Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: muciniphila influences cognition-linked metabolic factors, such as insulin sensitivity (Willmann et al. , äring, Fritsche and Heni2020), suggests that it may have the potential for improving cognitive health during ageing. The efficacy of probiotics was also assessed in AD with mixed findings (Agahi et al. , and Salami2018; Akbari et al. , and Salami2016). study using a multispecies mixture containing different stains and species of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium for 12 weeks, did not find a positive effect on cognition in patients with severe AD (Agahi et al. , and Salami2018). It is plausible that probiotics may not exert positive effects on cognition when the damage is too advanced. Supplementation with a probiotic milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus fermentum another Iranian study showed improved insulin sensitivity, lower levels of the inflammatory marker CRP, and an improved cognitive score in the Mini-Examination (MMSE) after 12-weeks supplementation (Akbari et al. , and Salami2016). Furthermore, one study found that a probiotic mix containing L. acidophilus, B. bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum combined with selenium improved the MMSE score in patients with AD (Tamtaji et al. , Reference Tamtaji, Heidari--Ebrahimi and Asemi2019), while another study in a Caucasian population did not find benefits on a cognitive score in AD with a multispecies probiotic consisting of L. casei W56, L. lactis W19, L. acidophilus W22, B. lactis W52, L. paracasei W20, L. plantarum W62, B. lactis W51, B. bifidum W23 and L. salivarius W24 (Leblhuber et al. , Reference Leblhuber, Steiner, Schuetz, Fuchs and Gostner2018) possibly due to the shorter intervention time. The criteria for recruiting subjects across MCI and AD studies differ substantially. Similarly, the evaluation metrics for cognitive assessments also differ.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Thirteen commercial aloe products were purchased from various stores in Cyprus. Ten of these products were aloe vera juice drinks, whose labels indicated the absence of aloins; two of these were pharmaceutical products (tabs that support healthy digestion and colon cleansing), and dried aloe vera gel snacks. 2. 3. Instrumentation and All experiments were performed on an HPLC system from Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan), equipped with a pump (LC-10AD), a PDA detector (SPD-M20A), an autosampler (SIL-20AHT) and a thermostat column compartment (CTO-10ASVP). The PDA detector was set at 357 nm for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin. For quantitative purposes, the wavelength of 220 nm was selected for aloe emodin, since maximum absorption was observed at this particular wavelength. The analysis of samples was carried out using an column Venusil XBP C18 (L) 4. 6 mm x 150 mm and 5 µm p2. 4. The leaf from the aloe plant was initially cut into three equal pieces. Then, they were turned over, with their tip cut, in a pre-weighed beaker for latex collection. The collection time varied from 1, 4. 5 and 24 hours. The obtained yellow liquid was dried in the oven for one hour at 50 oC, and the beaker was weighed again. Subsequently, a volume of 70% v/v MeOH was added, corresponding to 100 times the weight of the mass. The mixture was sonicated for 30 minutes at room temperature and then adjusted to its initial volume by adding the required amount of 70% v/v MeOH. The solution was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0. 45-µm PTFE filter. Before HPLC analysis, the extract was diluted with 70% v/v MeOH with a ratio of 1:10. As far as the aloe-based products are concerned, the initial steps of the sample preparation procedure were varied. In particular, for the aloe-based tablets, 8–10 tabs were grounded and homogenized.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chen, Flexible supercapacitors based on carbon nanomaterials, Chinese Chem. Lett. 29 (2018) 571–581. [58] Y. Ma, Y. Chen, Three-dimensional graphene networks : Synthesis, properties and applications, Natl. Sci. Rev. 2 (2015) 40-53. [59] X. Cao, Z. Yin, H. Zhang, Three-dimensional graphene materials: Preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 1850–1865. [60] Z. Chen, W. Ren, L. Gao, B. Liu, S. Pei, H. M. Cheng, Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapour deposition, Nat. Mater. 10 (2011) 424–428. [61] J. Sha, C. Gao, S. K. Lee, Y. Li, N. Zhao, J. M. Tour, Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foams using powder metallurgy templates, ACS Nano 10 (2016) 1411–1416. [62] -dimensional graphene and their integrated electrodes, 9 (2014) 785–807. [63] Q. Fang, Y. Shen, B. Chen, Synthesis, decoration and properties of three-dimensional graphene-based macrostructures: A review, Chem. Eng. J. 264 (2015) 753–771. [64] Z. Yang, S. Chabi, Y. Xia, Y. Zhu, Preparation of 3D graphene-based architectures and their applications in supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 25 (2015) 554–562. [65] Y. Ping, Y. Gong, Q. Fu, C. Pan, Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foam for high performance supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 27 (2017) 177–181. [66] H. Huang, Y. Tang, L. Xu, S. Tang, Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Larger, well-controlled RCTs with harmonised inclusion and cognitive evaluation criteria, and longer interval follow-ups are needed to provide more reliable evidence (Xiang et al. , and Tan2022). Apart from interventions with classical lactic acid bacteria, studies utilising preclinical models showed that a combination of five Lactobacillus strains with five Enterococcus strains had beneficial effects on high-fat diet–induced disturbances of the microbiome, intestinal permeability, metabolism, immunity ultimately improving physical decline in older mice (Ahmadi et al. , and Yadav2020). Interestingly, a recent preclinical study suggests that Enterococcus faecalis plays a role in regulating social behaviour and social stress-induced stress response in mice (Wu et al. , -Haq, Beadle, Gradinaru, Ismagilov and Mazmanian2021b) though ageing was not considered in this paper. Apart from studies examining older individuals with dementia or pre-dementia status, there is very limited evidence of the beneficial effects of probiotics on cognition in healthy older adults with memory complaints. Herein, probiotic-induced improvements have thus far been observed only under conditions where additional stressors were present (Eastwood et al. , and Lamport2021). For instance, one Korea-based study found that Lactobacillus helveticus IDCC3801 fermented milk improved cognitive functioning during cognitive fatigue tests (Chung et al. , and Chae2014). It seems that the cognitive status and accompanied underlying physiological changes could be predictive for the susceptibility of an individual to cognitive decline, although more studies are needed to understand the factors driving sensitivity to probiotic interventions. Studies on the use of probiotics for PD are sparse. Pilot data in an open-label, single-arm, baseline-controlled trial suggests possible benefits on motor skills and quality of life with L. plantarum PS128 (Lu et al. , and Tsai2021). Further placebo-controlled studies are needed to support these initial results. Certain clinical studies are looking into the prevention of neurodegenerative conditions through microbiome-targeted strategies utilising microbial metabolites such as SCFAs. Duscha et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The stability of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin was determined based on the area of the peaks for the time t = 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 336 hours. For each time point, three repetitions were performed. 2. 6. – results obtained were expressed as mean values ± standard deviation (SD). The means were compared, and statistical differences were obtained through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For sample classification according to seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, the results were obtained by use of HPLC, and qualitative variables of plants were statistically processed using SIMCA 17. 0. 1 software (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden). Each sample was considered as an assembly of four variables: total aloins content, concentration of aloins A and B, and growing conditions or climate variation. PCA was performed to overview the data and classify the observations. This procedure was mainly applied to estimate the systematic variation of the observations and to reduce the dimensionality of the data matrix. The input data were mean-centered with Scaling (UV) and the PCA model was extracted at a confidence level of 95%. 3. Results and Discussion 3. 1. In the current study, different parameters were examined to determine the optimal chromatographic conditions. Experiments with standard solutions of aloe emodin, aloin A and aloin B were initially performed. Both C18 (150 mm) and C8 (150 mm) columns were examined. The use of C18 (150 mm) resulted in a better efficiency while the analysis time was similar for both columns. In particular, the peak efficiencies for columns C18 and C8 were 32564 and 14817 for aloin A, 27764 and 12288 for aloin B, and 80700 and 25889 for aloe emodin, respectively. At the same time, no significant differences were observed in analysis time using both C8 (21 min) and C18 (24 min) stationary phases. The mobile phase consisted of water and ACN in different ratios. The analysis was performed by either isocratic or gradient elution. In particular, for isocratic elution, baseline separation for aloins was achieved only by water 80% and ACN 20%. However, a peak tailing appeared and the analysis time was greater than 60 minutes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Du, Direct formation of reduced graphene oxide and 3D lightweight nickel network composite foam by hydrohalic acids and its application for high-performance supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 10248–10257. [67] H. Huang, L. Xu, Y. Tang, S. Tang, Y. Du, Facile synthesis of nickel network supported three-dimensional graphene gel as a lightweight and binder-free electrode for high rate performance supercapacitor application, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 2426–2433. [68] J. Yang, E. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Yu, J. Qu, Z. Yu, Direct reduction of graphene oxide by ni foam as a high-capacitance supercapacitor electrode, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 2297-2305. [69] S. Sivaprakash, P. Sivaprakash, A facile synthesis of graphene foam as electrode material for supercapacitor, Mater. Res. Express 3 (2016) 1–7. [70] P. Miao, J. He, Z. Sang, F. Zhang, J. Guo, D. Su, X. Yan, X. Li, H. Ji, Hydrothermal growth of 3D graphene on nickel foam as a substrate of nickel-cobalt-sulfur for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 732 (2018) 613–623. [71] Z. Niu, J. Chen, H. H. Hng, J. Ma, X. Chen, A leavening strategy to prepare reduced graphene oxide foams, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 4144–4150. [72] W. Y. Tsai, R. Lin, S. Murali, L. Li. Gogotsi, P. Simon, Outstanding performance of activated graphene based supercapacitors in ionic liquid electrolyte from -50 to 80°C, 2 (2013) 403–411. [73] Y. Zhu, S. . Cai, P. J. Ferreira, A. . Thommes, D.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: (-and Haghikia2020) have shown that two weeks of propionic acid intake leads to a sustained increase of immunoregulatory T (Treg) cells while three years of propionic acid intake positively influenced functional parameters through a reduced relapse rate associated with reduced brain atrophy. In addition, preclinical models have shown that modulation of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline can be achieved through oral supplementation with butyrate (Govindarajan et al. , Reference Govindarajan, Agis-Balboa, Walter, Sananbenesi and Fischer2011; Matt et al. , and Johnson2018), however, these findings have yet to be explored in humans. In contrast, a population-based cohort in France with over 9,000 community dwellers aged 65 years or more, found that increased propionic acid in serum was associated with increased odds of cognitive decline (Neuffer et al. , Reference Neuffer, González-Domínguez, Lefèvre-de às, Urpi-Sardà, Sánchez-Pla, Andres-Lacueva and Samieri2022). Mediation analyses suggested that this adverse association may be mediated through hypercholesterolemia and glycaemia with a strong correlation with a fasting blood glucose suggesting metabolic disruption as a possible pathway in relation of propionic acid to cognitive health (Neuffer et al. , Reference Neuffer, González-Domínguez, Lefèvre-de às, Urpi-Sardà, Sánchez-Pla, Andres-Lacueva and Samieri2022). Overall these data suggests that the effect of microbial metabolites are context-dependent where further research is needed to understand how underlying conditions can prevent or perturbate the effects of microbial metabolites. Intriguingly, a recent study suggests that the bacteriophages group Caudovirales can improve executive function and memory in both preclinical models and in humans (Mayneris-Perxachs et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It was observed that gradient elution provided better separation in terms of analysis time and peak shape. The optimal gradient elution was water and ACN decreased from 80–50% and increased from 20–50%, respectively, until 20 minutes. Then, the solvent ratio remained constant at 50% for both water and ACN. The effect of temperature was also examined in regards to analysis time and resolution. In this study, the temperature varied from 25 oC to 40 oC. Although an increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in analysis time, the optimum temperature was 25 oC, due to the instability of analytes at high temperatures. The use of the above optimum conditions resulted in a total run time of 22 minutes. The retention times for aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were 10. 47, 9. 49 and 20. 91 minutes, respectively. In this case, the resolution of aloins A and B was 4. 1. Figure 1 demonstrates the chromatograms obtained from the analysis of aloe vera samples (latex extract and aloe juice) under the optimum chromatographic conditions. 3. 2. The intraday and interday precisions for aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were evaluated by computing relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention times. In the first case, RSD was obtained from nine consecutive chromatographic runs, while in the second case, it was obtained by use of fifteen runs (three replicate runs per day performed in five consecutive days). In all cases, RSD values were below 0. 6%. Calibration curves were generated by plotting the peak area versus the analyte concentrations in standard solutions. Linear correlation was observed with R2 values greater than 0. 99. LODs and LOQs ranged from 0. 06-16. 00 µg/mL and 0. 17–48. 40 µg/mL, respectively. All this data is demonstrated in Table 1. In addition, all analytes demonstrated excellent extraction recoveries (latex extracts), with values ranging from 97–99%. Table 1 Range of calibration curve, linear equation, coefficients of determination (R2), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), intraday and interday validation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: -based supercapacitors, Science 332 (2011) 1537–1542. [74] B. G. Choi, M. 3D Macroporous graphene frameworks for supercapacitors with high energy and power densities, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 4020–4028. [75] Y. Cai, A. Zhang, Y. Ping Feng, C. Zhang, Switching and rectification of a single light-sensitive diarylethene molecule sandwiched between graphene nanoribbons, J. Chem. Phys. 135 (2011) 1-6. [76] M. P. Down, C. E. Banks, Freestanding Three-dimensional graphene macroporous supercapacitor, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1 (2018) 891–899. [77] S. Yang, Y. Liu, Y. Hao, X. . Cao, Oxygen-vacancy abundant ultrafine Co3O4/graphene composites for high-rate supercapacitor electrodes, Adv. Sci. 5 (2018) 1-10. [78] X. Cao, Y. Shi, W. Shi, G. Lu, X. Huang, Q. Yan, Preparation of novel 3d graphene networks for supercapacitor applications, Small 7 (2011) 3163–3168. [79] C. Jiang, B. Zhao, J. Cheng, J. Li, H. Zhang, Z. Tang, J. Yang, Hydrothermal synthesis of Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes on 3D graphene foam for high-performance supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 173 (2015) 399–407. [80] J. Gao, H. Xuan, Y. Xu, T. Liang, X. Han, J. Yang, P. Han, D. Wang, Y. Du, Interconnected network of zinc-cobalt layered double hydroxide stick onto rGO/nickel foam for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 286 (2018) 92–102. [81] X. Dong, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. B. Chan-Park, X. Li, L. Wang, W.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Mayneris-Perxachs, Castells-Nobau, Arnoriaga-Rodríguez, Garre-Olmo, Puig, Ramos, Martínez-Hernández, Burokas, Coll, Moreno-Navarrete, Zapata-Tona, Pedraza, Pérez-Brocal, Ramió-Torrentà, Ricart, Moya, Martínez-García, Maldonado and Fernández-Real2022). However, the impact of bacteriophages on cognitive health in the elderly remains underexplored. It is plausible that some of the apparent effects that bacteria have on the host may be in part mediated or influenced by bacteriophages (Teng et al. , and Zhang2022). evidence for prebiotics, substrates that are selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit (Gibson et al. , and Reid2017), to improve brain health in ageing is limited. Despite this lack of research, there is some evidence that a prebiotic mix containing inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides can improve frailty, a risk factor for cognitive decline (Borges et al. , Reference Borges, Canevelli, Cesari and Aprahamian2019), under certain conditions (Buigues et al. , Reference Buigues, Fernandez-Garrido, Pruimboom, Hoogland, Navarro-Martinez, Martinez-Martinez, Verdejo, Mascaros, Peris and Cauli2016; Theou et al. , Reference Theou, Jayanama, Fernandez-Garrido, Buigues, Pruimboom, Hoogland, Navarro-Martinez, Rockwood and Cauli2019) without showing a benefit on cognition (Buigues et al. , Reference Buigues, Fernandez-Garrido, Pruimboom, Hoogland, Navarro-Martinez, Martinez-Martinez, Verdejo, Mascaros, Peris and Cauli2016). Preclinically, supplementation with inulin decreased neuroinflammation in brains of middle-aged mice (Boehme et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (mg/mL) Linear equation R2 LOD (µg/mL) LOQ (µg/mL) Intraday (n = 9) RSD% Interday (5 days) RSD% 0. 1–0. 5 y = 21854855x-636924 0. 999 16. 0 48. 4 0. 16 0. 49 0. 0002-0. 01 y = 39860424x + 1133 0. 999 0. 06 0. 17 0. 05–0. 25 y = 18273742x-163888 0. 999 7. 30 22. 2 0. 17 0. 50 0. 0002-0. 01 y = 14374441x + 285 0. 999 0. 07 0. 20 Aloe emodin 0. 0025-0. 2 y = 61738263-65079 0. 998 4. 88 14. 79 0. 15 0. 51 3. 3. Another important factor to consider was the stability of the standard solutions and the latex extracts. To evaluate this parameter, acidified and non-acidified standard solutions and latex extracts were prepared and stored at room temperature for 336 hours. At different time periods, analysis was performed, peak areas were determined and the results were expressed as a percentage of non-degradation (Tables 2 and 3). For time t = 0, the percentage was 100%. It was observed that the standard solutions of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were more stable upon the addition of 0. 1% acetic acid. The stability of the analytes was maintained over a period of 48 hours. After 72 hours, degradation seemed to be faster in the non-acidified mixture. Fourteen days later, an additional peak was observed, which is probably attributed to a degradation product. It was also concluded that aloe emodin is not the direct product of the degradation of aloins, since there was no increase in its area. Table 2 Stability of acidified and non-acidified standards solutions. Acidified standard solutions Non-acidified standard solutions Time (hours) Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 4 97. 4 96. 8 99. 0 96. 2 95. 7 96. 4 8 96. 2 91. 5 94.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Huang, P. Chen, Supercapacitor electrode based on three-dimensional graphene-polyaniline hybrid, Mater. Chem. Phys. 134 (2012) 576–580. [82] J. all-solid-state supercapacitors based on highly conductive polypyrrole-coated graphene foam, Chem. Eng. J. 349 (2018) 111–118. [83] C. Xiang, M. Li, M. Zhi, A. Manivannan, N. Wu, A reduced graphene oxide/Co3O4 composite for supercapacitor electrode, J. 226 (2013) 65–70. [84] X. C. Dong, H. -Park, H. Zhang, L. H. Wang, W. Huang, P. Chen, 3D graphene-cobalt oxide electrode for high-performance supercapacitor and enzymeless glucose detection, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 3206–3213. [85] Y. He, W. Chen, X. Li, Z. Zhang, J. Fu, C. Zhao, E. Xie, Freestanding three-dimensional graphene/MnO2 composite networks as ultralight and flexible supercapacitor electrodes, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 174–182. [86] J. Ji, L. L. Zhang, H. Ji, Y. Li, X. Zhao, X. Bai, X. Fan, F. Zhang, R. S. Ruoff, Nanoporous Ni(OH)2 thin film on 3D ultrathin-graphite foam for asymmetric supercapacitor, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 6237–6243. [87] W. Zhou, X. Cao, Z. Zeng, W. Shi, Y. Zhu, Q. Yan, H. Liu, J. Wang, H. Zhang, One-step synthesis of Ni3S2 nanorod@Ni(OH)2 nanosheet core-shell nanostructures on a three-dimensional graphene network for high-performance supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 2216–2221. [88]. Lee, S. C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Boehme, van de Wouw, Bastiaanssen, Olavarría-Ramírez, and Cryan2020), while inulin in combination with Enterococcus faecium (Romo-Araiza et al. , Reference Romo-Araiza, Gutierrez-Salmean, Galvan, Hernandez-Frausto, Herrera-Lopez, Romo-Parra, Garcia-Contreras, Fernandez-Presas, Jasso-Chavez, Borlongan and Ibarra2018) showed similar effects in aged mice (Matt et al. , and Johnson2018), and modulated brain ageing-related metabolites such as TMAO following chronic stress in the brains of aged mice (Cruz-Pereira et al. , Reference Cruz--Bisa, van de Wouw, Fitzgerald, Dinan, Clarke and Cryan2022). Possible mechanisms may include microbial metabolite signalling-mediated modulation of peripheral and brain immune activation, modulation of brain metabolites, stimulation of gut hormones and neurotransmitter signalling (Boehme et al. , Reference Boehme, van de Wouw, Bastiaanssen, Olavarría-Ramírez, and Cryan2020; Matt et al. , and Johnson2018; Stilling et al. , Reference Stilling, van de Wouw, Clarke, Stanton, Dinan and Cryan2016; van de Wouw et al. , Reference van de Wouw, Boehme, Dinan and Cryan2019). Moreover, the combination of the prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharide with multiple bacterial strains (L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus and B. lactis) mildly enhanced cognitive performance in healthy elderly (Louzada and Ribeiro, and Ribeiro2020). dietary interventions modulating the gut microbiota composition has been proposed to combat age-related decline and improve physiological well-being (Cryan et al. , Reference Cryan, Boehme and Dinan2019a). From epidemiological studies, compelling evidence suggests that Mediterranean diet can be beneficial for the ageing human brain (van de Rest et al. , Reference van de Rest, Berendsen, Haveman-Nies and de Groot2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 7 92. 3 89. 7 89. 9 12 92. 2 90. 5 89. 9 91. 6 89. 2 86. 8 24 91. 9 90. 0 86. 3 90. 3 86. 4 82. 9 48 90. 4 89. 5 85. 6 89. 1 85. 9 82. 6 72 80. 7 87. 6 82. 1 77. 2 83. 8 65. 0 336 (14 days) 67. 7 74. 0 45. 8 52. 2 63. 2 44. 2 Table 3 Stability of acidified and non-acidified latex extract. Acidified latex extract Non-acidified latex extract Time (hours) Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) a Aloe emodin 0 100 100 ND 100 100 ND 4 95. 8 95. 5 ND 94. 1 94. 9 ND 8 92. 8 93. 2 ND 90. 0 90. 0 ND 12 87. 4 89. 5 ND 85. 0 89. 2 ND 24 82. 3 88. 0 ND 74. 7 80. 5 ND 48 80. 2 85. 3 ND 71. 5 75. 3 ND 72 72. 0 81. 2 100 59. 1 61. 4 100 336 (14 days) 49. 1 69. 8 109. 3 35. 3 39. 8 116. 1 a ND: not detected As far as the stability of aloe latex extract is concerned, it was observed that aloe emodin was not present in the latex extract from Miller. After 72 hours though, aloe emodin started to appear in the chromatograms, and the area of the peak increased more fourteen days later, possibly due to plant enzymes that contribute to the degradation of aloins A and B into aloe emodin. It was observed that the stability was slightly higher in the acidified sample, which was preserved for 24 hours. The non-acidified extract degraded more quickly, with a significant increase in decomposition after 12 hours. 3. 4. Quantitation of Aloins in Plants 3. 4. 1. Effect of this study, three aloe plants were used and three different latex collection times were examined. In particular, the leaves from each aloe vera plant were allowed to drip for 1, 4. 5 and 24 hours, respectively, and the latex was collected. All samples were prepared according to the procedure mentioned earlier.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Jun, Enhanced symmetric supercapacitive performance of Co(OH)2 nanorods decorated conducting porous graphene foam electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 129 (2014) 334–342. [89] S. Sun, P. Wang, S. Wang, Q. Wu, S. Fang, Fabrication of MnO2/nanoporous 3D graphene for supercapacitor electrodes, Mater. Lett. 145 (2015) 141–144. [90]. facile synthesis of hierarchical α-MnO2 nanofibers on 3D-graphene foam for supercapacitor application, Mater. Lett. 119 (2014) 135–139. [91] W. Deng, Y. Sun, Q. Su, E. Xie, W. Lan, Porous CoO nanobundles composited with 3D graphene foams for supercapacitors electrodes, Mater. Lett. 137 (2014) 124–127. [92] S. Khamlich, T. Khamliche, M. S. Dhlamini, M. Khenfouch, B. M. Mothudi, M. Maaza, Rapid microwave-assisted growth of silver nanop137. [93] W. Wang, S. Guo, I. Lee, K. Ahmed, J. Zhong, Z. Favors, F. Zaera, M. Ozkan, C. S. Ozkan, Hydrous ruthenium oxide nanop9. [94] X. Yu, B. Lu, Z. Xu, Super long-life supercapacitors based on the construction of nanohoneycomb-like strongly coupled CoMoO4-3D graphene hybrid electrodes, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 1044–1051. [95] X. Hong, B. Zhang, E. Murphy, J. Zou, F. Kim, Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite film prepared by diffusion driven layer-by-layer assembly for high-performance supercapacitors, J. 343 (2017) 60–66. [96] A. A. Mirghni, D. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Components of a Mediterranean diet such as Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3-PUFAs) or vitamin A have been shown to elicit protective effects on the ageing brain in preclinical models (Labrousse et al. , and Laye2012; Touyarot et al. , and Pallet2013). Also, polyphenols have been shown to positively influence cognition in preclinical and clinical settings (de Vries et al, Reference de Vries, Medawar, Korosi and Witte2021). Conversely, these nutrients have been shown to modulate the gut microbiota and can rescue microbiome-associated perturbations on brain health in preclinical models (Donoso et al. , and Cryan2020; Provensi et al. , and Passani2019). Work from the NU-AGE consortium shed light onto the relationship between Mediterranean diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota and their link to improved health in elderly, showing reduced frailty and improved health status associated with an intermediate microbiome response (Ghosh et al. , --Ferre, Nicoletti, De Vos, Fairweather-Tait, Cassidy, Brigidi, Franceschi and O’Toole2020). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was linked to increased abundance in taxa which were positively associated with improved health outcomes such as decreased frailty and improved cognition, and negatively associated with inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-17 (IL-17) suggesting that Mediterranean diet may have the potential to promote healthier ageing (Ghosh et al. , --Ferre, Nicoletti, De Vos, Fairweather-Tait, Cassidy, Brigidi, Franceschi and O’Toole2020). Accumulating preclinical and clinical research highlights IL-17 as a major cytokine involved in neurodegenerative processes and cognitive decline (Brigas et al. , -Murcia, Carvalho, Faivre, Costa-Pereira, Darrigues, de -Santos, Lopes and Ribot2021; Cipollini et al. , Reference Cipollini, Anrather, Orzi and Iadecola2019; Regen et al. , -and Waisman2021), suggesting that dietary strategies which decrease IL-17 could promote healthy ageing (Dupraz et al. , and Michel2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Taking into consideration the position of each leaf, while maintaining the same numbering of the leaves from the base to the upper level, allowed us to compare the three latex collection times. For a collection time of 1 hour, the amounts of aloin A and B were 40–50% less than the ones obtained when other collection times were used. It was concluded that one hour was not enough to collect all the latex from the leaf. A 4. 5-hour time collection was adequate to collect all the latex since the concentrations of both aloins were similar to the concentrations obtained when the latex was collected after 24 hours. Therefore, in all subsequent experiments, latex was collected within 4. 5 hours. 3. 4. 2. Effect of Eighteen different aloe plants were used to study the effect of aloe plant conditions on the concentration of aloins A and B. Aloe emodin was not present in any of the Miller plants studied, although this was not in agreement with other studies [27, 28]. All the experiments required for the analysis of all the leaves in one plant were conducted within 3–4 days to avoid any alteration of the aloin content. In a study by Gutterman and Chauser-Volfson, it was reported that it had not yet been known how the cutting of one leave may affect the aloin content of the other leaves [8]. Therefore, it was considered important to study such a parameter. In particular, aloin content was determined in leaves that were harvested during summer or winter and plants were cultivated in soil and pots, in leaves from plants that were cultivated indoors in a pot and in leaves from plants under stress. Different factors such as seasonal variation, plant cultivation as well as environmental and plant conditions was evaluated for their contribution in aloins content. 3. 4. 2. 1. Effect of seasonal variation Leaves of twelve Miller plants were harvested during the summer (plants #1–3 and #7–9) and winter season (plants #4–6 and #10–12). The plants were cultivated under the same conditions, in the field (plants #1–6) and pots (plants #7–12). It was observed that the concentration of aloins varied considerably in all twelve plants. is superior in concentration to aloin B, in all the leaves (Fig. 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Manyala, Electrochemical analysis of Co3(PO4)2·4H2O/graphene foam composite for enhanced capacity and long cycle life hybrid asymmetric capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 283 (2018) 374–384. [97] J. Hao, T. Meng, D. Shu, X. Song, H. Cheng, B. Li, X. Zhou, F. Zhang, Z. Li, C. He, Synthesis of three dimensional N,S co-doped rGO foam with high capacity and long cycling stability for supercapacitors, J. Sci. 537 (2019) 57–65. [98]. Momodu, T. Ntsoane, N. Manyala, Three dimensional vanadium pentoxide/graphene foam composite as positive electrode for high performance asymmetric electrochemical supercapacitor, J. Sci. 532 (2018) 395–406. [99] K. Iessa, Y. Zhang, G. Zhang, F. Xiao, S. Wang, Conductive porous sponge-like ionic liquid-graphene assembly decorated with nanosized polyaniline as active electrode material for supercapacitor, J. 302 (2016) 92–97. [100] P. Yu, X. Zhao, Z. Huang, Y. Li, Q. Zhang, Free-standing three-dimensional graphene and polyaniline nanowire arrays hybrid foams for high-performance flexible and lightweight supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 14413–14420. [101] S. Chabi, C. Peng, Z. Yang, Y. Xia, Y. Zhu, Three dimensional (3D) flexible graphene foam/polypyrrole composite: Towards highly efficient supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 3999–4008. [102] C. Xiong, T. Li, Y. Zhu, T. Zhao, A. Dang, H. Li, X. Ji, Y. Shang, M. Khan, Two-step approach of fabrication of interconnected nanoporous 3D reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotube-polyaniline hybrid as a binder-free supercapacitor electrode, J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Notably, elderly individuals who maintained high adherence showed improved global cognition and episodic memory after one year compared to low adherence (Marseglia et al. , --Tait, Pietruszka, De Groot, Santoro and Franceschi2018) which were associated with alterations in their gut microbiome, suggesting that broad dietary intervention could be considered as a less invasive strategy than FMT for altering the gut microbiota towards improved cognition in elderly people (Ghosh et al. , --Ferre, Nicoletti, De Vos, Fairweather-Tait, Cassidy, Brigidi, Franceschi and O’Toole2020). Analysis of inferred microbial functions showed an increase in short and branch chained fatty acid production and lower production of secondary bile acids (Ghosh et al. , --Ferre, Nicoletti, De Vos, Fairweather-Tait, Cassidy, Brigidi, Franceschi and O’Toole2020). Of note, metabolic network analysis in clinical studies of AD points to a possible link of secondary bile acids with deterioration of cognition (Baloni et al. , -’s Disease Metabolomics, Kaddurah-Daouk and Price2020). In a large multicentre study, the authors report here an association between altered bile acid profile, genetic variants implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, and cognitive changes (MahmoudianDehkordi et al. , --van Duijn, Saykin, Kastenmuller and Kaddurah-Daouk2019). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has further shown to slow down the progression of AD (Berti et al. , de Leon and Mosconi2018). The impact on dementia-type cognitive impairment has been also assessed by introducing a broader change in diet, which holds promise towards a more profound adjustment of the gut microbiome as opposed to the use of supplements (et al. , -Liberona, Gonzalez-Dominguez, Zamora--Lacueva, Guglielmetti and Riso2021; Ghosh et al. , Reference Ghosh, Shanahan and O’Toole2022a,Reference Ghosh, Shanahan and O’Tooleb; Nagpal et al. , Reference Nagpal, Neth, Wang, Craft and Yadav2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: If though the amount of aloin A was either increased or decreased in a leave, aloin B followed the same trend. The concentrations at the different plant growing positions ranged from 294 to 526 mg/g and from 85 to 339 mg/g dried latex for aloins A and B, respectively, for the summer harvest. Whereas, for the winter harvest, the concentration of aloin A varied from 54 to 269 and of aloin B from 20 to 170 mg/g dried latex. The concentrations of aloins were found slightly higher in the present study, but without any significant deviation from the study reported by Sanchez-Machado et al. [11]. The quantity of aloins was significantly lower in the winter than in the summer period (p-value < 0. 001). The reduction in their concentrations was about 65–67% for both aloins A and B. The results are in agreement with the results of Beppu et al. , who reported that the concentrations of the two substances in the plant were higher in April and from July to August (after the blooming period) and lower from October to December (before the blooming period) [10]. 3. 4. 2. 2. Effect of cultivation conditions Two different cultivation processes (pot and field) of aloe plants were studied. The soil, which was used to grow potted plants, was obtained from the field, in which the rest of the plants were cultivated. The other growing conditions were the same. For an effective comparison between the two processes of plant cultivation, aloe plants, whose leaves were harvested in the same season, were contrasted. As demonstrated in Fig. 2, in the winter season, the concentrations of both aloins were at lower levels in field-grown than pot-grown aloe plants. In the case of summer harvest, the findings were different. In particular, the concentration of aloin A was greater in field cultivation, whereas the concentration of aloin B was higher in potted aloe plants. This proves that different ratios of aloins depend on the cultivation conditions of the plants. In the case of aloe plants cultivated in soil (p-value = 0. 07), the concentration of aloins did not demonstrate large variations with respect to leaf position, whereas, in plants grown in pots (p-value = 0. 08), a specific pattern was observed in the leaves of the plant. As demonstrated in Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Alloys Compd. 695 (2017) 1248–1259. [103] Z. S. Wu, A. Winter, L. Chen, Y. Sun, A. Turchanin, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Three-dimensional nitrogen and boron co-doped graphene for high-performance all-solid-state supercapacitors, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 5130–5135. [104] T. Qin, Z. Wan, Z. Wang, Y. Wen, M. Liu, S. Peng, D. He, J. Hou, F. Huang, G. Cao, 3D flexible O/N co-doped graphene foams for supercapacitor electrodes with high volumetric and areal capacitances, J. 336 (2016) 455–464. [105] H. Huang, C. Lei, G. Luo, Z. Cheng, G. Li, S. Tang, Y. Du, Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene on Ni foam for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Mater. Sci. 51 (2016) 6348–6356. [106] L. Zhang, D. DeArmond, N. T. Alvarez, D. Zhao, T. Wang, G. Hou, R. Malik, W. R. Heineman, V. Shanov, Beyond graphene foam, a new form of three-dimensional graphene for supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. A. 4 (2016) 1876-1886. [107] E. Senthilkumar, V. Sivasankar, B. R. Kohakade, K. Thileepkumar, M. Ramya, G. Sivagaami Sundari, S. Raghu, R. A. Kalaivani, Synthesis of nanoporous graphene and their electrochemical performance in a symmetric supercapacitor, Appl. Surf. Sci. 460 (2018) 17–24. [108] Z. Xing, B. Wang, W. Gao, C. . Lu, X. Wang, W. Luo, C. H. Chang, Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: In a pilot study using a modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet, the authors found changes in several taxa with distinct patterns between cognitively impaired versus cognitively normal subjects (Nagpal et al. , Reference Nagpal, Neth, Wang, Craft and Yadav2019). Vice versa, western-style diets, rich in saturated fat and high in sugar, may trigger cognitive dysfunction in ageing (Beilharz et al. , Reference Beilharz, Maniam and Morris2015; Gardener et al. , Reference Gardener, Rainey-and Martins2015; Wieckowska-Gacek et al. , Reference Wieckowska-Gacek, Mietelska-Porowska, Wydrych and Wojda2021). A recent study shed more light into the role of the microbiota in this process showing a microbiota-dependent accumulation of the advanced glycation end product N6-carboxymethyllysine in microglia of aged mice linked to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction (Mossad et al. , de Aguero, Szalay, Lammermann, Macpherson, Ganal-Vonarburg, Backofen, Erny, Prinz and Blank2022), risk factors for cognitive impairment. Furthermore, calorie restriction resulted in a lower level of amyloid plaque in a mouse model of AD (Cox et al. , and Blaser2019). Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction emerged as a viable strategy to improve cognition not only in mouse models of ageing and Alzheimer’s disease and primates, but also in humans (Chakraborty et al. , Reference Chakraborty, Banerjee, Mukherjee and Poddar2020; Dal-Pan et al. , Reference Dal-Pan, Pifferi, Marchal, Picq, Aujard and Consortium2011; Ooi et al. , and Sharif2020; Pan et al. , and Yuan2022; Witte et al. , Reference Witte, Fobker, Gellner, Knecht and Floel2009). While the level and feasibility of caloric restriction in humans remains to be elucidated, intermittent fasting represents a possible strategy to improve cognitive health during ageing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 3, the highest concentrations of aloins were observed in two of these leaves. The first maximum was observed between positions #4 and #5, and the second between positions #7 and #8. In addition, the high concentrations of aloins A and B in leaves #7 or #8, located in the middle-upper or upper part of the plant, are in agreement with the results of other studies, which reported that a leaf in the upper part of the aloe plant contained greater amounts of aloins [10, 11]. Both summer and winter harvests of leaves demonstrated the same pattern of aloins concentration, and the maximum points of the pattern were observed in the leaves at the same positions. The study reported here confirmed that there is a trend in the concentrations of both aloins in potted aloe plants. By numbering the leaves using the rosette pattern, it is easy to determine the leaves that are rich in bioactive compounds with purgative properties. This pattern investigation could help both the pharmaceutical and food industries. In the first case, there is an interest in leaves with the highest amount of aloins A and B in order to isolate them and use them as a laxative in pills, etc. On the other hand, the food industry prefers the leaves with the lowest concentrations of aloins in order to reduce the time for their removal [29]. 3. 4. 2. 3. Leaves harvested in winter from plants grown indoors plants (plants #13–15) were cultivated indoors at a temperature ranging from 20 to 25 oC. The leaves from all three plants were harvested during the winter period. It was observed that the aloins concentrations were much higher than anticipated with a p-value equal to 0. 005 (Fig. 2). By comparing the potted plants that were harvested in winter, the concentration of aloin A was 61% higher than the one found in the plant that was grown outdoors, while aloin B was 54% higher. The concentrations of the two substances in the leaves from indoor plants were much closer to the concentrations in the leaves from the plants that were harvested in the summer. In addition, the aloin A content was again higher than that of aloin B. In this case, the pattern did not appear as clear as in the previous study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Wen, S. Ma, K. Amine, X. Ji, Reducing CO2 to dense nanoporous graphene by Mg/Zn for high power electrochemical capacitors, 11 (2014) 600–610. [109] H. Yang, S. . Lu, Graphene supercapacitor with both high power and energy density, Nanotechnology 28 (2017) 1-10. [110] C. Chen, C. Chen, P. Huang, F. Duan, S. Zhao, P. Li, J. Fan, W. Song, Y. Qin, NiO/nanoporous graphene composites with excellent supercapacitive performance produced by atomic layer deposition, Nanotechnology 25 (2014) 1-9. [111] Y. Xu, Z. Lin, X. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Huang, X. Duan, Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on three-dimensional graphene hydrogel films, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 4042–4049. [112] G. Gorgolis, D. Karamanis, Materials & Solar Cells, Sol. Energy Mater. 144 (2016) 559–578. [113] P. Ngoc Hong, Carbon nanotube and graphene aerogels–The world’s 3d lightest materials for environment applications: A review, Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 6 (2017) 277-283. [114] G. Gorgolis, C. Galiotis, Graphene aerogels: A review, 2D Mater. 4 (2017) 1-22. [115] X. Zhang, Z. Sui, B. Xu, S. Yue, Y. Luo, B. Liu, Mechanically strong and highly conductive graphene aerogel and its use as electrodes for electrochemical power sources, J. Mater. Chem. (2011) 6494–6497. [116] S. Ye, J. Feng, Self-assembled three-dimensional hierarchical graphene/polypyrrole nanotube hybrid aerogel and its application for supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 9671–9679. [117] H. Sun, Z.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Conclusions and future perspectives Research published over the last few years has demonstrated that the gut microbiota is a crucial contributor to (and potential target to improve) host brain ageing, including in neurodegenerative diseases, making this an exciting time for research within this scope. Indeed, microbiota-targeted interventions have shown promise for improving cognitive performance and overall brain health during ageing. While this field of research is very young and mechanistic evidence is entirely preclinical, clinical studies involving probiotics and dietary interventions that alter the gut microbiota have shown success at improving aspects of cognition in older people. Furthermore, clinical trials and case studies involving FMT demonstrate promise for improving symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, AD and MS, giving hope to the future of medicine for the thousands of individuals living with these diseases who currently have limited treatment options. Nonetheless, this is a rapidly emerging field, and large-scale, well-controlled clinical studies are required to better characterise the potential for the gut microbiota as a treatment target within these diseases. Ageing is a complex biological process, and individual’s age at different speeds and trajectories, which complicates defining healthy ageing, including how the gut microbiota should be modulated to support healthy ageing. Moreover, the impact of biological sex on ageing remains understudied, including how sex shapes age-related physiological changes in the microbiota-host dialogue, regardless of the increasing evidence that suggests biological sex contributes to the susceptibility for several age-related diseases. While the gut microbiota may become a diagnostic tool to better understand an individual’s biological age(ing) (Ratiner et al. , Reference Ratiner, Abdeen, Goldenberg and Elinav2022), it may be necessary to tailor a microbiota-targeted intervention to an individual’s ageing process, considering individualised factors such as lifestyle, dietary habits and its existing resident gut microbiome. Therefore, there may not be a one-size-fits-all solution to improving brain ageing via the gut microbiota, and instead personalised solutions may be required. Increasing our understanding on ecological aspects in diet-microbiome interrelationship and its impact on the host are key going forward in designing efficacious nutritional interventions. This also includes an understanding on how the resident gut microbiome may impact the efficacy of nutritional solutions on host outcomes (Maldonado-Gomez et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In particular, no significant variations in the concentrations of the compounds from leaf to leaf were observed, possibly because the plants did not grow under normal conditions. In addition, it was demonstrated that the concentrations of aloins did not seem to depend highly on the seasonal variation, but on the environmental growing conditions. 3. 4. 2. 4. Leaves harvested from plants under stress Different factors can cause stress in aloe plants. Some of the most well-known stressors are soil salinity, water-stress (high or very low) and light intensity [30, 31]. Several studies have, so far, been performed on how plant stress affects the concentrations of bioactive compounds. Indicators of aloe plants under stress involve the reddish-brown color of the leaves (visible stress symptom) and the smaller amount of gel (less evident trait) [32]. In this study, three plants were analyzed (plants #16–18) that had the typical appearance of aloe plants under stress (Fig. 4), and the obtained results are demonstrated in Fig. 2. A possible factor that caused plant stress is the long daily exposure to sunlight. The large variations in temperature may have also contributed to the plant stress. It is worth here to mention that the plants under study were grown in pots. Interestingly, it was observed that in the majority of the leaves, no latex was obtained. In each plant, only 3–4 leaves that were in the upper part of the plant in a position perpendicular to its roots were able to provide small amounts of latex. After analysis, the quantities of aloins were extremely low (p-value < 0. 001), although harvest took place in summer. 3. 4. 2. 5. Quantitation of Aloins in Offshoots Offshoots, which were produced in some of the plants under study, were analyzed and their aloin content was determined (Fig. 2). The procedure followed for latex extraction was the same as before. Although offshoots were harvested during different season periods, the concentrations of both aloins were similar (p-value < 0. 001). In addition, the ratio of aloin A to aloin B was very high. In particular, aloin A was almost 4. 5 times higher than aloin B. The concentrations of aloin A in offshoots were similar to the ones in leaves that were cut during the summer season.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Xu, C. Gao, Multifunctional, ultra-flyweight, synergistically assembled carbon aerogels, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 2554–2560. [118]. of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2010) 14067–14069. [119] C. Zhu, T. Liu, F. Qian, T. . Li, Supercapacitors based on three-dimensional hierarchical graphene aerogels with periodic macropores, Nano Lett. 16 (2016) 3448–3456. [120] H. Bai, C. Li, G. Shi, A pH-sensitive graphene oxide composite hydrogel, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 2376–2378. [121] H. Bai, C. Li, X. Wang, G. Shi, On the gelation of graphene oxide, J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 5545–5551. [122] O. C. Compton, Z. An, K. W. Putz, B. -free hydrogelation of graphene oxide by ultrasonication, Carbon 50 (2012) 3399–3406. [123] W. Chen, S. Li, C. Chen, L. Yan, Self-assembly and embedding of nanop5683. [124] Y. Tao, X. Xie, W. Lv, D. Tang, D. Kong, Z. Huang, H. Nishihara, T. Ishii, B. Li, D. Golberg, F. Kang, T. Kyotani, Q. Yang, Towards ultrahigh volumetric capacitance : Graphene derived highly dense but porous carbons for supercapacitors, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 1–8. [125] J. M. Chem, High-rate capacitive performance of graphene aerogel with a superhigh C/O molar ratio, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 23186–23193. [126] X. Meng, L. Lu, C. Sun, of three-dimensional MnO2/graphene hydrogel composites as a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors, ACS Appl.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Maldonado-Gomez, Martinez, Bottacini, O’Callaghan, Ventura, van Sinderen, Hillmann, Vangay, Knights, Hutkins and Walter2016; Shepherd et al. , and Sonnenburg2018), taking into account factors such as geographical, genetic and lifestyle differences across populations (Deschasaux et al. , -Sietsma, van äckhed and Nieuwdorp2018). A dominant, lingering question is the definition of a healthy gut microbiome, and whether a universal microbiome indicative of health during ageing indeed exists (Hill, Reference Hill2020; Shanahan et al. , Reference Shanahan, Ghosh and O’Toole2021). Technological advances including high-resolution next-generation sequencing, metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and machine learning and our knowledge of microbial ecology will drive forward our understanding of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in healthy brain ageing. Further well-designed randomised-controlled clinical studies, mechanistic investigations and large-scale population studies must be conducted to better understand the role of microbiota-targeted therapeutics for brain health during ageing. Elucidating the factors which drive individualised responses and outcomes are key to designing personalised microbiome-targeted interventions to improve physiology and brain function in ageing. Disclosure statement The contributor is an employee of Société des Produits Nestlé S. A. Katherine E. Guzzetta, Caroline Wasén and Laura M. Cox declare that they have no competing financial interests. The publication did not receive any funding from Société des Produits Nestlé S. A. Research transparency and reproducibility Links to the 0592. Footnotes M. B. and K. E. G. are co-first authors and equally contributed. 662. Available at Accessed on the 19th November. CrossRef2019. 7(2), e105–e125. This inflammatory state is also noticeable within the ageing brain, and is related to increased activation of microglia, the brain’s primary immune cell. Furthermore, ageing is associated with a decline in blood–brain barrier integrity, demyelination, a reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis and increased inflammation resulting in more microglia activation, which all in all may contribute to ageing-related cognitive decline. Created with BioRender. com.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The results obtained here are in agreement with data reported by Sánchez-Machado [11]. 3. 5. Firstly, two separate PCAs were applied to the eighteen aloe vera plants (#1–18) to investigate the formation of groups according to seasonal variation (summer, winter) and cultivation conditions (pot, field). The first two components of the extracted model of the seasonal variation explained 60. 6% of the total variance in the data, while the first two components of the extracted model for cultivation conditions explained 93. 1% of the total variability. As observed from the obtained PCA scatter plots, in both cases, the samples were not clearly separated (Figures S1 and S2, Supporting Information). In addition, indoor cultivated plants and stressed plants were not properly separated. This can be attributed to the unexpected concentrations of aloin A and B detected in these plants, highlighting, once again, the significant effect of climatic and plant conditions on latex composition. It was considered necessary to exclude the indoor-grown plants and plants grown under stress from the chemometric analysis. Therefore, the twelve aloe plants (#1–12) cultivated under normal conditions were implemented as observations in the PCA data matrix. The extracted models were described by 81. 9% and 97. 6%, based on seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, respectively. As demonstrated in Figs. 5 and 7, the observations were completely separated. In the case of seasonal variation, plants, whose leaves were harvested in summer, differ from those harvested in winter, mainly due to the content of aloins A and B, which is significantly higher in the former (Fig. 6). As far as the cultivation conditions are concerned, the separation of potted plants and plants in the field is attributed to their contents of aloin B and aloin A, respectively (Fig. 8). The different proportions of aloins depend on the plant growing conditions, with aloins B and A found in greater amounts in potted and fielded plants, respectively. 3. 6. Quantitation of Aloins in Aloe-based the implementation of this study, thirteen aloe products were purchased from various stores in Cyprus and analyzed by use of the optimum HPLC-DAD method. Table 4 demonstrates the concentrations of aloins found in aloe commercial products.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 16474–16481. [127] C. Wang, H. Chen, S. Lu, Manganese Oxide/Composites as an Electrode Material, Chem. Eur. J. 20 (2014) 517-523. [128] J. Chen, J. Song, X. Feng, Facile synthesis of graphene/polyaniline composite hydrogel for high-performance supercapacitor, Polym. Bull. 74 (2017) 27–37. [129] H. Zhou, T. Ni, X. Qing, X. Yue, G. Li, Y. Lu, One-step construction of graphene-polypyrrole hydrogels and their superior electrochemical performance, RSC Adv. 4 (2014) 4134–4139. [130] S. Biswas, L. T. Drzal, Multilayered nanoarchitecture of graphene nanosheets and polypyrrole nanowires for high performance supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 5667–5671. [131] C. Zhu, T. compressible 3D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 1–8. [132] Q. Zhang, F. Zhang, S. P. Medarametla, H. Li, C. Zhou, D. Lin, 3D Printing of Graphene Aerogels, Small 12 (2016) 1702–1708. [133] B. Yao, S. Chandrasekaran, J. Zhang, W. Xiao, F. Qian, C. . Li, Efficient 3D printed pseudocapacitive electrodes with ultrahigh MnO2 loading, Joule 3 (2019) 458–470. [134] P. Lv, X. Tang, W. Wei, Graphene/MnO2 aerogel with both high compression-tolerance ability and high capacitance, for compressible all-solid-state supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 7 (2017) 47116–47124. [135] Y. Zhao, M. P. Li, S. Liu, M. F.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease access Published: 14 July 2017 (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease Thomas W. Buford1 Microbiome 34. Moreover, only a handful of studies to date have investigated the aging microbiome in humans (Table 1). Still, at least two early studies in this area have documented that advanced age is associated with changes to both the composition and stability of gut microbiota [40, 70]. Biagi et al. reported that a group of centenarian from displayed low species diversity compared to younger adults (~30 years of age). They also noted specific changes within Firmicutes (one of the two dominant phyla commonly found in the gut) subgroups and enrichment of Proteobacteria—a group containing many opportunistic bacteria which can overtake commensal bacteria and induce pathology [70]. These microbiome changes were also characterized by a loss of genes for short-chain fatty acid production and an overall decrease in the saccharolytic potential, while proteolytic functions were more abundant than in the intestinal metagenome of younger adults [71]. Interestingly, these changes in bacterial content were also moderately associated with circulating plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines interleukins six (IL-6) and eight (IL-8). Surprisingly, however, despite these interesting findings among the centenarians, this group did not find significant differences in microbiota composition between the younger adults and a group of older adults with an average age of 70 years. Table 1 Studies investigating aging and the gut microbiome humansFull size table In contrast, findings from the cohort [72] did indicate alterations in the core microbiota of persons over 65 years of age. These changes were generally characterized by a greater proportion of Bacteroides spp. and distinct abundance patterns of Clostridium groups compared to younger individuals. Older individuals also displayed a loss of diversity-associated taxa, including Prevotella and associated genera [40, 73], which can contribute to instability in the microbiome composition. However, the authors noted that the variability in the microbiota profiles of the older persons was quite large—making phenotype prediction difficult. Several key factors—particularly diet and the use of antibiotics—were key predictors of these changes in both community-dwelling seniors and residents of long-term care facilities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It was observed that aloins and aloe emodin were not detected in dried aloe gel and in any of the analyzed pills. Surprisingly, one of the two pills had a laxative effect and aloins were expected to be present. As far as the juice is concerned, in only two of ten aloe juices, both aloins were detected and quantified. In particular, in juice #3, 0. 34 µg/mL of aloin A and 0. 98 µg/mL of aloin B were quantified. In juice #4, aloin A was quantified at 1. 96 µg/mL and aloin B at 5. 52 µg/mL. As observed, in both cases, the amount of aloin B was greater than that of aloin A, as opposed to the aloe vera leaves. In another study performed by Brown et al. , it was demonstrated that aloin A was not always quantitatively superior [33]. Recovery studies performed in juices provided a range between 82. 7-110. 9%. Table 4 Concentrations of aloins, RSD% and recoveries. (µg/mL) a RSD% Recovery % Concentration (µg/mL) a RSD% Recovery % 1 Tap ND - - ND - - 2 Tap ND - - ND - - 3 Liq. 0. 34 1. 31 82. 7 0. 98 0. 60 88. 3 4 Liq. 1. 96 1. 88 110. 9 5. 52 1. 53 95. 8 5 Liq. ND - - ND - - 6 Liq. ND - - ND - - 7 Liq. ND - - ND - - 8 Liq. ND - - ND - - 9 Liq. ND - - ND - - 10 Liq. ND - - ND - - 11 Liq. ND - - ND - - 12 Liq. ND - - ND - - 13 Solid ND - - ND - - a ND: not detected It is important here to mention that the total aloin content found in both juices exceeded the maximum levels set by the European Union. However, they were below the 10-ppm limit set by the Science Council. is in the EU, the legislation must be followed, and both juices should be withdrawn from the market.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Islam, Superelastic pseudocapacitors from freestanding MnO2‑decorated graphene-coated carbon nanotube aerogels, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 23810-23819. [136] Z. Yu, M. Mcinnis, J. Calderon, S. Seal, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Functionalized graphene aerogel composites for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors, 11 (2015) 611–620. [137] W. Chen, D. Gui, S. Yu, C. Liu, L. Zhao, J. Liu, E. D. Gui, Composites and its electrochemical performance for supercapacitor, Chem. Mater. 18 (2016) 249–252. [138] G. Wu, L. Wu, J. Jin, S. Yang, G. Li, Structure and electrochemical performance of melamine/graphene aerogel composite for supercapacitors, Mater. Sci. Forum 898 (2017) 1844–1849. [139] N. Phattharasupakun, J. Wutthiprom, N. Ma, P. Suktha, M. Sawangphruk, High-performance supercapacitors of N-doped graphene aerogel and its nanocomposites with manganese oxide and polyaniline, J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 (2018) A1430–A1439. [140] R. Liu, L. Wan, S. Liu, L. Pan, D. Wu, D. Zhao, An interface-induced co-assembly approach towards ordered mesoporous carbon/graphene aerogel for high-performance supercapacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 (2015) 526–533. [141] L. Pei, Y. Yang, H. Chu, J. Shen, M. Ye, Self-assembled flower-like FeS2/graphene aerogel composite with enhanced electrochemical properties, Ceram. Int. 42 (2016) 5053–5061. [142] N. Van Hoa, T. T. H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: These factors, diet in particular, could potentially explain differences between findings from the Italian and Irish cohorts. As such, these and other relevant factors necessitate the continued study of the microbiome across populations. Notably, data from the cohort revealed an interesting potential association with physical frailty as evidenced by differences among older persons living in long-term care and/or rehabilitation facilities compared to community-dwelling peers [73]. These differences were also associated with several systemic markers of inflammation including IL-6, IL-8, CRP, and TNF-α. The association with frailty in the cohort was recently demonstrated more formally along with concordant findings from 728 female twins enrolled in the [41]. These findings were similar to those from a prior small cohort of older adults from [74]. Thus, available data suggest that the gut microbiome may play at least some role in the development of physical frailty among the elderly. Similarly, early findings now suggest that gut dysbiosis may contribute to age-related declines in cognitive function. Cattaneo et al. recently reported that brain amyloidosis and peripheral inflammation among cognitively impaired elders was associated with the abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory gut microbiota [42]. Indeed, brain amyloid content and circulating inflammatory analytes were positively associated with the inflammatory bacteria taxon Escherichia/Shigella and negatively associated with the anti-inflammatory E. rectale taxon. To my knowledge, these are the first data directly linking the gut microbiota to age-related cognitive decline, though numerous studies in other models (e. g. , Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, animal models of Alzheimer’s disease) exist to indicate a well-defined gut-brain axis which could contribute to age-related dementias [62, 75, 76]. Given the dramatic public health implications of understanding and intervening upon age-related dementias, continued research in this area seems highly warranted. Etiology of age-related changes in the microbiomeThe precise etiologic explanation for these age-related changes remains incomplete. Across the age-spectrum, dramatic increases in the use of antibiotics and increasing pervasiveness of a high-saturated fat and high-sugar “western” diet are proposed to directly contribute to the depletion of important beneficial components of the microbiome [50, 77].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It is recommended that better processing of raw materials should be followed in order to remove the substances with purgative action and ensure better quality. 4. ConclusionIn this report, a simple and fast HPLC method was developed and validated for the qualitative and quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in both aloe leaves and aloe-based products. The existence of a pattern in the concentrations of aloins, depending on the position of the leaves in the potted plants grown under normal conditions, is of great importance. In addition, it was demonstrated that environmental conditions influence the concentrations of aloins to a greater extent than seasonal variations. It was also observed that, in most aloe products, aloins and aloe emodin were absent, while in the case of two juices, they were quantified at levels above the permissible limits. - of Detection LOQ Limit of -/N signal-to-noise ratio -authors acknowledge the University of Cyprus for financial support. 30. Kumar S, Yadav JP (2014) Ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of Aloe vera : A review. J Res 8:1387–1398. (2019) Therapeutic potential of Aloe vera — A miracle gift of nature. Phytomedicine 60:152996. . (2013) Therapeutic and of Aloe vera : A Review. 4:599–610. (2013) Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in Aloe barbadensis Mill by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry-ion trap-time-of-flight and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. J Anal 80:94–106. (2012) Simultaneous determination of aloin A and aloe emodin in products containing Aloe vera by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. 3612–3619. Gutterman Y, Chauser-(2000) Peripheral defence strategy: Variation of barbaloin content in the succulent leaf parts of Aloe arborescens Miller (Liliaceae). 132:385–395. Chauser-Volfson E, (1996) The barbaloin content and distribution in aloe arborescens leaves according to the leaf part, age, position, and season. 44:289–296.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Quyen, N. Van. Nguyen, Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide-grafted polyaniline aerogel as an active material for high performance supercapacitors, Synth. Met. 223 (2017) 192–198. [143] Z. Gao, J. Yang, J. Huang, C. Xiong, Q. Yang, A three-dimensional graphene aerogel containing solvent-free polyaniline fluid for high performance supercapacitors, Nanoscale 9 (2017) 17710–17716. [144] Z. Song, W. Liu, N. Sun, W. Wei, Z. Zhang, H. Liu, G. Liu, Z. Zhao, One-step self-assembly fabrication of three-dimensional copper oxide/graphene oxide aerogel composite material for supercapacitors, Commun. 287 (2019) 27–30. [145] Y. Zhou, L. Le Wen, K. Zhan, Y. Yan, B. Zhao, Three-dimensional porous graphene/nickel cobalt mixed oxide composites for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 21848–21854. [146] S. Mao, Z. Wen, H. Kim, G. Lu, P. Hurley, J. Chen, A general approach to one-pot fabrication of crumpled graphene-based nanohybrids for energy applications, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 7505–7513. [147] J. Luo, H. D. Jang, J. Huang, Effect of sheet morphology on the scalability of graphene-based ultracapacitors, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 1464–1471. [148] T. Derived, Design of 3D graphene-oxide spheres and their derived hierarchical porous structures for high performance supercapacitors, Small 13 (2017) 1702474. [149] E. Hee, J. Choi, S. Park, C. Min, H. Chang, H. Dong, Size and structural effect of crumpled graphene balls on the electrochemical properties for supercapacitor application, Electrochim. Acta 222 (2016) 58–63. [150] X. He, H. Zhang, L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: In turn, these changes contribute to chronic activation of the immune system and a dramatic rise in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders. These two factors also represent key modifiable health factors which may contribute to exacerbated dysbiosis among older adults. In the of America, rates of antibiotic prescription actually dropped from 2000–2010 among children and young to middle-aged adults [78]. In contrast, prescription rates increased among older adults with the most dramatic increases seen among persons ≥80 years of age [78]. Additionally, rates of antibiotic prescription have risen substantially in recent years in residential care facilities [79]. These trends may at least partially explain age-related changes in the microbiome, particularly those observed in the cohort among residents of long-term care facilities. Similarly, age-related changes in nutrient intake may also contribute to late-life dysbiosis. It is well-recognized that diet is one of the primary contributors to gut health. Advanced age is associated with deterioration in various aspects of nutrient intake and absorption including dentition, salivary function, digestion, and intestinal transit time [73, 80]. Sensory changes, including taste and smell, may also alter the appetite making certain foods unappealing and thus altering eating habits [81]. It is possible that these changes contribute to dysbiosis though it may be more likely that altered immune responses to “inflammatory” foods among older adults may exacerbate microbial changes. Another prominent possibility is that chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems due to immunosenescence contributes to an altered bacterial composition in the gut. Such an affect may manifest at least partially due to known increases in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in advanced age [82] as HPA-mediated inflammatory stress responses are known to induce to both immune dysregulation [83] and dysbiosis [84]. Conversely, however, it remains possible—given the known inflammatory effects of dysbiosis—that changes to the microbiome due to other factors (e. g. , diet) exacerbate inflammation and altered immunity. Thus, it is presently difficult to decipher the temporal relationship between these changes. Furthermore, this known interplay suggests a tantalizing hypothesis that the processes of immunosenescence and dysbiosis may in fact be interdependent. Moreover, physical changes to the intestinal epithelial barrier may play a role in dysbiosis and age-related inflammation. Jakobsson et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2004) Studies on the components of Aloe arborescens from Japan - Monthly variation and differences due to part and position of the leaf. Ecol 32:783–795. Sánchez-Machado DI, López-Cervantes J, Mariscal-Domínguez MF, Cruz-Flores P, Campas-Baypoli ON, Cantú-Soto EU, Sanches-(2017) An HPLC procedure for the quantification of aloin in latex and gel from aloe barbadensis leaves. J 55:251–257. (2013) Clear evidence of carcinogenic activity by a whole-leaf extract of Aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera) in F344/N rats. 131:26–39. (2017) Aloin, a component of the aloe vera plant leaf, induces pathological changes and modulates the composition of microbiota in the large intestines of F344/N Male Rats. 158:302–318. (2004) Analysis of the anthraquinones aloe-emodin and aloin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4:1739–1744. Durón (2008) Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic and thin-layer chromatographic methods for determination of aloin in herbal products containing Aloe vera. 91:1265–1270. (2018) Rapid quantification of aloin A and B in aloe plants and aloe-containing beverages, and pharmaceutical preparations by microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. J 41:3772–3781. (1995) High-performance liquid chromatographic profiles of aloe constituents and determination of aloin in beverages with reference to the EEC regulation for flavouring substances. J 718:99–106. (2021) Quantitative determination of aloin, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of Aloe vera leaf gel products from Greece. J Agric 101:414–423. (2021) Fast and easily applicable LC-UV method for analysis of bioactive anthrones from Aloe leaf latex. J Anal 195:113834. (2012) Mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) in different growth stages. J Chem 60:11222–11228.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Xiaojing, N. Xiao, J. Qiu, Direct synthesis of 3D hollow porous graphene balls from coal tar pitch for high performance supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 19633-19640. [151] L. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, N. Chen, L. Qu, Graphene-based fibers for supercapacitor applications, Nanotechnology 27 (2016) 1-19. [152] X. Li, T. Zhao, Q. Chen, P. Li, K. Wang, M. Zhong, J. Wei, D. Wu, B. Wei, H. Zhu, Flexible all solid-state supercapacitors based on chemical vapor deposition derived graphene fibers, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 (2013) 17752–17757. [153] S. Chen, L. Wang, M. Huang, L. Kang, Z. Lei, Reduced graphene oxide/Mn3O4 nanocrystals hybrid fiber for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor with excellent volumetric energy density, Electrochim. Acta 242 (2017) 10–18. [154] V. Ruiz, C. Blanco, R. Santamaría, J. M. Ramos-Fernández, M. Martínez-Escandell, A. Sepúlveda-Escribano, F. Rodríguez-Reinoso, An activated carbon monolith as an electrode material for supercapacitors, Carbon 47 (2009) 195–200. [155] X. Ding, Y. Zhao, C. Hu, Y. Hu, Z. Dong, N. Chen, Z. Zhang, L. Qu, Spinning fabrication of graphene/polypyrrole composite fibers for all-solid-state, flexible fibriform supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 12355–12360. [156] V. A. Online, T. Huang, B. Zheng, L. Kou, K. Gopalsamy, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Y. Meng, Z.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: previously demonstrated that the composition of the gut microbiota is directly related to the leaky gut [85]. Recent evidence suggests now that intestinal permeability may increase with age. Man et al. [86] recently demonstrated that, compared to younger adults, ileal tissues from older adults demonstrated increased IL-6 concentrations that were accompanied by increased intestinal permeability as a result of elevated claudin-2. These data provide novel evidence from humans indicating the likelihood of a “leaky gut” during advanced age whereby the intestinal barrier preventing harmful substances from reaching the bloodstream is permeated. The leaky gut is well-associated with inflammatory bowel conditions but is now being proposed as a contributor to a wide variety of health conditions [87, 88]—with particular interest in a gut-brain axis which regulates the blood brain barrier [61, 62, 75, 76]. Though somewhat speculative at present, it is possible that the leaky gut is a primary source of inflammation long-observed within the circulation. Studies in Drosophila have reported that age-related changes in the microbiome increase intestinal permeability [89] and drive chronic inflammation [90]. More recently, Thevaranjan et al. [91] were the first to our knowledge to publish work from mammals directly supporting this hypothesis. Using germ-free and conventionally raised mice, this group reported that the germ-free animals did not display an age-related increase in systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, co-housing germ-free with old—but not young—conventionally raised mice increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [91]. Anti-TNF therapy also reversed age-related microbial changes. These data are the strongest to date suggesting the critical role of gut changes in driving age-related inflammation and provide a solid backdrop for continued investigation in this area. Potential intervention strategiesThough additional research is certainly needed in this area, the aforementioned data do suggest that interventions designed to target the gut microbiome may be capable of producing beneficial effects on age-related inflammation and overall health. To date, research on such interventions is as limited as that on the aging microbiome in general. Still, within this small evidence base are some intriguing and promising findings that support the concept of intervening upon the microbiome. Interestingly, some of the most promising strategies are not truly “gut-specific” but rather well-known interventions which are increasingly recognized to have beneficial effects on the gut microbiome.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2013) Chemometric studies on mineral distribution and microstructure analysis of freeze-dried Aloe vera L. gel at different harvesting regimens. Prod 51:194–201. (2020) UV of Aloin in Aloe vera (A. vera) on Processing. J 75:1137–1142. (2015) Multi-responses extraction optimization combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and chemometrics techniques for the fingerprint analysis of Aloe barbadensis Miller. J Anal 107:131–140. (2023) of and Screening of Markers of Aloe vera ( L. ) Burm. f. from Origins via Ultra-High-with Quadrupole – Orbitrap-High-. J 1–10. (2015) An analysis of the influence of growth periods on potential functional and biochemical properties and thermal analysis of freeze-dried Aloe vera L. gel. Prod 76:298–305. Ray A, (2018) Chemometrics for Distribution, and UV of Aloe vera L. Gel at Periods. Proc 5:22245–22253. (2011) Determination of aloe emodin in Aloe vera extracts and commercial formulations by HPLC with tandem UV absorption and fluorescence detection. 126:387–393. (2017) Profile of bioactive secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacity of leaf exudates from eighteen Aloe species. Prod 108:44–51. (2011) Processing food applications and safety of aloe vera products : a review. J food 48:525–533. Hazrati S, Tahmasebi-Sarvestani Z, Modarres-Sanavy SAM, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, (2016) Effects of water stress and light intensity on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments of Aloe vera L. Biochem 106:141–148. Hazrati S, Tahmasebi-Sarvestani Z, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Modarres-(2017) Effects of zeolite and water stress on growth, yield and chemical compositions of Aloe vera L. Manag 181:66–72. (2012) African aloe ecology: A review.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Wei, Flexible high performance wet-spun graphene fiber supercapacitors, RSC adv. (2013) 23957–23962. [157] G. Qu, J. Cheng, X. Li, D. Yuan, P. Chen, X. Chen, B. Wang, H. Peng, A fiber supercapacitor with high energy density based on hollow graphene/conducting polymer fiber electrode, Adv. Mater. 28 (2016) 3646–3652. [158] S. Chen, W. Ma, H. Xiang, Y. Cheng, S. Yang, W. Weng, M. Zhu, Conductive, tough, hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene hybrid fibers for wearable supercapacitors, J. 319 (2016) 271–280. [159] Scalable non-liquid-crystal spinning of locally aligned graphene fibers for high performance wearble supercapapitors, 15 (2015) 642-653. [160] X. Zhao, B. Zheng, T. Huang, C. Gao, Graphene-based single fiber supercapacitor with a coaxial structure, Nanoscale 7 (2015) 9399–9404. [161] W. Ma, S. Chen, S. Yang, W. Chen, W. Weng, M. Zhu, Bottom-up fabrication of activated carbon fiber for all-solid-state supercapacitor with excellent electrochemical performance, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 14622–14627. [162] Y. Ma, P. Li, J. W. Sedloff, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Liu, Conductive graphene fibers for wire-shaped supercapacitors strengthened by unfunctionalized few-walled carbon nanotubes, ACS Nano 9 (2015) 1352–1359. [163] X. Jiang, Y. Cao, P. Li, J. Wei, K. Wang, D. Wu, H. Zhu, Polyaniline graphene carbon fiber ternary composites as supercapacitor electrodes, Mater. Lett. 140 (2015) 43-47. 10. 1016/j. matlet. 2014. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: For instance, dietary habits appear to be one of the biggest drivers of gut health and microbiota composition [92,93,94]. Specifically, adherence to a high-fat diet commonly seen in Western cultures appears to be one of the driving factors in gut dysbiosis [95, 96]. Accordingly, interventions such as caloric restriction and/or implementing a Mediterranean-style diet may hold promise for balancing the gut microbiome [97, 98]. Moreover, studies exist to suggest potential benefits to specific dietary choices and/or nutritional supplements including (but not necessarily limited to) coffee [99], resveratrol [100], quercetin [100], and/or other polyphenol compounds [101]. Interestingly, many of these strategies have previously been purported to have anti-inflammatory and/or healthy aging properties. These new data suggest that perhaps influences at the level of the gut may be at least partially responsible for these purported benefits. However, studies are needed that specifically evaluate the influence of dietary changes on the gut microbiome and other health parameters among older adults. Similarly, physical exercise is a clinically recommended intervention with well-established health benefits which is now purported to have important benefits on the gut [102,103,104,105]. Recent studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that aerobic exercise provides a variety of beneficial effects on the gut including enhancing epithelial membrane integrity [106], increasing microbial diversity [106,107,108,109], and attenuating intestinal inflammation [106, 110, 111]. However, few human studies in this area have been published to date. Recently, Clarke et al. [112] recently reported that professional athletes (rugby players) displayed a higher diversity of gut micro-organisms compared to age-matched controls. However, extensive additional findings from humans—particularly in the form of longitudinal intervention studies—are needed to confirm these beneficial effects. Moreover, to my knowledge, no studies (human or animal) have evaluated the influence of exercise on the gut microbiome in late life. Additionally, questions remain regarding the effects of exercise modality and if these observed effects are specific to aerobic exercise compared to resistance training. Perhaps not surprisingly, dietary supplementation with probiotics also appears to be among the most promising interventions for re-balancing the gut microbiome. Well-known actions of probiotics include antimicrobial activity, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and immunomodulation via actions on a wide variety of immune cells [113].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Quara district, northwestern eeOpen access Published: 10 August 2024 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Quara district, northwestern Tadesse1,2, Getinet Masresha1 & Ermias Lulekal3 Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 37. 5%), and leaves were the most commonly used plant parts (23. 1%). Oral administration (56. 7%) of plant extracts was the primary mode of remedy preparation and use. The highest ICF value (0. 93) was recorded for circulatory and blood-related disorders. The study identified nine plants and 39 therapeutic uses not previously reported in Ethiopia. The RSI showed high overlap with neighboring areas and low similarity with distant areas. Top-ranked multipurpose plants were Ziziphus spina-christi and Terminalia leiocarpa, with agricultural expansion and fuelwood collection identified as major threats. ConclusionThe findings demonstrate the rich diversity of medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge in the Quara district. The high ethnobotanical indices warrant further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. Integrated conservation efforts are recommended to address the challenges facing these valuable plant resources. BackgroundHumans have a long-standing relationship with plants, utilizing them for various daily needs such as food, shelter, fuel, medicines, and fodder [1]. Medicinal plants, in particular, have been integral to traditional healthcare systems, providing treatments for diverse human ailments [2]. The close interaction between man and nature has led to the accumulation of a wealth of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Traditional knowledge refers to the unique knowledge held by a particular culture or society, acquired over time through traditional practices [1]. The use of medicinal plants has been an integral part of traditional healthcare systems since antiquity. Health Organization’s Strategy 2014–2023 acknowledges the critical role of traditional medicine, with traditional remedies, practitioners, and herbs providing healthcare for millions of people [3]. Approximately 80% of the global population still relies on traditional herbal medicines [4], and in developing countries, this figure can range from 50 to 95% [5, 6]. Ethiopia, a developing nation, exemplifies this widespread use of medicinal plants to treat various diseases in both humans and domestic animals [7].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 162 [164] W. Cai, T. Lai, J. Ye, A spinneret as the key component for surface-porous graphene fibers in high energy density micro-supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 5060–5066. [165] B. S. Mao, Z. Wen, Z. Bo, J. Chang, X. Huang, J. Chen, Hierarchical nanohybrids with porous cnt-networks decorated crumpled graphene balls for supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 9881-9889. [166] J. Y. Lee, K. . Lee, Sea-urchin-inspired 3d crumpled graphene balls using simultaneous etching and reduction process for high- density capacitive energy storage, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 (2015) 3606–3614. [167] T. Kim, G. Jung, S. graphene-based carbons as supercapacitor electrodes with macro- and mesopores, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 6899–6905. [168] Z. Tang, X. Li, T. Sun, S. Shen, X. Huixin, J. Yang, Microporous and mesoporous materials porous crumpled graphene with hierarchical pore structure and high surface utilization efficiency for supercapacitor, Mater. 272 (2018) 40–43. [169] T. Ha, S. K. Kim, J. Choi, H. Chang, H. D. Jang, pH controlled synthesis of porous graphene sphere and application to supercapacitors, Adv. Powder Technol. 30 (2019) 18–22. [170] K. Xia, G. Wang, H. Zhang, Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped graphene hollow spheres as electrode material for supercapacitors, J. Nanopart. Res. 19 (2017) 2-11. [171] C. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Zhao, Y. Tian, J. Liang, Self-assembly synthesis of graphene oxide double-shell hollow spheres decorated with Mn3O4 for electrochemical supercapacitors, Carbon 107 (2016) 100–108.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating a single type of food can fully balance your gut microbiome and resolve mental health issues. [SEP] Text: In line with these established mechanisms, studies among older adults have demonstrated beneficial effects of probiotic preparations on gut microflora composition [114,115,116] and systemic immunity [116,117,118]. van Beek et al. also recently reported that 10 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 prevented age-related decline in the colon mucus barrier in a mouse model of accelerated aging [119]. Probiotics have also been proposed to potentially have anti-inflammatory properties [113]. Such an effect seems plausible given the effects of probiotics on the immune system. To date, several studies have investigated this potential anti-inflammatory affect with the overall effect appearing to be modest [116, 118,119,120,121,122]—though more definitive research in this area is certainly warranted. More research is also needed regarding the ability to utilize probiotics as a vehicle to deliver other therapeutic compounds. Indeed, genetically modified probiotics have been purported as highly promising treatment strategies [123,124,125] as they offer a potentially efficacious method to deliver drugs or other therapeutic proteins with precision and a higher degree of site specificity than conventional drug regimens [126]. For instance, Steidler et al. previously reported on the utility of Lactococcus lactis as a vehicle for delivering IL-10 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [127]. Elsewhere this strategy has been proposed as a potential method of delivering antihypertensive therapeutics [128, 129]. Given the relative infancy of this field, however, the overall body of literature in this area is sparse. Future studies are certainly warranted on the potential utility of genetically modified probiotics in the treatment of age-related inflammation and associated diseases. ConclusionsAs the population ages across developed nations worldwide, the need for healthcare solutions to ease the burden of age-related diseases grows. Treatments for chronic inflammation represent a particularly promising strategy given the observation of inflammation in “healthy aging” as well as nearly every age-related disorder or disease. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome may represent a novel site of intervention for the prevention and/or treatment of late-life inflammation. A variety of biologic, medical, and lifestyle factors appear to contribute to gut dysbiosis in late-life, and interventions specifically designed to target these factors may be useful in restoring microbial balance and attenuating inflammation (Fig. 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Traditional medicine serves as the primary healthcare source for around 80% of the Ethiopian population, with over 95% of medical preparations derived from plants [8]. However, the continued existence of these medicinal plants is threatened by various factors, including habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, deforestation, firewood collection, and environmental degradation [9,10,11]. Ethiopia, renowned for its exceptional plant diversity, cultural richness, and ancient medical practices, is a hub for ethnomedicinal research [12, 13]. The northwestern lowland area of the country, home to several protected areas and communal forests, is particularly known for its diverse plant species [14,15,16]. Quara, a district in this lowland area, is inhabited by indigenous communities with diverse ethnic backgrounds, including Gumuz, Amhara, and Agew [17, 18]. Additionally, the district has experienced in-migration from different parts of the Amhara region of the country, driven by government resettlement programs [19] and through informal means driven by the search for agricultural and grazing lands [17]. The healthcare system in Quara includes various facilities such as a hospital, health stations, clinics, and pharmacies. However, this infrastructure is severely limited, with only 169 health professionals serving a population of 93,629 [20]. As a result, the local community continues to rely heavily on traditional medicinal plants and associated knowledge. The hot temperatures are prevalent across most of the kebeles in Quara leaving the population vulnerable to a range of diseases and insect-borne illnesses. The top ten human ailments recorded in the district in four successive years (2017/18-2020/21) included malaria, typhoid and paratyphoid, acute upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, functional intestinal disorder, fever of unknown origin, dyspepsia, helminthiases, amoebiasis and disorder of urinary system [20]. Adding to the burden of the inadequate healthcare system, the district experiences a high influx of seasonal agricultural laborers, further straining the limited resources. The remote location of Quara, its distance from major towns, and its proximity to the Sudanese border have facilitated the exchange of traditional medicinal plant knowledge across communities. This has likely led to the discovery of novel ethnobotanical findings in the area. Consequently, the local people have been compelled to rely on and share their knowledge of traditional medicinal plants to address their healthcare needs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is often used in archaeogenetics because it is inherited maternally and remains relatively unchanged over generations. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 05). MIEH subjects carried more amino acid changes and coding sequence variants (P < 0. 01) than control group. The allele frequencies of the eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly different between the two groups, including m. 3970 C > T, m. 4048G > A, m. 4071C > T, m. 4086C > T, m. 4164A > G and m. 4248 T > C in ND1 gene, and m. 4386 T > C and m. 4394C > T in tRNAGln gene(P < 0. 001). Fifty-five homoplasmic or heteroplasmic mutations were detected in 5 genes: ND1, tRNAIle, tRNAMet, tRNAGln and ND2 gene. The ND1 gene was the main mutation site, where the most mtDNA mutation was m. 3970 C > T. ConclusionsThe mtDNA mutations were involved in the process of MIEH. We identified mitochondrial genetic characteristics in MIEH patients in China. The present research serves as a solid foundation for further detailed research on the association between MIEH and mitochondrial dysfunction, and their causal relationship in Chinese and other populations with a similar lifestyle. reports BackgroundEssential hypertension (EH) is a common cardiovascular disorder, influencing about 1 billion people around the world [1]. It is generally believed that the interaction between genic and environmental factors affected EH, which may be caused by single-gene defects or multifactorial conditions [2]. Maternally inherited essential hypertension (MIEH) is EH that is consistent with the pattern of maternal inheritance [3]. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause mitochondrial diseases, which are transmitted from the mother exclusively. MtDNA mutations were marked in several pathogenic disorders including mitochondrial myopathy, stroke-like attacks, encephalopathy and maternally hereditary diabetes [4]. In addition, mutations in mtDNA have also been observed to play a role in the pathogenesis of MIEH [5]. The repair and protection systems of mtDNA are less efficient compared to that of nuclear DNA [6]. MtDNA mutations have been linked to MIEH through modifying several functional tRNAs [7].

Output: corroborate