Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: At the extreme end, the fear that melt may make ice cores from some sites unusable has motivated the Initiative (Ginot et al. , 2021). Among (sub-)polar ice-core researchers, increasing temperatures have sparked interest in drivers of snowmelt and firn hydrology in the Arctic and Antarctic, where the firn is generally cold even though melting may occur. For example, in Greenland, the extensive melt event in 2012 (Nghiem et al. , 2012) was followed up by record melt in 2019 (Tedesco and Fettweis, 2020), and rain-driven melt reached in August 2021 (Box et al. , 2022). The increase in Greenland ice sheet melting (IPCC, 2019) and rainfall (Niwano et al. , 2021) is expected to continue in a warming climate. Even in Antarctica, recent melt events (Nicolas et al. , 2017) have raised concerns about a reduction in firn refreezing capacity, potential hydro-fracturing, and ice shelf instability (Bell et al. , 2017; Gilbert and Kittel, 2021; et al. , 2014b; Wille et al. , 2019). Surface melt events are rare in Antarctica and mostly restricted to the (et al. , 2016), coasts (Nicolas et al. , 2017), low-elevation sites (Thomas et al. , 2021), and ice shelves (Zou et al. , 2021; Banwell et al. , 2021). However, those regions are the most sensitive to climate change, and assessing the frequency and characteristics of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic melt events is crucial for constraining the (surface) mass balance of Antarctica and future sea level rise at large. In addition, the amplified warming of the polar regions is expected to continue and even accelerate depending on the greenhouse gas concentration trajectories in the next few decades (Trusel et al. , 2015). Though total surface melting seems to have decreased slightly in the in the first 2 decades of the 21st century, winter melt events are becoming more frequent (Zheng et al. , 2020), and the global temperature rise leading to melt will affect a growing number of alpine to polar ice-core drilling locations, more frequently, with larger intensity, and at higher elevation further inland (Gilbert and Kittel, 2021; Nicolas et al. , 2017; Clem et al. , 2020; Winski et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (K) Hypophyseal POMC cells are localized near OXT synapses. Confocal Z-stacks maximum intensity projection of hypophysis region of 5 day old triple transgenic (pomc:EGFP; oxt:Gal4; UAS:NTR-mCherry). The hypophysis area showing OXT NS adjacent to anterior and posterior clusters of POMC cells are shown. Scale: 10 μM. (L–R) Local overexpression in mosaic hypophyseal POMC clones located. Transgenic embryos expressing the pomc:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:tRFP (M,P) or UAS: Slit3-EmGFP (N,Q). The injected 5-dpf larvae were subjected to immunostaining with anti-OXT protein and anti-GFP. OXT-puncta (arrows) within a distance of 2 μM (yellow dashed ellipse) from the clone surface were quantified. Scale bar: 2 µm. Bar graphs showing the mean volume of OXT puncta upon expression of tRFP vs Slit3 in hypophyseal POMC anterior (n = 15 and 18, respectively) or posterior clone (n = 10 and 10, respectively) position (*p<0. 05 Student’s t-test with Cohen’s d = 1. 14). Error bars indicate SEM in (A-J, O and R). Figure 5—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 5: Neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters upon gain- or loss-of function of slit3 or robo2. The excel sheet includes values for number and volume of neurohypophyseal synapses and OXT puncta from confocal imaging of larval neurohypophysis of multiple experiments namely: 1) robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- 2) Mock vs morpholino-injected embryos 3) Mosaic transgenesis experiments by hypophyseal expression of tRFP vs slit3. Download elife-45650-fig5-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT dynamics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The combination of α-amylases and glucoamylases has been considered as minimum requirement for the complete hydrolysis of raw starch [6]. Yarrowia lipolytica is well-known oleaginous organism proven suitable for many different industrial processes. It is a safe organism [7] widely used to produce food grade products such as organic acids, polyalcohols, aromas, emulsifiers, surfactants and proteins [8]. Moreover, during the last years it has been a model organism for biofuel production, especially for those derived from fatty acids [9–11]. Additionally, Y. lipolytica is suitable for metabolic engineering approaches since there is a wide range of molecular tools to manipulate it [12, 13], a well-curated genome available [14], its metabolism has been studied in detail and two genome scale metabolic model exist [15, 16]. Additionally, several works have analyzed it from a systems biology point of view using different omics data (metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and fluxomics) [17–20], which all together enable systems metabolic engineering of this organism. So far, metabolic engineering has already boosted lipid production in this yeast. Different target genes for overexpressions and deletions have been identified and manipulated to increase total fatty acid content. As an example, our group found that blocking beta-oxidation by deletion of the six POX genes [21] or the MFE gene [22] and overexpression of enzymes leading to TAG production, such as DGA2 [23] and GPD1 [22], enhanced lipid production. Recently a modified strain was able to reach a very high carbon to lipid conversion yield (84. 7 % of theoretical maximal yield) and very high lipid titers (~55 g/L) under optimized conditions, supporting the feasibility of Y. lipolytica to produce biodiesel [24]. Nonetheless, as discussed above, it is preferred to use inexpensive raw materials such as starch or lignocelluloses instead of glucose as carbon sources in the fermentations. Unfortunately, Y. lipolytica is not able to degrade either cellulose or starch. A recent work by Wei et al. [25] has modified this oleaginous organism by the heterologous expression of cellulases to make it able to utilize cellulosic substrates. However, no work has yet reported the use of starch by Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: , 2018). Bridging the gap between alpine expertise on how to handle melt in ice cores and less melt-acquainted polar ice-core scientists is urgently needed, because understanding the drivers of recent climate changes, in particular increased melt and melt-driven changes in Antarctic mass balance, is paramount. With increasing interest in the role of sea ice (Thomas et al. , 2019), atmospheric circulation (Wille et al. , 2019), and tropical teleconnections (Nicolas et al. , 2017), the research field is increasingly looking to the fringes of the Antarctic ice sheet. The demand for (sub-)polar ice-core profiles from low-elevation, coastal and island regions means that effects of melt on ice-climate proxy records cannot always be avoided. The polar ice-core community urgently needs to prepare for ice-core science under warming conditions. It is the aim of this review to bring together insights from snow physics, firn hydrology, and ice-core proxy research in order to present the status quo on the influence of melt on ice proxy preservation and subsequently make suggestions for future projects in melt-prone study regions. This paper provides a detailed literature review regarding external drivers of melt events (Sect. 2. 1); physics of melt layer formation and behaviour during snow metamorphism (Sect. 2. 2); identification and quantification of melt (Sect. 2. 3); structural characteristics of melt features (Sect. 3. 1); effects of melting on records of chemical impurities, i. e. major ions, trace elements, black carbon (BC), and organic species (Sect. 3. 2), stable water isotopic signatures (Sect. 3. 3), and the gas record (Sect. 3. 4); and applications of melt layers as environmental proxies (Sect. 3. 5). Here, we review the formation, manifestation, and interpretation of melt chronologically and focus on those aspects of near-surface melting, which are important for ice-core research. Englacial or basal melt phenomena as well as glacier-wide melt assessment based on remote sensing are beyond the scope of this study. Finally, this study aims to learn from alpine ice-core scientists and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding among polar researchers of the limitations and potential of melt features in ice cores. 2 From melting to melt-affected ice cores 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schematic of novel transgenic OXT tool Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT), in which oxt promoter drives expression of Oxytocin precursor protein with an internally-tagged EGFP at the C-terminus of the signal peptide. (B) Validation of OXT-fusion EGFP protein expression by Western blot analysis. Pituitary protein extracts from adult Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT), TL (control) and Tg(oxt:EGFP) zebrafish were immunoblotted using anti-GFP. (C) Validation of OXT-fusion EGFP protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Confocal Z-stack images of the neurohypophyseal area of 5-dpf transgenic Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae. Larvae were stained using anti-GFP, anti-OXT and anti-neurophysin antibodies. Scale bar: 5 µm. (D–E) Assessment of endogenous vs OXT-fusion EGFP protein localization and packaging by super-resolution microscopy. -stack images of the endogenous synaptic OXT (D) in comparison to OXT-EGFP fusion in transgenic Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae (E). five dpf larvae were stained with either anti-OXT (D) or anti-GFP (E) antibodies and visualized by STORM as described in the Method section. The right panels D’ and E’ show magnifications of the represented areas outlined in D) and E) Scale bars: 1 µm. Color code indicates Z-axis depth. (F) Spatial relationship between F-actin and OXT-fusion EGFP neuropeptide in hypophysis. Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) embryos expressing the OXT-fusion were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors Tg(oxt:Gal4) and Tg(UAS:mCherry-Utrophin-CH) expression cassettes. Confocal Z-stack images of the neurohypophyseal area of 5-dpf transgenic larvae (F).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica. Nonetheless, two alpha-amylases—one of the enzymes required for degrading starch—have been expressed in this host [26, 27]. The aim of these works was protein expression and purification only and there are no reports about the capacity of these strains to grow on raw starch. Here, we engineer Y. lipolytica to consume starch and produce lipids. For this purpose, we expressed two heterologous enzymes, one alpha-amylase and one glucoamylase from rice and Aspergillus, respectively. On the one hand, we chose alpha-amylase from rice since it has been previously expressed and secreted successfully in Y. lipolytica [27] and, on the other hand, we chose glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger which is widely used by the industry [28]. Both enzymes were successfully secreted to the medium in an active form. Therefore, the strain overexpressing both proteins was able to grow on starch as sole carbon source. To enhance lipid production from starch, we introduced these two genes into a previously engineered strain with increased fatty acid synthesis capacity and blocked for beta-oxidation. The final strain was able to produce high amounts of lipids from starch. To prove the feasibility of the consolidated bioprocess, we grow our engineered strain in industrial raw starch and evaluate lipid production and composition. Additionally, a second copy of each gene further boosted total lipid production showing besides a fatty acid profile suitable for a biodiesel. Results and discussionThe heterologous expression of alpha-amylase from Oryza sativa makes Y. lipolytica able to degrade starchα-Amylase is one of the two minimal activities required to completely degrade raw starch [6]. In this work, we overexpressed and secreted the α-amylase of Oryza sativa in Y. lipolytica strain JMY5077, which has been previously actively produced in this yeast [27]. Contrary to Park et al. [27], we expressed a codon-optimized α-amylase gene under the control of the strong and constitutive TEF promoter [29].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: 1 Drivers of melt Generally, melting takes place whenever sufficient energy is available to cause a phase change from ice to water. The components of this surface energy balance (SEB) contributing to this surplus can be expressed as shown in the following equation Eq. 1: (1) M = SW ↓ - SW ↑ + LW ↓ - LW ↑ + H + L + R + G where M denotes the energy available for heating ice at sub-zero temperatures or melting temperate ice, SW refers to incoming (↓) and outgoing (↑) shortwave radiation, LW is longwave radiation, turbulent fluxes comprise sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux of water vapour (L), R is the sensible energy supplied by rain, and G is the ground heat flux. Numerous studies have assessed the surface energy balance and how to model the underlying processes (Hock, 2005). Here, we focus on the environmental context of the SEB, because each component of the SEB is driven by global-to-local meteorological forcing (Kinnard et al. , 2008) and its interactions with the surface and subsurface properties of the glacier (Fig. 2). Figure 2Schematic overview of the diverse, external drivers and constraints of near-surface snowmelt discussed in Sect. 2. 1, including global to local meteorological forcing, regional orography, surface conditions, and subsurface characteristics. air temperatures are the primary, non-linearly related trigger of melt and a well-established, integrated proxy for melt intensity (Abram et al. , 2013; Hock, 2003; Bell et al. , 2018). Warm air can be linked to various components of the SEB. Melt rates of up to 4 mm water equivalent (w. e. ) per day have been recorded on the Peninsula and attributed to warm air advection in combination with foehn wind effects (Broeke, 2005). Warm air advection is shaped by synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation patterns like high-pressure blockages, which facilitate moist–warm air intrusions (e. g. the 2019). Similar importance of atmospheric blocking has been observed for Greenland melt (Hanna et al. , 2013, 2014; McLeod and Mote, 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Maginification showing the EGFP-positive synapses and Utrophin-labeled mCherry-positive F-actin in the synapse (F’). Scale bars: 1 µm. (G,H) Real-time monitoring of synaptic oxytocin vesicle dynamics in live transgenic reporter Tg(oxt:OXT-SP-EGFP-OXT) larvae. Schemata of the experimental design (G): six dpf larvae were mounted dorsally in low-melt agarose gel, submerged in E3 embryo buffer and imaged using multi-photon microscopy. Neurohypophyseal synapses containing OXT-EGFP vesicles were photobleached and the fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP) over time was monitored. The fluorescent recovery occurs due to the dynamic exchange of mobile and unbleached OXT-EGFP vesicles from neighboring en passant synapses over time (t = 1–5 min). The brightness and contrast of the images were increased to visualize the individual pixels (H). Scale bar: 200 nm. (I) Graph showing neuropeptide accumulation (normalized FRAP curves) of OXT-EGFP in neurohypophyseal synapses in 6-dpf robo2+/+ (n = 9 larvae) vs robo2-/- (n = 6 larvae) (***p<2. 76e-05) for genotypeXtime interaction effect in a linear mixed effects model to account for inter-synapse and inter-genotype variability (see Materials and methods). Neuropeptide accumulation represents full scale normalized data to account for differences in synaptic OXT-EGFP fluorescence, that is fluorescent values upon photobleaching were normalized to zero. Error bars indicate SEM. Figure 6—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 6: OXT-EGFP dynamics in neurohypophyseal synapses. The excel sheet includes values for FRAP data of neurohypophyseal synaptic OXT-EGFP in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/- larvae. The full-scale normalized values generated from Easy-Frap software are shown. Download elife-45650-fig6-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Specificity of antibodies to oxytocin and neurophysin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae using starch as sole carbon source are based in the single heterologous expression of glucoamylase [31–33]. Also, the production of glucoamylase from Aspergillus was essential in the saccharification step prior to a fermentation to produce lipids using Lipomyces starkeyi [34]. Glucoamylase was expressed in Y. lipolytica wild-type strain (Po1d) generating the strain JMY5083. Glucoamylase signal sequence was replaced by the targeting sequence of Lip2 and its expression was controlled by the promoter TEF (Additional file 1: Table S1). As expected, the modified strain of Y. lipolytica showed smaller clear zones around the colonies comparing to the α-amylase expression on YPD plates containing starch (Fig. 1c). This is due to the fact that iodine staining decreased with the length of the amylase chain and therefore it is preferentially used for identifying alpha-amylase activity, which release shorter chains of amylase. Nonetheless, if glucoamylase activity is very high this can also show clarification zones, as we observed [35]. A band corresponding to the expected size of the protein, 68. 2 kDa, was found in the supernatant of the culture of the engineered strain in glucose-based media (Fig. 2), proving efficient expression and secretion of the Aspergillus enzyme in Yarrowia. Interestingly, growth of the glucoamylase expressing strain was similar in a media containing soluble starch (SS) (Fig. 3) and in media containing glucose as sole carbon source, thus indicating an efficient release of glucose units by the active glucoamylase. Nonetheless, this strain was unable to grow in raw starch medium (RS). This result may be explained due to a lack of α-amylase activity (Fig. 4) which may be required to facilitate the accessibility of the glucoamylase to this substrate [36]. Y. lipolytica co-expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase produces lipids from starchWe showed that Y. lipolytica expressing α-amylase is able to clarify raw starch and how the strain expressing glucoamylase can release enough glucose from soluble starch to permit growth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Linear-shaped air intrusions are often referred to as “atmospheric rivers” and correlate highly with melt production in both Greenland and Antarctica (Neff, 2018; Wille et al. , 2019). The association is especially strong in Antarctica during winter (Wille et al. , 2019) and, for example, an atmospheric river is considered responsible for the observed extensive melt in in 2016 (Wille et al. , 2019). The atmospheric forcing of melt events also includes near-surface winds (Cullather and Nowicki, 2018). Foehn events are characterised by clear-sky shortwave radiation together with advection of warm, dry air and occur episodically through gravity winds on the lee slopes of mountain ranges like the (Elvidge and Renfrew, 2016). These foehn winds are coupled to the position and strength of the circumpolar westerly wind belt (Datta et al. , 2019) and can lead to spatially inhomogeneous melt events (Bell et al. , 2018). Melting can also be caused by the “blanketing effect” of a cloud cover (Cullather and Nowicki, 2018; Hahn et al. , 2020; Scott et al. , 2019), which increases the downwelling longwave radiation balance. In this regard, the altitude and phase type of the clouds prevailing at the site play a key role in the net radiation effect. Low-altitude, mixed-phase clouds warm the glacier surface and vice versa. Such meteorological constellations in the Antarctic are dynamically tied to the climate of the tropics (Winski et al. , 2018). When examining melt in ice cores, even such long-distance teleconnections should be taken into account. For example, the strength and position of the Low (ASL) are coupled to tropical climate through the El Niño–(ENSO) teleconnection, and summer melt in has been linked to strong El Niño (Nicolas et al. , 2017; Wille et al. , 2019). In addition to the meteorological and climatological drivers of melt events, the regional-to-local shape of an ice body determine its melt response. As the lateral and vertical extents of an ice sheet affect the trajectories of air masses circulating around it, ice sheet geometry is to be considered a factor in melt occurrence (Das and Alley, 2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schema of protein coded by oxt gene. Antibodies anti-OXT and PS45 were targeted to processed OXT and neurophysin respectively. SP denotes signal peptide, arrow indicates cleavage site. Validation of the EGFP-OXT fusion protein is shown in Figure 3H. (B–F) Confocal Z-stack images showing Fluorescent in situ hybdridization (FISH) of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae using probes for avp (B) or oxt (C) mRNA (red), followed by PS45 staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which oxytocin neurons were labeled is shown. Confocal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images showing immunostaining of 5-dpf old transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae using antibodies directed against GFP and neurophysin (NP). The whole neurohypophyseal tract (D) and the hypophyseal projections (E) are shown. Scale: 10 μM. Figure 6—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT in neurohypophyseal synapses of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish larvae. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT levels via Cdc42. (A,B) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(T17N)-EGFP. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described earlier. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) reveals mosaic labeling of hypophyseal projecting axons (B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the single expression of one of the amylases is not enough to make Yarrowia able to use raw starch as carbon source. Therefore, we decided to combine the two enzymes in the same strain. In addition, synergistic effects have been found in the co-expression of both enzymes as well as higher titers in biomass and ethanol production from starch in baker yeast [37–39]. As expected, the constructed strain expressing both enzymes, JMY5017, was able to generate clear halos when growing in YPD containing starch (Fig. 1d), indicating α-amylase activity. Additionally, we found bands corresponding to the expected size of both proteins in the supernatant of a glucose-based culture, suggesting their expression and secretion (Fig. 2). This strain was able to grow in soluble starch as sole carbon source as good as the strain expressing the glucoamylase alone (Fig. 3), since no statistical significance was found when comparing either growth rate or final biomass between JMY5017 and JMY5083. In this case, JMY5017 was able to degrade the granules of raw starch and release enough glucose units to permit the yeast growth (Fig. 4) contrary to the strains producing a single enzyme. Due to the interest in producing bio-based alternatives to petroleum sources from renewable materials, we further wanted to investigate the ability of our modified strain to produce bio-lipids from starch (SS). We therefore make cultures in two different media with high C/N ratio, which is known to trigger lipid accumulation in this yeast [40]. The modified strain co-expressing the two enzymes produces up to 4. 4 ± 0. 9 % of the DCW as fatty acids in the culture media with soluble starch and a C/N ratio of 60. When the C/N ratio was increased to 90, the same strain doubles its lipid accumulation capacity, reaching 7. 2 ± 0. 4 % of the DCW as fatty acids (Fig. 5a, b). In both culture media, this strain consumed 49. 4 ± 2. 4 % of the starch after 6 days of culture. In both YNBC/N 60 and YNBC/N90 similar final biomass was reached 11. 33 ± 0. 17 and 11. 14 ± 0. 13 g/L, respectively. Accordingly, total lipid production was 0. 49 ± 0. 09 and 0. 80 ± 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Melt conditions can also vary across short distances, because the regional-scale meteorological drivers described above interact with local site characteristics (Fig. 2). Glacier orography, including slope, aspect, and elevation, plays a significant role in the local SEB (Arnold et al. , 2006; Olson and Rupper, 2019; Hahn et al. , 2020). For example, the warming of katabatic winds during its downflow has been shown to enhance melt production, especially at the grounding line of an glacier during summer, facilitated by positive wind–albedo and melt–albedo feedbacks through the exposure of blue ice and bedrock (Lenaerts et al. , 2017; Bell et al. , 2018). Melt is further driven by site-specific surface snow characteristics (Fig. 2). Snow exposed at the surface undergoes processes like wind-driven redistribution, temperature gradient and isothermal metamorphism, which alter the size and shape of the deposit and in turn the surface albedo. While fresh snow exhibits albedo values of ∼ 0. 8, aged snow shows lower values around 0. 4 (Dirmhirn and Eaton, 1975) and dirty snow even lower values <0. 2 (Warren, 2019; Conway et al. , 1996). Thereby, albedo is coupled to melt by positive feedback (Thackeray and Fletcher, 2016). That is, a lowering of the surface albedo reinforces the tendency for melting and leads to a further albedo decrease. For example, forest fires produce significant amounts of BC and reduce the surface albedo even at distant sites like interior Greenland, a coupling that is expected to increase with climate change (Keegan et al. , 2014). Also, debris cover and cryoconite (Fountain et al. , 2004), dark-coloured dust containing soot and microorganisms, can lower the albedo and enhance local melt production (Mattson et al. , 1993). A debris cover can also act as an insulating active layer if it is sufficiently thick (Rowan et al. , 2021; Reznichenko et al. , 2010). All of this shows that the drivers of a positive SEB and melt events are not uniform. They must be assessed for individual sites and ice-core records within their respective complex climatic contexts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Bottom panel show magnifications of squared areas showing single stack with colocalization of axonal swelling with OXT puncta. Scale bar 1 µm. (C,D) Linear regression analysis comparing between synaptic EGFP levels (mean EGFP puncta) as a function of OXT fluorescence (mean OXT puncta). The data were normalized using mean-centering approach using the scale function in the ‘R’ software. Each line represents a regression line of single animal. The correlation between the mean (log10) fluorescence value of OXT puncta and GFP expression in neurohypophyseal synapse was tested with a linear regression model (), accounting for the effect of GFP fluorescence, and individual fish. Mean EGFP fluorescence is inversely correlated with OXT fluorescence in robo2+/+ (n = 5; p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 93) and in robo2-/- (n = 8; and p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 85) (C). Mean EGFP-Cdc42(T17N) fluorescence positively correlates with OXT fluorescence in robo2+/+ (n = 7; p<0. 01, adj. R2 = 0. 74) larvae but not in in robo2-/- (n = 7; p=0. 35, Adj. R2 = 0. 52) (D). (E) Model of the role of Robo2 in neurohypophyseal synapses: Synaptic Slit3-Robo signaling inactivates Cdc42 via GAP by affecting the transition of the Rho-GTPase protein Cdc42 from GTP- to GDP- bound state. Cdc42 inactivation reduces actin polymerization and increases synaptic OXT content. Figure 7—source data 1 Experimental data for Figure 7: Synaptic fluorescence values upon OXT-neuron specific Cdc42 over-expression. The excel sheet includes values for EGFP- and OXT- fluorescence values of neurohypophyseal synapses in larvae that were subjected to OXT-neuron specific EGFP or Cdc42(T17N) or Cdc42(G12V) expression in robo2 +/+ vs robo2 -/-.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 06 g/L, respectively. This experiment suggests that starch can be used for lipid production in this strain and that media composition and culture condition optimization can further enhance lipid accumulation. Additionally and according to fluorescence microscopy images, the fatty acids are mainly accumulated in lipids bodies (Fig. 5c, d) as it normally occurs under nitrogen limitation conditions. Fig. 5Lipid production in wild-type background. a, b Show the strain expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the wild-type background; the growth in green (OD600), the percentage of fatty acids in the DCW (%FA) in blue and the citric acid produced (g/L) in red. Two culture media were used as described in “Methods” with different amounts of starch; YNBCN60 (C/N 60) and YNBCN90 (C/N 90). c, d Show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. c Corresponds to the experiment A, while d corresponds to the experiment B. All presented data are the average of at least two independent experiments. The panels show representative cells that have been enlarged (×2)Full size image Lipid overproducer strain of Y. lipolytica produces high amounts of fatty acids from starchWe have previously generated an engineered strain of Y. lipolytica containing multiple modifications able to accumulate high amounts of lipids, JMY3501 [41]. This strain has been blocked for the β-oxidation by the deletion of the six POX genes, avoiding lipid degradation in the peroxisome [21]. It has been also blocked for TGL4, the main intracellular lipase in charge of the release of fatty acids from TAGs stored in the lipid body [42]. Additionally, it overexpresses the gene GPD1 [22] involved in the glycerol-3-phosphate formation, a precursor of the TAG, and the gene DGA2 [23], encoding an acyltransferase involved in the last step of TAG formation. We thus further modified this strain by overexpressing the α-amylase and glucoamylase genes to generate the strain JMY5035.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: The details of the melt process and its subsurface progression will be discussed in Sect. 2. 2. 2. 2 Physics of melt layer formation and dynamics during snow metamorphism The analysis of melt-affected ice core records is preceded by understanding the physicochemical process of melting ice, which has been investigated extensively since the 19th century (Faraday, 1859; Sánchez et al. , 2017). Sánchez et al. (2017) recently presented evidence that melting takes place in a “bilayer-by-bilayer” fashion leading to a nanometre-thick quasi-liquid layer (QLL) at the ice–air interface (Slater and Michaelides, 2019). As these features already exist within the ice matrix on a grain scale at temperatures below the melting point of the wider snowpack, they are also called “pre-melting” (Bishop et al. , 2009). On a larger scale, the surface snow starts to melt when the energy balance is positive sufficiently long enough to raise at least parts of the ice matrix to 0 °C, and it ends when the energy balance below the 0 °C isotherm is negative again. This duration threshold is reached within a few hours to less than 1 d, as has been recorded for Hansbreen in Svalbard by Laska et al. (2016). Therefore, modelling of melt processes must aim for hourly or at least sub-daily resolution. Furthermore, Koh and Jordan (1995) showed that radiation-forced temperature maxima and melting can occur a few centimetres below the snowpack surface, especially in low-density snow. Since the surface energy conditions vary significantly over short timescales, e. g. during diurnal cycles, “melt–freeze” features (referred to as melt features hereafter) tend to develop accordingly (Colbeck, 1982). Melting leads to wet metamorphism, during which liquid water is available and acts as a carrier of thermal energy, which accelerates post-depositional alteration of the affected snow layers. Wet metamorphism is generally isothermal (Brun, 1989; Wakahama, 1968, 1975), characterised by a rise in grain size and density caused by recrystallisation, and increasing liquid water content softens the snow (Colbeck, 1982).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: Download elife-45650-fig7-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Cdc42 regulates synaptic OXT levels. (A) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(G12V)-EGFP coding a constitutive active mutant Cdc42. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described above. (B,C) Linear regression analysis comparing between synaptic EGFP levels (mean EGFP puncta) as a function of OXT fluorescence (mean OXT puncta). The data were normalized using mean-centering approach using the scale function in the ‘R’ software. Each line represents a regression line of single animal. The correlation between the mean (log10) fluorescence value of OXT puncta and GFP expression in neurohypophyseal synapse was tested with a linear regression model (), accounting for the effect of GFP fluorescence, and individual fish. In UAS:EGFP injection, mean EGFP fluorescence in EGFP-positive NS is not correlated with OXT fluorescence (n = 20; and p>0. 25, adj. R2 = 0. 23) (B). In UAS:Cdc42(G12V) injection, mean EGFP-Cdc42(G12V) fluorescence in EGFP-positive NS negatively correlates with OXT fluorescence (n = 23; p<2. 2e-16, adj. R2 = 0. 47) larvae (C). Legends for Source data and Source code files. resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGenetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:EGFP)wz01(Blechman et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Lipid content of JMY5035 was compared when it grew in soluble starch-based medium (SS) presenting different C/N ratios (60 and 90). As we expected, JMY5035 strain greatly improved lipid content, up to 21. 1 ± 1. 4 % of the DCW, 5. 7 times more than JMY5017 (Fig. 6a, c). Total lipid was further enhanced when a C/N ratio of 90 was used, where JMY5035 reached 27. 0 ± 1. 4 % of DCW as fatty acids (Fig. 6b, d). These results are in accordance with previously publish data of the parental strain JMY3501, which after growing in glucose C/N ratio of 60 accumulated up to 25 % of DCW as fatty acids [41]. Similar biomass was formed in both C/N ratios; 11. 55 ± 0. 07 and 12. 36 ± 0. 16 g/L for C/N 60 and 90, respectively. Accordingly, total lipid production was 2. 44 ± 0. 15 and 3. 34 ± 0. 13 g/L, respectively. At the end of the culture, the strain JMY5035 was able to consume 60. 3 ± 6. 4 % of the starch added to the media. Interestingly, citric acid amounts produced in the conditions tested were very low, which is preferred in the industrial production of lipids using Y. lipolytica. Both slower growth and no citric acid production can be explained by the lack of the overflow through the glycolysis pathway, which would be limited by the rate of glucose release from starch. Fig. 6Lipid production in lipid overproducer background. a, b Show the strain expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the lipid accumulating background JMY3820; the growth in purple (OD600), the percentage of fatty acids in the DCW (%FA) in blue and the citric acid produced (g/L) in green. Two culture media were used as described in “Methods”; YNBCN60 (C/N 60) and YNBCN90 (C/N 90). c, d Show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. c Corresponds to the experiment A while d corresponds to the experiment B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: This process leads to the key structural characteristics of melt features in ice cores, which is discussed in Sect. 3. 1. Melt generated near the snow surface can penetrate into the underlying snowpack (Westhoff et al. , 2022). The progression of the percolation front depends on the local thermodynamic and hydrological conditions and has been modelled and observed to varying degrees from alpine to polar sites (Graeter et al. , 2018; Meyer and Hewitt, 2017). Meltwater infiltration into deeper, older snow makes percolation a secondary process leading to mixed snow compositions and climatic signatures, e. g. of summer melt in winter snow (Moore et al. , 2005). For similar reason, infiltration beyond the current annual layer is an issue when interpreting ice-core proxy and melt layer records, so that using multi-year averages of melt indices has been recommended previously (Graeter et al. , 2018). Furthermore, positive-degree-day (PDD) sums are a common tool for quantifying ablation due to temperatures above the melting point (Hock, 2003). With PDD values normalised to a single day (°C day), Das and Alley (2005) estimated +5. 22 °C as the temperature for a site, above which it is probable that percolation of a single melt event reaches into the accumulation of the previous year. However, this parameter requires site-specific assessment. The rate of melt production further governs the exposure period of snow to melt liquid (Taylor et al. , 2001) through the “saturation, refreezing capacity, and drainage processes” within the firn (Samimi et al. , 2020). This is important when it comes to interpreting chemical records from melt-affected ice cores. In addition to the energy balance at the snow surface and gravitation in general, the speed and type of meltwater flow are determined by characteristics of the subsurface, including (1) temperature, (2) thermal conductivity, and (3) stratigraphy of the snowpack. (1) Cold subsurface temperatures of the snowpack, the so-called “cold content”, are a strong constraint for snowmelt production (Jennings et al. , 2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 2011)ZDB-ALT-111103–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:gal4)wz06(Anbalagan et al. , 2018)ZDB-ALT-171113–2Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(oxt:OXTSP-EGFP-OXT)wz14This manuscriptZDB-ALT-181219–3Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:sypb-EGFP)biu5(Zada et al. , 2014)ZDB-ALT-150115–1(Bar-Ilan Univ. )Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:Lifeact-GFP)mu271(Helker et al. , 2013)ZDB-ALT-130624–2(Univ. of Muenster)Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:BotxLCB-GFP)icm21(Sternberg et al. , 2016)ZDB-ALT-160119–9(ICM, Paris)Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(UAS:NTR-mCherry)c264(Davison et al. , 2007)ZDB-ALT-070316–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)Tg(−1. 0pomca:Gal4-VP16)wz05(Anbalagan et al. , 2018)ZDB-ALT-171113–1Genetic reagent, TL (D. rerio)robo2ti272z(Fricke et al. , 2001)ZDB-ALT-980203–1097(Univ. of Utah)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 pDEST myl7:mCherry(Golan et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All presented data are the average of at least two independent experiments. The panels show representative cells that have been enlarged (×2)Full size image Therefore, we here not only proved that our modified Y. lipolytica strains can accumulate lipids from starch but also that the amount of produced lipids can be enhanced by both optimization of culture conditions and strain engineering. Engineered Y. lipolytica strains produce biolipids suitable for biodiesel from industrial raw starchTo complete our proof of concept about Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to produce lipids from starch, we wanted to test our strains in an industrial starch media (IS). For this purpose, we obtained starch from the company and we used it directly as a substrate for flask fermentation. To cope with the higher amounts of substrates normally used in large-scale fermentations, we constructed additional strains expressing one extra copy of each of the enzymes (JMY5196) using JMY5035 as parental strain. These strains were able to grow and produce lipids using the industrial product containing starch as carbon source (IS media) in flask under non-optimized conditions (Fig. 7). The wild-type background overexpressing the two enzymes (JMY5017) produces 0. 64 ± 0. 08 g/L of lipids, while the same overexpressions in the engineered background for lipid accumulation (JMY5035) reached 2. 29 ± 0. 94 from 22. 5 g/L of glucose equivalents in the substrate. Fig. 7Flask fermentation to produce lipids from industrial raw starch. a Shows the g/L of lipids produced when the strains were grown in industrial starch media (IS). The differences between the three strains are statistically significant among each other (p < 0. 05). b, c show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. b Correlates with the strain wt (α + GA), JMY5017, and c with the strain 3820 (α + GA) × 2, JMY5196. Industrial starch under the electron microscope d when no cells are present in the solution and e after growing the cells of JMY5196Full size image In addition, we proved that a second copy of both α-amylase and glucoamylase further increase lipid production up to 2. 84 ± 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Depending on the cold content, large amounts of energy might be needed to raise the snow temperature to melting point and delay the progression of the melting front at the 0 °C isotherm to deeper layers. (2) According to Pfeffer and Humphrey (1998), the balance between melting and refreezing is also driven by the thermal conductivity of the ice matrix, which in turn depends on the firn density. High densities allow for more freezing and vice versa. (3) Snow column stratigraphy affects the direction of flow through capillary and hydrological forces. Neighbouring snow deposits can differ significantly in terms of microstructure, e. g. grain size and porosity, and so do their capillary characteristics and permeability. It is due to this difference in capillary resistance that fine to coarse transitions are well known for retarding vertical meltwater percolation (Pfeffer and Humphrey, 1996), but differences in capillary characteristics can lead to lateral meltwater suction too. McDowell et al. (2023) have recently identified a two-way feedback between pre-existing microstructural transitions in firn, which facilitate melt infiltration and wet metamorphism locally, and more ice layers. Hydrological barriers can also be high-density layers like wind crusts (Das and Alley, 2005) or pre-existing melt layers (Samimi et al. , 2020), and both are frequent features in alpine to polar settings. Furthermore, progression of melt is halted not only by fully melt-filled refrozen pores, but also by closed pore connections (Humphrey et al. , 2021). Taken together, snow conditions constraining the flow are expected to lead to sharper contacts between melt layer and adjacent firn. Based on these factors, which determine the flow path of least resistance, percolation takes place in different ways (Hirashima et al. , 2019). Homogeneous wetting, also known as matrix flow, tends to occur in temperate snow with less dominant stratigraphic boundaries, and the thawing front progresses laterally uniformly, while at colder, stratigraphically complex sites, lateral and vertical flow alternates spatially and temporally (Williams et al. , 2010; Pfeffer and Humphrey, 1996).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 2016)Berta Levavi-reagentTol2 10xUAS:EGFP; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 oxt:OXTSP-EGFP-OXT; myl7:EGFPThis manuscriptMaterials andmethods -Transgenesis experimentsRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-G12V-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 UAS:Cdc42-T17N-EGFP(Ando et al. , 2013)(NCVC, Osaka)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME mCherry-Utrophin-CH(Andersen et al. , 2011)(Univ. of Wisconsin)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS:mCherry-Utrophin-CH; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods - Visualization of synaptic F-actinRecombinant DNA reagentTol2 pME Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3This manuscript(Univ. of Utah)Recombinant DNA reagentTol2 10xUAS: Slit3(SignalPeptide)-EmeraldGFP-Slit3; myl7:mCherryThis manuscriptMaterials and methods -Transgenesis experimentsAntibodyGuinea pig polyclonal, anti-OXTPeninsula labsT-5021; RRID:AB_518526(1:200)AntibodyRabbit polyclonal, anti-11122; RRID:AB_221569(1:200)AntibodyMouse monoclonal, anti-Neurophysin(Ben-Barak et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 16 g/L, which represent a yield Y FA/S = 0. 13 ± 0. 07 g/g (grams of fatty acids produced per gram of glucose equivalents in the industrial starch added to the media). The parental strain JMY3501 produced similar lipid titers, 3. 2 g/L from 60 g/L of glucose, and therefore with a lower yield Y FA/S = 0. 053 g/g [41]. Although the total lipid titer remains low compared to other engineered strains in bioreactor optimized conditions [24], here we set up a proof of concept that can be easily transferred to different genetic backgrounds and cultured in optimized large-scale conditions. Surprisingly, we found those strains able to grow in the industrial starch on the surface of the insoluble fractions (coming from wheat cells) present in this substrate, as revealed in the electronic microscopy [Fig. 7d (control with no cells), e (attached cells)]. These preliminary data could suggest the ability of Y. lipolytica to bind plant biomass, which could be useful in cell immobilization approaches. Additionally, this interesting feature could be exploited towards the use of lignocellulosic material using this yeast. This fact is in accordance to previous reports that show the ability of Yarrowia to bind to hydrophobic substrates in an inducible manner [43] due to Lewis acid–base interactions rather than hydrophobic properties of the cell surface [44] Nonetheless, more experiments must be performed to confirm these results, which are currently undergoing. As we previously discussed, microbial lipids can be used as biodiesel after transmethylation reaction to form fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) [45]. It is important to notice that the fatty acid profile (differences in carbon chain length and number of double bonds) of the biolipid has a strong influence in the biodiesel quality [46]. Therefore, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of our strains after growing in industrial starch (Additional file 3: Figure S2). As expected, most abundant fatty acids are 18:1, 16:0, 18:2, 16:1 and 18:0. Nonetheless, significantly differences were found between the wild-type background and the lipid accumulating background, where 16:0 was two times higher and 18:1 was diminished in 20 %.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Preferential flow takes place where meltwater flow instabilities occur at the wetting front (Leroux and Pomeroy, 2017; Hirashima et al. , 2014, 2017; Parlange, 1974). In this case, capillary pressure of advancing vertically exceeds the capillary pressure of expanding laterally. Dye experiments have frequently been used to visualise this stepwise advance of preferential flow paths (PFPs) along the stratigraphy (Avanzi et al. , 2016; Clerx et al. , 2022). They also highlight where melt layers do not form directly at the surface but at greater depth. Station in Land, meltwater has been documented to refreeze 50–100 cm below the snow surface during summer (Kaczmarska et al. , 2006). Given that the flow conditions are a continuum between these two extremes and vary widely between sites and seasons, different structural characteristics of melt in ice cores must be expected (Sect. 3. 1). Furthermore, ice cores only capture a very small area, and whether the derived melt records are representative should be corroborated by larger-scale stratigraphic analyses of the subsurface, e. g. using multiple snow trenches or ground-penetrating radar. Other general physical implications of melting for glaciers and glaciology include melt–freeze cycles changing the thermal structure within the snowpack, i. e. (sub)surface warming (Humphrey et al. , 2012; Mattea et al. , 2021), because freezing 1 g of water raises the temperature of 160 g of adjacent snow by 1 °C through the release of latent heat (Cuffey and Paterson, 2010). In extreme cases, this can lead to the development of highly permeable firn aquifers (Koenig et al. , 2014; et al. , 2014a; Miller et al. , 2020). In addition, meltwater percolation, especially through PFPs, advects heat to deeper, sub-zero snow sections. At sites with preferential percolation, borehole temperatures can therefore be ambiguous (Pfeffer and Humphrey, 1996). Since melt complicates firn densification through metamorphism rates differing between affected and unaffected sections, linear densification curve fits solely dependent on the overlying snow burden (Herron and Langway, 1980) are not sufficient to predict internal density variations caused by melt.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: , 1984)PS45; RRID:AB_2062089()AntibodyAlexa 488- or 647- Secondary antibodiesJackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories(1:200) Materials and methods - Immuno-fluorescent stainingAntibodyAlexa 568- or 647- Secondary antibodiesInvitrogen(1:2000) Materials andmethods - Visualization of synaptic F-actinChemical compoundCytochalasin DSigmaC8273400 nMChemical compoundGlucose oxidaseSigmaG21338440 AUChemical compoundCatalaseSigmaC4070200 AUSoftwareR(R Team, 2013)Materials and methods – Statistical analysisSoftwareTurboreg plugin(Thévenaz et al. , 1998)Materials andmethods – Statistical analysis(Rapsomaniki et al. , 2012)Materials andmethods – FRAP analysisSequence-based reagent(Barresi et al. , 2005)ZDB--050927–3Materials andmethods -Transgenesis experiments. slit3 knockdownSequence-based reagentgaatgactcctcgtcgctct and gctgaggcatcttgtctgtaSigmaMaterials andmethods -Animals. robo2 genotypingSequence-based reagentgcatttacaacagctccatcSigmaMaterials andmethods -Animals. robo2 sequencing primerSequence-based reagenttgtacaggcagatgtcaggc and -tcctcctccagtagagccagSigmaMaterials andmethods - In situ hybridization. PCR primers for robo2 probe Additional files Source code 1 R script for data extraction: R script to extract animal-wise neurohypophyseal synaptic parameters from the Volocity software-derived batch output files. The script generates tables with parameters such as animal ID, synapse or puncta ID, volume etc. In this manuscript, the script has been used for all the analysis in which number, synaptic OXT content and fluorescence values has been analyzed (Figures 1–5 and 7). Download elife-45650-code1-v3. r Source code 2 R script for data transformation: R script to log-transform the neurohypophyseal synaptic volume data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: We decided to further analyze the theoretical application of the FAMEs from our engineered strains for the production of biodiesel. Several biodiesel quality standards have been established in different countries, including the USA (ASTM D 6751) and Europe [EN 14214 (vehicle use) and EN14213 (heating oil)]. Here, the theoretical properties of Y. lipolytica biolipids for biodiesel production were analyzed according to the most restrictive standard, EN 14214. We therefore evaluated the following parameters (Additional file 4: Table S2): (a) kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, (b) density at 15 °C, (c) iodine value, (d) heating value, (e) cetane number and (f) cold filter plugging point. Interestingly, all biolipids from the tested strains fit the required standard values, presenting thus, a promising composition for being used as biodiesel. ConclusionIn summary, we successfully expressed and secreted heterologous amylases in Y. lipolytica, α-amylase from O. sativa and glucoamylase from A. niger. To our knowledge this is the first report on the expression of an active glucoamylase in Yarrowia. The modified strain was able to grow in starch as sole carbon source. Additionally, we performed the same expressions in a lipid accumulating background and it proves to accumulate high amounts of lipids. Interestingly, the amount of intracellular lipid was not only dependent in the genetic background but also in the C/N ratio of the media, which proof the potential enhancement of the yield and productivity of the process after culture optimization at bioreactor scale. Finally, the engineered strain was able to produce lipids from industrial raw starch what is a proof of concept in the use of Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocess to generate biodiesel. Interestingly, the theoretical analysis of the biodiesel properties of the FAMEs generated from starch fits the most restrictive regulatory standard. MethodsStrains and mediaThe Y. lipolytica strains used in this study were derived from the wild-type Y. lipolytica W29 (ATCC20460) strain. All of the strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Media and growth conditions for Escherichia coli and Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Improved understanding of firn meltwater retention (Vandecrux et al. , 2020) and densification models (Ligtenberg et al. , 2011) are therefore crucial, and differences in temporal resolution between unaffected firn and melt layers need to be taken into account when interpreting melt-affected ice cores (Moser et al. , 2021). Refrozen melt layers further reduce the permeability of the snow column, i. e. acting as impermeable barriers to percolation. The development of a stratigraphic boundary in turn encourages more ice aggregation at the top and/or bottom of the ice layer and reinforces this effect. Though pneumatic testing has the potential to uncover horizontal and vertical firn permeability in situ (Sommers et al. , 2017), the effective permeability of refrozen melt layers for percolation is under debate. On the one hand, they can be partly permeable when warmed to the melting point and can allow for meltwater penetrating beyond these features (Samimi et al. , 2020; Lliboutry, 1996). On the other hand, thick ice slabs are expected to be impermeable, because heat transfer in temperate, saturated firn is low (Samimi et al. , 2020). Though the development of impermeable ice slabs leads to temporary retention of melt, it also may reduce the firn's capabilities for meltwater storage (Vandecrux et al. , 2019) and enhance runoff (Machguth et al. , 2016; Pfeffer et al. , 1991). 2. 3 Identification and quantification of melt 2. 3. 1 Melt feature records from ice cores In ice cores, past near-surface melt events are commonly identified as visually distinct features that have been buried within the profile (Fig. 1). Distinction is either made manually during ice core processing in the cold laboratory, where some melt layers can be clearly seen by eye or by using line scanners (Kinnard et al. , 2008; Svensson et al. , 2005; Dey et al. , 2022; Brown et al. , 2023). Thus, long-term melt history records from Canada (Koerner and Fisher, 1990), Greenland (Westhoff et al. , 2022), Alaska (Winski et al. , 2018), (Fritzsche et al. , 2005), and the (Abram et al. , 2013) have been acquired.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 89-98 2008 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) -mediated Mechanisms 진세노사이드의 혈관확장작용과 분자기전 Kim, Nak-Doo (University) 김낙두 (서울대학교) Published : 2008. 06. 30 ⟨ ⟩ are increasing evidences in the literatures on the potential role of ginsenosides in treating cardiovascular diseases. In this 10. 1248/yakushi1947. 103. 12_1269 Tamura, Y. , Hirai, A. , Terano, T. , Thara, K. , Saito, J. , Kondo, S. and Samukawa, K. : Anti-thrombotic and anti-atherogenic effects of Ginseng-Effects on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells-Science. No. 16, 55-60 (1993) Homby, E. J. : Evidence that prostaglandin endoperoxides can induce platelet aggregation in the absence of thromboxane $A_2$ production. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 1158-1160 (1982) and Kim, N. D. : Inhibitory effect of Ginsenoside Rg3 on platelet aggregation and its mechanism of action, Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 21, 132-140 (1997) Lee, J. H. and Park, H. J. : Effects of intaking of products on human platelet aggregation and blood lipids, J Ginseng Res. 22, 173-180 (1998) and Zhong, J. J. : Enhancement of fibrinolytic activity of bovine aortic endothelial cells by ginsenoside Rb2. Sin. 24, 102-108 (2003) and Yun, Y. P. :Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of ginseng extract. Pharmacol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Bound enzymes are recyclable by direct contact with fresh substrates [8] or by desorption into the aqueous phase through various methods such as pH adjustment and surfactant treatment [9],[10]. When biomass hydrolysis, cell growth and product formation were integrated, fewer cellulolytic enzymes and less time was required [11]. Furthermore, when the production hosts were able to produce cellulolytic enzymes such as β-glucosidase, the amounts of exogenous enzymes required could be further reduced [12],[13]. Nonetheless, there were fewer examples on enzyme recovery when integrated processes were involved for the conversion of cellulosic biomass [14]. Microbial lipid production by oleaginous yeasts has been demonstrated using biomass hydrolysates as the feedstock [15]-[17], but has suffered from low lipid coefficient and prohibitively high costs. To integrate biomass hydrolysis and lipid production processes and enhance the overall efficiency, different processes, namely, separated hydrolysis and enhanced lipid production (SHELP), simultaneous saccharification and lipid production (SSLP) and simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production (SSELP) may be explored. In a recent study, ionic liquid-pretreated corn stover was converted into lipids by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus according to the SSELP process, and the lipid coefficient was 112 mg/g regenerated corn stover in the presence of adequate amounts of cellulase, xylanase and β-glucosidase [18]. More recently, we found that C. curvatus had the unique feature of converting oligomeric sugars of biomass origin into lipids in the absence of exogenous cellulolytic enzymes, and that oligomeric sugars were transported into C. curvatus cells and then hydrolyzed by cytoplasmic enzymes [13]. To further advance microbial lipid technology, three different strategies were tested in this study, using C. curvatus as the lipid producer and alkaline-pretreated corn stover as the model material. Special emphases were put on reducing enzyme loading as well as enabling enzyme recovery. Attempts were also made to use recycled enzymes from the SSELP process. Our results provide valuable information for cost-effective lipid production from lignocelluloses, which should be of particular importance in achieving a sustainable production of biodiesel.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Traditionally, the description of firn sections with melt features tends to be binary, as sections “affected” or “unaffected” by melt. The resolution ranges between micrometres and a few millimetres, depending on sight or camera capabilities. An issue with this and other structural identification approaches is their inability to discriminate between very thin melt layers and other fine, high-density, and bubble-free features like glaze (Albert et al. , 2004; Fegyveresi et al. , 2018; Frezzotti et al. , 2002) and wind crusts (Sommer et al. , 2018; Weinhart et al. , 2021). While their discrimination requires further investigation, Westhoff et al. (2022), for example, applied a thickness threshold of 1. 5 mm as an upper limit for wind crusts and considered features >1. 5 mm to be melt-induced. Furthermore, two melt sections of equal thickness imply equal intensity of the melt events, even though various factors shape the melt layer appearance (Sect. 2. 1 and 2. 2). Thickness-based melt estimates do not reflect this complexity and have been shown to significantly overestimate melt proportion in comparison to melt constrained by line-scan-derived density (Dey et al. , 2022). Both visual processing and line scanning are limited to air-bubble-containing ice in the topmost few hundred metres of ice above the bubble-to-clathrate transition zone (Neff, 2014), within which the air bubbles start to disappear as the air starts to form clathrates. Within this transition zone, the visual differences between melt and non-melt sections (bubble density) vanish. However, this is generally not an issue for shallower, alpine ice cores and is only relevant to deep polar ice cores. Limitations inherent to the features are that (1) both rain-on-snow events and a non-accumulative positive surface energy balance can cause identical features in ice cores, (2) it remains unclear whether a thick melt feature with internal variability resulted from one larger melt phase or several shorter events (Fig. 1), and (3) it has been shown that melt percolation of a single event can lead to several melt horizons (Westhoff et al. , 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Toxicol. 100, 170-175 (2007). and Yun, Y. P. : Effect of on Blood circulation in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J. Ginseng Res. 31, 109-116 (2007) and Park, K. H. : Effect of non-saponin fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and thromboxane $A_2$ in human platelet aggregation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 49, 157-62 (1995) Radomski, M. W. , Palmer, R. M. J. and Moncada, S. :An Larginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5193-5197 (1990) Jayakody, R. L. , Senaratne, M. P. J. , Thomson, A. B. R. and Kappagoda, C. T. : Cholesterol feeding impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aorta. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63, 1206-1209 (1985) and Kim, N. D. : Dietary ginsenosides improve endothelium-dependent relaxation in the thoracic aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Gen Pharmacol. 26, 483-487 (1995) Ang-Lee, M. K. , Moss, J. and Yuan, C. S. : Herbal medicines and perioperative care, JAMA 286, 208-216 (2001) Chen, X. , Gillis, C. N. and Moalli, R. : Vascular effects of ginsenosides in viro, Br. J. Pharmac. 82, 485-491 (1984) Furchgott, R. F. and Zawadzki, J. V. : The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288, 373-376 (1980) Ignarro, L. , and Chaundhuri, G. : Endothelium -derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: When cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase increased further to 20 FPU, 40 CBU and 160 U/g, glucose and TRS reached 45. 7 g/L and 82. 8 g/L, respectively. As the initial corn stover concentration was 10% (w/v), the formation of 82. 8 g/L TRS suggested that over 95% polymeric carbohydrates were hydrolyzed to soluble reducing sugars. Therefore, the combination of 20 FPU/g cellulase, 40 CBU/g β-glucosidase and 160 U/g xylanase was sufficient to hydrolyze the regenerated corn stover sample. Figure 1Effects of enzyme dosage on corn stover hydrolysis. CBU, cellobiase unit; FPU, filter paper unit; TRS, total reducing sugars. Full size imageThe hydrolysates were prepared with the highest enzyme loadings, separated by centrifugation, and used to culture C. curvatus according to the SHELP process. After 71 hours, glucose concentration was below the limit of detection and residual TRS was only 2. 8 g/L in the culture broth. Cell mass, lipid content, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity were 27. 7 g/L, 43. 6%, 155. 9 mg/g initial TRS and 3. 75 g/L/d, respectively. The lipid coefficient was equivalent to 115. 6 mg/g alkaline-pretreated corn stover. Simultaneous saccharification and lipid production processAs glucose and cellobiose are strong inhibitors for cellulase, hydrolysis of biomass usually requires relatively large amounts of enzymes due to markedly slowing down the reaction over time [27]. The SSLP process may be applied to overcome product inhibition and reduce enzyme usage for the conversion of cellulosic biomass into lipids. In fact, cellulose was effectively converted into lipids by C. curvatus in the presence of cellulase, but without the addition of exogenous β-glucosidase [13]. When alkaline-pretreated corn stover was directly used according to the SSLP process with C. curvatus in potassium phosphate buffer, lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity were only 6. 2 g/L, 67. 2 mg/g and 2. 10 g/L/d, respectively (Table 1, Entry 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Given that ice cores are single-point records of highly dynamic and spatially heterogeneous environments (Zuhr et al. , 2021), their representativity must be validated locally, and obtained melt history records must be interpreted with caution. Quantitative melt estimates are commonly derived from the frequency and thickness of melt layers. Here, thinning of melt features due to burial-induced densification and glacier flow needs to be taken into account. A first melt parameter that does so is “melt frequency” (MF), defined as the number of melt events per depth (metre) or time unit (Kinnard et al. , 2008; Kaczmarska et al. , 2006; Alley and Anandakrishnan, 1995). This melt frequency can be used for calculating a second parameter, “melt features percent” (MFP, Eq. 2), i. e. the percentage of melt-affected ice (Mice) of the annual layer (A) in terms of mass (Koerner, 1977a; Winski et al. , 2018). The thickness-based approaches will lead to different profiles of the derived melt quantity (S1). (2) MFP = M ice ÷ A × 100 In addition to the structural identification, chemical characteristics can be used to identify melt layers in ice cores. Methods based on the magnesium–sodium ratio (Watanabe et al. , 2015; Li et al. , 2006), chloride–sodium ratio (Eichler et al. , 2001), trace-element concentration ratios (Avak et al. , 2018), dissolved ion fraction percentage (Wu et al. , 2018), and radionuclide content (Pinglot et al. , 2003) help to identify melt and constrain its effects. Rod-like inclusions (>30 µm) in ice layers have recently been suggested as indicators of large amounts of refrozen meltwater (Kawakami et al. , 2022). Total air content, and in particular noble gas measurements, have even proven valuable for detecting melt where it generally cannot be detected visually like in deep, clathrated ice (Orsi et al. , 2015; NEEM community members, 2013). 2. 3. 2 Modelling and remote sensing: potential and limitations for melt identification Various modelling and remote sensing approaches for the identification and quantification of melt exist, which can support ice core studies in the field.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Acad. Sci. USA. 84, 9265-9269 (1987) and Kim, N. D. : Effects of Ginseng on the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in thoracic aorta from rats and rabbits, of Society of Korea, University, October 25-26 (1991) Kang, S. Y. and Kim, N. D. : The antihypertensive effect of red ginseng saponin and the endothelium-derived vascular relaxation. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 16, 175-182 (1992) : Ginsenosides evoke endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in rat aorta. Gen. Pharmac. 25, 1071-1077 (1994) Achike, F. I. and Kwan, C. Y. : Nitric oxide, human diseases and the herbal products that affect the nitric oxide signaling pathway. Clinical Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30, 605-615 (2003) and Lee, Y. W. : Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 26, 199-209 (1998) Sung, J. ,. , Kim, C. H. and Oh, B. H. : Effect of red ginseng upon vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Am. J. Chin. Med. 28, 205-216. (2000). and Nam, K. Y. : Effect of Korea red ginseng on the blood pressure in conscious hypertensive rats. Gen. Pharmacol. 35, 135-41 (2000) Vuksan, V. , Stavro, M. , Woo, M. , Leiter, A. , Sung, M. K. and Sievenpiper, L. : ginseng (Panax gingeng) can lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial, The 9th on Ginseng: September 10. 1016/j. niox. 2005. 02. 001 Popovich, D. G. and Kitts, D. D. : Generation of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 from ginseng. Phytochemistry. 65, 337-344 (2004) Buetter, C. , and Kaptchuk, T. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Glucose and TRS accumulated up to 11. 2 g/L and 26. 9 g/L, respectively, when the culture was terminated at 72 hours, indicating substrate consumption was rate-limiting (Figure 2). This was likely due to poor cell growth under a nutrient-famine environment. To improve cell growth and lipid production, experiments were done in the nutrient solution in the presence of different amounts of (NH4)2SO4. When 0. 1 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was applied, lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased significantly (P <0. 05) to 10. 0 g/L, 108. 0 mg/g and 3. 37 g/L/d, respectively (Table 1, Entry 2). Residual glucose and TRS dropped to 2. 2 g/L and 14. 3 g/L, respectively. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased further to 11. 9 g/L, 129. 4 mg/g and 4. 03 g/L/d, respectively, when 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was used (Table 1, Entry 3). It was found that glucose concentration was below the limit of detection after 36 hours, indicating that glucose formation by enzymatic hydrolysis was slower than glucose consumption due to the accumulation of C. curvatus cells. However, slightly lower lipid titre and lipid coefficient were observed when 1. 0 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was added (Table 1, Entry 4), but these differences appeared not to be significant (P >0. 05). This was in accordance with the general trends that oleaginous yeasts favor cell proliferation rather than lipid biosynthesis in the presence of excess nutrients, especially the nitrogen source [28]. Table 1 Results of the simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process in the presence of extra nutrientsFull size tableFigure 2Sugar evolution profiles of the simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process by Cryptococcus curvatus in different solutions. Square, potassium phosphate buffer; circle, nutrient solution plus 0. 1 g/L (NH4)2SO4; triangle, nutrient solution plus 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4; inverted triangle, nutrient solution plus 1. 0 g/L (NH4)2SO4. TRS, total reducing sugars.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Hock (2005) previously reviewed different types of melt models using the SEB. Such SEB models have great potential but are sometimes hampered by a lack of meteorological data beyond temperature. Simpler PDD models based on the relationship between melt and temperature (Krenke and Khodakov, 1966) are more commonly applied. However, they struggle to implement the small-scale spatial complexity of melt in heterogeneous topography as well as the continuously changing meteorological and snowpack conditions, which hinders the detailed depiction of melt events. Remote sensing has become a very influential way of assessing melt occurrence in Antarctica, because it allows us to investigate large spatial coverages in the most remote region on Earth. Optical imagery (e. g. Landsat 8, Sentinel-2) and passive microwave sensors, which rely on the change in dielectric properties at the glacier surface (e. g. ICESat-2), are widely used today (Fricker et al. , 2021; Dell et al. , 2021). The short time span of such satellite observations (maximum since the 1980s) is a significant limitation for studying changes in climate that take place on decadal to centennial timescales. Furthermore, the detection of surface melt events is directly dependent on the method sensitivity and chosen threshold, which can lead to the confusion of fresh melt events with retained subsurface liquid (Dell et al. , 2021). 3 Manifestations of melt in ice-core records 3. 1 Structural characteristics of melt features in ice cores Melting near the snow surface leaves a physical imprint on the stratigraphy of the glacier. Here, we discuss the appearance of melt features in snow, firn, and bubbly ice, where structural differences are visible (Fig. 1). As these melt features are buried under new layers of snow, they participate in the snow–firn densification process as well as ice thinning at greater depth. Melt features in deep ice, where high hydrostatic pressure forces air bubbles into clathrates and bubble-free melt sections are practically impossible to detect visually, are addressed in Sects. 2. 3. 1 and 3. 4. Similar to glacier hydrology studies (Bell et al. , 2018), which describe a variety of surface melt features on a macroscopic scale, it must be noted that traces of melt in ice cores can differ greatly (Fig. 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Systemic review of the effects of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors, Ann. Phamacother. 40, 83-95 (2006) Kim, H. , Chen, X. and Gillis, C. N. : Ginsenosides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radicalinduced injury. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 670-676 (1992) and Yang, D. C. : Conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 by microbacterium sp. GS514, Phytochemistry 69, 218-224 (2008) Ando, T. , Tanaka, O. and Shibata, S. : Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs XXV. Comparative studies on the saponin and sapogenins of ginseng and related crude drugs, 25, 28-34 (1971) Kang, S. Y. , Schini-Kirth, V. B. and Kim, N. D. : Ginsenosides of the protopanaxatriol group cause endotheliumdependent relaxation in the rat aorta. 56, 1577-1586 (1995) and Schini-Kerth, V. B. : Ginsenoside Rg3 mediate endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta: role of K+ channels. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 367, 41-49 (1999a) and Park, I. N. : High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ginseng saponins using evaporative light scattering detection. J. Chromatogr. A. 736, 77-81 (1996) and Park, J. H. : Steaming of Ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J. Nat. Prod. 63, 1702-1704 (2000) and Kim, D. H. : Transformation of ginseng saponins to ginsenoside Rh2 by acids and human intestinal bacteria and biological activities of their transformations. Arch. Pharm. Res. 27, 61-67 (2004) Busse, R. , Fichtner, H. , Luckhoff, A. and Kohlhardt, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3 g/L. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased to 14. 4 g/L, 151. 8 mg/g and 4. 47 g/L/d, respectively (Table 2, Entry 3). The concurrent decrease in total mass and increase in lipid titre suggested that more sugars were released from corn stover and converted into lipids. Table 2 Results of the simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process in the presence of different amounts of cellulolytic enzymesFull size tableFigure 3Sugar evolution profiles of the s imultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process by Cryptococcus curvatus in the presence of different cellulolytic enzymes. Enzyme amounts for cellulase in FPU, β-glucosidase in CBU and xylanase in U, respectively. square, 5 FPU, 10 CBU and 40 U/g; empty circle, 10 FPU and 80 U/g; filled circle, 10 FPU, 20 CBU and 80 U/g; triangle, 15 FPU, 30 CBU and 120 U/g; inverted triangle, 20 FPU, 40 CBU and 160 U/g. CBU, cellobiase unit, FPU, filter paper unit; TRS, total reducing sugars. Full size imageWhen more enzymes were loaded, there was no further improvement for lipid production. In contrast, lipid titre and lipid coefficient both dropped slightly and total mass increased (Table 2, Entry 4 and 5), but Bonferroni’s test suggested that these differences were not significant (P >0. 05). For the experiment with cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase loadings at 20 FPU/g, 40 CBU/g and 160 U/g, respectively, glucose and TRS after 24 hours were 16. 5 g/L and 32. 2 g/L, respectively. It was obvious that sugars were released faster than assimilation by C. curvatus cells. The fact that lipid coefficient dropped slightly at high enzyme loadings might be due to the concurrent incorporation of excess nutrients such as the nitrogen source in the broth. In separate experiments using glucose-based nitrogen limited media for lipid production [26], we also found that the addition of cellulase and β-glucosidase led to better cell growth but lower lipid contents (data not shown).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: A first common characteristic of melt-affected ice-core sections is their distinctly higher density caused by wet metamorphism, speeding up the compaction of the snowpack. This corresponds to lower porosity and permeability than the adjacent firn. Secondly, melt features generally contain few air bubbles (Orsi et al. , 2015; Langway and Shoji, 1990; Das and Alley, 2005). While some studies state that melt layers are entirely bubble-free, some include bubble-sparse (Koerner, 1989; Ahn et al. , 2008) or very coarse-grained yet bubble-containing sections in their definition of melt-affected ice (MacDonell et al. , 2021). Depending on the speed of melt infiltration and freeze-off, the degree of degassing in the affected firn has been suggested to vary. That is, slower freeze-off allows for more degassing and consequently fewer, smaller air bubbles in the melt-affected section (Ahn et al. , 2008). Therefore, under rapid percolation, air from the open-porous firn can get trapped and merge to enlarged, irregular-shaped bubbles during the freezing process. These differ from regular air bubbles unaffected by melt, which stem from long-term metamorphism and tend to have more circular shapes resulting from specific surface area reduction. The impact of recrystallisation on granulometry during melt phases has been used by MacDonell et al. (2021) to categorize melt layers as fine- (<1 mm), medium- (1–2 mm), or large-grained (>3 mm). Another parameter to describe melt features in greater detail is the nature of their top and bottom boundaries with the neighbouring firn. While many polar studies describe sharp contacts between non-melt and melt-affected sections (Das and Alley, 2005), irregular boundaries have also been observed (Fritzsche et al. , 2005). MacDonell et al. (2021) observed “diffuse, sinuous, and planar” contacts. The factors determining between homogeneous wetting and preferential flow, e. g. cold content and stratigraphy of the snowpack (Sect. 2. 2), also drive melt layer prominence (Culberg et al. , 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Hyperpolarization and increased free calcium in acetylcholine-stimulated endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 255(4 Pt 2), H965-H969 (1988) Kwan, C. Y. and Kwan, K. : Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 21, 1101-1105 (2000) Yu, J. , Eto, M. , Akishita, M. , Kaneco, A. , Ouchi, Y. and Okabe, T. : Signaling pathway of nitric oxide production induced by ginsenoside Rb1 in human aortic endothelial cells: a possible involvement of androgen receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 353, 764-769 (2007) and Wong, R. N. : Signaling pathway of ginsenoside-Rg1 leading to nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. FEBS Letters 580, 3211-3216 (2000) Kim, M. K. , Namkoong, S. , and Kim, Y. M. : Water extract of ginseng stimulates angiogenesis by activating the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and eNOS pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 1674-1679 (2007) Fleming, I. and Busse, R. : Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am. J. Physio. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284, R1-R12 (2003) Li, Z. , Niwa, Y. , Sakamoto, S. , Shono, M. , Chen, X. and Nakaya, Y. : Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase by ginsenosides in cultured porcine endothelial cells. Life Sciences. 67, 2983-2989 (2000) and Kim, S. G. : Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits phenylephrineinduced vascular contraction through induction of nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 140, 661-670 (2003). , Kim, J. B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Highest butanol concentration and butanol yield were 0. 806 g/l and 0. 099 g/g achieved in the 10-G60:X40 culture, while lowest values 0. 142 g/l and 0. 031 g/g were observed in 5-G20:X80. For the serum flask setup, average butanol concentration and butanol yield values of 6 the experiments each with 5 and 10 g/l sugars were 0. 513 and 1. 384 g/l, and 0. 114 and 0. 176 g/g, respectively. Thus, higher total sugar resulted in a higher butanol production and yields, which is in good agreement with the results obtained in BioLector® fermentations. Highest butanol concentration and butanol yield were 1. 480 g/l and 0. 190 g/g, achieved in the 10-G40:X60 culture, while lowest values were 0. 422 g/l and 0. 093 g/g observed in 5-G20:G80, which coincide with results of BioLector® as well. We performed a two-way ANOVA to assess if the effect of changing total sugar concentrations and glucose-to-xylose ratios on fermentation were significant. Two tests were performed for fermentations done in BioLector® and in serum flasks, which are summarized in Tables 1, 2. Table 1 p values obtained from ANOVA for fermentations done in BioLector® to assess the effect of total sugar concentration and sugar ratio on butanol concentration, butanol yield and specific growth rateFull size tableTable 2 p values obtained from ANOVA for fermentations done in serum flasks to assess the effect of total sugar concentration and sugar ratio on butanol concentration and butanol yieldFull size tableTable 1 shows that both total sugar concentration (g/l) and glucose-to-xylose sugar ratio have significant effect on butanol concentration (g/l), butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) and growth rate (h−1), since all p values are smaller than 0. 05. It is important to note that the effect of total sugar concentration on butanol concentration (g/l) and butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) was greater than that of sugar ratio with p values of 1. 54E−08 and 1. 54E−08, and 0. 00063 and 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: While melt layers are frequently reported as “sub-horizontal” in ice cores with a limited sampling area, the different meltwater flow regimes discussed in Sect. 2. 2 can lead to both horizontal and vertical features. Lateral flow is responsible for both discontinuous melt lenses and extensive melt layers (Das and Alley, 2005). Lateral connectivity of melt features is a useful parameter for describing the different degrees of melt impact on the snow stratigraphy, even at a glacier scale (Culberg et al. , 2021). At the same time, even when ice layers are continuous across a core, they cannot be assumed to be horizontally uniform (Kameda et al. , 1995), and observations from a single ice core are not necessarily representative of the regional melting conditions. Typical estimates for melt layer thickness are in the range of millimetres to decimetres (Langway and Shoji, 1990; Orsi et al. , 2015; Das and Alley, 2005), but their extent varies according to the site-specific, short-term meteorological, and snowpack conditions. J, southern Greenland, ∼ 38 % of melt layers were ≤2 mm thick (Kameda et al. , 1995), with features up to 210 mm raising the mean melt thickness to ∼ 10. 8 mm. Thereby, 20–100 mm clusters of melt features are common within the ice cores from (Kameda et al. , 1995). In a Belukha ice core from the Siberian Altai, melt layers are mostly <10 mm thick with a few outliers >40 mm (Okamoto et al. , 2011). Ice layers up to 85 mm thick have been recorded in an ice core from on the south-eastern (Yuanqing et al. , 2001). Melt features in the first sub-Antarctic ice core from are on average 64 mm in thickness with a maximum of 580 mm (Moser et al. , 2021; Thomas et al. , 2021). the mean vertical extent of melt layers is 32 mm (Abram et al. , 2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Effect of protopanaxatriol ginsenosides on the blood pressure and endothelial dysfuction in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats, Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 21, 119-124 (1997) Anderson, K. E. : Pharmacology of penile erection. Pharmacol. Rev. 53, 417-450 (2001) Rajfer, J. , Aronson, W. J. and Bush, P. A. : Nitric oxide as a mediator of relaxation of the corpus cavernosum in response to noradrenergic, noncholineregic neurotransmission. New Engl. J. Med. 326, 90-94 (1992) Choi, Y. D, Ma, S. Y. , Shin, J. S. and Choi, H. K. : Effect of Korean red ginseng on the rabbit corpus cavernosal smooth muscle. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 20, 133 (1996) Choi, Y. D. , Xin, Z. C. and Choi, H. K. : Effect of Korean red ginseng on the rabbit corpus cavernosal smooth muscle. Int. J. Impot. Res. 10, 37-43 (1998) Choi H. K. , Seong, D. H. and Ra, K. H. : Clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunction. Int. J. Impot. Res. 7, 181-186 (1995) Cashen, D. E. , MacIntyre, D. E. and Martin, W. J. : Effects of sildensfil on erectile activity inmice lacking neuronal or endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 136, 693-700 (2002) Lugnier, C. and Kim, N. D. : Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases as possible targets for ginsenosides, Advances in ginseng research Proceedings of the 7th International symposium on Ginseng, Society of Ginseng, 10. 1016/S0378-8741(01)00217-3 Maffei, F. R. , Carini, M. , Aldini, G. , Berti, F. and Rossoni, G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Dynamic metabolic modeling of a microaerobic yeast co-culture: predicting and optimizing ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures access Published: 01 April 2013 Dynamic metabolic modeling of a microaerobic yeast co-culture: predicting and optimizing ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures Hanly1 & Henson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 5. 5 h-1) and 50 cc/min (k L a = 10. 1 h-1). The resulting uptake parameters are compiled in Table 1. Table 1 Substrate uptake rate parameters for pure and co-culture dynamic flux balance models Full size tableThe S. stipitis dynamic models with and without the DO balance (8) are compared in Figure 1 at an air sparging rate of 50 cc/min using initial conditions of 0. 40 g/L biomass, 15. 7 g/L glucose and 8. 4 g/L xylose. A k L a value of 10. 1 h-1 was used in the DO balance, while the model without the balance used a constant DO value of 0. 0072 mM, the measured level at the end of the batch fermentation. The constant DO model could not reproduce the lag in ethanol production that resulted from the high level of dissolved oxygen present during the early stages of the fermentation. Additionally, the constant DO model produced lower biomass yields and higher ethanol yields than observed in experiment. Once the DO balance was added, the model could more accurately predict the time at which S. stipitis began microaerobic substrate consumption and ethanol production started to outpace biomass growth. The other S. stipitis pure culture experiment used for uptake parameter fitting of the variable DO model was performed with a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 and initial conditions of 0. 25 g/L biomass, 16. 8 g/L glucose and 8. 4 g/L xylose (Figure 2A). As before, the model produced very accurate predictions of the glucose, xylose, biomass and ethanol concentration profiles with the uptake parameter values in Table 1. Figure 1S. stipitis batch culture aerated at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. Solid lines show dynamic model predictions when a balance on dissolved oxygen was included, while the dashed lines show dynamic model predictions at a fixed dissolved oxygen concentration of 0. 00072 mM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: These examples highlight two issues of melt layer records from ice cores: (1) whether close clusters of melt layers and inter-layering of ice and firn are counted individually or collectively as one thicker melt-affected section is subjective to the processing team and can vary based on the eyesight or sample cut; (2) whether thick melt features are the result of a single heavy melt event or a sequence of smaller melt events is indistinguishable during ice-core processing and requires further investigation of their internal stratigraphy. Vertical melt features, so-called melt pipes or flow fingers, are direct evidence of percolation and distinct pathways for liquid beyond the 0 °C wetting front (Pfeffer and Humphrey, 1998; Williams et al. , 2010). Previous assessments of their diameter summarised by Williams et al. (2010) range from ∼ 36 mm (Marsh and Woo, 1984), generally 50–150 mm and ≤10 mm for low-intensity events early in the season (McGurk and Kattelmann, 1988) to 10–400 mm (Campbell et al. , 2006). Their spacing is irregular, with estimates ranging from every 30 to 60 mm to hundreds of millimetres in between. Due to their limited horizontal extent, these features are hard to depict in ice cores with a diameter of ≤10 cm. Furthermore, stratigraphic boundaries can cause discontinuities of vertical flow features (Williams et al. , 2010). After all, the diverse appearance and structural characteristics of melt features in ice cores are not only influenced by the meteorological and energy balance conditions at the glacier surface but also strongly depend on the subsurface characteristics, which determine the meltwater flow (Fig. 3). Figure 3Examples of structural imprints of melt for the extreme scenarios of (a) cold firn and (b) temperate subsurface. Subsurface temperatures influence the meltwater flow through the differing refreezing capacity of the snowpack and therefore can lead to different melt features in firn. The profiles above show extreme examples of (a) cold firn with distinct melt layers, lenses, and vertical flow fingers and (b) temperate snow characterised by more homogeneous progression of the melting front and widespread grain coarsening. A continuum between these extremes allows for unique site- and event-specific structural manifestations of melt events under natural conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1984;15:386-391. . Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. 1990;16:537-542. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of ginseng C A Meyer. Sin 2008;29:1109-1118. Kitts D, Hu C. Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Nutr 2000;3:473-485. Elias PM. The skin barrier as an innate immune element. 2007;29:3-14. . Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Immunol 1997;9:4-9. Albiger B, Dahlberg S, Henriques-Normark B, Normark S. Role of the innate immune system in host defence against bacterial infections: focus on the Toll-like receptors. J 2007;261:511-528. Gordon S. The macrophage. Bioessays 1995;17:977-986. -Guzik T. Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation. J 2003;54:469-487. . Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. 2002;24:469-482. . Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. J Infect 2002;45:32-38. . Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) in combination with IFN-gamma results in enhanced macrophage function through activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Biochem 2008;72:1817-1825. . Stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng root in RAW 264. 7 cells. Pharmacol 2001;134:1663-1670. . Asian and Siberian ginseng as a potential modulator of immune function: an in vitro cytokine study using mouse macrophages. Acta 2003;327:123-128. Palucka K, Banchereau J. Dendritic cells: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. J 1999;19:12-25. . Dendritic cells: immunological sentinels with a central role in health and disease.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 4A shows a comparison of the resulting model predictions and experimental data collected for three batch fermentations at a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 with an equal inoculum of 0. 15 g/L of each yeast species grown on 19. 1 g/L glucose and 9. 7 g/L xylose. Figure 4B shows corresponding results for a k L a of 10. 1 h-1, 0. 10 g/L of each yeast species, 16. 5 g/L glucose and 7. 9 g/L xylose. With the implemented change in the S. cerevisiae maximum glucose uptake rate, the dynamic co-culture model proved to be as accurate as the individual species models. The glucose consumption rate was slightly overpredicted during the initial portion of the batch at both aeration levels. Small discrepancies in the predicted biomass and ethanol concentrations were observed during the glucose consumption phase for k L a = 5. 5 h-1, while small but longer lasting deviations were apparent in the biomass and xylose concentrations at k L a = 10. 1 h-1. Figure 4S. cerevisiae S. stipitis batch co-cultures grown with an equal inoculum and aerated at A) 5. 5 h-1B) 9. 6 h-1and C) 7. 6 h-1. Individual cell concentrations are shown in the inset. Dynamic model predictions are indicated by solid lines. Three separate fermentations were performed at each aeration level to compute average values indicated by the symbols and coefficients of variation indicated by the error bars. Full size imageTo examine prediction accuracy of dynamic co-culture model at aeration levels not used for parameter adjustment, we performed three additional co-culture fermentations at a k L a of 7. 6 h-1 with 0. 145 g/L of each yeast as the inoculum and initial sugar concentrations of 16. 5 g/L glucose and 8. 5 g/L xylose. The model and data comparisons shown in Figure 4C are qualitatively similar to those obtained at the other two aeration levels. The results in Figure 4 collectively demonstrate that the co-culture model provided satisfactory predictions over a range of microaerobic conditions corresponding to k L a < ~10 h-1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: investigation of commonalities and differences among melt features will facilitate the development of a standardised description and identification scheme for melt-affected ice cores. This includes a more detailed structural description of melt layers in ice cores from various climates, including their natural variability, how to handle the interplay of melt and firn, or how to interpret thicker melt layers seemingly resulting from several events. 3. 2 Melt-affected chemical proxy records Melting has diverse effects on ice-core records of e. g. major ions, trace elements, organic compounds, or BC. Depending on the chemical species, study site, and amount of melting, anything between a drastic disturbance and fully preserved records has been reported in the literature. For example, NH4+ (Trachsel et al. , 2019; Avak et al. , 2019), BC (Osmont et al. , 2018; Pavlova et al. , 2015; Festi et al. , 2021), 3H (Pinglot et al. , 2003), and low-abundance water-soluble and insoluble trace elements (Wong et al. , 2013) appear to be rather preserved. On the other hand, melt-induced alteration is a substantial issue for H2O2 (Moser et al. , 2021), major ions like SO42- and Ca2+ (Eichler et al. , 2001; Li et al. , 2006; Virkkunen et al. , 2007), and high-abundance water-soluble trace elements (Avak et al. , 2018, 2019). Chemical impurities in the snow or firn part of a glacier can be, to varying degrees, eluted from their original position of deposition and enriched either in a deeper layer during refreezing or in the meltwater run-off. Whether impurity species are displaced within or lost from a profile depends on the refreezing capacity of the subsurface, which can be anything between predominantly cold firn to generally temperate snow and firn. Elution has been a research topic since the 1970s, because it leads to an environmentally relevant “ion flush” from snowpacks at the start of the melt season (Costa and Pomeroy, 2019; Johannessen and Henriksen, 1978; Johannessen et al. , 1977; Tsiouris et al. , 1985).

Output: contrast