Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: , 2014; Yan & Lu, 2015; Yao et al. , 2019). Grazing exclusion can not only change ecosystem processes to promote the survival of local plants, but can also affect the activity and structure of soil microbial communities by increasing nutrient availability (Bastida et al. , 2013; Zhang et al. , 2018). The soil microbial community is a key driver of grassland ecosystems and of crucial importance for soil functioning (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998). A major challenge is to understand how these complex communities respond to grazing exclusion. Many studies have demonstrated that grazing exclusion can have considerable effects on soil microbial communities, often with consequences for plant community dynamics (Cheng et al. , 2016; Bi et al. , 2018). It has also been shown that bacteria recover faster than fungi and with the rates being differentially governed by plant diversity (Zhang et al. , 2018). Although these past studies provide important insights into grazing exclusion and microbial communities, up to now few data have been available concerning the impacts of grazing exclusion on soil microbial interactions. Soil microbes can form a complex inter-species network that regulates the structure of ecological communities (Zhou et al. , 2011; Lupatini et al. , 2014). Evidence is mounting that the properties of these interaction networks can influence the response of soil microbial communities to environmental change (et al. , 2018; Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). In recent years, microbial network analysis has been used as a tool to explore the interactions in a range of environments, providing important details on microbial cooperation and competition (Faust & Raes, 2012; Yu et al. , 2018). Additionally, microbial networks have been highlighted as crucial to understanding the dynamics of microbial community assembly and the responses of member interactions to a changed environment (Zhou et al. , 2011). A previous study performed in arid region of Patagonia observed an increase in positive network connections, indicating that there are more cooperative relationships within the microbial community to survive under the stressful conditions imposed by grazing (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). In addition, a study performed in drylands of northern china showed that microbial interaction in extremely dry ecosystems is more sensitive to changes in water availability (Wang et al. , 2018). Although the use of network analysis has increased in drylands, little has been revealed on how soil microbial interactions respond to grazing exclusion, especially in desert grassland ecosystems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: While many areas such as the wrap drive, gravitational bending devices, field propulsion and even solutions to instantaneous acceleration have been researched upon a lot of things can be done to completely make light speed efficient. Many types of engines such as the helical engine developed by NASA have also proven to be successful although achieving 99% the speed of light may still pose challenges in reaching the destinations desired. Many future advancements are also happening at this moment and there might be more papers on how to achieve light speed but achieving 100% light speed and even more might still pose a challenge if principals used in physics is consistently applied. conclude the theory of light speed is possible and with valid discussions from scientists it is possible to do so currently although the main problem currently faced is actually implementing the solutions. With the current advancement in technology it is likely that by a decade or so light speed might be physically possible and might allow humans to reach the stars and the galaxy systems in less time. Furthermore the main technologies used and mentioned in this paper might be controversial although as time and advances in the field of physics it is very likely the phenomenas and the main technologies can be actually be proven and even tested in the future. The conclusion to the solution is that it is feasible and even viable and as humans aim to go beyond the reach of the solar system such technologies would be very important for long distance travel. In total this system is completely reliable and is comparatively easier to develop under the right situation and time making this very efficient. A lot of the technologies used in the paper are mainly new such as the new type of anti matter system, anti graviton electromagnetic field propulsion system and the zero point energy generator as well as the entire wave generation system, this makes the spacecraft and the technologies more modern which is a good thing because this relies on some principals of scientists like Einstein and newton and Maxwell but also uses new types of technology to and combines a bit of theory developed by the scientists to give us the solution of light speed aircraft, this is why the entire solution provided in the paper is completely proofed using the formulas but also using some basic principals of physics and then majorly advancing it to give us the solutions presented.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Στη συνέχεια, οι κυψελίδες ενός θαλάμου που πέτυχαν την καλύτερη απόδοση όσον αφορά την πυκνότητα ρεύματος και την αποτελεσματική επεξεργασία των λυμάτων, λειτούργησαν με διαφορετικά υποστρώματα που προέρχονται από οικιακά απορρίμματα τροφίμων.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The desert steppe of cover about 20% of China’s desertification land area, which is characterized by harsh physical environments, infertile soil, and simple plant community composition (Wang et al. , 2020). These natural ecosystems support the life of about 95% of the human population (Li et al. , 2008). However, drought and dust storms have become the largest meteorological disasters in this area causing sparse vegetation and land desertification, which are exacerbated by overgrazing (Wang et al. , 2020). In this study, we designed to assess the effects of eight-years of grazing exclusion on soil bacterial and fungal networks. We also aimed to test the changes in plant and soil properties and investigated how these changes affected the response of bacterial and fungal networks to grazing exclusion. Materials and site The study site was located in Erlianhot (43°38′34. 44″−43°38′54. 29″N, 112°07′58″E, 952–955 m elevation) of Inner Mongolia, northern China. The area has an arid and semiarid climate and is highly prone to drought, receives little precipitation, and frequently has strong winds. The annual mean temperature is 3. 4 °C, annual mean precipitation is 142. 2 mm, and approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs from July to August. The main soil types in this area are Aeolian sandy soils, with low fertility and loose structure. The representative vegetation includes S. glareosa, Cleistogenes songorica (Roshev. ) Ohwi, and Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour. ) Merr communities, but the vegetation has been greatly altered by long-term overgrazing. Experimental design and sampling The experiment was conducted in late August 2017, when grassland biomass was at its peak. We selected one site with two treatments: grazing excluded (GE) and grazed (G). Inside the grazing excluded area (comprising an area of 200 m × 200 m paddock), livestock has been excluded from this region since 2009 and the remaining site in the area was subjected to free grazing by sheep continuously all the year. Within the grazed and grazing exclude area, we established three 50 × 50 m (50 m apart) plots, respectively (Fig. S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is created by cultivating animal cells in a controlled environment, mimicking traditional meat production. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : animals are no longer essential to producing meat and milk. Technologists can now grow animal cells in industrial cultures and harvest the cells — or their products — to yield real meat or milk. These cellular meat and milk products are not yet commercially viable, but researchers are making rapid progress. Food & lab-grown meat — and milk — to the table Beef, chicken and dairy made from cultured cells could offer a smaller footprint than conventional farms. Companies are working on scaling up and bringing prices down. Holmes 12. 22. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español Diners at the swanky restaurant in expect to be served something unusual. After all, the venue boasts three Michelin stars and is widely considered to be one of the world’s top restaurants. But if all goes according to plan, there will soon be a new dish on the menu that truly is remarkable: chicken that was never part of a living bird. & are the (tiny) cheesemakers Food & much meat can we eat — sustainably? Food & science: How to grill a flavorful steak That peculiar piece of meat — likely to be the first of its kind ever sold in the US — comes from a radical sort of food technology now in development, in which meat is produced by culturing muscle cells in vast tanks of nutrients. A similar effort — to culture mammary cells — is also underway and may soon yield real milk without cows. The company behind Crenn’s chicken, California-based Upside Foods, got a thumbs-up in November 2022 from the US Food and Drug Administration, which said it had no concerns about the safety of the technology. (The company’s manufacturing facility still requires a certificate of inspection from the US Department of Agriculture. )This cellular agriculture, as some of its proponents call it, faces formidable technical obstacles before it can ever be more than a curiosity. But if it does reach the mainstream, it offers the prospect of a cruelty-free source of meat and dairy — potentially with a smaller environmental footprint than conventional animal products. Conceptually, cellular agriculture is straightforward.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Η επίδραση κάθε πρώτης ύλης στη λειτουργία των ΜΚΚ διερευνήθηκε, χρησιμοποιώντας εκχύλισμα FORBI (Βιομάζα υπολειμμάτων τροφίμων), συμπυκνωμένους ατμούς από αποξηραμένα οικιακά απορρίμματα τροφίμων (συμπύκνωμα), λύματα αντιδραστήρων αναερόβιας χώνευσης (εκροή) και ορό γάλακτος (που προέρχεται από διαδικασία σκοτεινής ζύμωσης). Οι ΜΚΚ ενός θαλάμου λειτούργησαν σε συνθήκες διαλείποντος έργου και συνεχούς λειτουργίας.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: At each of the three plots, three 1 m × 1 m quadrats were randomly selected to investigate vegetation height, species number, and aboveground biomass. The number of species was used to estimate the richness of the plant communities, and the diversity of the vegetation was calculated using the Shannon–Wiener index (H′ = − ∑Pi lnPi, where Pi is the ratio of the number of each species to the total number of all species). Plant aboveground biomass was harvested by clipping standing plant species to 1 cm above the ground. Plant material was then oven-dried at 65 °C for 48 h. To assess the effect of grazing exclusion on plant community structure, all plant species were classified into six functional groups: annuals and biennials (AB), perennial rhizome grasses (RG), tall perennial bunchgrasses (TG), short perennial bunchgrasses (SG), shrubs and semishrubs (SS), and forbs (FB). Soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of the soil profile using an auger after the vegetation was sampled. Nine soil cores were collected from each plot (three core points for each quadrat) and then mixed into a single soil sample. A total of six soil samples were collected from two study areas and sieved immediately and air-dried for physicochemical analyses. Next, ten plants of S. glareosa per plot were excavated carefully with adhering rhizosphere and bulk soil. The soil that could be shaken off easily from the roots was defined as bulk soil, and the soil that remained firmly adhered to the root was defined as the rhizosphere. At each of the three plots, the rhizosphere and the bulk soil samples of the ten plants were mixed into a single soil sample separately. The soils were sealed in 15 ml sterile plastic tubes, immediately frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80 °C until DNA extraction. Soil physicochemical analyses The soil samples were sieved through a 2-mm mesh to remove roots and then ground and homogenized with a mill (MM400, Retsch, Germany). 15 g of fresh soil was weighed before and after dried at 105 °C for 24 h to calculate the soil water content (SWC).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is created by cultivating animal cells in a controlled environment, mimicking traditional meat production. [SEP] Text: Technicians take a small tissue sample from a chicken, cow or other animal. From that, they isolate individual cells that go into a bioreactor — basically a big vat of nutrient solution — where the cells multiply manyfold and, eventually, mature into muscle, fat or connective tissue that can be harvested for people to eat. Products in which these cells are jumbled together, as in ground meat, are easiest to make, and that’s what most cellular meat companies are developing, at least initially. has a more ambitious goal: to create chicken with whole muscle fibers. “We’ve figured out ways to produce that textural experience,” says Eric Schulze, Upside’s vice president of product and regulation. He declines to explain exactly how they do it. Cellular meat is cultivated in tanks at Upside Foods, a company now developing products for commercial use. Cultivation facilities such as this use large amounts of electricity, so their environmental impact depends greatly on whether they draw electricity from sustainable sources. : process takes two to three weeks from start to finish, regardless of whether they are making chicken or beef. That’s much faster than the eight to 10 weeks required to raise a fryer chicken, or the 18 to 36 months needed for a cow. “We’re doing a cow’s worth of meat in 21 days or less,” says Schulze. One cellular meat product is already available commercially, though not in the US. In Singapore, a few restaurants and street vendors now offer a chicken nugget that contains a mix of cellular meat and plant-based ingredients. The product sells for about the same price as organic, farm-raised chicken, but the true cost of production is higher. “We’re selling it at a loss, for sure,” says Vítor Espírito Santo, senior director of cellular agriculture at Good Meat, the US-based company producing the nugget. But the cost should come down once the company expands to larger scale, Santo says. “Everything we do right now is more expensive because we are using a 1,200-liter bioreactor. Once we are producing in 250,000 liters, it will be competitive with conventional meat. ” The company is now working on gaining approval in the US.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Για να εξεταστεί περαιτέρω η απόδοση των ΜΚΚ αναπτύχθηκε ένα μοντέλο 2D που προσομοιώνει τη λειτουργία μιας MΚΚ διπλού θαλάμου. Η τεχνολογία ΜΚΚ διερευνήθηκε πειραματικά και υπολογιστικά προκειμένου να βελτιστοποιηθεί η απόδοση αυτού του ευεργετικού και φιλικού προς το περιβάλλον τρόπου επεξεργασίας των λυμάτων. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electrochemical system designed for wastewater treatment, with simultaneous electrical current generation. The chemical energy contained in an organic wastewater is converted to electricity through electrochemically active microorganisms. MFCs consist of an anode where the electron donor (organic wastewater) is oxidized and a cathode where an electron acceptor is being reduced.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The soils were subjected to Kjeldahl digestion, and the soil total nitrogen (TN) concentration was determined using a semi-autoanalyzer (Kjeltec 2300 Analyzer Unit, Foss Tecator, Sweden). Soil total phosphorus (TP) concentration was measured by persulfate oxidation followed by colorimetric analysis (Schade et al. , 2003). Soil total organic carbon (TOC) was determined with a TOC-5000A analyzer (Shimadzu Corp. , Kyoto, Japan). Soil pH was measured using a ratio of soil:water = 1g:2. 5 ml with a Delta pH-meter (Mettler-). DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing Three replicate rhizosphere and bulk soil samples were used for DNA extraction. DNA was extracted from 0. 5 g of soil with a FastDNA® SPIN Kit for soil () according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The final DNA concentrations and their purity levels were determined using a NanoDrop® ND-1000 (Nanodrop, USA), with DNA quality checked by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA was then stored at −80 °C until use. The V3–V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the specific primers 341F (5′--3′) and 806R (5′--3′) (Mori et al. , 2014), and the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-ITS2 region was amplified using the primers ITS1F (5′--3′) and ITS2R (5′--3′) (Bokulich & Mills, 2013; Hugerth et al. , 2014). All PCR reactions were conducted with Phusion® High-(Biolabs). The amplifications were conducted in a 30 µl mixture including 15 µl of Phusion High-(2 ×), 0. 2 µM forward and reverse primers, 10 ng of template DNA, and PCR-grade water up to 30 µl. The amplification program was 98 °C for 1 min and 30 cycles of 98 °C for 10 s, 50 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 5 min. After PCR amplification, the obtained products were purified using the (Inc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is created by cultivating animal cells in a controlled environment, mimicking traditional meat production. [SEP] Text: These chicken pieces — being grilled at a street vendor’s stall in Singapore — are the first cellular meat products to be sold commercially. The company that made them, Good Meat, is working toward gaining approval for these and other products in the as well. : isn’t the only animal product that can come from cell cultures. Several companies are working to produce milk by culturing mammary cells and collecting the milk they secrete. For example, Opalia, a Montreal-based company, grows mammary cells on the surface of a three-dimensional, branched structure that resembles the lobules of a real udder, says CEO Jennifer Côté. The cells secrete milk into the structure’s lobules, where it can be collected and drawn off. Some other companies, such as North Carolina-based BioMilq, are using a similar technology with human mammary cells to produce human breast milk. None are yet on the market. In some ways, the process for making milk is easier than producing meat because the cells themselves don’t need to be harvested and replaced. “The cells we use can stay alive for multiple months on end,” says Côté. That means the company can concentrate on developing cells that secrete a lot of milk, rather than ones that divide rapidly. Moreover, she adds, because the cells themselves are not part of the product, Opalia can genetically modify its cells without the milk itself being a GMO product. Proponents hope that cellular meat and milk can eventually offer several big advantages over the conventional versions. By cutting animals out of the process, cultured products do away with most of the animal-welfare issues that beset modern factory farms. Meat and milk that come from clean culture facilities instead of manure-laden farmyards should also be less likely to carry food-borne diseases, says Elliot Swartz, lead scientist for cultivated meat technology at the Institute, a Washington DC-based nonprofit organization supporting alternatives to meat. Cellular milk is made by harvesting udder cells from a cow, then growing those cells in a large tank, or bioreactor. Eventually, the cells are encouraged to secrete milk that can be drawn off for use. This overview shows the production process being developed by Canada-based Opalia.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: MFC configurations can be divided based on the presence of a cathode chamber to dual chamber and single chamber MFCs. In this research, single chamber, four-air cathode, MFCs were constructed and operated using a variety of different cost-efficient materials. Initially, experiments were conducted using synthetic glucose medium as the organic wastewater, in order to compare the performance of the material combinations. The highest power density achieved by a single chamber MFC was 14. 2 W/m3, with graphite granules and a graphite rod as anode and four air cathode electrodes (Plexi. . A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electrochemical system designed for wastewater treatment, with simultaneous electrical current generation. The chemical energy contained in an organic wastewater is converted to electricity through electrochemically active microorganisms. MFCs consist of an anode where the electron donor (organic wastewater) is oxidized and a cathode where an electron acceptor is being reduced. MFC configurations can be divided based on the presence of a cathode chamber to dual chamber and single chamber MFCs. In this research, single chamber, four-air cathode, MFCs were constructed and operated using a variety of different cost-efficient materials. Initially, experiments were conducted using synthetic glucose medium as the organic wastewater, in order to compare the performance of the material combinations. The highest power density achieved by a single chamber MFC was 14. 2 W/m3, with graphite granules and a graphite rod as anode and four air cathode electrodes (Plexiglas – Gore-Tex – MnO2). Notable results were obtained from the MFC operating with ceramic cathode electrodes (Mullite – MnO2) and graphite granules with a graphite rod as anode, peaking at 5. 5 W/m3 power output. Afterwards, the MFC assemblies that achieved the best performance in terms of current output and efficient wastewater treatment were operated with different substrates originating from household food waste. The effect of each feedstock on the MFC operation was investigated, using FORBI (Food residue biomass) leachate, condensed vapors from dried household food waste (condensate), anaerobic digestion reactors effluents (digestate) and cheese whey (originating from a dark fermentation process). The single chamber MFCs were operated in both batch and continuous modes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: , USA) and subjected to quantification using a Qubit® 2. 0 Fluorometer (Inc. , USA) and an 2100 (Agilent Technologies, USA) system. Last, the library was sequenced on an Ion S5™ XL (Scientific Inc. , USA) platform and 600 bp single-end reads were generated at the Technology Co. , Ltd. , Beijing, China. The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data from this study were deposited in the (accession number PRJNA627740). Bioinformatics and diversity analyses Single-end reads were assigned to samples using Cutadapt version 1. 9. 1 (Martin, 2011). The reads were compared with the reference database (Gold database) using the algorithm to detect chimera sequences (Edgar et al. , 2011), and then, the chimera sequences were removed (Haas et al. , 2011). Effective tags were ultimately obtained. The sequence analysis was performed using Uparse software (version 7. 0. 1001) (Edgar, 2013), and the sequences with ≥97% similarity were assigned to the same operational taxonomic unit (OTU). The most abundant sequence in each OTU was chosen as the representative sequence. The bacteria were identified using the ( (Quast et al. , 2013) based on the RDP classifier (version 2. 2) (Wang et al. , 2007). The fungi were identified using the ( based on the Blast algorithm in QIIME software (version 1. 9. 1) (Koljalg et al. , 2013). The phylogenetic relationships of the OTUs and the differences among dominant species in samples (groups) were analyzed using multiple sequence alignments in software (version 3. 8. 31) (Edgar, 2004). The bacterial and fungal communities were characterized in terms of diversity by calculating Shannon-Wiener index and number of OTUs (richness) using QIIME software (version 1. 9. 1) (Caporaso et al. , 2010). Network analysis To make the bacteria and fungi networks comparable, the relative abundance of OTUs was log10-transformed and analyzed using the molecular ecological network analyses (MENA) pipeline ( implemented with random matrix theory (RMT)-based algorithms (Deng et al. , 2012) and then visualized with Cytoscape 3. 7. 1 (Shannon et al. , 2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat is created by cultivating animal cells in a controlled environment, mimicking traditional meat production. [SEP] Text: To bring the cost down under $6 per pound, only a little pricier than conventional ground beef, would require a much larger, 260,000-liter bioreactor. The first meat from cultured cells was produced in 2013 by (pictured) and his colleagues at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The patty shown here (raw on left, cooked on right) cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates). Costs have come down since then, but cellular meat is still more expensive than conventional meat. : cultured meat may not have to match the price of ground beef or chicken to be commercially viable. Some consumers will probably pay higher prices to avoid the ethical and environmental costs of conventional meat, just as they do today for plant-based meat substitutes like Impossible and Beyond Meat. And some conventional products such as caviar, foie gras or bluefin tuna are so expensive that cultured versions could probably be cost-competitive pretty soon, says Swartz. That would give manufacturers a way to bring in some profits even as they work to bring costs down further. Another intermediate step could be to use cultured meats to enhance the flavor of plant-based products, as is doing now with the part-cultured-meat, part-plant-based meat patties they sell in Singapore. Manufacturers could also add cultured animal fat cells to give a meatier flavor to a plant-based product. “You only need maybe 5 percent animal fat to achieve that,” says Swartz. Such hybrid products, he thinks, are likely to be the dominant role for cellular meat in the next decade. Similar first steps could help cultured-milk companies generate revenue before they can match cow’s milk in price. Breast milk offers enough advantages over infant formula, says Swartz, that many consumers are likely to pay high prices for cultured human milk from BioMilq and other companies. “There are a variety of proteins and fatty acids and sugars that are simply not there if you don’t have breast milk,” says Nurit Argov-Argaman, a lactation physiologist at the of Jerusalem. Argov-Argaman is also chief scientist at Wilk, an Israeli company that is culturing human breast cells to extract high-value components such as fatty acids and lactoferrin, a protein essential to iron uptake, to enrich infant formula.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Additionally, dual chamber MFCs were operated to investigate the recovery of heavy metals. In this work the integration of the MFC technology in the recovery of heavy metals from end of life (EoL) photovoltaic panels (PVP) was examined. Following a proposed EoL PVP recycling process, which included mechanical, thermal and chemical processing of the PVPs, a chemical extract containing the heavy metals of the PVP solar cell thin film was generated. Initially synthetic cathode solutions containing silver and indium were tested. Afterwards, the chemical extract originating from 2nd generation EoL PVP was used in the MFC cathode, to study the metal recovery. Silver recovery was high in the cases studied (>93%), with silver depositions on the cathode electrode and sediments in the cathode chamber. Additionally, the maximum power density obtained was 0. 8 W/m3 corresponding to a silver reaction rate of 2. 65 g Ag/h/m2. Indium recovery up to 96% was achieved during the synthetic indium wastewater experiments, with a maximum power density of 0. 17 W/m3. On the other hand, during indium recovery from the EoL 2nd generation PVP chemical extract, a higher power output was recorded (3. 5 W/m3), with indium depositions (oxides) on the cathode electrode, corresponding to 87% recovery. To further examine the MFC performance a 2D model simulating the operation of a dual chamber MFC was developed. The MFC technology was investigated experimentally and computationally in order to optimize the performance of this beneficial and environmentally friendly way to treat wastewater. περισσότερα Διαβάστε τη διατριβή (Online) Κατεβάστε τη διατριβή σε μορφή PDF (6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The thresholds in the network construction were automatically chosen, and module separation was based on the fast greedy modularity optimization (Zhou et al. , 2010; Deng et al. , 2012). Modularity (M) is an index measuring the extent to which a network is divided into modules, and M > 0. 4 was used as the threshold to define modular structures (Newman, 2006). Keystone species (module hubs and connectors) were identified by values of within-module connectivity (Zi) and among-module connectivity (Pi), where module hubs (highly connected to many nodes within modules) have Zi > 2. 5 and Pi ≤ 0. 62 and connectors (highly linked to several modules) have Zi ≤ 2. 5 and Pi > 0. 62) (Zhou et al. , 2011). Statistical analysis One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of the grazing exclusion on plants (richness, diversity, aboveground biomass), soil properties (and pH), and soil microbes (observed OTU richness and Shannon-Wiener index), followed by Tukey’s HSD test. These statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 21. 0 (). The changes in each variable induced by grazing exclusion were indicated as the natural log-transformed response ratio, lnR = ln( X ¯ E ) −ln( X ¯ C ), where X ¯ E and X ¯ C are the mean values of the variables that were observed in experimental group and control group, respectively (Hedges, Gurevitch & Curtis, 1999). The variance of lnR was calculated using the following equation: ν = SD E 2 n E X ¯ E 2 + SD C 2 n C X ¯ C 2 where SDE and SDC are the standard deviation for the experimental group and control group, respectively; nE and nC are the sample size (number of replicates) for the experimental group and control group, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) at OTU level was used to visualize patterns in bacterial and fungal community structures. Differences in bacterial or fungal community composition between grazed and grazing-excluded grasslands were tested using analysis of similarity () tests with Bray–Curtis in the ‘vegan’ package, in R software (v2. 15. 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Artificial meat requires fewer resources, like land and water, compared to traditional livestock farming. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe agricultural sector uses the largest share of freshwater resources worldwide. The average worldwide freshwater consumption per person was about 1385 m3, of which agriculture, industry and domestic use consumed about 91, 5, and 4%, respectively (Ouda 2014). In the Middle East, agriculture accounts for over 75% of total water consumption. However, with increasing demand resulting from population growth coupled with higher living standards, water will be reallocated away from the agriculture sector to the domestic and industrial sectors (Karrou et al. 2011; Ouda 2014). A rational water resource management plan (WRMP) requires the estimate of direct and indirect consumptions of water. The concept of water footprint (WFP) has been increasingly used as an indicator of water consumption and it is an informative tool for comprehensive understanding of water demand at national level (Hoekstra 2003; Chapagain and Hoekstra 2003; Charchousi et al. 2015). Past studies reported that the major fractions of WFP were due to the agricultural and industrial consumptions, while agriculture consumed more than 80% of global freshwater supplies (Shiklomanov 2000; Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011). Almost 30% of the global agricultural WFP was related to livestock animal production (Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2012). The WFP of many animal products is larger than the WFP of crop products with equivalent calorie value (Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2012). The average WFP per calorie for beef was 20 times larger than for cereals and starchy roots, while the WFP per gram of beef protein was 6 times larger than for pulses (Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2012). Earlier study reported that by replacing all meat with an equivalent amount of crop products, a 30% reduction of the food-related WFP per American citizen could be obtained (Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2012). However, there are several animal products, which have lower WFP than crop products when nutritional value is considered. The worldwide meat production has been projected to be double by 2050 in the developing countries, due mainly to the increase in production and consumption (2008; Steinfeld et al. 2006; Alexandratos and Bruinsma 2012; Ran et al. 2016), which is likely to intensify the freshwater crisis in the future (Rost et al. 2008; Ran et al. 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Cell for the Treatment of microbial fuel cell is a potential alternative for the treatment of wastewater. In this process of water treatment, a substantial amount of energy is produced. Microorganisms are explicitly used in microbial fuel cells to generate electrons and protons that are involved in electrochemical reactions for the treatment of wastewater for the generation of power. Moreover, the efficiency of the treatment process and also the generation of power largely depend on the nature of the substrates used as feed, types of the microorganism used and the configurations of the cells. In view of an effective treatment process, various types of wastewater originated from a number of different sources have extensively been treated in microbial fuel cells using electrogenic microorganisms. Environment-friendly features of microbial fuel cells result in a better technology compared to the existing ones for the purpose. The present 10. 21741/9781644900116-11 Part of the book on Cells 1253. [2] D. Haldar, D. Sen, K. Gayen, Enzymatic hydrolysis of banana stems (Musa acuminata): Optimization of process parameters and inhibition characterization, Int. J. 15 (2018) 406-413. [3] R. Heede, N. Oreskes, Potential emissions of CO2 and methane from proved reserves of fossil fuels: An alternative analysis, Change 36 (2016) 12-20. [4] S. Chu, A. Majumdar, Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future, Nature 488 (2012) 294. [5] P. Hu, Y. Ouyang, L. Wu, L. Shen, Y. Luo, P. Christie, Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmium speciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar, J. Environ. Sci. (China) 27 (2015) 225-231. [6] J. F. Wang, G. X. Wang, H. Wanyan, Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment: wastewater recycling in the loess area of China, J. Environ. Sci. (China) 19 (2007) 1093-1099. [7] M. Sustarsic, Wastewater treatment: Understanding the activated sludge process, 2009, 29. [8] P. Rajasulochana, V.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Pearson correlation was used to analyze the effect of grazing exclusion on the relationship between the plant characteristics, soil properties, and soil microbial diversity. Random networks with the same number of nodes and links were constructed to compare with the original network to determine general network characteristics (Zhou et al. , 2011). For each identified network, 100 randomly rewired networks were generated, and all network indexes were calculated individually (Maslov & Sneppen, 2002). The Z-test was used to test index differences between the molecular ecological networks and random networks, and the Student t-test was used to test for differences in network indexes under different conditions using standard deviations derived from the corresponding random networks. The relationships between molecular ecological networks and environmental factors (plant characteristics and soil properties) were analyzed with Module-EigenGene analyses (Zhou et al. , 2011; Deng et al. , 2012). Spearman correlations coefficients were calculated to depict the relationship between the abundance of microbes and environmental factors. Results with a P < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Figure 1: Response of variables of plants, soil, and soil microbial communities to grazing exclusion on the Stipa glareosa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. An effect size >0 indicates a positive response to grazing exclusion, and an effect size >0 indicates a negative response to grazing exclusion. Data means ± SE (n = 3). The level of significance is as follows: ∗∗∗P < 0. 0001, ∗P < 0. 05. PB, plant aboveground biomass; PR: plant species richness; PD: plant diversity; SWC, soil water content; TOC: soil total organic carbon; TN, soil total nitrogen; TP: soil total phosphorus; pH, soil pH value; BRR: bacterial richness in rhizosphere; BDR, bacterial diversity in rhizosphere; BRB, bacterial richness in bulk soil; BDB, bacterial diversity in bulk soil; FRR, fungal richness in rhizosphere; FDR, fungal diversity in rhizosphere; FRB, fungal richness in bulk soil; FDB, fungal diversity in bulk soil. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-1 of plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The plant aboveground biomass had significant positive responses to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat production still faces challenges in scaling to meet commercial demands. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : animals are no longer essential to producing meat and milk. Technologists can now grow animal cells in industrial cultures and harvest the cells — or their products — to yield real meat or milk. These cellular meat and milk products are not yet commercially viable, but researchers are making rapid progress. Food & lab-grown meat — and milk — to the table Beef, chicken and dairy made from cultured cells could offer a smaller footprint than conventional farms. Companies are working on scaling up and bringing prices down. Holmes 12. 22. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español Diners at the swanky restaurant in expect to be served something unusual. After all, the venue boasts three Michelin stars and is widely considered to be one of the world’s top restaurants. But if all goes according to plan, there will soon be a new dish on the menu that truly is remarkable: chicken that was never part of a living bird. & are the (tiny) cheesemakers Food & much meat can we eat — sustainably? Food & science: How to grill a flavorful steak That peculiar piece of meat — likely to be the first of its kind ever sold in the US — comes from a radical sort of food technology now in development, in which meat is produced by culturing muscle cells in vast tanks of nutrients. A similar effort — to culture mammary cells — is also underway and may soon yield real milk without cows. The company behind Crenn’s chicken, California-based Upside Foods, got a thumbs-up in November 2022 from the US Food and Drug Administration, which said it had no concerns about the safety of the technology. (The company’s manufacturing facility still requires a certificate of inspection from the US Department of Agriculture. )This cellular agriculture, as some of its proponents call it, faces formidable technical obstacles before it can ever be more than a curiosity. But if it does reach the mainstream, it offers the prospect of a cruelty-free source of meat and dairy — potentially with a smaller environmental footprint than conventional animal products. Conceptually, cellular agriculture is straightforward.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Preethy, Comparison on efficiency of various techniques in treatment of waste and sewage water – A comprehensive review, Resour. Effic. Technol. 2 (2016) 175-184. [9] M. C. Potter, Electrical effects accompanying the decomposition of organic compounds, Proc. . 84 (1911) 260-276. [10] in microbial fuel cell development and operation, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 76 (2007) 485-494. [11] B. E. Logan, B. Hamelers, R. Rozendal, U. Schröder, J. Keller, S. Freguia, P. Aelterman, W. Verstraete, K. Rabaey, Microbial fuel cells: Methodology and technology, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5181-5192. [12] Y. Qiao, C. nanotube/polyaniline composit as anode material for microbial fuel cells, J. 170 (2007) 79-84. [13] J. Wei, P. Liang, X. Huang, Recent progress in electrodes for microbial fuel cells, Bioresour Technol. 102 (2011) 9335-9344. [14] M. Zhou, M. Chi, J. Luo, H. He, T. Jin, An overview of electrode materials in microbial fuel cells, J. 196 (2011) 4427-4435. [15] W. Liu, S. Cheng, J. Guo, Anode modification with formic acid: A simple and effective method to improve the power generation of microbial fuel cells, Appl. Surf. Sci. 320 (2014) 281–286. [16] Z. Changyong, P. Liang, Y. Jiang, X. Huang, Enhanced power generation of microbial fuel cell using manganese dioxide-coated anode in flow-through mode, J. Power Sourc. 273 (2015) 580-583. [17] U. Schroder, J. Niessen, F. Scholz, A generation of microbial fuel cells with current outputs boosted by more than one order of magnitude, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: 001), but the response of plant species richness was instead negative (P < 0. 05; Fig. 1). For soil properties, SWC responded in a positive and significant way to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0. 001), whereas TOC and soil pH had negative, significant responses to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0. 05). The relative aboveground biomass of AB (dominant species Salsola collina Pall. ) dominated in the grazing excluded grassland (Fig. 2). By contrast, the TG (dominant species S. glareosa), RG (dominant species Leymus chinensis (Trin. ) Tzvel), SG (dominant species C. songorica), SS (dominant species Caragana stenophylla Pojark), and FB (dominant species A. cochinchinensis) decreased after eight years of grazing exclusion. Figure 2: Effects of the grazing exclusion on relative aboveground biomass of plant functional groups (A) and dominant plant species (B) in Stipa glareosa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. AB, annuals or biennials; FB, forbs; RG, perennial rhizome grasses; SG, perennial short bunchgrasses; SS, shrubs or semi-shrubs; TG, perennial tall bunchgrasses. G, Grazed area; GE, Grazing-excluded area. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-2 Responses of soil bacterial and fungal communities After quality filtering, a total of 953,050 bacterial sequences and 966,095 fungal sequences were obtained in this study, and clustered into 2,270 and 1,232 OTUs for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Eight years of grazing exclusion did not affect the richness and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere, but significantly increased (P < 0. 05) them in the bulk soil (Fig. 1). The communities of bacteria and fungi were clearly separated between the grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils (Fig. 3). However, no significant (P > 0. 05) differences were detected in bacterial and fungal community composition between grazed and grazing excluded grassland soils (Table S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat production still faces challenges in scaling to meet commercial demands. [SEP] Text: Technicians take a small tissue sample from a chicken, cow or other animal. From that, they isolate individual cells that go into a bioreactor — basically a big vat of nutrient solution — where the cells multiply manyfold and, eventually, mature into muscle, fat or connective tissue that can be harvested for people to eat. Products in which these cells are jumbled together, as in ground meat, are easiest to make, and that’s what most cellular meat companies are developing, at least initially. has a more ambitious goal: to create chicken with whole muscle fibers. “We’ve figured out ways to produce that textural experience,” says Eric Schulze, Upside’s vice president of product and regulation. He declines to explain exactly how they do it. Cellular meat is cultivated in tanks at Upside Foods, a company now developing products for commercial use. Cultivation facilities such as this use large amounts of electricity, so their environmental impact depends greatly on whether they draw electricity from sustainable sources. : process takes two to three weeks from start to finish, regardless of whether they are making chicken or beef. That’s much faster than the eight to 10 weeks required to raise a fryer chicken, or the 18 to 36 months needed for a cow. “We’re doing a cow’s worth of meat in 21 days or less,” says Schulze. One cellular meat product is already available commercially, though not in the US. In Singapore, a few restaurants and street vendors now offer a chicken nugget that contains a mix of cellular meat and plant-based ingredients. The product sells for about the same price as organic, farm-raised chicken, but the true cost of production is higher. “We’re selling it at a loss, for sure,” says Vítor Espírito Santo, senior director of cellular agriculture at Good Meat, the US-based company producing the nugget. But the cost should come down once the company expands to larger scale, Santo says. “Everything we do right now is more expensive because we are using a 1,200-liter bioreactor. Once we are producing in 250,000 liters, it will be competitive with conventional meat. ” The company is now working on gaining approval in the US.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Wang, Y. Feng, H. Lee, J. Liu, X. Shi, Y. Qu, N. Ren, Electricity generation using eight amino acids by air–cathode microbial fuel cells, Fuel 102 (2012) 478-482. [27] H. Liu, S. Cheng, B. E. Logan, Production of electricity from acetate or butyrate using a single-chamber microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 658-662. [28] P. D. Kiely, G. -term cathode performance and the microbial communities that develop in microbial fuel cells fed different fermentation endproducts, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 361-366. [29] S. Venkata Mohan, G. Mohanakrishna, P. N. Sarma, Composite vegetable waste as renewable resource for bioelectricity generation through non-catalyzed open-air cathode microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 970-976. [30] B. Jin, H. J. van Leeuwen, B. Patel, H. W. Doelle, Q. Yu, Production of fungal protein and glucoamylase by Rhizopus oligosporus from starch processing wastewater, Process Biochem. 34 (1999) 59-65. [31] R. production and removal of organic load from cassava starch industry waste by yeasts, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 67 (1989) 126-131. [32] T. Sangeetha, M. Muthukumar, Catholyte performance as an influencing factor on electricity production in a dual-chambered microbial fuel cell employing food processing wastewater, 33 (2011) 1514-1522. [33] N. Lu, S. -g. Zhou, L. Zhuang, J. -t. Zhang, J. -r. Ni, Electricity generation from starch processing wastewater using microbial fuel cell technology, Biochem. Eng. J. 43 (2009) 246-251. [34] S. Oh, B. E. Logan, Hydrogen and electricity production from a food processing wastewater using fermentation and microbial fuel cell technologies, Water Res. 39 (2005) 4673-4682.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Principal component analysis (PCA) of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) community structures found at the grazed and grazing excluded grassland soils. GEr, rhizosphere soil of grazing-excluded plot; GEb, bulk soil of grazing-excluded plot; Gr, rhizosphere soil of grazed plot; and, Gd, bulk soil of grazed plots. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-3 Among the highly abundant phyla, Proteobacteria had the highest abundance in the rhizosphere (38. 96%) and bulk soil (34. 94%) of grazing excluded grassland soils, followed by the Actinobacteria (29. 38% and 31. 02%, respectively), but their abundance were significantly decreased in bulk soil of grazed grassland (Fig. S2A). Firmucutes were the most abundant in the bulk soil (58. 32%) of grazed grassland, but significantly decreased in grazing excluded grassland soils. We also observed two fungal phyla dominated the soil microbes: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (Fig. S2B). In grazing excluded grassland soils, the Ascomycota had the highest abundance in the rhizosphere (58. 03%) and bulk soil (83. 08%), followed by the Basidiomycota (41. 34% and 9. 98%, respectively) and significantly higher in the rhizosphere. In grazed grassland soils, Ascomycota had the highest relative abundance in the rhizosphere (84. 25%) and bulk soil (79. 32%), followed by the Basidiomycota (9. 98% and 1. 37%, respectively). Response of soil microbial networks Network analysis for bacteria and fungi in the grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils, including data of both rhizosphere and bulk soil (since a significant rhizosphere effect was not detected), revealed that the networks of bacteria and fungi in the grazing-excluded grassland soil were larger than those in grazed grassland soils (Fig. 4, Table S2). However, grazing exclusion slightly decreased the proportion of positive links in bacterial networks from 76. 58 to 68. 32% and substantially decreased them in fungal networks from 69. 33 to 57. 50% (Table S2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat production still faces challenges in scaling to meet commercial demands. [SEP] Text: Enthusiasts also claim that cell-based products should be more sustainable than conventional animal products, because farmers will no longer need to feed, water and house entire animals just to harvest their muscles. It’s hard to know whether this benefit will pan out in reality, since the technology is still under development. Only a few studies have tried to estimate the environmental impact of cell-based meat, and all have made huge assumptions about what future technologies will look like. One thing seems clear, however. Cell-based meat relies heavily on electricity for tasks like heating or cooling culture tanks and pumping cells from place to place. If that electricity comes from renewables, the overall carbon footprint of cell-based meat will be much less than if it comes from fossil fuels, says Swartz. Assuming a relatively green electric grid, though, one careful study of cell-based meat’s potential, by the Dutch consulting company CE Delft, suggests that its environmental footprint is likely to be roughly the same as that of conventional pork or poultry — among the greener conventional meats, by most reckonings — and far less than that of beef. So far, however, companies and academic researchers have only taken baby steps toward cellular agriculture. If the industry is ever to grow big enough to change the face of global agriculture, it would need to overcome several major hurdles, says David Block, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Davis, who works on the technology behind cultured meat. Dutch researchers calculated the greenhouse gas emissions from various protein sources. As a best-case scenario, they assumed that by 2030 conventional protein products would be produced in a way that minimizes their greenhouse gas footprint: no forests cleared to grow animal feed, animals grazed outdoors when possible and only sustainable energy sources used on farms and in production. For cellular meat products, the main factor affecting greenhouse gas emissions is the source of the electricity used in production facilities: The standard footprint assumes the current mix of energy sources; the minimum footprint assumes that all energy comes from renewable sources. One of the biggest challenges, most experts agree, is finding an inexpensive way to supply the nutrients and growth factors the growing cells need. Existing culture media are far too costly and often depend on calves’ blood for molecules such as fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1, which are essential for cell growth and maintenance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: [35] B. K. Ince, O. COD production in a membrane anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater, Water Res. 34 (2000) 3943-3948. [36] W. Parawira, I. Kudita, M. G. Nyandoroh, R. Zvauya, A study of industrial anaerobic treatment of opaque beer brewery wastewater in a tropical climate using a full-scale UASB reactor seeded with activated sludge, Process Biochem. 40 (2005) 593-599. [37] Y. Feng, X. Wang, B. E. Logan, H. Lee, Brewery wastewater treatment using air-cathode microbial fuel cells, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 78 (2008) 873-880. [38] Q. Wen, Y. Wu, L. Zhao, Q. Sun, Production of electricity from the treatment of continuous brewery wastewater using a microbial fuel cell, Fuel 89 (2010) 1381-1385. [39] T. Pepe Sciarria, G. Merlino, B. Scaglia, A. D’Epifanio, B. Mecheri, S. Borin, S. Licoccia, F. Adani, Electricity generation using white and red wine lees in air cathode microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sourc. 274 (2015) 393-399. [40] E. V. Ramasamy, S. A. Abbasi, Energy recovery from dairy waste-waters: impacts of biofilm support systems on anaerobic CST reactors, Appl. Energy 65 (2000) 91-98. [41] M. Mahdi Mardanpour, M. Nasr Esfahany, T. Behzad, R. Sedaqatvand, Single chamber microbial fuel cell with spiral anode for dairy wastewater treatment, Biosens. Bioelectron. 38 (2012) 264-269. [42] J. Kassongo, C. A. Togo, Performance improvement of whey-driven microbial fuel cells by acclimation of indigenous anodophilic microbes, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10 (2011) 7846-7852. [43] A. Tremouli, G.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The fungal network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils was more densely connected than those in grazed grassland soils, with more links, higher average degree and shorter path distance (Fig. 4, Table S2). Opposite trends were observed for the bacterial network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils. The value of R 2 of the power law ranged from 0. 71 to 0. 85. The values of the average clustering coefficient (avgCC), path distance (GD), and harmonic geodesic distance (HD) of all networks were larger than those for randomized networks (Table S2). Figure 4: Highly connected modules of bacteria and fungi in grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils. A red link indicates a positive correlation between two individual nodes, whereas a blue link indicates a negative correlation. Nodes at module centers are module hubs, and nodes in black boxes are connectors. (A) Bacterial network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (B) bacterial network of grazed grassland soil; (C) fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (D) fungal network of grazed grassland soil. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-4 Figure 5: Proportion of bacterial and fungal nodes in global networks based on the eight most abundant bacterial phyla (A) and five most abundant fungal phyla (B). G, Grazed area; GE, Grazing-excluded area. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-5 A total of six module hubs and six connectors were identified in the bacterial networks of grazed grassland soils, whereas 12 module hubs and three connectors were found in the bacterial networks of grazing-excluded grassland soils (Table S3). For fungi, we recorded three module hubs and two connectors in the grazed grassland soils, whereas, four module hubs were recorded in grazing excluded grassland soils (Table S4). In addition, approximately 80% of the bacterial nodes of global networks belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria (23. 82∼26. 40%), Actinobacteria (20. 94∼25. 39%), Bacteroidetes (13. 69∼15. 35%), Acidobacteria (7. 60∼11.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat production still faces challenges in scaling to meet commercial demands. [SEP] Text: Researchers are hoping that relatively unprocessed sources like plant or yeast extract can eventually provide most of the nutrients and vitamins they need, and that they can find a cheaper way to produce the growth factors. As a step in that direction, Dutch researchers have developed a growth medium using no serum — just off-the-shelf chemicals — to which they add more than a dozen growth factors and other nutrients. Their new medium allowed cow muscle cells to grow almost as well as on calf serum, they reported recently. Scaling up from research-sized cultures to big commercial operations — an essential step to keeping costs down — may also present problems. The larger the bioreactor, the more difficult it is to ensure that waste products like ammonia are removed, says Martin, a chemical engineer who directs the Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. Even merely stirring extremely large bioreactors can subject the cells to damaging shear forces, he notes. The nutrient-supply problem gets even tougher for whole-muscle meats such as steaks or whole chicken breasts. In the animal, such thick slabs of muscle have networks of blood vessels snaking through them, so that every muscle cell is close to a blood supply. Many researchers in the field think replicating that 3D structure in culture poses serious challenges that have yet to be overcome. “I don’t think we are close to growing a steak, and I don’t see it in the next 10 or 15 years,” says San Martin. Still, proponents remain optimistic that those problems will be settled soon. “Technologically, we’re not concerned,” says Schulze. “With enough time and scientific ingenuity, somebody, somewhere, will find a way to make this work. The cost is the main issue for everyone. ”But cost remains a big stumbling block. The first lab-grown burger patty, produced by a Dutch team in 2013, cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000). And while costs have fallen since then, they remain much higher than for conventional meat. In a study that has not yet been peer-reviewed, Block and his colleagues estimated that producing a ground-beef product in a 42,000-liter bioreactor — almost twice as big as the largest in use today for mammalian cells — would cost about $13. 80 per pound.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Antonopoulou, S. Bebelis, G. Lyberatos, Operation and characterization of a microbial fuel cell fed with pretreated cheese whey at different organic loads, Bioresour. Technol. 131 (2013) 380-389. [44] Q. Wen, F. Kong, H. Zheng, D. Cao, Y. Ren, J. Yin, Electricity generation from synthetic penicillin wastewater in an air-cathode single chamber microbial fuel cell, Chem. Eng. J. 168 (2011) 572-576. [45] L. Zhang, X. Yin, S. F. Y. Li, Bio-electrochemical degradation of paracetamol in a microbial fuel cell-fenton system, Chem. Eng. J. 276 (2015) 185-192. [46] R. Liu, C. Gao, Y. -G. Zhao, A. Wang, S. Lu, M. Wang, F. Maqbool, Q. Huang, Biological treatment of steroidal drug industrial effluent and electricity generation in the microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 123 (2012) 86-91. [47] K. Chandrasekhar, S. Venkata Mohan, Bio-electrochemical remediation of real field petroleum sludge as an electron donor with simultaneous power generation facilitates biotransformation of PAH: effect of substrate concentration, Bioresour. Technol. 110 (2012) 517-525. [48] electricity generation and aromatic compounds removal from purified terephthalic acid plant wastewater in a microbial fuel cell, Biotechnol. Lett. 35 (2013) 197-203. [49] monetary comparison of energy recovered from microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells fed winery or domestic wastewaters, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 35 (2010) 8855-8861. [50] H. -m. Jiang, S. -j. Luo, X. -s. Shi, M. Dai, R. -b. Guo, A system combining microbial fuel cell with photobioreactor for continuous domestic wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation, J. Cent. South Univ. 20 (2013) 488-494. [51] T. P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: 85%), and Chloroflexi (8. 46∼11. 39%) (Fig. 5A). The grazing exclusion network had higher proportions of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and Saccharibacteria compared with the grazing network. For fungi, the majority of the fungal nodes belonged to Ascomycota (64. 23∼64. 50%) and Basidiomycota (16. 41∼16. 90%) (Fig. 5B). The proportion of major fungal nodes in the global networks did not differ between grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils at the phylum level. The correlations between plants, soil variables, and soil microbial community Most variables examined in this study were correlated with one another (Table S5). Richness and diversity of bulk soil bacteria were positively correlated with (P < 0. 05) plant diversity, TOC, and soil pH (Table S5), while that of bulk soil fungi were positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with plant aboveground biomass and SWC, but negatively correlated (P < 0. 01) with soil pH. The richness and diversity of the rhizosphere fungi was positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with TN and soil pH (Table S5). Eigengen analysis was used to reveal the relationships between network structure and environmental factors based on Spearman’s correlation analysis (Fig. S3). The bacterial network grouped to 17 and 11 submodules in the grazing-excluded grassland soil and grazed grassland soil, respectively, whereas the fungal network grouped to 9 submodules in both grazing-excluded and grazed grassland soils. The bacterial network of the grazing-excluded grassland soil was strongly correlated with plant diversity (Fig. S3A), whereas the fungal network was strongly correlated with soil and pH (Fig. S3C). In the bacterial network, the module 10 of grazing-excluded grassland soil was positively correlated with plant diversity and aboveground biomass (P < 0. 05; Fig. S3A), whereas the module 9 of grazed grassland soil was positively correlated with plant aboveground biomass (P < 0. 01; Fig. S3B). In the fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil, module 6 was positively correlated with soil TP content (P < 0. 05; Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat production still faces challenges in scaling to meet commercial demands. [SEP] Text: To bring the cost down under $6 per pound, only a little pricier than conventional ground beef, would require a much larger, 260,000-liter bioreactor. The first meat from cultured cells was produced in 2013 by (pictured) and his colleagues at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. The patty shown here (raw on left, cooked on right) cost an estimated 250,000 euros (about $330,000 at 2013 exchange rates). Costs have come down since then, but cellular meat is still more expensive than conventional meat. : cultured meat may not have to match the price of ground beef or chicken to be commercially viable. Some consumers will probably pay higher prices to avoid the ethical and environmental costs of conventional meat, just as they do today for plant-based meat substitutes like Impossible and Beyond Meat. And some conventional products such as caviar, foie gras or bluefin tuna are so expensive that cultured versions could probably be cost-competitive pretty soon, says Swartz. That would give manufacturers a way to bring in some profits even as they work to bring costs down further. Another intermediate step could be to use cultured meats to enhance the flavor of plant-based products, as is doing now with the part-cultured-meat, part-plant-based meat patties they sell in Singapore. Manufacturers could also add cultured animal fat cells to give a meatier flavor to a plant-based product. “You only need maybe 5 percent animal fat to achieve that,” says Swartz. Such hybrid products, he thinks, are likely to be the dominant role for cellular meat in the next decade. Similar first steps could help cultured-milk companies generate revenue before they can match cow’s milk in price. Breast milk offers enough advantages over infant formula, says Swartz, that many consumers are likely to pay high prices for cultured human milk from BioMilq and other companies. “There are a variety of proteins and fatty acids and sugars that are simply not there if you don’t have breast milk,” says Nurit Argov-Argaman, a lactation physiologist at the of Jerusalem. Argov-Argaman is also chief scientist at Wilk, an Israeli company that is culturing human breast cells to extract high-value components such as fatty acids and lactoferrin, a protein essential to iron uptake, to enrich infant formula.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Sciarria, A. Tenca, A. D’Epifanio, B. Mecheri, G. Merlino, M. Barbato, S. Borin, S. Licoccia, V. Garavaglia, F. Adani, Using olive mill wastewater to improve performance in producing electricity from domestic wastewater by using single-chamber microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 147 (2013) 246-253. [52] H. C. Tao, T. Lei, G. of heavy metals from fly ash leachate using combined bioelectrochemical systems and electrolysis, J. Hazard. Mater. 264 (2014) 1-7. [53] J. Huang, P. Yang, Y. Guo, K. Zhang, Electricity generation during wastewater treatment: An approach using an AFB-MFC for alcohol distillery wastewater, Desalination 276 (2011) 373-378. [54] X. Zheng, N. Nirmalakhandan, Cattle wastes as substrates for bioelectricity production via microbial fuel cells, Biotechnol. Lett. 32 (2010) 1809-1814. [55]. Khanjani, Evaluation of dairy industry wastewater treatment and simultaneous bioelectricity generation in a catalyst-less and mediator-less membrane microbial fuel cell, J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 20 (2016) 88-100. [56]. Rajabizadeh, N. Khanjani, Bioelectricity generation using two chamber microbial fuel cell treating wastewater from food processing, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 52 (2013) 352-357. [57] X. Guo, Y. Zhan, C. Chen, B. Cai, Y. Wang, S. Guo, Influence of packing material characteristics on the performance of microbial fuel cells using petroleum refinery wastewater as fuel, Renew. Energ. 87 (2016) 437-444. [58] G. Velvizhi, S. Venkata Mohan, Electrogenic activity and electron losses under increasing organic load of recalcitrant pharmaceutical wastewater, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 37 (2012) 5969-5978. [59] M. M. Ghangrekar, V. B.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: S3C). of grazing exclusion on plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The results of our study demonstrated that eight years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe had negative influences on grassland ecosystems, because the primary plant communities (S. glareosa) were replaced by secondary plant communities dominated by S. collina, leading to retrogressive succession of this grassland plant community. The stress-tolerance competition hypothesis suggests that tall plant species can obtain more light resources than short plant species (Tilman, Wedin & Knops, 1996). Therefore, due to competition for resources, the density of some species with low competitive abilities decreased or even disappeared after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). In the present study, grazing exclusion increased the abundance of S. collina, resulting in increased total aboveground biomass, indicating the tolerance of this species to grazing exclusion. However, their regeneration would have occupied more niche space in the community that thereby reduced the number of coexisting species possible (Wang et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion reduced the species richness, indicating a trade-off between the plant biomass and species richness in S. glareosa desert steppe after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). We also found that grazing exclusion decreased the soil TOC. A previous study reported that perennial bunchgrasses were positively correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available potassium, implying that perennial bunchgrasses are an indicator of soil properties and can improve soil nutrients (Jing et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2020). Our study supported these observations. Thereby our results illustrate that eight-years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe of the may not be fully conducive to the restoration of grassland ecosystem. These results are consistent with the previous studies on Tibetan Plateau, which show that eight years of grazing exclusion did not bring any ecological and economic benefits (Sun et al. , 2020). Effects of grazing exclusion on soil microbial communities and interactions Grazing exclusion had a positive effect on the bulk soil bacterial and fungal richness and diversity. These findings might be related to the high-productivity grassland without the disturbance of livestock (Zhang et al. , 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lab-grown meat production still faces challenges in scaling to meet commercial demands. [SEP] Text: A few of these cell-cultured meat and milk products should make it to supermarket shelves within the next few years, experts say. But as promising as these first steps are, no one really knows whether cellular meat and milk will eventually grab a significant share of the global market for animal-based foods. “There are certainly immense challenges — no one’s denying that,” says Schulze. “But our plan is to work on that as an industry. It’s effectively a space race for food. The difference here is we will attempt to rationally solve these challenges one by one in a reasonable time frame — and do it safely, of course, since it’s food. ”Editor’s note: A caption for an image in this 10. 1146/knowable-122122-2 is a science writer in Edmonton, Alberta, who likes meat but is open-minded about whether or not it comes from an animal. 10. 1146/knowable-122122-2 is a science writer in Edmonton, Alberta, who likes meat but is open-minded about whether or not it comes from an animal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Description Paper-fuel cells (MFCs) are devices that convert organic substances into electrical energy with the help of microorganisms. The MFCs are advantageous in an industrial perspective as these can utilize a wide range of substrates. Hence, paper-based MFCs are a promising alternative for bioelectricity generation which can act ideally even without much effort by the operator and can produce efficient power even after just being plummeted onto the liquid solution containing organic matter. Further, the wide-scale applicability of paper-based MFCs along with their cost-effective features has made the device an important ration in the present industrial based energy sector. (MFC), Exoelectrogens, Membranes, online 2/21/2019, 24 pages Citation: -. 46, pp 101-124, 2019 DOI: Part of the book on Cells 630. [2] N. Thepsuparungsikul, N. Phonthamachai, H. Y. Ng, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as electrode material for microbial fuel cells, Technol. 65 (2012) 1208-1214. [3] B. E. Logan, Scaling up microbial fuel cells and other bioelectrochemical systems, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 85 (2010) 1665-1671. [4] J. Chouler, M. Di Lorenzo, Water quality monitoring in developing countries; can microbial fuel cells be the answer? Biosensors (Basel). 5 (2015) 450-470. [5] M. Di Lorenzo, A. R. Thomson, K. Schneider, P. J. Cameron, I. Ieropoulos, A small-scale air-cathode microbial fuel cell for on-line monitoring of water quality, Biosens Bioelectron. 62 (2014) 182-188. [6] Y. C. Yong, Y. Y. Yu, X. Zhang, H. Song, Highly active bidirectional electron transfer by a self-assembled electroactive reduced-graphene oxide-hybridized biofilm, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 53 (2014) 4480-4483. [7] C. I. Torres, A. Kato Marcus, B. E.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Grazing impacts soil microbial communities by causing changes in plant composition and soil properties through trampling, defoliation, and urine deposition (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Excluding livestock trampling increased plant coverage, enhanced soil aggregate structure, and therefore facilitate the soil microbial activity and growth (Wang et al. , 2020). Thus, we interpret that the grazing exclusion provides more opportunities for different microbial species to interact with each other. However, the soil bacterial and fungal networks responded differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks are more sensitive and quick response to grazing exclusion than that of bacterial networks. This may be because bacteria grow faster than fungi, while fungi may have more limited dispersal because of their larger size (Dassen et al. , 2017). Fungal co-occurrence networks were characterized by high connectivity and low modularity, indicating low stability under grazing exclusion (Montoya, Pimm & Sole, 2006); while bacterial co-occurrence networks had weak interactions that suggest higher stability under grazing exclusion (Coyte, Schluter & Foster, 2015). We also found that changes in soil nutrient levels had positively associations with fungal networks. There is accumulating evidence that fungal communities were more responsive to sources of C and N than bacterial communities (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Zhang et al. , 2018). Grazing can promote root exudation and litter decomposition through defoliation and trampling, which can enhance the amount of C and N entering the soil (Bi et al. , 2018). In contrast, grazing exclusion would be reduced the soil C and N pools in low fertility ecosystems, as suggested by previous researches (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Sun et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by reducing the TOC, because more abundant members from fungal community were competing for limited niches (Lupatini et al. , 2014). The more connected interactions and increased negative correlations in fungal networks confirmed these findings (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Not only were fungal network affected more by TOC, but fungal network also showed negative links to vegetation change. Fungal communities have been found to be the first consumers of belowground input of plant-derived C (et al. , 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Artificial meat is being promoted as a sustainable option to reduce the environmental impact of meat production. [SEP] Text: Hunted wild game meat – sustainable option for meat consumption? & Merja Lähdesmäki Food consumption increasingly raises ethical questions amongst contemporary consumers. These concerns are related, for instance, to animal welfare and negative environmental effects of food production. Particularly conventional meat production has received criticism concerning the living conditions of animals as well as the contribution of the production methods to greenhouse emissions and climate change. Consequently, the demand for more ecologically and socially sustainable food is acknowledged as one of the leading consumer trends at the global level. Expanding organic production is one means to mitigate food related ethical concerns, including animal welfare issues. Accordingly, the European organic meat products market is experiencing a strong growth as, for example, the production of organic beef, mutton and pork meat is increasing. Another option for more sustainable meat consumption is hunted wild game meat. Indeed, according to recent studies, consumers perceive game meat as more ‘green’ when compared to farmed meat. Furthermore, free roaming and following their natural grazing behavior is often associated with meaningful life for the animals (see Matilainen et al. 2021). Hunted wild game meat does not only provide an option for environmentally sustainable livestock system but wild game meat is also considered to retain high nutritional values with a low fat and cholesterol content. While consumers’ increasing health awareness is one of the predicted consumer trends globally, hunted wild game meat may appeal to modern consumerswhen purchasing meat products. Furthermore, from an environmental point of view, there is also an ecological “surplus” of hunted wild game meat. In many countries, it is a necessity to control overgrown game populations in order to avoid damages to fields and forests as well as to avoid traffic accidents. Thus, to some extent hunted game meat is a side product of wildlife management aiming to control damage. In the Finnish context, an example of this kind of game is the European moose (Alces alces), which is the most significant game animal concerning meat provision. In Finland, moose hunting is strongly embedded in rural traditions and based on a specific hunting culture. The hunting rights belong to landowners, often private non-industrial forest owners, who make the decision whether to allow hunting or not. According to rural tradition, forest owners typically rent their forests as hunting areas for local moose-hunting clubs, free of charge or for nominal compensation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Rittmann, Proton transport inside the biofilm limits electrical current generation by anoderespiring bacteria, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100 (2008) 872-881. [8] M. Rahimnejad, A. Adhami, S. Darvari, A. Zirepour, S. E. Oh, Microbial fuel cell as new technology for bioelectricity generation: A review, Alexandria Eng. J. 54 (2015) 745-756. [9] cells and their development, Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2006) 2015-2045. [10] M. Mustakeem, Electrode materials for microbial fuel cells: nanomaterial approach, Mater. Renew. Sustain Energy. 4 (2015) 22. [11] R. . Cornejo, Biophotovoltaics: conversion of light energy to bioelectricity through photosynthetic microbial fuel cell technology, Cell, Springer, 2018, 373-387. [12] M. Rosenbaum, F. Aulenta, M. Villano, L. T. Angenent, Cathodes as electron donors for microbial metabolism: which extracellular electron transfer mechanisms are involved? , Bioresour Technol. 102 (2011) 324-333. [13] S. Tsujimura, A. Wadano, K. Kano, T. Ikeda, Photosynthetic bioelectrochemical cell utilizing cyanobacteria and water-generating oxidase, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 29 (2001) 225-231. [14] M. J. Cooney, E. Roschi, I. W. Marison, C. Comminellis, U. Von Stockar, Physiologic studies with the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: evaluation for use in a biofuel cell, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 18 (1996) 358-365. [15] K. Rabaey, G. Lissens, S. D. Siciliano, W. Verstraete, A microbial fuel cell capable of converting glucose to electricity at high rate and efficiency, Biotechnol Lett. 25 (2003) 1531-1535. [16] L. Mao, W. S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: One recent study reported that mixed plant species were more likely than single-species to contain sufficient C, N, and P concentrations to satisfy the demand from microbial decomposers (Gong et al. , 2020). This view is supported by our results. For example, when the fast-growing S. collina plant and fungal community compete for soil C and N—mainly arising from inputs of single-species litter—was insufficient to meet the growth rate of fungi (Wang et al. , 2020). Conversely, in response to nutrient deficiency, fungal community could compete for limited nutrients, which are increased the fungal competition and thereby decreased their community stability (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019; Wang et al. , 2018). On the basis of the above reasoning, grazing exclusion may lead to a negative effect on soil fungal interactions and indicate an unstable and vulnerable fungal community in the S. glareosa desert steppe. bacterial and fungal networks have different properties and respond differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks were more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. Eight years of grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by decreasing the plant richness and TOC, in this case triggering negative effects on the S. glareosa desert steppe. Our findings provide evidence that eight-years of grazing exclusion is not beneficial to plant diversity maintenance. OI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-1 data: all plant, soil, and soil microbial variables DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-2 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data are available in the : PRJNA627740 (SRP258186). The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw measurements are available in the Supplementary Files.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some scientists believe that terraforming Mars would take centuries, if not millennia, to achieve. [SEP] Text: Interviewee: Bruce JakoskySo, we wanted to look at the inventory of CO2 on the planet – where reservoirs of CO2, if you will, reside, how much would be there, and how easy it would be to mobilise it and put it back into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Ellie MackayEssentially, that’s what we’re doing to this planet with global warming and we’re trying to force a way to do that somewhere else. So it’s like we could send all of our industry and all of our fossil fuel burning over to Mars, and it would have a beneficial effect over there, instead of… Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThat’s absolutely right. We don’t even need to send the manufacturing and industry to Mars, we could just ship all the CO2 there. And that would solve both planets’ problems. It’s totally facetious and absolutely unworkable. We don’t have that much CO2 in our atmosphere, and the number of rockets you would have to ship to get the CO2 there is immense. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, so if we can’t ship it there, let’s get back to this idea of using reserves of CO2 on Mars. Your paper mentions several possible sinks – there’s CO2 in the polar ice, there’s some in minerals called carbonates, and there’s gas that gets bound to the layer of soil called the regolith on the surface of the planet. So, that seems like a lot of different places for the CO2 to be trapped. How might we mobilise or release it from these sources? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyProbably the easiest is the CO2 locked up in the polar ice. All you need to do is spread dark dust over the polar caps, and it would absorb more sunlight and heat up. That’s the easiest one, and if that sounds hard, you may not like the next ones. The carbonates you have to heat up to temperatures at which they break apart, and that’s around 300 °C. That automatically means a large scale industrial operation, and it wouldn’t get you very much. I think the most difficult CO2 to mobilise is gas that is physically attached to the soil.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Verwoerd, Selection of organisms for systems biology study of microbial electricity generation: a review, Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 4 (2013) 17. [17] T. K. Sajana, M. M. Ghangrekar, A. Mitra, Effect of pH and distance between electrodes on the performance of a sediment microbial fuel cell, Technol. 68 (2013) 537-543. [18] -reducing microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments, Science. 295 (2002) 483-485. [19] D. R. Bond, D. R. Lovley, Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 1548-1555. [20] B. H. Kim, T. . Kano, K. Takagi, H. Tatsumi, Electrochemical activity of an Fe (III)-reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens IR-1, in the presence of alternative electron acceptors, Biotechnol. Tech. 13 (1999) 475-478. [21]. Kim, B. H. Kim, A mediator-less microbial fuel cell using a metal reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 30 (2002) 145-152. [22] production in biofuel cell using modified graphite electrode with neutral red, Biotechnol. Lett. 22 (2000) 1301-1304. [23] S. K. Chaudhuri, D. R. Lovley, Electricity generation by direct oxidation of glucose in mediatorless microbial fuel cells, Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2003) 1229-1232. [24] D. Xing, Y. Zuo, S. generation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008) 4146-4151. [25] Y. Zuo, D. of the exoelectrogenic bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi YZ-1 by using a U-tube microbial fuel cell, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 (2008) 3130-3137. [26] R. Kumar, L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: work was supported by the (No. CARS-34), of China (No. 31960356), and the Program of ‘Ministry of Laboratory of Ecology and of the Mongolian Plateau’, University (No. 21400-516320313). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2004. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the grassland. Nature 431(7005):181-184. 1998. Linking above-ground and below-ground interactions: how plant responses to foliar herbivory influence soil organisms. & Biochemistry 30(14):1867-1878. 2013. Phylogenetic and functional changes in the microbial community of long-term restored soils under semiarid climate. & Biochemistry 65:12-21. 2018. Effects of grazing exclusion on the grassland ecosystems of mountain meadows and temperate typical steppe in a mountain-basin system in Central Asia’s arid regions, China. Science of 630:254-263. 2013. Improved selection of internal transcribed spacer-specific primers enables quantitative, ultra-high-throughput profiling of fungal communities. Microbiology 79(8):2519-2526 -. 2018. China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency. Nature 559(7713):193-204. 2010. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. 7(5):335-336. 2016. Long-term grazing exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics, soil properties and bacterial communities in the semi-arid grasslands of China. 97:170-178. 2015. The ecology of the microbiome: networks, competition, and stability. Science 350(6261):663-666 de Deyn GB. 2017. Differential responses of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea and protists to plant species richness and plant functional group identity. 26(15):4085-4098. 2018. Soil bacterial networks are less stable under drought than fungal networks. 9:3033. 2012. Molecular ecological network analyses. BMC Bioinformatics 13:113-133 Edgar RC. 2004. : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Research 32(5):1792-1797 Edgar RC. 2013.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some scientists believe that terraforming Mars would take centuries, if not millennia, to achieve. [SEP] Text: Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo, does this mean this is the end of the concept of terraforming Mars? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThis doesn’t mean we can’t terraform the planet. It means we can’t do it today with available technology. People have also talked about manufacturing molecules that are very effective greenhouse gases, things like Freon, but the scale of manufacturing that would be required to produce enough is so far beyond our current capability that you have to put it into the distant future. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo what would you say to those people who are keen to inhabit Mars in the relatively near future? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWell first of all, I don’t think this impacts either our desire or our ability to explore Mars with humans. We can carry out that kind of a mission beginning today, and it would be exciting from the human perspective and from the science perspective. And this is part of that process of discussing what’s possible and where we as a society want to head. I think if we’re going to talk about sending humans to Mars, we need to do it in the context of a real and valid understanding of what is on the planet, based on the best available scientific information today. Interviewer: Ellie MackayThat was from the University of Colorado in the US. To read that story in Nature Astronomy, you can head over to nature. com/natastron. Host: Adam LevyStill to come in the Research Highlights: a dinosaur with enormous feet, and some rapidly rotating nanop100. It’s thought that the techniques involved could be useful in astrophysics, for example, helping to test the hypothesis that rapidly spinning dust p2003. So this probe’s been at Mars for quite a long time, and it’s got an instrument on it that uses radar to sort of bounce radio waves down to the surface and back. And sort of like using ground-penetrating radar on Earth to find things like oil and gas deposits that are buried, this radar uses its own instruments to probe the subsurface, to look at what’s bouncing back from beneath the ice. And it spotted these very, very bright reflections in this one place beneath the ice cap, and they’re interpreting those bright reflections as being liquid water. Interviewer: Adam LevyHow big a deal actually is this?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Singh, A. W. Zularisam, Exoelectrogens: recent advances in molecular drivers involved in extracellular electron transfer and strategies used to improve it for microbial fuel cell applications, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 56 (2016) 1322-1336. [27] Y. Yang, Y. Ding, Y. Hu, B. Cao, S. A. Rice, S. Kjelleberg, H. Song, Enhancing bidirectional electron transfer of Shewanella oneidensis by a synthetic flavin pathway, ACS Synth. Biol. 4 (2015) 815-823. [28] D. R. Bond, D. R. Lovley, Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 1548-1555. [29] F. Kracke, I. Vassilev, J. O. Krömer, Microbial electron transport and energy conservation–the foundation for optimizing bioelectrochemical systems, Front Microbiol. 6 (2015) 575. [30] P. Parameswaran, T. electrochemical, and microscopic characterization of the thermophilic, anode-respiring bacterium Thermincola ferriacetica, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (2013) 4934-4940. [31] A. Okamoto, S. Kalathil, X. Deng, K. Hashimoto, R. Nakamura, K. H. Nealson, Cell-secreted flavins bound to membrane cytochromes dictate electron transfer reactions to surfaces with diverse charge and pH, Scientific Reports. 4 (2014) 5628. [32] oxidation of glucose with bacteria Escherichia coli, Russ. J. Electrochem. 37 (2001) 1216-1219. [33] S. Choi, Microscale microbial fuel cells: advanceds and challenges, Biosens. Bioelectron. 69 (2015) 8-25. [34] -based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices, Lab Chip. 13 (2013) 2210-2251. [35] J. Winfield, P. Milani, J. Greenman, I.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: : highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. 10(10):996-998. 2011. improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27(16):2194-2200 Faust K, Raes J. 2012. Microbial interactions: from networks to models. Microbiology 10(8):538-550. 2020. Effects of nitrogen addition on above-and belowground litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in the litter-soil continuum in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of 172:104036. 2011. Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons. 21(3):494-504. 2014. Effects of precipitation on grassland ecosystem restoration under grazing exclusion in Inner Mongolia, China. 29(10):1657-1673. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80(4):1150-1156. 2008. Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland, Inner Mongolia. Journal of 72(5):792-807. 2014. DegePrime, a program for degenerate primer design for broad-taxonomic-range pcr in microbial ecology studies. Microbiology 80(16):5116-5123. 2014. Changes in plant community composition and soil properties under 3-decade grazing exclusion in semiarid grassland. 64:171-178 -. 2013. Towards a unified paradigm for sequence–based identification of fungi. 22(21):5271-5277. 2008. Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. & Environment 128(1–2):109-116. 2014. Network topology reveals high connectance levels and few key microbial genera within soils. Frontiers in 2. 2019. Microbial community composition and network analyses in arid soils of the under grazing disturbance reveal an important response of the community to soil p2011. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. 17:10-12 Maslov S, Sneppen K. 2002. Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks. Science 296(5569):910-913. 2006. Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature 442(7100):259-227. 2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars remains a theoretical concept with significant technical and ethical challenges. [SEP] Text: 01 August 2018 Podcast: Bird colour perception, terraforming Mars, and attributing extreme weather Hear the latest science news, brought to you by. Subscribe iPodcast acast RSS This week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. Your browser does not support the audio element. Download MP3See transcriptIn this episode:00:54 Modifying Mars’s atmosphereA lack of carbon dioxide might hamper efforts to make the habitable. Research Paper: Jakosky & Edwards08:52 How discerning zebra finches discern colourNew research shows that female zebra finches can differentiate orange from red. Research paper: Caves et al. 15:09 Research HighlightsA dinosaur with giant feet, and record breaking nanop10. 1038/d41586-018-05860-0 week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. IntroductionThis is a transcript of the 2nd August 2018 edition of the weekly Nature Podcast. Audio files for the current show and archive episodes can be accessed from the index page ( which also contains details on how to subscribe to the for FREE, and has troubleshooting top-tips. Send us your feedback to podcast@nature. com. [Jingle] Host: Adam LevyWelcome back to the Nature Podcast. This week, we’ll be taking a peek at how zebra finches see colour, and we’ll be hearing about a problem with plans to terraform Mars. Host: Ellie MackayPlus, we’re learning how researchers are linking individual extreme weather events to climate change. I’m Ellie Mackay. Host: Adam LevyAnd I’m Adam Levy. [Jingle] Interviewer: Ellie MackayFirst up this week: have you ever thought about living on Mars? Right now, it’s not the most inviting environment. But there have been plenty of ideas about how that might be changed. Here’s – he’s one of the authors of a paper in this week, and he’s been looking at how realistic some of these ideas might be. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyRight now, the average temperature at the surface of Mars is about -60 °C, and if we could raise it up to 0 °C, then we could have liquid water.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Nevin, Microbial production of multi-carbon chemicals and fuels from water and carbon dioxide using electric current, US Patent, 9856449, January 2, 2018. [53] Z. Xu, Y. Liu, I. Williams, Y. Li, F. Qian, H. Zhang, D. Cai, L. Wang, B. Li, Disposable self-support paper-based multi-anode microbial fuel cell (PMMFC) integrated with power management system (PMS) as the real time “shock” biosensor for wastewater, Biosens. Bioelectron. 85 (2016) 232-239. [54] A. Escapa, M. I. San-Martín, R. Mateos, A. Morán, Scaling-up of membraneless microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) for domestic wastewater treatment: Bottlenecks and limitations, Bioresour. Technol. 180 (2015) 72-78. [55] H. the burden of food processing washdown wastewaters using microbial fuel cells, Biochem. Eng. J. 117 (2017) 210-217. [56] W. Yang, J. Li, Q. Fu, L. Zhang, X. Zhu, Q. Liao, A simple method for preparing a binder-free paper-based air cathode for microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 241 (2017) 325-331. [57] F. M. Ramírez, H. Addi, F. J. H. Fernández, C. Godínez, A. Pérez de los Ríos, E. M. Lotfi, M. El Mahi, L. J. Lozano Blanco, Air breathing cathode-microbial fuel cell with separator based on ionic liquid applied to slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and bio-energy production, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 92 (2017) 642-648. [58] leachate: a promising substrate for microbial fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 23794-23798. [59] P. Jain, M. Sharma, P. Dureja, P. M. Sarma, B.

Output: contrast