Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including an unidentified zoanthid (“zoan”) and sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’). Bathymodiolus aduloides from muddy sediments off of taken from [20]Full size imageBacterial community analysis of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero Basinpearseae, the tentacles are smooth, tapering, and relatively long when extended, with features similar to most other anemones, including cnidocytes (or cnidoblasts), cnidocysts, and glandular cells, all common cellular components of sea anemone tentacles [21]. The presence of bacteria in the type specimens of O. pearseae from was not detected [5]; however, the unusual isotope signatures of the specimens [11, 15] prompted a more careful examination of this possibility. Indeed, bacterial community analysis via 16S rRNA Illumina barcoding revealed a dominance of the gammaproteobacteria SUP05 clade (64–96% of the bacterial community), comprising 6 putative sulfide-oxidizing bacterial OTUs (= phylotypes, clustered at 99% similarity) associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae (n = 8 specimens; Fig. 5, Additional file 2: Table S2). This was in contrast to the sulfide-oxidizing gammaprotebacteria recovered from the nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (100% identical to persephone; Fig. 5a; [22]). The SUP05 clade was not detected in association with 6 other individual sea anemones (determined by morphotype or molecular sequencing), and the specific Ostiactis-associated SUP05 phylotypes were not detected in surrounding water samples (n = 3; Fig. 5). Three SUP05 OTUs comprised < 7% of the bacterial community in the surrounding water column (Fig. 5a), based on the semi-quantitative 16S rRNA barcoding, but were distinct, based on the 250-bp 16S rRNA Illumina barcode sequences (Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset). Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Lycorine, hypericin, emodin, tylophorine, ouabain, mycophenolate mofetil, silvestrol, myricetin and scutellarein were also reported for their inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses [22]. Some phytoconstituents such as myricitrin, methyl rosmarinate, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-2′-(3,3-dimethylallyl) isoflavone, 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxy flavanone-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, (2S)-eriodictyol 7-O-(6′′-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, calceolarioside B, myricetin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, licoleafol, and amaranthin were reported as potential lead candidates to develop novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs [23]. Moreover, anthraquinone derivatives were screened on the basis of binding energy against N-(NTD) of SARS-CoV-2. Emodin, Anthrarufin, Alizarine, Aloe- emodin, and Dantron showed the good binding affinity at three different active sites of N-of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein. These compounds prevent the assembly of virus p4. ConclusionPlants and their secondary metabolites provide valuable leads for the development into drugs for the novel antiviral activities. Ivermectin is the FDA approved drug and inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2 [35]. Although there is an increase in the use of traditional medicine worldwide, researches in traditional medicines are insufficient. Assessments of the quality, safety, and efficacy of traditional medicines are needed to provide scientific information that regulations need. In the present review, antiviral activity mainly against coronaviruses of traditional medicines along with their phytoconstituents through the literature data relevant to their enzyme and receptor interactions given by different assays.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: In the second fate, dissociation of the holo-transferrin occurs within endosomes in the endothelial cells with the iron being transported across the abluminal membrane by ferroportin. In this option, one that is preferred by Simpson et al. [280], the iron-free apo-transferrin is exocytosed, part across the abluminal membrane accounting for the observed transfer of transferrin from blood to brain but primarily across the luminal membrane back to blood. This model allows the possibility that transcytosis of apo-transferrin can occur from brain to blood. The site of dissociation of the iron from the holo-transferrin inside the endothelial cell layer and the intervening steps are still under active investigation [281, 282]). Simpson et al. [315] have calculated the distribution of glucose using estimates of the rates of metabolism and the rates of transport across the various barriers in the brain including diffusion through basal laminae and interstitial spaces and transport across the various cell membranes. Their calculated concentrations in ISF 1. 4 mM, in neurons 1. 2 mM and in astrocytes 0. 9 mM are consistent with the relatively uniform distribution of glucose over brain water found by NMR. There has been a claim that "The glymphatic [perivascular] pathway is important for the brain-wide delivery of nutrients, specifically glucose" [109]. This was based on results presented by Lundgaard et al. [629] for movements of a near-infrared 2-deoxyglucose probe (2DG-IR). However, Lundgaard et al. showed that 2DG-IR could not be delivered across the blood–brain barrier and thus it is at best a poor substrate for GLUT1. Since GLUT1 is essential for the normal entry and distribution of glucose, the results for 2DG-IR cannot be used to infer the relative importance of the blood–brain barrier and perivascular routes for the distribution of glucose. Petit and Magistretti [344] have also criticized the use of 2DG-IR as a probe for glucose movements into astrocytes and neurons. Lundgaard et al. [630] have shown that four different manoeuvres that decrease perivascular efflux of markers increase lactate levels in the brain and decrease them in the submandibular and parotid lymph nodes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 5Relative abundance of 16S rRNA bacterial phylotypes, recovered from Ostiactis pearseae and comparison samples. a Relative abundance of bacterial families from Ostiactis pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including unidentified zoanthids (“zoan”) and Kadosactinidae “sp. B,” nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae, and seawater. Each color on the graph represents a distinct family-level phylotype or lowest level available. The top 15 dominant family phylotypes are indicated in the key. b Six distinct SUP05 OTUs (99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity) recovered from O. pearseae, compared to the surrounding seawater. The heatmap scale reflects the number of reads per sample. Phylogenetic relationships between the SUP05 OTUs are shown in Additional file 3: Fig. S1. c Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of microbial communities associated with O. pearseae, versus the other neighboring species and overlying seawater. Each point represents all 16S rRNA sequences recovered from a single specimen or sample. p < 0. 022, suggesting a significant difference between O. pearseae and any other sample set (ex. other sea anemones, water samples; R = 0. 88–1. 00). HTV, hydrothermal vent; spB, another undescribed sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) from the Pescadero Basin; zoan, unidentified zoanthids from the Pescadero BasinFull size imageNMDS ordination revealed the total bacterial community of Ostiactis pearseae to be strongly differentiated from those associated with zoanthid specimens (analysis of similarity () R = 0. 99, p = 0. 002), the other unidentified sea anemone Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (= 0. 87, p = 0. 022), the water column samples (= 1. 00, p = 0. 006), and the neighboring obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (= 1. 00, p = 0. 001; Fig. 5c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: In their view some lactate leaves the brain in CSF notably via the cribriform plate to the nasal mucosa from which it is removed in lymph. There may be removal of lactate from the brain via lymph, but Bradbury and Westrop [125] noted that while high molecular weight markers like albumin delivered to the nasal mucosa are removed from the mucosa by lymph, low molecular weight substances like lactate may be removed from the mucosa by the peripheral blood flow. Lundgaard et al's results provide no means to verify that the lactate found in the lymph nodes originated in the brain and even if the lactate in the glands originates by perivascular efflux from the brain, they do not quantify the rate of efflux. The effects of sleep and wakefulness on lactate clearance from the brain were considered further in [146]. Lundgaard et al's results indicate that the manoeuvres that affect perivascular efflux do not alter lactate concentrations in the brain of usually awake mice (dark phase of 24 h cycle), which is evidence that perivascular efflux is not important under just the circumstances when there is likely to be a need for lactate removal. The concentrations in plasma and CSF have been measured in samples of the fluids, but those in ISF have been measured using microdialysis. In the microdialysis procedure a probe is inserted and fluid perfused through the probe. To avoid grossly disturbing the ISF around the probe, the composition of the perfusion fluid must be close to that of ISF. The perfusate comes into contact with ISF only through a dialysis membrane. The diffusable solutes to be measured enter the perfusate during the relatively brief time that it is within the probe, and thus the slower the perfusion rate, the closer the concentration emerging from the probe is to the concentration in ISF in the region surrounding it. The ISF data in Table 3 were obtained by measuring concentrations at several different flow rates and extrapolating back to zero flow. However, even with these precautions, without measurements for substances whose concentrations are already known it is difficult to be certain that the ISF concentration measured is the same as that in ISF that isn't close to the probe. Because in all the studies in Table 3 the probe removes the substance being measured, there is an obvious risk of bias towards values that are too low.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Bacterial community analysis revealed limited diversity within the tentacles of O. pearseae from the 5 different vent sites (Fig. 5a; Additional file 2: Table S2). Other bacteria uniquely recovered from O. pearseae tentacles included the BD1-5 group (a. k. a. Gracilibacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 3–27%) and the OD1 group (a. k. a. Parcubacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 1–16%; Fig. 5a). Additional bacterial groups present in non-Ostiactis sea anemones included Enterobacteriacea and Mollicutes (the latter 89% similar to one recovered from an ascidian; Fig. 5a; EF137402; [23]). Microbial groups that were more common in all 3 water samples included the Methylococcales marine group 2 (MMG-2), Rhodobiacea, and Thaumarcheota (Fig. 5a). To further characterize the SUP05 in association with Ostiactis pearseae, a longer region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via direct PCR and sequenced. A 1334-bp long 16S rRNA sequence, only 1-bp different from barcode OTU21762, was 96. 5% similar to a free-living bacterium from a mud volcano in the Sea (AY592908; [24]) and 95% similar to the thiotrophic symbiont of Bathymodiolus aff. brevior from Ridge vents (DQ077891; [25]; Additional file 3: Fig. S1). There are no Bathymodiolus mussels at the vents, and the SUP05-related sequences recovered from O. pearseae are distinct from those recovered from Bathymodiolus from seeps, some of the closest known mussel populations (only ~ 96% similar for 250-bp barcode sequence; Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset; [26, 27]). Several genes were additionally amplified and directly sequenced in order to inform the possible metabolic capabilities of the SUP05-related bacteria in O. pearseae. The napA gene, encoding a catalytic subunit of the periplasmic nitrate reductase alpha subunit (E. C. 1. 7. 99.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: A: TLC chromatogram of LKD successive extracts; B, C, D: HPTLC fingerprinting of isolated curcumin from fingerprinting of purified LKD curcumin F MS spectra G 1H NMR of purified LKD curcumin H 13C NMR of purified LKD curcuminFull size imagePhysical evaluations and phytochemical studies of the LKD successive extractsPhysical properties of the LKD successive extractsVarious physical parameters were evaluated on the extracts including testing for organoleptic characters, nature of the extract, percentage yield; pH and solubility testing were determined [13]. Phytochemical evaluations and analytical process of curcumin from LKDPreliminary phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography and quantification of total phenolic contentPhytochemical screening of the LKD successive extracts was conducted to identify various classes of phytochemicals [14]. Prominent phytochemical classes that produced positive test results underwent further verification using Thin-(TLC) methods. For extracts abundant in curcuminoids, TLC analysis was executed following established protocols [15]. The procedure encompassed preparing sample extracts for analysis, selecting the stationary phase, optimizing the mobile phase, developing the chromatogram, and spotting detection, all in accordance with established guidelines. The stationary phase for TLC employed pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum sheets (Merck Ltd. ), while the mobile phase was composed of a mixture of chloroform and methanol in a 9:1 ratio. Subsequently, the TLC plates were observed using short UV light (264 nm), long UV light (366 nm), and visible light, both before and after applying the detecting reagent. Furthermore, the optimization of High-Performance Thin-(HPTLC) fingerprinting and the analysis of the curcumin-rich crude fraction after isolation via column chromatography were performed using equipment, which included the sample applicator, visualizer, and 4 software. Furthermore, based on the results of the preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC analysis, further studies were conducted for the total phenolic and tannin content estimation using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-AA6300). The total phenolic content and total tannin content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with certain modifications [16].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Evidence that these concerns are not just theoretical is provided by measurements for glucose. The early microdialysis measurements yielded values, e. g. 0. 47 mM [631] or 0. 35 mM [632], that are substantially smaller than the lower limit of ISF concentration obtained from NMR data, ca 1. 2 mM for 6 mM in plasma (see Sect. 5. 3). More recent microdialysis measurements have yielded larger concentrations [314], e. g 1 mM [633]; 1. 66, [634]; 1. 26 [635] and 1. 4 [636]. The results were later extended to allow calculation of Michaelis–Menten constants for each of the amino acids [372]. For the large neutral amino acids the Vmax and Km values varied from 30 nmol g−1 min−1 and 0. 12 mM for phenylalanine to 49 nmol g−1 min−1 and 0. 63 mM for valine. Competition reduces the fluxes seen for each amino acid but for any one transporter may have a Vmax for the combination of amino acids present somewhere in the range observed for the individual amino acids. Thus from these results from the rat studies the maximum collective influx of the large neutral amino acids is expected to be less than 50 nmol g−1 min−1. Smith and Stoll [43] provide a useful table of influxes from nearly normal composition of plasma with a total influx of 72 nmol g−1 min−1. It should be noted that (a) this total is for the influx not the net flux and (b) virtually all of the data for tracer influxes have been obtained with rats. It should be noted that the total net flux of N as part of amino acids is not zero in any of the studies measuring net fluxes. The estimates for studies that included glutamine and at least 10 other amino acids are + 26 nmol g−1 min−1 [588]; − 17. 3 nmol g−1 min−1 [589] and − 30 nmol g−1 min−1 [590]. Eriksson et al. [588] noted that their data could not be reconciled with N balance. The net effluxes found by Grill et al. [589] and Strauss et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: l Arrowheads (in green) point to bacteria possibly being endocytized via clathrin-coated pits, as well as nearby clusters of bacterial cells within the elongated epidermal cells of O. pearseae. nu, nucleus; bac, bacteria; cni, cnidae; meso, mesoglea; gastro, gastrodermis; epi, epidermis. Scale bars are 5 mm (a), 2 mm (b), 50 μm (c), 1 μm (d), 10 μm (e–g), 250 μm (h), 25 μm (i), and 1 μm (j–l)Full size imageDiscussionA conspicuous actiniarian species, identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], was dominant at two neighboring hydrothermal vent fields in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California. Unlike most vent anemones, which are almost always observed in the vent periphery, this species was found very near to vigorous venting fluids on and amongst the obligate vent tubeworms Oasisia aff. alvinae and Riftia pachyptila (Fig. 1), known to rely exclusively on sulfide-based chemosynthesis for energy [31, 32]. Ostiactis pearseae, formerly named Anthosactis pearseae [7], had been originally described as the first and only endemic Actiniaria from a whalefall community [5]; however, this discovery at hydrothermal vents makes them one of the only sea anemones described from multiple chemosynthetic environments [6, 7]. The assumption, until now, was that most sea anemones at hydrothermal vents and methane seeps acquire nutrients via suspension feeding. There was no previous evidence that Ostiactis pearseae harbored chemosynthetic bacteria [5], suggesting that they fed upon dissolved and particulate organic matter and plankton. However, the significantly negative δ13C and δ15N tissue isotopic values of O. pearseae (at the time labeled as an unidentified species in [11, 15]) suggested an entirely different strategy dependent upon bacteria chemosynthesis. Indeed, distinct bacterial phylotypes related to the SUP05-group were associated with Ostiactis pearseae, compared to other nearby sea anemones and water column bacterial communities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, there is limited evidence in the possible ameliorative effect of curcumin against ACR-induced neurotoxicity. Prasad and Muralidhara [22] have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin in an ACR model of neurotoxicity in an insect species, Drosophila melanogaster. A recently published study [23] reported that curcumin would exert a protective effect against ACR-induced spatial memory impairment in rats. However, the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin have not been well evaluated in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we identified whether curcumin could exert protective effects against neuron apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by ACR exposure in rats. MethodsChemicals ACR and curcumin were respectively purchased from Amresco Co. () and Sigma chemicals Co. (St. ). Experimental design Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200–220 g, were obtained from Center (Hubei, China). Rats were housed in standard translucent cages (5 animals/cage) under controlled standard conditions (23 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h light/dark cycle) with restricted access to standard rat chow and free access to tap water. After a 1-week acclimation period, all animals were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 rats in each group: (1) normal control group; (2) ACR- intoxicated control group; (3) low-dose (50mg/kg) curcumin treatment group and (4) high-dose (100 mg/kg) curcumin treatment group. Animals in 2–4 groups were intraperitoneally injected with ACR dissolved in normal saline at the dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 4 weeks. The normal rats received saline as control. Meanwhile, rats in the curcumin treatment groups were daily administered with curcumin at the corresponding oral administration dose for 4 weeks. The normal and ACR-intoxicated control animals were orally administered with the same volume of distilled water. Body weight and behavioral alterations were monitored once a week. At 24 h after the last administration, all animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, brain tissues were quickly collected.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: [590] were dominated by net release of glutamine, which conceivably could be balanced by small net influxes for many amino acids, each below the limit of detection, or a net influx of NH4+ though there is no evidence for this [359]. balance is achieved remains to be clarified. This may explain the only modest success of attempts to understand the effects of raised concentration of one amino acid in plasma on the fluxes and ISF concentrations of other amino acids. Those attempts have considered only the concentrations in plasma while it is now clear that concentrations on both sides are important. (See [42] for discussion of the early work and [637] for a more recent example). The results of Kress et al. [514] differ from the earlier studies described above. Kress et al. have reported the fractions of Aβ and inulin remaining in the brain 1 h after parenchymal injection in young, middle aged, or old mice. In each group they found that the fraction remaining of Aβ was smaller than that of inulin but the difference between Aβ and inulin was much less marked than in the earlier studies primarily because more Aβ remained in the brain. It is difficult to suggest any reason for this discrepancy. In a number of studies (see e. g. [341]) the net flux during low nervous activity has been compared to an estimate of the transport maximum, Tmax. Tmax is typically two to threefold larger. However, Tmax gives a false impression of the transport reserve as these large fluxes can only be reached by increasing cplasma to levels that are never achieved. ("Systems" have functional definitions and may be mediated by one or more transporters. Transporters are gene products). Chikhale et al. [638] looked at the permeability of a series of peptides and found that the permeabilities did not correlate with the n-octanol/water partition coefficient but did correlate with the number of hydrogen bonds they could form. If the hydrogen bonds were formed only in the water and not in either n-octanol or the membrane core, then n-octanol would be expected to be a reasonable model for the core and the discrepancy they observed should not have been seen. See also [169]. 48. 92. 86. 19. 7. 9. 25. 702. 91. 5. 92. 35. 9. 30. 705. 75.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This association was pervasive and dominant, in that SUP05 bacteria were found in all 8 O. pearseae specimens analyzed, comprising up to 96% of the recovered microbial 16S rRNA genes. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria within the SUP05 clade, named after the discovery in the Suiyo seamount plume [33], have been found worldwide in marine oxygen-deficient marine environments, deep-sea hydrothermal systems, and productive upwelling regions [34,35,36]. They exist both as free-living cells [29] and in association with animal hosts (ex. Bathymodiolus mussels and some sponges [37]), where they participate centrally in the provisioning of fixed carbon to the animal. Intracellular SUP05 were observed exclusively in the epidermis of Ostiactis pearseae, which was unexpected given that most Cnidaria house symbionts, mainly photosynthetic, in the gastrodermis [38, 39]. Epidermal bacteriocyte-like structures containing Vibrio have been observed in Exaiptasia pallida [40] and bacterial “aggregates” containing Endozoicimonas have been observed in epidermal “caverns” in the sea anemone Metridium senile [41]. In both cases, however, the epidermal bacteria are pathogens commonly associated with animals [42, 43]. Octocorals harbored a coral-specific SUP05 clade that dominated their bacterial communities by up to 87%, albeit the specific location of the bacteria within the coral mucous or tissue was not determined [9]. Interestingly, bacteria on the tentacle surface of O. pearseae appeared to be in clathrin-coated pits in various stages of endocytosis. Further examination of this receptor-mediated process is necessary to establish whether bacteria are actively transported inside of host cells and if so, what influences the recognition and selectivity of this process. Hosting sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 in the outer epidermis may allow Ostiactis pearseae to avoid sulfide toxicity or the costly evolution of unique biochemistry to take up and transport sulfide [11].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, there is limited evidence in the possible ameliorative effect of curcumin against ACR-induced neurotoxicity. Prasad and Muralidhara [22] have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin in an ACR model of neurotoxicity in an insect species, Drosophila melanogaster. A recently published study [23] reported that curcumin would exert a protective effect against ACR-induced spatial memory impairment in rats. However, the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin have not been well evaluated in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we identified whether curcumin could exert protective effects against neuron apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by ACR exposure in rats. MethodsChemicals ACR and curcumin were purchased from Amresco Co. () and Sigma chemicals Co. (St. ), respectively. Experimental design Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-220 g, were obtained from Center (Hubei, China). Rats were housed in standard translucent cages (5 animals/cage) under controlled standard conditions (23 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 5% relative humidity, 12 h light/dark cycle) with restricted access to standard rat chow and free access to tap water. After acclimation for 1-week, healthy animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups (10 rats per group): normal control group; ACR-intoxicated control group; low-dose (50mg/kg) curcumin treatment group and high-dose (100 mg/kg) curcumin treatment group. A dose of 40 mg/kg ACR (dissolved in normal saline) was intraperitoneally injected every other day for 4 weeks in all animals except the normal control group. The normal rats received saline as control. Meanwhile, rats in the curcumin treatment groups were daily administered with curcumin at the corresponding oral administration dose for 4 weeks. The doses of ACR and curcumin were chosen based on the previous study [5] and preliminary experiments. The normal and ACR-intoxicated control animals were orally administered with the same volume of distilled water. Body weight and behavioral alterations were monitored once a week. At 24 h after the last administration, all animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, brain tissues were quickly collected.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 29. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1968. p. 159–72. 77. 39. 91. 8. 39. 5. 340. 111. 311. 716. 40. 2005. 20. 3. 5629. 10. 68. 32. 76. 7680. 86. 51. 407. 26. 44. 1. Cambridge: Press; 1998. p. 188–97. 511. 25. 49. 94. 92. 305. 92. 70. 10. 14. 1979. 1996. 38. 8. 8. 5. 600. 99. 71. , Advances in pharmacologyLondon: Elsevier; 2014. p. 147–63. 31. 9. CAS PubMed 1. Cambridge: Press; 1998. p. 24–31. 13. 315. 9. CAS PubMed 44. 85. 86. 5024. 15. 84. 504. 501. 8635. 7679. 9. 2017. p. 105–27. 36. CAS PubMed 44. CAS PubMed 13. 76. 2. 64. 152. 2582. 81. 7. 5. 22. 9. 36. 94. 48. 85. 2018. Review: cerebral amyloid angiopathy, prion angiopathy, and the spectrum of protein elimination failure angiopathies (PEFA) in neurodegenerative disease with a focus on therapy. Neurobiol. 2013;39:593–611. 23. 9. 14. 14. 38. 26. 9. 41. 1434. 67. 9738. 2018. p. 1057816. . Magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence of glymphatic drainage from human brain to cervical lymph nodes. Sci Rep. 2018;8:7194. 65. 84. 8. 9. 40. 9. 6. 70. 52. 34. 73. 28. CAS PubMed 7. 2000. Exp Neurol. 1974;45:50–60. 103. , Handbook of experimental pharmacologyBerlin: Springer; 1992. p. 245–61. 56. 20. 32. 14. 63. 30. 94. 37. 46. 51. 64. 72. 42. 2017. p. 17–25. 2017. 103. 5793. 85. 53. 63. 51. 2. CAS 1943. 1967. 1952. 21.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the epidermis in Anthozoa can function in nutrition [21], even more so than the gastrodermis, through direct uptake of dissolved organic compounds [44, 45], thus the positioning of nutritional bacteria in the epidermis may increase effective exchange of small molecules. Like other SUP05 cells, those associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae were small (~ 500 nm in diameter [46]). Presumably, these symbionts require both oxygen and sulfide near simultaneously, for example “autotrophicus,” a member of the SUP05 group, has an aerobic phenotype and uses sulfide while respiring oxygen [46, 47]. In this regard, it would be reasonable to house bacteria as close to the tissue surface as possible in order to accommodate gas exchange and meet symbiont metabolic demands. The assumption that the SUP05 group may perform a nutritional role for the Ostiactis pearseae is evidenced by the comparatively light tissue δ13C values (average − 29. 1‰). The contribution of chemosynthesis-derived carbon to O. pearseae biomass appears to exceed that reported for other deep-sea anthozoan species from the Gulf of Mexico (ex. Paramuricea [9]). The facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nature of the SUP05-Anthozoa symbioses proposed by [9] is also suggested for O. pearseae given the large range in negative δ13C values observed. Additionally, the SUP05 were found to not only have the gene repertoire necessary for chemosynthesis, but to be transcriptionally active, further supporting the possibility of SUP05 contributions to host nutrition [9]. Like all sea anemones (even those with photosynthetic symbionts), O. pearseae retains an arsenal of nematocysts by which to capture prey; thus, this tentacular team-up with SUP05 symbionts likely provides only a portion of their diet, indicating a mixotrophic strategy. The SUP05 clade is involved not only in mediating dark carbon fixation, but also in the cycling of nitrogen, whether by denitrification, as has been shown in free-living SUP05 populations [29, 36] or assimilatory nitrate reduction, as in the case of symbiotic SUP05 [9, 48].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schema of protein coded by oxt gene. Antibodies anti-OXT and PS45 were targeted to processed OXT and neurophysin respectively. SP denotes signal peptide, arrow indicates cleavage site. Validation of the EGFP-OXT fusion protein is shown in Figure 3H. (B–F) Confocal Z-stack images showing Fluorescent in situ hybdridization (FISH) of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae using probes for avp (B) or oxt (C) mRNA (red), followed by PS45 staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which oxytocin neurons were labeled is shown. Confocal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images showing immunostaining of 5-dpf old transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae using antibodies directed against GFP and neurophysin (NP). The whole neurohypophyseal tract (D) and the hypophyseal projections (E) are shown. Scale: 10 μM. Figure 6—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT in neurohypophyseal synapses of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish larvae. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT levels via Cdc42. (A,B) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(T17N)-EGFP. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described earlier. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) reveals mosaic labeling of hypophyseal projecting axons (B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: , Handbook of physiologyBethesda: Society; 1984. p. 969–1000. 53. 69. 4. 26. 26. 1996. p. 311–37. 6. 40. 701. 9. 65. 14. 71. 73. 13. 3741. 41. 47. 51. 58. 38. 28. 83. 81. 45. 55. 13. 62. 38. 535. 1998. 96. 6. 72. 104. 2009. p. 585–606. 73. 62. 0412. 316. 809. 107. 2018. van van Deemter L, Mol CA, van der Valk MA, Robanus-Maandag EC, te Riele HP, et al. Disruption of the mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood–brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs. Cell. 1994;77:491–502. 8. 64. 30. 91. CAS PubMed 6. 69. 80. CAS PubMed 7. 41. 22. 63. 31. 7. 301. 11. 21. 60. 71. , Advances in pharmacologyLondon: Academic Press, Elsevier; 2014. p. 1–24. 9. 15. 41. CAS PubMed 9. 507. 6. 51. 80. 105. 312. 602. 24. 61. 76. 85. 28. 87. 51. 9. 314. 412. 2014. p. 273–301. 86. 36. 24. 65. 17. 63. 932. 72. 2006. p. 1435–41. 6. CAS PubMed 45. 40. CAS PubMed 2007. p. 593–615. 80. 9. 19. 28. 9. 214. 71. 2007. p. 575–91. 82. 19. 65. 66. 72. 503. 7. 39. 21. 13. 39. 304. 16. 28. 90. 57. 53. 5. 81. 59. 87. 6. CAS PubMed 64. 9. 83. 23. 6. CAS PubMed 1984. p. 383–404. 27. 96. CAS PubMed 33. 3. Washington, D. C: Society; 1960. 56. 30. 13. 39. CAS PubMed 6. CAS PubMed 16. 7. 8. 40. CAS PubMed 96. 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: , utilization of H2S, HS−, or other reduced S species, including endogenous elemental sulfur), or variation in the sulfur sourced from the petroleum-rich sediments of the Pescadero Basin. Many uncultivated candidate bacterial phyla have been discovered in recent years within a variety of environments [20, 58, 59]. They usually have small genomes (< 1 Mb) with dramatically reduced biosynthetic capabilities, and yet exist globally in both marine and terrestrial habitats [60]. Several of these candidate phyla, known as the OD1 and BD1-5 groups (also referred to as Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria, respectively), comprised up to 16–27% of the Ostiactis pearseae bacterial community and are known to play an important role in sulfur cycling [60]. An ectosymbiotic or parasitic lifestyle for the OD1 has been proposed [61], given their inability to synthesize vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. Additionally, while most candidate phyla are found in anoxic habitats, some OD1 genomes contained genes suggestive of O2 use as a terminal electron acceptor [61, 62]. Although not previously associated with the sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 group, or any specific proteobacterial group, the role of OD1 in sulfur reduction [60] and their diverse repertoire for attachment and adhesion [61] forecasts a possible direct association with either the SUP05 bacteria or O. pearseae mucous, for example. ConclusionDespite 40+ years of appreciation for chemosynthetic symbioses and the continued search for their occurrence in the most well-known habitats, Cnidaria have only very recently been shown to associate with chemoautorophic bacteria. Here, we identify a hydrothermal vent sea anemone, Ostiactis pearseae, at 3700 m depth in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, that appears to be nutritionally supported by internal chemoautotrophic bacteria. This species, one of only 2 dominant sessile animals observed on the vent chimneys, has an unusual life position, often located in and amongst vent-obligate siboglinid tubeworms, very near to actively venting fluids.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 10 Mar 2022 really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: CAS PubMed 82. 52. 10. 82. 38. 37. 91. 46. 42. CAS PubMed 34. 13. CAS PubMed 56. 1. Nature. 2014;510:121–5. 914. PubMed Pub39. 96. 66. CAS PubMed 96. 28. 76. 906. 25. 9. 14. 49. 55. 103. , Handbook of experimental pharmacologyBerlin: Springer; 1992. p. 65–117. 77. 408. 63. 6. 9. CAS 406. 7. 901. 56. 25. 74. 406. 8. 3. 96. CAS PubMed 6. 91. 9. 92. 400. 54. 51. 36. 519. 7. 44. 141. 9. 5. New York: Plenum; 1971. p. 235–47. 7. CAS PubMed 92. CAS PubMed 85. 57. 70. 201. 8. 36. 7. 9. 7. 98. 318. 8. CAS PubMed 99. 202. 45. 74. 22. 612. 709. 5. 7. 8. 9. 45. 2017. 545. 73. 84. 62. 11. 7. 99. CAS PubMed 32. 9. 33. 171. 1411. 8. 33. 54. CAS PubMed 75. 73. 3. J Flow Metab. 2011;31:1637–47. 51. 37. 42. 2011. 6. 1774. 56. 78. 42. 36. 6270. 53. 18. 9. 407. 48. 9. 14. 61. 25. 53. 80. 12. 20. 223. 93. 64. 61. 50. 304. 53. 44. 6379. 1. J Neurosci. 2013;33:19276–83. 160. 87. 36. 900. 24. 93. 44. 1. Neurosci. 2015;7:136. 65. 44. 70. 2323. e2321-2311. 31. 100. 4. 69. 93. 9. 31. 34. 8. 15. 8. 5. 90. 7. 53. 43. 38. 23. 93. 9. 13. 69. 33. 82. 16. 67. 85. 186. 52. 5. 6. 30. 83. 59. 33. 7. 59. 1636.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Ostiactis pearseae houses putative sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 bacteria (Thioglobaceae) in its epidermis, with which it appears to have established a mixotrophic nutritional strategy, based on a broad range of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes. Facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nutritional symbioses are often more difficult to recognize, compared to obligate alliances, but they are surely more common in nature [63], particularly in Cnidaria which experience symbiont gain and loss readily and often retain an ability to capture prey [9, 64, 65]. So, too, is the difficulty in uncovering nested symbioses, often involving microbe-microbe synergies. In this study, an unusual abundance of two candidate phyla, Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria (a. k. a. OD1 and BD1-5, respectively) within O. pearseae tentacles, hints at the roles they may play in the cycling of nutrients within and on animal hosts. Cnidaria symbioses are considered foundational for coral reefs, and perhaps they also play an important role at hydrothermal vents. It would be worth investigating additional Anthozoa species observed to inhabit venting fluids at other sites worldwide [66,67,68], to see whether they have also forged nutritional relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria, such as the versatile SUP05 group. MethodsSpecimen collectionsAll specimens and water samples were collected from active vent sites within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California (~ 3700 m depth), using the ROV SuBastian during the R/V Falkor expedition FK103118 (October–November 2018), specifically from six sites at two vent fields within ~ 2 km of each other; the previously described Auka vent field [10,11,12] and a newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field (Fig. 1; Table 1). Sea anemones were collected by ROV manipulator or suction sampler (5: Supplemental video) and preserved shipboard as described below in each analysis section. Targeted water samples (2 L) were collected, within ~ 0. 5 m from nearby anemones, via Niskin bottle mounted on the ROV SuBastian. Additional file 5 Sampling anemones.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 46. 403. 251. 65. 43. 53. 81. 32. 66. 37. 7. 177. 108. 61. 43. 60. 66. 4. 8. 252. 9. 5430. 14. 46. 8. CAS PubMed 309. 62. 6. 282. 75. 19. 12. 81. 36. 655. CAS PubMed 76. CAS 13. A new method for the characterization of GLC stationary phases—the Laffort data set. J Chem Soc-2. 1990. 49. 40. 94. 91. 72. 33. 8. 1. Nomenclature and rate equations. Acta. 1963;67:104–37. 77. 44. 77. 73. 26. 74. 92. 426. 1984. p. 411–66. 25. CAS PubMed 8. 35. 5. CAS PubMed 711. 2. J Neurochem. 2000;75:1907–16. 22. CAS PubMed 53. 40. 66. 67. 74. 75. CAS PubMed 64. 83. 12. 21. 9. 600. 72. 7. 92. 55. 41. 8. 11. 17. 9. CAS PubMed 1. 75. 8. 32. 19. 307. CAS PubMed 42. 6. 7. CAS PubMed 9. 43. 50. 7. 9. 42. 9. CAS PubMed 33. CAS PubMed 84. CAS PubMed 83. CAS PubMed 106. , SupplementumVienna: Springer; 2010. p. 3–13. 23. 26. 63. 8. 74. 21. 88. 87. 43. 8. 76. 164. 9. CAS 40. 5. 82. 6. 44. 32. CAS PubMed 29. 40. 6807. 24. 7. 6. 90. 9. 43. 73. 9. 9. 10. Arlington: of Pharmaceutical Scientists; 2014. 2004. 16. 8. 3. New York: Plenum; 1983. p. 381–404. 21. 8. 72. 15. 60. 77. 8. 31. 86. 27. 57. 1009. 132. 9. 78. 1. Spreadsheet to be used in fitting the carrier equations described in 1. If instead the rate of elimination is expressed per unit mass of tissue, e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: For the readers’ convenience, all the calculations are presented in the compact Table 2. The table shows that the thermocurrents Ilow are all-sufficient, they are able not only generate the main dipole field of Earth В T T l o w but to maintain it for a long time at 3. 64 × 10−5 T level. This value is calculated for the points of Earth on its equator and, as seen, it is close to the real and modern intensity of the EMF. At the same time, the heat, produced by the thermocurrents Ilow, is only Q b c = 2. 25 × 10 14 J per year (2. 25 × 1021 erg per year) and is comparable to the heat of the thermocurrents Itop. The Earth’s magnetic moment was also calculated as M = 4 π R G 2 I l o w. At the current Ilow of 3. 52 × 109 А and spherical surface with the solid core’s radius of RG = 1400 km (see in Table 2) it is 8. 67 × 1022 Table 2. Calculation of electrical and magnetic parameters of Earth’s metal core. А・m2, which is close to the known value М = 8. 2 × 10 22 А ⋅ m 2. Let us briefly note, that a toroidal magnetic field forms within the metal core. The field’s field lines are spherical circles that do not leave the conducting core (Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b)). The centrifugal force F C f and the thermo e. m. f. ЕТ have been generating a through channel with electron deficit for 3. 5 billion years in the toroidal field in the core center. The channel is the entrance/exit for the poloidal magnetic field which is self-generating in the conductive medium. The field is definitely dipole and it has local poles with diameter to 500 km for entrance/exit of the field lines bundles of the poloidal field with tilt of 900 - 890. There is a confirmation for it [39]. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: AbstractMany ant species have independently evolved colony structures with multiple queens and very low relatedness among nestmate workers, but it has remained unclear whether low-relatedness kin structures can repeatedly arise in populations of the same species. Here we report a study of Danish island populations of the red ant Myrmica sulcinodis and show that it is likely that such repeated developments occur. Two microsatellite loci were used to estimate genetic differentiation (FST) among three populations and nestmate relatedness within these populations. The FST values were highly significant due to very different allele frequencies among the three populations with relatively few common alleles and relatively many rare alleles, possibly caused by single queen foundation and rare subsequent immigration. Given the isolation of the islands and the low investment in reproduction, we infer that each of the populations was most likely established by a single queen, even though all three extant populations now have within-colony relatedness <0. 06. all populations can be regarded as supercolonies with high nest densities and competitive monopolisation of the habitat patch excluding all other ant species. the investment in new sexuals was extremely male-biased (>95%), and the genetic differentiation of nests showed a significantly positive correlation with the distance between them. Both male-biased sex-ratio and genetic viscosity are expected characteristics of populations where queens have very local dispersal and where new colonies are initiated through nest-budding. Based on a comparison with other M. sulcinodis populations we hypothesise a distinct succession of population types and suggest that this may be a possible pathway to unicoloniality, ie, development towards a complete lack of colony kin structure and unrelated nestmate workers. Similar content being viewed by others Integrative characterization of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in an ant species complex with strong hierarchical population structure and low dispersal abilities 0. 75) and single colony-queens to zero relatedness and highly polygynous nests have been observed. Allozyme studies from five different locations showed that worker nestmate relatedness in M. sulcinodis ranges from less than 0. 06 in a population in Denmark to more than 0. 50 in the Pyrenees, Russia and Finland (Seppä et al, 1995; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1997). Also, population structure and inbreeding are very variable in this species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 0001 min−1. Thirdly for sucrose and inulin the rate constants for elimination by transport across the blood–brain barrier are substantially less than the total rate constant for elimination, 0. 003 min−1, implying that some other mechanism accounts for most of the elimination. It is at present unclear whether or not mannitol is suitable as a marker for perivascular elimination. Preston et al. [531] pointed out a major difficulty that occurs in the measurement of very small permeabilities using radiotracers. If the sample of labelled substance contains small quantities of labelled impurities that are more permeable than the principal substance, the impurities will make a disproportionately large contribution to permeability measured by accumulation of the radiolabel. They showed that further purification by thin layer chromatography decreased the measured permeability for mannitol and sucrose (see Table 7). Miah et al. [532] have taken this one step further and have compared the uptake of radiolabel from a sample of 14C-sucrose with the uptake of 13C-sucrose measured by mass spectrometry. Their measurements using a sample of radiolabelled sucrose yielded one of the higher measured permeabilities, while that obtained using assay of sucrose yielded the lowest. It is thus plausible that perivascular elimination accounts for an even larger fraction of the elimination of sucrose than indicated by comparison of the average of the rate constants in the table with the total rate constant of elimination. The available evidence strongly supports the commonly held view that sucrose, inulin, albumin, and a number of dextrans are suitable markers for elimination from the brain parenchyma by perivascular convection. 1. 2 [156, 157, 533]; (3) n-octanol, with the water it contains in a partition experiment [161], may differ from the membrane core in how it interacts with hydrogen bonding groups;Footnote 24 (4) permeation may occur by pathways other than via the core of the membrane, e. g. transport for some of the substances considered may be via specific transporters (see Sect. 4. 2), by transcytosis (see Sect. 4. 3) or, particularly for small polar solutes, by a paracellular pathway (as mentioned in Sect. 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cave paintings offer a glimpse into prehistoric human expression. [SEP] Text: 1(a) Situation of the Ojo Guareña karst in the Iberian Peninsula; (b) location of the Sala and Galería de las Huellas sites in the Ojo Guareña complex, with reference to the main caves; (c) map of Sala and Galería de las Huellas with an orthophoto of the PNOA (IGN, Spain); (d) longitudinal profile, projection N-S, of the Ojo Guareña Cave system in the blind valley of the Guareña River. (Modified from Grupo Espeleológico Edelweiss 1986; Ortega et al. 2013, 2014)Full size imageThe blind valley of San Bernabé ends at the Guareña sinkhole and contains a series of old fossil entrances perched at different heights above the River Guareña (at 692 m a. s. l. ) that, together with the (karst discharge zone) and the Villamartín stream, has shaped this singular karst landscape listed as Natural and of Spain. This karst complex contains an impressive record of human activities from at least the Upper Pleistocene. The archaeological sites were discovered at the same time as speleological explorations were taking place. The diversity and variety of archaeological remains, in more than 80 sites (Ortega and Martín 1986; Ortega et al. 2013: 164–236), include living areas in cave entrances, rock art, burials, human bones, grave goods or different archaeological objects, which demonstrate the use of this cave landscape from the to the Middle Ages. The hundreds of human footprints in the soft sediment on the floor of Sala and Galerías de las and II are among the most singular and vulnerable archaeological sites in the cave system. They were found in 1969 by members of the Grupo Espeleológico Edelweiss, during the survey of one of the most labyrinthine sectors of the system, called Dédalo Oeste (Uribarri 1969; Osaba 1969: 305–309; Rubio 2001), which is related to the geomorphologic evolution of the Guareña blind valley and San Bernabé cirque. The Siteand Galerías de las Huellas formed in the third karst level known as Dédalo Oeste.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: In the Pyrenees, nests were very discrete and widely scattered, while on the Danish island of Samsø multiple nests may belong to the same polydomous colony and nest densities are very high, saturating the entire suitable habitat (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a,b). Inbreeding was observed in the Pyrenees and in Russia (involving the production of a high frequency of diploid males; Pedersen et al, 1999), while Danish and British populations did not show any detectable inbreeding (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1997). An explanation for this intraspecific variation could be that these Myrmica populations follow a distinct succession of social stages, and that they were in different successional stages at the moment of sampling. This scenario would include an invasive colonisation stage, followed by expansion, increasing population densities and declining nestmate relatedness. and Russian populations would thus represent an early stage, where genetic bottlenecks have caused a low number of alleles at the sex determination locus, causing the high number of diploid males. When populations survive this stage the genetic variation will gradually increase due to immigration, primarily of long distance-dispersing males. Consequently inbreeding decreases and expansion through nest-budding starts. Low relatedness populations such as the one on the Danish island of Samsø would then represent a later stage in the succession process, which is achieved only in long term stable habitats that can maintain high population densities. These latter populations tend to completely saturate the habitat (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a), but it is as yet unclear whether habitat saturation is a cause or an effect of this final development towards a supercolony structure (Rosengren and Pamilo, 1983; see also Discussion). The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the population structure of two other isolated populations of M. sulcinodis in Denmark, to estimate the genetic differentiation between these populations and the population from the island of Samsø, and to assess whether these populations represent multiple samples of related end points of social development that disperse from island to island, or whether they are independent multiple end points of social succession towards unicoloniality, starting from a single queen colonisation in every population. Materials and methodsSample collectionThe red ant M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 1 an example may be mannitol); and (5) substances which are sufficiently lipid soluble to enter the endothelial cells may be effluxed or metabolised before they even reach the parenchyma (see Sect. 4. 2. 1). The difference between partition into a membrane and partition into a liquid like n-octanol may be particularly marked for large solutes [162, 534]. The hydrophobic portions of membranes are composed of hydrophobic side chains of proteins and the chains of lipids both of which have positions constrained by the rest of the protein or the lipid headgroup. Attempts to insert large molecules into a membrane will inevitably require changes in membrane structure, e. g. lipid headgroups may be pushed apart, which will have an energy cost which must affect the permeability. However, it should be noted that the idea that larger molecules are excluded from the membranes was based on their failure to permeate which in many instances may have been because they were substrates for efflux transporters (see Sect. 4. 2. 1). It is somewhat puzzling that there have not been any attempts to correlate blood–brain barrier permeability with the partition of substances into easily obtained membranes, e. g. those of liposomes or red blood cells, rather than into simple solvents. Partition into red blood cell membranes was measured extensively in studies on the mechanism of general anaesthesia [535]. The predictions of the simple theory presented in Sect. 4. 1 for passive, non-specific transport of neutral solutes across the blood–brain barrier describes important features of this transport, but leaves quite large discrepancies between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results (see Fig. 25). A more elaborate approach, based on the use of linear free energy relations has been described by Abraham and colleagues [165, 171, 536, 537]. In this approach each compound is represented by a set of quantitative descriptors that are properties of the substance considered in isolation. (Thus for instance Kn-octanol/water is not permitted). These have been chosen as far as possible to represent sufficient independent properties of the substances to allow characterization of their interactions with water, solvents, and sites of action (see below). To predict a property, e. g. the PS product, each descriptor is multiplied by a coefficient which depends on the property, but not on the substance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Cognitive biases in binge eating disorder: the hijacking of decision making Published online by Press: 23 November 2015 Show author details Valerie Voon* Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Cambridgeshire and * *Address for correspondence: Valerie Voon, Department of Psychiatry, University of 2 0QQ, UK. (Email: voonval@gmail. com) 0. 14 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] eating disorder (BED) is the most common of eating disorders and is characterized by excessive, out-of-control, rapid food intake. This review focuses on cognitive impairments in BED, which represent an endophenotype that mediates brain function and behavior. Here we focus on reviewing impulsivity, compulsivity, attentional biases to food cues, and executive function. Behavioral regulation in BED appears to be influenced by the context of motivationally salient food cues and the degree of obesity. Deficits in delay discounting and risk taking under ambiguity are impaired in obesity irrespective of BED status. However, in BED subjects with milder obesity, greater risk seeking under explicit probabilistic risk is observed to monetary rewards, whereas this shifts to risk aversion and enhanced delay discounting in more severe obesity. Relative to non-BED obese subjects, BED is characterized by enhanced behavioral inflexibility or compulsivity across multiple domains, with subjects selecting the same choices despite change in relevance (set shifting), being no longer rewarding (habit formation), or irrespective of outcome (perseveration). The context of food cues was associated with multiple attentional and early and late inhibitory impairments and enhanced memory bias, although BED patients also have generalized cognitive interference in working memory. These findings may help explain the phenotype of binge eating. Motivationally salient food cues provoke attentional and memory biases along with impairing response inhibitory processes. Those with BED are also more susceptible to cognitive interference and have impaired decisional impulsivity, with the tendency to inflexibly stick with the same choices irrespective of changes in context. These findings suggest critical cognitive domains that may guide therapeutic interventions. biasbinge eating disordercognitioncompulsivityimpulsivitymotivationobesity 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The relatedness between workers in pairs of nearest nests on the grid analysed was significantly smaller than the average within-nest relatedness (Δr = 0. 034 ± 0. 017; paired t-test; P = 0. 028) indicating that nests at this scale (6–15 m) are not part of the same polydomous colony. Thus the nests analysed are likely to represent different, independent colonies. However, at the scale of the total population, close nests tend to be more genetically similar than more distant nests as shown by a relatively strong and significantly positive correlation of genetic and spatial distance (r = 0. 17; Figure 4). Figure 4Association of genetic distance measured as pairwise FST and spatial distance between pairs of nests in Læsø1 (closed circles; matrix correlation r = 0. 22; Mantel test, P = 0. 070) and Læsø2 (open circles; r = 0. 21; P = 0. 046). The positive correlation was highly significant in the combined test (r = 0. 17; Mantel test with nested populations, P < 0. 001). Full size imageExact tests revealed that the genepools of all three populations studied were significantly differentiated (Bonferroni corrected P < 0. 001 for all three comparisons) with estimates of pairwise FST being 0. 076 for Læsø1–Læsø2 and 0. 062 for both Læsø1–Samsø and Læsø2–Samsø. The estimated average FST among all three populations was 0. 067 ± 0. 009. Hence, the two populations at Læsø, which are about an order of magnitude closer to each other than to the Samsø population, are not genetically more similar to each other than to the population on SamsøThe number of winged sexuals found during sampling at Læsø1 was relatively low (n = 89) and all but two were males. This gave a highly male biased numerical sex ratio of 0. 978, corresponding to a relative investment in new queens of only 0. 042 (calculation based on dry weights in Pedersen and Boomsma, 1998).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: This appears to be the actual physical mechanism for ion transport by low molecular weight ion carriers like nonactin and trinactin ([530, 541, 542] and probably valinomycin [530, 543,544,545]. However for much larger transporters such as GLUT1, it has always been much more likely that the physical mechanism is somewhat different. The essential feature of carrier kinetics is not transfer of the carrier molecule across the membrane, but rather the change in exposure of the binding site for the substrate. It must be possible for this site to be exposed on each side of the membrane, but not both at the same time. The structures of GLUT1 (see Fig. 12) and related transporters all indicate that there is a transport pathway through the molecule which is occluded or gated at one end or the other and furthermore suggest conformation changes that could close the gate at one end while opening the gate at the other. A second substrate can inhibit transport of the first by binding to the carriers thus reducing the number of carriers free to complex with the first. However, it is also possible for a second substrate to increase transfer of the first. In the extreme case if the carrier can only change conformation while a substrate is bound, the carrier is an obligatory exchanger and net transfer of one solute can only occur in the presence of another. More generally efflux of a substrate can, by increasing the rate of changes from inward to outward facing conformations increase the availability of carrier to collect a different substrate on the outside and hence its influx. Exchange whether or not obligatory can result in secondary active transport in which uphill transport of one solute is driven by downhill flux of another [322,323,324, 326]. Manifestations of this coupling are sometimes called variously counter-transport, counter-flow or trans-stimulation (see Fig. 12). There are, of course, many extensions that can be made to the carrier model, examples include invoking more than one binding site, allowing co-transport and accounting for diffusion limited access in unstirred layers. Some form of extension has been found necessary for GLUT1 transport in red blood cells (see e. g. [546]) and almost certainly, given its greater complexity, will be necessary for glucose transport at the blood–brain barrier. The following is more an empirical description of results than a mechanistic model.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: This review focuses on the cognitive domains that are affected in studies comparing BED [as defined by the Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, (DSM-IV)] and non-BED obese subjects or matched healthy controls. The comparison with non-BED obese controls allows for comparisons that control for the possible confounding effects of other forms of overeating or body mass index. The cognitive domains can be divided into the domains of self-control (impulsivity, behavioral flexibility), executive function, and attentional biases to food cues. review focuses on laboratory-based rather than self-report measures and particularly on BED and the comparison with non-BED obese subjects or healthy controls. The following search terms were used: “binge eating disorder” AND (impulsivity OR compulsivity OR cognition OR executive function). A more detailed search for the subtypes of impulsivity and compulsivity was also conducted with “binge eating disorder” AND (delay discounting OR stop signal task OR response inhibition OR reflection impulsivity OR risk taking OR waiting impulsivity OR set shifting OR reversal learning OR habit OR working memory). The search encompassed 2015. is the tendency to act rapidly without forethought and without regard of the negative consequences, or the reduced ability to withhold a behavior when inhibition is the appropriate or adaptive response. Reference Moeller, Barratt, Dougherty, Schmitz and Swann 9 Impulsivity is heterogeneous and can be subdivided into motor and decisional domains, which have overlapping, yet discrete, neural substrates. Reference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 Differing subtypes of impulsivity are affected differentially across a range of disorders. Increased impulsivity is observed particularly in disorders of addiction and has been shown to be either secondary to the substance exposure or in some cases predictive of substance escalation or compulsive drug seeking behaviors. Reference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 Motor impulsivity includes motor response inhibition and waiting impulsivity, otherwise known as premature responding. The former captures the capacity to inhibit a prepotent response, and the latter the tendency to respond before target onset. Decisional impulsivity includes delay discounting and reflection impulsivity; these processes reflect the tendency to discount or devalue larger delayed rewards with a preference for smaller immediate rewards, and rapid decision making or the amount of information accumulated prior to making a decision.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: sulcinodis is able to monopolise habitat patches of vastly different sizes, and that (2) such populations have a very similar kin-structure (low, but significantly positive relatedness), breeding system (slightly positive but non-significant inbreeding) and mode of reproduction (extremely male-biased sex ratio). Genetic differentiation of populationsGenetic differentiation (FST) among the three M. sulcinodis populations studied was highly significant. Moreover, about one-third (12/35) of the alleles were only found in a single population and the high variability of the microsatellite markers used most likely implies that genetic differentiation is underestimated by F-statistics (Hedrick, 1999). Perhaps surprisingly, a comparison of the pair-wise estimates of FST showed that the two Læsø populations were not genetically more similar to each other than they were to the Samsø population, suggesting that long-distance migration between populations is equally rare at various larger distances and that common alleles are likely to represent the alleles carried by the founding individuals (founder effect). Where do the new queens come from? The extremely male biased sex ratio and the relatively strong correlation of genetic and spatial distance at the scale of total populations (Figure 4) firmly support the argument that the dominant mode of reproduction of M. sulcinodis on Læsø is nest budding within the habitat patch. Queens joining a group of workers to initiate a bud-nest avoid the mortality associated with long- distance dispersal and the risk of not finding a suitable nest site after short-distance dispersal. The latter may be particular advantageous in dense, saturated populations where budding is likely to be an optimal strategy for colonies to monopolise resources in the suitable patch (Rosengren and Pamilo, 1983; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999b). Considerable genetic viscosity, a likely result of nest budding, has earlier been shown to occur in other polygynous ant species of the genera Myrmica (Seppä and Pamilo, 1995), Formica (Chapuisat et al, 1997;Liautard and Keller, 2001), and Rhytidoponera (Tay et al, 1997). An intriguing remaining question is how low-relatedness populations of M. sulcinodis recruit their replacement queens, as it seems that they hardly produce gynes in most breeding seasons.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The general solution of the simple carrier model for the steady-state fluxes in terms of the concentrations and the constants of the model can be derived using standard methods for reaction kinetics [547,548,549]. This solution has been reported and discussed a number of times (see e. g. [326, 327, 339, 550] together with some possible extensions [329, 546]. The “simple” pore is another type of mechanism that has been considered for glucose transport across the blood–brain barrier. Pores can be gated but when the gates are open the transport pathway allows solute movement from one side of the membrane to the other with no further movement of the gates. Lieb and Stein [551] have described the kinetics for movements through “simple” pores that are defined as pores that can be occupied by only one substrate at a time. Generally, because the substrates are small and can move rapidly and no conformation changes of the pore are required, transport rates through an open pore can be large. By contrast for a simple carrier movement of each substrate molecule requires conformation changes, which are likely to be slow. The simple pore mechanism does not predict or explain counter-transport or trans-stimulation. Reversible Michaelis–Menten kinetics (see [337, 338, 540, 552], which have been used in some descriptions of glucose transport at the blood–brain barrier, are the same as the kinetics of the simplest single occupancy pore [551]. As counter-transport is well established for GLUT1 in red blood cells and both counter-transport and trans-stimulation have been demonstrated for glucose transport at the blood–brain barrier, the simple pore model and reversible Michaelis–Menten kinetics are not considered further here (compare [339]). Caution is advisable in the interpretation of flux data using the carrier model for at least three reasons: steady-state data cannot determine all of the rate constants even in the “simple” carrier model (see e. g. [326]); there must be transport across two membranes in series; and there is likely to be interaction between the GLUT1 monomers in the tetramers thought to be present in membranes. Thus it would be unwise to attach mechanistic significance to the values of constants determined by fitting the model to data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: However, in those with morbid obesity, BED subjects discount delayed rewards to a greater extent than non-BED obese subjects, suggesting a potential interaction between BED and severity of obesity resulting in greater impairments. Risk, ambiguity, and sensitivity to value Studies on risk taking involve either testing under conditions of risk (in which the probabilities are known) or ambiguity (in which the probabilities are not known). Converging evidence suggests differences in obese BED subjects during risk taking under both conditions of risk and ambiguity. For instance, both BED and non-BED obese subjects are similarly impaired on the “Iowa gambling” task, in which subjects choose one of 4 decks of cards which are either “bad” or “good” decks based on a differing distribution of probabilities of wins or losses over time. This task tests decision making under ambiguity and requires learning from feedback. Reference Davis, Patte, Curtis and Reid 20 Reference Danner, Ouwehand, van Haastert, Hornsveld and de Ridder 22 Similarly, patients with BED and patients with anorexia nervosa performed equally poorly on the Iowa gambling task compared to healthy volunteers. Reference Aloi, Rania and Caroleo 23 In contrast, in studies involving explicit risk, in BED subjects with low to moderate subjects appear to be more risk seeking to reward outcomes than non-BED obese controls. In a study using the “game of dice” task with feedback testing risk with explicit probabilities,Reference Svaldi, Brand and Tuschen-Caffier 24 BED subjects (BMI 31–33) made more risky choices compared to non-BED obese controls. In the game of dice task, subjects must guess which number will occur with the throw of a dice and are allowed the option of a combination of numbers associated with fixed probabilities of winning or losing. These findings are consistent with another study that compared certain versus risky choices with explicit probabilities (ie, choosing between a sure amount or a risky amount in which the probability of winning or losing is known) using an adjustment procedure in which BED subjects (BMI 33–35) had greater risk seeking to monetary reward anticipation reflected in greater probability weighting (subjective weighting of the objective probability) and greater convexity of the probability weighting curve.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: In an earlier study on Samsø, Pedersen and Boomsma (1998) also found a very low overall sexual productivity of nests (108 sexuals of both sexes in 39 nests over 2 years), whereas the productivity of British populations with moderate nestmate relatedness was an order of magnitude larger (Elmes, 1987; see also below). Although we cannot exclude the possibility that both island studies accidentally sampled bad years for sexual production, in different years and on different locations, this possibility seems less likely than assuming that saturated habitats in fact select for low investment in sexual reproduction, relative to the production of new workers needed for colony budding (cf. Pamilo, 1991). Another case of apparent underproduction of replacement queens was recently reported for a population of M. rubra with comparable social structure (Walin et al, 2001). As a working hypothesis for explaining the paradox of queen recruitment in M. sulcinodis (ie, low rates of production of new queens vs high abundance of breeding queens), we suggest that colonies either must produce more gynes in some breeding seasons that we have so far failed to sample, or that they rely on immigrating queens from isolated nests or long-distance populations with a more distinct kin-structure and a more even sex ratio. Such populations are known to occur in M. sulcinodis (see below) and are probably more easily overlooked than saturated populations like the ones investigated on Samsø and in the present study. However, immigration would tend to remove the observed genetic viscosity of the population (Figure 4) and is thus not likely to be a major source of new queens. A third and not mutually exclusive explanation is that M. sulcinodis queens are very long-lived, so that these supercolonies can maintain high effective queen-numbers and thus long-term stability with low recruitment of new queens. This contrasts with the common view that a short lifespan is typically expected in polygynous ants (Keller and Genoud, 1997) including Myrmica (Elmes and Petal, 1990; Seppä, 1994; Evans, 1996). The succession of M. sulcinodis populationsIn the introduction we have outlined a hypothetical scenario of how low relatedness supercolonies may develop in M. sulcinodis and other polygynous ants. We now return to this scenario for a more detailed discussion in light of the results of the present study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: [327] from fits of the simple Michaelis–Menten expression Tinf = Tapp/(Kapp + cplasma) to glucose influx versus plasma concentration, cplasma, for preset concentrations of glucose in the brain, cisfFull size table The fits predict that for all cplasma, the net flux, Tnet when cisf is at the corresponding steady-state value is between 0. 6 µmol g−1 min−1 and 0. 65 µmol g−1 min−1. If it is demanded that the constants used to fit Tinf produce the same Tnet for all steady-state conditions, i. e. that CMRglc, is constant, then the estimated value is 0. 65 µmol g−1 min−1. This value is very close to the value expected for rats but somewhat greater than that expected for humans. The fits indicate that an adequate net flux can be maintained for cplasma as low as about 3 mM. Increases in cplasma produce relatively modest increases in influx with matching increases in efflux at steady-state such that the net flux remains constant. The corresponding increase in cisf is shown in Fig. 14. A notable feature of the fits is that for cplasma = 6 mM, if there were no change in transport capacity, glucose consumption, CMRglc, could increase only to about 0. 9 µmol g−1 min−1. At that rate, cisf would be close to 0. This limit on CMRglc is substantially below the Tmax value, which can be approached only if cplasma is increased. As discussed in Sect. 6. 2, how transport capacity is increased to support nervous activity is not fully understood. Betz et al’s data show a pronounced trans-stimulation effect, but only for cplasma > ~ 20 mM. For cplasma < ~ 10 mM increasing cisf decreases influx. In terms of the model this is expected because higher cisf reduces the concentration of free carrier available to complex glucose from plasma. 3. Terms with different units cannot be added together, thus this equation cannot be correct.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Journal of SSN: 2469-5858 of Method - Study design - Sample - Data collection - Data analysis - Ethical approval Results - Cognitive bias 1: Anchoring - Cognitive bias 2: Availability - Cognitive bias 3: 107. Original 10. 23937/2469-5858/1510107 of on Decision-Making for Patients with 1*, Esther-Lee Marcus, MD1,2,3 and 1 1of Nursing, Kiryat Hadassah, Israel 2Faculty of Medicine, of Jerusalem, Israel 3Department of Geriatrics, Herzog--making is at the core of clinical practice. According to traditional decision-making theory, the ideal decision maker acts rationally. However, research in cognitive biases demonstrates that decisions are not perfectly rational, and often rely on unconscious processes. This study was conducted to examine cognitive biases of medical teams when making treatment decisions in acute medical conditions for patients with advanced dementia. was a phenomenological qualitative descriptive study based on interviews. The interviews were analyzed to identify cognitive biases of the participants' clinical decision-making. Comparisons were made between internal medicine and surgical wards. analysis focused on three main cognitive biases: Anchoring, availability, and representativeness. Anchoring bias was associated with professional orientation and a "default" treatment approach, with a dichotomy between surgical and internal medicine healthcare providers, between acute aggressive treatments as opposed to holistic care. Representativeness bias involved perceptions of stereotypic patterns. While most surgeons focused on the acute immediate condition, internists concentrated on end-of-life and palliative care. Availability bias was shown as a source of concerns that arose as a result of legal aspects, conflicts, and ethical dilemmas, leading to providing aggressive care that was medically futile. findings indicate that medical staff makes clinical decisions that are influenced by anchoring, availability, and representativeness cognitive biases. Recognizing biases and raising awareness of their existence can improve medical decision-making and treatment in accordance with principles that preserve patient and family p2. Type 1 decisions are largely unconscious and are more likely to fail, while Type 2 decisions are more reliable and safe [2,8]. According to this theory, people make sense of their world by unconsciously building models that help them perceive current events and predict the future based on their own previous experience [2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The long distance between the three genetically differentiated M. sulcinodis populations suggests that they were founded by a single inseminated queen. We realise that we cannot prove this ‘single-queen-foundation’ scenario, but the alternative explanation based on short distance multiple colonisation followed by extinction of neighbouring, equally polygynous, populations is much less likely. The alternative explanation would automatically raise the question how these larger original populations were founded, which would ultimately require a scenario where the entire island or the area comprising both islands has once been covered by a network of interconnected supercolonies. Such a starting point, followed by gradual but large-scale extinction and substantial genetic drift, could, in theory, explain the differentiation between the three extant supercolonies on the two islands, but there are strong arguments that make this alternative a rather academic case. First, the topography of the island of Læsø indicates that the heathland habitats of the two extant supercolonies at opposite ends of the island have always been separated by zones of lower altitude without suitable habitat for M. sulcinodis. Second, this scenario would predict that the allele frequencies of the two Læsø populations are more similar to each other than to the Samsø population, and this is clearly not the case as documented by comparable estimates of pairwise FST. Assuming single-queen foundation implies that early colony expansion after colonisation would only have been possible if such single founding colonies in Læsø1 and Læsø2 produced winged reproductives of both sexes and if these young budding populations were able to survive a considerable load from diploid male production and perhaps reduced viability due to inbreeding depression. We know that such populations do exist in M. sulcinodis. Small and scattered populations in both the Pyrenees and Russia are characterised by a high proportion of mating among relatives leading to FIS values of 0. 23–0. 33 and with up to 65% of the males being sterile diploids (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1997; Pedersen et al, 1999). Many young populations may not survive such a bottleneck, but the few that do would probably start an exponential growth phase of expansion, during which inbreeding depression would gradually diminish owing to occasionally (but still rare) immigrating males or gynes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: We have also avoided using exploration, exploratory reward seeking, and other ambiguous terms, as noted above. Experiments 2 and 3: Looking at Figure 3B (Experiment 2) and Figure 4B and Figure 4—figure supplement 2 (Experiment 3), CNO alone has a strong effect on behavior and the difference between mCherry and hM4Di animals is really small. Not even sure it is significant, on the scale of the experiment. For example, in Experiment 2, Figure 3D shows a greater effect of CNO on response to CS- than CS+. Again, when looking at all the bars, I don't understand the conclusions. Reviewers #2 and #3 both noted that systemic CNO may have had a nonspecific (hM4Di-independent) effect on lever pressing and that this should be acknowledged in the text. Consistent with this observation, our analysis of Presses in Experiment 2 (Figure 3B) found a significant Drug x CS Period x CS Type interaction (p = 0. 007), indicating that CNO partially suppressed lever pressing in a manner that was not necessarily limited to the hM4Di group. While this and related findings were indicated in the statistical output table for this analysis (Supplementary file 1A), we had not given it appropriate attention in the main text. We have edited the manuscript to acknowledge this potential nonspecific CNO effect (subsection “Inhibiting dopamine neurons during Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer preferentially disrupts cue-motivated reward seeking, but not reward retrieval”, third paragraph). However, we also emphasize that this partial, nonspecific suppression of lever pressing does not account for the hM4Di-dependent effects of CNO that support our main conclusions. As noted in the Results section (see the aforementioned paragraph), we found a significant Group x Drug x CS period x CS type interaction (p =. 002), indicating that the effects of CNO on PIT performance was more disruptive for the hM4Di group than for the mCherry group. Further analysis of data from the hM4Di group (excluding mCherry data) revealed a significant Drug x CS period x CS type interaction (p <. 001). This group showed a CS+ specific increase in pressing during the vehicle test (CS period x CS type interaction, p <.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Therefore, since each person's life experiences are different, no one can perceive the world in a totally objective manner, thereby creating inherent biases within our models. These biases may influence our judgment, with the potential to lead to false assumptions and reasoning. Health professional are not immune to these biases and are vulnerable to them [8]. Kahneman has labeled three of these biases as anchoring, availability, and representation bias. The anchoring bias occurs when decisions are made while focusing and judging according to information that is prominent and familiar, in a way that prevents holistic and peripheral thinking. A decision is made based on what is known and is considered the default option [9,10]. This thinking or judgment process may derive from a professional orientation that establishes a certain perceived and accepted norm of care as mandatory. For example, specialists sometimes fail to correctly diagnose a patient because they are biased or 'anchored' by a previously recorded diagnosis given by the primary care physician. In other words, anchoring bias refers to the tendency to lock onto salient features too early in the decision-making process, and failing to adjust the initial conclusion to account for other information or different data [8]. Availability bias is created while "scanning" our memory in search of a similar case that is relevant to a new currently experienced situation. When recalled, the salient case is that which is perceived and remembered as common. Those instances that are dramatic or involve concerns, risks, or losses, are recalled more easily. These cases are more readily available consciously, causing the decision-maker to make decisions based on potentially unusual cases, creating bias. For example, if a practitioner was assaulted at work by a patient, the practitioner might consider all patients with similar demographic characteristics as violent, even though this conclusion is not true. Representativeness is the tendency to consider a particular case as similar to all other situations classified within a certain category, based on cues, schematic thinking, classification according to fixed schemas, or prioritizing and relying on objective evidence. This classification is different from sophisticated analytical thinking that requires investment and deliberate effort [2,11]. For example, if a patient presents with three out of five symptoms or characteristics of a certain diagnosis, the practitioner might be biased and conclude that the patient has that diagnosis, even though the patient only met three of the five criteria. Recognition of the downward trajectory of advanced dementia as a terminal illness may create emotional arousal possibly increasing professional sensitivity to recommending palliative care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Intermediate population structures would thus arise, characterised by moderately low relatedness and no detectable inbreeding. Examples of M. sulcinodis populations in this stage of development are known from Dorset, UK, were moderate relatedness of worker nest-mates and less male biased sex ratios were found in most years (Stoborough: rworkers-old = 0. 366 ± 0. 061; FIS = 0. 042 ± 0. 067; n = 44 nests. Winfrith: rworkers-old = 0. 346 ± 0. 091; FIS = −0. 046 ± 0. 085; n = 27 nests. Pedersen, 1997). The final stage of development, perhaps only reached in the most long-lived populations in highly stable habitats, would then be represented by the Danish island populations of Læsø and Samsø, where relatedness approaches zero and where habitat saturation is almost complete. This hypothetical scenario would predict that marker genes of founders remain dominant in the supercolony for quite some time. This implies the expectation that the allele frequency distribution of each highly variable microsatellite locus should be characterised by two or three common alleles (representing the inseminated founding queen and multiplied during the initial population growth phase) and a series of rare alleles (representing later immigrants). The patterns in Figure 2 do indeed seem to give some support for this idea, especially for the Myrt2 locus. A similar scenario may apply to M. rubra, where populations are also highly variable in colony kin-structure (Seppä and Walin, 1996) and where low-relatedness supercolonies have repeatedly been found in isolated, long-term stable habitats (Pearson, 1983; Seppä and Pamilo, 1995; Seppä and Walin, 1996). In M. rubra, development has gone even further in that a smaller, microgyne phenotype of queen has evolved, possibly as an adaptation to the typical kin structure in these supercolonies (Pearson and Child, 1980; Elmes and Keller, 1993). We conclude that M. sulcinodis and most likely also M. rubra are apparently able to predictably develop low-relatedness supercolonies in long-term stable isolated habitats.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: It is for this reason that our primary analysis of PIT data always incorporates both CS Type (CS+ vs. CS-) and CS Period (pre-CS vs. CS) as factors, in addition to Drug (CNO vs. Veh) and Group (e. g. , AAV group for Experiment 2 or injection site for Experiments 3A and 3B). When interpreting the results of these complex analyses, our main focus is on interactions involving both CS Type and CS Period, which reflects the ability for the CS+ but not the CS- to selectively increase responding relative to their cue-specific baseline levels. Main effects of Drug and Group are also of interest, as they represent general (cue-independent) behavioral effects. However, lower level interactions involving only CS Period or CS Type are harder to interpret because they are likely driven – to some degree – by incidental or nonspecific differences in pre-CS response rates, effects which are either uninteresting (random) or are better captured by the main effects of Drug or Group. Therefore, while the supplementary tables outline the full output of our main analyses (Supplementary file 1A-G), our discussion of results within the main text focuses on the results of most interest (i. e. , main effects of Drug, Group, the Drug * Group interaction, or any interactions involving both CS Period and CS Type). We have modified the “Statistical Analysis” subsection of the Materials and methods to make this aspect of our data interpretation explicit to readers (third paragraph). Incidental and/or nonspecific differences in pre-CS response rates can also make it difficult for readers to identify the source of the complex interactions expressed in raw data (total presses) in Figures 3B and 4B (each has 16 bars, including pre-CS periods). Therefore, we now include an analysis of PIT scores isolating CS+ induced changes in pressing (CS+ – pre-CS+; see Figures 3C, 4D, and Figure 4—figure supplement-2). This is a widely-used measure of the PIT effect (Pecina et al. , 2006; El-Amamy and Holland, 2007; Bertran-Gonzalez et al. , 2013; Laurent et al. , 2016; Laurent et al. , 2017; Alarcon et al. , 2018; Panayi and Killcross, 2018) and facilitates data interpretation for general readers.

Output: pass