Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 97334 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intech Edited by the Collaborative and Edited by Jesús and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionA variety of humanoid robots have been developed and researched in more than 500 research institutes and universities all over the world. Humanoid robots are robots that have a shape and form resembling that of humans including structural i. e. , anatomical similarities such arms and legs as well as facial ones such heads containing eyes and mouths. However the most challenging and complex issue remains the development of the two-legged robots, reliable and capable enough to be meaningful partners to humans, in order to be able to perform actions that humans are capable of, but nevertheless are also needy of having them done all too frequently, especially those of a repetitive kind. Humanoid robots are thus intended to be used repetitive and laborious tasks, frequently more dangerous ones such as permanent inspection, necessary repetitive maintenance ones, especially of a repetitive nature or highly hazardous engagements that may emerge in various types of disasters areas as may be needed in case of emergencies in nuclear power plants. Professional humanoid robots such as Honda and Sony have made significant advances that have enabled highly-capable humanoid robots [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Ocean acidification (OA) is directly caused by increased atmospheric CO2, where a substantial fraction of atmospheric CO2 dissolves into the surface ocean waters, raising oceanic CO2 concentrations and lowering the pH through the dissociation of CO2 in water (Caldeira and Wickett 2005). High-latitude ecosystems are more susceptible to OA because cold water has a higher gas solubility and ice melt introduces fresh water, which lowers the buffering capacity of the system (Fabry et al. 2009; Mathis et al. 2011). These ecosystems also support high primary productivity, which can alter OA dynamics within the system due to initial CO2 uptake during phytoplankton blooms and subsequent release of CO2 through respiration after the blooms (Fabry et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2021). The eastern Ocean, including the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea, has experienced rising ocean temperatures (Hermann et al. 2016), which recently has been driven by a series of marine heatwaves and an intense El Niño event (Bond et al. 2015; Zador and Yasumiishi 2017). is expected to continue to warm (Scott et al. 2016), experience more frequent marine heatwaves (Cooley et al. 2022), and see further decreases in ocean pH (Pilcher et al. 2022). These trends are concerning because the Gulf of Alaska and support many important commercial fisheries that provide over half of the groundfish catch in the (Fissel et al. 2017). Investigating how these co-occurring environmental stressors may affect fishery species, particularly at sensitive early life stages, is a salient issue for understanding future recruitment in these fisheries (Shepherd and Cushing 1980; Houde 1987). Because fish are ectotherms, OW can have profound effects on fish physiology, growth, and behavior (Clarke and Johnston 1999). An increase in body temperature associated with OW can elevate the baseline metabolic costs for organisms, limiting the available energy for other life sustaining processes such as swimming, feeding, and reproduction (Rijnsdorp et al. 2009). For adult fish, migration away from warmer regions is a common response (Pinsky et al. 2013), and it has been observed in fish assemblages after recent warming events (Stevenson and Lauth 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: При таких обстоятельствах будут приняты меры с целью обеспечения того, чтобы персональные данные Пользователя хранились в строгом соответствии с политикой сохранения конфиденциальности Общества и использовались только для выполнения запросов Пользователя. Общество не продает и не раскрывает персональные сведения Пользователя третьим сторонам с тем, чтобы они могли продавать свои продукты или услуги Пользователю.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: Both companies invested more budget and manpower that enabled the design of small, powered joints that achieve power-to-weight performance unheard of in commercially available servomotors. consists of Artificial Intelligence, sensors, mechatronics, and power. The prime task of humanoid robots nowadays consists in developing capabilities of recognizing visual expressions perceptions, and in view of that to enable addressing appropriately tasks of predicting what emotion the human is having by observing the visual facial expressions of humans. Therefore, all the humanoid robots need to have supplied are the data that will provide sufficient and appropriate information to have processed by means of which they will be able to perform and add to their available spectrum of learning and performing activities. The algorithms and other metrologies, such as Deep Learning, will be responsible to extract the features from these images provided to them. All of these objectives for humanoid robots present a huge challenge and requirement for processing power and it is to be noted that it is not possible for a humanoid robot to use this kind of huge processing power alone. Therefore, the humanoid robots have to absorb, integrate and indeed capture the information from the surrounding environment and to deploy the cloud which the cloud will process further and feed it back to the humanoid robot. Multisensory perception, cognition and, man–machine cooperation are technological fields of robotics that are being researched as key technologies today. Theses and processes from the research area of (AI) are transferred to robotic systems. Considerable principles of biology serve as role models and recruiting potential for robotics. The highest possible kinematic form of the human body is reproduced with great accuracy. Humanoid, complex mechatronic systems inspired by biology are the prime new field of researching artificial intelligence. The humanoid robots are very interesting not only in their technology but also in its psychological aspects. The visions of science-fiction authors are gradually becoming a reality. That causes - in Europe and America more than in Japan - the number of respective critics of the issue i. e. , topic to increase. Some already describe the horror scenarios of human-like robots who gain power over their masters and lead humanity to its downfall [2, 3, 4]. The transformative change to an information and knowledge society will steadily increase the acceptance of complex high-tech devices in the everyday environment of humans. According to the forecast of leading scientists, robots will therefore take on increasingly more and complex tasks in the private sphere of humans in the coming generations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Fish early life stages (embryos, larvae) tend to be one of the most thermally sensitive ones in the life cycle (Dahlke et al. 2020), yet they are incapable of large-scale movements to avoid warming regions. Ocean warming can lead to a suite of effects in larval fish with many expected to have negative consequences including increased mortality (Koenker et al. 2018), smaller hatch size (Gobler et al. 2018; Villalobos et al. 2020), and higher frequency of malformations (Pimentel et al. 2014). Increased ocean temperature can also promote growth and quicker developmental rates (Laurel et al. 2016). While mortality may be lower at larger larval sizes via decreased size-dependent predation (Miller et al. 1988), faster growth requires higher food intake (Laurel et al. 2011) and increases the risk of starvation-induced mortality. Altogether, a majority of the responses to OW are negative which suggests that this stressor could reduce future larval recruitment into the adult population. The effects of OA are more nuanced than the effects of OW. Adult and juvenile fish have advanced acid–base regulatory capacities (Melzner et al. 2009) and can increase bicarbonate in their bloodstream to buffer hypercapnia (Hamilton et al. 2019). These physiological processes increase fish resiliency to OA (Kunz et al. 2016), but negative effects from OA can still occur. At these later life stages, maintaining a disrupted acid–base balance may come at an energetic cost, potentially leading to negative downstream secondary effects (Heuer and Grosell 2014). Early life stages are less likely to have achieved ionoregulatory and buffering capabilities, which increases their sensitivity to OA (Melzner et al. 2009), yet some larval fish have demonstrated a capacity for acid–base regulation (Bignami et al. 2013; Pimentel et al. 2014; Hamilton et al. 2019). The capability of larval fish to buffer elevated CO2 is likely driven by differing species-specific physiology, leading to a suite of responses that include negative impacts on survival (Gobler et al. 2018) and hatching success (Baumann et al. 2022), positive influences on growth (Munday et al. 2009), and no apparent effects (Hurst et al. 2012; Perry et al. 2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Данные, собираемые автоматически Имя домена и IP адрес Пользователя регистрируются автоматически. Эти данные не являются личными сведениями и не идентифицируют Пользователя как отдельное лицо; они содержат только информацию о компьютере, используемом для просмотра Сайта.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: Fields of application for the species “Humanoid” is expected to continue to be focused on supporting humans in household activities, the elderly and nursing-type of care, or simply in some of entertainment aspects in families and households. They are intended to maintain or further improve the standard of living and amenities of the human environment. Advertisement 2. Humanoid and collaborative robots replacing humans in work placesIn the not-too-distant future robots are expected to handle a very considerable amount of all tasks and jobs, perhaps even a half of the actual contingent and thus contribute perhaps to leaving an “army” of people unemployed and perhaps getting concerned people considering this aspect very seriously. However, according to, certain views and analysis, in an alternative scenario, the same technologies that revolutionize certain important achievements as in the area of humanoid and collaborative robots, rather than reducing people’s job opportunities, they contribute to raising living standards with new job opportunities not yet imagined and/or visualized clearly. This is especially the case for collaborative robots, frequently referred to as Cobots, that apply the principle of robotic-type of automation of certain job types with repetitive activities and rather flexible and intelligent adaptations to work procedures. Thus the Cobots indeed contribute significantly in sequential automatic adaptation to job requirements in the common workspace by safely collaborating with human workers especially in job’s repetitive and somewhat more menial job segments and tasks that are to be repeated routinely in endless and exhausting work cycles, potentially and especially in more cumbersome and dangerous ones. Due to the intense research and development in the area as well as in AI, by the next decade, the collaborative work and interaction between humans and humanoid robots is expected to become much more refined and indeed much more flexible. The humanoid as well as collaborative robots will develop increasing capacities of cooperation in specifically designed environment. For example, Toyota is building such a specifically designed urban environment a future city in Shizuoka prefecture. Drones, autonomous buses, taxis and various types of humanoid/collaborative robots will be developed for wider-specter and higher-level collaboration and cooperation with humans. Such a specific environment will expectedly be conceived and designed from scratch in order to provide for such an intense and high-level human-Cobot effective functional coexistence especially in types of assembly factory jobs, delivery and security ones as well.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 5The trend in weight-based condition (KDW) as fish age (DPH) differed between temperature and CO2 treatments. Predicted KDW (line) is from the generalized linear model with shading representing the 95% confidence intervals. Trends are separated by temperature treatment (3, 6, 10 °C top to bottom) and CO2 level (left column: ambient [purple]; right column: high [orange]). Grey points are values for tank-level data (n = 4 per treatment and DPH). The dashed line at 1 indicates the predicted dry weight based on the length of the fish. There was a significant effect of temperature × DPH and CO2 × DPHFull size imageDiscussionThe eastern Ocean ecosystem will continue to experience combined OW and OA, exposing resident fish species to these environmental stressors. Early life stages, which tend to be more sensitive, show varied responses to the combination of OW and OA. In our study, OW had a greater impact on embryonic and larval Pacific cod than OA, leading to very high mortality rates in fish incubated at 10 °C. Across the measured responses, 6 °C appeared to be an optimal temperature for this species. Pacific cod responded to OA in some, but not all, measured traits and developmental stages. When there was a significant effect of OA, the response was generally positive (e. g. , reduced embryonic daily mortality rates), but both condition indices were negatively impacted by OA at 6 °C. Under OW conditions (10 °C), there was no synergistic or additive effect when combined with OA. These results highlight the trait-, stage- and species-specific responses of marine fish to multiple stressors. Temperature affects all measured early life history traitsAcross all measured traits, temperature was consistently a significant predictor for responses measured in both Pacific cod embryos and larvae. Within the temperature treatments explored here, 6 °C appeared to be most optimal for embryonic and larval stages. At 6 °C, Pacific cod had low mortality rates, larger yolk area at-hatch, and were consistently in the highest condition; at 10 °C, Pacific cod grew the fastest but were in poor condition with high daily mortality rates; and at 3 °C, Pacific cod daily mortality rates were lower but both growth and condition were also low. The effects of temperature on Pacific cod in this study agree with previous studies on this species at the embryonic and larval life stages.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Такие данные используются для того, чтобы установить, в какой точке земного шара используется Сайт, для обеспечения полноты охвата, а также для анализа перехода по ссылкам с целью лучшего понимания особенностей использования Сайта. Общество не устанавливает связь между такими автоматически собираемыми данными и личными сведениями о конкретных людях.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: Indeed this interaction between the humanoid robots and humans is expected to become increasingly natural-felt for end-use consumers i. e. , for the humans, both at the household and industrial production frameworks. This is highly probable as humanoid robots are expected to be able to increasingly absorb, capture, integrate and implement processed relevant information, especially as relates to the production environment as well as to the household one. One of the most utilized approaches is learning, interacting and implementing by imitation, by observing and integrating and functionalizing operator’s behavioural patterns. This can be expected with significant probability, especially due to the intense development of AI and related interphases that humanoid robots will be increasingly capable of predicting also human emotions in the forms of sounds of sighting and intricate and elaborate facial expressions of human that manifest the quality and intensity of related emotions and then mould it into a collaborative interaction. Advances in artificial intelligence, or the ability of machines to learn by processing vast amounts of data, are doing a rethink i. e. , reconsiderations of what is believed that only humans can do. Thus 2018 paper by the of found “a wide range of perspectives on public discourse, ranging from alarmist forecasts of mass unemployment caused by robots to optimistic forecasts of job creation. ”Meta-learning which is implemented by reinforcement learning are the type of biologic models that are most commonly used in human-humanoid robot interaction. However, with the virus pandemic catapulting the world deeper into the fourth industrial revolution, dubbed Industry 4. 0 – the ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, with artificial intelligence and robotics, under cover of “social distancing” which has caused an unwelcoming employment crisis for the working poor, with many of their jobs displaced by robots. 2. 1 What jobs could be affected by and robots? Cashiers, clerks, cooks, waiters, receptionists, security guards, data analysts, tax-preparing personnel and truck drivers are among the jobs often cited as being the most susceptible to these concerns regarding advanced and enhanced development and application of automation. Other professions that may be less vulnerable to these side-effects and concerns include surgeons, accountants and financial analysts. Jobs that require repetitive activities to carry out tasks in a structured environment, mainly in production, are the first to be directly affected by automation. Since 1980, the number of manufacturing workers in the US has decreased by a third, to about 13 million, while production has doubled.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: “characteristics of survivors”; Sogard 1997), and/or suggests impairment in additional physiological processes (i. e. metabolism; Gobler et al. 2018), which could increase the inefficiency in energy usage with growth (Murray & Klinger 2022). Altogether, the results in this study suggest prolonged exposure to warmer ocean conditions could increase mortality rates, and may lead to reduced recruitment to the adult population. Responses to elevated CO2 are trait, stage, and temperature dependentIn contrast to the pervasive influence of temperature, the responses to elevated CO2 were not consistent across measured traits, life stages or temperature treatments. Most commonly, when there was a CO2 effect, the response was positive. For example, elevated CO2 led to lower embryonic daily mortality rates and faster growth from 0–11 DPH. At 6 and 10 °C, although not significant, yolk area was larger in elevated versus ambient CO2 levels. The only negative effect of elevated CO2 was elicited in both condition indices at 6 °C. Overall, these results highlight that the effects of OA are nuanced, and both the presence and directionality of an effect can be trait-, stage- and temperature-dependent. The positive effects of OA included reduced embryonic mortality rates and faster growth rates of Pacific cod during an early stage of development (0–11 DPH). Other studies have also documented positive effects of OA on fish survival (Flynn et al. 2015) and growth rates (Munday et al. 2009; Hurst et al. 2013; Chambers et al. 2014; Schade et al. 2014; McCormick & Regish 2017). Potential causes of faster growth under elevated CO2 could be attributed to increased metabolic rates and subsequent higher feeding rates (Ishimatsu et al. 2008; McCormick & Regish 2017) or driven by sensitivity of growth hormones to environmental stressors (Deane & Woo 2009; Bruzzio 2022). However, these positive effects of OA on Pacific cod at their earliest life stages (embryos) may reflect that their natal habitat is naturally higher in CO2 than the ambient levels reported in our study. Pacific cod adults are demersal and spawn at a range of depths, where the embryos develop at ~ 50-250 m (Alderdice & Forrester 1971; Hirschberger & Smith 1983; Neidetcher et al. 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Тем не менее, личные сведения могут быть собраны непреднамеренно при помощи автоматических функций коммерческого программного обеспечения третьей стороны, используемого для обеспечения работы серверов Общества. Если выяснится, что имел место такой сбор сведений, будут приняты разумные меры для удаления этих данных из систем Общества.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: The newer humanoid robots come equipped with “vision, mobility and learning abilities, doing more tasks”. Sophisticated software can conduct phone conversations with clients, for example. According to a study by the about 120 million workers in the world’s 12 largest economies may need to be retrained in the next three years as a result of automation and Artificial Intelligence,According to a this year’s report from the Brookings Institution’s Program found that nearly 36 million Americans hold jobs with “high exposure” to being potentially negatively affected by automation. It is considered and estimated that by 2030 many people will have to change jobs due to these side-effects of widely deployed automation processes. 2. 2 What kind of jobs can be created due to of automation? It has always been much easier to identify jobs at risk from technology than to anticipate the new types of jobs that can be created as a result of sweeping automation. Before the advent of the internet and smartphones, it would have been difficult to foresee the need for social media apps or specialists, much less the emergence of, for example, the “YouTube influencer” as a well-paid profession. 2. 3 When will all this happen? As it is being rather widely reported this has already begun. Thus according to the of of professional service robots, those used for non-industrial functions like logistics, inspections, and maintenance have totalled some 271,000 units in 2018 accounting for a 61% increase as compared to the previous year 2017. 2. 4 What can people do? There is general agreement that human workers will require more education and skills to keep up with technological development and change and get accustomed and ready to change jobs and even professions more often than before, if and when required by the respective technological developments in the area of robotics and automation. It is clear that there is hardly any rationale in, slowing down, stalling or preventing the expansion of automation processes to be applied for instance in manufacturing factories, by only considering potentially resulting and indeed likely job employment reductions and shedding a as the overall result might turn out to be negative and hence also counterproductive.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: As such, both the adults and embryos are naturally exposed to a range of CO2 levels that may be higher than ambient levels measured at the ocean surface (Pilcher et al. 2019; Hauri et al. 2023). Adult exposure can provide offspring with resiliency to OA as seen in larval white sea bass (Atractoscion nobilis; Kwan et al. 2021) and Atlantic cod (Stiasny et al. 2018). Benthic early life stages of fish have also been suggested to be resilient to OA (Cattano et al. 2018), reflecting the naturally higher CO2 environment the fish develop in. As such, the better survival and growth under elevated CO2 conditions may reflect that Pacific cod early life stages are adapted to these conditions. After hatch, larval Pacific cod rise to the surface, and continue to develop in a pelagic surface environment (Hurst et al. 2009), where CO2 levels are likely closer to the ambient levels we used in this study. Interestingly, depending on the measured trait, Pacific cod began to respond neutrally or negatively to OA at a later stage of development, which may coincide ontogenetically with this transition to developing in surface waters. Future work may benefit from designing experiments that set control conditions to mimic natural biogeochemical changes that occur throughout ontogeny to develop a more representative ambient treatment and assess the potential influence of static treatments used in many studies. While there is evidence for positive OA effects, some fish species have been negatively affected by (Chambers et al. 2014; Pimentel et al. 2016; Baumann et al. 2022) or show no response to OA (Hurst et al. 2012, 2013, 2017; Perry et al. 2015). For larval Pacific cod in our study, the only negative effect of OA was a decrease in condition at the optimal temperature. Even though the type of response to OA may differ, many of these studies are similar such that when there is a significant response to OA it manifests in some but not all measured life stages and/or traits. For example, sensitivity to OA was stage-specific, being present in early life stages for walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus; Hurst et al. 2021) and in later stages for seabream (Chrysoblephus laticeps; Muller et al. 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Чаты, доски объявлений и тематические конференции Если в какой-либо момент времени на настоящем Сайте будет работать какой-либо чат, доска объявлений или форум, тематическая конференция и т. д. , любая информация, которую Пользователь раскроет там, может быть собрана и использована в соответствии с настоящими Общими условиями.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: Experts suggest that people should focus on the enhancement and automation of the production process and tasks being successfully completed rather than on the number of job employment opportunities, especially as automotive repetitive tasks provide more time available for much more creative and productive activities, which can result in the creation of even more new and creative job opportunities and profession that don’t currently exist. According to the Forum some 133 million new positions and job opportunities might be created along these lines However, businesses shouldn’t only set out to maximize profit with large scale deployment of automation processes and machines, but they must proactively seek new job opportunities and stimuli for their employees to help them advance their spectre of professional skill sets. Here’s how to join the robot revolution. 2. 5 What you’ll pay? If you have decided to buy a robot you have to search online at different sites such as auction sites, electronic stores and hobby shops, or seek out the components to build the robot type and shape based on your requirements. You will get different prices that depend on the number of sensors and motors, time of the processing speed, memory, battery life, and storage, etc. For example, the Walker robot shown in Figure 1 is an intelligent humanoid robot to ease your everyday household work and making life easier, smarter and more convenient. It has two seven degrees of freedom robotic arms which provide a wide range of arm movements, flexible manipulation and obstacle avoidance by using visual and first sensor. It can also maintain its body language while moving and carrying objects. Using gait planning and control it can adapt to complex surfaces and walk on any surface required easily by using advanced control algorithms and thus it can maintain stable control of its hands and arms while swiftly moving through the surrounding environment. With a new vision navigation system, this robot can recognize contour colour depth and others without any visual aids. Figure 1. Walker robot [5]. The first Williams- robot type worked with the now-discontinued Aibo-robot type as shown in Figure 2, a dog-like robot manufactured by Sony between 1999 and 2005. Figure 2. Aibo robot [6]. Aibo is a robotic pet that brings warmth with lovable behaviour and delights your everyday life. It is equipped with a 64-bit quad-core CPU which can deliver fast performance and interaction to provide you real dog-like experience.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: In sand lance (Ammodytes dubius), OA sensitivity was exhibited in some but not all of the several measured traits (Baumann et al. 2022). Perhaps stage-specific responses are influenced by changes in the natural environment experienced throughout development, as it may for Pacific cod, and/or a reflection of a complicated interaction between development and changing physiological capacities. Measurement endpoints in our and many other OA studies have focused on whole-animal responses including growth and mortality. These metrics are valuable for their ability to be more succinctly applied in stock assessments and used in broad understanding of global change biology. However, finer-scale physiological measurements can sometimes provide different insight into the consequence of high CO2 exposure. For example, some studies have shown that OA increased growth rates, but at the cost of impaired organ, tissue, or skeletal development (Frommel et al. 2012; Chambers et al. 2014). In walleye pollock, OA did not affect larval growth rates, but swim-bladder inflation was negatively affected (Hurst et al. 2021). Hurst et al. (2019) also showed disrupted lipid metabolism in larval Pacific cod under OA conditions. Furthermore, from a subset of larval Pacific cod sampled in this study, fish incubated at 6 °C and elevated CO2 downregulated β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity, indicating a potential disruption in the fatty acid metabolism under OA conditions (E. Slesinger, unpub. data). This demonstrates that sensitivity to OA may manifest at finer physiological scales than reflected in the whole-animal responses examined here. Future studies may benefit from investigating the effects of OA on more sensitive measurement endpoints in an effort to establish a comprehensive assessment of sensitivity to elevated CO2. Many of the responses of Pacific cod to OA were temperature-dependent and not consistent between temperature treatments. Where there was an effect of elevated CO2, the response tended to be positive at 3 °C, negative at 6 °C, and neutral at 10 °C. Temperature-dependent responses to OA have been found in multiple studies on early life stages of fish. Some multistressor studies demonstrated synergistic effects of OW and OA on larval fish where the combined effect of the two stressors led to a stronger response than at the level of the single stressor (Dahlke et al. 2017; Gobler et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Общество не несет ответственности за использование другими сторонами любой информации, предоставляемой Пользователем указанным сторонам посредством чатов, досок объявлений, тематических конференций и других средств общения данного Сайта.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: This robot has one main camera and another slanted camera in which animals need to memorize up to 200 different interactions and can recognize and respond appropriately to them. The Aibo-robot is also equipped with six sensors, a motion detector and a lie detector which enables the robot to detect obstacles and move flawlessly around the house. This robot has also four microphones, thus being able to hear and respond accurately to your voice commands. You can get this robot at around three thousand dollars and they are available online. robot, as shown in Figure 3, is the first robot that interacts with humans while providing a flawless connection between devices and your loved ones. It is equipped with a navigational robot system, 360-degree Lidar, true depth camera, RGB camera, 5 proximity sensors and real-time sensor fusion which analyses data and ensures autonomous navigation through a 3D mapping path, planning obstacle avoidance using detection and tracking its features at 10. 1 inches per second. LCD touch colour display with a pixel density up to 225 PPI, comprising a brushless DC motor and planetary gear with which it can autonomously track the face and tilt the screen with accuracy you to interact with a robot with the clarity it has a 13-megapixel high resolution which can record thousands of ATB videos at 30 FPS while providing two-way live conversation with their loved ones. Temi-robot has 20 Watt speakers with high fidelity equalizers which provide the best quality music. It also has four omni-directional i. e. , all-directional digital mics with real-time localization, in order to provide the best audio call experience. With built-in Alexa, one can command the TV to play music, place calls, check the weather and even control smartphone devices without leaving your comfort. Temi is a personal robot that you can order and get online for a price of some1500 dollars. Figure 3. Temi robot [7]. 2. 6 Speech recognitionTo create a humanoid robot to enable speech recognition one has to use different hardware and software elements. These elements are as follows: Python programming language, different AI packages like speech-recognition and chatter-pot that need to be integrated into a pocket PC such as Raspberry Pi. Nowadays, humanoid robots can recognize the words of multiple people speaking simultaneously, can get certain information from the internet and so on.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 2018; Villalobos et al. 2020). Other fish, such as larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), were negatively impacted by high CO2 at the colder temperatures but not affected at warmer temperatures (Sswat et al. 2018), whereas other species exhibited a consistent response to OA across multiple temperature treatments (Pimentel et al. 2016). Altogether, this temperature-dependent response is notable because it suggests Pacific cod may be impaired by OA when held at optimal temperatures, but that there is no additional negative effect from OA when Pacific cod are exposed to OW. Therefore, some species may exhibit a matrix of responses across a temperature x OA landscape, which is important to consider when projecting potential population impacts under varying climate change scenarios. Influences on species sensitivities to OAResults in this study differed from the previous and only other study of OA effects on Pacific cod larvae (Hurst et al. 2019). Hurst et al. (2019) found a negative effect of OA on growth at 2 weeks post-hatch and a positive effect at 5 weeks post-hatch. In contrast, Pacific cod in this study were positively affected by OA at ~ 2 weeks post-hatch, and there was no effect of OA at 5 weeks post-hatch. In addition to differences in the direction of the response to OA, the two studies also differed in general trends in size and growth. Overall, there was slower growth in this study within both CO2 treatments and life stages when compared to growth in Hurst et al. (2019), which may have been driven by slightly lower incubation temperatures (6 °C this study; 7. 4 °C Hurst et al. (2019)). In this study, CO2 exposure was initiated 72 h after fertilization while in Hurst et al. (2019), embryos were incubated at ambient CO2 and exposed to elevated CO2 levels starting at 3 DPH. cod in this study, slower growth in the elevated CO2 treatment compared to fish in Hurst et al. (2019) may have been a consequence of prolonged CO2 exposure, but does not explain slower growth between the ambient CO2 treatments across the two studies. Broodstock origin may have also contributed to the observed differences. In this study, wild fish were used to produce gametes while Hurst et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Безопасность Общество реализует политики, правила и принимает технические меры безопасности для защиты личных сведений, находящихся под контролем Общества, в полном соответствии с законодательством по обеспечению конфиденциальности и защите данных, которое относится к юрисдикции, применимой к Сайту.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: Certain types of them can be used in halls and offices and can communicate with many people [8]. Nao humanoid robot is also able to see, talk and hear. Nao can also naturally interact with humans. A shown in Figure 4, it has 4 built-in microphones and loudspeakers, 2 cameras. Nao can learn and adapt to almost every interaction and becomes more and more intelligent with time and empirics i. e. , experience. He remembers answers and content and can immediately use them again in similar situations. It acquired its skills through a programming interface to IBM Watson’s Language, Vision, Speech and Data APIs. These present almost endless possibilities for further development. Figure 4. Nao robot [9]. from shown in Figure 5 is a good example of how the AI is implemented in humanoid robots. Within its System it has some unstructured language learning as well as statistical natural language learning and natural language generation, but for some answers she might go to the Web, and some of the answers, might go to natural language learning. However some answers might enter into its robotic personality and hence it can behave similar to a human. The above-mentioned components that are implemented in the hardware and software are not distinct things, the real cracks of intelligence are in fact how they come and interact together to form an entire architectural organism as shown in Figure 5. The AI algorithms are included in for reasoning (logics), learning, perception and interaction, all of which as a whole inter-operates together in a complex way of communication and interaction with humans. Figure 5. Robot [10]. Advertisement 3. Humanoid robot testingTRI – the Institute was founded in 2016. Their role is to perform research, identify and create new capabilities Toyota intends to have in the future [11]. Toyota is trying to approach the future from a human-centred perspective with the goal of facilitating and bringing significant amount of fulfilment and happiness preferable to a majority of people of all walks of life on a basic i. e. fundamental level. This pursuit is based on a powerful idea that is contained even in some prominent constitutions that each person’s life should strive towards happiness, meaning and purpose. In Japan, this is called Ikigai. Studies of Ikigai teach people that they feel most fulfilment when their lives incorporate work that they love and help society to enable more people to achieve their Ikigai.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: (2019) sourced their larvae from embryos produced by laboratory broodstock that had been maintained at Science Center’s laboratory in. While both parental groups were originally sourced from coastal waters off the adults in Hurst et al. (2019) had been held in the laboratory facilities for several years prior to their use in the experiment. Parental quality and/or environmental history immediately prior to the spawning season could have contributed to the differing larval sensitivities seen between the two studies. Despite differences in methods and specific responses, the results are consistent in demonstrating stage-specific responses to elevated CO2 and that the growth effects of OA are modest – in comparison to thermal effects – and most apparent during the earliest stages of development. The limitations of collecting and shipping wild adult Pacific cod restricted us to use the eggs from one female for this study. As such, the results here may not represent the entire population-wide responses of Pacific cod sourced from multiple parental lines. Maternal affects can lead to changes in the response of offspring to environmental stressors (Stiasny et al. 2018), and as such, these results may not represent the entire population. The use of wild broodstock-sourced embryos can mitigate potential confounding factors associated with fish in routine laboratory husbandry. For example, laboratory vs wild-caught fish can differ in lipid storage (Copeman et al. 2020). Future studies would benefit by testing more wild-caught samples to confirm the generality of the response observed here. Pacific cod embryos and larvae were not under food limitation throughout the duration of the experiment. Other studies have shown that OA resiliency wanes under low food quantity or quality (Gobler et al. 2018; Stiasny et al. 2018). Food availability is also important to consider in the context of ocean warming, where the mortality rates at 10 °C could be even higher under food limitation (Koenker et al. 2018). In some cases, feeding treatment can be a dominant driver in multistressor experiments (Hurst et al. 2017, 2019). Interactions between OW, OA, and food are nontrivial as food can influence Pacific cod survival under different warming scenarios (Copeman and Laurel 2010; Laurel et al. 2011, 2021), and prey items in the environment may themselves be more sensitive to OA (Fabry et al. 2009; Melzner et al. 2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Разработаны меры безопасности по предотвращению доступа, ненадлежащего использования или раскрытия, изменения, незаконного уничтожения или случайной потери данных. Дети Настоящий Сайт не предназначен для детей и не ориентирован на них. Общество преднамеренно не собирает сведения, поступающие от детей.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: They pursue new forms of automation in society with a human touch to develop capabilities that amplify, rather than replace human ability. This is Toyota’s historic philosophy of Jidoka, an idea that embraces the concept of (AI), in other words, the human, and the machine work together in order to do something better than if either one of them could do on their own. They are currently pursuing this vision in four research areas: and Discovery, and Cognition [11]. TRI vision and mission are focused on solving the problem of how technologies can enhance and ease the human experience bringing forth a higher quality of life, independence and happiness. TRI envisions a future where Toyota products can improve the quality of life for societies around the world with an outstanding performance and contribution, their mission being the development of automated driving, robotics and other human enhancement and amplification technology from Toyota. Technological capabilities that will help people navigate safely from their kitchen to their living rooms, or safely across town, and most importantly, by providing this kind of human amplification technology, they hope to make the quality of life for everyone much better [11]. A growing number of Japanese businesses are testing robots as a viable solution to the country’s shrinking workforce. They’re popping up in stores, banks and soon are expected also in hotels. Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ is testing Nao, a robotic client service that answers basic questions and is designed to speak 19 languages. Multilingual polyglot robotics has been planned to serve foreign clients during the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. By the time, the bank hopes to have even more robots on its staff. Pepper is a humanoid robot talking to clients. A humanoid has human-like features, for example, arms, legs as well as a head - but it is designed to look like a robot. hopes Pepper will be a family robot, as in the Jetsons cartoons. A hotel planned to open at Park in Nagasaki this summer aims to have 10 robots as staff members and soon to increase the number to more than 90 percent of hotel services being provided by robots as shown in Figure 6. Figure 6. Robot chief in preparing the pancakes [12]. Today’s innovation may be the necessity of tomorrow. Japan has an aging population that has fuelled heated debates about the involvement of robots in the state’s workforce.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsResults presented here suggest that Pacific cod embryos and larvae were more sensitive to OW than OA. These results are consistent with the findings from other OW-OA multistressor studies on marine fish early life stages (Leo et al. 2018; Cominassi et al. 2019). Of the few instances where there was an effect of OA at a specific temperature, the duration of the response was stage-specific and ephemeral, rarely lasting the full experimental timeframe. Positive effects of OA at the earliest life stages (embryos) may reflect the naturally higher CO2 levels of benthic environments of the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. These positive effects waned as fish aged, which also coincides with the transition of larvae inhabiting surface waters post-hatch. The single instance of a negative effect of OA reported here occurred at 6 °C, which is near optimal temperatures for this species. Importantly, Pacific cod did not exhibit synergistic or additive responses to combined OW and OA, suggesting OW is likely a more prominent threat in future ocean conditions. More sensitive metrics that focus on metabolism, development, or energetics, may illuminate additional responses to OA that are not evident in whole-animal metrics measured here. Continued research on the combined effects of OW and OA on Pacific cod will be important for the improvement of predictions under climate change scenarios necessary for future management of this commercially important species. Data availability All data from this project will be made publically available through NOAA’s for at 1333. Bay. K, (2005) Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 110:1–12550. ( 10. 3389/fmars. 2018. 0008610. 3389/fmars. 2023. 124040481. Technical memorandum. NMFS F/NWC-44. Fisheries Center. , 98115-0070, 50p 10. 1007/s00227-021-03924-w10. 1016/j. pocean. 2021. 10255510. 1093/conphys/coy0502. 13(1):e0191947. J 127:e2021JC017424005. This research was conducted at NOAA’s Laboratory in Newport, Oregon.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Однако программное обеспечение, используемое для поддержания работы настоящего Сайта, автоматически не отличает посетителей моложе 18 лет от остальных пользователей, поэтому Общество требует, чтобы лица моложе 18 лет получили согласие родителя, опекуна, учителя или библиотекаря на просмотр настоящего Сайта.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: A survey by home service operator found that more seniors feel comfortable being nursed by a robot than when receiving services from a foreign nurse. The number of elderly citizens in Japan is steadily increasing, thus bringing about a real need for humanoid service robots to help them out in dealing and taking care of various home tasks. In a country where the population is shrinking due to various reasons, where the workforce is shrinking and there is considerable resistance to an influx of immigrants as in Japan, it appears that robots may play a very big role in their future [13]. 3. 1 Pepper robot understands the emotionsOne group that seems to want to embrace robots are elderly citizens of Japan who are cared for by robots. Using emotion recognition functions, the Pepper robot, released in February 2015, can understand and respond to people who joke, dance, and even make rep music in the Japanese language, see Figure 7. Pepper robot is 1. 20 meters tall, has been designed by and can handle a conversation with people. Figure 7. Pepper robot at the working place [14]. It can analyse human expressions, voice tones and gestures, thereby enabling them to respond. This type of robot can serve for education, health and entertainment purposes, its primary purpose however being not hard work, but home entertainment or shopping. Pepper is the ideal robot for a family and can very quickly become the family of those individuals living alone and feeling lonely in their households, as it makes the elderly feel very comfortable in their interactions with these types of humanoid robots. In this context it should be mentioned that the Japanese society is prone to a friendly approach in its relations to robots in general and humanoid robots in particular. This is related also to their history and especially their world famous manga books. Advertisement 4. The gesture-based remote human-robot using Kinect4. 1 Structure of the control systemKinect is a line of motion sensing input device signals produced by Microsoft. Initially, the Kinect was developed as a gaming accessory for Xbox 360 and video game consoles and PCs shown in Figure 8. Figure 8. Kinect sensor [15]. sensor is comprised of three sensors: an infrared projector, an infrared camera and RGB camera to capture high resolution 3D images. sensor is a popular sensor for robotics due to the advanced capabilities it offers for the human-robot interaction. sensor is a major innovation in robotics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractAs the oceans absorb anthropogenic CO2 they become more acidic, a problem termed ocean acidification (OA). Since this increase in CO2 is occurring rapidly, OA may have profound implications for marine ecosystems. In the temperate northeast Pacific, fisheries play key economic and cultural roles and provide significant employment, especially in rural areas. Columbia (BC), sport (recreational) fishing generates more income than commercial fishing (including the expanding aquaculture industry). Salmon (fished recreationally and farmed) and are responsible for the majority of fishery-related income. This region naturally has relatively acidic (low pH) waters due to ocean circulation, and so may be particularly vulnerable to OA. We have analyzed available data to provide a current description of the marine ecosystem, focusing on vertical distributions of commercially harvested groups in BC in the context of local carbon and pH conditions. We then evaluated the potential impact of OA on this temperate marine system using currently available studies. Our results highlight significant knowledge gaps. Above trophic levels 2–3 (where most local fishery-income is generated), little is known about the direct impact of OA, and more importantly about the combined impact of multi-stressors, like temperature, that are also changing as our climate changes. There is evidence that OA may have indirect negative impacts on finfish through changes at lower trophic levels and in habitats. In particular, OA may lead to increased fish-killing algal blooms that can affect the lucrative salmon aquaculture industry. On the other hand, some species of locally farmed shellfish have been well-studied and exhibit significant negative direct impacts associated with OA, especially at the larval stage. We summarize the direct and indirect impacts of OA on all groups of marine organisms in this region and provide conclusions, ordered by immediacy and certainty. Citation: (2015) Effects of on and Fisheries in the Northeast Pacific. 10(2): e0117533. Editor: (Rajan), University of : July 29, 2014; Accepted: December 23, 2014; Published: February 11, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Haigh et al. This is an open access 2011. pdf (ref 34) and (for euphausiids) from (ref 39). We include the data in the R code used to make this figure in S4 Code.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Если Общество обнаруживает, что ребенок разместил личные сведения на данном Сайте, то принимает разумные меры для удаления таких сведений из файлов компании. Условия пользования, уведомления и новые редакции политики Если Пользователь решает посетить данный Сайт, посещение и любой спор в отношении сохранения конфиденциальности регламентируются настоящими Общими условиями.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humanoid robots are being developed to perform tasks in environments that are designed for humans, such as households or offices. [SEP] Text: With the use of dedicated software, users can easily control the movements of a robot by using an and their bodies to dictate and instruct the desired modalities. 4. 2 Software descriptionA v2 camera is used to track human motion using skeleton tracking. This technique has some limitations on tracking particular motions, especially motions of the palm of the hand that cannot yet be recognized. For example, the motion primitive “close hand” can be commanded while remotely operating the arm to hover over the grasping position. An online tracking system has been developed to control the arm of a Bioloid robot using Kinect sensor. The task of this work was hand-guiding robot arms using v2. This objective has been achieved using a Kinect v2 and a Bioloid robot, which is a humanoid robot with 18 degrees of freedom (DOF) in total. The joint motions of the operator’s arms and legs in the real world captured by a Kinect camera can be transferred into the workspace mathematically via forward and inverse kinematics, realistically through data-based UDP connection between the robot and Kinect sensor. The user assumes a specific pose to initiate a skeletal tracking. After the tracking begins, the user can start controlling the robot. After turning the motors on, the user can operate the robot remotely. The initial location of the user becomes the origin of the control coordinate system. Advertisement 5. Connecting the Bioloid robot with KinectThis system consists of both hardware and software. The way it functions is by capturing the user gestures, processing them and sending the processed signal further to the humanoid robot. Initially, the user makes a certain body gesture maintaining it for a short period of time [16]. sensor is then used to capture the depth image of the user and recognizes the gesture by tracking the user’s skeleton. This stage is called the image capturing stage. The depth image captured is processed into a computer in order to obtain an approximation of the positions of each body joint. In the gesture recognition stage, the angle between some of the body joints are then calculated and used as features for gesture classification. Once the correct gesture is recognized robot will then execute the motion correlating it with the recognized gesture [16]. The robot receives the command via a wireless interface. A built in mechanism is also embedded in by the PC with additional stability control to maintain the balance while moving and giving it the ability to get back up from potential falls autonomously [17].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Phytoplankton species that are harmful to higher trophic levels are also common in the region. Large blooms of diatoms from the genus Pseudo-nitzschia occur on the outer coast (e. g. [56, 57]) while the dinoflagellate Alexandrium is more prolific in protected locations [58]. Both Pseudo-nitzschia and Alexandrium produce neurotoxins that bioaccumulate in higher trophic levels. These toxins can interfere with the reproductive success of fish, seabirds, and mammals and cause mass mortalities [59, 60]. They are also responsible for numerous seasonal shellfish closures in BC ( Additionally, significant blooms of Heterosigma akashiwo occur in protected waterways [61, 62]. Heterosigma releases peroxide free radicals into the water [63], which damage fish gill tissue [64, 65] and cause significant mortality and monetary losses (millions of dollars per year) to salmon aquaculture in BC [66]. Thus, harmful algae already pose a threat to health and food safety along the BC coast [58]. Direct effects There have been numerous studies on phytoplankton related to OA (S1 Table) and a variety of responses have been observed depending on the species and the experimental treatment (e. g. [67–70]). Although natural conditions in most coastal environments, including the BC coast (Figs. 1 & 2), cover an exceptionally large range in carbon states and consequently pH (e. g. [6, 27, 71]), experiments in the field are challenging to complete. Thus, most studies have been conducted in the laboratory, often using a single strain of cultured phytoplankton. Also, because coccolithophores calcify (and at least some are easy to culture), they have been studied disproportionately. We sample a relatively small subset of this body of literature to summarise results of most relevance to the mixed, often diatom-dominated, community in the region and briefly describe the current understanding of the mechanisms involved. Species specific responses by primary producers, including phytoplankton, to increases in ambient CO2 are highly dependent on their carbon-uptake mechanism.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Общество сохраняет за собой право вносить изменения в настоящую политику без уведомления Пользователей. Если Пользователь продолжает пользоваться Сайтом после внесения изменений в данную политику, это означает, что Пользователь принимает такие изменения. Порядок действий при возникновении технических проблем Что именно надо сообщить о технической проблеме: Укажите тему запроса. Тема должна отражать краткую суть проблемы.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionThere is growing evidence for the claim that we react differently to robots than we do to other objects. Footnote 1 In particular, we react differently to robots with which we have some form of social interaction. In this paper I critically engage with the claim that, due to our tendency to become emotionally attached to social robots, permitting their harm may be damaging for society and for this reason we should consider introducing legislation to grant social robots rights and protect them from harm. Footnote 2Footnote 3A social robot is one that engages with human beings on a social level. The therapeutic health care baby seal PARO (Physically-Assistive Robot) was designed with social interaction in mind. PARO is intended to be a companion to dementia patients and has been found to have a number of benefits within the healthcare system for both the patient and the caregiver. Footnote 4 It elicits an emotional response from patients and engenders attachment by interacting in a way that is human or pet-like. Other examples of the introduction of social robots into our environment include the NAO robot, designed to engage with autistic children, and social robots that are designed to aid weight loss. Footnote 5 While these technologies were designed explicitly for social engagement, there are other robots that have been found to provoke an attachment in humans despite this not being an intended design feature. The vacuum cleaner Roomba, for example, has been found to provoke anthropomorphic associations and feelings of attachment. Footnote 6Numerous studies have shown that when robots react to our interactions, when they move in animal-like ways, when they have familiar facial expressions or when ‘framing conditions’ are right this provokes an attachment in us and a corresponding emotional response. Footnote 7, Footnote 8 Further studies detailing the attachment of military personnel to their robots during exercises evidence that this response can be surprisingly strong. Footnote 9In making the case against permitting the harming of social robots, Darling (2016: 225) highlights the human distress reaction. One example she gives is of the response to the circulation of social robot ‘torture’ videos online, with many viewers reporting being distraught and accusing the video makers of cruelty. Darling also describes an experiment she conducted in an academic workshop, where participants were given small robotic dinosaurs and instructed to hit or damage them.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: In contrast, growth rates for some phytoplankton species reach a maximum value at the low end of present-day PCO2 in the upper mixed layer on the outer BC coast (Fig. 2) assuming a salinity of 31–32 [81]. For other species (including several diatoms) these rates remain invariant under elevated PCO2 [83]. Competition may be more subtle. For instance, some experiments have shown an increase in the proportion of diatoms relative to smaller phytoplankton with increased PCO2 (e. g. [84]) while others show the opposite effect (e. g. [85]). In addition, Tortell et al. [86] found that the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis could outcompete diatoms at reduced PCO2 even though both groups have efficient CCMs. Finally, it has been suggested that at least one motile species (H. akashiwo) will swim faster under OA and deepen its vertical distribution [87], which may give it (and any species that can take advantage of its absence nearer to the surface) an additional competitive advantage. Factors associated with climate change, including OA, are expected to increase the frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms [88]. In addition, the production of potent neurotoxins—domoic acid by common and sometimes prolific diatom species of Pseudo-nitzschia, and saxitoxin by dinoflagellate species of Alexandrium—has been shown to increase markedly under OA conditions [89–91]. In fact, domoic acid production in (at least some) Pseudo-nitzschia spp. increases dramatically (5–50× per cell) as PCO2 increases [92, 93]. Coccolithophores (prymnesiophytes) are the major calcifiers in the phytoplankton community [94, 95]. The most commonly studied species is Emiliania huxleyi, and although it appears to be less prevalent locally in the coastal zone (Fig. 1 in [94]), it plays an important role in the [54]. Numerous experiments (most in vitro, some in situ) on Emiliania have been conducted to determine the effects of carbonate chemistry on calcification. Most (but not all, e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Примеры тем: Ошибка при подаче статьи в журнал; Не удается сгенерировать договор; Не могу войти на портал; Какие темы писать не надо: «Ошибка! »; «Вопрос»; «Срочно! ». Это никак не ускорит обработку заявки, но потребует больше времени для её обработки. Опишите проблему. Чем подробнее описана проблема, тем проще разобраться в ее причинах.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: The participants were clearly uncomfortable with carrying out the request, despite knowing that the robots cannot feel pain and despite this being an academic setting so, plausibly, not just for fun. Footnote 10 For Darling, our emotional reaction towards the destruction of social robots must be a significant factor in determining the morally permissible behaviour towards these objects within our society—our reaction is an indicator that we find this behaviour morally repugnant and that, as such, we should give consideration to the case for preparing new legislation that extends rights to social robots. The particular focus of this paper is Darling’s claim that permitting the harming of social robots might damage the moral character of society and lead to an increased tendency towards violent behaviour or bring about significant secondary or indirect harms. Footnote 11 puts forward a similar argument for robot rights: […] because we will regard such robots with affection and even love, it is reasonable to assume that we will treat robots in other ways similar to those we currently reserve for humans (and, in the case of some people, to pet animals), for example by regarding these robots as having rights. […] I believe that the way we treat human like (artificially) conscious robots will affect those around us by setting our own behaviour towards those robots as an example of how one should treat other human beings. (Levy, 2009: 214) There are other arguments that can be engaged with regarding granting robot rights. For example, as robots become more widespread and we increasingly work and live in partnership with them, we might think that the depth of the human-robot relationship itself could be a basis for the granting of moral standing or legal protection. Footnote 12 (2021), I critically engage with the argument that our emotional reaction towards and ability to build relationships with social robots should lead to the granting of moral or legal rights. In this paper I consider four potential arguments for the claim that violent behaviour towards robots should be restricted on the basis of the potential indirect harm to ethical society. Footnote 13 In section two, I critically consider the Kantian claim that permitting the poor treatment of social robots might reinforce human bad behaviour and encourage humans to treat living things poorly. In section three, I note that extending the Kantian argument relies on our thinking of social robots in a particular way, which depends on an unsupported analogy between social robots and animals. I outline the model of social robots Sweeney, (2021) as an alternative to the domesticated animal analogy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: [96, 97]) suggest decreasing calcification at lower pH values (e. g. [70, 98]). Although much remains unknown (e. g. [20, 99]), the consensus is that OA will decrease calcification [69]. This observation is reinforced by mesocosm experiments that manipulate coccolithophore populations [67, 100] and by paleolithic records [101]. Phytoplankton synopsis We conclude that the overall impact on ecosystems and fisheries due to changes in the phytoplankton community in our region will be negative. While a modest increase in primary production is anticipated (so a direct positive benefit to phytoplankton, Fig. 4A), this increase is not likely to benefit higher trophic levels due to expected shifts in species composition (away from diatoms) and decreased nutritional value of the plankton. More importantly, the fish-killing alga Heterosigma akashiwo may gain a competitive advantage, which would seriously threaten salmon aquaculture. In addition, increasing PCO2 has been shown to alter the mix of neurotoxins produced by genera such as Pseudo-nitzschia and Alexandrium to favour the more potent forms, posing a significant threat to higher trophic levels and the shellfish industry as well as overall food safety. groups of macroalgae are delineated by their pigmentation: green, brown, and red algae, all of which are common in BC. In particular, brown algae constitute the majority of the biomass in intertidal and upper subtidal zones, and are dominated by kelps and rockweeds [102]. Brown algae have soft fleshy morphologies, and both green and red algal groups contain species with hard, calcified structures. Calcified red algae have two morphologies, crust-forming on substrate, and erect and branched. Both red and green algae are found in the intertidal and upper subtidal zones, but red algae extend down to the lower photic zone [103]. The large-blade (brown) macroalgae (e. g. Laminaria, Macrocystis) that form dense kelp forests along temperate coasts, common in BC, are the basis of some of the most productive ecosystems on Earth [103, 104].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Что надо указать: Что вы делали, перед тем как проблема возникла: Выполнил(а) вход в личный кабинет; Какой вы ожидали результат: Должен был открыться личный кабинет; Какой результат вы получили: Возникла такая-то ошибка, вылезло окошко с текстом и пр. В подписи укажите ФИО, название организации, город, контактный номер телефона для связи. Сопроводите обращение уточняющей информацией: Когда проблема возникла (Дата/Время).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extreme weather events, like hurricanes and heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. [SEP] Text: September 01 2023 Connecting extreme weather events to climate change Advances in attribution science are improving understanding of human influence on our planet. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1063/PT. 3. 5309 Open the PDF for in another window and Connecting extreme weather events to climate change. 1 September 2023; 76 (9): 40–46. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search his house in Oxford, UK, was flooded by an exceptionally rainy storm in January 2003, proposed that the anthropogenic influence on severe weather events could be quantified. 1 Before that, most climate scientists avoided discussing how human activity affected individual extreme weather events. Rather, they would deflect, saying, for example, “While no individual event can be tied to climate change, whatever happened is consistent with expectations. ” That statement is no longer true. Using extreme-event attribution techniques, it is now possible to make quantitative statements about the human influence on many classes of individual weather and climate events. View largeDownload slide. COM/E4CView largeDownload slide. COM/E4C Close modal In 2003, shortly after Allen’s proposal, central Europe experienced a disastrous heat wave that caused more than 70 000 excess deaths. At the time, using a high-quality record of European temperatures and a single climate model, Allen and colleagues estimated that climate change at least doubled the chances of the measured high daytime temperatures. 2 Since then, the field of extreme-weather-event attribution has expanded to include not just heat waves but also floods, droughts, heavy precipitation, and certain extreme storms, such as hurricanes (reference 3, 2017. (Courtesy of US Guard/Staff Sgt. Daniel J. Martinez. )View largeDownload slidePort Arthur, Texas, was devastated by the overwhelming amount of precipitation from in 2017. (Courtesy of US Guard/Staff Sgt. Daniel J. Martinez. ) Close modal A second technique, known as Granger causality, after the econometrician Clive Granger, can be useful when direct interference in the experiment is undesirable or impossible. In epidemiology, for instance, a study of heart disease in a selected population might consider obesity, smoking habits, family history, and other relevant causal factors. A statistical model that involves those factors as variables can provide information on their possible influence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: These forests provide extensive shelter from predation, desiccation and wave action, as well as food, for hundreds of species with representatives from most taxonomic groups [105]. Calcified red algae provide similar protective structures, that are especially important for invertebrate species (e. g. urchins and anemones) [106]. Direct effects As with phytoplankton, many macroalgal species use carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to help transport and accumulate the CO2 required for carbon assimilation [107]. Those relatively rare species without CCMs (most of which are red algae) rely on passive diffusion of CO2 [108, 109] and so may experience enhanced photosynthesis and growth under OA, whereas those that have CCMs are likely to show no, or only small, positive effects due to reduced energy expenditure [107, 110]. Responses to elevated PCO2 (Table 1) may be more significant at depths where light levels are reduced because energy constrains photosynthesis and CCMs are energetically expensive, though these effects are likely to be species-specific [110]. In addition, UVB (Ultraviolet B, 280–315 nm) exposure near the water surface tends to be harmful to some macroalgae, reducing the positive response to elevated PCO2 [111]. The ultimate effects of OA on photosynthesis and growth of macroalgae will likely depend on interactions with light exposure, UV radiation, and other stressors. There has been less research concerning reproduction and life stages; however, it has been suggested that OA will result in reduced gametophyte growth of giant kelp [112]. For calcifying macroalgae, elevated PCO2 affects the ability to build and maintain the calcified component of their tissues [108]. For example, Hofmann et al. [113] observed reduced calcification and growth for a cosmopolitan species of red algae when exposed to elevated PCO2 over a 4-week period (S2 Table). Calcifying red algae are particularly sensitive to OA because unlike most calcifying green algae and invertebrates, red algae deposit a high-magnesium form of calcite into their cell walls, that is more soluble in acidified water than other forms of calcite [28]. However, Kroeker et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Как часто появляется; Приложите скриншот (снимок экрана) с ошибкой, если это возможно. Объем отправляемого сообщения, включая все приложения к нему, не должен превышать 15 Мб. В противном случае ваши письма будут отсечены системой; Укажите адрес домена, на котором вы работаете. Как не надо писать обращения, такие обращения рассматриваются в последнюю очередь: «Ничего не работает! Срочно почините! »; «У меня тут программа раньше работала, а потом перестала.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extreme weather events, like hurricanes and heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. [SEP] Text: For climate, scientists have developed extreme-value statistical models using greenhouse gas concentrations, air pollution, urbanization, El Niño, and other natural modes of variability as covariates to isolate their relative influence on extreme weather. and Granger causal-inference techniques have their strengths and limitations. Granger causal inference may lead to the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy—that correlation does not necessarily imply causality. Additionally, the influence of unspecified covariates must be considered. causal inference relies on models, one must first ascertain whether the model is fit for the purpose at hand. Many extreme weather events are poorly simulated when available public climate model data sets are used, and thus those data sets are unsuitable for attribution studies. Confidence in attribution statements is increased when both Granger and Pearl causal-inference techniques can be invoked and produce similar results. Confidence is further increased when multiple independent research groups use different models, observations, and methods and arrive at similar conclusions. One motivation for performing extreme-event attribution studies is to satisfy the public’s curiosity about how climate change affects them. But an equally important motivation is gaining insight into the physical mechanisms behind the changes in extreme weather events. Borrowing concepts from epidemiology, scientists hope to untangle and quantify the different causal factors. The ongoing work focuses on answering two questions: “Did climate change affect the magnitude of an event of a given estimated rarity? ” and “Did climate change cause the chances of an event of an observed high magnitude to change? ” Extreme heat Those two questions are two sides of the same coin, as illustrated by the abnormally hot temperatures in Texas during the summer of 2011. Figure 1a shows observed Texas summer temperature departures (purple) from the average of the 1961–90 temperatures. Two simulations are shown, one with realistic human changes to the atmospheric composition (orange)—mainly well-mixed greenhouse gas increases, stratospheric ozone decreases, and aerosol pollution—and the other counterfactual (green), in which temperatures are cooler because it doesn’t include the effect of human changes. Both the observations and the predicted data in the realistic model trend upward. The absence of such a trend in the counterfactual simulation reveals that there is an attributable human influence on Texas summer temperatures. Increasingly hot summers are expected. Yet the 2011 temperature, shown by the black dot, was about 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: [36] found no consistent change in calcification at elevated PCO2 levels for a suite of calcifying macroalgae, perhaps because many species are able to generate microenvironments suitable for calcification despite increases in ambient PCO2 [114–117]. Indeed, the observed reductions in growth with elevated PCO2 (e. g. [113]) may result from the increased dissolution of carbonate skeletons rather than reduced production [117]. These effects are likely to interact with other stressors, such as UV radiation and temperature [118]. For example, Gao and Zheng [119] suggest that the carbonate skeleton of the same red algal species serves as a protective layer against UV; thus, CO2 induced shell dissolution may increase vulnerability to detrimental effects of UV radiation [119]. Indirect effects Changes in macroalgal community composition are anticipated given the diversity of responses to OA among species. In general, non-calcifying macroalgae (especially those that rely on diffusion of CO2 instead of CCMs) are expected to experience increased competitive success compared with calcifying macroalgae [110], resulting in an overall shift of community composition toward non-calcifying species [36]. Furthermore, studies on CO2-enriched waters surrounding seafloor vents elsewhere support this hypothesis [120]. Most research has focused on losses of crust-forming calcified red algae in particular and replacement with non-calcifying turf-forming algal communities (i. e. species that reach heights of <15cm [121]) [36, 115, 122]. In BC, crust-forming red algae release chemical cues that play an important role in the settlement of some invertebrate larvae (e. g. abalone [123, 124]), and they bond substrata to provide stable habitats for other benthic species [106], but the resulting ecosystem effects under OA remain highly uncertain. Likewise, the ecological effects of possible declines in erect calcified red macroalgae and replacement by fleshy macroalgal species have received little attention (but see [113, 125]). In addition to competition, herbivory is another key factor structuring macroalgal communities [126]. Rates of herbivory on macroalgae depend on palatability and the presence of hard carbonate structures for algal defence [127]. OA may reduce structural protection thereby increasing grazing on calcified species [115].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Когда снова заработает? »; «Я не могу работать. Позвоните мне! ». Сколько обращений надо написать? Необходимо придерживаться правила «одна ошибка — один запрос в поддержку». Если у вас две разных проблемы — «поправить контент» и «разместить свежий выпуск журнала» — сделайте две заявки. Нельзя создавать несколько обращений, посвященных одной проблеме чаще, чем раз в два часа. Повторные заявки замедляют работу техподдержки. Время обработки заявки?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extreme weather events, like hurricanes and heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. [SEP] Text: 5 °C warmer than the average summer and was considered a rare, 1-in-30-year event at the time. Figure 1. View largeDownload slideDeparture from average summer temperatures in Texas. (a) A realistic historical simulation (orange) and a cooler counterfactual climate without anthropogenic climate change (green) are compared with the observations (purple). The black dot represents the observed value of 2. 467 °C for 2011. The solid lines represent the smoothed temperature anomalies. (Adapted from ref. 6. ) (b) Simulations show the likelihood of Texas summer surface air temperature in a realistic climate (orange) and the cooler counterfactual climate (green). A return value (maximum temperature) has a 1/(return time) chance of being met or exceeded in a given year. The dashed line indicates that the observed temperature was a 1-in-30-year event in 2011, and it was 1. 5 °C warmer than it would’ve been without climate change. Figure 1. View largeDownload slideDeparture from average summer temperatures in Texas. (a) A realistic historical simulation (orange) and a cooler counterfactual climate without anthropogenic climate change (green) are compared with the observations (purple). The black dot represents the observed value of 2. 467 °C for 2011. The solid lines represent the smoothed temperature anomalies. (Adapted from ref. 6. ) (b) Simulations show the likelihood of Texas summer surface air temperature in a realistic climate (orange) and the cooler counterfactual climate (green). A return value (maximum temperature) has a 1/(return time) chance of being met or exceeded in a given year. The dashed line indicates that the observed temperature was a 1-in-30-year event in 2011, and it was 1. 5 °C warmer than it would’ve been without climate change. Close modal To answer the two event-attribution questions about changes in event magnitude and frequency, one needs to turn to the climate-model data. Figure 1b shows the return values of average summer temperatures in Texas as a function of time. The return value is the highest average temperature expected to be reached once in a given period of time, known as the return time. The solid orange line, representing the realistic simulation, reveals that an average temperature of 34 °C would occur once in 30 years.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: For non-calcified species, OA may increase C:N ratios possibly reducing palatability and hence grazing pressure [115]. However, OA will likely be detrimental to many herbivores, especially calcified species such as echinoderms and molluscs (see below), with resulting beneficial effects on some macroalgal species (e. g. [128], Mediterranean Sea, S3 Table). Given these potential impacts, Harley et al. [115] suggest that in the ecosystem, which includes the may result in a shift from diverse nearshore communities consisting of kelp canopies, understory turf assemblages, crust-forming calcifying algae, and calcifying invertebrates (e. g. urchins), to communities dominated by kelp and macroalgal turfs. Where kelp canopies have been lost due to other natural or anthropogenic disturbances (e. g. indirect effects of commercial harvest of fish species as found for large regions of the northeast Pacific, [129]), OA may prevent kelp recovery by facilitating expansion of algal turfs which inhibit kelp recruitment [130], as found along the Australian coast [131]. Kelp is the dominant primary producer among macroalgal species in BC, providing food and habitat for commercially important fish species, such as Pacific salmon [132, 133]. However, because responses of benthic communities to OA are highly species-dependent, the results of these studies cannot be extrapolated to other regions with high confidence [115]. In addition to community-level effects from altered competition and herbivory, OA may slow decay rates of some kelp species including those commonly found in BC (e. g. bull kelp, Nereocystis leutkeana), which could indirectly affect detritivore consumption and nutrient cycling [111]. This delay may result in the accumulation of phytodetritus, possibly reducing food availability for consumers in nearshore waters. Macroalgae synopsis The direct effect of OA is hypothesised to be positive on non-calcifying species due to enhanced availability of CO2 for carbon assimilation, but negative for calcifying species due to reduced growth and dissolution of protective shells (Fig. 4A). Community composition may shift from calcifying macroalgae species toward non-calcifying species, with an inhibition in the recovery of depleted kelp populations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Задания выполняются в порядке живой очереди, обычно выполнение работ занимает от нескольких часов до трех-четырех дней. Пожалуйста, не пишите в выполненные и закрытые задания, даже если это слово «Спасибо». Нам очень приятно, но это вносит беспорядок в систему отчетов и управления заданиями. Пожалуйста, четко формулируйте свой вопрос или задание.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extreme weather events, like hurricanes and heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. [SEP] Text: In the counterfactual simulation, shown by the green line, the average temperature occurring once every 30 years would be just over 32 °C. Thus the answer to the first question is that climate change increased the average temperature of a 1-in-30-year event by about 2 °C. To answer the second question about the change in rarity, one needs to estimate chances of an average temperature of 34. 2 °C without any climate change. The observed temperature is near the upper bound of the counterfactual distribution, and the return time is estimated to be 66 million years. Publishing an attribution statement based on that estimate would be unwise, however, because the uncertainties from extrapolating out that far are extreme. Best practice is to put uncertainty bounds on the ratio of those return times. Using a likelihood ratio test, scientists can place a 95% confidence interval of 16 to infinity on the ratio of counterfactual to observed return times. In plain language, climate change increased the chances of the observed 2011 Texas summer temperature by at least a factor of 16. The current global warming level of about 1. 2 °C above preindustrial levels means that any rare heat wave that now occurs has an attributable human influence (reference 3, 34. 2 °C in Texas—is more uncertain because of both the statistical model and event characterization, although the lower bound on probability changes has been found to be independent of estimates of event magnitude. 7,8 the human influence on heavy precipitation events is more complicated than for heat waves for several reasons. The first is that precipitation is a sporadic event, and extreme precipitation even more so. (To learn about human influences on monsoons, see page 32 in this issue. ) Well-established theory (the Clausius–Clapeyron relation) and traditional trend analysis reveal that saturation specific humidity increases by about 7% per 1 °C of local warming. Because extreme precipitation usually occurs in fully saturated atmospheric conditions, one might expect the likelihood of such an event to also increase at the same rate. The more likely a local area is to be fully saturated, the more likely it is to rain. Analyses that used the 100 km climate models on extreme precipitation trends confirm that rate of increase (reference 3, 2017. 8,11,12 A best estimate distilled from those papers is that climate change increased Harvey’s rainfall by 19%, or about 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: However, community-level responses will depend on the extent of grazing on fleshy, non-calcifying species, possible changes in grazing due to OA-impacts on invertebrate herbivores, and the expansion of algal turfs. Responses of benthic communities to OA are highly species-dependent, limiting confidence in generalisations and extrapolations among regions and studies. belong to a small group of marine angiosperms comprising 60 species worldwide [134]. In BC, there are only two species of eelgrass—the native Zostera marina and the introduced species Z. japonica—and three species of surfgrass all belonging to the genus Phyllospadix [135]. Seagrass beds are well-known as nurseries for juvenile fish and invertebrates [136]. Another advantage conferred by seagrass beds is their ability to modify the seawater carbonate system, increasing aragonite saturation states within their confines [137], which might offer calcifying organisms refugia from the effects of OA. In contrast to most macroalgae, seagrass cannot take advantage of the abundant HCO3− [138] and so increase their photosynthetic rate when DIC becomes more abundant [139]. With more DIC, seagrass are better able to compensate for light attenuation [139]. As a result, increased PCO2 may foster the growth of seagrass beds, despite worldwide losses of seagrass ecosystems due to anthropogenic disturbances along coastal environments [134]. However, OA-related reductions in phenolic compounds [140], which protect seagrasses against herbivory, may result in increased grazing pressure under increased PCO2. The evidence for decreasing phenolics in seagrass under OA is limited and contrary to the trend of increasing phenolics in terrestrial angiosperms under increased atmospheric CO2 [140]. Seagrass synopsis Seagrasses will likely benefit from increased PCO2 because higher DIC helps them compensate for light limitation; however, a decrease in protective phenolic compounds may offset any benefit due to increased grazing. The net effect of increased OA will likely be neutral for seagrasses. (20–200 μm) include heterotrophic protists such as ciliates and non-photosynthetic dinoflagellates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Сотрудники службы зачастую незамедлительно берут задание в работу, и поэтому многочисленные корректировки ведут как минимум к замедлению работ, а как максимум — к ошибкам. Куда сообщать о технических проблемах? написать письмо на support@editorum. ru, заполнить форму обращения в техподдержку, написать нам в онлайн-чат. Мы перезвоним вам Инструкции Вы можете ознакомиться с инструкцией по работе с системой. Руководство пользователя (docx) × you sure you want to delete?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extreme weather events, like hurricanes and heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. [SEP] Text: 5 times as much as what might be expected from Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of the increased available moisture from the 1 °C of attributable warming in the Gulf of Mexico. Since Harvey, numerous other tropical storms have been analyzed and have revealed similar scaling of precipitation statistics. 10,13 The mechanism for the super Clausius–Clapeyron scaling is simple. Figure 2a shows the composite simulated precipitation from Hurricane Maria, which devastated in 2017. Figure 2b shows the attributable precipitation changes at the time it occurred, and figure 2c shows the hypothetical precipitation changes in a much warmer world. The first thing to notice is that the increases, either in an absolute or relative sense, are the largest in the rainiest parts of the storm. The second is that there are decreases in the outer precipitation bands. What is happening is that warmer conditions are likely increasing the storm’s wind speeds. While the changes in instantaneous maximum wind speeds are thought to be slight at present, they will become more robust in a much warmer world. That increase in tropical cyclone intensity causes the storm structure to change and become more efficient at precipitating available moisture. Figure 2. View largeDownload slideChanges in precipitation during in 2017 relative to the cyclone center throughout its lifetime. (a) Composite simulated precipitation across multiple simulations under realistic climate conditions. (b) Attributable change in precipitation calculated from realistic simulations and a cooler, counterfactual simulation approximating preindustrial conditions. (c) Projected change in precipitation calculated from realistic simulations and counterfactual conditions at 3. 5 °C warmer than preindustrial conditions, or how much worse it could’ve been. Contours indicate the rainfall rate from the historical simulation. The plots are in units of the grid resolution, 4. 5 km. (Adapted from ref. 13. )Figure 2. View largeDownload slideChanges in precipitation during in 2017 relative to the cyclone center throughout its lifetime. (a) Composite simulated precipitation across multiple simulations under realistic climate conditions. (b) Attributable change in precipitation calculated from realistic simulations and a cooler, counterfactual simulation approximating preindustrial conditions. (c) Projected change in precipitation calculated from realistic simulations and counterfactual conditions at 3. 5 °C warmer than preindustrial conditions, or how much worse it could’ve been. Contours indicate the rainfall rate from the historical simulation. The plots are in units of the grid resolution, 4. 5 km.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Typical ciliate genera along the BC coast include Strombidium, Tintinnopsis and Strobilidium [141] while the heterotrophic dinoflagellate species belong chiefly to Protoperidinium, which feeds almost exclusively on diatoms [142], and Gyrodinium. In nearshore waters, microzooplankton can be very abundant, depending on the time of year and food source (e. g. [44]). More importantly, fluctuations in microzooplankton populations, tightly coupled to phytoplankton, can have a large effect on pelagic ecosystems [143] and can influence the success or failure of fish recruitment [144]. Direct effects There are no studies that test the direct effects of OA on individual microzooplankton species. That said, foraminifera are amoeboid protists that form CaCO3 shells and, like coccolithophores, are probably at risk from OA (e. g. [145]). There is also speculation that microzooplankton motility might be affected by OA [146], with the closest evidence coming from the study of the photosynthetic flagellate Heterosigma that demonstrated an increase in swimming speed and an increase in downward migration [87]. Large-scale mesocosm manipulations and on-board experiments that compare present-day and elevated PCO2 (Table 1) have found conflicting results—(i) no shifts in composition or abundance [147–149], (ii) almost identical succession patterns [150], and (iii) significant increases in heterotrophic dinoflagellate abundance [151, 152], although in the former (i. e. [151]) an increase in the prey species of diatoms was likely responsible. Microzooplankton synopsis Based on the limited studies for microzooplankton, we expect that most species will be unaffected by OA, except through changes to their prey (phytoplankton). Direct OA effects will likely have a negative effect on foraminifera through reductions in CaCO3 shells. our region, the zooplankton community is strongly dominated by calanoid copepods [153, 154]. Important species include Neocalanus plumchrus, Acartia longiremis and Pseudocalanus spp. [153, 154].

Output: contrast