Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Compared to the Navya shuttle, the EZ10 is implementing RADAR sensors into their system to enhance safety and fusion of the data with the output from LIDAR sensors. This can increase the effectiveness of the shuttle by having more methods of obstacle detection that are not limited to only one type of sensor. This shuttle has different testing methods that are positive for researchers to analyze the performance of the vehicle in different situations. There are some standard scenarios for testing in places such as university campuses, industrial areas, private and public routes with a defined route. The company has several modes of transportation for the EZ10, those being Metro mode with specific routes and stop stations to drop off and pick up passengers. The bus mode has several routes and provides the possibility of stopping at the desired time requested by the passenger and an on-demand service that works similar to a taxi or an Uber, where the vehicle gets the ride request to go to a specific location specified by the passenger [23]. However, the negative aspects of the vehicle are similar to those presented with Navya, where the shuttle is functional but the capabilities are limited. Further research is necessary for future technology to adapt to bigger projects and develop a truly autonomous project of public transportation that is viable for different cities and urban areas. Autonomous Trains: Autonomous vehicles are becoming more prominent in the world, and more companies are interested in investing in these vehicles, such as train and rail companies. Public transportation needs innovation to increase effectiveness and transport the millions of passengers that are demanding these types of services. The current state of autonomous trains is based on a scale with levels of automation very similar to the ones mentioned at the beginning of the paper. The grade of automation for trains goes from levels 1 to 4. The train system is considered level 4 when the train can operate autonomously, is capable of accelerating, stopping, closing and opening doors, and detecting obstacles along the road. At the moment, the industry of autonomous trains is uncertain, most of the technology and systems to develop these types of trains are owned by the government of multiple countries in every continent. There are some trains functioning at a level 4 of automation, located principally in airports, metro systems and some larger-scale trains. The technology employed for these projects and the sensors used are not the base of this paper; most of these autonomous trains are located in closed areas or configured and built differently than with other types of autonomous vehicles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: The analysis also considered the broader policy frameworks within which these cities operate, including national and international climate agreements, regional policies, and local ordinances. d. The review also explored innovative financing models cities have employed to fund their climate actions, such as green bonds, public–private partnerships, and international funding mechanisms. e. The effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms used by the cities was another area of focus. The contents of the policy documents, city plans, and academic 4. 1 Amsterdam in 2022 serves as a comprehensive guide, outlining 20 pivotal pillars that support the city's ambitious efforts towards sustainable energy [8, 73]. These pillars consist of a spectrum of initiatives, including the gradual elimination of natural gas (Pillar 1), the creation of an eco-friendly heat distribution grid (Pillar 2), and the installation of a city-wide heating infrastructure (Pillar 3). The report highlights the significance of improving energy efficiency in several domains, such as business, housing, and social buildings, while promoting energy-neutral construction practices (Pillar 7). From minimizing polluting traffic (Pillar 8) to maximizing solar and wind energy utilization (Pillar 10 and 11), the pillars address critical aspects of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fostering renewable energy. The transformation of the harbour into a sustainable battery (Pillar 13), the establishment of the green hydrogen economy (Pillar 14), and initiatives like carbon capture, storage, and usage (Pillar 15) show the city's commitment to innovative solutions. Furthermore, the report emphasizes the interconnected relationships of these pillars, stating that a coordinated, unified approach is essential for a successful and impactful energy transition in Amsterdam. addresses climate challenges nationally and internationally under its Strategy [74]. The first is a whole-of-government approach to support global climate action across all ministries, working with Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Infrastructure and Water Management, and Finance. This coordinated effort covers Paris Agreement-compliant safety, humanitarian aid, and health measures. The administration is also increasing ties with like-minded countries, prioritizing and international influence, expanding public–private partnerships in key industries, and supporting financial services sustainability and innovation. For COP26 (Conference of the Parties), the policy commits to phase out support for unabated fossil fuel energy activities overseas, diverting investments to green export potential and supporting organizations dedicated to greening and fulfilling the Goals [74, 75].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: : Molecular, morphological and pathogenic characterization of six strains of Metarhizium spp. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the control of Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2016; 76(1): 77–83. öfte M, et al. : Isolation and characterization of entomopathogenic fungi from hazelnut-growing region of Turkey. Biocontrol. 2010; 55(2): 279–297. ère Y: Field-evolved insect resistance to Bt crops: definition, theory, and data. J. Econ. Entomol. 2009; 102(6): 2011–2025. Pub| : Entomopathogenic fungal endophytes. Biol. Control. 2008; 46(1): 72–82. G: Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontrol Sci. Tech. 2007; 17(6): 553–596. G: The ‘Galleria bait method for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil. J. Appl. Entomol. 1986; 102(1-5): 213–215. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 5 version 4 Revised Published: 05 Feb 2024, 12:827 version 3 Revised Published: 30 Oct 2023, 12:827 version 2 Revised Published: 14 Aug 2023, 12:827 version 1 Published: 13 Jul 2023, 12:827 Copyright © 2024 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 4) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 161449. r243892) The direct URL for this report is: Discussion 1. The first sentence of the discussion is still confusing. I suggest that it should be re-written to read "Of the fungal isolates collected from the soil rhizosphere of tomato plants, 70% of them had characteristics typical of. . . Continue reading 1. The first sentence of the discussion is still confusing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, some state-owned companies have presented future solutions for outdoor autonomous trains and rail systems that employ the sensors analyzed for this paper, such as cameras, and some other types of sensors that will also be captivating to research. France has an important technological advancement about autonomous trains and rail systems since Europe is a territory where trains are significantly popular. SNCF (Railway Company) is a French, state-owned company that develops some of the railways and trains across the country. Expected for 2023, the company presented the project of a fully autonomous train that works outdoors intended to carry passengers and merchandizing. The prototype is including technology such as infrared cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and GPS localization. According to the company and related research, autonomous trains will be adding many benefits for public transportation and the users: lower energy cost, less traffic and delay, increased safety with faster response time due to the automation and sensor fusion from the environment [24]. However, the projects and technical specifications about the sensors employed are not specified or provided publicly by the developers because they have governmental restrictions. This is the main limitation of this research in terms of autonomous trains and vehicles related to these. Moreover, some research papers and projects are getting noticed for insight about prototypes and technology that could be implemented to develop autonomous trains. The prototypes are focusing on autonomous trains with obstacle detection technology that will work in open rails and tracks to get advantages of sensor technology. German researchers have developed a system called autoBAHN to include autonomous features to trains in existing railroads. Within the architecture of the system, different sensors are being implemented for obstacle detection purposes, localization, and fast response of the vehicle. The plugin devices are LIDARs provided by sensors, infrared sensors, 2D cameras, and ultrasonic sensors. It is important to mention the utilization of a significant amount of sensors, for a bigger vehicle as a train bigger amounts of information are needed to guarantee safety and efficiency due to the dimensions compared to smaller vehicles [25]. 3. 5 Smart Farming. The farming industry faced several changes in the last few years implementing some technological improvements to increase efficiency of farming. This led the industry to become faster at production and give more sustainable, reliable, and quality products. Moreover, the technology race has not stopped, and autonomous vehicles are now being implemented in the fields to enhance production and expand the possibilities to create more effectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: government is proactive about climate change and developing a sustainable and resilient world with these policies. Along with the COP26 'Statement on global public backing for the transition to clean energy' and the coalition agreement, the government is dedicated to discontinuing support for international unabated fossil fuel generation projects [75]. Financial investments focusing on the promotion of green exports and providing support to organizations that contribute to advancing greening and SDGs follow the guidelines laid out by COP26. These significant actions demonstrate the Dutch government's commitment to climate finance, green investment, and withdrawal assistance for fossil fuel energy activities overseas in alignment with international accords and climate goals. 4. 1. 1 Mitigation strategiesgovernment has identified specific mitigation strategies to address climate challenges, emphasizing a multifaceted approach as detailed below [76, 77]: a. Investing in education, skills development, and employment opportunities: A significant focus on making sustainable climate decisions. Initiatives encompass the closure of mines and coal-fired power stations, as well as efforts to combat deforestation. Introduction of projects centred on renewable energy and circular solutions. b. Transition to Circular Economy: A key mitigation strategy. It aims to reduce reliance on virgin raw materials. Promotes maximum reuse and minimizes waste. Addresses issues across production, consumption, and waste processing c. Prioritization of Nature-(NBS) and Building with Nature (BWN): Actively prioritizes NBS and BWN. Contribution to biodiversity protection and restoration. It involves sharing knowledge and expertise internationally. Follows the precautionary principle of avoiding harm. Collectively, these mitigation measures reflect the Dutch government's commitment to a comprehensive and sustainable response to climate challenges. 4. 1. 2 Adaptation strategies (a) Development of sustainable and resilient energy settings: Through the above-outlined holistic strategy, the city seeks to address climate change and develop sustainable, resilient, and equitable energy settings for its residents, which is crucial for adapting to the impacts of climate change on energy infrastructure. (b) Quality, availability, and accessibility of climate action funds: Initiatives include improving the quality, availability, and accessibility of climate action and green investment funds to maximize benefits for small and medium-sized Dutch enterprises involved in green international activities. (c) Projects in Underdeveloped Nations: Last but not least, the government is investing in green public-private market development strategies and greening public infrastructure projects in underdeveloped nations to improve climate action and green investment finance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: I suggest that it should be re-written to read "Of the fungal isolates collected from the soil rhizosphere of tomato plants, 70% of them had characteristics typical of the species M. robertsii". 2. The discussion is still largely missing on scientific explanations to the findings obtained. Had this been done, then the manuscript would have been scientifically richer. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. . For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates in Galleria mellonella [version 4; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: I have looked at the revised version of the manuscript (Version 3) and going by the comments earlier made bullet by bullet, I note only 3 of the queries have been addressed. The purpose of giving feedback is to improve. . . Continue reading have looked at the revised version of the manuscript (Version 3) and going by the comments earlier made bullet by bullet, I note only 3 of the queries have been addressed. The purpose of giving feedback is to improve the manuscript and I strongly recommend that the comments are considered seriously and incorporated accordingly to improve the quality of the paper. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates in Galleria mellonella [version 4; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The authors have significantly improved the manuscript material; I, as a reviewer,. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Fungicides are robots that are specialized in combating diseases that can be spread into the plants. These autonomous robots will be then programmed to go through the field applying pesticides or other chemicals to combat these potential diseases. In addition, robots can also be helpful to recollect weeds, cut the crops, or gather a specific plant or vegetables. These devices are especially useful in order to automate the production process but also to reduce the amount of work when dealing with specific types of plants that are harder to extract from the ground than others. For example, mushroom production is often hard because of the location in which they grow, that is why mushroom farms are becoming highly redeveloped with high technology in order to boost and simplify the production [28]. (1) : is a company that is a pioneer in the farming industry providing the technology including tractors, UAV’s, sprayers, and many tools for agriculture processes. They took action by developing autonomous features that are now implemented in many of their tractors and agriculture hardware. The company developed an automated vehicle guidance system that drives a tractor of a defined path increasing precision and efficiency to perform several agricultural activities. This technology is called AutoTrac and is now being implemented in many products. In order to scan the territory and give all of the necessary details to set up the predefined path, AutoTrac uses a type of sensor called Receiver. The model used by is the StarFireTM 6000 which works with a satellite signal to provide guidance to the tractor and maintain a straight path no matter what weather conditions might affect its task. emphasizes precision while working on autonomous farming features, also keeping it cost-effective. There are many benefits to implement this type of technology while working in farming such as covering more acres in less time, less fuel consumption, and to operate faster and the experience is much less physically demanding for the employee [29]. The guidance system is also accompanied by an automatic steering wheel that makes sure that the tractor is going in the proper direction indicated by AutoTrac. Currently, the company has developed a fully autonomous tractor prototype called the Joker. This project, however, is not intended to be produced and sold in the mass market after around ten years because of the need to perfect three technology aspects: electrification, artificial intelligence, and automation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: (d) Infrastructure Projects: Future investments in green public-private market development techniques and public infrastructure projects are also planned and designed to make infrastructure more resilient to future climate impacts, ensuring that critical systems can withstand extreme weather and other climate-related events. 4. 2 Boston in USAA range of adaptation and mitigation techniques have been put into practice in Boston to deal with the effects of climate change. These tactics aim to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while also preparing for and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Several particular instances of these tactics are as follows [77,78,79,80]:4. 2. 1 Mitigation strategies a. of supported the implementation of a standard for City-funded affordable housing that ensures zero emissions from buildings. This standard encourages the adoption of electric heating and cooling systems as well as high-efficiency insulation. b. mandates that sizable structures disclose their yearly energy and water consumption and implement measures to enhance energy efficiency, thus diminishing carbon emissions. c. have published a roadmap to expedite the shift towards electric vehicles and other vehicles that produce no emissions. d. Grants programme provides funding for projects initiated by communities to decrease air pollution and promote public health in local areas, so contributing to broader efforts to mitigate environmental harm. 4. 2. 2 Adaptation strategies a. Local climate resilience plans have been established in susceptible regions to facilitate district-level climate adaptation, aiding communities in their preparedness for and response to climate-related consequences. b. The city has established a designated flood elevation for planning purposes. This elevation will be used to enforce zoning restrictions in areas that are prone to flooding and at risk of rising sea levels. This proactive approach aims to increase the city's ability to withstand and recover from flood events. c. There are ongoing initiatives to create programming for green jobs and establish a worker-owned cooperative focused on green infrastructure. These efforts aim to support low-income immigrant groups and utilize climate adaptation to promote economic development. d. The city is dedicated to guaranteeing that individuals belonging to racial and ethnic minorities and those from low-income groups do not bear a disproportionate burden from climate dangers. Likewise, the city strives to ensure that the positive outcomes of climate mitigation and preparedness initiatives are distributed fairly among all individuals to ensure equitability. These strategies demonstrate an integrated approach to tackling climate change, incorporating both attempts to mitigate its impact and adapt to its effects to create a more environmentally friendly city better equipped to withstand future challenges.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Continue reading authors have significantly improved the manuscript material; I, as a reviewer, confirm that the published 10. 5256/f1000research. 158147. r219341) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. . . . Continue reading 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. 3. Methods - Galleria bait method is used to isolate fungi and not to identify them. 4. Amended conclusion - what is the rationale for singling out sucking insects as candidate pests to be controlled using the virulent fungal isolates, why not consider insect pests in general? Introduction: 5. The following sentence does not convey the intended message "Moreover, entomopathogenic fungi are the immediate solution for pests that feed inside leaves, stems, roots, and seeds because they reduce their exposure to synthetic insecticides and other control methods (Resquín-Romero et al. , 2016). " 6. Was there anything special about collecting the fungal isolates from the rhizosphere of tomato plants? Methods 7. Under morphological characterization, there is mention of 3 B. bassiana and one M. robertsii characterized for comparison purposes with new isolates. Can it be clarified why these 4 isolates were included in the study. 8. How many isolates were eventually tested in the various experiments? The number of treatments keeps changing with each experiment and no explanation is given on how these isolates were selected. 9. "To hatch third- to fourth-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper. . . . " Was this sentence meant to inform readers of the egg laying process, hatching and eventually obtaining 3rd - 4th instar larvae to be used in the pathogenicity experiments? Eventually 2nd instar larvae were used. Clarify the use of the 3rd - 4th instars in the section on rearing Galleria.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: To support these perks, some studies evaluated the efficiency from the economic side of the technology to analyze how much cheaper will be for different companies and farmers to implement this autonomous feature in their tractors. According to researchers in Ref. [30], there are significant savings when using this guidance system, by reducing labor cost 14%, fuel consumption 14%, seed costs 6%, and fertilizer cost 6%. Reducing cost could also lead to an increase in profit and also motivation for employees and farmers to support these types of technologies and exponentially increase the productivity. (2) (DJI): DJI is a Chinese technological company that is specialized in building drones for different types of tasks. They recently introduced a drone specialized for agriculture activities, more specifically in spraying tasks and daily maintenance. T16 is a compact and portable drone capable of carrying 16L in its spray tank to ensure maintenance to any type of production. In terms of sensor technology employed, the drone has different types of sensors to ensure safety and a proper functioning of localization, navigation, and identification of crops. The drone is equipped with dual IMUs and barometers to keep track of the environment to ensure the safety of the flight. For the navigation system, the Agras T16 uses GNSS localization to keep track of the drone at any time, and flying first person (FPV) cameras with spotlights are implemented to take advantage of a remote control function to monitor the performance of the drone. Additionally, a powerful RADAR system is also functioning to enhance navigation in several types of weather with rain or fog, since the radar frequency is not affected by these variables. The sensors also have the capability of creating a 3D digital map to have an overall view of the environment and adapt to any specific situation. Since the Agras T16 is a hexacopter, the drone has increased mobility and stability giving it the ability to scan the field easily and in that way take a full advantage of the autonomous vehicle sensor technology [31,32]. (3) (NAIO Technologies): NAIO Technologies is a company that produces a variety of agricultural robots for different farming activities such as weeding, hoeing, and harvesting to help farmers work on their products. The OZ weeding robot is a vehicle specialized for weed transportation and harvest assistance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 depicts the summary of Boston’s climate goals. Fig. 1Summary of Boston’s climate goals [79]Full size image4. 3 SingaporeSingapore unveiled an enhanced national climate target on October 25, 2022, committing to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 as part of its Long-Term Low-Strategy (LEDS) [81]. The nation aims to reduce emissions to around 60 MtCO2e (metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent) in 2030 after peaking earlier, following a revised 2030 Contribution (NDC). Despite resource constraints, Singapore exceeded its 2009 commitment, achieving a remarkable 32% reduction below Business-As-Usual (BAU) levels in 2020 [82, 83]. The country, grappling with alternative energy challenges, emphasizes its dedication as a responsible international community member. Successful realization of these ambitious targets hinges on global commitment to the Paris Agreement, climate pledges, and advancements in decarbonization technologies, necessitating effective international cooperation. As a vulnerable, low-lying city-state with an open economy, Singapore actively champions multilateral approaches and collaborates with other nations to address climate challenges. Since ratifying the UN on () in 1997, Singapore has played a pivotal role in international climate efforts, engaging in climate negotiations, ratifying key agreements, and shaping global climate agreements. The city-state's involvement in international forums, environmental cooperation through bilateral and regional platforms, and active participation in key initiatives like COP-26 and COP-27 underscore Singapore's commitment to global collaboration and its significant role in advancing sustainable practices. 4. 3. 1 Singapore mitigation effortsDespite its geographical difficulties, Singapore has pledged to attain net zero emissions by 2050. Four main initiatives are being actively pursued by the commitment to accelerate the low-carbon transition in industry, economy, and society: business transformation, low-carbon technology investment, international cooperation, and adoption of low-carbon practices. The imposition of a carbon tax serves as the foundation for these strategic initiatives and is an essential facilitator of the overall shift. The mitigation efforts by Singapore are listed in Table 1 [84]. Table 1 Singapore mitigation effortsFull size table4. 3. 2 Singapore adaptation approachSingapore is proactively taking early measures to adapt to the evolving impact of climate change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: It is confusing. 10. Replace the word deepened with dipped. Larvae were dipped in spore suspension. 11. Did collection of cadavers begin only after the larvae had been incubated for 10 days? If so, then for how long was this data collected? At what point was the greater than 90% mortality determined? i. e. after how many days? It cannot be indefinite. Results 12. Fig 2. The hyphae in A look more septate than those in C. Better photos clearly showing the difference need to be taken. 13. The titles of the tables and figures need to be complete and more informative e. g. Table 4 is about % mortality caused by the various fungal isolates and not screening. Discussion 14. The first sentence of the discussion is not clear. 15. The discussion section needs to go beyond repeating the results obtained and whether the agree or disagree with previous findings. It should focus more on scientific explanations of the interesting and unique findings of the current study. e. g. what could be the reason for some fungal isolates being more virulent than others; what do the findings imply when it comes to them being used as biological control agents; is there any connection between the isolate characteristics and virulence with where they were collected or the target crop - tomato? 16. The isolates were collected from two different locations with different ecological conditions, did this factor have some influence on the isolates collected and their performance? 17. Some already known isolates were added to the experiments, what does this finally mean? Conclusion 18. The conclusion on reduction of usage of synthetic pesticides just because the fungal isolates showed high degree of pathogenicity was not a subject of investigation in this study. The conclusions should come directly from the study. Then the implications of these findings can then be speculated and areas of further research recommended. General comments 1. The authors need to reconstruct some sentences to make them grammatically correct without losing the science being communicated. 2. Virulence and pathogenicity are used interchangeably in this manuscript. Do they mean the same? 3. The discussion and conclusion sections should be re-written to capture the suggestions given to help improve the paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Online sales and e-commerce are internalized in any company that could sell any type of product to their customers. Logistics companies could benefit from advanced technology to be more efficient and be able to manage time and resources in a better way. Autonomous vehicles could be introduced in the industry to automate some of the processes regarding transportation and delivery to customers [35]. Some researchers have determined some of the outcomes and potential positive and negative consequences of implementing autonomous vehicles in the logistics industry. There are not many big projects of autonomous vehicles for this industry, but it is emerging quickly because newer and more advanced technology would help many companies to work more effectively [36]. Mercedes-Truck: Mercedes-Benz is planning on deploying one of their biggest projects regarding autonomous vehicles in 2025. This project is also being developed with the truck company Daimler. They plan to introduce a self-driven truck implementing a driver assistance system that will be able to take control of the vehicle during long hours of driving on the highway. Since truck drivers are constantly facing high traffic density, the company is willing to minimize those constraints. is a system that has been developed to guarantee safety and move the different autonomous trucks throughout the highways, regulating their speed limit. Currently, the prototype is being tested on public roads in Germany and the United States. In the future, the purpose of this technology is to connect several autonomous trucks with established vehicle-to-vehicle communication using a satellite connection [37]. In terms of sensors, the vehicle is equipped with the latest technology on RADAR sensors and cameras. It is important to mention that the prototype is not implementing LIDAR sensors for their autonomous system compared to most of the other technology companies that are implementing LIDARs for 3D mapping and environment recognition. However, the has on both sides with a 170-deg field of view (FOV) and a range of 60 m, a single short-range RADAR with a 130 deg FOV and a range of 70 m, a single Camera with a 45-deg FOV and a range of 100 m, and a full range radar placed at the front of the vehicle with an 18-deg FOV and maximum range of 250 m. All sensors get data and information about the environment such as pedestrians, traffic signals, and vehicles [38]. There are advantages related to the implementation of these sensors for autonomous trucks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Recognizing the dynamic nature of our understanding of climate change, the government has implemented a resilience framework to guide long-term efforts in preparing for the projected effects over the next 50 to 100 years. Singapore’s is illustrated in Fig. 2. Fig. 2Singapore's approach to adaptability [85]Full size image4. 4 Ahmedabad in (HAP) was released in 2013 jointly by the Corporation (AMC) and its stakeholders/collaborators following the response to the severe heatwave that occurred in 2010 and resulted in an additional 1,344 deaths. The primary objective of this HAP was to establish a structured framework for executing, coordinating, and assessing activities in response to extreme heat occurrences in Ahmedabad. The HAP encompasses a set of comprehensive mitigation/adaptation measures or strategies at the city scale aimed at addressing the adverse impacts of extreme heat events, as stated below [86]. 4. 4. 1 Mitigation efforts through HAP (a) Under this plan, an important initiative is the implementation of the cool roofs program, which intends to mitigate elevated ambient temperatures in vulnerable neighbourhoods and communities. Cool roof program encourages the usage of reflective surfaces on rooftops, effectively countering the urban heat and optimizing thermal comfort for residents to provide a better thermal environment [87, 88]. (b) Training programs and workforce development are designed to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills required to install cool roofs and identify heat-related illnesses. Investment in the capacity-building of the workforce is an important part of this HAP, which aims to create a team of individuals capable of effectively implementing and upkeep heat mitigation strategies. 4. 4. 2 Adaptation efforts through HAP (a) The HAP focuses on greater outreach, public awareness, and community engagement. It recommends informing the general public about the high risks associated with heat waves, mainly in summer. The plan attempts to widen the circulation of information on practices that can prevent heat-related illnesses and fatalities through several media outlets, advertisements, etc. , fostering a proactive approach to excessive heat. (b) The idea is to set up an early warning system and facilitate inter-agency coordination. This approach guarantees that inhabitants are promptly informed regarding anticipated excessive temperatures. The corporation has developed official communication channels involving government agencies, healthcare facilities, medical personnel, emergency personnel, media sources, and local civic organizations to minimize the impact of extreme heat events through coordinated actions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates in Galleria mellonella [version 4; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 17. Response.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: With that being said, after evaluating advantages and disadvantages for sensors configurations, a set of recommendations is proposed for specific vehicle types and functionality reasons. Table 2 is presenting several sensor configurations that could perform significantly better than other solutions in different scenarios performing multiple tasks. Personal vehicles are the most demanding in terms of technology, and these vehicles should take advantage of the LIDAR technology for highly advanced autonomous cars. This is intended to give precision and increase safety for passengers. Buses, shuttles, and, trucks can benefit from similar sensor configurations with cameras and sensors that have a high FOV to anticipate accidents due to the difficulty of stopping bigger vehicles. Drones are small vehicles that would not require too many sensors. and IMUs are fundamental to monitor weather changes and for object detection. Drones can be customized for different tasks. Finally, robots are not demanding in terms of sensors, RADARs and cameras can work perfectly with several types of tasks. Table 1Comparison of autonomous vehicles technologies IndustryCompanyCamera countLIDAR countRADAR countUltrasonic countRange of coverageLevel of automationAdvantagesDisadvantagesPersonal vehiclesTesla [9,10]80112Cameras (360-deg FOV), RADAR 160-m of rangeSociety of (SAE) Level 2Lower costs for using ultrasonic sensors to detect objects. By having less autonomous features, safety monitoring is easier for Tesla, and ultrasonic sensors are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacksLimitation for ultrasonic sensors can misbehave or not function properly. Limiting possibilities using this hardware will help improve the project to a higher level of automationPersonal vehicles[11,12]12560360-deg FOV and a range of 300 m. Cameras with a range of 500 mSAE Level 4Reduced costs by 90% by using unique LIDARs. Greater flexibility using the with its features such as 95-deg FOV and minimum range of 0 open data set for testing purposes that increases probabilities of innovationLimited testing locations in extreme weather conditions. Smart cities as only target market. Modes of use for are limited to Auto-Taxi service which is restricting advanced testing methodsPersonal vehicles[13,14]5235LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and covering 300 mSAE Level 4Variety of sensors creates diversity and takes advantage of different technologies. for specific scenarios helps reducing costs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: (c) Another aspect of HAP is heat-resilience urban planning. It assesses vulnerable populations and areas within the city region prone to heat waves to create targeted interventions that enhance heat prevention measures, ensuring an even more resilient urban thermal environment [89]. The highlighted measures or strategies are designed considering the extreme heat-related illness and events in Ahmedabad, but they can be replicated in similar city regions facing similar issues. Implementation and adoption of such measures strengthen heat preparedness and help improve the overall well-being and health of the vulnerable population. 4. 5 Copenhagen and Portland climate planCopenhagen and Portland employ comparable strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change, focusing on reducing GHG emissions and building resilience to its impacts [90]. However, disparities exist in the extent of detail and integration between the mitigation and adaptation methods. Copenhagen has enacted policies that offer benefits in mitigation and adaptation, whereas Portland is currently concentrating on formulating its adaptation strategy. 4. 5. 1 Mitigation strategies of Copenhagen and PortlandImplementing a range of techniques to mitigate GHG emissions is the foremost objective in both of the city climate plans. This comprises the improvement of energy efficiency, growth of renewable energy sources, reduction of waste generation, and promotion of sustainable mobility [91, 92]. The plan includes strategies to mitigate the urban heat island phenomenon, such as expanding vegetated cover and encouraging the implementation of green facades and roofs. 4. 5. 2 Copenhagen's adaptation strategies vs. Portland's developing adaptation approachesIn the case of adaptation methods for the Copenhagen climate plan, the necessity of establishing protective zones is highlighted, adjusting to growing intensified storms and floods and substantial rise in sea levels. Copenhagen has implemented comprehensive plans and strategies to address the anticipated challenges of rising sea levels and more frequent and intense rainfall. The city's approach includes: 1. Levels: Evaluation of potential impacts on storm surges, identifying high-risk zones exempted from building and designated for flood-tolerant uses. Municipal planning incorporating flood-proofing requirements for construction on flood-prone properties. Allocation of areas for essential technical facilities like dikes and locks to safeguard against flooding, ensuring their readiness. Implementation of the storm surge law, governing compensation, providing incentives for damage prevention, and addressing floods from rivers and lakes. 2. : Zoning for urban development while safeguarding at-risk regions from new construction to address higher rainfall and building flooding.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Question 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Question 11. were collected every day after 3 days. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 30 Nov 2023 Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Question 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 1 1 13 Jul 2023 Views 0 to cite this report: Doolotkeldieva T. For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates in Galleria mellonella [version 4; peer review: 2 approved].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Good results according to the data for safety measuresSwitching to low-resolution LIDARs for price reasons can negatively affect performance. have low resolution and a visibility accuracy of 60%. precision is needed because RADARs are not capable of detecting non-metallic objects in dangerous weather conditions5 [15,16]2454N/ASAE Level 3Implementation of solid-state LIDARs that are cheaper and more effective than mechanical LIDARs. Precise 3D mapping and point cloud up to 250 m. Great sensor fusion between 12 sensorsTesting limitations for the prototype and adaptation to real-life. Gab between information available and the current state of the project. Limited mapping after reaching 250 mPersonal vehiclesArgo AI, Cruise9220LIDARs with a 360-deg FOV and a range up to 400 mN/ASpecific sensor information is not publicly available. Main limitation for the research and the main reason why there are not clear advantagesN/APublic transports (buses)Volvo [19,20]6322LIDAR with 160-deg FOV and a range of 200 mSAE Level 2Different types of sensors are tested and implemented to gather the maximum information possible. For an autonomous vehicle with this size it is necessary to increase the number of sensorsPrototype has not been tested in different weather conditions that could have influence over the performance of the busPublic transports (shuttles)Navya [21,22]21000with a 360- and 180-deg 4Technology employed can be scaled to develop bigger projects. Sensor fusion is accurate and effective with enhanced safety systems and obstacle detection methodsThe space of the vehicle is very limited (up to 15 passengers). Testing areas are limited and controlled (campuses, airports, smart cities). The technology has not been tested in bigger-scale vehicles. This could create a limitation when building a project with a bigger passenger capacity(Shuttles)EasyMile [23]3210LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and 250-m range. Front and lateral cameras with a range up to 300 mSAE Level 4A great variety of modes for its use (Metro mode, bus mode, on-demand mode). EZ10 project is implementing RADAR sensors for data fusion and safetySimilar disadvantages compared with Navya. The shuttle is functional, but the capabilities are limited.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Designation of sites for technical facilities such as rainwater collection and retention basins through municipal planning. Regulation of the use of watercourses, lakes, and seas to manage water-related challenges. Specification of areas for local stormwater infiltration permissions in the municipal plan to enhance adaptability to changing conditions. 3. Groundwater inundation: Preservation of at-risk regions from building growth to prevent groundwater inundation. New construction on elevated land is mandatory to protect against entering water. Implementation of building codes requiring structures to mitigate upward moisture and adapt existing buildings to changing groundwater levels, ensuring both damage prevention and health safety Copenhagen's proactive stance on climate adaptation is evident in these efforts, which include municipal planning and building laws aimed at mitigating the effects of rising sea levels and increasingly frequent and intense rainfall in the future. On the other hand, Portland is now developing an independent adaptation strategy that will specifically target the consequences of climate change, including intense heat waves, heightened flooding, and wildfires. In addition, both the Copenhagen and plans include initiatives to expand green spaces, increase the extent of permeable surfaces, and strengthen the resilience of natural systems. Table 2 depicts some of the common objectives and actions in Portland and Copenhagen [90, 93, 94]. Table 2 Objectives and actions in Portland and CopenhagenFull size table4. 6 Hamburg's green roof strategy in GermanyHamburg's Strategy is anchored in four key pillars [95]: financial incentive, dialogue, regulation, and science, which are discussed below. 4. 6. 1 Green roof as a mitigation approach (a) The city aims to install 100 hectares of green roof surface, supported by a €3 million financial commitment until 2024 from the Ministry for Environment and Energy. In the face of climate change projections, green roofs contribute to mitigating increased temperatures and extreme rainfall events. (b) Green roofs contribute to the city's climate resilience by reducing the urban heat island effect, improving building insulation, lowering maintenance costs, and managing rainwater. (c) Building owners are eligible to receive subsidies that can cover up to 60% of the costs associated with installing green roofs, so encouraging its implementation. (d) Funds include green roofing measures and green facades at subsidized rates; the strategy highlights energy saving, extended green roof lifespan, and rainwater fee reductions as long-term benefits. 4. 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Methods - Galleria bait method is used to isolate fungi and not to identify them. 4. Amended conclusion - what is the rationale for singling out sucking insects as candidate pests to be controlled using the virulent fungal isolates, why not consider insect pests in general? Introduction: 5. The following sentence does not convey the intended message "Moreover, entomopathogenic fungi are the immediate solution for pests that feed inside leaves, stems, roots, and seeds because they reduce their exposure to synthetic insecticides and other control methods (Resquín-Romero et al. , 2016). " 6. Was there anything special about collecting the fungal isolates from the rhizosphere of tomato plants? Methods 7. Under morphological characterization, there is mention of 3 B. bassiana and one M. robertsii characterized for comparison purposes with new isolates. Can it be clarified why these 4 isolates were included in the study. 8. How many isolates were eventually tested in the various experiments? The number of treatments keeps changing with each experiment and no explanation is given on how these isolates were selected. 9. "To hatch third- to fourth-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper. . . . " Was this sentence meant to inform readers of the egg laying process, hatching and eventually obtaining 3rd - 4th instar larvae to be used in the pathogenicity experiments? Eventually 2nd instar larvae were used. Clarify the use of the 3rd - 4th instars in the section on rearing Galleria. It is confusing. 10. Replace the word deepened with dipped. Larvae were dipped in spore suspension. 11. Did collection of cadavers begin only after the larvae had been incubated for 10 days? If so, then for how long was this data collected? At what point was the greater than 90% mortality determined? i. e. after how many days? It cannot be indefinite. Results 12. Fig 2. The hyphae in A look more septate than those in C. Better photos clearly showing the difference need to be taken. 13. The titles of the tables and figures need to be complete and more informative e. g. Table 4 is about % mortality caused by the various fungal isolates and not screening. Discussion 14. The first sentence of the discussion is not clear. 15.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Not really an autonomous solution to a big scale project of public transportation(Trains)SNCF [24,25]2442LIDARs with 360-deg with a range of 140 mGoA 4Increased safety. Reduced energy cost. Faster response and less delay due to autonomous featuresGovernment restrictions are limiting public research outside the company. There is not yet an existing outdoors autonomous train, not until 2022 or 2023(tractors)[29,30]3000Cameras that cover a 250 rangeSAE Level 2Capability of automatizing the farming and recollection process. Reduced cost of labor by 14%, fuel consumption by 14%, seed costs by 6%, and fertilizer costs by 6%More ambitious projects such as fully autonomous tractors are being developed and tested. They are intended to be produced in the mass market for ten more years(Robots)NAIO Technologies [33,34]2200N/ASAE Level 4Long-term reduction of costs for an overall production. More precision and less human errors. Perfect tool for small or compact territoriesSlow performance for a large project. Need of several robots that can be highly priced. Miscalculations for some tasks or when applying pesticides(Drones)DJI [31]2040RADAR with a 100-deg FOV. Cameras that cover a 200-m rangeSAE Level 4Design of the drone increases the ability for sensors to scan the environment and precisely identify better the field. RADAR based system is efficient because it is a controlled spaced where an expensive LIDAR is not requiredAccuracy and precision flaws could be encountered. The scanning feature could misbehave by not identifying the correct plantsLogisticsMercedez-Benz [37]5320with 130-deg FOV, short-range RADAR with 130-deg FOV, full range RADAR 250-m and 18-deg FOV, front stereo camera with 100-meters rangeSAE Level 4Implementation of a system using RADAR sensors for highway automated driving.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: 2 Climate resilience as an adaptation effort (a) These roofs help enhance the city's resilience to climate change, offering multiple benefits with a 50% reduction in rainwater fees due to improved rainwater retention. (b) The strategy aligns with the city's Adaptation 2030 (RISA) plan, addressing the challenges of increased heavy rains and flooding. Scientific support from the Hafenevaluates water retention and management effectiveness, contributing to climate change adaptation. Hamburg's ambition is to create a sustainable urban landscape that adapts and responds to climate change challenges while fostering community engagement and green spaces through promotion, exchanges, policy integration, and scientific investigation. (c) Hamburg’s objective is to balance urban expansion with green quality spaces. targets greening at least 70% of new and suitable roofs, totalling 100 hectares, with a focus on enhancing recreational spaces and biodiversity. (d) This program started in 2014 and was supported until 2024. The development of green roofs is projected to last 40 years while contributing to Hamburg's sustainable practice. Hamburg's ongoing collaboration with other cities on climate action and utilization of shared experiences help to customize its approach to climate change. The city's unique incentive program for green roofs, developed with input from other cities, focuses on surface area and thickness rather than water retention. Internal stakeholder groups, united in the goal of greening 100 hectares in a decade, include housing estate companies, constructors, architects, and urban planners. Despite challenges, Hamburg's Strategy aligns with its vision of growth, climate-friendliness, and resilience. This strategy is financially supported by the Ministry for the Environment to take initiatives and prioritize communication channels and research to address the barriers. It also includes legally related efforts to make green roof installation compulsory while balancing housing and environmental goals. Figure 3 depicts an overview of Hamburg's Strategy. Fig. 3Hamburg's Strategy: Overview [96]Full size image4. 7 Rain city strategy (RCS) in VancouverThe desire for equitable and sustainable urban water management, the need for urban resilience, and climate change risks played key roles in transitioning Vancouver to become a water-sensitive city [97]. Also, due to a concern that conventional urban water management techniques are unsustainable and inequitable, this call arose for new approaches to safeguard, preserve, and improve the health of natural systems and waterbodies, mitigate risks associated with floods, and foster physical activity and well-being.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The discussion section needs to go beyond repeating the results obtained and whether the agree or disagree with previous findings. It should focus more on scientific explanations of the interesting and unique findings of the current study. e. g. what could be the reason for some fungal isolates being more virulent than others; what do the findings imply when it comes to them being used as biological control agents; is there any connection between the isolate characteristics and virulence with where they were collected or the target crop - tomato? 16. The isolates were collected from two different locations with different ecological conditions, did this factor have some influence on the isolates collected and their performance? 17. Some already known isolates were added to the experiments, what does this finally mean? Conclusion 18. The conclusion on reduction of usage of synthetic pesticides just because the fungal isolates showed high degree of pathogenicity was not a subject of investigation in this study. The conclusions should come directly from the study. Then the implications of these findings can then be speculated and areas of further research recommended. General comments 1. The authors need to reconstruct some sentences to make them grammatically correct without losing the science being communicated. 2. Virulence and pathogenicity are used interchangeably in this manuscript. Do they mean the same? 3. The discussion and conclusion sections should be re-written to capture the suggestions given to help improve the paper. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No source data required Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (3) 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Highway system connecting with the vehicle to ensure safety and provide data from sensorsVehicle does not implement LIDAR sensors that could be useful to increase visibility when doing a 3D mapping to visualize the environmentLogisticsFreightliner6420Long- and short-range RADARs (820 ft and 230 ft), front and back with a 328 ft range and 45-deg 4Highway pilot system supporting data fusion and executing lane stability, collision avoidance, speed control, etc. Sensor information is missing to determine the negative aspects of the technology. This vehicle is currently a prototypeIndustryCompanyCamera countLIDAR countRADAR countUltrasonic countRange of coverageLevel of automationAdvantagesDisadvantagesPersonal vehiclesTesla [9,10]80112Cameras (360-deg FOV), RADAR 160-m of rangeSociety of (SAE) Level 2Lower costs for using ultrasonic sensors to detect objects. By having less autonomous features, safety monitoring is easier for Tesla, and ultrasonic sensors are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacksLimitation for ultrasonic sensors can misbehave or not function properly. Limiting possibilities using this hardware will help improve the project to a higher level of automationPersonal vehicles[11,12]12560360-deg FOV and a range of 300 m. Cameras with a range of 500 mSAE Level 4Reduced costs by 90% by using unique LIDARs. Greater flexibility using the with its features such as 95-deg FOV and minimum range of 0 open data set for testing purposes that increases probabilities of innovationLimited testing locations in extreme weather conditions. Smart cities as only target market. Modes of use for are limited to Auto-Taxi service which is restricting advanced testing methodsPersonal vehicles[13,14]5235LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and covering 300 mSAE Level 4Variety of sensors creates diversity and takes advantage of different technologies. for specific scenarios helps reducing costs. Good results according to the data for safety measuresSwitching to low-resolution LIDARs for price reasons can negatively affect performance. have low resolution and a visibility accuracy of 60%.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: An overview of the strategy, Vancouver, is illustrated in Fig. 4. Fig. 4Rain city strategy, Vancouver: Overview [98]Full size image4. 7. 1 Mitigation strategies 1. Green rainwater infrastructure (GRI) (a) GRI consists of different elements such as permeable pavement, bioswales, rain gardens, green roofs, etc. , which capture, store, and treat rainwater, reducing the strain on drainage/sewer systems while preserving water quality. (b) This involves using GRI to manage rainwater at its origin, shifting away from depending solely on conventional grey infrastructures like pumps and pipes. The strategy aims to optimize blue resource usage, taking into account the entire water cycle from source to tap to treatment to discharge. (c) The strategy aims to control rainwater volume and enhance water quality for 40% of impermeable areas in the city of Vancouver by 2050, achieved through infrastructure projects, new development, and strategic retrofits. 2. Sustainable urban water management (a) The transition into a water-sensitive city is done by incorporating perspectives (complete, holistic, and inter-generational) in the design, planning, and provision of water resources. (b) Achieving integrated water utility servicing with a focus on economic viability and sustainability ensures efficiency. 3. Promoting water equity (a) Elevating the standard of life and promoting water equity for all inhabitants to ensure that water management practices are equitable and sustainable. 4. 7. 2 Adaptation strategies 1. Building climate resilience (a) The climate change effects mainly include water quality issues and sewer and drainage systems issues, marked by an increase in extreme weather events and rising sea levels. Because of these issues and the urgent necessity to build resilience against these impacts, the transformation into a water-sensitive city is seen as a strategic response. (b) Expediting initiatives to protect the overall health and vitality of surrounding water ecosystems to address climate change risks promptly and building resilience against its impacts. 2. GRI implementation for adaptation (a) The RCS attempts to transition urban water management using green rainwater infrastructure (GRI), recognizing rainwater as a valuable blue resource and aiming for equity, sustainability, and resilience. The RCS advances this groundwork by outlining an ambitious blueprint for GRI implementation alongside a roadmap to achieve this vision and subsequent plan.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana reduce the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, infection on wheat? access Published: 06 November 2022 bassiana reduce the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, infection on wheat? Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0003-1969-40411, Yiğit ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0002-4822-47621 & Ozan Demirözer ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0001-7240-88981 of Control 1234. 0 adult + larvae/500 g soil, 1105. 0 adult + larvae/per pot, 2341. 0 (soil + root density) and 5. 8 (PF(final nematode density/PI (initial inoculum density)), respectively. It was determined that these parameter values were at the lowest at 108 spore/ml than other concentrations in both isolates of B. bassiana. In 108 spore/ml concentrations of BIM-001 isolate, while P. thornei soil, root, total nematode density, and reproduction rate on İkizce were 641. 7 adult + larvae/500 g soil, 930. 9 adult + larvae/per pot, 1572. 6 (soil + root density) and 3. 9 (PF/PI), respectively, these parameter values were found to be 645. 2 adult + larvae/500 g soil, 849. 0 adult + larvae/per pot, 1492. 2 (soil + root density) and 3. 6 (PF/PI) at 108 spore/ml concentrations of BY2 isolate. It was observed that the reproduction rate of P. thornei decreased at 108 spore/ml concentration of BIM-001 and BY2 isolates compared to the control. ConclusionNative B. bassiana isolates of BIM-001 and BY2 reduced P. thornei on wheat and the concentration was important for the pathogenicity of B. bassiana. While the reproduction rate of P. thornei at 108 and 107 spores/ml concentrations in both isolates decreased than the control. At 106 spore/ml concentration it was found similar to the control. Even though B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: precision is needed because RADARs are not capable of detecting non-metallic objects in dangerous weather conditions5 [15,16]2454N/ASAE Level 3Implementation of solid-state LIDARs that are cheaper and more effective than mechanical LIDARs. Precise 3D mapping and point cloud up to 250 m. Great sensor fusion between 12 sensorsTesting limitations for the prototype and adaptation to real-life. Gab between information available and the current state of the project. Limited mapping after reaching 250 mPersonal vehiclesArgo AI, Cruise9220LIDARs with a 360-deg FOV and a range up to 400 mN/ASpecific sensor information is not publicly available. Main limitation for the research and the main reason why there are not clear advantagesN/APublic transports (buses)Volvo [19,20]6322LIDAR with 160-deg FOV and a range of 200 mSAE Level 2Different types of sensors are tested and implemented to gather the maximum information possible. For an autonomous vehicle with this size it is necessary to increase the number of sensorsPrototype has not been tested in different weather conditions that could have influence over the performance of the busPublic transports (shuttles)Navya [21,22]21000with a 360- and 180-deg 4Technology employed can be scaled to develop bigger projects. Sensor fusion is accurate and effective with enhanced safety systems and obstacle detection methodsThe space of the vehicle is very limited (up to 15 passengers). Testing areas are limited and controlled (campuses, airports, smart cities). The technology has not been tested in bigger-scale vehicles. This could create a limitation when building a project with a bigger passenger capacity(Shuttles)EasyMile [23]3210LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and 250-m range. Front and lateral cameras with a range up to 300 mSAE Level 4A great variety of modes for its use (Metro mode, bus mode, on-demand mode). EZ10 project is implementing RADAR sensors for data fusion and safetySimilar disadvantages compared with Navya. The shuttle is functional, but the capabilities are limited. Not really an autonomous solution to a big scale project of public transportation(Trains)SNCF [24,25]2442LIDARs with 360-deg with a range of 140 mGoA 4Increased safety.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: (b) The city started GRI implementation over two decades ago; the city initially prioritized rain gardens and bioswales in public spaces, and later expansion efforts included green roofing, permeable pavement, and other GRI components in private spaces. 3. Harmonious urban planning (a) The city showcases the harmonious management of urban water with natural systems, community planning, and diverse infrastructure on a citywide scale and actively leads in water-sensitive urban planning and design. (b) There are three GRI implementation action plans detailing necessary actions required in the short term for public spaces-streets, beaches-parks, and buildings-sites. Leveraging past efforts and commitment to GRI, the RCS seeks to speed up the adoption of the GRI element and establish it as a central place in the urban water management approach. 5 DiscussionThe assessment of the performance and effectiveness of global warming mitigation and adaptation strategies at the city scale presented in this paper offers an insightful exploration and comprehension of best practices and initiatives in international cities. The different mitigation strategies listed in this work, by comprehending various case examples in several global cities, including sustainable energy initiatives, zero-emission buildings, and sustainable battery technologies advancement, all aim to minimize GHG emissions as well as restrict the long-term adverse effects of climate change. The adaptation strategies comprehended in the case examples included blue-green solutions, climate resilience urban planning, nature-based strategies, and integrated mechanisms for early warning signs. Adaptation highlights strengthening the resilience of communities and cities to respond to climate change's immediate and future impacts. 5. 1 Climate strategies and initiatives comparisonand Vancouver each employ distinct yet impactful climate strategies to address environmental sustainability challenges, as observed in the above sub-sections. This section provides a comparative analysis of each, as presented in Table 3. Table 3 Comparative analysis of climate strategies and initiatives in and VancouverFull size tableAmsterdam takes a comprehensive approach with a guide featuring 20 pillars for sustainable energy, emphasizing a multi-faceted approach, circular economy, nature-based solutions (NBS), and Blue-(BWN). Boston focuses on mitigation through zero-emission buildings, an EV roadmap, and climate resilience planning with flood elevation measures. Singapore has set a net-zero emissions target by 2050, employing four primary strategies: business transformation, tech investment, international cooperation, and low-carbon practices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Beauveria, besides insects, also produces organic compounds that affect nematode behavior (Hummadi et al. 2021). These compounds offer the potential to be used as fumigants to eliminate the free-living stages of plant-parasitic nematodes (Khoja et al. 2021). The mechanism of antagonism of B. bassiana includes antibiosis, competition and induced systemic resistance (Devi 2019). Basically, chitinases, lipases, and proteases are the most important of all the enzymes produced by B. bassiana (Amobonye et al. 2020). However, in different studies, it has been determined that it has the ability to produce other enzymes such as amylase, asparaginase, cellulase, galactosidase (Petlamul and Boukaew 2019). In different studies, the presence of beauvericin, bassianolide, bassiacridin, and oosporein toxins in B. bassiana culture supernatants have been reported (Ortiz-Urquiza et al. 2010). There are different studies showing that fermented filtrate products from B. bassiana have potential in the control of important plant-parasitic nematodes such as Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949, M. incognita (Kofoid and White 1919) Chitwood, 1949, Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber 1924) and Pratylenchus sp. (Youssef et al. 2020). It is known that the use of resistant-tolerant varieties has priority in the control of root lesion nematodes in wheat worldwide and a different alternative method has not been recommended yet. The lack of any detailed study on the effect of B. bassiana, which is widely used as a bio-insecticide in pest control, on Root lesion nematodes led to the planning of this study. This study aimed to reveal the pathogenicity of two native B. bassiana isolates obtained from Turkey against P. thornei in wheat under controlled conditions. Materials and methodsMaterialsThe study was carried out with the SK11 isolate of P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Reduced energy cost. Faster response and less delay due to autonomous featuresGovernment restrictions are limiting public research outside the company. There is not yet an existing outdoors autonomous train, not until 2022 or 2023(tractors)[29,30]3000Cameras that cover a 250 rangeSAE Level 2Capability of automatizing the farming and recollection process. Reduced cost of labor by 14%, fuel consumption by 14%, seed costs by 6%, and fertilizer costs by 6%More ambitious projects such as fully autonomous tractors are being developed and tested. They are intended to be produced in the mass market for ten more years(Robots)NAIO Technologies [33,34]2200N/ASAE Level 4Long-term reduction of costs for an overall production. More precision and less human errors. Perfect tool for small or compact territoriesSlow performance for a large project. Need of several robots that can be highly priced. Miscalculations for some tasks or when applying pesticides(Drones)DJI [31]2040RADAR with a 100-deg FOV. Cameras that cover a 200-m rangeSAE Level 4Design of the drone increases the ability for sensors to scan the environment and precisely identify better the field. RADAR based system is efficient because it is a controlled spaced where an expensive LIDAR is not requiredAccuracy and precision flaws could be encountered. The scanning feature could misbehave by not identifying the correct plantsLogisticsMercedez-Benz [37]5320with 130-deg FOV, short-range RADAR with 130-deg FOV, full range RADAR 250-m and 18-deg FOV, front stereo camera with 100-meters rangeSAE Level 4Implementation of a system using RADAR sensors for highway automated driving. Highway system connecting with the vehicle to ensure safety and provide data from sensorsVehicle does not implement LIDAR sensors that could be useful to increase visibility when doing a 3D mapping to visualize the environmentLogisticsFreightliner6420Long- and short-range RADARs (820 ft and 230 ft), front and back with a 328 ft range and 45-deg 4Highway pilot system supporting data fusion and executing lane stability, collision avoidance, speed control, etc. Sensor information is missing to determine the negative aspects of the technology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: The cities also implement specific mitigation and adaptation measures, such as sustainable batteries, green hydrogen, and carbon capture, as well as zero-emission buildings and clean air grants. The city of Ahmedabad focuses on heat-resilient urban planning. In contrast, it was found that Copenhagen's adaptation strategies are more advanced, with detailed zoning and building regulations to address rising sea levels and intense rainfall, compared to Portland's adaptation strategies. Hamburg's aim for widespread green roof adoption is to reduce the urban heat island effect and regulate rainwater through financial incentives and regulatory support. Vancouver prioritizes a long-term vision for integrating green rainwater infrastructure into its water management system across the city. 5. 2 Understanding the allocation of funds between mitigation and adaptation initiativesEvery city reflects its climate vulnerabilities and priorities, suggesting models that could be implemented in identical contexts globally. Cities demonstrate a commitment to climate finance, international climate involvement, waste, and water management through circular economy initiatives, as well as unique urban sustainability and household energy consumption efforts. Figure 5 illustrates the funding levels (low, moderate, high) for mitigation actions vs. adaption actions in each city [9, 95, 99,100,101]. The collaborative government approach in Amsterdam or Ahmedabad, the whole-of-government strategy in Boston or Hamburg, external partnerships in Vancouver, and international support in Singapore highlight their commitment to global climate initiatives. Fig. 5Understanding the funding levels for mitigation actions vs. adaption actions in each cityFull size image6 ConclusionsThe case studies investigated provide critical messages for action priorities and valuable lessons in addressing the challenges of global warming at the city level. The close scrutiny of mitigation and adaptation strategies exposes the interconnected and complex nature of efforts to combat global warming. It is observed that cities play a crucial role in driving climate change-related policies as the importance of localized solutions stands out. The relationship between local management practices and global climate policies is depicted as intricate, with cities independently managing climate actions while being facilitated through cooperation and networks between cities and pushed by international agreements. The case studies of the selected cities offer critical insights into the effectiveness of city-wide climate strategies and local environmental challenges. The chosen case studies emphasize innovation, challenges, and collaboration, offering other worldwide cities crucial guidance for effective climate action and building a sustainable, resilient future. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 88. Indrasha, “” 2023. of Inventory.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: thornei which was obtained from the wheat production area of Şarkikaraağaç district (Turkey) in (Göze Özdemir et al. 2021) and whose mass production in the laboratory continued according to Zuckerman et al. (1985)'s carrot disk method. BIM-001 of B. bassiana isolated from Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in potato fields in Isparta (Sarı, 2020) and BY2 isolate isolated from Haplothrips sp. in Burdur wheat fields were used in the study (Uzun, 2020). The wheat material of the study was İkizce cultivar, which was found to be susceptible to root lesion nematode in previous studies conducted in (Söğüt et al. 2011). Preparation of nematode inoculumAfter mass production of P. thornei, carrot disks in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes were cut into small pieces, sterile water was added to cover the Petri dish. After two days, the nematodes that got into the water were taken with a tape measure and the precipitation process was carried out. The obtained nematode suspension was counted using a binocular microscope and approximately 400 P. thornei (adult + larvae) were transferred into Eppendorf tubes with 1 ml of sterile water (Kepenekçi et al. 2018). Preparation of the fungal inoculumBeauveria bassiana BIM-001 and BY2 isolates were cultured on Agar (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) medium in 10 cm diameter Petri dishes and incubated at 25 °C for 10 days in dark conditions. After ten days, distilled water was poured onto the fungus culture dishes and the dishes were rubbed with a spreader. Then, a filter was placed on the beaker and distilled water + spores were poured onto the filter. Spore suspension concentrations 106, 107, 108 spores/ml were prepared by counting the spores on the thoma slide (Youssef et al. 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: This vehicle is currently a prototype Table 2Recommended sensor configurations based on vehicle type and functionality Type of vehicleSensors recommendedSensor configuration propertiesAdditional commentsPersonal VehiclesUltrasonic sensors, more than 5 cameras, GPS, and GNSSWith this sensor configuration, the vehicle should be able to detect the entire surroundings. Due to the functionality of personal vehicles, there should be a 360-deg range of coverage for LIDARs, ultrasonic sensors, and camerasDepending on the level of automation for a specific vehicle, the produce could choose between an ultrasonic sensor or a LIDAR. Least autonomous vehicles could benefit from ultrasonic sensors due to their low cost. However, a more autonomous car should implement LIDARs to benefit from 3D mapping and precisionShuttles/Buses/cameras with a large and GNSSThis configuration is similar to the one chosen for personal vehicles. In this case, cameras should have a large field of view due to the size increment of the vehicle. In addition, more sensors are required to ensure a proper sensor fusion in bigger vehiclesBuses and shuttles could consider implementing ultrasonic vehicle to reduce costs. These could fusion also with LIDARs for better results regarding object detection considering that most of these types of vehicles will have a basic level of automationwith at least 120 m of range, LIDARs, cameras, and ultrasonic sensorsFor trains, the sensor configuration can fluctuate. Trains will benefit with this configuration from advanced sensing technology with RADARs and LIDARs. These sensors should have a minimum amount of range of 120 m to increase response time in case of accidents. GPS and GNSS are encouraged but no necessary due to the control and monitoring of railroadsN/cameras with a large barometersThis specific configuration for drones will give the vehicle the ability to monitor its surroundings with cameras and LIDARs. GNSS and GPS sensors will help the drone with orientation. IMUs and barometers are crucial to register weather changesBasic object detection is needed for drones since they avoid close contact with the ground, there is no need of LIDARs for that purpose.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: Landscapes in Britain (and Areas of Beauty), have a provenance that is based upon landscape and access to the countryside. The demand for open access to the countryside and protection of it grew during the nineteenth century as the produced a rapid urbanisation and industrialisation of the British landscape. Campaigns and demonstrations in favour of access to the countryside, of having access to large open spaces to experience the freedom and exhilaration provided by regions now designated as National Parks, lead to a landmark Act of Parliament1949 and Access to the Countryside Act. . During subsequent decades this saw the designation of ten in England and Wales, an additional Act of Parliament to designate the Norfolk and as an equivalent status landscape, the establishment of lobbying bodies and the passing of further legislation1995 to give Authorities autonomy within local government. There are now fifteen in Wales, Scotland and England covering about 10% of the land by area. Being relatively large areas within the context of Britain, and having been designated in order to preserve the majesty and beauty of some of the most rugged landscapes and coastal areas, it is no coincidence that they are dominated by upland and mountainous terrain. They therefore support significant tracts of biodiversity (ENPAA, 2010), which are also present in the lowland and coastal National Parks. Their geographical positions mean that they possess examples of most or all of the principal habitats and species of importance for biodiversity conservation in Britain, as well as the highest and lowest areas above sea level, the warmest and coldest, wettest and driest climates. This combination of significant tracts of land rich in biodiversity, exposure to meteorological extremes and additionally the coincidence of the upland in Britain with the are mainly upland regions within the that are designated for special economic attention under the Policy by virtue of their natural characteristics (geology, altitude, climate, etc. ), which put farmers at an economic disadvantage. , mean that they are ecologically and economically at least as vulnerable as other regions in Britain, if not more so, to the adverse effects of climate change. Rural resilience and the ability to respond effectively to the effects of climate change are put under still greater strain by the inherently high ecological footprintMeasured as global hectares per capita, the biological ecological footprint (i. e. , the amount actually available on the Earth per person) is 1. 8 global hectares per capita (Dawkins et al. 2008). The actual figure for the USA is 9. 6, for China 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Determination of pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana against Pratylenchus thornei on wheatThe study was carried out in 500 cc plastic pots with 500 g of autoclaved soil mixture (68% sand, 21% silt, and 11% clay) in a climate room with 25 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% proportional humidity under controlled conditions. Three wheat plants in pot were considered as one replica. Experiments were set up separately for B. bassiana BIM-001 and BY2 isolate. The study was carried out with 10 replications of both entomopathogenic fungus isolates according to a randomized plot design for each suspension concentration (1 × 106, 1 × 107, 1 × 108 spores/ml). One week after sowing the seeds, 400 P. thornei individuals (larvae + adult) were inoculated in each pot with the help of plastic pipettes into the holes drilled to 2–3 cm soil depth around the root zone (Kepenekçi et al. 2018). Five ml of the spore suspensions were prepared immediately after the nematode inoculation was applied to each pot with the help of a measuring tape. Only wheat plants treated with P. thornei were used as control. Experiments were terminated after 9 weeks. At the end of this period, plant and root length (cm) and fresh weight (g) of wheat plants were recorded. P. thornei individuals were obtained from soil and root using the Baermann funnel method (Hooper et al. 2005). Then, nematodes counts were made under a binocular microscope at 10X magnification, and after the total nematode density was obtained, the reproduction rates were calculated with the formula; Reproduction rates = Final nematode density (PF)/number of inoculated nematodes (PI). Statistical analysisSPSS (version 20. 0) program was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the study and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test the differences between the means. “Tukey” test was used when variances were homogeneous to determine the means of different groups. ResultsIn the study, the mean of soil nematode density was lower than the control plants that were only treated with P. thornei in all concentrations of B. bassiana BIM-001 isolate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In specific areas such as farming, attachments can be added to give the drone extra functions and increase its utilityhigh-definition cameras, IMUsRobots are used in controlled spaces; this configuration will give the robot the ability to autonomously accomplish tasks with accuracyMost robots will need around 2–4 cameras since there is no need to have complete control of the surrounding areaType of vehicleSensors recommendedSensor configuration propertiesAdditional commentsPersonal VehiclesUltrasonic sensors, more than 5 cameras, GPS, and GNSSWith this sensor configuration, the vehicle should be able to detect the entire surroundings. Due to the functionality of personal vehicles, there should be a 360-deg range of coverage for LIDARs, ultrasonic sensors, and camerasDepending on the level of automation for a specific vehicle, the produce could choose between an ultrasonic sensor or a LIDAR. Least autonomous vehicles could benefit from ultrasonic sensors due to their low cost. However, a more autonomous car should implement LIDARs to benefit from 3D mapping and precisionShuttles/Buses/cameras with a large and GNSSThis configuration is similar to the one chosen for personal vehicles. In this case, cameras should have a large field of view due to the size increment of the vehicle. In addition, more sensors are required to ensure a proper sensor fusion in bigger vehiclesBuses and shuttles could consider implementing ultrasonic vehicle to reduce costs. These could fusion also with LIDARs for better results regarding object detection considering that most of these types of vehicles will have a basic level of automationwith at least 120 m of range, LIDARs, cameras, and ultrasonic sensorsFor trains, the sensor configuration can fluctuate. Trains will benefit with this configuration from advanced sensing technology with RADARs and LIDARs. These sensors should have a minimum amount of range of 120 m to increase response time in case of accidents. GPS and GNSS are encouraged but no necessary due to the control and monitoring of railroadsN/cameras with a large barometersThis specific configuration for drones will give the vehicle the ability to monitor its surroundings with cameras and LIDARs. GNSS and GPS sensors will help the drone with orientation. IMUs and barometers are crucial to register weather changesBasic object detection is needed for drones since they avoid close contact with the ground, there is no need of LIDARs for that purpose.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: 6, for Brazil 2. 1 and the global average is 2. 2. it was 5. 16 in 2003 and rose (at a 1. 5% annual rate in line with trends elsewhere in Britain) to 5. 25 in 2005. Based upon figures listed for the counties in which the sits, it is 5. 3 to 5. 46 global ha/capita in the National Park. of rural life in (Dawkins et al. , 2008). Just as it is for elsewhere in the world, it is equally logical that in Britain have a significant role to play in national climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Being less urbanised and maintaining larger tracts of open hill, contiguous agricultural land, forestry, wetlands and undeveloped coastline than elsewhere in Britain, they can serve as ‘environmental barometers of change’ and test beds for new approaches to mitigating and adapting to climate change. This argument is repeatedly well made by the bodies representing Authorities in Britain, yet it is largely unheeded at a national policy level. This 2. Invisible landscape sentinels; Britain’s national parksIn accordance with categories established by the for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and Areas of Beauty (AONBs) in Britain are (Lucas, 1992; Phillips, 2002). As such, they are managed for their contribution to landscape and seascape; conservation and recreation are especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of both biological diversity and natural and associated cultural resources; and they are managed through legal and other effective means (local action, projects and policy). The aim throughout the world where Landscapes have been designated is to spread the value and achievements of management to areas beyond their boundaries, ensuring that the people who live and work within them are fully involved and benefiting from their management.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: However, it was determined that there was non-significant difference between the concentrations of BIM-001 isolate in terms of mean of soil nematode density (P ≥ 0. 05). The mean root nematode density of 108 (930. 9 ± 45. 9/per pot) and 107 (960. 0 ± 68. 7/per pot) spores/ml concentrations of BIM-001 isolate was lower than the control (1105. 0 ± 111. 2/per pot), but the difference between them was non-significant (P ≥ 0. 05). The highest mean of total nematode density and reproduction rate was determined at 106 spore/ml concentration of BIM-001 isolate and control. Although the mean of total nematode density and reproduction rate parameters of 108 spore/ml concentrations of BIM-001 isolate were lower than 107 spore/ml concentrations, non-significant difference was found between them (P ≥ 0. 05). However, it was determined that they were lower than the control (Table 1). Table 1 Effect of Beauveria bassiana BIM-001 and BY2 isolates on soil, root, total nematode density and reproduction rate of Pratylenchus thorneiFull size tableThe mean soil nematode density of 108, 107, and 106 spores/ml concentrations of B. bassiana BY2 isolate was lower than the control. It was determined that the lowest mean of P. thornei soil, root, total nematode density and reproduction rate was found at 108 spore/ml concentration of BY2 isolate. An inverse correlation was determined between the spore concentration density of the BY2 isolate and the total nematode density, and reproduction rate values. The lowest mean of total nematode density (1492. 2 ± 99. 7/soil + root) and reproduction rate (3. 6 ± 0. 2) were found at the BY2 concentration of 108 spore/ml, while these values were found at the highest concentration of 106 spore/ml of 2046. 7 ± 65. 8/ soil + root and 5. 0 ± 0. 1, respectively, and there was a statistical difference between them (P ≤ 0. 05) (Table 1). Another result obtained in the study was that the plant and root growth parameters were determined higher than the control in wheat treated with BIM-001 and BY2 isolates.

Output: pass