Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: These urban farmer groups are not only focusing on farming activities but are also concerned with environmental wellbeing. These urban farmers are very concerned about the quality of vegetable and fruit products. Based on their assessment, other farmers are engaged in unhealthy cultivation that uses too many chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Therefore, they promote healthy farming techniques. They assume that hydroponic techniques do not guarantee that agricultural products are safe for consumption, considering the number of chemicals used in that method. The urban farming activists in Bandung who have these views make up the community. Urban farmers are developing organic techniques, such as changing from the habit of planting monoculture to multi-cropping to prevent significant losses due to pest attacks. Each plant is at risk of being attacked by certain pests, so if there are many varieties of plants in one field, then the risk of loss can be reduced. By manipulating the types of plants and cropping patterns, the plants can protect each other from pest attacks. The organic urban farming type is also a socialization concept for urban farmers and farmers in the Bandung hinterlands, such as in the district of Lembang and the district of Pangalengan. These communities continue to socialize and educate on farming techniques based on ecosystem balance. Therefore, this type does not merely prioritize providing a healthy and safe food source for people but also considers the importance of preserving the natural environment. 3. 2. 2. Conventional farmingThe second category was the conventional farming group, mainly joined in reaction to the government’s program. These people conduct urban farming for self-consumption and to improve the welfare of the community and the surrounding environment. The farmers mostly come from the youth (under 40 years old), with little to no previous farming experience. These groups formed from interactions in cyberspace, obtaining information, and learning about agriculture from online sources. This group interacts and spreads their ideas through social media. The members of this community consist of people with different backgrounds and domiciles, including some from outside Bandung city. They are not tied by location but more by mutual vision. The existence of these groups was relatively independent of government intervention. Therefore, some of them were often critical toward urban farming programs initiated by the government. However, in practice, they are willing to cooperate with any parties, including the government. They are often invited to work together with the government in implementing programs like Kampung Berkebun.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 4 years, mean ± SD). Participants came to the laboratory between 4 and 7 h after their typical wake time, following a night during which they had at least 7 h in bed allotted towards sleep (self-reported). All participants were in good self-reported physical and mental health, not depressed (< 28 on the Center for (Radloff, 1977)), without sleep disorders (< 6 on the (Buysse et al. , 1989)), of intermediate chronotype (Horne & Östberg, 1976), were not regular smokers, and did not have an alcohol use disorder (< 20 on the Test; lack of proximal alcohol use was confirmed upon entry to the laboratory with salivary alcohol test). All participants had normal color vision (Ishihara plate test (Ishihara, 2007)), lacked self-reported ocular pathologies, and did not use medications that impacted ocular function or pupil size. Female participants were not pregnant, as confirmed upon entry to the laboratory with a urinary pregnancy test. All procedures were approved by the Board and conformed to the principals outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Following completion of screening questionnaires and determination of eligibility, participants took part in an approximately three-hour examination of their pupil responses to light. During this examination, participants were seated and placed their chin on a chin rest and rested their forehead on a temple bar, all of which fixed the distance between the eyes and an experimental light source both within and between participants. A head-mounted infrared eye tracker (ViewPoint USB-60 × 3 system, Arrington Research, Scottsdale AZ) was placed on the participant’s head and was used to record pupil size (recorded at 60 Hz) throughout the study. Once the eye tracker was in place, participants were exposed to 30 min of darkness. Following this dark adaptation, participants were exposed to a series of 1-min light pulses, each of which were separated by 10 min of darkness (to allow for partial dark adaptation of rhodopsin), that were produced by one of two lamps – (1) a standard broad spectrum (white) LED (EcoSmart BR30, 2700 K, color rendering index = 95, Home Depot, Atlanta GA) the spectrum of which is generated by blue LED exciting phosphors, or (2) a blue-depleted white LED (BlueFree in a 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: The automation includes the real-time tracing of products in a supply chain and overall control over all the steps involved. Hasan et al. (2020) integrates smart contracts in their industrial spare parts traceability research work to implement the necessary function, modifiers, and events inside their proposed system, which mainly controls the logical flows that automate the process by using the smart contract. The essential need for trust establishment between parties can be achieved through smart contracts by securing the contract inside the blockchain (Bader et al. , 2019) has proposed an implementation of a smart contract-based car insurance ecosystem named CAIPY in which the smart contracts implement step by step process of the insurance policy as well as interacts with the tamperproof IoT devices for keeping information about the car condition. Intellectual rights management can be done using smart contracts. Zhao & O’Mahony (2018) show the implementation of a music copyright management system named BMCProtector that uses blockchain and smart contracts. The smart contract in their system implements the necessary function starting from music creation till royalty distribution. As the contract has been distributed inside blockchain, it is almost impossible to break in and change it, which justifies absolute security while deploying a smart contract inside the blockchain environment (Bader et al. , 2019; Zhao & O’Mahony, 2018). Coding a smart contract often comes across some common terms like attribute, function, event, and modifier. These terms are described below. Attributes: Attributes are the variables which holds the values in the memory. Solidity programing language allows attributes for different primitive data types (int, char, string, double), mapping, address, and enumerators. Functions: Function represents a mechanism or a task inside the system. Once a function is called, the task that has been written inside the function body will be executed. Modifiers: Modifiers represent the access power of the actors or components. While the contract owner has supreme modification power, other actors or components can be given some specific modification or access power by the contract. Events: Event aids the purpose of storing anything in the transaction log of blockchain. When an event takes place or is emitted, the data passed on the event as an argument gets logged in the transaction logs of the blockchain. By this mechanism, historical data of the system is stored which can be retrieved later. This event trigger mechanism makes the system auditable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: They aim to build an independent community for food production while also acknowledging the importance of food safety. This group is more profit-oriented and is concerned with the empowerment of its members through entrepreneurship. Usually, members started with farming as a hobby and then proceeded to thinking of it as a business. Some engage in this business for additional income, and some for their main source of livelihood. However, as the profitability of urban farm products is low, their business often consists of trading urban farming tools, equipment, infrastructure, or services, such as paid training. The social relationships in this community involve sharing knowledge about urban farming and include commercial aspects. For example, new members will be advised to purchase equipment, seeds, fertilizers, and other equipment from the group management. By using this business model, they are able to generate profits to maintain and expand their group. The second form of urban farming uses no pesticides. They do not insist on any methodology but instead, focus on the practical aspects of urban farming. They grow vegetables and fruits using a variety of media used in the local area, such as pots and other planting devices made from recycled materials. They will plant in the backyard or in empty fields that owners have allowed to be maintained as planting areas. is one group that is involved in this type of farming. Even though they value the health and safety aspects of food products, they do not aim to manufacture organic products. It is impossible, they say, to guarantee the organics of a plant product, especially if the plant is grown in a contaminated city climate. From the standpoint of air quality alone, cities are polluted, while many gardens are planted along highways, not to mention the contents of the water and medium, all of which have been contaminated. Rather, for them, the most important issue is raising societal consciousness about gardening to increase the supply of nutritious food and enhance the sustainability of the surrounding area. Even though certain groups have a commercial or corporate focus, social advocacy remains their predominant trait. They make a concerted effort to increase the overall quality of life in Bandung society and the surrounding regions. The efforts they make are likely to affect the city government’s agenda to take urban farming more seriously. They noticed the advantages of urban farming not only in terms of food safety and food needs but also in terms of improving environmental sustainability in Bandung.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The blue-depleted white LED has similar coverage, but lacks blue wavelengths and has a major peak at 413 nm (violet) and secondary peaks at 641 nm (red) and 551 nm (green) (Fig. 1). Due to the difference in the lamp output in the blue region of visible light (450–495 nm), at the target of 150 lx, the corresponding α-opic melanopic lux is 77. 0 for the standard white LED and 46. 0 for the blue-depleted white LED (Lucas et al. , 2014), a 40% reduction in the drive on melanopsin. Study 1Following the stable pupil size observed under conditions of darkness, the pupil rapidly constricted to a minimum size in response to both lights (Fig. 2). There was a slight but stable relaxation of the constriction over the next 55 s, remaining throughout the remainder of the light stimulus. At the cessation of the light stimulus, the pupil size re-dilated to approximately 90% of baseline size within approximately 9 s. The pupil remained constricted greater than baseline in darkness for several seconds before returning to full dilation. Baseline (darkness) pupil size was not different within participants (p = 0. 15, repeated measure one-way ANOVA). Visual and statistical inspection of the plots revealed no differences in pupillometric parameters between the higher (100, 140 lx) lighting conditions of the two lamps (Table 1). Responses to 32 lx, however, appeared to be lamp-specific. There was no difference between the lamps in terms of phasic (p = 0. 51, paired t-test) or sustained (p = 0. 42, paired t-test) constriction, nor was there a difference in the constriction speed (p = 0. 36, paired t-test). The re-dilation speed in response to the blue-depleted white light at 32 lx was, however, 58% faster (p < 0. 05, paired t-test) and the PIPR was also reduced by 45% with the blue-depleted white light (p < 0. 05, paired t-test) as compared to the standard white LED (Table 1). Table 1 Pupil responses to lightFull size tableStudy 2The same lamps were used in Study 2 as were used in Study 1 (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: From the above discussion about the usage of blockchain and smart contract in various fields and use cases, it is quite clear that the combination of blockchain and smart contract results in an ingenious, automated, and highly secured system. While blockchain provides a robust platform to store and track the system’s data, a smart contract implements the business logic and controls the access distribution. In our project, several necessary data come from outside the system. We intend to use IoT sensors for this purpose. Blockchain, IoT, and smart contract for traceability and process development A smart contract, united with blockchain and integration of IoT devices, has been proven as a smart, secure, and reliable course of action to trace and monitor over processes and operations. Without these technologies, the current scenario lacks a well-proved medium for tracing or monitoring systems while contributing significantly to the quality control and development of the process with robust security. Smart contracts have opened a door towards this development with all the necessary digital means of support intending to automate the tracing process and establish a trustless rigid contract between parties involved. One of the major drawbacks in the traditional process management and traceability is that the data can be manipulated at any stage, and there is no security that the business rules will be strictly followed in the future. To secure data inside the blockchain, accumulation must be done in the first place. IoT devices have already been proven excellent for monitoring and collecting data with low power and minimum cost (Pavithra & Balakrishnan, 2015; Tapashetti, Vegiraju & Ogunfunmi, 2016; Baranwal, Nitika & Pateriya, 2016). Effective and cost-friendly home automation using IoT devices has been implemented by Pavithra & Balakrishnan (2015). A low-cost air quality monitor system that collects data from open-air and analyzes the data is an adequate use of IoT devices which has been shown by Tapashetti, Vegiraju & Ogunfunmi (2016). Although IoT-based devices have many issues regarding information security (Miloslavskaya & Tolstoy, 2019; Vashi et al. , 2017), using blockchain as the secured backbone solves these issues (Mohanty et al. , 2020). Traceability of a supply chain or production using IoT, blockchain, and smart contracts can resolve many business processes to make them smooth and save our valuable time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: According to field observations, some urban farming practitioners have begun marketing their goods directly to customers (either directly or through venues, such as the Market), or through airports and food processing networks (food stalls). In general, the supply chain for urban farming leaf vegetables from the study sites could be grouped into three marketing channels, namely: (a) farm household–bandar–retailer–consumer, (b) farm household–and (c) farm household–retailer–consumer. Land scarcity is a feature of urban agriculture. This, of course, works against the pattern of urban agricultural practitioners in Bandung transitioning from subsistence to market orientation. According to (Ploeg, Citation2012), one of the characteristics of business-oriented agriculture is the high impact of scale on earnings. In other words, the larger the agricultural scale, the more productive the commercial operation. On the one hand, the viability of commercial agriculture is dependent on production efficiency, which is dictated by the size of the business; on the other hand, urban agriculture has very little land supply. Unfortunately, this inconsistency has not been well understood, and many urban farming actors are unaware that they are losing money. This is shown below in the economic review. 3. 2. 3. Hydroponic farmingUrban farming using hydroponics represents a soil-free cultivation method where plants grow directly in a nutrient-rich water solution. This approach offers several advantages, such as the straightforward application of fertilizers. Farmers simply add liquid fertilizer to the water, reducing the need for daily maintenance since plants typically require nutrients only once or twice a week. Consequently, hydroponics, especially with a water circulation system, has gained popularity among city residents, particularly the middle class, due to its convenience. Most practitioners work in government or private sectors, and the produce, whether vegetables or fruits, is often shared with neighbors or relatives. Some founders of hydroponic groups also sell hydroponic equipment and fertilizers to both community members and external customers. Additionally, they are involved in manufacturing products that can be sold at local markets for a profit. However, the fact that hydroponics method relies heavily on chemical fertilizers and nutrients is being debated by the practitioners. Some farmers believe that they do not have to worry about the contamination as long as they know how to manage the dosage, while others are more concerned regarding its potential environmental and health impacts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Light therapy and Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementia: past, present, and future. J 33(4): 913-22. (2013). [31]. editors. Mehr Licht! Verbesserung des Wohlbefindens durch biologisch wirksames Licht bei Demenzkranken (german). Conference; 2014 2014; Berlin: 2014. [32]. Field measurements of light exposures and circadian disruption in two populations of older adults. J 31(4): 711-5. (2012). [33] E, Riemersma-Lek R. Live to the rhythm, slave to the rhythm. Rev 11(6): 465-84. (2007). [34] Arendt J. Importance and relevance of melatonin to human biological rhythms. J Neuroendocrinol 15: 427-31. (2003). [35]. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J 12: 189-98. (1975). [36] Oppikofer S. Pflegeintervention bei Agitation und schwerer Demenz; (german). 2008. University of Zürich, Switzerland; Centre for Gerontology; Zürcher Schriften zur Gerontologie (german); 6: 5-39. [37] Oppikofer S. Lebensqualität bei Demenz. University of Zürich, Switzerland; Centre for Gerontology; Zürcher Schriften zur Gerontologie (german); 5: 4-43. [38]. The severe mini-mental state examination: a new neuropsychological instrument for the bedside assessment of severely impaired patients with Alzheimer disease. 14: 168-75. (2000). [39] Haubner R. Reliability and validity of an instrument designed to measure changes in advanced dementia (CADS) (Phase IV). Dissertation, Institute and University (USA). 2002. [40] Cohen-. A description of agitation in a nursing home. J Gerontol 44(3): M77-84. (1989). [41] Weiner M, Martin-. The quality of life in late-stage dementia () scale. J 3: 114-6. (2000). [42].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: The research community also has much interest in integrating those technologies to solve some life-associated problems. Kim et al. (2018) showed how to design a food traceability system using IoT, integrate with blockchain, and smart contract. Lin et al. (2018) showed how blockchain and IoT based food traceability models could be introduced in the smart agriculture ecosystem. A case study conducted by Lucena et al. (2018) shows that the grain quality assurance tracking using a real scenario with a blockchain-based business network, which will append the valuation around 15% of GM-free soy in the grain exporter business network in Brazil. Tracing supply chain or a process contributes towards the quality of management of these processes (Chen et al. , 2017) proposed a four-layered architecture to improve supply chain management’s quality by adopting blockchain, where IoT devices (GPS & Sensors) are applied in the very initial layer. All these researches indicate a positive future of blockchain in the management of supply chains and processes. The most crucial feature of blockchain is immutability, which can safeguard these accumulated data as no data can be manipulated inside the blockchain without altering the whole sequence or history (Galvez, Mejuto & Simal-Gandara, 2018; Casino, Dasaklis & Patsakis, 2019). Moreover, real-time tracing of any process can be done using blockchain (Tian, 2017). Complex and sophisticated industrial processes can be automated and tracked by real-time data using blockchain technology (Westerkamp, Victor & Kupper, 2018). Modern-day enterprises require symmetric information flow along the way, proper regulation, and availability of legacy information. To date, blockchain provides the perfect solution to these requirements (Kim et al. , 2019). The advantages of blockchain and smart contracts are being applied to sectors like precast construction (Wang et al. , 2020), medical services (Chen et al. , 2018), and transportation (Humayun et al. , 2020) sector. Wang et al. (2020) uses blockchain to improve the current scenario in precast construction where low fragmentation and scarcity of real-time data becomes a problem. They automated the data sharing process and ensured information traceability and transparency in precast construction. The research community has shown the profound prospects of blockchain ranging from medical record keeping with absolute security (Chen et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: As a result, the communities are divided into two hydroponic techniques: chemical and organic hydroponic techniques, which attract different supporters, with groups like Hydroponiku and (BBHO). The two groups are not only different in their techniques but also in their orientation (Table 4). Table 4. Groups of hydroponic farmers with differentiating features. some extent, these categories are overlapping and interconnected. These groups form and develop as a result of social interactions, but they are mindful of the need to work together to make progress for the betterment of Bandung. Furthermore, as Bonney and Dickinson (Citation2012) noted, they use their experience to achieve that aim. Members of the urban farming groups obtain information through the internet and computers, perform experiments, and share their findings with others. Their high educational level has enabled them to independently understand and acquire information about farming from the internet and other outlets. However, the people who engage in urban farming have been classified according to the community to which they belong, and we defined the categories of communities and their related features based on the focus group discussions. 3. 3. Economic viability of urban farmingMany of the urban agricultural groups and actors in this research confessed to being concerned about the pesticides used in market vegetables and fruits. Even though supermarkets sell organic fruits and vegetables, the prices are prohibitively high. For example, the price of kangkung (water spinach), which is normally sold for about 30 cents per bundle in the traditional market, costs about 1 USD per bundle in supermarkets. Due to the high market gap and food safety concerns, urban farmers now are able to cultivate fruits and vegetables on their own and using organic techniques. People’s complaints about purchasing non-organic vegetables and fruits are valid. They are frequently informed by the media about the chemical content of food materials, especially pesticides found in vegetables and fruits. Evidence indicates that certain chemicals and genetic modifications, especially in imported fruits, are used to make the fruit sweet and long-lasting. Moreover, the farmers sometimes have used pesticides at levels beyond what was prescribed. As a result, the pesticide concentration exceeds the safe level for human use. Beginning with knowledge about pesticide-exposed food, urban farming practitioners in Bandung have suggested alternatives for providing healthy and safe food supplies. They have at least three alternatives, which are hydroponic, pesticide-free, and purely organic. Each of these solutions employs a unique approach.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractHyperbilirubinemia is a common cause for irreversible neuronal influence in the brain of term newborns, while the feature of neurological symptoms associated with hyperbilirubinemia has not been well characterized yet. In the present study, we examined a total of 203 neonates suffering from hyperbilirubinemia with a bedside amplitude-integrated Electroencephalography (aEEG) device, in order to determine whether there is any special change in sleep-wake cycles (SWCs). Among these patients, 14 cases showed no recognizable SWCs with the total serum bilirubin (TSB) level at 483. 9–996. 2 μmol/L; 75 cases exhibited reduced SWCs with the TSB level at 311. 2–688. 5 μmol/L; and the rest cases had the normal SWCs. The number of the normal SWCs occurrence had a significant negative correlation with the increased TSB level in a non-linear manner (r = -0. 689, p <0. 001). In addition, the increased TSB reshaped the structure of SWC by narrowing down the broadband and broadening the narrowband. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between the TSB level and the ratio of broadband (r = -0. 618, p < 0. 001), a significant positive correlation between the TSB level and the narrowband ratio (r = 0. 618, p < 0. 001), respectively. Furthermore, the change of SWC seemed like a continuous phenomenon, and the hyperbilirubinemia caused SWC changes was fit into a loess model in this paper. In summary, the hyperbilirubinemia influenced SWC of term newborns significantly at a non-linear manner, and these results revealed the feature of the neurological sequela that is associated with TSB. Citation: (2017) Sleep-of in a Non-Linear Manner. 12(1): e0169783. : August 11, 2016; Accepted: December 21, 2016; Published: January 10, 2017Copyright: © 2017 Zhang et al. This is an open access 2015. Hyperbilirubinemia was defined as the total serum bilirubin levels above the phototherapy limit recommended by of Pediatrics [12].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: , 2018) to intelligent logistic support for transportation systems (Humayun et al. , 2020). Blockchain possesses excellent potential in terms of transparency in food-related processes (Kamilaris, Fonts & Prenafeta-Boldv, 2019). Better traceability of a food supply chain using blockchain has been shown by Wang et al. (2019). Their system implements a response mechanism for various events for an improved, validated, and guaranteed transaction. In a survey paper, Lin et al. (2020) showed how blockchain and IoT-based systems contribute to food safety, food security, food quality monitoring, and control to support small-scale farmers. Legacy information is vital for making decisions about a product as food can be categorized and sometimes prohibited for several reasons. Tan, Gligor & Ngah (2020) proposed a traceability system for halal food chains to ensure that the food processing steps follow strict measurements so that the food remains halal from frame to fork. Quality control and quality improvement is a must for sectors like agriculture. The existence of humankind is significantly related to the sustainable food supply. The use of technologies like IoT, blockchain, and smart contracts will facilitate the improvement of the current scenario in agriculture. These improvements are inevitable to have a traceable, rigid, and secure agricultural process while gaining more control over the whole process. Proposed blockchain-based model System overview We propose the usage of IoT enabled smart actors for a better mechanism of necessary data flow across the system. IoT devices will be used to monitor the quality and condition of the products stored in the large storehouses. They will also monitor and send data about the pricing of agricultural goods and services for both pre-harvesting and post-harvesting periods. IoT devices will also provide information during the cultivation process. Blockchain is used to safely store this monitored data while a will be used to automate the process, trigger events, and set the necessary implementation of terms and conditions for all the parties. The general system overview is shown in Fig. 4. Figure 4: Overall system overview. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-4 As exhibited in Fig. 4, the main actors in the system are the storage warehouses, supply shops, producers, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, practitioners can be classified according to their expertise in designing specialized approaches. Each approach was therefore treated as a genre of urban farming, influencing the forms of the Bandung urban farming culture. According to Table 5, the crops grown by urban farming practitioners in Bandung are primarily leaf vegetables, ornamental plants, and berries. This is because these plants can be grown on a small scale hydroponic. Plants grown include kangkung, cabbage, a variety of ornamental plants, and melon. According to the findings, the average cost of production for one planting season (2–3 months) for ornamental plant commodities was USD 1153. 12. These production costs included planting media construction costs, production costs, post-harvest costs, and market transportation costs. In one season, 800 plants were planted with a 10% output shrinkage, yielding 720 potted plants. According to the description, the cost of one potted plant is approximately USD 17. Meanwhile, this ornamental plant is being sold in Jakarta for around 30 cents per pot. As a result, it can be inferred that urban farming practitioners who practice this farming style are economically very unprofitable, with losses of about USD 1. 33 per pot of plants, or USD 876. 29 per planting season (2–3 months). Table 5. Economic analysis of urban farming commodities in Bandung city. fixed costs can be seen to be the highest in the table. This is attributable to the labor costs, which were due to the practitioners’ view of urban farming as a hobby rather than a means of income. Since most of their productive time is dedicated to their main work, these urban farmers must hire someone to take care of some of their farming activities. In addition, the high production costs were due to the high demand for hydroponic field inputs. In the case of leaf vegetable commodities, such as kangkung, the measurement of production costs shows that producing 250 kg of kangkung costs about USD 190 per season, so the cost to produce 1 kg of kangkung is about USD 0. 70. Kangkung is usually eaten, shipped, or sold directly to customers for USD 0. 15 per kg. This means that urban farmers can be expected to lose USD 0. 40 per kilogram, or USD 140 per planting season. The highest costs per season, as with the ornamental plant commodities, are for labor and manufacturing costs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Specific inclusion criteria were gestational age 37–42 weeks; no history of phototherapy or exchange transfusion; no anti-convulsion drug history; no hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy history and other disorders that may affect brain function or sleep. A general examination included a complete blood count, reticulocyte count, blood gas analysis, albumin levels, blood type, Coombs' test, blood culture, serum electrolytes, G-6-PD and head ultrasound. After examination, children with sepsis, intracranial hemorrhage and metabolic diseases were excluded. Total bilirubin (TSB) was measured by oxidizing method (Maccura, Sichuan, China) on the Hitachi 7600 autoanalyzer[13], and erythrocyte glucode-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was measured by quantitative G6PD/6PGD Ratio method (Micky, Guangzhou, China)[14]. These children were treated with phototherapy or exchange transfusion in hospital. The phototherapy and exchange transfusion standard was in accordance with the 2004 guidelines and updates of of Pediatrics [12]. aEEG settings. The methods and experimental procedures were similar to those described in our previous publications [15]. Briefly, bedside aEEG recordings were carried out shortly after the peak TSB was observed. (Thirty-two Channels video Monitor-one,. S. A. ) was used in all recordings. All these procedures were conducted in an environmentally controlled room that was sound, light, temperature and humidity-proofed. Pre-recording preparation includes bath and removal of head fat tires. According to the international 10–20 system, prewired EEG caps with 9 recording electrodes modified for neonates were used for EEG recording. The nine recording leads were FP1, FP2, C3, CZ, C4, O1, O2, T3, T4. Patient ground and reference electrodes were placed in the frontal region. The wet electrodes used in the present study were the conventional sintered Ag/AgCl electrodes purchased from (China). Each ‘wet’ electrode was filled with GT5 conductive gel (Greentek, Suzhou China) using a blunted needle and syringe. The impedance of the electrode was adjusted to the range of 100-5KΩ with the following recording parameters: time constant 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: Sensitive (sun exposure, temperature) seeds and agricultural products are stored on a large or medium scale in storages for a comparatively long period of time. Supply Shops: The supply shops collect a large amount of seed, fertilizer, and all other necessary agricultural products and sell them to the producers. The storage period is shorter for these supply shops. Producers: The farmers are the primary level producer. They execute all the tasks related to planting and harvesting crops. Distributor: Distributors are responsible for navigating the crops safely from one place to another. Wholesaler: The wholesalers buy crops and agriproducts on a large scale and sell them to retailers. Retailer: Retailers buy the crops and products from the wholesalers and sell them in open markets directly to the consumers on a small scale. Consumer: Consumers are the mass people who depend on agricultural products and play an essential role in the system by continually creating demand. The main endeavor is to build a system where these actors interact in such a way that contributes toward the overall traceability of these products. components will be used to implement the system requirements like immutability, availability, security, removing intermediate third-parties and automation. Blockchain, smart contract, IoT enabled environment, MQTT server is the fundamental components of our system. The components are described below. A. abets the authenticity and reliability of the system. The data accumulated in our system is primarily stored in the MQTT server. MQTT lacks security in some of its steps, where it does not encrypt the data (Andy, Rahardjo & Hanindhito, 2017). As one of our main motives for this work is to increase the transparency of the trackable data of agricultural products, tamperproofing the historical data is a must. We use blockchain specifically for this sole purpose. The diagram below (Fig. 5) shows the system interaction with the blockchain. Figure 5: System interaction with blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-5 Several events are triggered during some essential steps of the agricultural process, and the data is logged into the transaction log of the blockchain. This data can never be changed or tampered with without breaking the chain of blocks. So, traceable data becomes secure with blockchain. B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: The above equation is difficult to justify from an economic standpoint. The cost of production in urban hydroponics farming is significantly higher than the cost of production in rural agriculture, where the media and cropping climate are naturally present. In Lembang, for example, the average production cost for kangkung is USD 0. 02–0. 04 per kilogram, while in urban farming it costs USD 0. 70 per kilogram. When considering processing capability and commodity value, the average urban farming expenses are attributable to unstable monthly expenditures and labor costs. Differences in distribution outlets had little effect on urban farming practices. This is because shoppers often use the actual selling price before making an order. As a result, urban farming actors will continue to lose money in every business channel. Furthermore, due to their limited production capability, urban farmers have weak bargaining power, especially when negotiating with other traders. However, market networks that provide goods directly to customers have greater pricing power. The customers’ willingness to pay is based not only on product content but also on social connections and personal motives. 4. DiscussionSeveral studies have shown that urban green areas are crucial to providing citizens with a good living environment. They not only facilitate environmental protection, but also improve social well-being and economic growth, and thus, they encourage citizenship and improve resilience in the longer term (Buijs et al. , Citation2016; Colding et al. , Citation2013; Colding & Barthel, Citation2013; Gatto, Citation2022; Rusciano & Gatto, Citation2022). However, this study also needs to address the economic feasibility of urban farming, as it does not necessarily ensure that farming activities will be profitable. Economic losses could pose a threat to its future sustainability. Urban farming is closely intertwined with local economic and ecological systems (Mougeot, Citation2000) and can be understood through several dimensions. First, it involves economic activity that not only includes cultivation processes but also aims to generate profit, requiring effective marketing and efficient resource management (Ackerman et al. , Citation2014; Lagerkvist, Citation2014). Second, the purpose of production can vary, with products either used for personal consumption or for trade, depending on the scale of production from large operations to small, home-based producers (Opitz et al. , Citation2016; Padgham et al. , Citation2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 5s, high-frequency filter 70Hz, and notch off. The aEEG was generated synchronously. Notable events (care operations) were marked by an EEG technician or nurse during the recording. The electrode impedance was kept in the required range. The recording was conducted for 12 hours for each patient. The interpretation of EEG results was referenced to the current practice of clinical Electroencephalography[16]. Committee of and Children's approved this clinical study protocol (approval number 2012090839). A general informed consent as “All patients’ biological sample could be probably used for medical research, please contact the department of medical ethics to oppose. No objection shall be deemed to be the agreement” would be informed to all parents at admission. An electronic signed consent from the infants’ legal guardians was obtained after informed. Data collection. SWC on aEEG was recognized as periodic changes in bandwidth of the aEEG tracing [17]. The narrower parts (narrowband) of the aEEG trace corresponded to more continuous EEG background during wakefulness or active sleep (AS) periods while the broader parts (broadband) represented more discontinuous activity during quiet sleep (QS). Definition of normal SWC was made when at least 3 consecutive cycles were observed in aEEG tracing during a period of 5 hours, and the volatility fluctuation of the aEEG lower edge > 2μV[18]. In this study, we classified SWC by occurrence: ① Normal SWC: At least 7 consecutive cycles were present on aEEG tracing within12 hours (Fig 1A). ②Reduced SWC: Less than 7 consecutive cycles present during a 12-hour aEEG tracing(Fig 1B). ③ No SWC: No sinusoidal variations of the aEEG background (Fig 1C). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. SWC on aEEG was recognized as periodic changes in bandwidth of the aEEG tracing. A: Normal SWC, more than ten consecutive changes in bandwidth are presented during a 12-hour aEEG tracing. B: Reduced SWC, four consecutive cycles. C: No SWC, no sinusoidal variations on aEEG background. EEG record with the highest TSB level would be chosen for data analysis for each single patient.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: 407/table-4 The violationTrigger() method is called with the type of violation (temperature, humidity or light exposure) and the category value with “1” being over, “0” being under, and “2” being optimum with respect to the pre-defined optimum value. According to the violation type, the enumerator value is set to Temperature, Humidity, or Light Exposure, and according to the value of category, events are logged into the blockchain accordingly. B. Post-harvest In the post-harvest, the system tracks all the necessary information and logs events in the blockchain. Information includes departure dates, prices along the way, and quantity in every layer that the product crosses till it gets to the retail. Tracking starts by invoking initiateDistribution() method. This method takes information like product id, name, price, and quantity. The method sets the date as the current timestamp of the block and sets the trace enumerator to the producer. Distribution starts by invoking the startDistribution() method, and the previous information gets updates accordingly while setting the trace enumerator to Distributor. The same mechanism is applied to the other layers of agriproduct supply. Figure 11 shows how every information is timestamped within blockchain. Figure 11: Triggering a violation through self check of temperature condition (A) and example of initiating a distribution (B). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-11 As we can see from Fig. 9, tracing data in our system starts from the production level. As farmers sell his product, the product information and the block timestamp are stored by emitting events in the blockchain so that these data remain secure and become verifiable. As the algorithm is the same in all the steps, only the producer level algorithm (Algorithm 3) is shown below to demonstrate the process. Figure 9: Timestamping distribution data to blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-9 Algorithm 3: Product trace initiation algorithm. Result: Product distribution starts. 1 Only producer account can start the distribution process.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Third, production systems differ in scale, ranging from micro and small enterprises to large national or international firms (Cook et al. , Citation2015; Crole-Rees et al. , Citation2012; Moustier & Renting, Citation2015). In the context of Bandung, the relevance lies primarily in the second dimension, whether products are for self-consumption or trade since the city currently shows limited potential for significant economic growth or scaling up in urban farming. The government initially supported urban farming by providing capital for citizens to start their activities, which was a positive step. However, this support led some urban farmers to overlook the impact of this capital on their economic performance. In their first year, many farmers did not recognize that they were losing money rather than making a profit. They were more focused on the temporary excitement and social benefits of farming and networking, which bolstered their social capital but did not improve their financial situation. Urban farming in Bandung has shifted from the intended economic-based motives, towards a social and environmental activism. Environmental activism involves communities striving to influence environmental policy (Basu & Devaraj, Citation2014). As a result, the program has not met its economic goals but has successfully increased public awareness about addressing environmental degradation. This case is similar to what happened in Chicago, USA, where there are communities that focus on improving food security by encouraging food systems that are independent of the market system, thus increasing access to food and nutrition (Block et al. , Citation2012). Urban activism leverages knowledge to enhance the quality of life and the environment. Urban farmers, acting as non-professionals, dedicate their spare time to exploring science and conducting research to improve their communities (Angotti, Citation2015; Irwin, Citation2002; Louv & Fitzpatrick, Citation2012). However, the complexities of their social backgrounds, such as gender, age, and ethnic differences, can strain their social bonds. Despite living in the same community, individualistic tendencies often create tension between personal and collective interests, potentially hindering the progress of urban farming (Angotti, Citation2015). In Bandung, urban farmers are primarily motivated by physiological and sociological factors, such as self-satisfaction and social connections, rather than monetary gain. This finding aligns with research from various countries, including Malaysia (Othman et al. , Citation2019), Zambia (Simatele & Binns, Citation2008), Milan (Ruggeri et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Data was collected from one of the bipolar channels (FP1-C3) on the aEEG recording. Data analysis was performed by two specific EEG analysts after removal of the artifacts. The following indices were obtained from each child: ①SWC occurrence number within 12-hour aEEG traces. ② Ratios of narrowband and broadband within 12-hour tracing. ③The duration of a single broadband from each child. ④The grades of EEG were documented. Normal EEG was marked as grade “1”, mild abnormal EEG as grade “2”, moderate abnormal EEG as “3” and severe abnormal EEG as “4”. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using R 3. 2. 2 statistical package for windows ( Variables with normal distribution were described as mean±standard error. Deviation and median (range) was used to describe abnormal distribution variables. Univariate comparisons of variables were made with Mann-or Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact or χ2 tests for categorical variables. The association between TSB level and narrowband ratio, TSB level and broadband ratio were described by Spearman correlation analysis. Furthermore, a locally weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOESS) model was used to predict the number of SWC occurrence and the broadband ratio at the key levels of TSB. Comparison of single broadband period duration among groups was carried out by Test. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for further comparisons between groups. The level of significance was set at 0. 05. clinical characteristics A total of 203 cases aEEG results were carried out shortly as high TSB were observed in neonates. The range of TSB, gestational age (GA), postnatal age (PA), conceptional age (CA), birth weight (BW), weight gain after birth, weight at admission, gender, albumin (ALB), TSB/ALB, and diagnosis were summarized in Tab 1. Fourteen cases with hyperbilirubinemia (range from 483. 9–996. 2μmol/L) had no recognizable SWC on the aEEG record, 75 cases with reduced SWC (less than 7 cycles within 12 hours) could be seen from the TSB level range from 311. 2 to 688. 5μmol/L. The rest had normal SWC.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: 2 if caller == owner then 3 Set the product CurrentTrace enumerator to producer 4 Set initiation date to the current timestamp of the block 5 Set name, id, price, quantity to the associated variables 6 emit DistributionInitiate method with producer address and a message describing the product distribution starting 7 else 8 9 end DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/table-5 The below algorithm (Algorithm 3) is applied to the other layers of distributed tracing. Only the relevant data and authority changes. provided the system architecture, and our implementation includes the smart contract interaction with Ethereum blockchain. Remix is a web-based IDE that provides Ethereum wallet as well as accounts loaded with dummy ether cryptocurrency and the environment to write smart contracts with the help of Solidity programing language. Remix also provides us the environment to run and deploy the contract inside the Ethereum blockchain, which matches our fundamental requirements and aims. In this section, we provide a demonstration of our contracts interacting with the blockchain, and we will also demonstrate the mechanism it follows. In the post-harvesting period, seed information is inserted into the system and, with the help of IoT devices, corresponding autority or monitoring body can check for the current status of temperature, humidity, or light exposure periodically. Based on the self-checked data, the contract calls events to store the favorable condition or violation along with their type and condition. Where type is temperature, humidity, or light exposure and condition values can be indicated as below, over, or optimum (than the threshold). The figure below (Fig. 10) shows the successful entry of a seed (Fig. 10A) and demonstration of a self-check result (Fig. 10B). Figure 10: Add seed to the system (A) and temperature self-check in the storage (B). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-10 Using the addSeed() method, necessary seed information is stored inside the blockchain for a secure safeguard of legacy data. For demonstration purpose, an entry of a batch of potato seed has been inserted into the blockchain as shown in Fig. 10A. All the registered seed storages will insert seed data as soon as seeds are brought for storage purpose. Several conditioning reason will be monitored using IoT devices. Our system implement checks for crucial factors like temperature, humidity and light exposure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: , Citation2016), and even the USA (Teig et al. , Citation2009), which also highlights the limited role of financial incentives in motivating urban farmers. Consequently, future urban farming promotion programs should focus more on these non-monetary benefits rather than promising uncertain financial returns. 4. 1. LimitationsDespite the potential implications of our findings, it is important to notice two limitations of our methodology. First, while a qualitative approach can provide depth understanding of the lived experience of urban farming activists, our study only included the experiences and perspectives of 13 actors. While these experiences are likely somewhat representative, they are specific to these individuals. Second, our study explores the specific case of urban farming activists in Bandung City, Indonesia. The experiences of urban farmers in other parts of West Java, or Indonesia, may have been vastly different. Thus, to address these two limitations, future research could involve a cross-case comparison, interviewing urban farmers in multiple different regions. 5. ConclusionsIn the case of this study, the high cost of hydroponics has made urban farming a financially burdensome endeavor. The economic feasibility of such practices is further constrained by small-scale production and the low value of the products. Social and psychological factors predominantly influence practitioners’ motivations, as evidenced by Iftisan (Citation2013), who found that the primary motivation for urban farmers is to learn how to cultivate gardens in limited spaces and to contribute to a cleaner city through waste management practices. Most urban farmers in Bandung benefit from government assistance, which alleviates the financial burden associated with preparing planting media and conditions. Despite incurring economic losses, these practitioners remain dedicated to their hobby, driven by personal satisfaction and community recognition, including various awards provided by the city government and local organizations. Ideally, urban farming should focus on utilizing urban land for active green farming by individuals and communities. This concept can be further enhanced by adopting the idea of community gardens, where crops and food are cultivated collectively (Brown et al. , Citation2016; Kingsley & Townsend, Citation2006; Teig et al. , Citation2009). To improve future urban farming, it is crucial to recognize that motivations are primarily driven by personal satisfaction and social connections rather than financial gain. Future initiatives should focus on promoting the non-monetary benefits of urban farming, such as enhancing community engagement and environmental awareness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The typical traces of the normal, reduced and no SWC were demonstrated in Fig 1A, 1B and 1C, respectively. The median occurrence declined gradually with elevated TSB levels (r = -0. 689, p = 0. 000,Spearman's rank correlation). Loess smooth model was applied to fit the nonlinear trend between the TSB levels and SWC occurrence (Fig 2). The color of the scatterplots referred to normal to severe abnormal EEG grades. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Negative correlation between TSB level and SWC occurrence numbers within 12 hours. The color shade of the scatterplot represented different levels of EEG abnormality grades from normal, mild abnormal, moderate abnormal to severe respectively. shown in Table 1, TSB level of the subgroups of normal, reduced and no SWC indicated significant difference with each of the other two groups respectively (all P<0. 001). So did the change of TSB/ALB, while the albumin level shown no difference between groups. The birth weight of both the normal and reduced group were significantly larger than that of the no SWC group (all P<0. 001). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Basic clinical characteristics. further analyzed 14 patients without recognizable SWC extensively (seen in Table 2, aEEG tracing seen in Fig 1C). Their TSB levels were >483. 9μmol/L, predominantly male (9/14). They had symptoms of encephalopathy at admission, feeding difficulties; weight gain rates were low from birth to hospitalization. Causes were mainly G-6-PD deficiency (9/14), 4 cases had unclear cause and only 1 case had ABO incompatibility. In addition, 6 of the 9 cases who were undertaken for a MRI scan showed typical change of GP area (globipallidi) encephalopathy of hyperbilirubinemia. EEG and BAEP showed significant abnormalities. Two patients died during hospitalization, 4 patients were lost during following-up. Cerebral palsy was diagnosed in 2 patients, auditory pathway injury occurred in 4 cases of which 3 of them combined with mental retardation. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. of 14 Patients without SWC.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: All these monitored data will be stored in clouds but for establishing an absolute trust-based decision making, it is important to know that these data are not corrupted or altered or hampered in any way. So, the storage smart contract conducts periodical self-checks for this contributing factors. Self-check data is analyzed and detailed information is stored via events in blockchain. Figure 10B shows a demonstration of the contract executing a self-check for temperature. The optimum temperature was set to 38. When the contract checks with value 40 (read by IoT devices), it finds a violation in temperature value and instantly emits the TemperatureViolation() event. The event gets logged in the transactional history along with the address(which storage) and violation information (what kind of violation). The contract also triggers violation event whenever any violation is encountered by the system. Based on the violation type and category of violation, event are logged into the blockchain. Log data are retrievable and farmers will be able to see and make decision based on these historical data of any particular storage. Trigger testing is shown in Fig. 11A. As depicted in Fig. 11A, the violationTrigger() method successfully logged the violation of temperature attribute in the blockchain. In the post-harvest segment, the system tracks every product by storing data in each and every step of distribution, starting from the production level to retail. These information is essential for the customers to know the origin and distribution of products before buying it. From producer to distributor then wholesaler and finally retailer, every step does a similar fashion of interaction with the system. The producer level demonstration is shown in the Fig. 11B. As shown in Fig. 11B, using the initiateDistribution() method, the process of distribution has been started. The log shows all the data related to the agriproduct from producer level. Product id, date, price, and current trace is logged into the blockchain. All the other steps of distribution does the same thing with relevant data from the product’s current trace, finally, the product reaching to retail shops. transaction with blockchain has been popularized bitcoin, implementing it in a real-world use-case, with the integration of other technologies like IoT, still has several issues to solve and several purposes of the meeting (Casino, Dasaklis & Patsakis, 2019). The use of IoT in agricultural traceability is being encouraged by the research community (Lezoche et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Additionally, programs should provide support that aligns with these motivations, such as facilitating social networks and environmental education, rather than emphasizing uncertain economic returns. By addressing these factors, urban farming initiatives can better align with participants’ motivations and achieve greater long-term success and sustainability. Currently, urban farming lacks economic motivation. However, if practitioners were to fully understand that the costs of investment and maintenance, both in terms of resources and time, cannot be balanced by the income generated from the produce, it raises the question of whether such operations could sustain themselves independently. It is also worth investigating whether urban farming can be feasible across different social strata without government support. Further research is needed to develop a more sustainable framework for urban farming that addresses these challenges. AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank for providing the funding for this research through the Grant (ALG) and the (RDDU) programs via the Directorate of Research and Community Development. We also would like to thank our key informants for their participation in this study. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Additional informationNotes on contributorsAdi NugrahaAdi Nugraha, M. Sc. is a lecturer in the Department of Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. He is currently finishing his doctoral study at the Program of Universitas Padjadjaran. His research focuses on Agricultural Sociology, Agricultural Development, Sociology of Food, and Sustainability. Raphael PautPaut is a Researcher at INRAE: Research for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, France. His research focuses on agroecology, crop diversification and nitrogen management in agricultural systems. HerdiansahDr. Herdiansah is a lecturer in the Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. His research focuses on sociology, and civil society. Susanti WithaningsihDr. . She also teaches at the on & Sustainability Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. She is also a researcher in the Center for Environment and Sustainability Sciences. Her research focuses on biodiversity, environment & sustainability. ParikesitProf. Parikesit was a lecturer in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. He also teaches at the on & Sustainability Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: With increasing levels of structure also changed SWC is composed of periodic changes of broadband and narrowband. We calculated the ratio of broadband and narrowband of each record in all identifiable SWC. The broadband ratio gradually decreased with the increasing levels of TSB (r = -0. 618, p = 0. 000), while the ratio of the narrowband gradually extended (r = 0. 618, p = 0. 000). Lowess smooth were applied to fit the nonlinear trend between the TSB levels and narrowband (Fig 3A) and broadband ratio (Fig 3B), respectively. The size of the scatterplots’ diameters provided us more information about the correlation between EEG abnormalities and TSB levels which indicated that the extremely hyperbilirubinemia did not always accompany by an abnormal EEG. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Scatterplot of increased TSB level with increased Narrowband ratio (A) and decreased Broadband ratio (B). Fitted and smoothed by span = 0. 5, the different diameter of the scatterplots represented the grades of EEG abnormality. the SWC are composed of the narrowband and broadband (intermittent sleep are not in the realm of discussion in this paper), the ratio of narrowband length increase with the decrease of broadband ratio. The elevated TSB not only reduced the occurrence of SWC, but also changed its constituent. SWC occurrence and structure at different TSB levels could be predicted by a nonlinear model Loess model was used to predict the SWC occurrence number and broadband ratio at different key TSB levels (Table 3). We further summarized the data from Figs 2 and 3. As shown in Fig 4, the Loess predictive model clearly indicated the continuous impact of hyperbilirubinemia on the SWC, either occurrence number or structure. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Loess model indicates the impact of TSB on SWC occurrence and Broadband ratio. The relationship of TSB with SWC occurrence and Broadband ratio were summarized in one picture. The two nonparametric regression curves with confidence belt indicated the predicted value of SWC occurrence and Broadband ratio respectively. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Ratio by Loess model.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: actor Transaction cost Execution cost addSeed() Storage 168,402 144,314 temperatureSelfCheck() Storage 50,681 29,217 hummiditySelfCheck() Storage 50,812 29,348 lightExpoSelfCheck() Storage 35,503 14,039 violationTrigger() Storage 48,625 26,969 initiateDistribution() Producer 132,122 108,610 startDistribution() Distributor 106,442 84,786 startWholesale() Wholesaler 91,530 69,874 retailSell() Retailer 91,464 69,808 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/table-2 A. is never compromised. Only the person allowed by the smart contract can execute or invoke a task. Monitored data has been secured and solidified in two ways. IoT devices automatically push data to the MQTT server and the blockchain periodically self-checks these data via smart contract and logs every event and violation. Data security within the blockchain is robust. Several types of data from pre-harvest and post-harvest segments are stored in the blockchain so that they remain unchanged as any data saved into the blockchain can hardly be changed or tampered. Authenticity has been made sure by the smart contracts. The smart contract automatically checks values in different segments and saves the result within the blockchain. A central source of information is created by the use of blockchain, and everyone can check the necessary data at any time. A smart contract removes the intermediate processor. In agriculture, there are so many intermediate person/factors which increases the market price drastically. However, a smart contract monitors all the prices and the flow of product from one level to another. Every date, times, and product id are stored in the blockchain. So, authentic, traceable data ensures the consumer’s right to know about the product’s origin. Central monitoring organizations can use this to control market prices and also to estimate supply-demand. The processes are automated and robust. There is no third-party support needed. Only the system alone can handle all the operations without any human interaction. B. Challenges If, in any step, someone does something by mistake, changing or updating data in the blockchain is impossible. Immutability indeed is one of the biggest strengths of blockchain, but unlike the traditional database systems, blockchain, due to its reliable security schemes, does not allow us to modify the data of a verified transaction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn response to rapid urbanization and increase in population, there is water scarcity and growing demand for water for irrigation. Nowadays, use of wastewater in agriculture for production of vegetables is controversial due to its benefits and negative health impacts. Thus, the objective of this paper is to review the benefits and potential health risks in wastewater-irrigated vegetables. Urban vegetable farming by using wastewater can contribute a wide range of benefits to improved livelihoods. In Ethiopia, the wastewater is the only means of survival. The average income from wastewater farming has a vital role, and majority of the wastewater farm households report that they benefit from the wastewater. Despite the great importance of irrigating vegetable crops with wastewater, as a food source for the urban community and as income generation, it is subject to numerous constraints and is causing high health risks like cholera, typhoid, etc. , among consumers of wastewater-irrigated produce. Depending on reviewed documents, about potential contamination and health effects of wastewater-irrigated vegetables in urban areas in Ethiopia, irrigation water requirement has been growing in rapidly growing urban centers, and water has become a fragile and scarce resource in a competing environment. Management of water resources and proper utilization of vegetables grown in wastewater irrigation has become one option in developing countries for farmers as well as consumers in urban areas in order to ensure food and nutritional security. Wastewater should be managed properly by the application of different wastewater treatment techniques and proper handling of vegetables to reduce contamination. Keywords: Wastewater irrigationurban areascontaminationhealth effectvegetables study was designed for better documentation of wastewater utilization for irrigated vegetable crops which will supply important information for further health risk management. Widely produced commodities in urban and peri-urban agriculture are vegetables. Vegetables require a sufficient amount of water for better growth. However, due to low access to adequate clean water, the major sources of irrigation water in urban areas are heavily contaminated and untreated wastewater. Various undesirable microorganisms can be present at the time of growth on the surface of vegetables and their tissue. The use of wastewater in vegetable crop production has both positive and negative impacts on crop production, public health, soil resources and ecosystems. Currently, using untreated wastewater in agriculture is a controversial issue due to its combination of benefits and negative health impacts. Therefore, conducting a review on the benefits and potential health risks in wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming in urban and peri-urban areas of Ethiopia is important to take remedy for existing problems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: DiscussionSignificant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can cause serious neurological damage, kernicterus, while low bilirubin exposure has only a subtle neurotoxicity. In our previous animal model study we have demonstrated [3] that an intravenous injection of indirect bilirubin after a certain time, under the condition that population spike is not affected, while the long term potentiation in the rat hippocampal CA3 area is suppressed. The results shows that neural plasticity characterized by long-term potentiation is different from the normal vulnerability of synaptic transmission to bilirubin. Since the syndrome contained in BIND is generally related to cognitive functions, damage to neural plasticity may be one of the pathogenesis of BIND. In addition, the brain damage caused by bilirubin can be expressed as an increase of central apnea [19] or swallowing dysfunction [20]. These changes are also caused by the less severe jaundice. The above evidences indicate that the assessment of bilirubin neurotoxicity requires long-term and comprehensive study. Many studies have been reported on clinical observations of neurological outcome of hyperbilirubinemia with different degrees, but their conclusions were different. Like most other observations, we also used maximum TSB as an important criterion. However, this indicator did not cover many links through which bilirubin leads to nerve damage. These links affecting bilirubin neurotoxicity included duration of hyperbilirubinemia, serum albumin level, blood-brain barrier integrity, gestational age and the like. Thus, the results from observations in which TSB was an indicator were sometimes contradictory. For example, Newman et al[21] found completely normal neurological development at five years of age, in patients whose highest bilirubin at neonatal age was reported greater than 25mg/dl. In contrast, Soorani-Lunsing et al[22] reported that the bilirubin level of 13. 6-26mg dl in the neonatal period could cause mild nerve damage at 3–12 months. Because of the shorter observational period of the later study, these two results might suggest bilirubin neurotoxicity to a certain extent is reversible. However, these two studies were not carried out with electrophysiological observation and analysis for patients’ sleep. And, in case when positive signs of bilirubin neurotoxicity were found, no dose dependent effects were evaluated.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: Smart contracts are deployed to take control of the system and automate the steps. Once deployed inside the blockchain, it can never be changed. The initial settings of the blockchain environment take a reasonable amount of money. IoT devices are vulnerable to security issues. Data acquisition is dependent on IoT devices. If devices get damaged, data collection or check is not possible. C. Cost estimations The table above (Table 2) show the gas costs of different operations within our system. objective of this work was to demonstrate the capability of blockchain in agricultural process development, and how the usage of blockchain can ensure data availability, ensure security, apply immutability so that there can be no manipulation of data, and ensure trust among producers and consumers. Consumers can, without any doubt, know the origin and distribution history of products. Farmers can know the history of seed storage, and the governing bodies can control the market based on these data. The whole system is bought under IoT surveillance, where blockchain provides absolute security of them. All codes related to the system have been made public in GitHub ( so that other enthusiasts can learn from it and use it for their purpose. The implementation is quite generalized and generic. The same implementation can be applied to trace, develop, and enhance any process. We also presented the gas costs for a better understanding of the costs to run the system. Our future goal is to deploy the system in a permissioned blockchain while ensuring that tracking becomes full-fledged. For tracking purpose, we intend to use barcode or QR code from storage to retail sale. We also intend to build a web application that meets our purpose. Smart Contracts. The raw data contains source code of two smart contracts that have been used in this research. One is for the storages connected to our system (pre-harvesting period) and the other one is used during distribution of agriproducts ((post-harvesting period)). is used in pre-harvesting period. The owner of the contract (deployer) and connected storages will have an Ethereum wallet address. Action allowed for every type of accounts are constrained by modifiers which are onlyOwner and onlyStorage. Four types of events are emitted by this contract during adding a seed or during any violation occurs. Manual and auto self-checks for environment variables (temperature, humidity, light exposure) is done with this contract.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Competing InterestsThe author declares no competing interests. 1. IntroductionUrbanization is occurring rapidly throughout Ethiopia, as populations are increasingly migrating from rural areas to major cities, and hence, the country has a high rate of urbanization. Even if the country is one of the least urbanized countries in sub-Saharan Africa, urbanization has recently been accelerated, and it is expected to further accelerate with a mean rate of 3. 9% between 2015 and 2020 compared to an estimated average growth rate of 3. 1 for Africa (UN Population Division, 2009; 2010). Such a situation led to widespread food insecurity, which is mainly the result of a lack of availability of food, lack of purchasing power and increase in unemployment. On the other hand, such a trend has resulted in a rising market demand, which paved the way for urban agriculture or horticulture to be emerged as a mechanism to reduce the level of poverty and provide adequate and regular access to food supplies. Urban agricultural activities are being recognized as an important source of food, nutrition and income for the urban poor. In response to rapid urbanization, water supply has outpaced sanitation coverage and wastewater management, and pollution of natural waterbodies and the use of wastewater in irrigated agriculture have become common realities (et al. , Citation2010). Wastewater is a combination of liquid wastes discharged from domestic households, farms, institutions and commercial and industrial establishments eventually mixed with groundwater, surface water and stormwater. Wastewater may contain pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms); organic p2. Sources of wastewater and irrigated vegetable farmingDue to water scarcity and the growing demand for water for irrigation have produced a marked increase in the use of treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation of vegetables worldwide. The use of industrial or municipal wastewater in agriculture is a common practice in many parts of the world, including Ethiopia (Blumenthal et al. , Citation2000; Tomass & Kidane, Citation2012; WHO, Citation2006). Asano et al. (Citation2007) reported that a large amount of freshwater is diverted to domestic, commercial and industrial sectors, which generate greater volumes of wastewater. However, there is lack of investment capacity worldwide for construction and operation of adequate treatment facilities which threatens the quality of surface water, soils and groundwater to which wastewater is discharged (Girmaye, Citation2014). In Ethiopia, in 2030, the urban population is expected to reach 37 million (UN, 2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Sleep feature is an important means to measure the neurological developmental outcome of patients [23]. It has been proposed that circulating bilirubin serves as a photoreceptor and therefore plays an important role in sleep rhythm in adults [24]. Gürses et al. [8] used conventional EEG to observe infants’ sleep and found babies who experienced neonatal hyperbilirubinemia still showed sleep spindle abnormalities 12 weeks after birth. Our previous in-vivo study on rat models also showed that neural plasticity damage still occurred after [3] intravenously injected indirect bilirubin was removed from brain tissues. These results confirmed that bilirubin neurotoxicity may last for a long period of time. Osredkar[18] used aEEG to observe the relationships between the SWC starting time, SWC quality and prognosis of full-term neonates with various degrees of asphyxia. Their observation perspective was the length of time in the process of SWC appearance in children with asphyxia. The median time of SWC starting times in mild, moderate, and severe asphyxia groups were 7, 33 and 62 hours after birth. They also looked at the SWC pattern, and normal SWC was significantly correlated with good prognosis. In accordance to this, our study also observed SWC of icteric patients through aEEG, but we studied the process of SWC disappearance and the relationship with different levels of TSB. We found TSB levels and the occurrence of SWC had a significant negative correlation, and we created a non-linear model to describe and predict the bilirubin exposed process. In fact the above two studies looked at two reverse processes of SWC, appearance and disappearance, respectively. Although both studied SWC change on aEEG, the specific method was not replaceable. This is because observed objects had different causes. Hypoxia at birth led to the delayed appearance of the physiological SWC, and the delayed time length had a positive change in the trend with the degree of brain damage. The present study showed that with increasing levels of TSB, the already existing SWC in icteric newborn gradually disappeared or even completely disappeared, and there was a reversed changing trend. Although the two studies had different starting points, the conclusion was consistent: the severity of the brain damage and SWC change was significantly correlated; the more serious of brain damage, the more significant of SWC variation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: For any kind of violation, a trigger with violation type, value and condition is logged into the blockchain. comes into play in post-harvesting period. The chain of actors will all be bought under automation by this contract. Owner, producer, distributor, wholesaler and retailers will operate through Ethereum wallet address. Data like product name, batch id, selling price, quantity, date and block timestamp will be saved for each and every step of product distribution through this contract. Each actor has certain access control through modifiers. Functions like initiateDisribution, startDistribution, startWholesell and retailSell is used to store data from each step of distribution. These data are also logged into the Blockchain by events. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/supp-1 Information and authors declare that they have no competing interests. Pranto conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. Noman analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. AKM conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: Raw data and code are available in the Supplemental Files. authors received no funding for this work. 2018. Internet of Things (IoT) and its impact on supply chain: a framework for building smart, secure and efficient systems. 86:614-628. 2017. Attack scenarios and security analysis of MQTT communication protocol in IoT system. . 2019. Smart Contract-Insurance Policies. . 2016. Development of IoT based smart security and monitoring devices for agriculture. Ben-. 2019. Internet of things and supply chain management: a literature review. of 57(15–16):4719-4742. 2019. A scalable blockchain framework for secure transactions in IoT. IEEE Internet of 6(3):4650-4659. 2020. A blockchain use case in food distribution: Do you know where your food has been? of 52(9):102008. 2018. Blockchain-based traceability in Agri-Food supply chain management: a practical implementation. . 2019.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: The main sources of pollution that enters urban surface waterbodies are industries, municipal solid waste and oily wastes from garages and fuel stations and kitchen or domestic wastewater. (Citation2009), CitationMengesha et al. (2017) and Yohannes & Elias (Citation2017) reported that there are over 2,000 registered industries in which is 65% of all industries in the country. Most of these industries are located along the river banks. According to the Authority (2007, unpublished), 90% of all industries lack facilities for some degree of onsite treatment plant and subsequently discharge any effluents into an adjacent stream. Additionally, in city, a total of 2,256 m3 or 851 tonnes of solid waste is being generated daily of which 65% is collected and disposed into Repi dump site, about 10% of the waste is composted and recycled, while the remaining 25% is dumped into open spaces, ditches and waterbodies (Van Rooijen, Citation2009). In addition to solid waste, domestic wastewater is a major contributor to water pollution in Ethiopia. (Citation2007)estimated that one-quarter of the households in lack any form of sanitation facility and reported that as a consequence of this they use open spaces, shrubs and river banks to relieve themselves. Girmaye (Citation2014) stated that, among the major rivers in Ethiopia, Awash river flows from central highlands through Ethiopia’s major industrial and agro-industrial belt, taking in a whole burden of all types of raw effluent stands as one of the Ethiopian river streams in urban areas of developed rivers. Most of the existing industries and major towns within the upper watershed have no treatment plants for the discharge of their wastes and are seriously polluting the watercourse. In addition, the Modjo river is highly polluted by discharging effluents. tannery industry and waste disposed from the town, is the main tributary of further more food and beverage industries in Ethiopia tend to discharge heavy organic pollutants and dyes from textile factories are also released waste material. The vegetable farms at Akaki and the peacock park are among the biggest farms in the capital, where a substantial amount of vegetables is being produced seasonally. These farms are irrigated with the wastewater from rivers Akaki and Bulbula. Before several decades, the water from the rivers in the capital was clean.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The extent of brain damage could affect the time of SWC's appears, SWC quantity and quality, and this effect did not have a cause specificity. In turn, we can use SWC start time, quality, quantity, and structure as important indicators to determine the severity and prognosis of brain damage. Although the occurrence and structure of SWC has been studied under various disease conditions, a predictive model has never been made via a non-linear mathematic model. Some researchers used to split patients by different bilirubin levels and observed the dose dependent effects of bilirubin. On contrary, we analyzed the icteric newborns as a whole. We believed biologically reasonable hypothesis of our non-linear findings might be that effects of hyperbilirubinemia on SWC could be continuous, at least up to the point where SWC disappears. More observations could facilitate the accuracy of the above non-linear predictive model. Furthermore in current study we found that 14 newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia completely lost their SWC and the similar results were rarely reported previously. In 2005 a Canada team described 12 newborns with the TSB range 405–825μmol/L. Five cases of which had EEG abnormality including multifocal and generalized spikes and polyspikes, and discontinuous and intermittently asynchronous backgrounds [25]. Unfortunately SWC information has not been observed. The main cause of the severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in our study is G-6-PD deficiency (9 in 14 cases). The morbidity is higher than the data of the from 2002 to 2004 (20 in 93 cases) [26]. The reason might be the incidence of G-6-PD deficiency varied largely depending on the specific geographic region [27]. Animal model study showed the vulnerable region of bilirubin encephalopathy are cerebellum, the cochlea, the oculomotor nucleus, basal ganglia and hippocampus [28]. Hypothalamus—globus pallidus loop is closely related to the electrical activity of cortical neurons, and they both participate in the maintenance of the sleep-wake cycle[29]. Thus, the EEG activity change in acute phase of bilirubin encephalopathy has its corresponding neuropathological basis. Our research showed that SWC occurrence of hyperbilirubinemia newborn and TSB levels had a significant negative correlation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: Integrating blockchain, smart contract-tokens, and IoT to design a food traceability solution. . 2019. Integrating blockchain, smart contract-tokens, and IoT to design a food traceability solution. Kumar D, Kalita P. 2017. Reducing postharvest losses during storage of grain crops to strengthen food security in developing countries. Foods 6(1):8. 2018. Blockchains can work for car insurance: using smart contracts and sensors to provide on-demand coverage. 7(4):72-81 íaz MME. 2020. Agri-food 4. 0: a survey of the supply chains and technologies for the future agriculture. Computers in Industry 117(March (3)):103187. 2018. Block-secure: blockchain based scheme for secure P2P cloud storage. 465(6):219-231. 2018. Blockchain and IoT based food traceability for smart agriculture. . 2020. Blockchain technology in current agricultural systems: from techniques to applications. IEEE Access 8:143920-143937. 2018. A case study for grain quality assurance tracking based on a blockchain business network. . 2018. Smart contract applications within blockchain technology: a systematic mapping study. Telematics and Informatics 35(8):2337-2354. 2020. A blockchain-based approach for a multi-echelon sustainable supply chain. of 58(7):2222-2241 Miloslavskaya N, Tolstoy A. 2019. Internet of things: information security challenges and solutions. 22(1):103-119. 2020. An efficient Lightweight integrated Blockchain (ELIB) model for IoT security and privacy. 102(10):1027-1037 Nakamoto S. 2008. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. . 2019. Blockchain for Secure EHRs sharing of mobile cloud based e-health systems. IEEE Access 7:66792-66806. 2020. Time trend of suicide in Swiss male farmers and comparison with other men: a cohort study. Weekly 150(21–22):1-10. 2017. Blockchain. Business and Engineering 59(3):183-187 Opara LU. 2003. Traceability in agriculture and food supply chain: a review of basic concepts, technological implications, and future prospects. Pavithra D, Balakrishnan R. 2015.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: However, with the increase in the urban population and industrialization, the water has now become contaminated with various pollutants, among which are heavy metals (Fisseha, Citation1998, Citation2002). 3. Status of vegetable crop production by irrigating wastewaterThe use of polluted water in agriculture is a common practice around the world. Studies indicate that at least 20 million hectares of land are irrigated with untreated or partially treated wastewater in developing countries (Scott, Faruqui et al. , Citation2004; Keraita et al. , Citation2008; Ruma & Sheikh, Citation2010). The reasons for using wastewater vary depending on the situation and local context. Survey results from 53 cities in developing countries indicated that the main reasons for wastewater reuse in agriculture are increasing urban water demand, urban food demand, market incentives and lack of alternative water sources (BW et al. , Citation2010; Sally & Jayakody, Citation2008). According to Ruma and Sheikh (Citation2010) in Addis Ababa, smallholder vegetable farmers are commonly irrigated by using heavily polluted water. This is due to the reason of water scarcity and widespread pollution of existing irrigation sources. Tekeste (Citation2017) conducted a study to assess and analyze major on-farm wastewater hazard reduction approaches in the Akaki River. The result indicated that farmers are challenged with a deteriorating water quality of the in the past 40 years. Similar results were also reported by et al. , (Citation2010), and a variety of vegetables have been produced within and around the city, mainly using heavily polluted irrigation water from the which receives most of the wastewater. The percentage of wastewater that is eventually used for irrigation varies thus between seasons. According to Minbale et al. (Citation2019) and Desta et al. Citation(2017a), urban farmers in have been growing vegetables for the last 60 years, using the as the main source of irrigation water. Today, around 60% of the city’s vegetables are irrigated with contaminated river water. Because of an increasing population, urban farming, industrial expansion and lack of sewage treatment, the city of is suffering from serious surface water pollution (Eriksson & Sigvant, Citation2019; Yohannes & Elias, Citation2017). BW et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: We observed abnormalities of sleep-wake cycle in patients with hyperbilirubinemia, but this cannot achieve the localization diagnosis of nerve injury. Because normal SWC requires the maturity and integrity of nervous system [30], any aspect of damage to the integrity can lead to abnormal SWC. From this point of view, although SWC cannot provide information on location, it may have a high sensitivity to subtle nerve damages with different degrees of exposure. Recently, Horst et al[31] also used aEEG to study preterm children (26–31 6/7 weeks gestational age) suffering from hyperbilirubinemia (TSB 124–291 μ mol/l), but did not find an association between SWC and TSB. The author believed this may be related to low bilirubin exposure. We did not assess patients' long-term neurological prognosis, or the specific time of electrophysiological abnormalities and these are the drawback of present study. In reference to SWC findings of full-term HIE newborns, a poor prognosis can be determined from a lack of SWC [18,32], and for preterm children within 24 hours of birth, lack of SWC means brain damage [33]. Our research showed that the occurrence of SWC and TSB levels had a significant negative correlation particularly in a non-linear manner. With higher levels of TSB, the occurrence of SWC tended to decrease, manifested as the appearance of abnormal SWC. When TSB reached a certain level, SWC could disappear. In this study, SWC was not identified in 14 cases of children with TSB above than 483. 9 μmol/L further confirming TSB’s role in brain injury. Therefore, we speculated that the SWC decrease may be one of the major characteristics of adverse neurological outcome in hyperbilirubinemia patients. With the information provided via the Loess model, the damage extent caused by hyperbilirubinemia could be intuitively displayed as the change of SWC occurrence and structure and this encourages the clinicians to take an active treatment. In conclusions, the present study found that neonatal hyperbilirubinemia influences both the occurrence and structure of SWC. The change of SWC is a continuous phenomenon and could be described via a non-linear model. Further investigation should be done as further investigation could enrich the power of the non-linear predictive model.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency will soon replace all fiat currencies worldwide. [SEP] Text: Books and journals Case studies Publish with us Advanced search The eternal coin - made from real money: risks in fiat currencies Journal of : 1526-5943 1. Publisher: Copyright © 2010, The eternal coin - made from real money: risks in fiat currencies 13. 6 trillion and off-balance-sheet commitments of $5. 8 trillion - an aggregate leverage ratio of 23 to 1. They also had underwritten derivatives with a gross notional value of $216 trillion - more than a third of the total (The) Telegraph, 2009). of Toronto economics professor (1894-1952) was influential in developing modern theories of communication. He dwelt on the interaction of empires and communication. His theory was that the media people choose affect the shape and durability of their society. He divided media into two types, "space-binding" and "time-binding. " His most famous example is the distinction between space-binding papyrus and time-binding stone: • The concepts of time and space reflect the significance of media to civilization. Media which emphasize time are those which are durable in character such as parchment, clay and stone. The heavy materials are suited to the development of architecture and sculpture. Media which emphasize space are apt to be less durable and light in character such as papyrus and paper. The latter are suited to wide areas in administration and trade. The conquest of Egypt by Rome gave access to supplies of papyrus which became the basis of a large administrative empire. Materials which emphasize time favor decentralization and hierarchical types of institutions, while those which emphasize space favor centralization and systems of government less hierarchical in character (Innis, 1950, p. 7). Given Innis' theories we should expect our extremely light information age to emphasize centralization and less hierarchical government. So is money just communication? Interestingly, Innis influenced his vastly more famous Canadian colleague at the University of Toronto, Marshall McLuhan. In the same book that McLuhan points out that "the medium is the message" and spots local culture being overwhelmed by globalization, Understanding Media, he too touches on money as a medium of communication: • [. . . ] money is a language for translating the work of the farmer into the work of the barber, doctor, engineer, or plumber. As a vast social metaphor, bridge, or translator, money - like writing - speeds up exchange and tightens the bonds of interdependence in any community.

Output: pass