Input: Claim: It’s possible to create a completely classless society where all people have equal social standing and opportunities.The majority of the world's food supply comes from a small number of staple crops like wheat, rice, and maize. [SEP] Text: Food swamp: An urban environment typical of the corporate food system in which the market provides an overabundance of food that is not nutritious, being dominated by fast-food outlets and convenience stores. This availability overshadows the more nutritious offerings in the community [5]. Hager et al. used the metric of four or more convenience stores within a quarter of a mile (two-fifths of a kilometer) of residents to identify food swamps [2]. Food mirage: A neighborhood in which residents have physical access to nutritious food options but not financial access. Poverty prevents consumers from taking advantage of food availability and spurs them to either travel out of their way to buy nutritious groceries at more affordable prices or default to less nutritious corner store offerings [3, 5]. Food mirages are functionally equivalent to food deserts [9]. of nations, pockets of food insecurity are disproportionately present in communities with high poverty, such as rural areas and communities with a majority-minority population [6, 10-12]. In the United States, low-income zip codes have more than 30% of the nation’s convenience stores, which leaves little space for other, more nutritious grocery offerings [13]. The impact of food inequity on communities is multitudinous. Beyond the health risks of nutrition deprivation and the consequent cost of health campaigns to combat diet-related disease, there are economic ramifications in lost wages, reduction in the local tax base, and lost potential for food retail to serve as an anchor for other retail [7, 13]. Considering systemic roots of food inequity, Foley et al. highlight the consolidation and corporate control in the last century, facilitated by economic globalization of agriculture [4]. Soil health is compromised in favor of mass production of subsidized monocultures whose manufactured products dominate convenience store shelves; and business accountability is abandoned, which has allowed environmental harm through chemical runoff and leaking and water waste. The modern food supply chain in industrialized nations is a complex system with multiple firms working together in an increasingly globalized market that must contend with myriad uncontrollable factors prevalent in food production, such as weather and shelf life [14]. The network consists of suppliers (farmers), transformer sites (processing), distributor sites (that aggregate agricultural products from multiple sources to create a food supply) and clients (retailers) [14]. Foley et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Nordhaus sees agriculture’s declining share of national income and concludes (wrongly) that farming is becoming less important to human societies. Let’s quantify the trend. Figure 1 shows the share of US income earned by people working in agriculture. This share declined precipitously over the last two centuries. In 1840, more than half of all income went to people in agriculture. But by 2010, this figure had shrunk to less than 1%. Today, US farmers earn a trivial share of all income. Figure 1: The share of agriculture in US national income. For data sources, see notes. If you think like Nordhaus, the evidence in Figure 1 tells you that agriculture is becoming less important. It’s such a minuscule part of the economy that if we got rid of it entirely, GDP would shrink by less than 1%. So bring on the climate change! No. There’s a fatal flaw in this thinking. The decline in agriculture’s income share says nothing about agriculture’s biophysical importance. To see the biophysical importance of agriculture, we should look not at the income-accounting table, but at the kitchen table. No agriculture … means no food … means no humans. Far from indicating agriculture’s irrelevance, the evidence in Figure 1 shows agriculture’s continued importance. Industrial society is possible only because so few people are needed to grow food. (That’s why farmers earn such a tiny share of all income. There are hardly any of them! ) Modern farmers harvest a staggering quantity of food. This allows the rest of us to do the non-farming activities that we take for granted. Let’s look at the growth of this agricultural harvest. Figure 2 shows the labor productivity of US farmers over the last two centuries. I’ve plotted the harvest of three crops: wheat, cotton and corn. For these crops, the increase in labor productivity is spectacular — about 50-fold for wheat and 100-fold for corn and cotton. This enormous harvest is the basis for our industrial society. Without the bounty of modern agriculture, urban life would be impossible. Figure 2: The exploding labor productivity of US agriculture. I plot here the trend in the output per labor hour of US-produced wheat, cotton and corn. Data is indexed so that productivity equals 1 in the year 1800.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Transient (15-mins) Occlusion (Group II)Images and maps at 30 mins after ischemia of one representative animal subjected to transient (15-mins) focal ischemia are shown in Figure 3A. All eight animals exhibited regions of hypoperfusion at the first imaging time point (~30 mins) but only one animal showed detectable ADC reduction at 30 mins. Six animals showed heterogeneous and mild hypoperfusion at 180 mins, but no ADC lesions were observed. Six animals showed no T2 or TTC lesions at 24 h after ischemia and two showed very small T2 and TTC abnormality (43 mm3) at 24 h in the subcortical region. CBF images at 24 h were normal with no apparent hypo- or hyper-perfusion. Hypercapnic challenge evoked marked CBF and BOLD increases in both LH and RH and there were no statistical differences in CO2-induced fMRI responses between the LH and RH at all time points (P>0. 05). Basal CBF and basal T*2-weighted signal intensities were not statistically different between the LH and RH somatosensory cortices (P> 0. 05). Similarly, there were also no statistical differences in the stimulus-evoked CBF and BOLD fMRI responses between the LH and RH somatosensory cortices (P> 0. 05). Figure 3 Transient occlusion—CO2 and forepaw functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in the primary somatosensory cortices (n = 8). (A) Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, baseline CBF, ΔCBFCO2, and forepaw stimulation ΔCBF of a rat subjected to transient ischemia. Gray-scale bar indicates ADC ranging from 0 to 0. 001 mm2/sec and CBF 0 to 3 mLg/min. Color bar indicates ΔCBF ranging from 10% to 400% and ΔBOLD 1% to 10%. (B) Group-average baseline CBF, ΔCBFCO2, and Δ2 of the normal left hemisphere (LH) and the right hemisphere (Rh) -derived normal, mismatch, core clusters of the right ischemic hemisphere.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: The potential impacts of diseases within cattle production on both environmental impacts and LDF losses are further exacerbated by the greater amount of time required from birth to slaughter (and therefore greater total days-at-risk of disease) compared to growing swine or growing chickens, and the average GHGe per kg of milk or meat [11, 12, 58]. In developed regions, commercial swine and poultry operations tend to be more integrated than their ruminant counterparts and have a greater adoption of preventative veterinary strategies. Considerable potential gains may therefore exist from improved disease control within beef production systems in South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, cited as having the highest regional GHGe per kg of CW [12]. This is underlined by the results shown in Table 9 – if LSD was controlled in a 200-cow beef herd, the GHGe intensity would be reduced from 76. 6 kg CO2eq per kg CW to 73. 0 kg CO2eq per kg CW, with further gains made by improved hide quality. Changes in GHGe associated with attempting to maintain MMY from livestock systems challenged by disease are difficult to conceptualise in isolation but for greater context can be compared to the equivalent annual emissions from passenger vehicles (cars) based on equivalent annual exhaust emissions from passenger vehicles with emissions of 0. 152 kg CO2 per km driven and 11,909 km driven per year [59, 60]. For example, at low population prevalence levels, the effect of disease on GHGe was relatively minor, ranging from an increase equivalent to annual emissions from 49 vehicles for LPAI in poultry at 10% prevalence (Table 11), to 30,358 car-equivalents of GHGe for PRRS in swine at 10% prevalence (Table 10). However, at high prevalence levels, the totals increased to 251 car-equivalents for LPAI in poultry at 50% prevalence to 233,578 car-equivalents for PRRS in swine at 60% prevalence. At the farm level (herd or flock) this can give an insight into the practical impacts of disease. For example, brucellosis at 40% prevalence in a 200-cow beef herd increased GHGe (Table 9) by the equivalent of the annual emissions from 110 cars.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Output is measured in physical units (bushels for wheat and corn, bales for cotton). For data sources, see notes. We can now see the flaw in Nordhaus’ reasoning. If climate change decreases the productivity of agriculture, we lose the basis for our industrial society. If farmers can’t feed people in cities, urban-dwellers will have to move back onto the land. Presto … no more industrial society. The price problem In tying the concept of ‘output’ to income, neoclassical economists fool themselves. Their accounting system leads them to believe that natural resources are unimportant. Here’s what happens. When the price of a natural resource decreases, so does its apparent contribution to ‘output’. So as resources become cheaper, economists mistakenly think that societies are becoming less dependent on the Earth. This thinking gets it utterly wrong. The price of a natural resource doesn’t indicate its importance to society. The role of natural resources is, in reality, invariant. Today — just as we have always been — we are utterly dependent on natural resources for our survival. So what, then, should we make of the price of natural resources? In an important sense, the price of a resource is inversely related to the resource’s importance. The cheaper a resource becomes, the more we tend to depend on it. As an example, take electricity. A century ago, electricity was expensive and its use was rare. Today, electricity is cheap and we use it in almost all aspects of life. Figure 3 quantifies this cheapening of electricity, measured in terms of work time. I’ve plotted here the work time required for an average US worker to purchase 1 megawatt-hour of electricity. (A megawatt-hour is roughly the amount of electricity used by a modern US household in a month. ) In 1900, it took about 1000 hours of paid work to purchase this amount of electricity. Today it takes about 5 hours — a 200-fold decrease. Figure 3: The falling relative price of electricity. I plot here the average number of working hours required for a US production worker to buy 1 MWH of electricity at the residential price. For data sources, see notes. Electricity is, for modern Americans, astonishingly cheap. To neoclassical economists, this cheapness signals that electricity production contributes virtually nothing to economic output.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes and M values in the LH and RH primary somatosensory cortices after transient ischemic brain injury were estimated (Table 3). M values were not statistically different between LH and RH primary somatosensory cortices (P>0. 05) and they ranged from 7. 7% to 9. 4% across different time points. Forepaw-stimulation-induced CMRO2 increases in the LH and RH were also not statistically different between LH and RH primary somatosensory cortices (P>0. 05) and they ranged from 13% to 21% across different time points. Table 3 Transient (15 mins) occlusion: group-average M and CMRO2 from the primary forepaw somatosensory cortices (n = 8, mean±s. d. ) LHRHM(%) 30 mins9. 2±0. 89. 4±0. 4 90 mins9. 4±0. 68. 6±0. 5 180 mins8. 2±0. 37. 7±0. 4 24 h8. 8±2. 19. 1±1. 6ΔCMRO2 (%) 30 mins13±313±3 90 mins19±418±3 180 mins16±317±6 24 h21±1023±13RH, right hemisphere; LH, left hemisphere. Effects of Time on fMRI Responses: (Group III)Attenuation of the fMRI responses could be because of ischemia and/or delayed mean transit time associated with occlusion of major arteries. To investigate the potential effects of delayed mean transit time on the fMRI responses, control fMRI experiments were performed in which the common carotid artery was clipped (occluded) remotely but without causing a stroke as confirmed by ADC measurements (data not shown). Functional MRI responses obtained from the primary somatosensory cortices are summarized in Figure 4. Although both the baseline and stimulus-evoked CBF under the clip condition were marginally lower relative to the no-clip condition, there were no statistical differences between clip and no-clip data (P>0. 05). Subcortical structures, however, showed significantly delayed MTT effect. The effective whole-brain CBF values were reduced by 20%.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: 2 APMC admin moduleFollowing module description shows the services offered by developed mobile application to the APMC Admin. 3. 1. 2. 1 View and approve farmer detailsThe APMC admin has facility to view the farmer details such as name, kisanId and contact number of farmers along with status either approved or pending. The newly registered farmers have the status pending indicating that the admin has not yet approved the registered farmer. After verifying all the farmer details then admin has facility to approve the farmer to give access permission for the farmer to the mobile phone. 10 shows flow diagram for verifying and approve farmer details. Thus, prevents the unauthorized person accessing the mobile app. Figure 10. Data flow for view and approve farmer details. 3. 1. 2. 2 Crop predictionThe crop prediction is a process of predicting the suitable crop for location specific crop cultivation and appropriate fertilizer without degrading the quality of the soil for the sustainable agriculture. The five different steps which are followed in this module are shown in Figure 11. Dataset collectionData pre-processingData splitting into train and test setsFitting algorithmTesting/PredictionDataset CollectionThe dataset containing soil parameters are collected which includes moisture, temperature, humidity, soil type, NPK value, crop name and fertilizer name. The IoT enabled sensors data is stored in the matrix form. The grid size of the IoT enabled sensors from different locations of the agricultural land is 200 X 9. There are totally 200 rows and 9 columns. The first 3 columns contain data which were in string format i. e. , NPK values and rest 6 columns contain data which are in numerical. Data pre-processingThe information gathered from the IoT empowered sensors is in non-uniform and need preprocessing. In data pre-processing all the string data is converted into numerical data. In order to perform this, all the string features are converted into dummy variables which indirectly increased the column number, further the data is cleaned to remove null values. The dataset contains some categorical data and some continuous numeric data. This type of unstructured data cause problems to algorithm, hence the pre-processing task is performed standard feature scaling on all of the data to bring them into a common scale. Data SplittingThe crop prediction module requires the supervised classifier such as support vector machine (SVM). In-order to train the supervised classifier, it is required to segment the accessible dataset into preparing and testing dataset.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Second, I think it’s a mistake to even try to explain ‘economic output’. Why? don’t think it exists. Ask yourself this question — what is the ‘output’ of a cow? What is the ‘output’ of a bacteria? Are you struggling to find an answer? That’s because the question is ill-posed. Organisms don’t have ‘outputs’ in any meaningful sense. They have throughputs. Organisms transform matter and energy into forms that are useful. Both the cow and the bacteria take in energy and matter, and then use it to maintain their structure and to enable their activity. They have no ‘output’ … only energy throughput. When we think this way, production functions become irrelevant. There’s no need to relate economic inputs to economic outputs, because the latter doesn’t exist. Instead, there’s only the flow of energy. When framed this way, the study of ‘economic growth’ becomes the study of energy transformations. We needn’t get ‘real’ GDP involved. (That’s good, because it’s a flawed metric. ) Using energy to harvest energy When it comes to understanding the role of energy, one of the most interesting things we can do is study the use of energy to harvest energy. In broad terms, this is what life is all about. Organisms use energy so that they can harvest more energy. A gazelle eats grass so that it can find more grass. A lion eats a gazelle so that it can find more gazelle. And so on. In this regard, natural systems are fairly static. We don’t see lions investing ever-increasing energy in hunting their prey. If a lion pride reaps a bonanza (like an elephant), they don’t turn around and immediately hunt for more elephants. They eat the bonanza and then sleep for days. For most of our history, humans probably did something similar. We harvested the energy we needed, and no more. If there was an excess supply of energy, we (like the lion) used it up with leisure time. Then something changed. At some point in our history (probably when we started farming) humans started to behave differently. We invested excess energy into harvesting still more energy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Figure 4 Common carotid artery occlusion without causing stroke—CO2 and forepaw functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in the primary forepaw somatosensory cortices (n = 8). (A) Group-average baseline CBF and ΔCBF associated with CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation. (B) Group-average normalized BOLD and ΔBOLD associated with CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation. DiscussionThe major results of this study are: (1) Combined diffusion, perfusion, and fMRI of ischemic brain injury during the acute phase was performed with a temporal resolution of 30 mins. (2) cluster analysis of MR tissue characteristics (and fMRI responses) was implemented, making it possible to spatially and temporally track different tissue types on pixel-by-pixel basis, providing valuable information regarding tissue viability, vascular coupling, and functional integrity associated with the dynamic evolution of ischemic brain injury. (3) Permanent cerebral ischemia resulted in a complete loss of neuronal activity in the primary somatosensory cortices in all animals whereas vascular coupling was intact in some animals. Loss of vascular coupling and/or functional integrity preceded ADC lesion and were temporally associated with the perfusion decline. Thus, fMRI could potentially serve as an earlier and complementary indictor for risk of ischemic brain injury. (4) Transient (15-mins) cerebral ischemia exhibited transient CBF and/or ADC decline. However, no permanent injury was observed in essentially all animals at 3 and 24 h. Vascular coupling and fMRI responses in the forepaw cortices were also normal. (5) The effect of delayed transit time on the fMRI responses in the primary somatosensory cortices due to occlusion of major arteries in this stroke model was negligible. (6) Cerebral blood flow fMRI responses appeared to have larger dynamic ranges than the BOLD responses and pixel-by-pixel CBF changes were more apparent, suggesting a potentially better mapping signal. (7) Finally, caution must be exercised when interpreting relative fMRI signal changes in physiologically perturbed states in which the baseline signals are altered, resulting in erroneous percent changes. Measurements of magnitude changes (such as quantitative CBF changes) might be necessary to provide accurate measures of increased neural activity under physiologically perturbed conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: Again, about 25% of Bangladesh’s cropland is located on the country’s coasts, which are about 2. 5 million hectares in size. Local varieties, adapted to poor water management, occupy about 60% of the paddy-cropped area, leading to waterlogging and salinity (Kumar et al. , 2019b). Salinity surveys and monitoring data show that over 1. 02 million hectares (almost 70%) of Bangladesh’s arable land is afflicted by various levels of soil salinity, and Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira, and Patuakhali have the highest salt levels, affecting rice plants (Nahar & Hamid, 2016). Recently, a report stated that the farmers in the present Boro paddy field in the Khulna region had lost their way owing to a pest infestation. The number of attacks on the Mazra pest has never been so significant. The rice plant’s spikes damaged their grains and became white (Sangbad, 2022). In the meantime, to increase production, a wide range of chemical pesticides were used to get rid of pests, unfortunately reducing the nutrients of crops (Kundu & Mallick, 2024) and causing various health diseases for humans, including birth defects, autism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory disorders, organ diseases, and system failures (Mostafalou & Abdollahi, 2013). In agriculture, accurate prediction is the most essential aim for economic benefit through producing crops and maintaining soil fertility.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: This new behavior created a dramatic feedback loop that eventually led to industrial society. Let’s think about how this feedback loop works, using the example of harvesting coal. Humans have mined coal for millennia. For most of this time, we used nothing but a pick. Even today, that’s how coal is mined in some parts of the world. It’s a back-breaking task filled with danger. A coal miner in Punjab, India. Source: Reuters Let’s think about this coal mining in energetic terms. When we mine by hand, we’re using our bodies to convert food energy into work. In return, we get energy from coal. Note that the two types of energy come in different forms (food and coal). Since it’s hard to use coal to grow more food, there’s a limit to how much coal we can mine by hand. (If everyone mines coal, no one can grow food. ) The solution to this problem is to use coal power to mine coal. This sets the feedback loop free. We mine coal and then convert it into electricity (or, in the earlier days, convert it into steam power). Then we use this electricity to harvest more coal. By the earlier 20th century, many coal miners were no longer using picks. Instead, they used pneumatic drills like the one below. They were using fossil-fuel power to harvest more fossil fuels. A coal miner with a pneumatic drill. Source: Maria’s Rhetoric and Blog. Modern coal miners have taken this process to a monumental scale. They don’t even bother with hand-held tools. Instead, they use giant excavators to mine coal on a scale that is hard to fathom. Here, for instance, is an excavator in a German coal mine. Each bucket on the extraction wheel is the size of a car. An excavator at the Garzweiler coal mine in Germany. Source: pixabay On the surface, this feedback loop appears as changing technology. The imagery above makes that clear. But under the hood, the feedback loop is fundamentally about energy. We are using ever increasing quantities of energy to harvest still more energy. Let’s have a look at this energy feedback loop in quantitative terms. We’ll compare the energy harvested by the energy sector to the energy used by this sector.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, robust fMRI responses could be detected as shown herein and previously in normal animals (Liu et al, 2004a; Sicard and Duong, 2005). Isoflurane has also been suggested to have some neuroprotective effects (Mortier et al, 2000; Elsersy et al, 2004). Our unpublished data showed that the infarct sizes under isoflurane with permanent focal ischemia were not statistically different from that under chloral hydrate, whereas the infarct size under isoflurane with transient focal ischemia was smaller, depending on experimental conditions. Nonetheless, the choice of isoflurane anesthetic should not affect the overall conclusion of this study, namely, that these MRI techniques and the animal model offer a unique means to dynamically study the vascular coupling and functional integrity of different ischemic tissue types as a function of ischemic evolution in both acute and chronic phase. Magnitude versus Percent ChangesA striking observation is that although the magnitudes of the CO2-induced ΔCBF in the ischemic RH were markedly reduced, the CO2-induced CBF percent changes were substantial and comparable with those of the normal LH (Figure 2B). This is because of the division by small RH baseline values associated with ischemia. Comparison of the magnitude and percent change suggests that cautions must be exercised when interpreting fMRI data based on fMRI percent changes in disease states where the baseline physiology is markedly altered. We further suggest that measurements of magnitude changes are needed for fMRI studies under perturbed conditions. Similar observations were reported associated with fMRI associated with systemic cocaine administration which caused substantial transient changes in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiration (Liu et al, 2004b). These physiologic effects on stimulus-evoked fMRI responses had been systemically evaluated in another study (Sicard and Duong, 2005) in which the relative and quantitative CBF, normalized (with respect to a fixed baseline) BOLD and CMRO2 fMRI changes associated with forepaw stimulation in normal animals were measured where the baseline conditions were physiologically modulated by changing the inhaled CO2 or O2 gas concentrations. It was found that quantitative CBF, normalized CMRO2 and BOLD signals are accurate indicators of increased neural activity under mild physiologic perturbation whereas relative fMRI signal changes are not.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: 5 kathas of agricultural land to collect the value of the parameter. This area's soil contains salinity. Rice was cultivated using a combination of organic and chemical fertilizers. Table 1 shows the framework for this cultivation system. Figure 2 illustrates the application of chemical fertilizers (urea, TSP, and potash) and organic fertilizers to the land during the experiment. Then the proposed model was fitted through data collection from this field experiment and the study of some published research works (Al Mamun et al. , 2021; Hossain, 2022; Islam et al. , 2021; Nasiruddin & Roy, 2012). Table 1. Activity timeline for the field experimentDateActivities06. 02. 23Soil collection07. 02. 23Plantation01. 03. 23Soil collection02. 03. 23Drying land10. 03. 23half of prescribed level18. 03. 23Soil collection02. 04. 23full of prescribed level17. 04. 23full of prescribed level20. 04. 23Soil collection02. 05. 23full of prescribed level05. 05. 23Soil collection19. 05. 23Cutting of yield20. 05. 23Soil collection05. 06. 23Soil collectionFigure 2. Fertilizer application scenario at the time of the field experiment3. 3 Method for Numerical SimulationNumerical simulations were conducted utilizing software, with the Runge-Kutta fourth-order algorithm being employed to forecast and model various incident scenarios based on the data collected. Concurrently, multiple regression analysis was applied to identify significant relationships among the state variables. was utilized to execute the regression analysis and visually represent the outcomes. Therefore, Figure 3 depicts all of the processes involved in this study. Figure 3. Methodology of the research steps4. Threats to Rice Production: A Approach4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Figure 4 shows such a comparison in the US oil and gas sector. The blue curve shows the energy harvested per worker in the oil and gas sector. The red curve shows the energy consumed per worker in this sector. As expected, the correlation is tight. The only way to harvest more energy is to use more energy. Figure 4: Using energy to harvest energy in the US oil and gas sector. For data sources, see notes. A side note about history. Figure 4 vividly shows the impact of the 1970s oil crisis — the confluence of two different events. First, US oil production peaked in 1970. Second, in the 1970s the oil cartel OPEC limited the export of oil to the United States. Because of both of these factors, the price of oil rose rapidly. In response, exploration for oil exploded. Thousands of people pored into the energy sector hoping to earn a wildcat windfall. But little new oil was found, and so the energy harvested per worker declined. When the price of oil eventually fell (in the 1980s) people stopped wildcatting. The production of oil, however, remained roughly constant. So the oil harvested per worker increased. (Since 2010, thanks to the exploitation of shale reserves, US oil extraction has exploded. I’d like to plot this trend, but my data for oil-and-gas-sector energy use ends in 2007. ) The US oil and gas sector is hardly alone in using energy to harvest energy. We expect this linkage in all societies. Looking at European countries (Figure 5), we see similar behavior. The energy harvested by the energy sector is tightly linked to the energy used by this sector. Figure 5: Using energy to harvest energy in European countries. The x-axis shows the energy used by the energy sector (per labor hour) in various EU countries. The y-axis shows the energy harvested (per labor hour) by the same sector. For data sources, see notes. The scale of energy flow Most of us (myself included) don’t appreciate the magnitude of our fossil fuel habit. To put the scale of fossil fuel exploitation in perspective, it’s helpful to compare it to something we’re more familiar with — food. Let’s convert the energy harvested by an industrial nation into the energy equivalent in corn. We’ll use Norway as our example.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In brief, the differences between CBF and BOLD fMRI responses are likely genuine, indicative of metabolic and hemodynamic uncoupling associated with ischemic brain injury. Imaging CMRO2 in Acute StrokeTo further investigate the apparent metabolic and hemodynamic uncoupling, we attempted, as a first step, to estimate CMRO2 changes associated with ischemic brain injury. values in the normal LH (10% and 8% in the permanent and transient ischemic model, respectively) were higher than that (ca. , 5%) reported previously with a shorter TE of 15 ms in normal rats under essentially identical preparation (Liu et al, 2004a). This difference was expected because a shorter TE yields a smaller M value (see equation(1)). Nonetheless, this difference does not affect the CMRO2 determination as long as the same MR parameters were used in both the M and CMRO2 measurements in a single setting. Forepaw-stimulation-induced CMRO2 increases in the normal LH (10% and 17% in the permanent and transient ischemic model, respectively) were smaller than that of the 24%±6% increase in normal animals reported previously (Liu et al, 2004a). We have no explanation for this discrepancy. A potential explanation for the apparent discrepancy in stimulation-induced CMRO2 changes between the previous and current study could be that the stroke surgery per se could cause a reduced stimulus-evoked CMRO2 change even in the unaffected LH. CMRO2 estimates showed that metabolism was markedly reduced in both mismatch and core tissues. Magnetic resonance imaging-based CMRO2 model remains to be validated. Davis' CMRO2 model has not been previously used in disease states. Although the stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes and the M values in the ischemic regions herein were reasonable and consistent, the Davis' CMRO2 model may not be valid under physiologically perturbed states. Direct validation of this MRI-based CMRO2 technique under normal and disease states is difficult because of a lack of gold standard for in vivo CMRO2 measurement. Cross correlation with microPET-CMRO2 techniques would provide further support of this valuable MRI-based CMRO2 technique.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: Therefore, their increased use decreases the amount of organic matters in the soil. This finding aligns with the result from the field experiment conducted by Basak et al.  (2015). At the same time, increasing the use of organic fertilizers results in a slight rise in soil salinity. Therefore, using them in excess might be detrimental to the soil because the paddy plant cannot tolerate the stress necessary to generate yield if the soil salt rises beyond 20 ds/m. If farmers continue to apply an ever-increasing rate of chemical fertilizers constantly, the initial rise in plant nutrients can be higher on one side, while the decline in organic matters on the other side. As a direct consequence of this, the amount of organic matters can diminish to an increased proportion over time. Figure 12 helps to illustrate this point in further detail, as shown in Figure 6. Figure 12. Use of more chemical fertilizers leads to a higher total yield up to the seventh year, with the opposite situation occurring in a decadeTotal yields in four years are 112. 83 T/H when β = 0. 40, meaning the use of fewer chemical fertilizers, and 119. 3012 T/H when β is larger, meaning the use of more chemical fertilizers. The difference in yield between these two results is 6. 4712 T/H. But surprisingly, the gap between the two reduces day by day over time. This difference is just 4. 307 T/H after seven years. Interestingly, a decade has revealed the other side of the coin. When fewer chemical fertilizers are applied, the total yield is higher. This shows that the use of more chemical fertilizers has resulted in greater production in recent years by increasing plant nutrients. However, this can ultimately result in a lower yield in the years to come as plant nutrients cannot possibly rise due to the lack of organic matters, as shown in subgraph (b) of Figure 6, which is similar to the situations observed by Haque & Biswas (2020). Figure 7 clearly shows that waterlogging poses a significant problem for rice cultivation. An increase in soil salinity disrupts soil health, reducing the amount of organic matters in the soil.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Norway’s energy sector harvests about 100 billion joules of energy for every person-hour. That’s equivalent to harvesting 27 metric tonnes of corn for every hour worked. Think about that — nearly 30 tonnes of corn for every hour of work. How much corn is this? It’s about 4000 times more corn per labor hour than pre-industrial farmers could harvest. And it’s about 30 times more corn per hour than modern industrial farmers can harvest. (See my calculations here. ) This is the potency of fossil fuels. We cannot do without natural resources The physicist once remarked: “if your theory is found to be against the [laws] of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation. ” Neoclassical economics profoundly contradicts these laws. Yet sadly, we’re still awaiting its humiliating collapse. Neoclassical economics is founded on an embarrassing error. It assumes that income indicates contribution to production. For a century, this error has led economists to conclude that natural resources are unimportant. They see that the natural resource sector earns a tiny fraction of all income. And so they infer that we could get rid of this activity and still retain the vast majority of ‘economic output’. Unfortunately, the real world doesn’t work like that. Income doesn’t tell us about the importance of resource flows. It never has and it never will. As long as we think that it does, we’re headed down a dangerous path. Let’s not let the delusions of neoclassical economics seal our fate. The planet deserves better. Support this blog Economics from the is where I share my ideas for how to create a better economics. If you liked this post, consider becoming a patron. You’ll help me continue my research, and continue to share it with readers like you. Stay updated Sign up to get email updates from this blog. Keep me up to date This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 License. You can use/share it anyway you want, provided you attribute it to me (Blair Fix) and link to Economics from the Top Down. share of US national income: 1839–1899: of the 238-249 1900–1928: of the 250-261 1929–present: Bureau of Tables 6. 1A–D. (Table 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: AbstractCerebrovascular stressors, such as breath holding or CO2 inhalation, cause global magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal changes. In this study, we show that intrathoracic pressure changes cause rapid MRI signal alterations that have similar spatial patterns to the changes associated with breath holding or CO2 inhalation. Nine subjects performed the Valsalva maneuver during functional MRI data collection. Expiratory pressures ranged from 10 to 40 mm Hg. Breath holds ending on either inhalation or exhalation were also collected. The maximal and minimal functional MRI (fMRI) signal scaled with thoracic pressure load, and the overall amplitude of responses to the Valsalva varied, depending on brain tissue. Additionally, a Valsalva effort as short as 5 seconds yielded signal changes similar in spatial distribution and magnitude to a 20-second breath hold, suggesting potential applications of the Valsalva maneuver for calibrated fMRI experiments. responses to global stresses have long been used to better understand brain function and disease, and to study the tools used to measure brain activity. These global stressors include injecting acetazolamide, ingesting caffeine, breathing CO2- or O2 -enriched or impoverished air, and breath holding. 1–4 In this study, we quantify an additional stressor. We show that changes in intrathoracic chest pressure via the Valsalva maneuver globally and parametrically modulate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response magnitudes. This task varies intrathoracic pressure in a manner that is noninvasive, low risk, and intuitively simple to perform. As such, the quantification of the pressure effects, presented here, adds to the ways researchers and clinicians can alter and study cerebrovascular responses. The effects of changes in intrathoracic pressure on blood flow have long been known. maneuver is a standard clinical tool that consists of an exhalation against a closed glottis or another closed system, with the goal of increasing intrathoracic pressure to 20 to 40 mm Hg. The maneuver involves increasing intrathoracic pressure during a breath hold, and elicits consistent autonomic responses including heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow changes. 5 The effects of intrathoracic pressure changes on cerebral blood flow have been less studied.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: 9950, showing that there is a strong (99%) relationship between yield and all other state variables. Statistically, taken as a set, the predictor, i. e. , organic matters, plant nutrients, salinity, and pest, accounts for 99% of the variance in yield, and the standard error is only 0. 1947, which is considered as a good level for a 95% confidence test. Furthermore, this can be highlighted by the fact that none of the p-values are greater than 0. 05. Therefore, it can be concluded that yield is strongly affected by factors, such as salinity, organic materials, plant nutrients, and pests. 5. Dynamism of for Consistent Yields5. 1 Model FormulationMost of the farmers in Bangladesh want to get the same amount of yield. There are a number of reasons why farmers in many countries, including Bangladesh, may want to achieve consistent crop yields (Tbsnews, 2021), like economic stability, food security, market demand, government policies, personal goals and so on. They use more and more chemical fertilizers to satisfy their demands. But chemical fertilizers reduce soil organic matters day by day (Muhammad, 2022). Generally speaking, if farmers wish to maintain an increasing number of crops on a consistent basis, it is vital for them to realize the dynamic changes in organic matters, as this allows them to readily comprehend the fertility conditions of the soil. In conjunction with this, if farmers wish to maintain a lower level of yield, this study can help them by constructing a model, showing the time-dependent changes of the organic matters in the soil along with the previous one. To formulate the model, four variables were considered, such as soil organic matters (OM), plant nutrients (PN) and soil salinity (S) with a constant yield.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 1A isn’t available online. You can get it here). Labor productivity of US agriculture is from of the 1143-1171. US price of electricity 1902–2000: of the 235 (residential electricity) 2001–present: Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI series CUSR0000SEHF01 US production worker wages are from MeasuringWorth. com US oil and gas energy production is from: 1919–1948: of the 155-163. 1949–present: 1. 2 Energy consumption by the US oil and gas sector is from Guilford et al. 2007, Table 6 (direct energy use). US oil and gas employment is from: 1919: Census of 1958, Table 1 1929–present: Bureau of Tables 6. 8A–D, persons engaged in production. (Note that Table 6. 8D is discontinuous with 6. 8A–C because of the transition from SIC to NAICS classification. I splice 6. 8D by indexing it to 6. 8C. Eurozone energy production and consumption (by the energy sector) is from the Eurostat energy balance tables. Eurozone labor hours are from Eurostat table nama_10_a64_e. has about 90 kilocalories of energy per 100g. There are 4184 joules in a kilocalorie, giving 376,560 joules per 100 g of corn. That’s 3765. 6 joules per gram. Norway’s energy sector produces about 100 GJ of energy per labor hour. That’s 100 billion joules. Translating to corn, we divide 100 billion joules by 3765. 6 joules per gram. That gives 2,6556,193 grams, which is about 27 metric tons. So for every hour of work, a Norwegian energy-sector worker produces (transforms) the energy equivalent of 27 tonnes of corn. Let’s compare that to the corn produced by US farmers. In 1800, it took US farmers about 344 hours (on average) to produce 100 bushels of corn. A bushel of corn is roughly 25 kg. So pre-industrial US farmers produced about 7 kg of corn per hour — 0. 007 tonnes. In contrast, it takes modern US farmers about 3 hours to produce 100 bushels of corn. That translates to about 0. 8 tonnes per hour.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Invasive internal carotid artery and measurements have shown that the Valsalva maneuver elicits consistent cerebral blood flow responses. 6–8 One limitation of these studies is that they use a single intrathoracic pressure target, making it impossible to distinguish the effect of hypercapnia during the Valsalva breath hold from the effect of the pressure changes. One fMRI study has shown that controlling for chest circumference—a proxy for chest pressure—during a breath hold reduces variability of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response. 9 Others have shown that flow changes in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler are more predictable when blood pressure changes are also modeled. 10 We hypothesized that changes in pressure, even with a constant breath hold duration, would modulate the fMRI response. We compared the fMRI responses to a breath hold with those induced by Valsalva maneuvers involving different levels of intrathoracic pressure and breath hold duration. We compared magnitudes and dynamics, as well as the spatial pattern of the maps to determine whether the signal changes corresponded to those of the other global stresses. We found that the Valsalva maneuver can reliably modulate the MRI signal based on thoracic pressure with a similar spatiotemporal MRI response to breath holding without pressure feedback. The mechanisms for these signal changes are an area of future investigation, as they may reflect rapid changes in blood volume and blood flow with alterations in intrathoracic pressure. Here, we report these findings, and discuss their potential utility for fMRI calibration and for vascular patency assessment. and Imaging ParametersNine healthy subjects (5 male, age 29±8 years) participated after granting informed consent under an -approved protocol (93-M-0170) in accordance with the and US that protect human subjects. Data were collected in a GE 3T HDx scanner () with a 16-channel head coil using a sequence. Eight oblique slices were collected at a resolution of 3. 75 × 3. 75 × 4 mm3 (repetition time = 400 ms, echo time = 30 ms, flip angle = 30, parallel imaging method: ASSET; acceleration factor: 2). Tl-weighted images (0. 86 × 0. 86 × 1. 2 mm3 voxels) were also collected for anatomic registration. Valsalva task setup.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: The land returns to rice cultivation after the fourth year. Consequently, organic matters begin to decrease. This same incident occurs for land relaxation between the fifth and sixth years. During the sixth and eighth years of a land relaxation phase, organic matters begin to rise in these two years. Then land is used again, causing the decline of organic matters. All of this suggests that land relaxation may be a fantastic strategy for making the land fruitful by boosting soil organic matters over long time intervals. Figure 13. Higher consistent yields mean more degradation of organic mattersFigure 14. The reduction in soil organic matters is less dramatic when land is allowed to rest for longer periods of time5. 3 Results and DiscussionOrganic matters are not only a storehouse of nutrients but also contributes to other factors that regulate fertility in moderation. It is a painful fact that 80% of the land is deficient in organic matters. Farmers constantly apply chemical fertilizers and pesticides in an uncontrolled manner in the hope of higher crop yields. According to Table 5, the organic matters are 52. 12, 35. 27 and 22. 57 T/H at the fourth, seventh and tenth years, provided farmers maintain a production of 15 T/H. But keeping a higher yield, such as 28 T/H, results in organic matters of 39. 65, 21. 85, and 11. 39 T/H after the fourth, seventh and tenth years, respectively. Table 5. Amount of organic matters in different years due to yieldYield(T/H) in4th year7th year10th yearY=15 T/HY=20 T/HY=28 T/H52. 1246. 9239. 6535. 2729. 3321. 8522. 5717. 3511. 39This provides more evidence that plants need to extract a greater quantity of nutrients from the soil, thereby enabling farmers to maintain the same level of output. As a direct result of this, farmers use more chemical fertilizers to boost the levels of plant nutrients. By increasing the quantity of plant nutrients, a consistent output may be maintained. Nevertheless, increasing the amount of chemical fertilizers results in a reduction in the amount of organic matters. Therefore, applying more chemical fertilizers in the future won't yield more output. Consequently, farmers have to expand the usage of organic fertilizers while keeping track of the state of the organic matters in the soil.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Further reading Chaisson, E. (2002). Cosmic evolution: The rise of complexity in nature. Cambridge, Mass. : Press. Fix, B. (2015). Rethinking economic growth theory from a biophysical perspective. New York: Springer. Guilford, M. C. , Hall, C. , O’Connor, P. , & Cleveland, C. (2011). A new long term assessment of energy return on investment (EROI ) for US oil and gas discovery and production. Sustainability, 3(10), 1866–1887. Hall, C. , & Klitgaard, K. (2012). Energy and the wealth of nations: Understanding the biophysical economy. New York: Springer. Nitzan, J. , & Bichler, S. (2009). Capital as power: A study of order and creorder. New York: Routledge. Nordhaus, W. D. , & Tobin, J. (1973). Is growth obsolete? measurement of economic and social performance (14. Share this:TwitterFacebookLike this:Like Loading. . . Uncategorizedeconomic growtheconomic growth theoryEnergyneoclassical economicsneoclassical growth theoryReal GDP Published by Political economist. Blogger. Muckraker. Foe of neoclassical economics. View all posts by Post navigation … Bah Humbug! 25 comments 2:00PM 6/18/2020 - log says: June 18, 2020 at 2:08 pm […] the” [Economics from the Top Down]. “From its outset, the field of political economy was not designed, in any meaningful sense, to […] Loading. . . Reply 2:00PM 6/18/2020 – Connection says: June 18, 2020 at 2:39 pm […] the” [Economics from the Top Down]. “From its outset, the field of political economy was not designed, in any meaningful sense, to […] Loading. . . Reply 2:00PM 6/18/2020 – says: June 18, 2020 at 2:46 pm […] the” [Economics from the Top Down]. “From its outset, the field of political economy was not designed, in any meaningful sense, to […] Loading. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Box plots show the median (circle with dot), 25th and 75th percentiles (solid box), maxima and minima (whiskers) and outliers (hollow circles). Every fit is significant. The r values for the fit qualities were Fisher Z-transformed, and the bar plots in Figure 6B show the peak and valley magnitude relationships between the breath hold on exhalation trials versus all other trials. The voxelwise linear regressions of the peak and valley magnitudes between all pairs of trial types were significant (P<<0. 001). These data show that the relative response magnitudes across gray matter are similar across different thoracic pressure and breath hold durations. This means that the MRI signal changes caused by having subjects to hold their breath for 20 seconds can be significantly modeled by having them instead increase chest pressure for only 5 seconds. showed that it is possible to parametrically alter the magnitude of the fweighted by changing intrathoracic pressure. By keeping the breath hold duration constant while modulating pressure, we showed that the pressure changes alter the BOLD-weighted response independently from hypercapnia-based changes. had a bimodal response, with an initial dip in signal magnitude at the outset of the challenge, followed by a rise above baseline after the breath hold release. When intrathoracic pressure increased, the magnitude of the valley during the breath hold linearly decreased, and the peak magnitude response linearly increased (Figures 2, 3 and 5). The relative response magnitudes across voxels matched tissue boundaries, and revealed a similar pattern for multiple intrathoracic pressures and breath hold durations (Figures 4 and 6). Origins of the the precise origins of the Valsalva-induced MRI response are unclear, aspects of the response suggest a predominantly hemodynamic effect. Increases in intrathoracic load pressure caused both increased heart rate and MRI response magnitudes. The timing of the heart rate minima and maxima during the Valsalva maneuver matched minimal and maximal MRI signals, suggesting that autonomic responses during the Valsalva action are closely coupled to these global changes; CBF changes are known to correlate with arterial blood pressure changes throughout the Valsalva maneuver.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: 86 to 1. 16% of the nation’s basic food, rice, has been lost. As arable land decreases, feeding an expanding population is increasingly the primary concern. And more chemical fertilizers are used each time to make up for this productivity deficit. In other words, the soil’s efficiency for production decreases and its resources are continually drained. It presents a life-threatening danger to rice production in the future. To analyze this issue, a mathematical model was proposed for analysis both theoretically and numerically. In the theoretical analysis, positivity and the boundedness theorem help to ensure that the proposed model has a unique solution. In addition, this model is biologically valid. Basic reproduction numbers show the conditions under which soil fertility improves or declines. The equilibrium point is unstable and stable because of some conditions related to real-life situations. Then one parameter was taken for the characteristics test, which obtained an R-square value of 0. 9950 and a p-value of less than 0. 05, ensuring that the model’s variables are significantly related. Then numerical simulations were conducted. It can be observed that organic fertilizers increase soil organic matters and plant nutrients, but their excessive use increases soil salinity. On the other side, soil salinity is changed by waterlogging, leading to a reduction in organic matters. One of the interesting findings is that more application of chemical fertilizers increases yields for some years, but it is also a great threat to long-term productivity because it decreases production when soil organic matters are reduced due to the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers. Another important finding is that the growth of the pest population can be an obstacle in the future if it is not under control. Soil organic matters are decreased to maintain the consistency of rice production because of the use of chemical fertilizers, which makes us thoughtful. To find out the process of this solution, it has been found that keeping straw residue on the cultivable land after harvesting and keeping a portion of that land rested can be useful to increase soil fertility. Ultimately, based on the prediction of the proposed model, it is realistic to state that Bangladesh, which has a large population, is incapable of having its rice production decreased. In order to preserve the organic materials in the soil, it is now absolutely necessary to apply fertilizers on land in an optimum amount and to increase the amount of organic fertilizers applied.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: the - Resilience says: June 19, 2020 at 9:43 am […] times more corn per hour than modern industrial farmers can harvest. (See my calculations here. ) This is the potency of fossil […] Loading. . . Clarkson says: June 19, 2020 at 8:56 pm Great post, which I first saw on the Resilience site. I do have a question about Figure 4. EROI was declining during the period indicated in the figure. If so, the energy harvested per worker energy input should also be declining and the spread between the two trends should be increasing over time. How can the relationship be so consistent (as shown in your chart)? Also, what’s with the first four comments? Loading. . . Fix says: June 19, 2020 at 9:42 pm Hi Joe, You are correct that EROI declined (slightly) during the period shown in Figure 4. But note that the data are on two different scales (to show the correlation). For that reason, you can’t really judge how one series has changed relative to the other. Also note that I’m only showing direct energy use by the oil and gas sector. EROI usually includes indirect consumption as well. Loading. . . Higham says: June 20, 2020 at 3:14 am V. good post,Blair. If you want to read an excellent critique of Nordhaus and his misunderstanding of climatalogy, and his crazy economic response to Anthropogenic climatic Disruption,read 1. Sedentary, non-nomadic societies existed for many thousands of years before widespread, systematic agriculture — mainly in alluvial areas with diverse ecosystems. Lots of ways to “make a living” and adapt to changing conditions — both seasonal and longer-term. 2. Until circa 1600 CE, 75%+ of ppl did not live under large state societies. Surmise: they chose not to cuz the hierarchical control, and associated practices, were Pleasant. Loading. . . C says: June 22, 2020 at 10:14 am You write good 20. 07.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 6,8 Functional MRI signal responses to the Valsalva maneuver varied across tissue types, with gray-matter regions showing greater responsiveness than white matter, but equivalent timing. Hypercapnia also induces a greater MRI signal increase in gray over white matter,14–18 as does hypoxia. 19The fMRI temporal response pattern for all Valsalva challenges closely resembles the known Doppler cerebral blood flow velocity response in timing and shape,7,8 with the fMRI signal and cerebral blood flow velocity both decreasing and reaching a minima during the load period, followed by an overshoot upon release, and a return to baseline. During the initial decline, decreased CBF7,8 could lead to reduced venous return and blood volume, leading to increased oxygen extraction, reduced venous [O2], and reduced [O2] blood concentration, causing a decrease in signal. Upon release, the increase in CBF may result in an enrichment in oxyhemoglobin, leading to a rise in signal intensity. Even though both the heart rate and fMRI responses increased with increased intrathoracic pressure, we found no consistent linear time-invarient transfer function linking the two responses across all task conditions. This is partially because heart rate alone does not define blood flow and deoxyhemoglobin concentation during a Valsalva maneuver. For example, neither well-known cardiac stroke volume changes during the Valsalva maneuver nor total blood oxygenation changes during a breath hold would be modeled by heart rate. Functional MRI signal changes also appeared in CSF during the Valsalva maneuver; CSF pressure effects are unlikely to contribute to these changes since CSF pressure reaches, and remains relatively constant at, or above the Valsalva pressure throughout the hold, an outcome that does not match the bimodal MRI signal response. 20,21 Partial volume effects from the tissue surrounding CSF may contribute, but all voxels that contained 25% of more than one tissue type were removed from analysis. Some signal change might result from the vasculature in the choroid plexus showing BOLD changes, or from slowed venous return, a consequence of increased intrathoracic pressure, leading to increased cerebral blood volume. Such a process could cause an intrathoracic pressure-modulated initial decrease in the Valsalva response in all tissues and choroid plexus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming can produce enough food to completely replace traditional agriculture globally. [SEP] Text: trends in agriculture vertical farming and organic farming Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2373-6402 Plants & Review 144. DOI: 10. 15406/apar. 2014. 01. 00023 in the field of science and technology along with the global urbanization are the major factors driving the course and evolution of agricultural research. Rise in per capita income in developing nations, occupational changes and global linkages have changed the food p9. 15billion by 2050, thus the expected rate of increase in world population will be 2. 25 percent over the next forty years1 and thus provides for a potentially huge market for food grains and food production needs to be doubled to meet this demand. It is projected that to feed the global population by 2050 require 70 percent increase in global food production with food production from developing countries needs to be doubled. 2 Environmental stress (climate change) and shortage of water and land resources are major constraints haunting this task. Though the advances in science and information technology has resulted in more comfortable world with global linkages, these advances has led to changes in agricultural practices. In recent past production and productivity of crops have increased along with the increase in fertilizer and pesticide consumption, this trend is more conspicuous in developed and industrial countries with developing countries like China have made their presence felt by around 2 fold increase in cereal yield since 1961. In developing countries, due to lack of financial resources and knowledge of technical advancements farmers are unable to shift to practices of modern intensive agriculture3 and hence remain isolated from global linkages. Increase in long distance food trade, diet changes and increase in the food based retail industries are the indicators, suggesting that globalization has affected food systems world-wide. 4 At the same time these trends have created a concern for environmental problems as excessive use of chemicals is not desirable in agriculture for preservation of environment, biodiversity and soil quality. Thus, increasing global trade and easy accesses to chemical and technology has contributed to changes in agricultural systems. Recent trend in agriculture has seen rise in organic agriculture, vertical farming and intensive agriculture to accommodate the demands of increasing world population and address the rising concern for environmental issues. Vertical farming shall help in meeting the food & other demands of the rapidly growing urban population. On the other hand organic farming will help in increasing the harmony between the environment and anthropogenic activities done for agriculture.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 02 Neoklassiset mallit ilmastonmuutoksesta ovat älyllinen itsemurha – Kirjoituksia says: July 2, 2020 at 9:18 am […] Miksi taloustieteessä kuvitellaan, että pärjäisimme ilman aineellisia resursseja? […] Loading. . . Reply postkey says: July 3, 2020 at 9:38 am You have probably seen this ‘site’? ‘The first principle is that all forms of economic output – literally all of the goods and services which comprise the ‘real’ economy – are products of energy. Nothing of any economic value or utility can be supplied without using energy. . . . If you want a succinct answer to this question, it is that ECoE (the of Energy) is rising, relentlessly and exponentially. The exponential rate of increase in ECoE means that this cannot be cancelled out by linear increases in the aggregate amount of total or gross (pre-ECoE) energy that we can access. The resultant squeeze on surplus energy has been compounded by increasing numbers of people seeking to share the prosperity that this surplus provides. As a result, prior growth in prosperity per person has gone into reverse. People have been getting poorer in most Western advanced economies (AEs) since the early 2000s. With the same fate now starting to overtake emerging market (EM) countries too, global prosperity has turned down. One way of describing this process is “de-growth”. ‘ Loading. . . Soddy’s – Economics from the says: September 12, 2020 at 9:39 am […] Think of humans (and our economy), says Soddy, like a machine. We transform energy into physical work. Like all machines, we’re bound by the laws of thermodynamics, which say that you can’t get something for nothing. Energy output requires energy input. That means humans are forever dependent on natural resources. […] Loading. . . Reply dhaerinck says: November 19, 2020 at 12:18 pm “Wealth as a whole consists of using things rather than owning them. It is really the activity-that is, the use-of property that constitutes wealth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: NMR Biomed 1997; 10: 197–203. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2. . Calibrated functional MRI: mapping the dynamics of oxidative metabolism. 1998; 95: 1834. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. . Linear coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in activated human cortex. 1999; 96: 9403–9408. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4. . A review of calibrated blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) methods for the measurement of task-induced changes in brain oxygen metabolism. NMR Biomed 2013; 26: 987–1003. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5. Elisberg EI. Heart rate response to the valsalva maneuver as a test of circulatory integrity. JAMA 1963; 186: 200. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. . Transient changes in cerebral vascular resistance during the Valsalva maneuver in man. Stroke 1984; 15: 76–79. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7. . Effects of the valsalva maneuver on cerebral circulation in healthy adults. A transcranial Doppler Study. Stroke 1995; 26: 1386–1392. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science8. . Critical closing pressure explains cerebral hemodynamics during the Valsalva maneuver. J 1999; 86: 675–680. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science9. . Controlled inspiration depth reduces variance in breath-holding-induced BOLD signal. NeuroImage 2008; 39: 206–214. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science10. van Beek AH, de. Incorrect performance of the breath hold method in the old underestimates cerebrovascular reactivity and goes unnoticed without concomitant blood pressure and end-tidal CO2 Registration. J Neuroimaging 2011; 21: 340–347. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science11. Cox RW. AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Res 1996; 29: 162–173. CrossrefPubMed12. Fischl B, Dale AM. Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. 2000; 97: 11050–11055. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science13. . The peripheral pulse wave: information overlooked. J Comput 1996; 12: 365–377.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming can produce enough food to completely replace traditional agriculture globally. [SEP] Text: Vertical farming Concept of vertical farming was given by Professor Despommier;5 the farm uses conventional farming methods such as hydroponics and aeroponics to produce more yields faster. Vertical farming can be defined generically as a system of commercial farming whereby plants, animals, fungi and other life forms are cultivated for food, fuel, fiber or other products or services by artificially stacking them vertically above each other. Vertical farming is large scale agriculture in urban high rise structures. The concept foresees the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, medicinal, fuel producing plants and other plant products in the cities. 6 (www. verticalfarms. com. au) and their sales directly within the cities, thereby reducing the transportation costs and efficient utilization of land and water resources. 6 Vertical farming is a step ahead technology from green houses as it involves harnessing of resources in vertical arrays and can feed the demands of food supply with the resources of mega cities. Vertical farming includes three types of farming: Phrase vertical farming was used by Bailey in his book “Vertical Farming” in 1915. He discussed the utopian concept of vertical farming. He introduced the concept of underground vertical farming, presently followed in Netherlands. 7 In the second category, Vertical farming is done in open air or in mixed use sky scrapers for climate control and consumption. This is a sustainable type of farming for personal or community use and it may not be for commercial purposes. A modified form of this concept involves cultivation of crops in the periphery of sky scrapers to provide them ambient amount of light. Third category involves cultivation of plant and animals in the sky scrappers in the closed system for large scale cultivation. These systems under trials at various locations (Singapore, Canada, London). A vertical farm of 9300 m2 (roughly the size of a city block) with 30 stories should provide around 15,000 people with 2000 kcal of nutrition per day. 6 Advantages of vertical farming Increase in production and availability in crops: This farming technology confirms crop production all year-round irrespective of the environmental conditions. According to “The encyclopedia of earth, 2010” A 30 storey high building with a basal area of 5 acres (2. 02ha) has the potential of producing crop yield equivalent to 2,400 acres (971. 2ha) of traditional horizontal farming. Expressed in ratio, this means that 1 high-rise farm is equal to 480 traditional horizontal farms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: notes a turbulent image, while, k and j represent the pixel’s position. H signifies the blurring operator, D corresponds to the geometric distortion operator, ε represents the sensor’s noise, and f stands for the original image. This 1. Proposed method In this 2. A higher weight wij indicates that the data xij has a more influence on the generation of the restored image. As demonstrated in the aforementioned equation, a greater value of γijk implies an increased likelihood of partial membership of the data xij within the kth Gaussian model. Consequently, the weight assigned to this data also rises. The weighted low-rank matrix approximation of matrix X is computed by minimizing the subsequent function: (11) L(Y)=||W⊙(X−Y)||F2 where ||. ||F2 signifies the Frobenius norm and ⊙ represents the Hadamard product. Let’s assume that the matrix Y, comprising turbulence-free images, can be decomposed into two lower-rank U and V matrices ( r≪min(n,d)): Y=UVT. Consequently, Eq. (11) can be reformulated as follows: (12) L(U,V)=∑ij| | wij⊙(Xij−UiVjT) | |F2 To avoid overfitting, by adding new terms, Eq. (12) becomes the following: (13) L(U,V)=∑ij| | wij⊙(Xij−UiVjT) | |F2+λ(| | wij⊙Ui | |F2 +| | wij⊙Vj | |F2) Here, λ represent regularization parameter.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation can be assessed using transfer function analysis which may provide important insights into the dynamic control of the cerebral circulation. for Exercise and at In this study, transfer function gain (reflecting the strength of association between blood pressure and cerebral blood flow) and phase (reflecting the timing of association) were reduced during acute increases in arterial pressure induced by phenylephrine infusion. Windkessel model simulation suggested that oscillations in brain blood flow are modulated not only by dynamic autoregulation, but also by changes in steady-state cerebrovascular resistance and/or vascular compliance. The brain has a high metabolic rate, and brain perfusion is vital for neuronal function and survival. Under resting conditions, the human brain receives about ~15–20% of the cardiac output. This demand for blood supply is so imperative that only a few seconds of ischaemia is sufficient to derange brain function profoundly and can result in syncope. Based on the Fick principle, Kety and Schmidt measured brain blood flow for the first time in humans over 50 years ago by using a diffusible inert gas (N2O) method (Kety & Schmidt, 1945). With the classic Kety–Schimdt method, only whole brain perfusion can be measured and it takes about 10 min to complete one measurement. Over the years, the technology for measuring brain blood flow has been improved substantially. At present, regional brain blood flow can be measured with a spatial resolution of several millimeters and a temporal resolution of about 1 min by using positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Measuring brain perfusion with high spatial and temporal resolution is important because brain perfusion is heterogeneous and dynamic. In this regard, the development of transcranial Doppler (TCD) in the early 80’s has provided a powerful tool for measuring dynamic changes in brain blood flow in the basal cerebral arteries with a high temporal resolution of about 10 ms (Aaslid et al. 1982). Using TCD, pulsatile changes in brain blood flow in response to pulsatile changes in arterial pressure can be recorded continuously on a beat-to-beat basis. Our earlier work demonstrated that mean cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocity averaged within each cardiac cycle fluctuates spontaneously with various amplitudes over many time scales.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming can produce enough food to completely replace traditional agriculture globally. [SEP] Text: Production of organic crops: Vertical farming will facilitate production of organic crops in large scale production. Further, adoption of this technology will help in reduction in use of chemical pesticides. Conservation and recycling of natural resources: The vertical farming technology includes hydroponics and aeroponics which consumes very less amount of water than utilized in the conventional agriculture. Thus, helps in conservation and recycling of the water resources. Further, urban sewage waste can be used in composted and recycled form in vertical farming, which will further help in recycling of the resources. Environment friendly: Vertical farming will reduce the dependency on land resources and help in regrowth of forests. Further, due to less use of equipments, it will lead to decrease in CO2 emission, thus help in conservation of the environment. Sustainable urban growth: Vertical farming, applied with a holistic approach in combination with other technologies, will help urban areas to absorb the expected rise in population and yet still remain food sufficient. However, traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming. Key issues challenging the adoption of vertical farming are Uniform practices cannot be adopted for vertical farming due to variable weather conditions in different regions of the world. Lack of crop varieties suitable for the vertical farming. This aspect needs immediate attention from the researchers, as in the absence of suitable varieties adoption of this technique will be difficult. Lack of knowledge and skills required for farming practices in urban populations. Organic farming Organic farming also known as ecological agriculture8 or biodynamic agriculture,9 works in harmony with nature i. e. the agricultural practices followed in organic agriculture do not cause any harm to the environment. Due to eco-friendly nature of the organic farming it is considered as an viable alternative in comparison to chemical based farming, in a scenario where excessive use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides have raised the concerns for ecotoxicity and health hazards. 10–12 Nutrient management in organic agriculture is based on agronomic practices like crop rotations, soil fertility building via nitrogen and nutrient recycling using organic material like crop residues, farmyard manure and minimization of use of chemical based fertilizers. 13 Control of pest populations in organic farming relies on use of resistant crops, crop rotation, increase in predators for natural control of the pests and increase in genetic diversity along with the judicious use of water resources and animal husbandry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: By assuming V as a constant and solving the equation 12∂L(U,V)∂Ui=0, the estimation of U is accomplished, as illustrated in Eq. (15): (14) 12∂L(U,V)∂Ui=Ui(VTdiag(wi)V+λ(∑jwij)I)−xidiag(wi)V (15) ui=xidiag(wi)V(VTdiag(wi)V+λ(∑jwij)I)−1,1≤i≤d Here diag(wi)∈Rn×n denotes a diagonal matrix with elements wi and I represents an identity matrix with dimensions r×r. By performing the same procedure, the value of V can also be calculated as follows: (16) vj=xjTdiag(wj)U(UTdiag(wj)U+λ(∑iwij)I)−1,1≤j≤n Algorithm 1 outlines the pseudo-code for parameter estimation using the LRMF method. Algorithm 1: MOG algorithm for LRMF. input: X=(x1,x2,…xn)∈Rd×n Randomly initialize Π,Σ,V repeat (EStep):Evaluateγijkfori=1,…. ,n,j=1,…,d,k=1,…,Maxkby Eq. (6) (MStepforΠ,Σ):Evaluateπk,σk2fork=1,…,Maxkby Eq. (10) (MStepforU,V):EvaluateU,VbysolvingminU,V∥W⊙(X−UVT)∥F2 through WALS where W=∑k=1Maxkγijk2πσk2fori=1,….

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In addition, these beat-to-beat fluctuations in CBF velocity are similar to the observed changes in arterial pressure (Fig. 1) (Zhang et al. 2000). Assuming that the diameter of basal cerebral arteries (conduit arteries) remains constant, changes in CBF velocity represent beat-to-beat changes in brain blood flow. Notably, the magnitude of spontaneous oscillations in CBF velocity can be as large as 30% of its mean value even under resting conditions, which highlights the dynamic nature of brain perfusion (Fig. 1) (Zhang et al. 2000). However, these observations appear to be at odds with the prevailing concept of cerebral autoregulation which states that brain blood flow remains relatively constant in spite of large changes in arterial pressure. This paradox between the traditional concept of cerebral autoregulation and the observed large oscillations in CBF velocity may be explained by the limitations of previous studies for measuring CBF. With poor temporal resolution, CBF responses to dynamic changes in arterial pressure could not be revealed. The following questions then need to be answered: how should the dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation be quantified, and what are the underlying mechanisms for controlling brain blood flow in response to dynamic changes in arterial pressure. To address these questions, we have demonstrated that the relationship between beat-to-beat changes in arterial pressure and CBF velocity can be quantified by using the transfer function method based on Fourier spectral analysis (Zhang et al. 1998). Briefly, we use this method to quantify how each of the frequency components of changes in arterial pressure is transmitted into changes in CBF velocity. Estimation of the transfer function showed that at the frequency range of 0. 02 to 0. 5 Hz, the dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation can be described as a ‘high-pass’ filter. That is, transfer function gain is low at low frequencies and increases gradually with increases in frequency associated with a decline in phase (Fig. 2). These data have been interpreted to indicate that the ability of cerebrovascular beds to attenuate transient changes in CBF in response to changes in arterial pressure is more or less effective depending on the frequency of changes in pressure – a concept which has been referred to as dynamic cerebral autoregulation (Zhang et al. 1998).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Vertical farming can produce enough food to completely replace traditional agriculture globally. [SEP] Text: The constraints in achieving this task are: limiting land and water resources along with the degradation of the environmental health due to excessive use of chemicals for nutrition and pest management in agriculture. Anthropogenic activities for development have resulted in further degradation of environment and have spurred the rate of climate change. Global efforts have been initiated for reducing the effects of climate change on earth in general and agriculture in particular. These steps should be complimented with the innovations in production techniques employed in agriculture and also scientific utilization of the indigenous knowledge which is proven as more sustainable. The two different methodologies of agriculture elaborated above can be integrated in the current agriculture system without many disturbances and can be adopted on a global scale. Vertical farming, which is a recent concept in agriculture, has great potential considering the falling land resources for agriculture due extensive urbanization and increase in per capita income of the developing nations. The methodology though a new concept for the developing nation, is of great promise and can efficiently meet the challenge in terms of quantity, quality and variety. Organic farming on the other hand is a well known concept in agriculture, but requires further exploration and integration of scientific knowledge for incorporation in the main stream agriculture to feed the growing demands. These two different methodologies, with separate principles are promising avenues for global agriculture and require further exploration in terms research and integration in main stream for healthier environment and well fed world. Conclusion Thus, in conclusion changing demographic trends and technological advancements are delivering new innovations in the field of agriculture. These emerging technologies are required to be used judiciously to meet the growing demands from modern agriculture. Vertical farming and organic farming can be adopted as the viable alternatives for the conventional agriculture to meet the changing demands and needs of mankind. Further, constraints in adoption of such practices should be addressed and linkages between researchers and farmers should be created for suitable measures. Acknowledgements None. Conflicts of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 03. Rome, FAO; 2002. Global trends in agriculture and food systems. In: Halberg N, et al. editors. Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and promises. UK: CAB International; 2005. www. verticalfarms. com. au www. verticalfarms. com. au Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment. 2006;113(1-4): 17-35. Lampkin N. Organic Farming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: ,d,j=1,…,n (AutomaticMaxktuning):IfKL(N(μi,σi2),N(μj,σj2))<εforsome i,j,thencombineith,jthgaussiancomponentintoaunique gaussianbylettingπi=πi+πj,σi2=(πiσi2+πjσj2)/(πi+πj) μi=πiμi+πjμjπi+πj removingthejthgaussianfromΠ,Σ. letMaxk=Maxk−1 until meet the stop criteria return U, V DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-5 Since the count of Gaussian models has a significant impact on both the convergence speed and the accuracy of the algorithm, the determination of the count for these models was conducted in an adaptive manner. As stated in Meng & Torre (2013), the process commences with the initialization of the count of Gaussian models, set at a value suitable for modeling the noise distribution (denoted as Maxk). Subsequent to each iteration of the EM algorithm, the distance between each pair of Gaussian distributions is computed employing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence technique. If the distance between the two Gaussian models falls below the pre-established threshold, these models are regarded as similar, prompting their amalgamation. Given that the mean value of the Gaussian distributions utilized for noise modeling is consistently taken as zero, the amalgamation of Gaussian models necessitates the computation solely of the standard deviation and the mixing proportion for the resultant hybrid Gaussian model. Distortion model Alongside inducing spatiotemporal varying blur, turbulence also introduces image distortion. Distortion encompasses abrupt shifts in the signal that lead to its degradation. Distortions in turbulent images emerge when the pixel displacement within the local vicinity can be modeled as a geometric transformation. Determining the optimal alignment for each pixel reduces distortion and strives to minimize the rank of the transformed image.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The model parameters consist of central and peripheral cerebrovascular resistance and a vascular compliance component. These parameters were derived from the experimentally estimated cerebrovascular resistance index and the phase at baseline and during phenylephrine infusion. Windkessel model simulation indicates that increases in steady-state cerebrovascular resistance and/or decreases in cerebrovascular compliance (represented by the model parameter CP) can lead to reductions in transfer gain and phase (Fig. 3). Notably, the bimodal feature of changes in phase suggests that either decreases or increases in vascular compliance can lead to a reduction in phase depending on its baseline values (Fig 3). Collectively, findings from this study suggest that changes in steady-state cerebrovascular resistance and/or vascular compliance modulate the dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation at the low and high frequencies, while dynamic autoregulation is likely to be effective at the very low frequencies. Thus, spontaneous oscillations in CBF velocity, and presumably brain blood flow, are determined not only by dynamic autoregulation, but also by changes in steady-state cerebrovascular resistance and/or vascular compliance. Spontaneous oscillations in brain blood flow or tissue oxygenation have been observed by using other brain imaging modalities such as functional MRI. There is a great interest in linking these haemodynamic changes with spontaneous brain neuronal activities to study ‘functional connectivity’. In addition, transfer function analysis of spontaneous changes in arterial pressure and CBF velocity has been used to assess dynamic cerebral autoregulation in patients with stroke, hypertension and other cerebrovascular diseases. The present study reveals the complexity of the underlying mechanisms for regulating spontaneous oscillations in brain blood flow in response to dynamic changes in arterial pressure which may provide useful information for future studies of brain perfusion in humans. 774. Kety SS & Schmidt CF (1945). The determination of cerebral blood flow in man by the use of nitrous oxide in low concentrations. Physiol 143, 53–66. Zhang R, & Levine BD (2009). Dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation during acute increase in arterial pressure. J Physiol 587, 2567–2577. & Levine BD (1998). Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans. Physiol 274, H233–H241. Zhang R, Zuckerman JH & Levine BD (2000).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plants can only grow in soil and cannot thrive in alternative methods like hydroponics or aeroponics. [SEP] Text: The main soil cover types in are biocrusts and desert pavement, with scarce vegetation of mainly annual species. The soil composition in the post-mining site and natural area is similar with 70 % sand, 18 % silt, and 12 % clay, and 68 % sand, 20 % silt, and 12 % clay for natural and post-mining, respectively (Gabay et al. , 2022). The soils in are classified as Solonchak according to the Based soil classification system. Biocrusts were sampled either from the post-mining site or the adjacent natural area. The biocrusts in Gov are thin (between 1. 5–2. 5 mm deep) and smooth. The site is characterized by areas covered in biocrusts or desert pavement. In each sampling site, we sampled along a 100 m strip at approximately 10 m intervals (Fig. 1). In total, we sampled 20 biocrust samples (10 from each site). We collected the biocrusts using a spatula, at an average depth of 2 mm. Biocrusts were placed in 100 mm × 15 mm Petri dishes lined with cotton. For the SIP assay, we chose five of the 10 samples from each site containing the highest chlorophyll a concentrations as estimated in preliminary experiments (Table S1). Figure 1Map of the research area. Map (a) shows the different post-mining sites around the Zin factory. Map (b) shows the biocrust sampling points in Gov mining site used for this research. Green dots represent the natural biocrusts, and red dots represent the post-mining biocrusts. 2. 2 Soil properties Five biocrust samples from each plot type (post-mining and natural) were sent for analysis of soil properties (pH, EC, and NO3- concentrations and soil organic matter). The analysis was performed at the Laboratory (Center, Gilat, Israel). 2. 3 Chlorophyll a extraction Chlorophyll a was extracted from biocrust samples using a protocol previously described in Gabay et al. (2022). Briefly, chlorophyll a was extracted from 3 g soil of each biocrust sample and was diluted in 9 mL of methanol for 15 min at 65 ∘C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: With regard to the transformed image, the optimization equation for LRMF is presented as follows: (17) min U,V| | W⊙(x∘τ−UVT) | |F As x∘τ involves a nonlinear operation, it is very difficult to optimize it within the same formulation. However, considering the slight changes in τ, by linearizing (Eq. (17)), the iterative estimation of τ becomes feasible, as delineated in Eq. (18). (18) X∘(τ+Δτ)≃X∘τ+∑i=1nJiΔτiwhere Ji represents the Jacobian matrix corresponding to the ith image with respect to the transformation parameters τi: (19) Ji=∂∂ε(xi∘ε)/ε=τi Alignment by Sparse and Low-rank decomposition (RASL) method (Peng et al. , 2012) has demonstrated the robustness of this approximation in cases of linearly correlated images, even in the presence of drastic variations in brightness and occlusion. Considering Eq. (19), the modification of the optimization function (Eq. (17)) for the ith image transpires as follows: (20) min U,V| | Wi⊙(xi∘τi+JiΔτi−UViT) | |Fwhere Vi,andWi denote the ith columns of matrices V and W, respectively, pertaining to the ith image ( xi). With the known values of U and V, the cost function is established in Eq. (21) to estimate the transformation matrix: (21) min Δτ| | e | |1, e=xi∘τi+JiΔτi−UViT As Eq. (21) is a variation of the least absolute deviation problem, it can be effectively solved using the Method of Multipliers (ADMM) method (Boyd, Parikh & Chu, 2011).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Serpentine in Sri Lanka: Extreme environments on Earth and harbors of life on MarsHood and BarbatoBacked by. Jeffrey Taylor, Jack Box, and 27 other backers-. , Rafael F. . R. Skok, Aaron Barbato, Ashley Q. . and Eric D. : 10. 18258/11434$2,895Raised of $2,885 Goal100%Funded on 8/02/18Successfully Funded$2,895pledged100%fundedFundedon 8/02/18? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(5)Discussion (4)ProjectOur team aims to map and sample serpentine rocks and their related soils in Sri Lanka. These rocks originate from deep in the Earth and we want to characterize them in order to understand their origin and role in the regional geologic history. This will provide more information for local communities, inform the geologic history of the region, and provide context for serpentine bodies found elsewhere on Earth as well as on other planets like Mars. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? Lanka, at least four serpentine bodies have already been discovered and their locations have been documented (Vithanage et. al. , 2014). The serpentine bodies are found along the boundary of two major rock bodies in that were pushed together 600 million years ago (Mathavan et. al. , 1999). However, the history of the serpentine bodies and their relationship to the surrounding rocks remains poorly known. In addition, the soils that develop from these rocks are a hazard, containing high concentrations of heavy metals that can contaminate groundwater and inhibit plant growth. With our work, we hope to contribute to our understanding of the fundamental geology of the region, and provide more data and observations to help quantify the threat posed by these soils. What is the significance of this project? Greater characterization of these serpentinite bodies will shed light on how fit into the Gondwana supercontinent assembly ~600 million years ago. While small, likely fit between the larger portions of the Gondwana assembly, and can inform the arrangement of the other continents (Mathavan et. al. ,1999). Furthermore, the soils on these bodies are a present concern for local populations (Vithanage et. al. , 2014), and characterization of soil compositions provides more data to aid local planning and management strategies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plants can only grow in soil and cannot thrive in alternative methods like hydroponics or aeroponics. [SEP] Text: The soil solution was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min, supernatant was collected, and absorbance was measured in a spectrophotometer at 665 nm. Concentrations were calculated according to Ritchie (2006) and normalized to 1 g of soil. Extractions of the biocrusts were performed before (dry biocrusts) and after 96 h incubation with distilled water (DW) under identical conditions to the incubation with H218O. 2. 4 Stable isotope probing 2. 4. 1 Soil incubation To test the incorporation of 18O into biocrust samples, a microcosm was designed to control for the incubation conditions. Each microcosm consisted of a 10 mL glass vial in which 1 g of biocrust sample was placed. To achieve field water-holding capacity, 0. 15 mL of H218O or DNase-free water were added. The glass vials were then sealed with butyl rubber stoppers (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, United States) to prevent evaporation. Both labeled and unlabeled controls were incubated in duplicates, for a total of 40 vials. Samples were incubated under a 12 h photoperiod for 96 h in an incubator (FOC 225 I; ) to allow the incorporation of 18O into the bacterial DNA. Following incubation, the microcosms were sacrificed, and each biocrust sample was divided into four bead beating tubes (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), each containing 0. 25 g of soil, and stored at −80 ∘C until further analysis. Each labeled sample had a non-labeled control, incubated under identical conditions but with DNase-free water instead of 18O water. 2. 4. 2 DNA extraction DNA was extracted from all biocrust samples using (Qiagen), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The biomass in hyperarid biocrusts tends to be very low, yielding only minute amounts of DNA. Therefore, each 1 g soil was extracted in batches of 0. 25 g, and the extracts were later consolidated to increase DNA yield. 2. 4. 3 SIP gradient preparation and fractionation DNA (ca. 3. 5 ng) was subjected to isopycnic gradient centrifugation in a solution of caesium chloride (7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: Subsequently, by formulating the Lagrangian function as Eq. (22) and incorporating the input values of U,Vi, τi, and Ji, the optimal value of ΔτP+1 is computed utilizing the ADMM approach by Eq. (23): (22) L(U,V,e,Δτ,λ)= | | e | |1+λTh(e,Δτ)+μ2| | h(e,Δτ) | |22where h(e,Δτ)=UViT+e−xi∘τi−JiΔτi. (23) ΔτP+1=(JiJiT)−1JiT(UViT+eP−xi∘τi+1μPλP)where eP+1=S1μP(xi∘τi+JiΔτiP+1−UViT−1μPλP), λP+1=λP+μPh(eP+1,ΔτiP+1), and μP+1=ρμP. In these equations, S1μP stands for the elementwise soft thresholding operator (as described in Boyd, Boyd & Vandenberghe (2004)). Here, ρ>1 signifies the penalty value that increases the μ value in the ascending order, and P denotes the step within the ADMM algorithm. The overall procedure of this estimation is depicted in Algorithm 2. Algorithm 2: ADMM for estimate Δτ.

Output: pass