Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Once again, note the classical exponential (Gompertzian) shape with ΔAge, even though all the subjects are the same age chronologically; f) distribution of ΔAge for all the people in UKBB (all ages and all genders, green shape). The distribution of ΔAge for people who died within 5 years after enrolling in the UKBB (red line) is shown for comparison; note a shift of the deceased distribution to the right, towards larger ΔAge (predicted older on average). The mortality penalty due to ΔAge is plotted as blue dots (left y-axis), the exponential fit of these data is presented as a blue line, and the 99% confidence interval as a grey shade; g) average ΔAge is plotted for UKBB males (g) and females (h) against their highest education (qualification) level achieved; i) the fraction of people who play computer games “sometimes” (yellow dots), never (red dots), and people who play computer games “often” (green dots); j) average Δage of people at different ages separated by their computer gaming habits (see 3i). As a group, people who play computer games “often” are biologically younger than people who play computer games “sometimes”, or “never”. One year of ΔAge carries approximately the same mortality risk as one year of chronological ageThe classical paradigm of aging described by Gompertz stipulates that mortality rates increase exponentially with time, doubling roughly every 8 years (Kirkwood, 2015). In the UKBB dataset that we analyzed, a small number of participants (8,883 males and 5,668 females, fig. 3b) passed away within 5 years of their initial test-center attendance. The distribution of these deaths among UKBB participants has a typical “Gompertzian” shape, with mortality rates exponentially doubling every 7. 7 years for both males and females (figure 3c). In Gompertz’ model, where mortality depends only on age, everyone of the same age has an equal likelihood of dying. However, by incorporating ΔAge, we were able to further forecast death among individuals of the same age. To illustrate this point, consider males who are 62 years old and group them based on their ΔAge (as shown in figure 3d).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Specifically, the experiment included a total of 95 stimuli (divided into two runs): 45 images with 2 overlapping shapes (15 images per shape format), 15 images with 2 non-overlapping shapes (5 stimuli per shape format), 15 images with 3 non-overlapping shapes (5 stimuli per format), 10 images with a single shape (5 in an outline format and 5 in a full solid shape format) and 10 stimuli with a single 3D shape. The shapes’ locations varied randomly between the images, thus the timing of objects in the soundscapes could not have been informative about their number. See Fig. 1B for examples of the different stimuli and their auditory representation. Blind participants were briefly trained (~20 minutes; see Fig. 1A) for the specific task before the experiment to familiarize them with the visual principles of object occlusion, transparency, segmentation and overlap. During training, one stimulus of each type (i. e. a 3D shape, 2 overlapping filled opaque shapes, etc. ) was presented using different shapes than those used in the experiment (a trapezoid, a rhombus, a cylinder). Sighted controls were not trained and remained naïve to the visual-to-auditory transformation algorithm. Statistical analysisAverage percent correct was calculated and a Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to test for significance (relative to chance level, which was 1/3, as there were 3 possible answers, or between blind and sighted groups). A Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple comparisons. Thus, we divided the target α = 0. 05 value by the number of statistical comparisons performed, which yielded p < 0. 00625 as the threshold for significance. Additionally, the d’ sensitivity measure was calculated for the main results. Additional InformationHow to cite this 10. 1038/srep15359 (2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Nutrient Uptake: Symbiosis as a Go to 62. Extraradical development and contribution to plant performance of an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis exposed to complete or partial rootzone drying Go to 63. Use of 15N stable isotope to quantify nitrogen transfer between mycorrhizal plants Go to 64. Ostryopsis davidiana seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi facilitate formation of mycorrhizae on Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings Go to 65. 15N to Quantify Two-by Go to 66. Hydraulic redistribution of water from Pinus ponderosa trees to seedlings: evidence for an ectomycorrhizal pathway Go to 67. Role of Mycorrhizae in the Growth and Establishment of Go to 68. 69. 70. Improved soil structure and citrus growth after inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress Go to 71. Hyphal-mediated transfer of nitrate, arsenic, cesium, rubidium, and strontium between arbuscular mycorrhizal forbs and grasses from a California oak woodland Go to 72. Osmotic solute responses of mycorrhizal citrus (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings to drought stress Go to 73. Effect of Glomus versiforme inoculation on reactive oxygen metabolism of Citrus tangerine leaves exposed to water stress Go to 74. The relationships between relative water content, chlorophyll synthesis and yield performance of yam ( Dioscorea rotundata ) as affected by soil amendments and mycorrhizal inoculation Go to 75. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal dynamics under Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb. ) Korth. in Go to 76. Reactive oxygen metabolism in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal citrus (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings subjected to water stress Go to 77. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on drought stress of soybean Go to 78. Relationship of seed source and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculum type to growth and colonization of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) Go to 79.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Individuals on the left side (with negative ΔAge values) were predicted by the model to be younger than 62, while those on the right were predicted to be older. In this UKBB sub-cohort, several hundred subjects died within five years following their enrollment. Plotting the average mortality for each ΔAge bin in this stratification of 62-year-olds resulted in a Gompertz-like mortality distribution. Notably, the effect of one year of ΔAge on the mortality rate was almost identical to that of one year of chronological age. It is important to emphasize that death data were not considered during the development of the model of biological age or derivation of ΔAge, and that ΔAge does not exhibit any correlation with chronological age (as illustrated in fig. 3a). The capacity of ΔAge to predict mortality with a similar level of accuracy as chronological age is consistent across genders and ages and can even be observed when individuals of all ages are combined (fig. 3f). We consider this progressive increase in mortality rates with progressively larger ΔAge to be a powerful validation of this modeling strategy for assessing biological age. The fact that combining chronological age with ΔAge leads to a more precise prediction of mortality risk than relying on chronological age alone might be of interest to actuaries. ΔAge correlates with parental lifespanRemarkably, we observed a robust correlation of ΔAge with the age at death of the participant’s father (p-value = 1. 9*10-43 for females, and p-value = 3. 9*10-31 for males), and mother (p-value = 1. 1*10-68 for females, and p-value = 1. 3*10-32 for males). Individuals predicted to be biologically younger had parents who lived longer. Previous studies have reported that the lifespans of parents and offspring are correlated (et al. , 2018; Milman and Barzilai, 2016). These findings, too, provide strong validation for the model, reinforcing the idea that ΔAge is not simply noise, but rather carries significant information about the aging process and its variability in the population. Environmental factors that influence biological agePrevious studies have shown that personal wealth is positively associated with human lifespan (Chetty et al. , 2016; Wang and Geng, 2019), whereas smoking and excessive drinking are negatively associated with lifespan.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --Fi Handshake: analysis of password patterns in Wi-Fi networks View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185 Published 2022-12-16 Accepted 2022-11-21 Received 2022-03-16 Vicente Alarcon-Networks and Communications, Cryptography, Security and WPA/WPA2, Wi-Fi security, Password cracking, © 2022 Carballal et al. is an open access 2022. Wi-Fi Handshake: analysis of password patterns in Wi-Fi networks. PeerJ 8:e1185 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 86. 1% of Spanish households (more than 14 million) had broadband Internet access through the different technologies available: optical fiber or ADSL, mobile Internet (3G, 4G or 5G) or satellite. With the exception of mobile Internet, the technologies mentioned above are concerned with providing connection, not Internet access, for devices, so it is necessary to add an access point that communicates with them. Currently, the most widely used device for this purpose is the router, which combines modem and router functions to create a private network to which various devices are connected, either via Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi. The first routers incorporating Wi-Fi technology appeared in 2000, and it has since become the most popular way to connect to the Internet in the home and business environment. This popularity is clearly marked by two milestones: the term Wi-Fi was added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary in 2005 and by 2012, it had been implemented in 25% of households worldwide (Alliance, 2019). Wi-Fi technology made it easy for a wide variety of devices to connect to the Internet without the need to be physically wired to the router. The advantages are clear: the cheaper and easier implementation of local area networks (LANs), proliferation of applications and mobile devices, possibility of creating spaces with immediate connectivity, and user mobility (Castro, 2005). However, connecting became riskier because physical access to the cable was no longer necessary in orther to attack a network, and the data were transmitted publicly, through the “air” (or, technically, the radio spectrum). Anyone within the range of a wireless network could try to access it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on leaf solutes and root absorption areas of trifoliate orange seedlings under water stress conditions Go to 80. Effects of water stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on reactive oxygen metabolism and antioxidant production by citrus (Citrus tangerine) roots Go to 81. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions Go to 82. in Glycine max and Lactuca sativa Plants in Relation to to 83. An experimental approach to quantifying chemical and positional availability of soil potassium Go to 84. Quantification of by Hyphae and its Significance for Leaf Growth, Water Relations, and of to Go to 85. Nitrogen delivery to maize via mycorrhizal hyphae depends on the form of N supplied Go to 86. Variations in water status, gas exchange, and growth in Rosmarinus officinalis plants infected with Glomus deserticola under drought conditions Go to 87. Contribution of six arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates to water uptake by Lactuca sativa plants under drought stress Go to 88. Combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhizas and light on water uptake of the neotropical understory shrubs, Piper and to 89. : A for to 90. Growth and mineral nutrient acquisition of mycorrhizal soybean grown on a calcareous soil under drought stress conditions Go to 91. Relating foliar dehydration tolerance of mycorrhizal Phaseolus vulgaris to soil and root colonization by hyphae Go to 92. Temporal and spatial dynamics of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under the canopy of Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss. in the Go to 93. Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas Go to 94. Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the revegetation of desertified Mediterranean ecosystems Go to 95. Go to 96. to 97. 98. 99. Biotechnology of arbuscular mycorrhizas Go to 100. Foliar dehydration tolerance of mycorrhizal cowpea, soybean and bush bean Go to 101.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: To investigate whether this measure of physiological ΔAge has similar associations, and possibly to identify new environmental factors that influence aging, we calculated the correlation of ΔAge with every parameter available from UKBB (supplemental tables S3a, b). Correlations with p-values lower than 10-5 (calculated to correct for multiple testing) were considered statistically significant. Interestingly, we observed a strong association of ΔAge with age-dependent biological phenotypes that were not included in the model to predict ΔAge due to the low number of people who underwent the assessment. For example, heel bone density (UKBB field #3148) and Thalamus volume (UKBB field #25011) both had strong associations with ΔAge (p-values were ∼10-11 and 10-10, respectively). These and other phenotypes with strong ΔAge correlations again help to validate the model and might be useful parameters to consider when building biological clocks in the future. Tables S3c and S3d list the environmental factors we found to correlate with ΔAge. As predicted, wealth was positively correlated with a more youthful ΔAge. For instance, parameters such as “home location” (UKBB field id# 20075), “place of birth” (UKBB field id# 129), “Townsend deprivation index” (UKBB field id# 189), and “total income” have a strong and significant correlation with ΔAge (Tables S3). Additionally, smoking and exposure to smoke (UKBB field ids# 20161 and 20162) were positively correlated with an older ΔAge. The impact of moderate alcohol drinking on long-term health is still a subject of debate. In our data, the overall frequency of alcohol consumption (numerous UKBB fields, like 20414) did not have a significant correlation with ΔAge, however, the alcohol type did. Consuming beer and hard cider (UKBB field id# 1588) were positively correlated with ΔAge, whereas consuming Champagne and other white wines (UKBB field id# 4418) was negatively correlated. It is likely that drinking Champagne frequently is an indicator of higher socio-economic status. The single most significant non-biological parameter that correlated with ΔAge in both males and females (p-value<10-200) was “Qualifications” or the level of education achieved (UKBB field id# 6138).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: The first security protocol that attempted to address this vulnerability in Wi-Fi networks was Privacy (WEP), launched at the same time as the first products certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance. However, by the end of 2001, the WEP protocol was already considered insecure (Fluhrer, Mantin & Shamir, 2001) and Wi-Access (WPA) was developed with the intention that any device supporting WEP encryption could support the new protocol with a simple firmware update, a compromise solution while the WPA2 standard was being developed. The WPA protocol, maintained certain problems and vulnerabilities of WEP (e. g. , chop chop attack (Beck & Tews, 2008) and packet injection (Huang et al. , 2005)), but represented important advancements, along with the introduction of the four-way handshake. In 2004, the first WPA2-compliant devices began to be certified, and starting in 2006, all new devices without Wi-Fi certification were required to implement it. In 2019, WPA2 became the best-known protocol, but it was neither the newest nor safest. During the last few years, vulnerabilities have been discovered (e. g. , the decryption of group keys (Vanhoef & Piessens, 2016) or the famous KRAK (Vanhoef & Piessens, 2017)) which, as with WPA, endanger the traffic between the client and access point, although they do not compromise the security of the key. 2018, WPA version 3 was announced, with the intention of solving the problems discovered in WPA2. It is currently being implemented as an option by manufacturers. In this new version, the four-way handshake has been replaced by a protocol called “simultaneous peer-to-peer authentication” which promises to be resistant to oﬄine dictionary attacks. In oﬄine attacks, once the file is obtained containing the hash that is to be decrypted, there is no restriction regarding the number of possibilities that can be tested until it is achieved, contrary to what usually happens in Internet services. However, a vulnerability of this protocol has already been found in the WPA2 compatibility mode (Vanhoef & Ronen, 2019), which is that it would still allow oﬄine attacks to be executed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Water status and stomatal behaviour of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L. ) Walp, plants inoculated with two Glomus species at low soil moisture levels Go to 102. Effect of mycorrhizal colonisation on drought stress effects and phosphorus uptake from dry soil in two cowpea cultivars and Sorghum bicolor Go to 103. Mycorrhizal impact on osmotic adjustment in Ocimum basilicum during a lethal drying episode Go to 104. Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants Go to 105. Nutrient uptake Go to 106. Transport of Phosphorus and Carbon in Go to 107. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on leaf water potential, sugar content, and P content during drought and recovery of maizeK. S. Subramanian, C. Charest, L. M. Dwyer, and R. I. to 108. Growth, phosphorus uptake, and water relations of safflower and wheat infected with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Go to 109. Water uptake by safflower and wheat roots infected with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Go to 110. Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum Go to 111. Vesicular-(VAM) to 112. 113. Mycorrhizal relationships in bottomland hardwood forests of the southern Go to 114. Physiological and nutritional responses by L. to nitrogen sources and mycorrhizal fungi under drought conditions Go to 115. Mycorrhizal relations in trees for agroforestry and land rehabilitation Go to 116. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza — an overview Go to 117. Mycorrhiza: ecological implications of plant interactions Go to 118. Hyphal contribution to water uptake in mycorrhizal plants as affected by the fungal species and water status Go to 119. Transport of Phosphorus and Carbon in VA to 120. in Sustainable Soil-Go to 121. 122. Approaches to the study of the extraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Go to 123. VA mycorrhiza: benefits to crop plant growth and costs Go to 124.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Each additional level of education was progressively associated with increased “youthfulness” (Fig. 3g, h). Interestingly, the effect size of education (-1. 51) was much greater than that of wealth (-0. 81) or place of birth (-0. 13). Certain leisure and social activities were also correlated with ΔAge. The amount of TV watching (UKBB filed# 1070) was positively correlated with ΔAge in both males and females, whereas time spent outdoors (UKBB filed# 1050) for males, and DIY projects (UKBB filed# 2624) for females were correlated with younger ΔAge. Intriguingly, the second strongest behavioral trait that associated with ΔAge was the “frequency with which people play computer games”. This is a novel association, and one that is less likely to reflect socioeconomic status, as access to computer gaming is inexpensive and widely available. Playing computer games associated with youthfulness (fig. 3i, j, Supp. Item #1), with a size effect of -2. 2 and p-value of 4*10-8. This association was equally strong if “age” was factored out from the regression, indicating that generational changes in leisure activities do not explain this association. Genetic loci associated with biological ageTo identify potential genetic determinants of physiological ΔAge, we carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS), using linear models separately on males and females (Methods). Manhattan plots for male and female GWAS models are presented in figures 4a-d (for summary statistics, see supplementary tables S4). The inflation factor in our analysis was λgc=1. 2005 for males and λgc =1. 2531 for females. Linkage disequilibrium regression intercepts were 1. 0213+/-0. 0083 and 1. 0285+/-0. 0119 for males and females respectively. Figure 4. Genetic analysis of ΔAge. a, c) Quantile-Quantile plots for female and male -log10 p-values; b, d) Manhattan plots from genome-wide association analysis of female and male ΔAge; e) Correlation of ΔAge GWAS determination with other GWAS performed and reported by the UKBB consortium.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: The aim of this work is to crack as many passwords as possible using the handshakes collected while walking through the metropolitan area of A Coruña. Additionally, using brute force, we built a targeted and contextualized dictionary that takes into account both the geographical location and the nature of the access point’s owner. Finally, we reduced the size of the dictionary using a contextualized grammar. The four-way handshake or why your neighbor sleeps more soundly New vulnerabilities in the WPA/WPA2 protocols have been discovered each year, but none of them have compromised the confidentiality of the authentication key. The four-way handshake has proven effective in preserving the security of that part of the protocol—each time a client wants to connect to an access point, they exchange four messages to confirm that the know the authentication key. This key is “hashed”, that is, a function has been applied to it that transforms the arbitrary size key (in WPA2, from eight to 63 characters) into another set of fixed size characters. In cryptography, a desirable quality of a hash function is that it is not reversible in practice, i. e. , it is computationally not feasible to calculate the inverse function and retrieve the input from the hash function. This is why passwords were obtained exclusively based on the available time and computing capacity since the WPA/WPA2 protocol was extended. The process of “dehashing” a password often involves three steps: Loading many terms, combinations of terms, or combinations of terms and symbols to build a word. Applying the hash algorithm to the word. Comparing the output of the previous algorithm with the hash to be deciphered. Therefore, on 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-1 The basic principle behind the four-way handshake is that the pre-shared key (PSK) cannot be transmitted to the public medium under any circumstances. Therefore, the first thing the client should do before starting the message exchange is to build the pairwise master key (PMK), as shown in Formula (1). (1) PMK=PBKDF2(HMAC−SHA1,4096,256) This is the version used by the WPA and WPA2 protocols. In order to understand it and the reasons for its choice, it would be interesting to shell it and build it step-by-step.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2377861/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published01 May, 2023Read the published version in Plant and Soil →Version 1posted 5You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground and split-root approach was used to explore how phosphorus (P) nutrition influences accumulation of rare earth elements (REE) in plant species with different P-acquisition strategies beyond the commonly explored REE-phosphate precipitation. species (Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum, Lupinus albus, and Lupinus cosentinii) were cultivated with a split-root system on two sand types. Phosphorus availability was controlled on one root side by watering the plants with different P-containing solutions (100 µM P, 0 µM P). Carboxylate release and changes in pH were measured on both sides. Concentrations of nutrients, cadmium (Cd), aluminium (Al), light REE (LREE: La–Eu), and heavy REE (HREE: Gd–Lu, including Y) in roots and shoots were analyzed by ICP-MS. aestivum, B. napus and C. arietinum did not respond to a low P supply with elevated carboxylate release. These species accumulated more REE when the P supply was low and higher REE concentrations were proportional to declining plant growth. However, P. sativum, L. albus and L. cosentiniiaccumulated less REE when P-supply was low. Plants that strongly acidified the rhizosphere and released low quantities of dicarboxylates accumulated more REE (with higher LREE/HREE ratios) than species that released tricarboxylates. findings suggest that REE accumulation strongly depended on rhizosphere acidification, in concert with the amount and composition of carboxylates determining the exclusion of REE-carboxylate complexes. Leaf REE signatures may be a promising indicator as a screen tool for carboxylate-based processes in the rhizosphere using an ionomic approach.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Note the strong genetic relation between GWASs for ΔAge and parental age at death; f) effect of APOE alleles on average ΔAge plotted across different ages. Beneficial APOE2 alleles are in green, and detrimental APOE4 alleles are in red. Using a stringent multiple testing correction for GWAS (Chen et al. , 2021) with a threshold of 10-9, we identified 9 loci associated with ΔAge in males and 25 loci in females (fig. 4a, b, table S4). Four of these loci were found in both sexes. Specifically, these include the HLA locus, located at chr6:32,600,000; chr10:64,900,000, a locus that contains NRBF2, JMJD1C, and TATDN1P1 genes; chr19:45,413,233, a locus that contains 40, and APOC genes; and chr20:23,613,000, a locus that contains the CST3 gene. These genes are strong candidates to influence whether a person is biologically young or old for their age. Two of these loci, APOE (Schächter et al. , 1994; Sebastiani et al. , 2019) and HLA (Yang et al. , 2017), have previously been associated with human longevity, which increases our confidence in the analysis. GWAS analysis of combined male and female ΔAge data identified 12 additional loci (and candidate genes associated with these loci), are listed in table S4, and figure 5b. Figure 5. Models. a) Correlation between ΔAge calculated using full set of identified parameters and each of ten dropout models. Note that ΔAge values remain robust between models, meaning that if the person is predicted to have large ΔAge by the complete model, the “dropout” models will predict large ΔAge as well; b) The list of genes nearest to GWAS loci that associate with female and male ΔAge in the full model. Each hit is presented as a bubble, colored according to the significance of association of the locus with ΔAge, with size representing the effect size of the top SNP in the locus. The full summary is reported in Supplementary table 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: One could start with a very simple version of this function (Formula (2)). (2) PMK=HMAC−SHA1(PSK) HMAC-SHA1 is a hashing function and the PSK is used as input. This process returns a finite string of characters, the summary, which is inconsistent in the eyes of a human. This string could be used as a PMK, but this approach has a serious threat: hash tables. The result of entering two equal words in the HMAC-SHA1 function is the same, and is the same as saying that two equal passwords generate the same hash. The attack vector is clear, generates many of them with different passwords, and creates a hash table. These tables are distributed over the Internet and the only operation used to decipher a hash is to find it in this collection. It is therefore essential to use this pseudo-random function (see Formula (3)) that prevents two identical passwords from generating the same hash. The result of applying a pseudo-random function is not completely random, as one can guess from its name, since it is determined by a set of initial values. The set of initial values in the WPA/WPA2 protocol is the SSID, i. e. , in order the name of the access point. This process is known as salt or “salting”. (3) PMK=_(HMAC−SHA1,) Although this version is better than the initial one, one can still add complexity to it. It is necessary to design a function that repeats this process a certain number of times to generate a key of a certain number of bits (see Formula (4)). This function is PBKDF2 and when it repeats the application of the pseudo-random function, 4,096 times, it generates a 256-bits key, the PMK. (4) PMK=PBKDF2(HMAC−SHA1,4096,256) From this function, one should be able to receive the first handshake message from the access point, the ANonce. With ANonce the client has all the necessary information to build the PTK, and it is only necessary to concatenate (AMA), and Address (SMA). The result of the concatenation is passed as input to another pseudo-random function that will return a 64-byte (512-bit) string, the PTK (see Formula (5)).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: element exclusionrhizosphere chemistrycomplexationcarboxylatesFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionRoot carboxylate release is an essential plant strategy to access sparingly available soil nutrients, especially inorganic phosphate (Pi), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) (Shane and Lambers 2005; Lambers 2022). Phosphorus-acquisition strategies, including carboxylate-mediated P-mining strategies, are particularly relevant in nutrient-impoverished environments; however, their relevance in plant nutrition is not restricted to environments where the availability of nutrients is very low. Even when the elements are present, their availability is often limited by the low solubility of the corresponding element-bearing minerals and interactions with inorganic and organic soil p0. 3 µg g-1 (Lu) (McLennan 2001; Davranche et al. 2017). As a unique feature in this group, all 16 REEs exhibit ionic radii similar to Ca2+; however, under most pedologically-relevant conditions, REEs form trivalent cations (Wyttenbach et al. 1998), which strongly interact with phosphate and other negatively charged soil constituents (Diatloff et al. 1993; Cao et al. 2001; Li et al. , 2014). In particular, they can form stable complexes with dissolved organic compounds (Pourret et al. 2007; Wiche et al. 2017b), and the stability depends on the nature of the ligand and the REE involved. There are slight differences in ionic radii from light REEs (LREE: La to Eu) to heavy REEs (HREE: Gd to Lu, including Y), leading to differences in their sorption and complexation behaviour in soil and their availability in the rhizosphere (Khan et al. 2016; Schwabe et al. 2021; Monei et al. 2022). For REEs in the soil solution, it is generally assumed that uptake of REE3+-ions is mediated mainly by Ca2+-, Na+- and K+-channels (Han et al. 2005; Brioschi et al. 2013), while REE-carboxylate complexes are excluded during uptake, relative to free ionic forms (Han et al. 2005; Wiche et al. 2017b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: A healthy sub-cohort distinguishes genes that affect aging vs age-related diseaseSome genes that associated with ΔAge in our analysis are known disease risk factors. For example, the HNF1A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox A) locus (top SNP – rs1169284, ΔAge association p-value = 3. 0*10-23) is associated with diabetes (Shepherd et al. , 2009) and cancer (Abel et al. , 2018). The APOE (apolipoprotein E) locus (top SNP – rs7412, ΔAge association p-value = 4. 4*10-33) is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and coronary heart disease (Xu et al. , 2016). It is possible that people who carry risk alleles for age-related disease have a higher ΔAge due to the disease itself, even though their aging may be unaffected otherwise. To investigate this, we calculated the association of top loci with ΔAge in a “healthy-only” cohort, excluding people who had been diagnosed with disease; specifically, diabetes, cancer, asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis tuberculosis, any vascular or heart problems (such as high blood pressure, stroke, angina, or heart attack) or anybody with a history of allergic complications. These exclusion criteria decreased the number of the people in the study by almost 50%, however, the association of ΔAge for top hits remained (supplementary table 4). These findings suggest that most of the genetic signal associated with ΔAge comes not from a few susceptibility alleles for specific diseases but rather from alleles that describe and possibly drive fundamental processes that change with age; that is, possibly with aging itself. Conversely, this analysis also identified genes that were specifically responsible for certain diseases that present similarly to accelerated aging. For instance, the GCKR (glucokinase regulatory protein) locus showed a strong association with ΔAge (p-value=8*10-12); however, the association disappeared when we excluded individuals diagnosed with diabetes. This demonstrates that mutations in GCKR cause a disease that resembles aging but do not have a detectable effect on the overall aging of healthy individuals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: (5) PTK=PRF512(()) The PTK is divided into five parts as shown in Table 1. Table 1: PTK key decomposition. PTK 16 bytes 16 bytes 16 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes -tx MIC-rx DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-1 At this point, the client sends the second handshake message, composed of its SNonce and an Code (MIC). As the customer already has the PTK, in addition to sending the SNonce, it protects it with an MIC. The MIC is calculated from the SNonce and the Key (KCK). WPA and WPA2 use different hash functions for this step, as can be seen in Formulas (6) and (7), respectively. (6) =HMAC(5SHA) (7) WPA2MIC=HMAC(1) Thus, when the access point receives SNonce and MIC, it can also calculate the PTK (until now it lacked SNonce) and with SNonce and PTK, it can validate the MIC (that is, calculate it and compare if it is the same as the one it has received). If the MIC validation is positive, the access point confirms that it and the client are using the same PTK, which was the initial target. At this point in the handshake, the person intercepting the messages has enough information to make an attempt to decipher the password. Messages 3 and 4 of the process are not relevant to the purpose of this 28. 70%), and wpa-sec (31. 93%). According to Bonneau (2012): Most studies have deciphered 20–50% of dictionary-size passwords in the 220−230 word range. All studies show decreasing yields for larger dictionaries. There is little data on the efficiency of small dictionaries, as most studies use the largest dictionary they can process. Previous works on analyzing password patterns Bonneau (2012) investigated how people form passwords by looking at many publicly available password sets, such as RockYou and CSDN. They defined a variety of password properties, including all digits, non-ascii characters, and the usage of neighboring keys. The 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-2 These times correspond to what are called brute-force attacks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: However, all plants developed more root biomass in the mixed sand. Hence, these findings indicate that the plants allocated a large portion of P absorbed in quartz sand to the other root half growing in mixed sand. The increased root mass ratios of T. aestivum, B. napus and L. albus in P0 treatments (Fig. 1) indicate a relatively increased allocation of dry matter to roots and adjustment of root growth to a low P supply (de Bang et al. 2020). This growth adjustment is regulated by the overall nutrient status of the plants (Robinson 1996), and, therefore, might explain the high biomass allocation in T. aestivum, which showed the largest differences in shoot [P] resulting from differences in P supply. In contrast, L. cosentinii, C. arietinum and P. sativum did not respond to differences in P supply with altered root mass ratios. These species presumably relied more heavily on chemical changes in the rhizosphere than on more extensive root systems (Pearse et al. 2006). In the present experiment, the mixed sand (roots without P supply) was characterized by a higher pH, higher calcium acetate-extractable P availability (Table 1). Therefore, in the present experiment, resource allocation must be considered not only between shoot and root but also between the different root halves (Fig. 1), allowing us to explore the capacity to respond to nutrient availability by plasticity in root development. Indeed, when P supply was low in quartz sand (P0), all species (except L. cosentinii) developed more extensive roots in the mixed sand where the plants were exposed to conditions that allowed them to acquire more nutrients. The P0 treatment reduced the root growth of B. napus in quartz sand, but did not affect the root mass of other species at this root side. When the P supply was higher at the root side of quartz sand, the root mass of L. albus was unaffected in mixed sand, but B. napus showed a lower root mass. In contrast, L. cosentinii and C. arietinum had a higher root mass in mixed sand (Fig. 1) when the plants were supplied with P to the roots in quartz sand. This suggests that under P deficiency, the phosphophile B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, caution should be exercised when interpreting the analysis of this smaller, “healthier” subpopulation. It is possible that certain hits disappeared not due to disease but because of decreased statistical power resulting in false negatives. Conversely, some individuals may have had undiagnosed or subclinical disease, leading to false positives. Additionally, some of the associations may be false positives due to Collider bias. Thus, we favor the interpretation that among the GWAS hits that disappeared in the healthy sub-cohort were disease-susceptibility genes, while those that persisted likely influence the aging process more generally. Future longitudinal and other studies in humans and potentially animals could lend support to this interpretation. Heritability of ΔAgeTo estimate heritability, we performed (LD) score regression analysis (Zheng et al. , 2017). The analysis involved 1,293,150 unique SNPs with an allele frequency higher than 0. 01. We found that total genetic heritability (H2) of ΔAge was ∼11% (0. 108+/- 0. 009) for females and ∼10% (0. 096+/-0. 008) for males, which is similar to the genetic heritability estimated previously for human longevity (et al. , 2018; Melzer et al. , 2020). This may be because the variation in genetic diversity is not substantial or because existing alleles of critical longevity genes do not have significant effect sizes in this human population. GWAS signatures that correlate with the Δway to infer the biological meaning of ΔAge is to compare the GWAS signatures (Manhattan Plots) of ΔAge to GWAS signatures of other traits in public databases (Zheng et al. , 2017). We found that the genetic signatures of some of the components used to calculate ΔAge were correlated to the genetic signature of ΔAge itself (Fig. 4e). For example, GWAS of Capacity (FVC) had a correlation with ΔAge GWAS of 0. 49 +/- 0. 02 (p-value=5*10-65). In fact, remarkably, the most similar GWASs together spanned multiple organ systems (pulmonary, cardiovascular, musculature, cognition), arguing that this “aging” GWAS integrates the health of multiple organ systems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: The only variables that require a brute-force attack to be executed are the bearable characters and the length of what is attempted to be deciphered. That is why, for this type of attack, there is no distinction between “holahola12” and “83dk12w7p1” when anyone, at first glance, can intuit that one must be easier to decipher than the other. That intuition is what the word collections or dictionaries condense. It is known that the password “holahola12” is statistically more likely than “83dk12w7p1”, not only because “hello” is a word frequently used in the Spanish language, but also because it has been found in the real world by other people who have already used it. According to ( “holahola12” was found in 721 leaks. A brute-force attack that knows the two variables mentioned in the previous paragraph will, in time, always crack the password. The problem is that many times one neither knows the characters used, the length of the word, or they do not have the necessary time, and that is why a compromise is sought: the search space is restricted to a subset in exchange for reducing the chances of success by deciphering the key. The easiest option is to use one of the most popular dictionaries in circulation on the Internet, which range in length from hundreds of thousands to billions of words. Many of them tend towards most Anglo-Saxon terms, but for this strategy based on pure probability, it is not a disadvantage. The other option is to develop one’s own specialized dictionary when knowing some target data such as the country, the name of the owner of the access point, or the company’s password length policy, and from that propose some patterns that generate the words of the dictionary. For example, an audit is to be performed at a point in Spain and the pattern chosen is “two Spanish words plus one or two digits or special symbols”.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: arietinum (Fig. 2D), highlighting the capacity of these species to acidify the rhizosphere irrespective of P supply, which is consistent with the findings of Pearse et al. (2006) who demonstrated strong rhizosphere acidification for C. arietinum independent from P supply. The lupins (L. albus, and L. cosentinii) strongly acidified the rhizosphere when P was lacking in the nutrient solution, especially in the mixed sand, which was characterized by higher nutrient availability. It is generally assumed that the response of plants to nutrient deficiency is regulated by the overall nutrient status of the plants, as demonstrated for cluster-root formation and carboxylate release in lupins and some Proteaceae species (Shane et al. 2003a, 2003b; Wang et al. 2013). However, In C. arietinum, the production and release of carboxylates appears to be independent of plant P status (Wouterlood et al. 2004) and B. napus and T. aestivum typically show declining carboxylate release under P-deficient conditions (Pearse et al. 2006). Consistently, in the present study, P deficiency increased the carboxylate release of the lupins, reduced carboxylate release in B. napus and P. sativum, but did not affect the amount of carboxylates released in C. arietinum and T. aestivum (Fig. 2A, B), demonstrating some species lack the capacity to respond to P supply. Despite the lower carboxylate release of B. napus at a low P-supply, B. napus released the greatest amounts of carboxylates, mainly malate. Dicarboxylates such as malate, succinate and fumarate are not quite as effective in mobilizing P and trace nutrients in the soil as tricarboxylates are, mainly due to the lower complex stabilities for malate compared to citrate (Jones 1998). In contrast, citrate, a tricarboxylate, forms more stable complexes with soil cations and consequently is more efficient in releasing nutrients by complexation and ligand exchange reactions as a P-mining strategy (Lambers 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: In contrast, GWAS signatures of certain physiological parameters, such as blood creatinine levels, which were explicitly used in ΔAge derivation, had no genetic correlation with ΔAge (0. 1+/-0. 07, p-value=0. 1). It is possible that traits whose GWAS signatures genetically correlate with the GWAS signature of ΔAge are drivers of aging, while traits with uncorrelated GWAS signatures are simply biomarkers. Certain metabolic parameters have been correlated to mortality in previous studies (Deelen et al. , 2019), but it has been an open question if those metabolites have causal relationship to aging and mortality. It is interesting to note that the genetic signature of ΔAge has a strong similarity to the genetic signature obtained through GWAS for “Father’s age at death” and “Mother’s age at death” (fig. 4e). This correlation was present even though the mortalities of subjects or parents were not part of the model and were not considered throughout the analysis. The genetic correlation of GWAS for parent’s age mortality with GWAS for offspring’s ΔAge was 0. 39±0. 03, p-value=1*10-7 for females and 0. 2±0. 05, p-value=3*10-5 for males. These GWAS correlations further demonstrate that ΔAge carries information about aging and longevity, despite its values being derived from cross-sectional physiological data and being independent of lifespan. Gene ontology highlights a neuronal influence on biological ageTo investigate whether specific pathways or systems have an influence on biological age, we performed GeneOntology analysis of extended GWAS hits (combined male and female genetic loci identified by the closest ORF). Five enriched pathways were identified in this analysis (#2). Unexpectedly, the top enriched category (GO:98815) was modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential, enriched ∼18 fold over the expected by-chance reference, with multiple-testing-adjusted p-value of 0. 046. This category was exceptional (∼18-fold enrichment), as the second-best enrichment category was enriched only ∼3 fold (response to oxygen-containing compounds). This GO category comprised multiple genes influencing synaptic function (#2) suggesting that the nervous system plays a particularly important role in aging systemically.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: We would start by choosing the words that RAE publishes as the most used in Spanish (RAE, 2021), out of which the first 10,000 are taken (“hola” is number 7,373) and those with fewer than four and more than eight characters are discarded, leaving 5,935, and each one is concatenated with the other 5,934 and with itself. This generates 35,224,225 base words. Adding one digit or special character generates 1,549,865,900, and adding two digits or special characters generates 68,194,099,600. Finally, there is a total of 69,743,965,500 words, which the reference graphics card can be tested in two days in the worst case. The two strategies can and do complement each other in this work. A first sweep with generic dictionaries must decipher a sufficient amount of passwords to be able to infer a series of patterns with which to generate a minimum specific dictionary for the metropolitan area of A Coruña. Thus, on the one hand, new and more specialized candidate words are available and, on the other hand, it would not be necessary to use high-performance hardware to crack the passwords in the area. Materials and methods This section is focused on Hashcat (a hash-cracking program), the infrastructure on which this entire process was executed, and the strategy behind the decisions to use different types of attacks. Afterwards, with the already deciphered passwords, we will comment on the patterns that were found and how a minimum dictionary was elaborated for the metropolitan area of A Coruña. This section is dedicated to the decryption of passwords and focuses on the three essential questions: the software used to decode, the hardware on which it runs, and the strategy to follow, given that both time and computer resources are limited. (version 4. 2. 1) was chosen to decipher the handshakes. Hashcat is an open source password recovery tool that supports five attack modes for about 200 hashing algorithms for both CPU or GPU and other hardware accelerators on Linux, Windows, and MacOS. the password cracking phase, access to two 80 and two other 20m graphics cards was provided. K80 features 4992 CUDA cores, 24 GB of GDDR5 memory, and 480 GB/s of aggregate memory bandwidth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Citrate was predominantly found in exudates of the P-efficient lupins, L. albus and L. cosentinii (Fig. 2A), attributing to these species' ability to respond to a low P supply by acquiring P and micronutrients from sparingly soluble soil phases (Lambers 2022). supply was low in the quartz sand substrate, all species responded with decreased amounts of carboxylate release at this root side (Fig. 2B), which was primarily due to reduced root mass as a consequence of P starvation (Fig. 1). Moreover, B. napus, P. sativum and C. arietinum were characterized by declining exudation rates of roots in quartz sand (Fig. 2C). In contrast, carboxylate-exudation rates were unaffected in P-starved roots of L. albus and L. cosentinii and these species showed an up-regulation of carboxylate release in roots in mixed sand (Fig. 2B, C). Moreover, roots of lupins in mixed sand showed decreasing P concentrations (Table 3) when roots in quartz sand were exposed to low P concentrations in the watering solution. This plasticity in root system development in concert with adjustment of root activity and resource allocation would be especially advantageous when different species or roots of the same species compete for sparingly available soil nutrients (Hodge et al. 1999) that, even if present, are typically heterogeneously distributed in soil (Hinsinger et al. 2009). 3. 3 Accumulation of non-essential elements related to P-supply and carboxylate release A low P supply may affect the accumulation of non-essential elements through i) altered plant growth and thus an enrichment per unit biomass, ii) altered uptake and translocation when uptake is mediated by nutrient transporters that are affected by the growth-limiting nutrient, and iii) altered solubility and chemical speciation in the rhizosphere determining the accessibility for transport mechanisms. If altered solubility is involved, when the availability is limited by mobility in soil, any increase in solubility following changes in chemical speciation will ultimately increase diffusion towards the root and the probability of the element entering the root.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Like the vasculature, the sympathetic nervous system impacts the function of many peripheral organs, and synapse function plays a critical role in the function and the maintenance of the CNS. Hints of such an association have come from genetics studies of worms (Apfeld and Kenyon, 1999; Li et al. , 2016), flies (Libert et al. , 2007) and laboratory rodents (Garratt et al. , 2022; Zullo et al. , 2019). It is possible that synapse function accounts for the association of computer gaming with ΔAge. Cluster-dropout analysis enriches for GWAS hits that influence aging globallyIf a GWAS hit influences aging itself; reflecting the function of all the organs and physiological systems, the association between the SNP and ΔAge should not disappear if any one measurement is omitted from the model. Thus, we investigated the robustness of the GWAS hits in a systematic way, using what we term “Models”. Specifically, we constructed a series of male and female models to predict ΔAge by systematically excluding small sets of highly correlated phenotypic clusters. We built 10 models, in which phenotypic clusters related to muscle (drop-out model 1), body composition (2), kidney health (3), cardio health (4), blood cell composition (5), blood biochemistry (6), neuro-psychiatric phenotypes (7), lipid metabolism (8), physical attributes (9), or general health (10) were excluded. The list of phenotypes belonging to each cluster is reported in 2 and was guided by the clustering presented in Figures 2a, b, g, and h. As expected, the ΔAge values remained consistent among all the drop-out models (Figure 5a). This means that if a person was predicted to be ∼x years younger or older than their chronological age, this prediction was approximately the same regardless of the phenotypic clusters omitted. A systematic evaluation of Cluster-Dropout models can suggest which of the genetic hits from our original full-model GWAS are likely to influence organismal aging and which are linked to a narrower phenotype. To perform this analysis, we took the best SNP from each candidate GWAS locus from the full male or female analysis (above) and tested its association with ΔAge computed using each of the 10 drop-out models.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: K20m has 2496 CUDA cores, 5 GB of GDDR5 memory, and 206 GB/s of aggregate memory bandwidth. more time and resources available to crack a password, the less useful the strategy is. It simply feeds the tool of choice with the various intended and expected attacks. However, in an environment where time or resources (or both) are limited, it is logical to lead the first efforts towards the more obvious operations in an attempt to achieve results in a short period of time. The strategy can be divided into three phases: obvious overlaps, mass tests, and common variations of base words. It is appropriate to make two observations on the estimates that will follow. The first is that, in order to make estimates comparable between the different attacks, the entire set of handshakes has always been considered. In practice, as they were deciphered, they were not tested again. The second is that it should be taken into account that dictionary attacks with rules are faster than dictionary attacks due to the PCI-e bandwidth limit and latency in the transfer of information from the host. That is, if one has a base word dictionary and rule set, it is much more time-efficient to send only the base words to GPU and have them modified on the GPU itself than to generate the entire collection of modifications on CPU and then send them to the GPU. First phase The first attempts were two dictionary attacks using PasswordsPro and RockYou, two of the most known and used word collections. PasswordsPro is a collection of words made by the InsidePro team while RockYou is the result of a 2009 leak of access data from RockYou, a company that developed widgets for MySpace and applications for other social networks such as Facebook. RockYou used an unencrypted database to store personal information and passwords and was the target of an SQL injection attack. A widespread practice is to use the DNI or “Spanish ID” as a password since it is eight digits and one letter, thus meeting the minimum requirements of some registration forms. The general idea in the Spanish population is that the letter is random, which is incorrect; it is calculated from the digits. Therefore, what could be a search space of 369 terms, effectively becomes an order of magnitude smaller ( 108). The next two were brute-force attacks with eight- and nine-digit numbers. The eight- and nine-digit search space has 108 and 109 of possibilities, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: ömann M, Levicán G, (2021) Secondary metabolites released by the rhizosphere bacteria Arthrobacter oxydans and Kocuria rosea enhance plant availability and soil–plant transfer of germanium (Ge) and rare earth elements (REEs). Chemosphere 285, 131466. Selvam A, Wong JW-C (2009) Cadmium uptake potential of Brassica napus cocropped with Brassica parachinensis and Zea mays. J 167:170-178. Shane MW, (2005) Cluster roots: a curiosity in context. 274:101–125. 10. 007/s11104-004-2725-7 (2003a) status regulates cluster-root growth and citrate exudation in Lupinus albus grown with a divided root system. Environ 26:265-273. and (2003b) Effects of external phosphorus supply on internal phosphorus concentration and the initiation, growth and exudation of cluster roots in Hakea prostrata R. Br. 248:209-219. (2004) Rare earth elements in soil and plant systems – A review. 267:191-206. van der (2022) Rare earth element (hyper)accumulation in some Proteaceae from Queensland, Australia. Plant Soil. (2018) The equivalence of the Calcium-Acetate-Lactate and Double-Lactate extraction methods to assess soil phosphorus fertility. J 181:795-801. (2013) Cluster-root formation and carboxylate release in three Lupinus species as dependent on phosphorus supply, internal phosphorus concentration and relative growth rate. 112: 1449-1459. Wenzel WW (2009) Rhizosphere processes and management in plant-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) of soils. 321:385-408. (2017a) Germanium and rare earth elements in topsoil and soil-grown plants on different land use types in the mining area of Freiberg (Germany). J 175:120-129. (2017b) Effects of citric acid and the siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFO-B) on the mobility of germanium and rare earth elements in soil and uptake in Phalaris arundinacea. Phytoremediation 19:746-754.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: The bubble-plots in figure 5b represent the effect size of each of these SNPs (via bubble size), and the associated p-value (via color). As predicted, some GWAS hits disappeared in certain drop-out models. A particularly informative gene was CST3. CST3 encodes cystatin-C, a metabolite whose concentration increases with age. Levels of cystatin-C are routinely used to evaluate kidney health and it is proposed to be used as a marker in human aging study “TAME” (Justice et al. , 2018). Elevated levels of this metabolite had been linked to elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (van der Laan et al. , 2016), risk of cancer (Jones et al. , 2017), and neurodegeneration (Kaur and Levy, 2012). However, in a Study (van der Laan et al. , 2016) it was shown that while levels of cystatin-C predict CVD well, SNPs that robustly alter expression of cystatin-C do not associate with CVD. In the full model, CST3 had the most significant association with ΔAge (effect size >0. 4, p-value<10-80) in both males and females, as represented by its large red bubble. This association remained significant in all the dropout models, except dropout number 3 (kidney health clusters), which contains the CST gene product, Cystatin-C concentration, which was one of the UKBB phenotypes used to generate the model. When the kidney clusters were omitted, the size effect of the CST3 association decreased to less than 0. 1, p-value ∼ 0. 1, which is represented by the small black bubble. Likewise, if we calculated ΔAge using all the inputs in the full model except for “cystatin-C levels”, the CST3 locus was no longer associated with ΔAge. Combined, these data suggest that cystatin-C is a “marker” rather than a driver or determinant of aging. In contrast, some GWAS hits never dropped out, and these remained candidates for fundamental determinants of physiological ΔAge. In the same way, cluster-dropout models can be used to interrogate environmental factors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Table 3 shows the times consumed by all the attempts to solve the 133 targets at 937,400 H/s (maximum capacity of the infrastructure used) and their respective results: Table 3: Passwords decrypted and time consumed by all attempts using only dictionaries. Time consumed Decrypted PasswordsPro 2,937,125 6 min 0 RockYou 14,344,391 33 min 13 DNI 100,000,000 236 min 0 8 Digits 100,000,000 236 min 11 9 Digits 1,000,000,000 2,364 min 2 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-3 It was then tested with the names of the access points themselves along with a set of rules provided by Hashcat called “best64. rule”, Table 4. Some examples of the modifications made to the base words were: turning it over, putting it in capital letters, and adding a number at the end or at the beginning. In this case, first the ESSIDs of the audited access points were used as a dictionary and then the 100 most common names of men and women in Spain according to the INE (INE, 2018). Table 4: Passwords decrypted and time consumed by all attempts using dictionaries and applying rules. consumed best64. rule 1,432,354 3 min 2 Names best64. rule 2,017,400 4 min 1 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-4 In these two cases, the accelerating effects of the rules were not relevant given the minimal amount of ESSIDs (131) and names (200). Second phase The second phase tested some of the smaller dictionaries with the “best64. rule” rule set. It is in these cases that one can notice the acceleration of the use of rulers as well as the work that Hashcat does by rejecting certain words according to its preconfigured policies. Following these policies, up to 90% of all candidate words can be rejected. Therefore, although “best64. rule” produces 10,087 variations, it does not translate into 10,087 times more “cracking” time, Table 5. Table 5: Password decrypted and time consumed by all attempts using dictionaries and the “best64. rule” rule set in second phase.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Can soil microbes improve agricultural sustainability? Published: August 15, 2023 Synthetic fertilisers are currently necessary for producing enough food for the global population to survive, but they are known to contribute to greenhouse gas levels, contaminate water sources and increase soil acidity. in the US, Boyer is a biochemist working to find a more environmentally friendly solution. — a fertiliser containing living microorganisms that naturally supports nitrogen fixation Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) — the natural process of plants converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia Diazotrophs — bacteria and microorganisms that convert nitrogen gas to ammonia Intracellular — located or occurring within a cell Legume — a plant that has its seeds in a pod, such as a pea or bean NifA — a protein that activates the expression of nitrogenase NifL — a protein that inhibits the activity of NifA Nitrogenase — an enzyme of various nitrogen-fixing bacteria that catalyses nitrogen fixation Symbiosis — any type of interaction between two different organisms that benefits them both Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere and is crucial for life on our planet. It is found in soil, plants, water and air, is a key building block for DNA and proteins, creates chlorophyll to help plants with photosynthesis, and helps turn the plants we grow into food we can eat. However, even though there is plenty of nitrogen gas available, it is not in a form that plants can make use of right away. Instead, it needs to be converted into nitrates, nitrites and ammonia, through a process that scientists call nitrogen fixation. This is just one part of the nitrogen cycle, which allows nitrogen to move from the atmosphere to the soil and back again. (Nate) Boyer is focused on the role nitrogen plays in agriculture. “Nitrogen is commonly a limiting nutrient in crop growth,” says Nate. This means that there is often not enough fixed nitrogen to allow crops to grow as much as they otherwise could. In the early 1990s, two German scientists, found a way to convert nitrogen in the air to ammonia and so create nitrogen fertiliser that would help plants to grow. With a current world population of over 8 billion, many farmers now rely on those fertilisers to help increase crop yields so that we have enough food to eat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: For example, as described above, computer gaming correlates with a youthful biological age (Figures 3i,j, Supp. Item 1). The natural question is - are there specific physiological phenotypes, such as stimulus-reaction time or pattern recognition that drive this correlation or is it reflective of a “whole-body” biological age. To answer this question specifically, as well as to investigate all the phenotypes systematically, we calculated the strength of the correlation between every UKBB phenotype and all the cluster-dropout models (Fig. 5a) in both males and females (presented in supplementary table 5). To account for multiple testing, the Bonferroni corrected threshold of significance was 7*10-7. The correlation between biological age and computer gaming remained significant across all the models tested in both males and females, suggesting that there are no specific singular phenotypes responsible for this correlation. Such robustness of association was true for most phenotypes, but not all. For example, particulate air pollution (pm10) is associated with older biological age (p-value=1. 6*10-9 for females), however, if the model omits the cluster containing lung parameters, such as FEV, the correlation drops below Bonferroni-corrected statistical significance (p-value=5*10-3 for females). This might suggest that particulate pollution mostly affects pulmonary health and to a lesser extent global organismal aging. One must keep in mind the caveats and complexity of comparing correlations of different phenotypes to each other, yet this dataset provides a good starting point for possible investigations of environmental factors influencing human aging. DiscussionGeneral CaveatsOur study has several caveats. We used a cross-sectional dataset, where different ages are presented by people born at different times. Therefore, there is a likely a “cohort effect” in some or all predictors we use. Additionally, our model assumes that the rate of aging is constant for each individual, which is not always true. For example, a person’s aging rate may change if they stop smoking. Despite these modelling assumptions, we believe that the final results are valid and generalizable and allow us to suggest new methods to measure physiological aging in humans and identify new targets to slow down human aging.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Time consumed Decrypted Hk_hlm_founds 38,647,798 91 min 3 CrackStation 63,941,069 151 min 0 Top306M ProbableWordlists 306,429,377 724 min 4 HashesOrg 446,426,204 1,055 min 0 Andronicus 626,198,124 1,500 min 0 Breachcompilation 1,012,024,699 2,395 min 0 Rocktastic 1,133,849,621 2,681 min 0 Weakpass_2_wifi 2,347,498,477 5,551 min 5 Weakpass_2 2,649,982,129 6,266 min 0 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-5 In Fig. 2, the length of the collections is represented in logarithmic scale against the success rate of each one. The three collections with the best results were RockYou, 8-digit mask, and weakpass_2_wifi. It is necessary to use the natural logarithm given the large variation in length between collections, since there are four orders of magnitude from the smallest to the largest. Figure 2: Relationship between the length of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-2 The final number of decoded passwords amounted to 44, a 33. 08% success rate, which corresponded with other empirical evidence already mentioned. Perhaps the most worrying fact is that, following this strategy, in less than two days of computing, 22. 13% of passwords had already been recovered, which was approximately two thirds of the total that would eventually be cracked. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, passwords of 10 characters or less were dominant in length and in type, numerical, and alphabetical passwords. This data is not strange, since the higher the length or complexity of the passwords, the more difficult it is to crack them. Figure 3: Relationship between the size of word collections and decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-3 Figure 4: Length distribution of decoded passwords. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: “Nitrogenase is quickly destroyed in the presence of oxygen,” says Nate. “Therefore, diazotrophs need to maintain tight control of nitrogenase expression and activity in response to the presence of intracellular oxygen in addition to cellular energy and nitrogen conditions. ” Currently, BNF in agriculture is mostly limited to legumes, as these crops have developed a close symbiotic relationship with diazotrophs, and BNF is done by diazotrophs that the legumes house in their roots. “Diazotrophs infiltrate the roots of a legume and stimulate the formation of root nodules that create an oxygen barrier to provide a suitable environment for BNF,” says Nate. This allows BNF to take place in an area without oxygen, preventing the nitrogenase from being destroyed. BNF is beneficial for both the legume and the diazotrophs. “The legume provides carbon fixed through photosynthesis to the diazotrophs in exchange for some of the nitrogen fixed by the diazotrophs,” explains Nate. What about plants that are not legumes? “Some free-living diazotrophs have been demonstrated to supply nitrogen to non-legume plants,” says Nate. Free-living diazotrophs are microbes capable of supporting BNF without needing the help of another organism, such as the roots of a legume. Nate hopes to find out as much about these diazotrophs as possible so that he can develop a sustainable, environmentally friendly solution to supply nitrogen to crop plants while minimising the negative impacts of synthetic fertilisers. “Using synthetic biology to increase BNF activity in these free-living diazotrophs has the potential to generate enhanced biofertilisers that are compatible with a wide variety of crop plants,” Nate explains. What happens inside free-living diazotrophs? In some of these free-living diazotrophs, nitrogenase gene expression is controlled by the interaction of two proteins, NifL and NifA (‘Nif’ stands for nitrogen fixation). Download the 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: The robustness of our modelling can be also assessed by considering a small number of UKBB participants (∼13,000 out of ∼500,000), who have been assessed twice, with the follow-up intervals ranging from 4 to 12 years. We observed a significant correlation (R2∼0. 6, p-value<10-255) between biological-chronological age measures for these individuals between their two assessments. This suggest that variation due to noise is not large. We also found that there is a significant correlation between longitudinally calculated rates of aging (change in biological age divided by assessment interval) and the values calculated using cross-sectional approach. Furthermore, to minimize the cohort effect in our genetic analysis, we used the year of birth as a covariate. Together with the correlations we observed between Δage and mortality, parent’s mortality, previous GWAS longevity hits, and GWAS Manhattan plot comparisons, these findings suggest that the method we describe is a feasible approach to measure an individual’s rate of aging and to identify genetic and environmental factors that may influence it. Broader implications of the model for physiological agingHow a general term like “aging” maps onto age-dependent physiological traits is a deep question that may never be answered with great precision. In general, biological clocks can be used to identify new genes and environmental factors that influence aging, as we did here using this physiological clock. In addition, one can “look into the clock” itself to gain additional insights. For example, we found that this mathematical model could best predict chronological age when all the different organ and physiological systems were sampled, emphasizing the systemic nature of aging. If the phenotypes associated with chronological age resulted from the decline of only one or a few organs, this would not be the case. Second, the model showed how different physiological traits co-vary and cluster in the population. Some correlations, such as vitamin D and sleep duration, are not immediately clear. However, a post-hoc examination of such an association can be explained in the light of previous medical research. We anticipate that exploring analogous non-intuitive clusters that cannot be explained currently may provide a new understanding of causal relationships. Third, the use of cluster-dropout models provided a powerful tool for distinguishing between individual genes and environmental factors that impact a specific physiological function from those that might affect all aspects of aging.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: 1185/fig-4 Handshakes collection The area for collecting the handshakes covers an area of about 105,785 105,785m2 and a perimeter of about 1,518 1,518m (see Fig. 5). This is an interesting area because of the presence of all kinds of homes and businesses, including banks, small shops, pharmacies, restaurants, and bars. It has been considered a sufficiently representative area of the metropolitan area of A Coruña. Figure 5: Map of the audit area. Map data ©2022 Inst. Geogr. Nacional, Google. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-5 It is also interesting to know the concentration of dwellings and residents (in main houses) due to technical issues: to capture a handshake it is necessary to have devices connected to the access point, which in most cases means that the dwellings are occupied by people using Wi-Fi devices. According to the latest INE census data, the chosen area covers the census sections that shown in Table 6 in large part or in full. Table 6: Census data. Census tract Residents in main dwellings Dwellings 15-030-01-004 1,590 775 15-030-01-012 975 475 15-030-03-001 780 310 Total 3,345 1,560 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/table-6 As shown, the population concentration is not particularly high, 2. 14 people per house, a fact that makes it difficult to obtain handshakes a priori. The audit to obtain the handshakes lasted 19 h distributed over 11 days, between May 21 and June 11, 2019, during which about 15 kilometers were covered. The number of handshakes that was set as a goal to achieve was 100–200 in order to ensure a reasonable number of decrypted passwords. Initially, no method was followed to go through the area. Once the number of handshakes exceeded 100, the locations were no longer random, but rather we attempted to go to those locations where none had yet been intercepted. The numbers that represent the results of this massive audit are as follows: 333 individual audits were carried out in which 239 handshakes were obtained, 142 were unique, therefore a 42. 64% probability of interception in each audit.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 33424/415 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 performing an experiment in an anoxic chamber at the Source, a high-intensity X-ray source that he uses to investigate the structure of NifL (© Richard Gillian) Corn seedlings from a greenhouse biofertiliser growth trial Nate performed while working at (© Nate Boyer) Nate presenting his research at a scientific symposium (© Matt Peck) Nate presenting his first poster at the international Conference as an undergraduate researcher in Braun’s lab at the University of Missouri (© Nate Boyer) Nate preparing samples for analysis (© Jeremy Boutin) Nate analysing experimental data (© Jeremy Boutin) When fixed nitrogen and oxygen levels are low, conditions are suitable for BNF and the NifA protein is active. “NifA activates the expression of nitrogenase and other genes related to BNF,” explains Nate. In contrast, NifL inhibits the activity of NifA and therefore limits nitrogenase, too. “In response to conditions unsuitable for nitrogen fixation, the NifL protein changes shape, allowing NifL to bind to NifA, preventing the expression of genes related to BNF like an ‘off-switch’,” says Nate. Nate’s biggest finding during this research project has been understanding the structure of NifL, as it is difficult to determine the structure of a protein that changes shape! However, now that Nate and his team understand the structure, they have lots more work to do. “We can now explore how the structure of NifL changes in response to signals of cellular oxygen, energy and fixed nitrogen, and how this ultimately affects interaction with NifA,” says Nate. What does this mean for crops? Nate’s research on NifL and NifA interactions shines a light on how diazotrophs control BNF and nitrogenase gene expression. Nate’s work lays the foundations for creating engineered biofertilisers that can be used on a wide variety of different crops, and which farmers can use in conjunction with synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. “The long-term impact of this work will be to increase agricultural sustainability,” explains Nate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Many of the genes we identified are consistent hits in longevity GWAS analysis. Intuitively, this would be expected since aging is a risk factor for death. However, our model allows one to dig deeper and ask whether a longevity GWAS locus might be identified only because alleles prevent people from reaching an extremely old age. One could imagine that this is the case for APOE, since APOE4 individuals generally die prematurely of Alzheimer’s disease (Olichney et al. , 1997; Wright et al. , 2019). However, we find that at all ages, even as young as 40 years, APOE genotype influences ΔAge (fig. 4f), perhaps due to its more general effects on lipid homeostasis (Abondio et al. , 2019) or inflammation. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic signature of ΔAge, it might be prudent to consider genetic loci that have a strong association with ΔAge (say p-value<10-6), even though they do not reach the threshold for genome-wide statistical significance. While some of the loci in this expanded list can be false positives, many of the potential genetic determinants identified this way are of potential interest. The full list of associations is available as supplementary summary statistics table. When analyzing the many phenotypes that predict aging using PLS modelling, we discovered that only 9-11 axes are necessary to predict age. This suggests that there might be only ∼10 independent systems (physiological networks) driving human aging. Interestingly, although overall the traits that figure most prominently into the sum of the principal components tend to map onto individual phenotypic clusters (“Dropout Clusters”), together the “meaning” of the differentially weighted sets that comprise each principal component is not obvious. For example, the 10 we used are not representative of the 10 axes identified in PLS analysis. It would be interesting to understand the physiological significance of each axis to better understand the process of aging. That said, the two most valuable phenotypes used in our study (those that had, overall, the most weight in age prediction) were forced vital capacity and blood pressure. Moreover, the genetic signature of ΔAge was similar to the genetic signature for FVC and blood pressure (figure 4e). These phenotypes are integrated, multidimensional health measurements.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: After joining all the sets, a single file of 288 megabytes was obtained. Figures 6 and 7 provide a detailed visual overview of how the different subdictionaries are divided according to importance, as well as the types of words that make them up. Figure 6: Proportion of each pattern in the dictionary. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-6 Figure 7: Proportion of each pattern in the dictionary. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-7 stated above, humans are lazy and predictable. Figures 4 and 5 show that our password patterns are still not very random. Even when having access to a superior set of symbols (special characters and distinction between upper and lower case), the collected patterns show a great predominance of numeric and lower case alphabetic ones. This predictability can be illustrated in an everyday example. When we are asked to create a password nowadays (ignoring automated random password creation systems) we are asked to use “at least one special character and one uppercase letter”. Again, Figs. 4 and 5 show that this “recommendation” is interpreted literally by the user, who includes “only” a special character and an uppercase letter. All this means that even today, dictionaries of this type can be created with a considerably high success rate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, our analysis also highlights that shortening the attention span of lower layers makes them more brain-like, and could perhaps thus provide a useful inductive bias to these algorithms. DiscussionOur analyses reveal a reliable correlation between story comprehension and the degree to which language transformers like GPT-2 maps onto brain responses to the corresponding story. Furthermore, the systematic comparison, decomposition and manipulation of such language models allow us to decompose (1) the brain regions (2) the level of representation (sub-lexical, lexical, supra-lexical) and (3) the attentional gating (i. e. the short- or long-range retrieval of past stimuli) that relate to the comprehension of complex narratives. These findings complement prior work on the brain bases of comprehension in three major ways. First, a number of qualitative theories describe how words may be combined into meaningful representations36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43. For example, the Memory, Unification and Control model (MUC) distinguishes three types of computations and links them to the temporal lobe, Broca area and the rest of the prefrontal lobe, respectively. Similarly, the extended Model (eADM) proposes that the ventral and the dorsal streams of the auditory pathway compute time-independent and time-dependent unifications, respectively. Our results support an analogous division of acoustics, lexical and compositional representations in the language areas. However, we reveal a slightly different functional anatomy: the early areas of the language network, located around the auditory cortices, deploy sub-lexical and shallow representations thanks to short attention spans. By contrast, the fronto–parietal network tracks and unifies very distant contexts to current words (Fig. 1F). How these cortical areas communicate with the hippocampus and retrieve words from long-term memory remains an exciting direction for future studies44. Second, several quantitative approaches have been proposed to investigate comprehension, either with “model-free” methods based on inter-subject correlation (e. g. 33,35,45) or “model-based” methods based on word vectors46. For example, Lerner et al. analyzed the fMRI activity of subjects listening to either normal texts or texts scrambled at the word, sentence or paragraph level33.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Using genetic information to better understand age-related phenotypes through PLS axis decomposition might be a fruitful direction for future research. Finally, from a practical perspective, we suggest that measuring human biological age using the 12 simple but diverse physiological measurements that together capture ∼87% of the full ΔAge model (systolic blood pressure, forced expiratory volume, and so forth; see Fig. 2), might have actuarial and clinical value. For example, this physiological-age index could be measured longitudinally to learn how aging trajectories might be affected by environmental factors or anti-aging therapeutics. Author ContributionsS. L. and C. K. conceived the idea for the study and its design, S. L. performed modelling and calculations, S. L. and C. K. wrote the manuscript, A. C. maintained and troubleshooted computing clusters and scripts necessary for data acquisition and GWAS. AcknowledgementsAuthors are grateful to the Calico community for support and discussions. Specifically, we are grateful to and his group for their support of the UKBB data framework, help with data processing and analysis, and numerous constructive discussions; we are grateful to for his insights into disease-vs-aging paradigms; for their discernment of human genetics of aging; and to for his insights into statistical interpretation of our computational results and future applicability of such analysis. We are grateful to for supporting Calico’s UKBB data interface and GWAS cluster maintenance and for guidance with GWAS methodology. We are grateful to for providing guidance in regression modelling, statistical analysis and interpretation of the data. The authors are grateful to Jonathan K. Pritchard for constructive discussions about modelling, genetic analysis, and results interpretation. This study was carried out using UK number 44584, and we thank the participants in the UK Biobank study. This study was funded by. Declaration of InterestsAll coauthors work for a pharmaceutical company engaged in understanding the biology of aging and development of therapies that ameliorate age-associated disease. 10. 1038/s41562-019-0757-5V.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: Given that this human behavior will continue password generation restrictions should ensure that dictionaries of this type will not be sufficient a priori. Likewise, the context or destination of the access point used for the creation of your security password continues to give credibility to the adjectives used for human administrators. Thanks to the equipment used, the location information for each audit can be saved, and a visual representation on a map can be produced showing the assumed range of each access point from which the password was decoded. It should be noted that the position where each access point was located is where the audit was executed. It is accepted that in each audit, we waited for the GPS to determine a position with a margin of error of 7 m or less because only targets with a good signal quality were set. In Wi-Fi networks the range depends largely on the environment in which the router is deployed. We made a very basic estimate and did not consider any key elements such as signal obstacles, height (the access point may be on a high floor of a building), or router model. Heights can vary from 15 m inside a house to 100 m outdoors. For the sake of simplicity, the 15, 30, and 45 m radios were chosen to represent the quality of the signal. It can be observed that with one handshake per 795m2, and with a 30% average success rate in deciphering passwords, the audited geographical area can be completely covered (Fig. 8). It would be possible to go through the entire area by connecting to different routers without ever losing the Internet connection. Figure 8: Heatmap of the routers form which the password has bees decoded. Map data ©2022 Inst. Geogr. Nacional, Google. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-8 Fernandez-Lozano is an for PeerJ. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 19362971. v1. work is supported by the of Culture, Education and of Xunta de Galicia (Ref. ED431G/01, ED431D 2017/16), the for Research (Ref. ED431D 2017/23), Groups (Ref.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > an Astrophysicist. Penn Neur. . . an Astrophysicist. -19, 2020 Explained5. 6 million grant to develop next-generation brain-computer interfaces. Brian Litt, MD, a professor of neurology, neurosurgery and bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania's of Medicine, told Neurology Today, “I'd always wanted to start a proposal that way. did. ”Having devoted much of his 25-year career to the development of brain implants, primarily for treating epilepsy, Dr. Litt will now focus on what he calls “cutting-edge, natural communication with reciprocal learning between host and machine. ”The scene at the bar sketched out in his proposal offers a glimpse into how Dr. Litt foresees the future of two-way computer-brain communication. “None of the patrons are aware of the anti-seizure device implanted in [the 30-year-old veteran's] brain, or the traumatic brain injury that requires it. It's been a long day, and he quickly downs a cold beer. Within minutes his iPhone vibrates with a text from his implantable: “What are you doing, Dave? Your probability of seizure within the next 12 hours just increased to 64 percent. ” “20 oz beer,” Dave replies. The device pauses briefly, then resumes: “I'll remember that. I'd suggest not having another one. I'll stimulate for now and text if things worsen. Above 80 percent probability, you might take 0. 5 mg of Ativan and call an Uber. ”Dr. Litt's proposal was one of ten to receive a prestigious through NIH's High-Risk, High-program, which encourages “outside the box” approaches. Rather than be satisfied with brain implants that either send or receive signals, he seeks to develop algorithms that adjust automatically to brain states and can query or answer questions from the user. “Behavior is one of the biggest determinants of health,” Dr. Litt said, “but the devices we have to date are blind to the patients' behavior. We need to develop two-way communication.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: -2018HNF1A is a novel oncogene that regulates human pancreatic cancer stem cell propertiesElife 7 genetic variability of APOE in different human populations and its implications for longevityGenes (Basel JKenyon C1999Regulation of lifespan by sensory perception in Caenorhabditis elegansNature 402:804–809 Genome-Study of 2304 24 human facial morphologies as robust aging markers25:574–587 the genome-wide significance threshold for common variant GWASG3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 11 high-dimensional evaluation of physiological aging and resilience in outbred miceElife 11 association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014JAMA - Journal of the Association 315:1750–1766 J2023Markers of aging: Unsupervised integrated analyses of the human plasma proteomeFrontiers in Aging 4 Spek ATrompet SKastenmüller GBoyd Aden Akker EBAla-ürtz 2019A metabolic profile of all-cause mortality risk identified in an observational study of 44,168 individuals10:1–8 extension in female mice by early, transient exposure to adult female olfactory cuesElife 11 meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of epigenetic age accelerationPLoS Genet 15 of the heritability of human longevity are substantially inflated due to assortative matingGenetics 210:1109–1124 between multimorbidity and adverse health outcomes in UK Biobank and the SAIL Databank: A comparison of longitudinal cohort studies latent structure within the UK Biobank sample has implications for epidemiological analysis10 of cystatin C in malignancy and comparability of estimates of GFR in oncology patientsMed 8:95–104 PKn. d. Genome-wide meta-analysis associates HLA-DQA1/DRB1 and LPA and lifestyle factors with human longevity OPEN framework for selection of blood-based biomarkers for geroscience-guided clinical trials: report from the 40:419–436 GLevy E2012in Alzheimer’s diseaseNeurosci TBL2015Deciphering death: a commentary on Gompertz (1825) ‘On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All herbs can be safely consumed in unlimited quantities. [SEP] Text: ED431C 2018/49) and the of Economy and Competitiveness via funding of the unique installation (UNLC08-1E-002, UNLC13-13-3503) and the (FEDER). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1999. Users are not the enemy. Communications of the ACM 42(12):40-46 Alliance W-F. 2019. Infographic 20 years of Wi-Fi. (accessed 29 December 2021) Beck M, Tews E. 2008. Practical attacks against WEP and WPA. IACR Cryptology e2008:472 Bonneau J. 2012. The science of guessing: analyzing an anonymized corpus of 70 million passwords. Bryant K, Campbell J. 2006. User behaviours associated with password security and management. of 14(1):81-100. 2006. Sp 800-63-1. Electronic authentication guideline. Castelluccia C, Chaabane A, Dürmuth M, Perito D. 2013. When privacy meets security: leveraging personal information for password cracking. ArXiv preprint. Castro R. 2005. Avanzando en la seguridad de las redes Wi-Fi. 73:23-33. 2014. The tangled web of password reuse. Dell’. 2010. Password strength: an empirical analysis. . 2012. It’s not stealing if you need it: a panel on the ethics of performing research using public data of illicit origin. In: eds. . Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 124-132. 2001. Weaknesses in the key scheduling algorithm of RC4. Forget A, Chiasson SC, van Oorschot P, Biddle R. 2008. Improving text passwords through persuasion. Fremantle P, Scott P. 2017. A survey of secure middleware for the internet of things. PeerJ 5(15):e1241 Gehringer EF. 2002. Choosing passwords: security and human factors. Google. 2019. Online security survey. (accessed 29 December 2021) Gosney J. 2016. 8x Nvidia GTX 1080 Hashcat benchmarks. (accessed 29 December 2021). 2005. Security analysis of Michael: The IEEE 802. 11i message integrity code. INE. 2018.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Direct detection techniques are therefore needed to efficiently discover and characterize Earth-like exoplanets in the solar neighborhood. From the ground, high-contrast instruments on the ELTs will be able to directly detect a small sample of rocky (<2 R⊕) exoplanets around some of the nearest stars (e. g. , Quanz et al. 2015; Bowens et al. 2021; Kasper et al. 2021). However, only next-generation space mission concepts such as (2019), HabEx (Observatory, Gaudi et al. 2020), and LIFE (For Exoplanets, Quanz et al. 2022, 2021) will be able to directly detect and characterize a large sample of nearby terrestrial exoplanets. The recently published Astro2020 on Astronomy and Astrophysics indeed recommends a ~6 m inscribed diameter infrared, optical, and ultraviolet space telescope aiming (among other science goals) at discovering and characterizing Earth-like exoplanets in reflected light around nearby Sun-like stars shortward of ~1 µm as the next NASA flagship mission after the JWST and the Space Telescope. In contrast, the European-led LIFE mission concept aims for the characterization of Earth-like exoplanets in the mid-infrared (MIR) thermal light regime using a space-based nulling interferometer. The mid-infrared wavelength regime harbors a rich set of absorption features of important atmospheric molecules, including biosignatures, that could indicate the presence of life on an exoplanet (e. g. , ozone and methane; Schwieterman et al. 2018; Catling et al. 2018) and furthermore provides direct constraints on the radius and atmospheric structure of the observed exoplanets (e. g. , Konrad et al. 2022). Both approaches, investigations in reflected light and in thermal emission, have their advantages and disadvantages. When they are combined, however, they provide the deepest insight into the habitability of alien worlds. It is currently unclear whether any of these missions will feature an initial search phase to first identify the most promising targets for an in-depth characterization in a subsequent mission phase or whether these targets can already be previously identified using large-scale radial velocity surveys and other techniques from the ground (e. g. , 2019).

Output: corroborate