonymous (2). Consistent with our previous study, the genome-wide nucleotide diversity at neutral sites is 0. 0013 (1), the lowest among multicellular eukaryotes. The species-wide efficacy of selection (πN/πS ratio) is 0. 39, the highest among studied organisms43, indicating relatively weak purifying selection in S. polyrhiza, despite its large effective population size1,2. In addition to SNPs and small INDELs, we also characterize the genome-wide structural variations (SVs, ≥ 50 bp in length) in S. polyrhiza (see Section 1. 2 of the Supplementary Information). We identified 3,205 high-quality SVs, including 2,089 deletions, 291 duplications, and 825 insertions. The abundance of the SVs is substantially lower than all reported multicellular organisms44,45. Among all identified SVs, 155 duplications and 169 deletions affected protein-coding genes (2). Interestingly, in comparison to the genome-wide average, the MADS-box genes (see Section 1. 3 of the Supplementary Information) showed a higher tendency to overlap with SVs (permutation tests; P = 0. 063). In addition, we also observed a significant overrepresentation of small INDELs in the MADS-box genes (permutation tests; P = 0. 008). These results indicate that MADS-box genes might be under positive or relaxed purifying selection in S. polyrhiza. Population structure and demographic history of S. polyrhiza Because S. polyrhiza is facultatively asexual, genotypes collected from the geographic proximity can be derived from the same clonal family. Using a previously established grouping threshold that was developed in S. polyrhiza2, we identified 159 likely clonal families (3). Population structure and principal component analyses revealed four populations in S. polyrhiza (Fig. 1a and 1b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Results indicating that social disadvantages in ancestral generations contribute to health disadvantages during the subsequent two generations were also observed in another study by the same group [82]. In sons and grandsons of men born outside wedlock, a 1. 64- and 1. 83-fold excess risk of circulatory disease, respectively, was observed. The impacts of the maternal and paternal grandfather were approximately equal in magnitude. Intergenerational effects triggered by factors other than nutrition have also been demonstrated. For instance, paternal smoking during the slow growth period (i. e. , <11 years of age) was significantly associated with greater body mass index at the age of 9 in sons, but not in daughters [78]. Northstone et al. also showed that paternal smoking before puberty is associated with an increased risk of obesity in the adolescent offspring [83]. Conclusion and perspectivesNon-genomic transgenerational inheritance has been described repeatedly across species and appears to be a general biological phenomenon. In evolutionary terms, the transmission of the adaptive transcriptional patterns acquired throughout the parental life course in subsequent generations via the mechanism of epigenetic memory can enable the organism to better survive in potentially adverse environments [84]. In particular, it has been repeatedly reported that offspring of parents exposed to nutritional stresses exhibit altered expression of genes related to metabolic functions including those implicated in pro-longevity metabolic pathways [6]. The mechanisms potentially responsible for such inter- and transgenerational effects are currently the subject of active investigation [5, 14, 85,86,87,88,89]. In most studies on short-lived models such as nematodes and flies, the role of histone modifications in transgenerational transmission of epigenetic information was highlighted, while in rodent models changes in DNA methylation have been mainly detected. An important outstanding question is how the phenotypic information originating in somatic cells can be transmitted to germ cells to induce epigenetic changes in the germline. Recently, exosome-like miRNA-bearing extracellular vesicles shed by somatic cells have been proposed as potential candidates for the transmission of environmentally induced epigenetic changes in the germline [2]. The possibility of transgenerational transfer of acquired information is definitely much more complex if implemented via the maternal line because it could include not only epigenetic modifications in gametes but also programming events through the egg cytoplasm, the environment of the reproductive tract, and also changes in maternal physiology adapting inadequately to pregnancy demands [17].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: So the last per cent might fall under the concept of hard-to-abate emissions. If the example of 800+ $/tonne is used for really hard-to-abate emissions and we can create CDR at a cost of 100 $/tonne, $700 would be saved by using CDR to counter the emissions by removing CO2 from the atmosphere instead of reducing them. This would reduce the cost of reaching climate abatement targets such as those set by the Paris Agreement. 7. 1 this is illustrated as CDR shifts the supply curve of emission reductions to the right enabling net-zero to be reached at a lower cost. 7. 1 Schematic bottom-up supply curve of climate change abatement showing how CDR (two schematic options) enable reaching beyond net zero GHG emissions while reducing the overall cost of reaching this goal; CDR also allows reaching net-zero even though some emissions come from activities where there is a lack of feasible emission-free alternatives Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide One additional (but not advisable pathway according to the author) is that CDR allows the reduction of global warming back to target levels, if targets of limiting global concentrations of GHGs temporarily overshoot. Research by Galán-Martin (2021) showed the importance of not postponing CDR deployment as time limits of technological diffusion would inhibit volumes demanded. 3 So a tonne of CO2 is a tonne CO2 in the atmosphere? Yes and no. Fossil CCS is about reducing fossil emissions. It can never be used to counter hard-to-abate emissions. Reflect on the following expressed by a representative of the fossil-dependent industry in Europe during spring 2021 (who will remain anonymous). The easiest to understand CDR might be direct air carbon capture and storage, and Storage (DACCS, sometimes written shorter as DAC). It is what it sounds like – you capture CO2 directly from the 410 ppm that is in the air around us. The representative asked the question: ‘If we put DACCS 1m from our chimney where concentrations are over 15%, will that not be an easier way to create CDR and should our CCS not be counted as CDR? ’ In a sense the representative is right. Removing CO2 from a higher concentration is in many ways easier than from a relatively low concentration source such as the air around us.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Consistent with our previous study, the four populations are largely concordant with their geographic origins, namely America, Asia (SE-Asia), Europe, and India (Supplementary Fig. 2), with a few exceptions that can be due to recent migration events or artefacts during long-term duckweed maintenance. We inferred the population history with a (ML) phylogeny combined with Computation (ABC). esculenta (from the Araceae family) as an outgroup, the maximum likelihood phylogeny of all 228 genotypes indicated an early split of the American population from the other populations and subsequent splits of the Indian and European populations from SE-Asia (Fig. 1c). population constitutes the most recent split (Fig. 1c-d). Here, genotypes collected from the transcontinental region (e. g. Russia) showed intermediate features of SE-Asian and European populations, suggesting this as a likely migration route. Furthermore, the Indian population possibly originated via Thailand and Vietnam, as genotypes from these countries show intermediate features between Indian and SE-Asian populations. We modelled the demographic history using an ABC modelling approach to further validate the evolutionary history of the four populations in S. polyrhiza. Three plausible demographic scenarios were simulated, allowing for either the SE-Asian, American or an additional putative population to function as the ancestral population (Supplementary Fig. 3). We found that the scenario, in which the American population and Asian population were derived from an additional putative ancestral population, constituted the most supported model (Fig. 1d). While the American population was separated from other populations around 1 million generations ago, the European population was derived from the SE-Asian population only 12,000 generations ago (see Section 1. 4 of the Supplementary Information). Determinants of genomic diversity among populations Among the four populations, nucleotide diversity (π) and the efficacy of selection (πN/πS ratio) varied among populations (Fig. 2b). While the SE-Asian population has the highest π and lowest πN/πS ratio, the American population has the lowest π and highest πN/πS ratio. Interestingly, while the European population has a much smaller π compared to the SE-Asian population, the πN/πS ratio of the European population remains similar to the latter, likely due to its recent split from the SE-Asian population.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: Importantly, however, not only maternal but also paternal environmental exposures have been shown to induce epigenetic changes that pass through the male germline to affect health status in the offspring [7, 91]. A schematic representation of basic molecular mechanisms potentially responsible for inter- and transgenerational effects contributing to longevity is presented in Fig. 3. The persistence of epigenetic memory about environmental stresses between generations is likely a more common phenomenon among short-lived species such as nematode worms than among long-lived species. Nevertheless, there exists evidence that epigenetic transgenerational effects can influence life expectancy and longevity-associated traits also in mammals, including humans as well. Epigenetic memory about lifestyles such as unhealthy diet, smoking, or substance abuse in the ancestral generation can likely affect the health status across several successive generations. These processes can also influence disease susceptibility and aging phenotypes, thereby affecting longevity across generations. Although most examples of cross-generational non-genomic inheritance are for adverse effects or pathological conditions, there is also evidence that exposure to mild stressors in early development can result in beneficial (hormetic) effects and that adaptive modulation of epigenetic processes could significantly contribute to these effects [92,93,94]. There is also evidence that adaptive/hormetic effects can persist over several generations [42, 47, 48]. An investigation of inter- and transgenerational effects in human populations presents a number of research challenges [95]. The important issue is uncertainty in accurate determination of the timing and level of exposure, as well as very long generation times in human cohorts [96]. Quasi-experimental designs could likely be useful to overcome these problems. Such research designs or “natural experiments” allow for the identification of cohorts where exposure is relatively homogeneous across the whole population and timing of exposure can be accurately determined by historical records. Good examples are studies of long-term health consequences of severe famines in Holland in 1944–1945 (‘Winter’) [97] and in Ukraine in 1932–1933 (‘Holodomor’) [98]. It is likely that further insights into the possibility of the transmission of non-genomic information across human generations will be gained through such research designs when studying the descendants of persons exposed to hunger during these historical events.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: But, when using fossil fuels, carbon is taken from the geosphere and introduced to the atmosphere. If these emissions are captured, the carbon is returned to the geosphere and never enters the atmosphere. was to be used, as suggested by the fossil industry representative, the flow of carbon would still exist and require reductions. If what was captured through DACCS close to the chimney was counted to counter other hard-to-abate emissions, the flow of CO2 from the chimney would still need to be stopped or countered by other CDRs under a net zero target. As a result, as illustrated in Figure 7. 2, fossil CCS can never be CDR and used as a means to counter other hard-to-abate emissions. 6 WG3 the following is stated: CCS helps reduce gross emissions but does not remove CO2 from the atmosphere, unless combined with bioenergy (BECCS). (6 WG3, 2022, 4. 41) 7. 2 Difference between carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and fossil carbon capture and storage (CCS) Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide A point must be highlighted though. The fact that fossil CCS is not CDR does not reduce its importance in climate change abatement. A recent study of scenarios for cutting emissions in Europe concluded that deep emission cuts and level of CCS deployment were tightly intervened (Nikas et al. , 2021). Figure 7. 3 from 15 (2018) provides a schematic overview of how the emission pathways work and how different sectors contribute to different climate change abatement p. 120 p. 121targets. Reduced emissions through fossil CCS are illustrated in orange while the negative emissions through technological CDR technologies such as BECCS are illustrated in yellow. The amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere reaches net zero when the uptake from CDR equals the remaining emissions. In the figure, CDR from AFOLU (agriculture forestry and other land use) is illustrated in brown. net contributes to GHG today, changed practices could lead to net uptake of CO2. 7. 3 Schematic explanation of the contribution of different sectors to global CO 2 emissions Source: 15 (2018). Reproduced with permission of IPCC. Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide 3. 1 options for creating CDR exist where all have their respective strengths and weaknesses. 6 WG1 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Using genome-wide SNPs, we found that linkage disequilibrium (LD) is comparable to Arabidopsis thaliana46, suggesting considerable historical sexual reproduction in S. polyrhiza. However, the extent of LD decay varied substantially among populations (Fig. 2b and Supplementary Fig. 4). While the Asian population showed the most rapid LD decay (about 12 kb at r2 = 0. 2), the European population had very long LD blocks (> 100 kb). and American populations had intermediate LD decay. This pattern is further supported by the recombination rates calculated for all four populations, where the Asian population had the highest recombination rate compared to the other three (Fig. 2b). Different LDs and recombination rates found among populations indicate that the frequencies of sexual reproduction varied among populations. In addition, we found that the variations of heterozygosity in S. polyrhiza showed a similar pattern with the genomic diversity and recombination rate among four populations (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 5). Interestingly, the changes in genomic diversity and levels of heterozygosity are associated with two SVs involving MADS-box genes that are involved in sexual reproduction. One SV is an 84 bp insertion at the last coding sequence (CDS) of gene SpGA2022_005278, a homolog of AGL62 from the Mα subclade of MADS-box genes (Supplementary Fig. 6). In A. thaliana, AGL62 is a transcription factor that suppresses endosperm cellularization by activating the expression of a putative invertase inhibitor, InvINH1, in the micropylar region of the endosperm47,48 (Supplementary Fig. 7). The insertion likely disrupted the function of the AGL62-like gene, thus reducing the suppression of endosperm development, which is likely required for sexual reproduction (Fig. 2a). Consistently, we found the insertion was at a higher abundance in the SE-Asian population (87. 5%) than in other populations (Fig. 2c and 2d). In addition, the insertion positively correlates with heterozygosity within the European population (3 and Supplementary Fig. 8). Another SV is a 69 bp deletion at 1. 8 kb upstream of SOC1 (SpGA2022_007306, Supplementary Fig. 5), the ortholog of which is a positive regulator of the flowering process in A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics explores how certain environmental factors can influence gene expression across generations. [SEP] Text: In the future, transgenerational effects could become much more suitable to investigation in human populations owing to the utilization of well-characterized prospective birth cohorts which have been established in many countries worldwide. An important point is that it is possible to obtain biological samples for epigenetic analyses from such studies [95]. In order to estimate the potential impact of epigenetic memory in determining life expectancy, further research should answer several key outstanding questions presented in Box. Box: Outstanding questions• What is the relative contribution of the epigenetic inheritance in comparison with the genetic one? • Is transgenerational epigenetic inheritance widespread across species? • How is phenotypic information originating in somatic tissues transmitted to germ cells? • How many generations can epigenetic memory persist? • Why do non-genomic effects disappear over a few generations? • Could transgenerational epigenetic processes influence genetic inheritance, and vice versa? • Are mechanisms responsible for transgenerational non-genomic effects the same across species? Answering these questions could provide new insights into the origin of the phenomenon of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Potential reversibility of unfavorable epigenetic signatures can provide a promising approach to designing novel therapeutic interventions [99, 100]. Overcoming the inertia caused by the persistence of epigenetic effects induced in previous generations may become in the future an important component of effective prevention of human diseases [101, 102]. Various nutritional and pharmacological epigenetic modulators have already demonstrated their therapeutic potential for diminishing or reversing unfavorable epigenetic alterations [103, 104]. This can be important not only to correct epigenetic changes directly induced by unfavorable environmental exposures, but also to eliminate epimutations inherited from previous generations. Thus, broader implementation of epigenome-targeted therapeutic interventions may hold great promise to improve the health and longevity in human populations across the globe. AbbreviationsCpG: a cytosine followed by a guanine nucleotide DDT: dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane H3K9me3: histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation H3K27me3: histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation miRNA: microRNA Mtrr: methionine synthase reductase PGC: primordial germ cell RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex 1893. . Roll over Weismann: extracellular vesicles in the transgenerational transmission of environmental effects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: The following activities are listed as CDR in 6 WG1:p. 122 Additional afforestation: convert land that historically has not contained forest into forest. Reforestation: conversion of land that previously contained forests but now is used for other purposes into forests. Soil carbon management: Activities to store carbon in soil. Biochar: Conversion of biomass into stable carbon through the process of pyrolysis (heating in a low oxygen or oxygen-free environment). Direct air carbon capture and storage: Capturing carbon directly from the air through chemical or physical processes. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): Combination of natural and technical CDR by letting photosynthesis capture carbon from the atmosphere in biomass and then collect the carbon after use in a technical process. All of these activities could result in both positive and negative effects on other areas of concern such as biodiversity, land use and food production. IPCC notes in AR6 WG1 (2021) that these side effects are highly dependent on local context, management, prior land use and scale. Although the definition of CDR above assumes an underlying anthropogenic activity, the net balance of forest growth is part of climate reporting to the Framework on (). For wood-based products reporting allows half-life for remaining carbon in products, ranging from two years for paper to 25 years for wood panels and 35 years for sawn wood (FCCC/KP/AWG/2010/18/Add. 1). Thus a managed forest in itself could become net removals if harvested wood is used for creating bio-based products. Biomass used for bioenergy is conservatively reported as emitted at the moment of harvest. As such bioenergy could be climate neutral if regrowth in the managed forests equal or exceeds outtake for bioenergy, and net technical CDR if the biogenic CO2 emissions are captured and stored permanently. Some of the options also provide good complements. Biochar can be used as a soil improvement enhancing biomass yield and soil carbon formation while decreasing the need for irrigation and use of fertilizers. Similarly, good forest management practices can increase the uptake of CO2 in woody biomass used for different BECCS applications. 3. 2 of the easiest CDRs to understand from a conceptual point of view is DACCS. You take a machine that sucks CO2 from the ambient air and then store it for thousands of years.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: thaliana49 (Fig. 2a). The deletion was exclusively found in the Indian population with the alternate allele frequency of 73% (Fig. 2c). It is plausible that the deletion, due to its disruption potential at the cis-regulatory region, reduces the ability of the SOC1-like gene to respond to the upstream floral activators (e. g. CO) in S. polyrhiza, thus reducing the frequency of sexual reproduction in the Indian population (Fig. 2d). Consistently, this deletion negatively correlates with heterozygosity in the Indian population (3, Supplementary Fig. 9). Population epigenomic diversity in S. polyrhiza As changes in sexual reproduction can also alter epigenomic dynamics, we further investigated the patterns of population epigenomic diversity in S. polyrhiza. We selected five individuals from each population and quantified their shoot DNA methylation levels at single-base resolution using whole genome bisulphite sequencing. Similar to a recent study40, we found that only 1. 5% of cytosines are methylated in S. polyrhiza (7. 2% of CpG, 2. 2% of CHG, and 0. 1% of CHH; see 4), and the average species-wide methylation levels are much lower than all other investigated angiosperm species (Supplementary Fig. 10)31,50. The hierarchical clustering of 20 methylomes in CpG, CHG, and CHH contexts show high consistency with their genetic similarity (Supplementary Fig. 11–13). Few discrepancies were mostly found within the same population or between the recently diverged SE-Asian and European populations, which indicates that population demography can strongly affect epigenomic variations in S. polyrhiza. We then compared the genome-wide weighted methylation level (wML) among populations. For CpG methylation, the four populations did not differ at genome-wide levels (Fig. 3a). However, CpG methylation level in gene bodies (but not in TEs) was higher in the American population than the other three populations (Fig. 3d, g). For CHG, the Indian population had the lowest genome-wide methylation level among all four populations (Fig. 3b, 3e and 3h). Interestingly, for CHH, the American population had the lowest genome-wide methylation level (P < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms of genetic memory in various animal species. [SEP] Text: The mouse expresses a transgene that encodes the tau-βgal fusion protein, driven by the promoter for the immediate early gene c-fos. This immediate-early gene is expressed in neurons following functional stimulation, with expression shown to occur following a range of stimuli including stress, ischemia, sensory stimulation, endocrine hormones and various pharmacological agents [6]. The FTL transgene is thus rapidly expressed in neurons following functional stimulation, and trafficked throughout the cell body, dendrites and axon. This labelling enables the localisation of functionally activated neurons, the identification of their cellular morphologies and the connections they make with other neurons in the brain [6]. Labelling experiments that utilise the FTL mouse include the identification of the neuronal nuclei involved in osmoregulation [6], as well as the identification of light activated pathways in the visual system [7]. However, the findings most pertinent to this review occur from the analysis of FTL mouse brains following context fear conditioning. Context fear conditioning is a model for learning, and training FTL mice to associate the context of a shock chamber with the aversive stimulus of a foot-shock enables the identification of the neurons that are functionally activated by this association. Initially, a discrete population of glutamatergic neurons were identified along the lateral edge of the lateral amygdala [8]. These FTL + neurons only appeared in those FTL mice that had learned to associate the context with shock, indicating that these cells may be involved in the circuits responsible for this learning process [8]. A further study was able to identify other nuclei of labelled neurons, in the medial amygdala, the amygdalo-striatal transition region, and the ventromedial hypothalamus [9]. It was also shown that these regions were not activated following the recall of memory or following fear expression, but specifically by the association of context to shock, suggesting that these neurons were involved in this learning event [9]. These anatomically restricted populations were hypothesised to be nodes within a circuit for fear conditioning [9]. In this way, a modified version of the βgal marker protein has contributed to our understanding of the circuitry that underlies the formation of fear memories in mammals. Perhaps the most widely studied cellular marker protein is the Protein (GFP). First isolated from Aequorea jellyfish, GFP was found to produce bright green fluorescence in the presence of ultraviolet light [10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: The downside of DACCS is that the concentration of CO2 is 410 ppm, or 0. 041%. Capturing CO2 from such low concentrations requires large amounts of energy. Biomass grows by photosynthesis capturing carbon from CO2 in the surrounding air, much like DACCS (see Figure 7. 4). When biomass is used and replanted, the cycle can be carbon neutral or even positive in itself over time, contributing to natural CDR. When used in bio-based processes such as energy generation or in the pulp and paper industry, CO2 concentrations well above 10% might be reached. In an ongoing BECCS project in Stockholm where the aim is to put BECCS on an existing combined heat and power (CHP) plant the concentration of biogenic CO2 is approximately 18% in the flue gases (Gustavsson et al. , 2021). That is a 439 times higher concentration compared to the ambient air. The bio-based processes also generate energy and/or products that can be used to substitute fossil energy and products, p. 123thereby having a double climate benefit – both reduced emissions as fossil emissions are reduced through substitution and negative emissions that can counter hard-to abate sectors. 7. 4 Comparison of BECCS and figure as PowerPoint slide So while DACCS requires large amounts of energy to drive the capture process, BECCS provides usable products and services while capturing carbon with an atmospheric origin. The big downside of BECCS is the pace of photosynthesis and biomass growth. The near-term efficiency of BECCS therefore relies on the carbon cycles it is part of. Biomass is not a single entity and while garden waste and residues from agriculture could have carbon cycles within a year, other biogenic carbon cycles as trees are replanted and grow, which could last up to a century. Other woody biomass such as branches and tops and other residues from forestry to make board, pulp and paper have alternative GHG emissions through the alternative natural decay to methane resulting in short-term positive climate impact (Hammar and Levihn, 2020; Camia et al. , 2020). Similarly, the net carbon efficiency of DACCS is heavily dependent on what energy is used to drive the process, where energy generation could potentially emit more than what is captured. Among the present biomass utilization, one of the low-hanging fruits is biogenic CO2 from the pulp and paper industry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: To further understand the selection that drove the evolution within individual populations, we identified the signature of positive selection in a three-population tree using patterns of linked allele frequency differentiation and calculating the corresponding composite-likelihood ratio (CLR, see Methods). In total, we found 1,883 genes on the SE-Asian branch, 593 genes on the Indian branch and 401 genes on the European branch (Fig. 4a; see Section 1. 5 of the Supplementary Information) which showed strong signatures of selection (top 1% of CLR values). We found that genes under positive selection in the European branch are enriched with reproduction and development-related GO terms (Supplementary Fig. 15). Among these, SpGA2022_013448, in chromosome 9, is an ortholog of (FLK) that delays flowering by up-regulating FLC family members in A. thaliana76. This gene showed a strong signature of selection in the European branch but not in other branches (Fig. 4c and d). Similarly, SpGA2022_006111, on chromosome 3, is an ortholog of the A. thaliana (BB) that negatively regulates floral organ size and is also under selection in Europe77 (Fig. 4c). In the SE-Asian population, we found that gene SpGA2022_051517, a 3 (CMT3) homolog in A. thaliana, is involved in maintaining CpG, particularly CHG methylation17. This is consistent with the higher CpG and CHG methylation levels observed in the SE-Asian population when compared to the European and Indian populations (Fig. 3a and 3b). Within the Indian population, we found that five MADS-box genes have been under selection exclusively along this branch. Given that there are 43 MADS-box genes in the genome, the fact that five of them have been targeted by selection, constitutes a significant enrichment of such genes under selection (P = 0. 0075, Fisher’s Exact test). For example, SpGA2022_013078 is an ortholog of -LIKE6 (AGL6), which is involved in flower and meristem identity specification in rice78; SpGA2022_052274, a homolog of 3 (AP3), is involved in the petal and stamen specification in A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms of genetic memory in various animal species. [SEP] Text: containing the c-fos promoter regulating expression of tTa, which will bind to 2. the TetO promoter regulating expression of tau-LacZ. Binding to the TetO promoter is inhibited by doxycycline, and thus by maintaining the mice on doxycycline, this system is blocked. However, the second transgene also contains a doxycycline insensitive tTa, and once this transgene is activated, a feedback loop is established which will maintain expression of the doxycycline insensitive tTa and consequently also tau-LacZ. This allows for the long term tagging of neurons which express c-fos during the window when the mice were taken off doxycycline [23]. Using this TetTag mouse, a small number of neurons in the basolateral amygdala, which were activated and tagged during fear conditioning learning, were found to be subsequently reactivated during recall of fear conditioning [23]. It was thus suggested that these neurons were a stable neural correlate of fear memory. A variant of this experiment involved the c-fos-tTa transgene in combination with a TetO-GFP-GluR1 transgene [24]. GluR1 is a major subunit of the AMPA glutamate receptor and using this conditional marker mouse, the location of newly synthesised AMPA receptors could be followed using GFP fluorescence. Following fear conditioning, newly synthesised GluR1 receptors were found to be selectively associated with mushroom-type dendritic spines on hippocampal CA1 neurons [24]. These results were argued to be consistent with a synaptic tagging model whereby activated synapses capture new AMPA receptors as part the learning and memory process. 2. 2. Viral-mediated gene delivery Genetic manipulation of the neurons involved in learning and memory has also been achieved using viral methods of transgene delivery, enabling targeting of specific brain regions. In one series of studies, the question of how neurons become involved in memory was addressed and if the transcriptional status of the neuron at the time of learning was important in this process. For this, the function of CREB was manipulated via delivery of a series of different CREB containing viruses to the lateral amygdala [25, 26].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: As such, the term BECCS is somewhat misleading as it provides the notion that BECCS is the focus of biogenic energy, while a better concept would have been if BioCCS instead had been adopted. The example of Sweden is interesting in this context, where the potential for BECCS in present point sources in the pulp and paper industry is roughly two times higher than in present use for energy generation and no bioelectricity generation exists at all (Fuss and Johsson, 2021). This is contrary to much research (see, for example, Fajardy et al. , 2021) which often limits studies of BECCS to electricity production from biomass. There are also examples of research where the dedicated growing of biomass for BECCS is assumed. One such is Hanssen et al. (2020) where the problem of initial biomass is discussed. By this, Hanssen et al. (2020) refer to whether the existing biomass should be burnt with or without BECCS when land is made into plantations for biomass for biofuel and electricity production. Overlooking the potential at existing point sources of biogenic CO2 in CHP, as well as pulp and paper, underestimates the potential low-hanging fruits for BECCS (Levihn et al. , 2019). Different waste and residue streams also provide a great potential for fuels with biogenic origin suitable for BECCS. In some cases, such as municipal solid waste, there is a mixture of biogenic and fossil fractions which leads to a hybrid between reducing fossil emissions through CCS and creating BECCS through the biogenic fractions. p. 124 3. 3 of BECCS (and Other CDR) Understanding the business model of BECCS can be done by applying the structure of Tongur and Engwall (2014). The structure was created in relation to the dilemma of creating business models during technological shifts in markets: Value proposition: what is the value for the customers of the product or service provided? Value creation: what processes are required to provide the product or service? This includes everything from physical production to after-sales services and R&D activities. Value capture: simplified how does the producer get paid for supplying the product or service? How should cost and revenue stream be structured? This structure allows for an overview of required activities to make a technology shift happen and new technical or business solutions grow into markets. 3. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: thaliana79; and SpGA2022_006905 belongs to the (SVP-group) which controls the time of flowering and meristem identity80. We found 77 genes under positive selection (top 1% CLR values) in both the European and Indian populations (Fig. 4b), significantly more genes than expected by chance (P < 2. 2e-16, Fisher’s Exact Test). Among these, gene SpGA2022_055195, a homolog to CYP78A9 of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in A. thaliana, belongs to a highly conserved gene family CYP78A. Previous studies in A. thaliana and other species found that CYP78A9 plays a critical role in promoting cell proliferation during flower development and further impacts seed size81–83. Overall, these data consistently suggest that genes involved in reproduction and development were under selection in Indian and European populations, which might have led to reduced sexual reproduction in these two populations. DiscussionsHere, we characterized the genomic and epigenomic diversity, as well as the demographic history of a facultative asexual flowering plant, S. polyrhiza. We found that among populations of S. polyrhiza, demographic history and reproductive system jointly determine the population’s genomic and epigenomic diversity. Analyses on the footprint of selection suggest that natural selection drove the reduced vascular system and increased asexuality in S. polyrhiza. Theory predicts that asexual reproduction reduces genomic diversity and the efficiency of purifying selection84. Consistent with this prediction, at the species level, we found that S. polyrhiza has very low genomic diversity and reduced purifying selection (seen as an increased πN/πS ratio), when compared to a wide range of spermatophyte plants43. Within species, the SE-Asian population, which has the highest frequency of sexual reproduction based on the estimated recombination rate, has the highest genomic diversity, the lowest πN/πS ratio and the highest heterozygosity (Fig. 2b), supporting the theoretical prediction2,5,13−15. The low πN/πS ratio found in the European population, which has the lowest sexual reproduction and genomic diversity, is most likely due to its migration history. The demographic model suggested that the European population derived from the SE-Asian population very recently (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms of genetic memory in various animal species. [SEP] Text: Increasing CREB function in any lateral amygdala neuron appeared to increase the probability that this neuron was recruited into the fear memory trace, suggesting that CREB status is important in determining which neurons are involved in memory [25]. Further, ablation of these overexpressing CREB neurons after learning blocked the expression of the specific fear memory in which they were involved, establishing that these neurons were functionally required for that specific fear memory [26]. Broadly consistent results were found when the CREB viruses were targeted to the auditory thalamus [27]. Advertisement 3. Two-photon imaging using transgenic marker mice Transgenic marker mice have been used very successfully to follow changes in neuron structure over time. In initial studies of this kind, individual neurons were imaged in developing hippocampus of rat brains expressing enhanced GFP, via infection with GFP encoding Sindbis virus [28]. Imaging of the neurons was done using two-photon laser scanning microscopy, which has the advantage of detecting the fluorescence signal with very low levels of photobleaching and phototoxicity. This allows for repeated high resolution imaging deep into living neural tissue with little effect on the imaged neurons. These studies demonstrated change in dendritic structure driven by high frequency synaptic stimulation, suggesting that synaptic activation during development could contribute to development of neural circuitry [28]. Subsequent studies have undertaken imaging of dendritic spines over time. Dendritic spines are protrusions from dendrites and are the postsynaptic sites of excitatory synapses. Thus imaging changes in dendritic spines over time is a very good approach to studying structural synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity is thought to be a prime candidate mechanism underlying the processes involved in learning and memory. Two-photon imaging of dendritic spines was undertaken in hippocampal slices [29] using one of the lines of thy1-GFP expressing mice (line M) generated by Feng et al. [18]. Induction of LTP in these slices resulted in a transient increase in spine area of a small fraction of spines. Similar to LTP, this increase was dependent on NMDA receptor activation which is hypothesised to contribute to the synapse remodelling that occurs in LTP [29]. Similar results were obtained in experiments using hippocampal slices from non-transgenic rats [30].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: 1 Value proposition Assuming a sustainable biomass supply, BECCS provides renewable energy and/or products and services to consumers that can be offered to consumers to substitute fossil energy and/or products and services. The demand for substitution increases both with changed consumer p3. 3. 2 Value creation To create BECCS several business activities must be arranged in a value chain. To start, a supply of biomass must be arranged. The biomass could be either the residue of other activities or p. 125a primary outtake. This biomass must then be transported to a facility where it is turned into energy and/or products and services. From here the business of renewable energy, products and services departs from the business of CDR. Distributing renewable energy, products and services could have both longer and shorter value chains and will be left out of this discussion. From the process of generating energy products and services a stream of biogenic CO2 is generated among other gases. The next step in this value creation is to capture and separate the CO2. The CO2 must then be stored permanently. In-between transport between capture and storage might be required. Each of these steps in a BECCS value chain could have greater or lesser levels of vertical integration. In other words, if a legal entity controls multiple parts of this value chain (higher degree of vertical integration) or if different legal entities are involved in each step (lower degree of vertical integration). 7. 5 The value chain of BECCS including its linkage to renewable energy, products and services Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide bio sector provides an interesting example. Sweden has about 10 million inhabitants and over 300,000 forest owners. Some larger forest owners organized in larger corporations have machinery and logistics for taking out biomass and timber, while many smaller ones would consult a forestry corporation (smaller or larger) on its behalf. From here the biomass and timber are supplied to a corporation producing REPS which will be part of their individual value chains where energy carriers, pulp and paper, timber, houses, furniture, wooden constructions and much more are created. To create BECCS from a REPS value chain the CO2 must be stored. Corporations in REPS might be good at process and process integration, in the case of biogas and biofuel production they even have core competence around capture processes. These industries typically have low capabilities related to actually storing CO2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1d). It is likely that the πN/πS ratio in the European population remained the same as its ancestral population and has not reached an equilibrium level yet. While there are fewer genome-wide SVs in S. polyrhiza compared to other species44,45, we found these variants and small INDELs are in tendency enriched in MADS-box genes. This indicates that the loss-of-function of MADS-box genes, many of them involved in flower development and sexual reproduction, is under natural selection. The results are consistent with the observation that the number of functional MADS-box genes was dramatically reduced in S. polyrhiza85. Single-base resolution methylomes of 20 individuals showed that the overall CpG, CHG and CHH methylation levels in S. polyrhiza shoots are very low, consistent with previous studies40,86. The low levels of DNA methylation might be associated with reduced sexual reproduction: while CpG and CHG methylations in plants are important for controlling cross-overs during meiosis87 and are increased during male gametogenesis, CHH methylation is highly accumulated during embryogenesis19,25−27. In facultative asexual plants, due to reduced sexual reproduction and meiosis, the selection of genetic mechanisms maintaining or increasing the CpG, CHG and CHH methylation is reduced or absent, which might have led to the reduced CpG, CHG and CHH methylation levels. Consistently, a recent study suggests that S. polyrhiza has lost several genes in the RdDM pathway86. Interestingly, within species, the methylation profile of the 20 individuals correlates with their genetic distance (Supplementary Fig. 11–13), indicating a gradual evolution of DNA methylomes in S. polyrhiza. For example, the Indian and European populations, which diverged from SE-Asian populations around 51,000 and 12,000 generations ago, gradually decreased their DNA methylations (Fig. 3a-c). At the species level, using a genome-wide scan approach, we found a strong signature of natural selection on genes involved in flower and seed development. indicating that the evolution of reproduction, likely, an increased clonal propagation in S. polyrhiza, was driven by natural selection. This is consistent with the pattern that many aquatic organisms reproduce clonally88.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms of genetic memory in various animal species. [SEP] Text: In further experiments using the thy1-GFP-M mice [18], two-photon microscopy was used to study relationships between spines following LTP [31]. Following induction of LTP at individual synapses of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, the response thresholds at closely neighbouring synapses on the same dendrite were found to be altered [31]. Thus, presentation of low level stimuli, which were normally too weak to induce LTP, resulted in robust LTP and spine enlargement at these neighbouring synapses. The reduction in this threshold for LTP was short lived (~10 minutes) and extended over 10 micron of dendrite length. It was proposed that these interactions between neighbouring synapses were consistent with clustered models of plasticity in memory storage as well as providing a mechanism for binding of behaviourally linked information within a small region of a dendrite [31]. 3. 1. Two-photon imaging in vivo The two-photon imaging approach has been extended to studies of living animals to great effect. This is done by removing a small area of skull from the mice, which allows for repeated imaging of the exposed cortex using two-photon microscopy. The major advance in this approach is that single neurons can be studied in living mice over extended periods of time, up to many months. This allows for the mapping of spines on a particular dendrite and the tracking of the changes in spine number, morphology and lifetime of individual spines over this time. Thus, one can examine the effects of learning on spines, and accompanying studies can ask if the observed spine changes result in synaptic changes. The first studies to use this approach undertook imaging of spines in individual pyramidal neurons in visual cortex and barrel cortex over periods of a month to over a year [32, 33]. Using thy1-GFP-line H mice [18], they found that dendritic structure was essentially stable, and that spines appear and disappear. In barrel cortex, 50% of spines were stable for at least a month, with the other spines present for days or less [32]. These spine changes were shown to correlate with synaptic change. Further, sensory experience of the facial whiskers (the principle input for the barrel cortex) resulted in increased spine turnover [32]. In adult visual cortex, the great majority of spines were stable for at least one month [33].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture will soon solve all problems related to climate change. [SEP] Text: The oil industry on the other hand sits on these capabilities and developments in Europe at the moment, for example, the oil industry targeting potential CCS and BECCS with an offer of storage as a service. The cost of transport and storage differs with context and geographical location. et al. (2021) a cost range of 4–90 $/tonne was cited with a European reference in the project citing costs of 30–55 $/tonne. Lights project is a joint venture between oil giants Equinor, Shell and Total with the aim of supplying transport and storage as a service. This is also a new approach from the first generation of CCS (Loria and Bright, 2021) where one firm controlled the whole value chain. Today many projects similar to focus on providing transport and storage as a service on the basis of key capabilities and knowledge for example in the oil and gas sector, while the capture and biomass value chains are the key capabilities of energy utilities and the pulp and paper industry. p. 126 Today, 26 storage projects are operational and stored CO2 behaves as predicted (Loria and Bright, 2021). Many of these have been focused on utilizing captured CO2 as a means of extracting more hydrocarbons such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR). EOR is controversial, especially in relation to BECCS and CDR. Technologies for capturing CO2 have been available since the mid-20th century, but applied as CO2 scrubbers in industrial processes rather than the purpose of permanent capture and storage. These applications can be found for example in ammonia manufacturing and natural gas processing. CO2 capture has been used as part of processes to get the desired quality in a product with the CO2 released after being captured. There are exceptions though. A few projects have focused on dedicated storage, for example, CCS projects in Norway. One example is the project. The basis for the rationale and development of this project was that Norwegian natural gas had a too high CO2 content and was thus of the wrong quality for the international natural gas market. To improve the quality, CO2 has been scrubbed and, if released into the atmosphere, it was targeted by the Norwegian CO2 tax. To reduce costs CO2 has been injected into a dedicated storage formation since year 1995 with 0. 9 Mt of CO2 stored annually (project database, 2021).

Output: contrast