Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In particular, we must use the initial data when calculating: μ 0 μ Fe = 1. 26 × 10 − 6 H m Earth’s radius, R Earth = 6. 37 × 10 6 m Inner core radius, R G = 1. 4 × 10 6 m Total radius, R Σ = R G + Δ R F + Δ R E = 3. 65 × 10 6 m Spherical surface SG area with radius RG: = 4 π R G 2 = 2. 46 × 10 13 m; Core electroconductivity, σ = 5. 0 × 10 5 S m. From the formulas (3) (4) (5) (7) (9) (10) accordingly we have: Thermofield density of the Earth’s core at the temperature difference ΔT = 10˚C and radius RΣ Е T = 2. 86 × 10 − 10 V m Electron concentration in a unit volume of metal (Fe), n 1 = 1. 32 × 10 29 m − 3 n 2 = 3. 25 × 10 29 m − 3 Fermi momentum, p F = 1. 41 × 10 − 23 m ⋅ kg s Electron mean free path, l = 0. 85 nm. Substituting the corresponding meanings of the calculated parameters to the current density formula (9), we get j = 1. 43 × 10 − 4 A m 2. From the formula (11) we can find the total amount of current of the inner core G: I l o w = j S G = 3. 52 × 10 9 A. According to the formula (15) let us additionally calculate the heat Q b c produced by the thermocurrents Ilow, which is 2. 25 × 1014 J year (2. 25 × 1021 erg per year) and is comparable with the thermocurrents Itop heat in magnitude. There is also a calculation of the Earth’s magnetic momentum M = 4 π R G 2 I l o w which is 8. 67 × 1022 А・m2 when the current Ilow is 3. 52 × 109 А and the spherical surface at the solid core radius is RG = 1400 km. That is close to the known magnitude М = 8. 2 × 10 22 А ⋅ m 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Δ(cro-ea59):tetR-bla], ΔprfA, ΔtolC0∆RF1∆arfA, ∆arfBAAFitness, conjugation, and viral infection (Figures 3 and 4) *All strains derived from ECNR2, as described in Wang et al. (2009). †for additional information on strains and sources. The GenBank accession number for E. coli MG1655 is U00096, and the GenBank accession number for GRO. AA is CP006698. ‡ Out of a total of 321 in the original ECNR2 strain. §RF1 terminates translation at UAG and UAA. Deletion of RF1 eliminates recognition of UAG during translation; translational termination continues through RF2, which recognizes UAA and UGA. #The ssrA gene encodes the tmRNA, which appends the ssrA degradation tag to stalled ribosomes. The wild-type sequence is mutation of the C-terminus to slows degradation of peptides to enable detection by mass spectrometry. Table 2 Components of peptide library constructed to search and analyze tandem mass spectrometry data. library was separate from the library that contained the entries of the first three rows of the table (see Supplementary file 3 and 4). Library componentExample peptides (from Figure 2A)Enables detection of…Complete peptide listAny one of 20 canonical amino acids inserted at the UAG codon-cognate suppressionSupplementary file 3Any length of C-tail following UAG codon to the next non-UAG stop codon or to 38 amino acids downstream of the UAG codon, whichever came firstframeshifting, and rescue by ArfA or ArfBSupplementary file 3degradation tagby tmRNA-SmpBSupplementary file 3All peptides of form where X is any amino acidof translational fidelitySupplementary file 4 Key resources table Genetic reagents, bacterial strains, antibodies, and software used in this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: (Peru) use boiled leaves of J. copaia, to cure malaria and for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In mild cases of leishmaniasis, the remedy is applied to the affected areas as a cataplasm (Céline et al. 2009). The plant is used to heal wounds by the Andoques and to treat blindness by the Huitotos. 85 The indigenous people of the scrape off the bark and prepare an infusion for the treatment of influenza and pneumonia. 35 Tabebuia serratifolia is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for treating malaria. The bark is used by the Wayãpi natives in the French Guyana, as a fever reducer. 83 The species contains alkaloids, lapachol or tacomine, catechins, steroids, simple phenols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, cyanogenic glycosides, resins, saponins, triterpenes and xanthones. 86 Crescentia cujete is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for malaria treatment. Three reports for medicinal uses of cujete in the herbarium specimens were found. It is used for reperatory problems (Cárdenas et al. 13849, COAH). The leaf is used in a poultice for headaches and the young fruit is used to prepare "melao" used as a cough suppressant (Cardenas and Romero 13226, COAH). The endocarp is cooked with “panela” or brown sugar and used to reduce inflammation resulting from hits or blows to the body (Marín et al. 2336, COAH). Ruiz et al. 56 report that C. cujete leaves are used as an antimalarial. 56 natives (Risaralda, Colombia) use the unripe pulp to treat diarrhea. 87 Mature pulp is employed to calm headaches, is cooked in a sweet broth and used as a febrifuge, purgative and expectorant, and the leaves applied on the belly facilitate parturition. 38 America, the fruit pulp is used for respiratory diseases,87 gastrointestinal illnesses, inflammation and urethritis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: For the readers’ convenience, all the calculations are presented in the compact Table 2. The table shows that the thermocurrents Ilow are all-sufficient, they are able not only generate the main dipole field of Earth В T T l o w but to maintain it for a long time at 3. 64 × 10−5 T level. This value is calculated for the points of Earth on its equator and, as seen, it is close to the real and modern intensity of the EMF. At the same time, the heat, produced by the thermocurrents Ilow, is only Q b c = 2. 25 × 10 14 J per year (2. 25 × 1021 erg per year) and is comparable to the heat of the thermocurrents Itop. The Earth’s magnetic moment was also calculated as M = 4 π R G 2 I l o w. At the current Ilow of 3. 52 × 109 А and spherical surface with the solid core’s radius of RG = 1400 km (see in Table 2) it is 8. 67 × 1022 Table 2. Calculation of electrical and magnetic parameters of Earth’s metal core. А・m2, which is close to the known value М = 8. 2 × 10 22 А ⋅ m 2. Let us briefly note, that a toroidal magnetic field forms within the metal core. The field’s field lines are spherical circles that do not leave the conducting core (Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b)). The centrifugal force F C f and the thermo e. m. f. ЕТ have been generating a through channel with electron deficit for 3. 5 billion years in the toroidal field in the core center. The channel is the entrance/exit for the poloidal magnetic field which is self-generating in the conductive medium. The field is definitely dipole and it has local poles with diameter to 500 km for entrance/exit of the field lines bundles of the poloidal field with tilt of 900 - 890. There is a confirmation for it [39]. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: lnunemprate *create an autocorrelation function or correlogram of the residuals from the regression model// racplot *generate the residuals from the model predict residuals, resid *create a graph partial autocorrelations pac residuals, yw *DW test estat dwatson *alternative DW test quietly: reg D1. lnenpub2yr D1. lntupub2yr D1. lnunemprate, rob estat durbinalt, force *time series regression model with an AR term calibrated via the Prais-Winsten (P-W)// estimator prais D1. lnenpub2yr D1. lntupub2yr D1. lnunemprate, rob *generate residuals from the P-W regression predict residuals_PW, resid *use the Cumby-Huizinga (C-H) general test of the residuals ssc install actest actest residuals_PW, lag(4) q0 rob *estimate an ARMAX model with first-order (AR1) and second-order (AR2)// autoregressive terms arima D1. lnenpub2yr D1. lntupub2yr D1. lnunemprate, ar(1 2 ) vce(robust) *examine the residuals from the ARMAX model to see if there is any autocorrelation and// conduct a final test predict residuals_ARMX12, resid actest residuals_ARMX12 lag(4) q0 rob *fit an ARMAX model to the data levels rather than their first-differences using the// diffuse option, showing with no interations (nolog) arima lnenpub2yr lntupub2yr lnunemprate, ar(1 2 ) rob diffuse nolog *C-H test is used to detect any remaining autocorrelation predict residuals_nsARMA12dn, resid actest residuals_nsARMA12dn, q0 rob lag(4) *To avoid “reverse causality”, regress enrollment on at least a one year lag of tuition. /// Include the lag operator (L1) in a re-calibrated ARMAX model and use data through 2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 89‒91 Decoction of the leaves and flowers is used in vaginal baths for leucorrea, to treat earaches, treat skin conditions such as scrapes, bumps or dermatitis, is used to treat hemorrhoids, treat tumors, expel the placenta, against venoms, and as a homeostatic. 92‒94 The leaves are used to treat anemia. 38,95 In India, the fruit pulp is used as a diuretic. 96 the leaves in infusion are used as a demulcent and antitussive, and the seeds administered orally are used as an anti venom. The leaves and fruit have the following properties: analgesic, antiseptic, appetizer, soother, anti-inflammatory, vermifuge, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, sudorific, and vulnerary. 38 Doliocarpus dentatus is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. indigenous group on the consider the "water" from D. dentatus stops the effects of malaria. 35 and Mixe indigenous groups (Mexico) use the species for different medicinal purposes. 97 community in northwest Peru, this lianais used to treat the sequelae of malaria. 98 Abuta rufescens is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. Indigenous groups in the state of Roraima, Brazil, use A. rufescens to treat malaria. 41 The Shipibo-Conibo people usethe leaf to prepare “curare” and a decoction of the bark to treat malaria, stomach ulcers, diabetes and liver pain. 84 A. rufescens presented leishmanicidal activity. 99 Extracts from the bark and leaves had antiplasmodial activity with IC50 from 2. 3 to 7. 9ug/mL. 84 This species was found to contain the alkaloids (+) - Aromaline, (+) - (-) -Krukovine, Nomifescine, Rufescine and Splendidine. 100 Citrus x lemon, is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. An extract of the root is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Antimalarial use of Citrus x lemon was reported in the Ucayali region of Peru.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: of Earth’s First, let us pay attention to a feature of the core: its outer part (outer core) is in a melted state at the temperature T0, whereas the inner part (inner core), divided with the transitive F zone, is in a solid state, but at the lowered temperature Ti. Hence, we can conclude that the solid core can be colder than the outer one, and its temperature is Ti = T0 10 K. In its turn, it shows that there obviously must be geotemperature gradients, directed oppositely to the melted outer core. Those gradients generate thermoelectric currents “outer core-lower mantle” Itop, directed oppositely to the Earth’s surface, and “outer core-inner (solid) core’s center” Ilow to the planet’s center (Figure 1(a)). On the assumption of the known connection between an electrical current and the heat, produced by it, the inner core temperature Ti is expected to get T0, and then get higher than T0 i. e. Ti > T0. Such happens when the flows of the thermocurrents Ilow move to the Earth’s center and their electron concentration n in the inner core because of the absence of drains (outer borders) and, consequently, absence of dissipation of the charge energy. As a result, current density increases, which contributes to higher producing of Joule heat and its accumulation in the Earth’s central part. Eventually, the inner core’s temperature Ti reaches the temperature of the melted core T0 (Ti = T0) and at this moment the field intensity ЕТ gets equal to zero (ЕТ = 0) in the “outer core-inner core” branch. From that very moment thermocurrents Ilow stop moving, and the Earth’s dipole magnetic field disappears, but the lower mantle magnetic field В T T l o w remains. Nevertheless, thermocurrents Ilow of low intensity are able to not only appear for a short time and several times but change their directions to the opposite ones, because the thermal process is not homogeneous at different points of the inner core. The inner core temperature eventually gets higher and reaches a persistent state Ti > T0 because of the thermal process inertia.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: arima lnenpub2yr L1. lntupub2yr lnunemprate, ar(1 2 ) rob diff nolog *Fit an ARIMA model to the same data, using slightly different Stata syntax where// the arima (2 0 0) indicates the model should include a first-order (AR1) and// second-order (AR2) autoregressive term, *no (0) differencing and no (0) moving average (MA) term. arima lnenpub2yr L1. lntupub2yr lnunemprate, arima(2 0 0) rob nolog diffuse *check the stability of the ARMAX model estat aroots, dlabel *Examples of - *open a panel dataset use "Balanced panel data - state. dta", clear *test for autocorrelation in the panel data xtserial lnnetuit lnstapr lnfte lnpc_income, output *Panel-Models with AR terms *fixed effects model with AR term xtregar lnnetuit lnstapr lnfte lnpc_income, fe *panel unit root tests (PURTs); install xtpurt (to install in Stata,// type "search xtpurt, all", click on "st0519" and install) or type: net install st0519, replace xtpurt lnnetuit xtpurt lnstapr xtpurt lnfte xtpurt lnpc_income *first-differenced variables in our final regression fixed- or random-effects// model with an AR1 *disturbance term qui xtregar D1. lnnetuit D1. lnstapr D1. lnfte D1. lnpc_income, re *generate residuals from the model predict ar_residuals_re, ue *conduct the C-H autocorrelation general test of the residuals actest ar_residuals_re, lags(10) q0 robust *Tests to Detect Cross-- Factors *install the Stata user-written routine, xtcsd ssc install xtcsd *use unbalanced panel dataset use "Unbalanced panel data - institutional.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 30 this study, most of the respondents are male. Men seem to possess more traditional knowledge of medicinal plants compared to women, possibly due to their increased access to the forest to hunt, collect wild fruits and plants, and obtain material for housing construction and development of tools. These activities allow them to acquire forest-related knowledge, while on the other hand, women are dedicated to the care of charges and care of the house. In the communities represented in this study, women have more access to plants grown in home gardens. The number of woman participants in this study is low because most plants used for malaria are found in the forest. This finding is consistent with research conducted by Boster101 and Garro102 who mentioned that the knowledge of any given person is determined by their role in society (gender, age, division of labor, individual experience), creating differences in access to knowledge. The largest number of species reported, is observed in the community of Puerto Laguna. This result could be due to the presence of the only Paye who participated in the study. is the most influential community member who passes on their knowledge to the younger generations. Yurupari, is a community that also reported a large number of species. This could be due to their proximity to and the observed relationship between the inhabitants of these communities, allowing transmission of knowledge between traditional healers. The families with more genera and species reported are Bignoniaceae (8 species/6 genera) and Fabaceae (4 species/4 genera). According to Gentry103 the Bignoniaceae family predominates among the plants with medicinal use. Gentry identified 27 genera of lianas and nine genera of trees, all with therapeutic properties. The finding in this study of several species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family with antimalarial use may be due to the wide geographic distribution of this family and the presence of secondary metabolites of naphthoquinone, such as lapachol. 104 On the other hand, the Fabaceae family is also often used for medicinal purposes. According Leonti, this is probably due to its abundance and high diversity of active constituent chemicals with organoleptic properties. 97 Alkaloids, flavonoids and polyphenols have been isolated from this family. The activity of these metabolites is associated with antidiabetic106 anti-inflammatory106 and antimicrobial effects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: At this state thermocurrents of opposite direction instantly appear and signs of the inner SGTE charges finally change (Figure 1(b)). From the moment of the persistent state Ti = T0 thermocurrents Itop and Ilow move to the Earth’s surface unidirectionally and their mutual current I sums up. Ores of the lower mantle gets extra heat because a part of the thermocurrents Ilow permeates in. That heat spreads predominantly to the bottom surface’s side, and when it is reached, the Earth’s crust and atmosphere reach the mode of dynamic heating gradually. From the other hand, electron flows leave the core, and it slowly cools down after electron concentration gets less. But when the moment of the persistent state Ti < T0 comes, a new and opposite process begins-thermocurrents Ilow go to the inner core and warm it. At the same time the mutual current I decreases and Earth comes into its cooling mode, and the dipole magnetic field restores. The cycles repeat. 5. Briefly about the Cyclicity of Cooling and Warming of the Earth’s results of the calculations in Table 2 give us the following. First, the reason why cooling and warming alternate each other on the Earth’s crust surface and our planet’s atmosphere is the existing cyclic change of thermocurrents in the inner core Ilow (Figure 2). Secondly, geomagnetic polarity reversal can happen only when phases “warming-cooling-warming” change, probably, every 105 ÷ 106 years [7]. During the period of these reversals dipole magnetic field В T T l o w decreases (or increases) up to its momentary disappearance (increment), at the same time the magnetic pole, created by the lower mantle, always stays as 4. 6 × 10−6 T at any reversal sign. In this connection, there can be made a preliminary estimate of the time interval Δt between adjacent coinciding phases of Itop and Ilow thermocurrents movement, for example, to the Earth’s crust. In this case that interval can correspond to the period of two maximum Earth warmings or cooling if the thermocurrents move in an antiphase direction (Figure 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Restoration of mangrove forests enhances coastal resilience against climate change. [SEP] Text: IntroductionLiving at the interface between land and sea in the low latitudes, mangroves are sentinels for climate change. Their intertidal environment is physically and geologically dynamic, and it is primarily these forces, within the confines of changing climatic and environmental conditions, that sculpt mangrove ecosystems over time. Mangroves exhibit a high degree of ecological stability and community persistence in the face of environmental inconstancy. Their survival is due to a variety of key features that in toto result in ecosystems having properties of both terrestrial and marine biomes plus a few uniquely their own, such as large below-ground storage and transformation rates of carbon and nutrients; simple architecture and self-design; highly efficient but complex biotic controls; species redundancy; and multiple feedbacks which serve to either facilitate and augment recovery from, or resilience to, natural and anthropogenic disturbances [1, 2]. Human impacts on mangroves, including climate change, have received much attention of late mainly because mangrove deforestation is occurring at a rate of 1–2 % per year, which implies that most forests will disappear within this century [1]. Despite high rates of destruction, mangroves still play an important role in human sustainability and livelihoods in developing nations where poverty is rife and population growth is high [1]. Mangroves are important nursery grounds and breeding sites for fish, crustaceans, birds, reptiles, mammals, and many other semiterrestrial and estuarine organisms; they help to ameliorate coastal erosion and the impacts of extreme events, such as tsunamis and cyclones; they are a renewable source of wood for fuel and housing, and of food and traditional medicines; and they are biogeochemically important sites of sediment, carbon, nutrient, and contaminant accumulation [1]. The object of this review is to critically assess the impact of climate change on mangrove ecosystems. Sea level rise is the main focus considering their tidal nature, but changes in temperature, salinity, and rainfall patterns, and increases in greenhouse gas concentrations, especially CO2, are also considered. First, however, it is important to consider the evidence for how mangroves respond, and have responded, to environmental change; their history of adaptation that will likely offer some insight into their future.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 107 The type of plant most reported by the traditional healers of the Vaupés medio was the tree, with 19 tree species reported. This can be easily explained due to the fact that most of the plants used to treat malaria were collected in mature forests or forests with little intervention, a pattern that has been observed in other studies. 2 The species collected and identified are mostly native (90. 24%). This is evidence that the species indeed grow wild in the study area and demonstrates the persistence of indigenous knowledge using native vegetation, consistent with what was found by Perez in the Peruvian Amazon. The part of the plant reported with the highest frequency for its use in the production of anti-malarial remedies was the stem bark. This may be due to the preference of the traditional healers to remove a part of the organ without damaging the whole plant, "so that it does not dry up. " Additionally, the traditional healers think that the substances responsible for the activity are concentrated in the bark and extraction of this part is simple. The leaves are used with a lower relative frequency compared to the other organs. It is noteworthy that the traditional healers do not use fruits for the treatment of malaria. This practice is possibly due to the fact that the fruits are not available permanently and malaria can occur at any moment. Among the species collected in this study, only four usage records were significant (i. e. they had higher citation frequency in the interviews conducted in the ten communities visited). Never the less, only Abuta grandifolia, with an FI of 36%, exceeded the 20% citation frequency. This is a strong indicator that this species deserves special attention for validation and scientific evaluation. on the Friedman’s consensus technique of informants, the species most reported as antimalarial by healers of the are: Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Matisia cf. glandifera and Pleonotoma jasminifolia. More studies are necessary to validate ethnobotany data. It is important to verify the efficiency of each plant to kill malaria parasites, especially giving special attention to the species Pleonotoma jasminifolia, which has no previous report in the literature as antimalarial.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: That can be represented by the following model of multidirectional movements of thermocurrents Ilow towards the persistently unidirectional movement of thermocurrents Itop: 1st cycle: core-lower mantle; 2nd cycle: lower mantle-core; 3rd cycle: core-lower mantle. Figure 2. Graph of connection between EMF polarity reversal and warming and cooling periods on Earth with the change of the direction of the planetary currents Ilow vectors. 1―graph of the cyclic temperature at the Earth’s surface distribution; 2―directed movement of the lower mantle thermocurrents Itop; 3―directed movement of the inner core thermocurrents Ilow; 4―magnetic poles position at the EMF reversal. For a quantitative estimation of the model one should take into consideration drift velocity v d (7) of electrons, which move directionally in the electric field ЕТ from the inner core’s side to the upper mantle (1st, 3rd cycles) and backwards (2nd cycle). However, that velocity is average and it is defined from the interval v d between 0 and max. But if the velocity of an electron after the collision has nothing to do with its velocity before the collision [26] the calculated function of electron distribution according to their real velocities allows to calculate the drift velocity more accurately with the following formula [26] [40] [41] : v d = e E T l m v (6а) However the existing scientific argument if it is right to use the formula (6) or the formula (6a) can be resolved only in course of time and only by comparing theoretical calculations with the practice. All the calculations to define warming periods are in Table 3 with all the needed constants and formulas. Table 3. Calculation of warming periods on Earth. All the calculations to define warming periods are in Table 3 with all the needed constants and formulas. It is seen from Table 3 that the period of direct warming is about 83000 years, whereas the time lapse between the consecutive warmings Δt is about 249,000 years. The main error of this magnitude is determined by the value of the temperature coefficient β and the final electron concentration in the semiconductor when “hot” electrons move out of the core.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Restoration of mangrove forests enhances coastal resilience against climate change. [SEP] Text: For a large number of species, leaf anatomy, vascular vessel densities, diameter, grouping and length, and fiber wall thickness are affected by variations in salinity and flooding. Vessel density, for instance, increases in most species from low to high salinity, from high- to low-flooding level, and from short- to long-flooding period [45]. A few species (e. g. , Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa) have also demonstrated modification to bark anatomy in response to prolonged flooding, typically formation of hypertrophied lenticels, adventitious roots, and increased aerenchyma development in the bark. Over the past 165 years, specific leaf area of A. marina has correlated positively with atmospheric CO2 concentration and latitude, suggesting thicker, heavier leaves in future because of net photosynthetic carbon gain [46•]. Mangroves of the future may very well look and function differently, and be denser in terms of number of individuals per unit area [47, 48]. But, are mangrove forests keeping pace with current rates of sea level rise? A statistical analysis (Fig. 2) of mangrove sedimentation rates (mm year−1) versus mean sea level rise (mm year−1) suggests that, on average, accretion rates are keeping pace with sea level rise (see regression equation and line, Fig. 2). However, roughly one-half of the data are below the 1:1 relationship (red dotted line) which indicates that these mangroves are not keeping pace; nearly all of these data were derived from mangroves inhabiting low islands and coastal lagoons in the Caribbean and the Pacific, and in subsiding river deltas, such as the Mekong [18] and the Sundarbans [49]. Conversely, the three most rapid accretion rates were from Chinese, Indian, and Brazilian mangroves inhabiting highly populated and impacted catchments. The large scatter of data points underscores how mangroves of disparate coastal settings respond so differently to the same rate of sea-level rise in different parts of the world. These century-scale accretion rates derived from radionuclide distributions (e. g. , 210Pb) are unlikely to be reliable indicators of the net result of elevation capital, the accretion rate, and water level.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Through this work we were able to demonstrate that despite the social and cultural changes that lead to the rapid disappearance of ancestral knowledge, active traditional healers within the Colombian native communities still exists and hold an important place in society for the knowledge they possess. As for the medicinal flora, important information was gathered revealing 42 species with antimalarial use in these 10 indigenous communities. This work can support further phytochemical investigations, especially for those plants with no bibliographic reports so far. In such a small area of the Amazon species with no previous report of antimalarial activity were discovered. For this reason it is necessary to conduct more ethnobotanical studies in the region. OR contributed in collecting plant sample, SB contributed to design the study and critical reading of the manuscript, FC contributed in collecting plant sample and identification, confection of herbarium and morphological description of the species. AP designed the study, supervised the field work, and drafted the paper and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors had read the final manuscript and approved the submission contributed to analysis of the data. project was funded by Colciencias grant 1115-489-25104 RC 506-2009, Universidad de Antioquia, sustainability strategy 2014-2015. The authors would like to thank the Herbarium of the Universidad de Antioquia and Dr. who gave valuable advice over a 4 month period. The authors would also like to thank the traditional healers representing the 10 communities, for their trust and cooperation. Without their permission and cooperation this investigation would not be possible. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest. 2015. . Comparison of traditional wild plant knowledge between aboriginal communities inhabiting arid and forest environments in Patagonia, Argentina. J Arid Environ. 2007;69(4):695‒715. INS. de Salud- Dirección de Vigilancia y Análisis del Riesgo en Salud Pública. Informe de Vigilancia y control, Colombia; 2016. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J. 2014;13:68. . Malaria control in Africa and the role of traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. 2004. p. 3‒18.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In our case, the value of β for the lower mantle, whose ores are considered to be semiconductors, is taken speculatively, and it is 0. 0003 V・K−1, as in Table 1, and it is just three times more than the temperature coefficient for pure metals. However, if one takes the possibly minimum magnitude 0. 001 V deg−1. for semiconductors instead of 0. 0015 V deg−1. [29] then the time lapse from the beginning of the warming and its ending will be about 25,000 years, and the time lapse between the warming phases Δt will be 75,000 years. Periods of cooling and warming cycles also change noticeably, if n for the lower mantle ores is increased only by 1 order, i. e. n = 3. 25 × 10 23 m − 3 (the initial value for calculations is taken as n = 3. 25 × 10 22 m − 3 ). Then the period of direct warming is about 385,000 years, and the time lapse between the consecutive warmings Δt is now about 1. 15 million years. It appears from the roughly evaluative calculations, that despite the large range of numbers they are still within the assumptive time intervals, which the researchers get by an indirect analysis of geologic and climatological material of our planet, accumulated numerously [37] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]. According to geological data from different literary sources, the older the planet is, the shorter cooling periods (ice ages) and warming periods get, they fraction into subperiods, which can be explained by cycles getting gradually ordered and steady while the planet’s inner structure is forming [44] (Figure 3). 6. of the Warming of the Earth’s solve the task, we should consider the following conditions. Earth is now under a steady nonequilibrium thermodynamic state, because there are pressure and temperature gradients, that can be concluded from the I. R. Prigogine’s work [47]. Thermoelectrical currents Ilow of the solid and the melted cores move to the lower mantle. Their velocity, defined by the electron velocity, is about 2 × 10−8 m・s−1, and their distance, for example, for 103 years is not more than 60 - 70 km.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bycatch reduction devices are designed to minimize the unintended capture of marine species. [SEP] Text: Study findings provide evidence to support the identification and innovation of effective and commercially viable methods to mitigate odontocete depredation and bycatch. Citation: (2024) Exploring odontocete depredation rates in a pelagic longline fishery. 19(3): e0301072. de Souza, de do : October 19, 2023; Accepted: March 9, 2024; Published: March 28, 2024Copyright: © 2024 Gilman et al. This is an open access 1. IntroductionMarine mammals occupy a range of trophic levels and some species have important roles in regulating the structure, function, dynamics and state of marine communities and ecosystems [1–6]. Large changes in their abundance can therefore cause profound community- and ecosystem-level consequences that are protracted or irreversible. Some marine mammals, including sirenians and most toothed whales, are extremely sensitive to anthropogenic mortality due to having relatively low rates of potential population growth and other intrinsic life history characteristics, small population sizes, and extrinsic environmental variables such as narrow habitat requirements for foraging and breeding [7–9]. Fisheries bycatch in both in-use and derelict (abandoned, lost and discarded) fishing gear is the largest threat to many populations of marine megafauna, including marine mammals, and is an obstacle to sustainable seafood production [9–12]. Of the range of anthropogenic hazards faced by marine mammals, bycatch affects the greatest number of species, contributed to the presumed extinction of the baiji (dolphin, Lipotes vexillifer), and has contributed to reducing the abundance of several populations and species of cetaceans and pinnipeds to critical levels [9, 13, 14]. Furthermore, marine mammal depredation (removal and damage of catch and bait from fishing gear) causes substantial direct and indirect socioeconomic costs [15, 16]. Depredation can also result in fishers deliberately injuring and killing marine mammals, and alters marine mammals’ foraging behavior, distribution, diet and demographics [7, 15–19].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: That thin shell layer, being in the “core-mantle” border zone, is warmed to 4510 K (the initial temperature on the line of 4500 K) by the heat of the core Q thermocurrents (see Table 2). Its difference reaches 10 K, let us denote it as Т1. Let us take the temperature of the Earth’s bottom surface as Т2 = 273. 1 K. In this connection, a simplified heat-exchanging model of Earth can be represented as a hollow spherical shell with two sides. One of them is the inner one with radius R Σ = 3. 65 × 10 6 m corresponding the surface of the Figure 3. Climatic curve of the for the last 500 thousand years (the picture was taken from an internet-6. 37 × 10 6 m corresponding the bottom surface. The inner side is affected by the inner core heat Q b c = 2. 25 × 10 14 J year (see Table 2). Let us take thermal conductivity coefficient of the spherical shell equal to the constant thermal conductivity coefficient of the lower mantle: λ = 2. 5 W (m・K)−1 [48]. At the same time the inner side is overheated with the heat Q by T1 = 283. 1 K (10˚C), and the outer side is Т2 =273. 1 K (0˚C) at the beginning, but after heating it gets Т2 = Х K. To find Т2 the homogeneous differential heat equation in spherical coordinates can be used [49] : ∇ 2 T = d 2 T d r 2 + 2 r d t d r = 0 (16) Nevertheless, these values of interglacial periods (warming) or cooling can be essentially clarified, if there was exact data of the β coefficient value for not only pure metals, but different materials of the planet’s shells, more complicated ones.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bycatch reduction devices are designed to minimize the unintended capture of marine species. [SEP] Text: This includes mitigation approaches such as spatiotemporal fisheries management, including quasi-real time dynamic (fleet communication, move-on rules, habitat suitability modelling, real-time acoustic tracking) and static approaches [9, 15, 22, 24, 26, 27], input controls such as limits on soak and haul duration [24, 28], and output controls such as bycatch thresholds [29]. The same applies to gear technology approaches such as: Catch encasement to physically protect catch from depredation, and visual and acoustic camouflage of target catch such as by using bubble screens or knots [24, 30, 31]; Mainline length limits, hookless sections of mainline, hookless sets, and set geometry [32]; Active acoustic deterrents and decoys, including pingers, acoustic harassment devices, decoy vessels, broadcasts of decoy fishing vessel acoustic cues, broadcasts of killer whale and other predator sounds, masked or disrupted odontocete returning echolocation [21, 24, 33–36]; Passive acoustic decoys and deterrents such as the incorporation of objects into gear that: simulate the acoustic target strength of odontocete-depredated catch, simulate the target strength of species that odontocetes avoid depredating, are perceived as unusual prey, or interfere with echolocation [24, 37]; Acoustic masking, including quieter vessels; bubble screen to reduce the dissemination of vessel sounds; broadcast of sounds to conceal the sounds of the vessel gear, setting and hauling; not remaining near the gear after it is set; and minimizing shifting in and out of gear [20]; Artificial bait [38]; Weak hooks. While there is no evidence of weak hooks causing reduced odontocete bycatch rates, mechanistic studies found that wire diameter was an informative predictor of the force required to straighten hooks [39–41] and during at-sea experiments weak hooks were observed to straightened more often than control hooks with a wider hook wire diameter [39, 40]; and Chemical deterrents [20, 24, 42]. There is also weak evidence of the effect of prescribed pelagic longline handling and release practices on cetacean post-release mortality rates. For instance, estimates of survival probability made by the US Government are based largely on expert opinion [22, 43].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Elementos de identidad y organizacion social entre las comunidades indigenas de la region del Vaupés. Maguare Bogota. 1983;2(2):97‒123. Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Advances in Economic Botany. 1996;10:53‒96. . Etnografía: métodos de investigación. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1994. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. Earthscan/James & James. 2004. Taylor S, Bogdan R. Introducción a la observación participante. in cap 2. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1992. Valles MS. Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Sintesis Editorial. 2000. Hamme M, Atkinson P. Etnografía. Métodos de investigación. Barcelona, Paidós, México; 1994. Hammersley M. Etnografía. In: Atkinson P, editor. Métodos de investigación. Paidós, México; 1983. Goodman LA. Snowball sampling. of Mathematical Statistics. 1961;32(1):148‒170. Cunningham AB. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan/James & James, UK; 2001. Cunningham AB. Etnobotánica aplicada. Pueblos, uso de plantas silvestres y conservación. Nordan Comunidad, Uruguay; 2001. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16(2‒3):275‒287. Alonso AS. De lo visible a lo invisible: sistema de salud intercultural entre los pueblos del Vaupes. in La diversidad ante el espejo: salud, interculturalidad y contexto migratorio. Abya Yala. 2008. Pérez D.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Without speaking much of deducing that solution, here is the final solution of the differential heat equation at the Dirichlet boundary conditions T ( 1 F o ) = T 1 = const for X > 273. 16 K и T 2 = 273. 16 K at τ = 0 [52] [53] : T ( X F o ) = T 1 + 2 [ T ( X 0 ) − T 1 ] ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 sin ( δ n X ) δ n X exp [ − ( δ n ) 2 F o ] (22) where F o = λ ⋅ τ c ′ p R 2 is Fourier’s number; Λ 1 = ( − 1 ) n + 1 sin ( δ n X ) X is the lambda function; X = r R is the dimensionless radial coordinate of a random point of the sphere; r is the radial coordinate a random point of the sphere, m; R is the inherent size of the sphere body, m; τ is the time, s; c ′ p = ρ ⋅ c p is the specific volumetric isobaric heat capacity of the lower mantle ores, which is distributed over both the upper mantle and the Earh’s crust contingently, J・(m3・K)−1; ρ is the average density of the ores of the lower mantle, the upper mantle and the Earth’s crust, 4500 kg/m3; cp is the specific mass isobaric heat capacity, 1260 J・(kg・K)−1 [54] T 1 is the temperature of the inner side (surface) when X = 0. 54 and τ = 0 equals 283. 2 K; δ n = n π at n = 1 2 ⋯ ∞ is nth root of the characteristic equation sin ( δ n ) = 0 for the Dirichlet boundary conditions; λ is the thermal conductivity coefficient, it is 2. 5 W/(m∙K) for the lower mantle [54] Substituting the above numbers into the Equation (22), here is the solution for the temperature, which is demonstrated in Figure 4 and Table 4. As seen from Figure 4. Graph of the temperature of the surface warming by the earth’s thermoelectric currents inner core.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bycatch reduction devices are designed to minimize the unintended capture of marine species. [SEP] Text: Therefore, evidence is needed to support the identification and development of effective and commercially viable approaches to mitigate odontocete depredation and bycatch rates in pelagic longline fisheries. Understanding the depredation strategies of odontocetes that are susceptible to fisheries bycatch can contribute to mitigating this human-wildlife conflict. Knowledge of species-specific odontocete depredation rates might contribute to the development of promising, new mitigation methods, such as geospatial, depth and temporal separation of predictable catch rate hotspots of species with both low commercial value and high odontocete depredation rates and hotspots of catch rates of principal market species, and passive acoustic decoys, deterrents and echolocation disruptors. This study analyzed observer data from the Hawaii tuna longline fishery to estimate teleost and elasmobranch species-specific mean posterior marine mammal depredation rates using a Bayesian binomial likelihood estimator with a Bayes-Laplace prior, expanding upon previous assessments [44, 45]. The study also assessed the correlation between species-specific depredation rates and length. Study findings provide evidence to support the innovation of effective and commercially viable methods to reduce the risk of odontocete depredation and bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries. 2. MethodsData on species-specific catch, presence/absence of marine mammal depredation and length were obtained from the U. S. government observer program database for the Hawaii pelagic longline fishery. Observer data fields and data collection protocols are defined in NMFS [46]. The study period was from 15 August 2003, the date when observers began to record damage to the catch, through 26 August 2023, the most recent available record. The study sample included 179,853,812 hooks deployed in 73,217 sets within 5,445 trips by 194 vessels. Records were included in the study sample to estimate species-specific odontocete depredation rates for fish species, both teleosts and elasmobranchs, that were identified to the species level, and had >100 capture records where the observer determined whether the catch had been depredated by a marine mammal, Thus, the study sample excludes catch records where either the observer was unable to determine whether there was damage to the catch or observed damage but could not determine the source.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Etnobotánica medicinal y biocidas para malaria en la región Ucayali. Folia amazónica. 2002;13(1‒2):87‒108. Pabon A, Ramirez O, Ríos A, et al. Antiplasmodial and of Extracts as Reported by People of the (in Colombia). Planta Med. 2016;82(8):717‒722. Alkaloid diversity in eleven species of Ormosia and in Clathrotropis macrocarpa (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Brittonia. 1994;46(4):355‒371. Sagen AL. Phytochemical and biological investigations on Clathrotropis glaucophylla (Fabaceae), an ingredient of Yanomamï curare, emphasizing on quinolizidine alkaloids. ürich, Switzerland; 2002. E. Etnobotánica de las comunidades indígenas Waunana, Chocó (Colombia). Cespedesia. 1980;9(33):115‒302. Glenboski LL. Ethnobotany of the Tukuna Indians. Amazonas, Colombia; 1975. . The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia. ís (Francia); 1990;12:236‒237. Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):184‒197. García Barriga H. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Bogotá DC: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, de Colombia. 1974;3:443‒459. Gupta MPB. Plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá DC, Colombia: Convenio Andrés Bello (CAB), de Ciencia y Tecnología (CYTED) y Universidad de Panamá. 2008. Pérez-Arbeláez E. Plantas útiles de Colombia. á, Colombia; 1996.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Table 4. Calculation of bottom surface heat temperature by Earth’s thermoelectrical currents. the latter, the temperature graph goes asymptote at τ = 20 s and varies within (283. 125 ¸ 283. 175) K or (9. 966 ¸ 10. 015)˚C, that confirms the pervious calculation enough. Besides, Figure 4 also shows that it takes heat only 20 s. to move from the border “core-lower mantle” to the bottom surface. Note, that the performed calculations are simplified and preliminary for now, because the taken model does not take into consideration other values of the thermal conductivity coefficients of the transitive zone C shells, the lower mantle B and the Earth’s crust A. That is why accurate calculations for the spherically heterogeneous heat-exchange model of Earth can differ from the obtained results noticeably because the thermocurrens under different continents are heterogeneous. 7. Features of the Behavior of Earth’s Associated to the Core’s The calculated magnitude of the magnetic induction В T T l o w can be real only if the used physical parameters and constants strictly meet the requirements of the physical law within which one or the other phenomenon can be correctly described, emergence and development of the Earth’s magnetic field in particular. The calculations analysis shows that the main element of their conformity is geothermoelectrical field ЕТ with its small intensity according to (3). At the same time, the known scientific conception of a planet’s metal core allowed to use the averaged temperature coefficient β, which is 0. 0001 V/K for pure metals. The magnitude of the latter affects all the following parameters: ЕТ, j, Ilow, which form the magnetic induction of the Earth’s field В T T l o w. That is why all the deliberate deviations from this value makes the В T T l o w magnitude get too low or extremely high. Hence, the taken magnitude β which is close to 0. 0001 V/K indicates high probability of our planet’s core being metal. Besides, the planet’s inner core electroconductivity σ affects the В T T l o w magnitude, but in a less degree. Thus, for instance, σ, which was taken by selecting, is equal to 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Zhang F. Bamberg E. Nagel G. Deisseroth K2005Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity8:1263–1268 P. Felsenberg J. Waddell S2018Do the right thing: neural network mechanisms of memory formation, expression and update in DrosophilaNeurobiol 49:51–58 D. Waddell S2015Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in DrosophilaNeurobiol 35:178–184 R. L2005Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscienceNeurosci 28:275–302 Y. et al. 2014The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learningElife 3 G. S. Marin E. C. Watts R. J. Luo L2002Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodiesNeurobiol 12:80–86 M. Borst A. Wagner S. Byers D1985Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learningJ Neurogenet 2:1–30 Belle J. S. Heisenberg M1994Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodiesScience 263:692–695 R. L2011Traces of Drosophila memoryNeuron 70:8–19 J. et al. 2011Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila14:903–910 D. et al. 2015Activity of defined mushroom body output neurons underlies learned olfactory behavior in DrosophilaNeuron 86:417–427 T. Fischer M. Schulz R. Heisenberg M2000Localization of a short-term memory in DrosophilaScience 288:672–675 S. M. Davis R. L2009Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathwayNeuron 64:510–521 L. R. et al. 1992learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/Calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclaseCell 68:479–489 T. Louis T. Jindachomthong K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Estudio Etnobotánico sobre las especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Indígena Miraña, Amazonas-Colombia. Bogotá DC: Fund, Bogota, Colombia; 1988. p. 386. Milliken W. Traditional anti-malarial medicine in Roraima, Brazil. Economic Botany. 1997;51(3):212‒237. êa do Abordagem etnobotânica acerca do uso de plantas medicinais na Vila Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Acta farmacêutica bonaerense. 2002;21(3):205‒211. Ta’ta’, Huayani: Perception of leishmaniasis and evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Chayahuita in Peru. Part II. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(1):149‒158. Treatment of leishmaniasis in the Oyapock basin (French Guiana): A K. A. P. survey and analysis of the evolution of phytotherapy knowledge amongst Wayapi Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1228‒1239. Rodrigues E. Plants and animals utilized as medicines in the Jaú (JNP), Brazilian Amazon. Phytother Res. 2006;20(5):378‒391. Sanz-Biset J, Cañigueral S. Plant use in the medicinal practices known as “strict diets” in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):271‒288. . Contribución al conocimiento de la Anaueria sp. Añuje moena; nuevo registro en la Amazonía peruana. Folia Amazonica. 1990;2:1‒16. Tene V, Malagón O, Finzi PV, et al. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111(1):63‒81.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 0 × 105 S/m and meets the calculated magnitude of the geomagnetic field on the planet’s equator, which is 3. 64 × 10−5 T. But if one takes the electroconductivity of about 1. 0 million cm/m, the magnetic field on the equator will be 6. 98 × 10−5 T, which is much higher than the real magnitude of В0. Therefore, the present range of the planet’s core electroconductivity 0. 1 ÷ 1. 0 million S/m can be constricted to some extent. Besides, the considered model allows to explain the tilt of the magnet axis toward the Earth’s one by the Coriolis forces affecting the electron currents. The preliminary calculation shows that the Coriolis forces can displace the normal from the axis of rotation to the electron circular path plane by about 100 - 110 to the West, which corresponds the modern magnetic axis of Earth. It is important to notice, that the suggested model allows to explain the causes of smallness or absence of magnetic fields of the other planets more correctly. In particular, any cooled planet with a cold metal core can have only a relict magnetic field. 8. 3. 52 × 109 А, see Table 2) because there are electrons in the core with sum mass of 5. 1 × 1019 kg. The latter’s moving cause appearance of the primary toroidal magnetic field, which is spherically asymmetric because of the thermo e. m. f. and the Earth’s inertial forces. The secondary poloidal field is self-generated through the central channel in the toroidal field and is dipole with two oppositely directed magnetic poles. Thermoelectrical currents energy, as the calculations show, is enough not only for generating the Earth’s main dipole magnetic field on its early formation phase, but for maintaining it at the modern level of (3 - 5) × 10−5 T for a long time. Thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s geomagnetic field is a brand new one and it is close enough to the real thermoelectrical processes of Earth. The latter are universal from the physical point of view and proceed inside our planet according to the known physical laws, which do not need any theoretical limitations or additions for the model to function.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: rubella, yet we see that retention of variation is specifically elevated at immunity loci. 4) Though we identified tsSNPs throughout the genome, those tsSNPs found in our candidate regions were much more likely to be retained after population splits regardless of allele frequency. 5) In the much more diverged and much less diverse selfing lineage, C. orientalis, we observe the same pattern at many of the same loci. Though this is not direct evidence for balancing selection in C. rubella specifically, it is strong evidence that these loci are the targets of stable, long-term balancing selection in a selfing lineage. It is possible that, despite having been stable over millions of years of evolution previously, balancing selection ended within the last ~150,000 years in C. rubella specifically. We think that the more plausible explanation of the observed patterns is that variation is retained by ongoing selection in all three lineages. In response to this concern we sought to strengthen our argument with two additional analyses. First, we examined whether elevated founder diversity might impact the likelihood of observing the pattern of Fst we used to identify outliers. We approximated the effect of balancing selection in C. grandiflora alone by including only simulations that showed the highest level of diversity C. grandiflora, and then explored whether our outlier C. rubella Fst values were more likely to occur. Even under this scenario of highfounder diversity, the observed values remain extremely unlikely. Second, we examined whether allele frequencies are correlated between C. grandiflora and C. rubella and between subpopulations of C. rubella for tsSNPs inside and outside of balanced regions. We find that although all these SNPs segregate in all of the populations assayed, SNPs within balanced regions are show a substantial increase in AFS correlation. It will also be important for the authors to more clearly explain whether they believe that the high variability is driven by introgression (adaptive or not), ongoing balancing selection (and of what kind…) or both. We have added to discussion to make our thinking more clear on these issues. We do not think that adaptive introgression and maintenance by balancing selection are mutually exclusive hypotheses, as the later is not dependent on the source of an allele. In the case of a young species like C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Sanz-Biset J, Campos-de-la-Cruz J, Epiquién-Rivera MA, et al. A first survey on the medicinal plants of the Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(2):333‒362. The rainbow hurts my skin: medicinal concepts and plants uses among the Yanesha (Amuesha), an ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(1):175‒192. de Albuquerque UP, Muniz de Medeiros P, de Almeida AL, et al. Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: a quantitative approach. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(3):325‒354. Antiviral activity of some medicinal plants. Phytother Res. 1999;13(2):142‒146. de las Heras B, Slowing K, Benedí J, et al. Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61(2):161‒166. Evaluation of traditional antimalarial remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(1):45‒54. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part V. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the Tacana Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77(1):91‒98. Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the (Peru) for the treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):917‒921. Antimalarials from nature. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2009;17(9):3229‒3256. Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Negro in Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;178:188‒198. Antimalarial remedies in French Guiana: a knowledge attitudes and practices study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(3):351‒360. The classical drug discovery approach to defining bioactive constituents of botanicals. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(1):71‒79.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: For the first time the considered EMF model in comparison with the magnetohydrodynamo model can give physically and logically reasonable answers to the questions related to the behavior of a geomagnetic field in space and time. In particular, this model lets us explain the cause of the magnetic fields inversion, forecasts the magnitude of the residual (mantle) magnetic field during the polarity reversal and cyclic change of warming and cooling periods, it also clarifies the magnitude of the Earth’s core electroconductivity and structure, allows to use a new and physically justified mechanism for calculating electrical and, indirectly, lithological characteristics of the Solar system planets. The latter, i. e. inversion problem solving, is likely if the magnetic fields of those planets are measures beforehand by spacecraft. For the first time the temperature which the bottom surfaces of the continents and oceans bottom warm up to in case when the core’s thermocurrents move to the lower mantle was calculated using the thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s magnetic field. Nevertheless, noe the considered thermoelectrical model of the Earth’s magnetic field is on its first stage, so this is a protomodel. It is based on the description of a homogeneous structure of a magnetic field, which should be the reason for developing a real heterogeneous model, using differential equations. to Abramovich S. А. for checking mathematical calculations and Proskurnina T. V. for efforts to translate the manuscript to English. The manuscript “Thermoelectric currents of earth’s core generate the earth’s magnetic field” was not published in any magazine and it is not being edited in any editorial office. An 2001. DOI:10. 1088/1755-1315/44/2/022001 I made the manuscript on my own in the University, where I am working. Here is no competing finantial or any other interests of any organization as I did not get any subsidies, grants or ordinary shares. I, A. N. Dmitriev, am the only author of the manuscript and there is no legal claim to me from anyone. The manuscript author, A. N. Dmitriev. Submit or recommend next manuscript to SCIRP and we will provide best service for you: Accepting pre-submission inquiries through Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2016. The first revision was submitted on March 10th, 2016 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on March 14th, 2016 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2016. Version 0. 3 (accepted) Marion Röder · Mar 15, 2016 · to a very good manuscript. 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 14, 2016 Version 0. 2 Marion Röder · Mar 13, 2016 · Both reviewers agree that the manuscript was significantly improved. There are remaining minor concerns about typos in the manuscript. Please, review your manuscript carefully for typing errors, before it can finally be accepted. Reviewer 1 · Mar 11, 2016 Basic reporting Very good. The initial version was good and this version is even better. Experimental design Good. I can see the argument for changing the statistical analyses and think that the authors did a good job on those reanalyses. Validity of the findings The results seem to be carefully interpreted. Additional comments The manuscript could use one more reading for typos, for example: line 234: length, not lenght line 578: This points that. . . " A word seems to be missing line: 705: predator, add s Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Mar 10, 2016 Basic reporting Experimental design Validity of the findings Additional comments The manuscript is greatly improved. In my opinion this 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 10, 2016 Version 0. 1 (original submission) Marion Röder · Jan 22, 2016 · Both reviewers agree that the study is valuable and performed well. Both have some minor comments regarding mainly formal things, which should be easy to comply. Please, also take in consideration the attached annotated manuscript.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: Calderon LdA, Silva-Jardim I, Zuliani JP, et al. Amazonian biodiversity: a view of drug development for leishmaniasis and malaria. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1011‒1023. Evaluation of the anti-plasmodial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grandifolia. Planta Med. 1999;65(5):413‒416. Garavito G, Rincón J, Arteaga L, et al. Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(3):460‒462. Identification and evaluation of Peruvian plants used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(3):390‒402. de In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used as traditional remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):165‒170. Tabuti JR. Herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope county, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(1):33‒42. . Ethnopharmacological use of herbal remedies for the treatment of malaria in the District of Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;129(3):367‒376. . Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):289‒302. Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(2‒3):179‒185. An ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Region. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(1):183‒190. Antiplasmodial and antipyretic screening of Mangifera indica extract. Phytother Res. 1998;12(6):437‒438. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of 20 plants used in Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(4):295‒298. . Screening of the Flora of for Bioactives. IJPPR.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: A wide selection of journals (inclusive of 9 subjects, more than 200 journals) Providing 24-hour high-quality service User-friendly online submission system Fair and swift peer-review system Efficient typesetting and proofreading procedure Display of the result of downloads and visits, as well as the number of cited 308. Elsevier Pub. Co. [2] Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. , Pinton, J. F. and Ricard, Y. (2004) Study of in Magnetohydrodynamics. Physics of Fluids, 16, 2529-2547. [3] Giesecke, A. , et al. (2010) in Non-Uniform Domains. Geophysical & Dynamics, 104, 505-529. [4] Gailitis, A. , Lielausis, O. , Platacis, E. , Gerbeth, G. and Stefani, F. (2003) Dynamo Experiment. Surveys in Geophysics, 24, 247-267. [5] Verhille, G. , Plihon, N. , Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. and Pinton, J. F. (2010) Experiments. Reviews, 152, 543-564. [6] Sokolov, D. D. , Stepanov, R. A. and Frik, P. G. (2014) Dynamo: Models to Laboratory Experiment. Success of Physical Science, 184, 313-335. [7] Dolginov, A. Z. (1987) Origins of of Earth and Celestial Bodies. Success of Physical Science, 152, 231-262. [8] Zeldovich, J. B. and Ruzmaikin, A. A. (1987) as a Source of Planetary, Solar and Galactic Magnetism. Success of Physical Science, 152, 263-284. [9] Arseniev, S. A. (2015) of Field of Earth and Planets. of Humanitarian and Natural Science, 4, 313-321. [10] Elsasser, W. M. (1939) On the Origin of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. Physical Review, 55, 489-498. [11] Vestine, E. H. (1954) The Earth’s Core.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: In addition to this reviewer 2 has suggestions about alternative or additional forms of statistical analysis. I let it for the decision of the authors if they want to pick up these suggestions. If they do not want to change their analysis, please give some comments about this decision. Download annotated manuscript Reviewer 1 · Jan 16, 2016 Basic reporting This is an excellent study. The questions are clear and the analyses are appropriate. and Figures need some clarifications to help readers. Table 1: add sample sizes Table 2: In the table caption, identify T as the test statistical and expand the acronym AIC and and briefly explain how it is used here. Most readers will know, but everything in a table should be briefly identified in table captions. Figure 2: Briefly explain in the table caption the meaning of infestation intensity so that readers can understand the scale on the Y-axis without going back to the Methods. Figures 3 and 4: Give correlation values and p-values on the figures so that readers can assess the lines that are shown Figure 4: Indicate whether the error bars are standard errors, confidence limits, or something else. The manuscript should be proof-read for a few remaining typographical errors (e. g. , unknow rather than unknown in one place; a missing "to" on line 289). I do not know if "All appropriate raw data have been made available. . . " Experimental design The methods are clearly described and the statistical analyses are appropriate. There are multiple ways of analyzing results such as these, but the authors have taken a reasonable approach. Validity of the findings The results are convincing and suggest strong, geographically variable, and potentially reciprocal, selection on these interacting species. This study appears to have been carefully done, carefully interpreted, and not over-interpreted. The conclusions do not go beyond the results. This is a very good paper, requiring considerable field and laboratory work. It is among the few studies have have assessed selection differentials among potentially coevolving species in many populations. The results suggest ongoing selection on the species and potentially ongoing reciprocal selection in some localities. Additional comments This is a nicely designed and analyzed study, suggesting the potential of a geographic mosaic of coevolution between these species. Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium (v0. 1)".

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ethnobotany is exclusively concerned with the plants used by indigenous tribes. [SEP] Text: 1993;31(4):255‒258. Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78(2‒3):193‒200. Oga S, Sertié JA, Brasile AC, et al. Antiinflammatory effect of crude extract from Guarea guidonia. Planta Med. 1981;42(3):310‒312. . Analysis of the from Leaves of Specimens of Guarea guidonia (L. ) Sleumer (Meliaceae). Journal of Research. 2005;17(3):271‒273. . Terpenoids from Guarea guidonia. Phytochemistry. 2002;60(4):333‒338. . 16,17-Seco- and 2,3:16,17-di-Seco-pregnanes from Guarea guidonia. J Soc. 2008;19(6):1073‒1077. LC-ESI-MS determination of quassinoids isobrucein B and neosergeolide in Picrolemma sprucei stem infusions. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1065‒1070. de Andrade- In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants. Oswaldo Cruz. 2007;102(3):359‒365. Biological activity of neosergeolide and isobrucein B (and two semi-synthetic derivatives) isolated from the Amazonian medicinal plant Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae). Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104(1):48‒56. Struwe L, Albert VA. A monograph of Neotropical potalia aublet (Gentianaceae: Potalieae). Systematic botany. 2004;29(3):670‒701. Duke J, R Vasquez. Dictionary. FL: 1994. Roumy V, Garcia-Pizango G, Gutierrez-Choquevilca AL, et al. Amazonian plants from Peru used by Quechua and Mestizo to treat malaria with evaluation of their activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112(3):482‒489. Gentry AH. Bignoniaceae, in Flora de Colombia, IdC Naturales.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Transactions—Union, 35, 63-72. [12] Runcorn, S. K. (1954) The Earth’s Core. Transactions—Union, 35, 49-63. [13] Dmitriev, A. N. (1980) About a of Existence of of Conductors. Exploratory Geophysics, 88, 125-129. [14] Dmitriev, A. N. (2007) Geological and for Research of Objects—Oil and 226 Tyumen: TGU. [15] Dmitriev, A. N. (2016) A on the Nature of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 44, 2001. [16] Zharkov, V. N. (1983) of the Earth and 416 M. Nauka. [17] Magnitsky, A. (2006) and Physics of the Earth 389 M. Nauka. [18] Kuznetsov, V. (2011) Physics of Earth 842 Novosibirsk. [19] Uffen, R. J. (1952) A Method of Estimating the Gradient in the Earth’s Mantle. Transactions—Union, 33, 893-896. [20] Tozer, D. C. (1959) Properties of the Earth’s Interior. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 3, 414-436. [21] Anzellini, S. , Dewaele, A. , Mezouar, M. , Loubeyre, P. and Morard, G. (2013) Melting of Iron at Earth’s on Fast X-Ray Diffraction. Science, 340, 464-466. [22] Kuznetsov, V. (2008) Introduction to the Hot Earth’s Physics 366 IKIR. [23] Kalashnikov, S. G. (1977) Electricity 592 M. Nauka. [24] Saveliev, I. (1970) Course. Vol. II 336 M. Nauka. [25] Martinson, L. K. and Smirnov, E. (2004) Quantum Physics. 496 M. MGTU im. N. E. Baumana. [26] Pavlov, P. V. and Chochlov, A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: PeerJ · Jan 21, 2016 Basic reporting Experimental design This is a great dataset with a correct “experimental” design. With those data it is possible to study how T. soror affects defensive alkaloids in seeds and leaves of the plants and whether these selective pressures affect the geographic variation on plant traits –such as the variation on levels of defensive compounds. However the current treatment of data is not completely satisfactory. Important but easy-to-fix changes in the analytical approach should we made in order to make this research correct. The general approach is great but there are some mistakes regarding the types of model used, or even the response variable in the latest two models (which are the more important in this ms). Note that I took the opportunity to analyze the data myself (from the dataset in the submission) and actually found that the effect of natural selection drives among populations variation on the concentration of alkaloids, thus the main message in the manuscript is not going to change once it is properly analyzed. I think that the phenotypic trait which should be studied in the latest two models is the content on defensive compounds. It should be analyzed how quantity of atropine and scopolamine in seeds and leaves (or altogether) affect the number of seeds surviving from predation. It would be also possible to make combinations of these four traits (for example, total alkaloids in seeds or in leafs, or total atropine or scopolamine in plants). The first step (which in my opinion is optional) could be to analyze how number of seeds saved from predation depends on the population, the number of fruits per plant, the atropine in seeds, atropine in leafs, scopolamine in leafs, scopolamine in seeds (correlations between phenotypic traits should be taken into controlling for colinearity issues). In this model interaction between population and each of the phenotypic traits should be included. This would shed some light in the issue of whether defensive compounds affect the reproductive output of plants (after predation, i. e. the number of seeds saved from predation) and whether that relationship is constant or varies among populations. Second step would be what you already have correctly performed. You properly run phenotypic selection analyses at the level of population.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All fungi are harmful and produce toxic compounds. [SEP] Text: Do fungi exposed to toxic waste produce novel antimicrobial agents? HonourBacked by. and 38 other backers-úñez-. and Eric D. : 10. 18258/4625$6,024Raised of $6,000 Goal100%Funded on 5/12/15Successfully Funded$6,024pledged100%fundedFundedon 5/12/15? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(58)Discussion (47)ProjectWe've discovered a few new mushrooms thriving in this harsh environment of land-disposed sewage sludge in Snoqualmie, Washington. We're testing these mushrooms for new antimicrobial properties. Microbes that survive exposure to toxic sewage sludge engage adaptive mechanisms that transform toxins into secondary metabolites. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? In a previous experiment, we identified several fungi that thrive when exposed to toxic sewage sludge. We achieved in vitro culture of one species (Mycena cinerella) under controlled conditions ( We are using this fungus as a model system to investigate antibiosis, the antagonistic interaction between two or more microbes that generally engages a chemical mechanism of action for competitive advantage. Harsh environments are investigated as potential sources of new pharmaceuticals, including new antibiotics. The antibiotic cephalosporin was first identified in a culture of the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium that was isolated from a sewer in Sardinia, Italy, in 1948 ( is the significance of this project? We are experiencing a decline in the discovery and development of new safe and effective antibiotics that represent new classes of drugs to defeat antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is spreading among pathogens, while new antibiotics entering the market continue to decline. A critical result is that both hospital-acquired and community-associated infections now affect more than 2 million patients annually in the US alone, and are responsible for more than 100,000 deaths. There is a clear and urgent need for the discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents from novel unexplored sources that are effective against antibiotic-resistant infectious agents. Our observations suggest that fungi exposed to toxic waste may represent a novel source of new antimicrobial agents. What are the goals of the project? We have identified four fungi that thrive in toxic sewage sludge. The first fungus will be evaluated for its ability to transform sewage sludge toxins into novel compounds that enable the fungus to compete in a harsh environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: F. (2000) Physics of Solid Bodies. Textbook 494 M. Vysshaya shkola. [27] Tyushev, A. N. (2011) Physics Lections: Part 5. 167 Novosibirsk, SGGA. [28] Pasynkov, V. V. and Sorokin, V. S. (2001) Materials of Electronic Technics. Series: Textbooks for Universities 368 Lan. [29] Lifshits, I. M. , Azbel, M. Y. and Kaganov, M. I. (1971) of Metals 416 M. Nauka. [30] Matveev, A. N. (1983) Electricity and Magnetism. 464 M. Vysshaya Shkola. [31] Juravlev, V. A. (2002) of Lections 240 M. Institute. [32] Plotkin, V. V. , Dyadkov, P. G. and Ovchinnikov, S. G. (2014) Identification of of in Lower Mantle: Inversion of Geomagnetic Data. Geology and Geophysics, 55, 1436-1445. [33] and Sokolova, E. U. (2008) Practical Physics: Quantum Physics. Physics of Elements 210 M. VVIA im. Prof. N. E. Jukovskogo. [34] Loper, D. E. (1984) Structure of the Core and Lower Mantle. Advances in Geophysics, 26, 1-34. [35] Hoffman, D. L. and Simmons, A. (2008) Earth 404 BookSurge Publishing. [36] Hansen, J. , Sato, M. , Russell, G. and Kharecha, P. (2013) Climate Sensitivity, Dioxide. [37] Kotlyakov, V. M. (2012) Causes and Results of Changes. Solar and Earth’s Physics, 21, 110-114. [38] Zachos, J. , Pagani, M. , Sloan, L. , Thomas, E. and Billups, K. (2001) Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292, 686- 693. [39] Yanovsky, B. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: By regressing each phenotypic trait (for example atropine in seeds) on the plant relative fitness (number of seed saved from predation relative to the average of the population) selective differentials are assessed (S). Also you understood, and I agree, that the important question in here is not the significance of those selective differentials within populations. The relevant question here is addressed on the next step –which is studying how the selective pressures explain variation on phenotypic traits among populations. On the third step selective pressures should be covariates explaining phenotypic traits at the population level (one model for each trait as response variable, one for average population atropine in seeds, another for average population scopolamine in seeds etc. ). This is where you performed an important conceptual mistake by running the models for the response variable “infestation” instead of the selected phenotypic traits which would be “alkaloids”. I agree with you with the importance of adding environmental covariates to control for other sources of variation in these models. If selective differentials are found to be significant in explaining the among population variation on defensive traits (and my analyses using your dataset shows they are indeed), then it would be actually possible to state that “natural selection by T. soror drives, at least in part, the variation on defensive compounds across D. stramonium populations”. Some minor considerations (Please also see notes on attached pdf) • Please use GLM instead of LMM because your response variables are not normal. It is better to analyze actual distribution of variables by means of Models which allow fitting response variables to different error distributions and link functions depending on the nature of the response variables. • Please send table 1 to supplementary materials. • Analyses in figure 3 should be done at the plant level including populations as random factor (not using population averages) and only necessary for the sound seeds, the rest (in my opinion) is redundant. You are trying to show that infestation changes fitness. If you use sound seeds as response, and infestation levels as predictors, at the same time population as random factor that would be a better approach. If you add the interaction of population with infestation level, and it proves significant, that would show how selective pressures by weevils on defenses vary among population. Another possibility is to escape this step altogether and show the analyses done only from the calculations of selection coefficients on.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All fungi are harmful and produce toxic compounds. [SEP] Text: The fungus will be cultured in fractions of sewage sludge extracts and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria that represent substantial threats to patients in clinical care and in the community. Fungal culture fractions that demonstrate antibiotic activity against the pathogens will be subjected to further separation and analytical chemistry to identify and characterize the active chemicals. The fractionation, culture and antibiotic activity methods used are standard laboratory methods for detecting antimicrobial activity. wait. . . The identification of antimicrobial agents by various conventional and technology-driven methods requires access to laboratory operations that specialize in fungal culture and extractive chemistry. We have engaged a local contract research laboratory ( that is expert in fungal culture and chemical fractionation work. Also, the contract laboratory will provide basic sewage sludge fractionation capabilities, plus initial evaluation of antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. Support for the definitive analytical chemistry methods for full characterization of any fractions or compounds identified as having antimicrobial activity will be budgeted in subsequent stages of the project. Endorsed byI’m glad to financially support the novel approach being proposed to detoxify sewage. Aside from the benefits of treating the millions of tons of toxic sewage being disposed in our forests and farms, this approach could lead to discovering of new antibiotic products to treat resistant infections. It’s great to see these kinds of projects both visible and available for community support. Ken MyerI am very excited to endorse this project. It is a fascinatingly worthwhile research endeavor. It not only provides the much-needed fundamental insights into the compelling biochemistry that permits these organisms to thrive in such acutely toxic environments, but also holds the promise of identifying novel sludge-induced metabolites possessing potent antimicrobial properties that can be parlayed into efficacious therapies for treating antibiotic resistant infections. The project epitomizes the power of imaginative science to provide for humanity both fundamental knowledge and profoundly applied benefit. A win-win situation! of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UniversityAnyone who plans to be alive in the next 30 or so years should strongly consider supporting Richard's efforts to develop novel antimicrobials. I am a PhD scientist actively involved in the field, and although I don't work with Richard, I applaud his efforts and am happy to have the opportunity to support his work financially.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: (1978) Terrestrial Magnetism. Parts 1, 2. 591 L. GITTL. [40] Kolesnikov, L. V. and Yudin, A. L. (2003) Materials Science. Part 2. for Laboratory Practice. 82 Kemerovo. [41] Boriev, I. A. (2012) of Impulse’s Electrons in Substance under Effect of Electricity and Time of Free Path. News of Science Academy, Engineering, 3, 105-112. [42] Monin, A. S. (1977) History of Earth 228 L. Science. [43] and David, J. (2004) CO2 as a of Phanerozoic Climate. GSA Today, 14, 4-10. [44] Serebrennikov, V. B. (2008) Temperature and in Anthropogen and Its Consequences. Peter’s Academy News. 9. [45] Korzun, V. A. (2009) Global Warming—Reality or Politicized Mith? (Perspectives of Development a “Green Economics” in Russia) 191 M. . [46] Petrovich, A. (2011) Canon of Ice Age. of 132 St. Petersburg. Nestor-Istoriya. [47] Prigogine, I. and Nicolis, G. (1977) Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems: Structures to Order through Fluctuations, J. Wiley& Sons, New York. [48] Butler, S. L. , Peltier, W. R. and Costin, S. O. (2005) of the Earth’s Thermal History: Effects of Inner-. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 152, 22-42. [49] Korotkih, A. G. and Shamanin, I. (2007) Hydrodynamics and Basics in Nuclear Reactors. Textbook 117 University. [50] Micheev, M. A. and Micheeva, I. M. (1977) Basics of Heat Exchange. 2nd Edition, stereotipe 344 M. Energiya. [51] Isachenko, V. P. , Osipova, V. A. and Sukomel, A. S. (1981) 416 M. Energoizdat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: • In the dataset and in the manuscript it is not clear when showing results on alkaloids if results are on alkaloids of seeds or leaves or a combination of both. In the next version of the paper this information should be clarified. Validity of the findings No comments Additional comments The manuscript “Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium to its specialized seed predator” constitutes a very interesting piece of information. The study of effects of natural selection on geographic variation of plant traits is not commonly addressed. This is a very meritorious approach which is very scarce in literature. The research aimed to find out if seed predation by T. soror on Datura stramonium caused selective pressures and if this natural selection drives differences in plant resistance among populations. It was already known that atropine in this species is a defensive compound to leaf herbivory but it was not known whether this defensive compound was also related to predation upon seeds. Besides this interesting approach I find another major strength on this manuscript. I commend the authors on the nice dataset they have collected. Ecological studies comprising a large number of populations across broad geographical scales are uncommon –despite many evolutionary questions in ecology should be addressed from this perspective. This study comprises 31 populations of D. stramonium across central Mexico in which between 21 and 30 individuals per population have been studied, although actually between 7 and 10 plants per populations were used in the main analyses. The level of infestation by T. soror and the levels of defensive alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine) both in leaves and seeds for 7-10 plants per population (278 plants) have been measured. Additionally, some environmental covariates at the level of populations (mean annual temperature and precipitation) have been collected –which is a very good idea so that some environmental variation can be controlled in analyses showing how T. soror affects defensive compounds in D. stramonium. Download annotated manuscript Cite this review as (2016) #2 of "Natural selection drives chemical resistance of Datura stramonium (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Jan 7, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All fungi are harmful and produce toxic compounds. [SEP] Text: Nick ConleyMeet the and Fertilizer, Quincy, WA and of the 's Doctoral research at the University of California, Riverside, CA, explored sexual reproduction in the fungal plant pathogen Phytophthora parasitica to discover biological controls for fungal diseases of agricultural crops. He was research microbiologist investigating extremophile microbes in Antarctica as part of US Program forJPL. He was Consultant to US Department of Energy as environmental monitor for energy development on Tribal lands in the Western US. He managed a national program of pediatric cancer clinical trials research at the University of Southern California, Cancer Center. He is a developer of novel antimicrobial agents for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. He is dedicated to the prevention of chronic diseases by identifying environmental contaminants and pollutants that incite disease, notably in sewage sludge disposed in forests and on agricultural lands. He is currently investigating the risk and threat posed by sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants disposed in forests and on farm lands that produce human food and food animal feed crops, and that adversely impact human and environmental health. The goal is to achieve abolition of land-disposed sewage sludge. Many forests and farms where toxic wastes are disposed are behind locked gates, so Richard gains access by mountain bike and hiking; research is not always done in the lab. Richard HonourThe Researcher’s doctoral research explored mechanisms of sexual reproduction in the Oomycetous plant pathogen Phytophthora parasitica. The objective was to discover biological controls for this and other Oomycetous plant pathogens and diseases, rather than increasing the use of chemical agents. Note: Oomycetes, or water molds, are more closely related to algae and green plants than to fungi. He was Microbiologist and in Antarctica for the US Program, as sponsored by NASA/JPL and the Foundation. He was consultant to the US Department of Energy as field environmental monitor for energy exploration projects on Tribal lands in the Western US. For ten years he was of a national program of pediatric cancer clinical trials research at the University of Southern California, Center. His specialty is the discovery and development of novel antimicrobial agents from sewage sludge and other harsh and toxic environments for use in the treatment of infections incited by antibiotic-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: [52] Buchmirov, V. V. , Rakutina, D. V. and Solnyshkova, J. S. (2013) Conductivity. for 36 Ivanovo. [53] Lykov, A. (1967) Theory of Thermal Conductivity. 599 M. Vysshaya shkola. [54] Stepanov, A. A. and Starchenko, S. (2005) in Mantle. “Researched in Russia”, 8, 1760-1770.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sign in through your institution Filter EvolutionThis issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term Advance 10. 1111/evo. 12353 Published: 01 May 2014 10. 1111/evo. 12353 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term selection operates on a sequence of events, from mating to offspring production. Which stages in this sequence undergo stronger selection, especially the relative importance of pre- versus postcopulatory processes, are intensely debated issues. Unequal siring success among mates of polyandrous females is classically taken as evidence for a large contribution of postcopulatory processes to the variance in male reproductive success (var(RSm)). However, paternity skews also depend on the timing and number of copulations, a source of variation that should be considered precopulatory rather than postcopulatory. We develop a method for decomposing var(RSm) accounting for copulatory activity and apply it to experimental mating groups of the snail Physa acuta. In our experiment, 40% of var(RSm) emerges at the precopulatory stage, only half of which depends on variation in mating success (number of partners). Ignoring copulation characteristics can therefore lead to severe underestimation of precopulatory sexual selection. Moreover, although only 36% of var(RSm) arises at the postcopulatory stage, this is when sexual selection on body weight mostly occurs. Finally, trade-offs were detected between different components of precopulatory success, whereas pre- and postcopulatory success appear independent. Our study opens the way to a detailed quantitative understanding of sexual selection in polyandrous species. Bateman gradients, hermaphrodite, phenotypic trade-offs, Physa acuta, sperm precedence, variance decompositionThe theory of sexual selection aims at understanding how individuals improve their fitness through reproduction (Darwin 1871; Andersson 1994; Arnqvist and Rowe 2005; Pannell and Korbecka 2010). Sexual selection is usually defined as selection arising from differences in mating success (MS) among individuals (Arnold 1994; Arnold and Duvall 1994).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All fungi are harmful and produce toxic compounds. [SEP] Text: He is dedicated to the prevention of chronic diseases by evaluating toxic chemicals in land-disposed sewage sludge in forests and on agricultural and rangelands, thereby eliminating land disposal and human exposure. Many forests and farms where toxic wastes are disposed are behind locked gates, so Richard gains access by mountain bike - research is not always done in the lab. Lab Notes58 Postedto Deadly ChemicalsDecember 2, 201524164101October 26, 20151182Maybe I’m A DeerOctober 12, 201501123Additional InformationA mysterious micro-fungus emerging directly from a lump of forest-disposed sewage sludge, where nearly all other microbes perish. An example of the micro-fungus (3 X 9 mm), now separated from sewage sludge, about to open its mushroom cap. A cluster of the small mushroom, identified as Mycena cinerella, thriving on the sewage sludge-covered forest floor several months following land-disposal of toxic sludge. A cluster of M. cinerella thriving on the sewage sludge-covered forest floor seven months after land-disposal of toxic sludge. M. cinerella growing and fruiting on forest floor debris, saturated in sewage sludge. M. cinerella adjacent to forest-disposed sewage sludge, with few other microbes in sight. Very few other Basidiomycetes are able to survive and thrive in the sludge-strewn forest environment. Very few other Basidiomycetes are able to survive and thrive in the sludge-strewn forest environment. M. cinerella in an adjacent forest-disposed sewage sludge site, with few other microbes to be seen. M. cinerella in an adjacent forest-disposed sewage sludge site, with few other microbes to be seen. First solid agar medium culture of M. cinerella. First liquid medium culture of M. cinerella. A typical forest disposal site for sewage sludge, now perhaps to be exploited as a novel harsh environment resource for the discovery, invention and ultimate pharmaceutical development of new antibiotics. A typical forest disposal site for sewage sludge, now perhaps to be exploited as a novel harsh environment resource for the discovery, invention and ultimate pharmaceutical development of new antibiotics. Project Backers48Backers100%Funded$6,024Total Donations$104. 56Please wait. . .

Output: contrast