Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Final libraries were standardized to 10 nM each after quantification with a Qubit ds(Life Technologies) and then pooled in equal amounts to get similar sequencing coverage across all libraries. The pooled library samples were sequenced using paired-end 100 bp reads on an Illumina HiRun by the. To quantify gene expression and determine whether genes within RUSTI were differentially expressed when grown with the competitor Penicillium, we used Rockhopper (McClure et al. , 2013). Only forward reads were used for this analysis. The assembled and annotated Glutamicibacter arilaitensis strain JB182 (described above) genome were used as a reference genome for mapping. We considered genes that had a greater than fourfold difference in expression when grown with Penicillium or Staphylococcus and were significantly different (based on Rockhopper’s q-values, which control for false discovery rate using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure) to be differentially expressed genes. PCR Request a detailed protocol PCR reactions were performed using Q5 Mastermix (Biolabs). Where JB182 RUSTI is integrated in the chromosome, PCR using primer 1 () and primer 2 () are expected to produce a 1037 bp product that includes the 5’ ICE repeat. Primer 3 () and primer 4 () should produce a 1410 bp product, while primer 5 () and primer 6 () are expected to form a 1467 bp product. Primers 1 and 6 are separated by approximately 59 kb when RUSTI is present and are not expected to form a PCR product, but should form a 1937 bp product if RUSTI is excised. Primers 2 and 5 should not form a PCR product when RUSTI is integrated, but would form a 500 bp product if the excision circle were present. Additional software Request a detailed protocol Annotated genomes were compared using blastn from BLAST+ (v2. 3. 0) (Camacho et al. , 2009). Protein coding genes were considered to be potential HGT if their sequence was at least 99% identical for at least 500 nucleotides. Neighboring candidate HGT were identified as part of the same island if they were separated by no more than 5000 nucleotides.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: 2007;7(5):354–357. PubMed ID: 17660050 doi:10. 1016/j. mito. 2007. 06. 00210. 1016/j. mito. 2007. 06. 002)| falseSearch 24. Mitochondrial haplogroups associated with elite Kenyan athlete status. Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):123–128. PubMed ID: 19092698 doi:10. 1249/MSS. 0b013e31818313a2 Mitochondrial haplogroups associated with elite Kenyan athlete status. Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):123–128. PubMed ID: 19092698 doi:10. 1249/MSS. 0b013e31818313a210. 1249/MSS. 0b013e31818313a219092698)| falseSearch 25. Association between COMT Val158Met polymorphism and competition results of competitive swimmers. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(4):393–397. PubMed ID: 28368213 Association between COMT Val158Met polymorphism and competition results of competitive swimmers. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(4):393–397. PubMed ID: 2836821328368213)| falseSearch 26. The relationship between personality traits, the 5HTT polymorphisms, and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in elite athletes. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156601. PubMed ID: 27257942 doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0156601 The relationship between personality traits, the 5HTT polymorphisms, and the occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in elite athletes. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156601. PubMed ID: 27257942 doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 01566012725794210. 1371/journal. pone. 0156601)| falseSearch 27. Marouli E, Graff M, Medina-Gomez C, et al. Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height. Nature. 2017;542(7640):186–190. PubMed ID: 28146470 doi:10. 1038/nature21039-Gomez C, et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Ik ben van mening dat indexfondsen die ‘blind aanmelden’ – zonder zich een eigen oordeel over de biedprijs te vormen – kwalificeren als WAP-aandeelhouder. 50 Zie fd. nl/bedrijfsleven/1441964/veb-accell-schoffeert-minderheidsaandeelhouders. Bij de overname van Boskalis door HAL verklaarden minderheidsaandeelhouders die in dezelfde positie verkeerden als ASR ook dat zij zich onder druk gezet voelden, zie fd. nl/bedrijfsleven/1443513/boskalis-mogelijk-van-de-beurs-als-hal-80-aandelen-bemachtigt. 51 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 17. De ‘uitkoper’ en de ‘bieder’ zijn juridisch twee verschillende figuren maar in de praktijk vaak dezelfde (rechts)persoon. Op die complexiteit gaat dit artikel niet verder in. Ik spreek hierna gewoon over ‘de bieder’. 52 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15 onder c. 53 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15 onder d. Dat de OK expliciet bestuurders en commissarissen niet onafhankelijk van de bieder noemt, werpt mijns inziens extra vragen op. Wat te denken van partners, ouders en kinderen van de bestuurder resp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: AbstractBacterial adaptation is accelerated by the acquisition of novel traits through horizontal gene transfer, but the integration of these genes affects genome organization. We found that transferred genes are concentrated in only ~1% of the chromosomal regions (hotspots) in 80 bacterial species. This concentration increases with genome size and with the rate of transfer. Hotspots diversify by rapid gene turnover; their chromosomal distribution depends on local contexts (neighboring core genes), and content in mobile genetic elements. Hotspots concentrate most changes in gene repertoires, reduce the trade-off between genome diversification and organization, and should be treasure troves of strain-specific adaptive genes. Most mobile genetic elements and antibiotic resistance genes are in hotspots, but many hotspots lack recognizable mobile genetic elements and exhibit frequent homologous recombination at flanking core genes. Overrepresentation of hotspots with fewer mobile genetic elements in naturally transformable bacteria suggests that homologous recombination and horizontal gene transfer are tightly linked in genome evolution. Similar content being viewed by others Horizontal gene transfer and adaptive evolution in bacteria 1. Novel genes arise in bacterial genomes mostly by horizontal gene transfer (HGT)2, a pervasive evolutionary process that spreads genes between, eventually very distant, bacterial lineages3. It is commonly thought that the majority of genes acquired by HGT are neutral or deleterious and thus rapidly lost4. Yet, HGT is also responsible for the acquisition of many adaptive traits, including antibiotic resistance in nosocomials5. Hence, genome diversification is shaped by the balancing processes of gene acquisition and loss6, moderated by positive selection on some genes, and purifying selection on many others7. Chromosomes are organized to favor the interactions of DNA with the cellular machinery8. For example, most bacterial genes are co-transcribed in operons, leading to strong and highly conserved genetic linkage between neighboring genes9. At a more global level, early-replicating regions are enriched in highly expressed genes in fast-growing bacteria to enjoy replication-associated gene dosage, creating a negative gradient of expression along the axis from the origin (ori) to the terminus (ter) of replication (ori->ter)10, 11. These organizational traits can be disrupted by the integration of novel genetic information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: How genetic testing can help women with breast cancer avoid chemotherapyBy using Oncotype DX test technology, researchers behind the trial have proven that invasive and often harmful chemotherapy needn’t be the only option for women with breast cancer. Genetics 05 July 2018 link to page Download PDF In light of the trial, around 5,000 women could be spared the harmful implications of chemotherapy each year. Shutterstock. comdescribed it as “the biggest advance in cancer practice for 20 years”; said: “Thousands of breast cancer patients could avoid chemo”; and Mirror hailed it as a “major coup for the NHS”. for TReatment (Rx) — known as — has made waves since being presented at the of 2018 in Chicago on 3 June 2018, and with good reason[1]. ’s focus — breast cancer — remains the most common cancer to affect women and the second leading cause of death in women in the UK and the United States[2][3]. study looked at the most common form of breast cancer — hormone receptor (HR)-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, axillary node (AN)-negative, breast cancer — which accounts for roughly half of all cases of the disease. Sparano et al. conducted the phase III prospective trial federally funded by the US Institute[1]. The trial involved 10,273 women aged 17–75 years between 2006 and 2010. All women received Oncotype DX testing, which predicted their risk of cancer recurrence within ten years. half of all new cases of breast cancer (over 266,000 in the and 54,900 in the UK) receive chemotherapy, a treatment with adverse effects such as vomiting, nausea, fatigue, hair loss, neuropathy and, in younger women, early menopause or infertility. But results from suggest that 70% of these women could be spared chemotherapy, and by using the genomic test Oncotype DX to guide decision-making, less than 30% of these women might need chemotherapy. Harnessing geneticsOncotype DX, developed by California-based genetic research company Genomic Health, analyses a tumour sample for the activity of 21 genes that can affect how a tumour is likely to behave in response to a particular treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: commissaris die aandelen in de doelvennootschap houden, zijn die wel onafhankelijk? En hoe zit het met ander hooggeplaatst management dat aandelen houdt? 54 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15; Winter, Wezeman & Schoonbrood 2022, p. 506. 55 Zie voor een andere opvatting M. W. Josephus Jitta, annotatie bij (OK) 25 juli 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:2984, JOR 2017/231 (II) en Salemink 2014, p. 228-229, die betwijfelen dat de aandelen gehouden door bestuurders resp. commissarissen niet meegeteld mogen worden bij het 90%-criterium. 56 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15. Een correctie voor een kleine WAP-aandeelhouder uit de teller en de noemer leidt slechts tot een beperkte verschuiving in de berekening van het 90%-criterium (zie in gelijke zin M. W. Josephus Jitta, annotatie bij (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, JOR 2017/162, punt 9). Naarmate een grote WAP-aandeelhouder alleen of meer WAP-aandeelhouders samen over een groter belang beschikken, zal de eliminatie uit het 90%-criterium sneller leiden tot het buiten werking stellen van het billijke prijsvermoeden. Dit brengt namelijk een grotere verschuiving in het 90%-criterium met zich.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: At a local level, new genes rarely integrate within an operon and, instead, they tend to be incorporated at its edges, where they are less likely to affect gene expression12. At the genome level, the frequency of integration of prophages in the genome of Escherichia coli increases along the ori->ter axis13. The results of these studies suggest that the fitness effects of HGT in terms of chromosome organization depend on the specific site of integration. In prokaryotes, HGT takes place by three main mechanisms: natural transformation, conjugation, and transduction. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play a key role in HGT because they are responsible for the latter two processes, respectively by the activity of conjugative elements and phages14. Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and prophages are large genetic elements that may account for a significant fraction of the bacterial genome15, 16, and bring to the chromosome many genes in a single event of integration. For example, some strains of E. coli have up to 18 prophages17, and Mesorhizobium loti encodes one ~500 kb ICE18. The integration of these large MGEs changes the chromosome size and may split adaptive genetic structures such as operons. This might contribute to explain why most integrative MGEs use site-specific recombinases (integrases) that target very specific sites in the chromosome19. Integrases and MGEs have co-evolved with the host genome to decrease the fitness cost of their integration13. MGEs carrying similar integrases tend to integrate at the same sites in the chromosome, leading to regions with unexpectedly high frequency of MGEs at homologous regions. This concentration of MGEs in few sites has been frequently described20, 21, especially in relation to the presence of neighboring tRNA and tmRNA genes22. Yet, a previous work described the existence of regions with high rates of diversification in E. coli (hotspots), some of which lacked recognizable integrases23. In particular, the genes flanking two hotspots were associated with high rates of homologous recombination (rfb and leuX). pneumoniae, the chromosomal genes flanking MGEs also showed higher rates of homologous recombination24, 25.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: Women eligible for Oncotype DX testing include those recently diagnosed with stage I or II invasive breast cancer; those in whom the tumour is oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive, AN-negative and those whom, with their consultant, are considering chemotherapy. Women recently diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or having lumpectomy to remove the DCIS may also be candidates. After surgery, women can reduce the risk of recurrence by taking selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as tamoxifen[4][5] or aromatase inhibitors, such as exemestane, letrozole and anastrozole[6]. DX provides a recurrence score (RS): a number from 0–100[7]. An RS of less than 18 means the tumour has a low risk of recurrence and the benefits of chemotherapy are unlikely to outweigh the adverse effects. An RS ≥18 and ≤30 means the tumour has an intermediate risk of recurrence and it is unclear whether chemotherapy exerts benefits. An RS ≥31 means the tumour has a high risk of recurrence and the benefits of chemotherapy are likely to outweigh the adverse effects. Evidence baseCrolley et al. reported that interpretation of the scores of intermediate risk of recurrence and the subsequently offered chemotherapy regimens has the widest variation in practice in the UK[8]. Loncaster et al. reported that capitalising on Oncotype DX in women with AN-negative and positive breast cancer significantly reduces the use of chemotherapy (P <0. 001) and its associated morbidity and costs[9]. Furthermore, Holt et al. reported that reconsidering chemotherapy based on Oncotype DX results was associated with improvements in survival and quality-adjusted life expectancy in the UK[10]. Gluz et al. reported a trial that included 3,198 women (median age 56 years) with HR-positive, HER2-negative, AN-positive or high-risk node-negative early breast cancer (median follow-up of 35 months), from 2009–2011[11]. The study recommended women with an RS ≤11 to abstain from adjuvant chemotherapy. The three-year disease-free survival for the 348 patients not treated with chemotherapy with an RS ≤11 was 98%. In light of the trial, around 5,000 women could be spared the harmful implications of chemotherapy each yearStemmer et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Doordat WAP-aandeelhouders vaak grootaandeelhouders zullen zijn, die andere voorwaarden kunnen bedingen dan kleinere aandeelhouders, is deze constatering relevant voor de praktijk. 57 Kamerstukken II 2005/06, 30419, nr. 3, p. 49; zie het woord ‘geacht’ in art. 15 lid 5 (voorlaatste alinea) van Richtlijn 2004/25/EG; Group of Experts 2002, p. 69. 58 (OK) 5 september 2010, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2010:BO5174, ARO 2010/155 (Schuitema), r. o. 3. 9. 59 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 21. 60 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 21. 61 K. W. M. Scheepers, Waarderen bij uitkoopprocedures na Unit4 en DIM Vastgoed, in: J. Huizink (red. ), Waardering van aandelen na Unit4, Deventer: 2016, p. 33-35. 62 (OK) 7 juli 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2775, ARO 2015/178 (Unit4), r. o. 3. 17. De OK kiest in beginsel voor een historische peildatum. Dit standpunt is later bevestigd in onder meer (OK) 14 juli 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2897, ARO 2015/200 (Nutreco) (voor art. 2:92a BW) en (OK) 14 juli 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2914, ARO 2015/204 (Exact Holding) (voor art.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: In this species, it was suggested that integration of MGEs close to core genes under selection for diversification could be adaptive by facilitating the transfer and subsequent recombination of the latter26. Here, we define and identify hotspots in a large and diverse panel of bacterial species and show how they reflect the mechanisms driving genome diversification by HGT. ResultsQuantification of HGT and definition of hotspotsTo study the distribution of gene families in bacterial chromosomes, we analyzed 932 complete genomes of 80 bacterial species (set 1). We inferred the core genome, the pan-genome, the accessory genome (genes from the pan-genome absent from the core), and the phylogeny of each species, as before27 (Methods, Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2). We partitioned the genomes into an array of core genes and intervals (Fig. 1, Table 1). The latter were defined as the positions between consecutive core genes. We defined a spot as the set of intervals delimited by members of the same two families of core genes in the genomes of the clade (see Methods for rigorous definitions, Supplementary Fig. 2a, b). We observed that 99. 4% of the intervals were part of the species’ spots and only 0. 6% were in breakpoint intervals. Since 99. 8% of spots are flanked by the same two families of core genes in at least half of the genomes of each clade (and 99% in all genomes), it is most parsimonious to consider that the two core genes were already contiguous in the last common ancestor of the clade. Hence, we split the pan-genomes in spot pan-genomes, i. e. , sets of gene families located in each spot (Methods, Supplementary Fig. 2). The genes outside spots, i. e. , in intervals that were split by events of rearrangement, accounted for < 2% of the total number of genes and were discarded from further analysis. Fig. 1Scheme depicting key concepts used in this study. Intervals flanked by the same core gene families (CX, CY) as those from pivot genome A were defined as syntenic intervals (i. e. , the members of the core gene families X and Y were also contiguous in the pivot). The intervals that do not satisfy this constraint were classed as breakpoint intervals (green-shaded regions) and excluded from our analysis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: conducted a clinical analysis of 1,801 women (median age 60 years) with ER-positive, HER2-negative pN0-1 breast cancer (median follow-up of 6. 2 years) from 2006–2010[12]. In patients with an RS <18, the five-year risk of distant recurrence (where the cancer has spread to a region away from where the original cancer was located) was low. The rate of breast cancer-related death was also low. Endocrine therapy (ET) alone is supported in this group of patients. In addition, in women not treated with chemotherapy with an RS 11Â–25, the five-year distant recurrence rates were very low; chemotherapy is unlikely to exert clinical benefit in this group of patients. : the landmark trialOf the 10,273 women who took part in the trial, 6,711 had a mid-range an RS of 11ÂÂ–25 and were randomly assigned to receive either ET alone (most commonly tamoxifen for pre-menopausal women, and most commonly aromastase inhibitors for post-menopausal women) or chemoendocrine therapy (CET, most commonly taxane and cyclophosphamide). The primary end point was disease-free survival (recurrence of cancer in the breast, regional lymph nodes and/or distant organs, a second primary cancer in the opposite breast or another organ, or death from any cause). At a median follow-up of 7. 5 years, ET in women with a mid-range RS of 11–25 was not inferior to CET. Simply, this patient group would not benefit from chemotherapy and ET is as effective while less toxic and cheaper. will improve the lives of women who present with breast cancerWomen with RS ≥26 had a distant recurrence of 13% despite having chemotherapy and ET. Women with an RS <10 had very low recurrence rates with ET alone, regardless of age or other clinical variables. Women aged ≤50 years with an RS of 16–25 were shown to have some benefits from chemotherapy. ’s global financial and health benefitsIn light of the trial, around 5,000 British women in the UK could be spared the harmful implications of chemotherapy each year and the NHS could also be spared the financial burden; chemotherapy currently costs the NHS around £4,500 per patient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 2:359c BW); en Bulten bepleitten deze systematiek al in 2014: M. W. & C. D. J. Bulten, Kroniek uitkoop en geschillenregeling 2014, in: M. Holtzer, A. F. J. A. Leijten & D. J. Oranje, Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2014-2015 (VDHI nr. 128), Deventer: 2015, p. 148-153. 63 kan de OK ambtshalve afwijken van het prijsvermoeden en zelfstandig een uitkoopprijs vaststellen wanneer de omstandigheden daartoe nopen, zie Salemink 2014, p. 232. 64 (OK) 11 maart 2014, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:785 (Mediq II). 65 (OK) 13 mei 2014, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:1976 (Mediq III), r. o. 2. 4. 66 (OK) 13 mei 2014, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:1976 (Mediq III), r. o. 2. 3. 67 (OK) 7 juli 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2775, ARO 2015/178 (Unit4), r. o. 3. 18. 68 In Unit4 werd ondanks een vertraging in de procedure van negen maanden de datum van de betaalbaarstelling onder het bod nog steeds als peildatum toegepast. 69 Scheepers 2016, p. 33-35. 70 Dit argument werd door minderheidsaandeelhouders aangedragen in de NIBC-uitkoopprocedure. (OK) 12 april 2022, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2022:1217, ARO 2022/107 (NIBC), r. o. 3. 27. 71 Duynstee & 2017, p. 177.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: For every interval in the pivot genome, we defined spot as the set of intervals flanked by members of the same core gene families (blue-shaded regions)Full size imageTable 1 Acronyms used in this studyFull size tableWe used birth-and-death models to identify HGT events in the clade’s phylogenetic trees from the patterns of presence/absence of each gene family (Methods). Note that HGT events are defined gene per gene (which will be called HTgenes for Genes), not as blocks, because there are no tools available for the latter and because the goal of our work was to study the clustering of genes acquired by HGT without using a priori models. Spots contained 170,041 HTgenes (15. 5% of the total number of accessory genes). We quantified the clustering of these genes by counting the minimal number of spots required to accumulate at least 50% of the HTgenes (HTg50) (Fig. 2a). The distribution of these values was skewed toward small values (Fig. 2b). Hence, < 2% of the largest hotspots accumulate >50% of all HTgenes. Conversely, 72. 6% of the spots were on average empty, i. e. , had no accessory gene in any genome. Similar qualitative conclusions were obtained in the analysis of the distribution of all accessory genes, despite the latter being slightly less clustered (Supplementary Fig. 3). These results show that most HTgenes are integrated in a very small number of sites in the genome. Fig. 2Cumulative frequency of HTgenes. a Cumulative distribution of horizontally transferred genes (HTgenes, %) in spots for the 80 bacterial clades. b Histogram of the minimum number of spots needed to attain 50% of the total number of HTgenes (HTg50 index). The average HTg50 was only 1. 9% (±0. 2; standard deviation)Full size imageWe used simulations to infer the statistical thresholds for the degree of clustering of HTgenes in each clade (Methods, Supplementary Fig. 4). We made the null hypothesis that these genes are organized in operons like the other genes, and are uniformly distributed among spots.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: Linking estrogen-induced apoptosis with decreases in mortality following long-term adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. J Inst 2014;106(11):dju296. doi: 10. 1093/jnci/dju296 [6] Jordan VC & Brodie AM. Development and evolution of therapies targeted to the estrogen receptor for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Steroids 2007;72(1):7–25. doi: 10. 1016/j. steroids. 2006. 10. 009 [7] Prediction of the oncotype DX recurrence score: use of pathology-generated equations derived by linear regression analysis. 2013;26(5):658–664. doi: 10. 1038/m odpathol. 2013. 36 [8] The impact of Oncotype DX breast cancer assay results on clinical practice: A UK experience. 2017;28(Suppl 5):v43Â–v67. doi: 10. 1093/annonc/mdx362 [9] Impact of oncotype DX breast recurrence score testing on adjuvant chemotherapy use in early breast cancer: real world experience in Greater Manchester, UK. 2017;43(5):931–937. doi: 10. 1016/j. ejso. 2016. 12. 010 [10] Cost-effectiveness evaluation of the oncotype DX(R) breast cancer assay in clinical practice in the UK. 2012;71(24). doi: 10. 1158/0008-5472. SABCS11-PD06-02 [11] : first prospective outcome data for the 21-gene recurrence score assay and concordance of prognostic markers by central and local pathology assessment. J 2016;34(20):2341–2349. doi: 10. 1200/JCO. 2015. 63. 5383 [12] Clinical outcomes in patients with node-negative breast cancer treated based on the recurrence score results: evidence from a large prospectively designed registry. NPJ 2017;3:33. doi: 10. 1038/s41523-017-0034-6 [13] for Health and Care Excellence. Gene expression profiling and expanded immunohistochemistry tests for guiding adjuvant chemotherapy decisions in early breast cancer management: 4 and Mammostrat.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 72 (OK) 18 december 2018, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2018:4684, ARO 2019/60 (Xeikon/Recalcico), r. o. 2. 27-2. 28. 73 M. J. G. C. Raaijmakers, Ondernemingsrecht (Pitlo, deel 2), Deventer: 2017, p. 369. 74 X. S. Ding, Y. Ni & L. Zhong, Free float and market liquidity around the world, Journal of (38) 2016, p. 236-257; H. Le & A. Gregoriou, Liquidity and asset pricing: Evidence form a new free-float-adjusted price impact ratio, Journal of (49) 2002, afl. 4, p. 751-771. Dit wordt erkend in de wetsgeschiedenis, zie Kamerstukken II 2005/06, 30419, nr. 3, p. 49. 75 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, JOR 2017/162 m. nt. M. W. (I), r. o. 3. 21 en noot punt 9; (OK) 18 september 2012, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2012:BX9490, ARO 2012/139 (IFCO Systems), r. o. 3. 10; in de IFCO Systems-uitkoopprocedure sluit de OK voor de waardering niet aan bij de biedprijs, onder meer omdat het bod slechts betrekking heeft op 3,33% van het geplaatste kapitaal. 76 Ik ga er voor the sake of argument van uit dat de private deal tussen familie Sonnenberg en 3G Capital een openbaar bod op alle aandelen was, nu de casuspositie bekend is en zich goed leent voor mijn argumentatie. 77 Zie addvaluefund. nl/uploads/media/Add%20Value%20Fund%20N. V. %20Hunter%20Douglas%20d. d.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: We identified the spot with the highest number of HTgenes in each simulation (MaxHTg,i), and computed the 95th percentile of the distribution of these maximal values (T95%, set 1). Simulations disregarding the existence of operons produced lower values of T95% showing the importance of incorporating information about genetic organization in the model (Supplementary Fig. 5). Spots with more than T95% HTgenes were called hotspots, spots lacking accessory genes were called empty, and the others were called coldspots. We found a total of 1841 hotspots in the 80 clades (set 1). They represent only 1. 2% of the spots, but they concentrate 47% of the accessory gene families and 60% of the HTgenes. The number of hotspots differed widely among clades, from none or very few in Acetobacter pasteurianus, Bacillus anthracis, and the obligatory endosymbionts, to more than 60 in Bacillus thuringiensis, E. coli, and Pseudomonas putida (Fig. 3a). This variance was partly a function of chromosome size (Fig. 3b), but was especially associated with the number of HTgenes (Fig. 3c). Increases in the latter resulted in a less-than-linearly increase in the number of hotspots and in a linear increase in hotspot density per Mb (Supplementary Fig. 6). Hence, a few hotspots aggregate most of the genes acquired by horizontal transfer and this trend is more pronounced when the rates of transfer are high. Fig. 3Analysis of HTgenes and the abundance and distribution of hotspots. a 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree of the 80 bacterial clades. The tree was drawn using the iTOL server (itol. embl. de/index. shtml)70. The first column indicates the clade and is colored by phylum. The four subsequent columns correspond respectively to: the average number of HTgenes per genome computed using Count, the number of hotspots, the average Simpson dissimilarity index (βSIM, accounting for turnover), and the average multiple-site dissimilarity index accounting only for nestedness (βNES). These values are given in set 1. b Distribution of the average number of hotspots per clade according to the average genome size (GS).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: (2007) Genetic testing for late-onset diseases: effect of disease controllability, test predictivity, and gender on the decision to take the test. 11:187–192. CrossrefPubMed2006. Uncertainty in BRCA1 cancer susceptibility testing142C241-250. (2006) Uncertainty in BRCA1 cancer susceptibility testing. 142C:241–250. CrossrefPubMed2004. The impact of event scale-revised: evaluation of the subscales and correlations to psychophysiological startle response patterns in survivors of a life-threatening cardiac eventJ Affect Disord8229-41. (2004) The impact of event scale-revised: evaluation of the subscales and correlations to psychophysiological startle response patterns in survivors of a life-threatening cardiac event. J 82:29–41. CrossrefPubMed2007. Colorectal cancer in the family: psychosocial distress and social issues in the years following genetic counsellingClin Pract559-66. (2007) Colorectal cancer in the family: psychosocial distress and social issues in the years following genetic counselling. 5:59–66. CrossrefPubMed2000. Psychological consequences of predictive genetic testing: a systematic reviewHum Genet8731-738. (2000) Psychological consequences of predictive genetic testing: a systematic review. 8:731–738. CrossrefPubMed2004. Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in SingaporeOccup Med54190-196. Chan A, Chan YH (2004) Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore. 54:190–196. Crossref2005. Predictive testing for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: subjective perception regarding colorectal and endometrial cancer, distress, and health-related behavior at one year post-testGenet Test954-65. Claes E, Denayer L, Evers-Kiebooms G, et al. (2005) Predictive testing for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: subjective perception regarding colorectal and endometrial cancer, distress, and health-related behavior at one year post-test. 9:54–65. CrossrefPubMed1999.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: %205%20juni%202020. pdf. in juni 2020 was de free float bij ongeveer 18%. 78 Zie investor. hunterdouglasgroup. com/news-releases/news-release-details/3g-capital-completes-acquisition-controlling-interest-hunter. 79 Zie live. euronext. com/nl/product/equities/ANN4327C1220-XAMS. 80 Zie fd. nl/bedrijfsleven/1425652/luxaflex-fabrikant-hunter-douglas-komt-in-handen-van-3g-capital#:~:text=Premie%20van%2073%25,Douglas%20op%20€101%2C40. 81 (OK) 27 maart 2018, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2018:1029, JOR 2018/178 (Unilever). 82 G. P. Oosterhof, annotatie bij (OK) 27 maart 2018, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2018:1029, JOR 2018/178 (Unilever), punt 3; Duynstee & Drenth 2022, p. 479. 83 Uit het arrest zelf en het verschenen commentaar daarop wordt niet helemaal duidelijk hoe gering die free float was van het preferente aandeel met de aanduiding ‘cumpref 7%’. Volgens mijn berekeningen gaat het om een free float van 17,88%. Per soort uit te kopen aandeel moet aan het 90%-criterium worden voldaan om het prijsvermoeden te laten gelden, waardoor de free float per soort aandeel relevant kan zijn, zie Salemink 2014, p. 227. 84 (OK) 12 april 2022, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2022:1217, ARO 2022/107 (NIBC), r. o. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: c Association between the number of hotspots and the number of HTgenes in the cladeFull size imageFunctional and genetic characterization of hotspotsWe investigated the function of the genes in the spots, using the eggNOG categories, to assess if hotspots were enriched in particular traits (Methods, Fig. 4a). Genes classified as poorly characterized or as having an unknown function were not considered in the subsequent functional analyses (they were 13. 1% of the total). We then compared the distribution of the functions of all accessory genes and that of HTgenes in hotspots relative to coldspots. Both analyses showed an underrepresentation of translation and post-translational modification genes in hotspots. These genes tend to be essential and are less frequently transferred horizontally28. In contrast, hotspots overrepresented genes associated with cell motility, defense mechanisms, transcription, and replication and repair. Moreover, around 9% of the hotspots encoded antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which is much more than expected by chance (0. 8%) (Fig. 4b). Fig. 4Functional characterization of hotspots. a Observed/expected (O/E) ratios of non-supervised orthologous groups (NOGs, shown as capitalized letters). The first two lines represent the values of HTgenes and accessory genes observed in hotspots when the null model was computed from the distribution of the same type of genes in coldspots. The last line shows the same type of analysis for the core genes flanking hotspots when the null model is computed using the core genes not flanking hotspots. Expected values were obtained by multiplying the number of HTgenes, accessory, or core genes in hotspots by the fraction of genes assigned to each NOG. *P < 0. 05; **P < 10−2; ***P < 10−3, χ2-test. b Percentage of hotspots with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs, top), and percentage of spots with ARGs that are hotspots (bottom). Note that hotspots are only 1. 2% of all the spotsFull size imageSome of the functions overrepresented in hotspots—defense, replication, repair—are typically found in MGEs, which concentrate in specific loci targeted by integrases (often at tRNAs).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: Attitudes toward colon cancer gene testing: factors predicting test uptakeBiomarkers Prev8345-351. (1999) Attitudes toward colon cancer gene testing: factors predicting test uptake. 8:345–351. PubMed2008. Barriers to genetic testing among persons at risk for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiencyGenet Test12501-505. (2008) Barriers to genetic testing among persons at risk for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. 12:501–505. CrossrefPubMed2008. Health behaviors and psychological distress in women initiating BRCA1/2 genetic testing: comparison with control populationJ Genet Couns17314-326. (2008) Health behaviors and psychological distress in women initiating BRCA1/2 genetic testing: comparison with control population. J 17:314–326. CrossrefPubMed1999. Assessment of characteristics of intrusive thoughts and their impact on distress among victims of traumatic eventsPsychosom Med6138-48. (1999) Assessment of characteristics of intrusive thoughts and their impact on distress among victims of traumatic events. 61:38–48. CrossrefPubMed2004. Non-uptake of predictive genetic testing for BRCA1/2 among relatives of known carriers: attributes, cancer worry, and barriers to testing in a multicenter clinical cohortGenet Test823-29. (2004) Non-uptake of predictive genetic testing for BRCA1/2 among relatives of known carriers: attributes, cancer worry, and barriers to testing in a multicenter clinical cohort. 8:23–29. CrossrefPubMed2009. Long-term outcome of presymptomatic testing in Huntington diseaseHum Genet17165-171. (2009) Long-term outcome of presymptomatic testing in Huntington disease. 17:165–171. CrossrefPubMed1993. Measuring physicians' tolerance for ambiguity and its relationship to their reported practices regarding genetic testingMed Care31989-1001. (1993) Measuring physicians' tolerance for ambiguity and its relationship to their reported practices regarding genetic testing. 31:989–1001. CrossrefPubMed2006. Genetic susceptibility testing for Alzheimer disease: motivation to obtain information and control as precursors to coping with increased riskCouns64259-267. (2006) Genetic susceptibility testing for Alzheimer disease: motivation to obtain information and control as precursors to coping with increased risk.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many supposed sightings of cryptids lack verifiable evidence. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -érnagas: findings on Mexican fireflies from an 8-year virtual citizen science project View 10. 7717/peerj. 18141 Published 2024-09-18 Accepted 2024-08-30 Received 2024-04-12 ecosystems, Conservation, Monitoring, Citizen science Copyright © 2024 del-Val et al. is an open access 2024. Buscando Luciérnagas: findings on Mexican fireflies from an 8-year virtual citizen science project. PeerJ 12:e18141 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 2015. After seven years we complied the gathered data and analyzed the results. We had 647 reports in total, with strong fluctuations from year to year that were correlated with the number of posts and publicity we made each year. The largest number of sightings (319) occurred in 2021, coinciding with a change in our reporting format. Most of the reports came from central Mexico (91. 5%), but we had reports from eight states and also received some international reports from nine different countries. Fireflies were most frequently seen in habitats characterized as grasslands (35%) or forests (27%), followed by gardens (17%), vacant lots (9%) and parks (5%) but also paved areas and agricultural lands were reported (3% each). Most citizen scientists reported few fireflies, 1–5 individuals (31%) while only 11% reported more than 50 fireflies per sighting. Our study can serve as a preliminary approach to explore more focused research areas in the future. For example, in areas with no sightings, we could reach out to specific local people to corroborate that there are no fireflies in the region, or in areas with high sightings we could promote conservation measures. Notably, we found it intriguing to discover numerous sightings of fireflies in urban areas, which could offer a potential avenue for further research in urban ecology. wonderful planet is experiencing a significant extinction crisis related to anthropogenic activities (Dirzo, Ceballos & Ehrlich, 2022). This ongoing crisis is becoming increasingly evident for many taxa. Insects were initially thought to be less severely affected than other taxa, but recently, studies and investigators have been calling attention to the fact that several families are severely threatened (Hallmann et al. , 2017; van Klink et al. , 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 05; Fisher’s exact testFull size imageAs these results show that prophages and ICEs have different distribution patterns, we quantified the frequency of co-occurrence of different MGEs and MAPs in the same hotspots (but not necessarily in the same intervals, Fig. 6b). In line with expectations, most MGEs significantly co-occurred with integrases, integrons, ISs, and tRNAs. The most notable exceptions concerned the prophages, that did not significantly co-occurred with ISs, presumably because ISs are rare in phages29, or integrons, and they were found less frequently than expected in spots with conjugative elements. This is in line with the analysis showing that they have specifically different distributions along the chromosome replication axis. Genetic diversity of hotspotsThe integration of a MGE in the chromosome adds a large number of genes in one single location, potentially creating a hotspot on itself. Such events result in a concentration of HTgenes in a genome (strain-specific integration), or in several genomes (when the integration took place at the last common ancestor of several strains). The distribution of the number of genomes with orthologous HTgenes in hotspots suggests that these cases are relatively rare (Supplementary Fig. 9a). Only 8% of the hotspots had all accessory gene families represented in one genome (Supplementary Fig. 9b, c). Hence, few of these regions seem to have been created by the integration of a single MGE. To assess whether genetic diversity in hotspots was compatible with one single ancient integration event, we introduced measures derived from the analysis of beta diversity in Ecology, where it is used to measure the differences in species composition between different locations30 (Methods). Here we used it to measure the difference in gene repertoires among a set of intervals from the same spot. We measured the Sørensen index (βSOR) for hotspots and coldspots of each species using the binary matrix of gene presence/absence. Diversity results from a mixture of independent gene acquisitions and replacements (turnover) and differential gene loss (nestedness), and βSOR can be partitioned into the two related additive terms: turnover (βSIM) and nestedness (βNES) (βSOR = βNES + βSIM, Fig. 7a). Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMed1996. Emotional and behavioral responses to genetic testing for susceptibility to cancerOncology10191-195. Lerman C, Croyle RT (1996) Emotional and behavioral responses to genetic testing for susceptibility to cancer. Oncology 10:191–195. PubMed1999. Genetic testing in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancerJama2811618-1622. (1999) Genetic testing in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Jama 281:1618–1622. CrossrefPubMed1997. The influence of psychological distress on use of genetic testing for cancer riskJ Psychol65414-420. (1997) The influence of psychological distress on use of genetic testing for cancer risk. J Psychol 65:414–420. CrossrefPubMed2009. Genetic testing for inflammatory bowel disease: focus group analysis of patients and family membersMol Biomarkers13495-503. (2009) Genetic testing for inflammatory bowel disease: focus group analysis of patients and family members. 13:495–503. CrossrefPubMed2008. Mental health and quality of life after genetic testing for Huntington disease: a long-term effect study in 146A2078-2085. (2008) Mental health and quality of life after genetic testing for Huntington disease: a long-term effect study in Germany. A 146A:2078–2085. CrossrefPubMed2000. Psychosocial implications of primary pulmonary hypertensionHum Genet59suppl 2209. (2000) Psychosocial implications of primary pulmonary hypertension. 59 (suppl 2):209. 2007. Psychosocial impact of the lack of information given at referral about familial risk for cancerPsycho-oncology16458-465. (2007) Psychosocial impact of the lack of information given at referral about familial risk for cancer. Psycho-oncology 16:458–465. CrossrefPubMed2005. Comparison of genotypic and phenotypic strategies for population screening in hemochromatosis: assessment of anxiety, depression, and perception of healthGenet Med7550-556. (2005) Comparison of genotypic and phenotypic strategies for population screening in hemochromatosis: assessment of anxiety, depression, and perception of health. 7:550–556. CrossrefPubMed2006.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many supposed sightings of cryptids lack verifiable evidence. [SEP] Text: To assess the magnitude of these impacts, it is important to have local baseline estimates of biodiversity, but these are not available for many regions and/or taxa, particularly in megadiverse countries, such as Mexico. Citizen science for monitoring biodiversity People who volunteer to participate in some part of the process related to science projects are considered to be community or citizen scientists (CSc). They can play an important role in the growth of scientific knowledge given that their participation provides big data observations across time and space (Gardiner & Roy, 2022). In entomology-focused programs, citizen scientists have made new discoveries, participated in conservation efforts, and contributed to species monitoring (Gardiner & Roy, 2022). These involvements can help to gather the data needed to achieve Goals related to biodiversity protection and restoration, sustainable resource use, capacity building and multi stakeholder partnerships, zero hunger and education; bee-focused projects have been particularly illustrative in this sense (Koffler et al. , 2021). Science (VCS) initiatives can serve as a scientific instrument, yield reliable and relevant scientific data, and may also offer a platform to promote broader educational outcomes (Wald, Longo & Dobell, 2016). Recently, the use of social media has facilitated data collection from more volunteers, even in remote places (Gardiner & Roy, 2022). One of the main challenges of citizen science projects is to maintain involvement and collaboration over long periods (Liberatore et al. , 2018; Oliveira et al. , 2021) making it difficult to train participants for highly standardized data collection. This may pose a tradeoff between making the project accessible versus having high quality data (Bonney et al. , 2014; Irwin, 2018). However, the use of social media for citizen science allows regular multi-way communication with the citizen science community, which can aid in retention of volunteers. According to a review by Gardiner & Roy (2022) there are currently many citizen science projects focused on arthropods that have published their experiences. These have mainly been from the USA and UK, where most of the projects are focused on butterflies (Lepidoptera) and bees (Hymenoptera), followed by beetles (Coleoptera). In a recent 88. 6 million internet users (75. 6% of its population). Of all the internet users, 71. 5% used the web to access social media, mainly Facebook, with 96.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: pneumoniae24 (Fig. 8a). Our hypothesis predicts higher levels of homologous recombination in core genes flanking hotspots than in the rest of the core genome. We tested this prediction in two complementary ways. Firstly, we detected homologous recombination events in the core genes using ClonalFrameML (Methods). We found 50% more recombination events in core genes flanking hotspots than in the other core genes (Fig. 8b). Secondly, we searched for evidence of phylogenetic incongruence between each core gene family and the whole core genome tree of the clade using the Shimodaira–Hasegawa (SH) test (Methods). The number of genes with significant phylogenetic incongruence was 30% higher among core genes flanking hotspots than among the others (Fig. 8b). In line with these observations, core genes flanking hotspots also had higher nucleotide diversity (Fig. 8c). We found qualitatively similar results when the analysis was performed on a per species or per genus basis (set 5). Hence, core genes flanking hotspots are more targeted by recombination processes than the others. Fig. 8Evidence for more frequent homologous recombination in core genes flanking hotspots than in the other core genes. a Model for the creation and evolution of hotspots by homologous recombination at the flanking core genes. b We detected homologous recombination events in the core genes using ClonalFrameML, and searched for evidence of phylogenetic incongruence (P < 0. 05) between each core gene family and the whole core genome tree of the clade using the Shimodaira–Hasegawa (SH) test. The observed–expected ratios (O/E) for these two analyses are significantly higher than one. ***P < 10−3; χ2-test. c Differences in nucleotide diversity between core genes flanking hotspots and the others. Nucleotide diversity was calculated using the R package “PopGenome” v2. 1. 649 by implementation of the diversity. stats() command.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: Uptake rates for breast cancer genetic testing: a systematic reviewBiomarkers Prev15840-855. (2006) Uptake rates for breast cancer genetic testing: a systematic review. 15:840–855. CrossrefPubMed2002. Impact of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation testing on psychologic distress in a clinic-based sampleJ Clin Oncol20514-520. (2002) Impact of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation testing on psychologic distress in a clinic-based sample. J 20:514–520. CrossrefPubMed2005. To test or not to test? Moderators of the relationship between risk perceptions and interest in predictive genetic testingJ Behav Med28467-479. Shiloh S, (2005) To test or not to test? Moderators of the relationship between risk perceptions and interest in predictive genetic testing. J 28:467–479. CrossrefPubMed2004. Impact of presymptomatic genetic testing for hereditary ataxia and neuromuscular disordersArch Neurol61875-880. (2004) Impact of presymptomatic genetic testing for hereditary ataxia and neuromuscular disorders. 61:875–880. CrossrefPubMed2005. Predictive genetic test decisions for Huntington's disease: elucidating the test/no-test dichotomyJ Health Psychol10597-612. Taylor SD (2005) Predictive genetic test decisions for Huntington's disease: elucidating the test/no-test dichotomy. J 10:597–612. CrossrefPubMed2001. Effects of coping style and BRCA1 and BRCA2 test results on anxiety among women participating in genetic counseling and testing for breast and ovarian cancer riskHealth Psychol20217-222. (2001) Effects of coping style and BRCA1 and BRCA2 test results on anxiety among women participating in genetic counseling and testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk. 20:217–222. CrossrefPubMed2002. Psychosocial predictors of BRCA counseling and testing decisions among urban African-American womenBiomarkers Prev111579-1585. -Buck C, et al. (2002) Psychosocial predictors of BRCA counseling and testing decisions among urban African-American women. 11:1579–1585. PubMed2004.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many supposed sightings of cryptids lack verifiable evidence. [SEP] Text: 8% of users reporting having an active account; for 92% of users, their main source of internet connection was through mobile phones (IFT, 2016; INEGI, 2015). A study done by the Center showed that users of mobile connectivity in emerging economies indicated a positive feeling toward social media’s societal effects. specifically, 67% said the increasing use of the internet had had a good influence on education (Center, 2019). Materials and media as a citizen science platform For the period in which the project was established (from 2015 to 2022), Facebook was judged to be the best option to approach future Mexican citizen scientists, as it was a tool they already had, knew, and used in a daily manner, with positive social acceptance. 2015, a Facebook page called was created, with the following hashtag in every post #veobrillar (“I see them shining”). The account shared information about firefly function, morphology, diversity, conservation status, ways to find them, and general identification. With the page running and followers adding up, we encouraged them to go outside at night and search for fireflies near them, which resulted in the first reports. Under an adaptive approach, changing strategies is seen as a strength rather than a methodological inconsistency. Therefore, we once again asked participants to go outside and report the following information on any fireflies they sighted: 1. Where were they seen? 2. How many were there? 3. Were they near water? 4. Share location (in general terms—not GPS coordinates for security reasons). From 2021 we designed and launched a web application ( with an interactive map and a questionnaire where people were able to record the location of the sighting, date, approximate abundance, vegetation type, presence of water, and light color. Therefore, in 2021 and 2022 we gathered additional data through the new app. Outreach, project promotion and data analysis From 2015 to 2022, radio interviews, scientific dissemination 4. 2. 3 (R Team, 2017). To analyze whether the firefly sightings originated from rural or urban areas, we used the Areas shapefile provided by Patterson & Kelso (2012). We then counted the number of sightings that fell within urban polygons. Participant consent and disclosures People who participated in our citizen science project knew we were gathering data about their firefly sightings to perform the survey.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: ***P < 10−3; Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon testFull size imageNaturally transformable bacteria have the ability to acquire genetic material independently of MGEs. In these species, transfer of chromosomal material mediated by homologous recombination at the flanking core genes might be particularly frequent. To test this hypothesis, we put apart the 19 bacterial species that are known to be naturally transformable in our dataset31 (set 1). We observed that these species had more hotspots than the others (P < 0. 05, Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test). We searched for MAPs in these hotspots and observed that they also had fewer hotspots with MAPs (P < 0. 05, Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test). Finally, recombination was 20% more frequent in core genes flanking hotspots in naturally transformable than in the remaining bacteria (P < 10−4; χ2-test). These results suggest that recombination at core genes flanking hotspots might be particularly important in driving genetic diversification of naturally transformable bacteria. DiscussionOur study showed high concentration of HTgenes in a small number of locations in the chromosomes of many bacterial species. These hotspots include most MGE-related genes, fitting previous observations that the latter co-evolved with the host to use integrases targeting specific locations in the chromosome that minimize the fitness cost of chromosomal integration. For example, many temperate phages integrate tRNA genes without disrupting their function32. The concentration of most self-mobilizable MGEs at few loci might be thought sufficient to justify the existence of hotspots, but we found that few hotspots had identifiable prophages or conjugative elements and that most lacked integrases. These puzzling results could be caused by failure to identify MGEs, but our methods were shown to be highly accurate at identifying conjugative elements and prophages13, 33, or by the presence of many radically novel integrase-lacking MGEs in these model microbial species, which would be very surprising. Hotspots also contain degenerate MGEs that we have failed to identify. Yet, inactivated elements are not expected to drive the observed rapid genetic turnover of these regions. Our results suggest that an MGE-independent mechanism, double homologous recombination at the flanking core genes, contributes to hotspot diversification.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cloning humans is already possible and has been secretly performed. [SEP] Text: In 1854, Siemens built the first ozone generator. At that time, it was already known that ozone was unstable, having to be produced and then used. With the construction of the ozone generators, its use was initiated in industrial applications, or even to clean water, promoting its potent microbicidal action. 10 Ozone has been used for the treatment of drinking water in Europe since the beginning of the 20th century, without loss in the organoleptic properties, and in relation to microorganisms, its action is as effective as chlorine. 12 Payr, an Austrian physician, Fisch, a Swiss dentist, and Wolff, a German physician are the pioneers in clinical research involving ozone,1 though their observations were empirical. Currently there are scientific reports that prove the benefits of ozone in the treatment of wounds, dental use, disinfection, treatment of herniated disc and hepatitis C. 13 Ozone therapy: use of ozone in medicine The practice of ozone began in tuberculosis treatment, followed by its use in dental clinics and gangrene treatments. The surgeon Payr was the first one to be use the ozone rectal route. 14 However, the inappropriate use of gas via intravenous by individuals with no practice in ozone therapy or in medicine resulted in death by embolism. In this way, the use of ozone was condemned in some countries. 10 Ozone has the ability to assist in eliminating bacteria, viruses and parasites as well as biofilms. In this context, it was assumed that the intravenous injection of a gas mixture composed of O2 and O3 into bacterial sepsis in patients with HIV would inactivate the pathogens and would cure the disease. In the early 1990’s, technicians migrated to Africa and to to perform such procedure; indeed, it was seen that intravenous administration of O2–O3 caused embolism and patients’ death. The ozone administration by intravenous route has been banned in Europe since 1984. 13 The use of ozone should never be used by inhalation or injection in accordance with the on Ozone Therapy. 15 However, there are publication proving the security of ozone by inhalation route in low concentrations. 16 In countries such as Cuba, Russia and Ukraine this therapy is widely used for several treatments, in form of infusion of ozonated saline solution and rectal ozone insufflations due to the low cost and the applicability in thousands of patients.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many supposed sightings of cryptids lack verifiable evidence. [SEP] Text: At the Facebook page in the project information section we have an explicit statement saying “The purpose of this project is to monitor fireflies through citizen science. It arises from the Laboratory of in Altered Habitats, part of the Institute of Ecosystems and (IIES),. The data generated by this project will be public, and the identity of the participating individuals will be kept confidential”. compiled the data from 2015–2022 reporting the sighting of fireflies using social networks through the #veobrillar, the Buscando Luciérnagas Facebook page, and the web app. We had 647 reports in total (Fig. 1), with strong fluctuations from year to year that were correlated with the number of posts and publicity activities we performed each year. We started with 101 reports in 2015, had the peak in sightings in 2021 with 319 reports, and 116 in 2022. Figure 1: Temporal trend of firefly sightings reported in Buscando luciernagas. Number of reported sightings from 2015–2022, showing the year when we changed our reporting format. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 18141/fig-1 In total we had 2,707 followers in the Facebook page. Most of the reports came from central Mexico (91. 5%), but we had reports distributed in several municipalities from twenty-six states around the country (Fig. 2). We also received a few reports from other countries, such as the and Brazil. Figure 2: Locations of firefly sightings throughout Mexico. Data are shown by municipality. Lighter areas correspond with municipalities with greater number of firefly sightings. Lines in black are State boundaries. Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata. com. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 18141/fig-2 Most participants reported only once (18%) or twice (14%). However, we had one person who provided 102 firefly sightings (18%). Additionally, 17 individuals (13%) reported between five and 10 sightings and many participants (38%) were unidentifiable because they did not leave their email contact. Most firefly sightings were from habitats characterized as grasslands (35%) or forests (27%), followed by gardens (17%), vacant lots (9%) and parks (5%) but also paved areas and agricultural lands were reported (3% each; Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The mechanism only requires housekeeping recombination functions and exogenous DNA with homology to the flanking core genes. This last condition is easy to fulfill, because these genes are present in all genomes of the species (and usually in closely related species). In agreement with our hypothesis, we showed that naturally transformable species had more hotspots, and fewer MAPs in hotspots, than the others. There are other mechanisms of transfer that can bring homologous sequences without MAPs in non-transformable bacteria, including generalized transduction, gene transfer agents, or DNA-carrying vesicles34. Their role in hotspot diversification remains to be explored. Many HTgenes are not adaptive (or even deleterious) and are rapidly lost by genetic drift (or purifying selection)6, 7, 35. Nevertheless, regions of high concentration of HTgenes must also include adaptive genes, as shown here for ARGs. In these circumstances, the high genetic turnover at hotspots might seem paradoxical, because it may lead to their loss. Actually, even adaptive genes can be lost with little fitness cost under certain circumstances. Genes under diversifying selection, such as defense systems, may be adaptive for short periods of time and subsequently lost (or replaced by analogous genes)36. Some costly genes may be adaptive in only very specific conditions, such as ARGs37, and become deleterious for the cell fitness upon environmental change. Finally, some genes under frequency-dependent selection, such as toxins38, may stop being adaptive when their frequency changes in the population. Genetic drift, purifying, diversifying, and frequency-dependent selection can thus contribute to the rapid turnover of HTgenes. As a consequence of their high genetic turnover, hotspots are expected to be enriched in genes of specific adaptive value. Hotspots may affect bacterial fitness not only by the genes they contain, but also by the way they drive genome diversification. According to the chromosome-curing model39, hotspots may facilitate the elimination of elements with deleterious fitness effects, such as certain MGEs, by double recombination at the flanking core genes. This fits our observation that core genes flanking hotspots endure higher rates of homologous recombination. As a response to chromosome curing, natural selection is expected to favor MGEs that inactivate genes encoding recombination and repair proteins39.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nanomaterials are being developed to create stronger, lighter building materials. [SEP] Text: “It’s all about playing tricks with the steel,” says John Speer, director of the Processing and Center at the of Mines. At the most basic level, the properties of steel are about microstructure: the arrangement of different types, or phases, of steel in the metal. Some phases are harder, while others confer ductility, a measure of how much the metal can be bent and twisted out of shape without shearing and creating jagged edges that penetrate and tear squishy human bodies. At the atomic level, there are principally four phases of auto steel, including the hardest yet most brittle, called martensite, and the more ductile austenite. Carmakers can vary these by manipulating the times and temperatures of the heating process to produce the properties they want. This electron micrograph of a steel sample shows two different types, or phases, of steel: softer, more workable austenite (blue) and harder, more brittle martensite (red). Steelmakers can vary the mix of the two by altering how they heat and cool a piece of steel. :. / 2016Academic researchers and steelmakers, working closely with automakers, have developed three generations of what is now called advanced high-strength steel. The first, adopted in the 1990s and still widely employed, had a good combination of strength and ductility. A second generation used more exotic alloys to achieve even greater ductility, but those steels proved expensive and challenging to manufacture. The third generation, which Speer says is beginning to make its way onto the factory floor, uses heating and cooling techniques to produce steels that are stronger and more formable than the first generation; nearly ten times as strong as common steels of the past; and much cheaper (though less ductile) than second-generation steels. Steelmakers have learned that cooling time is a critical factor in creating the final arrangements of atoms and therefore the properties of the steel. The most rapid cooling, known as quenching, freezes and stabilizes the internal structure before it undergoes further change during the hours or days it could otherwise take to reach room temperature. One of the strongest types of modern auto steel — used in the most critical structural components, such as side panels and pillars — is made by superheating the metal with boron and manganese to a temperature above 850 degrees Celsius.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many supposed sightings of cryptids lack verifiable evidence. [SEP] Text: 3). Interestingly, according to the Areas shapefile (Patterson & Kelso, 2012) more than half of the firefly sightings in our study came from rural areas (58%) therefore fireflies are significantly more observed outside cities (Χ2 = 16. 74, p < 0. 0001). Figure 3: Firefly sightings per habitat type. Number of firefly sightings regarding reported habitats. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 18141/fig-3 Most participants reported few fireflies, between 1–5 individuals (31%), while only 11% reported more than 50 fireflies per sighting (Fig. 4). The number of fireflies reported per sighting was significantly different between habitat types; copious fireflies (>50) were mainly found in forests and grasslands, while individual fireflies were reported in all habitat types (Χ2 = 722. 6, p < 0. 001; 10. 7717/peerj. 18141/fig-4 When taking into consideration the presence of water sources, interestingly we did not find a correlation between the presence of water and fireflies; half of the reports mentioned a water source while the rest did not find any. However, there were significantly more reports of copious fireflies in sites with water (Χ2 = 161. 7, p = 0. 0005; 2021. However, since most people did not answer this question, we did not analyze that data. We believe that for some people, it is difficult to ascertain the color of the flashing. Our team has discussed this issue, particularly noting that when observing just one or a few fireflies, the color may not be that obvious. Buscando Luciérnagas initiative was successful in involving people from around Mexico. We were able to capture the attention of citizen scientists from different states and regions, and we were able to witness their enthusiasm and desire to help firefly conservation and to learn more about their ecology and life history. Most of our firefly reports coincide with Transition Zone, which has been recognized to have the highest Lampyridae species richness and endemism in the country (Pérez-Hernández, Zaragoza-Caballero & Romo-Galicia, 2022).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, we also found that hotspots tend to be flanked by recombination and repair core genes. Although these genes seem intact, at least they respect the constraints that we imposed for their classification as core genes, their expression may be affected by HTgenes in the neighboring hotspot. For example, excision of a MGE in Vibrio spendidus 12B01 from a mutS gene downregulates the expression of the latter leading to a hypermutator phenotype40. Several selective effects can contribute to explain the very different number of hotspots per species, which were strongly correlated with the number of HTgenes and weakly with genome size (itself also correlated with the rate of HGT27). The first association may explain why species with little genetic diversity, such as B. anthracis and mycobacteria, have few hotspots in spite of their large genome size. It is also possible that our statistical tests lack power when species have few HTgenes. Some ecological determinants also affect the number of HTgenes, and their concentration in the genome. For example, sexually isolated species with few MGEs, such as obligatory endosymbionts, are expected to have few hotspots. Many of these species may also inefficiently select for hotspots because they have low effective population sizes. Conversely, the highest number of hotspots was found in facultative pathogens with very diverse gene repertoires, including E. coli, Pseudomonas spp. , and Bacillus cereus. A rigorous statistical assessment of the ecological traits affecting the organization of HTgenes will require the analysis of a larger panel of species representative of the different prokaryotic lifestyles. Overall, our results suggest that hotspots are the result of the interplay of several recombination mechanisms and natural selection, presumably because they minimize disruption of genome organization by circumscribing gene flux to a small number of permissive chromosomal locations. For example, the increase in prophage-containing hotspots along the ori-> ter axis suggests co-evolution between these elements and the host to remove prophages from early replicating regions that are also rich in highly expressed genes in fast growing bacteria13. Interestingly, the spatial distribution of the remaining hotspots does not show similar patterns, which can be due to the lower fitness costs associated with their excision.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nanoscale sensors can be used to detect toxins and pollutants in the environment. [SEP] Text: The overall characteristics of the variants in this validation dataset, as well as the genomic locations, the nature of variants found in the -seq-only and Intersection sets, and the identities of genes showing significant RNA-seq-only variants matched well with our previous analysis (Fig. S6). WES has been the mainstay of somatic mutation identification in cancer genomes, our study suggests that variant calling from RNA-seq offers a valuable complement. RNA-seq revealed new variants that were clearly associated with GBM biology, were found at the same positions as previously known variants, and yet were missed by WES. A major reason for the ability of RNA-seq to identify new somatic variants likely comes from the higher sequencing coverage of strongly expressed genes. Oncogenes in cancers, such as EGFR in GBM, are likely to be highly expressed, and RNA-seq naturally provides better coverage of such genes than WES, and hence higher statistical confidence to detect variants. Additionally, even when tumor cells expressing active oncogenes comprise only a subset of the tumor, RNA-seq reads can capture this overrepresentation when RNA is isolated from the bulk tumor, whereas DNA used for WES cannot. In this regard, RNA-seq is likely to be advantageous even over whole-genome sequencing, where it is harder to achieve the same depth of coverage over all genes as WES. The RNA-seq variants we identified in our analysis did not appear to have significantly lower quality than WES variants, although we saw a high number of variants with AF > 0. 95 and low coverage in RNA-seq data. Based on MuTect2 output, RNA-seq detected more somatic mutations than WES in the TCGA samples. However, some RNA-seq variants could be considered questionable, since RNA-seq data has been shown to be more prone to false positive calls (Cirulli et al. , 2010), in part due to errors during the RNA to cDNA conversion, mapping mismatches, or RNA editing processes (Danecek et al. , 2012). Indels are also a source of possible artefacts (Kroigard et al. , 2016) even though the local de novo assembly done by MuTect2 should reduce this artefact.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many supposed sightings of cryptids lack verifiable evidence. [SEP] Text: However, this pattern also coincides with the zone of Mexico where we (the investigators) are based and where we publicize our initiative in local media, particularly the city of Morelia, Michoacán, and surrounding areas where we compiled 40% of the sightings. Therefore, we cannot rule out the possibility that the pattern found is correlated with our capacity to reach people more than with actual firefly abundance or diversity. On the other hand, it is worth noting the lack of sightings in the Baja peninsula and the coastal northwest, since there are many conserved areas in those places, we thought there would be at least some reports, however this could be related with a low abundance/diversity of fireflies or a lack of citizen scientist involvement in that region. Both questions warrant further investigation. Since many firefly species are dependent on water sources for their larval development (Riley, Rosa & da Silveira, 2021), we expected to find a correlation between firefly sightings and water sources, yet this was not the general trend: roughly half of the observations came from sites without water sources nearby. When looking into the details of reported abundance however, it is worth noting that the sightings of high firefly abundance (>50 individuals) indeed come from sites near water sources. Therefore, it is very plausible that individual fireflies can be found in most of the studied sites, but healthy populations need some water sources in the vicinity, as has been previously reported for many studied fireflies (Lewis et al. , 2020). Also, it is possible that some of the sightings came from firefly species that do not rely on running water to complete their life-cycle, however this hypothesis requires further investigation. Unfortunately, we do not have detailed information about the ecology of Mexican firefly species therefore we are not certain about specific reliance on water sources but in the recent study about the firefly fauna in Morelia, Pérez-Hernández et al. (2023) reported at least eight species (out of 24) were preferentially associated with water sources (i. e. , wetlands, rivers, ponds). Regarding the habitat type where fireflies were reported, most of them (58%) came from rural areas while 62% came from vegetated habitats including the ones inside cities (i. e. , grasslands, forests, parks and gardens; Fig. 3), and only 3% from agricultural lands. A recent study about habitat p10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Some places allow players to make a side bet called insurance, which pays out if the dealer has an ace up. This is not a guaranteed win, but it is an excellent way to reduce the risk of losing a hand. In addition, some casinos offer additional side bets that pay out when certain combinations are made. A blackjack counter is a person who keeps track of the concentration of cards in a deck. They can then use this information to improve their chances of getting a good hand. The most common counting system is called plus-and-minus and is designed to help players improve their chances of hitting blackjacks. In most cases, a player’s initial two cards must be of equal rank to be a blackjack. However, some casinos allow the player to split two non-matching ten value cards. Generally, the player can only receive a single additional card on each split hand. Some casinos also restrict the number of times a player can split their cards. If a player gets closer to 21 than the dealer, they win. If they beat the dealer, they win and are paid an amount equal to their original wager. If the dealer busts, they lose and their bet is collected. If the player and dealer tie, it is a push or standoff and the bet remains on the table. The casino’s edge in blackjack comes from the fact that it wins more hands than the player, regardless of how well the player plays. This is why it is so important to understand the basics of the game and be able to apply some basic strategies. Players should also remember that they are playing against the dealer, not the other players at the table. 08/09/2024 by admin1989 Slot Pulsa: untuk dan Potongan! Dalam dunia perjudian online, pengalaman bermain slot semakin menarik dengan munculnya opsi slot pulsa. Slot pulsa memberikan kemudahan bagi para pemain, terutama pengguna Indosat dan Telkomsel, untuk melakukan deposit tanpa perlu khawatir tentang potongan biaya yang mengurangi saldo mereka.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nanotechnology can make objects completely invisible to the human eye. [SEP] Text: Seperti yang sudah kita semua ketahui, bahwasannya togel sidney merupakan permainan togel online yang memiliki jadwal result lebih awal dari pasaran togel online lainnya. Jadi untuk kamu yang sedang ingin menyaksikan togel sidney kami sarankan untuk mengunjungi situs kami ini. Hal ini dikarenakan situs kami ini memberikan togel keluaran sdy maupun pengeluaran sdy lengkap dengan tabel data sdy yang berasal dari situs official sydneypoolstoday. com. Togel singapore hari ini menghadirkan keluaran data sgp terlengkap yang dicatat setiap jam 17. 45 wib. Keluaran sgp ataupun pengeluaran sgp hari ini berasal dari singapore pools. Disini kami mengikuti hasil keluaran sgp dan pengeluaran sgp dari website aslinya. Sebab itulah togel singapore hanya mengikuti nomor togel singapore pada keluaran data sgp dan data keluaran sgp maupun hasil pengeluaran sgp terbaru. Pengeluaran sgp dan pengeluaran sgp terbaru sudah kami rangkum secara rapi kedalam tabel data sgp 2024 terlengkap. agar memudahkan kamu untuk menyaksikan hasil keluaran data sgp. Buat kamu yang ingin menyaksikan live draw sgp bisa langsung mengunjungi laman kami ini yang dimana disini kami menghadirkan semua yang kamu butuhkan melalui situs resmi singaporepools. com. sg. Toto macau atau yang sering disebut dengan togel macau merupakan pasaran togel online terbaru yang sedang viral.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many supposed sightings of cryptids lack verifiable evidence. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 18141/supp-1 sightings per abundance category and water presence. Number of reports per firefly abundance category related with water presence DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 18141/supp-2 sightings per vegetation type and different abundance categories. Number of reports per vegetation type considering the different firefly abundance categories DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 18141/supp-3 We are immensely grateful for all the marvelous citizen scientists who participated in our study; without them, this would have been impossible. Additionally, we want to extend our gratitude to all the local media outlets that helped us reach a broader audience. We thank Jurado for the drawings of the fireflies. Finally, we thank the translator for revising our manuscript. We appreciate the valuable comments provided by three anonymous reviewers. authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ek del-Val conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2009. Citizen science: a developing tool for expanding science knowledge and scientific literacy. BioScience 59(11):977-984 -. 2014. Next steps for citizen science: strategic investments and coordination are needed for citizen science to reach its full potential. Science 343(6178):1436-1437 ón FSÁ, Amir Z, Anhalt-Depies C, Appel C, Arroyo-Arce S, Balme G, Bar-Ćirović -Felege S, Ellison C, Ertürk A, Fantle--žar ýbová Š, énez äbin --Moreno CM, Moreira-’Neill B, O’--Ç-Rodríguez 2024. Mammal responses to global changes in human activity vary by trophic group and landscape. & Evolution 8:924-935. 2021. Effects of artificial light at night (ALAN) on gene expression of Aquatica ficta firefly larvae. 281(4):116944 del-Val E, Aster M, Ramírez E. 2021. Comparison of arthropod communities between high and low-input maize farms in Mexico. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience 2(1):40. 2022. Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of the environment on horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and archaea View 10. 7717/peerj. 3865 Published 2017-09-29 Accepted 2017-09-08 Received 2017-04-06 gene transfer, Archaea, Temperature, Oxygen utilization, Genome-size correction, © 2017 Fuchsman et al. is an open access 2017. Effect of the environment on horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and archaea. PeerJ 5:e3865 Horizontal gene transfer, the transfer and incorporation of genetic material between different species of organisms, has an important but poorly quantified role in the adaptation of microbes to their environment. Previous work has shown that genome size and the number of horizontally transferred genes are strongly correlated. Here we consider how genome size confuses the quantification of horizontal gene transfer because the number of genes an organism accumulates over time depends on its evolutionary history and ecological context (e. g. , the nutrient regime for which it is adapted). investigated horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria by first counting reciprocal BLAST hits among 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes to find shared genes. Then we used the DarkHorse algorithm, a probability-based, lineage-weighted method (Podell & Gaasterland, 2007), to identify potential horizontally transferred genes among these shared genes. By removing the effect of genome size in the bacteria, we have identified bacteria with unusually large numbers of shared genes with archaea for their genome size. Interestingly, archaea and bacteria that live in anaerobic and/or high temperature conditions are more likely to share unusually large numbers of genes. However, high salt was not found to significantly affect the numbers of shared genes. Numbers of shared (genome size-corrected, reciprocal BLAST hits) and transferred genes (identified by DarkHorse) were strongly correlated. Thus archaea and bacteria that live in anaerobic and/or high temperature conditions are more likely to share horizontally transferred genes. These horizontally transferred genes are over-represented by genes involved in energy conversion as well as the transport and metabolism of inorganic ions and amino acids. and thermophilic bacteria share unusually large numbers of genes with archaea. This is mainly due to horizontal gene transfer of genes from the archaea to the bacteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: They insisted keeping a critical eye on the information AI generated as it was not reliable. To do this, students shared similar strategies which was to use ChatGPT as a departure rather than a destination for writing, thinking, and research. They underscored the importance of validation and critical thinking in this process. Another facet to consider is the ethical use of AI. The students believed that one must be very careful when using ChatGPT as it can easily walk the line of plagiarism. They deemed acts such as using ChatGPT to generate new ideas and write entire essays unethical, as these are forms of taking credit for other people’s work based on their language and ideas (Kevin, In-Class Writing). Thus students emphasized the importance of “doing research on your own” (Emma), “making sure the ideas are my own” (Lydia), and “not using everything (i. e. sentence by sentence, word by word) provided by ChatGPT” (Su). The students also regarded the issue of retaining human voice a pivotal consideration for AI-assisted writing. They pointed out that writing should be a means to express the writer’s identity and thoughts, but AI was not able to personalize the text to their individual style and voice. Wary of the threat posed by extensive adoption of ChatGPT to individual expressions, Lydia commented, “ChatGPT tended to use similar dictions and patterns of wording and sentence structures. If everyone uses ChatGPT, our style will become more and more alike” (Lydia, Interview). Similarly, Su pointed out that ChatGPT could make the text “sound generic and impersonal,” which is a problem “when you are trying to convey your own ideas, feelings, and perspectives” (Su, Written Assignment). To “truly present a unique perspective and make writing individualized,” one must “take full control” of their writing to deliver a powerful message (Kevin, Reflection). This process requires the discernment to dismiss advice from ChatGPT to avoid generating an impersonal, blunt style of writing that lacks the writer’s distinct character.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many supposed sightings of cryptids lack verifiable evidence. [SEP] Text: of the B 377(1857):20210378 Fakruhayat M, Rashid A. 2023. Analyzing of global mapping research trends on firefly tourism and fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from the year 2000–2022: a literature review and bibliometric analysis. Geografia-of Society and Space 19(1):133-151 érez-Hernández. 2021. Evaluating firefly extinction risk: initial red list assessments for North America. 16(11):e0259379 Faust LF. 2017. Fireflies, glow-worms and lightning bugs. Athens, Georgia: of Georgia Press. 356 Fontaine C, Fontaine B, Prévot AC. 2021. Do amateurs and citizen science fill the gaps left by scientists? in 46(Suppl. 4):83-87 -á L, Martínez Hernández F, Odjo S, Verhulst N. 2023. Review of agronomic research on the milpa, the traditional polyculture system of Mesoamerica. Frontiers in Agronomy 5:1115490 Gardiner T, Didham RK. 2020. Glowing, glowing, gone? Monitoring long-term trends in glow-worm numbers in south-east England. Diversity 13(2):162-174. 2022. The role of community science in entomology. of Entomology 67(1):437-456 Goldin J, Suransky C. 2023. Keep the flow: citizen science as agonistic learning. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 8(1):1 Gutiérrez-Carranza I, Zaragoza-Caballero S. 2024. Photinus gabicastanoae sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Michoacán, Mexico. Dugesiana 31(2):217-221 üller A, Sumser H, Hörren T, Goulson D, de Kroon H. 2017. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. 12(10):e0185809 IFT. 2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: In general, these transfers are from archaea that live in similar oxygen and temperature conditions as the bacteria that receive the genes. Potential hotspots of horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria include hot springs, marine sediments, and oil wells. Cold spots for horizontal transfer included dilute, aerobic, mesophilic environments such as marine and freshwater surface waters. gene transfer (HGT) is an essential aspect of microbial evolution, but its mechanisms, rates, and consequences are poorly understood and difficult to quantify (Boto, 2009). Some organisms are more likely to engage in horizontal gene transfer than others. For HGT to occur, the transferred DNA has to be incorporated into the genome after uptake. For this reason, HGT is more common among closely related organisms (Kloesges et al. , 2011). Intra-domain gene transfer seems to have been particularly important in bacterial evolution (Wolf et al. , 2012). However, HGT does occur between archaea and bacteria and is more easily detected in such cases. Since the apparatus for transcription and translation are significantly different between archaea and bacteria, only transferred genes with strong benefits would be retained in their new genome, as their initial expression is likely to be low (Lawrence & Hendrickson, 2003). There is abundant evidence of HGT of key genes between bacteria and archaea adapted to live in similar environments: hot acid (Fütterer et al. , 2004), acid mine drainage (Guo et al. , 2015), extremely high salt (Mongodin et al. , 2005), marine (Frigaard et al. , 2006; Brochier-Armanet et al. , 2011), high mercury (Barkay et al. , 2010), and high temperature (Rhodes et al. , 2011). Whether HGT is limited by geography has not been well investigated, but it likely spans oceans and continents. HGT between archaea and bacteria can be accomplished by acquiring free DNA from the environment, which implies greater proximity between the two parties, or by transfer of DNA from viruses or gene transfer agents. A comparison of viral metagenomes across the world’s oceans revealed that viruses are widely dispersed, though there is a relationship between geographic and genetic distance (Angly et al. , 2006).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI is being used to personalize learning experiences for students by adapting to their needs and performance. [SEP] Text: The results suggest that students’ sensemaking of AI-assisted writing is shaped by their prior knowledge and understanding of writing as a cognitive and sociocultural activity, their exploration of AI’s functionalities and strategies for leveraging them to achieve learning goals, and their interrogation of the appropriateness and limitations of AI in the specific context of academic writing. The study highlights two emerging dilemmas students experienced in their generative AI-assisted writing processes. The first dilemma, as Alex put it, is the choice between sounding better or sounding like me when integrating AI into the decision making process of writing, reflecting a larger issue about academic integrity, authenticity, and voice in human-AI collaboration. The participants believed that it is crucial to prevent their writing from being AI-nized, which could lead to either plagiarism or a writing style resembling AI that overshadows their own voice—the very essence of their “identity and presentation of the self in writing” (Prince & Archer, 2014, p. 40). The students’ beliefs align with a connectivism paradigm of AI in Education (AIEd) outlined by Ouyang and Jiao (2021), in which AI serves as a tool to augment human intelligence and capability (Yang et al. , 2021) and learner agency is placed at the core. Reliance on AI could lead to superficial engagement with writing tasks, discouraging deeper, reflective thought processes essential for original creative expression. Furthermore, when AI suggests similar vocabulary, structures, and styles to various learners, it risks imposing a uniformity in expression that undermines the educational value of cultivating each individual’s unique and creative voice. AI may hinder students from exploring how language variation and linguistic diversity can be rich resources for meaning-making, creativity, identity formation, problem-solving (Wang et al. , 2020). Such critical engagement with diverse language resources is crucial for developing students’ literacy skills in a digital age where multicultural awareness is an integral part of education (Sánchez-Martín et al. , 2019). As Dixon-Román et al. (2020) noted, educators must be wary of AI’s “racializing forces,” which standardize learning processes in ways that can marginalize non-dominant forms of knowledge and communication, as well as students whose experiences and identities are either not represented or misrepresented in the system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many supposed sightings of cryptids lack verifiable evidence. [SEP] Text: Informe anual sobre los derechos, riesgos, intereses, preferencias, tendencias o patrones de consumo de los usuarios 2015–2016. Mexico: de Telecomunicaciones. INEGI. 2015. sobre disponibilidad y uso de tecnologías de la información en los hogares, 2015. Aguascalientes: de Estadística y Geografía. Irwin A. 2018. No PhDs needed: how citizen science is transforming research. Nature 562:480-482. 2007. Characterization of firefly habit using a geographical information system with hydrological simulation. 209(2–4):392-400 Koffler S, Barbiéri C, Ghilardi-. 2021. A buzz for sustainability and conservation: the growing potential of citizen science studies on bees. Sustainability 13(2):1-15. 2024. Illuminating firefly diversity: trends, threats and conservation strategies. Insects 15(1):71 ópez‐ópez. 2021. Firefly tourism: advancing a global phenomenon toward a brighter future. and Practice 3(5):24 ák M, López-. 2020. A global perspective on firefly extinction threats. Bioscience 70(2):157-167. 2018. Social media as a platform for a citizen science community of practice. Theory and Practice 3(1):3 Lloyd JE. 1966. Studies on the flash communication system in photinus fireflies. Ann Arbor: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. MacGregor-Fors I. 2008. Relation between habitat attributes and bird richness in a western Mexico suburb. Landscape and 84(1):92-98. 2021. Social media use by citizen science projects: characterization and recommendations. Frontiers in 9:1-11 Patterson T, Kelso NV. 2012. World urban areas, LandScan, 1:10 million (2012). [Shapefile]. Society. Pérez-Hernández CX, Gutiérrez Mancillas AM, del-Val E, Mendoza-Cuenca L. 2023. Living on the edge: urban fireflies (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Though most viruses are specific to either bacteria or archaea, Caudovirales viruses may be able to infect both bacteria and archaea (Prangishvili, Forterre & Garrett, 2006), and little is known about the range of gene transfer agents (McDaniel et al. , 2010). Multiple methods of detecting HGT have indicated that it can be influenced by the lifestyles of the organisms involved. One analysis of recent HGT, as determined by identification of identical 500 nucleotide blocks, indicated that ecology was more important than phylogeny; oxygen tolerance and pathogenicity were identified as the strongest factors (Smillie et al. , 2011). Another study identified several hundred phylogenies of single genes (out of 7,000) that reflected the lifestyles of the organisms rather than their taxonomy (Schliep et al. , 2011). For example, in 597 gene trees, hyperthermophiles and non-hyperthermophiles were better discriminated than were archaea and bacteria (Schliep et al. , 2011). Rhodes et al. (2011) also detected increased transfer between thermophiles. However, when halophilic archaea were examined with the same technique, they appeared to have predominantly exchanged genes with non-halophilic microbes (Rhodes et al. , 2011). It is possible this could be related to an ancient acquisition of 1,000 bacterial genes that caused Haloarchaea to differentiate from methanogens (Nelson-Sathi et al. , 2012). Contrastingly, Gophna et al. (2015) found a negative correlation between growth temperature and gene transfer. In short, evidence indicates that horizontal gene transfer is affected by lifestyle differences, particularly growth temperature, oxygen utilization and pathogenicity. Many similar studies, however, have reported that genome size is the most important factor determining the amount of horizontal gene transfer. In a study utilizing phylogenetic trees to examine HGT in eight genomes, genome size and %GC were the most significant factors determining the number of horizontally transferred genes, rather than more environmentally-relevant factors (Jain et al. , 2003). Presence-absence patterns discordant with species trees have also indicated that large genomes have more horizontally transferred genes than small genomes (Cordero & Hogeweg, 2009; Gophna et al. , 2015). A small genome is an adaptive strategy that allows a microbe to use fewer nutrients and resources.

Output: corroborate