Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Injection was in splitless mode (250°C injector temperature) with helium as the carrier gas (constant flow of 1 mL/min). The temperature program started at 50°C, was held for 1 min, and then rose to 320°C with a heating rate of 5°C/min. Compounds were identified by comparison of the mass spectra and retention times with those of authentic reference samples as well as analyses of mass spectral fragmentation patterns. Further details of the identification of Heliconius gland constituents can be found in Yildizhan (2009). Males transfer most of the compounds from their abdominal glands into females during mating (Schulz et al. 2008). However, the chemical content of females’ glands varied substantially, probably due the time elapsed since mating, and the use of the pheromone while adopting the rejection posture (Andersson et al. 2004). Thus, data from females were used only to test whether chemical transference happened in the same way as described for H. melpomene (Schulz et al. 2008). Analysis of the interspecific variation in gland content was performed based only on data from males. Some intraspecific variation in such composition, particularly in minor compounds, also occurred among males. Thus, compounds used in the analysis were restricted to those that appeared in more than one individual male or mated female of the species, and were not found in the surrounding tissue of the gland, or in virgin females. Components were scored as present or absent in the 11 species of Heliconius. Analysis of of Two indices were used to estimate the degree of phylogenetic signal in the evolution of abdominal pheromone blends and their individual components (Symonds and Elgar 2004; Symonds and Wertheim 2005): the consistency CI=m/s (Kluge and Farris 1969), and the retention index RI= (g − s) (g − m) (Farris 1989), where s is the number of character state changes along the phylogeny (steps) based on parsimony, m the minimum possible steps (no homoplasy), and g the maximum possible number of changes in any tree (maximum homoplasy). Both indices range between zero and one with values closer to one indicating higher degrees of fit of characters to the phylogeny.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1182206/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground:Approximately one in five women who have recently gave birth suffer from some form of common mental disorder (CMD) particularly depression and/or anxiety. Most available CMD screening tools in most lowand middle income countries do not screen for more than one mental health problem. Having a screening tool that is free to use, short in assessment time and used to screen for more than one CMD is appealing in a resource constrained setting. This study aimed at assessing the reliability and validity of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 items (DASS-21) for screeningCMDsexperienced by women who have recently given birth in Malawi. Method: We used the gold-standard design for scale validation of comparing the responses to the Chichewa translated and adapted DASS-21 instrument with an independently administered Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Internal reliability was reported using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The ability of DASS-21 and (EPDS) to discriminate cases from non-cases was assessed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis and its curve was used to select cut-off points for DASS-21 and EPDS that maximise both sensitivity and specificity. Results: The overall Cronbach’s alpha for DASS-21 scale was 0. 74. The internal consistency for DASS-21 depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale were 0. 66, 0. 29 and 0. 52 respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0. 76 (95% CI: 0. 6086; 0. 9102) for DASS-21 depression subscale (DASS-D) and 0. 65 for DASS-21 anxiety subscale (DASS-A). At a cut-off point of one or more, the sensitivity and specificity for DASS-D was 69. 2% and 75. 5% whilst DASS-A was 52. 9% and 75. 5% respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient for the association between DASS-D and EPDS was r = 0. 61, p<0. 001.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: To date, there have only been a handful of in-depth genetic studies of the feline oral microbiome [14–16], and these have not considered the contribution of diet to the observed findings. The present work evaluates the composition of the feline oral microbiome using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and, in a preliminary fashion, the contribution of diet to the composition of the microbiome. The two mutually exclusive dietary categories fed to cats for months to years were (i) dry extruded kibbles (highly refined, cereal-based, dehydrated rations) and (ii) wet (canned [any type] and/or fresh meat [uncooked chicken, or lamb or beef; off or on the bone] combinations, high in water content, protein and fat, but low in carbohydrate). Our findings are in agreement with recent published work on the composition of the feline oral microbiome [14–18] and show a tangible effect of diet on the overall diversity and relative frequency of occurrence of known periodontal pathogens. ResultsWe used in-depth genetic sequencing to analyse the composition of the oral microbiome in 10 owned cats. The phylogenetically informative 16S gene (hypervariable region V1-V3) was amplified from supragingival dental plaque samples from cats in the study cohort. Illumina sequencing of the 16S PCR products produced a total of 2,421,096 sequences with an average of 186,238 sequences per sample, post-quality filtering. These sequences had an average length of 487 base pairs. Feline oral microbiome compositionThe cat oral microbiome contained a diverse array of bacteria from 14 phyla (Fig. 1). For each cat and diet group, the relative frequency of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) is presented in Additional file 1. Irrespective of diet, three phyla accounted for 76 % of sequences. These included Bacteriodetes (31 %), Firmicutes (24 %) and Proteobacteria (21 %). Amongst the phyla, we found a total of 411 bacterial OTUs across all the cats (Fig. 2). The majority (67 %) of these OTUs belonged to genera that occurred at abundances below 1 %. The remaining 33 % of OTUs had abundances above 1 % and accounted for the majority (76 %) of sequences. The most dominant OTUs across all the cats belonged to the Porphyromonas genus (14.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Compounds present in only one species (autapomorphies) were excluded from both analyses as they by default have minimum number of steps (s) and tend to inflate the CI of the blend (Sanderson and Donoghue 1989). Both indices were calculated using PAUP* 4. 0b10 (Swofford 2002). A randomization test was also used to estimate whether CI and RI differed from measurements obtained from a random distribution of characters (Maddison and Slatkin 1991). (Package, reshuffle states within characters) by Maddison and Maddison (2008), null distributions of CI and RI were calculated from 2000 matrices created by shuffling data of presence/absence of chemical compounds while keeping the phylogeny constant. Two‐tailed Z‐tests were then used to compare the null distribution with values inferred from our data. The characters were mapped in a phylogeny inferred by mitochondrial (Co and 16S) and nuclear data (Ef1α, dpp, ap and wg) (Beltrán et al. 2007) pruned to contain only the species studied (Fig. 2, Supporting information). If antiaphrodisiac evolution has been mainly driven by intrasexual selection, we expect lower values of CI and RI, particularly for analysis including only species in the nonpupal mating clade. Phylogenetic analysis with chemicals as characters was used to determine in which clades abdominal blends have evolved congruently with a molecular phylogeny of the group. Bootstrap analysis on trees constructed by maximum parsimony (MP) using heuristic search with TBR swapping algorithm were performed with 2000 replicates and confidence level of 50 using PAUP* 4. 0b10 (Swofford 2002). Bootstrap values of the resulting consensus tree were then mapped on the molecular phylogeny to compare species associations found in both trees. If the chemical composition of abdominal glands changed gradually through time, suggesting little pressure for changes in the signal, finding consensus trees that closely resemble the inferred phylogeny of the group with high branch supports is expected. In contrast, if male–male competition has accelerated the evolution of the chemical blend, a poor match of trees is expected. With MP two species either sharing or lacking particular compounds could be clustered together if either gains or losses of compounds happened in their closest common ancestor. This analysis can indicate whether the overall evolution of the blend mirrors the phylogenetic history of the species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Conclusion: DASS-21 as an overall item has good internal reliability but none of its subscales (DASS-D, DASS-A, DASS-S) have satisfactory internal reliability. AnxietyDepressioninternal reliabilityreceiver operating curvesensitivityspecificityFiguresFigure 11. 0 BackgroundMaternal mental health problems remain a global public health challenge. Approximately 13% of women who have given birthin high income countries suffer from some form of common mental disorder (CMD), primarily depression and/oranxiety. [1] The situation is worse in low and lower-middle income countries (LMICs) where one in five (19. 8%) womenwho have recently given birth experience a CMD. [1] Untreated CMDs reduce maternal level of functioning,[2] and may consequently impair mother-infant interaction[3] and infant cognitive development. [4] The current low detection and treatment rate of CMDs in LMICs is very concerning. There are several reasons for this. First, perinatal mental health for women living in LMICs is only an emerging area of interestfor researchers and policy makers, asthe international agenda has moved beyond survival to understand what is needed to enable women (and infants) to thrive. [1]Second, it has been thought that women living in LMICs are protected from experiencing postpartum mental disorders by social and traditional cultural practices during the postpartum period, a notion which has not been substantiated. [1]Third, low detection and treatment rate of CMDs in LMICs might be attributed to lack ofculturally sensitive screening tools that are simple to use. Lastly but important,in most LMICs perinatal mental health screening and treatmentareyet to be integrated into a routine healthcare package of mother-child dyadic interventionsoffered when a mother attends well-baby clinics. [5] Several perinatal CMD screening tools such as (EPDS),[6] WHO Self-Reporting Questionnaire,[7] Questionnaire-9,[8]and Post-Scale[9]have been validated for screening perinatal mental disorders in Malawi. However, these individual tools are not designed to screen formultiple separate common mental disorders (e. g. depression, anxiety, PTSD).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 9 %) followed by the Treponema (5. 1 %) and Fusibacter (4. 5 %) genera. Fig. 1Relative abundance of phyla in the oral microbiome of cats on dry- and wet-food diets. The abundance of phyla was calculated from sequences classified as bacteria. These sequences were taxonomically assigned using the Greengenes database following operational taxonomic unit (OTU) classification with uclust (QIIME version 1. 8. 0). Relative abundances were calculated using normalised sequence data to account for varying sequence depth between samples (Phyloseq version 1. 10. 0)Full size image Fig. 2Phylogeny of sequences in the oral microbiome of cats on dry and wet diets. The phylogeny was generated using maximum likelihood (RAxML version 730) from representative sequences of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and graphically displayed in the of Life (version 2. 1). Sequences with less than 0. 2 patristic distance between OTUs were collapsed (Phyloseq version 1. 10. 0). The abundance of genera in the dry- and wet-food diet groups displayed around the phylogeny was calculated from normalised OTU counts (Phyloseq version 1. 10. 0). Abbreviation: NA non-assignedFull size image Impact of diet on the feline oral microbiomeThe overall oral bacterial diversity was estimated for each cat (see Additional file 2). We used the alpha (α) diversity metric, Estimator (ACE), to assess species richness and the to assess species evenness. We assessed whether the overall bacterial diversity differed between cats eating highly refined dry (higher carbohydrate content [both on a dry matter, total energy and absolute percentage basis], dehydrated, lower percentage of protein and fat on a percentage basis as fed) versus wet (lower carbohydrate content, high in water [approx. 70 %], variably higher in protein and fat) diets (see Additional file 3). Many of the dry extruded kibbles are sprayed with phosphoric acid to improve palatability, and such diets were the ones that tended to be fed to cats in the dry-food cohort. An analysis of covariance () was conducted to determine if there was a statistically significant effect of diet on the cat’s oral microbiome ACE and values, when controlling for age of the cats.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: However, as compounds in a blend produce a scent, it is reasonable to assume that the more compounds are shared between two blends the more similar they are when perceived by a receiver. Divergence of abdominal chemical composition among the 11 species was also calculated using the Jaccard‐Tanimoto similarity coefficient (J) (Willett et al. 1998). This coefficient is calculated as a proportion of compounds shared between chemical blends of the two species relative to the total number of compounds in both blends. Similarity was then converted to distance (1 −J), and the resulting matrix correlated with a matrix of patristic distances calculated from the branch length of the molecular‐based phylogeny using (Fourment and Gibbs 2006). We used the Pearson's correlation and a Mantel test with 2000 permutations to calculate the significance levels of the correlation. Mantel tests were performed using R 2. 7. 1. (Vegan package 1. 15–1, R Team, 2008). Results (not shown) of similar analysis using squared Euclidian Distance, another commonly used measure of chemical differences among species, were comparable to those obtained with the Jaccard coefficient. Separate analyses were performed for all chemical compounds and for different sets of data based on the degree of volatility. Two divisions of the whole dataset were performed. In the first (A), all chemicals were divided into two groups (high/low volatility A), classifying compounds with molecular weights below 300 g/mol as volatiles (Bradbury and Vehrencamp 1998). In the second division (high/low volatility B), we classified as volatiles those chemicals with lower molecular weight than weight of compounds dominating virgin female glands, which are odorless for us (ca. 270 g/mol). We expected that if the evolution of this pheromone has been targeted toward reduction of the threshold amount needed to repel subsequent males (Fig. 1A), then only volatile components of the blend would show evidence of male–male competition (e. g. , poor phylogenetic signal). By contrast, such poor phylogenetic signal found in the less‐volatile portion of the mixture (matrix), considered responsible for controlling volatile component evaporation rates, provides evidence for evolution to increase the number of rejection displays before repellant effects of the antiaphrodisiac is lost (Fig. 1B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Positive likelihood ratio (LR+) tells us how much to increase the probability of the disease if the test is positive while Negative likelihood ratio (LR-) tells us how much to decrease the probability of the disease if the test is negative. The larger the LR+ (≥5), the greater the likelihood of the disease and the smaller the LR- (<5), the lesser the likelihood of a disease. ( The ability of DASS-21 and EPDS to discriminate cases from non-cases was assessed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis and its curve was used to select cut-off points for DASS-21 and EPDS. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is the best parameter for summarizinga screening tool’s overall discriminative value. A value of ≥0. 70, 0. 80 up to 0. 90 and >0. 90 is interpreted as reasonable, good and excellent, respectively. [23]Comparisons were made between the AUCs for the DASS-D and EPDS. The criteria to choose an optimal cut-off value was to maximise both sensitivity and specificity, and to set sensitivity value higher than specificity in order to detect all potential cases. For a test to be useful, the sensitivity + specificity should be atleast 1. 5. Data analysis was conducted using 15. 1 (of America, 2017). 2. 6 This study was nested within the trial, which was approved by the College of Malawi (P. 02/18/2357) and the Walter and Institute of Ethics Committee,Australia(18/02). All participants were given information about the study and either signed a consent form or printed their thumbprint (as witnessed by impartial observer) for those who could not write. Assessments were done in closed rooms to maintain privacy. Participants were given unique identifying numbers and forms containing their names were kept separately from their files. Participants identified as needing further assessment and management were referred to local Ministry of Health psychiatric services. 3. 0 Results3. 1 Descriptive analysis Overall, 115/120 (95. 8%) of the required sample provided complete responses to all the three questionnaires (-21 and EPDS) administered. The mean age of the included participants was 24 (standard deviation: 6. 8) years. Approximately 82% of the participants were either married or living together with their husband and 68.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: We controlled for age because OTU diversity has previously been found to rise with increasing age [19]. We observed a significant effect of diet when controlling for age on species richness (ACE), F(2, 7) = 39. 26, p = 0. 0002 (Fig. 3), and evenness (Simpsons Index), F(2, 7) = 85. 67, p = 0. 00001. Cats on a dry-food compared to a wet-food diet had a higher diversity of OTUs in their oral microbiomes (ACE p = 0. 0001, Simpsons p = 0. 0001). Additionally, the overall bacterial diversity increased with increasing age (ACE p = 0. 0002, Simpsons p = 0. 0001). Fig. 3Analysis of covariance on the effect of diet type and age on the feline oral microbiome’s α diversity. Analysis of covariance () was used to test the effect of dry and wet diets on α diversity, while controlling for age of the cats in R (version 3. 1. 2). Alpha diversity was calculated using the Abundance-based (ACE) metric, from operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance data (Phyloseq version 1. 10. 0). was performed on the log of ACEFull size image To determine what was causing the higher bacterial diversity in cats consuming dry food, we assessed the effect of diet on the abundance of specific bacteria. A differential abundance test, DESeq2 [20, 21], was used to compare the OTUs present in dental plaque samples from cats on dry-food to those on a wet-food diet. Of the 411 OTUs identified in the cat’s oral microbiomes, 23 were differentially abundant between the two diets (Fig. 4). Of these 23, 65 % of OTUs were significantly more abundant in plaque from cat’s consuming a dry diet. The most enriched bacteria in cats eating dry diets exclusively included OTUs from the following genera: Actinobacillus (p = 1. 74 × 10−8), Acholeplasma (p = 0. 0002), Treponema (p = 0. 0087) and Porphyromonas (p = 0. 0028). The remaining 35 % of OTUs were significantly more abundant in dental plaque from cats consuming a wet diet.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Several chemicals present in abdominal glands are biosynthetically related, and thus their joint occurrence in a single blend may not represent independent traits. Bias would occur in our analysis if a family of chemicals appears in two species that have independently acquired a new compound of that family (Schulz et al. 1993; Symonds and Elgar 2004). In an attempt to correct for this effect, compounds were also combined in chemical classes and biosynthetically related groups, and the new data of presence and absence of these groups analyzed as explained above. Groups of known or assumed biosynthetic relationships are given in Supporting information. content of abdominal glands from Heliconius males varied considerably among species, both in composition and number of compounds (Fig. 2, Supporting information). We identified a total 211 compounds, more than 50% being found exclusively in one species. Blend composition ranged from a few compounds, as in H. ismenius (6) to over 75 compounds as in H. cydno and H. pachinus. The chemical mixture of the species studied included esters (41%), lactones (26%), and terpenes (15%), the remainder being alcohols, ketones, and aromatic compounds. With the exception of H. ismenius, which lacks heavy esters and lactones, male secretions had a similar broad composition across species, consisting of few major volatile compounds imbedded in a less‐volatile matrix made up mainly of esters of common fatty acids. A complete antiaphrodisiac composition for each species is given in the Supporting information. Both indices used to estimate whether blends have evolved in congruence with the phylogeny indicate that the phylogenetic signal in antiaphrodisiac blends was higher than expected by chance (all Z‐tests, df = 1999, P < 0. 001) (Table 1a). However, the correspondence is not very strong as CI and RI are near 0. 5, half the maximum possible value. Similar results were obtained when chemical data were divided according to volatility that suggests that similar modes of evolution probably govern signal and matrix compounds. Grouping compounds according to their biosynthetic relationships only slightly decreased the phylogenetic signal of abdominal blends, indicating that the interdependence of chemical data did not bias our analyses of the entire dataset toward any particular result (Table 1a).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e2022. | DOI: 10. 4103/amh. amh_177_21 is high prevalence of psychological distress in patients diagnosed with neurological disorders. A cross-sectional study was done among inpatients from the department of neurology in a tertiary care centre in to assess prevalence of anxiety, depression, and barriers to mental health-care utilization. Anxiety and depression were estimated using the (HADS). There is a high prevalence of psychological distress among the study participants. Proactive inquiry and screening of distress by the treating team may help identify psychological distress. Patients are more conforming and open to treating doctor. Barriers to mental health-care utilization included stigma, patient perception regarding treating doctor's attitude, patients' perception regarding distress, and doctor's perception regarding patient distress. There is a need for measures to alleviate stigma. general estimate in patients seeking neurological treatment is that 40% of neurology outpatients and 34% of neurology inpatients have psychiatric disorders. [1] Recognition and treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders significantly improve the treatment outcome, overall health status, and rehabilitation. [2] Primary treating physicians may have difficulty to recognize the symptoms of depression and anxiety more than 50% of the time. [3] Hence, psychiatric comorbidities may not be adequately addressed in primary neurological facility. [4] Many other factors additionally influence mental health-care utilization among patients of neurology. [5] Studies in developed nations showed that majority of surveyed patients reported felt need for mental health intervention. However, almost half of those needing help were not formally referred to mental health professionals (MHPs) and one-third of them remained untreated. [3] The most commonly found barriers to utilization of mental health services in developed countries are inadequate screening and detection of psychiatric complications by medical care providers, availability of services, accessibility of services, and acceptability of mental health-care treatment. [3] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Indian study that assessed barriers to utilization of mental health services in patients who are receiving treatment at a neurological setting. followed a cross-sectional design. Participants were adults with a primary neurological condition admitted under the Department of. They were recruited over a period of 3 months. Patients with severe cognitive impairment were excluded from the study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: These bacteria were primarily Proteobacteria, from the Neisseriaceae family (38 %), including Conchiformibius kuhniae (p = 0. 0002). The differential abundance test indicated that diet alters the abundance of specific bacteria in the feline oral microbiome. Fig. 4Differentially abundant genera between the oral microbiomes of cats on dry and wet diets. DESeq was used to test for the presence of differentially abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the oral microbiome of the cats on a dry- compared to wet-food diet (Phyloseq version 1. 10. 0). The DESeq test was applied to OTUs that had been filtered to remove singletons and species with an abundance below 0. 005 %. The figure presents those OTUs that were found to be significantly different (p < 0. 01) between the two diets. Positive log2-fold change values indicate enriched OTUs in the dry diet, and negative log2-fold change values indicate enriched OTUs in the cats eating a wet diet. Abbreviation: NA non-assignedFull size image DiscussionOur analysis of the oral microbiome is only the fourth NGS study in cats [14–16] and for the first time highlights the potential impact of diet on bacterial composition. Cats consuming dry kibble (dehydrated, highly refined, cereal-based, sprayed with oil and phosphoric acid) compared to a higher protein/lower carbohydrate wet diet (approx. 70 % water by weight) have a more diverse oral microbiome, with an enrichment of bacteria associated with both gingival health and periodontal disease. Our findings indicate that diets commonly fed to domestic cats in Australia [22] influence the feline oral microbiome make-up, although exactly how these composition changes relate to gingival health requires resolution. Current understanding of the feline oral microbiome and what impacts its composition is limited by a lack of culture-independent studies. At a broad scale, we found a similar bacterial profile to published NGS [14–16] and Sanger sequencing [17, 18] studies of the feline oral microbiome, in terms of abundance of phyla and detection of genera.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Small letters represent clades marked in the pruned molecular‐based phylogeny of the group (Fig. 2), with bootstrap values higher than 5%. A dash represents a value lower than 5%. All compoundsHigh volatilityHigh volatilityLow volatilityLow volatilityChemical groups(93)A(67)B(55)A(26)B(38)(34)ACI 0. 567 0. 573 0. 534 0. 553 0. 623 0. 486 0. 397±0. 007 0. 405±0. 008 0. 399±0. 009 0. 378±0. 013 0. 396±0. 011 0. 348±0. 011RI 0. 567 0. 558 0. 5 0. 588 0. 662 0. 542 0. 139±0. 026 0. 129±0. 03 0. 138±0. 034 0. 16±0. 047 0. 144±0. 001 0. 186±0. 041Ba1001009998. 710099. 3b 67. 5 12. 3 6. 373. 5 74. 384. 7c 45. 9 55. 753. 5 − − 9. 1d 80. 2 59. 258. 558 56. 872. 3e − 13. 911. 2 − − −All compoundsHigh volatilityHigh volatilityLow volatilityLow volatilityChemical groups(93)A(67)B(55)A(26)B(38)(34)ACI 0. 567 0. 573 0. 534 0. 553 0. 623 0. 486 0. 397±0. 007 0. 405±0. 008 0. 399±0. 009 0. 378±0. 013 0. 396±0. 011 0. 348±0. 011RI 0. 567 0. 558 0. 5 0. 588 0. 662 0. 542 0. 139±0. 026 0. 129±0. 03 0. 138±0. 034 0. 16±0. 047 0. 144±0. 001 0. 186±0. 041Ba1001009998. 710099. 3b 67. 5 12. 3 6. 373. 5 74. 384. 7c 45. 9 55. 753. 5 − − 9. 1d 80. 2 59. 258. 558 56. 872. 3e − 13. 911.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Psychological profile Based on the HADS scoring, the mean anxiety score was 6. 6 ± 4. 4 and mean depression score was 6. 0 ± 4. 1. Ten (33. 3%) of the patients had screened positive for anxiety score and ten (33. 3%) screened positive for depression. The prevalence of psychological distress (either anxiety or depression) was 50. 0% (n = 15). Among the participants, eight (26. 7%) reported suicidal ideas and one (3. 3%) had a history of suicidal attempt. More than half (n = 17, 56. 7%) reported to have or were described to have anxious personality traits. Four participants (13. 3%) were already taking psychotropics and they all had HADS anxiety/depression score above cut off. Eleven participants (36. 7%) reported perceived stress. The details on barriers are provided in Table 1. Table 1: Psychological profile of the study participantsBarriers in mental health-care utilization The following results are based on those who had subjectively felt anxious, depressed, or tense (n = 19). Among those 19 participants, help-seeking was seen in 13 (68. 4%). Twelve (63. 2%) of them informed about their distress to either their neurologist or when they consulted a mental health professional. Among those 12 who informed treating doctor, 11 (92. 3%) participants reported that the treating doctor took action on their concern (viz. , listened with empathy, prescribed medicine, and referred to psychiatrist). All patients referred by the treating doctor to MHP complied with the referral, and all of them reported benefit with the treatment offered by the MHP. However, 50% of them (n = 4) stopped treatment from MHP later on. The details on barriers are provided in Table 2. Table 2: Barriers to mental health utilization among the study participantsFactors associated with mixed anxiety-depression Those with anxious trait, perceived stress, and medical comorbidity were found to have greater prevalence of mixed anxiety depression when compared to those without those risk factors. However, the associations were not statistically significant on Chi-square analysis. Other factors could not be analyzed for the association since the sample was too small to provide a meaningful result. study revealed a higher prevalence of psychological distress. Half of the patient population had objective distress. As noted in other studies, mixed anxiety depression is one of the common presentations among nonpsychiatric population.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Our findings were most similar to Harris and colleagues’ study [14], which also found the dominant phyla to be Firmicutes (30 %), Bacteriodetes (22 %) and Proteobacteria (17 %). The present investigation and Harris et al. ’s study [14] recovered a similar number of OTUs, 411 and 267, respectively, which was lower than the 10,177 OTUs recovered from NGS analysis of the feline oral microbiome by Sturgeon and colleagues [15]. This variation in bacterial diversity between studies is potentially attributable to the region of the 16S gene amplified. In both ours and Harris et al. ’s study [14], the V1-V3 region of the 16S gene was sequenced, which is longer than the V4 region sequenced in Sturgeon and colleagues’ study [15]. At a fine scale, there was a variation in the abundance of OTUs recovered between the studies. For example, while we found Porphyromonas at an abundance of 15 %, Sturgeon et al. [15] found it at a frequency of 2 %, which may reflect variation in the gingival health between the cats assessed. The variation in the abundance of genera could also reflect differences between the studies in terms of OTU classification methods and reference databases used for species classification. Overall, while broad similarities in the feline oral microbiome were found between our and past NGS studies, the fine-scale differences highlight the extent of unknown information about what influences the composition of the cat oral microbial community. We examined in a preliminary fashion one of the key factors thought to influence the composition of the human and feline oral microbiome, namely diet. While we detected differences in the abundance and diversity of bacteria between cats fed two broad categories of diets (dehydrated kibble versus well-hydrated meat-based or fresh meat rations), what these results mean for feline oral health is less clear. Cats consuming dry kibble exclusively, a popular choice in and to a lesser extent in Australia (13.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 2 − − −1 Open in new tab Measures of congruency of chemical blends from abdominal glands of Heliconius species with their molecular phylogeny. Columns represent different sets of data used for analysis with the number of characters included indicated in parenthesis. (A) Values of consistency and retention indices (CI, RI) obtained from chemical data (top) are compared with the mean (± SD) of 2000 randomized replicates (bottom). Congruency with the phylogeny was significantly higher than in a random distribution of chemicals across species with P < 0. 0001 for all datasets (Z test with two tails). (B) Bootstrap support of species association using compounds as characters from 2000 trees obtained with maximum parsimony. Small letters represent clades marked in the pruned molecular‐based phylogeny of the group (Fig. 2), with bootstrap values higher than 5%. A dash represents a value lower than 5%. All compoundsHigh volatilityHigh volatilityLow volatilityLow volatilityChemical groups(93)A(67)B(55)A(26)B(38)(34)ACI 0. 567 0. 573 0. 534 0. 553 0. 623 0. 486 0. 397±0. 007 0. 405±0. 008 0. 399±0. 009 0. 378±0. 013 0. 396±0. 011 0. 348±0. 011RI 0. 567 0. 558 0. 5 0. 588 0. 662 0. 542 0. 139±0. 026 0. 129±0. 03 0. 138±0. 034 0. 16±0. 047 0. 144±0. 001 0. 186±0. 041Ba1001009998. 710099. 3b 67. 5 12. 3 6. 373. 5 74. 384. 7c 45. 9 55. 753. 5 − − 9. 1d 80. 2 59. 258. 558 56. 872. 3e − 13. 911. 2 − − −All compoundsHigh volatilityHigh volatilityLow volatilityLow volatilityChemical groups(93)A(67)B(55)A(26)B(38)(34)ACI 0. 567 0. 573 0. 534 0. 553 0. 623 0. 486 0. 397±0. 007 0. 405±0. 008 0. 399±0. 009 0. 378±0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Studies need to be in appropriate patient populations: in this instance in people with anxiety or depression, either clinically diagnosed or by being above cutoffs in anxiety or depression scores. Reiki should be administered by a trained Reiki practitioner, and it would be useful to compare it with something that facilitates blinding of the participants and different forms of Reiki (e. g. distance Reiki). Outcomes should include measures of anxiety or depression measured after a reasonable period. These outcomes should be measured again some time after the treatment sessions have stopped to check on the persistence of any effect. Studies should be large enough to answer questions about whether such treatments are efficacious. Studies should be reported in full within a reasonable time of the last outcome being measured. of the condition Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent disorders and are often comorbid with each other. of reported that mental disorders account for 9. 1% of the global burden of disease in the world, almost one‐half of which is accounted for by anxiety and depressive disorders (Andrews 1998). Anxiety is a natural response and a necessary warning adaptation in humans. However, anxiety can become a pathologic disorder when it is excessive and uncontrollable, requires no specific external stimulus, and manifests with a wide range of physical and affective symptoms as well as changes in behaviour and cognition (Rowney 2014). Anxiety disorders include generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia), specific phobia, panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety secondary to medical condition, acute stress disorder (ASD), and substance‐induced anxiety disorder, as defined by the Diagnostic and of (DSM‐IV) (APA 1994). In a community sample, the one‐year prevalence for GAD was approximately 3%, with a lifetime prevalence of 5% (APA 2000; APA 1994). For acute anxiety disorder, prevalence ranged from 14% to 33% in individuals exposed to severe trauma (APA 2000; APA 1994). Community‐based studies suggest a lifetime prevalence for PTSD of 8% of the USA adult population (APA 2000; APA 1994). As these definitions are redefined occasionally future versions of this review will use the most recent definitions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 4 %) [22], compared to a ‘wet diet’ were noteworthy in having a higher abundance of bacteria previously associated with both gingival health (including Porphyromonas and Capnocytophaga [14]) and periodontal disease (including Porphyromonas [11–13] and Treponema [14]), from analysis of the feline oral microbiome in different health states. Furthermore, we found that cats consuming a dry-food diet exclusively had higher bacterial diversity per se compared to cats fed canned wet food and/or fresh meat. Human oral microbiome studies have found higher bacterial diversity accompanying periodontal disease compared to oral health [23]. However, NGS analysis of the feline oral microbiome in the settings of gingival health and mild periodontal disease prior to our investigations found no difference in the overall diversity between these health states [14]. A critical deficiency in the literature is that cats with severe periodontal disease have not been subjected to this type of quantitative NGS analysis [14]. It is important to note that in this previous study [14], the age of the cats (ranging from 1 to 18 years) was not accounted for in the comparison of overall diversity between cats with gingival health and mild periodontal disease. We have shown that feline oral bacterial diversity significantly increases with advancing age of the patient, although the strength of this result is tempered by the small sample size of our study. The lack of clarity from our study about the relationship between (i) the feline oral microbiome composition, (ii) the two disparate diets and (iii) gingival health probably relates to the limitations of our study, which includes the small sample size and lack of cats with a broad range of gingival health states. To adequately address the question of how diet impacts the feline oral microbiome and oral health, a case-matched study design would be ideal. This would involve comparing the oral microbiome of cats in two groups, one consuming a wet and one consuming a dry diet for identical time periods that were matched for age, breed and gingival health. A minimum of 50 cats per group would provide adequate power. A further consideration is that case recruitment would be challenging, as while periodontal disease is common, most people feed variable combinations of dry and wet diets, so finding cats where only one type of diet is consumed would require considerable time and effort.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 013 0. 396±0. 011 0. 348±0. 011RI 0. 567 0. 558 0. 5 0. 588 0. 662 0. 542 0. 139±0. 026 0. 129±0. 03 0. 138±0. 034 0. 16±0. 047 0. 144±0. 001 0. 186±0. 041Ba1001009998. 710099. 3b 67. 5 12. 3 6. 373. 5 74. 384. 7c 45. 9 55. 753. 5 − − 9. 1d 80. 2 59. 258. 558 56. 872. 3e − 13. 911. 2 − − −Despite the phylogenetic signal of chemical blends found with the consistency and retention indices, not all species associations (clades) were recovered when chemicals were used as characters and analyzed with maximum parsimony. Only nodes marked with letters a to e in the pruned phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2) had bootstrap support higher than 5% (Table 1b). Species associations obtained from these analyses show the highest support for the pair H. cydno–H. pachinus (clade a), which remained high regardless of the dataset used. Although with lower bootstrap support, the clade that include H. sapho, H. hewitsoni, and H. sara (clade d) also emerged from trees derived from all sets of chemical data. Support for other species associations was also found with particular groups of chemicals. For example, H. sapho and H. hewitsoni (clade c) clustered in about half of the trees only when volatile compounds were taken into consideration. Likewise, the high support that appeared for the clade that comprise H. ismenius, H. hecale, and H. numata (clade b) was produced by changes in chemical composition of the less‐volatile compounds, but dropped dramatically when only volatiles were included. Consensus trees are shown in the Supporting information. Chemical distances calculated with the Jaccard index were relatively high, with an average close to the maximum value (0. 98 ± 0. 10) (Fig. 3A). Even the species with the most similar blend, H. sapho and H. hewitsoni, had a distance of about 0. 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Depressive disorders include major depressive disorder, major depressive episode, depressive disorders not otherwise specified and dysthymic disorder, as defined by DSM‐IV. According to DSM‐IV the lifetime prevalence for dysthymic disorder is six per cent. The point prevalence of major depressive disorder in a community sample of adults has been estimated at 5% to 9% for women and from 2% to 3% for men (APA 2000; APA 1994). Description of the intervention The most frequently used treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders include antidepressant and anti‐anxiety medications; however these can be unpopular with people, due to side effects and the dislike of taking long‐term medication. For example, from a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) 36. 9% of people treated for anxiety with the second‐generation antipsychotic drug quetiapine withdrew during the studies (Depping 2010); and 33. 9% of people with depression withdrew due to side effects from treatment for depression (Arroll 2009). Psychological therapies may also be used as treatments for anxiety and depression and these are preferred over drugs (Prins 2008); however, a lack of trained practitioners and funding mean that many people explore self‐help options. There is interest from the community in the use of self help and complementary therapies for anxiety and depression. A study in the US found that 20% of people with anxiety, and 19% with depression visited a complementary or alternative therapy provider (Kessler 2001), with 2. 8% and 5. 4% choosing 'energy therapy'. 'Energy therapies' are based on the belief in a universal flow of healing energy that flows around and through all living beings (Trepper 2013). Many ancient cultures have a name for this universal flow, for example: 'Prana' in India, 'Chi' in China, 'Ruarch' for Hebrews, 'Mana' in Hawaii and 'Wairua' for the people. One of the complementary 'energy therapies' is the Japanese healing art of Reiki. In the Japanese language ‘rei’ means universal and ‘kei’ means life energy. A number of hospitals are now offering Reiki alongside other complementary therapies for management of pain and post‐operative depression. A website 3. Quality of life measures, such as the SF12 or SF36 (Ware 1993) 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Intuitively, the oral microbiome of any mammal, including humans, would be impacted by dietary composition. For example, increased carbohydrate intake has been associated with accelerated development of periodontal disease in controlled animal studies [24], ancient DNA analysis of fossilised human dental plaque from past agriculturist and hunter-gatherer populations [5] and human observational research [25]. are obligate carnivores that have undergone reductive evolution through obtaining their dietary requirements from the flesh of prey. Prey are composed of protein, mineral and fat, the only carbohydrate being represented by plant ingesta in the gut and glycogen in the liver. Most animal tissues are generally well hydrated, with a water content of approximately 70 %. Changes in the oral microbiome would therefore be anticipated when diets were shifted by consumption of commercial cat foods (which were introduced in the 1970s and refined subsequently), especially dry diets based on carbohydrates from cereal (typically corn or wheat) mixed with rendered animal protein and coated with phosphoric acid, salt and fat to improve palatability. Cats fed commercial kibbles have a much higher intake of carbohydrate at 12 % [26] or higher, compared to cats consuming a prey-based diet, which has carbohydrate content in the order of 2 % [27]. In addition to food macronutrient composition, the mechanical properties of food are also likely to play a role, especially where diets contain meat on the bone, where there is a requirement to masticate, salivate (cat saliva is high in bicarbonate) and mechanically debride wearing dental surfaces due to the ‘flossing action’ of stripping meat from the bone. As well as physically removing plaque and even calculus, the debriding action of a flesh-eating lifestyle is likely to better buffer plaque pH [28]. The various points raised lend themselves to experimental interventions, specifically to determine the relative contribution of dietary composition as opposed to dietary texture. ConclusionsCommonly fed domestic diets influence feline oral microbiome composition, including the overall diversity and abundance of bacteria associated with both health and periodontal disease. From our preliminary analysis of the feline oral microbiome, we could not determine whether a dry kibble- or wet meat-based diet was preferable to ensure optimal gingival health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Divergence in composition of blends between species was weakly correlated with their phylogenetic distances when all pairs of species were considered (Pearson's correlation R= 0. 34, Mantel test P= 0. 02). Correlations were, however, much higher when only pairs of species within the pupal (Pearson's correlation R= 0. 8, Mantel test P= 0. 005) or the nonpupal mating clade were included (Pearson's correlation r= 0. 82, P= 0. 013). The rate of chemical composition change in the two major clades of Heliconius differs in the direction expected under the influence of sexual selection, given their contrasting mating systems (Fig. 3). Chemical composition has diverged faster among species with higher female remating rates (nonpupal mating clade) than among those in which females remate much less frequently (pupal mating clade). At any given level of genetic distance, pairs of species that belong to the pupal mating clade (squares) have pheromones more similar to each other than pairs of species in the nonpupal mating clade (triangles) (Fig. 3A). Identical results were obtained using sets of data separated by chemical volatility. Figure 3B, C shows this pattern for the first division of compounds (high/low volatility A), but identical results were obtained for the second division of data (B), shown in Supporting information. 3Divergence in chemical composition of blend from abdominal glands and phylogenetic distance between pairs of Heliconius species. Squares represent pairs of species that belong to the pupal mating clade; triangles, pairs of species in the nonpupal mating clade; and pluses, pairs of species that belong to two different clades. (A) Chemical distance using all compounds, (B) distance using highly volatile compounds with the first volatility division (A), and (C) distance using low volatile compounds with the first volatility division (A). Open in new tabDownload slideAlthough it is possible that the whole mixture of chemicals serve as a signal to courting males, individual major volatile compounds seem to be enough to reduce the attractiveness of mated females in greenhouse bioassays.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: NeuroImage, 26, 493–501. 2001. Sex differences in event-related risk for major depression. Psychol Med, 31, 593–604. 2012. There is no news like bad news: women are more remembering and stress reactive after reading real negative news than men. PLoS One, 7, e47189. 2013. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. Syst Rev, 6, CD001396. 2013. The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: analysis of the Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 1100–1106. 2012. Menopausal transition stage-specific changes in circulating adrenal androgens. Menopause, 19, 658–663. 2013. Immune-neural connections: how the immune system’s response to infectious agents influences behavior. J Exp Biol, 216, 84–98. 2011. Men and women are different: diffusion tensor imaging reveals sexual dimorphism in the microstructure of the thalamus, corpus callosum and cingulum. NeuroImage, 54, 2557–2562. 2011. Estradiol and progesterone modify the effects of the serotonin reuptake transporter polymorphism on serotonergic responsivity to citalopram. Psychopharmacol, 19, 401–408. 2009. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry, 65, 732–741. 2013. The serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-) and cortisol stress reactivity: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 18, 1018–1024. 2004. Lack of efficacy of estradiol for depression in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry, 55, 406–412. 2003. Widespread increases of cortical serotonin type 2A receptor availability after hormone therapy in euthymic postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril, 80, 554–559. 2006. New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA, 296, 2582–2589. 2013. Network beyond IDO in psychiatric disorders: revisiting neurodegeneration hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry. doi: 10. 1016/j. pnpbp. 2013. 08. 008. 2013.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Findings from our pilot study indicate unequivocally that further research is warranted to determine the impact of dietary macronutrients, texture and related variables on the feline oral microbiome and to establish which diet type best promotes gingival health. MethodsPopulationWe assessed the effect of diet on the oral microbiome of 10 cats. Supragingival swabs were collected as part of routine physical examination at the time of annual health checks. Consent was obtained from the owner of the cats, and a high standard (best practice) of veterinary care was adhered to. The characteristics of the cats, including age, breed, gender, diet, gingival health and household location, are provided in Table 1. The cats were fed either an exclusive dry extruded kibble diet (highly refined, cereal-based, dehydrated rations, generally a single brand only) or a composite wet diet (canned, sachet and/or fresh meat combinations; various commercial wet diets were fed, the variety representing variation within a brand and between different brands, and also a variable content of either fresh meat or fresh meat on the bone). Critically, cats in the ‘wet-food group’ were not ever fed kibbles. Dry-food diets consisted of 7. 2–12 g/100 kcal of carbohydrate and 8. 2–10 g/100 kcal of protein, while commercial wet-food diets consisted of 0. 5–6. 9 g/100 kcal carbohydrate and 7. 1–15 g/100 kcal protein (Additional file 3). Stated another way, the percentage of carbohydrate as a percentage of what is fed was 0. 6 to 4. 8 % for commercial canned or sachet food, compared with 25 % for commercial premium kibbles. Cats fed a mixture of dry food and wet foods were deliberately avoided, although they would be a pertinent group in future work as this reflects the most common way owned cats are fed, at least in Australia [22].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: This is not unexpected as these are completely interfertile species that appear to have diverged very recently (about 500,000 years ago), and exist as allopatric populations (Kronforst et al. 2006; Beltrán et al. 2007). Overall, these results suggest that divergence of antiaphrodisiac components across species is higher than that expected if gradual changes over evolutionary time have governed this pheromone's evolution (Symonds and Elgar 2008). Second, there has not been a consistent rate of evolution in the chemical composition of antiaphrodisiacs across all species in the genus. As expected in the case of lineages that differ in the potential for sperm competition (Arnqvist 1998), more gradual shifts in composition were detected among species in the clade with mostly monoandrous (pupal mating), than in the clade with polyandrous mating system (nonpupal mating). With the exception of results of CI and RI indices, this difference was found in all analyses. Divergence in chemical composition among pairs of species measured with the Jaccard index accumulated faster with the increase of phylogenetic distance in the nonpupal than in the pupal mating clade. Similarly, consensus trees tracked phylogenetic relationships of the group more closely in the pupal than in the nonpupal mating clade. Recently diverged species (Beltrán et al. 2007), such as H. melpomene and H. cydno or the sister species H. ismenius and H. numata in the later clade were never clustered together in consensus trees. Furthermore, support for the cluster of H. numata, H. hecale, and H. ismenius was due mostly to the likely loss of multiple compounds in their closest common ancestor and not to the chemical similarity of their blends. These three species have only few compounds in their glands, with few commonalities between H. hecale and H. numata and only one compound with H. ismenius. Variation in signals that reduce female attractiveness is not exclusive to Heliconius but has also been found among other butterfly species (Andersson et al. 2000, 2003) and Drosophila strains (Scott and Jackson 1988).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Depression and Anxiety identified to be the Health problems by : General practitioners (GPs) regularly provide care for adult patients with psychological/psychiatric problems and prescribe appropriate medications (either independently or in consultation with a psychiatrist). Objectives: We established a list of the most common mental health problems GPs encounter during daily practice and suggested solutions to increase their competence in identifying and selecting appropriate treatments. Methods: We designed and conducted a voluntary survey; we collected data from 55 outpatient GPs at multiple outpatient clinics in Novi Sad, Serbia, which has a Care System. Collected data were analyzed using including descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: Psychological/psychiatric problems were most commonly identified during GPs’ interviews with patients (70. 9%) and by utilizing evidence-based behavioral health-screening instruments. Anxiety (80. 0%) and depression/depressed mood (78. 2%) were the two most frequently reported problems. To increase competence in diagnosing and treating patients with psychological/psychiatric problems, 76. 3% of GPs identified the need for additional educational opportunities that address psychotropic medications used for depression, and 54. 5% identified the need for topics related to initiating and managing antidepressant therapy. Conclusions: The most common psychological/psychiatric problems that GPs encounter in their practice are anxiety and depression. To increase competency in treating these problems, GPs will benefit from additional learning opportunities and training related to assessment and pharmacological treatment of patients with depression and anxiety disorders. practitioner, psychological problems, psychiatric problems, depression, anxiety, antidepressant drugs, education and Anxiety identified to be the Health problems by According to the Organization, mental health problems present with a range of symptoms and negatively affect many areas of life [1]. Mental health disorders can present as changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior, and they can affect familial relationships and social interactions. Furthermore, a large percentage of the World population with mental health disorders does not have timely access to psychiatric care [2-4]. Anxiety and depression are among the most common mental health disorders that general practitioners (GPs) encounter in their daily practice. They are often comorbid with other mental health disorders [5]. Both depression and anxiety disorders can present at different developmental stages, in children, adolescents, and the adult population, and symptoms can present in both males and females regardless of geographical location [6].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Representative sequences were aligned using PyNAST [34] against the Greengenes reference dataset (version gg_13_8). This alignment was used to build a phylogeny with RAxML version 730 [35]. Statistical analysisStatistical analysis of the quality-filtered and classified sequence data was undertaken in R (version 3. 1. 2), primarily using the Phyloseq package (version 1. 10. 0) [36]. Alpha diversity: Within-sample diversity was estimated per sample on the quality-filtered data, which had not been submitted to any further pre-processing, such as removal of singletons. The α-diversity metrics, ACE and Simpsons Index, were calculated for all samples. To assess the impact of diet on α diversity, while controlling for age of the cat, we used an. This test assumes the ACE, and values will be normally distributed. Residual plots of the ACE and values indicated they were non-normally distributed. To improve the distribution, ACE and values were log transformed. was performed on the log-transformed values of ACE and in R. Pre-processing of sequences: Before undertaking further statistical analyses, very low abundant sequences were removed in line with current recommendations [37]. We removed OTUs that were singletons and had an abundance below 0. 005 % of all the sequences. Differential OTU test: The DESeq2 package [20, 21] was used to test for the presence of differentially expressed OTUs between two diets. The test is a negative binomial generalised linear model (GLM), Wald statistic. The GLM is used to model the counts of OTUs per sample using a negative binomial distribution. The experimental design for the test was set to compare the OTUs from the dry- and wet-food diet groups. All OTUs that significantly (α = 0. 01) differed in abundance between the two diets according to the DESeq test results were reported. All reported p values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg, false discovery rate procedure. Normalisation of OTU count data: To account for variation in sequence depth between samples, we used a variance stabilised transformation (VST) to produce normalised sequence data by library size. All abundances of OTUs reported are from the VST data. Consent for publicationNot applicable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Conflict, receiver bias and the evolution of signal form. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 349:337–344. 1998. Comparative evidence for the evolution of genitalia by sexual selection. Nature 393:784–785. 2000. The evolution of polyandry: multiple mating and female fitness in insects. Anim. Behav. 60:145–164. 2005. Sexual conflict. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton NJ2001. Mating behavior and chemical communication in the order Hymenoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 46:31–78. 2006. Courtship and copulation, but not ejaculates, reduce the longevity of female field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus). J. Zool. (Lond) 268:341–346. 2007. Do pollen feeding, pupal mating and larval gregariousness have a single origin in Heliconius butterflies? Inferences from multilocus DNA sequence data. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 92:221–239. 1997. Effect of male body size on sperm precedence in the polyandrous butterfly Pieris napi L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Behav. Ecol. 8:518–523. 1979. Resource allocation and reproductive strategies in several Heliconiine butterfly species. Univ. of Texas, Austin. 1990. A general model of the role of male‐donated nutrients in female insects’ reproduction. Am. Nat. 136:598–617. 1979. Male contribution to egg production in butterflies: evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating. Science 206:83–84. 1998. Principles of animal communication. Sinauer Associates, Inc. , Sunderland MA. 1981. The biology of Heliconius and related genera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26:427–457. 2004. Structure of the pheromone communication channel in moths in R. T. Cardé, and J. G. Millar, eds. Advances in insect chemical ecology. Univ. Press, Cambridge. 2001. Seminal fluid‐mediated fitness traits in Drosophila. Heredity 87:511–521. 2004. Functions and analysis of the seminal fluid proteins of male Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Depression, if severe, can be debilitating and affect all areas of a person’s life, including family and work, and be accompanied by a loss of energy; sleep disturbances; memory problems; somatic symptoms; and feeling sad, hopeless, helpless, guilty, and suicidal, which, in some cases, requires urgent assessment and hospitalization [7]. Clearly, diagnosing mental disorders early and effectively referring the individual to a psychiatrist for treatment is of vast importance [7]. Further, there is a reported increase in mortality and decrease in life expectancy in people with mental illness [8, 9]. Suicide as well as declining physical health are major concerns in patients with mental illness. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds [10]. In addition, 78% of global suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries [10]. Patients with mental illnesses have more co-occurring chronic illnesses compared to the general population including high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, and diabetes [11, 12]. In addition, there are multiple causes for decrease in life expectancy in mentally ill patients, including poor compliance with treatment, not seeing a GP on a regular basis, medication side effects, increased smoking, and lifestyle issues. These findings highlight the importance of GPs working closely with psychiatric patients and coordination between psychiatrists and other subspecialties, focusing on prevention, lifestyle changes, and monitoring patients’ compliance. The role of GPs will only become more vital as the shortage of mental health workers expands and wait time for appointments increases [4]. Therefore, we sought to identify how GPs assess, diagnose, treat, and refer patients with mental health disorders as well as to identify the most common mental disorders they encounter and their comfort level treating those disorders. The study was conducted in Novi Sad, Serbia within the Care System. study was approved in October 2017 by an ethics committee of the center in Novi Sad, Serbia and conducted at multiple outpatient GP clinics. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. The study on which one was based was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, College of and participants were family practice providers and pediatricians [13]. Our thirteen-item questionnaire was adjusted to the System in Novi Sad; Serbia and a replication study was conducted. We designed and conducted a survey and collected data from 55 GPs working at outpatient clinics in Novi Sad, Serbia. Participants were recruited from November 1 to December 31, 2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Zusammenfassungim Bereich neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen deuten vermehrt darauf hin, dass die Ernährung und damit assoziiert die Zusammensetzung des Darm-Mikrobioms einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Entstehung und den Verlauf verschiedenster Krankheiten haben. Die sogenannte Darm-Hirn Achse, oder präziser die Darm-Mikrobiom-hat dadurch deutlich an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen. Dabei kann der Darm das zentrale Nervensystem auf unterschiedliche Weisen beeinflussen, I) direkt durch bakterielle Bestandteile und Metaboliten von Bakterien, II) durch Manipulation der im Körper zirkulierenden Immunzellen, oder III) durch direkten Kontakt, z. B. über den N. vagus. Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Molekularbiologie, wie das Sequencing ermöglichen aufgrund ihres hohen Auflösungsvermögens die genaue Identifikation von Bakterien und die Kompositionen ganzer Mikrobiome. Dadurch ist es möglich, die Interaktionen zwischen dem intestinalen Mikrobiom, dem Metabolom und dem Darm- assoziierten Immunsystem detailliert zu erforschen. In dieser Arbeit diskutieren wir den Einfluss des Mikrobioms, der Ernährung und den damit verbundenen Gesundheitszustand auf die Neuroregeneration. liegt dabei auf der Möglichkeit, wie dieses Wissen in Zukunft für therapeutische Zwecke genutzt werden kann.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Peptides 25:1477–1490. 1994. Mate competition in butterflies. Nature 370:23–24. 1925. On the abdominal glands in Heliconius (Lepidoptera). Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 269–275. 2009. Sexual behavior, intraspecific signaling and the evolution of mimicry among closely related species. Univ. of Texas, Austin. 2002. Patterns of pollen feeding and habitat preference among Heliconius species. Ecol. Entomol. 27:448–456. 2010. Sex‐specific chemical cues from immatures facilitate the evolution of mate guarding in Heliconius butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 277:407–413. 1989. The retention index and homoplasy excess. Syst. Biol. 38:406–407. 1989. Mating in the afternoon: time saving in courtship and remating by females of a polyandrous butterfly Pieris napi L. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25:349–356. 2005. Butterfly anti‐aphrodisiac lures parasitic wasps. Nature. 433:704. 2008. Male‐derived butterfly anti‐aphrodisiac mediates induced indirect plant defense. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:10033–10038. 2006. : a program for calculating patristic distances and graphically comparing the components of genetic change. BMC Evol. Biol. 6:1. 1976. Postmating female odor in Heliconius butterflies: a male‐contributed antiaphrodisiac? Science 193 419–420. 2003. Adaptive novelty through introgression in Heliconius wing patterns: evidence for a shared genetic ‘toolbox’ from synthetic hybrid zones and a theory of diversification. 2007. Evolution in the fast lane: rapidly evolving sex‐related genes in Drosophila. Genetics 177:1321–1335. 1969. Multiple sex pheromones of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor L. Nature 222:180–181. 2001. Non‐warning odors trigger innate color aversions—as long as they are novel. Behav. Ecol. 12:134–139. 1969. Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Collected data were statistically analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. 1: The most common psychological problem encountered in general practitionersâ€™ practice Figure 2: Reported symptoms of anxiety by age of the patients Figure 3: The most common way psychological/psychiatric problems are identified during a general practitioner visit Figure 4: Anxiety interventions reported by general practitioners Figure 5: Feelings of competency recommending or prescribing antidepressants among general practitioners R e s u l t s Results indicated that most patients in our sample were older than 65 (89. 1%). Anxiety and depressed mood were the two most frequently reported problems (Figure 1). Anxiety was most commonly reported in the population 18–50 years old (Figure 2). Psychological/psychiatric problems were most commonly identified during GPs’ interview with a patient by utilizing evidence-based behavioral health screening instruments (Figure 3). Further, lifestyle changes were most commonly recommended in patients presenting with anxiety symptoms, followed by the scheduling of a follow-up visit for close monitoring (Figure 4). Overall, 45. 5% of GPs did not feel comfortable prescribing antidepressant medications (Figure 5). Lastly, to increase competence in diagnosing and treating patients with psychological/psychiatric problems, 76. 3% of GPs identified the need for additional educational opportunities that address prescribing psychotropic medications for depression, and 54. 5% identified the need for topics related to initiating and managing antidepressant therapy. D i s c u s s i o n The most common psychological/psychiatric problems that GPs encounter in their practice are anxiety and depression. Most providers were routinely using screening instruments to diagnose depression (e. g. , Health Questionnaire) as well as patient interviews. Depression was most prevalent in the youngest patient population, even though they were the least represented sample. Several conclusions and recommendations can be drawn from our results. First, it is critical to be diligent when working with patients with mental health disorders and regularly using evidence-based screening instruments to look for signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression. This might help identify patients that require referral to a psychiatrist for treatment. In addition, about half of the GPs did not feel well equipped to treat depression or anxiety without consultation with a neuropsychiatrist. Consequently, GPs require increased education and training to promote their competence in prescribing psychotropic medications.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: AbstractRecent advances in the field of neurodegenerative disorders point to a possible association between diet, gut microbiota composition and disease incidence. Hence, the so-called gut-brain axis, or more precisely the gut-microbiome-brain axis, has gained increasing attention. There are several ways in which gut content can impact the central nervous system, i. e. either I) directly via bacterial components and dietary metabolites that are systematically available, II) by intermediates, such as circulating immune cells or III) via direct neuronal connections, i. e. the vagus nerve. New technologies for the identification of bacteria, like next generation sequencing, are enabling a higher resolution understanding of microbiota composition. Therefore, it is now possible to elucidate direct interactions between the gut microbiome, the metabolome, and the gut-associated immune system. In addition to these interactions and of equal importance are the interdependencies of gut metabolites with cells of the central nervous system. In this review, we discuss how the gut microbiome can promote neuronal regeneration or degeneration, depending on health status and diet, and how its modulation may be exploited for novel therapeutic applications. IntroductionThe gut and its microbiomeColonization of the human gut by various bacterial species occurs initially during or shortly after birth. Already the method of birth, i. e. by caesarean section or naturally, is the key factor for the abundance (Toscano et al. , 2017) and amount of gut bacteria (Huurre et al. , 2008). In addition to the vaginal passage (Dominguez-Bello et al. , 2010), another factor known to contribute to the origin of gut microbiota, is breast-feeding (Backhed et al. , 2015). Also, the possibility of colonization in utero is currently being examined (Willyard, 2018), which is supported by the presence of bacterial DNA in the placenta (Aagaard et al. , 2014). In humans, the colon is the organ containing the highest number of microbial species (Sender et al. , 2016). The majority of these microbes are members of three bacterial phyla, referred to as enterotypes, namely Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria (Tap et al. , 2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Syst. Zool. 18:1–32. 2006. Linkage of butterfly mate preference and wing color preference cue at the genomic location of wingless. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:6575–6580. 2008. Gene flow persists millions of years after speciation in Heliconius butterflies. BMC Evol. Biol. 8:98. 2008. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2. 5. Null models for the number of evolutionary steps in a character on a phylogenetic tree. Evolution 45:1184–1197. 1995. Why are there so many mimicry rings? Correlation between habitat, behavior and mimicry in Heliconius butterflies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 55:159–180. 2007. Natural hybridization in heliconiine butterflies: the species boundary as a continuum. BMC Evol. Biol. 7:28. 1997. Avian vocalizations and phylogenetic signal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:3833–3836. 2005. Foraging polymorphism in Heliconius charitonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): morphological constraints and behavioral compensation. J. Trop. Ecol. 21:407–415. 1989. Graded levels of chemical defence in mimics of lycid beetles of the genus Metmorrhynchus (Coleoptera). Aust. J. Entomol. 28:229–233. 1990. Methylalkylpyrazines in aposematic insects, their hostplants and mimics. Chemoecology 1:43–51. 2002. Sequestration of defensive substances from plants by Lepidoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47:57–92. 2006. Tracing the origins of signal diversity in anole lizards: phylogenetic approaches to inferring the evolution of complex behaviour. Anim. Behav. 71:1411–1429. 2003. Phylogenetic signal in the song of crests and kinglets (Aves: Regulus). Evolution 57:616–629. 2007. Can chemical communication be cryptic? Adaptations by herbivores to natural enemies exploiting prey semiochemistry. Oecologia 153:1009–1019. 1977.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: We suggest exploring existing educational opportunities and making them available to GPs, including lectures given by neuropsychiatrists that are tailored to the needs of GPs with busy practices. GPs are often the first healthcare provider that assesses adults with mental health symptoms, which can be a challenge if they have very busy practices. Assisting GPs in screening and identifying patients with mental disorder might be beneficial. Providing education regarding antidepressant and antianxiety medications to GPs may increase their comfort in treating these disorders and decrease the need to refer to psychiatrists. In addition, special consideration should be given to younger patient populations, who, according to our results, tend to present with prominent levels of depression and anxiety compared other age groups. When symptoms are detected, monitoring patient and offering longer follow-up visits might be helpful until refer to a psychiatrist is available. This study had some limitations, including a relatively small sample size and that the survey has not been validated. However, despite these limitations, our study indicates that additional education for GPs might provide long-term benefits for both patients and providers. Conflicts of authors do not have any conflicts of interest to report. 10. 31487/j. PDR. 2018. 10. 004 Lidija Petrović-Smiljanić Petrović-ć-of Psychiatry, College of & 1: The most common psychological problem encountered in general practitioners’ practice Figure 2: Reported symptoms of anxiety by age of the patients Figure 3: The most common way psychological/psychiatric problems are identified during a general practitioner visit Figure 4: Anxiety interventions reported by general practitioners Figure 5: Feelings of competency recommending or prescribing antidepressants among general practitioners 1. Organization. Mental disorders–Fact sheet, April 2017, accessed 18. 02. 2018. 2. Wang PS, Aguilar‐ (2007) Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the. Lancet 370: 841‐850. [Crossref] 3. (2016) Community mental health care worldwide: current status and further developments. 15: 276-286. [Crossref] 4. Organization. Atlas 2014, 2015. 5. Klemenc-Ketiš Z, Kersnik J, (2009) The presence of anxiety and depression in the adult population of family practice patients with chronic diseases. 48: 170-176. 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Due to the enormous number and diversity of these gut-dwelling bacterial species, the human organism is capable of digesting several food-derived nutrients by taking advantage of bacterially-derived enzymes. Bacteroides thetaiotamicro, for example, produces a variety of enzymes that can degrade a range of carbohydrates (Xu et al. , 2003). This symbiotic relationship that enables a broad range of nutritive sources has figured largely in human evolution. Perhaps the most prominent example involves mitochondria, bacteria that lost their cellular autonomy and became endosymbiotically-derived organelles (Stilling et al. , 2014, Archibald, 2015, Raina et al. , 2018). The primary metabolites and end products of bacterial fermentation include short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (Salminen et al. , 1998), micronutrients such as vitamins (Fresia Fernandez, 1987), and secondary bile acids (Ajouz et al. , 2014). These microbial products diffuse passively, or are actively transported across gastrointestinal tract endothelia, where they become available for downstream organs via blood circulation (Conlon and Bird, 2014). However, this route is not only used by essentially beneficial metabolites, but also by potentially harmful products of pathogenic bacteria or pathobionts. However, during a state of healthy homeostasis, or eubiosis, these potentially harmful metabolites are less relevant, since non-pathogenic bacteria outnumber, and thus suppress the growth of pathogenic species (Kamada et al. , 2012). In addition to the influence of host genetics (Bonder et al. , 2016), use of antibiotics (Dethlefsen et al. , 2008), or immune defense (Wang et al. , 2015), the contribution of diet is known to be a key regulator of microbial composition (Ley et al. , 2008). Diet begins shaping development of the gut microbiome immediately following birth. For example, components of breast milk (as opposed to formula milk) already affect bacterial gut composition in newborns (Harmsen et al. , 2000). During the first three years of life, this composition of bacterial communities evolves towards those found in adults. Furthermore, the composition of fecal microbiota differs between human populations of different origins, highlighting the influence of additional selective pressures, such as dietary habits, hygiene, and general lifestyle, i. e. exercise and smoking.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Influence of the seminal plug on mating behaviour in the garter snake. Nature 267:344–345. 2001. Novel chemistry of abdominal defensive glands of Nymphalid butterfly Agraulis vanillae. J. Chem. Ecol. 27:1219–1228. 1999. The evolution of multimodal warning displays. Evol. Ecol. 13:655–671. 1995. Female responses to ancestral advertisement calls in túngara frogs. Science 269:390–392. 1989. Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy. Evolution 43:1781–1795. 1993. Specific mixtures of secretions from male scent organs of African milkweed butterflies (Danainae). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 342:161–181. 2007. Macrolides from the scent glands of the tropical butterflies Heliconius cydno and Heliconius pachinus. Org. Biomol. Chem. 5:3434–3441. 2008. An antiaphrodisiac in Heliconius melpomene butterflies. J. Chem. Ecol. 34:82–93. 1986. Sexual mimicry regulates the attractiveness of mated Drosophila melanogaster females. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8429–8433. 1988. Interstrain comparison of male‐predominant antiaphrodisiacs in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol. 34:863–871. 2008. Better to be bimodal: the interaction of color and odor on learning and memory. Behav. Ecol. 19:425–432. 2001. Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton and Oxford. 2009. Sperm precedence in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). Behav. Ecol. 20:328–334. 1999. Discrimination of flying mimetic, passion‐vine butterflies Heliconius Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266:2137–2140. 1995. The chemistry of eavesdropping, alarm, and deceit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:23–28. 2000.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 12299326 Export as PDF A research study in Pakistan to test a family involvement intervention, designed to improve care for people living in the community with common mental health conditions Share on on on Submission date 03/06/2019 Registration date 05/06/2019 Last edited 06/12/2022 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Mental and Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsInvolvement intervention has been developed from existing approaches called Trialogue and psychoeducation. A key part of these approaches is bringing together several people living with mental health difficulties, their family members and mental health professionals into regular meetings. These different groups meet as equals to discuss topics that they have previously agreed on, share experiences and to learn from one another. This study aims to find whether can help to improve care for people living with common mental health conditions (mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety) in Pakistan. More specifically the aim is to find out how patients, family members/friends, and health professionals experience of improves outcomes like quality of life and symptoms for patients. Who can participate? Patients aged 18-65 years with mild-to-moderate depression and/or anxiety, who are enrolled in individual counselling on the programWhat does the study involve? The patients receive the intervention at an agreed community location once per month over a 6-month period. One or two family members/ friends are recruited for each patient. These participants attend the monthly meetings with their relatives. Three counsellors are recruited to help facilitate the meetings. Involvement intervention is based on principles of Trialogue and psychoeducation. It involves bringing together several patients, one or two of their family members/friends and one or two mental health professionals in monthly meetings, as equals, so that they may discuss pre-agreed topics, share experiences and mutual learning. Patients, family members/friends and clinicians are interviewed at the end of the study to see how they experienced the intervention. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? Common mental health conditions including depression and anxiety cause distress to affected individuals. In countries such as Pakistan there is often a lack of human and financial resources for specialised mental health services in the community. This study will provide evidence on how to include effective and long-lasting local based interventions for community based mental health programs in the country. Overall, the study will build both mental health and research capacity within Pakistan.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Additionally, gut bacterial diversity increases, in a population-independent manner, during adolescence (Yatsunenko et al. , 2012). The effect of dietary change on the microbiome, as an important environmental factor, depends on the duration of change. Short-term alterations in dietary behavior can influence microbial composition without a large effect on the enterotypes. By contrast, sustained and long-lasting changes to diet are able to affect enterotype states (Wu et al. , 2011). In general, a typical human diet consists of three major components, i. e. carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, which also serve as different substrates for our gut bacteria. In the Western diet these substrates upon reaching the colon, mainly consist of dietary fibers, which comprise non-starch polysaccharides. Additional substrates found here include simple sugars, oligosaccharides, starch, proteins, and lipids (Conlon and Bird, 2014). Importantly, consuming a high amount of dietary fiber is beneficial for health, as it has been shown repeatedly to reduce risk of coronary heart disease (Liu et al. , 1999) and diabetes (Montonen et al. , 2003). Furthermore, organic acids, the resulting end products of carbohydrate catabolism, serve as additional energy sources for resident bacteria. It is also here where SCFA, in particular, exert a vast number of effects, especially by acting on the immune system once they have been absorbed by the gut epithelium (Conlon and Bird, 2014). However, the direct effects of SCFA on the central nervous system (CNS), need to be better understood. Dysbiosis and diseaseSymbiosis between the commensal microbiome and the innate and adaptive immune system has provided crucial developmental advantages in eukaryote evolution. Hence, it is not surprising, that a dysbalance of the microbiome composition, also denoted as dysbiosis, exerts detrimental effects on human health and immunity (Levy et al. , 2017). A dysbiosis of the gut microbiome can be caused by internal or external factors, such as sleep deprivation, stress, use of antibiotics, or dietary components (Dethlefsen et al. , 2008, Bailey et al. , 2011, Devkota et al. , 2012) and an increasing number of chronic disorders are associated with an altered microbial composition.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs. J. Exp. Biol. 203:665–683. 2002. PAUP* Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. version 4. 0b10 for 32‐bit Microsoft Windows. , Univ. , Tallahassee, FL. Symonds, M. R. E. , and M. A. Elgar. 2004. The mode of pheromone evolution: evidence from bark beetles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271:839–846. 2008. The evolution of pheromone diversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:220–228. 2005. The mode of evolution of aggregation pheromones in Drosophila species. J. Evol. Biol. 18:1253–1263. 1983. The evolution of insect mating systems. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 2005. Molecular population genetics of accessory gland protein genes and testis‐expressed genes in Drosophila mojavensis and D. arizonae. Genetics 171:1083–1101. 2007. Adaptive evolution of recently duplicated accessory gland protein genes in desert Drosophila. Genetics 177:1023–1030. 2010. Combined EST and proteomic analysis identifies rapidly evolving seminal fluid proteins in Heliconius butterflies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 27:2000–2013. 2005. Female receptivity in butterflies and moths. J. Exp. Biol. 208:3433–3440. 2003. Sexual selection and the evolution of butterfly mating systems. 2001. Sexual conflict and cooperation in butterfly reproduction: a comparative study of polyandry and female fitness. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268:1661–1667. 2003. Mating system and the evolution of sex‐specific mortality rates in two nymphalid butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270:1823–1828. 1998. Chemical similarity searching. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 38:983–996. 2009. Die Komplexität chemischer Signalsysteme bei männlichen Lepidopteren.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Additionally, for patients who will be involved in testing the intervention, this might lead to improved quality of life, social functioning and symptom reduction. Family members and friends might benefit from having space to share their experiences and learn from other patients and families, which might lead to an improved ability to provide care for their family member or friend with mental illness. No significant risks are expected from participating in this study, but it is possible that whilst completing the research assessments or interviews, the questions asked might trigger feelings of distress or anxiety. To minimise this risk, researchers with experience working with mental health disorders will be employed, research assessments can be stopped at any point, and further support can be provided to the participant if necessary. Participants might also experience anxiety trying new interventions. Throughout the intervention-testing period, patients will continue to receive their routine care, including any medication. The intervention can be stopped at any point. Where is the study run from? 1. and Development (Pakistan)2. Hospital (Pakistan)When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? May 2019 to March 2021Who is funding the study? for (UK)Who is the main contact? van Loggerenberg, f. vanloggerenberg@qmul. ac. uk Study website Contact information Contact name van Contact details Unit for Social and University of Centre for London E13 8SP +44 (0)207 540 4380 Ext: 2339 f. vanloggerenberg@qmul. ac. uk Contact name van Contact details Unit for Social and University of Centre for London E13 8SP +44 (0)207 540 4380 Ext: 2339 f. vanloggerenberg@qmul. ac. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers 16/137/97 Study information Scientific title Testing the effectiveness, acceptability and feasibility of family involvement in common mental health conditions in Pakistan: a non-controlled trial hypothesis To test the acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness of against usual treatment. The specific research questions are:1. How can be used to support community mental health care in Pakistan? 2. How is experienced by patients, family members/friends and professionals? 3. How do outcomes change when is used? Ethics approval(s) 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: For instance, high salt intake exacerbates disease activity in several – mainly autoimmune – diseases, mediated by an increase in pro-inflammatory immune cell subsets (Jorg et al. , 2016). The commensal microbiome essentially participates in regulating the immune tolerance (Weiner et al. , 2011). As such, regulatory immune components such as regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial for development of a sufficient immune tolerance, especially towards enteric microbiota (Sakaguchi et al. , 2008). Pathobionts occur at low abundances in healthy individuals, but tend to expand in the diseased organism, as is the case for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (de Souza and Fiocchi, 2016), leading to a compositional shift in the commensal microbiome (Frank et al. , 2007, Lupp et al. , 2007, Butto et al. , 2015). Besides gastrointestinal and autoimmune diseases, a dysbiotic state is currently discussed in neurodegenerative disorders. An important microbiome-related metabolic pathway – the kynurenine pathway – for example, was shown to be associated with several neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, and depression (Lombardi et al. , 2018). For decades, the focus in chronic diseases, such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases has been on the association with a genetic predisposition. However, more recently the direct impact of environmental factors like the microbiome composition has gained attention (Chen et al. , 2016b). The microbiome involvement is further supported by animal studies, showing an attenuation or even the complete absence of neurologic disease, once the animals were kept under bacteria-free conditions (Wu et al. , 2010, Berer et al. , 2011). Human migration studies have demonstrated that multiple sclerosis (MS) incidence increases in subjects who move from low risk countries to countries with higher MS prevalence, usually countries far north of the equator (Gale and Martyn, 1995). This notion initially led to the theory of latitude, i. e. reduced sun exposure being the major risk factor, not considering dietary habits. How certain components of the diet may have an impact on neuroinflammation and – degeneration was recently shown for fatty acids, especially the differential roles of short versus long chain fatty acids ().

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: It is often more intense in males, as their fitness is more dependent on MS than female fitness (Bateman 1948). However, it is now accepted that obtaining more mates is not the only way to improve male fitness, and that processes occurring both before and after copulation can affect sexual selection. Although precopulatory processes include various aspects of mate acquisition, postcopulatory processes include sperm competition (Simmons 2005; Snook 2005; Eberhard 2009; Manier et al. 2010) and cryptic female choice (Eberhard 1996; Arnqvist and Rowe 2005; Aquiloni and Gherardi 2008; Eberhard 2009). Obviously postcopulatory sexual selection is very limited in monandrous species, but polyandry is widespread in animals (Simmons 2005; Birkhead 2010). This is why quantifying the contributions of pre- and postcopulatory processes has become a major issue (Jones and Ratterman 2009; Pischedda and Rice 2012). The fraction of sexual selection that is due to precopulatory processes depends on copulations performed by males with different female mates. The fraction of sexual selection coming from postcopulatory processes reflects those differences in siring success among males that are independent from their copulatory activity, and therefore expected to rely on some aspect of ejaculate contents, dynamics of sperm use within the female tracts, and/or early abortion of fertilized eggs. Arnold and Wade (1984a,b) were the first to propose an analytical framework to quantify the relative importance of pre- and postcopulatory components of selection by partitioning the total opportunity for selection. This decomposition basically defines pre- and postcopulatory selection as selection that occurs through variation in MS and independently of such variation, respectively. Although this framework has been available for a while, few studies have quantified the relative importance of pre- and postcopulatory components of sexual selection (see, e. g. , Rose et al. 2013). However, the use of MS as the one and only descriptor of precopulatory sexual selection poses some problems. For example, Pischedda and Rice (2012) recently made a significant contribution by using controlled matings and statistical regression techniques for decomposing the variance in male reproductive success (RS) into pre- and postcopulatory components in the polyandrous Drosophila melanogaster. They concluded that a significant fraction of this variance (27%) is due to postcopulatory components.

Output: pass