Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2 mm (d); 0. 05 mm (e). Full size imageType species: Fiaponeura penghiani sp. nov. DiagnosisMedium-sized lacewings (forewing length ~11. 59 mm). Head (Fig. 1) orthognathous, feebly domed dorsally. Compound eye with maximum diameter nearly equal in length to distance between inner margins of eyes. Ocelli absent. Antenna filiform, densely hairy, at least longer than length of head plus prothorax. Mouthparts composed of a bifid labrum, reduced mandibles and conspicuously elongated maxillae and labium; maxilla with a long blade-like lobe putatively composed of galea or galea +lacinia, ~2/3 the length of maxillary palp; labium with elongated, distally bifid ligula, which is ~2/3 the length of labial palp. Pronotum about twice as long as wide, slightly narrower than head. Legs slender, each leg with a tibial spur. Wings broad, densely veined, with transversely band-like dark markings. Forewing subtriangular, with round distal margin; trichosores present on almost entire wing margin; a proximal nygma present; costal space narrow at base but distinctly broadened at middle, with a short simple humeral veinlet slightly bent to wing base and with simple and forked costal crossveins, among which no interlink veinlet is present; subcostal space ~1/4 as wide as costal space at middle; four or five ORBs and MA diverging from R; MA dichotomously branched at middle; MP initially branched near wing base, with both main branches dichotomously branched; CuA distally pectinately branched, CuP dichotomously branched from midlength; a short, oblique mp-cua crossvein present; A1 dichotomously branched; A2 short, but pectinately branched; A3 bifurcated; two gradate series of crossveins proximad outer gradate series.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices. [SEP] Text: One example of NTDs are brain stimulation devices (BSDs), which use externally applied (e. g. , on a headband), non-invasive electrodes, as in the case of transcranial direct current stimulation [4], or invasive implants, as in deep brain stimulation [5]. These have been found to improve cognitive functions in memory and decision-making tasks by stimulating the brain through electrical impulses [6, 7], helping treat illnesses and ailments, such as chronic pain, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and depression [3, 8]. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are another promising form of NTDs. They use wearable or implanted electrodes to connect the central nervous system with computers that convert brain activity into artificial output signals [9]. These signals allow a real-time control of external devices, such as wheelchairs, body prostheses, or computer programs, that support functioning in disabled people [10]. This makes BCIs beneficial for clinical applications in repairing or mitigating motor, cognitive, emotional, and perceptual impairments in, for example, the context of a stroke [11, 12]. BSDs and BCIs can be also used in the absence of medical conditions to alter or enhance key human features beyond their “normal” functioning by augmenting learning rates and other cognitive tasks [5, 13]. While it is debated what actually constitutes enhancement and where to draw the line in treatment, for example, as in restorative applications [14], the respective devices are becoming increasingly available on the consumer market [1]. They are also being developed more frequently in do-it-yourself communities for work, gaming, sports, or educational purposes [4]. Both medical and enhancement uses have sparked debate among scientists and ethicists about the implied ethical, legal, and social issues [10, 15–17]. Specifically, these issues include problems of brain hacking, informed consent, autonomy, personhood, stigma, or possible side effects, which warrant particular attention if used for enhancement becomes more prevalent [13, 18]. An assessment of NTDs that is regulated, informed, and democratic can advance the neuroethical debate and offer insights on how NTDs should be appropriately used and managed [19, 20]. Thus far, studies have begun exploring NTD usability and other related topics by surveying researchers’ opinions, public concerns [12, 21], and patients’ needs [22–24].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: It was believed that the deep seas were an abyssal plain, scarce of life and devoid of any characteristic features. When this hypothesis was proved wrong, so was the idea that the deep seas were not affected by the climate thousands of feet above. The oceans circulate much like the atmosphere, due to the fundamental laws of physics. Seawater, as well as air, aligns itself in a pressure gradient, having the densest water on the bottom and the least dense on the top. This causes a circulation motion across the oceans of the world. The cold dense deep-sea water then sinks and the warm tropical water rises to the surface. As the warm water rises it migrates towards the poles, cooling it off and thus sinking it to the depths of the Arctic oceans. This, in turn, pushes the already cold dense water from the poles toward the equator, heating it up and causing it to rise to the surface. “Thermohaline Circulation” by NASA is licensed under CC0This oversimplified explanation shows the ocean’s main circulation patterns. If the average temperature of the earth’s climate were to increase by only a few degrees Celsius due to the greenhouse effect, this could cause dramatic changes in the oceans. A warming of the atmosphere would cause an increase in glacial melting, providing a tremendous increase in fresh water into the waters. This fresh water, being much less dense than salty water, would create a blanket of fresh water at the surface of the Sea. This would cause a disruption in circulation, which starts in the Ocean. If the fresh water is less dense, it will no longer sink down to the depths of the ocean and thus fuel the circulation. The cold dense water is nutrient-rich due to chemical reactions that take place in the deep seas, while the less dense warm water is nutrient deficient, having had most of its nutrients used up by various organisms. This example, which took place during the PETM period, and which is hypothesized to be taking place right now, causes a disruption and possibly a halt to one of the primary processes that take place in the oceans. The deep sea would be affected dramatically, causing its environment as well as its ecosystem to change. Deep-Sea EcosystemsAs ocean circulation begins to slow down or possibly stop due to climate change, this causes adverse results in the deep-sea ecosystems around the world.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hindwing much narrower than forewing, ovoid, but strongly narrowed proximad; trichosores present along margin of distal half; a median nygma present between Rs and MA; Sc and R fused distally; single Rs + MA separating from R near wing base; base of MA oblique and slightly sinuate; MP probably dichotomously branched; CuA and CuP both distally pectinately branched; A1 straight with a marginal fork; A2 and A3 simple. EtymologyThe generic epithet is a combination of Fiap (FIAP = The Inter-Federation, which has long supported the author WZ’s work on philately) and neural (plural form of the noun neuron, nerve, vein and a traditional ending of Neuroptera-like genera). Gender feminine. RemarksThe new genus cannot be assigned to any of the families of Psychopsoidea based on our current knowledge of this group (also see the result of phylogenetic analysis). Fiaponeura gen. nov. shares the haustellate mouthparts and the presence of more than two forewing ORBs with two closely related families Kalligrammatidae and Aetheogrammatidae (see diagnoses of these families in Yang et al. 8). However, Fiaponeura gen. nov. differs from all genera of the latter two families by the much smaller body-size, the presence of nygmata and trichosores and the sparse crossvenation. Furthermore, the new genus lacks an autapomorphy of Kalligrammatidae, i. e. posterior branch of forewing MP with many distal pectinate branches, consisting of an expansive, triangular region8. Fiaponeura gen. nov. clearly differs from Psychopsidae and Osmylopsychopidae by the narrowed basal part of forewing costal space with short simple recurrent veinlet, the presence of 4 or 5 forewing ORBs and of course the haustellate mouthparts. It also lacks a putative autapomorphy of Osmylopsychopidae, i. e. the forewing MA occupying a large area and deeply profusely branched14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Rehabil. 19::43 [Crossref] [7. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2020. . Advanced energy kernel-based feature extraction scheme for improved EMG-PR-based prosthesis control against force variation. . IEEE Trans. Cybernet. 52:(5):3819–28 [Crossref] [8. 2021. . Restoring activities of daily living using an EEG/EOG-controlled semiautonomous and mobile whole-arm exoskeleton in chronic stroke. . IEEE Syst. J. 15:(2):2314–21 [Crossref] [9. . 2018. . Online adaptive neural control of a robotic lower limb prosthesis. . J. Neural Eng. 15:(1):016015 [Crossref] [10. . 2021. . Human joint torque modelling with MMG and EMG during lower limb human-exoskeleton interaction. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 6:(4):7185–92 [Crossref] [11. . 2018. . Individualized gait pattern generation for sharing lower limb exoskeleton robot. . IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 15:(4):1459–70 [Crossref] [12. al Mahmud A. 2019. . Exoskeletons with virtual reality, augmented reality, and gamification for stroke patients’ rehabilitation: systematic review. . JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 6:(2):e12010 [Crossref] [13. . 2022. . Assisted driving for power wheelchair: a segmentation network for obstacle detection on Nano. . Notes in Electrical Engineering, 14. Terzopoulos G, Satratzemi M. 2020. . Voice assistants and smart speakers in everyday life and in education. . Inform. Educ. 19:(3):473–90 [Crossref] [15. 2020. . Investigating the accessibility of voice assistants with impaired users: mixed methods study. . J. Med. Internet Res. 22:(9):e18431 [Crossref] [16. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2019. . Time derivative moments based feature extraction approach for recognition of upper limb motions using EMG. . IEEE Sens. Lett. 3:(4):6000804 [Crossref] [17. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2019. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The circulation of the belt delivers nutrient-rich deep-sea waters to strategic locations in the oceans. As this water is upwelled, organisms rely on these nutrients to survive. If the ocean currents are misdirected or stopped, the nutrient-rich deep waters will no longer be upwelled as much. This would cause diminishing amounts of phytoplankton in the oceans. Phytoplankton are key to the majority of life in the oceans, providing the beginning of the food chain all the way from zooplankton to sharks and whales. This, in turn, would affect the whole ocean, down to the deepest depths, causing starvation and an altering in the food chain for many organisms. If there is a depletion of the food source in the upper limits of the ocean, it will continue down to the bottom as well. Deep-sea organisms rely on fecal pellets formed by marine organisms to fall down to the depths of the sea. This provides many of the nutrients needed to sustain life. A decrease in food causes a decrease in fecal pellets raining down from the upper portions of the earth. These fecal pellets provide the majority of the phosphorus present in the depths of the ocean, a key component in many biological processes. Fecal pellets also are an important source of food for marine animals as well as bacteria and fungi. A Component of Life“Most of the ocean has never been seen by anybody, let alone explored… Even in the same place, every day is different, every minute of every day. It’s a constantly dynamic system. ” — Sylvia EarleIn addition to fecal pellet depletion, depletion of oxygen causes a drastic effect on deep-sea ecosystems. The primary source of oxygen to the oceans is from the atmosphere, which is accomplished by churning water near the surface thus saturating it with oxygen from the atmosphere. Ocean waters are saturated with oxygen only when they are near the surface. If the circulation motion stops, deep-sea waters would no longer be upwelled nearly as fast to the ocean surface thus causing a depletion of the oxygen present in the depths of oceans. This lack of oxygen would have major effects on deep-sea animals. Since the primary source of energy in the deep seas requires respiration and oxygen, their life source would be dramatically low. This would cause a depletion in the number of organisms as well as a change in the dominant organisms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: and Osmylopsychopidae, the forewing costal space is broadened with branched recurrent veinlet, while it is continuously broad toward apex in the former family it is strongly narrowed distad in the latter13. The mouthparts of all Mesozoic psychopsids and osmylopsychopids are unknown, but they are typically mandibulate in all modern silky lacewings. Notably, Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Psychopsidae share some diagnostic forewing features: the presence of only basal nygma, the crossveins in the radial space usually arranged in two or three series and the MA sparsely branched near midlength. Oswald considered the proliferation of sc-r crossveins and the rather broad costal space in the pterostigmatic area to the autapomorphies of Psychopsidae although the former character state was noted to be possibly homoplasious, to which we also agree15. gen. nov. the costal space is not strongly narrowed as in Osmylopsychopidae, but it is also not as broad as in Psychopsidae. Fiaponeura penghianisp. nov. (Figure 1)Diagnosis. Same as for the genus. DescriptionBody length 7. 86 mm; forewing length 11. 59 mm, hindwing length 10. 95 mm. Head length 0. 30 mm, maximum width between outer margins of compound eyes 1. 06 mm. Antenna with preserved part 2. 47 mm long. Discernible parts of mouthparts: Labrum 0. 42 mm long and 0. 089 mm wide; prolonged lobe of maxilla 1. 25 mm long and 0. 077 mm wide; maxillary palp 1. 57 mm long and 0. 045 mm wide; ligula 0. 820 mm long and 0. 130 mm wide; labial palp 1. 28 mm long and 0. 046 mm wide. Prothorax 0. 70 mm long and 0. 37 mm wide; meso- and metathorax 0. 68 mm long and 0. 60 mm wide. Foreleg 7. 45 mm long; midleg 8. 46 mm long, hindleg 6. 50 mm long. Abdomen 4. 60 mm long. Head short, feebly domed and setose dorsad.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Electromyography-based hand gesture recognition system for upper limb amputees. . IEEE Sens. Lett. 3:(3):5500304 [Crossref] [18. . 2013. . Electromyogram whitening for improved classification accuracy in upper limb prosthesis control. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 21:(5):767–74 [Crossref] [19. . 2009. . A novel feature extraction for robust EMG pattern recognition. . arXiv:0912. 3973 [cs. CV] 20. Al-. 2018. . EEG-based control for upper and lower limb exoskeletons and prostheses: a systematic review. . Sensors 18:(10):3342 [Crossref] [21. . 2018. . A review on the advancements in the field of upper limb prosthesis. . J. Med. Eng. Technol. 42::532–45 [Crossref] [22. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2018. . Portable EMG data acquisition module for upper limb prosthesis application. . IEEE Sens. J. 18:(8):3436–43 [Crossref] [23. . 2021. . Motor-imagery EEG-based BCIs in wheelchair movement and control: a systematic literature review. . Sensors 21:(18):6285 [Crossref] [24. . 2017. . Towards efficient decoding of multiple classes of motor imagery limb movements based on EEG spectral and time domain descriptors. . J. Med. Syst. 41:(12):194 [Crossref] [25. . 2019. . Brain-computer interface for wheelchair control operations: an approach based on fast Fourier transform and on-line sequential extreme learning machine. . Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 7:(3):274–78 [Crossref] [26. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2020. . Improved classification scheme using fused wavelet packet transform based features for intelligent myoelectric prostheses. . IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 67:(10):8517–25 [Crossref] [27. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2022. . Advanced energy kernel-based feature extraction scheme for improved EMG-PR-based prosthesis control against force variation. . IEEE Trans.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: As some organisms die out due to starvation or lack of nutrients, other organisms will take their place which may be more adapted to the environment, but they substantially alter the makeup of the ecosystem. A change in one primary organism to another could result in a disruption in the whole food web, from plankton to whales. A CareIt may not seem obvious why one would care about the deep-sea ecosystems and their functions. Although it is miles away and out of sight, it is very important to human’s daily lives. All living creatures are part of a certain trophic level, of the food chain. Humans are located at the top of the food chain and therefore rely on smaller organisms to feed on. A huge source of these smaller organisms is located in oceans. If the ecosystems of the oceans are changed this will lead to a change in dominant populations of marine organisms, perhaps limiting or wiping out a valuable food source for humans. Another way that deep-sea ecosystems affect people’s lives is through respiration. If the circulation is stopped, not only will deep-sea ecosystems shut down but also phytoplankton would be reduced. A reduction in the population of phytoplankton near the surface of the ocean would cause a dramatic decrease in the overall photosynthesis taking place in the world. This would throw off the balance between respiration and photosynthesis, causing an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and a decrease in oxygen. “If we wipe out the fish, the oceans are going to die. If the oceans die, we die. ” — Paul WatsonAn analysis of the causes and effects of climate on deep-sea ecosystems provides clues as to what will come and what can be done to lessen the extent of global warming. Despite all that may be done, it is inevitable that the Earth’s climate has changed, thus altering the ocean’s make-up. The greenhouse effect, caused by an increase in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is the primary cause of global warming. This warming, in turn, slows down or stops ocean circulation, limiting nutrients from fecal pellets as well as oxygen to reach the deep-sea ecosystems. This had an adverse effect, causing a mass change in dominant organisms along with becoming extinct or endangered. Humans know more about the surface of the moon than they do about the depths of the Earth’s oceans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Mouthparts haustellate; labrum short, medially concaved into pair of pointed lobes; maxilla with slenderly elongate, blade-like lobe (putative galea or galea + lacinia), which bears short setae, maxillary palp 5-segmented and much longer than galea, palpomere 3 nearly equal in length to total length of remaining palpomeres; labium with an elongate, thin, hairless ligula, which has a median canal and is bilobed at apex, labial palp 3-segmented and much longer than ligula, palpomere 2 nearly equal in length to total length of remaining palpomeres, palpomere 3 distally with a ovoid sensory area. Legs slender, densely setose; single tibial spur present; coxa and trochanter short, femur slightly shorter than tibia; tarsus 5-segmented, with tarsomeres 1–5 gradually shortened; pretarsus with a pair of slender claws and a short arolium bearing paired spinous setae. Wings transparent, with broad transverse dark stripes and with long setae along margins and veins; forewing with three arcuate stripes on proximal half (each continuous from costal to posterior margin) and with three broader but irregularly shaped patches and a few small markings on distal half; hindwing with rows of stripes extending from costal margin to Rs or MA on proximal half and with distal half almost entirely dark. Venation in addition to diagnosis of genus: Forewing: More than 20 costal crossveins; most longitudinal veins with end-twigging; 1st and 2nd ORB bifurcated distally, 3rd ORB bifurcated at midlength, 4th ORB branched initially slightly basad midlength and in dichotomous condition, 5th ORB pectinately branched; at least five crossveins present between R and last ORB; number of crossveins between and their branches ranging from one to four; five cua-cup crossveins.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Self-adaptive shared control with brain state evaluation network for human-wheelchair cooperation. . J. Neural Eng. 17:(4):045005 [Crossref] [39. -Vidal JL. 2017. . Prediction of EMG envelopes of multiple terrains over-ground walking from EEG signals using an unscented Kalman filter. . In 2017 on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 40. . 2015. . Neural control of a tracking task via attention-gated reinforcement learning for brain-machine interfaces. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 23:(3):458–67 [Crossref] [41. 2017. . Quantized attention-gated kernel reinforcement learning for brain-machine interface decoding. . IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 28:(4):873–86 [Crossref] [42. . 2015. . Ethics in rehabilitation: access to prosthetics and quality care following amputation. . AMA J. Ethics 17::535–46 [Crossref] [43. 2014. . The extraction of neural information from the surface EMG for the control of upper-limb prostheses: emerging avenues and challenges. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 22:(4):797–809 [Crossref] [44. . 2016. . Hybrid EEG-EOG system for intelligent prosthesis control based on common spatial pattern algorithm. . In 2016 on Information and Automation (ICIA), 45. . 2004. . MMG-based classification of muscle activity for prosthesis control. . 26th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 46. . 2022. . Recognition of upper limb action intention based on IMU. . Sensors 22:(5):1954 [Crossref] [47. . 2018. . Force myography based novel strategy for locomotion classification. . IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst. 48:(6):648–57 [Crossref] [48. . 2018. . Fusion of bilateral lower-limb neuromechanical signals improves prediction of locomotor activities. . Front. Robot. AI 5::78 [Crossref] [49. . 2019. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: IRD Éditions › Focus › Climate change › Part 2. The impacts of climate change in. . . › 8. Oceans: marine ecosystems an. . . IRD Éditions IRD Éditions Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Formats de lecture détaillé Texte intégral Ocean life subjected to environmental constraints Knock-on effects on marine biodiversity Threats to coral ecosystems Modelling the effects of climate change on ecosystems The impact on fisheries and world food security Aller en haut de page Aller en bas de page Climate change Ce livre est recensé par Naviguer dans le livre Précédent climate change: science in the forefront 1. Observing and understanding climate change --- Observing and understanding climate change --- 1. Learning about tropical climates in the past --- 2. What are the signs of current climate change? --- 3. Using monitoring facilities to detect climate anomalies --- 4. Using climate models to understand the climate machine --- 5. ‘Attributing’ the climate variations observed --- 6. Projections: scenarios and uncertainties --- 7. Greenhouse gas emissions Part 2. The impacts of climate change in the South --- The impacts of climate change in the South --- 8. Oceans: marine ecosystems and warming --- 9. Coastal and island zones: areas under anthropic pressure --- 10. Semi-arid zones: the Sahel is sensitive to variations in rainfall --- 11. Highland zones: the rapid change of Andean environments --- 12. Tropical forests and large rivers --- 13. Urban zones: vulnerable megalopolises Part 3. Societies and the test of climate --- Societies and the test of climate --- 14. International climate negotiations and their incidences --- 15. Climate change and the issues for health in the South --- 16. Agricultural development measured against climate change --- 17. A fresh look at local knowledge --- 18. The adaptation and resilience of populations in the South --- Prospects --- For further information --- Glossary --- Acronyms --- Contributors, research establishments and resources des matières 8. Oceans: marine ecosystems and warming p.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hindwing: 22 costal crossveins; most longitudinal veins with end-twigging; six sc-r crossveins; Rs with eight branches, most of which are forked distally but second branch bifurcated near midlength; MA dichotomously branched near midlength; a gradate series of crossveins present among branches of Rs; no crossvein between MP and Cu. Abdomen slenderly elongate. Genital segments dorsally with a pair of ovoid sclerites as putative ectoprocts and ventrally seemingly with flatly valvate sclerites although poorly preserved. Type materialHolotype: -001679: amber piece preserving an almost complete adult female of F. penghiani (wings partly not preserved), a beetle and a midge; it is polished in the form of a flattened semi-ellipsoid cabochon, clear and transparent, with length ×width about 30. 7 × 17. 8 mm, height about 3. 7 mm. EtymologyThe new species is dedicated to Mr. Hian, currently the President of the Fédération Internationale de Philatélie (FIP), who over the years has encouraged author WZ to continue his philately. RemarksThe genital segments, which possess a pair of ovoid dorsal sclerites and flatly valvate ventral sclerites resemble a general feature of female genitalia of lacewings17, suggesting that the holotype of the new species could be a female. It is noteworthy that a strongly elongated ovipositor is present in Kalligrammatidae8. Hence, in light of the otherwise great difference in the female genitalia, the new genus and species cannot be assigned to Kalligrammatidae although they share some distinctive morphological similarities, e. g. haustellate mouthparts and presence of multiple forewing ORBs. Genus CretanallachiusHuang et al. 18 (Figure 2)Figure 2Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. (a) habitus photo, ventral; (b) reconstructed habitus drawing; (c) photo of male genital segments, ventral; (d) drawing of male genital segments, ventral.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: A review on commercially available anthropomorphic myoelectric prosthetic hands, pattern-recognition-based microcontrollers and sEMG sensors used for prosthetic control. . In 2019 on Systems and Competitions (), 50. . 2019. . Pattern recognition and direct control home use of a multi-articulating hand prosthesis. . In 2019 IEEE 16th on (ICORR), 51. Vilela M, Hochberg LR. 2020. . Applications of brain-computer interfaces to the control of robotic and prosthetic arms. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 52. 2016. . Fully implanted brain-computer interface in a locked-in patient with ALS. . N. Engl. J. Med. 375:(21):2060–66 [Crossref] [53. . 2018. . Data descriptor: a large electroencephalographic motor imagery dataset for electroencephalographic brain computer interfaces. . Sci. Data 5::180211 [Crossref] [54. Mouli S, Palaniappan R. 2019. . DIY hybrid SSVEP-P300 LED stimuli for BCI platform using headset. . Framework. [55. . 2016. . A self-paced P300 healthcare brain-computer interface system with SSVEP-based switching control and kernel FDA + SVM-based detector. . Appl. Sci. 6:(5):142 [Crossref] [56. . 2017. . EMG signal controlled transhumerai prosthetic with EEG-SSVEP based approch for hand open/close. . In 2017 on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 57. 2021. . EEG-based volitional control of prosthetic legs for walking in different terrains. . IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 18:(2):530–40 [Crossref] [58. . 2015. . Targeted muscle reinnervation and advanced prosthetic arms. . Semin. Plast. Surg. 29:(1):62–72 [Crossref] [59. Sartori M, Durandau G, Došen S, Farina D. 2018. . Robust simultaneous myoelectric control of multiple degrees of freedom in wrist-hand prostheses by real-time neuromusculoskeletal modeling. . J. Neural Eng.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 87-99 Plan détaillé Texte intégral Ocean life subjected to environmental constraints Warming and acidification The role of the environment in ocean life Knock-on effects on marine biodiversity Water warming changes species distribution Chain effects of interactions between species Threats to coral ecosystems Coral bleaching The impact of acidification on calcareous organisms Modelling the effects of climate change on ecosystems The impact on fisheries and world food security The shifting of species has changed the map of fisheries Increased risks of pollution Texte intégral Gorgonians and shoals of fish in West Papua, Indonesia. 1The oceans are at the heart of the globe’s climate machine and are strongly hit by climate change. Numerous effects are observed today in the ocean environment: changes of water temperature and oxygen levels, acidification, rise in sea level, etc. These physical and biogeochemical changes and, to a lesser degree, extreme events, affect conditions of life in the oceans. The geographical distribution of species and the dynamics of ecosystems will be seriously disturbed in the coming decades and will affect fisheries at the world level. The movement of species towards the poles will lead in particular to a decrease in fishery resources in the tropics, compromising food security in numerous southern countries. Ocean life subjected to environmental constraints Warming and acidification 2From 1971 to 2010, the oceans absorbed 90 % of the increase in energy held in the world climate system. The temperature of this gigantic energy store is increasing as a result of global warming. According to the warming of the surface of the seas has been an average of 0. 11°C per decade from 1971 to 2010. The oceans also act as a carbon regulator by absorbing part of the carbon dioxide emitted as a result of anthropic activities. For a long time researchers thought that this storage of CO2 had no special consequences for oceans and the organisms that live in them. But they realised about 15 years ago that the dissolution of CO2 in seawater causes its acidification. The role of the environment in ocean life 3These physical and biogeochemical changes affect the conditions of life in the oceans. Indeed, the environment plays a dominant role in the dynamics of fish populations. This effect has been known since the work of in the early 20th century. Studies of cores of marine sediments using scale deposits make it possible to estimate the abundance of fish for a period of more than 20,000 years.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: T: terg S: sternum; e ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; ao: anal opening. Scale bar: 1 mm (a,b); 0. 2 mm (c,d). Full size imageType species: Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. 18: 275, by monotypy. Revised diagnosisSmall-sized lacewings (forewing length ~7. 70 mm). Head (Fig. 2) orthognathous, feebly domed dorsally. Compound eye with maximum diameter slightly shorter than distance between inner margins of eyes. Ocelli absent. Antenna nearly half as long as forewing, densely hairy, with most flagellomeres bipectinate except for distal 10–12 unbranched flagellomeres. Mouthparts composed of a short, medially slightly concaved labrum, reduced mandibles and conspicuously elongated maxillae and labium; maxilla with long blade-like lobe (putative galea or galea +lacinia), which is ~3/4 as long as maxillary palp, with truncate tip; labium with paired, elongated, distally pointed ligula, which is ~3/4 as long as labial palp. Pronotum nearly as long as wide. Legs slender, tibial spur absent. Wings broad, moderately veined, immaculate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 15:(6):066026 [Crossref] [60. . 2018. . Evaluation of EMG pattern recognition for upper limb prosthesis control: a case study in comparison with direct myoelectric control. . J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 15:(1):23 [Crossref] [61. 2019. . Counteracting electrode shifts in upper-limb prosthesis control via transfer learning. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 27:(5):956–62 [Crossref] [62. 2020. . Towards resolving the co-existing impacts of multiple dynamic factors on the performance of EMG-pattern recognition based prostheses. . Comput. Biomed. 184::105278 [Crossref] [63. . 2021. . An integrated deep learning model for motor intention recognition of multi-class EEG signals in upper limb amputees. . Comput. Biomed. 206::106121 [Crossref] [64. 2022. . fNIRS-based upper limb motion intention recognition using an artificial neural network for transhumeral amputees. . Sensors 22:(3):726 [Crossref] [65. Montanini L, del. 2018. . A footwear-based methodology for fall detection. . IEEE Sens. J. 18:(3):1233–42 [Crossref] [66. . 2019. . A CNN-based method for intent recognition using inertial measurement units and intelligent lower limb prosthesis. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 27:(5):1032–42 [Crossref] [67. . 2021. . Evaluation of classification performance in human lower limb jump phases of signal correlation information and LSTM models. . Biomed. Signal Process. Control 64::102279 [Crossref] [68. . 2021. . Accurate heuristic terrain prediction in powered lower-limb prostheses using onboard sensors. . IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 68:(2):384–92 [Crossref] [69. Camargo J, Flanagan W, Csomay-. 2021. . A machine learning strategy for locomotion classification and parameter estimation using fusion of wearable sensors. . IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: They have shown that the stocks of sardines and anchovies have varied considerably according to climatic conditions. Raising a trawl net used for fish sampling off the Peruvian coast during an oceanographic programme run by the Instituto del Mar del Perú. 4The environment particularly affects the conditions of reproduction of the various species. Fish lay large numbers of eggs and these are small (about 1 mm) and so they float. But 99 % of the eggs die in the first few days and the lives of the remaining 1 % are strongly conditioned by environmental factors. Recent studies carried out by IRD show that the number of parents counts for only 10 % of the abundance of a population. The remaining 90 % is related to the climate and ecosystem relations. The changes observed in the oceans thus have considerable influence on the life cycles of species. They also have effects on metabolism (growth, respiration, etc. ), on interactions between species (prey-predator, host-parasite, etc. ) and on habitats. Knock-on effects on marine biodiversity Water warming changes species distribution 5Fish and marine invertebrates react directly to the warming of seawater by moving, generally to higher latitudes and deeper water. This migration means that they can be in habitats whose temperature matches their needs. It is observed for many species that the rate of movement towards the poles is more than 50 km per decade. Certain phytoplankton species have shifted by nearly 1,000 kilometres in several decades in reaction to the warming of the water. The migration rates recorded in a marine environment seem to be faster than those on land. 6But the warming of seawater also changes the biological cycle and abundance of marine organisms, from plankton to large predators. The calendar of the numerous stages in biological development such as the reproduction and migration of invertebrates and fish—and also seabirds—has become earlier. In the last 50 years, plankton production has become earlier for numerous species, gaining an average of about 4 or 5 days in each decade. If the species that depend on this spring production do not shift their laying cycle at the same rate as plankton, their larvae may hatch too late when food is less abundant. Myriads of hatching fish in New Caledonia. The warming of seawater changes the dates of hatching and, more generally, the biological cycle of marine organisms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Forewing ovoid, distinctly broadened distad; trichosores present along distal half of wing margin; nygma absent; costal space rather broad except for narrow base, with a short simple humeral veinlet slightly bent to wing base and with most costal crossveins distally forked except for some simple ones near wing base, interlink veinlet absent; subcostal space ~1/5 as wide as costal space at middle; distal parts of Sc and R distinctly curved posteriad but not fused with each other; a single Rs +MA diverging from R; Rs with five main branches, each of which bears secondary forking and end-twigging; MA bifurcated at middle; MP initially branched near wing base, anterior branch bifurcated nearly at distal 1/3, posterior branch dichotomously branched from midlength; CuA simple or only with end-twigging, CuP trifurcated from midlength; A1 deeply bifurcated; A2 trifurcated; A3 simple; only one gradate series of crossveins proximad outer gradate series. Hindwing slightly narrower than forewing, ovoid, but strongly narrowed proximad; venation primarily similar to that of forewing; base of MA oblique and slightly sinuate; CuP simple; A1 and A2 present, but short and simple. RemarksCretanallachius was originally described as the first record of the family Dilaridae (pleasing lacewings) in the Mesozoic by Huang et al. 18. Their arguments of its dilarid affinity are the configuration of the similarly shaped fore- and hindwings, the forelegs not raptorial, the prothorax not markedly elongated, the pectinate male antennae, the absence of ocelli and the veins Sc and R not fused distally. In fact, Dilaridae are characterized by the unipectinate male antennae, the presence of three ocelli-like tubercles on head, the presence of nygmata, the forewing Sc terminating anteriad to wing apex but not curved posteriad and the elongation of ovipositor19.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 68:(5):1569–78 [Crossref] [70. . 2021. . EMG and joint angle-based machine learning to predict future joint angles at the knee. . Sensors 21:(11):3622 [Crossref] [71. Zhong B, da. 2021. . Environmental context prediction for lower limb prostheses with uncertainty quantification. . IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 18:(2):458–70 [Crossref] [72. 2022. . Single-channel surface electromyography signal classification with variational mode decomposition and entropy feature for lower limb movements recognition. . Biomed. Signal Process. Control 74::103487 [Crossref] [73. Sharma A, Rombokas E. 2022. . Improving IMU-based prediction of lower limb kinematics in natural environments using egocentric optical flow. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 30::699–708 [Crossref] [74. . 2022. . Motion intention prediction and joint trajectories generation towards lower limb prostheses using EMG and IMU signals. . IEEE Sens. J. 22::10719–29 [Crossref] [75. . 2022. . Analyzing classification performance of fNIRS-BCI for gait rehabilitation using deep neural networks. . Sensors 22:(5):1932 [Crossref] [76. . 2022. . Development of a low-cost exoskeleton for rehabilitation and mobility. . Intell. Autom. Soft Comput. 31:(1):101–15 [Crossref] [77. . 2015. . An assistive control approach for a lower-limb exoskeleton to facilitate recovery of walking following stroke. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 23:(3):441–49 [Crossref] [78. . 2018. . Exoskeleton and end-effector robots for upper and lower limbs rehabilitation: narrative review. . PM R 10::S174–88 [Crossref] [79. 2016. . Design and optimization of an EEG-based brain machine interface (BMI) to an upper-limb exoskeleton for stroke survivors. . Front. Neurosci. 10::122 [Crossref] [80.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Colony of cormorants on the island of Pescadores off the coast of Peru. Fish, marine mammals and birds—the entire food chain along the coast of Peru is affected by climate change. Box 14Current ecosystem changed by increasing upwelling of cold waterCurrent off the shores of Peru and Chile is an enormously productive ocean ecosystem subjected to the climate disturbances of the Pacific. Substantial multidisciplinary work by IRD scientists (the Marbec,Locean and LEGOS units) and their partners makes it possible to assess the role of climate warming in the evolution of this ecosystem. Current ecosystem is the world champion of fish production. It covers less than 0. 1 % of the total area of the world’s oceans but supplies more than 10 % of world fish captures. Its productivity results from an upwelling phenomenon bringing cold water rich in nutrient. This rich water enhances the growth of enormous phytoplankton and zooplankton populations supplying a food chain that includes numerous species of fish, birds and sea mammals. However, this very rich ecosystem is subjected to extremely strong environmental constraints: biological activity and the poor ventilation of water lead to the formation of a layer of deoxygenated water that extends from several metres below the surface to a depth of 800 m. The ecosystem includes the most extensive, intense, close to the surface minimum oxygen zone (MOZ) in the world. The zone results in the concentration of numerous fish species close to the surface where oxygen is more plentifulExtension of the minimum oxygen zoneThe impact of climate change on the can already be seen. While the world’s oceans are warming, paradoxically the ocean zone bordering the coasts of Peru and Chile has been cooling for more than a century as a result of the intensification of upwelling. Rich in nutrients, this rising cold, deep water also increases the productivity of the system. This trend enhances the spread of the minimum oxygen zone. The increase in the quantity of organic matter that is then broken down by bacteria increases oxygen consumption. Some fish species such as sardines cannot support the constraints of a reduced habitat and may in time disappear from the zone. Off the Peruvian coast again, recent research shows that the warming of the water also increases the stratification of ocean water.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Cretanallachius and other dilarids only share the pectinate male antennae and the other arguments for placing Cretanallachius into Dilaridae are unjustified because they are apparently plesiomorphic or homoplasious among lacewing families. However, it is notable that the male antennae of Cretanallachius are bipectinate, while in other dilarids the male antennae are unipectinate. This great difference might represent a convergent evolution of the male antennae. More importantly, the male genitalia of Cretanallachius, which was erroneously interpreted by Huang et al. 18, fundamentally differs from that in Dilaridae. the male ectoprocts are a pair of sclerites with a rosette of trichobothria (Nallachinae) or specialized as an internal supraanale (Dilarinae) and the male gonocoxites 9 together with gonocoxites 10 and 11 form an internal complex17. The external valvate sclerite of Cretanallachius was misinterpreted as the ectoproct18 but probably represents the male gonocoxite 9 because it lacks the rosette of trichobothria and also because a true ectoproct (an unpaired dorsal sclerite) is found in our material. Conversely, the broad forewing with posteriorly curved Sc and the haustellate mouthparts suggest the psychopsoid affinity of Cretanallachius. Herein, we transfer Cretanallachius from Dilaridae to Psychopsoidea, but its familial placement is still uncertain (see the result of phylogenetic analysis). Cretanallachius magnificus Huanget al. 18 (Figure 2)Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. 18: 275. Diagnosis. Same as for the genus. Additional descriptionBody length 4. 05–5. 02 mm; forewing length 6. 47–7. 70 mm, hindwing length 5. 98–7. 70 mm. Head length 0. 34–0. 50 mm, maximum width between outer margins of compound eyes 0. 6–0. 9 mm. Antenna with preserved part 3. 90 mm long. Discernible parts of mouthparts: Labrum 1. 80 mm long and 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Contreras--Garza JG, He Y, et al. 2016. . Powered exoskeletons for bipedal locomotion after spinal cord injury. . J. Neural Eng. 13::031001 [Crossref] [81. . 2021. . Sensor reduction, estimation, and control of an upper-limb exoskeleton. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 6:(2):1012–19 [Crossref] [82. . 2020. . Effects of user intent changes on onboard sensor measurements during exoskeleton-assisted walking. . IEEE Access 8::224071–82 [Crossref] [83. . 2018. . Adaptive control of man-machine interaction force for lower limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot. . In 2018 on Information and Automation (ICIA), 84. 2020. . HandMATE: wearable robotic hand exoskeleton and integrated Android app for at home stroke rehabilitation. . In 2020 42nd Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & (EMBC), 85. 2018. . Robot-assisted training using Limb® for cerebral palsy. . Brain Dev. 40:(8):642–48 [Crossref] [86. údez i Badia S. 2019. . Efficacy and brain imaging correlates of an immersive motor imagery BCI-driven VR system for upper limb motor rehabilitation: a clinical case report. . Front. Hum. Neurosci. 13::244 [Crossref] [87. áñez E, Azorín JM. 2021. . Improving motor imagery of gait on a brain-computer interface by means of virtual reality: a case of study. . IEEE Access 9::49121–30 [Crossref] [88. Kumar D, González 2018. . Virtual reality-based center of mass-assisted personalized balance training system. . Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 5::85 [Crossref] [89. . 2021. . Low cost exoskeleton manipulator using bidirectional triboelectric sensors enhanced multiple degree of freedom sensory system. . Nat. Commun. 12:(1):2692 [Crossref] [90. . 2021. . Vision-assisted autonomous lower-limb exoskeleton robot. . IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In other words, the physical barrier between surface water and the deoxygenated zone becomes stronger (the barrier is linked to a difference in density between the warm, low density water at the surface and the cold, dense water at a deeper level). One of the results is that the characteristics of the rotating areas of surface water that form oases of life by deforming the barrier may change. These could directly affect fish populations. Will boobies, cormorants or pelicans be the winners? Numerous seabirds benefit from the plentiful ‘forage fish’ in the system. Although one might expect to find one species per niche, three species (boobies, cormorants and pelicans) coexist here in large numbers even though they seem to have precisely the same ecological niche, feeding on the same fish and nesting in the same places. However, recent work shows that the three species exploit the common resources in markedly different ways: the cormorant uses its excellent diving ability to feed on shoals of anchovies, even when they are comparatively deep; boobies use their network hunting strategy and flight capacity to benefit from anchovies even in very large areas; finally, pelicans—with poor flight and poor diving ability—hunt at night when the fish are in loose shoals but close to the surface. By causing sudden frequent changes in prey distribution, the intrinsic climatic variability of the system gives the advantage to one or other of these three species in turn. This is probably a key factor explaining the maintaining and coexistence of the three large bird populations. By changing the structuring of the water masses and the habitat of forage fish, climate change calls into question the future pathway of this delicate ecological balance. Will the boobies and cormorants, daytime hunters adapted to targeting fish clustered in the ‘oases of life’, lose ground to the night feeding pelicans? Will cormorants that incidentally produce the best quality guano, still have opportunities to use their advantage as divers in a more stratified ecosystem? End of the golden ageThis fantastic productivity linked to upwelling is possible as the conditions of the ecosystem are currently optimal. As the work by IRD has shown, upwelling is not effective when the wind is too light and so the system is not very productive, but strong wind generates turbulence and scatters food and larvae.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 045 mm wide; prolonged lobe of maxilla 0. 36 mm long and 0. 014 mm wide; maxillary palp 0. 76 mm long and 0. 027 mm wide; ligula 0. 52 mm long and 0. 010 mm wide; labial palp 0. 70 mm long and 0. 045 mm wide. Prothorax 0. 21 long and 0. 52 mm wide; meso- and metathorax 0. 66 mm long and 1. 02 mm wide. Foreleg 3. 82 mm long; midleg 3. 96 mm long, hindleg 4. 29 mm long. Abdomen 3. 80 mm long. Mouthparts haustellate; labrum short, medially slightly concaved; mandibles absent; maxilla with slenderly elongate, glabrous, blade-like lobe (putative galea or galea +lacinia), maxillary palp 5-segmented, much longer than galea, palpomere 5 slightly longer than each of other palpomeres; labium with a pair of elongate, thin, glabrous and distally pointed ligula, labial palp 3-segmented, much longer than ligula, palpomere 2 nearly equal in length to total length of remaining palpomeres. Male genitalia covered with long setae; an unpaired, flat, broad sclerite (putative ectoproct) present dorsally, it is concaved medially and distally associated with trumpet-shaped opening of anus on ventral side; sternum 9 strongly projecting medially into a horn-like process; a pair of large valvate sclerites (putative gonocoxites 9) present laterally, narrowed distad with two or three small inner teeth; an internal structure present, composed of a broad membranous, rugous sac and a pair of slenderly elongate and spinous lobes (putative gonocoxites 10). Materials examined-0001: amber piece preserving a complete adult male of C. magnificus, a jumping bristletail, a bark louse and a true bug; it is polished in the form of a flattened semi-ellipsoid cabochon, clear and transparent, with length ×width about 26. 3 × 18. 0 mm, height about 7. 3 mm. -0002: amber piece preserving an adult male of C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 51:(6):3759–70 [Crossref] [91. 2019. . An exoskeleton controlled by an epidural wireless brain-machine interface in a tetraplegic patient: a proof-of-concept demonstration. . Lancet Neurol. 18:(12):1112–22 [Crossref] [92. del-Ama AJ, Gil-Agudo Á,. 2014. . Hybrid FES-robot cooperative control of ambulatory gait rehabilitation exoskeleton. . J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11::27 [Crossref] [93. Long Y, Du Z-J, Wang W-D, Dong W. 2018. . Human motion intent learning based motion assistance control for a wearable exoskeleton. . Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 49::317–27 [Crossref] [94. . 2019. . Deep learning based motion prediction for exoskeleton robot control in upper limb rehabilitation. . In 2019 on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 95. . 2019. . Myoelectric control of a soft hand exoskeleton using kinematic synergies. . IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 13:(6):1351–61 [Crossref] [96. . 2020. . Real-time neural network-based gait phase estimation using a robotic hip exoskeleton. . IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics 2:(1):28–37 [Crossref] [97. . 2020. . A novel point-in-polygon-based sEMG classifier for hand exoskeleton systems. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 28:(12):3158–66 [Crossref] [98. . 2021. . Reinforcement learning and control of a lower extremity exoskeleton for squat assistance. . Front. Robot. AI 8::702845 [Crossref] [99. -Vidal JL. 2022. . Decoding neural activity preceding balance loss during standing with a lower-limb exoskeleton using an interpretable deep learning model. . J. Neural Eng. 19:(3):036015 [Crossref] [100. Foroutannia A, Akbarzadeh-T MR, Akbarzadeh A. 2022.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The wind along the coasts of Peru and Chile is now moderate at approximately 5 metres per second. The question of how the system will evolve in the future remains open. However, it is unlikely that the golden age of fish (currently the highest for the last 20,000 years) will continue in the future. Figure 21. An example of an acoustic echogram from Peru illustrating the intensification of the minimum oxygen zones. The boundary (oxycline) between oxygenated surface water (black curve) and the MOZ is at a depth of less than 10 m. Organisms are therefore concentrated in a shallow surface layer. Zooplankton (blue and green dots) forms a shallow layer and a shoal of anchovies (red shape) is distributed in an internal wave where the oxycline is locally deeper. Anchovy can live when the oxycline is very close to the surface but other species like sardines are driven out of the system. Source: IRD/Marbec. Chain effects of interactions between species 7Knock-on effects resulting from interactions between species should also be taken into account in impacts related to climate change. Ecologists have long known that in trophic interactions (prey-predator) a change in the abundance and distribution of key consumers in food chains can have substantial repercussions on all the species that form part of these chains. 8Changes in the environment and interactions may sometimes cause a higher density of fish at a local scale. For example, there is a well-established relationship between the duration of the plankton phase of larvae and water temperature: the warmer the water, the shorter the plankton phase because larvae develop more rapidly. Reducing the duration of the life of plankton strongly exposed to numerous predators reduces the death rate at this stage. As a result, the local development of fish is enhanced on condition that sufficient food of an appropriate size is available. 9Understanding responses to climate change from organisms to ecosystems is thus a major challenge for research. Another level of complexity is also involved: adaptation. Indeed, species can adapt to changes in their environment or to new environmental niches. Long duration watches are thus needed to monitor the evolution of species. Threats to coral ecosystems Coral bleaching 10A known impact on corals of the rise in water temperature is the coral bleaching phenomenon.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: magnificus (wings partly not preserved); it is polished in the form of a flattened semi-ellipsoid cabochon, clear and transparent, with length × width about 11. 8 × 9. 5 mm, height about 5. 1 mm. -0003: amber piece preserving a complete adult male of C. magnificus and a beetle; it is polished in the form of a flattened semi-ellipsoid cabochon, clear and transparent, with length ×width about 26. 4 × 20. 0 mm, height about 6. 1 mm. gen. nov. (Figures 3 and 4)Figure 3Burmopsychops limoae gen. et sp. nov. (a) habitus photo, dorsal; (b) forewing venation; (c) hindwing venation; (d) photo of head, dorsal; (e) photo of hindleg tarsus; (f) photo of proximal part of forewing; (g) photo of proximal part of hindwing; (h) photo of female genital segments, ventral; (i) drawing of female genital segments, ventral. T: tergum; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gs: gonostylus. Scale bar: 2 mm (a); 1 mm (b,c); 0. 5 mm (d,f,g); 0. 05 mm (e); 0. 2 mm (h,i). Full size imageFigure 4Mouthparts of Burmese long-proboscid lacewings with homology assessment of elongated elements. (a) Fiaponeura penghiani gen. et sp. nov. ; (b) Cretanallachius magnificus Huang et al. ; (c) Burmopsychops limoae gen. et sp. nov. ; (d) reconstruction of mouthparts of F. penghiani gen. et sp. nov. ; (e) reconstruction of mouthparts of C. magnificus. la: labrum; ga: galea; mxp: maxillary palp; lg: ligula; lbp: labial palp. Color of arrows corresponds to color of reconstructed mouthparts. Scale bar: 0. 5 mm (a,c); 0. 2 mm (b,d,e).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: . A deep learning strategy for EMG-based joint position prediction in hip exoskeleton assistive robots. . Biomed. Signal Process. Control 75::103557 [Crossref] [101. . 2022. . Selective assist strategy by using lightweight carbon frame exoskeleton robot. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 7:(2):3890–97 [Crossref] [102. Fortune E, Cloud-van Straaten MG, et al. 2022. . Estimation of manual wheelchair-based activities in the free-living environment using a neural network model with inertial body-worn sensors. . J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 62::102337 [Crossref] [103. Leaman J, La HM. 2017. . A comprehensive review of smart wheelchairs: past, present, and future. . IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst. 47::486–99 [Crossref] [104. . 2010. . Evaluating the performance of a face movement based wheelchair control interface in an indoor environment. . In 2010 on Robotics and Biomimetics, 105. . 2021. . High precision eye tracking based on electrooculography (EOG) signal using artificial neural network (ANN) for smart technology application. . In 24th on Computer and 2021. New York:: IEEE [106. . 2019. . Smart wheelchair integrating head gesture navigation. . In 2019 on Robotics, Electrical and Techniques (), 107. . 2009. . Controlling an automated wheelchair via joystick/head-joystick supported by smart driving assistance. . In 2009 on Rehabilitation Robotics, 108. 2016. . Assessment of the tongue-drive system using a computer, a smartphone, and a powered-wheelchair by people with tetraplegia. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 24:(1):68–78 [Crossref] [109. . 2017. . Robust single finger movement detection scheme for real time wheelchair control by physically challenged people. . In 2017 IEEE Region 10 Conference (R10-HTC), 110. -Lin K, Prasad G. 2017. . A multimodal interface to resolve the Midas-Touch problem in gaze controlled wheelchair. . In 2017 39th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and (EMBC), 111. 2022. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: When the temperature of seawater rises by a few degrees, corals expel zooxanthellae, microscopic algae, with which corals live in symbiosis. But these organisms provide them with nutrients that are essential for growth. Without them, corals lose their capacities and their colour and their white skeletons become visible. Bleaching can lead to the death of corals and have an impact on the very rich reef ecosystem. 11reefs affected by marked periods of bleaching nearly 20 years ago have never returned to their initial state. Research at coral sites that have suffered massive bleaching after the 1997-1998 El Niño climatic phenomenon also shows how the diversity, size and structure of fish communities follow the decline of coral reefs. Coral colony in the final stage after bleaching in the sea in Tahiti. The phenomenon is caused by an abnormal increase in water temperature causing the expulsion of micro-symbiotic algae. 12However, researchers hold that these periods of mortality are difficult to forecast. Although heat stress is a factor in bleaching, a cascade of complex processes has not yet been elucidated. Recent studies on the state of the barrier reef also show that the bleaching phenomenon is little present there. Seawater temperature anomalies have perhaps not reached critical thresholds. The impact of acidification on calcareous organisms 13The acidification of seawater reduces available calcium, affecting marine organisms with calcareous shells or skeletons and especially corals. But research on the effects of acidification is only just beginning. If it is shown that the responses of corals and calcareous algae to acidification differ according to the species considered, much research will be required to gain better understanding of differences in vulnerability and specific capacity for adaptation. 14Laboratory research has shown unexpectedly that several species will not be affected by the acidification of the oceans but will not survive warming of the water. However, global forecasts of the fate of coral reefs subjected to climate change are difficult in the present state of knowledge. 15Ocean acidification may also reduce the probability of the survival of certain fishes and especially commercial species such as cod. This extra pressure is making further inroads on fish stocks that are already heavily exploited. Box 15Mapping risks to quantify the future vulnerability of atollsResearch on the massive extinctions of biodiversity on atolls in the from 1993 to 2012 has made it possible to assess the vulnerability of these ecosystems to future climate change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Full size imageType species: Burmopsychops limoae sp. nov. DiagnosisSmall-sized lacewings (forewing length ~7. 7 mm). Head (Figs 3 and 4) orthognathous, feebly domed dorsally. Compound eye with maximum diameter slightly shorter than distance between inner margins of eyes. Ocelli absent. Antenna moniliform, nearly half length of forewing, densely hairy. Mouthparts composed of a short, medially slightly concaved labrum, reduced mandibles and conspicuously elongated maxillae and labium; maxilla with long blade-like lobe (putative galea or galea +lacinia), which is ~3/4 as long as maxillary palp with truncate tip; labium with paired, elongated, distally pointed ligula, which is ~3/4 as long as labial palp. Pronotum nearly as long as wide. Legs slender, tibial spur absent. Wings broad, moderately veined, immaculate. Forewing ovoid, distinctly broadened distad; trichosores present along distal half of wing margin; nygma absent; costal space rather broad except for narrow base, with a short simple humeral veinlet slightly bent to wing base and with many costal crossveins distally forked except for some simple ones on proximal half; subcostal space ~1/5 as wide as costal space at middle; distal parts of Sc and R distinctly curved posteriad but not fused with each other; Rs with seven main branches, each of which bears secondary forking and end-twigging, except anterior two branches only with end-twigging; MA diverging from R and bifurcated distad; MP initially branched near wing base, anterior branch bifurcated nearly at distal 1/4, posterior branch dichotomously branched from midlength; CuA trifurcated distad, CuP pectinately branched from midlength; A1 distally bifurcated; A2 and A3 deeply bifurcated near wing base; J short and simple; a number of crossveins present proximad outer gradate series.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Steering a robotic wheelchair based on voice recognition system using convolutional neural networks. . Electronics 11:(1):168 [Crossref] [112. Abdulghani MM, Al-. 2020. . Wheelchair neuro fuzzy control and tracking system based on voice recognition. . Sensors 20:(10):2872 [Crossref] [113. . 2019. . An EEG-/EOG-based hybrid brain-computer interface: application on controlling an integrated wheelchair robotic arm system. . Front. Neurosci. 13::1243 [Crossref] [114. . 2021. . Eye-movement-controlled wheelchair based on flexible hydrogel biosensor and WT-SVM. . Biosensors 11:(6):198 [Crossref] [115. Giménez 'Nils M. 2021. . Evaluation of 2D-/3D-feet-detection methods for semi-autonomous powered wheelchair navigation. . J. Imaging 7:(12):255 [Crossref] [116. . 2019. . A comparative study of SLAM algorithms for indoor navigation of autonomous wheelchairs. . In 2019 on Cyborg and (CBS), 117. . 2020. . Deep learning architecture to assist with steering a powered wheelchair. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 28::2987–94 [Crossref] [118. . 2011. . framework for modelling human interaction with assistive robots. . In 2011 on Robotics and Automation, 119. . 2016. . Vision-based adaptive assistance and haptic guidance for safe wheelchair corridor following. . Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 149::171–85 [Crossref] [120. 2022. . Clinical validation of BCI-controlled wheelchairs in subjects with severe spinal cord injury. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 30::579–89 [Crossref] [121. . 2020. . Assistance for quadriplegic with BCI enabled wheelchair and IoT. . In 2020 3rd on Systems (ICISS), 122. . 2018. . based brain computer interface system to control electric wheelchairs. . In 2018 and Conference (I2MTC), 123. 2010. . A brain controlled wheelchair to navigate in familiar environments. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Massive deaths of benthic and pelagic species have occurred in several closed Pacific atolls in recent decades and were linked mainly with unusual but local climate conditions. Scientists of the Entropie and Locean research units and their partners examined eight events of this type from 1993 to 2012 in 11 semi-closed lagoons of isolated atolls in and identified the environmental thresholds (temperature, wind, swell) beyond which the ecosystem was in danger. The research led to quantifying the vulnerability of the atolls studied according to the thresholds that have triggered fish death periods in the past. These results led to the mapping of risks used to identify the zones most vulnerable to future variations of temperature, swell and wind. As the environmental thresholds may well be reached more often in the future as a result of climate change, climate evolution models can also give an idea of the future vulnerability of the systems. An islet shore platform at Madang (Guinea). Under pressure from climate change, environmental pressure and globalisation, the small island states in Oceania are seeking a model of sustainable development to match their specific context. Modelling the effects of climate change on ecosystems 16The first global models of the impact of climate change on life in the oceans assess the evolution of fish species distribution according to water temperature. These projections show the shift of species to higher latitudes. Depending on the climatic scenarios used, the tropical zone should see a 15 % to 40 % decrease in fish volumes in 50 years. More complex models using criteria other than temperature—such as ocean biogeochemical changes—are gradually improving predictions. However, it is difficult to apply these global estimates to local situations. Changes in temperature and acidification are unevenly distributed in the oceans. 17Close modelling of marine ecosystems is needed in particular to assess the effects of the interactions between the various components of the environment. IRD has been working for about 15 years on modelling ecosystems to develop generic models that can be used by a broad research community in the South and the North. These models also make it possible to explore and predict the future dynamics of marine ecosystems. This is difficult in terms of model validation and calibration but is essential today to gain understanding of the evolution of the marine environment in a context of global change (Box 16).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hindwing slightly narrower than forewing, ovoid, but strongly narrowed proximad; venation primarily similar to that of forewing; single Rs + MA separating from R near wing base; CuP probably deeply dichotomously branched; CuA pectinately branched; CuP simple; A1 and A2 present, but simple. EtymologyThe generic epithet is a combination of Burma (Myanmar) and psychops (a common ending of Psychopsoidea). Gender masculine. RemarksThe new genus resembles Cretanallachius by having similar mouthpart features and wing venation, but can be separated from the latter genus based on the forewing MA separating from R, the distally bifurcated forewing CuA and the absence of hindwing MA base. the forewing MA is diverged from Rs, the forewing CuA is simple and a sinuate hindwing MA base is present. It is notable that the antenna of Burmopsychops gen. nov. is not bipectinate as that in Cretanallachius. However, the antenna of Cretanallachius might be sexually dimorphic although the female of this genus is still unknown, while Burmopsychops gen. nov. is only known from the female. Therefore, we cannot use this antennal feature to distinguish these two genera at present. Burmopsychops limoae sp. nov. (Figures 3 and 4)Diagnosis. Same as for the genus. DescriptionBody length 7. 33 mm; forewing length 11. 36 mm, hindwing length 10. 20 mm. Head length 0. 29 mm, maximum width between outer margins of compound eyes 0. 88 mm. Antenna with preserved part 4. 92 mm long. Discernible parts of mouthparts: Labrum 0. 26 mm long and 0. 070 mm wide; prolonged lobe of maxilla 0. 94 mm long and 0. 066 mm wide; maxillary palp 1. 26 mm long and 0. 017 mm wide; ligula 0. 74 mm long and 0. 0064 mm wide; labial palp 1. 13 mm long and 0. 039 mm wide. Prothorax 0. 47 long and 0. 45 mm wide; meso- and metathorax 1. 16 mm long and 0. 94 mm wide. Foreleg 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 18:(6):590–98 [Crossref] [124. 2016. . Control of a wheelchair in an indoor environment based on a brain-computer interface and automated navigation. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 24:(1):128–39 [Crossref] [125. . 2005. . Electroencephalogram-based control of an electric wheelchair. . IEEE Trans. Robot. 21:(4):762–66 [Crossref] [126. Garciá-Massó X, Serra-Anõ P, Gonzalez LM, Ye-Lin Y, Prats-Boluda G, Garcia-Casado J. 2015. . Identifying physical activity type in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury by means of accelerometers. . 53:(10):772–77 [Crossref] [127. Kim KT, Suk H-I, Lee SW. 2018. . Commanding a brain-controlled wheelchair using steady-state somatosensory evoked potentials. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 26:(3):654–65 [Crossref] [128. ünsel I, Çaǧman A. 2016. . Brain-computer interface for control of wheelchair using fuzzy neural networks. . BioMed Res. Int. 2016::9359868 [Crossref] [129. . 2017. . Design and implementation of a multi sensor based brain computer interface for a robotic wheelchair. . J. Intell. Robot. Syst. Theory Appl. 87:(2):247–63 [Crossref] [130. . 2017. . Posture detection based on smart cushion for wheelchair users. . Sensors 17:(4):6–18 [131. Kucukyilmaz A, Demiris Y. 2018. . Learning shared control by demonstration for personalized wheelchair assistance. . IEEE Trans. Hapt. 11:(3):431–42 [Crossref] [132. . 2020. . Comparison of CNNs and SVM for voice control wheelchair. . IAES Int. J. Artif. Intell. 9:(3):387–93 [133. Alhammad N, Al-Dossari H. 2021. . Dynamic segmentation for physical activity recognition using a single wearable sensor. . Appl. Sci.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Box 16A virtual laboratory for the evaluation of the impact of climate change on marine ecosystemsDeveloped by the Marbec unit, the model (Object-oriented Simulator of Marine ecOSystem Exploitation) gives a detailed representation of the life cycles of numerous species and their interactions. Growth, predation, reproduction, migration, causes of mortality and other dynamic processes are assigned parameters according to physiological and environmental constraints. The model can be considered as a virtual laboratory able to evaluate, for example, the impacts related to the fishing of predators or the warming of the oceans. 2E (end-to-end) model was developed in particular to integrate the main components of marine ecosystems, addressing features ranging from the physical, biogeochemical and biological aspects to economic scenarios of fisheries. The model is used to study the synergic or antagonistic effects of fishing and the environment in various environments, for example upwelling ecosystems (Benguela, Humboldt), temperate ecosystems (Strait of Georgia, Gulf of Lion) and tropical ecosystems (Gulf of Mexico, delta). For example, the results of simulations of the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem show that the combined effect of the factors fishing and wind force always leads to a smaller biomass of small pelagic fish than is given by the addition of the separate effects. The cold Benguela current flows northwards along the coast of Namibia. The impact on fisheries and world food security 18Fishing is our last industrial scale harvesting activity applied to wild resources that is sensitive to environmental fluctuations. And pressure on the resource is increasing as human consumption is growing as a result of population increase and changes in dietary behaviour. Today, fish is the main source of animal protein for a billion people in the world. However, the deep-seated disturbances to marine ecosystems expected in the coming decades will affect fisheries at the world level even more and compromise food security in numerous countries in the South. 19Projections of potential global capture in 2055 were performed for about a thousand harvested sea fish and invertebrates. They showed that the warming of the water can lead to a large-scale redistribution of global catch potential, with an average increase of 30 % to 70 % in high latitudes and a decrease of as much as 40 % in the tropics. 20Other more recent simulations integrate the biochemical and ecological effects in impact evaluation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 43 mm long; midleg 4. 30 mm long, hindleg 3. 70 mm long. Abdomen 5. 62 mm long. Head short, feebly domed and setose dorsad. Mouthparts haustellate; labrum short, medially concaved into pair of rounded lobes; maxilla with slenderly elongate, blade-like lobe (putative galea or galea + lacinia), which bears short setae, maxillary palp 5-segmented, much longer than galea, palpomeres gradually lengthened; labium with a pair of elongate, thin, hairless ligula, labial palp 3-segmented, much longer than ligula, palpomere 2 nearly equal in length to total length of remaining palpomeres, palpomere 3 distally with an ovoid sensory area. Legs slender, densely setose; single tibial spur present; coxa and trochanter short, femur slightly shorter than tibia; tarsus 5-segmented, with tarsomeres 1–5 gradually shortened; pretarsus with a pair of slender claws and a short arolium bearing paired spinous setae. Wings transparent, with long setae along margins and veins; Venation in addition to diagnosis of genus: Forewing: More than 20 costal crossveins; half of the longitudinal veins with end-twigging; Rs with seven main branches, 1st and 6th branches simple with end-twigging, 2nd through 5th branched in the midlength, with end-twigging; at least fourteen crossveins present between R and Rs; number of crossveins between Rs, MA, MP and their branches ranging from one to eleven; twelve cua-cup crossveins. Hindwing: 28 costal crossveins; distal longitudinal veins with end-twigging; thirteen sc-r crossveins; Rs with six branches, posterior two branches forked distally but remaining branches bifurcated near midlength; MA dichotomously branched near midlength, but base of MA absent; a gradate series of crossveins present among branches of Rs and MA; seven crossveins between MP and CuA. Abdomen slenderly elongate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 11:(6):2633 [Crossref] [134. . 2022. . Detecting clinical practice guideline-recommended wheelchair propulsion patterns with wearable devices following a wheelchair propulsion intervention. . Assist. Technol. 35:(2):193–201 [Crossref] [135. . 2021. . Hand gestures recognition using radar sensors for human-computer-interaction: a review. . Remote Sens. 13::527 [Crossref] [136. -Tehran H, Mondal T, et al. 2017. . Smart homes for elderly healthcare—recent advances and research challenges. . Sensors 17::2496 [Crossref] [137. . 1996. . Application of heuristic asymmetric mapping for mobile robot navigation using ultrasonic sensors. . J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 17::243–64 [Crossref] [138. . 2020. . Improving human-machine interaction for a powered wheelchair driver by using variable-switches and sensors that reduce wheelchair-veer. . in and Computing, 139. 2022. . Evaluation of a head-tongue controller for power wheelchair driving by people with quadriplegia. . IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 69:(4):1302–9 [Crossref] [140. . 2016. . Enhanced control of a wheelchair-mounted robotic manipulator using 3-D vision and multimodal interaction. . Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 149::21–31 [Crossref] [141. . 2012. . Facial-feature based human-computer interface for disabled people. . In 2012 on Communication, Information & (), 142. 2019. . An EOG-based human-machine interface to control a smart home environment for patients with severe spinal cord injuries. . IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 66:(1):89–100 [Crossref] [143. 2022. . Electronic skin as wireless human-machine interfaces for robotic VR. . Sci. Adv. 8:(2):eabl6700 [Crossref] [144. . 2018. . Human-computer interaction using radio sensor for people with severe disability. . Sens. Phys. 282::39–54 [Crossref] [145. . 2014. . Machine vision-based gestural interface for people with upper extremity physical impairments. . IEEE Trans. Syst.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The acidification of the oceans and the decrease in oxygen content may reduce potential capture by 20 % to 30 % in comparison with simulations performed without taking these factors into account. In addition, the changes that affect the phytoplankton community could reduce capture projections by about 10 %. Seine fishing for Sardinella aurita off Joal in Senegal. The northward movement of sardinellas caused by the warming of seawater is changing fishery charts. Box 17Sardinellas are moving northwards along the north-west coast of AfricaModelling of the distribution of sardinellas according to environmental features confirms the distinct trend for this genus found off the coast to migrate northwards. Its passage along the Moroccan coastline makes it a new resource for Moroccan fishing today. unit is developing a forecasting system combining geographic information system (GIS) techniques and the use of satellite data to model the distribution of marine fish. The method is based on estimating the existing relations between the effective presence of species in a given place and the corresponding environmental features. Researchers used global databases to collect records of the presence of as many species as possible in a zone stretching from to the North-East Atlantic. They also assembled 30 years of monthly sea surface temperature data and other oceanic and bathymetric parameters. This information was cross-referenced to construct environmental envelopes for each species. Each envelope was then projected on series of environmental data (1981 to 2013) to model the potential distribution of the fish studied and to trace the evolution of the northern and/or southern boundary of their distribution zone. The results show the evolution of the distribution zone of each species in time, with a clear northward migration trend. For example, monitoring the small pelagic Sardinella that prefer comparatively cold water shows the appearance of new stock in Moroccan waters north of Cap Blanc, the usual limit of the thermal front. Northward migration was confirmed by microchemical analysis of otoliths of these fish in the Senegal-Mauritania-Morocco zone. Sardinella, a new resource for MoroccoWhereas the shifting of species is often considered to be a constraint, especially as regards food security, it can also be a source of economic opportunities as has been shown by the scientists of the Prodig unit and their partners at the Institut national de recherche halieutique in Morocco.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Female genitalia covered with long setae; a pair of flat, broad sclerites (putative fused tergum 9 and ectoprocts) present dorsally; a pair of prolonged sclerites (putative gonocoxites 9), which distally bear a pair of digitiform processes (putative gonostyli 9), present ventrally as ovipositor. Type materialHolotype: -001293: amber piece preserving a complete adult female of B. limoae, three cockroaches and a lacewing larva; it is polished in the form of a flattened trapezoidal cabochon, clear and transparent, with length × width about 34. 8 × 31. 4 mm, height about 4. 5 mm. EtymologyThe new species is dedicated to Mrs. Mo Li, who kindly donated the piece of amber that includes the new species. Phylogenetic analysisThe parsimony analysis yielded a single most parsimonious tree (MPT) (length = 67, consistency index = 50, retention index = 65) as shown in Fig. 5. All genera of Psychopsoidea are assigned into a monophyletic group based on the distinctly posteriorly curved forewing Sc or Sc + R (char. 8:1), the presence of numerous forewing sc-r crossveins (char. 9:2) and the broadly subtriangular forewing (char. 17:1). The three long-proboscid genera from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar form a monophyletic group, which is supported by the absence of branched recurrent forewing humeral veinlet (char. 1:0), the forewing costal space not narrowed distad (char. 3:1) and the presence of long proboscis (char. 24:1) and it is the sister group of the clade comprising the remaining genera representing Aetheogrammatidae, Kalligrammatidae, Osmylopsychopidae and Psychopsidae. The sister group relationship between Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. is supported by the presence of two or more longitudinal veins (i. e. MA and Rs) separated from R (char. 10:1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: de Momi E, Laffranchi M, de Michieli L. 2022. . EMG-driven control in lower limb prostheses: a topic-based systematic review. . J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 19::43 [Crossref] [7. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2020. . Advanced energy kernel-based feature extraction scheme for improved EMG-PR-based prosthesis control against force variation. . IEEE Trans. Cybernet. 52:(5):3819–28 [Crossref] [8. 2021. . Restoring activities of daily living using an EEG/EOG-controlled semiautonomous and mobile whole-arm exoskeleton in chronic stroke. . IEEE Syst. J. 15:(2):2314–21 [Crossref] [9. . 2018. . Online adaptive neural control of a robotic lower limb prosthesis. . J. Neural Eng. 15:(1):016015 [Crossref] [10. . 2021. . Human joint torque modelling with MMG and EMG during lower limb human-exoskeleton interaction. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 6:(4):7185–92 [Crossref] [11. . 2018. . Individualized gait pattern generation for sharing lower limb exoskeleton robot. . IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 15:(4):1459–70 [Crossref] [12. al Mahmud A. 2019. . Exoskeletons with virtual reality, augmented reality, and gamification for stroke patients’ rehabilitation: systematic review. . JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 6:(2):e12010 [Crossref] [13. . 2022. . Assisted driving for power wheelchair: a segmentation network for obstacle detection on Nano. . Notes in Electrical Engineering, 14. Terzopoulos G, Satratzemi M. 2020. . Voice assistants and smart speakers in everyday life and in education. . Inform. Educ. 19:(3):473–90 [Crossref] [15. 2020. . Investigating the accessibility of voice assistants with impaired users: mixed methods study. . J. Med. Internet Res. 22:(9):e18431 [Crossref] [16. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2019. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The expansion of the stock of Senegalese/Mauritanian sardinellas into Moroccan water has resulted in captures totalling some 50,000 tonnes per year in the Dakhla and Laâyoune regions of Morocco. Some operators in the Moroccan small pelagics sector have profited from this new feature. They have made agreements with a proportion of the sardine fleet owners to ensure supply of raw material. They have also modified sardine processing and packing methods to match the physical and organoleptic features of sardinellas. Figure 22. Evolution of the area of distribution of Sardinella spp. in Morocco. Source: Institut national de recherche halieutique A shoal of yellowfin tuna in the Indian Ocean. Fish volumes in the tropics will probably decrease by 15 to 40 % over the next 50 years. The shifting of species has changed the map of fisheries 21The decrease in fish stocks is currently changing the map of fisheries and this has direct effects on food security and the global economy. Fisheries products are one of the most traded renewable resources in the world and more than two-thirds of the total fish catch is in fisheries zones in countries in the South. The decrease in catch sizes in this zone will induce the reorganisation of the entire world fish market system and greatly affect the tropics. 22IRD, with the Secretariat of the (SPC) and French, Australian and American partners, has studied the response of fish biomass to climate change in the Pacific using the various IPCC scenarios. Modelling showed that the rise in surface water temperature—more marked in the west of the ocean basin—appears to be causing tuna to migrate towards Polynesia in the east. The catch of bonito, in the tuna group and forming 90 % of catches, will be strongly affected. The catch zones would thus be moving away from the Melanesian coasts, the and Papua-New Guinea. The shifting of the fish out of the territorial waters of these countries will be a significant economic loss, especially as the fishing rights paid by the large international fishing operators form a substantial income for these small island states. 23In such a changing context, fisheries management must take into account the vulnerability of the species caught more than ever.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: However, all aforementioned character states are homoplasious and the nodal supports are very low for the relationships among the three Burmese long-proboscid genera. Within the clade comprising the remaining genera, Osmylopsychopidae (represented by Daopsychops, Nematopsychops and Osmylopsychops) and Psychopsidae (represented by Balmes and Litopsychopsis) are assigned to be sister group, supported by the proximally distinctly broadened forewing costal space (char. 2:2) and the presence of nygmata (char. 20:1), corroborating their close relationship proposed by Peng et al. 13. Two character states, i. e. the forewing costal space not narrowed distad (char. 3:1) and the specialized configuration of forewing Sc and R (char. 7:2), support the monophyly of Psychopsidae. These two characters states are among the proposed synapomorphies of the whole Psychopsidae13. The deeply profusely branched forewing MA (char. 11:1) is assigned as an autapomorphy of Osmylopsychopidae. and Kalligrammatidae, the genera of these two families form a monophyletic group supported by four character states, i. e. , the presence of interlinked veinlets between crossveins of whole forewing costal space (char. 5:2), the presence of more than 30 forewing sc-r crossveins (char. 9:3), the extremely dense crossvenation (char. 13:1) and the absence of forewing outer gradate series of crossveins (char. 16:0). However, the monophyly of Kalligrammatidae is not recovered due to the position of aetheogrammatid genus Aetheogramma assigned as the sister group of the kalligrammatid genus Oregramma. This result is consistent with the previous hypothesis that Aetheogrammatidae might be a specialized branch of Kalligrammatidae20. Figure 5A phylogeny of Psychopsoidea. Topology represents the most parsimonious tree yielded from NONA. Unambiguous morphological character state changes are shown on the tree. Bootstrapping/jackknife support values are shown at relevant nodes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Time derivative moments based feature extraction approach for recognition of upper limb motions using EMG. . IEEE Sens. Lett. 3:(4):6000804 [Crossref] [17. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2019. . Electromyography-based hand gesture recognition system for upper limb amputees. . IEEE Sens. Lett. 3:(3):5500304 [Crossref] [18. . 2013. . Electromyogram whitening for improved classification accuracy in upper limb prosthesis control. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 21:(5):767–74 [Crossref] [19. . 2009. . A novel feature extraction for robust EMG pattern recognition. . arXiv:0912. 3973 [cs. CV] 20. Al-. 2018. . EEG-based control for upper and lower limb exoskeletons and prostheses: a systematic review. . Sensors 18:(10):3342 [Crossref] [21. . 2018. . A review on the advancements in the field of upper limb prosthesis. . J. Med. Eng. Technol. 42::532–45 [Crossref] [22. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2018. . Portable EMG data acquisition module for upper limb prosthesis application. . IEEE Sens. J. 18:(8):3436–43 [Crossref] [23. . 2021. . Motor-imagery EEG-based BCIs in wheelchair movement and control: a systematic literature review. . Sensors 21:(18):6285 [Crossref] [24. . 2017. . Towards efficient decoding of multiple classes of motor imagery limb movements based on EEG spectral and time domain descriptors. . J. Med. Syst. 41:(12):194 [Crossref] [25. . 2019. . Brain-computer interface for wheelchair control operations: an approach based on fast Fourier transform and on-line sequential extreme learning machine. . Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 7:(3):274–78 [Crossref] [26. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2020. . Improved classification scheme using fused wavelet packet transform based features for intelligent myoelectric prostheses. . IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Carbon capture in oceans poses no risks to marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: An ecosystem approach to fisheries resources, in other words an approach capable of integrating environmental factors in the evaluation of fish stocks, is thus becoming a major issue for the prevention of the rapid extinction of species. Box 18EuroMarine: from genes to ecosystems in changing oceansmarine science networkEuroMarine was launched in 2014. With 66 member organisations in 22 countries, the network has been designed to give a say to the entire European marine science community. The initiative followed the experience of three former European excellence networks (Eur-Oceans, Marine GenomicsEurope and MarBEF) and scientific management is shared between IRD and the CNRS. One of the aims of EuroMarine is to promote cutting-edge science on climate change in particular through understanding and modelling marine ecosystems in changing oceans. It supports the identification and development of emerging scientific topics in particular by funding calls for competitive bids. Increased risks of pollution 24A little known effect of climate change is the risk of increased contamination of fish by natural pollutants in upwelling zones. IRD scientists and their partners have demonstrated the natural release of contaminants—especially heavy metals—from deep water to the surface as a result of the intensification of upwelling off the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Metal trace elements such as cadmium then accumulate in the aquatic food chain, in zooplankton, molluscs and fish and then reach the final consumers such as sea mammals, birds and humans. The consequences for human health are all the more worrying as a large proportion of catches are from upwelling zones. 25Finally, the movement of fish stocks is one of the most visible results of climate change in live animals. Understanding and anticipating the redistribution of marine species at the global scale as a result of rising water temperature provide important information for fisheries planning and marine conservation. Naviguer dans le livre Précédent climate change: science in the forefront 1. Observing and understanding climate change --- Observing and understanding climate change --- 1. Learning about tropical climates in the past --- 2. What are the signs of current climate change? --- 3. Using monitoring facilities to detect climate anomalies --- 4. Using climate models to understand the climate machine --- 5. ‘Attributing’ the climate variations observed --- 6. Projections: scenarios and uncertainties --- 7. Greenhouse gas emissions Part 2. The impacts of climate change in the South --- The impacts of climate change in the South --- 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Full size imageIt should be noted that our phylogenetic analysis was not intended to address the phylogeny of Psychopsoidea with present limited sampling but to assess the positions of the three long-proboscid genera. The systematics of Mesozoic psychopsoids is complicated and flooded with many taxa with unclear taxonomic and phylogenetic status13. Moreover, the unambiguous autapomorphy of Psychopsoidea has yet not been found. The three character states herein assigned to support the monophyly of Psychopsoidea can be also found in some species of other lacewing families, e. g. Ithonidae21,22. Actually, besides the psychopsoid families, the three Burmese long-proboscid lacewing genera only resemble some Tertiary ithonids previously placed in Polystoechotidae22 by the broadly subtriangular forewing with dense venations and posteriorly curved Sc and R. However, they greatly differs from ithonids by the lacking of branched recurrent humeral veinlet and by the posterior branch of forewing MP not pectinately branched. As such, the placement of these Burmese long-proboscid genera in Psychopsoidea is reasonable, although they cannot be placed into any of the known psychopsoid families. Admittedly, it is to some extent arbitrary to establish a new family name for these genera due to lack of a convincing autapomorphy, although all of them possess unique configuration of long-proboscid mouthparts and some antennal or wing features. Knowledge of larval morphology and genital features would be essential to further reveal the familial affinities of these enigmatic genera. DiscussionIn light of the present newly described fossils, long-proboscid lacewings consist of at least four independent lineages, i. e. Permithonidae, Kalligrammatidae + Aetheogrammatidae, Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Cretanallachius + Burmopsychops gen. nov. (Fig. 6). Permithonidae represent the oldest known long-proboscid lacewings, but only one species (i. e. , Tschekardithonopsis?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology is being explored to assist individuals with disabilities in controlling prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 67:(10):8517–25 [Crossref] [27. Pancholi S, Joshi AM. 2022. . Advanced energy kernel-based feature extraction scheme for improved EMG-PR-based prosthesis control against force variation. . IEEE Trans. Cybernet. 52:(5):3819–28 [Crossref] [28. Tiwari M, Singhai R. 2017. . A review of detection and tracking of object from image and video sequences. . Int. J. Comput. Intell. Res. 13::745–65 [29. . 2018. . Spatial filtering for EEG-based regression problems in brain-computer interface (BCI). . IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 26:(2):771–81 [Crossref] [30. . 2023. . Source aware deep learning framework for hand kinematic reconstruction using EEG signal. . IEEE Trans. Cybernet. 53:(7):4094–106 [Crossref] [31. . 2019. . Optimizing prediction model for a noninvasive brain-computer interface platform using channel selection, classification, and regression. . IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 23:(6):2475–82 [Crossref] [32. . 2020. . Closing the loop on exoskeleton motor controllers: benefits of regression-based open-loop control. . IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 5:(4):6025–32 [Crossref] [33. . 2021. . Inter-subject domain adaptation for CNN-based wrist kinematics estimation using sEMG. . IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 29::1068–78 [Crossref] [34. . 2020. . EEG-based intention recognition with deep recurrent-convolution neural network: performance and channel selection by Grad-CAM. . Neurocomputing 415::225–33 [Crossref] [35. . 2020. . A long short-term memory autoencoder approach for EEG motor imagery classification. . In 2020 on Computation, Automation and (), 36. . 2021. . A CNN-LSTM hybrid model for wrist kinematics estimation using surface electromyography. . IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 70::2503809 [37. . 2019. .

Output: corroborate