Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Pollen limitation experiments suggest that bird-pollinated plants in New Zealand, the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Africa suffer similar levels of pollen limitation, and are typically more strongly pollen-limited than insect-pollinated plants. Thus, bird-pollination appears to be under-reported, hard to replace and at greater risk of failure than currently assumed. (pages 73 - 106)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0005[frugivores;seed dispersal;ecosystem services]Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds is a globally important ecosystem service. Nearly 4000 bird species have been observed eating fruit and collectively these species likely disperse seeds of at least 68,000 plants. The types of fruits eaten by birds are structurally diverse but fall into three functional groups, multi-seeded berries, few-seeded drupes, and single-seeded arils in dehiscent structures. Birds disperse primarily tree and shrub seeds, but also disperse the seeds of lianas, herbaceous plants, epiphytes, and hemiparasites. Through seed dispersal, birds are important drivers of plant community dynamics and therefore are essential in supporting many of the ecosystem services that those habitats and their constituent species provide. While much research on seed dispersal by birds has focused on the more frugivorous species, most of the bird species that eat fruit do so seasonally or only occasionally and the seed dispersal roles of most of these species are not well understood. Through their sheer numbers, opportunistic, generalist and/or occasional frugivores may be ecologically important in some ecosystems, but their influence has been little studied. Current trends in habitat loss and other human impacts, especially in the tropics, are threatening larger species of frugivores and the large-seeded plants only these birds disperse. (pages 107 - 146)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: There is a need for long-term and proactive arrangements in many aspects of risk responses, particularly in terms of extreme weather events, infrastructure resilience, and preparedness for people’s needs, in order to minimize losses from various risks. 3 Governance for AdaptationWhen advancing the process of achieving carbon neutrality in response to climate change, the impacts of more frequent and intense extreme weather events have forced us to think soberly about developing smarter climate governance strategies for sustainable development. While climate mitigation actions contribute to the slowdown of climate warming, climate adaptation is of great importance and is a more direct approach to reducing disaster risk and protecting people (Robbert and Lesnikowski 2018). The key to climate change adaptation (CCA) is the reduction of climate risks. This needs to include reducing the impacts of rapidly changing or slow-onset extreme events, to lower the vulnerabilities of infrastructures that already exist or are under construction, and to limit the combination effects on the population and society due to extra health burdens originating from other sources (for example, air pollution). The goal of CCA is to achieve climate-resilient development in the near future. Although more than 170 countries have already taken adaptation into account in their climate policies and planning, which has generated benefits in areas such as health, food security, and biodiversity conservation, there are still large gaps between actions already taken and the needs of society in response to the climate change impacts (IPCC 2022). Moreover, progress towards adaptation is unevenly distributed across regions, and most implemented adaptation measures have been small-scale, fragmented, incremental, or sector-specific. Despite the general advocation of CCA in the 2015 and the earlier on (), there is a lack of a comprehensive and systematic guiding framework for countries’ CCA actions, as well as a unified and coordinated operational framework for collaborative deployment within the UN system. Here, we present several suggestions and recommendations for resilience building through collaborative governance for CCA (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Recommendations for climate resilient development (CRD) through collaborative governance for climate change adaptation (CCA), with the support of multi-stakeholder partnershipsFull size imageNations (UN) should take the lead in promoting CCA at the global level. Although the importance of CCA was highlighted in the (2022. Exceeding 1. 5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points. Science 377(6611): 7950.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: The autophagosome then undergoes retrograde transport along microtubules and subsequent fusion with lysosomes to degrade engulfed contents (Figure 2A) (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Early autophagosome biogenesis components do not change with age. (A) Schematic of autophagy pathway, focusing on the protein complexes involved in autophagosome biogenesis: induction (red), nucleation (blue), elongation (green), and ATG2/WIPI4 (yellow). ATG9, a multi-pass transmembrane protein is in purple. The product of the nucleation complex, PI3P, is depicted as a blue dot, while LC3-II, the product of the elongation complex, is depicted as a green dot. WIPI1 and WIPI2, which bind to PI3P, are displayed in orange. (B) Quantification of the rate of mCh-ATG13 puncta formation in live-cell imaging of DRG neurons from young, young adult, aged, and advanced aged mice (mean ± SEM; n ≥ 28 neurons from three biological replicates). ns, not significant by Kruskal-test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. (C–F) Representative micrographs of mCh-ATG13 in the distal tip of DRG neurons from young (C), young adult (D), aged (E), and advanced aged (F) mice. (G) Quantification of the rate of Halo-DFCP1 puncta in DRG neurons from young, young adult, aged, and advanced aged mice (mean ± SEM; n ≥ 18 neurons from three biological replicates). ns, not significant by Kruskal-test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. (H–K) Representative micrographs of Halo-DFCP1 in the distal tip of DRG neurons from young (H), young adult (I), aged (J), and advanced aged (K) mice. (L) Quantification of the rate of mCh-ATG5 puncta in DRG neurons from young, young adult, aged, and advanced aged mice (mean ± SEM; n ≥ 34 neurons from three biological replicates). ns, not significant; **p<0. 001 by Kruskal-test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 0006[diaspore;endozoochory;epizoochory;external transport;gut passage;internal transport;passive seed dispersal;seed traits;shorebirds;waterfowl]Ducks, shorebirds, rails, gulls and other waterbirds act as vectors of seeds, spores and other plant diaspores carried internally in their guts, externally on their feathers, feet or bills, or used as nesting material. Darwin was the first to understand the significance of dispersal by migratory waterbirds in plant evolution, biogeography and ecology. Countless aquatic and terrestrial plants are dependent on dispersal by waterbirds for long-distance dispersal, and this has probably been the case since the Cretaceous. However, plant ecologists and waterfowl biologists alike have been slow to recognize the importance of this dispersal mode as an ecosystem service. Seed dispersal by waterbirds plays a vital role in plant population dynamics, population genetics and changes in species distributions in response to habitat change and climate warming. On the other hand, waterbirds also spread alien species, and their role as vectors should be taken into account when considering how to prevent and manage biological invasions. (pages 147 - 195)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0007[corvidae;coevolution;human commensal;regeneration;scatter hoarding;seed storage]Birds of the family Corvidae, which comprise the familiar jays, magpies, crows, ravens, and their allies, occur nearly worldwide. They include species that are common human commensals in urban and rural landscapes, as well as species that occupy more remote wildlands. Many corvids store excess food for later use, preventing access by conspecifics or other competitors and concealing it in hiding places such as crevices and under objects, but also by burying food under soil, litter, or other substrate. For seed-eaters, which are predominantly granivorous corvids, seeds are moved away from parent trees, and prolonged storage may frequently lead to seed germination and plant regeneration. These granivorous corvids are often scatter-hoarders, placing one or more seeds in many different locations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Meteorologists use satellite data to track storms and predict weather. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: into the 's decision support system give forecasters new capabilities for tracking smoke from fires using satellite data. by A. K. Huff and S. Kondragunta 4 April 20173 November 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Evacuees flee a wildfire that threatened Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, in May 2016. Forecasters used this fire to test the capabilities of a new fire and smoke data resource from NOAA. Credit: Jonathan Hayward/Press via AP Wildfires and controlled burns place special demands on the people who decide where and when to deploy firefighters, how to keep controlled burns contained, and how best to protect life and property. Meteorologists from the Service weather offices, fire incident meteorologists, and state and local air quality forecasters provide information that is vital to assisting these decision makers. These meteorologists must determine the effects of smoke and quickly incorporate them into their forecasts related to visibility and air quality. Fortunately, a new fire and smoke data resource from the (NOAA) makes a new generation of high-accuracy, high-resolution aerosol data products readily available to these forecasters. The new website, called enhanced Infusing satellite Data into (eIDEA), gives meteorologists and other interested parties access to the latest generation of satellite aerosol products. These new capabilities were put to the test last May, when a monthlong fire broke out in Fort McMurray in northeastern Alberta, Canada. The fire forced almost 88,000 people to evacuate their homes (Figure 1). Fig. 1. True-color VIIRS satellite imagery (RGB) for 6 May 2016, displayed on the eIDEA website, shows gray plumes of thick smoke streaming southeastward from the Fort McMurray fire in Alberta, Canada. Red dots are fire radiative power (FRP) fire hot spot detections, and clouds appear as bright white features.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: We propose that upon perturbation of dynamic WIPI2 phosphorylation, membrane extension may proceed in an unrestricted manner, generating the multilamellar structures observed by TEM in neurons from aged mice (Figure 1) (Majeed, 1993) and in aged human AD brain (Nixon et al. , 2005). Here, we chose to focus on WIPI2 as a master regulator of autophagosome biogenesis. However, it will be interesting to determine in the future how LC3B incorporation into the isolation membrane relates to lipid incorporation and autophagosome membrane extension and expansion. The autophagy pathway has been extensively studied in non-neuronal cells, where autophagy can be induced by starvation or other cellular stressors (Abada and Elazar, 2014; Hale et al. , 2013; Mariño et al. , 2011; Reggiori and Klionsky, 2013; Son et al. , 2012; Wu et al. , 2013; Zhang and Baehrecke, 2015). Conversely, in vivo and in vitro studies in neurons indicate that neuronal autophagy is not significantly induced by starvation (Fox et al. , 2010; Maday and Holzbaur, 2016; Mizushima et al. , 2004; Tsvetkov et al. , 2010) or by proteotoxic stress (Maday et al. , 2012; Wong and Holzbaur, 2014). These studies suggest that autophagosome biogenesis is regulated differentially in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Our results indicate that induction of autophagosome biogenesis is constitutive and remains robust during aging in neurons (Figure 2). Further, our data identify a novel age-related regulation of neuronal autophagosome biogenesis, suggesting that autophagy can be regulated at distinct steps apart from the autophagy initiation complex. Consistent with our finding that WIPI2 regulates basal autophagy, WIPI1 and WIPI2 recruitment to AVs is independent of glucose starvation (McAlpine et al. , 2013; Pfisterer et al. , 2011). Our data ultimately suggest that neuronal autophagy may be more easily modulated ectopically via WIPI2B than the better-studied, starvation-sensitive ULK1-ATG13 initiation complex.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Several corvid species are dependable seed dispersers for various woody plant taxa, and particularly pines, oaks, beeches and chestnuts, resulting in coevolution and coadaptation. Seed-storing corvid species help shape forest composition and distribution across landscapes, facilitate response to changing climate, and regenerate communities after disturbance. Examples illustrate economic valuation of corvid seed dispersal services and demonstrate how declining seed dispersal services of an obligate corvid mutualist for a widespread forest tree already have apparent consequences. (pages 196 - 234)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0008[carrion;diclofenic;facultative scavenging;obligate scavenging;vultures]Carrion is a unique food resource compared to live prey, and animal species are adapted to using carrion to varying degrees. Across all climates, ecosystems, and habitats, most carcasses are used at least in part by vertebrates—relatively few are completely decomposed by insects and microbes. Birds are particularly well adapted to scavenging, especially the Old- and New-World vultures, the only known obligate vertebrate scavengers. Numerous studies, many conducted over the past decade, have demonstrated the importance of scavengers in maintaining ecosystem stability, providing public health benefits to humans, and many other important industry and cultural services. Avian scavengers face many challenges in the modern world, such as poisoning, climate change, habitat destruction, and man-made obstructions such as power lines and wind farms. As a response, scientists, conservation groups, governments, and other advocates for healthy scavenger populations have made strides recently in conserving these animals. However, much work is still needed to globally preserve the important services provided by avian scavengers for future generations. (pages 235 - 270)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0009[seabirds;nutrient dynamics;nutrient cycle;ecosystem services;nutrient transport;phosphorus;nitrogen;ecosystem;human-dominated ecosystem]In this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Meteorologists use satellite data to track storms and predict weather. [SEP] Text: Credit: eIDEA eIDEA: Interface for Data in made by the Suite (VIIRS) aboard NOAA and NASA’s Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Earth-observing satellite are used to generate eIDEA’s products and images. aerosol data products and images feature high accuracy and high spatial resolution, making them particularly useful for monitoring the effects of smoke from wildfires and controlled burns. During the 2016 fire season, fire incident meteorologists and air quality forecasters used a new decision support tool to track the effects of wildfire emissions. The eIDEA website was designed to specifically address the needs of forecasters, who require timely data and imagery in a simple, easy to use interface. instrument provides forecasters with a variety of aerosol products that feature multiple layers of information, all of which are available on eIDEA in near real time: less than 2 hours from when the data were collected. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now The area covered by eIDEA spans the continental (CONUS), Alaska, and Canada; the domain will be expanded to include Mexico, Central America, and the in the near future. During the 2016 fire season, fire incident meteorologists and air quality forecasters used this new decision support tool to track the effects of wildfire emissions. Following the Because smoke has a very high concentration of aerosol p4. This data product is often represented by color codes in imagery, with cool colors (blues and greens) corresponding to lower AOT and warm colors (yellows, oranges, and reds) corresponding to higher AOT. This measurement has certain limitations. Clouds block the measurement of AOT, so there are no measurements in cloudy regions, and data are not retrieved over areas covered by snow. AOT measures the total light absorption and scattering for a given air column, so it does not provide any information about the height of the aerosols within this column. Nor does it tell us how likely the p0. 4), and they run 48 hours into the future in 3-hour time steps. The trajectory product on eIDEA maps the forward movement of the smoke plumes using a color-coded scale.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 64. 4 km; magnitude: 2. 6) and black (29 November 11:22:37 depth 70. 8 km; magnitude: 2. 6) lines. The rms envelopes are smoothed by averaging data in 1 s time windows. Pink arrows show travel times from the origin time, and ts is the travel time of direct S waves of two events. Dark and light blue lines denote the original 4 s time window and one shifted 2 s later, whose spectra were stacked to obtain S coda spectra for all the eventsFull size imageDifferences in seismic properties of the Pacific plate between the Tohoku and Hokkaido regions have been suggested by several seismological studies. In the northeastern Japan subduction zone, Fujie et al. (2018) reported a difference in low-velocity anomalies beneath Tohoku-oki and Hokkaido-oki regions from ocean bottom seismometers; the degree of the low-velocity anomalies within the oceanic crust and mantle in off Tohoku-oki is larger than that in off Hokkaido-oki. The difference in the anomalies may be due to a more hydrated oceanic plate beneath Tohoku-oki than Hokkaido-oki based on knowledge of the abyssal hill fault re-activation system. Shiina et al. (2017) examined seismic velocities of oceanic crust beneath Hokkaido, finding higher seismic velocity of oceanic crust at depths of 70 to 100 km beneath Hokkaido compared to that beneath Tohoku. Kita and Ferrand (2018) found that b-values in the OM beneath Tohoku are smaller than in Hokkaido. They also indicated that the OM at intermediate depth beneath Tohoku is more hydrated than beneath Hokkaido based on results of acoustic emission experimental earthquakes (AEs); in serpentinized peridotite samples, b-values of the AEs increase with the increase of hydration. The stress regime within the slab beneath Tohoku is similar to Hokkaido (e. g. , Hasegawa et al. 1978; Suzuki and Motoya 1981; Suzuki et al. 1983), but there is a difference in the portion of interplane events (events between the double seismic planes) between Tohoku and Hokkaido (e. g. , Kosuga et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Meteorologists use satellite data to track storms and predict weather. [SEP] Text: VIIRS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) measurements are overlaid with VIIRS true-color imagery (RGB) from eIDEA for 7 May 2016. The red, orange, and yellow areas indicate high AOT associated with smoke plumes from the Fort McMurray fire that were transported into the northern plains of the United States. Clouds (white areas) block the measurement of AOT, so there are no AOT measurements in these areas. Credit: e2. 5 concentration measurements from the AirNow network are represented as colored dots. The colors of the dots match the colors of EPA’s Index (AQI). values represent particulate concentrations in excess of the daily NAAQS. The 24-hour average PM2. 5 concentrations on 7 May in the northern plains (Figure 4) ranged from in northwestern Iowa and metropolitan Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minn. , to in metropolitan Omaha and Lincoln, Neb. , and Bismarck, N. D. This event lasted only 1 day, with PM2. 5 concentrations dropping down into the safer range across the northern plains on 8 May. Fig. 4. An eIDEA image for 7 May 2016 showing VIIRS true-color imagery (RGB) overlaid with colored dots representing daily PM2. 5 (fine particulates) Index values from U. S. EPA’s AirNow network. Red and orange dots in Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and indicate exceedances of the PM2. 5 Standard (NAAQS). Smoke plumes from the Fort McMurray wildfire are visible as gray wispy features, and clouds are bright white. Credit: ein eIDEA’s launched NOAA’s Environmental Satellite–R Series (GOES-R) geostationary weather satellite, now known as GOES-16. The eIDEA website will be updated to include new aerosol products derived from GOES-16 data as soon as they become available sometime in late summer or early autumn of 2017. GOES-16 is the first in the next generation of geostationary Earth-observing satellites. It has a sensor similar to VIIRS, called the Imager (ABI), that will routinely provide aerosol observations every 15 minutes over the full disk of the Earth, covering North and South America, and every 5 minutes over the CONUS.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: 1996; Kita et al. 2010b). Source parameters including stress drops of events at intermediate depth also may differ between Tohoku and Hokkaido due to the difference of the degree of hydration. In the present study, we estimate the stress drops for intermediate-depth intraslab events (2. 0 < Mj < 5. 0 where Mj is the JMA magnitude) (Fig. 1), and examine the spatial variations of stress drop, including dependence on focal-depth and on the distance normal to the plate interface for precisely-located earthquakes beneath Tohoku. By comparing results of this study and a previous study in Hokkaido (Kita and Katsumata 2015), we also infer causes of the difference in stress drop behaviors between the two regions. Data and methodWe relocated hypocenters using the double-difference location method (Waldhauser and Ellsworth 2000) and estimated the stress drops for events using a procedure nearly identical to that of Kita and Katsumata (2015). Relocated hypocenters are shown as colored crosses in Fig. 1. The relocation process is described as below. To relocate earthquakes, hypocenter parameters and phase data for 16,348 events at depths of more than 55 km from the JMA catalog were used as initial parameters. The 1D velocity structure model of the routine procedure for hypocenter location at (Hasegawa et al. 1978) was employed. Event pairs were selected that had hypocentral separations of < 20 km and at least eight arrival time differences with respect to their neighbors. In total, 1,927,185 arrival time differences were obtained from catalog data for P-waves, and 1,658,479 for S-waves. The number of stations is 251. The final results of the inversion were obtained after 12 iterations, which reduced the average root mean square value of the double-difference misfit from 0. 126 to 0. 0473 s. Estimated relative relocation errors using the singular value decomposition method are ~ 1 km in both the vertical and horizontal directions. After the relocation, we only retain events whose corner frequencies can be successfully estimated by our analysis. We relocated 16,348 events and extracted 4912 events (at depths of 55 to 200 km) after matching our event catalog of corner frequencies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 1139/x83-031 Get AccessContentsof Forest Research, Number 2April 19831983. Contribution of mycorrhizae and soil fungi to nutrient cycling in a Douglas-fir ecosystem. of Forest Research. 13(2): 219-232. Export 1. Species-specific reliance of trees on ectomycorrhizal fungi for nitrogen supply at an alpine treeline Go to 2. Fungi rather than bacteria drive early mass loss from fungal necromass regardless of p3. Thinning effects on biomass and element concentrations of roots in adjacent hornbeam and oak stands in Istanbul, to 4. Evidence for a fungal loop in shrublands Go to 5. The Rhizosphere/to 6. Accounting for to Discrepancies in to 7. Rapid changes in the chemical composition of degrading ectomycorrhizal fungal necromass Go to 8. to for Global Change: and the to 9. Effects of bedrock type and soil chemistry on the fine roots of European beech – A study on the belowground plasticity of trees Go to 10. () Go to 11. Harvesting Douglas-fir Activity and Go to 12. The effect of environmental contamination on the community structure and fructification of ectomycorrhizal fungi Go to 13. Go to 14. Contribution of understorey vegetation and soil processes to boreal forest isoprenoid exchange Go to 15. Second‐generation molecular understanding of mycorrhizas in soil ecosystems Go to 16. Available for Go to 17.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: (a) Study domain map and terrain distribution (shaded every 200 m) over northern China with the focus area highlighted in box ABCD, which includes the cities of Beijing (denoted as BJ) and Tianjin (TJ) and the provinces of Shanxi (SX), Inner-Mongolia (NM), Hebei (HB), Shandong (SD), Henan (HN), Anhui (AH), and Jiangsu (JS). (b) Distribution of mean warm-season hourly rainfall rate (mm h−1) averaged over all hours from May to August during 2003–09 estimated with the dataset. (c) Averaged terrain elevation and hourly precipitation rate along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed area in (a). The starting point of the cross section is an average over line AB, and the ending point is an average over line CD; the same averaging method will be used for Figs. 4 and 6 along the same cross section. View in gallery Fig. 2. (a) Percentage of the diurnal contributions of the total precipitation (calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. (b) Isochrones (phase fronts) of the local diurnal precipitation peaks at different times of Fig. 3 with terrain elevations shaded every 200 m. The time label of the isochrones in (b) is in UTC [i. e. , 8 h behind the local standard time (Beijing time)]. View in gallery Fig. 3. Map distribution of normalized diurnal precipitation deviations at (a) 0600, (b) 0900, (c) 1200, (d) 1500, (e) 1800, and (f) 0000 UTC estimated as the mean precipitation rate at this hour minus the mean precipitation rate throughout the date, normalized by the standard deviation of hourly precipitation at each location. Scales smaller than 200 km are truncated by a 2D spectral decomposition. The 800-m terrain elevation is plotted in thick gray curves denoting the approximate location of the steepest terrain slope. The purple solid (dashed) line denotes the location of the phase fronts of the local diurnal precipitation peaks (minima). View in gallery Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: (2013) estimated corner frequencies of earthquakes using that method and discussed the relationship of earthquake corner frequencies to the distance between two events. For intermediate-depth events, they required inter-event distance less than the event focal depths. They showed that the estimated corner frequency of an event at 118 km depth is stable for inter-event distances of 20 to 100 km. In our analysis, the distance between the two events must be less than 60 km, but also less than the focal depth of the shallower event of the pair when the focal depth of the shallower event is less than 60 km. Each event pair in our analysis had a magnitude difference at least 0. 8. The duration of the time window is 4 s starting from 1. 5 times the direct S wave travel time, which is considered to be the S-coda wave (Sato et al. 2012). That time window is sufficient to constrain corner frequencies in our magnitude range of 2. 0 to 5. 0. To improve stability, we used stacked waveforms from the original time window and a time window shifted 2 s later than the initial one. Examples of envelope waveforms of S-coda waves analyzed in this study are shown in Fig. 1b. One of the merits of the use of coda waves is greater stability of amplitude ratios compared to direct waves (e. g. , Mayeda et al. 2007). Figure 1b shows that amplitudes for S-coda wave of two M2. 6 events are almost the same, whereas amplitudes during their direct S-waves differ. We estimated the S-wave arrival time by using manual picking times of P arrival times by NIED operators, and by calculating the theoretical S-wave travel time for the one-dimensional seismic velocity model (Hasegawa et al. 1978) in order to determine the onset of the S-coda wave. We analyzed spectral ratios using a frequency range of 1–30 Hz with a one-third-octave bandwidth. If the fc2 becomes 30 Hz, we discard fc2 and fc1 of that pair. Only data with signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios greater than 2 in average absolute amplitude in the 4 s time window were included.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: with Pollutants and Go to 18. 19. Resource allocation in an annual herb: Effects of light, mycorrhizal fungi, and defoliation Go to 20. The decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal necromass Go to 21. Mycorrhizal Fungi: Role in the Solubilization of to 22. and Microbes: A for to 23. Quantitative assessment of the differential impacts of arbuscular and ectomycorrhiza on soil carbon cycling Go to 24. Initial melanin and nitrogen concentrations control the decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal litter Go to 25. Simulating ectomycorrhizal fungi and their role in carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystemsG. Deckmyn, A. Meyer, M. M. Smits, A. Ekblad, T. Grebenc, A. Komarov, and H. to 26. Net primary production of ectomycorrhizas in a California forest Go to 27. Seasonal carbohydrate dynamics and growth in Douglas-fir trees experiencing chronic, fungal-mediated reduction in functional leaf area Go to 28. Determining place and process: functional traits of ectomycorrhizal fungi that affect both community structure and ecosystem function Go to 29. Functional diversity and resource partitioning in fungi associated with the fine feeder roots of forest trees Go to 30. Fine root biomass and dynamics in beech forests across a precipitation gradient – is optimal resource partitioning theory applicable to water‐limited mature trees? Go to 31. Nutrient concentrations in stumps and coarse roots of Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch in Sweden, Finland and to 32. Transfer of 14C-photosynthate to the sporocarp of an ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria amethystina Go to 33. Mycorrhizal colonization does not affect tolerance to defoliation of an annual herb in different light availability and soil fertility treatments but increases flower size in light-rich environments Go to 34. The role of chitin in the decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal litter Go to 35. Six‐year monitoring of pine ectomycorrhizal biomass under a temperate monsoon climate indicates significant annual fluctuations in relation to climatic factors Go to 36. of Ectomycorrhiza in to 37.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: The areas of focus are the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess and Plateaus and the adjacent Plains. It is found that the averaged peak in local precipitation begins early in the afternoon near the top of the mountain ranges and propagates downslope and southeastward at a speed of ∼13 m s−1. The peak reaches the central Plains around midnight and the early morning hours resulting in a broad area of nocturnal precipitation maxima over the plains. The diurnal precipitation peak (minimum) is closely collocated with the upward (downward) branch of a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation. Both the MPS and a low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet are likely to be jointly responsible for the nighttime precipitation maxima over the plains. Corresponding author address: Dr. Fuqing Zhang, Department of 16802. Email: fzhang@psu. edu AbstractThis study examines the diurnal variations of the warm-season precipitation over northern China using the high-resolution precipitation products obtained from the Center’s morphing technique () during May–August of 2003–09. The areas of focus are the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess and Plateaus and the adjacent Plains. It is found that the averaged peak in local precipitation begins early in the afternoon near the top of the mountain ranges and propagates downslope and southeastward at a speed of ∼13 m s−1. The peak reaches the central Plains around midnight and the early morning hours resulting in a broad area of nocturnal precipitation maxima over the plains. The diurnal precipitation peak (minimum) is closely collocated with the upward (downward) branch of a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation. Both the MPS and a low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet are likely to be jointly responsible for the nighttime precipitation maxima over the plains. Corresponding author address: Dr. Fuqing Zhang, Department of 16802. Email: fzhang@psu. edu Keywords: Precipitation; Asia; Valley/mountain flows; Diurnal effects; Drainage flow 1. variations of precipitation are very important to the local and global weather and climate, which can have strong implications on the hydrological cycle and agriculture.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: 1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 MPa, using Eq. (2) (Cs and Vs were assumed as 1. 9 and 4600 m/s, respectively). The seismic moment (Mo) for each event in this plot is estimated from logMo = 1. 5Mw + 9. 1 (Kanamori 1977). The value of Mw for each event is estimated using the empirical relationship: Mw = 0. 439Mj + 0. 0689Mj2 + 1. 22 (Edwards and Rietbrock 2009). Mj is the JMA magnitude. b Estimated stress drops of all intraslab earthquakes plotted against depth beneath Tohoku region at depths of 70 to 200 km. Grey dots show the stress drops of individual events. Gray bars show estimates of the standard errors of stress drops based on standard errors in the estimation of the corner frequencies. Red open squares and red error bars, respectively, denote median stress drops and 8-quantile range for the median stress drops at depths of 70–80 km, 80–90 km, 90–100 km, 100–120 km, 120–140 km, 140–175 km and 175–200 km. Values of the median stress drops are given in Table S1. Light red error bars denote interquartile rangeFull size imageThis region has a strong double seismic zone and it is helpful to classify intraslab events based on the detailed geometry of the upper surface of the subducting (Zhao et al. 1997; Kita et al. 2010a) to facilitate a discussion of stress drop behavior within the slab. To classify intraslab events, we adopted the method of Kita et al. (2010b). First, the earthquakes were classified as either OC or OM events, based on the normal distance from the upper interface of the subducting beneath Tohoku. Taking into consideration the estimation errors in the location of the plate interface, hypocenters and the general reported values of the oceanic Moho depth (Minshull et al. 1998), we use 10 km as the depth of the oceanic Moho. Next, events occurring 0 to 10 km from the plate interface were classified as upper-plane events of double seismic planes; these are expected to occur in the OC.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic diversity of non-nodulating Rhizobiumâ associated with pine ectomycorrhizae Go to 38. Biomass and morphology of fine roots in temperate broad-leaved forests differing in tree species diversity: is there evidence of below-ground overyielding? Go to 39. Influence of on in Go to 40. Effects of experimental soil frost on the fine‐root system of mature Norway spruce Go to 41. Root dynamics in sprouting tanoak forests of southwestern OregonGlenn R. Ahrens and Go to 42. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae: A for Go to 43. Interactions of Fungi and Radionuclides in to 44. 45. Environmental change and carbon limitation in trees: a biochemical, ecophysiological and ecosystem appraisal Go to 46. Relating fine root biomass to soil and climate conditions in the Go to 47. Hydraulic lift may buffer rhizosphere hyphae against the negative effects of severe soil drying in a savanna Go to 48. Integrating ectomycorrhizal fungi into quantitative frameworks of forest carbon and nitrogen cycling Go to 49. Turnover as a for into to 50. to 51. Decomposition and nutrient release from fresh and dried pine roots under two fertilizer regimesLudovici and to 52. Long‐term interval burning alters fine root and mycorrhizal dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest Go to 53. 54. Supply‐side controls on soil respiration among Oregon forests Go to 55. The impact of ectomycorrhiza formation on monosaccharide transporter gene expression in poplar roots Go to 56. Distribution of protozoa in scots pine mycorrhizospheres Go to 57. Ectomycorrhizal Colonization, Biomass, and Production in a in Response to Elevated CO2 Go to 58. to 59. Role of in Determining Douglas-fir Resistance to Defoliation by the Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Go to 60. Synopsis and Outlook to the to 61. Nested PCR detection of Archaea in defined compartments of pine mycorrhizospheres developed in boreal forest humus microcosms Go to 62.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: For example, summertime rainfall may evaporate more quickly in the afternoon hours but can easily be permeated into soil and stored overnight. Numerous past studies have examined the diurnal variations of global and regional rainfalls through observations from surface rain gauges, weather radars, and/or satellites (e. g. , Wallace 1975; Carbone et al. 2002; Yu et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2004; Dai et al. 1999, 2007; Zhou et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2009). It is commonly observed that warm-season precipitation around the world usually peaks in the morning over ocean and in the late afternoon over land with the exception of several low-lying land areas such as the central of the (e. g. , Wallace 1975; Carbone et al. 2002). Some studies partially accredit the nocturnal precipitation maximums over the plains to a low-level southerly nocturnal jet parallel (e. g. , Higgins et al. 1997; Carbone and Tuttle 2008), which is also widely observed over the of the (e. g. , Bonner 1968). Complementary to Carbone et al. (2002), which concentrated on the central United States, the current study explores the diurnal variation and propagation of the warm-season precipitation over the Yanshan–ranges, along the eastern peripheries of the Loess and Inner-and the adjacent Plains (Fig. 1a). Warm-season rainfalls account for nearly 80% of the total annual precipitation in this focus area, which has strong diurnal variations. This study also complements recent studies on diurnal rainfall variations over China (e. g. , Wang et al. 2004; Yu et al. 2007; Zhou et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2009), most of which emphasize the eastern slopes and adjacent eastward regions of the Tibetan Plateau. 2. Precipitation dataset and mean The high-resolution global precipitation dataset from the (NOAA) Center’s morphing technique (; Joyce et al. 2004) will be used for this study. has a spatial resolution of 0. 7277° and is available every 30 min between 60°N and 60°S beginning with December of 2002. It combines precipitation estimates derived exclusively from several low-orbiter satellite microwave sensors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Events 10–23 km deeper than the plate interface were classified as interplane events, and earthquakes located deeper than 23 km from the interface were classified as lower-plane events in the double seismic zone. Results and discussionFigure 3b shows the stress drops and median stress drops for all intraslab earthquakes at all depth ranges (70–200 km), assuming the JMA 1D structure for the OC and OM events listed in Table S1. We used that velocity model between the OC and OM in order to compare with results from Hokkaido (i. e. , Kita and Katsumata 2015, Fig. 3). Figures 4a and b, respectively, show the stress drop for each event, the median stress drop in the OC and the OM. In Figs. 4a and b, the depth bin sizes for estimation of median stress drops are the same as in Figs. 4 and 5 of Kita and Katsumata (2015) for Hokkaido. Figure S4 shows the median stress drops for OM and OC events with constant depth (20 km) bin sizes. Map views and a cross-section of stress drops of intraslab earthquakes are shown in Fig. 5. The location of cross-section is the same as Fig. 3 of Kita et al. (2006). Figure 6a shows the distribution of all stress drops plotted against distance from the upper plate interface beneath Tohoku. The distribution of intraslab events excluding aftershocks of the 2003 M7. 1 Miyagi is shown in Figure S8 of the additional file. Figure 7a compares the median stress drop for upper-plane events (OC events), interplane events (OM events) and lower-plane events (OM events) plotted against depths beneath Tohoku. The values of the median stress drop for OC events (upper-plane events) and OM events are listed in Table 1 and those for upper-plane events, interplane events, and lower-plane events in Table S2. Figures 6b and 7b were prepared based on the results beneath Hokkaido by Kita and Katsumata (2015), and are presented for comparison with Figs. 6a and 7a. Fig. 4Estimated stress drops at depths of 70–180 km plotted against depth for a events in the OC using a two-dimensional Vs model from Shiina et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Spatial distribution of sporocarps and the biomass of ectomycorrhizas of Suillus pictus in a Korean pine ( Pinus koraiensis ) stand Go to 63. Biomass of in Relation to and Fertility, Climate, Age and to 64. in with an Emphasis on Go to 65. Methods in Study of Degradation of Go to 66. Responses of decomposer community to root-isolation and addition of slash Go to 67. Contrasting effects of microbial partners in the rhizosphere: interactions between seedlings (Picea abies Karst. ), mycorrhiza (Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. ) and naked amoebae (protozoa) Go to 68. Low molecular weight organic acids and fatty acids in root exudates of two Lupinus cultivars at flowering and fruiting stages Go to 69. Belowground carbon allocation of Douglas-firand to 70. Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of fine roots in a mixed forest ofCunninghamia lanceolata andTsoongiodendron odorum Go to 71. Aboveground biomass and nutrient content of five Douglas-fir stands in to 72. Seasonal change in phosphorus content of Pinus strobus—Cenococcum geophilum ectomycorrhizae Go to 73. Changes in soil acidity and organic matter following the establishment of conifers on former grassland in Go to 74. Estimating root respiration, microbial respiration in the rhizosphere, and root-free soil respiration in forest soils Go to 75. Analysis of some direct and indirect methods for estimating root biomass and production of forests at an ecosystem level Go to 76. 77. Seasonal variation in protein, ergosterol and chitin in five morphotypes of Pinus sylvestris L. ectomycorrhizae in a mature Swedish forest Go to 78. Ecology and 15N Natural Abundance: Limits to Interpretation for with from a to 79. Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with annual plants: the importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability Go to 80. High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests Go to 81.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: , diurnal component divided by the mean hourly precipitation rate). The diurnal component is calculated by summing the absolute differences between the mean precipitation rate at each hour and the mean hourly precipitation rate. Differing from the total rainfall distribution in Fig. 1b, the highest percentage of diurnal precipitation occurs along the sharp terrain slope that makes a transition from the low plains to the high plateaus, and the lowest percentage of diurnal precipitation occurs over the plains. Figure 2b shows isochrones of the local diurnal precipitation peaks that summarize the location of the phase fronts of diurnal precipitation peaks for different hours in that are shown in Fig. 3. As motivated by Fig. 12 of Carbone et al. (2002), Fig. 4 shows the distance–time Hovmöller diagram of the normalized hourly precipitation deviations averaged along a cross section from northwest to southeast (as in Fig. 1c). To highlight the larger-scale variations of diurnal precipitation peaks and to compare directly with a coarse GFS analysis that will be shown in Figs. 5 and 6, a two-dimensional spectral decomposition (Lin and Zhang 2008) has been used to filter signals with horizontal scales of less than 300 km in Figs. 2b and 3, but no filtering is performed in Fig. 4. Figures 2b, 3, and 4 show that a local diurnal precipitation peak starts in early afternoon hours (with maximum solar heating) on or near the top of the Yanshan–ranges. The strongest local diurnal peak is observed on the sharpest terrain slope east of the plateaus in the midafternoon hours [between 1400 and 1700 Beijing time, i. e. , the local standard time (LST), which is 8 h ahead of UTC; Fig. 4], which subsequently moves downslope toward the southeast (Figs. 2b and 4). The peak phase arrives on the plains in late afternoon into the early evening (Fig. 3c) and continuously progresses eastward across the central plains throughout the night (Figs. 3d,e). It approaches the eastern edges of the focus domain at around 0000 UTC (0800 LST), but by this time the diurnal peak begins to lose its identity while daylight returns the next morning (Fig. 3f). There also exists a secondary precipitation maximum over the eastern plains during the late afternoon hours (Figs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: (2013) and b events in the OM using a one-dimensional Vs model from the JMA 1D structure (Ueno et al. 2002). Gray bars indicate estimation errors of stress drops based on the standard error of the corner frequencies. The error estimate for each stress drop comes from the estimated standard error in the corner frequency of each event. Gray dots represent the stress drops for individual events. Color-coded open squares and error bars, respectively, denote the median stress drops at depths of 70–80 km, 80–90 km, 90–100 km, 100–120 km, 120–140 km, and 140–180 km. Values of the median stress drops are shown in Table 1. Red and blue error bars in (a) and (b) denote 8-quantile range for the median stress drops. Light red and blue error bars in a and b denote interquartile range for the median stress drops. c Spatial distribution (a depth-varying slice) of velocity in the OC reported by Shiina et al. (2013). Contours show the depth of the upper plate interface of the subducting Pacific plate. The color scale at the bottom of the figure refers to Vp values. d A graph for P wave velocity in the OC by Shiina et al. (2013) against depth. Red diamonds and bars denote averaged P-wave velocity in the OC shown in c and its standard deviation, respectively. e Schematic of median stress drops for the OC (red) and OM events (blue) from a and bFull size imageFig. 5Map views and a cross section of stress drops of intraslab earthquakes beneath Tohoku. a, b Map views for a the OC and b OM events. The thin black lines show the iso-depth contours of the top of the slab. c A vertical cross-section of events in a box on the map insert (the same location of Fig. 3 of Kita et al. 2006). Circles show hypocenters of intraslab earthquakes. The color scale shown in c shows stress drop values. The black and black dashed lines indicate top of the Pacific slab (Kita et al. 2010b) and the slab Moho (8 km below the top of it). Triangles denote locations of active volcanoesFull size imageFig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The effects of live and dead roots on soil fungi in spodosolic soils of the to 82. Deposition and the Mycorrhizae of Go to 83. Review of root dynamics in forest ecosystems grouped by climate, climatic forest type and species Go to 84. Rhizodeposition under ambient and elevated CO2 levels Go to 85. Efficiency of by to 86. Allocation of 14 C‐carbon in ectomycorrhizal willow Go to 87. The effects of alkalizing compounds on fine‐root growth in a Norway spruce stand in Go to 88. Responses of soil biota to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide Go to 89. Go to 90. Responses of soil biota to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide Go to 91. Measurement of plant biomass and net primary production of herbaceous vegetation Go to 92. Microbial biomass and nutrient concentrations in hyphal mats of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hysterangium setchellii in a coniferous forest soil Go to 93. Importance of Ectomycorrhiza for Go to 94. Mycorrhizas in ecosystems Go to 95. A critique of the role of ectomycorrhizas in forest ecology Go to 96. Substrate flow in the rhizosphere Go to 97. Comparison of direct vs fumigation incubation microbial biomass estimates from ectomycorrhizal mat and non-mat soils Go to 98. Atmospheric pollutants and ectomycorrhizae: More questions than answers? Go to 99. Input of to the Soil by Go to 100. Variation in of to 101. Substrate flow in the rhizosphere Go to 102. Production of fine roots and the seasonality of their growth in a Mexican deciduous dry forest Go to 103. Seasonal nitrogen and carbon concentrations in white, brown and woody fine roots of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) Go to 104. Root biomass, root distribution and the fine-root growth dynamics of Quercus coccifera L. in the garrigue of southern to 105. Bootstrapping in to 106. Interactions among soil biota in coniferous ecosystems Go to 107. Interactions of organisms at root/soil and litter/ soil interfaces in terrestrial ecosystems Go to 108. Interactions between soil animals and ectomycorrhizal fungal mats Go to 109.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Note that the 900-hPa pressure surface in some high-mountain areas is slightly below the ground level, but the GFS analysis from the downward extrapolation depicts reasonably well the low-level flow patterns in these places. At 0600 UTC (1400 LST) in the early afternoon, there are widespread low-level upward motions on the plateaus that peak on the eastern edge along the Yanshan–ranges (Figs. 5a and 6a). This peak quasi-southwest–northeast-oriented upward motion belt is closely collocated with a low-level perturbation convergence boundary, both of which correspond to be the upward branch of a developing daytime MPS (Fig. 6a) that is likely responsible for the peak diurnal precipitation in this area (Fig. 3a). The downward branch of the MPS circulation along with the cold-air advection by the anomalous low-level northeasterly winds (Figs. 5a and 6a) is likely responsible for the diurnal precipitation minimum phase across the plains at this time (Fig. 3a). At 1200 UTC (2000 LST) in the early evening, the maximum upward motion belt is located on the eastern slopes and foothills of the Yanshan–ranges, where the perturbation low-level winds from the low plains are being lifted upward by the steepest terrain slopes (Figs. 5b and 6b). As part of the upward branch of the MPS circulation, the upslope lifting induces the strongest diurnal precipitation peaks along the terrain slopes and foothills at this hour (Figs. 2a and 3c). In the meantime, the eastern half of the plains is positioned under the downward branch of the MPS, which adversely affects precipitation. Also at this time, the top of the mountain ranges makes a transition toward downward motions and shifts to the minimum diurnal precipitation phase (Figs. 3c and 5b). At 1800 UTC (0200 LST) in the early morning, the upward branch of the MPS circulation moves to the central plains along a leeside convergence zone (Figs. 5c and 6c) that collocates well with a nocturnal precipitation maximum (Fig. 3e).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: 6a, b Estimated stress drop of each event against normal distance from the upper plate interface beneath a Tohoku for the present study and b Hokkaido from Kita and Katsumata (2015). Color scale corresponds to event depths shown in b. Gray bars show error estimates for stress drops based on standard errors of the corner frequencies. Black open squares and error bars, respectively, denote median stress drops and 8-quantile range for the median stress drop every 2. 5 km computed for 5 km windows. Thin blue error bars denote interquartile range. c, d Normalized frequency distributions of intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes and stress fields in the Pacific slab beneath Tohoku and eastern Hokkaido, respectively (modified after Kita et al. 2010b). Black lines show the normalized frequency of events excluding aftershocks of the 2003 Miyagi-oki intraslab earthquake for the Tohoku region; the case including them is indicated by a thin broken line. DC and DE respectively show ranges of stress field of downdip compression and downdip extension. The location of the neutral plane of the stress field is shown with black arrowsFull size imageFig. 7a, b Median stress drop for intraslab events at depths of 70–90 km, 90–110 km, 110–130 km, 130–150 km and 150–180 km plotted against depth beneath a Tohoku (the present study) and b Hokkaido (from Kita and Katsumata 2015). Values of the median stress drops are shown in Tables 3 (a) and S3 (b). Red, green and blue error bars denote 8-quantile range for the median stress drops. Blue lines connect the median stress-drop points of lower-plane events beneath Tohoku using a one-dimensional Vs model (Ueno et al. 2002) and constant Vs of 4. 6 km/s beneath Hokkaido. Green lines connect median stress-drop points of interplane events beneath Tohoku using the one-dimensional Vs model of Ueno et al. (2002) and beneath Hokkaido assuming Vs of 4. 6 km/s. Red lines connect the corresponding points of upper-plane (OC) events using the Vs values reported by Shiina et al. (2013) for Tohoku and Vs of 4. 0 km/s for Hokkaido. Colored squares denote the median stress drops of events.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 1139/x83-110 Get AccessContentsof Forest Research, Number 5October 19831. 8, 2. 8, and 2. 0 times less than in the corresponding deciduous forest horizons, respectively. and F horizons had respiration rates 11. 5 times higher than the corresponding black spruce layers. Weight losses in birch L, F, and H horizons were 6, 3, and 2 times higher, respectively, than in the corresponding black spruce substrates. Substrates had a quality-dependent decay rate which did not change when they were relocated within or between sites indicating that measured field climatic differences were not as influential on decay rates as substrate quality components. Fungal biomass was significantly correlated with the quantity of organic matter in all sites (n = 15, r = 0. 62) but correlations were better for deciduous (n = 9, r = 0. 89), and evergreen (n = 6, r = 0. 82) forests separately. Strong correlations exist also between grams of organic matter decayed per square metre per year and fungal biomass (n = 13, r = 0. 86), and fungal biomass and grams of N and P mineralized per square metre per year (n = 14, r = 0. 95) and (n = 11, r = 0. 94, respectively). Seedlings on mineral-deficient substrates produced more tannins than the controls, and seedlings on substrates with widening C/N ratios had successively less tissue with lower N content, and proportionally more roots.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: There exist at least two possible mechanisms responsible for the nocturnal precipitation maximum over the plains, related to the MPS circulation: 1) the initiation or enhancement of precipitation events in the afternoon on the top and/or eastern slopes of the mountain ranges that subsequently propagate southeastward to the plains, following the midtropospheric mean flow, and 2) the local initiation or enhancement of precipitation following the upward branch of the MPS circulation over the plains during the night, which is further enhanced by the low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet. However, given the coarse spatial and temporal resolution of the GFS analysis (1° × 1°, every 6 h), the causality between the upward branch of the MPS and the precipitation maxima cannot be uniquely determined. It remains possible that the nighttime upward motion over the plains (e. g. , Figs. 5c and 6c) results from (instead of causing) the nocturnal precipitation maxima. There is spatial and temporal separation between the two parallel subpeaks within the primary diurnal precipitation maximum over the plains. The maximum to the east may have been produced by secondary generation of convection ahead of the downslope-sliding convective lines through either mesoscale gravity waves and/or cold-pool dynamics as hypothesized in Carbone et al. (2002) and Trier et al. (2006, 2010). 5. study explores the diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation over the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess and Plateaus and the adjacent Plains using the high-resolution precipitation data during May–August of 2003–09. Warm-season rainfalls account for nearly 80% of the total precipitation in this focus area and thus have very important impacts on the water cycles and climate of a region encompassing the capital city of Beijing and several of the most densely populated provinces of China. It is found that the peak in the local precipitation usually begins near midday or early afternoon (time of maximum solar heating) on the southeastern slopes of the plateaus and propagates southeastward at a speed of ∼13 m s−1. The primary diurnal precipitation peak reaches the central Plains around midnight and the early morning hours.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Thin red error bars denote interquartile range for median stress drops. DC and DE respectively mean downdip compression and downdip extension stress fields. c Cartoon of the interpretation of the degree of hydration in the oceanic mantle modified from Kita and Ferrand (2018)Full size imageTable 1 Median stress drop of oceanic mantle (OM) and oceanic crust (OC) events in the Pacific slab beneath Tohoku at depths of 70–180 km, as shown in Figs. 4a and bFull size tableGeneral trend of stress drops in TohokuThe median stress drop for OC events decreases by almost a factor of 3 as depth increases from 70 to 110 km (from 13. 1 to 4. 8 MPa), but increases by almost a factor of 2 as depth increases from 110 to 170 km (from 4. 8 to 8. 8 MPa) (Fig. 4a). Although a particular stress drop estimate can be highly uncertain, the trends that emerge from their median behavior are consistent with earlier results from Hokkaido (Fig. 4a of Kita and Katsumata 2015). We note that the seismic velocity structure assumed for the OC beneath Tohoku is a 2D model (Figs. 4c and d) whereas a constant Vs for the OC was adopted beneath Hokkaido by Kita and Katsumata (2015). In the oceanic crust (OC) beneath Hokkaido, the median stress drop for earthquakes decreases (from 6. 8 to 9. 9 MPa) at depths of 70–120 km, whereas it increases (from 6. 8 to 17 MPa) at depths of 120–170 km. An inflection point in a curve of a median stress drop of intraslab earthquake has been also reported in other subducting slabs (Tian et al. 2022; Folesky et al. 2024). In the Subduction; the median stress drop decreases at depths of 80 to 100 km and increases at depths of 100 to 140 km (Folesky et al. 2024). The effect of rigidity on stress drops has been discussed by several studies (e. g. Cui et al. 2023).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 13(5): 795-817. Export 1. Effects of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis bloom for the first time in 120 years on the dynamics of organic matter and nitrogen in forest: Differences in decomposition processes between leaf and flower Go to 2. -to 3. Differential Post-Recovery of Bogs and to 4. Climatic effects on soil organic nitrogen fractions and amino acid chirality in paddy soils Go to 5. Growth substrates alter aboveground plant microbial and metabolic properties thereby influencing insect herbivore performance Go to 6. Carbon stocks in the litter of the middle taiga deciduous forests of the Go to 7. The potential saprotrophic capacity of foliar endophytic fungi from Quercus gambelii Go to 8. from in Go to 9. All the Carbon Gone? Go to 10. Effect of Fluctuation and on Soil-Surface CO2 and CH4 Emissions from Go to 11. Soil enzymes illustrate the effects of alder nitrogen fixation on soil carbon processes in arctic and boreal ecosystems Go to 12. Secondary metabolites profile and physiological leaf traits in wild and cultivated Corylus avellana under different nutritional status Go to 13. Plant litter quality regulates soil eco-enzymatic stoichiometry and microbial nutrient limitation in a citrus orchard Go to 14. Effect of Organic and Application on Content and to 15. Gap models across micro- to mega-scales of time and space: examples of Tansley’s ecosystem concept Go to 16. in of Go to 17. Comparable effects of manure and its biochar on reducing soil Cr bioavailability and narrowing the rhizosphere extent of enzyme activities Go to 18. Importance of tree- and species-level interactions with wildfire, climate, and soils in interior Alaska: Implications for forest change under a warming climate Go to 19. Enzymes of Alnus-Fungi in an to 20. Effects of forest transition on litterfall, standing litter and related nutrient returns: Implications for forest management in tropical to 21. Reintegrating the beaver ( Castor canadensis ) in the urban landscape Go to 22. Is there a tree economics spectrum of decomposability? Go to 23. Nitrogen resorption efficiency of 13 tree species of a cool temperate deciduous forest in Go to 24.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Two mechanisms are likely responsible for the nocturnal precipitation maximum over the Plains: 1) the initiation or enhancement of precipitation events during peak solar heating hours on the eastern slopes of the plateaus, which subsequently propagate southeastward to the plains, following the midtropospheric mean flow, and 2) the local initiation or enhancement of precipitation following the upward branch of a mountain–plain solenoidal circulation induced by differential heating between the mountain ranges and plains, which is further facilitated by the nocturnal low-level jet over the plains that contributes to a transport of warm, moist air to the area during nighttime. Future studies will examine the respective contributions from each of these two likely mechanisms, as well as the importance of the midtropospheric mean flow and/or the cold-pool dynamics for further explaining the near-continuous propagation of diurnal precipitation peaks from high terrains to the plains in this area, through both case studies of individual events and idealized simulations, as in Trier et al. (2006, 2010) for the continental United States. 4635. 850. Bonner, W. D. , 1968: Climatology of the low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 96, 833– 850. )| falseSearch 4146. Carbone, R. E. , and J. D. Tuttle 2008: Rainfall occurrence in the U. S. warm season: The diurnal cycle. J. Climate, 21, 4132– 4146. )| falseSearch 2056. Carbone, R. E. , J. D. Tuttle D. Ahijevych and S. B. Trier 2002: Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes. J. Atmos. Sci. , 59, 2033– 2056. )| falseSearch 3103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. Chen, G. , W. Sha and T. Iwasaki 2009: Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China: Spatial distribution and its seasonality. J. Geophys. Res. , 114, D13103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. )| falseSearch 6402. Dai, A. , F. Giorgi and K. E. Trenberth 1999: Observed and model simulated precipitation diurnal cycle over the contiguous United States. J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Kita and Katsumata (2015) also argued that this resulted from a change in OC rigidity with increasing depth due to eclogite formation and related dehydration processes within the OC; there is a clear peak in intraslab seismicity at depths of ~ 80 km in the OC beneath northeastern Japan (Kita et al. 2010a, 2006) and the low-velocity zone in the OC disappears at depths of 80–100 km there (Nakajima et al. 2009; Tsuji et al. 2008). Consistent with the interpretation of Kita and Katsumata (2015) for Hokkaido, we propose that the depth variations in stress drops for Tohoku events in the OC result from a depth-dependent change in rock rigidity due to the dehydration-related formation of eclogite (Hacker et al. 2003). As indicated by Kita and Katsumata (2015), during eclogite formation and dehydration in the OC, a decrease in the water content and a phase change in the rock are factors that increase its rigidity; conversely, an increase in temperature decreases the rigidity. At depths of 70–120 km, we think that the effects of the decrease in water content with depth and the phase change could be smaller than the effect of the increase in temperature with depth; thus, the median stress drop in the OC shows a decrease at these depths. At depths of 120–180 km, we think that the effects of the decrease in water content with depth and the phase change could be greater than the effects of the increase in temperature with depth, resulting in an increase in the median stress drop in the OC (Fig. 4e). If these interpretations are correct, then the velocity in the OC is expected to first decrease and then increase with increasing depth. This view is consistent with observed depth-dependent changes in velocity in the OC beneath Tohoku (Shiina et al. 2013); i. e. , velocity tends to decrease at depths of < 70 km and clearly increases at depths of > 70 km beneath Tohoku (Figs. 4c and d; Fig. 3a of Shiina et al. 2013). The seismicity peak in the OC beneath Tohoku occurs at depths of ~ 80 km due to the phase change with dehydration (Fig. 3 of Kita et al. 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Leaf litter decomposition dynamics in unmanaged Phyllostachys pubescens stands at high elevations in the to 25. Are litter decomposition and fire linked through plant species traits? Go to 26. Can spatial patterns be used to investigate aboveground-belowground links in reclaimed forests? Go to 27. Differential response of microbial respiration to supplied nitrogen forms in 3 contrasting alpine meadow soils on the Go to 28. Matter (SOM): Go to 29. Microbial utilization of double-labeled aspen litter in boreal aspen and spruce soils Go to 30. a on the Quantity and Quality of in a Go to 31. Differences in Distribution and Linked to in a Mid-to 32. Black carbon aerosol dynamics and isotopic composition in Alaska linked with boreal fire emissions and depth of burn in organic soils Go to 33. Behavior and Fate of Natural and in to 34. The effects of temperature on decomposition and allelopathic phytotoxicity of boneseed litter Go to 35. The importance of tree species and soil taxonomy to modeling forest soil carbon stocks in to 36. Chemical quality of aboveground litter inputs for jack pine and black spruce stands along the to 37. Comparing carbon pools and tree growth in balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) and black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest ecosystems located along a climatic gradient Go to 38. Synergistic soil response to nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization in hardwood forests Go to 39. Effects of cutting, mulching and applications of farmyard manure on the supply of nitrogen from a red clover/grass sward Go to 40. A of Ontario’s to 41. to 42. Edaphic and microclimatic controls over permafrost response to fire in interior to 43. Use of Gardens as a Sustainable Import-for Security in Subarctic Ontario, to 44. Gross and aboveground net primary production at Canadian forest carbon flux sites Go to 45. Landscape‐scale patterns in tree occupancy and abundance in subarctic to 46. Effects of fire severity on plant nutrient uptake reinforce alternate pathways of succession in boreal forests Go to 47. Long-term effects of organic amendments on the recovery of plant and soil microbial communities following disturbance in the Canadian boreal forest Go to 48.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Another region with prominent cloudiness features, the (SACZ), extends from southeast Brazil toward the western portion of the subtropical (Jones and Horel 1991). The convective activity and summertime precipitation in vary over wide ranges of time-and space scales. While convection in the Amazon basin exhibits strong diurnal and seasonal changes, intraseasonal (10–90 days) variations are more pronounced over the SACZ. At 30–60 days the Madden–(MJO; Madden and Julian 1994) shows an important modulation of the SACZ. Teleconnection studies, for instance, have indicated that the 30–60-day variability over the SACZ region can be forced by Rossby wave propagation linked to MJO events in the (Grimm and 1995). Furthermore, spectral analysis of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) reveals additional intraseasonal variability (27, 16, 10, and 8 days) along the SACZ (Liebmann et al. 1999). An important question one may ask is how the skill of numerical weather prediction is affected when one type of intraseasonal variation over the SACZ is more predominant than the remaining ones. In a recent study, Nogués-Paegle et al. (1998) (hereafter NPMP) examined the skill of 8-day forecasts generated from initial conditions every 5 days by the for Environmental Prediction–for (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis project (Kalnay et al. 1996). Using OLR anomalies in the 10–90-day band, NPMP identified periods of enhanced (strong SACZ) and suppressed (weak SACZ) convective activity (see NPMP for details on the methodology) and calculated the root-mean-square errors of 500-hPa geopotential height over the region (PAN) (60°S–60°N, 120°–30°W). An interesting result in NPMP is that initial forecast errors during weak SACZ are smaller than for strong events. The growth rate of the errors during weak SACZs, however, is larger than the growth rate of strong SACZ cases. Their results show that the strengthening and southward extension of the SACZ is connected to the ITCZ in the central Pacific.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Therefore, we propose that the changes in the stress drops for OC events beneath Tohoku are also due to phase change with dehydration processes in the OC. Strictly speaking, the inflection point in the curve of the median stress drop occurs at ~ 110 km depth (Fig. 4a), which is deeper than the inflection point in the curve of the velocity (~ 70 km) against depth reported by Shiina et al. (2013) (Figs. 4c and d; Fig. 3a of Shiina et al. 2013). This “depth lag” between the negative inflection points could be due to the existence of small amounts of remaining blueschist prior to full transformation to the eclogite facies. A phase change from blueschist to eclogite occurs not only near the phase boundary, but also in the middle of the blueschist facies (e. g. Hacker 2008; Omori et al. 2009; Kogiso et al. 2009). In addition, blueschist facies near the phase boundary are rich in eclogite, but contain relatively low amounts of blueschist; thus, in these environments, the percentage of eclogite is greater than that of blueschist, and the average velocity of the OC becomes close to that of eclogite (Hacker et al. 2008; Omori et al. 2009; Kogiso et al. 2009). However, earthquakes in the OC still occur due to dehydration of the remaining blueschist near the phase boundary. In this study, we used the average seismic velocity from the upper surface of the to the slab Moho. If a more precise seismic velocity structures were available, the negative inflection point for the median stress drop might shift to a shallower depth. As shown in Figs. 6c and d, the double seismic zones are recognized in the oceanic plate beneath both Tohoku and Hokkaido, and the stress regime within the slab beneath Tohoku is similar to that in Hokkaido; Downdip compression (DC) is dominant in the OC, and downdip extension (DE) is dominant in the lower-plane of double seismic planes (OM events) (e. g. , Hasegawa et al. 1978; Suzuki and Motoya 1981; 1983).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Plant–soil feedbacks mediated by humus forms: A review Go to 49. Organic Matter: in Go to 50. Buried organic horizons represent amino acid reservoirs in boreal forest soils Go to 51. The effect of boreal forest composition on soil respiration is mediated through variations in soil temperature and C quality Go to 52. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in UK soils and the influence of soil, vegetation type and seasonality Go to 53. Implications of increased deciduous cover on stand structure and aboveground carbon pools of Alaskan boreal forests Go to 54. Chemical transformations of deadwood and foliar litter of mixed boreal species during decomposition. Quideau, and Se-Go to 55. Spatial heterogeneity of understory vegetation and soil in an Alaskan upland boreal forest fire chronosequence Go to 56. of Phyllocnistis populiella (Lepidoptera: Gracilliariidae) in Go to 57. of Snow, Soil Microenvironment, and on N Availability in to 58. Vegetation Community, Foliar Nitrogen, and on Tundra CO 2 Exchange across a to 59. than Go to 60. Environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under different plant traits in urban soil as affected by nitrogen deposition Go to 61. on Go to 62. Decomposition and to 63. Responses of soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities to fertilizations of mixed inorganic and organic nitrogen at a subtropical forest in Go to 64. Influence of Non-nitrogenous on Soil CO2 Efflux and Production in an N-Go to 65. of in to 66. The role of soil drainage class in carbon dioxide exchange and decomposition in boreal black spruce (Picea mariana) forest standsKimberly P. Wickland, Jason C. Neff, and Jennifer W. to 67. Litter decomposition rates in relation to litter stocks in boreal coniferous forests along climatic and soil fertility gradients Go to 68. The impact of black cottonwood on soil fertility in coastal western hemlock forest Go to 69. Turnover of labile and recalcitrant soil carbon differ in response to nitrate and ammonium deposition in an ombrotrophic peatland Go to 70.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: D. , A. N. Hahmann, and J. E. Geisler, 1989: An investigation of the annual cycle of convective activity over the tropical Americas. J. Climate,2, 1388–1403. Jones, C. , 1990: An investigation of low-frequency variability of the large-scale circulation over South America. M. S. thesis, Department of Meteorology, University of Utah, 108 pp. ——, and J. D. Horel, 1991: High circulation and convective activity over (in Portuguese). Rev. Brasileira de Meteorologia,5-1, 379–387. ——, D. E. Waliser, J. E. Schemm, and W. K. Lau, 2000: Prediction skill of the Madden and in dynamical extended range weather forecasts. Climate Dyn. , in press. Kalnay, E. , and Coauthors, 1996: NCEP/NCAR 40-Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. ,77, 437–471. Lenters, J. D. , and K. H. Cook, 1999: Summertime precipitation variability over South America: Role of the large-scale circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,127, 409–431. Liebmann, B. , G. N. Kiladis, J. A. Marengo, T. Ambrizzi, J. D. Glick, 1999: Submonthly convective variability over and the Convergence Zone. J. Climate,12, 1877–1891. Madden, R. A. , and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40–50 day tropical oscillation: A review. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,122, 814–837. Nogues-Paegle J. , K. Mo, and J. Paegle, 1998: Predictability of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis model during austral summer. Mon. Wea. Rev. ,126, 3135–3152. Schemm, J. E. , H. Van den Dool, and S. Saha, 1996: A Multi-at NCEP. Preprints 11th Conf. on. Meteor. Soc. , 47–49. in gallery Fig. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: There is, however, a difference in the interplane events between Tohoku and Hokkaido; Beneath Tohoku, the stress fields of the interplane and lower plane events are DC and DE respectively, (Fig. 6c), with a larger median stress drop for the lower plane events (Fig. 7a). On the other hand, beneath Hokkaido, the stress fields of both interplane and lower plane events are DE (Fig. 6d), and the median stress drops are similar (Fig. 7b). Allmann and Shearer (2009) reported that the stress drop has some dependence on focal mechanisms. Our results within the OM beneath the two regions perhaps suggest that the stress drop of intraslab events might depend on the stress regime. Further studies will be needed to understand the dependence of intra-slab stress drop on the stress regime (e. g. comparison of stress drops of events with focal mechanisms). Figures 4a and b clearly show that the median stress drop in the OC is lower than that in the OM. The trend of larger median stress drop in the OM than that in OC is confirmed if we adopt the same constant velocity model for both of the OC and OM in several ranges of magnitude (Figures S6a to S6f) or if we adopt another 1D velocity model for OM (Figure S7a). The median stress drops in the OC are approximately 40 to 90% (on average 62%) of those in the OM (Table 1). Figure 6a and Table 2 also show that the median stress drops in the OC (0–10 km of the x-axis) are lower than in the OM (deeper than 10 km along the x-axis). These results are generally consistent with results beneath Hokkaido (Kita and Katsumata 2015), but there is clearly higher median stress drop in the OC than in the OM below depths of 130 km beneath Hokkaido (Fig. 6b and Table S3). This kind of difference between Tohoku and Hokkaido may result from the different seismic velocity models used for the OC in the two regions. Figure 7a (for Tohoku) and Fig. 7b (Hokkaido) also show that the median stress drops in the OC are generally lower than in the OM (Tables 3 and S2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Fire, climate change, and forest resilience in interior AlaskaThis 71. The role of mosses in ecosystem succession and function in Alaska’s boreal forestThis 72. Long-term monitoring of climatic and nutritional affects on tree growth in interior AlaskaJ. Yarie and K. Go to 73. Glycine mineralization in situ closely correlates with soil carbon availability across six forest ecosystems Go to 74. Soil CO2 and N2O flux dynamics in a nitrogen-fertilized Douglas-fir stand Go to 75. How does a tree species influence litter decomposition? Separating the relative contribution of litter quality, litter mixing, and forest floor conditionsJérôme Laganière, David Paré, and Robert L. to 76. Cross-of of Amino Acid-N and NH4 + Go to 77. Nutrient and caloric dynamics in Avicennia marina leaves at different developmental and decay stages in Estuary, to 78. Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O‐CN land surface model: 2. Role of the nitrogen cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance Go to 79. Declines in moose population density at and accompanied changes in landscape patterns Go to 80. Spatial variations of chemical composition, microbial functional diversity, and enzyme activities in a Mediterranean litter (Quercus ilex L. ) profile Go to 81. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in early stages of forest litter decomposition as affected by nitrogen addition Go to 82. Soil amino acid composition across a boreal forest successional sequence Go to 83. Carbon and in Birch and to 84. Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Go to 85. Linking the abundance of aspen with soil faunal communities and rates of belowground processes within single stands of mixed aspen–black spruce Go to 86. Reciprocal interactions between plants and soil in an upland grassland Go to 87. Concentrations of in of (Betula pubescens) Increase with to 88. Impact of simulated moose densities on abundance and richness of vegetation, herbivorous and predatory arthropods along a productivity gradient Go to 89. Effects of nitrogen deposition on the greenhouse gas fluxes from forest soils Go to 90. and Stocks in in to 91.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: AbstractCarbon dioxide is Mars’ primary atmospheric constituent and is an active driver of Martian surface evolution. CO2 ice sublimation mechanisms have been proposed for a host of features that form in the contemporary Martian climate. However, there has been very little experimental work or quantitative modelling to test the validity of these hypotheses. Here we present the results of the first laboratory experiments undertaken to investigate if the interaction between sublimating CO2 ice blocks and a warm, porous, mobile regolith can generate features similar in morphology to those forming on Martian dunes today. We find that CO2 sublimation can mobilise grains to form (i) pits and (ii) furrows. We have documented new detached pits at the termini of linear gullies on Martian dunes. Based on their geomorphic similarity to the features observed in our laboratory experiments, and on scaling arguments, we propose a new hypothesis that detached pits are formed by the impact of granular jets generated by sublimating CO2. We also study the erosion patterns formed underneath a sublimating block of CO2 ice and demonstrate that these resemble furrow patterns on Mars, suggesting similar formation mechanisms. Similar content being viewed by others The formation of araneiforms by carbon dioxide venting and vigorous sublimation dynamics under martian atmospheric pressure 4. The distribution of this dry ice is governed primarily by solar insolation5. In the early spring, as insolation increases, the dry ice begins to sublimate. This process is now recognised as an important agent in the formation of contemporary surface features on Mars. These features include the dendritic araneiform terrain of the south polar cryptic region6,7,8, linear gullies, their associated pits9,10, and sand furrows11. In this study we focus on linear gully pits and sand furrows; both active features which are observed to form and evolve on dunes under the current Martian climate. These features have no Earth analogues and the specific mechanisms responsible for their formation have yet to be fully understood and quantified. FurrowsFurrows are shallow (~0. 25 m) and narrow (~1. 5 m) negative relief11,12, features which are observed on over 95% of the northern polar dunes11 and are also found between 40°S and 72°S13.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Beneath Tohoku, the interplane and upper-plane events each yield a DC regime (Fig. 4c). In Fig. 7a, the median stress drop for upper-plane events is smaller than that for interplane events beneath Tohoku. As noted by Kita and Katsumata (2015), the median stress drop of the upper-plane events is also smaller than that of interplane events beneath Hokkaido (Figs. 7b and Table S3). This similarity between the two regions despite their differences in interplane stress fields (i. e. , DC beneath Tohoku (Fig. 6c) and DE beneath Hokkaido (Fig. 6d)) suggests that a difference in rigidity and/or different rupture mechanisms between the OC and OM (Kita and Katsumata 2015) may explain the stress drop difference between the OC and OM in both regions. Table 2 Median stress drops of each depth range against normal distance from the upper plate interface beneath Tohoku for the present study and Hokkaido from Kita and Katsumata (2015), as shown in Figs. 6a and bFull size tableTable 3 Median stress drops of upper-plane, interplane and lower plane in the Pacific slab beneath Tohoku at depths of 70–180 km, as shown in Figs. 7aFull size tableThe effect on seismicity and stress field of intraplate events by the 2011 M9. 0 Tohoku earthquake beneath has been reported beneath northeastern Japan by several studies (intermediate-depth: Delbridge et al. 2017, 2024; Kita and Ferrand 2018, near-trench region: Obana et al. 2012, overlying plate: Hasegawa et al. 2011; Yoshida et al. 2012). Effect on the stress drops of intraslab events by the large magnitude event is also a curious study topic. The median stress drop for the OC at depths of 70 to 90 km after the 2011 M9. 0 Tohoku event tends to be a weak increase comparing to that before it (Figure S8 of the additional file), but further detailed examination with additional data in the period after our analysis period needs if we clearly indicate characteristics of time and space changes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Short- and medium-term contrasting effects of nitrogen fertilization on C and N cycling in a poplar plantation soil Go to 92. Belowground and aboveground consequences of interactions between live plant species mixtures and dead organic substrate mixtures Go to 93. to 94. Decomposition of soil organic matter from boreal black spruce forest: environmental and chemical controls Go to 95. The potential for forest canopy litterfall interception by a dense fern understorey, and the consequences for litter decomposition Go to 96. Effects of Aspen and on on Go to 97. An estimate of carbon emissions from 2004 wildfires across Go to 98. Browse biomass production an. regrowth capacity after biomass loss in deciduous and coniferous trees: responses to moose browsing along a productivity gradient Go to 99. of in to 100. Ecological role of reindeer summer browsing in the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forests: effects on plant defense, litter decomposition, and soil nutrient cycling Go to 101. The microbial communities of aspen and spruce forest floors are resistant to changes in litter inputs and microclimate Go to 102. Biogeochemistry of Go to 103. Impact of Beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) Foraging on of Go to 104. Impacts of anthropogenic N additions on nitrogen mineralization from plant litter in exotic annual grasslands Go to 105. Does the addition of litter from N-fixing Acacia mearnsii accelerate leaf decomposition of Eucalyptus globulus? Go to 106. Nitrogen retention patterns and their controlling factors in an alpine meadow: implications for carbon sequestration Go to 107. Labile substrates quality as the main driving force of microbial mineralization activity in a poplar plantation soil under elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization Go to 108. Contribution of winter processes to soil nitrogen flux in taiga forest ecosystems Go to 109. Aboveground and belowground responses to quality and heterogeneity of organic inputs to the boreal forest Go to 110. Nitrogen dynamics of a boreal black spruce wildfire chronosequence Go to 111. Changes in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling along a 72-year wildfire chronosequence in Michigan jack pine forests Go to 112. Nutrient dynamics of foliar litter in reciprocal decomposition in tropical and subtropical forests Go to 113. in Cedar and to 114.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: However, to call life forms perpetually metabolizing things would be a step too far. We’re all familiar with hibernation – in hedgehogs, for example. This is a state of reduced metabolic activity in cold weather. And there’s the related phenomenon of aestivation – reduced metabolic activity in hot dry weather, as is found in some Mediterranean snails. But these two states are eclipsed by a more extreme one called cryptobiosis (‘hidden life’), in which metabolism may be reduced to zero, or very nearly so. The best example of animals exhibiting cryptobiosis are the tiny invertebrates called tardigrades, or water bears. These have played an interesting role in astrobiology, as we’ll see later. So it’s appropriate that they should feature in our discussion here of the definition of life. When environmental conditions become too extreme for a tardigrade to maintain normal, active, rapidly metabolizing life, it converts itself into a static, low-or-zero metabolizing structure called a tun. Both this state and the normal active state are shown in Figure 1. 2. When conditions improve again, it can convert back from a tun into an active, mobile, metabolizing tardigrade. But this fact doesn’t really cause us difficulties of definition. As long as we stick with a view of organisms as ‘intrinsically metabolizing’ rather than ‘perpetually metabolizing’, then we’re ok. Figure 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. That was a quick look at ‘metabolism’. Now, what about reproduction? Cars don’t reproduce. Neither do rocks or clouds of smoke. Organisms do. Perhaps this is more straightforward, then, than the case of metabolism? Well, not entirely. Regrettably, not all adult humans can reproduce. But those who can’t are no less alive than those who can.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Different stress drop behaviors in Tohoku and HokkaidoFigure 6a compares the median stress drops for upper-plane, interplane and lower-plane events beneath Tohoku, plotted against depths. For the oceanic mantle portion, the median stress drops for lower-plane and interplane events beneath Tohoku at depths of 70–170 km are smaller than those beneath Hokkaido (Fig. 7b). Figures 7a and b also show that the stress drops in the OM beneath Tohoku at depths of 70 to 170 km tend to be smaller than beneath Hokkaido (Table 3). We think the differences in the median stress drops of oceanic mantle between Tohoku and Hokkaido may result from a difference in the degree of serpentinized peridotite. Based on a comparison of experimental results with b-values of intermediate-depth earthquakes (Kita and Ferrand 2018), the subducting oceanic mantle beneath Tohoku is more hydrated than that beneath Hokkaido because abyssal hill fault reactivation occurs in near-trench region of Hokkaido but not Tohoku (Fujie et al. 2018) (Fig. 6c). Some hydration of the OM occurs in both regions, but the degree of the hydration offshore Tohoku appears larger than that offshore Hokkaido, as indicated by seismic imaging of Vp by OBS (Fujie et al. 2018). The rigidity of the OM off-Tohoku could therefore be smaller than that offshore Hokkaido, leading to smaller stress drops in Tohoku than Hokkaido. Moreover, there could be more hydrated peridotite in the upper portion of the OM (interplane events) beneath Tohoku than the lower portion of it (lower plane events) there (Fig. 7a), whereas beneath Hokkaido there could be relatively less hydrated peridotite in both the interplane and lower-plane regions (Fig. 7b). Regarding the ocean crust, Fujie et al. (2018) also inferred more hydration of the oceanic crust offshore Tohoku than offshore Hokkaido. That could result in the smaller median stress drops in Tohoku, compared to Hokkaido (Figs. 7a and b, and Tables 3 and S3). Chen et al. (2004) calculated the thermal parameter (i. e.

Output: contrast