Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Phytoremediation and phytostabilisation Four years of observations in these experimental afforestations have given the researchers preliminary insights on decontamination perspectives and proper use of this type of phytoremediation system. Extrapolations based on the metal extraction findings revealed that, in such contamination conditions (Zn/Cu/Pb/Cd of 3000/600/100/10 mg kg-1), site remediation would take up to 350 years for Zn, 30 years for Cu, and just one year for Cd, whereas Pb concentrations in the soil would remain unchanged. Such timescales clearly outline the high potential of afforestation to stabilise metal pollution but not to revert the site to pre-contamination conditions. Phytostabilisation can therefore be primarily considered in the case of metal-polluted land where neither the severity of the pollution nor the remediation costs justify expensive decontamination treatment. The minor detrimental effects of heavy metal pollution on tree biomass and plant growth mean sites can be reclaimed by nature-like afforestation or native vegetation over long periods. During this time, forest cover brings precious co-benefits, preventing wind export of contaminated dust or leaching of heavy metals into aquifers. Because tree stems have low concentrations of pollutants, mostly in the outer tissues, uncontaminated products can be generated particularly from debarked wood. Market-ready lumber, fibre, or biomass production can then generate income, provided more contaminated plant parts are treated properly and there is minimal disturbance of the soil to avoid further spread of contamination. Forest cover is also a valuable carbon sink. Foliar symptoms of metal accumulation and stress. Whereas spruce foliage only showed little indicative yellowing in older needles (A), the symptoms in broadleaved material were more specific. Typical were discolourations and dark dots along veins (B, D) or leaf-edge necrosis (C, E). Useless from an economical point of view, understorey plants will develop in any afforestation system spontaneously. The foliage of pioneer plants can mobilise and export metals while a new forest is establishing, but sufficient shading under developing trees can encourage typical herbaceous forest species with shallow root systems to reduce interference with soil pollution. These species can then contribute to improving soil biodiversity and function, in interaction with the soil microbiome.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: KRT-ChR2 mice exhibited robust expression of ChR2 in epidermal keratinocytes and hair follicles of hairy skin and basal and suprabasal keratinocytes of glabrous skin (Figure 2A). ChR2 expression does not occur in other dermal structures (vasculature, muscle) or in the DRG (Figure 1B). KRT-ChR2 mice also exhibited behavioral responses to blue light stimulation (Figure 2B, Table 1), but at lower frequencies and with greater latencies relative to Prph-ChR2 mice. The average withdrawal latency for KRT-ChR2 mice was 15. 75 s ± 2. 26 (SEM) (see Video 1), compared to the millisecond withdrawal responses exhibited by Prph-ChR2 mice. Testing was done in a blinded manner and all KRT-ChR2 mice responded at least one time out of 10 trials with laser stimulation restricted to a 30 s maximum. Measures on human skin using a thermistor showed a slight laser-induced increase in surface temperature (from 27. 5°C to 30. 5°C) over the 30 s stimulation period, indicating that KRT-ChR2 mouse responses were not due to laser heating of the skin. That light activation of ChR2-keratinocytes could evoke nocifensive-type behaviors suggested that robust communication occurs between keratinocytes and sensory afferents that transmit nociceptive stimuli. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Blue light stimulates multiple subtypes of cutaneous afferents in KRT-ChR2 transgenic mice. (A). ChR2-YFP expression in keratinocytes of glabrous skin of KRT-ChR2 mouse. PGP9. 5-positive nerve fibers (red) are in dermis and epidermis (arrows). (B). Plot of behavioral responses to blue laser across time intervals for Prph-ChR2 and KRT-ChR2 mice. All Prph-Cre mice showed an immediate response (within 5 s of stimulation). All KRT-ChR2 mice also responded at least once in 10 trials and with variable latencies (see Table 1). (C). Example showing activation of a CMH fiber type in response to blue laser applied to KRT-ChR2 skin in the ex vivo preparation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: biofertilizationarbuscular mycorrhizal fungisingle isolate inoculumcrop yieldnutrient uptakeslitter bagsbiofertilizationarbuscular mycorrhizal fungisingle isolate inoculumcrop yieldnutrient uptakeslitter bagsFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7IntroductionTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) is the second most important vegetable in the world, after potato (database, average period 2011–2020; and one of the most studied fleshy fruits (Singh et al. 2021). Tomato fruits are nutrient dense and represent an important source of health-promoting compounds (Chaudhary et al. 2018; Dorais et al. 2008). Due to their importance in human health, the study of sustainable approaches, such as plant microbial biostimulants (González-González et al. 2020; Sharma et al. 2017) to improve the production and nutritional value of tomato is of great relevance to producers as well as consumers (Baulcombe et al. 2009). This is especially true in the recent scenario of “hidden hunger” due to shortage of micronutrients in crops that has been determined by several factors, among which plant breeding, agronomic management and the increase of atmospheric CO2 (Gruda 2005; Myers et al. 2014; Scharff et al. 2022). Indeed, elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations have been shown to strongly reduce nutrient concentrations (e. g. , and Zn) in almost all staple crops (Gojon et al. 2022) and vegetables (Dong et al. 2018), including tomato (Tripp et al. 1991; Pimenta et al. 2022). Beneficial microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could represent an important tool for enhancing tomato yield and mineral nutrient concentration (e. g. , Coccina et al. 2019; Hart et al. 2015; Lehmann et al. 2014; Lehmann and Rillig 2015; Pellegrino et al. 2020), since they promote plant nutrient acquisition also under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Baslam et al. 2012; Terrer et al. 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Metal contaminants accumulated in foliage shed from trees and understorey plants are strongly bound and poorly bioavailable. As the researchers observed, with 0. 01% of the total soil metal pollution allocated to this yearly litter, canopy forest litter can act as a transitory metal immobilisation pool. It’s not just the concentration of absorbed metal pollutants within plant organs that matters but also the amounts extracted in the different plant parts. Finding the right afforestation solution Site decontamination and restoration programmes, together with different remediation trials, have been underway in industrialised countries since the end of the last century. Their high costs mean the most dangerous sites have been prioritised, so highly contaminated sites with little confinement or access restrictions are not rare, particularly in regions with a long industrial history. If these are reclaimed by natural vegetation, which may not always include the best-suited species, this can conceal the potential dangers of the site. The success of a phytostabilisation project using afforestation depends on careful planning and plant material selection, especially if well-identified ecosystem services are targeted. Afforestation management of such sites, rather than simply relying on natural succession, can accelerate the revegetation process and production goals. Frequently, metal-polluted sites present harsh site conditions. Good understanding of the soil characteristics is a prerequisite, with a view to determining realistic ecosystem-service objectives and timescales and optimising reclamation costs. As well as selecting tolerant and site-adapted species, the improvement of defective soil properties – themselves highly spatially variable – can be crucially important. The afforestation plan can then include the simultaneous or delayed plantation of tree cohorts, including less metal-tolerant and/or more shade-tolerant species, depending on whether the goal is valuable wood products and/or bio-energy products, for example. Experimental afforestation system by the end of summer, after four years of exposure to mixed metal contamination in the topsoil. The deciduous trees were coppiced every year. Notice the yellowing leaves at shoot basis, which showed the highest contamination levels. With time, the new afforestation and reclaiming vegetation will also bring social benefits. Revegetated urban areas can promote healthier lifestyles and improve wellbeing immediately, making phytostabilisation solutions attractive to budget holders as well as local communities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Responses of this fiber to mechanical and heat stimuli are shown below laser response. (D). Example of a train of action potentials elicited in a CH fiber type in response to laser activation of the KRT-ChR2 skin. Responses of this fiber to heat stimuli are shown below laser response. (E). In this KRT-ChR2 Aβ HTMR afferent laser stimulation does not produce firing when presented alone, but does in combination with subthreshold (5 mN) mechanical stimulation. (F). Light directly activates this KRT-ChR2 CMHC fiber and summates with noxious heat stimulation. (G). SA1 Aβ-low threshold mechanoreceptor responds to mechanical and laser stimulation. (H). SA1s terminate on ChR2-YFP (green) positive Merkel cells co-labeled with anti-K20 (orange). Anti-NFH (red) labels SA1 fiber. Calibration bars in (A) and (H) = 100 µm. (I). Light-evoked responses from a SA-1 fiber at varying intensities (1–40 mW) with instantaneous frequency depicted. Pulses were 5 s in duration with 30 s between pulses. (J). Normalized mean firing rate vs light intensity plotted on a log-intensity scale. Data from 8 afferents are averaged from ascending and descending steps of light intensity, and were fit with a Boltzman sigmoidal function (R2 = 0. 98). Table 1 KRT-ChR2 mice respond to blue light stimulation of paw skin Mouse strainSexResponses/10KRT-ChR2 1Female4KRT-ChR2 2Female3KRT-ChR2 3Female1KRT-ChR2 4Male3KRT-ChR2 5Male1KRT-ChR2 6Male3Mean2. 5 KRT-CreMale0KRT-CreMale0WTFemale0KRT-CreFemale0WTFemale0Mean0. 0 All KRT-ChR2 mice respond to light applied to foot plantar skin whereas control littermates (n = 5) showed no response. The number of nocifensive responses (paw lifting, biting, licking) out of 10 stimulations was recorded.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, phylum Glomeromycota, Tedersoo et al. 2018) are beneficial microbial symbionts, ubiquitous in natural and agricultural ecosystems (Brundrett and Tedersoo 2018). They establish a symbiosis with the majority of plant species in terrestrial environments (ca. 67% of plant species) (Bueno et al. 2019; Maherali et al. 2016), supplying mineral nutrients to the plants (mainly P) in exchange for photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) (from 4–20% of the photosynthates) in the form of lipids as well as sugar (Bago et al. 2000; Jiang et al. 2017; Luginbuehl et al. 2017). Carbon-mineral exchanges between host and fungus occur through arbuscules, namely highly branched fungal structures present in cortical root cells (Parniske 2008). These fungi represent fundamental factors of plant productivity (Pellegrino et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2019) since they are capable, through their extraradical mycelium, to promote plant uptake and translocation of nutrients (e. g. , P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) (Lehmann et al. 2014; Lehmann and Rillig 2015) and to mediate their transfer among plants linked by a common mycorrhizal network (Cardini et al. 2021; Javot et al. 2007; Jin et al. 2005; van der Heijden and Horton 2009). The effect of AM fungal inoculation on AM fungal root colonization, plant growth, and nutrient acquisition (P, Fe, Cu and Zn in shoot and roots; Ca, K, P, and Zn in fruits) in different varieties of tomato has been well documented in microcosm, also under low and moderate salinity stress (e. g. , Al-Karaki et al. 2000, 2001; Giovannetti et al. 2012; Hart et al. 2015). In pot conditions, tomato yield was unaffected or positively or negatively affected by AM fungal inoculation, applying distinct AM fungal species (Giovannetti et al. 2012; Hart et al. 2015). Similarly, fruit N concentration was unaffected or positively affected, according to the identity of the inoculated AM fungus (Hart et al. 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: And importantly, this approach can also help jurisdictions comply with decarbonisation or biodiversity-loss regulations. However, this also brings new management challenges to avoid direct human contact with soil contaminants; for example, some recreational harvesting activities, like picking mushrooms, can be risky whereas others (berries) will remain harmless. Decades of fundamental research, species and provenance trials in controlled conditions or at metal-polluted sites, have considerably improved our understanding of the mechanisms and effects of heavy metal uptake in trees and plants. The currently available science can allow practitioners to develop original site-specific remediation solutions, enabling more efficient containment of contamination and improvement of soil properties. Such progress brings new perspectives, with a view to developing valuable products and ecosystem services, reintegrating sites contaminated with persistent pollutants into the productive economic cycle. Average yearly metal extraction in a four-year afforestation experiment, reported to the afforestation surface. Total and plant-available Pb/Cd/Cu/Zn metal fractions in the contaminated soil reached 13/1/74/360 and 0. 1/0. 4/5. 4/86g m-2. What are the next steps for your future research on environmental contamination? Will you be looking at other stress factors? Our research on heavy metal contamination is part of a larger research effort on abiotic stress and its effects in native tree and herbaceous plant species. Other soil-borne (eg, de-icing salt, drought) and air-borne (ozone, low or high air temperature) stressors have also been under investigation and the plant responses compared. A forthcoming publication will deal with root cells and tissues and the interactions with adhering soil p523. Günthardt-, (2019) Growth and metal accumulation of young forest trees and understorey plants on contaminated topsoil: influence of subsoil and time. Plant Soil, 437, 375–395. Babst-érot, H, Vollenweider, P, (2016) Plant adaptation to metal polluted environments – physiological, morphological, and evolutionary insights from Biscutella laevigata. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 127, 1–13. Hermle, S, Vollenweider, P, Günthardt-(2007) Leaf responsiveness of Populus tremula and Salix viminalis to soil contaminated with heavy metals and acidic rainwater.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: In total, light evoked responses in KRT-ChR2 mice in 17 of 60 total trials (28%). Control KRT-Cre mice lack the ChR2 gene whereas WT controls lack both transgenes. Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg KRT-ChR2 mice exhibit nocifensive behaviors in response to blue light. Blue light stimulation of channelrhodopsin expressing keratinocytes in the skin of KRT-ChR2 mice induces behavioral withdrawal responses. This mouse exhibits foot lifting at ∼9 s after light exposure on the glabrous skin of the hind foot. To further investigate keratinocyte-sensory neuron communication we used ex vivo preparations that employed both intracellular and fiber teasing recording techniques. Electrophysiological recordings were obtained from 80 cells isolated from 16 KRT-ChR2 mice (Table 2). Laser activation induced APs in 6 out of 24 unmyelinated nociceptive fiber neurons (Figure 2C,D) and in 4 out of 14 myelinated high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs) (not shown). These responses in heat-sensitive neurons are not due to laser-generated heat, as measures using a thermistor show minimal rise (∼1 °C) in temperature over the 5 s recording interval. In addition, 3 myelinated HTMR fibers exhibited apparent summation when the laser was presented with natural stimuli. An example of this summation is shown in Figure 2E. This myelinated HTMR fiber had a mechanical threshold of 10 mN and neither a 5 mN mechanical stimulus nor the maximal intensity of blue light evoked a response. However, simultaneous application of 5 mN mechanical stimulation and light stimulation was sufficient to elicit APs. Recordings from 18 C-fiber nociceptors were maintained long enough to make multiple presentations of natural, laser and combined laser and natural stimuli. In 12 of these fibers, combined laser and natural stimulation evoked significantly more APs than natural stimuli alone (p < 0. 01 paired T-test, n = 12) (Figure 2F). The remaining 6 C-fiber nociceptors did not display any summation when pairing laser and natural stimuli (not shown).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: By contrast, fewer studies of AM fungal inoculation were carried out in open-field conditions (Bona et al. 2017; Bowles et al. 2016; Conversa et al. 2013; Subramanian et al. 2006), where agricultural practices might have negatively impacted native AMF-crop interactions (e. g. , Gosling et al. 2010; Hamel et al. 1997; Pellegrino et al. 2022b; Piazza et al. 2019). Indeed, agricultural practices can determine an impoverishment of the AM fungal biomass and community diversity (Gosling et al. 2006) and the selection of low efficient AM fungal species providing less benefits to crops (Egerton-Warburton et al. 2007; Johnson 1993; Sainz and Arines 1988). In such low fertile conditions, AM fungal inocula can successfully adapt and develop with native AMF (Pellegrino et al. 2012, 2022b; Ryan and Graham 2018) and they can early colonize the crops, a crucial trait for host benefit (Smith et al. 1992). Bowles et al. (2016), in a field experiment comparing MYC + and the mutant nonmycorrhizal tomato genotype rmc under organic regime, demonstrated the beneficial effect of AMF on tomato yield (+ 25%) and leaf and fruit N and P uptakes (+ 22% and + 26%, respectively). Similarly, plants of tomato (var. PKM-1 and var. TC 2000) inoculated in the nursery with Rhizophagus intraradices or a mix of AM fungal species (i. e. , R. intraradices, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus viscosum, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Claroideoglomus claroideum) and later transplanted in field showed a higher AM fungal colonization and arbuscule frequency in roots at harvest, as well as enhanced plant growth and yield attributes (i. e. , collar diameter, inflorescence per branch and fruit fresh weight), and N and P uptakes in shoot and roots (Bona et al. 2017, Subramanian et al. 2006). By contrast, tomato var.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: is the natural ability of certain plants to bioaccumulate, degrade, or render harmless contaminants in soils, water, or air. In the present study, an attempt to have a comparative assessment of the efficiency of aquatic weeds like Typha latifolia, Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes to treat the effluents under laboratory conditions. The bio concentration factor (BCF) of lead, copper, arsenic and cadmium by the floating and emergent plant were studied. The effluent of rare earth separating industry had high concentration of copper, cadmium and arsenic. Eichhornia crassipes and Typha latifolia based constructed wetlands are the best options for treatment of the effluent. Lead from Titanium sponge industry effluent was removed prominently by Eichhornia crassipes than the emergent plant Typha latifolia. But other heavy metals like copper and cadmium was removed prominently by Typha latifolia. Keywords: bioconcentration factor, constructed wetlands, heavy metals, macrophytes, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2013 1 (5), pp 92-97. DOI: 10. 12691/aees-1-5-4 08, 2013; 15, 2013; 15, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Science and Education Publishing. Reserved. Cite this 1. 5 (2013): 92-97. Sukumaran, D. (2013). Phytoremediation of from. , 1(5), 92-97. Sukumaran, Dipu. "Phytoremediation of from. " 1, no. 5 (2013): 92-97. Import into BibTeX Import into Endinto Refinto RefWorks 1. IntroductionThe environmental pollution with toxic metals has become a worldwide crisis, affecting agriculture and contributing to bioaccumulation and biomagnifications in the food chain. Recently, research groups have recognized that certain toxic metals may remain in the environment for a long period and can eventually bioaccumulate to higher levels that could affect human being [1]. As an alternative, to the traditional treatment of pollutants, an ecological approach has been developed using of plants to remediate soils or water contaminated with toxic metals. Traditional technologies for removal of pollutants can be successful in specific situations, but they are not cost effective.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Comparison of the functional properties of laser responsive and unresponsive nociceptive fibers revealed no significant differences. Laser activation also elicited AP firing in all 21 myelinated slowly adapting type 1 (SA1) low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs), which is most likely due to activation of Merkel cells (Maricich et al. , 2009; Maksimovic et al. , 2014), which, like epidermal keratinocytes, express the KRT14 keratin (Figure 2G–J). However, laser stimulation failed to activate any APs in myelinated rapidly adapting LTMRs. Table 2 Number of primary afferents recorded from Prph-ChR2, KRT-ChR2 and KRT-NpHR mice that showed responses to light stimulation Prph-ChR2KRT-ChR2KRT-NpHRCell typeResponsiveUnresponsiveResponsive (direct)UnresponsiveResponsiveUnresponsiveSA10321 (21)0160RA (Aβ) LTMR0401509RA (Aδ) LTMR010602A-HTMR (Aβ)113 (2)125A-HTMR (Aδ)024 (2)657CM701 (0)124CC020101CH434 (2)301CMC011 (0)111CMH1136 (2)075CMHC336 (2)021 Fibers that were activated directly by light stimulation of KRT-ChR2 keratinocytes are in parentheses. Cell types recorded from are: SA1, slowly adapting type 1; RA (Aβ), rapidly adapting A beta low-threshold mechanoreceptor; RA (Aδ), rapidly adapting A delta low-threshold mechanoreceptor, A-HTMR, high-threshold mechanoreceptor(Aβ); A-HTMR, high-threshold mechanoreceptor (Aδ); CM, C mechanoreceptor; CC, C cold receptor; CH, C heat receptor; CMC, C mechano-cold receptor; CMH, C mechano-heat receptor; CMHC, C mechano-heat and cold receptor. AP firing following laser stimulation of keratinocytes was generally less robust than AP firing in Prph-ChR2 afferents (avg peak IF = 0. 3Hz vs 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Moreover, Glomeraceae have very delicate hyphae characterized by a short longevity, creating a smaller but more diffuse extraradical mycelium, whereas Gigasporaceae have robust and densely aggregated hyphae characterized by a slower rate of turn-over, creating a larger extraradical mycelium, but closely concentrated to the root system (Jakobsen et al. 1992; Smith et al. 2000). These differences among AMF families may have important implications for the mutualist role of AMF (Dodd et al. 2000), especially if we mean to manage them for agroecological benefits. Indeed, a high ratio of soil to root colonization may provide the crop with the greatest benefit (increased nutrient transfer from soil to root) (Hart and Reader 2002). Conversely, a little net nutritional benefit may occur when the ratio of soil to root colonization is low, since a small extension of the extraradical mycelium would limit the nutrient transfer to the crop (Hart and Reader 2002). Meanwhile, a larger AM fungal root colonization can be positively correlated with plant biomass (Lekberg and Koide 2005), potentially due to a higher frequency of arbuscules (Hart and Reader 2002). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, although known to have no saprophytic capacity, represent an important group of microorganisms involved also in litter decomposition (Cheng et al. 2012; Gui et al. 2017; Hodge et al. 2015), a crucial process for terrestrial ecosystems, since it affects the stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC) that it is expected to decline under the projected elevated atmospheric CO2 (Terrer et al. 2021). Herman et al. (2012) and Hodge et al. (2001) proved that AMF enhance litter decomposition, increase N capture from organic patches and alter the C flow through changes in soil microbial communities. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi might impact litter decomposition through effects on soil saprophytic microorganisms (Nuccio et al. 2013) and/or on soil structure (Pellegrino et al. 2021, 2022b; Rillig and Mummey 2006).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: There is very dynamic effort to develop new, more cost-effective and ecofriendly techniques to remediate polluted soils, and now Phytoremediation which is based on the use of plants to extract, sequester or detoxify pollutants is in the front line [2]. (CW) is an artificial wetland created as a new habitat for native and migratory wildlife, for anthropogenic discharge such as wastewater or sewage treatment and or other ecological disturbances such as required mitigation for natural areas lost to a development. It acts as a biofilter, removing sediments and pollutants such as heavy metals from the water, and constructed wetlands can be designed to emulate these features. Phytoremediation can be defined as the process of using plants to absorb, accumulate, detoxify and for render harmless, contaminants in the environment through physical, chemical or biological processes [3]. Hartman [4] reported that plants were first proposed for use in the treatment of wastewater above 300 years ago. The sequestration of heavy metal ions by non-living biomass primarily involves adsorption, while absorption followed by accumulation is mechanism associated with living biomass. Early saturation of metal-binding interactive sites of plant biomass limits the capacity for heavy metal uptake [5]. Hyper accumulator plant species accumulate harmful metals above certain concentrations in their shoot, leaf and fruits [6]. The phytoremediation of metals from contaminated soi1 was reintroduced and developed by Chaney [7] and the first field trial of phytoextraction was done in 1991 on zinc and cadmium [8]. Boyd and Martens [9] reported that the accumulation of metals could be a symbol of a defense mechanism against the pests. Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid, which has been used in pesticides and wood preservatives, leading to arsenic contaminated sites [10] and localized soil contaminations resulting from use of arsenic in pressure-treated lumber have been widely reported. The arsenic contamination of ground water in the alluvial planes of Bangladesh and West Bengal, from microbial degradation of peat has resulted in widespread health risk and irrigation practices has dispersed arsenic to surrounding soils, resulting in arsenic poisoning of living beings [11]. Similar contamination is seen in regions with arsenic in sub soils worldwide. Pteris vittata accumulates arsenic in contaminated and non-contaminated soils suggesting that hyper accumulation is a constitutive trait [12]. Various studies propose the use of P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: 6Hz, respectively). The exception was in recordings from SA1 fibers, which showed a robust, but atypical pattern of firing to light stimulation (Figure 2G,I). In response to mechanical stimulation SA1 fibers exhibit a characteristic response consisting of an initial high frequency burst of action potentials followed by a sustained firing, but at a lower frequency. Although light stimulation of these fibers could evoke high frequency bursts of activity, these bursts did not occur at the initial onset of the light stimulus (mechanical mean peak IF = 218. 2Hz; optical mean peak IF = 109. 2 Hz) (Figure 2G). The SA1 response to light was stable, could be elicited repeatedly and was intensity dependent (Figure 2I,J). Keratinocytes from KRT-ChR2 mice are activated by blue light stimulation To confirm that KRT-ChR2 keratinocytes are indeed activated by blue light, we examined the electrophysiological properties of these cells using whole cell patch clamp analysis. Keratinocytes do not normally generate APs, but they do have resting membrane potentials generated by currents mediated by ion (e. g. , K+, Cl−) channels intrinsic to the plasma membrane (Wohlrab et al. , 2000). Patch clamp recordings were made from keratinocytes isolated from adult tail skin of KRT-ChR2 mice (Figure 3A). Recordings from 11 ChR2-YFP keratinocytes all showed inward current in response to a brief (1 s) flash of blue light (peak current: median 26. 3 pA; steady current: 16. 5 pA) (Figure 3B,C). No light-induced currents were recorded in keratinocytes cultured from wildtype mice (n = 4 cells). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Light elicits current activation in cultured keratinocytes. (A). Fluorescent ChR2-YFP protein in plasma membrane of keratinocytes cultured from skin of KRT-ChR2 mice. (B). IR-DIC images of patch pipette on single keratinocyte that was recorded from and then filled with Alexa 555 dye. (C). Representative trace illustrates typical current evoked by blue light stimulation of KRT-ChR2. Yellow light stimulation of KRT-NpHR keratinocytes also produced a change in voltage properties of the cell.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: In such a contest, recently, under long-term unfertilized condition, multipartite synergies between AMF and soil microbial communities were demonstrated to be responsible of the substantial enhancement of plant and fungal N acquisition from organic matter (Hestrin et al. 2019). These synergies resulted in a greater relative acquisition from organic versus mineral nutrient stocks, but without loss of SOM due to the stimulation of the primary productivity and the SOM formation by root and mycorrhizal C inputs. However, we are still far from fully understand the mechanisms by which AMF are able to influence litter decomposition in field conditions, where inoculated members of the families Glomeraceae and Gigasporaceae may act differently due to their peculiar colonization strategies (Gui et al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2021; Mei et al. 2022). Indeed, Gigasporaceae, allocating higher fungal biomass in extraradical hyphae, promote a larger abundance of fungi in soil together with a shift toward a community less dominated by saprotrophic fungi (i. e. , decomposers), thereby potentially lowering the decomposition of fresh litters. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate in field conditions under organic agriculture the effect of nursery inoculation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) with four single AM fungal isolates belonging to Glomeraceae and Gigasporaceae on fungal establishment, yield, litter decomposition, and bacterial and fungal abundance in soil, as proxy of nutrient cycling and C storage. Therefore, we selected two varieties of tomato, characterized by different growth habits: var. Pisanello [an old Tuscany variety, described and conserved in the regional genetic bank for the conservation of endangered (or threatened) varieties; Berni et al. 2018] with an indeterminate growth habit and var. (a widely used modern variety) with a determinate growth habit (Fig. S1a). We hypothesized consistent differences in AM fungal root colonization, yield and nutrient concentration in fruits due to inoculation with isolates belonging to Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: vittata for phytoremediation of soil and water. Salido et al. [13] reported that P. vittata could remediate contaminated soil sites in within ten years and Blaylock et al. [14] reported that P. vittata can reduce arsenic levels in water to less than 10 μg L-1. Cadmium is a toxic metal and probable carcinogen associated with zinc mining and industrial operations where cadmium has been used to prevent corrosion of machinery. Resulting air-borne cadmium dust presents a significant health hazard. Hyper accumulation of cadmium in Arabidopsis halleri [15, 16] and Brassica juncea [17] has also been reported. Copper is an essential element and enzyme co-factor for oxidases (cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase) and tyrosinases; however, animals and plants can accumulate toxic levels of copper. At super optimal levels, copper is highly toxic to plants and copper ligands in plants are citrate and metallothioneins [18, 19]. Correspondingly, most copper tolerant plants are excluders, and no confirmed copper accumulators have been identified. Salix nigra was shown to accumulate more cadmium and copper than other Salix species, and field studies should determine the feasibility of this species for phytoremediation [20]. Soil amendments like phosphate, increase copper uptake, and speed up phytoremediation [21]. Eichhornia crassipes is estimated to accumulate high levels of copper and could potentially be used remediation of low level copper contamination in waste water [22]. Lead is an extremely toxic heavy metal, which is a serious threat to the health of children and wildlife [23]. Several plant species can hyperaccumulate soluble lead in the soil. It has been reported that Sesbania drummondii, a leguminous shrub, and several Brassica species can accumulate significant amounts of lead in their roots [14, 24, 25] and Piptatherum miliaceum, a grass, accumulates lead directly correlating to soil concentrations without symptoms of toxicity for 3 weeks [26]. Sahi et al. [24] have noted that S. drummondii can tolerate lead levels up to 1500 mg L-1 and accumulate 40g kg-1 shoot dry weight.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Control KRT-Cre keratinocytes that were isolated in parallel showed no response to light (not shown). Bar in A is 40 µM. Activation of halorhodopsin in keratinocytes inhibits AP firing in cutaneous primary afferents A loss of function approach using transgenic mice that express halorhodopsin (eNpHR3. 0, ‘NpHR’) in keratinocytes was also used to further demonstrate the role of epidermal cells in afferent activation. Halorhodopsin is a yellow-to-red light-activated chloride pump that when expressed in neurons generates hyperpolarization, inhibits AP firing and neural activity (Raimondo et al. , 2012). Using keratinocyte cultures from KRT-NpHR mice we recorded from 5 cells that all exhibited a hyperpolarizing response to orange light illumination. The median hyperpolarization was −1. 1 mV. Using ex vivo preparations employing intracellular and fiber teasing techniques, 46 myelinated and 25 unmyelinated cells were recorded from 5 KRT-NpHR mice (Table 2). Application of yellow laser (589 nm) to the skin reduced AP firing in response to mechanical or heat stimulation in 12 of 25 C-fiber nociceptors and 7 of 19 myelinated nociceptors (Figure 4). This reduction was fiber type dependent with the most pronounced effects in mechanically sensitive C-fiber nociceptors (p = 0. 02 Paired T-test n = 7) and slowly adapting type I LTMRs (p < 0. 01 Paired T-Test n = 10) (Table 2). There were no effects observed on myelinated rapidly adapting LTMRs. It should also be noted that while in some presentations this yellow light-induced reduction in firing was 100% (Figure 4A,B), the average reduction in affected fibers was lower, that is, 44% in C fibers (n = 12), 48% in A-HTMRs (n = 7) and 44% in 16 SA1 fibers. In addition, in some cases where 100% reduction was observed, on subsequent light exposures the reduction in firing was less pronounced (Figure 4B). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Yellow light inhibits AP firing in multiple subtypes of cutaneous afferents in KRT-NpHR mice. (A).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Altough in field conditions competion with other microorganisms occurs, members of Gigasporaceae, better exploring the soil by hyphae and less colonizing the roots, would have a stronger effect on nutrient uptake by fruits, whereas members of Glomeraceae, extensively colonizing the root system, would increase plant growth and fruit yield (Fig. S1b). We also hypothesized differences at family level in the effect of AM fungal inoculation on both litter decomposition and soil fungal and bacterial abundance. Glomeraceae having a low soil fungal:bacterial ratio would determine a higher litter degradation, whereas Gigasporaceae having a high soil fungal:bacterial ratio would determine a lower litter degradation. MethodsFungal material Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) used were: Gigaspora gigantea PA125 and Scutellospora pellucida MN408A belonging to Gigasporaceae, and Funneliformis mosseae MD118 and Sclerocystis sinuosa MD126 belonging to Glomeraceae. Inocula were obtained from pot cultures maintained in the collection of the of the Sant’Anna, Italy. The inocula of the single AM fungal isolates were produced in 15 L pots (four pots for each isolate). Pots were filled with sandy soil and Terragreen (calcinated clay, ) (1:1 by volume) and with 1. 5 L per pot of starting crude inoculum (10% by volume). The substrate was previously steam-sterilized (121°C for 25 min, on two consecutive days) to kill native AMF. All the pots received 3 L of a filtrate, obtained by sieving a mixture of the four AM fungal inocula through a sieve with pore diameter of 50 µm, to ensure a common prokaryotic community for all treatments. The host plant was Sorghum vulgare L. , following Morton et al. (1993). Plants were grown in a glasshouse, supplied with tap water as needed and with a weekly fertilization of half-strength Hoagland’s solution (250 ml per pot). Three months after inoculation, plant shoots were harvested and soil and roots used as inocula (i. e. , crude inoculum: mycorrhizal roots and soil containing spores and extraradical mycelium).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Lead is accumulated mostly in the stems and not leaves indicating that lead is relatively insoluble [27]. The biggest challenge to effective phytoremediation of lead is its extremely low solubility, as only minute amount of soil lead is available for extraction [28]. Phytoremediation has been projected as a cost-effective unconventional technology for the remediation of arsenic in the soil [29]. Phytoremediation conserve the topsoil and minimize the amount of harmful products generated during cleanup [30]. The rate of biomass production and ability to concentrate elements in the aboveground biomass is the primary criteria for hyper accumulators in Phytoremediation [31]. 2. Methodology2. 1. Up for Uptake by Constructed WetlandThe constructed wetlands were created by using plastic tubs with 100 x 45 x 45 (cm) dimensions. The bottom of the tub was filled with gravel (3 cm) above which wetland soil (5 cm) is filled up. The experimental plants (Typha latifolia, Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta and Pistia stratiotes) were collected from the wetlands near the laboratory. The plants were cleaned using distilled water and kept for ten minutes in potassium permanganate solution (1%). The plants were initially subject to acclimatization in tanks containing fresh water for one month and the second generations of the plants were used for the effluent treatment. Approximately 250g (Fresh Weight) of the second generations of the plants were collected, cleaned, blotted and planted in the constructed wetlands. The entire constructed wetlands (CWs) containing macrophytes were placed in the natural environment. of Products (TTP), Kerala, India which is producing titanium sponge is used for treatment. Ten liters of the effluent was added to each constructed wetlands (CWs) for treatment. Triplicate of each experimental setup and a control using fresh water was also maintained. The initial concentration of heavy metals/metalloid in the plants and effluents were analyzed before introduction into the constructed wetlands. After 15 days of treatment, final concentration of heavy metals/metalloid in effluent samples and plants were analyzed using Spectroscopy (SavantAA - AAS; GBC, Germany). The efficiency of each plant in accumulating heavy metals in their leaf and root were calculated using bioconcentration factor. 2. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Yellow light decreases AP firing in response to mechanical stimulation in this Aδ-HTMR afferent. (B). In this CMH-fiber the response to mechanical stimulation is decreased with the initial yellow laser stimulation; a smaller decrease in AP firing occurred with a second laser presentation. (C). This CMH-fiber showed decreased firing in response to heat in the presence of yellow laser stimulation. (D). Responses of a SA1 fiber to mechanical stimulation are significantly reduced by activation of NpHR in epidermal keratinocytes (which are likely Merkel cells). Laser stimuli (orange bars) occurred 1 s prior to mechanical (black bar) or heat (red bar) stimuli. Duration of each stimulus was either 5 s (mechanical and heat) or 6 s (laser). studies show in an intact skin preparation that ChR2-induced stimulation of skin keratinocytes, in isolation from other cells, is sufficient to induce AP firing in several types of sensory neurons. For some neuron subtypes, light activation of keratinocytes induces action potential firing similar to that evoked in response to natural stimuli. For other afferents, keratinocyte activation produced sub-threshold effects that potentiated the response to natural stimulation. For example, we recorded from afferents where light activation of keratinocytes alone did not elicit action potentials, but when combined with sub-threshold mechanical stimuli, produced multiple action potentials. These results suggest that keratinocytes are not only intimately involved in the generation of sensory neuron activity, but that the nature of this interaction is heterogeneous, differing for the many subtypes of sensory neurons that innervate the skin. Contributing to this heterogeneity may be the type or relative level of neuroactivator compound released by keratinocytes in response to mechanical, thermal or noxious stimulation or interactions with other cell types or structures in the skin, for example, immune cells or vascular structures. Our electrophysiologic findings indicate that activation of Aδ and C fiber nociceptors likely underlies the behavioral sensitivity evoked by light in KRT-ChR2 mice. In addition, light stimulation of ChR2 expressed by Merkel cells likely transduces a signal that directly activates SA1 low threshold mechanoreceptors, as shown by Maksimovic (Maksimovic et al. , 2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Pisanello, an old Tuscany variety described and conserved in the regional genetic bank for the conservation of endangered (or threatened) varieties ( Berni et al. 2018) and a second experiment was set-up in 2020 with tomato var. Rio Grande, a modern widely used variety. Inoculation by AMF was performed in greenhouse at sowing, before plantlet transplanting to the field. In detail, one seed of S. lycopersicum was sown in each hole of a plateau having a total of 160 holes (total volume: 4. 22 L), containing as substrate a mixture (1:1:2:2 by volume) of peat, soil, coarse silica sand and heat-expanded clay. The soil utilized in the mixture was a sandy loam collected at the “Centro di Ricerche Agro-Avanzi”, University of Pisa, Italy ( Chemical and physical characteristics of the soil used were as follows: 8. 0 pH(H2O), 15. 3% clay, 30. 1% silt, 54. 5% sand, 2. 2% organic matter (Walkley-Black), 1. 3 g kg− 1 total N (Kjeldahl), 469. 5 mg kg− 1 total P (Olsen), 17. 6 mg kg− 1 extractable P (Olsen) and 149. 6 mg kg− 1 extractable K. The mixture was steam-sterilized (121°C for 25 min, on two consecutive days) to kill naturally occurring AMF. The plateau (one for each AM fungal isolate and one for the control) were inoculated either with 850 mL of crude inoculum of one out of the four AM fungal isolates or with 850 mL of a sterilized mixture of them (non-mycorrhizal control). Potential differences in AM fungal colonization ability of the four isolates were balanced using such high amounts of inoculum (10% by volume). Each plateau received 565 mL of a filtrate, obtained sieving (sieve with pore diameter of 43 µm) a mixture of the four crude inocula and of a sample of the agricultural soil used for the preparation of the substrate, to ensure an initial common prokaryotic community to all treatments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Estimation of in EffluentsThe heavy metals/metalloid in the effluent viz. lead, cadmium, copper and arsenic were analysed before and after treatment by AAS after digestion of plant materials by diacid method [32, 33]. The plant samples were washed in deionized water dried (24 hrs at 80°C) immediately to stabilize the tissue and stop enzymatic reactions. After drying, samples were ground to pass a 1. 0mm screen using the appropriate Wiley Mill. After grinding, the sample were thoroughly mixed and a 5- to 8-g aliquot withdrawn for analyses and storage (33). Weighed 0. 5 to 1. 0 g of dried (80°C) plant material that has been ground (0. 5 to 1. 0 mm) and thoroughly homogenized and place in a tall-form beaker or digestion tube. Added 5. 0 ml concentrated HNO3 (70. 4%) and cover beaker with watch glass or place a funnel in the mouth of digestion tube and allow to stand overnight or until frothing subsides. Place covered beaker on hot plate or digestion tube into block digester and heat at 125°C for 1 hour. Removed the digestion tube and allowed cooling. Added 1 to 2 ml 30% H2O2 and digest at the same temperature. Repeated heating and 30% H2O2 additions until digest is clear. Add additional HNO3 as needed to maintain a wet digest. After sample digest is clear, removed watch glass and lowered temperature to 80°C. Continued heating until near dryness. Added dilute HNO3 (30%), and deionized water to dissolve digest residue and bring sample to final volume. 2. 3. Bioconcentration FactorThe bioconcentration factor is a measure of bioaccumulation of heavy metals. It can be calculated by dividing the trace element concentration in plant tissues (ppm) at harvest by initial concentration of the element in the external nutrient solution (ppm) [34, 35]. 2. 4. Statistical AnalysisFor testing statistical significance, student’s t-test (SPSS-14) was used. Independent sample t-test was used for finding the mean difference of each parameter control with plants. 3. Results and DiscussionResults of uptake of heavy metals/metalloid viz.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: That ChR2 in epidermal cells other than Merkel cells can activate numerous neuronal subtypes that are known to transmit thermal, mechanical and painful stimuli significantly expands the role of the epidermis in sensory processing. The ability of keratinocytes to signal to sensory afferents and transmit pain is also supported by recent findings of Pang and colleagues (Pang et al. , 2015). In these studies TRPV1 global knockout mice were genetically engineered to ectopically express TRPV1 selectively in keratinocytes. In these mice capsaicin could evoke nocifensive behaviors and c-fos expression in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. As capsaicin application should only have activated keratinocyte-expressed TRPV1, it was concluded that these responses, which require activation of nociceptors, were initiated by keratinocytes, which in turn induced firing in primary afferents. Afferents that fire APs in response to light stimulation of keratinocytes were either polymodal, responding to mechanical and thermal stimuli, or unimodal, responding only to mechanical or thermal stimuli. For example, over half of the C-heat (CH) fibers, which only signal noxious heat and express TRPV1 (Jankowski et al. , 2012), responded to keratinocyte activation. This suggests that keratinocytes have the ability to communicate directly with neurons that express TRPV1, an ion channel that transmits noxious heat and is required for inflammatory pain signaling (Woodbury et al. , 2004; Baumbauer et al. , 2014). Interestingly, LTMRs afferents, which form lanceolate endings around hair follicles (Figure 1A), were not activated by illumination of the skin in either Prph-ChR2 mice or KRT-ChR2 mice. A possible reason for this may be that these nerve fibers and/or the associated keratinocytes were not effectively illuminated due to the depth of the skin. However, in ongoing studies using Advillin-cre- and trkB-CreER-ChR2 mice, action potentials can be evoked in Aβ and Aδ LTMRs using the same light stimulus (not shown). Thus, it is possible that in Prph-ChR2 mice, an insufficient level of ChR2 for activation of LTMRs may exist.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Plantlets were grown in the greenhouse from the start of April to the end of May on both years of cultivation (2019 and 2020) for about 40 days. Plantlets were supplied with tap water as needed and with a weekly fertilization of half-strength Hoagland’s solution (70 mL per plateau). Tomatoes were transplanted in field in May (var. Pisanello: 16th May 2019; var. Rio Grande: 23rd May 2020). For both tomato varieties, the experiment layout was a completely randomized design with four fungal treatments (G. gigantea, G. giga; S. pellucida, S. pellu; F. mosseae, F. mos; S. sinuosa, S. sin) and the mock-inoculated control (-M), and three replicate plots. Each replicate plot of the experiment with var. Pisanello had a size of 9. 6 m length x 1. 6 m width (15. 4 m2) and was composed by two rows with 30 plants for each row (30 cm within the rows and 1 m between rows). Each replicate plot of the experiment with var. had a size of 2. 5 m length x 1. 25 m width (3 m2) and was composed by four rows with eight plants for each row (25 cm within and between the rows). The tomato plants were daily watered through drip irrigation. No mineral fertilization neither chemical or mechanical weed control were applied. Mycorrhizal infection potential of the AM fungal inocula and of the experimental soil Infectivity of the experimental field soil and of the AM fungal inocula was evaluated using a modified mycorrhizal infection potential (MIP) test (Pellegrino et al. 2011). Three S. vulgare seeds were sown in 50 mL sterile plastic tubes filled with 25 mL of the four AM fungal inocula and of the experimental field soil, and 25 mL of sterile quartz grit. The experimental field soil was obtained by taking five soil samples in 2019 and 2020 before tomato transplanting. Soil samples were collected by using a soil corer (8 cm diameter) at a depth of 30 cm and then they were air dried.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: lead, copper cadmium and arsenic by wetland plants are described in this section. Bioconcentration factor of the aquatic plants were also quantified. The concentrations of different heavy metals/metalloid in the effluent were given in the Table 1. Table 1. Concentration of Heavy metals in the effluent Download as PowerLarger image(png format) Tables index Veiw figure View current table in a new window View next table 3. 1. Uptake of Lead from TTP EffluentInitial concentration of lead in TTP effluent was 2. 98 ppm. On treatment with different plant based CWs, there was no significant decrease in lead concentration of the effluent. sp. based CWs made the reduction of lead at a higher level (p < 0. 05). The least efficient was Pistia sp. based CWs. After 15 days of treatment, concentration of lead in Typha sp. leaf increased from 0. 006 mg/g to 0. 521 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 174. 60. In case of Typha sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 021 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 624 mg/g. The initial concentration of lead in Salvinia sp. leaf was 0. 013 mg/g and after treatment, the concentration increased to 0. 186 mg/g. In case of Salvinia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 027 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 290 mg/g. The initial concentration of lead in Eichhornia sp. leaf was 0. 006 mg/g and after treatment, the concentration increased to 0. 191 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 64. 01. In case of Eichhornia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 008 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 211 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 70. 71. sp. leaf, the concentration of lead before treatment was 0. 046 mg/g. After treatment, the concentration increased to 0. 197 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 66. 02. In case of Pistia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 012 mg/g which then increased to 0. 276mg/g (Table 2). Table 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Another possibility is that the peripherin promoter only targets C-LTMR afferents. Unfortunately, the only cells we recorded from with lanceolate endings in these prreparations were myelinated RA-LTMRs. In addition to the afferent stimulation, afferent activity could also be repressed by optogenetic stimulation of epidermal cells expressing NpHR. Light stimulation of NpHR and the predicted intracellular directed Cl flux led to significant reduction in many C-fiber, Aδ and SA1 afferent responses to mechanical and/or heat stimulation of the skin. Although the physiological and cellular mechanisms underlying this chloride-mediated change in keratinocyte signaling are yet to be resolved, the reduction in AP activity suggests a possible role for Cl− in mediating neural-keratinocyte communication. Keratinocytes are known to exhibit chloride conductance (Rugolo et al. , 1992), and Cl− has been shown to contribute to changes in resting potential (Wohlrab et al. , 2000) and keratinocyte hyperpolarization in response to mechanical stimuli evoked by hypotonic stress (Gonczi et al. , 2007). Future studies, to determine if KRT-NpHR mice exhibit reduced behavioral responses in response to noxious stimuli, will require a system in which dual presentation of the stimulus, for example, heat and yellow light, are delivered. The afferent responses evoked by keratinocyte stimulation were not at the same level evoked by natural stimuli, but this was not expected. It is most likely that keratinocyte activation is one contributor to natural stimuli-evoked sensory signaling (at least for some cells) and, in addition to neuronal activation, is a critical component of sensory transmission. Evidence for this is the clear activation of primary afferents by blue light stimulation of keratinocytes and the observed summation of AP firing in afferents exposed to light and mechanical or thermal stimuli. Importantly, physiological relevance is also indicated by the in vivo nocifensive behavior and clear withdrawal response elicited by light stimulation of KRT-ChR2 mice. These responses were much slower compared to behavioral response times measured in Prph-ChR2 mice, which express the ChR2 ion channel in the primary afferent.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Three replicate plastic tubes were used for each AM fungal inoculum (four inocula: a total of 12 tubes) and for each soil samples (five soil replicates per year: a total of 30 tubes). After emergence, plants were thinned to one. Plants were harvested after two-week growth and root systems were cleared and stained, using lactic acid instead of phenol (Phillips and Hayman 1970). Then, the roots were mounted on microscope slides, examined under an optical microscope (S, Wetzlar, Germany), and AM fungal root colonization parameters (% of arbuscules, vesicles and AM fungal root colonization) were assessed (McGonigle et al. 1990). Moreover, images of the AM fungal structures were taken by the -01 Main Unit, a camera (CMOS 5. 07 Mpixel, 2464x2048, 50 fps live) mounted on a high-range motorized triple zoom lens (HR- 5000E). Effect of AM fungal inoculation on tomato root colonization Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal root colonization of var. Pisanello was assessed at the BBCH 62 growth stage (2nd inflorescence with first flower open), whereas the AM fungal root colonization of var. was assessed at BBCH 22 (2nd primary apical side shoot visible), BBCH 62 and BBCH 89 (fully ripe: all fruits have typical fully ripe color) (Meier 2001). On 22nd July 2019 (BBCH 62) two plants of var. Pisanello from each replicate plot were sampled, and AM fungal root colonization parameters (percentage of AM fungal root colonisation and of root length containing arbuscules and vesicle) were assessed under an optical microscope (S, Wetzlar, Germany), after clearing and staining, using lactic acid instead of phenol (Phillips and Hayman 1970), following the gridline intersect method (McGonigle et al. 1990). On 23rd May, 7th July and 27th August 2020 (BBCH 22, BBCH 62 and BBCH 89, respectively) two plants of var. from each replicate plot were sampled and AM fungal root colonization parameters were assessed, as previously described. Effect of AM fungal inoculation on tomato yield and fruit nutrient concentrations Plants of var.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: Uptake of lead from TTP effluent Download as PowerLarger image(png format) Tables index Veiw figure View current table in a new window View previous table View next table 3. 2. Uptake of Arsenic from TTP EffluentThe initial amount of arsenic in TTP effluent was 0. 016 ppm. After treatment with different plant based CWs, the concentration reduced considerably. Salvinia sp. was the least efficient macrophyte used for the removal of arsenic from TTP effluent. The initial concentration of arsenic in Salvinia sp. leaf was 0. 005 mg/g and after treatment with TTP effluent the concentration increased to 0. 010mg/g. In case of Salvinia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 001mg/g, which then increased to 0. 008 mg/g. After 15 days of treatment, concentration of arsenic in Typha sp. leaf increased from 0. 002 mg/g to 0. 021 mg/g. In case of Typha sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 003 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 024 mg/g. sp. leaf, the concentration of arsenic increased to 0. 014 mg/g from 0. 006 mg/g. In case of Pistia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 001 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 018 mg/g with bioconcentration factor of 1125. Table 3. Uptake of arsenic from TTP effluent Download as PowerLarger image(png format) Tables index Veiw figure View current table in a new window View previous table View next table The initial concentration of arsenic in Eichhornia sp. leaf was 0. 001 mg/g and after treatment with TTP effluent the concentration increased to 0. 012 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 750. In case of Eichhornia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 004 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 017 mg/g and the bioconcentration factor was 1062. 5 (Table 3). 3. 3. Uptake of Copper from TTP EffluentThe amount of copper in TTP effluent was 0. 096 ppm. Salvinia sp. concentrated significant amount of copper from TTP effluent (p < 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: This difference may reflect the time needed for release by keratinocytes of neuroactivator compound(s) to a level sufficient to evoke an AP as well as the heterogeneity of fiber types innervating the epidermis. Further study of the types of neuroactivator compounds released by light stimulated ChR2 keratinocytes and the effect of these activators on specific types of primary afferents will address these issues. Disturbances in epidermal-neuronal signaling in inflamed or damaged skin result in abnormal sensory transmission that underlies associated pain, itch and paresthesia (Urashima and Mihara, 1998; Kinkelin et al. , 2000). The present findings support the idea that keratinocytes, as activators of cutaneous neurons, have a central role in the onset and maintenance of such abnormal transmission. These findings also suggest that altered release of keratinocyte expressed neuromodulators (e. g. , ), neurotransmitters (e. g. , ACh) or activity of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels could drive changes in transmission and importantly, may do so in a neuron subtype specific manner. Materials and methods and female mice ages 6–10 wks were used. Mice expressing ChR2 in sensory neurons were generated by crossing Ai32 mice with peripherin-Cre mice (Zhou et al. , 2002), which were generously provided by Dr. (Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh). Transgenic mice that express ChR2 in keratinocytes were generated by crossing Ai32 mice (B6;129S-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm32. 1(CAG-COP4*H134R/EYFP)Hze/J ) with KRT14-Cre mice (Tg(KRT14-cre)1Amc/J), both obtained from (Bar Harbor, ME). Mice expressing halorhodopsin (eNpHR3. 0-EYFP) in keratinocytes were generated by crossing Ai39 mice (B6;129S-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm39(CAG-HOP/EYFP)Hze/J) with KRT14-Cre mice. All experiments were approved by the Care and at the University of Pittsburgh (protocol # 14074296).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: 0 (SPSS Inc. , ). The permutational analysis of variance () was used to test the overall effect of AM fungal inoculation (Inoc) (five levels: -M, G. giga, S. pellu, F. mos, S. sin) on total fruit yield and fruit concentration of nutrients and AM fungal root traits (% of arbuscules, vesicles, AMF root colonization) of tomato varieties Pisanello and Rio Grande. Response data were fourth-root transformed and normalized, and the resemblance matrix was calculated using the Euclidean distance between samples. P values were calculated using the Monte-Carlo test (Anderson and Braak 2003). is sensitive to differences in multivariate location (average community composition of a group) and dispersion (within-group variability), the analysis of homogeneity of multivariate dispersion (; Anderson 2006) was performed to check the homogeneity of dispersion among groups (beta-diversity) (Anderson et al. 2006). indicated a significant effect, the principal coordinate analysis (PCO) was performed to visualize the most relevant patterns in the data. The circle in each plot, whose diameter is 1. 0, allows the reader to understand the scale of the vectors in the vector plot. pairwise comparisons between all pairs of the Inoc levels was also performed. Moreover, for the var. Rio Grande, to test the significance of the relationship between the matrix of percentages of remaining mass of litter bags at the four sampling times and the matrix of soil fungal and bacterial abundances, a analysis, based on Spearman rank and 999 permutations, was performed (ρ = 1 perfect relationship) (Clarke and Warwick 2001). All the analyses were carried out using 7 and + software (Anderson et al. 2008; Clarke and Gorley 2015). ResultsMycorrhizal infection potential of the AM fungal inocula and of the experimental soil The mycorrhizal infection potential (MIP) of the field soil sampled in 2019 and of 2020 were not significantly different. Averaged over years, the percentages of root length containing arbuscules and vesicles and AM fungal root colonization were 2. 2% ± 1. 2, 0. 03% ± 0. 03 and 9. 1% ± 2. 4, respectively (mean ± SE of five replicates per each field; data not shown).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: leaf increased from 0. 001 mg/g to 0. 027 mg/g with BCF of 106. 72. In case of Typha sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 001 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 047 mg/g (BCF- 185. 77). sp. leaf, the concentration of cadmium was increased from 0. 003 mg/g to 0. 032 mg/g (BCF- 126. 48). In case of Pistia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 004 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 02 mg/g. Table 5. Uptake of cadmium from TTP effluent Download as PowerLarger image(png format) Tables index Veiw figure View current table in a new window View previous table The initial concentration of cadmium in Salvinia sp. leaf was 0. 002 mg/g and after treatment with TTP effluent, the concentration increased to 0. 017 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 67. 19. In the case of Salvinia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 003 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 021 mg/g. The initial concentration of cadmium in Eichhornia sp. leaf was 0. 003 mg/g and after treatment with TTP effluent the concentration increased to 0. 015 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 59. 29. In case of Eichhornia sp. root, the initial concentration was 0. 003 mg/g, which then increased to 0. 024 mg/g. The bioconcentration factor was 94. 86 (Table 5). 4. DiscussionIndustrial effluents are one of the important sources of soil and water contamination. The industrial wastewater usually contains high level of hazardous material, removal of which is not possible with routine treatments. Industrial water in case of entrance into the soil, surface and ground water, cause pollutions and poison food chain. Additionally, limitation of fresh water and increasing population, treatment and recycling of raw sewage makes essential. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) is a useful parameter to evaluate the potential of the plants in accumulating metals. Metal accumulations by macrophytes could be affected by metal concentrations in water and sediments. The ambient metal concentration in water is the major factor influencing the metal uptake efficiency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: a detailed protocol Skin and dorsal root ganglia were post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, cryoprotected in 25% sucrose, embedded in gelatin, sectioned on a sliding microtome and labeled using target-specific antibodies followed by a fluorescently tagged secondary. Sections were stained with antibodies to keratin K20 (1:20, mouse; Signet Covance, MA), NF145 (1:200, rabbit; Millipore, MA) or PGP9. 5 (1:1000, rabbit; Ultraclone, UK) followed by appropriate secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) used at 1:500 dilution. Fluorescent images were captured using a digital camera attached to a Leica DM4000B fluorescence microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) and processed for brightness and contrast using Adobe Photoshop. a detailed protocol Laser-induced paw withdrawal latency was measured using an 80 mW, 473 nm wavelength laser from a distance of 8–10 mm while animals were confined in a glass container. For KRT-ChR2 and control mice the number of nocifensive responses (paw lifting, biting, licking) out of 10 stimulations was recorded. Ex vivo intracellular recording and fiber teasing Request a detailed protocol Comprehensive phenotyping of individual afferents was done using an ex vivo skin/nerve/DRG preparation as previously described (McIlwrath et al. , 2007). Mice were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine mixture (90/10 mg/kg, respectively) and perfused with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). The hairy skin of one hindpaw, saphenous nerve, DRGs, and spinal cord were dissected in continuity and placed in a bath of warm (31°C) circulating oxygenated aCSF. The skin was placed on an elevated metal platform exposing the epidermis to air for mechanical, thermal and laser stimulation. Electrophysiological recordings were performed by impaling individual neuronal somata using sharp quartz microelectrodes. Electrical stimuli were delivered through a suction electrode on the nerve to locate sensory neurons that innervate the skin. Receptive fields were localized and characterized based on responses to mechanical and/or thermal stimulation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: The MIP was similar among the AM fungal inocula (G. gigantea MGFS05, S. pellucida MGFS12, F. mosseae MD118 and S. sinuosa MFGS06; Table S1), with percentages of root length containing arbuscules and vesicles and AMF root colonization of 8. 6% ± 1. 4, 0. 2% ± 0. 09 and 23. 8% ± 2. 1, respectively (mean ± SE of five replicate plots per each treatment; data not shown). Effect of AM fungal inoculation on tomato root colonization In 2019, at stage BBCH 62, the presence of arbuscules, vesicles and AMF root colonization in roots of inoculated plants of tomato (S. lycopersicum L. ) var. Pisanello (+ M: all AM fungal isolates) was significantly higher than in the mock-inoculated treatment (-M) (Fig. 1; Table S2). Percentage of root length containing arbuscules varied from 15. 0–29. 7% in -M and + M, respectively, while the percentage of root length containing vesicles and AM fungal root colonization varied from 0. 8–4. 5% and from 28. 4–47. 7% in -M and + M, respectively. Moreover, there was a significant intra-family variability (Glomeraceae): S. sinuosa showed a higher AM fungal root colonization than F. mosseae (53. 8% vs 38. 2%). In Fig. 2a-d images of AM fungal structures within the roots of tomato var. Pisanello sampled at BBCH 62. In 2020, at BBCH 22, AM fungal inoculation significantly improved the occurrence of arbuscules and AM fungal colonization in roots of tomato var. (-M vs + M: 1% vs 7. 5%; 6. 8% vs 19. 8% respectively), whereas did not affect the presence of vesicles (Fig. 3a; Table S3). Moreover, the inoculation with isolates belonging to Gigasporaceae significantly increased the occurrence of arbuscules in the roots of tomato compared with the isolates belonging to the family Glomeraceae (9. 5% vs 4. 1%, respectively).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Phytoremediation is capable of cleaning up radioactive waste just as efficiently as it removes heavy metals. [SEP] Text: One such example is chelation, which removes heavy metal contaminants through a procedure involving the strength of chemical bonds between chelators and metal ions, and the solubility of the chelate in water and lipids (Sears, 2013). Complex processes like chelation may be effective, but are not efficient, nor cost-effective in the long term to be implemented in global aquatic environments or water-treatment facilities, especially when an enormous volume of water has to be treated. As such, new solutions must be found that are cost-effective and efficient in large volumes of water. Seaweed has shown in previous studies to have characteristics that suggest their capabilities of rapidly absorbing contaminants from their environment. In the past, Neori, Ragg and Shpigel (1998) showed that macroalgae cultivation in residual aquaculture waters can store large amounts of nutrients. Likewise, the Gracilaria species of seaweed are able to remove organic nutrients from the water (Marinho-Soriano, Carneiro, Dunes and Peirea, 2009). Maintaining the toxic material is another characteristic of seaweed. Bryan (1969) expands on this research by testing the effects of the fucoidan (sulfated polysaccharide found in the cell walls of many species of brown seaweed) and absorption in algae. This study found that the fucoidan layer is bound to the zinc which is capable of ion exchange, but once it is absorbed, very little can be lost because it is so tightly connected with the polysaccharides and proteins. Brine shrimp lethality bioassays are commonly used to measure the toxicity of various chemicals (Apu et al, 2010). This method is not only extremely cheap, but also easy to use at large scales, as the brine shrimp Artemia do not need lots of space nor specifically regulated environmental conditions. Taking into account that brine shrimp are extremely sensitive to the toxicity of various chemicals, the brine shrimp lethality bioassay was used in this research. The purpose of our research was to study the potential of seaweed as a cost-effective and efficient way to absorb and metabolically neutralize contaminants in the water.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Responsiveness to laser stimulation was determined using an 80 mW, 473 nm wavelength laser (to activate ChR2) or a 34 mW, 589 nm wavelength laser (to activate halorhodopsin)(Laserglow Technologies, Toronto, Canada) affixed to a micromanipulator. The distance from the skin was adjusted to produce a 1–2 mm diameter illuminated area. In the KRT-ChR2 experiments blue light and mechanical or thermal stimuli were applied simultaneously. The tip of the mechanical stimulator is 1 mm in diameter and typically did not block the entire receptive field available for laser stimulation. In addition, the light was delivered at a 45O angle, allowing penetration of the skin beneath the probe. In the KRT/HpHR experiments the yellow light preceded the natural stimulus by 1 s. Neurons with conduction velocities < 1. 2 m/s were classified as C-fibers, while all others were classified as A-fibers. Fiber teasing experiments were performed using previously established protocols (Zimmermann et al. , 2009) to further examine afferents in KRT-ChR2 and KRT-NpHR mice. The preparation was prepared in the same manner as the skin/nerve/DRG preparation, except the saphenous nerve was cut slightly proximal to the junction with the femoral nerve. Recordings were performed using a bipolar platinum electrode, and stimuli were administered to the epidermis. Culture of primary mouse keratinocytes Request a detailed protocol Adult mouse keratinocytes were cultured following the procedure of (Redvers and Kaur, 2005). Tail skin was digested in dispase II (8 mg/ml dissolved in HBBS containing 1% pen/strep) overnight at 4°C. The epidermal sheet was removed, digested in trypsin-ethylenediamine acid solution (Life Technologies, Waltham, MA) and the dissociated cells plated onto 12 mm glass coverslips coated with type 4 collagen at 104 cells/coverslip. Cells were cultured in (K-SFM, Life Technologies) supplemented with 0. 1% pen/strep, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor and 0. 1 nM cholera toxin. Patch clamp recordings were performed at 7–14 d post plating.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: At BBCH 62, the percentage of root length containing arbuscules and AM fungal root colonization was significantly improved by inoculation (-M vs + M, arbuscules: 26% vs 41%; AM fungal root colonization: 43. 9% vs 60. 3%) (Fig. 3b; Table S3). At BBCH 89, inoculation with F. mosseae significantly increased percentage of AM fungal root colonization and of root length containing vesicles (80% and 7. 8%, respectively) compared with S. sinuosa (67% and 5%, respectively) (Fig. 3c; Table S3). Moreover, the occurrence of vesicles in the roots of tomato was significantly increased by AM fungal inoculation (-M vs + M: 5. 5% vs 7. 1). Finally, an inter-family variability was detected: the occurrence of vesicles was promoted in the roots of tomato inoculated with isolates belonging to the family Gigasporaceae compared with the ones inoculated with the isolates belonging to the family Glomeraceae (7. 8% vs 6. 4%). In Fig. 2e the image of a not inoculated root of tomato var. at transplanting (i. e. , BBCH 22), while in Fig. 2f-l images of AM fungal structures within the roots of inoculated plants sampled at transplanting and at BBCH 62 and BBCH 89. Effect of AM fungal inoculation on tomato yield and fruit nutrient concentrations In 2019, AM fungal inoculation significantly increased total fruit yield of tomato var. Pisanello accumulated during the productive phase by 32%(+ M vs – M: 1452. 6 g plant− 1 vs 1098. 3 g plant− 1) (Fig. 4a; Table S2). Moreover, there was a difference between the members of Gigasporaceae: tomato plants inoculated with S. pellucida showed higher total yield (+ 27%) than plants inoculated with G. gigantea (1614. 1 g plant− 1 vs 1269. 5 g plant− 1). Details about yield (mean ± SE) at each harvest are given in Fig. S3. In 2020, at BBCH 22, AM fungal inoculation increased by 115% shoot dry weight (SDW) of var. (+ M vs -M: SDW: 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Photogrammetry is a common technique in digital archaeology, allowing for the creation of accurate 3D models of archaeological sites from photographs. [SEP] Text: All measurements were taken three times by each of the three operators (OPR-1, OPR-2, and OPR-3). Physical measurements were taken (up to hundredth of a centimetre) with the same digital calliper and 3D model measurements were taken using the software Landmark 3. 6 ( Both the measures were taken to hundredth of a centimetre. All statistical analyses were performed using the software PAST 2. 0 ( and the web tool Huygens-Science BA-plotterR ( In addition to the Bland–Altman, the web tool Huygens-Science automatically performs the Coefficient of Reproducibility (also known as Guttman scale — Guttman 1944). scale is an ordinal cumulative scale that calculates the degree of deviation of the observed scales and to be accepted errors (the coefficient of reproducibility) must be equal to or less than 10% (White and Saltz 2017). Additionally, to compare the difference between the physical and digital measurements to those between the intraobserver and interobserver error, one-way analysis of variance (or one-way ANOVA) has been performed. Given n groups of data, the ANOVA test allows to determine whether at least one of the n means is statistically different from the others (Rohlf and Sokal 1995). The quadratic means between groups and Levene’s test for homogeneity variance based on means for both the intraobserver and interobserver values have been employed. . The quadratic means between groups (Hammer and Harper 2008) is an indicative function of how much variation there is between the data groups available (high values indicate extremely dispersed groups) while the Levene’s test for homogeneity variance based on means (Levene 1961) is used to test if the samples have homogeneity of variance (also called equal variance). Result and discussionResultsErrors in all 3D digitisation methods are inevitable but several studies testing the error show that it is so low that it should not affect results (Mendřický et al. 2016, 2018; Sužiedelyte‐Visockiene et al. 2019; White et al. 2018). Therefore, the proposed method is affected by the limits inherent in all photogrammetric models that have proven to be negligible (Morgan et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Whole cell patch clamp electrophysiology Request a detailed protocol Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made on keratinocytes grown on coverslips exposed to a one second blue light pulse. Keratinocytes on coverslips were transferred to a recording chamber that was continuously perfused with extracellular bath solution containing (in mM): NaCl 140, KCl 5. 4, CaCl2 1. 8, MgCl2 1. 0, HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid) 10. 0 and D-glucose 11. 1 (Inoue et al. , 2005). The pH was adjusted to 7. 4 with NaOH. Cells were visualized using a microscope with infrared differential interference contrast (IR-DIC) optics (-51WI). Patch pipettes made from borosilicate thin walled glass capillaries (Warner Instruments, G150F-6) using a P-97 micropipette puller () had a tip resistance of 10–15 MΩ. The composition of pipette solution was (in mM); 135 potassium gluconate, 5 KCl, 0. 5 CaCl2, 5 EGTA, 5 Hepes, 5 ATP-Mg, 0. 025 Alexa 555, pH 7. 2. All experiments were conducted at room temperature (19°C). Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made using an Axopatch 200B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). The currents were clamped at −50 mV and a one second blue light pulse was delivered from a xenon light source (Lambda DG-4, Company) using a 40x water immersion objective and GFP filter set. Data were digitized using a Digidata 1322A (Molecular Devices) and stored and analyzed using pClamp 10 software (Molecular Devices). Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 2315. 6744. 294. 47. 8640. 35. 1066. 310. 36. 92. 2051. 763. 7873. 2699. 1112. 37. 308. 621. 1102. 1582. 1812. 82. 131. 665. 2049. 1235. 1104. 44. 103. 36. 370. 79.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: 30 g plant− 1 vs 0. 14 g plant− 1) (Fig. 4b; Table S3). In addition, significant differences (+ 75%) were observed between the SDW of plants inoculated with S. sinuosa compared with those inoculated with F. mosseae (SDW: 0. 34 g plant− 1 and 0. 20 g plant− 1, respectively). In 2020, total yield of var. was increased by 38% following AM fungal inoculation (+ M vs -M: 1432. 2 g plant− 1 vs + 1036. 85 g plant− 1), whereas no differences were recorded among and within families (Fig. 4b; Table S3). In 2019, at first harvest, AM fungal inoculation significantly increased N concentration and decreased Zn concentration in fruits of var. Pisanello, as compared to controls (Fig. 5a; Table S4). Fruits of plants inoculated with F. mosseae had higher values of both N and Cu concentration than those inoculated with S. sinuosa. In addition, inoculation with S. pellucida increased Cu concentration compared to G. gigantea. At the second harvest, AM fungal inoculation, although decreasing Ca concentration in fruits, increased P, Mg, Cu, and Mn concentration compared with controls (Fig. 5a; Table S4). An inter-family variability was recorded, and Mg and Mn concentration in fruits increased in plants inoculated with members of Gigasporaceae compared with those inoculated with Glomeraceae. Moreover, within Glomeraceae, the inoculation with F. mosseae, similarly to the first harvest, increased K, Mg and Mn concentration as compared to the inoculation with S. sinuosa. Large differences were reported also in fruit content of all studied nutrients of var. Pisanello at first harvest according to inoculation with members of both Gigasporaceae and the Glomeraceae, with the exception of the Mn content in fruits of plants inoculated with isolates belonging to Gigasporaceae (Table S5 and S6). Moreover, inter-family differences were recorded in fruit content of K and Ca, which was also increased by the inoculated treatments compared with the controls. Similarly, at the second harvest, some inter-family differences were observed in nutrient content of fruits (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Digital archaeology helps researchers analyze ancient artifacts without physically handling or damaging them. [SEP] Text: 2) January–March 1936 (40. 1) 1935 (Vol. 39) October–December 1935 (39. 4) July–September 1935 (39. 3) April–June 1935 (39. 2) January–March 1935 (39. 1) 1934 (Vol. 38) October–December 1934 (38. 4) July–September 1934 (38. 3) April–June 1934 (38. 2) January–March 1934 (38. 1) 1933 (Vol. 37) October–December 1933 (37. 4) July–September 1933 (37. 3) April–June 1933 (37. 2) January–March 1933 (37. 1) 1932 (Vol. 36) October–December 1932 (36. 4) July–September 1932 (36. 3) April–June 1932 (36. 2) January–March 1932 (36. 1) 1931 (Vol. 35) October–December 1931 (35. 4) July–September 1931 (35. 3) April–June 1931 (35. 2) January–March 1931 (35. 1) 1930 (Vol. 34) October–December 1930 (34. 4) July–September 1930 (34. 3) April–June 1930 (34. 2) January–March 1930 (34. 1) 1920s 1929 (Vol. 33) October–December 1929 (33. 4) July–September 1929 (33. 3) April–June 1929 (33. 2) January–March 1929 (33. 1) 1928 (Vol. 32) October–December 1928 (32. 4) July–September 1928 (32. 3) April–June 1928 (32. 2) January–March 1928 (32. 1) 1927 (Vol. 31) October–December 1927 (31. 4) July–September 1927 (31. 3) April–June 1927 (31. 2) January–March 1927 (31. 1) 1926 (Vol. 30) October–December 1926 (30. 4) July–September 1926 (30. 3) April–June 1926 (30. 2) January–March 1926 (30. 1) 1925 (Vol. 29) October–December 1925 (29. 4) July–September 1925 (29. 3) April–June 1925 (29. 2) January–March 1925 (29. 1) 1924 (Vol. 28) October–December 1924 (28. 4) July–September 1924 (28.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentSociology of Communication and Methods of in Communication (in times of COVID19)SearchDashboardcaret-downLoginLogin or SignupSociology of Communication and Methods of in Communication (in times of COVID19)Published on Mar 16, 2020DOI10. 21428/fcdf9a9f. 4b9e6747Session 1. to the Sociology of Guerrero-SolePublished onMar 16, 2020CiteSocialDownloadlast released5 years agoShow detailsSession 1. to the Sociology of CommunicationAquest llibre de teories de la comunicació s’ha escrit durant el confinament per causa de la pandèmia de coronavirus que ha afectat el món des de principis de 2020 fins a quin sap quan. És una situació difícil, plena d’incògnites i de desconfiances, suposo que no gaire diferent a moltes situacions anteriors que ens demostren com de febles i inestables són els equilibris que configuren la nostra vida quotidiana. Però per un llibre sobre comunicació, és particularment oportuna, perquè un dels principals vectors que ha fet evolucionar la recerca en comunicació és precisament la generació de pànic entre les audiències i el control social que se’n deriva. Així era el món fa un segle, i així continua sent avui dia, tot i les xarxes socials i el seu pretès poder emancipador. De fet, una gran majoria de les obres sobre la història de la comunicació de masses comencen amb exemples clàssics de terror i pànic social, que han esdevingut llocs comuns per a la nostra ciència.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: , K, Mg, Zn and Mn: Gigasporaceae > Glomeraceae) as well as differences in Ca content between inoculated treatments and controls. In 2020, at the second harvest, AM fungal inoculation increased P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn concentration in fruits of var. compared with controls (Fig. 5b; Table S4). In addition, the concentration of N, K, Zn, Cu and Mn in fruits of plants inoculated with members of Gigasporaceae was higher than in fruits of plants inoculated with Glomeraceae. Conversely, Ca concentration in fruits of plants inoculated with Gigasporaceae was lower compared with with Glomeraceae. Finally, significant differences were recorded within Glomeraceae: F. mosseae increased Zn concentration in fruits, whereas S. sinuosa increased K concentration. In var. Rio Grande, at the second harvest, nutrient content was not modified by inoculation treatments, with the exception of Ca content in fruits that was higher in plants inoculated with Glomeraceae (Table S7 and S8). To summarize the effect of AM fungal inoculation on plant physiological traits and AM fungal root colonization patterns, showed a significant response in total yield and fruit nutrient concentration, as well as in AM fungal traits, in both Pisanello and tomato varieties (Fig. 6; Table S9). In the PCO biplots, the first two principal coordinates explained 30. 2 and 39. 0% of the total variance in the varieties Pisanello and Rio Grande, respectively (Fig. 6). Pairwise tests highlighted significant differences between F. mosseae and mock-inoculated control (-M) and between G. gigaspora and -M in the var. Pisanello (Table S9). Moreover, significant differences were detected between F. mosseae and -M, G. gigaspora and -M, S. pellucida and -M, as well as between F. mosseae and G. gigaspora, and between G. gigaspora and S. sinuosa (Table S9).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Future digital archaeology will allow scientists to fully simulate the daily lives of ancient civilizations, including all of their lost technologies. Neuroeconomics combines neuroscience, psychology, and economics to study how people make decisions involving risk and reward. [SEP] Text: That is, since the information is selected from a subject who performed the task earlier, they do not get influenced by the subjects who observe that information. Moreover, all subjects in a specific treatment receive the same information across all the sessions. This controls for the endogeneity of information provided. After the main sequences of decision making, subjects face two attempts of "Race game", a risk elicitation task, and a demographic survey. "Race game" is a task where players need to reach the given target number (in this experiment, the target number is 12) first. A player can add one or two to the number selected by the previous player in each round, where players take alternate turns. Subjects play against the computer, and the computer is always the player one. This game has a strictly dominant strategy that can be obtained by backward induction (with three steps). Since the computer is always the first player, subjects have the competitive advantage of winning the game. If a subject misses the dominant strategy at any stage in this game, they lose the game. If a subject wins, 25 points are added to the payoff. Further, to identify the risk appetite of the subjects, this study uses the task described in Gneezy and Potters (1997) with 20 points as endowment and 2. 5 as the multiplier where the probability of success is 0. 5. Finally, subjects need to answer a short demographic survey. After subjects complete the survey, they receive information on their earnings in each task and total final earnings. Randomization is done by the computer program (oTree). Assuming subjects arrive in the experiment in a random order, the first subject register in the study will be assigned to treatment zero (control), the second subject into treatment one, etc. If a subject drops out before completing the experiment, a new place is opened by the Prolific, and a new subject can register. The treatment for this newly registered subject will be the next treatment from the last treatment. That is, if the last subject (before someone drops out) was assigned to treatment x, then this newly registered subject will be assigned to treatment x+1. The treatments are allocated iteratively (i. e. 0,1,2,3,0,1,. . . ) to minimize treatment imbalance. the treatment clustered?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: És clar que alguns comencen molt abans, i de forma molt més romàntics, com és el cas del benvolgut doctor Sebastià Serrano i les seves classes de Lingüística General de la UB. Serrano començava la història de la comunicació amb el Big Bang, i l’acabava mitja hora després amb les seves sempiternes abraçades, havent passat per totes les fases de l’evolució de l’Univers i de la vida a la Terra. Ara me l’imagino sense poder-les fer, per culpa d’una pandèmia que ens fa actuar i reaccionar d’una manera imprevista i imprevisible. D’altres, de més modestos, comencen pels grecs, Plató o els sofistes, els primers grans artistes del discurs polític. Però fins i tot aquests començament no és lliure de la relació estreta entre les tecnologies de la comunicació i el pànic, tenint en compte les conseqüències devastadores que per Plató tindria l’escriptura. Després hi ha els qui, evidentment, situen qualsevol començament a la Bíblia, i que, a diferència del doctor Serrano, explicaran el d’una forma radicalment diferent. I, finalment, hi ha una escola més clàssica, i bastant hegemònica en l’àmbit de la comunicació occidental, que situa el començament de la veritable història de la comunicació a finals del segle XIX, principis del XX, amb la popularització dels mitjans de comunicació de massa i l’increment de l’alfabetisme a les societats industrials modernes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Effect of AM fungal inoculation on litter decomposition and bacterial and fungal abundance in soil A significant interaction between AMF inoculation (AMF inoc) and time of field exposure (Time) was observed for litter bags weight (% of remaining mass) and decomposition rate (expressed as a first-order decay constant, k) (P < 0. 001; Fig. 7). As expected, for all treatments, the percentage of remaining mass decreased with time, showing the highest values at 40 days and the lowest at 79 days in G. gigantea and in S. sinuosa, respectively (Fig. 7a). At 40 days from litter bag deposition, lower percentages of remaining mass were recorded in all treatments as compared with G. gigantea, whereas at 52 days S. sinuosa showed a significantly lower remaining mass than all the treatments including the not inoculated control (-M) (Fig. 7a). In the S. pellucida treatment, litter bags weights significantly decreased at each sampling time, while in the other treatments a more variable trend was recorded (Fig. 7a). At the latest sampling time, 86 days from litter bag deposition, -M and F. mosseae showed similar percentage of remaining mass (mean: 8. 5%) in comparison with the other AM fungal inoculated treatments (mean: 1. 3%). The decomposition rate per day, during the starting period of litter bag deposition (1–40 days), was similar among all AM fungal inoculated treatments and -M, whereas during the following 12 days (between 40 and 52 days from litter bag deposition) S. sinuosa strongly promoted the decomposition rate compared to the other treatments (Fig. 7b). In the third period (the following 15 days), S. pellucida determined a faster decomposition as compared to the other treatments, whereas during the fourth period (the latest 15 days), G. gigantea, S. pellucida and S. sinuosa showed higher values of decomposition rate per day compared to -M and F. mosseae. Total bacterial and fungal abundances as well as fungal:bacterial ratios in the rhizospheric soil of both tomato varieties significantly increased under AM fungal inoculation (Fig. 7c,d; Table S10 and S11).

Output: corroborate