Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: (v) The extension of the range of the large-sized Indian R. microphyllum may have appeared quite late after these events, possibly even during the Quaternary under the influence of more pronounced seasonality in the climate [53]. ConclusionThis first genetic study dealing with the family Rhinopomatidae has enabled us to put forward phylogenetic hypotheses that differ considerably from the concepts resulting of previous morphological studies. Contrary to what was expected, we found deep allopatric genetic divergences within the R. hardwickii and R. muscatellum lineages, which suggests a separate species status for the Afro-Arabian branch of R. hardwickii (i. e. R. cystops) and for the Yemeni branch of R. muscatellum. In contrast, we found a surprisingly high genetic homogeneity in R. microphyllum (0. 5% of genetic distance over 3,400 km of geographic distance). Morphological polymorphism in the genetically uniform R. cystops and R. microphyllum and the characteristics of the fossil taxon suggests plasticity of body size in this group. Considering information on the Recent and past ranges and the genealogy of the group, we expect that history of the family included (i) an early isolation in archipelago south of seaway or in India, (ii) a northward- and westward spread into Mediterranean after disappearance of the marine barrier in the and (iii) retreat from there after the Miocene climatic optimum. MethodsTaxonomic samplingWe examined both museum specimens and individuals collected during our field excursions. The material examined for morphometric analysis (n = 252) covered all parts of the range (except East Asia), included nearly all nominal taxa, and included the holotypes of R. hardwickii Gray, 1831, R. lepsianum Peters, 1859, R. kinneari Wroughton, 1912, R. cystops Thomas, 1903, R. arabium Thomas, 1913, R. muscatellum Thomas, 1903, R. seianum Thomas, 1913, R. pusillum Thomas, 1920, and R. macinnesi Hayman, 1937. The molecular analyses were undertaken with 26 specimens representing three nominal species, namely R. microphyllum, R. hardwickii, and R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: ) Diversity and Integration in Mycorrhizas. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2002. 148. 58. Secretome of the free-living mycelium from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. J 2012;11:157–71. 59. Proteomic analysis of Pteris vittata fronds: two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi differentially modulate protein expression under arsenic contamination. 2010;10:3811–34. 60. Effects of heavy metals and arbuscular mycorrhiza on the leaf proteome of a selected poplar clone: a time course analysis. 2012;7:e38662. 61. Cangahuala--M, Manga A, van TD, Henry C, et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis elicits proteome responses opposite of P-starvation in SO4 grapevine rootstock upon root colonisation with two Glomus species. Mycorrhiza 2011;21:473–93. 62. -Pearson V, et al. On the mechanisms of cadmium stress alleviation in Medicago truncatula by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: a root proteomic study. 2009;9:420–33. 63. Fester T, Hause G. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots. Mycorrhiza 2005;15:373–9. 64. . Evolutionary adaptation to Zn toxicity in populations of Suilloid fungi. 2004;162:549–59. 65. Turnau K. The influence of industrial dust on the mycoflora of Pino-Quercetum forest near Cracow. III. The influence of industrial dust on the mycorrhiza of Vaccinium myrtillus. Acad 1988;226:135–45. 66. Specific regions in the Sod1 locus of the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius from metal-enriched soils show a different sequence polymorphism. Ecol 2011;75:321–31. 67. Perotto S, Actis-Perino E, Perugini, Bonfante P. Molecular diversity of fungi from ericoid mycorrhizal roots.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Data were further examined with Perseus, and annotated to gene ontology (GO) terms and of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways by evaluating the GO terms, KEGG pathway enrichment, and mRNA expression of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) to assess the shell formation, body torsion, changes in feeding habits, and metamorphosis of B. areolata larvae through proteomics analysis, and to explore the larval development and metamorphosis mechanisms based on proteomics. This study could provide reference data for related studies of other marine gastropods from a proteomics perspective. Resultsof Larval DevelopmentThree groups of larval B. areolata at different developmental stages including the middle veliger stage before attachment (ZRZ-III), later veliger stage (velum atrophy) (ZRZ-V), and juvenile stage (ZRZ-VI) were used. Each group was replicated three times. The three stages of larval development are shown in Fig. 1a–c. The early veliger stage is distinguished by the appearance of the velum, feet, and shell. The middle veliger stage is a pelagic life for 1–2 d and the average shell height of the middle veliger larvae is about 520 μm, and the late veliger stage is characterized by a more rapid heartbeat and larger and elongated foot (Fig. 1a). After 10–12 d, the late veliger stage sinks to the substratum and leads a benthic life, the velum gradually degenerates and atrophies, after which the veliger completes its metamorphosis (Fig. 1b) and enters the juvenile snail stage (Fig. 1c). Figure 1Embryonic development of Babylonia areolata. (a) Veliger before attachment (b) Veliger at the later metamorphosis stage (velum atrophy) (c) Juvenile B. areolata, the feeding habits change from phytophagy to sarcophagy. Full size imageSodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the extracted proteinsThe determined protein concentration of the sample is shown in Table 1. The extracted proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The samples at the three developmental stages showed clear protein bands (Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: muscatellum (Table 2, column 1; Figure 1). Species identification followed the criteria summarized by [9] and Corbet and Hill [56], aided by direct comparisons with other material included in morphometric comparisons. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the collections of the National Museum, and the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, both Prague, Czech Republic. Specimens were selected in order to provide a reliable geographic and taxonomic coverage of the range, and include the holotype material of R. microphyllum, R. kinneari, R. cystops, R. arabium, and R. pusillum. For further details concerning the specimens (including the morphometrical data), see [16, 17]. Fossils reported in this paper are deposited in the collections of Department of Zoology, in Prague [see Additional file 2]. Table 2 Specimen and sequence informationFull size tableThe present paper is the first molecular assay on taxonomy of Rhinopomatidae. All other studies on this group (as well as a preliminary routine identification of our own material) have been based on results of morphometric comparisons. Rhinopomatid taxa have been traditionally diagnosed by morphometric specificities, and distinguish these morphology-based taxa from genetic grouping by denoting them as "morphospecies". Molecular analysisWe extracted total genomic DNA from ethanol-preserved tissues and sequenced 402 bp of the 5'-end of the cytochrome b gene (according protocols published in [5]). Accession nos. [GenBank: DQ337480 – DQ337502, EF443165 – EF443167]. As multiple outgroup, we used representatives of the clade et al. , 2005: Hipposideros bicolor [AF358131], Rhinolophus hipposideros [AF044660], Rousettus leschenaulti [AF044662] and Epomophorus wahlbergi [AF044642]. The sequences were aligned by eye and the dataset was processed in PAUP 4. 0b10 [57]. We tested the cladistic information content and saturation level [58] by saturation tests [59]. We have inferred the model of sequence evolution in Modeltest 3. 7 [60] using a hierarchical likelihood ratio test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: 1996;5:123–31. 68. The genome portal of the Department of Genome Institute. Res 2012;40:D26–32. 69. MycoCosm portal: gearing up for 1000 fungal genomes. Res 2014;42:D699–704. 70. Martin F, Aerts A, Ahrén The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 2008;452:88–92. 71. Périgord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis. Nature 2010;464:1033–8. 72. Genome of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus provides insight into the oldest plant symbiosis. 2013;110:20117–22. 73. -Gaudot E. Proteomic studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Chem 2013;2013:48–58. 74. . Arbuscule-containing and non-colonized cortical cells of mycorrhizal roots undergo extensive and specific reprogramming during arbuscular mycorrhizal development. 2012;69:510–28. 75. Picotti P, Aebersold R. Selected reaction monitoring-based proteomics: workflows, potential, pitfalls and future directions. 2012;9:555–66. 76. . Selected reaction monitoring to determine protein abundance in Arabidopsis using the Arabidopsis proteotypic predictor. 2014;164:525–36. 77. . Single-cell imaging mass spectrometry. 2013;17:854–9. 78. van Remoortere A, van. Peptide and protein imaging mass spectrometry in cancer research. J Proteomics 2010;73:1921–44. 79. -M, Howes-Podoll M, et al. MALDI mass spectrometry-assisted molecular imaging of metabolites during nitrogen fixation in the Medicago truncatula–Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis. 2013;75:130–45. information 1. Introduction2. Plant–symbiotic fungi interactions3. The symbiotic proteomics of mycorrhizal interactions4. Proteomics in action5. Mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metals6. Conclusion and future perspective 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: An expression stability measure for all genes in both assays was performed using the GeNorm program ( according to Vandesompele et al. [18]. The most stable pair of genes was used to normalize the gene expression levels of the GOI in (2007) using the Geomean function (Table 1). Further interrogation of the data was undertaken by normalisation using three of the most stable genes in every assay (Figure S1) and results compared with those from the pair of stable genes. For data analysis, only samples with at least two technical repeats and coefficient of variation percentage (%CV) lower than 25% were considered. Statistical analyses were conducted using Kruskal–Wallis (non-parametric one way analysis of variance by ranks) followed by multiple comparisons of mean ranks for all groups with version 10. 0 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK). Percentage differences of those genes that were differentially regulated from control were calculated. Further, data were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) with PAST [19]. All PCA's were performed on a variance-covariance matrix, as all variables were measured in the same units, and without any group assumptions. PCA score plots are presented with convex hulls highlighting groupings and showing PC1 and PC2. of minimum exposure times of larvae to cues to elicit settlement or metamorphosis without attachment The minimum exposure time to elicit larval responses varied among the different cues. Visible signs of early metamorphosis (flattening into discs and development forming floating polyps) occurred 4 hpi with J010-E, whereas complete metamorphosis without attachment of 98±2% of larvae occurred 6 hpi. In order to sample swimming larvae prior to any observable morphogenetic changes, they were collected 1-3 hpi with J010-E (Table 1). While no behavioural or developmental response was recorded during the first 2 hpi with HOorg and HOaq, initial attachment was observed after 3 hpi, and complete metamorphosis with attachment was observed 16 hpi (settlement rates of 94±5% (HOorg) and 70±8% (HOaq), respectively). To reduce any variation in the assays and to ensure that all larvae were sampled at the same developmental phase, larvae were collected 1 hpi with HOorg or HOaq (Table 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: The resulting model was used to correct distances and for maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. We performed distance analyses to quantify genetic gaps within the clade. We computed pairwise p-distances (Table 3, lower triangle, values used in the text to demonstrate genetic distances) and corrected distances among ingroup haplotypes. We used GTR (model fitting best our data according to Modeltest; Table 3, upper triangle) and K2P (distance used in previous studies on bat species [e. g. [23, 24, 61]]) corrections. The results of both corrected distance analyses were almost identical. The data were ordered by computing trees using several approaches: neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony (heuristic search with 100 random-addition sequences and the TBR branch-swapping algorithm; Figure 3a) and maximum likelihood (Figrue 3b). For the Bayesian analysis (performed in MrBayes 3. 1 [62]; Figure 3c) we used GTR + I + G model, flat priors and random starting tree. We ran four chains in MCMC analysis with 10,000,000 generations and sampled trees every 100 generations. The stationary was inspected via log probability plots and the convergence diagnostics for model parameters and burn-in was used to discard first 1,000,000 generations. We repeated the Bayesian run to test for convergence. The robustness of the topologies obtained was tested by bootstrap using 1,000 replicates, and by computing posterior probabilities. We estimated the approximate dates of divergences (Figure 3d) using the linearized tree approach [63]. The difference in log-likelihoods (2 [log L -log Lclock], [64]) of non-clock like (log L = -1867. 36) and clock-like (logLclock = -1884. 45) trees compared against χ2 distribution (df = Ntaxa - 2) was not significant at the 5% level (19. 50), and thus the molecular clock could not be rejected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Metals by Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate- Jaafar1, Amin Al-Sulami1, Asaad Al-Taee2*, Faris Aldoghachi3 and Suhaimi Napes4 1College of Education for 23College of Science, Basra University, Basra, Iraq 4College of : Asaad Al-of Basrah, environmental development, Basra, 61001, Iraq Tel: 009647801405715 E-mail: amraltaee@yahoo. com Received date: June 06, 2015; Accepted date: July 13, 2015; Published date: July 20, 2015 Citation: Jaafar R, Al-Sulami A, Al-(2015) Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Metals by Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate- Iraq. J 5:190. doi:10. 4172/2155-952X. 1000190 Copyright: © 2015 Jaafar R, et al. This is an open-access 0. 33 mgg-1), while the lowest accumulation was in concentration 5 mgl-1 (0. 029 mgg- 1) at 2h of incubation. the results showed maximum accumulation at 24h for concentration 100 mgl-1 then decreased at 48 h. The results of biosorption experiment showed that D. radiodurans has a good ability to absorption both Pb and Cd in considering to the metals concentrations and times. This which can be clarified from the elevated percentage of Pb absorption (63. 46%) in concentration 50 mgl-1 and during 2h. For biosorption of Cd the was decreased with the increasing time and the high biosorption noticed during 2h at concentration 50 mgl-1 (31. 23%). radiodurans Heavy metals; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Bioaccumulation; D. radiodurans is one of the most known radiation resistant organisms. It can live in cold, dehydration, vacuum and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile. It is found in habitats rich in organic materials, such as soil, feces, meat, or sewage, in addition to that, it’s isolated from dried foods, room dust, medical instruments and textiles [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: verreauxi were determined at five larval rearing phases, early-phyllosoma stages (instars 1–6, culture days ≈ 0–36; (S1), mid-phyllosoma stages (instars; 7–12, culture days ≈37–150; S2), late-phyllosoma stages (instars 13–17, culture days ≈151–220; S3), metamorphosis (culture days ≈220; S4) and puerulus stage (culture days ≈221–242; S5). Phyllosoma survival measures were determined at routine density reductions at the mid- and late-phyllosoma stages and during isolation of final instar phyllosoma before metamorphosis. Early and mid-phyllosoma survival was determined by volumetric counts of larval numbers whereby five subsamples of larvae were counted and the average used to determine the total number of animals being cultured. Late stage phyllosoma were counted individually when removed from mass rearing vessels for metamorphosis. Metamorphosis survival was defined as survival from final phyllosoma instar (instar 17) to 2 days’ post metamorphosis. For each family cohort a minimum of three culture vessels were monitored for survival and the mean survival between the vessels indicated cohort survival. Body weight of all individually tagged female broodstock was recorded using a digital scale following the annual moult cycle and before egg extrusion. The survival data at the five time points (S1 to S5) during the larval rearing was treated as binary characteristics and analysed using both linear and threshold mixed models (section 2. 5). Development of new microsatellite markers, genotyping and parentage verificationA set of eleven microsatellite markers with consistent PCR amplification, clear allelic variation, and clarity of electrophoretic signatures were used to construct the pedigree. These highly polymorphic markers were developed using information from the transcriptome sequences of two S. verreauxi individuals [25].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractFibrillarin (FIB), a methyltransferase essential for life in the vast majority of eukaryotes, is involved in methylation of rRNA required for proper ribosome assembly, as well as methylation of histone H2A of promoter regions of rRNA genes. RNA viral progression that affects both plants and animals requires FIB proteins. Despite the importance and high conservation of fibrillarins, there little is known about the evolutionary dynamics of this small gene family. We applied a phylogenomic microsynteny-network approach to elucidate the evolutionary history of FIB proteins across the Tree of Life. We identified 1063 non-redundant FIB sequences across 1049 completely sequenced genomes from Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. FIB is a highly conserved single-copy gene through Archaea and Eukarya lineages, except for plants, which have a gene family expansion due to paleopolyploidy and tandem duplications. We found a high conservation of the FIB genomic context during plant evolution. Surprisingly, FIB in mammals duplicated after the Eutheria split (e. g. , ruminants, felines, primates) from therian mammals (e. g. , marsupials) to form two main groups of sequences, the FIB and FIB-like groups. The FIB-like group transposed to another genomic context and remained syntenic in all the eutherian mammals. This transposition correlates with differences in the expression patterns of FIB-like proteins and with elevated Ks values potentially due to reduced evolutionary constraints of the duplicated copy. Our results point to a unique evolutionary event in mammals, between FIB and FIB-like genes, that led to non-redundant roles of the vital processes in which this protein is involved. Author summary Fibrillarins are a small group of proteins known to be essential for eukaryotic life as they are involved in several process in the cell. Changes in the amount of fibrillarins in cells can lead to incorrect translation of proteins, and is associated with various types of cancer as well as bacterial and viral responses. To date, no formal analysis of the evolution of fibrillarins through different groups of organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, plants, and animals exists.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The manufacturing of energy from nuclear power factories, uranium mining, nuclear weapons production and nuclear accidents are the major cause of release of radionuclide's into the environment. The nuclear wastes typically contain inorganic and organic contaminants that include radionuclide's, heavy metals, acids/base and solvents. The high radiation level, in combination with the chemical hazards cause intensive damage to ecosystem and living organisms. The clean –up of nuclear waste by physiochemical methods is impractical and the cost is prohibitive. As a result a less costly in situ bioremediation technology is being investigated as a potential substitute method for treating such contaminated sites. The development of bioremediation strategies using Deinococcus spp, is therefore vital for the clean up of contaminated sites with radioactive waste. As these sites rarely contaminated by a single chemical, it is necessary to developed strain to be multi- resistant to various toxic agents [2]. Bioremediation is a natural process which depends on bacteria, fungi, and plants to altering pollutants as these organisms perform their normal life functions. These organisms have the ability of exploiting chemical contaminants as an energy source in their metabolic processes. Therefore, bioremediation affords alternative tool to destroy or reduce the risky contaminants through biological activity and this method has an effective cost [3]. Among the different methods, bioaccumulation and biosorption are potential for the removal of metals [4]. The active mode of metal accumulation of living cells is in most cases referred to bioaccumulation which relys on intrinsic biochemical and structural properties, physiological and genetic adaptation, environmental modification of metal specification, availability and toxicity [5]. Bioaccumulation is defined as the uptake of toxicant by living cells and transports it into the cell [6] and is a growth dependent process mediated only by living biomass [7]. The process of biosorption is possible by both living and dead biomasses [8]. The ability of certain species of bacteria in accumulating heavy metals was investigated inclusively [9,10]. Hence the natural organisms, either indigenous or extraneous can be used for bioremediation of heavy metals [11]. The present study aimed to isolate Deinococcus radiodurans from soil and identifying it biochemically and molecularly, in addition to determining their ability to remediation Pb and Cd through bioaccumulation and biosorption processes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Todas se declararam como sendo do gênero feminino, e é importante destacar que essa pergunta não era eliminatória, ou seja, todas as mulheres seriam consideradas na pesquisa independentemente do gênero declarado. No que diz respeito à formação das entrevistadas, o curso com maior representatividade foi Ciência da Computação, com sete mulheres formadas, seguido por Tecnologia em Jogos Digitais, com seis respondentes. Análise e Desenvolvimento de Sistemas ou Sistemas da Informação aparece em terceiro lugar, com cinco respostas, e, por fim, a área das Engenharias, com quatro respostas. Dentro das Engenharias, 75% das respostas se concentraram em Engenharia da Computação. Quando questionadas sobre a motivação para escolha do curso, a maioria afirma sempre ter gostado de computadores, tecnologia, jogos e matemática. A escola com ensino médio técnico em tecnologia aparece como fator determinante para três mulheres, assim como feira de profissões para outras quatro, que não consideravam um curso nas áreas STEM e acabaram mudando de escolha após se informarem mais sobre as possibilidades de carreira, o que ilustra o papel fundamental das escolas como propulsoras da entrada de mulheres em cursos STEM.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Next-generation sequencing enhances the accessibility of great number of genome sequences from different organisms. The aim of this work is to detect the sequence stability of the fibrillarin gene copies on distant related organisms, and whether it could be associated to the changes on the organization of their genome structures. We applied a novel methodology to detect rearrangements on genomes and found evidence of evolutionary forces on plants that keep the genome region where fibrillarin is located conserved. Also, we observed that a duplication of fibrillarin occurred in mammals which led to novel or specific functions of fibrillarin duplicates. Citation: Pereira-Santana A, Gamboa- (2020) Fibrillarin evolution through the Tree of Life: Comparative genomics and microsynteny network analyses provide new insights into the evolutionary history of Fibrillarin. PLoS 16(10): e1008318. Sergei L. : January 31, 2020; Accepted: September 7, 2020; Published: October 19, 2020Copyright: © 2020 Pereira-Santana et al. This is an open access 15. 5ka proteins, and one of several C/D box small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA); the latter guides the whole complex to the target rRNA for methylation [1, 4, 5]. Archaeal FIB proteins can form a similar RNP complex with L7Ae, Nop5, and a guide RNA to methylate pre-rRNA sequences [6]. Also, FIB can independently carry out the methylation of histone H2A in ribosomal promoters [7–9]. FIB proteins have been studied extensively in different model organisms and have gained attention in the scientific community due to their essential roles in cell survival, cancer therapy, stress tolerance, and nucleolar dynamics [1, 10, 11]. An early experiment in yeast identified impaired ribosomal processing, including impaired rRNA methylation, in thermos-sensitive FIB-deficient mutants [12]. Recently, a novel ribonuclease function was described for FIB; this activity is dependent on the GAR domain and is impaired by phospholipids [13]. Specific localization in the nucleoli and Cajal bodies of cells has made it possible to use it as a nucleolus marker.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by were grown in TGY broth containing different concentrations of lead (5, 10, 25, 50) mgl-1 and for cadmium 10, 20, 50, 100 mgl-1 for 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 h and incubated at 30ºC in a shaker incubator at 180 rpm. Two replicates for each concentration have been done plus, one as a control. The bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 15 min and suspended in 1 ml of distilled water, oven - dried and weighed. The dried biomass were then digested as follow: 100 ml beaker containing the dried cells, 5 ml concentrated nitric acid was added; the beaker was placed on a hot plate, stirred continuously, and heated initially at a medium rate for 5 min. Then, the beaker was heated on maximum setting until nitrogen oxide fumes were given off for a short time and a white residue was left. The beaker was left to cool for about 2 min and digestion was repeated with an additional 2 ml of concentrated nitric acid; this time it was heated until brown nitrogen oxide fumes almost ceased to appear. The beaker was cooled again for about 2 min and then 2 ml of 1:1 hydrochloric acid (35- 37%) was added. The mixture was heated at a medium rate for 3 min. After that it was cooled to room temperature and made up to 25 ml or bigger volume with distilled water. Metal concentrations were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ICE 3000 ) [16]. The metals accumulation then calculated using this equation: E. Con. = A*B/D Where E. Con = the concentration of heavy metals in (mg/g) A= Concentration of heavy metals from calibration curve B= final concentration of sample (mg/l) D= dry weight of sample (gram) Biosorption experiment The equilibrium, kinetics data of the biosorbent D. radiodurans were obtained by performing batch experiments. The experiments were carried out in 250 ml flasks to which 100 ml of single ion metals solution of Cd and Pb, and l ml of biomass (exponential phase) was added.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: Un des champs a été transformé en culture annuelle par application de désherbant, coupe et labourage; le champ voisin, servant de témoin, a été fauché lui aussi, mais on en a laissé les plantes repousser. L’écart entre la productivité nette des deux champs provient surtout de la diminution de la productivité primaire brute, relevée dans le champ traité; la respiration de l’écosystème était similaire dans les deux cas. Quand le bilan du carbone prend en compte la biomasse retirée et les applications d'engrais, on constate que le champ traité a perdu 149 g de C par m2 alors que le champ témoin en a séquestré 96 g, pour un écart net de 245 g de C par m2, de juin à décembre (210 jours). On en déduit que le passage des graminées vivaces à une culture annuelle peut entraîner la perte d'une plus grande quantité de carbone que celle séquestrée par les graminées vivaces, en une saison. Anthropogenic activities have altered the global carbon cycle causing an increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. As a greenhouse gas, CO2 increases the amount of energy retained by the atmosphere, causing an increase in global average temperature (Forster et al. 2007). Since the original conversion of native vegetation to agricultural land, a large decrease in soil organic carbon and a subsequent decline in soil fertility have been observed in Canada (Smith et al. 2000). However, soils remain a substantial global pool of carbon (1500 Pg C), containing about twice the amount of the atmospheric pool (780 Pg C) (Janzen 2005). Restoring soils by sequestering atmospheric carbon could reduce atmospheric CO2 while enhancing soil fertility, increasing yields, improving food security and improving agricultural sustainability (Lal 2007; Lal et al. 2007). This makes sequestering carbon in soils an attractive option for mitigation of rising atmospheric CO2 levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Fibrillarin can act as a sensor of cellular stress and change its localization to the cytoplasm [14]. Due to its role in aiding rRNA processing of ribosomal p1. In this context, FIB functions as a negative transcriptional regulator of immune responsive genes, including PR1 [17]. Despite the vital role of FIB for organisms and extensive molecular and biochemical studies on their functions [12, 18, 19], there are no comprehensive studies on its evolutionary history across the Tree of Life. No complete evolutionary history across the Tree of Life can exclude the viral world [20]. Viruses transfer genetic material to living organisms and therefore have a high impact on biodiversity [21]; certain lineages of viruses present a strong correlation with specific lineages of the Tree of Llife (e. g. , Archaea are host of dsDNA/ssDNA viruses but not RNA viruses while ssRNA(+) viruses are widespread across Eukarya [20]). Giant viruses that can harbor up to 2500 protein coding sequences, present an expanded metabolic diversity (e. g. , components of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, among other metabolic pathways), and present genome sizes up to 2. 5 Mb [21–25]. A comparative genomic study of FIB protein across multiple lineages would facilitate our understanding of its molecular evolution and current functional dynamics. The reconstruction of evolutionary history requires the selection and comparison of a set of genomes to each other and outgroup species, homology-based protein detection among different lineages, the connection between compared genes and their biological function, and the genomic context, both ancient and recent rearrangements [26]. Thanks to the rapid increase in the number of fully sequenced genomes, more resolution of genomic evolutionary processes are known at smaller genome scales (e. g. , gene loss and gene duplication) and entire genome-scale (ancient whole-genome duplication and triplication, WGD/WGT, or paleopolyploidy). These duplication events create genetic novelty and provide the raw material for evolution and biological diversity [27–31]. In comparative genomics, synteny analysis has proven to be a powerful tool for understanding genome rearrangements on both small and entire genome scales. Syntenic genes referred to as syntelogs, onhologs, or syntenic homologous genes, are genes that share the same genomic context.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 33± 0. 0007 mgg-1, while the lowest was 0. 029 ± 0. 268 mgg-1 after 2h. In addition to that, the rising of incubation period may reduce the accumulation for all concentrations. Figure 1: Bioaccumulation of Pb by D. radiodurans at different incubation period and different concentrations. LSD (0. 0049). The accumulation of Cd increase in parallel with the increasing of concentration for all studying time (Figure 2). The figure clarifies increasing in Cd accumulation with the times (2, 4 and 6 h) for concentrations 10, 20 and 50 mgl-1, then decrease during 24 and 48h. For concentration 100 mgl-1, accumulation increase within 2, 4, 6, and 24h, then decrease with 48h. The analysis of variance of bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd between time and concentration was significant (P<0. 05) in all treatments as show by LSD value. Figure 2: Bioaccumulation of Cd by D. radiodurans at different incubation period and different concentrations. LSD (0. 0341). The results of Pb and Cd accumulation showed that, this bacterium was able to accumulate high amounts of Cd 36. 86 ± 0. 007 mgg-1 in comparison to 0. 33 ± 0. 0007 mgg-1 for Pb. This may be due to difference in toxicity of these metals to this bacterium and to its intrinsic properties which help it in occupying varying tolerance, also the history of pollution of the soils from which bacterium isolated by these metals play critical tool in development ability of these bacteria to deal with such contaminations, this which agrees with the results of the present study where it show high MIC value for Cd than this for Pb for this bacterium. From the results the accumulation increase with time, then start decreasing over specific time. This agrees with Ray et al. [24] who reported that, the accumulation of Pb by B. cereus increased with time, then starts decreasing. It may be concluded that, metal binding sites became saturated after specific time. The maximum accumulation of both of metals by this bacterium occurs in the highest concentration of metals then start decreasing with increasing of the time, this observed by Tunali et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: However, the measurements were on soils with high surface organic carbon content and carbonate rich sub-soils, so caution should be used when extrapolating these results to other locations. For example, the highest soil organic carbon stocks reported at long-term agricultural plots in western Canada are about 8. 5 kg C m−2 in the top 15 cm (VandenBygaart et al. 2010), whereas the 0 to 30 cm soil organic carbon content of our fields is about twice this amount. The carbon emissions from the Treatment field following conversion were similar to the losses from established annual crops, and the carbon gains observed on the Control field were similar to other established grassland sites measured elsewhere. The loss of 149 g C m−2 observed from the Treatment field was of a similar magnitude to that observed from annual cropping systems not undergoing cropping system conversion events. For example, Glenn et al. (2010) observed a mean net loss of 106±51 g C m−2 yr−1 from a 3-yr annual rotation south of Winnipeg, and all annual European rotations investigated by Kutsch et al. (2010) were net carbon sources with a mean of 95 ±87 g C m−2 yr−1. The carbon gains from the Control field (96 g C m−2) are similar to other grassland sites: 126±14 g C m−2 yr−1 (Ferlan et al. 2011), 118±36 g C m−2 yr−1 (Meyers 2001), and 147±130 g C m−2 yr−1 (Ammann et al. 2007). However, Ammann et al. (2007) also reported a non-significant loss of 57 (+110 or −130) g C m−2 yr−1 from a grassland site. Conversion of grassland to forest in Germany had a differential carbon loss of about 38 g C m−2 yr−1 in the first year only, but this afforested site had greater NEP in subsequent years (Don et al. 2009). Soil carbon sequestered with perennial crops may be lost relatively quickly by periodic inclusion of annual crops in rotation (Janzen et al. 1998). Under these conditions crediting or otherwise giving producers incentives to convert annual cropland to perennial grasslands for the purpose of removing carbon from the atmosphere may be most beneficial if grasslands remain under perennial management for long periods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: We sought to identify FIB-like proteins in 47 proteomes of viruses that: infect Bacteria and Archaea; derive from ancient symbiotic viruses; and belong to several species of giant viruses from different lineages such as Pandoravirus, Pithoviridae, Megaviricetes (Phycodnaviridae, Mimiviridae, and Marseillevirus), Faustovirus, Pacmanvirus; as well as some giant uncultured marine viruses from environmental samples (S1 Table). No significant match against viruses was detected. Similarly, no FIB sequences were detected in any of the 212 bacterial genomes analyzed (182 well described bacteria [WDB] [36] and 30 species from the candidate phyla radiation [CPR] group [36, 37]; S2 Table), consistent with previous reports [2, 3]. Among CPR bacteria, we detected 20 different families from the MTase superfamily, but none were significant against our HMM-FIB model for FIB proteins (S3 Table). Searching for the 15. 5k protein (L7Ae homolog in Archaea) and the NOP56 protein (NOP5 homolog in Archaea) across Bacteria proteomes did not result in any significant hit against this lineage (S4 Table). These proteins are essential for the recruitment of fibrillarin in the RNP complex. We identified 1063 non-redundant FIB sequences spanning all major clades from Archaea and Eukarya (S5–S9 Tables). The analyzed homologous sequences include: 143 in Archaea (from 148 analyzed genomes), 103 in protists (from 75 genomes), 170 in fungi (from 157 genomes), 328 in plants (from 153 genomes), and 319 in animals (from 257 genomes; Fig 1A and 1B). We then inferred the phylogenetic gene tree from the alignment of the 1063 retrieved sequences (Fig 1C; S1 Fig; S10 Table). Based on the tree, almost all analyzed sequences formed monophyletic groups according to their taxonomic affiliation. Notably, mammalian FIBs formed into two separate monophyletic groups (and B). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Overview of inspected taxonomic groups and distribution of FIB protein sequences through the three domains of life.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The high sorption noticed after 2h at concentration 50 mgl-1. This is similar to Anzeze et al. [29], who reported that, the rate of adsorption of Cd by Eichhornia crasippes was very fast at first and over 95 % of total biosorption of Cd (II) ions occurs in the first 5 minutes and thereafter it proceeds at a slower rate and finally no further significant adsorption is noted beyond 20 minutes of contact time. For effect of metal concentration on biosorption, results show increases in Cd sorption with increasing metal concentration. The initial concentration provides an important driving force to overcome all mass transfer resistance of metal between the aqueous and solid phases [30]. The increasing amount of metal adsorbed by the biomass will be increased with initial concentration of metals. Optimum percentage of metal removal can be taken at high initial metal concentration. Thus, at a given concentration of biomass, the metal uptake increases with increase in initial concentration [31]. 224. éni S, Khwaldia K, et al. (2012) Isolation and characterization of a novel Micrococcusstrain for bioremediation of strontium in radioactive residues. MicrobiolRes 64: 851-858. Volesky B, Holan ZR (1995) Biosorption of heavymetals. BiotechnolProg 11: 235-250. (1995) Metal cation uptake by yeast: areview. ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol 43: 579-584. (2004) Metalbioremediationthrough growing cells. 30: 261-278. (1996) Bioaccumulation and biosorption of CO2+ by neurospora crassa. BiotechnolLett 18: 1205-1208. (1994) Biosorption of heavymetal cations by non- viable yeastbiomas. 15: 429-438. (2002) Uranium accumulation by a bacteriumisolated from electroplating effluent. 18: 295-302. (2008) Novel metalaccumulator and proteasesecretor microbes from Wetland. BiochemBiotechnol 4: 255-264. (2002) Microbiology. (5th Edn. ), McGraw-Hill, New York. Murray RGE (1992) The familyDeinococcaceae.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Perennial plants can provide year-round yields and stabilize soil. [SEP] Text: It is likely that carbon sequestration benefits increase with the length of the perennial grassland rotation but it may not be reasonable to maintain pastures indefinitely. It may be possible to minimize carbon losses following perennial to annual conversions by using management practices such as reduced intensity tillage (Jabro et al. 2008) or delaying tillage until the soil is cool (Reicosky 1998), which will help reduce the fallow proportion of the growing season and reduce ER following the conversion events. Extending the perennial phase of a crop rotation with respect to the annual phase may make slow, long-term increases in soil organic carbon possible. overall effect of conversion seems to be most strongly related to the relative length of the cropped and fallow periods within the growing season because the difference between the fields following conversion was mainly in GPP while ER was affected relatively little. The ER remained relatively constant for each field throughout the season but there was an inherent difference between the fields, even before the conversion was imposed. The perennial system gained 96 g C m−2 and the transitional system lost 149 g C m−2, even though about 200 g C m−2 was added as manure. The net effect of conversion from a perennial to annual cropping system in the year of conversion was the loss of more than 245 g C m−2. It is likely that perennial root decomposition will contribute additional carbon losses from the converted field over future years, but it will be difficult to distinguish this from the dynamics of future annual crops. When it is not possible to maintain perennial grassland rotations indefinitely, it may be possible to minimize losses with beneficial management practices and increase the relative length of the perennial grassland phase in crop rotations. thank the Council of Canada (NSERC), the Program (MSAPP) and the (AGGP) of Agriculture and Agri-for funding this project. We also acknowledge the Program (CCP) and the University of Manitoba's Faculty of for providing conference travel funding. We thank for providing the fields and site data, and Zoran Nesic, Biometeorology and Group, University of British Columbia, for supplying the temperature controlled housings, software, excellent technical support and advice. of the at Food and provided a great deal of soil carbon analysis. We thank and for technical help. Thanks to and who provided advice. 1957. Reconnaissance soil survey of Report #7. Survey1953.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: a) Depiction of the major taxonomic groups analyzed in this study. FIB sequences were sought across a total of 1002 genomes from the three domains of life (212 Bacteria, 148 Archaea, and 642 Eukarya). Graph dimensions are not to scale. b) The number of FIB sequences (purple bars) per analyzed genome are grouped according to major taxa in a species phylogenetic tree. Concentric circles indicate the number of FIB sequences. c) Unrooted phylogenetic tree of the total 1063 FIB proteins found in Archaea and Eukarya, colored by main taxonomic groups. order to identify amino acid conservation of the FIB domain across lineages, (S2 Fig) was built an alignment by Clustal-O with default parameters using representative sequences from different lineages chosen to encompass different phyla and classes across the five major analyzed groups (e. g. , for animals we used representative sequences of porifera, cnidaria, mollusca, artropoda, tardigrada, nematoda, fish, coelacanth, amphibia, reptiles, and mammals). Overall, FIB domain composition is well conserved from Archaea to lineages of Eukarya, specifically on the MTase domain (S2 Fig). FIB proteins from archaeal organisms are shorter than those from most eukaryotic organisms, but several well conserved amino acids were identified even in distant eukaryotic lineages (red shaded columns in S2 Fig). The GAR domain was not present in Archaea FIB proteins, suggesting acquisition during early eukaryotic evolution. Three different Models (HMM) for RG-rich regions reported in [13] were used identify whether other RG-rich regions (like the GAR domain in FIB) were present in other proteins from Bacteria and Archaea, we had examined; no significant match was found against the proteomes of prokaryotes (S4 Table). In Archaea, we detected FIB homologs in 140 of 148 species (95%), showing evidence of independent gene losses in eight organisms (5% S5 Table) during evolution, or due to genome annotation errors or missing data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: IntroductionCocoa (Theobroma cacao L. ) is an important perennial crop, whose mode of cultivation is currently at large scale converted from agroforestry to monoculture systems given higher yields under the latter (Armengot et al. 2016; Niether et al. 2020). Because of its dependence on fertile forest soil, cocoa monoculture causes deforestation and CO2 emissions (Gockowski and Sonwa 2011) while cocoa agroforests are known to conserve biodiversity (Asase and Tetteh 2010) and sequester carbon (Nijmeijer et al. 2018). In these cocoa agroforestry systems, cycling of litterfall and decomposition acts as an input-output system for organic matter sustenance (Fontes et al. 2014). Due to reduction in biodiversity when cocoa agroforests are converted into monocultures, this matter cycling is reduced (Schneidewind et al. 2019). This is problematic especially in where nutrient reserves on heavily leached soils are low and nutrient exports in the harvest are rarely replaced by application of mineral fertilizers. Litterfall in cocoa agroforests is estimated to amount to 10 t ha−1 yr−1 (Dawoe et al. 2010; Saj et al. 2021) whereby its distribution throughout the year depends on climatic conditions. It is generally higher in the dry than in the wet season (Saj et al. 2021), however, thunderstorms and high wind speeds in the rainy season may cause occasional peaks (Becker et al. 2015). Litterfall chemistry, such as nutrient concentrations, in cocoa agroforestry systems is influenced greatly by climate and shade tree diversity (Saj et al. 2021; Sari et al. 2022). In a cocoa agroforestry system in Mexico, magnesium (Mg) concentrations were higher in litterfall during the rainy season, whereas phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were higher in dry season litter (Pérez-Flores et al. 2018). The decomposition of litter biomass releases carbon and nutrients, whose turnover and plant availability is greatly influenced by climate, soil organisms, and litter chemistry (Aerts 1997). In most agroecosystems, initial N, P, lignin, cellulose, and polyphenols are important regulators of litter decomposition (Dawoe et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 87x Rb. Amsterdam 14 december 2022, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2022:7520 (DPA Group), r. o. 5. 14. Het is voor de minderheidsaandeelhouder bijna onmogelijk om te ontsnappen aan het bereik van het billijke prijsvermoeden, omdat slechts in uitzonderlijke situaties niet aan het 90%-criterium wordt voldaan. Als er niet aan het 90%-criterium wordt voldaan, zal alsnog vaak bij de biedprijs worden aangesloten op grond van het jurisprudentieel vermoeden. Het leerstuk van het billijke prijsvermoeden heeft volgens mijn analyse enige aanscherping en duidelijkheid nodig. De toets voor de vraag of de biedprijs een billijke prijs is, is de overweldigende steun door aanmeldende maatman-aandeelhouders. Om de integriteit en betrouwbaarheid van de ratio achter het billijke prijsvermoeden te garanderen, moeten alle correcties op het billijke prijsvermoeden plaatsvinden wanneer wordt vastgesteld of voldaan is aan het 90%-criterium en niet daarna. Ik heb uiteengezet welke ruimte daarvoor bestaat door het introduceren van de maatman-aandeelhouder en de WAP-aandeelhouder. Dit brengt met zich dat er geen situatie denkbaar is waarin het prijsvermoeden weerlegd kan worden zodra eenmaal is voldaan aan het 90%-criterium. De systematiek van het prijsvermoeden en de ratio daarachter lijken mij daar niet geschikt voor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Genomes from three Euryarchaeota species contained FIB duplicates: Archaeoglobales archaeon ex4484_92, Aciduliprofundum boonei T469, and Halonotius sp. J07HN4 (S5 Table). Significant hits were found in the vast majority of the 148 analyzed proteomes from Archaea for the 15. 5k protein (142 significant hits) and the NOP56 protein (145 significant hits); at least one well conserved copy per specie was identified for each protein (S4 Table). In protists, we detected 103 FIB homologs in 73 of 75 (96%) analyzed species (S6 Table). Fifty-three of 75 species (73%) contained only one FIB sequence per genome (Fig 2A). Sixteen of 75 species (23%) contained FIB duplicates ranging from 2 to 7 paralogs per genome (S6 Table). Species from Stramenopiles and Alveolata also contained more than one FIB per genome (Fig 2A). The phylogenetic analysis of protist FIBs was congruent with the major phylogenetic groups; however, the Alveolata FIBs were separated into several clades, mainly Apicomplexa and Oligohymenophorea, indicating higher divergence (S3 Fig). Interestingly, the FIB sequence SymiT_OLP95976. 1 from the ancestral dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum (clustered within the Apicomplexa clade, sister to dinoflagellates) contained up to 53 exons (S3 Fig). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Depiction of the number of FIB proteins detected in Eukarya. a) FIB proteins detected in the protist group. b) FIB proteins detected in Fungi. c) FIBs detected in Plant genomes. d) FIBs detected in invertebrates. e) FIBs detected in vertebrates. Each circle represents the number of FIBs per species (y-axis). Each taxonomic group is presented in a unique color (dots and strips under the x-axis) consistently throughout the text and figures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: On average, 19 kg N ha−1, 3 kg P ha−1, 30 kg K ha−1, 4 kg Ca ha−1 and 4 kg Mg ha−1 exported via annual harvest (cocoa pod husk and beans) represented 5%, 7%, 29%, 2%, and 4%, respectively, of the annual nutrient stocks recycled in total litterfall (Table 4). Table 4 Carbon and nutrient stocks of the annual litterfall components, cocoa bean and pod husk of cocoa agroforests under conventional and organic management in Suhum Municipality, of GhanaFull size tableDecomposition of cocoa leafWithin the first 2 months, 50% of the initial litter DM disappeared under organic and conventional management (Fig. 3a). After 1 month of cocoa leaves placement, P and Ca release under conventional management were 20% and 21%, respectively, higher (p < 0. 05) than under organic management (Fig. 3c and e). Similarly, Mg release at months one and two after cocoa leaves placement were 24% and 10%, respectively, lower (p < 0. 05) under organic management than under conventional management (Fig. 3f). At the end of the 12 months study period, on average 15% of the initial litter remained in the litterbags. Potassium was rapidly released from litter leading to the disappearance of 98% of the initial content. Although DM disappearance and N release rates were 35% greater under organic management compared with conventional management, these differences were not statistically significant (Table 5). Phosphorus, K, and Ca release rates were 13%, 33%, and 41%, respectively, higher in conventional farms than organic farms, but these differences were not significant. For P, K, Ca, and Mg 93–100% of nutrients belong to the labile fraction of the cocoa leaves. Among the nutrient release rates, it was only Mg that under conventional management was significantly (51%) greater than under organic management. Fig. 3Decay and nutrient release patterns of cocoa leaves during 12 months in cocoa agroforests under conventional (Con) and organic (Org) management in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. Error bars indicate +/− one standard error of the mean. * and ** above the error bars indicate significant differences at p = 0. 05 and 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Daarnaast is het ook in het belang van het proces om alle omstandigheden mee te nemen in de vraag of aan het 90%-criterium wordt voldaan. Uit die aangescherpte systematiek wordt per definitie duidelijk of voldoende maatman-aandeelhouders het bod steunen omdat zij de biedprijs een billijke prijs vinden. Daarna staat wat mij betreft vast dat de biedprijs kwalificeert als billijke prijs. Dit kan het gevolg hebben dat de bijzondere uitkoopprocedure iets duidelijker wordt én dat de bestudering daarvan overzichtelijker wordt. Kortom, het billijke prijsvermoeden is de jure een weerlegbaar bewijsvermoeden, maar de facto een onweerlegbaar bewijsvermoeden. Afwijken van het billijke prijsvermoeden is daarom ook echt het monster van Loch Ness. De kans dat we Nessie ooit gaan zien, is nihil. Noten * De auteur bedankt en voor hun commentaar tijdens het schrijfproces. 1 Art. 2:359c BW. 2 Zijn er verschillende soorten aandelen, dan kan de vordering slechts worden ingesteld ten aanzien van de soort waarvan eiser of eiseres ten minste 95% van het geplaatste kapitaal verschaft en 95% van de stemrechten vertegenwoordigt, vgl. art. 2:359c lid 2 BW. 3 Art. 2:359c lid 6 BW, eerste zin. 4 Art. 2:359c lid 6 BW, tweede zin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Fungi, we searched 157 genomes from eight major phyla [38, 39] and found a total of 170 FIB proteins in 149 species (95%; S4 Fig. and S7 Table). We did not detect FIB sequences in eight of the 157 species (5%) which were distributed through Basidiomycota and Ascomycota phyla, indicating possible independent losses during Dikarya evolution, genome annotation errors or missing data (Fig 2B; S4 Fig). Fourteen of 157 species (9%) contained FIB duplicates ranging from 2 to 4 paralogs per genome (S4 Fig). Eleven of these 14 species occur in the early-diverging groups of fungi (Fig 2B). Zyhosaccharomyces bailii and Kazachstania africana from the Saccharomycetaceae family, and Melampsora larici-populina from Pucciniomycotina were the only three species within the Dikarya subkingdom that contained FIB duplicates, with two paralogs each (S4 Fig). The number of exons in the fungal FIB mRNAs ranged from one to thirteen, with an average of 3. 5 exons per sequence. Interestingly, in the Saccharomycotina subphylum, 18 out of 21 (86%) FIBs were intronless (S5 Fig). In plants (sensu lato; 140 plants and 13 algae), we detected 328 FIBs in 147 of 153 (96%) analyzed genomes (S8 Table). For the 6 species where we could not find FIBs proteins this was likely due to genome annotation errors due to large plant genome sizes and the short-read sequencing technologies implemented for their assembly (short read technologies cannot accurately assemble large repetitive and low complexity regions). Twelve of the 13 algae (10 Chlorophyta and 2 Rhodophyta) contained only one FIB protein, the exception was Porphyra umbilicalis in which no FIB protein was detected (Fig 2C). For most first branching land plant lineages (Embryophyta and Tracheophyta [Sphagnum fallax, Marchantia polymorpha, and Selaginella moellendorffii]), we detected one FIB.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Although pruned litter from shade and cocoa trees influences the nutrient cycling process in cocoa agroforests, it could not be quantified with litterboxes. Management did not significantly alter cocoa leaf decompositionInitial rapid decomposition, as observed under both managements, was likely caused by leaching and break down of soluble compounds like sugar, starch, and amino acids (Wieder and Lang 1982). The disappearance of 50% of the initial material in the first 2 months is common in tropical agroforestry systems (Yao et al. 2021). Particularly cocoa agroforests with high litter diversity on the soil surface host a diverse community of soil and litter macro- and microfauna (da Silva Moço et al. 2009) accelerating litter fragmentation. Later stages of decomposition were more gradual because of accumulation of recalcitrant compounds like cellulose, lignin, and tannins (Wieder and Lang 1982). Our average decomposition rate of 0. 40 g month−1 falls within the range of 0. 30–0. 58 g month−1 reported for cocoa leaves in Nigeria (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018) and Cote d´Ivoire (Yao et al. 2021). However, Asigbaase et al. (2020) reported an average decomposition rate of 1. 69 g month−1 in cocoa agroforests of the same municipality as ours, but it was 300% higher than ours. This disparity could be due to the above authors mixing cocoa leaves with shade tree leaves at a 1:1 rate. In our study decomposition and nutrient release rates were determined for cocoa leaves alone without including leaves from surrounding shade trees. A mixture of leaves from different species alters litter chemistry, which could be synergistic or antagonistic to decomposition processes and nutrient release (Cuchietti et al. 2014). Because of the high shade tree variability even between farms of the same management, we only considered cocoa leaves for the decomposition study. Hence, our decomposition results were not a complete reflection of litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. In addition, the different methods that exist to study litter decomposition can lead to discrepancies when comparing studies. For example, in litterbag experiments mesh sizes > 2 mm have been reported to increase litter decomposition due to the increased activity of macro fauna which enhances litter fragmentation exposing them to higher microbial activity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: “I think RRT should have more options to refer into/clearer pathways to do this as i find we are often struggling to get that support after the 72 hours. ” (Participant 46, Team) Referrals persisted throughout participant responses as a key challenge when navigating the pathway, which may explain the considerable number of negative responses to the eleventh statement (see Fig. 1k), identifying movement between services as a key area for improvement. As referrals act as a major route of access within the movement between services, expanding referrals between services is a clear action crisis services can take to improve accessibility and movement between services. 2. 10. 3 Single point of accessA solution suggested by participants for the challenges faced in the referral process was a single point of access and referral for crisis services. “Single entry pathways into the crisis pathway rather than referral to each separate service” (Participant 49, Other) A few specifically suggested this to be achieved through a phone line, with one specifically noting expanding the current role of 111 to support this. “For there to be there to be a single point of access phone number for Crisis services” (Participant 19, ) “Expanding the 111 and MHST pathway would enable further referrals into RRT” (Participant 49, Other) Having a single point of entry and referral would simplify the movement between services and enable service users and staff to better navigate crisis services, reducing the likelihood of incorrect referrals, causing longer waits for young people in crisis. 2. 10. 4 Length of service provisionHowever, once the service has been accessed there appeared to be some disagreement about the length of support offered. Survey responses to the fifth Likert scale statement (see Fig. 1e) also suggests dissatisfaction with the length of service provision, with 19. 23% of participants disagreeing with the statement that crisis services are offering the right amount of help for the right length of time. In response to the qualitative survey question, some participants indicated that the support offered is not long enough, suggesting that “some young people require longer than 3 days crisis support and need that time to build trust in the practitioners who offer support” (Participant 21, Other). Other responses noted that service users would prefer longer length of support also. “Learn from the feedback provided by young people - they are clear that would prefer longer term support.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: The exception was Physcomitrella patens with 6 FIB proteins, likely due to the two rounds of ancient WGD in this lineage [40]. abies (Pinophyta), the only gymnosperm analyzed, we detected one FIB sequence. All angiosperms share an ancient WGT. From the basal angiosperm Amborella trichopoda, we detected two FIB sequences. Monocots had FIBs that ranged from 1 to 4 paralogs per genome with an average of 1. 8 FIBs per genome (BOP clade [grasses from Poaceae family] contained exactly two sequences), except for the allohexaploid Triticum aestivum (common wheat) that contained 6 paralogs. The early-diverging eudicot plants Nelumbo nucifera and Aquilegia coerulea contained two FIB proteins each, as did the members of the Caryophyllales clade (except for Spinacia oleracea with one FIB). Asterids had a range of FIBs from 1 to 4 paralogs (averaging 2 FIBs per genome). Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) seems to have retained only one copy of the FIB gene after the WGT event (At-γ). In the Fabids (Eurosids I), the number of FIBs ranged from 1 to 5 (with an average of 2. 1 FIBs per genome); In the Malvids (Eurosids II), the FIBs ranged from 1 to 11 paralogs (an average of 3. 1 FIBs per genome). family showed a dynamic increase in the number of paralogs from 2 to 11, derived from two rounds of ancient WGD (At-α and At-β) and specific WGT (Br-α) in Brassica species. In animals (Metazoa), we analyzed 257 genomes from which we were able to detect 319 FIB sequences. We classified this group in two principal subgroups: Invertebrata, and Vertebrata. From Invertebrata, we detected 78 FIB sequences in 59 of 62 (95%) analyzed genomes (S9 Table); almost all species contained one FIB sequence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Nitrogen content of litter fall in increasingly nitrogen-poor forest floors was correspondingly lower. Nitrogen content of litter fall on N rich forest floors and N fertilized forest floors was proportionately higher. Nitrogen withdrawal in leaves at senescence was inversely correlated with grams N mineralized per square metre per year in forest floors. Fertilization did not influence microbial processes in the field, though lab studies indicated a negative influence of NH4, P, and K on microbial respiration. Glucose added in the laboratory and field markedly increased forest-floor microbial respiration. In vitro glucose-induced increases in respiration were not influenced by addition of ammonium nitrate and were significantly depressed by addition of P and K. In the field, fertilization had no effect on either glucose-induced respiration or microbial biomass. RésuméLes auteurs ont étudié l'effet des propriétés chimiques de la couverture morte sur le taux de décomposition de la matière organique et le cycle des éléments dans plusieurs forêts de conifères et d'espèces décidues de la taïga de l'intérieur de l'Alaska, sur une période de 5 ans. Au moyen des techniques de sac à litière et de respirométrie, ils ont mesuré les pertes de poids et la consommation d'oxygène d'échantillons de la couverture morte, soit sans traitement ou avec addition d'engrais N, P et K, et de glucose comme source de carbone. En utilisant des échantillons de couverture morte possédant un éventail de rapports C/N, y compris des échantillons carences en azote, on a pu mesurer l'influence de la nature du substrat sur la croissance de semis et leur teneur en éléments et en tannins.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 48, Safe Zones) Although some survey responses expressed a desire for “More flexibility with number and duration of sessions,” (Participant 42, Safe Zones) another opinion was expressed, which suggested that the length of support was not the issue, but rather professionals' comfort with drawing support to a close with young people. “For example yp in central may receive longer that the agreed 5 sessions, where in Pennine areas the sessions will meet the agreed session length. This is mainly linked to confidence of practitioners being able to draw sessions to a close. This is creating again a service that isn't uniformed. ” (Participant 23, Safe Zones) As previously discussed, the transfer of care between services has proven to be a challenge for professionals, so it is understandable that some may feel reluctant to end care, without the confidence of a secure next step for the young person in their care. 2. 10. 5 Distinction of crisis servicesHowever, there may be another factor contributing to the desire, shared amongst some professionals who took part in this survey, to extend the length of support offered within current crisis services. This is the distinction between crisis mental health services, and general mental health services. It is more than likely that young people reaching crisis require mental health support before and after crisis point and therefore need long term support. “I think that often a lot of young people have a deeper underlying reason for the symptoms they are feeling, that then end up resulting in them reaching crisis. Often it feels as though they may need some more intensive and in-depth, long-term therapy to deal with the underlying issue, rather than the surface level issues. ” (Participant 41, Safe Zones) This poses an issue for crisis services, as if access to step down, long-term mental health services is problematic, then professionals may feel uncomfortable offering short-term support, creating a perceived need for crisis services to extend their length of support. 2. 11 How to improve integrationThere were many responses which related to the super-ordinate theme of how to improve integration, with many responses to the qualitative part of the survey highlighting the demand for different services to work together more effectively. This need is echoed in participants responses to the Likert scale questions in the survey, with the statement about effectively working together receiving a 19. 23% negative response rate (see Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: The exceptions were some members of the Mollusca clade that contained two FIBs, including Lingula anatina from Brachiopoda phylum (Fig 2D). The other notable group was the Diptera clade, especially the Drosophilidae family, which had two FIBs in each species. In Vertebrata, we detected 241 FIB sequences in 140 of 195 inspected genomes (72%). We obtained a single FIB sequence in each of the species from the ancient vertebrate lineage of the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), passing through actinopterygii, to the "living fossil" the chalumnae; the Salmonidae family was the exception to this count. Since this clade contains an extra WGD event called 4R, the number of FIB sequences ranged from 2 to 3 (Fig 2E). Amphibia and sauropsida clade also contained one FIB gene per genome, except for the allotetraploid frog Xenopus leavis with two FIB sequences. clade was notable because we only partial FIB sequences were detected, in only 5 of 53 (9%) inspected genomes. Two of these 5 avian species belong to the palaeognathae clade (Struthio camelus australis and Tinamus guttatus), and the other three belong to the neognathae clade (Falco peregrinus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, and Geospiza fortis). Representative mammal species from Prototheria (1 species [Ornithorhynchus anatinus]), Metatheria (2 species [Sarcophilus harrisii and Monodelphis domestica]), Xenarthra (1 species [Dasypus novemcinctus]), Afrotheria (6 species [e. g. , clade including Sirenia, Elephantidae, Macroscelididae, among others]), Laurasiatheria (43 species [e. g. , clade including Chiroptera, Felidae, Cetacea, Ruminantia, among others]), and Euarchontoglires (43 species [e. g. , clade including Dermoptera, Rodentia, Primates, among others]), were analyzed proportionally to the number of well-sequenced organisms per clade.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: La biomasse microbienne (bactéries et champignons) fut mesurée pour un éventail de types forestiers, de même que le pH, la saturation en bases, l'ampleur des réserves de N et P, et la minéralisation de la matière organique. Pour des conditions identiques de température et d'humidité, les taux moyens de respiration des substrats L, F et H de couverture morte sous couvert résineux étaient respectivement 1,8, 2,8 et 2,0 fois moindre que les taux moyens de respiration des horizons correspondants sous couvert feuillu. Le taux de respiration des horizons L et F de forêt de bouleau était 11,5 fois plus élevé que celui des horizons correspondants de forêt d'épinette noire. Les pertes de poids des horizons L, F et H de forêt de bouleau étaient 6, 3 et 2 fois plus élevées que celles des substrats correspondants de forêt d'épinette noire. La décomposition des substrats s'est avérée influencée davantage par les caractères intrinsèques de ces derniers que par les conditions climatiques de terrain. La biomasse fongique était corrélce à la quantité de matière organique en considérant tous les sites (n = 15, r = 0,62), mais les corrélations étaient meilleures pour les sites décidus (n = 9, r = 0,89), et résineux (n = 6, r = 0,82) pris séparément.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Contrary to this position, other professionals expressed the belief that crisis services should remain short term, and that professionals need to be more confident in ending care with service users. As the findings in this study demonstrate, the movement between services was perceived to be in most need of improvement. Therefore, it is foreseeable that professionals would be reluctant to end care if apprehensive about the future quality of care for service users who need it. However, this raises a conceptual issue of crisis within crisis care (i. e. , when do crisis services end and long-term support begin? ). Finally, results demonstrated that the way in which services work together effectively and provide integrated care was unclear to professionals. Quantitative findings found that not only did a significant percentage of participants disagree that working together, and integration was done well, but the number of participants who reported to have no opinion on this was higher than any of the other evaluative Likert scale statements. This, alongside most of the participants self-reporting to not have a full understanding of crisis services available, clearly demonstrates the need to improve how crisis services work together and integrate. Research into collaboration to provide mental health services has proved to elicit many benefits [18], with NHS England encouraging integration and collaboration through “building positive trusted, and enduring relationships with communities to improve service, support and outcomes for all. ” [31]. This research illustrates a similar demand amongst professionals, with participants in this study expressing a desire to be better integrated not only with other crisis and mental health services, but also wider services available in the community. As it currently stands, there is a lack of understanding of crisis services and long-term support after crisis, which could be enhanced through training. Training was requested by participants, to not only improve their skills in service delivery, but also in better understanding the range of services that support young people in crisis and after de-escalation. However, training to enhance the understanding of other services will not create fully integrated services without the ability to improve communication between these services. The creation of a shared system, to communicate and share information between the many services that provide care and step-down care for people in crisis was highly recommended by professionals. 4 Limitations and future researchThis study contributes to current understanding of crisis mental health service provision for young people by developing clear actions for the NHS to enhance current provision. However, the scale of this research makes generalisability of findings difficult.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: Three major clusters include a specific Fish-Reptilia syntenic cluster (pink and blue nodes), and two mammalian-specific syntenic clusters (green and yellow nodes). Nodes represent FIB genes, and edges represent synteny relationships between them. Nodes sizes are proportional to the number of synteny connections they share. All depicted microsynteny networks were clustered by Clique percolation method (k-clique = 3) to find densely connected communities. contain nine syntenic communities, one belonging to the early-branching fungi Mucoromycotina, two from Basidiomycota, and six from Ascomycota (Fig 3A). In plants, we detected five syntenic communities: a major supercluster contained almost all detected syntenic FIB from all angiosperms (including the basal Magnoliophyta Amborella); another minor cluster was specific to Rosids; an Oryza-specific community (containing one representative for each of the six analyzed rice species); a Fabaceae-specific community; a grass community; and a small Fabaceae group that was poorly linked to the Angiosperm supercluster (Fig 3B). In animals, only the Vertebrata subgroup presents syntenic connections between species. We found three significant communities, one for Fish and Reptilia (containing the Coelacanth L. chalumnae), and the other two for mammals (Fig 3C). Interestingly, in mammals, one syntenic community was specific for FIB genes (Mammal cluster A), and the other was specific for the entire set of FIB-like genes (Mammal cluster B). Therefore, suggests that FIB and FIB-like genes are in different genomic contexts before the split of the Eutheria clade. Phylogenomic microsynteny network analysis in analysis divided the fungal fibrillarins according to the major taxonomic groups (Fig 4A and S5 Fig). Orthology analysis (no synteny evidence) revealed the presence of two orthologous groups (OG, orthogroups) of fungal fibrillarin proteins (Fig 4A). Only the SrbaF_EJS44334 sequence from Saccharomyces arboricola did not belong to any OG.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: L'étude révèle l'existence de corrélations étroites entre le taux de décomposition de la matière organique et la biomasse fongique (n = 13, r = 0,86), et entre la biomasse fongique et la quantité de N et P minéralisé (n = 14, r = 0,95; n = 11, r = 0,94, respectivement). Les semis cultivés sur substrat carencé en éléments ont produit plus de tannins que les témoins, et les semis cultivés sur substrat classé par ordre croissant du rapport C/N ont formé moins de matière sèche, avec un contenu moindre en azote et avaient proportionnellement une masse racinaire plus élevée. Parallèlement, la teneur en azote de la litière s'atténuait avec l'augmentation du rapport C/N des substrats. La résorption de l'azote des feuilles à la sénescence était corrélée inversement avec la quantité de N minéralisé par mètre carré et par an. La fertilisation n'a pas eu d'influence sur les processus microbiens au champ, malgré que les études en laboratoire indiquaient une influence négative de NH4, P et K sur la respiration microbienne. L'addition de glucose, tant au champ qu'en laboratoire, a augmenté fortement la respiration. L'augmentation de respiration induite par le glucose invitro ne fut pas influencée par l'addition de nitrate d'ammonium, mais elle fut réduite significativement par l'addition de Pet K. La fertilisation au champ fut sans effet sur la respiration induite par le glucose, non plus que sur la biomasse microbienne. [Traduit par le journal]Get full access to this 1983. Nutrient cycling in relation to decomposition and organic-matter quality in taiga ecosystems. of Forest Research.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: In fact, Venter and colleagues found an increase in outdoor recreation activity by approximately 300% during the pandemic lockdown in urban areas (Venter et al. , 2020; Venter et al. , 2021). However, these studies were restricted to a small part of the population (i. e. users in Oslo, the capital of Norway). Since runners and cyclists tend to live in high SES neighborhoods (Harden, Schuurman, Keller, & Lear, 2022), these studies may be biased toward ethnic majorities and high-income demographics (Roy, Nelson, Fotheringham, & Winters, 2019). Studies that provide nationwide data about changes in exposure to nature during the pandemic are therefore needed. Moreover, changed recreational patterns may have led to long-term changes in the use of greenspaces, even after restrictions were lifted. We therefore ask: Did the COVID-19 pandemic and associated social distancing measures result in increased usage of green spaces in the short and long term, and if so, did this impact vary by socioeconomic status and geographical location (urban vs rural)? There is evidence from before the pandemic of social inequalities in exposure to nature, where neighborhoods with low socioeconomic status had less proximity to green spaces compared to those with high socioeconomic status (Rigolon, Browning, Lee, & Shin, 2018). To our knowledge there is no research on how social inequalities in access to green spaces might have changed with the pandemic. We know that people with low socioeconomic status suffered more from economic consequences of mobility restrictions (Bessell, 2022). For example, there was stronger mobility contraction in areas with economic inequalities (Bonaccorsi et al. , 2020), excess burden of COVID-19 among people with low education and income (Chen et al. , 2022; Wang & Tang, 2020) and among ethnic minorities (Mackey et al. , 2020; Yancy, 2020), and disadvantaged groups had worse outcomes in a range of psychosocial domains (Ulset, Bakken, & von Soest, 2021; von Soest et al. , 2022). On the one hand, lack of access to green space, limited resources and a dependence on public transport may have led to less recreational green space exposure during the pandemic among those living in less affluent areas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: General phylogenomic profiling (Fig 4B) shows the affiliation of the microsynteny communities according to the fungal species tree according to colored squares. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Phylogenomic microsynteny analysis of the fungal FIB homologues. a) Phylogeny of the 170 FIB proteins identified in fungi. Tree leaves are labelled by color according to main taxonomic groups, as indicated in the legend (left). The color of inner strips is by major groups: early-diverging fungi (red), Ascomycota (blue), and Basidiomycota (yellow). Internal pairwise connections between tree leaves represent pairwise synteny relationships and are colored to indicate the nine fungal microsynteny communities; gray connections represent synteny pairwise relationships not included in any community. b) Phylogenetic profiling of the microsynteny communities of FIB proteins found in fungi. The cladogram at the bottom represents analyzed fungal species; branches are colored by main taxonomic groups, as indicated in the left legend. The presence or absence of the synteny communities in each species shown in the matrix above the cladogram. Closed figures indicate the presence of a microsynteny community. FIB microsynteny network of fungi comprised 97 nodes representing 57% of the total 170 fungal fibrillarin proteins identified and 239 edges (pairwise syntenic relationships; S11 Table). Clustering analysis revealed 9 syntenic communities of FIB proteins in fungi, termed F-1 to F-9 (S6 and S7 Figs and S12 Table). The number of nodes in individual communities ranged from 3 in F-8 and F-9 to a 21 in F-6. Each fungal syntenic community was mainly composed of FIB proteins from closely-related species within families, orders, or classes. The F-1 and F-6 communities shared a node from Aspergillus aculeatus, connecting the Eurotiomycetidae family and the Sordariomycetes class.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: of plants used as traditional medicines have toxic effect on the liver and kidney Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2471-139X Anatomy & 41. DOI: 10. 15406/mojap. 2018. 05. 00161 and fruits are natural sources of useful antioxidants. Plants and their extracts are widely used as traditional medicine. Asia region, Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatranaand Hylocereus polyrhizus are used in treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to investigate the safe use of extracts of these plants on liver and kidney. Experimental female rats were divided into nine groups. One group was normal non diabetic control given normal saline; four groups were normal non diabetic animals of which three were treated with plant extracts, while one group, the control, was daily orally treated with vitamin E (250mg/kg body weight). The remaining four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control animals treated with normal saline and three groups were treated with plant extracts). The plant extracts were administered for two weeks as daily oral single doses. Doses of Octomeles sumatrana and Syzygium polyanthum were 1g/kg body weight while that of Hylocereus polyrhizus was 3g/kg body weight. Normal and diabetic rats treated with plant extracts demonstrated toxic changes in their liver and kidney. Liver showed damaged hepatocytes with macrophage infiltration. Kidney displayed interstitial bleeding, arterial and arteriolar wall thickening and glomerulosclerosis. Findings in this study go with the previously published reports on the damaging effect of exogenous toxins and plants extracts on the liver and kidney. This work demonstrated the importance of safety studies on herbal extracts. Keywords: Toxicity, Plant extracts, Liver toxicity, Renal toxicity, Syzygium polyanthum, Eugenia polyantha, Octomeles sumatrana, Hylocereus polyrhizus and fruits have potential therapeutic effects in the management of many human diseases. 1‒4 Many bioactive compounds have been isolated from plants and fruits; they are a good source of antioxidants which aid the protection against oxidative stress. 5,6 Plants and their extracts have been used as traditional medicines for the management of a variety of diseases in many Asian countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Moreover, we know from before that the pandemic led to an increase in mental health problems due to social isolation and disruption of daily routines (von Soest et al. , 2022). Since green spaces have been shown to have a positive impact on mental health by reducing stress and increasing social connection, people may have increasingly turned to green spaces to escape the stresses of the pandemic. We also found that the positive impact of the pandemic on green space use was most prominent in districts with low socioeconomic status. Low socio-economic status neighborhoods were more affected by the negative economic and social impacts of the pandemic (Bessell, 2022; Bonaccorsi et al. , 2020; von Soest et al. , 2022). As people living in these areas experienced higher levels of stress, the increased use of green spaces in these neighborhoods during the pandemic may reflect that green spaces have provided opportunities to reduce stress and improve mental health, social connection, and well-being of the residents. Our study revealed a clear social inequity in green space use, with the highest SES districts displaying nearly equal usage rates of green spaces and non-green spaces. In contrast, low SES districts had significantly more dwells in non-green areas and fewer dwells in the greenest areas. This pattern was evident both before and during the pandemic, but the difference seemed to decline slightly during the pandemic as compared to before the pandemic. This suggests that the pandemic may have had a positive effect on green space inequality by reducing the gap between high and low SES districts. Our study also showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a more significant impact on green space use in densely populated urban areas, as opposed to districts with lower population density. Specifically, we observed a more substantial decline in the number of visits to non-green areas in high population density urban districts. This finding is consistent with previous research showing greater mobility contraction in urban areas (Bonaccorsi et al. , 2020). This decline in non-green area usage in high population density urban areas could be linked to the higher risk of COVID-19 transmission in densely populated areas, and the following closing of indoor gyms, cinemas, restaurants, and other recreational facilities that are typically located in such areas. Residents in these areas may have been more cautious about activities in settings that typically have low vegetation density such as public built and indoors environments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: In addition, the F-1 community contained a protein from Xylona heveae, and the F-6 community contained a protein from Baudoinia panamericana, connecting such communities to the Xylonomycetes and Dothideomycetes classes, respectively (arrows in S6 and S7 Figs). delemar, an ancient whole-genome duplication was detected [41], correlating with the presence of four FIB paralogs (two of which are syntelogs; S6 Fig, F-3 community). We did not find the FIB identifier among the onhologs listed by [41]. Other early-diverging fungi such as those within the Neocallimastigomycetes class contained several FIB duplications. Within Saccharomycotina, we found two syntenic communities of FIB syntelogs corresponding to the CTG-Ser clade (F-5) and the Saccharomycetaceae family (F-7). The CTG-Ser clade is composed of the Metschnikowiaceae and the Debaryomycetaceae families, which translate the CTG codon to Serine instead of Leucine [42]. The FIB homologue of Babjeviella inositovora, the most basal species from the CTG-Ser clade [43], was the only FIB homolog not included within the F-5 community (S6 Fig). The FIB homolog from Xylona heveae retains synteny with Ucinocarpus reesii and Coccidioides posadasii; the FIB protein from Baudoinia panamericana retains synteny with Chaetomium globosum and Thielavia terrestris; finally, the FIB sequence from Aspergillus aculeatus retains synteny with five and three species from Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, respectively (S6 and S7 Figs). The result suggests that the current genomic contexts of these FIB proteins had a common origin in the last common ancestor of Pezizomycotina. Therefore, they changed by extensive and rapid lineage-specific genomic rearrangements (S4 Fig).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among these plants are Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatrana and Hylocereus polyrhizus. Syzygium polyanthum (Myrthaceae) is synonymous with Eugenia polyantha. It is locally known as daunsalam or seraikayu or as Indonesian bay leaf. 7 Leaves of the plant are used to flavor food. 8 The leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity and is said to be beneficial in hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, stomach disorders and diarrhea. 9 Octomeles sumatrana (Datiscaceae) is a riverine specie with relatively light, soft wood. It has poor resistance to decomposition, thus is consequently used where strength and durability are of less importance as in the manufacturing of pulp, wood containers and match boxes. O. sumatrana barks are a rich source of bioactive compounds. They are boiled in water and taken orally by the Kadazandusun people of Sabah, Malaysia as a tonic and in the treatment of body aches, muscle spasms and in stressful situations. Hylocereus polyrhizusis a fruit from the climbing cacti of the Cactaceae family. 10 The plant originated from Latin America11 and is widely cultivated throughout Malaysia. The fruit gains its local name, red dragon fruit, from its purple-red scaled structured skin. The flesh is edible and is of a brilliant purple-red color and is scattered with small edible black seeds. Each ripe fruit can weigh between 200 to 500g. The fruit exhibits antioxidant properties from its high content of vitamin C and dietary fibre. 12 It is known that fruits and plants are excellent sources of antioxidant polyphenols, thus extracts of plant materials which targeted the health industry are available commercially. Plant extracts contain concentrated amounts of phytochemicals can be toxic in high doses as previously noted. 13 Histologically, some studies showed that, exogenous toxins and high doses of plants extracts was harmful to the liver14,15 as well as to the kidney. 16 Not much work has been done on S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus despite their widespread use by Malaysians.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: ResultsFigure 2 shows that at the bivariate level, vegetation density (as measured by the NDVI) at the grid level was moderately and negatively correlated with the number of daily recreational dwells, suggesting that there were more daily dwells in areas with low vegetation density compared to areas with high vegetation density. Moreover, there was a moderate negative correlation between the NDVI and population density and a weak positive correlation between the NDVI and neighborhood SES, indicating that densely populated and less affluent areas contained less green space than more affluent areas and areas with lower population density. Table 1 presents the results from the multilevel mixed model analysis with the number of daily recreational dwells on the grid level as the dependent variable. Model 1 revealed a positive association between the pandemic period and the number of recreational daily dwells and indicated a 1% increase in daily dwells after the onset of the pandemic compared to the baseline period before the pandemic. However, when adjusting for the NDVI, neighborhood SES, population density, public holidays, school holidays, season, and weather variables in Model 2, the number of daily recreational dwells decreased by 5% after the onset of the pandemic, thus indicating an overall reduction in daily recreational activity after the pandemic started when controlling for covariates. 3, we found a positive interaction effect between the COVID dummy variable and the NDVI, suggesting that recreational dwells increased more in grids with higher vegetation density after the onset of the pandemic. Post-hoc probing of the interaction displayed in Figure 1C indicated that after the onset of the pandemic, there was a 9. 44% increase in recreational dwells in the areas with the highest vegetation density (NDVI = 1), while there was a 6. 38% decrease in recreational dwells in the areas with the lowest vegetation density (NDVI = –1). In line with this finding, Figure 1B demonstrates a sharp increase in the proportion of recreational dwells in green grids that began during the spring of 2020 when the pandemic started. Table 1, Model 4, shows a significant negative three-way interaction between the COVID dummy, NDVI and neighborhood SES. Post-hoc probing, as shown in Figure 1D, revealed that the proportion of recreational dwells in green spaces was substantially lower in low-SES neighborhoods compared to high-SES neighborhoods both before and during the pandemic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossils provide insights into the evolutionary history of life. [SEP] Text: To examine the genomic context of each community, we retrieved all syntelog pairs contained within the same syntenic block as the FIBs homologs (S11 Table indicates the block indexes in the first column; see also S13 Table). Then annotations were assigned to all proteins/nodes from each network and low containing sub-clusters (k-clique = 3) were filtered out; the remaining networks are displayed (S8 Fig). A summary of the best-annotated proteins within the same syntenic blocks as fungal FIBs is in S14 Table. Phylogenomic microsynteny network analysis in plants Phylogenetic analysis shows that plant FIB proteins are monophyletic. The algae FIB proteins were all clustered together in the base of the tree, following the basal Embryophyta species (mosses, liverwort, and hornwort), then the gymnosperm P. abies, Amborella, the monocot species, and finally the Eudicotyledons (Fig 5). All plant FIB proteins belong to a unique orthologous group (OG; black filled circles on the tip of the leaves). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Phylogenomic microsynteny analysis of plant FIB homologues. Phylogeny of the total 327 FIB proteins detected from 153 plant genomes (13 algae and 140 plants). Names of genes are placed on the tree by taxonomic affiliation, as indicated on the right. Colors of inner strips are according to major taxonomic groups: algae (red) and angiosperms (green). Internal pairwise connections between tree leaves represent pairwise synteny relationships and are colored according to the detected microsynteny clusters, as shown in Fig 2B and S9 Fig. Gray connections represent synteny pairwise relationships not included in any community. Black filled circles on the tip of the leaves represent genes belonging to the only orthogroup detected in plants. Yellow filled circles represent tandem duplicated genes and part of the unique orthogroup. plant FIB microsynteny network comprised 223 nodes or genes (67. 9% of the 328 total plant FIB proteins identified) and 6016 edges (pairwise syntenic relationships; S15 Table).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: These plants have been investigated in the Faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM laboratories in the last few years for evidence of their benefits as used in folk medicine. The present study was designed to assess the safe use of these extracts on the liver and kidney of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods Female adult rats (180-200g) were obtained from the (Multipro Supply, Malaysia). They were randomized into nine groups consisting of six animals each. One group was normal non diabetic control animals given normal saline, four groups were normal non diabetic animals (three groups were treated with the plant extracts while one group was used as a control in which animals were treated with vitamin E) and four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control diabetic animals treated with normal saline and three groups were diabetic animals treated with plant extracts). All groups were housed at a constant temperature (22±2°C) in a light-controlled (12:12-h light: dark cycle) room. Animals had ad libitumaccess to water and standard laboratory food (. Sapphire Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia). In order to make the animals diabetic, they were treated with streptozocin (STZ), minimum 98% HPLC grade, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. The drug was given as a single dose of 55mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. One week following the injection, the animals were checked for diabetes. Blood was collected from the orbital sinus, centrifuged and serum level of glucose was analyzed on a analyzer (I Lab 300, Italy). Non diabetic and diabetic groups that had been given plant extracts were treated as follows: Each group was fed a different plant extract. Each extract was administered continuously per os as a daily single dose for two weeks. Control diabetic animals were given normal saline. Plant extracts were prepared from the leaves of S. polyanthum, the bark of O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus fruit; they were collected from local fields. S. polyanthum leaves and O. sumatrana bark were dried for three days in an oven at 50˚C, grounded and boiled in water (100g/1000 mL) for 15min. Extracts were filtered through four layers of gauze, centrifuged at 3000g for 15min and then lyophilized into powder form.

Output: corroborate