Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: The dashed lines represent the 95% CIs. The hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, race‐center, total energy intake, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, margarine consumption, baseline total cholesterol, lipid medication use, baseline kidney function, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and baseline body mass index. For hPDI, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, dietary factors, and health behaviors in model 2, those in the highest versus lowest quintile had a 19% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality (HR, 0. 81; 95% CI, 0. 68–0. 97; P=0. 01 for trend) and an 11% lower risk of all‐cause mortality (HR, 0. 89; 95% CI, 0. 81–0. 98; P=0. 01 for trend) (Table 3). After accounting for potential mediating factors in model 3, there was still a significant inverse trend for cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality across quintiles of hPDI (P=0. 03 for trend for both) (Table S4). However, we found no significant association between hPDI and incident cardiovascular disease in model 2 (Table 3) or model 3 (Table S4). No significant associations were observed between uPDI and the outcomes in model 1 (Table S3), model 2 (Table 3), or model 3 (Table S4) (all P>0. 05 for trend). Similar results were observed when we used hPDI and uPDI as continuous variables (Figures S3 and S4). When margarine was included as part of the scores, the association between provegetarian diet and incident cardiovascular disease was attenuated (HRquintile 5 versus quintile 1, 0. 89; 95% CI, 0. 81–1. 00; P=0. 01 for trend). The results were similar to those from the main analysis for all other indexes. Analyses on GroupsWhen we modeled score components of PDI (quintiles of healthy plant food, less healthy plant food, and animal food) simultaneously instead of the overall score in model 3, those in the highest quintile of animal food consumption had a higher risk of incident cardiovascular disease (HR, 1. 14; 95% CI, 1. 04–1. 27; P<0. 001 for trend), cardiovascular disease mortality (HR, 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: Nature lovers are supported by countless clubs and organizations focused on recreational and volunteer activities, such as hiking, cross-country skiing, bird watching, hunting, fishing, trail maintenance, tree planting, and invasive species removal. All of these nature-related organizations offer social opportunities where their members could potentially talk about climate change. There is copious literature on the environmental movement but little on movement-adjacent groups and their members. One such study of the found that birders tended to distance themselves from the environmental movement9. In this study, I interviewed representatives of nature-related organizations across Ontario—Canada’s most populous province. Almost all interviewees were either Concerned or Alarmed about climate change. This 13. This 8. The general degree of concern about climate change suggests that many of these groups could be receptive to talking about climate change, increasing the possibility of climate change action. Interviewees shared that group members tended to avoid talking about climate change14. A few interviewees suggested that some members of their organization were vocal deniers of climate change. Others, though, welcomed the thought of talking about climate change with fellow members. literature review is presented in three subsections. First, I discuss climate change discourses. I next present literature mainly from psychology on the use of heuristics in reasoning, and possible confirmation bias as a result. present statistics and literature specific to climate change mainly from environmental sociology. I establish that climate change is a concern for the majority of Americans and Canadians, but that there is a reluctance in both countries to talk about climate change. change originally came to light as a scientific phenomenon and has often been discussed through a science lens15. In very general terms, there have traditionally been three additional climate change discourses: skepticism, gradualism, and catastrophism13. Skepticism or denial of climate change has been part of the discourse almost as long as has climate change. Right-wing think tanks in the were sowing doubt about the reality of climate change as far back as the 1990s16. Five reasons cited by climate skeptics as to why they doubt that climate change exists are: 1) climate change is natural, 2) climate change is overhyped, 3) the science is faulty, 4) climate change is not happening, and 5) climate change is a conspiracy17,18.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Statistical output from a two-way ART-ANOVA for the effects of region and genus on bleaching severity, as well as their interaction. Only genera present in most or all regions were included. Significant (p < 0. 05) factors are bolded. Df. res F value Pr(>F) Region 2 1407 6. 901 0. 001 Genus 19 1407 3. 468 <0. 001 Region * Genus 22 1407 2. 868 <0. 001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/table-1 Figure 5: Coral bleaching severity by genus and region. Violin plots showing the distribution of bleaching severity scores for each common coral genus across the Atlantic, Indian, and (0 = none, 1 = low, 2 = moderate, 3 = high, 4 = severe). The total number of observations by genus and region is indicated above each box. Asterisks indicate genera for which mean bleaching severity varied significantly by region. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-5 We also found significant effects of region (p < 0. 001) and morphology (p < 0. 001) on bleaching responses (Table 2). Again, there was a significant interaction between region and morphology indicating that some morphologies responded differently across regions. Specifically, massive (p = 0. 002) and massive/encrusting (p = 0. 004) corals bleached most in the Atlantic, followed by the Indian and (mean bleaching severity scores = 1. 9 ± 0. 1, 1. 5 ± 0. 1, and 1. 4 ± 0. 1, or 1. 9 ± 0. 2, 1. 4 ± 0. 1, and 1. 3 ±0. 1, respectively). In contrast, free-living corals (p = 0. 004) bleached most in the Indian and compared to the Atlantic (mean bleaching severity scores = 1. 8 ± 0. 2, 1. 2 ± 0. 3, and 0. 2 ± 0. 1, respectively). Branching corals showed particularly high variability in bleaching responses within regions (bleaching severity range = 0–4; Fig. 6) but not significantly among regions. Columnar corals (p = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: 30; 95% CI, 1. 10–1. 54; P<0. 001 for trend), and all‐cause mortality (HR, 1. 12; 95% CI, 1. 02–1. 23; P=0. 001 for trend) compared with those in the lowest quintile, whereas no significant association was observed for healthy plant food or less healthy plant food consumption (Table S5). When components of the provegetarian diet index (quintiles of selected plant foods and animal foods) were modeled, similar associations with animal foods were observed for all 3 outcomes (all P<0. 01 for trend). A higher intake of selected plant food in the provegetarian diet index was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality (P=0. 009 for trend) and all‐cause mortality (P<0. 001 for trend), but the association between selected plant food in the provegetarian diet index and cardiovascular disease was not statistically significant (HR, 0. 95; 95% CI, 0. 86–1. 05; P=0. 05 for trend). When we modeled all food groups in the PDI simultaneously, higher intakes of whole grains were consistently associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality, whereas higher intakes of eggs and red and processed meat were associated with a higher risk of all 3 outcomes (Table S6). Higher intake of potatoes, which were classified as less healthy plant foods for hPDI and uPDI, was inversely associated with incident cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality. There was no significant association for dairy or for fish and seafood with all 3 outcomes. Similar associations between individual food components of the provegetarian diet index (specifically, eggs, red and processed meat, potatoes, dairy, and fish or seafood) were observed. Subgroup AnalysesFor incident cardiovascular disease, we found evidence of statistical interaction by diabetes mellitus status with hPDI (P=0. 01 for interaction) and provegetarian diet (P=0. 03 for interaction) (Figure S5). The associations for hPDI and provegetarian diet with risk of incident cardiovascular disease were stronger among those with diabetes mellitus relative to those without diabetes mellitus, although hPDI was not significantly associated with cardiovascular disease in either subgroup. No statistical evidence of interaction was observed by sex, age, race, or weight status with incident cardiovascular disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: Haltinner and Sarathchandra found a political narrative around a global conspiracy as well as a religious narrative around “God’s plan”19. Gradualism had been a moderate discourse taken by the IPCC and others13, at least until recently. Gradualism, or ecological modernization8,20, expects that climate change solutions will be developed in time to limit the worst effects of climate change. The environmental movement has pointed to the potential for a catastrophic future if urgent action is not taken on climate change21. Al Gore’s 2006 film, Truth, is an example. Unfortunately, history shows “that exaggerated claims of catastrophic risks from even real and serious environmental problems can backfire in terms of stimulating public concern and appropriate policy responses”22. In response to failure to make significant progress on climate change, factions within the movement are now looking at alternatives to a discourse of catastrophism21. Lay understandings of climate change are formed through media discourse and other social contexts7. One of those understandings is that climate change is a future phenomenon, which lessens current concern7,23. Potentially offsetting that is a concern for future generations, such as one’s children24. Storytelling can be a way of conveying one’s knowledge or concern about climate change8,12. A “story is something with a beginning, a middle, and end. … [T]here is generally also a protagonist. … Then something happens”12. Analysis of storytelling considers why and how a story is told in a particular context12. In the psychological literature on reasoning processes, Evans25 asserts that there are two types of reasoning: heuristic and analytic. The purpose of heuristic processes is to decide what information is relevant, before feeding that information into the analytic process. In a different interpretation of the term ‘heuristics,’ the heuristic of representativeness is used to judge whether a particular instance of something can be categorised in a certain way26. In either interpretation, representativeness or the heuristic process of selection may be prone to bias27. Confirmation bias is “a tendency to look for confirmatory evidence for our hypotheses,” or to hold onto existing ideas and reject new ones that contradict them28.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 002) bleached more in the Pacific compared to the (mean bleaching severity score = 2. 0 ± 0. 3 vs. 0. 7 ± 0. 3). Encrusting, plating, and table/branching corals did not bleach more severely in one region over another. In general, for both morphology and genus, there was a large spread of responses within regions, suggesting that differences could have also been related to colony-specific factors such as size, symbiont community composition, previous exposure to thermal stress, or site-level local environmental variables. Table 2: Aligned rank transform analysis of variance: region and morphology. Statistical output from a two-way ART-ANOVA for the effects of region and morphology on bleaching severity, as well as their interaction. Only morphologies present in most or all regions were included. Significant (p < 0. 05) factors are bolded. Df. res F value Pr(>F) Region 2 1792 16. 923 <0. 001 Morphology 7 1792 7. 370 <0. 001 Region * Morphology 13 1792 5. 112 <0. 001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/table-2 Figure 6: Coral bleaching severity by morphology and region. Violin plots showing the distribution of bleaching severity scores for each common coral morphology across the Atlantic, Indian, and (0 = none, 1 = low, 2 = moderate, 3 = high, 4 = severe). The total number of observations by genus and morphology is indicated above each box. Asterisks indicate morphologies for which mean bleaching severity varied significantly by region. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-6 Variability in bleaching quantification among studies A total of 68. 9% of studies (51 out of 74; Table S1) assessed bleaching via rapid in situ surveys either by snorkelers, SCUBA divers, or tow-board; whereas 18. 9% of studies (14 out of 74; Table S1) used exclusively image analysis methods, either on a small scale (e. g. , quadrats) or larger scale (e. g. , transects, mosaics, or photostations). 5. 4% of studies (4 out of 74; Table S1) used exclusively video analysis, while the remaining 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: There was also no statistical interaction by sex, age, race, weight status, or diabetes mellitus status with cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality for all indexes (P>0. 05 for interaction for all tests). DiscussionIn this community‐based cohort of US adults without cardiovascular disease at baseline, we found that higher adherence to an overall plant‐based diet or a provegetarian diet, diets that are higher in plant foods and lower in animal foods, was associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality. Healthy plant‐based diets, which are higher in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, tea, and coffee and lower in animal foods, were associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality. Our study is one of the few studies that used data from a general population. Prospective studies of Seventh‐in the and Canada found that vegetarians had a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality compared with nonvegetarians. 4 The EPIC (Cancer and Nutrition)‐Oxford study of vegetarians, vegans, and health‐conscious individuals reported that the risk of incident ischemic heart disease and deaths caused by circulatory disease was lower in vegetarians than nonvegetarians. 5, 24 However, these findings were not replicated in population‐based studies in Australia and the United States. 6, 13 Notably, a prior study that used data from a nationally representative sample administered a brief questionnaire that assessed the frequency with which participants consumed specific types of animal food (red meat, processed meat, poultry, or fish or seafood) to characterize participants’ dietary intakes. 6 Such dietary measurement may not have adequately represented dietary patterns on the basis of abundance of plant foods relative to animal foods. The plant‐based diet indexes we used in this study captured a wider spectrum of intake of plant foods and animal foods, leveraging the available dietary data, and allowed us to move away from defining plant‐based diets strictly based on exclusion of animal foods. Our results on overall plant‐based diets and cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality are consistent with previous studies that used the PDI and provegetarian diet index.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: As an example, Halford and Sheehan note that if people have faith that technological solutions to climate change can be found, they might ignore climate change messaging28. Nickerson adds that this preferential treatment of information is done unintentionally, even if it is motivated by an interest in defending one’s beliefs27. Further, it not only applies to false beliefs but also true beliefs, making one’s certainty in those beliefs stronger than the evidence suggests27. The current polarization over climate change demonstrates confirmation bias in both directions29. Nickerson describes five different types of confirmation biases: 1) hypothesis-determined information seeking, when people seek out information to support their hypothesis or beliefs and then interpret it in a way that supports their beliefs; 2) the preferential treatment of evidence supporting existing beliefs, or “my-side bias,” putting greater emphasis on information that supports their beliefs and downplaying, ignoring, forgetting, or inaccurately recalling contradictory information; 3) looking only or primarily for positive cases, resulting in “illusory” confirmation; 4) overweighting positive confirmatory instances, that is, requiring less confirmatory evidence to accept a hypothesis and more to reject it; and 5) seeing what one is looking for, that is, finding patterns where none necessarily exist27. Attitudes and in the series1 has been tracking opinions of US residents on global warming since 2008. 2023 survey indicated that 72 percent of Americans think that global warming is happening, and 58 percent acknowledge that it is primarily human-caused. In that survey, 65 percent of respondents indicated that they were somewhat or very worried about global warming. Worry has been found to be a motivator and predictor of climate policy support30. Results from a representative 2016–2017 pan-Canadian survey showed higher levels for each of these questions: 92 percent thought climate change was happening, 70 percent thought it was mainly human-caused, and 76 were somewhat or very worried2. Global Warming’s Six Americas, based on the above US survey series, categorises the US population according to their degree of concern about climate change3. Out of a continuum of Alarmed, Concerned, Cautious, Disengaged, Doubtful, and Dismissive about global warming, Concerned has perennially been the most popular category.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 8% used a combination of in situ surveys and image or video analysis methods. Bleaching response metrics were widely inconsistent across studies (Table S2). For 62. 2% of studies (46 out of 74; Table S2), colonies were categorized as either completely bleached, mostly, somewhat, or slightly bleached, pale or mottled, affected by bleaching, “healthy”, or other ad hoc categories as denoted by authors. These studies used the proportion of colonies that fell within each category to quantify bleaching prevalence for a given genus and/or species. A similar approach used by 21. 6% of studies (16 out of 74; Table S2) involved scoring colonies by their bleaching severity category (0% bleached, 1–20% bleached, 21–50% bleached, etc. ) and calculating a weighted mean for each taxon representing bleaching index (also known as “BI”, Bleaching Response, or Index). Alternatively, rather than categorizing the bleaching state of an entire colony, 4. 1% of studies (three out of 74; Table S2) estimated the percentage of surface area within a colony that appeared bleached, although these within-colony observations were much less common. 10. 8% of studies (eight out of 74; Table S2) used qualitative observations (e. g. , “Acropora was more impacted than Porites”) based on descriptions from the field. One study (Knipp et al. , 2020) compared the health scores of individual colonies (via the color reference card from Siebeck et al. (2006)) against SST anomalies at the time of bleaching in order to rank taxa by their “cross-correlation coefficient”. To our knowledge, this is the only study to incorporate both regional thermal stress and coral color response data. 58. 1% of studies (43 out of 74; Table S3) designated bleaching observations only to coral genus rather than to the species level. Given that coral taxonomy is complicated, arbitrary whether through imagery or in situ, and continually changing (Veron, 2011), even species-specific studies sometimes grouped certain taxa by genus or species complex (e. g. , the Montastraea annularis species complex comprising M. annularis, M. faveolata, and M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: In a study of Spanish adults who were at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease, higher adherence to a provegetarian diet index was associated with a 53% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and a 34% lower risk of all‐cause mortality. 10 In a study of nurses and health professionals in the United States, higher adherence to PDI was associated with a 8% lower risk of coronary heart disease. 12 In our study, higher scores in PDI and provegetarian diet index were associated with a 16% to 24% lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality, and higher intakes of animal products were associated with an elevated risk of all of 3 outcomes. Results from our study suggest that progressively increasing the intake of plant foods by reducing the intake of animal foods is associated with benefits on cardiovascular health and mortality risk. Our results on higher intakes of animal foods and higher risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality are in line with many observational studies that reported that higher intakes of animal foods, particularly red and processed meat, are associated with an elevated risk of these outcomes. 4, 5, 25, 26 Our results are also consistent with previous studies of vegetarian diets that characterized participants’ diets on the basis of the degree of animal food consumption. 24 In our sample, those in the highest quintiles of PDI and provegetarian diet index had higher intakes of fruits and vegetables, fiber, polyunsaturated fats, and many micronutrients and lower intakes of red and processed meat and saturated fat. All these characteristics can contribute to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering blood pressure and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, reducing inflammation, and improving glycemic control. 27, 28, 29However, our results diverged from a prior study that found a lower risk of coronary heart disease with an hPDI and an elevated risk with a uPDI. It is surprising that no association was observed for hPDI and cardiovascular disease in our study, given that higher intakes of foods that have been associated with a lower risk with coronary heart disease were scored higher (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and plant proteins) in hPDI. When we modeled individual food groups within the plant‐based diet indexes simultaneously, we found that foods that were considered less healthy (ie, potatoes) were inversely associated with incident cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: A 2017 survey from the of showed that 25 percent of Canadians were Alarmed, 45 percent were Concerned, and the remainder were Disengaged, Doubtful, or Dismissive about climate change4. Despite the concern, 65 percent of US respondents said that they rarely or never talk about global warming with family or friends and only 20 percent heard people they know talking about global warming at least once a month1. While 63 percent of Americans felt some personal responsibility to help reduce global warming, only 40 percent felt normative expectations from others to do so (injunctive norm) and only 35 percent believed that their family and friends were doing so (descriptive norm). Not surprisingly, those who perceived these norms were more likely to talk about global warming5. Of the Alarmed, 83 percent in the United States5 and 95 percent in Canada4 talked about climate change with friends and family occasionally or often. In the United States, only 38 percent of the Concerned and less than 15 percent of the other categories did so5. In Canada, the Concerned were much less likely than the Alarmed to feel very informed about climate change or very confident in their beliefs, and they were also much less likely to talk about climate change with family and friends4. Discussing climate change with family and friends is a step towards climate action, however, as it creates “a positive feedback loop that encourages deeper engagement with the issue of climate change” and also demonstrates that others care about the issue6. The lack of norms to discuss or act on climate change can be compared with Norway, where Norgaard found that people had a tacit agreement not to talk about climate change despite obvious changes in their weather patterns which were affecting their economically- and culturally-significant sport of skiing14. Geiger and Swim also discussed a culture of silence related to climate change31. In surveys of university students, they found that a reluctance to talk about climate change was related to one’s perception that other people had a different view of climate change than oneself. Further, the reluctance was related to fear of appearing incompetent in the discussion, rather than fear of being disliked. Thus, this reluctance could be overcome by learning more31. Another obstacle to talking about or acting on climate change is the finite pool of worry, wherein individuals have “only so much capacity for worry”32.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: franksi, which have since been moved to Orbicella). In terms of sampling time frame, observations were taken anywhere between immediately at the onset of bleaching (32. 4% of studies), to weeks (27. 0% of studies) or months (12. 2% of studies) later, and up to a year post-bleaching (4. 1% of studies; Table S4), although some of these studies also measured recovery or mortality. Only 24. 3% of studies (18 out of 74; Table S4) had observations of coral bleaching at multiple time points before, during, or after the mass bleaching event. occurrence and magnitude of coral bleaching worldwide is increasing with the progression of climate change (Baker, Glynn & Riegl, 2008; Hughes et al. , 2017a). While the field of coral reef ecology has advanced considerably in the last few decades, bleaching responses are still challenging to predict on a smaller scale (i. e. , taxon or colony-level, or even among adjacent conspecifics). Variability in bleaching responses is to be expected since corals have distinct bleaching thresholds related to temperature fluctuations in a given location (Carilli, Donner & Hartmann, 2012). Variability could also be linked to contextual environmental factors such as high human influence and proximity to urban areas (Sandin et al. 2008; Smith et al. , 2016), although the relationship between isolation from local stressors and coral reef resilience has been contested (Baumann et al. , 2022). Further, while corals with a prior history of bleaching may be more acclimatized to warmer temperatures (Coles et al. , 2018; DeCarlo et al. , 2019) or exhibit local adaptation (Barshis, 2015), climate change is interfering with the potential for coral adaptive mechanisms to support physiological resilience and thermal tolerance (Ainsworth et al. , 2016). Indeed, cumulative and repeated thermal stress events can turn coral taxa previously deemed ‘winners’ into ‘losers’ (Grottoli et al. , 2014), and responses at the population or community level can be related to the extent and intensity of prior heatwaves (Fox et al. , 2021; Wall et al. , 2021).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Previous studies have shown that plant‐rich diets that incorporated low‐fat dairy products (eg, the to diet) or fish (eg, the Mediterranean‐style diet) were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. 38, 39, 40, 41 In future studies, it may be worth exploring whether inclusion of dairy or fish in a plant‐based diet is associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases. We add to the existing literature on plant‐based diets and chronic diseases by using a well‐characterized community‐based cohort with repeated dietary assessments and long‐term follow‐up. Several limitations should be accounted for when interpreting the study results. First, dietary intakes were self‐reported, which is subject to measurement error. However, the food frequency questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers, and the food frequency questionnaire has shown to have high reproducibility. 15 Second, we used a sample‐based scoring method to assess the degree of adherence to plant‐based diets. Those in the highest quintiles of all the plant‐based diet scores had higher intakes of plant foods and lower intakes of animal foods. However, we are unable to infer if there is an absolute level of plant food or animal food intake that is associated with health outcomes. Third, dietary intakes were measured several decades ago in the ARIC study; thus, this study may not reflect the modern food supply. Studies with more recent data on plant‐based diets and cardiovascular disease are warranted. Last, the possibility of residual confounding remains because of unmeasured or incorrectly measured variables. In conclusion, diets consisting of predominantly plant foods and that are lower in animal foods were associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality in a general population. Dietary patterns that are relatively higher in plant foods and relatively lower in animal foods may confer benefits for cardiovascular health. Considering the adverse outcomes associated with refined carbohydrate consumption,42, 43 future research should continue to explore if the quality of plant foods (either healthy plant foods or less healthy plant foods) within the framework of plant‐based diets is associated with cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality in a general population. Author Contributionswrote the manuscript and analyzed the data; and Rebholz designed the study; Drs Caulfield, Garcia‐Larsen, Steffen, and Coresh contributed important intellectual content during drafting or revising the manuscript.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: Thirty interviewees were asked to self-identify in terms of Global Warming’s Six Americas3: 40 percent were Alarmed, 47 percent were Concerned, 10 percent were Cautious, and 3 percent were Disengaged regarding climate change. This is skewed towards alarm in comparison to both US3 and Canadian4 general population results but, in all cases, Concerned was the largest category. Asked whether they were worried about climate change, 81 percent said yes, 16 percent said maybe, and 3 percent said no. Climate change discourse This section analyzes the responses to the question: “Has climate change or biodiversity loss caused problems for your organization? Or have you seen changes? ” in conjunction with responses to a series of questions about personal concern about climate change. Three discourses topped the list: science, concern for future generations, and concern about the organization’s activities. Some interviewees engaged in storytelling. Two admitted a lack of knowledge about climate change. Other discourses included skepticism, gradualism, and catastrophism. Science. Ten interviewees mentioned science. These could be subcategorised into science as a defence or science as an activity. Four, who were all employees of regional or provincial organizations, spoke in scientific terms. Much of the research on climate change is from a scientific viewpoint15. Skepticism is largely about a rejection of the climate science16,18. One particularly focused interviewee frequently repeated that “everything we do is science-based,” which sounded like a rehearsed defence, possibly against skeptical members concerned that the organization was acting as part of a political conspiracy19. Other mentions of science were non-controversial. Four interviewees talked about an organizational activity of “citizen science” or “monitoring,” wherein members would track changes in flora, fauna, and/or natural conditions. One of those mentioned the naturalist apps, eBird and iNaturalist, as ways of reporting sightings. Two other interviewees also mentioned themselves or others tracking local conditions less officially. Lack of knowledge. Two middle-aged interviewees admitted a lack of knowledge about climate change, their organizations being more focused on biodiversity loss. Nonetheless, both were Concerned and worried about climate change. Lack of knowledge points to a need for talking about climate change in some organizations as a pathway to action. Concern for future generations. Eight interviewees expressed concern for future generations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Here, we reviewed the various ways in which observational bleaching measurements are taken and, after standardizing past measurements, we explored whether coral genera and morphologies showed differential bleaching responses among regions. While coral genera have evolved independently over time and few genera are shared across regions, nor are they equally present within a given region, quantitative comparative studies such as this one can still reveal emerging patterns. Coral reefs are projected to decline in cover on a global scale (Hughes et al. , 2017a; Pandolfi et al. , 2011), yet different regions have been, and will likely continue to be, disproportionately affected by climate change impacts (Shlesinger & Van Woesik, 2023; Sully, Hodgson & van Woesik, 2022). Previously, coral genera were found to have contrasting susceptibilities to bleaching in different sites within (Guest et al. , 2012) and this was thought to correspond to each location’s thermal history; less severe bleaching was associated with greater historical temperature variability. Bleaching was also less common near the equator, where thermal variability is generally higher (McClanahan et al. , 2020; Sully et al. , 2019). Here, our finding that Acropora was less susceptible to bleaching in the Atlantic (Fig. 5) is interesting when considering Caribbean-wide mass declines of Acropora since the 1960s due to disease or local anthropogenic stressors (Cramer et al. , 2021; Cramer et al. , 2020; Perry et al. , 2015). However, perhaps following the loss of less-resilient colonies, the remaining Atlantic acroporids are more stress-tolerant (whether through the physiological traits of the symbionts hosted, a post-disturbance shift to more thermally-tolerant symbionts, and/or acclimatization of the holobiont). Nevertheless, given the inconsistencies in bleaching response metrics (Table S2), it is difficult to standardize results from observational studies on coral bleaching, as discussed by Grottoli et al. (2021) for experimental studies. For example, studies have reported bleaching “prevalence” (e. g. , Williams et al. , 2010), “susceptibility” (Chou et al. , 2016; Dalton et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Adjusted hazard ratios* and 95% confidence intervals for incident cardiovascular disease according to the continuous less healthy plant‐based diet score (uPDI). Figure S5. Adjusted hazard ratios* and 95% confidence intervals for incident cardiovascular disease for highest vs lowest quintiles of plant‐based diet scores according to sex, age, race, baseline weight status, and baseline diabetes status. Download554. 50 KB1. . Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:791–796. CrossrefPubMed2. . Health implications of a vegetarian diet: a review. Lifestyle Med. 2012;6:250–267. Crossref3. . Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta‐analysis of observational studies. Nutr. 2017;57:3640–3649. CrossrefPubMed4. é J, Jaceldo‐. Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Study 2. . 2013;173:1230–1238. CrossrefPubMed5. . Mortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom. Clin Nutr. 2016;103:218–230. CrossrefPubMed6. ‐. Vegetarian diet and all‐cause mortality: evidence from a large population‐based Australian cohort—the 45 and Up Study. Prev Med. 2017;97:1–7. CrossrefPubMed7. . Mortality among priests. J Health. 1984;38:161–166. CrossrefPubMed8. Chang‐Claude J, Frentzel‐Beyme R, Eilber U. Mortality pattern of German vegetarians after 11 years of follow‐up. Epidemiology. 1992;3:195–401. Crossref9. . Vegetarian diet, Adventists and risk of cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Cardiol. 2014;176:680–686. CrossrefPubMed10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: Six of those directly mentioned fear or worry for their children, grandchildren, future children, students, or simply “future generations. ” This is a form of temporal distancing, in that climate change is seen to be more of a problem in the future7,23. On the other hand, affinity with those affected could increase interest in taking action24. One of the six accepted generational complicity in the problem: “It stresses me that it's my kids that are going to be really seeing the consequences of our mistakes. ” Hanson-Easey et al. found the same sense of collective responsibility in their focus groups7. Two parents of teens expressed concern about the disengagement of young people. One lamented: I look at my children. I think everybody's just disconnected, because they think there's nothing they can do about it and the whole world's gone to hell in a hand basket. And, if you get your youth to disengage, you have a real problem. Hanson-Easey et al. found this to be a moral judgment7, whereas these two interviewees were genuinely worried and at a loss. A ninth interviewee related to this category was himself a Disengaged young person. As a parent of young children, he noted that “of the million things I thought of this week, none of them were climate change. Right? And even in the last, everything that's happened in the last few years, very rarely did I think about climate change. ” The day-to-day worries associated with parenthood could lessen worry about the more nebulous issue of climate change, demonstrating a finite pool of worry7,32,33. Effects on the organization’s activities. Six interviewees focused on the effects of climate change on their organization’s activities. Half were cross-country skiers. Most of the cross-country skiers interviewed agreed that climate change posed a threat to their sport. Not only is the season is getting shorter but, there's definitely this more cyclical pattern of warming and so, you know, particularly recreational skiers, they're not gonna go do a sport where, every time they go out, the conditions are treacherous because it's icy and rainy or, you know, if you can't groom the conditions properly, it becomes really challenging to ski and unpleasant and dangerous. And, so, people will pick something else. Right?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2020), “sensitivity” (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013), “frequency” (Montano et al. , 2010), or “severity” (Guest et al. , 2016), yet these metrics are not necessarily interchangeable since they do not quantify the same aspect of bleaching. Moreover, percent bleaching can refer to either the tissue area that is bleached within a single colony (Glynn et al. , 2001; Montano et al. , 2010) or the proportion of total colonies displaying signs of bleaching as opposed to those that were unaffected (Bruno et al. , 2001; Carroll, Harrison & Adjeroud, 2017; Miller, Piniak & Williams, 2011). Thus, there is a need to consolidate not only our methods for measuring bleaching, which in themselves range in spatial scale and level of resolution (Fig. 4; Table S1), but also our terminology when reporting bleaching. A robust, consistent metric for bleaching and recovery is critical for correctly determining the factors driving these processes. Given that in situ observations are usually taken after the onset of bleaching (Table S4), the timing of surveys with respect to a bleaching event can also confound our interpretations of results (Claar & Baum, 2019). Further, most studies do not identify corals to the species level (Table S3) nor track colonies through time (but see: Ritson-Williams & Gates, 2020). Species-specific measurements at the individual colony level would minimize some of the uncertainty seen in bleaching responses. Additionally, since bleaching incidence is more often observed in areas of higher accumulated thermal stress (Fig. 3), it may be necessary to take into account the magnitude and duration of thermal stress when characterizing bleaching responses. Such analyses are for the most part unprecedented (but see: Knipp et al. , 2020, in which coral coloration was cross-correlated with temperature data) and would lend themselves to more accurate inter-study comparison. We also need to account for prior bleaching history and environmental legacies (Bahr, Rodgers & Jokiel, 2017; Brown et al. , 2002; Wall et al. , 2021), since thermal adaptation and resilience has been demonstrated in some cases (Coles et al. , 2018; Guest et al. , 2012; Logan et al. , 2014; Palumbi et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Martínez‐González MA, Sánchez‐Tainta A, Corella D, Salas‐Salvadó J, Ros E, Arós F, Gómez‐Gracia E, Fiol M, Lamuela‐Raventós RM, Schröder H, Lapetra J, Serra‐Majem L, Pinto X, Ruiz‐Gutierrez V, Estruch R;. A provegetarian food pattern and reduction in total mortality in the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea () study. Clin Nutr. 2014;100:320S–328S. CrossrefPubMed11. . Plant‐based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1002039. CrossrefPubMed12. . Healthful and unhealthful plant‐based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in U. S. adults. J Cardiol. 2017;70:411–422. CrossrefPubMed13. . Healthy plant‐based diets are associated with lower risk of all‐cause mortality in US adults. J Nutr. 2018;148:624–631. CrossrefPubMed14. . Risk in Communities (ARIC) study: design and objectives. Epidemiol. 1989;129:687–702. CrossrefPubMed15. . Reliability of a food frequency questionnaire by ethnicity, gender, age and education. Nutr Res. 1996;16:735–745. Crossref16. ‐. Plant‐based diets and incident CKD and kidney function. Nephrol. 2019;14:682–691. CrossrefPubMed17. . Community surveillance of coronary heart disease in the in Communities (ARIC) study: methods and initial two years’ experience. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49:223–233. CrossrefPubMed18. . Stroke incidence and survival among middle‐aged adults: 9‐year follow‐up of the in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke. 1999;30:736–743. CrossrefPubMed19. . Heart failure incidence and survival (from the in Communities study). Cardiol. 2008;101:1016–1022.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: The other half were hiking and trail maintenance organizations. board member said, People are much more aware of weather and how that affects the different hikes. That's just growing in impact. You know, where before, people, I think, would say, ‘Oh, yeah, we know. It's just a little rain,’ it's, like, ‘Nope, gotta really take this seriously. ’ Concern about the future of one’s chosen recreational pursuit could be a pathway to action on climate change. Skepticism. Skepticism discourse asserts that climate change is not problematic, thereby creating a barrier to discussion18,19. Skepticism was paired with a limited amount of worry about climate change. Two older interviewees demonstrated confirmation bias against action on climate change. One of them, a hiker, noted that “there are more ticks along the trails that can cause Lyme disease. There are more opossums that eat the ticks, so they're a welcoming site [chuckling]. ” This alludes to the skepticism discourse that climate change is natural and also demonstrates my-side bias, giving preferential treatment to the appearance of opossums and downplaying the risk of Lyme disease. Two young interviewees expressed skepticism but also the belief that “we still have a lot of time to, you know, to reverse [climate change] to a certain extent,” evidencing temporal distancing7,23. One of them outlined a wide range of climate change conspiracy theories circulating among young people17,18,19. None of these four were outright deniers but might create obstacles to effectively talking about climate change. Gradualism. The gradualist discourse expects that solutions will be found in time to limit the consequences of climate change13, which could be a barrier to climate action insofar as it limits concern. Two older men were not worried about climate change, expressing hope in our institutions. One explained that “I do feel that we will end up arriving at solutions because they are economically smart decisions. ” This aligns with the ecological modernization discourse8,20 and is the same confirmation bias identified by Halford and Sheehan28. Two additional interviewees embraced the gradualist discourse.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2014). For a more nuanced perspective on bleaching, post-stress recovery, and the underlying factors contributing to resilience and/or resistance at physiological and ecosystem scales, it is important to continue monitoring the same individual coral colonies in the long term (>1 year) where possible. Conclusions Here, we show that in situ coral responses to thermal stress not only vary by region, genus, and morphology but also that some genera or morphologies have unique regional responses to thermal stress. This may be due to different regional stressors and adaptation, the duration of incurred thermal stress, and/or population or community-level differences in symbionts and holobionts. However, inconsistencies in bleaching measurements and reporting between studies can obscure specific findings as well as possible causes of this variability. Standardized, quantitatively-compatible bleaching response metrics that incorporate the severity of thermal stress and other contextual factors (e. g. , local stressors) would be more useful for predicting bleaching susceptibility, and will improve comparability across studies. It should be noted that this is inherently complicated since corals exist in different environmental contexts, each with their own thermal history experiencing distinct combinations of local and global stressors, and comparing one reef to another may not always be appropriate. Still, disentangling some of these discrepancies will lead to a better understanding of coral bleaching and recovery dynamics and could help to inform more effective management of coral reefs in the face of climate change. Coral bleaching literature review full dataset and associated metadata Compiled coral bleaching observations by taxon and standardized bleaching severity scores. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-1 bleaching literature review subset Compiled coral bleaching observations by taxon and standardized bleaching severity scores (only including common genera and morphologies; used for statistical analysis). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-2 code for coral bleaching data subset Visualizing and analyzing genus or morphology-specific responses by region. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-3 tables Overview of each study’s (1) method of determining coral bleaching, (2) coral bleaching response metric, (3) level of taxonomic resolution, and (4) sampling time frame with regard to the bleaching event. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many studies show that adopting a plant-based diet can aid in weight management. [SEP] Text: systolic and diastolic function can be improved and epicardial fat can be decreased over a very short period of time in obese patients without heart disease by the very low calorie diet Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2378-3168 Obesity, & 39. DOI: 10. 15406/aowmc. 2016. 04. 00082 : The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of an eight week period of very low calorie diet (VLCD) on heart function and amount of epicardial adipose tissue in obese people without heart disease. Methods: Fifty-two obese patients (38 women, 14 men, mean age 47. 6±12. 3years, mean BMI 46. 2±7. 0kg/m2) were assigned to a VLCD enriched with vegetables for eight weeks. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before and after the diet period. Left ventricular size, ejection fraction, diastolic function, left and right ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) and thickness of epicardial adipose tissue were measured. Heart rate, blood pressure and plasma glucose and triglyceride concentration were also analysed. Results: During the diet period the BMI decreased from 46. 2±7. 0kg/m2 to 41. 8±6. 1kg/m2 (p<0. 0001). The left ventricular MPI decreased from 0. 42±0. 07 to 0. 37±0. 07 (p<0. 0001) and right ventricular MPI decreased from 0. 30±0. 09 to 0. 27±0. 09 (p=0. 0256) showing significant systolic and diastolic improvement in the performance of both ventricles. The thickness of epicardial fat decreased from 4. 4±1. 5mm to 3. 4±1. 4mm (p<0. 0001). The heart rate decreased from 75. 8±9. 7beats/min to 67. 0±10. 3 beats/min (p<0. 0001) and the systolic blood pressure decreased from 140±14. 3mmHg to 135. 2±10. 6mmHg (p=0. 0087). The plasma glucose concentration decreased from 6. 71±1. 96mmol/l to 6. 02±1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: A middle-aged employee was Concerned: “We have a lot of people that are working on this, and maybe there is some, you know, technology that could help or changes in our approach that we will finally adapt. ” A young employee was Alarmed: “We need to find all these new technologies. So, I hope that we have enough smart people in the world. ” It is possible to discern an inverse relationship between age and degree of concern among these four interviewees. Catastrophism. Although over a third of interviewees self-identified as Alarmed about climate change, only one interviewee could be considered as using a catastrophist discourse13. Regarding the continuum, she asserted that there should be a category for “terrified. ” She was the only one to mention a “climate emergency. … It just feels like, you know, the more you learn about it, the more you realise that time is very quickly running out. ” This extreme concern could be a pathway to action, except that it might be alienating22. In this particular case, there was a conflict between her original activist intentions as founder of the organization and its current situation as a conservation group. Storytelling. The two interviewees not included in any of the other categories engaged in storytelling8,12. One was an exemplar of the tendency for some to attribute a variety of observations to climate change. One of her stories can be paraphrased and summarised as follows: “I have a friend who has a woodlot. He has noticed that his maple trees are dying for no reason. I looked it up and found reasons to believe that climate change is to blame. This could be a real problem. ” This story was told to confirm that climate change is happening. It has a beginning, middle, and end, climate change is the protagonist, and it has an action, in looking up a solution. Looking up information is also an example of hypothesis-determined information seeking27. The other interviewee in this category told a story that can be summarised as follows: “We do not see changes here. We support other groups in their climate change efforts. Our members are very knowledgeable about climate change. ” The story seemed to be told to justify their situation of not actually talking about climate change within their organization8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 16100/supp-4 We thank J Shurin and three anonymous reviewers for feedback on this manuscript. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 8058. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2016. Climate change disables coral bleaching protection on the Reef. Science 352:338-342. 2001. Indicators of UV exposure in corals and their relevance to global climate change and coral bleaching. Human and Assessment: Journal 7:1271-1282. 2020. Large-scale mapping of live corals to guide reef conservation. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 117:33711-33718. 2017. Impact of three bleaching events on the reef resiliency of Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. Frontiers in 4:398. 2020. Ko’a Card: coral health and bleaching assessment color reference card for Hawaiian corals. SN 2:1-15 Álvarez--. 2018. A decline in bleaching suggests that depth can provide a refuge from global warming in most coral taxa. 603:257-264 Baird A, Marshall P. 2002. Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Reef. 237:133-141 Baker AC. 2003. Flexibility and specificity in coral-algal symbiosis: diversity, ecology, and biogeography of symbiodinium. of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34:661-689. 2008. Climate change and coral reef bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook. Estuarine, Coastal and 80:435-471. 2013. Long-term monitoring of algal symbiont communities in corals reveals stability is taxon dependent and driven by site-specific thermal regime. 479:85-97 Barshis DJ. 2015. Genomic potential for coral survival of climate change. In: Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Dordrecht: Springer. 133-146 -Irwin JM. 2023. Transformation of coral communities subjected to an unprecedented heatwave is modulated by local disturbance. 9:eabq5615.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many studies show that adopting a plant-based diet can aid in weight management. [SEP] Text: 0001) and triglyceride decreased from 1. 77± 0. 89 mmol/l to 1. 36±0. 68 (p=0. 0002). used eight weeks VLCD enriched with vegetables as an intervention method to receive these changes. No patients had diagnosed heart disease but persons with type 2 diabetes and hypertension were included in the study group. The changes of the diet in our study were clear caloric restriction, decrease in the amount of fat and carbohydrates, increase in the amount of soyaprotein and guaranteed amounts of daily allowances of micronutrients and increase in percentage of the daily calories received from the vegetables. This study showed significant improvement in both systolic and diastolic cardiac functions of both ventricles in obese persons after eight weeks of VLDC. These persons had no heart disease and had normal ejection fractions at rest. It also shows clear decrease of epicardial fat at the same time and also this change occurred rapidly than previously reported. To our knowledge this is the first study that simultaneously shows these changes in that period of time after the change of diet. At the same time significant beneficial haemodynamic changes, decrease in heart frequency and blood pressure, happened and the improvement of rate-pressure product suggested decreased cardiac workload. Also BMI reduction of 9. 5% occurred in these patients and the blood fasting glucose and triglyceride levels decreased significantly. Morbid obesity is a high-output state6 which includes also hyperkinetic systole14,15 with high ejection fraction of left ventricle at rest. 16 Therefore, the use of mere ejection fraction and its equivalents as a measure of change in left ventricular systolic function is controversial in persons without heart disease and therefore we used echocardiographic determination of MPI, as an indicator of change in cardiac function. MPI combines both systolic and diastolic functions and is a measure of effectiveness of cardiac cycle17 and offers an accurate method to study early changes in cardiac performance. 18 Few clinical studies have shown a relationship between changes in cardiac function and dietary changes in obese persons. 19 Weight loss can be associated with improved left ventricular diastolic function19–27 but improvement in left ventricular systolic function at rest has before our study been confined to those with depressed systolic function at baseline.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: The social side of nature-oriented organizations Social opportunities and the degree of camaraderie offered by nature-oriented organizations constitute a pathway to talking about climate change. Hiking and cross-country ski groups primarily hold active outdoor events. One cross-country skiing group rents a bus to take them to skiing venues. “The bus is very social. Provides a really nice little venue for people to socialise. ” A hiker from an older adults group said, “The hiking community is a small community. We're retired. … So, it's a social network. ” Naturalist groups tend to have regular indoor meetings with invited speakers as well as organised nature walks. A naturalist noted that their indoor meetings are “a fairly social affair. ” Another shared that, after a nature presentation, “all the people … mingle. So they might talk about certain issues in their little group. ” Volunteer opportunities also tend to be social events. Trail-related groups organise trail maintenance days. Conservation and preservation groups organise tree plantings and invasive species removal. One interviewee suggested that their volunteers “just like the camaraderie. They like to come out and work with other people and accomplish stuff. ” Talking about climate change. There were three streams of comments about the potential for talking about climate change among members. The most prevalent was avoidance14. Three different interviewees said simply that climate change “doesn’t come up. ” A hiker said, “I think it's one of those things that, quite honestly, in many ways, it's almost like people just avoid it. ” The extremely alarmed interviewee shared that “one of our board members said to us one time, not that long ago, that… a lot of people don’t want to hear about climate change. ” The second stream was obstructionist, and was only heard in relation to hunting and fishing. One hunter said that, among their membership, “there are some extremists that think that climate change is a hoax. ” Another said, “there are [members] who are very vocal in their opposition, or their denialism, if you will, of climate change. ” It should not be construed from this, however, that all hunters and anglers are obstructionist as I also heard that most are ardent conservationists. The third stream was open-mindedness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 2022. Remoteness does not enhance coral reef resilience. Biology 28:417-428 -Y, Tan C-J. 2015. Towards automated annotation of benthic survey images: variability of human experts and operational modes of automation. 10:e0130312. 2006. The role of zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: a ‘nugget of hope’ for coral reefs in an era of climate change. Proceedings of the B: 273:2305-2312. 2016. Exploring the symbiodinium rare biosphere provides evidence for symbiont switching in reef-building corals. 10:2693-2701 Brandt M. 2009. The effect of species and colony size on the bleaching response of reef-building corals in the during the 2005 mass bleaching event. 28:911-924 Brown BE. 1997. Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. 16:S129-S138. 2002. Experience shapes the susceptibility of a reef coral to bleaching. 21:119-126. 1994. Solar damage in intertidal corals. 105:219-230 Bruno JF, Côté IM, Toth LT. 2019. Climate change, coral loss, and the curious case of the parrotfish paradigm: why don’t marine protected areas improve reef resilience? of 11:307-334. 2001. El Niño related coral bleaching in Palau, western Caroline Islands. 20:127-136 Bryant D, Rodriguez-Ramirez A, Phinn S, González--Guldberg O, Dove S. 2017. Comparison of two photographic methodologies for collecting and analyzing the condition of coral reef ecosystems. Ecosphere 8:1-17. 2004. Potential contributions of climate change to stresses on coral reef ecosystems. Virginia: Coral reefs and global climate change. on Change. . 2012. Historical temperature variability affects coral response to heat stress. 7:e34418. 2017. Susceptibility of coral assemblages to successive bleaching events at Moorea, French Polynesia. Marine and 68:760-771 Chirayath V, Earle SA. 2016. Drones that see through waves—preliminary results from airborne fluid lensing for centimetre-scale aquatic conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and 26:237-250 -. 2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: In view of the attachment to familiar customs against the backdrop of a rapidly changing urban culture (Sinha; Venkatesh), perhaps plant-based foods could be re-introduced to the urban Indian as a blend of Western novelty and traditional familiarity (Majumdar), thereby representing the “the new along with the old” (Sinha 18), and hence enhancing their status. Given the growing body of research calling for a global shift to a heavily plant-based diet for reasons of health and sustainability (Hertwich et al. ; Willett et al. ), it is clearly important for future research to examine how to best encourage sustainable consumption via an emphasis on plant-based eating in both the developed world, where meat consumption is currently high, and in the developing world, where meat consumption is rising slowly in some countries—such as India—and more rapidly in others, such as China, Brazil and parts of Sub-(). 2016. 29 Mar. 2019 < of India. Survey 2014. Office of the India, 2014. 29 Mar. 2019 < Intelligence Agency. “World Factbook: India. ” Factbook, 2017. 11 Apr. 2019 < S. , et al. “of in the – A Pilot Review. ” for of 34. 4 (2014): 507–15. Esselborn, Priya. “a Taste for Meat. ” 2 Jan. 2013. 29 Mar. 2019 < Vijay. “Good for the Economy Too. ” Forum 18 Dec. 2018. 2 Apr. 2019 < International. on Meat: How Low-Meat and No-. 2011. 11 Apr. 2019 < “World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030 – An FAO Perspective. ” Food and of the United Nations, 2019. FAQ Online posting. No date. 3 Apr. 2019 < and of the United Nations. Growth and Concentration in India. FAO, 2006. 11 Apr. 2019 < S. “Food, the Symbol. ” Times 26 Jun. 2016. 29 Mar. 2019 < “in Mumbai. ” 17 Aug. 2008. 2 Apr. 2019 < E. , et al. Assessing the of Consumption and Production: and Materials. Environment Programme, 2010. 2 Apr. 2019 < Latha. “of Vegetarian India. ” Down to Earth 11 Jun. 2015. 2 Apr. 2019 < Arvind.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: A hiker allowed that, “Members are welcome to talk about it basically amongst themselves. … I think everybody also respects the personal advocacy that everybody does. ” Another hiker thought that “people are pretty open-minded about other people's views on it. I mean, it was the same with COVID. … I guess you just have to be tolerant of people that you don't agree with. ” One cross-country skier agreed to be interviewed precisely because she was interested in getting her club talking about climate change: It could be another way for members to interact with each other. Because a lot of times, we need excuses to talk with each other. … If we kind of brought up the question or the interest, it could be another level at which members would talk with each other. And since it does support or help with climate change, or mitigate the negative effects of climate change with respect to the impact on our environment and therefore our sport, then there could be more motivation to do certain things. And if we get more people in the world doing things like this, then it could make a difference. This response illustrates the potential for nature-related groups to increase talk about climate change and thereby increase climate action. this study, I interviewed members of nature-related organizations—people who are regularly out in nature by choice—to see whether they experienced climate change and how they made sense of it. If such people would start to talk more about climate change through their regular activities, understanding of climate change would increase6, thereby increasing the possibly of climate action11. Pathways to climate action included concern about climate change in general and about the organizations’ activities as well as opportunities for social interaction provided by the organizations. Referring to Global Warming’s Six Americas3, the vast majority of these nature lovers were either Concerned or Alarmed about climate change. They noticed changes in the weather, plants, animals, and insects. Some engaged in citizen science. A number of interviewees acknowledged effects of climate change on their organization’s activities. Two admitted a lack of knowledge but were worried about climate change. Some were worried about their children and future generations. The degree of awareness and concern about climate change suggests that these organizations could be receptive to climate change discussion. On the other hand, a number of potential barriers to talking about climate change were identified.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Differential response of coral assemblages to thermal stress underscores the complexity in predicting bleaching susceptibility. 11:e0159755. 2019. Timing matters: survey timing during extended heat stress can influence perceptions of coral susceptibility to bleaching. 38:559-565. 2020. Dynamic symbioses reveal pathways to coral survival through prolonged heatwaves. 11:1-10 -. 2018. Global patterns and impacts of El Niño events on coral reefs: a meta-analysis. 13:e0190957. 2010. Environmental symbiont acquisition may not be the solution to warming seas for reef-building corals. 5:e13258 ’ulei. 2018. Evidence of acclimatization or adaptation in Hawaiian corals to higher ocean temperatures. PeerJ 6:e5347. 1990. Elevated temperatures and bleaching on a high latitude coral reef: the 1988 Bermuda event. 9:45-49. 2017. Mass coral bleaching due to unprecedented marine heatwave in Papahānaumokuākea Monument (Islands) 12:e0185121. 2021. The transformation of Caribbean coral communities since humans. Ecology and Evolution 11:10098-10118. 2020. Widespread loss of Caribbean acroporid corals was underway before coral bleaching and disease outbreaks. 6:eaax9395. 2020. Successive marine heatwaves cause disproportionate coral bleaching during a fast phase transition from El Niño to La Niña. Science of the 715:136951 ôté IM. 2013. Life histories predict coral community disassembly under multiple stressors. Biology 19:1930-1940 -Metalpa R, D’. 2019. Acclimatization of massive reef-building corals to consecutive heatwaves. Proceedings of the B 286:20190235 de -. 2022. Community composition of coral associated Symbiodiniaceae differs across fine-scale environmental gradients in Kāne‘ohe Bay. 9:212042 de -. 2023. Importance of depth and temperature variability as drivers of coral symbiont composition despite a mass bleaching event. 13:8957. 2017. A new, high-resolution global mass coral bleaching database. 12:e0175490 -Guldberg O. 2005. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: Animal productsEmission intensities of meat from ruminants (beef, sheep and goat) account for the highest values (> 10 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) mainly due to the enteric fermentation producing methane (CH4). Intermediate values are found for monogastric animal meat and eggs (3–7 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) and the lowest values for milk from cows (1 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) (Table 3). For monogastric—and also ruminants—emissions come from the CH4 releases from the stored manure, which also emits nitrous oxide (N2O) and in a lesser extent to the CO2 from the fossil fuels and energy usage [68]. The literature review indicates that the emissions per unit of product are similar between the two systems, conventional and organic, although there are differences between the specific products (Table 3). For instance, for milk from cows the same emission factor was found (1 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) due to the similar values reported by the authors [49, 57, 69,70,71,72,73,74]. Similar findings occur with beef (12–14 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [73]. On the other hand, for fish (1. 77 vs 0. 87 kg CO2-eq kg product−1) [60, 75, 76], sheep (17. 5 vs 10. 1 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [49] and pork (3. 9 vs 3. 0 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [49, 73, 77] the conventional management has been reported to emit more CO2 than the organic. Conversely, the organic management account for higher emission intensities for poultry meat (6. 7 vs 4. 6 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [49, 73] and eggs (7. 1 vs 5. 6 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [49] (further information is shown in Additional file 1: Tables S2–S9). For fish, more than 90% of the emissions came mainly from the feed. The reduction in the emissions in the organic system to almost half of the conventional is due to the change in the feed formulations (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: The four interviewees in the youngest age category (25–34) all exhibited some form of barrier. These four spanned the range from Disengaged to Alarmed. One experienced a finite pool of worry7,32,33, another discussed conspiracy theories17,18,19, two expressed temporal distancing7,23, and one used a gradualist discourse, putting their faith in future solutions8,13. Temporal distancing and gradualism were also used by other interviewees. Of the four interviewees espousing gradualism, the discourse was more urgent the younger the interviewee. Some of these barriers could be overcome with increased discussion of climate change. More challenging would be organizations with skeptics among their members. Some interviewees seemed to use a science discourse automatically as a defence against such obstructionists. The organizations themselves provide a pathway to talking about climate change through opportunities for social interaction. The degree of camaraderie mentioned by interviewees suggests that members may develop close bonds. With these pathways far outweighing the barriers, many nature-related organizations could potentially be safe spaces to discuss climate change. Although these organizations tend to avoid conflict by choosing a centrist path9 and their members tended to avoid talking about climate change, my findings suggest that members were fairly unified in their concern about climate change. Some were even open-minded about talking about climate change. The regular events held by nature-related organizations have a social component in which members could potentially talk about climate change. Alarmed members, who are more likely to want to talk with friends about climate change4, could help increase the confidence of less concerned members in their climate change beliefs6,31. Encouraging these organizations to create opportunities for discussing climate change with this receptive audience could help to increase the acceptability of climate change action. This 8. Learning how climate change is understood and discussed provides starting points to build on. The use of storytelling by a number of interviewees suggests that that might be an engaging way to start the conversation. LimitationsThe interview questions analyzed in this study were part of a larger study on the behaviour of nature-related organizations themselves. This 7. My recruitment strategy was to invite people to an interview about “biodiversity loss and/or climate change,” thereby lessening the focus on climate change alone.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Biology 11:2251-2265. 2020. Nitrogen pollution interacts with heat stress to increase coral bleaching across the seascape. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 117:5351-5357. 2021. Local conditions magnify coral loss after marine heatwaves. Science 372:977-980. 2019. The 2014–2017 global-scale coral bleaching event: insights and impacts. 38:539-545. 2004. Satellite observation of (Reef) 2002 coral bleaching using data. 23:123-132. 2021. Increasing coral reef resilience through successive marine heatwaves. Letters 48:e2021GL094128. 2019. Trophic plasticity in a common reef-building coral: insights from δ13C analysis of essential amino acids. 33:2203-2214 Glynn PW. 1984. Widespread coral mortality and the 1982–83 El Niño warming event. 11:133-146 Glynn PW, Maté ón MO. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1997–1998 El Niño–event: spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982–1983 event. Bulletin of 69:79-109 Goreau TF. 1964. Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae from Jamaican reef communities after Hurricane Flora. Science 145:383-386. 2000. Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. 14:5-15 Goulet TL. 2006. Most corals may not change their symbionts. 321:1-7. 2004. Lipids and stable carbon isotopes in two species of Hawaiian corals, Porites compressa and Montipora verrucosa, following a bleaching event. 145:621-631. 2006. Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals. Nature 440:1186-1189 van. 2021. Increasing comparability among coral bleaching experiments. 31:e02262. 2014. The cumulative impact of annual coral bleaching can turn some coral species winners into losers. Biology 20:3823-3833. 2012. Contrasting patterns of coral bleaching susceptibility in 2010 suggest an adaptive response to thermal stress. 7:e33353 és. 2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: from fish and animal protein meals to vegetable-based meals) [75] (see Additional file 1: Tables S7 and S8). On the other hand, poultry consumes high value feeds and the nutritional needs are met by arable crops, whereas ruminants are able to digest cellulose and, therefore, can be fed by grass [49]. To produce arable crops in the conventional system, synthetic fertilizers are used and, therefore, more energy (i. e. more CO2 emissions) is required than in the organic system. However, due to the lower organic bird performance (i. e. lower efficient system because of the higher feeding requirements to produce the same amount of meat) the benefits of this lower energy requirements are over-ridden [49] (see Additional file 1: Table S4). Regarding the differences in the CO2 emissions between conventional and the organic systems and considering the organic system as baseline (i. e. zero emissions), the emissions per capita from the conventional system—taken as the BAU scenario—amount 103 kg CO2-eq year−1, where around 85% of the reductions (88 kg CO2-eq capita−1 year−1) come from the plant-based products and 15% (15 kg CO2-eq capita−1 year−1) from the animal products (Table 6 and Fig. 4). This was due to the fact that, in average, average emission intensities of animal products in organic and conventional systems are very similar (6. 34 and 7. 32 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1, respectively) (Table 3), and so are the differences in the CO2 emissions. Table 6 Total emissions and difference in the emissions from comparing conventional and organic production systems in the three scenariosFull size tableFig. 4Differences in the CO2-eq emissions from the production of plant-based and animal products in the 100%-conventional, and for the 50%-conventional and 50%-organic scenarios. Differences in the emissions from the different plant-based commodities are shown. Note that the 100% conventional is the business-as-usual scenario, whereas the baseline (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Awareness of climate change will lead to immediate action without further advocacy. [SEP] Text: Loading metrics are commissioned from an expert and discuss the clinical practice or public health implications of a published study. The original publication must be freely available online. See all 10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1002624 2624. July 31, 2018Copyright: © 2018 Nissan, Conway. This is an open access 2. Such low precision is of limited use to decision-makers trying to determine how climate change might affect their particular district, town, or even country. Often, a regional climate model is employed to ‘downscale’ the output of the global model to a resolution considered more useful for practical applications. Climate model output can then be used to drive disease models or to investigate the risks of surpassing health-relevant climate thresholds in the future. The outputs of these analyses are often explicitly intended to inform the development of adaptation strategies and plans. However, there is little evidence that climate change projections are used to inform practical adaptation decisions [2–4]. Climate change projections typically target the future several decades ahead, or even at the end of the century. Yet the most pressing issues faced by people and institutions often necessitate a focus on the present and near-term future, particularly in developing countries where there is less capacity to act [3]. Heat waves, for example, are an increasing risk to human health in a warming climate, but many of the most effective strategies to reduce this risk concern the development of seasonal adaptation plans and early warning systems [5]. These programs allow a range of preparedness measures to reduce vulnerability and exposure, from training and awareness-raising activities at the start of the summer season to emergency interventions that could include public alerts, opening cooling centres, and distributing drinking water. In India, for example, moving the neonatal ward from the top to the bottom floor of a hospital had a significant protective effect and required no forecast information at all [6]. Even when the long term is relevant, as, for example, in the case of large infrastructure developments, the uncertainties involved in climate prediction on local scales are so large that they can exceed the magnitude of the projected change [7]. Moreover, with many relevant non-climate factors, it is difficult to disentangle the role that climate change projections may have played in the development of an adaptation plan.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 27 years of benthic and coral community dynamics on turbid, highly urbanised reefs off Singapore. 6:36260 Gunderson LH. 2000. Ecological resilience—in theory and application. of Ecology and Systematics 425-439 Heenan A, Williams ID. 2013. Monitoring herbivorous fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience in American Samoa. 8:e79604. 2016. Warming trends and bleaching stress of the world’s coral reefs 1985–2012. 6:1-14 Hoegh-Guldberg O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Marine and 50:839-866 Hoegh-Guldberg O, Salvat B. 1995. Periodic mass-bleaching and elevated sea temperatures: bleaching of outer reef slope communities in Moorea, French Polynesia. 121:181-190. 2018. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 359:80-83. 2017a. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546:82-90 Álvarez Noriega M, Álvarez. 2017b. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 543:373-377. 2004. Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii. Biology 10:1627-1641. 2008. A community change in the algal endosymbionts of a scleractinian coral following a natural bleaching event: field evidence of acclimatization. Proceedings of the B: 275:1359-1365 Jones RJ, Yellowlees D. 1997. Regulation and control of intracellular algae (=zooxanthellae) in hard corals. of the of B: 352:457-468 Kassambara A. 2020. ggpubr:‘ggplot2’ based publication ready plots. R package version 0. 4. 0 software. 2021. ARTool: aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial ANOVAs. R package version 0. 11. 0 software Kemp DW, Hernandez-Pech X, Iglesias-. 2014. Community dynamics and physiology of Symbiodinium spp. before, during, and after a coral bleaching event.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: zero emissions) is the 100% organicFull size imageHowever, in absolute numbers, the consumption of animal products amount the highest total CO2-eq emissions (738 and 730 KgCO2-eq capita−1, for the conventional and the 50% organic systems, respectively) (Table 6 and Fig. 5). This figure is similar to the 765 KgCO2 capita−1 value found in another study for Emirates [78]. This fact is explained because the emission intensities of animal products are much higher than those of the plant-based, leading to a much lower total CO2 emissions from the latter (9 and 97 KgCO2-eq capita−1, for the organic and the conventional systems, respectively) (Table 6 and Fig. 5). Therefore, we found that around 87% of the total GHG emissions come from animal products in the conventional system, whereas this value is even higher, around 98%, in the organic system. However, there were differences in the contribution of each animal-product commodity (Fig. 5). In the conventional system sheep and goat products accounted for the highest total emissions (236 KgCO2-eq capita−1), followed by poultry meat and beef (200 and 113 KgCO2-eq capita−1). In the 50% organic scenario the commodity accounting for the highest emissions was poultry meat (245 KgCO2-eq capita−1), followed by sheep and goat products and beef (186 and 108 KgCO2-eq capita−1). Milk and dairy products, and farmed fish accounted for lower values due to the much lower emission intensities, whereas emissions from eggs were lower due to the relatively low level of consumption and intermediate emission intensity values (Tables 1 and 3). Fig. 5Total estimated CO2-eq emissions from the production of plant-based and animal products in the 100% conventional, and in the 50% conventional and 50% organic scenarios. Emissions from animal products are shown for each food commodity assessed in the study. Please, note that the emissions from plant-based products do not include some management activities that are common for both systems (e. g. tillage or harvesting)Full size imageb. Plant-based productsFor plant-based products GHG emissions are markedly higher in the conventional system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Awareness of climate change will lead to immediate action without further advocacy. [SEP] Text: What we can and cannot say about the future climateUncertainty in climate change prediction arises from multiple sources: (1) an imperfect ability to measure and initialize simulations with the current state of the climate system, atmospheric greenhouse gas, and aerosol concentrations (‘initial conditions’); (2) uncertainty about the anticipated future trajectory of greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions; (3) climate model errors leading to uncertainty about how the climate system will respond to this external forcing; and (4) natural climate variability. To quantify the likelihood of different climate futures, multiple model simulations are run, which attempt to sample the range of prediction uncertainty arising from these different sources. These simulations assume different emissions trajectories, use a range of climate models, and are initialized using slightly perturbed initial conditions to see how each of these factors contributes to the total uncertainty. The spread of projected outcomes is taken as an indication of the uncertainty, and probabilities are assigned to outcomes according to how frequently they occur within the ensemble. The problem is that it is impossible to sample the full range of uncertainty within such an ensemble of projections [8,9]. Differences in projections among models are examined closely, but the ensemble of available models is ad hoc and cannot be expected to provide a reliable estimate of the range of futures that might plausibly occur. Moreover, without past test cases over which to calibrate the ensemble projections, it is impossible to know whether probabilistic climate change projections are reliable [8]. These limitations pertain to projections of future climate change at any scale. Obtaining information at local scales and at specific points in the future gives rise to a number of additional issues, which are often overlooked in studies projecting future health impacts. Scientists have high confidence in several aspects of large-scale climate change, including, for example, global warming and large-scale temperature trends and sea level rise. However, the models have many documented limitations, particularly regarding their ability to capture extremes, which are often of most interest for impacts [10]. Projections among models can differ dramatically, especially on scales smaller than continents and even for the direction of change in rainfall in many parts of the world [11]. Downscaled climate information may appear to be a solution, as the output of this process delivers information that appears more realistic because of its higher resolution. However, regional downscaling cannot rectify many of the problems with global models and can give a false impression of confidence [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Limnology and Oceanography 59:788-797. 2020. Contrasting color loss and restoration in survivors of the 2014–2017 coral bleaching event in the Turks and Caicos Islands. SN 2:1-11. 1996. Bacterial infection and coral bleaching. Nature 380:396. 2018. Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. 28:2570-2580. 2016. Most low-abundance background Symbiodinium spp. , are transitory and have minimal functional significance for symbiotic corals. 71:771-783. 1990. Bleaching in coral reef anthozoans: effects of irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature on the activities of protective enzymes against active oxygen. 8:225-232. 2018. Assessing the spatial distribution of coral bleaching using small unmanned aerial systems. 37:373-387 -Karger FE, Vega-. 2014. Reef-scale thermal stress monitoring of coral ecosystems: new 5-km global products from NOAA coral reef watch. 6:11579-11606. 2014. Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. Biology 20:125-139. 2001. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. 4:122-131 Marshall P, Baird A. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. 19:155-163 McClanahan T. 2004. The relationship between bleaching and mortality of common corals. 144:1239-1245. 2004. Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals between southern Kenya and the Reef, Australia. Bulletin 48:327-335. 2014. Coral reefs in a crystal ball: predicting the future from the vulnerability of corals and reef fishes to multiple stressors. in 7:59-64 ’agata. 2020. Large geographic variability in the resistance of corals to thermal stress. and Biogeography 29:2229-2247. 2016. Marine protected areas increase resilience among coral reef communities. 19:629-637. 2007. Real-time PCR reveals a high incidence of Symbiodinium clade D at low levels in four scleractinian corals across the Reef: implications for symbiont shuffling. 26:449-457. 2011.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: Please, note that the 100% regional is the baseline scenario (i. e. zero emissions)Full size imageRegarding the transportation, the additional emissions from the 50%-regional scenario compared to the 100% regional would be of around 450 kg CO2 capita−1, whereas for the 100%-non-regional and the BAU scenarios they are of 915 and 780 kg CO2 capita−1, respectively (Table 8 and Fig. 8). That means that if shifting from the BAU to the 50%-regional scenario, the saved emissions per capita would be around 330 kg CO2. That is one order of magnitude higher than the differences between systems found in in the production and packaging. Almost two thirds of the emissions belong to the plant-based products, whereas the other third comes from the transportation of the animal products (Table 8 and Fig. 8). This is due to two facts, (i) the higher consumption of plant-based products, and (ii) the higher proportion of perishable products (i. e. short shelf life and easily deterioration) in the plant-based products group that must be transported by plane [40, 66]. In this line, average emissions from transportation of regional products amounted 0. 023 KgCO2 Kg product−1 for both plant-based and animal products, whereas for imported products emissions are remarkably higher, between 60 and 90 times for plant-based and animal products (1. 47 and 1. 92 kg CO2 kg product−1), respectively (Table 8) (see also Additional file 1: Tables S11–S13). These values are very similar to those calculated in a similar study in Sweden [64], where the average emissions per unit of imported food product were of 1. 64 kg CO2. Table 8 Total emissions and difference in the emissions from transportation from comparing regional and non-regional distribution systems in the four scenariosFull size tableFig. 8Differences in the CO2 emissions from the transportation in the distribution of plant-based and animal products in the 100%-non-regional, 50%-non-regional and 50%-regional, and business-as-usual (85% non-regional) scenarios. Please, note that the 100% regional is the baseline scenario (i. e. zero emissions)Full size imagethe majority of the fodder used to feed animals in livestock is imported [40] and part of it comes from the US [94].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Awareness of climate change will lead to immediate action without further advocacy. [SEP] Text: Of all the challenges associated with predicting climate change impacts, the natural variability of the climate system is perhaps the most overlooked. Unlike weather or seasonal forecasts, which are initialized with current weather and climate observations, climate change projections are uninitialized. The models are able to reproduce key modes of natural climate variability on interannual and decadal timescales, but without initialization, the timing of these cycles does not coincide with the real world. Initialised decadal predictions offer promise, but they are currently experimental and do not perform well enough to inform decision-making directly, particularly on local scales and for precipitation [13]. Interannual fluctuations are, overwhelmingly, the largest contributor to total climate variability for both rainfall and temperature. Decadal variability can be significant as well. For example, has experienced a decline in rainfall since the late 1990s despite long-term projections suggesting that the region is heading for wetter conditions by the end of the century [14]. The ‘global warming hiatus’, when upward temperature trends stalled at the beginning this century, is another example [15]. The science behind global warming is unequivocal, but the expectation that the temperature will be hotter at the end of the century says nothing about the trajectory between now and the long-term future. Failure to consider these fluctuations could have major consequences for adaptation planning, particularly when looking at the next 10 to 30 years [16]. Presentations of future impacts require explicit communication of uncertainties, which includes realistic levels of precision [17] and clear guidance on the relevance of the information (or not) for planning and decision-making. The process of delineating their limitations may, in itself, be enough to deter decision-makers from direct use. Climate model outputs cannot be used to infer local conditions, and they perform especially poorly at the level of an individual model grid. Nor can we use climate projections to infer anything about the future climate over periods shorter than 30 years. Because projections do not capture the timing of interannual and decadal variations, statistics should always be calculated over at least three decades. Extracting model output over shorter windows of time could result in a substantial over- or underestimation of the trend, particularly over the next 10 to 30 years. Alternatively, the output from several models can be averaged to cancel out the different phases of variability in each model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Coral mass bleaching and reef temperatures at Navassa Island, 2006. Estuarine, Coastal and 91:42-50. 2010. Assessing coral bleaching and recovery with a colour reference card in Park, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 655:99-108. 2001. Cloudy weather may have saved reef corals during the 1998 ENSO event. 222:209-216 Muscatine L, Porter JW. 1977. Reef corals: mutualistic symbioses adapted to nutrient-poor environments. Bioscience 27:454-460. 2001. Water-flow rates and passive diffusion partially explain differential survival of corals during the 1998 bleaching event. 212:301-304. 2014. When depth is no refuge: cumulative thermal stress increases with depth in Bocas del Toro, Panama. 33:193-205 ’. 2017. Caribbean massive corals not recovering from repeated thermal stress events during 2005–2013. Ecology and Evolution 7:1339-1353 Nyström M, Folke C, Moberg F. 2000. Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15:413-417. 2008. The importance of zooplankton to the daily metabolic carbon requirements of healthy and bleached corals at two depths. Journal of Biology and Ecology 367:180-188 -Knowles N, Bay RA. 2014. Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change. Science 344:895-898. 2011. Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science 333:418-422. 2015. Regional-scale dominance of non-framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth. Biology 21:1153-1164. 1989. Bleaching in reef corals: physiological and stable isotopic responses. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 86:9342-9346 Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Masson-. 2019. The ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. . 2013. Changes in bleaching susceptibility among corals subject to ocean warming and recurrent bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia. 8:e70443. 2012.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: For example, according to our results (Tables 6 and 7) the consumption of 1 kg of imported conventional beef in Qatar would imply the emission of 13. 87 kg CO2 (13. 43, 0. 15 and 0. 29 kg CO2-eq kg product−1 from production, packaging and transportation, respectively) (97% from production) if it is frozen meat transported from Australia by ship, or 28. 48 kg CO2 (13. 43, 0. 15 and 14. 90 kg CO2-eq kg product−1 from production, packaging and transportation, respectively) (47% from production) in case it is fresh meat imported from Australia by plane. These results suggest that even though the additional emissions from commercial livestock farming in Qatar are not known, emissions from transportation and packaging would be negligible compared to those from the production in the total balance when transporting by ship (i. e. frozen meat or fresh meat from nearby countries). An exception would be the traditional regional livestock. Traditional livestock species (e. g. camels, goats) which are used to the extreme conditions of Qatar could be fed by indigenous palatable plants and palatable halophytes, which consume less freshwater and, therefore, could be used as fodder or “pastures” [31]. These species could substitute the current exotic plants used for feeding the livestock [e. g. rhode-grass (Chloris gavana) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa)], which can consume up to 48,000 m3 ha−1 year−1 of water [96]. However, what is clear from our results is that decreasing the level of meat from ruminants could be an effective strategy to decrease the GHG emissions. Emissions from transportation and packaging remain similar but emissions from conventional production are three times lower for poultry meat, meaning a decrease in 8. 83 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1 (from 13. 43 to 4. 6 kg CO2-eq kg product−1). Considering the actual consumption of beef in Qatar, the shift from beef to poultry meat would lead to a decrease of about 74 kg CO2-eq per capita and year.

Output: corroborate