Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic analysis divided the EDR1-like genes into six clades. NtEDR1-1A and NtEDR1-1B—along with the reported EDR1s, AtEDR1-1 and TaEDR1, negatively functioning in resistance to powdery mildew—clustered in clade I. The results of 3D model prediction showed that NtEDR1-1A was most similar to that of AtEDR1-1 among all the NtEDR1-like genes tested (Fig. 4; Fig. S2). Multi-sequence alignment analysis revealed that genes in clade I showed high similarities, with 82. 29% identity of the C-terminal kinase region and 66. 89% identity of the N-terminal regulatory region. This suggested that the EDR1 regulatory region and kinase domain were highly conserved in clade I. The pathway of EDR1 homologs is likely conserved between monocots and eudicots (i. e. , maize, rice and tomato) (Frye, Tang & Innes, 2001). The EDR1-like members in each clade were divided into monocot and dicot sub-families. Multi-sequence alignment analysis of tobacco EDR1-like proteins showed the C-terminal kinase region had relatively high identity (61. 48%), but the N-terminal regulatory region had relatively low identity (40. 52%). As EDR1 function is dependent upon the N-terminal regulatory region (Tang, Christiansen & Innes, 2005), the lower identity among the N-terminal regulatory regions of tobacco EDR1-like genes may indicate that they have different functions. Motif distribution analysis showed that different NtEDR1-like members had different numbers and types of motifs (Fig. 3A). Genomic structure analysis also showed that the exon–intron structure of EDR1-like genes greatly differed among species. Quantitative expressions of tobacco EDR1-like genes following infection by G. orontii were analyzed. The results showed 15 tobacco EDR1-like genes were G. orontii-susceptible (Figs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: (2017)22 Offers potential for improved lung pattern analysis and disease classification Limited discussion on clinical validation and real-world application Demonstrates robustness in leveraging multi-source transfer learning for lung pattern analysis Dou et al. (2016)23 Holds promise for reducing false positives in pulmonary nodule detection Limited validation on a single dataset, sensitivity to training data quality Demonstrates robustness with multilevel contextual 3D CNNs for reducing false positives in nodule detection Zhang et al. (2017)24 Potential for peripheral nodule detection, but lacking clinical validation Limited validation on a single dataset, performance dependent on SVM classifier Demonstrates robustness in peripheral nodule detection using deep CNN and SVM Ding et al. (2017)25 Promising approach for nodule detection, but limited clinical validation Reliance on template matching may hinder generalization, validation on a single dataset Demonstrates robustness in combining template matching and deep learning for nodule detection Ardila et al. (2019)26 Offers end-to-end lung cancer screening, but requires further clinical validation Limited discussion on false positives and real-world integration Demonstrates robustness in achieving end-to-end lung cancer screening with 3D deep learning on low-dose CT scans Liang et al. (2019)27 Offers patient-level lung cancer prediction, but requires clinical validation Limited information on real-world implementation, potential overfitting to expert features Demonstrates robustness in transferable deep features for patient-level lung cancer prediction Zhang et al. (2018)29 Promising for detecting small lung cancers, but requires more clinical validation Limited discussion on false positives/negatives, single dataset validation Demonstrates robustness in ensemble-based deep learning for small lung cancer detection in CT scans Anthimopoulos et al. (2016)30 Potential for automated interstitial lung disease classification, but requires further validation Limited discussion on real-world implementation, potential performance variations across datasets Demonstrates robustness in deep learning for lung pattern classification in interstitial lung diseases et al. (2018)31 Presents clinically applicable deep learning for retinal disease, but focuses on retinal diagnosis Not specific to lung disease, limited focus on lung-related applications Demonstrates robustness in deep learning for medical diagnosis and referral, applicable to various medical conditions Baltruschat et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: Erskine, W. , Y. Adham and L. Holly. 1989. Geographic distribution of variation in quantitative traits in a world lentil collection. Euphytica 43: 97-103. Erskine, W. and M. Choudhary. 1986. Variation between and within lentil landraces from Republic. Euphytica 35: 695-700. Erskine, W. and F. Muehlbauer. 1991. Allozyme and morphological variability, outcrossing rate and core collection formation in lentil germplasm. Theoretical and 83: 119-25. -Lloyd, H. J. Newbury and N. Maxted. 1998. Contrasting genetic variation amongst lentil landraces from different geographical origins. Euphytica 102: 265-73. Fikiru, E. , K. Tesfaye and E. Bekele. 2007. Genetic diversity and population structure of Ethiopian lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) landraces as revealed by ISSR marker. of Biotechnology 6. Ford, R. , E. Pang and P. Taylor. 1997. Diversity analysis and species identification in Lens using PCR generated markers. Euphytica 96: 247-55. Havey, M. and F. Muehlbauer. 1989. Variability for restriction fragment lengths and phylogenies in lentil. Theoretical and 77: 839-43. Huson, D. H. and D. Bryant. 2006. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. and Evolution 23: 254-67. Huttner, E. , P. Wenzl, M. Akbari, V. Caig, J. Carling, C. Cayla, M. Evers, D. Jaccoud, K. Peng and S. Patarapuwadol. Diversity arrays technology: a novel tool for harnessing the genetic potential of orphan crops. Proceedings of the Discovery to Delivery: Bio2004, Proceedings of the 2004 Conference of Biological Forum. CABI Publishing: UK, 2005, 145-55. Idrissi, O. , A. R. Piergiovanni, F. Toklu, C. Houasli, S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: 5A–5D): NtEDR1-1, NtEDR1-12 and NtEDR1-16 were up-regulated at 2 hpi; NtEDR1-6, NtEDR1-7, NtEDR1-11, NtEDR1-13, NtEDR1-14 and NtEDR1-17 were immediately up-regulated after G. orontii infection; NtEDR1-4 and NtEDR1-18 were up-regulated at 12 hpi; and NtEDR1-3, NtEDR1-8, NtEDR1-9 and NtEDR1-10 were down-regulated at 1 hpi. Knockout of three homologs of TaEDR1 in wheat did not produce complete resistance (Zhang et al. , 2017), and separately silencing the tomato homologs of EDR1 (Solyc01 g097980 and Solyc06 g068980) did not result in significant resistance to O. neolycopersici (Gao et al. , 2015). It is necessary to silence multiple EDR1 genes to obtain plants with enhanced resistance (Gao et al. , 2015). This indicated that multiple EDR1 members may be commonly involved in the negative regulation of resistance against powdery mildew in tobacco and many other plants. The other three NtEDR1-like genes (NtEDR1-2, NtEDR1-5 and NtEDR1-15) did not show significantup- or down-regulation after plant infection by G. orontii (Fig. 5E). Therefore, not all tobacco EDR1-like genes responded to G. orontii infection. Plant basic defenses require the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 kinase cascade, and EDR1 physically associates with MKK4/MKK5 and negatively regulates the MAPK cascade to fine-tune plant innate immunity (Zhao et al. , 2014). Several reports have shown that mutations of EDR1 could confer plant disease resistance in Arabidopsis, rice and wheat (Frye & Innes, 1998;Shen et al. , 2011; Zhang et al. , 2017).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: (2020)32 Addresses pulmonary nodule detection and classification, but clinical integration details are limited Limited discussion on integration, potential performance variations in clinical settings Demonstrates robustness in advanced deep learning for pulmonary nodule detection and classification The synergy between deep learning and CT scan analysis is revolutionizing early lung cancer detection. By harnessing the analytical capabilities of deep learning models, healthcare is moving toward more efficient, accurate, and timely identification of potential lung cancer nodules. This approach has the potential to significantly impact patient outcomes by enabling earlier intervention and treatment, ultimately contributing to the fight against lung cancer. C. Early skin cancer detection with AI: Unveiling melanoma through visual insights Detecting skin cancer early can save lives, and technology is stepping in to help. The marriage of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision has paved the way for a novel approach to identifying skin cancer, particularly melanoma, using images of the skin’s surface. In this discussion, we will explore how AI, guided by computer vision, is making strides in skin cancer detection by examining the visual cues present in dermatology images. Role of Early Detection: Spotting skin cancer, especially aggressive types like melanoma, in its early stages is vital for successful treatment. Quick diagnosis can lead to effective interventions, reducing the risk of cancer spreading or becoming more challenging to handle. AI and in Dermatology: Artificial intelligence, the technology behind computer vision, has shown remarkable potential in analyzing images, including medical ones. When applied to dermatology images of the skin, AI can recognize patterns, textures, and irregularities that might indicate the presence of skin cancer, such as melanoma. through Computer Vision: AI models, driven by computer vision, are trained on a diverse array of dermatology images. These images cover a wide spectrum, from healthy skin to those showing signs of skin cancer. AI learns to distinguish between normal skin and skin with potential cancerous characteristics. It is like teaching AI to spot the differences between puzzle pieces. : Computer vision models are pros at identifying tiny details within complex images. By carefully examining skin lesions, moles, and other marks, these models can uncover unusual features that might signal skin cancer. This allows for timely medical attention and diagnosis. Perks of AI-Enhanced Diagnosis: Integrating AI and computer vision into skin cancer detection offers several advantages. It is like having a highly skilled assistant for dermatologists. AI can systematically analyze images, potentially reducing misdiagnoses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: M. Udupa, E. De Keyser, P. and J. De Riek. 2018. Molecular variance and population structure of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) landraces from Mediterranean countries as revealed by simple sequence repeat DNA markers: implications for conservation and use. Resources 16: 249-59. Idrissi, O. , M. S. Udupa, E. De Keyser, P. and J. De Riek. 2016. Functional genetic diversity analysis and identification of associated simple sequence repeats and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to drought tolerance in lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris Medicus) Landraces. 34: 659-80. Idrissi, O. , S. M. Udupa, C. Houasli, E. De Keyser, P. and J. De Riek. 2015. Genetic diversity analysis of Moroccan lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) landraces using Repeat and reveals functional adaptation towards agro‐environmental origins. 134: 322-32. Jin, L. , G. Jian-Ping, X. Dong-Xu, X. -Y. Zhang, G. Jing and Z. Xu-Xiao. 2008. Genetic diversity and population structure in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) germplasm detected by SSR markers. Sinica 34: 1901-9. Kaur, S. , N. O. Cogan, L. W. Pembleton, M. Shinozuka, K. W. Savin, M. Materne and J. W. Forster. 2011. Transcriptome sequencing of lentil based on second-generation technology permits large-scale unigene assembly and SSR marker discovery. BMC Genomics 12: 265. Khazaei, H. , C. T. Caron, M. Fedoruk, M. Diapari, A. Vandenberg, C. J. Coyne, R. Mcgee and K. E. Bett. 2016a. Genetic diversity of cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) and its relation to the world's agro-ecological zones. Frontiers in 7:1093.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it might be common that presence of EDR1 may inhibit the plant primary immunity and benefit invasion by powdery mildew. Tissue/organ expression analysis of tobacco EDR1-like genes was carried out usingqRT-PCR. The results showed that different EDR1-like genes had different expression patterns. NtEDR1-2, NtEDR1-3, NtEDR1-4, NtEDR1-9 and NtEDR1-10 had higher expression levels in roots. NtEDR1-1, NtEDR1-5, NtEDR1-7, NtEDR1-8, NtEDR1-12 and NtEDR1-15 were predominantly expressed in capsules. NtEDR1-11 and NtEDR1-17 were highly expressed in flowers. Interestingly, two NtEDR1-like genes, NtEDR1-13 and NtEDR1-16, were exclusively expressed in roots and leaves, respectively. In addition to functions as negative regulators of plant defense, EDR1-like genes have also been shown to have roles in other physiological processes. For example, OsEDR1-1 (Os3 g06410) had a high expression level during maturation of the panicle before heading, after heading and at maturity (pollination stage) in rice, and was further suggested to play a role in plant growth and development, and in maturity of panicles (Kim et al. , 2003). In our study, NtEDR1-11 and NtEDR1-17 were mainly expressed in flowers, whereas NtEDR1-5, NtEDR1-7,NtEDR1-8, NtEDR1-12 and NtEDR1-15 were highly expressed in capsules. Thus, some tobacco EDR1-like genes may also have a physiological function during the plant reproductive period. this research, 19 EDR1-like genes were identified in a genome-wide analysis in N. tabacum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Plus, it assists doctors by highlighting areas that need special attention, supporting their decision-making process. Challenges and Progress: Despite the potential, challenges exist. Ensuring AI models learn from a diverse range of images is crucial to avoid biases. While AI offers exciting possibilities, ensuring its accuracy in real-world scenarios and integrating it into medical practice require careful validation. Ahead: The future of skin cancer detection with AI is promising. Research continues to refine algorithms, making them even better at identifying potential issues. As technology evolves, we might even see AI-powered smartphone apps or devices for easier skin cancer screening. The parameter comparison of various research papers on early detection of skin cancer is given in Tables VII and VIII. . Data and methods comparison. Paper title. . Dataset size and. . . and authors. Dataset used. characteristics. AI techniques. Imaging modality. Esteva et al. (2017)11 Not specified (proprietary dataset) Not specified Deep neural networks Dermoscopy (dermatoscopic images) Tschandl et al. (2018)36 HAM10000 dataset Large collection of multi-source dermatoscopic images of pigmented skin lesions Not specified Dermoscopy (dermatoscopic images) Brinker et al. (2019)37 ISIC archive Not specified Deep learning Histopathological images (biopsy samples) Haenssle et al. (2018)38 Not specified (proprietary dataset) Not specified Deep learning convolutional neural network et al. (2018)39 SIC 2017 skin lesion dataset Contains 2000 images of skin lesions Deep learning and Hamada (2016)40 Not specified Not specified Image processing et al. (2018)41 Not specified Not specified Deep learning In vivo imaging Kawahara et al. (2016)42 ISBI 2017 skin lesion challenge dataset Contains over 9000 dermoscopic images of skin lesions Deep learning (2015)43 Not applicable Review paper Review of deep learning Not applicable Celebi et al. (2009)44 Not applicable Review paper Review of techniques et al. (2018)45 ISIC 2017 challenge dataset Contains over 2000 skin lesion images Deep learning and Chen (2019)46 ISIC 2019 challenge dataset Contains over 2000 skin lesion images Deep learning et al. (2020)47 ISIC 2020 challenge dataset, private datasets Contains over 33 000 skin lesion images Deep learning et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: Kushwaha, U. , S. Ghimire, N. Yadav and B. Ojha. 2013. Genetic relatedness of lentil (Lens culinaris L. ) germplasm by using SSR markers. of and Biotechnology 1: 132-6. Lazaro, A. , M. Ruiz, L. de la Rosa and I. Martin. 2001. Relationship between agro/morphological characters and climatic parameters in Spanish landraces of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ). Genet. Resour. 48: 239-249. Lombardi, M. , M. Materne, N. O. Cogan, M. and S. Kaur. 2014. Assessment of genetic variation within a global collection of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) cultivars and landraces using SNP markers. BMC Genetics 15: 150. Maxted, N. and S. J. Bennett, 2001. Legume diversity in the Mediterranean region. In. Plant genetic resources of legumes in the Mediterranean. Springer 51-75. Nei, M. , 1987. Molecular evolutionary genetics. press, New York. 1987. 512 pp. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 75(1988): 428-429. Nei, M. and W. -H. Li. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proceedings of the of Sciences 76: 5269-73. Nemli, S. , T. Kianoosh and M. B. Tanyolac. 2015. Genetic diversity and population structure of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) accessions through retrotransposon-based interprimer binding sites (iPBSs) markers. of Agriculture and Forestry 39: 940-8. Ozkuru, E. , D. Ates, S. Nemli, S. Erdogmus, N. Karaca, H. Yilmaz, B. Yagmur, C. Kartal, M. Tosun and O. O. Ocak. 2019. Genome-wide association studies of molybdenum and selenium concentrations in C. arietinum and C. reticulatum seeds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Through multiple sequences alignment, phylogenetic analysis, gene structure analysis and comparative analysis of predicted 3D structures, NtEDR1-1A was shown to have the highest similarity to AtEDR1-1, which has been reported to be responsive to powdery mildew. Expression profiles revealed that NtEDR1-1 (NtEDR1-1A and NtEDR1-1B) was not the only tobacco EDR1-like member responsive to G. orontii, but not all tobacco EDR1-like genes were responsive to G. orontii. Tissue/organ expression profiles showed that different EDR1-like members had different expression patterns, but some NtEDR1-like genes showed tissue-specific expression patterns. Our results provide foundational information on the EDR1-like gene family in tobacco species, and promise to promote future research on the functions of EDR1-like genes in plants. Multiple sequences alignment of the protein sequences of tobacco EDR1-like genes. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-1 predicted 3D structures of tobacco EDR1-like genes. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-2 profile of tobacco EDR1-like genes in different tissue/organ samples. Root-Y, Stem-Y and Leaf-Y indicate young root, young stem and young leaf, respectively. Flower-F indicates open flowers. Capsule-seed indicates the capsules that were obtained during the late seed-breeding period. The genes have clear tissue-specific expression patterns (A); The genes expressed in all organ samples tested (B); The expression of genes were absent in flowers (C); and the genes did not show any expression in capsules (D). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-3 protein sequences of Arabidopsis EDR1-like genes. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-4 protein sequences of tobacco EDR1-like genes. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-5 protein sequences of tomato EDR1-like genes. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-6 protein sequences of rice EDR1-like genes. DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: (2020)49 AI vs pathologists; classification comparison Comparative analysis; specific focus AI performance; comparison with experts Esteva et al. (2019)50 Deep learning in healthcare; comprehensive guide General overview; not focused on specific applications Guidance on implementation; healthcare-specific insights Yap et al. (2019)51 Keratinocyte detection; Automated analysis Patch-based; specific focus Automated detection; application to skin cancer images Codella et al. (2019)52 Melanoma detection; skin lesion analysis Challenge-specific; Limited to specific dataset Deep learning analysis; ISIC 2018 challenge Tschandl et al. (2019)53 Expert-level diagnosis; nonpigmented skin cancer Expert-based; limited to specific conditions Combined CNNs; enhanced diagnostic accuracy Paper title and authors. Clinical integration. Limitations. Robustness. Esteva et al. (2017)11 High potential for clinical use and integration Limited diversity in data; overfitting risk Effective across various skin types Tschandl et al. (2018)36 Useful tool for dermatology practice Limited to dermatoscopic images Consistent performance on diverse datasets Brinker et al. (2019)37 Improved diagnostic accuracy; Clinically relevant Limited sample diversity; ethical considerations Consistent performance across cases Haenssle et al. (2018)38 Potential clinical use; valuable diagnostic tool Limited dataset size; Domain adaptation needed Comparable to dermatologists; Robust outcomes Codella et al. (2018)39 Contribution to diagnostic advancements Challenge-specific data; research-oriented Insight into algorithmic melanoma detection Haenssle et al. (2018)40 CNN-based architecture Preprocessing details Training methods Wiltgen et al. (2018)41 Real-time diagnosis; clinical application Limited dataset; real-world challenges Real-time performance; Robust diagnostic Kawahara et al. (2016)42 Enhanced lesion classification; diagnostic aid Limited to lesion classification; research Transferability; generalized lesion analysis Schmidhuber (2015)43 Deep learning overview; overview; not application-specific Overview of concepts; broad understanding Celebi et al. (2009)44 Improved lesion border detection; analysis Survey-based; focus on one aspect Broad overview; evaluation of techniques Bi et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: Li, S. Kagale, P. Vijayan, A. Vandenberg and K. Bett. 2013. Ancient crop joins modern era: gene-based SNP discovery and mapping in lentil. BMC Genomics 14: 192. Sonnante, G. and D. Pignone. 2001. Assessment of genetic variation in a collection of lentil using molecular tools. Euphytica 120: 301-7. Sonnante, G. and D. Pignone. 2007. The major Italian landraces of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ): their molecular diversity and possible origin. 54: 1023-31. Sultana, T. , A. Ghafoor and M. Ashraf. 2006. Geographic patterns of diversity of cultivated lentil germplasm collected from Pakistan, as assessed by seed protein assays. 48: 77-84. Toklu, F. , T. Karakoy, E. Haklı, T. Bicer, A. Brandolini, B. Kilian and H. Ozkan. 2009. Genetic variation among lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) landraces from Southeast Turkey. 128: 178-86. Tommasini, L. , T. Schnurbusch, D. Fossati, F. Mascher and B. Keller. 2007. Association mapping of Stagonospora nodorum blotch resistance in modern European winter wheat varieties. Theoretical and 115:697-708. Tsanakas, G. F. , P. V. Mylona, K. Koura, A. Gleridou and A. N. Polidoros. 2018. Genetic diversity analysis of the Greek lentil (Lens culinaris) landrace ‘Eglouvis’ using morphological and molecular markers. Resources 16: 469-77. Varshney, R. K. , A. Graner and M. E. Sorrells. 2005. Genomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Trends in 10:621-630. Villa, T. C. C. , N. Maxted, M. Scholten and B. Ford-Lloyd. 2005. Defining and identifying crop landraces. Resources 3: 373-84.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-7 primer sequences used in qRT-PCR for detection the expression patterns of NtEDR1-like genes. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-8 of the EDR1-like genes in different plant species. The protein sequences of EDR1-like genes in each species is presented in (Arabidopsis in File S1; tobacco in File S2; tomato in File S3; and rice in File S4). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-9 of NLS sequences and the existence of transmembrane helices of the tobacco EDR1-like proteins. “√” represents protein has transmembrane helices. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-10 motifs conserved in the amino acid sequences of the tobacco EDR1-like proteins. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 5244/supp-11 Information and authors declare that they have no competing interests. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data are provided in the Supplemental Files.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: (2018)45 Enhanced lesion segmentation; clinical utility Patch-based; specific to segmentation Improved segmentation; patch-wise refinement Liu and Chen (2019)46 Mobile skin cancer detection; fast and efficient Mobile-focused; specific application Quick diagnosis; suitable for mobile apps Haenssle et al. (2020)47 Comparative analysis; performance evaluation Specific evaluation; market-approved model Performance comparison; diverse lesions Menegola et al. (2017)48 Transfer learning for skin lesion classification Transfer learning; Limited to classification Improved classification; shared knowledge Brinker et al. (2020)49 AI vs pathologists; classification comparison Comparative analysis; specific focus AI performance; comparison with experts Esteva et al. (2019)50 Deep learning in healthcare; comprehensive guide General overview; not focused on specific applications Guidance on implementation; healthcare-specific insights Yap et al. (2019)51 Keratinocyte detection; Automated analysis Patch-based; specific focus Automated detection; application to skin cancer images Codella et al. (2019)52 Melanoma detection; skin lesion analysis Challenge-specific; Limited to specific dataset Deep learning analysis; ISIC 2018 challenge Tschandl et al. (2019)53 Expert-level diagnosis; nonpigmented skin cancer Expert-based; limited to specific conditions Combined CNNs; enhanced diagnostic accuracy The fusion of AI and computer vision is transforming early skin cancer detection. By harnessing computer vision’s ability to scrutinize images, healthcare is moving toward quicker, more accurate, and timely identification of possible skin cancer, particularly melanoma. This approach holds the potential to make a significant impact on patient outcomes, ensuring that individuals receive the care they need promptly and effectively. III. :. Breast cancer detection AI algorithms can analyze mammograms and spot subtle changes in breast tissue. It helps find small tumors or abnormalities that might be missed in manual screenings. Offers a higher sensitivity rate, leading to earlier detection and improved survival rates. Can assist radiologists in making more accurate diagnoses. B. Lung cancer detection AI examines chest CT scans and identifies potential lung nodules. Detects nodules at an early stage, often before symptoms appear. Increases chances of successful treatment and better patient outcomes. Aids doctors in determining the malignancy risk of detected nodules. C. Skin cancer detection AI analyzes dermatoscopic images of skin lesions to identify potential cancers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: Wong, M. M. , N. Gujaria-Verma, L. Ramsay, H. Y. Yuan, C. Caron, M. Diapari, A. Vandenberg and K. E. Bett. 2015. Classification and characterization of species within the genus Lens using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). PLoS One 10: e0122025. Yuzbasioglu, E. , S. Ozcan and L. Acık. 2006. Analysis of genetic relationships among Turkish cultivars and breeding lines of Lens culinatis Mestile using RAPD markers. 53: 507-14. Zaccardelli, M. , F. Lupo, A. R. Piergiovanni, G. Laghetti, G. Sonnante, M. G. Daminati, F. Sparvoli and L. Lioi. 2012. Characterization of Italian lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) germplasm by agronomic traits, biochemical and molecular markers. 59: 727-38. (DArT) Year 2019, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 252 - 260, 15. 12. 2019 Cited By: 3 is annual, autogamous and diploid (2n = 2x= 14) food legume with ~4 Gbp genome in size. Turkey is well known for its species richness with “diversity hot spots” for different legumes including lentil. In previous studies, various DNA markers were utilized but genetic diversity of lentil landraces have not yet been clarified. For this reason, present study aimed to identify genetic diversity of 94 Turkish lentil landraces utilizing 16,383 SNPs based on DArT technology. Results from “fast” analysis indicated that the unweighted pair group analysis with the arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram including a heat map and also principal component analysis (PCoA) showed that Turkish lentil landraces were classified into five main groups in current study, indicating the existence of a large genetic variation among landraces. Highest genetic variation was between geno34 and geno76 (0. 9126) while the lowest genetic variation was between geno7 and geno1 (0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: work was supported by grants from the Program of Science of China (No. 31530071), Program of (Grant No. cstc2017jcyjAX0334) and the research programs CNTC-[2018]45-110201801025(JY-02). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2006. MEME: discovering and analyzing DNA and protein sequence motifs. Research 34(supp_2):W369-W373. 1997. The arabidopsis NPR1 gene that controls systemic acquired resistance encodes a novel protein containing ankyrin repeats. Cell 88(1):57-63. 2007. Recent progress in protein subcellular location prediction. 370(1):1-16. 2008. Cell-PLoc: a package of web servers for predicting subcellular localization of proteins in various organisms. 3(2):153-162. 2010a. Large-scale plant protein subcellular location prediction. Journal of 100(3):665-678. 2010b. Plant-mPLoc: a top-down strategy to augment the power for predicting plant protein subcellular localization. 5(6):e11335. 2011. Negative regulation of defence signalling pathways by the EDR1 protein kinase. Pathology 12(8):746-758 -. 2012. The top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Pathology 13(4):414-430 -. 2002. Identification of resistance gene analogs linked to a powdery mildew resistance locus in grapevine. Theoretical and 104(4):610. 1998. mutant with enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. 10(6):947. 2001. Negative regulation of defense responses in plants by a conserved MAPKK kinase. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 98(1):373-378. 2015. Natural loss-of-function mutation of EDR1 conferring resistance to tomato powdery mildew in Arabidopsis thaliana accession C24. Pathology 16(1):71-82 Glawe DA. 2008. The powdery mildews: a review of the world’s most familiar (yet poorly known) plant pathogens.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Detects irregularities in skin patterns and textures that might indicate cancerous growth. Provides quick and non-invasive assessment, reducing unnecessary biopsies. Enhances early detection, leading to less invasive treatment options. D. Common benefits All three types benefit from AI’s ability to process vast amounts of data quickly. Earlier detection increases treatment success rates and reduces healthcare costs. AI helps reduce human error and enhances the efficiency of diagnosis. Improves patient experience by offering more timely interventions. E. Challenges AI systems need access to high-quality and diverse datasets for accurate training. Ensuring AI’s reliability and robustness is crucial for real-world applications. Ethical considerations, patient privacy, and data security are important concerns. F. The future AI’s role in early cancer detection is expected to grow, making screenings more effective. Continued research and collaboration will refine AI algorithms for even better accuracy. Integration into healthcare systems will require close collaboration between AI experts and medical professionals. In conclusion, AI’s application in early cancer detection for breast, lung, and skin cancers shows promising potential. It assists in catching cancers at their earliest stages, improving patient outcomes and healthcare practices. While challenges exist, the ongoing development of AI technology offers exciting opportunities to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and treatment. IV. conclusion, the integration of AI-driven early cancer detection into healthcare marks an exciting new era. Through this review, we have seen how AI can work hand in hand with medical practices to catch cancers at their earliest stages. This has the potential to transform healthcare, making it more effective and accessible. AI is showing promising results in detecting breast, lung, and skin cancers, which are some of the most common and life-threatening cancers. As AI technology continues to advance and improve, we are on the brink of a future where diseases can be caught early, treatments can start sooner, and people can enjoy better well-being. This partnership between AI and healthcare holds great promise, paving the way for a healthier and brighter future for everyone. of authors have no conflicts to disclose. R. Deepa: Conceptualization (equal); Writing – original draft (equal). S. Arunkumar: Funding acquisition (equal); Resources (equal); Software (equal). V. Jayaraj: Methodology (equal). A. Sivasamy: Conceptualization (equal); Methodology (equal); Writing – original draft (equal).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: 0104) and the average genetic variation among 94 lentil landraces was 0. 63. The data obtained from current study can be utilized to increase genetic diversity of cultivated species and establish suitable conservation and breeding strategies of lentil. Keywords DArT, genetic diversity, Landrace, Lens culinaris, Lentil, SNP 1995. Intra-and inter-specific variations in Lens revealed by RAPD markers. Theoretical and 90: 335-40. Ahamed, K. , B. Akhter, M. Islam, M. Humaun and M. Alam. 2014. Morphological characterization and genetic diversity in lentil (Lens culinaris medikus ssp. Culinaris) germplasm. of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 4: 70-6. Ahmad, M. , D. Mcneil, A. Fautrier, K. Armstrong and A. Paterson. 1996. Genetic relationships in Lens species and parentage determination of their interspecific hybrids using RAPD markers. Theoretical and 92: 1091-8. Alghamdi, S. , A. Khan, M. Ammar, E. El-Harty, H. Migdadi, S. El-Khalik, A. Al-Shameri, M. Javed and S. Al-Faifi. 2014. Phenological, nutritional and molecular diversity assessment among 35 introduced lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) genotypes grown in Saudi Arabia. of 15: 277-95. Ates, D. , S. Aldemir, B. Yagmur, A. Kahraman, H. Ozkan, A. Vandenberg and M. B. Tanyolac. 2018a. QTL Mapping of Uptake in Lentil Seed. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 8(5):1409-1416. Ates, D. , T. K. Asciogul, S. Nemli, S. Erdogmus, D. Esiyok and M. B. Tanyolac. 2018b. Association mapping of days to flowering in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) revealed by DArT markers. 38: 113. Ates, D. , T. Sever, S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: of Phytopathology 46(1):27-51 -Lefert P, Takano Y. 2011. 1 is required for pathogen-induced expression of plant defensins in nonhost resistance, and acts through interference of MYC2-mediated repressor function. 67(6):980-992. 1992. Effect of sodium bicarbonate and oils on the control of powdery mildew and black spot of roses. 76(3):247. 2015. GSDS 2. 0: an upgraded gene feature visualization server. Bioinformatics 31(8):1296-1297. 1993. CTR1, a negative regulator of the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis, encodes a member of the raf family of protein kinases. Cell 72(3):427-441 Kim J--S, Kim K-N, Yun C-H, Heu S, Park S-Y, Lee Y-H, Jwa N-S. 2003. Molecular cloning and mRNA expression analysis of a novel rice (Oryzasativa L. ) MAPK kinase kinase, OsEDR1, an ortholog of ArabidopsisAtEDR1, reveal its role in defense/stress signalling pathways and development. Biochemical and Communications 300(4):868-876 -. 2009a. Six classes of nuclear localization signals specific to different binding grooves of importin α. Journal of 284(1):478-485. 2009b. Systematic identification of cell cycle-dependent yeast nucleocytoplasmic shuttling proteins by prediction of composite motifs. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 106(25):10171-10176. 2016. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7. 0 for bigger datasets. and Evolution 33(7):1870-1874. 2006. Powdery mildew resistance in roses: QTL mapping in different environments using selective genotyping. Theoretical and 113(6):1081-1092. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCt Method. Methods 25(4):402-408. 1960. Blackspot and powdery mildew of Roses. Magazine 39:108-110. 2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Determining cell typeabundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry. 37(7):773-782. 2018. Targeting autophagy in cancer. Cancer 124(16):3307-3318. 2014. An overview of autophagy: morphology, mechanism, and regulation. Signal 20(3):460-473. 2018. 3 promotes malignant phenotypes of glioma by activating EGFR-AKT signaling. Biochemical and Communications 505(2):413-418. 2017. Targeting autophagy to overcome chemoresistance in acute myleogenous leukemia. Autophagy 13(1):214-215 -. 2006. Auto-antibodies in prostate cancer: humoral immune response to antigenic determinants coded by the differentially expressed transcripts FLJ23438 and VAMP3. Prostate 66(14):1463-1473. 2019. WDFY2 restrains matrix metalloproteinase secretion and cell invasion by controlling VAMP3-dependent recycling. 10(1):2850. 2019a. DIRAS3-derived peptide inhibits autophagy in ovarian cancer cells by binding to beclin1. Cancers 11(4):557. 2019b. DIRAS3 (ARHI) blocks RAS/MAPK signaling by binding directly to RAS and disrupting RAS clusters. 29(11):3448-3459. 2019. Polygenic risk score increases schizophrenia liability through cognition-relevant pathways. Brain 142(2):471-485 Varma S. 2020. Blind estimation and correction of microarray batch effect. 15(4):e0231446 Walter W, Sánchez-Cabo F, Ricote M. 2015. GOplot: an R package for visually combining expression data with functional analysis. Bioinformatics 31(17):2912-2914. 2019. Development and validation of a nomogram with an autophagy-related gene signature for predicting survival in patients with glioblastoma. Aging 11(24):12246-12269. 2019. Novel therapy in Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): moving toward targeted approaches. in Hematology 10:2040620719860645. 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: , H. El-Shazly, S. M. Ahmed and A. Omran. 2011. Molecular and biochemical markers in some lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) genotypes. Annals of 56: 105-12. Erskine, W. , Y. Adham and L. Holly. 1989. Geographic distribution of variation in quantitative traits in a world lentil collection. Euphytica 43: 97-103. Erskine, W. and M. Choudhary. 1986. Variation between and within lentil landraces from Republic. Euphytica 35: 695-700. Erskine, W. and F. Muehlbauer. 1991. Allozyme and morphological variability, outcrossing rate and core collection formation in lentil germplasm. Theoretical and 83: 119-25. -Lloyd, H. J. Newbury and N. Maxted. 1998. Contrasting genetic variation amongst lentil landraces from different geographical origins. Euphytica 102: 265-73. Fikiru, E. , K. Tesfaye and E. Bekele. 2007. Genetic diversity and population structure of Ethiopian lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) landraces as revealed by ISSR marker. of Biotechnology 6. Ford, R. , E. Pang and P. Taylor. 1997. Diversity analysis and species identification in Lens using PCR generated markers. Euphytica 96: 247-55. Havey, M. and F. Muehlbauer. 1989. Variability for restriction fragment lengths and phylogenies in lentil. Theoretical and 77: 839-43. Huson, D. H. and D. Bryant. 2006. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. and Evolution 23: 254-67. Huttner, E. , P. Wenzl, M. Akbari, V. Caig, J. Carling, C. Cayla, M. Evers, D. Jaccoud, K. Peng and S. Patarapuwadol. Diversity arrays technology: a novel tool for harnessing the genetic potential of orphan crops.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Hydrogen bonding is crucial for the secondary structure of proteins like alpha-helices. [SEP] Text: Mancozeb, a fungicide routinely used in agriculture, worsens nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the human HepG2 cell model. 249:1-4. 2010. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in plants. of 61(1):621-649. 2010. I-: a unified platform for automated protein structure and function prediction. 5(4):725 Saitou H. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenestic trees. and Evolution 4(4):406-425 Schulzelefert P, Vogel J. 2000. Closing the ranks to attack by powdery mildew. Trends in 5(8):343-348. 2011. OsEDR1 negatively regulates rice bacterial resistance via activation of ethylene biosynthesis. & Environment 34(2):179-191. 2005. Regulation of plant disease resistance, stress responses, cell death, and ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis by the EDR1 protein kinase. 138(2):1018-1026 Tang D, Innes RW. 2002. Overexpression of a kinase-deficient form of the EDR1 gene enhances powdery mildew resistance and ethylene-induced senescence in Arabidopsis. 32(6):975-983. 1997. _X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Research 25(24):4876-4882 van Hulten M, Pelser M, van. 2006. Costs and benefits of priming for defense in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 103(14):5602-5607 Viklund H, Elofsson A. 2008. : improving topology prediction by two-track ANN-based preference scores and an extended topological grammar. Bioinformatics 24(15):1662-1668. 2015. 4 associates with 2 and modulates plant immunity by regulating relocation of EDR1 in Arabidopsis. 27(3):857-873. 2018. Rapid analysis of fungicides in tea infusions using ionic liquid immobilized fabric phase sorptive extraction with the assistance of surfactant fungicides analysis using IL-FPSE assisted with surfactant. 239:797 Yang J, Zhang Y. 2015. I-server: new development for protein structure and function predictions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reforestation projects can help restore ecosystems affected by climate change. [SEP] Text: Plant strains from communities identified as most successful under each condition will then be micro-propogated, and used to populate chains of marshes constructed to manage Basra's urban and industrial waste water streams. If successful, the project will revitalize villages left high and dry by the previously engineered destruction, restore (at least some) environmental services to the larger cities - and serve as a living laboratory for new remediation techniques, with world-wide application. What are the goals of the project? With this funding, by May 2014, we will meet with land donors, survey the proposed sites, and collect soil and water samples. Over the summer, we will analyze them to determine the mix of specific plants and microorganisms best suited to these tough conditions. Then we will prepare the detailed engineering plan and commence construction. We have already assembled the team, obtained in-country support, identified a willing land donor, set a date and time for the survey, and have hosts who will cover our ground costs. This funding will pay for our international flights to attend these meetings and collect samples. Stretch funding will pay lab fees and support lab assistants to process our pilot soil and water samples. Our overarching goal is to test whether we can effectively use waste water and waste land to construct salt marshes that will treat the contaminated water. Over the next two years, we will establish test beds to rapidly assess the best mix of salt-tolerant marsh grasses to:Goal 1: Bio-remediate contaminants to prevent illness and death in humans, livestock, fish, wildlife, and their supporting ecosystems. Goal 2: Increase plant biomass production to augment human food and animal fodder supplies. Goal 3: Provide nursery habitat for fish, shellfish, and waterfowl to augment food production. Goal 4: Improve and stabilize surface and ground water quality to promote human, livestock, fisheries, and ecosystem health. Goal 5: Augment downstream water supply for post-mediation usage. wait. . . We have the experts. We have the site. We have the meeting. We have the date. We just need to get there! Our next step is to fly to Basra, Iraq, meet with the land donors, preview the test sites, and collect soil and water pilot samples for analysis. All of our ground expenses are covered by our hosts - but not our airfare. Due to fund source restrictions on both ends of the project, we need alternative means to cover our international flights.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: Vandenberg, C. J. Coyne, R. Mcgee and K. E. Bett. 2016a. Genetic diversity of cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) and its relation to the world's agro-ecological zones. Frontiers in 7:1093. Kushwaha, U. , S. Ghimire, N. Yadav and B. Ojha. 2013. Genetic relatedness of lentil (Lens culinaris L. ) germplasm by using SSR markers. of and Biotechnology 1: 132-6. Lazaro, A. , M. Ruiz, L. de la Rosa and I. Martin. 2001. Relationship between agro/morphological characters and climatic parameters in Spanish landraces of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ). Genet. Resour. 48: 239-249. Lombardi, M. , M. Materne, N. O. Cogan, M. and S. Kaur. 2014. Assessment of genetic variation within a global collection of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) cultivars and landraces using SNP markers. BMC Genetics 15: 150. Maxted, N. and S. J. Bennett, 2001. Legume diversity in the Mediterranean region. In. Plant genetic resources of legumes in the Mediterranean. Springer 51-75. Nei, M. , 1987. Molecular evolutionary genetics. press, New York. 1987. 512 pp. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 75(1988): 428-429. Nei, M. and W. -H. Li. 1979. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proceedings of the of Sciences 76: 5269-73. Nemli, S. , T. Kianoosh and M. B. Tanyolac. 2015. Genetic diversity and population structure of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) accessions through retrotransposon-based interprimer binding sites (iPBSs) markers. of Agriculture and Forestry 39: 940-8. Ozkuru, E. , D. Ates, S. Nemli, S. Erdogmus, N. Karaca, H.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Biochemistry and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 21510 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJanuary 24, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptJanuary 16, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,325 views 739 downloads 82 1510. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Materials and methods Data availability 10. 7554/eLife. 21510. 001 are omnipresent enzymes, spread through the whole phylogenetic tree of life as well as viruses, since their unwinding capabilities are of striking importance for numerous cellular pathways of RNA and DNA metabolism. Based on sequence alignments, helicases were subdivided into six superfamilies (SF) which come in two different flavors (Singleton et al. , 2007; Fairman-Williams et al. , 2010; Jankowsky and Fairman, 2007; Pyle, 2011). Most members of the SF1 or SF2 are monomeric, in contrast to the members of SF3 to SF6 which assemble as hexamers (Singleton et al. , 2007). The latter are composed of either RecA- or AAA+-like domains, thus being distinct from the SF1 and SF2 helicases which are exclusively composed of two RecA-like domains in juxtaposition with each other. The SF2 is by far the largest superfamily, comprising a vast number of RNA helicases with implications in numerous RNP metabolism pathways, such as translation initiation and termination, pre-mRNA editing and splicing, mRNA export as well as ribosome biogenesis (Ozgur et al. , 2015). The centerpiece of these helicases is formed by the two RecA-like domains, harboring conserved motifs which are crucial for these NTPase-dependent RNA helicases to accomplish their function. The motifs I, II, V and VI are required for nucleoside triphosphate binding and hydrolysis, motifs Ia, Ib and IV are involved in RNA binding and the motif III participates in coupling the NTPase and the unwinding activity (Caruthers and McKay, 2002; Cordin and Beggs, 2013; Cordin et al. , 2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: To reduce the use of fertilizers by 20% by 2030. To reduce nutrient loss by at least 50%. To reduce the use of antimicrobials in agriculture and antimicrobials in aquaculture by 50% by 2030. To establish sustainable food labeling. To reduce food waste by 50% by 2030. The biodiversity strategy is an important part of the EU’s climate change mitigation strategy and includes the allocation of 25% of the European budget to combating climate change in order to restore biodiversity. The EU for 2030 includes the following objectives: [2]. Conservation of 30% of sea lands and 30% of land lands, especially primary forests and old forests. Planting 3 billion trees by 2030. Restoring at least 25,000 kilometers of rivers for free flowing. 50% reduction in pesticide use by 2030. Increasing organic agriculture. Increasing biodiversity in agriculture. Reversing the decline of pollinators. The development of green infrastructure is an important step toward the success of the EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy, with the strategy’s second objective requiring “by 2020, the maintenance and development of ecosystems and their services by establishing green infrastructure and restoring at least 15% of degraded ecosystems. ” However, green infrastructure contributes to the full implementation of all six objectives of the strategy – specifically the Birds and (target 1) and to the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in the wider rural and marine environment (targets 3 and 4) [3]. has adopted an EU-wide strategy that encourages investment in green infrastructure to restore the health of ecosystems, keep natural areas connected, allow species to thrive in their natural habitat, and promote green infrastructure across Europe. It is designed to provide ecosystem services such as green infrastructure planning, water purification, air quality, recreation space, and climate mitigation, providing environmental, economic, and social benefits through natural and seminatural solutions. This network of green (land) and blue (water) areas improves environmental conditions, thereby increasing the health and quality of life of citizens, creating job opportunities, increasing biodiversity, and supporting the green economy [4]. Advertisement 2. Green stormwater infrastructureAs it is known, the storm or flow moves over the ground by gravity and reaches streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: Yilmaz, B. Yagmur, C. Kartal, M. Tosun and O. O. Ocak. 2019. Genome-wide association studies of molybdenum and selenium concentrations in C. arietinum and C. reticulatum seeds. 39: 46. Ozkuru, E. , D. Ates, S. Nemli, S. Erdogmus, N. Karaca, H. Yilmaz, B. Yagmur, C. Kartal, M. Tosun and O. Ozdestan. 2018. Association mapping of loci linked to copper, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations in the seeds of C. arietinum and C. reticulatum. Genomics. Piergiovanni, A. R and G. Taranto. 2003. Geographic distribution of genetic variation in lentil collection as revealed by SDS-PAGE fractionation of seed storage proteins. J. Genet. Breed 57: 39-46. Raj, A. , M. Stephens and J. K. Pritchard. 2014. : of in. Genetics 197: 573-589. Sansaloni, C. P. , C. D. Petroli, J. . Grattapaglia, R. E. Vaillancourt and A. Kilian. 2010. A high-density Technology (DArT) microarray for genome-wide genotyping in Eucalyptus. 6: 16. Scippa, G. , D. Trupiano, M. Rocco, V. Viscosi, M. Di Michele, A. D'andrea and D. Chiatante. 2008. An integrated approach to the characterization of two autochthonous lentil (Lens culinaris) landraces of Molise (south-central Italy). Heredity 101: 136. Seyedimoradi, H. and R. Talebi. 2014. Detecting DNA polymorphism and genetic diversity in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) germplasm: comparison of ISSR and DAMD marker. Physiology and of Plants 20: 495-500. Sharma, S. , M. Knox and T. N. Ellis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Most SF2 helicases exhibit extensions at the N- and C-termini of the helicase core, which is also true for the DEAH-box proteins, a subfamily of the DEAH/RHA family. The C-terminal extension is highly conserved in DEAH-box helicases and is composed of three domains: a winged helix (WH), a ratchet and an oligosaccharide binding (OB) fold (Walbott et al. , 2010; He et al. , 2010). The ratchet domain was originally named according to the homologous domain of the DNA helicase Hel308 (Büttner et al. , 2007), but recent studies on MLE suggested that this domain has no ratcheting function and should be renamed (Prabu et al. , 2015). Therefore it is hereinafter referred to as ratchet-like domain. In DEAH-box proteins the degrees of freedom of the helicase core are reduced by the interactions between the C-terminal domains and the two RecA-like domains in comparison to those DEAD-box proteins lacking such C-terminal domains. The conservation of the N-terminal extension is distinctly lower and they dramatically differ in length between the members of this subfamily. Reported functions for this N-terminal extension are, among others, the involvement in the recruitment as shown for Prp16 (pre-mRNA processing factor 16) as well as for Prp22 or for the subcellular targeting to the nucleus as elucidated for Prp43 (Wang and Guthrie, 1998; Schneider and Schwer, 2001; Fouraux et al. , 2002). The latter mentioned helicase, Prp43, is an outstanding member of the DEAH-box subfamily since it has implications in different substantive cellular processes. The first reported function of Prp43 is its involvement in pre-mRNA splicing. In the course of this process, Prp43 acts at the latest stage of the splicing cycle and it is required to dismantle the intron-lariat spliceosome into the excised lariat and the U2•U5•U6 snRNPs (Arenas and Abelson, 1997; Fourmann et al. , 2013, 2016a).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: With urbanization, impermeable surfaces (roofs, streets, parking lots, and sidewalks) increase, so the permeable areas decrease and as a result, the volume of storm water flow increases. Stormwater management strategies include the prevention, containment, and reuse of stormwater runoff. Green stormwater infrastructure is systems like biological ditches, catchments, wetlands, rain gardens, and urban green spaces that mimic natural processes that result in infiltration, evaporation, or use of rainwater. It is becoming increasingly clear that green stormwater infrastructure not only controls stormwater volume and timing but also supports ecosystem services, which are the benefits ecosystems provide to humans. “can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of high-quality natural and seminatural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity in both rural and urban settings. More specifically GI, being a spatial structure providing benefits from nature to people, aims to enhance nature’s ability to deliver multiple valuable ecosystem goods and services, such as clean air or water” [5]. “Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and seminatural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services. It incorporates green spaces (or blue if aquatic ecosystems are concerned) and other physical features in terrestrial (including coastal) and marine areas. On land, GI is present in rural and urban settings” [6]. “ Green infrastructure is an approach to wet weather management that uses soils and vegetation to utilize, enhance, and/or mimic the natural hydrological cycle processes of infiltration, evapotranspiration, and reuse” [7]. Traditional stormwater infrastructure, or gray infrastructure, is designed to divert rainwater from urban areas through pipes and channels. Runoff from these surfaces can suffocate infrastructure systems, carrying pollutants into streams, rivers, and lakes when rainwater runs off impermeable streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Flows can also cause erosion and flooding that can damage property, infrastructure, and wildlife habitat. In addition to flow problems, impermeable surfaces also prevent water from penetrating the soil and refilling groundwater sources. Green infrastructure uses plants, soils, landscape design, and engineering techniques to contain, absorb, and reduce polluted stormwater runoff. Green infrastructure prevents combined sewer overflows for cities by preventing or reducing the amount of runoff flowing directly into storm drains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: Genomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Trends in 10:621-630. Villa, T. C. C. , N. Maxted, M. Scholten and B. Ford-Lloyd. 2005. Defining and identifying crop landraces. Resources 3: 373-84. Wong, M. M. , N. Gujaria-Verma, L. Ramsay, H. Y. Yuan, C. Caron, M. Diapari, A. Vandenberg and K. E. Bett. 2015. Classification and characterization of species within the genus Lens using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). PLoS One 10: e0122025. Yuzbasioglu, E. , S. Ozcan and L. Acık. 2006. Analysis of genetic relationships among Turkish cultivars and breeding lines of Lens culinatis Mestile using RAPD markers. 53: 507-14. Zaccardelli, M. , F. Lupo, A. R. Piergiovanni, G. Laghetti, G. Sonnante, M. G. Daminati, F. Sparvoli and L. Lioi. 2012. Characterization of Italian lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ) germplasm by agronomic traits, biochemical and molecular markers. 59: 727-38. 260. AMA Ates D. (DArT). TJFC. December 2019;24(2):252-260. doi:10. 17557/tjfc. 656511 Chicago Ates, Duygu. “(DArT)”. Crops 24, no. 2 (December 2019): 252-60. EndD (December 1, 2019) (DArT). Crops 24 2 252–260. IEEE D. Ates, “(DArT)”, TJFC, vol. 24, no. 2, 10. 17557/tjfc. 656511. . “(DArT)”. Crops 24/2 (December 2019), 252-260. . (DArT). TJFC. 2019;24:252–260. MLA Ates, Duygu.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Recently, the target substrate of Prp43 during this process was revealed which is the RNA network between the U2 snRNP and the branch site of the intron (Fourmann et al. , 2016b). Indeed, in the spliceosome, Prp43 was crosslinked exclusively to the pre-mRNA and not to any snRNAs. Furthermore, Prp43 is also a key player for the disassembly of stalled spliceosomes (Pandit et al. , 2006; Semlow and Staley, 2012; Koodathingal et al. , 2010). During these spliceosomal processes, Prp43 binds RNA in a sequence-independent manner. Prp43 action is also essential for ribosome biogenesis. Here, it is involved in the maturation of 18S and 25S rRNAs with several reported binding sites on intermediates which vary in sequence and thus make a sequenced-based binding mechanism unlikely for Prp43 (Lebaron et al. , 2005; Bohnsack et al. , 2009). Lately, the involvement of Prp43 in a third distinct cellular function was illuminated and it was unraveled that Prp43 is also involved in the promotion of apoptosis (Heininger et al. , 2016). The distribution of Prp43 between these three fundamentally different processes is regulated by a fine-tuned interplay of the helicase itself and cofactors. These cofactors belong to the family of G-patch proteins, which share an intrinsically disordered glycine-rich region, the G-patch motif (Aravind et al. , 1999). Apart from being involved in recruitment, these G-patch proteins also increase the NTPase and stimulate the helicase activity of Prp43. To date, in S. cerevisiae five G-patch proteins were identified out of which four interact with Prp43. In the context of splicing, Prp43 function is modulated by Ntr1 (Nineteen complex-related proteins 1) (Tanaka et al. , 2007; Tsai et al. , 2005, 2007; Boon et al. , 2006). During rRNA maturation, Prp43 is associated with Pfa1 (Prp forty-three associated 1) or Gno1 (G-patch nucleolar protein 1) (Lebaron et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: It provides many environmental, social, and economic benefits such as improved surface water quality, water savings, and improved esthetics. Improved water quality, increased water supply, reduced flooding, improved air quality, greater resilience to climate change, and increased habitat improvement are examples of environmental benefits of GI. The economic benefits are increased property values and reduced filtering costs and infrastructure cost savings. Choosing green infrastructure over traditional gray infrastructure such as concrete pipes has the following advantages [8]:It is more attractive, effective, and multifunctional. Provides habitat for beneficial wildlife. It can eliminate mosquito breeding habitat. Infrastructure costs are reduced compared to gray infrastructure. Eliminates stagnant water that could serve as a mosquito breeding habitat. Restoring floodplain forest instead of building a dam not only benefits the local community but also forests with a good mix of species and ages can absorb large amounts of water, protecting the soil and preventing or at least reducing the effects of floods and landslides. It also provides habitats for animals, offers recreation areas, and contributes to reducing global climate change through carbon sequestration. Properly designed parks, city gardens, green roofs, and walls all contribute to biodiversity. In addition, it helps combat climate change, significantly improves the health and well-being of urban residents, and improves social cohesion and the quality of the living environment. Figure 2 represents potential components of green infrastructure. Figure 2. Potential components of a green infrastructure [9]. Advertisement 3. Green stormwater infrastructure techniquesGreen infrastructure techniques use soils and vegetation to infiltrate, evaporate, and/or recycle stormwater runoff and techniques for sustainable rainwater management are as follows [10]:Green roofs or eco-roofs. Downspout disconnection. Rainwater harvesting and reuse systems (water retention tanks). Natural stormwater drainage systems (bioswales and vegetative swales). Stormwater planters, curb extensions, and infiltration gardens. Stormwater basins (detention and retention basins, and ponds). Efficient landscaping and irrigation. Reduce the area of impervious surfaces and use of pervious paving (pervious asphalt, concrete and structural grass-paving systems). Stream rehabilitation and daylighting projects. 3. 1 Urban forestsUrban forests, as the name suggests, are an important component of urban green infrastructure systems in cities. These forests are esthetically valuable forests that reduce the need for maintenance and irrigation and use suitable tree and plant species instead of harmful and invasive species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1696457/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAgricultural production practices can decrease genetic diversity in managed plant species meant for conservation programs. In this study we exposed seeds of three Viola species to different dormancy breaking conditions and show how prioritizing rapid germination likely imposes artificial selection, leading to selective sweeps and a genetic bottleneck that limits genetic diversity in all species. The ongoing use of typical horticultural production practices to propagate plant material may jeopardize the adaptive potential and long-term persistence of reintroduced populations. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionHumans have influenced the genetic composition of other species for millennia, such as through process of crop domestication which is focused on the selection for traits that favor productivity and often leads to narrowing of genetic diversity1, 2. However, when the goal for a species is the reintroduction to the wild, this decrease in genetic diversity could be detrimental to its persistence – a phenomena well documented in animal species3. Similarly, for plant species, domestication can favor homogeneity in traits4, shift allele frequencies5, and decrease fitness6. An additional concern is that aggressive selection can result in bottlenecks and selective sweeps7 that lead to decreased genetic diversity in biologically important loci6, 8, 9. Although the theory is well established, we still lack direct evidence illustrating how the application of specific propagation practices can influence the genetic diversity of wild plant species and their suitability for reintroduction efforts. A common practice in species reintroduction is to collect seeds from wild plant populations and propagate them to produce plant materials for reintroduction (Fig. 1a). A critical step in this process is overcoming seed dormancy, which often requires applying a moist cold-stratification pre-treatment. The length of the pre-treatment can vary by species, but also between and within populations10 (Fig. 1b). In horticultural settings, individuals that germinate quickly are typically favored to fill plant quotas9. If dormancy-breaking requirements are genetically controlled and heritable, such a practice would impose an artificial selective pressure for shorter periods of stratification, at the expense of those individuals that germinate more slowly (Fig. 1c).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: , 2005, 2009; Bohnsack et al. , 2009). Moreover, its apoptotic function is implemented by the interaction with Cmg1 (Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial G-patch protein 1) (Heininger et al. , 2016). The remaining G-patch protein from yeast is Spp2 (Suppressor of PRP protein 2) which interacts with another spliceosomal DEAH-box helicase, Prp2 (Warkocki et al. , 2015). Despite intensive studies, the exact modus operandi of the DEAH-box helicases and thus of Prp43 is still elusive to date. This is primarily attributable to a lack of crystal structures of members of the DEAH-box subfamily in an active state and with bound interaction partners. Recently, the crystal structure of the related DExH-box helicase MLE (Maleless), which belongs to another DEAH/RHA subfamily, provided a first insight into how this helicase might function. The complex of MLE with a U10-RNA and ADP•AlF4- led to a proposed mechanism of how RNA is translocated through its interior tunnel driven by conformational changes of a Hook-Loop in the RecA2 domain (Prabu et al. , 2015). So far, three crystal structures of Prp43 in the post-catalytic ADP-bound state have been available from S. cerevisiae or C. thermophilum (Walbott et al. , 2010; He et al. , 2010; Tauchert et al. , 2016). The latter mentioned organism might be a valuable alternative for structural studies on DEAH-box proteins, since several crystal structures of spliceosomal RNA helicases from this thermophilic fungus were solved only recently (Tauchert et al. , 2016; Tauchert and Ficner, 2016; Absmeier et al. , 2015). Owing to this, intensive crystallization trails with Prp43 from C. thermophilum were performed leading to three new crystal structures. All three structures show Prp43 in an active state, since it was crystallized with a non-hydrolysable ATP-analog (ADP•BeF3-) as well as one of these structures show Prp43 with an additional U7-RNA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: The benefits of urban forests [1] are as follows:Energy savings: It has been found that trees planted around houses can save up to 47% of energy for heating and cooling. Urban heat island: Thanks to the evaporative cooling mechanism, wooded areas have been found to have lower air temperatures than open areas without trees. Urban heat islands negatively affect human health by causing heat to intensify due to the materials and infrastructure used. Water management: It has been found to help city water management by diverting large amounts of precipitation hitting trees through water channels through urban forests. Air pollution: Trees act as carbon sinks, improving air quality in cities. Property values: It has been found that the value of the property increases as the amount of trees above its value increases. Public health: It shows that urban greenery can positively improve people’s mental and mental health. 3. 2 Constructed wetlandsWetlands are often built on floodplains, and with proper planning and management, they help prevent changes in natural hydrology and the introduction of invasive species. By using the natural processes of plants, soils, and microorganisms, it can hold a large part of suspended solids, slow down the water flow, and provide the purification of pollutants. The benefits of constructed wetlands are as follows [1]:Water efficiency: Constructed wetlands attempt to mimic natural wetland ecosystems. They were built to improve water efficiency and water quality. Cost-effective: Wetlands have low operating and maintenance costs. Esthetics: Built wetlands can add greenery to their surroundings. 3. 3 Green and blue roofsGreen roofs improve air and water quality while reducing energy costs. Plants and soil provide more green space and insulation on roofs. Green and blue roofs help reduce urban runoff by trapping precipitation in stormwater management in dense urban areas. Green roofs also act as a carbon sink, trapping carbon pollution. It has been found that 40–80% of the total rain volume falling on green roofs can be reserved. Since the water released from the roofs will flow at a slow rate, they cause a decrease in the amount of runoff entering the basin at once. Although blue roofs do not technically count as green infrastructure, they function to collect and store precipitation, reducing the flow of water flowing into sewer systems. Blue roofs also help to save energy by reducing cooling costs. Other benefits are as follows [11]:Reducing ambient air temperatures by shading the roof in summer. Prevention of heat transfer in winter.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: As a result, this practice may create a genetic bottleneck and selective sweep that decreases genetic diversity in the plant material available for reintroduction1, 6, 11 (Fig. 1c). To investigate whether horticultural propagation practices reduce genetic diversity in putatively neutral and expressed loci, we measured the gene diversity (HS) of three violet species, V. lanceolata (LAN), Viola pedatifida (PED), and V. sagittata (SAG), that were exposed to short and long moist-cold stratifications to break seed dormancy. These species are of high conservation interest in the Midwest U. S. and individuals have been shown to vary in their cold stratification requirements13. We generated two subpopulations for each of these three species by either exposing their seeds to a short or a long moist cold-stratification. For each species, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were present in both the short and long subpopulations allowing for the quantification of changes in genetic diversity in the same, paired loci between subpopulations. ResultsWhen comparing differences in gene diversity (Hs) for all quality-filtered SNPs (i. e. , all SNPs), we found that in PED and SAG, diversity was significantly higher in the subpopulations exposed to the long stratification compared to those exposed to the short stratification period (p < 0. 05 for both comparisons; Fig. 2a,c and 7). For PED and SAG, 17. 6% and 26. 4% of all SNPs exhibited higher genetic diversity in subpopulations exposed to the long stratification compared to the short stratification subpopulation (Fig. 2a,c and Table 1). In contrast, LAN showed significantly higher gene diversity in short-stratified than the long-stratified subpopulation for all SNPs (p < 0. 0001, both comparisons; Fig. 2e and 7). Regardless, 8. 5% of all loci had higher genetic diversity in the long compared to short subpopulation for LAN (Fig. 2e and Table 1). The decreased genetic diversity in putatively neutral loci from the selection for rapid germination represents a loss of diversity likely due to genetic bottlenecking or selective sweeps. These results highlight that it is possible to significantly lower gene diversity through of the application of horticultural production practices within a single generation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Hence, this complex is referred to here as ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3-. The refinement of this complex converged at Rwork and Rfree values of 19. 70% and 22. 97% (Table 1). Figure 1 with 4 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Crystal structure of Prp43 in complex with U7-RNA and the ATP-analog ADP•BeF3-. (a) Domain overview of ctPrp43. The bottom bar indicates the N-terminally truncated construct (ΔN, 61–764) used for crystallization. (b) Overall structure of ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3-. Domains are colored according to a and the bound U7-RNA is shown in gray with two alternative conformations for nucleotides U1-U3. The ADP•BeF3- is bound in the cleft between the RecA domains. (c) Close-up of the bound U7-RNA. Residues involved in interactions are labeled according to the wild-type ctPrp43 sequence. The 5’ and 3’ end of the RNA is indicated. (d) Cross-section of the Prp43 RNA-binding tunnel. Prp43 is shown in surface representation and the RNA in ball-and-sticks mode. (e) Schematic figure of the Prp43-RNA interactions. Residues which interact with the RNA via their main chain are shown as triangles and residues which exhibit side chain interactions are presented as ellipses. The coloring of the residues corresponds to a. The alternative conformation of the first three nucleotides is shown light gray. Stacking interactions are highlighted by double lines and polar interactions by dotted lines. Table 1 Data collection and refinement statistics. ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3-ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR)ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR)PDBid5lta5ltj5ltkData collection Space groupP6122P212121P65Cell dimensionsa, b, c (Å)106. 39, 106. 39, 356. 7088. 83, 105. 64, 119. 05184.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: Absorption, retention, filtering, and storage of precipitation. Minimizing the effects of impermeable surfaces. Extending the life of roofing membranes. Increasing green space and wildlife habitat. Developing city esthetics. Improving air quality by acting as a carbon sink. Reducing runoff and benefiting the capacity of urban stormwater infrastructure. Some advantages of green roofs over reflective roofs [11] are as follows:They use radiant energy to cool the ambient air instead of reflecting sunlight onto adjacent buildings. They can resist UV radiation. They can ensure a long life by protecting the roof membrane. They increase the esthetic value by providing green space. Some disadvantages of green roofs over reflective roofs [11] are as follows:Higher initial costs due to additional material and higher installation costs. Some ongoing maintenance is also required, such as fertilizing the vegetation annually and checking the plants until the plants are fully established and the roof is fully covered. Since they are not mechanically fixed to the roof, they are sensitive to strong winds. Any leak in the waterproofing material is difficult to find. They do not work well on very steeply pitched roofs. 3. 4 Rain gardensRain gardens are areas with shrubs and plants that collect rainwater from roofs or sidewalks, allowing the rainwater to seep slowly into the ground. It is an alternative to reduce urban water flow and slow the flow of water by infiltration. In residential applications, water flow can be reduced by 30% by using rain gardens in the garden of the house. 3. 5 Downspout disconnectionDownspout disconnection is a form of green infrastructure that separates roof downspouts from the sewer system and directs roof water flow to permeable surfaces, used to store rainwater or allow water to penetrate the ground. It is clear that disconnecting the downspout would be particularly beneficial in cities with combined sewer systems. 3. 6 BioswalesBioswales, much like rain gardens, can be depicted as channels with vegetation or much often placed in long narrow spaces in urban areas. They absorb runoff or carry stormwater runoff from heavy rains into sewers or directly into surface waters. Vegetative bioswales infiltrate, slow, and filter stormwater streams that are most beneficial along streets and parking lots. 3. 7 Green alleysIt can be characterized as redesigning existing passages to reflect more light to reduce the heat island effect, capture rainwater, and make the space usable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Summary of the percent change in gene diversity (HS) in subpopulations of three species of violets propagated under long moist cold stratification to those propagated under short cold stratification. Shown are the species name; the category of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as either one with a putative biological function (i. e. , expressed SNP) or not (i. e. , all SNP); the number of loci in each SNP category; and the number of SNPs fixed for homozygosity in the short subpopulation. Also shown are the number of loci with a positive or likely significantly positive percent change in gene diversity from the long to short subpopulations. Species SNP type Total number SNof loci fixed for homozygosity in short subpopulation Number of loci with increased percent change Number of loci with significantly increased percent change Viola pedatifida All 2,821 10 176 311 Expressed 442 3 21 44 Viola sagittata All 1,904 51 435 67 Expressed 312 8 43 14 Viola lanceolata All 1,662 7 135 7 Expressed 197 1 10 1 To determine if these patterns were also reflected in changes in expressed regions of the genome, we identified SNPs that are likely expressed in gene pathways and therefore have a putative biological function (i. e. , expressed SNPs). We found that heterozygosity (HS) for expressed loci was significantly higher in the long-stratified subpopulation in PED and SAG compared to the subpopulation experiencing short cold stratification (p < 0. 05 for both comparisons; Fig. 2b,d and 7). For these species, 14. 7% and 18. 3% of expressed SNPs had greater genetic diversity in the long-stratified subpopulation (Fig. 2b,d and Table 1). Again, gene diversity in the short-stratified LAN subpopulation was significantly higher than the long-stratified subpopulation, (p < 0. 0001; 7), but 5. 6% of expressed SNPs had higher genetic diversity in the long subpopulation (Fig. 2f and Table 1). Of the expressed SNPs, 537 were matched to the same protein in at least two species and represent shared regions that were similarly impacted by the selection pressures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 34, 184. 34, 82. 32α, β, γ (°)90. 0, 90. 0, 120. 090. 0, 90. 0, 90. 090. 0, 90. 0, 120. 0Resolution (Å)48. 56 – 2. 62 (2. 70 – 2. 62) 79. 02 – 1. 78 (1. 89 – 1. 78) 92. 17 – 3. 24 (3. 39 – 3. 24) Rmeas (%)5. 9 (90. 3) 7. 2 (123. 5) 9. 8 (76. 2) I/σ(I)22. 16 (1. 85) 14. 88 (1. 64) 14. 65 (2. 26) CC1/2 (%)99. 9 (65. 2) 99. 9 (61. 9) 99. 8 (63. 8) Completeness (%)98. 5 (86. 8) 99. 6 (98. 8) 98. 8 (94. 9) Redundancy5. 14 (5. 34) 4. 71 (4. 66) 4. 00 (3. 59) (Å)48. 56 – 2. 62 67. 99 – 1. 78 92. 17 – 3. 24 No. reflections36887 107276 25304 Rwork Rfree19. 70/22. 97 17. 67/19. 88 18. 22/21. 78 No. atomsProtein5605 5730 5622 RNA204//Ligand Ion3710542Water526884B-factors(Å²)Protein72. 8334. 4188. 87RNA88. 65//Ligand Ion55. 0447. 8383. 89Water60. 5144. 2962. 19R. m. s. deviationsBond length (Å)0. 00280. 00410. 0026Bond angles (°)0. 780. 870. 67Ramachandran PlotFavored95. 9897. 3496. 28Outlier0. 00. 00. 0 Values in parentheses are for the highest resolution shell.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cities are developing green infrastructure to manage stormwater and reduce flooding. [SEP] Text: In addition to its ecological benefits, green alleys provide open spaces by transforming previously unsafe areas into playgrounds and walking/bike corridors. Advertisement 4. ConclusionCombined sewer systems that include sewage and stormwater streams are unfortunately common in many older municipalities. Urban sustainability, on the other hand, is the management of stormwater runoff, which has become an increasingly challenging issue with the increasing amount of impermeable space in urban environments. Increasing political, social, and environmental pressures are forcing engineers to reduce the number and severity of floods or combined sewer overflows. Summing up the benefits of green infrastructure for people living in cities, it causes a drastic increase in biodiversity that supports rich wildlife communities, including many rare and endangered species [12, 13], its significant impact on climate mitigation due to the reduction of urban heat islands [14, 15], its positive effects on the control of runoff [16, 17], and removing air-borne pollutants [18]. EU strategy on green infrastructure refers to the goal of “no net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services by 2020. ” This approach should include no net loss of green infrastructure. This policy incorporating the concepts of water, biodiversity, soil, climate, air, and landscape thus allowing green infrastructure is to be addressed in a holistic issue. This 1. Available from: Available from: [Accessed: December 30, 2021]3. Available from: [Accessed: December 29, 2021]4. Available from: [Accessed: December 29, 2021]5. European Union: Building a for Europe. 2013. Available from: [Accessed: December 30, 2021]6. Agency for (BfN). Infrastructure Concept. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: December 28, 2021]7. US Agency. Weather with Green Infrastructure: Action Strategy. 2008. Available from [Accessed: December 29, 2021]8. Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2021]9. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2021]10. Available from: [Accessed: December 22, 2021]11. DOE/EE-0298. Available from: www. eere. energy. gov/femp/Federal_technology_alert [Accessed: December 23, 2021]12. Gilbert OL. of Urban Habitats. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer; 199113. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: This subset of expressed SNPs was related to a variety of molecular functions and biological processes (Table 2 and 5). Given that these changes were observed in more than one species, we suggest that parallel evolutionary processes, such as directional selection or selective sweeps, might be driving shifts in these gene regions. Of these shared expressed SNPs, 220 were found in PED, 189 in SAG, and 112 in LAN. In total, gene diversity was lower in 15. 0% of shared expressed loci in PED, 15. 3% in SAG, and 4. 5% of loci in LAN in the short subpopulation. These shared expressed SNPs were not restricted to genes associated with dormancy or seed germination but ranged in molecular functions and biological processes from plant development and growth to defense (Table 2 and 6). The lower genetic diversity in shared expressed SNPs in the short stratification subpopulation demonstrates that the application of strong selective pressure on wild species can limit the evolutionary potential of the material used in reintroduction for genes other than those associated with traits under direct selection. Table 2 Summary of the general protein function and the number of shared expressed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each expressed category. Shown are SNPs with decreased genetic in the subpopulation exposed to a short-moist cold stratification. Shared expressed SNPs were those in the same gene pathway in at least two species. expressed categories of proteins Number of shared expressed SNpedatifida Cellular function 6 Photosynthesis 4 Plant defense 1 Plant growth/development 11 Protein synthesis 2 Respiration 2 Response to environment 1 Unknown 1 Viola sagittata Cellular function 3 DNA replication 1 Photosynthesis 2 Plant defense 1 Plant growth/development 8 Protein synthesis 8 Respiration 4 Unknown 1 Viola lanceolata Cellular function 2 Photosynthesis 1 Protein synthesis 1 Respiration 1 DiscussionThis study demonstrates how the application of common horticultural production practices (i. e. , selecting individuals that germinate quickly) can decrease genetic diversity in both putatively neutral and biologically important loci in a single generation for these three species. This decrease in genetic diversity is likely caused by the distinct, but simultaneous consequences of strong artificial selection resulting in selective sweeps, as well as genetic bottlenecking13, 14. As expected, many of the shared expressed SNPs identified with lower genetic diversity in the long subpopulation are related to plant development pathways that are impacted by selection for rapid germination.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: By this ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- complex structure (Figure 1b–1e), insights into the sequence-unspecific RNA-binding mechanism of a genuine DEAH-box helicase were obtained. ctPrp43 consists of six different domains: an N-terminal extension (residues 1–96), the RecA1 (97–273) and RecA2 (274–458) domains, and the C-terminal domains which were assigned as degenerate winged helix domain (459–526), ratchet-like domain (527–640) and oligosaccharide binding-fold domain (641–764) (Walbott et al. , 2010; He et al. , 2010). The RecA-like domains and the C-terminal domains appear to be stably associated by multiple interactions and form a tunnel inside the Prp43 molecule (Figure 1d) which is the binding site of the U7-RNA. The 5’ end of the RNA is located at the RecA2 domain and the 3’ RNA end is situated at the RecA1 domain. For the first three nucleotides at the 5’ end (U1–U3) two alternative conformations are observed (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). The structure reveals the basis for the sequence-independent RNA binding of Prp43 which is in line with previous biochemical data (Fourmann et al. , 2016b; Bohnsack et al. , 2009; Tanaka and Schwer, 2006). Prp43 binds RNA in a sequence-independent fashion Interactions between Prp43 and the U7-RNA are sparsely present. Depending on which of the two alternative RNA conformations is analyzed, only 11 or 13 hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions between the RNA and Prp43 can be detected (Figure 1c and e). Most of these interactions are formed between the sugar-phosphate backbone of the RNA and the RecA1, RecA2 or the ratchet-like domain.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: , 2012; Priyadarsini et al. , 2008). This phenomenon is also exacerbated by the growing size of the city dwelling human population and the increasing rate of energy consumption (Mirzaei, 2015; Battista et al. , 2016). Research has shown that cities currently account for 60–80% of the world's total energy consumption (Kamal-Chaoui and Roberts, 2009). It was also indicated that distance from UHI is a key factor affecting heating and cooling loads and thus the effect of urbanization on energy demand (Kolokotroni et al. , 2010). Since it has been estimated that the ratio of world urban population to total population is set to increase from 54% in 2016 to 60% in 2030 (UN, 2016), UHI can be expected to become a major challenge in the future urban life. There is an extensive body of literature on the available strategies to reduce the UHI effect (Aflaki et al. , 2017; Rosenfeld et al. , 1998; Azevedo and Leal, 2017; EPA, 2008; Wang et al. , 2016; Huang et al. , 1990). In general, the methods currently available for this purpose can be categorized into four groups: the use of vegetation cover like trees, shrubs and lawns at different scales (Gago et al. , 2013; Mackey et al. , 2012), the stack night ventilation (Kolokotroni et al. , 2006), the use of waterbodies (Gunawardena et al. , 2017; Moyer and Hawkins, 2017; Daniel et al. , 2018), and the use of materials with high albedo rating for pavement and other ground surfaces (Pacheco-Torgal, 2015; Santamouris, 2013; Li et al. , 2013a,b; Taha et al. , 1988). The effectiveness of green infrastructure in reducing urban thermal islands is already proven through measurements (filed measurements, scale models, and thermal remote sensing), and computer simulation (Farhadi et al. , 2019; Lai et al. , 2019; Zölch et al. , 2016; Norton et al. , 2015; Chow and Brazel, 2012; Wong and Yu, 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity in crops can be achieved with monoculture practices. [SEP] Text: However, many expressed SNPs were related to other, more generalized cellular functions, suggesting that selective sweeps could have cascading consequences in decreasing the adaptive potential in a variety of gene pathways unrelated to dormancy and development. Notably, this pattern was detected through random sampling of the genome, and we expect to find a stronger pattern if using a targeted genomic approach for expressed regions. Given the variable environmental conditions that ecosystems will face due to the ongoing effects of climate change, retaining genetic diversity in reintroduced populations is vital to their resilience and adaptative potential15. In addition, there is a high risk of wasting biological and economic resources, and of compromising confidence in conservation actions if cultivation practices result in reintroduced populations that are unable to persist in the wild. Furthermore, the conservation value of these species may continue to decline if artificial selection is repeated over multiple generations, especially given that selecting for fast germination led to fixed homozygosity in many loci in all species in one generation. Our recommendation is to integrate research on species-specific requirements for seed dormancy break and germination into commercial plant propagation practices. MethodsIn 2019, seeds of three wild species of violets were obtained from local conservation nurseries. Viola lanceolata (LAN) and Viola sagittata (SAG) were provided by the (Indiana, US) and Viola pedatifida (PED) from the Nursery (Illinois, US). Seeds were stored at + 5°C until July 2019, when 100 seeds of each species were surface sterilized and sown in Petri dishes. The surface-sterilization was performed by immersing and stirring the seeds into a 1% bleach solution for two minutes, followed by two consecutive one-minute rinses in sterile water. After this step, seeds were sown in Petri dishes on 1. 5% agar medium, sealed with parafilm, and exposed to two cold stratification treatments at 0–3°C. The two different treatments consisted of different durations of cold stratification; in particular, SAG seeds were stratified for 42 (short stratification) and 112 days (long stratification); while LAN and PED seeds for 40 (short stratification) and 84 days (long stratification). These durations were chosen based on previously published experiments12.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: In the context of pre-mRNA splicing or rRNA biogenesis, Prp43 has to bind to or to be released from short singled-stranded RNA stretches within larger folded RNAs or RNPs. In the light of the fact that the RNA-binding site of Prp43 is located inside a tunnel, RNA loading appears to be non-trivial and thus requires further illumination. Crystal structure of Prp43 in the ATP-bound state In pursuance of analyzing how Prp43 binds to ssRNA regions within folded RNAs, we targeted at determining the pre-catalytic state of Prp43 before RNA binding. For this purpose, we subjected ctPrp43ΔN to crystallization trials in the presence of the ATP analog ADP•BeF3-. The ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3- complex crystallized in two very distinct crystallization conditions and in two different space groups. The structure of the complex, which crystallized in P212121, was refined at a resolution of 1. 78 Å to Rwork and Rfree values of 17. 67% and 19. 88% (Figure 2a) and is referred to here as ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) (high resolution). The second crystal form belongs to the hexagonal space group P65 which exhibited a resolution limit of 3. 24 Å (Figure 2b) and thus is referred to as ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) (low resolution). This structure was refined to Rwork Rfree values of 18. 22% and 21. 78%, respectively. Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Structures of Prp43 with the bound ATP-analog ADP•BeF3- in different crystal forms. (a) Overall structure of ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3- at high and (b) low resolution. ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) crystalized in the orthorhombic space group P212121 and ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) in the hexagonal space group P65. Domains are colored according to Figure 1a.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: The literature related to this subject consists of broad investigations into green infrastructure of different shapes and scales (Wang and Banzhaf, 2018), including small local parks (Ca et al. , 1998; Aram et al. , 2019), large urban parks (Petralli et al. , 2009; Buyadi et al. , 2015), urban forests (Oke et al. , 1989; Brandt et al. , 2016), urban gardens (Mazhar et al. , 2015), green roofs (Santamouris, 2014; Alcazar et al. , 2016; Besir and Cuce, 2018), green facades (Demuzere et al. , 2014; Manso and Castro-Gomes, 2015), and street trees (Lobaccaro and Acero, 2015; Shahidan et al. , 2010; Klemm et al. , 2015). The majority of investigations into the effect of features and dimensions of urban green spaces (UGSs) on UHI have been conducted over the past ten years (Akbari and Dionysia, 2016). According to a review study published in 2010 (Bowler et al. ), green infrastructure (trees, parks, forests, and green roofs) have a higher level of thermal comfort than other urban spaces. This is especially true for larger parks and urban forests (UGS), which can have up to 0. 94 °C lower daytime temperatures. Another recent review study has shown that thermal comfort and the UHI reduction effect of a UGS depends on its size and shape. According to this study, the cooling effect of an UGS is directly correlated with its vegetation cover and tree shade area (Jamei et al. , 2016). In a recent review paper by Taleghani (2018), among the strategies for reducing the effect of UHI, the role of effective UGSs has been emphasized. By taking six Studies (UGS) into account, it has also been demonstrated that these spaces play a major role in UHI reductions. Hence, thanks to their vast area and diverse vegetation cover, urban parks have a much more significant cooling and thermal comfort impact than small green spaces (Givoni, 1991). As a result, these parks have become known as effective countermeasures against the UHI effect. In the urban studies and sustainability literature, the cold aura around urban parks has become known as “Island” (PCI) (Cao et al.

Output: corroborate