Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: , frequency expressed as number of days) characterizing most of the 2019 summer was unprecedented, being 5 standard deviations above the 1981–2010 mean, confirming the exceptional nature of the 2019 season over Greenland. Despite being similar in terms of runoff and SMB, the 2012 and 2019 exceptional melting seasons differ in terms of atmospheric patterns that drove those exceptional conditions, highlighting the importance of studying the spatiotemporal evolution of the atmospheric quantities, rather than only looking at integrated indices such as NAO and GBI. In the future, we plan to analyze how the frequency and occurrence of GPH anomalies have been changing at higher levels (e. g. , 300 hPa, 100 hPa) to quantify potential missing links between the stratosphere and the troposphere that might be responsible for the exceptional conditions. We plan to look at these potential linkages during the fall and winter months, when the coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere is stronger than in summer, and we will explore the potential influence of winter and spring conditions on the summer atmosphere. As mentioned in the Introduction, understanding the role of atmospheric circulation changes in the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet is a crucial step for improving estimates of its current and future contributions to sea level changes. This assumes even more importance when considering that such exceptional conditions are not captured by the datasets (CMIP5, Hanna et al. , 2018b), and they can increase the projected surface mass loss by a factor of 2 according to Delhasse et al. (2018). Data availability All MARv3. 10 outputs presented here are available on ftp://ftp. climato. be/fettweis/MARv3. 10/Greenland/NCEP1_1948-2019_20km/ (Fettweis, 2020a). Remote sensing data are available at the links mentioned in Sect. 2. 1. The MAR code is available at (Fettweis, 2020b). Author contributions MT and XF conceived the study. MT collected and analyzed the remote sensing data and performed the atmospheric classification using the SOMs. XF generated the MAR outputs. Both authors contributed to the analysis and to the final version of the paper. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: For instance, according to results of recent study of ‘(Action for Health in Diabetes)’ study group upon large scaled group of 4,503 Type II diabetes patients conducted dietary control and exercise therapies together for 1 year, the HRRs after maximum exercise along with weight losses were reported to be improved significantly [8]. Wasmund et al. (2011) [9] also reported significant decreases of HRR after maximum exercise (average 13 beats/min) and heart rate in steady state attributed to the weight loss from gastrectomy. Furthermore, Brinkworth et al. (2006) [10] reported that the HRRs of obese men having risk factors of metabolic syndrome were significantly decreased by weight loss through dietary control. And the HRR of obese and over-weighted woman having polycystic ovary syndrome accompanied insulin resistance was reported to be significantly decreased after 10 weeks of intervention experiment carried out through the low calorie diet of 30% dietary restriction [11]. Thus the weight loss due to gastric resection or dietary restriction decreases the HRR significantly. Significant decrease in post-exercise HRR due to weight loss was reported however, views upon factors involved in changes of HRR through such dietary restriction were not presented. Meanwhile, the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) has been emphasized as a strong indicator predicting the cardiovascular death rate of men [12,13]. In the recent context of concurrent decrease in cardiopulmonary physical strength and HRR [14], the relationship between physical strength improvement due to weight loss through dietary restriction and HRR of obese men should be investigated. Differences of HR between in perspectives of 1 minute or 2 minutes after maximum exercise were simply adopted for the actual assessment of HRR but Kim et al. (2009) [15] presented the ‘HRR decay constant’ as a new indicator for the assessment of HRR after exercises. However, studies on effects of weight loss due to dietary restriction upon ‘HRR decay constant’ are yet to be conducted. As mentioned before, classical HRR was employed in prior studies for the assessment of people having diverse diseases (e. g. , metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, diabetes, familial hypercholesterolemia etc. ) thus information upon factors involved in such changes particularly upon changes in physical strength is not sufficient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Given that Galileo’s tiny telescope allowed him to see the moons of Jupiter, and discern individual stars in the ‘milk’ of the Milky Way, the capabilities of today’s telescopes are truly amazing. But, for astrobiology, size is not enough. There are several other developments that we need to understand. First, so obvious that it hardly needs to be said, the advent of photography in the 1800s, and its later coming together with telescopes in the form of astrophotography. Second, Earth’s atmosphere is a major cause of distortion in the business of seeing clearly into space. As is well known, stars don’t twinkle – they only seem to do so because of atmospheric effects. The main exoplanet-detecting telescopes have been placed above the atmosphere so that this distortion is avoided. These are the Kepler and TESS space telescopes (more on which in 2021. Another will be a future space telescope, which, at the concept stage, was called an acronym of Large Ultra-Violet, Optical, and Infra-Red (telescope). This design survived NASA’s 2020 decadal survey, which produced its report in late 2021 due to the Covid pandemic. However, it was scaled down in size for reasons of cost. The primary mirror will be of a smaller diameter than was originally envisaged. When constructed, the diameter will be about 6 metres – still a considerable size for a space telescope. Its final name will probably be different. In the immediate aftermath of the decadal survey, some astronomers jokingly suggested simply losing the L (large) and calling it UVOIR, but a better name will almost certainly be found. The ability to see across the boundary between visible and infrared light that characterizes both and means that they will be ideally placed to see oxygen biosignatures. This point brings us to the other important development in telescopes that we need to examine: the use of a technique called spectroscopy. Here’s the basic idea behind this technique, as applied in space telescopes for astrobiological purposes. You look at light from a distant source – say a star that has an orbiting planet. In fact, you look at it twice, once when the planet is behind the star or a long way off to one side, and once when it is transiting – i. e. in front of its star from our perspective.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: & Board 144. View Share at There is a firm evidence that polar ice-caps are, in places, swiftly melting. This is both in response to emergence from the last ice age but also ongoing rises in atmospheric carbon dioxide. In the Arctic and the the number of glaciers retreating and retreat rates are increasing and there is much consensus on some effects of this on biodiversity. Ice reduction is leading to new sea- ways, and habitat for ice associated organisms is regionally dying out. More light and heat will get entrance into the water column, increasing primary productivity and sinks for CO2. Melt water flow into seas is causing freshening, stratification, and near-shore sedimentation. These factors negatively influence on biodiversity by clogging and burying the plankton eaters living on the seabed. Changes in water-mass properties and current dynamics will influence the deeper communities of animals, even the deep sea by, for example, by carrying less oxygen. Such processes will make polar regions more susceptible to invasive species. species is a loss to global biodiversity and some evidence suggests particular sensitivity to environmental aspects. alteration pattern; Global warming and sea-rise; Black aerosols; Third-polar ice; Biodiversity impact Temperature alteration pattern 1. expression "polar ice cap" to be one thing of a name, because the term ‘ ice cap’ itself is applied to all the barely bodies that square measure over land, and canopy underneath fifty thousand km2 with larger bodies square measure alluded to as ice sheets [1]. The structure of the ice can fluctuate. For example, Earth's pole covers square measure principally water ice, although Mars' polar ice covers square measure a mix of robust carbonic acid gas and water ice [2]. Polar ice covers structure since high-scope regions get less energy as sun oriented radiation from the Sun than central districts, conveyance regarding lower surface temperatures. Earth's polar covers have modified drastically throughout the foremost recent twelve thousand years. Occasional types of the ice covers happens owing to shifted sun high-powered energy bodily process because the planet or moon rotates round the Sun. what is more, in geological time scales, the ice covers might develop or contract owing to setting selection [3]. 2. Importance of ocean ice keeps the polar areas cool and helps moderate worldwide atmosphere. Ocean ice contains a splendid surface; eightieth of the daylight that strikes it's mirrored once more into house.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effects of diet induced weight loss on ‘HRR decay constant’ in obese men who were free from medication for diseases, and to assess its relevance to cardiorespiratory functional capacity and blood constituents as a factor involved with changes in heart rate after maximum exercise. and data preparation Subjects of this study selected among people currently living in ‘T’ city were recruited by telephone counseling and posted handbills. People having orthopedic, cardiac, and/or metabolic disorders who would be inadequate for the exercise of this study were excluded from the subjects. Particularly, people under medication (for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia etc. ) were excluded except selected 18 normal obese male subjects. subject’s measurement was measured at least 10 hours overnight fasted states. Heights of subjects were measured by digital instrument (TBF-215; Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) of which precision was 0. 1cm, and subjects’ weights on barefoot with inner wear were measured by scale (TBF-215; Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) of which precision was 0. 01kg. The BMI was obtained through dividing each value of weight by corresponding squared value of each height. Waist line was measured at the position of bellybutton. Average values obtained from two consecutive measurements were selected as measured values. Maximal aerobic capacity To measure individual maximal oxygen uptake of each participant, at least 5 minutes warming up mainly consisted of the stretching of quadriceps muscle of thigh, hamstring muscle, and gastrocnemius was practiced at the fitness center. Using the bicycle ergometer (818E; Monark, Stockholm, Sweden), the cardiorespiratory functional capacity was measured as in the report of a previous study [15]. After completing the 2 minutes warm up at 0W, the exercise was started at 15W. Load of 15W was gradually added at every minute to the limit of each subject’s capacity. Respiration and breathed gas were measured through the automated gas exchanging system (Oxycon α system; Mijnhardt, Breda, The Netherlands). Heart rates during each exercise and rest were measured by ECG monitor (Dynascope; Fukuda-denshi, Tokyo, Japan). The breathing gas analyzer automa-tically made the point encountering two lines.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: You compare graphs of amount of light received versus wavelength for the two occasions (Figure 1. 1). Dips in the amount of light at particular wavelengths when the planet is in front of the star are interpreted as resulting from absorption of light by gases in the planet’s atmosphere. Since different gases have different characteristic patterns of absorption, you can identify them. Figure 1. 1 Detecting gases in exoplanet atmospheres. Left: amount of light received by a space telescope when the planet is ‘off to one side’ from our perspective. Right: amount of light received when the planet is in a direct line between its host star and the Earth. Note the dip in the amount of light received at a particular wavelength in the right-hand panel. If instead of looking at this graph you were looking at the light itself, after it had been split into its various colours by a prism, you would see a dark band at the wavelength (= colour) concerned. Such a dip (or band) is interpreted as the result of absorption by a particular gas in the planet’s atmosphere, and is known as an absorption band. Since different gases have different patterns of absorption centred on different wavelengths – in other words different ‘signatures’ – they can be identified. Some gases, notably oxygen, are regarded as biosignatures. As we will see later (in 2020. It gave its name to the famous Arecibo message broadcast by it into space in 1974. There are also large arrays of radio telescopes – for example ASKAP (Pathfinder), located about 700 kilometres north of the city of Perth, which started observing the sky in 2012. A of are about to feel the multidisciplinary nature of the search for extraterrestrial life that I mentioned at the outset, because we are about to move from the astronomical realm to its biological counterpart. In particular, we are going to move from the telescopes used in the search for habitable planets – and ultimately the life that’s on some of them – to the search for a workable definition of life. How can we search for life if we can’t define it? And yet the task of defining life is not an easy one – even in the restricted context of planet Earth (are viruses alive? ). It’s more difficult again to attempt a definition that will work in a cosmic context. But an imperfect definition is better than nothing – so here goes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: As ocean ice softens within the middle year, it uncovered the dim ocean surface. Instead of reflective eightieth of the daylight, the ocean retains ninetieth of the daylight. As per logical estimations, each the thickness and degree of summer, ocean ice within the Icy have shown a sensational decay within the course of recent years. This is often in keeping with perceptions of a warming Cold. The deficiency of ocean ice in addition will presumably quicken a worldwide temperature alteration patterns and to alter atmosphere styles [4]. Ice sheets are important markers of associate degree Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental modification severally. Softening ice sheets raise rising ocean levels. The deficiency of frosty ice likewise diminishes the live of latest water accessible for plants and creatures that require new water to endure [5]. 3. Difference between Caps and the facts demonstrate that the two ice sheets and ice floes are huge masses of ice that can be found in cold districts, there is a significant contrast between them. Fundamentally, ice sheets begin ashore, and ice floes structure in vast water and are a type of ocean ice [6]. Glacial masses are shaped by the recrystallization of day off other strong precipitation that doesn't altogether soften, in any event, during dissolving season. The fallen snow packs over numerous years (at a rate that relies upon temperature and wetness) into ice. A glacial mass may likewise acquire mass from the refreezing of meltwater at its base. Despite the fact that glacial masses are taken care of essentially by snowfall, they may likewise develop because of freezing of downpour, hail, hoarfrost, and rime; torrential slides may contribute snow to an icy mass also. Ice sheets are found in Cold territories, Antarctica, and on high mountains in mild and even heat and humidity. Icy masses that stretch out in ceaseless sheets and cover a huge landmass, like Antarctica or Greenland, are called ice sheets [7]. In the event that they are comparable however more modest, they are named ice covers. Icy masses kept to a way that coordinates their developments are mountain ice sheets, those that spread on level ground at the foot of a glaciated area are piedmont glacial masses, and those that spread from a glaciated district onto the sea are ice racks [8]. Ice floes, then again, are made of frozen seawater.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: ; Group 3: greens, vegetables, seaweeds, fruits etc. Group 4: milk fat, sugar or sweeteners etc. ), and participants were encouraged to take total 1680 kcal daily by taking 560 kcal at each meal where 80 kcal was counted as 1 nutritional point. Participants recorded ingested foods every week in amounts of carbohydrate, fat, and protein and these records were analyzed by professional dietician. Data analysis All data presented in this study were calculated by statistical package of SPSS Version 20 to produce descriptive statistics (mean ± standard error). Analyses between variables before and after respective measurement employed the paired-t test. To verify the relevance of heart rate decrease coefficient with each variable the Pearson's correlation coefficient was extracted. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures with post hoc Bonferroni was used to analyze the time course in post exercise HR. Level of all statistical significance was set as α =. 05. of exercise loads No participants appealed chest pains or pains in hip or knees during gradual maximum exercise tolerance test through bicycle ergometer and abnormal wave mode in electrocardiogram (e. g. ST segment elevation or depression) or abnormal heart beat (e. g. decrease in HR despite of increase in exercise intensity etc. ) were not observed. All obese male subjects participated to the test showed BMIs over 25 kg/m2 and the basic physical characteristics of voluntary subjects are summarized in Table 1. Changes in blood parameters after low-calorie diet program Changes in blood constituents after weight loss compared to those before weight loss are summarized in Table 2. Blood lipid, TC, and TG were all decreased significantly (p < 0. 05). Serum enzymes, and γ-GTP as parameter of liver function, were also significantly decreased respectively. Regarding changes in variables related with blood glucose, the HOMA-IR which is an indicator of insulin resistance was significantly decreased along with significant decreases of blood glucose, insulin, and HbA1c (p < 0. 05). Variables related with HRR and heart rate after weight loss Before the experimental intervention, changes in HRR right after each maximum exercise manifested significant negative correlation with the heart rate in steady state (r = -0. 545, p < 0. 19). Through the low calorie diet weight loss program conducted for 3 months the body weights and BMIs were significantly decreased (p < 0. 05).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: One way of looking at a definition is as an abstract generalization about a class of entities that’s based on prior knowledge of many concrete individual entities of the sort concerned. So, let’s start with a list of ‘concrete’ living entities – organisms – on our home planet. Not a complete list, of course, for that would include more than a million names. But we don’t need a complete list, nor even a particularly lengthy one. A short one will suffice, and indeed is preferable, in terms of not drowning in detail. Here it is: humans, snails, whales, trees, toadstools, and bacteria. A definition of ‘X’ – in this case ‘life’ – only works if we also have entities that we know are ‘not X’, which in this case means ‘not life’, or alternatively ‘inert objects’. Here’s a short list of such objects, all of which are generally agreed not to be living things: rocks, clouds, cars, smoke, and water. Of course, some of these entities might contain life forms – for example a cloud might contain airborne microbes – but that’s not the same thing as a cloud actually being a living organism itself. And in one case – cars – they’re made by life forms, but again that’s something different. So, the question is this: how do we word an abstract definition of life so that it includes all of the things that we think of as living and none of those that we think are not? There are different ways of doing this, and I have no intention of surveying them all. That would be both boring and pointless. Instead, I will focus on the definition that I think works best. I call it the RIM definition of life. These letters stand for the following three attributes of life forms: Reproduction, Inheritance, Metabolism. So, an entity that has all three RIM attributes is alive, while an entity with none of them is not. We’ll get to the annoying grey area in the middle shortly. Now is the moment for a warning about the risk of infinite regress. To define life, it’s necessary to define reproduction, inheritance, and metabolism. This could lead to a need to define words that occur in these definitions, and so on indefinitely.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: In quiet conditions, a soupy suspension of precious stones assembled frazil sticks to shape sheets and afterward keeps on developing by a base freezing measure named congelation. Under more tempestuous conditions, frazil precious stones gather into flapjacks. As they develop, they thicken and stack on top of each other, in the long run shaping ice floes. Ice floes are genuinely portable and float about on the sea's surface. The organization and life pattern of ice floes in the are unique in relation to those in the [9]. 4. Causes of Polar ice caps and glaciers have been melting slowly due to various reasons; the climate change being the main reason. Some of the main reasons for shrinking of ice caps are described below: Burning of fossil fuel Increase in deforestation Oil and gas drilling Ships breaking the ice bergs Ocean warming 4. 1 Burning of fossil fuel The heat that is produced during burning of the fuels like coal, gas and oil cause the melting of the ice caps. It has been studied that at this rate the melting of the Antarctic ice will cause the sea level to rise up to 50m. This rise in sea level can be prohibited if global warming is restricted or controlled. The greenhouse gases have already caused a lot of damage to the ice caps, hence there should be some other fuels used that are less harmful. 4. 2 Increase in deforestation Deforestation has a lot of adverse affects, one of the effects is the increase in melting of ice caps with deforestation. The effect lies in the fact that as more and more trees are cut down, clear landforms are formed which alters the wind speed and also indirectly links with the precipitation. Thus, deforestation leading to climatic disturbances ultimately shrink the ice caps faster. For example, the effects of deforestation have been evaluated for [10]. Global warming plays an important role in the whole process of shrinkage of the ice caps. 4. 3 Oil and gas drilling The process of extraction of oil and gas and other fuels result in the release of methane. Methane has heat locking ability and increases global warming. It is more hazardous for the environment than carbon dioxide. Hence, with rise in global warming the glaciers start melting. 4. 4 Ships breaking the ice bergs According to NSIDC ( Center) the shipwrecks and accidents of the ships with the large icebergs can also lead to shrinking of the ice caps.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: This study was designed to examine changes in the independent factor (the ‘HRR decay constant’) related with cardiovascular death rate and was introduced as a new indicator for the assessment of recovery rate of heart rate to be changed by weight loss induced by low calorie diet and, to investigate variables related with recovery rate of heart rate. The results of the study showed that the weight loss of obese middle aged men induced by low calorie diet significantly decreased the heart rate after maximum exercise and the fasting blood glucose and cardiopulmonary physical strength were appeared to be involved in such decrease in HR. In the recent study conducted to find the relevance of metabolism with heart rate recovery after maximum exercise [6], the decreased recovery of heart rate of juveniles after maximum exercise practiced by bicycle ergometer was reported to be related with the waist circumstance as the obesity indicator and was inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood glucose, cholesterol, neutral fat, and/or blood pressure. Deniz et al. (2007) [17] compared the heart rate recovery for 1 minute after maximum exercise in groups of males aged in their 20s who were classified into groups by the presence of metabolic syndrome, and reported the significantly decreased HRR in the group having metabolic syndrome. For results of pathophysiological studies, Karjalainen et al. (2012) [18] examined the recovery rate of heart rate after maximum exercise from patients grouped by the presence of diabetes and coronary heart disease and reported that the patients of coronary heart disease having diabetes together showed significant low recovery rate of heart rate compared to other patients without diabetes, and interestingly, the recovery rate of heart rate was also reported to be related with obesity and physical activity more closely than other complications or terms exposed to diabetes. Tigen et al. (2009) [19] reported that the reduced recovery rate of heart rate of obese people after maximum exercise was related with left ventricular systolic dysfunction along with the decrease in motor function. Results of such studies lead us to the hypothesis suggesting that the dissipation of obesity through weight loss or through increased physical activity employed exercises might be related with the recovery rate of heart rate. Actually, the exercise training improves the heart rate recovery rate after maximum exercise. Kim et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: You’ll be pleased to know that I’m absolutely not going to go down that road. However, I am going to briefly consider each of the three components of RIM. Since these three things are crucial in allowing us to distinguish life forms from inert entities – potentially throughout the universe – it simply won’t work if we’re fuzzy about their meanings. This point was brought home to me when I was reading the Introduction to astrobiology written by the planetary scientist David C. Catling in 2013. With regard to metabolism, Catling says the following: ‘All life metabolizes but so does my car. ’ I don’t agree with him, but I see what he means. The burning of a fuel such as petrol powers a car in much the same way as the burning of a fuel such as glucose powers a living organism. is right to see a parallel. But he’s wrong – in my view – to equate automotive and biological ‘metabolism’. I have an instinctive feeling that the two are different in some fundamental way, and perhaps you do too. But what is it? Of course, the fuels are different, but that’s not the best approach to this issue, because we can’t guarantee that the fuel of alien life is glucose. Here’s a better approach. A life form metabolizes right from the start; a car doesn’t. An organism is not simply a collection of cells, membranes, vesicles, filaments, and so on, that is inert until some point in its life when it gets fired up with an infusion of glucose or some other fuel. In contrast, a car is an object of precisely this latter sort. It’s a collection of metal and plastic parts that gets built in stages and hasn’t a whiff of ‘metabolism’ until after it’s complete – or has reached its ‘adult’ stage, to stretch the use of that term – and someone turns on the ignition. So, to be a life form from a metabolic perspective you need to be metabolizing right from the start. Even the very first cell of a new human or other animal – the zygote – metabolizes. An organism is an intrinsically metabolizing thing. Its default state is to metabolize.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Any icebreaker cruising into the large pieces of ice exposes more surface area of the glaciers to the sun and hence contributes to melting. 4. 5 Ocean warming The temperature of the oceans increases as they absorb almost 90% of the earth's warmth. This is the reason for the marine glaciers melting which are on the poles near Alaska. 5. Effects of The melting of polar ice caps has impacts on various fields of biodiversity and ecology. Some of the effects are described below: 5. 1 Increase in global mean temperature The anthropogenic global warming has caused a lot of changes in the cryospheric elements like the Arctic ice sheets, the Greenland and the mountain glaciers. These changes can lead to increasing the global mean temperature GMT. On average the evaluated median additional global warming is 0. 43 degrees Celsius [11]. 5. 2 Effect on carbon cycle The carbon cycle is one of the most significant processes for keeping the ecological community alive. Recent studies have shown the icebergs as important factors in the continuation of this cycle. Thus the melting of ice caps has also affected the carbon cycle and may lead to drastic ecological changes [12]. 5. 3 Effect on the marine ecosystem The polar ice caps and glaciers play a crucial role in maintaining the marine ecosystem and biodiversity. Their role extends to the sea temperature, circulation and sea ice formation. They impact the marine food webs which are dependent on the temperature and climate. Thus due to melting of these icebergs many problems are faced by the marine world [13]. 5. 4 Effect on wildlife The ice caps are linked with a number of factors that affect the tundra wildlife. The sustainability depends on these ice caps so when they melt they affect herbivore populations, thaw-induced collapse of structures used by wildlife for reproduction, and thermal erosion of ice wedges reducing waterfowl habitat [14]. Glaciers are directly linked with the increasing sea levels. This is leading to a number of consequences causing problems for domestic lifestyle due to increased risks of floods, as well as the wildlife interrupting their usual migration cycles and other problems. 5. 5 Effect on sea levels The melting of ice caps increases the sea level casing problems for domestic lifestyle [15]. 5. 6 Scarcity of freshwater Studies show that the melting ice caps continuously would result in less downstream of fresh water. Indus, Brahmaputra and Ganges basins—fed by Asia glaciers are subjected to face loss of glacial water in the coming years.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: (2009) [15] examined the ‘HRR decay constant’ which were introduced as a new substitute marker for heart rate recovery after maximum exercise carried out for 3 months in groups of obese men classified by the presence of metabolic syndrome, and found the heart rate of obese men free from metabolic syndrome after maximum exercise practiced by bicycle ergometer were not significantly changed along with significant decrease in weights (average 3. 0 kg), and on the contrary, reported that the obese men belonged to the group of metabolic syndrome manifested the significant decrease in heart rate after maximum exercise (0. 31 ± 0. 02 %/sec to 0. 35 ± 0. 02 %/sec, p > 0. 05) along with the decreases in weights. This implies that changes in autonomic nerve system of heart might be dependent more upon metabolic characteristics of obese people than the weight loss induced by exercise program. There are prior studies investigated the influences of weight loss of obese people upon changes in heart rate after maximum exercise. Brinkworth et al. (2006) [10] reported results from the study on heart rate recovery of obese men after maximum exercise conducted for 3 months along with low calorie diet where the heart rate for 1 minute after maximum exercise practiced by treadmill after 12 weeks of weight loss program limited 30% of energy uptake was significantly decreased and this decrease was significantly related with the body weight loss (r = -0. 41, p = 0. 008). And the significant relevance of weight loss with reduced blood glucose (r = 0. 37, p < 0. 01) was also reported [10]. Such results were accorded with results of this study. But different from results reported by Brinkworth et al. , 2006 [10] the results of this study upon changes in recovery rate of heart rate after maximum exercise was presented by employing the new indicator, the ‘HRR decay constant’. Of course, in prior studies, the recovery rate of heart rate was measured at various time zones. For instance, maximum heart rates at 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, and/or 5 minutes were measured for the analysis of differences. But the ‘HRR decay constant’ in prior study was derived from the equation reflecting the decrease in heart rate measured at the most frequent time zone of 2 minutes. In this study, the relevance of maximal oxygen consumption was presented to explore factors involved with changes in post-exercise heart rate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: However, to call life forms perpetually metabolizing things would be a step too far. We’re all familiar with hibernation – in hedgehogs, for example. This is a state of reduced metabolic activity in cold weather. And there’s the related phenomenon of aestivation – reduced metabolic activity in hot dry weather, as is found in some Mediterranean snails. But these two states are eclipsed by a more extreme one called cryptobiosis (‘hidden life’), in which metabolism may be reduced to zero, or very nearly so. The best example of animals exhibiting cryptobiosis are the tiny invertebrates called tardigrades, or water bears. These have played an interesting role in astrobiology, as we’ll see later. So it’s appropriate that they should feature in our discussion here of the definition of life. When environmental conditions become too extreme for a tardigrade to maintain normal, active, rapidly metabolizing life, it converts itself into a static, low-or-zero metabolizing structure called a tun. Both this state and the normal active state are shown in Figure 1. 2. When conditions improve again, it can convert back from a tun into an active, mobile, metabolizing tardigrade. But this fact doesn’t really cause us difficulties of definition. As long as we stick with a view of organisms as ‘intrinsically metabolizing’ rather than ‘perpetually metabolizing’, then we’re ok. Figure 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. That was a quick look at ‘metabolism’. Now, what about reproduction? Cars don’t reproduce. Neither do rocks or clouds of smoke. Organisms do. Perhaps this is more straightforward, then, than the case of metabolism? Well, not entirely. Regrettably, not all adult humans can reproduce. But those who can’t are no less alive than those who can.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: The fresh water availability will be ultimately affected [16]. 5. 7 Effect on coral reefs The sea level rises due to glacial melt which has a number of consequences. The coral reefs serve various benefits for the ecological sustenance. But they are sensitive to the fluctuating temperatures and heat shocks which they face due to the increasing global warming. Thus the melting of icebergs is also very harmful for the coral reefs. 5. 8 Shortage of electricity In major parts of the world, the electricity is dependent on the flowing water which comes from the gradually melting ice caps. But if this source is terminated there will be an energy crisis faced by the world. The production of electricity through other means can lead to pollution. 6. of Melting of The polar ice caps are melting approximately six times faster than in 1990s. Most of the ice loss occurred in Antarctica and Greenland due to poor climatic conditions. Checking out the changes in polar glaciers and ice streams is a concerning task because they are an appreciable indicator of global environmental change. There is a survey done on polar ice by many organizations including radar altimetry (ICESat), SPOT 5 stereoscopic analysis of polar ice, International polar year project (IPY) [17]. ice extent 1978 7. 5 million square kilometers 1982 7. 3 million square kilometers 1986 7. 1 million square kilometers 1990 6. 8 million square kilometers 1994 6. 45 million square kilometers 1998 6 million square kilometers 2002 5. 8 million square kilometers 2006 5. 5 million square kilometers 2010 5 million square kilometers [18] Table : Statistical table. and Antarctica, in 1990s there was 81 billion metric tons loss of polar ice caps. In 2010, the loss arose to 475 billion metric tons In 2002, Chunk of ice from the East side of broke. Figure 1: Ice sheets melting and a threat to polar bears. Figure 2: Polar ice caps melting is a threat to biodiversity. 7. Caps in 2020 A Siberian heat wave in spring 2020 caused the Arctic ice melting season coming earlier because of the high Arctic temperature 14 to 18 degrees Fahrenheit (8-10C). An analysis by NASA and Center suggests that 2020 minimum extent is only 3. 74 million square kilometers [19]. It is said by Nathan Kurtz, scientist at NASA’s in Greenbelt Maryland. “The earlier the melt season starts, the more ice you generally lose” 8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Changes in heart rate after maximum exercise reflecting the function of vagus nerves in cardiovascular autonomic nerve system and the maximal oxygen consumption are related with cardiovascular risks respectively, and are the strong indicators predicting death rates. These factors suggest the involved relevance to changes made through weight loss. In this study, the weight loss achieved through dietary restriction manifested the significant relevance with ‘HRR decay constant’ and changes in maximum oxygen consumption. However, changes in maximal oxygen consumption along with actual dietary restriction were mostly due to the reduced amount of fat. Though they were not identified in this study, reviews on the relevance of changes in physical composition such as fats and muscle mass etc. to ‘HRR decay constant’ might be needed in further studies. Recent study [20] investigated obese women before menopause who improved life styles without dietary restriction for 3 months reported that the recovery of heart beat after maximum exercise showed the decrease in perspective of 60 seconds after the maximum walking exercise on treadmill (from 21. 3 ± 6. 2 to 27. 8 ± 10. 2 beats/min, p < 0. 05). Such results differ from results of changes in heart rate (-33. 5 ± 3. 4 to -34. 6 ± 2. 8 beats/min, p > 0. 05) measured in perspective of 60 seconds after maximum exercise conducted in this study. Actually, this comes from the difference in test protocols. Protocols related with finding heart rate recovery normally use treadmill or bicycle ergometer. Though differences in maximal heart rate may be appeared in the same period of times as mentioned before but influences of each training and dietary restriction upon HR would be different from each other. And physiological characteristics of subjects could also produce different results. Particularly, in cases of measuring temporal heart rates right after aerobic exercises from supine and/or sitting positions in the examination of exercise tolerance test showed different responses in HRR respectively [21]. That is, different interpretations might be obtained along with different cool-down protocols. In deriving conclusions of this study, there were limitations as follows: First, the autonomic nerve system of heart was not directly measured in this study. However, as it was identified in prior studies, the recovery of heart rate after maximum exercise reflects the autonomic nerve system of heart [22,2]. For the second, the heart rate after maximum exercise defined in the protocol was an assessment upon the recovery period of 2 minutes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: In bees and ants, there are whole castes that can’t reproduce – workers, for example. These are no less alive than reproductive drones and queens. Also, cases are known where two species occasionally interbreed, producing offspring that are typically sterile – such as the mule, a hybrid between a horse and a donkey. So, we have to use reproduction as a characteristic of a species rather than of every individual, in our attempts to draw a line between life and non-life. Now we come to the third attribute included in the RIM definition of life – inheritance. This applies to all life forms on Earth, though in different ways to some than to others. We humans are most familiar with the sort of inheritance that is associated with sexual reproduction, in which, as we can plainly see, offspring tend to resemble one or both parents more than they do other members of the overall population. Most other animal species have sexual reproduction, so the same phenomenon applies, even though, for example, we humans find it hard to distinguish degrees of similarity among different individual houseflies. Inheritance still applies in the world of asexual reproduction, which is much more common in bacteria and other microbes than it is in animals. A population of a particular kind of bacterium that reproduces in this way can be thought of us a collection of clones. Each parent, on its own, produces progeny that are genetically identical to itself, so the within-clone variation is zero at the level of the gene (unless a mutation occurs), and may be quite small at the level of the organism. In contrast, the between-clone variation is greater. Since clones are to all intents and purposes families, the situation regarding inheritance is broadly the same. Finally, we must be equally careful in deciding what entity to apply inheritance to, as we were in using the term reproduction. Inheritance applies to the relationship between generations, not to individual organisms taken alone. Of the three RIM attributes, metabolism is the only one that can be applied to individuals considered in isolation from other members of their family, population, or species. In summary, the RIM definition of life can be constructed something like this.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: is sometimes referred to as ‘a third pole’ because of the icy region it contains. Recent thinning of glaciers over the Himalayas has been a hot debate as these glaciers supply water to large river systems. 9. (BC) aerosols are released from incomplete combustion. They are badly affecting weather, temperature and hydrology. Black aerosol covers are also having an impact on snow cover. In Himalayas, from 1990 to 2000 ice cover decreased by 0. 9% due to aerosols. Due to aerosol emission, this decline has reached to 36% [20]. 10. is a large ice cap found in the western Kunlun mountains on the surrounded by 30-40 meter ice walls. Decreased precipitation rates in the Himalaya region is having disastrous effects of ice belts [21]. In this region, ice core of 6200m altitude has been reduced to 3080m. 11. about The amount of water locked up in ice and snow is about 1. 7% of all water on Earth, but the majority of total fresh water on Earth about 68. 7% is locked up in ice caps [22] Polar ice caps are about 15 million years ago. However, certain scientists suggest that south polar ice cap was decayed so it is no more than three million years ago Portions of ice caps melt and refreeze as the seasons change In the last 100 years. Melting ice has caused the sea level to rise upto 8 inches 12. ice cap decreases to a very small size in every September and then begins to regrow again. The extent of that dwindling is shrinking by 14% after every ten years. If there is less ice, more radiations from the Sun would be absorbed by open water and there would be only minute reflection back into the atmosphere. There, no ice would be formed therefore, the Arctic ice has reached beyond a “Tripping point”. Giant walls and cooling tunnels are the best ways to save polar ice from melting Tunnels can be built under the ice through which the ice can be thickened and there would be least drainage into oceans and lakes By cooling hot bedrock underneath.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2005. Exercise and Reviews 33(4):p 169-174, October 2005. Free AbstractExercise generally results in less weight loss than expected and it is frequently observed that men and women do not respond equally to exercise for weight loss. This may be caused by differences in compensation by other components of energy balance or to differences in the energy expenditure of exercise observed between genders. Men appear to lose more weight than women in response to exercise, and this is likely caused by greater compensation for energy intake for women compared with men, and a diminished energy expenditure of exercise for women compared with men. exercise is recommended during weight reduction by virtually every public health organization; however, the role of exercise is generally considered secondary to energy restriction for the treatment of obesity. The classic explanation for the secondary role of exercise is that exercise alone cannot generate enough energy expenditure to create a negative energy balance to the extent possible with energy restriction and thus the role of exercise is diminished for weight loss. This review discusses the interactive components of energy balance, the magnitude of exercise that is necessary for weight loss, and the difference between genders for weight loss in response to exercise, including potential compensation in the components of energy balance. Finally, we propose a model based on previous research to test for gender differences for weight loss in response to exercise. ? Energy balance refers to an equal amount of energy intake and energy expenditure. Obesity is the result of excess energy intake compared to energy expenditure. To lose weight, a negative energy balance must be evoked, and to maintain lost weight, energy balance must be maintained. To illustrate, Figure 1 shows energy intake, energy expenditure, and the standard components of energy balance. Figure 1. : Static model of energy balance. (A) Weight gain; (B) weight loss; (C) weight maintenance. PRO, protein; CHO, carbohydrate; SPA, spontaneous physical activity; TEF, thermic effect of food; RMR, resting metabolic rate. Although the concept of energy balance appears simple, it is deceptively so. Energy intake consists of all ingested foods and beverages with an energy value. Control of energy intake is subject to a host of environmental, behavioral, biological, and genetic influences. Measurement of energy intake is notoriously difficult and prone to error. Men and women routinely underestimate energy intake by 30 to 50%.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: An entity is alive if (1) it has intrinsic metabolism; (2) it belongs to, or is descended from, a group (species) that reproduces sexually, asexually, or through a mixture of the two; and (3) there is inheritance of organismic features from one generation to the next. If it has none of these features, it is not alive. Now we get to the grey area mentioned above. What happens if an entity has one or two of these attributes, rather than zero or three? I’m quite confident that most entities on planet Earth can be classified as living or non-living on the basis of the RIM definition, as given above. However, there is an important exception: viruses. Are these entities tiny subcellular organisms, or very large and complex, but non-living, molecules? Most people think of them as being alive, but is this intuitive feeling justified? Viruses have no metabolism. At its simplest, a virus is a piece of hereditary material made of nucleic acid (sometimes DNA, sometimes RNA) wrapped in a protein coat. Its size is orders of magnitude less than that of a single cell. Viruses operate by entering host cells and hijacking their molecular machinery to make offspring viruses. It’s clear from this brief description that viruses have the R and the I of RIM, but not the M. So they possess two out of the three attributes of life. However, this statement has to be qualified in an important way. Viruses can’t reproduce outside of a living cell of their host organism, be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, or a microbe. So their reproduction, and hence their inheritance, is not intrinsic. Perhaps we could conclude that they score half, half, and zero on the RIM scale, thus giving them an overall score of one rather than two. Whatever exact score we give them, the conclusion is inescapable: viruses inhabit a grey area between life and non-life. A of searches for alien life in general, and intelligent alien life in particular, are very different endeavours. We’ve already seen that they involve different wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum, and consequently different designs of telescope. Searching for signatures of oxygen is centred on the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Earth’s climate changes naturally and such changes in the intensity of sunlight reaching the earth cause cycles of warming and cooling that have been a regular feature of the Earth's climatic history. Some of these solar cycles - like the four glacial-interglacial swings during the past 400,000 years - extend over very long time scales and can have large amplitudes of 5 to 6°C. For the past 10,000 years, the earth has been in the warm interglacial phase of such a cycle. Other solar cycles are much shorter, with the shortest being the 11 year sunspot cycle. Other natural causes of climate change include variations in ocean currents (which can alter the distribution of heat and precipitation) and large eruptions of volcanoes (which can sporadically increase the concentration of atmospheric p1. Variations in average surface temperature from year 1000 to year 1860; year 1860 to 2000 annually averaged and year 2000-2100 projected average temperatureFrom year 1000 to year 1860 variations in average surface temperature of the are shown in Fig. 1, but corresponding data from the was not available and hence it was reconstructed from proxy data (tree rings, corals, ice cores, and historical records). The line shows the 50-year average, the grey region the 95% confidence limit in the annual data. From years 1860 to 2000 are shown variations in observations of globally and annually averaged surface temperature from the instrumental record; the line shows the decadal average. From years 2000 to 2100 projections of globally averaged surface temperature are shown for the six illustrative SRES scenarios and IS92a using a model with average climate sensitivity. The grey region marked "several models all SRES envelope" shows the range of results from the full range of 35 SRES scenarios in addition to those from a range of models with different climate sensitivities. The temperature scale is departure from the 1990 value. 1. 5. What happens due to climate change? Shifting weather patterns, threaten food production through increased unpredictability of precipitation, rising sea levels contaminate coastal freshwater reserves and increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, and a warming atmosphere aids the pole-ward spread of pests and diseases once limited to the tropics. Ice-loss from glaciers and ice sheets has continued, leading, for example, to the second straight year with an ice-free passage through Canada’s Arctic islands, and accelerating rates of ice-loss from ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Energy expenditure consists of resting metabolic rate (RMR), the thermic effect of foods (TEF), spontaneous physical activity (SPA), and exercise. Energy expenditure can be measured with reasonable precision in the laboratory, but the cost is appreciable, it has a high burden on the individual, and it is not suitable for population studies. It may appear that calculating energy intake and energy expenditure is a relatively simple matter of addition and subtraction, and this is frequently the method used to calculate a negative energy balance in the attempt to lose weight. Unfortunately, it is not so simple because the components of energy balance are interactive, as shown in Figure 2. As energy expenditure increases, a second component or multiple components of energy balance may change or “compensate” and, in turn, weight loss may not occur. For example, an individual may attempt to lose weight with a 500-kcal negative energy balance using a reduced energy diet. However, diets have been shown to diminish RMR and SPA; therefore, the intended energy deficit may be less than planned or absent altogether. Figure 2. : Dynamic model of energy expenditure. Illustrates the possible changes in the components of energy balance that may occur with an increase in exercise. SPA, spontaneous physical activity, TEF, thermic effect of food. RMR, resting metabolic rate. ? There are limited choices an individual can make in the attempt to evoke a negative energy balance for weight loss. The most common method for weight loss is dietary restriction; however, diet does not provide a long-term solution because more than 50% of individuals who lose weight through diet eventually regain the weight they lost. Among the reasons, “exercise should be considered for weight reduction” is the simplistic argument that it can be. That is, exercise and SPA are the only components of energy expenditure that are under voluntary control. If RMR or TEF were under voluntary control, an individual could simply overeat and increase their RMR or TEF and remain weight-stable. Exercise can account for almost no energy expenditure or a great deal of energy expenditure across a 24-h period. Exercise is generally thought of as planned behavior that is different from SPA. Although SPA requires energy expenditure, it is apparent that many individuals do not achieve a great deal of energy expenditure with SPA on a routine basis as evidenced by the dramatic increase in overweight and obesity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Among the primates, the great apes stand out, and among these, of course, humans represent an apex. Rather than pretend that it’s possible to create a cross-species numerical scale of intelligence, let’s simply acknowledge five broad-brush levels: zero (e. g. sponges), little if any (e. g. worms), some (e. g. jumping spiders), a lot (e. g. octopuses, crows, most mammals), and ‘high’ (humans). Counterparts of these may well eventually be found among the life forms of other planets, though there may also be a further category (‘very high’) on some of them, the nature of which we can only dimly conjecture. Now let’s poke further into the ‘high’ category here on Earth. Human tool-making is thought to have originated about three million years ago – in the form of stones fashioned for hammering and chopping. That was a significant milestone. Wheels and writing – two further important milestones – were invented thousands rather than millions of years ago. Telescopes were invented a few hundred years ago – around 1600, as we’ve already seen. And radio transmission was achieved in the years around 1900, with the Italian scientist being a key figure. Here’s an important caveat. The pattern of increasing sophistication of human inventions over time can’t be mapped directly to a pattern of increasing intelligence in time. Human brain size reached its present level more than 100,000 years ago. Brain size is a very blunt instrument, but even when more subtle aspects of the brain, such as its shape, are taken into account, the brains of members of our species – Homo sapiens – seem to have reached something resembling the present-day condition by about 50,000 years ago. Not only that, but the Neanderthals alive at that time had brains that were at least as big as ours. So humans of 50,000 years ago probably had an intelligence level not dissimilar to that of an average human alive today.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Combined with thermal expansion—warm water occupies more volume than cold—the melting of ice sheets and glaciers around the world is contributing and an ultimate extent of sea-level rise that could far outstrip those anticipated in the most recent global scientific assessment. Advertisement 2. Alarming evidences due to climate changeThere is alarming evidence that important tipping points, leading to irreversible changes in major ecosystems and the planetary climate system, may already have been reached or passed. Ecosystems as diverse as the Amazon rainforest and the Arctic tundra, for example, may be approaching thresholds of dramatic change through warming and drying. Mountain glaciers are in alarming retreat and the downstream effects of reduced water supply in the driest months will have repercussions that transcend generations. Climate feedback systems and environmental cumulative effects are building across Earth systems demonstrating behaviours we cannot anticipate. 2. 1. Deforestation and climate changeForests are vital for life, home to millions of species, they protect soil from erosion, produce oxygen, store carbon dioxide, and help control climate. Forests are also vital for us to live as they provide us with food, shelter and medicines as well as many other useful things. They also purify the air we breathe and water that we need to survive. Deforestation by humans is causing reduction in all of these necessary functions, and hence damaging the atmosphere even further. Forests play a huge role in the carbon cycle on our planet. When forests are cut down, not only does carbon absorption cease, but also the carbon stored in the trees is released into the atmosphere as CO2 if the wood is burned or even if it is left to rot after the deforestation process. Smaller crops e. g. plants and agricultural crops also draw in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, however forests store up to 100 times more carbon than agricultural fields of the same area. Deforestation is an important factor in global climate change. Climate change is because of a buildup of carbon dioxide in out atmosphere and if we carry on cutting down the main tool we have to diminish this CO2 build up, we can expect the climate of our planet to change dramatically over the next decades. It is estimated that more than 1. 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere due to deforestation, mainly the cutting and burning of forests, every year.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Thus, during the attempt at weight loss, individuals are generally counseled to maintain SPA and increase exercise in the attempt to create a gap between energy intake and expenditure. existent literature appears to provide little evidence that exercise alone is a potent strategy for weight loss. Epstein and Wing (5) completed the first review of weight loss studies using meta-analytic techniques in 1980 and found that exercise alone showed a 1. 15-kg weight loss in a typical 12-wk program. More recently, College of Position Stand, “Appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults,” acknowledges that there is little evidence to suggest exercise alone will provide the amount of weight loss similar to that generally achieved by diet restriction (7). The lack of efficacy for exercise to promote weight loss may in part be caused by the relatively low levels that have been used in exercise studies. Frequently, levels are derived from exercise standards that are intended to promote cardiovascular fitness, not to promote weight loss. For example, a recent 12-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) used an energy equivalent of approximately 1200 kcal·wk−1 (low) or approximately 2000 kcal·wk−1 (high) with overweight men and women (13). The group with the low energy equivalent lost only approximately 1% of baseline weight and the group with high energy equivalent lost approximately 3. 5% of baseline weight, both below the NHLBI recommendations. Current evidence indicates that higher levels of exercise than previously recommended may be necessary to promote weight loss. of Medicine has issued guidelines suggesting that 1 h of moderately vigorous exercise may be necessary for weight management. This is supported by two studies from Ross et al. , who determined that energy expenditure of exercise of 500–700 kcal per day for 12 wk provided weight loss of approximately 6 kg for women (11) and approximately 8 kg for men (10). In both of these studies, energy intake was closely controlled to baseline levels and dietary counseling was provided throughout. Similar findings have been shown in men, but not women, in a long-term RCT that provided a minimum of 400 kcal·d−1 of energy expenditure of exercise with ad libitum diet (3). Using identical exercise prescription criteria (intensity, frequency, duration), men achieved approximately 3000 kcal energy expenditure of exercise per week, and this was effective to provide a weight loss of approximately 6% for men (Fig. 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Marconi’s ability to send radio signals across the Atlantic in the early twentieth century was probably not so much a consequence of human evolution in the last 50,000 years as it was a consequence of being able to build on a wide range of discoveries and inventions that had taken place in previous history, and on the prediction of radio waves by the Scottish physicist Maxwell in the 1860s. It’s important to keep in mind this point that the mapping of the level of technology of a society to the level of intelligence of its members is complex. However, it’s also important to be pragmatic when trying to come up with a working definition. I’m going to use the ability to send and receive radio waves as indicating that a certain threshold of intelligence has been reached, because searches of a SETI type are largely conducted using radio, and the only beings we’ll detect by conducting these searches are those who can send out powerful signals (radio or possibly laser) into space. The relevant intelligence threshold may have been reached thousands of years earlier, but that’s not important from a practical perspective. Questions We’ve now considered what we’re looking with – telescopes plus various associated techniques including spectroscopy. And we’ve also thought carefully about what we’re looking for – both life in general, as defined by reproduction, inheritance and metabolism, and intelligent life with advanced technology in particular, as defined by the ability to send and receive radio signals. Our final job, before venturing out into the cosmos to take its measure, is to be clear about the key questions we’re asking in our endeavour to understand what has sometimes been called ‘the biological universe’. There are two of these questions, or perhaps more accurately two groups of questions, as follows. First, a group that I think of as being about the geography of alien life. These are questions about distribution in space. For example: Is life only found on planets orbiting stars, or might it be found in other places too, such as rogue planets (which don’t orbit anything) or moons, which orbit planets? Where is the closest life – and the closest intelligent life – to us? How many inhabited bodies are there, at various levels of spatial scale from the solar system through the galaxy to the universe as a whole? Are there planetary systems in which more than one planet is inhabited?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: 11, 2012)ice sheet is likely to be more vulnerable to global warming than previously thought. The temperature threshold for melting the ice sheet completely is in the range of 0. 8 to 3. 2 degrees Celsius of global warming, with a best estimate of 1. 6 degrees above pre-industrial levels, shows a new study by scientists from the for Research (PIK) and the de Madrid. Today, already 0. 8 degrees of global warming has been observed. Substantial melting of land ice could contribute to long-term sea-level rise of several meters and therefore it potentially affects the lives of many millions of people. The time it takes before most of the ice in Greenland is lost strongly depends on the level of warming. "The more we exceed the threshold, the faster it melts," says Alexander Robinson, lead-author of the study now published in Change. In a business-as-usual scenario of greenhouse-gas emissions, in the long run humanity might be aiming at 8 degrees Celsius of global warming. This would result in one fifth of the ice sheet melting within 500 years and a complete loss in 2000 years, according to the study. "This is not what one would call a rapid collapse," says Robinson. "However, compared to what has happened in our planet's history, it is fast. And we might already be approaching the critical threshold. "In contrast, if global warming would be limited to 2 degrees Celsius, complete melting would happen on a timescale of 50. 000 years. Still, even within this temperature range often considered a global guardrail, the Greenland ice sheet is not secure. Previous research suggested a threshold in global temperature increase for melting the Greenland ice sheet of a best estimate of 3. 1 degrees, with a range of 1. 9 to 5. 1 degrees. The new study's best estimate indicates about half as much. "Our study shows that under certain conditions the melting of the Greenland ice sheet becomes irreversible. This supports the notion that the ice sheet is a tipping element in the Earth system," says team-leader of PIK. "If the global temperature significantly overshoots the threshold for a long time, the ice will continue melting and not regrow -- even if the climate would, after many thousand years, return to its preindustrial state. " This is related to feedbacks between the climate and the ice sheet: The ice sheet is over 3000 meters thick and thus elevated into cooler altitudes as shown in Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Women undergoing an identical exercise program achieved a verified energy equivalent of approximately 2000 kcal·wk−1 and were weight-stable, but did not lose weight (Fig. 3). Thus, with increased levels of energy expenditure of exercise, weight loss has been shown in men, but to a lesser extent in women. This suggests a gender difference or differences in compensation in response to exercise and this possibility is further discussed. Figure 3. : Body weight across 16 months between exercisers and controls by gender. (A) Men. (B) Women. EX, exercise; CON, control. Means with different letters are different within the exercise group, P ≥ 0. 05. *Significant differences between exercise and control groups. ? Although men generally show greater weight loss than women in response to exercise (1), men and women are frequently reported together when expressing the results from exercise trials, and this makes it difficult to discern gender effects. When data for men and women are combined, the only comparison that can be made is a between-group comparison. If gender data are combined and there are significant differences between the exercise and control groups, it is not possible to determine whether one of the genders is primarily responsible for between groups differences or if both genders contributed equally. The ability to determine gender effects is further compromised because approximately 70 published studies of exercise for weight loss since 1960 do not report final sample size by gender (6). Although there are difficulties interpreting the literature for differences for genders in response to exercise for weight loss, there is reason to believe the difference in the energy expenditure of exercise for men and women plays an important role. However, investigation of this premise is compromised because the energy expenditure of exercise is rarely measured and reported in investigations of exercise for weight loss. In addition, it is not adequate to use an energy expenditure of exercise that has been estimated from a test of maximal oxygen consumption completed at baseline and that is not updated across the duration of the study. The energy expenditure of exercise will decrease as the individual becomes more efficient, as fitness improves, and as weight is lost. In turn, this may diminish the magnitude of weight loss. In most investigations, exercise is prescribed and reported as intensity, frequency, and duration. Frequency and duration are easily quantified; however, intensity is generally reported either as a target heart rate or at a subjective level such as “brisk walking.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Second, a group of questions that I think of as being about the biology of alien life. These are questions about the nature of life forms, wherever they are found. For example: Is life usually (or always) based on carbon? Is it usually dependent on water? Is life usually made of cells or cell-like units? Are large life forms common, and do they usually arise from the evolution of multicellularity rather than by some other means? Are there features of large multicellular life forms that are to be expected to occur widely across multiple planets, for example skeletons? How does intelligent life arise from unintelligent beginnings, and are there parallels in the evolution of intelligence from one planet to another? Although these two groups of questions are reasonably distinct from each other, they are not without overlap and interaction, as I mentioned earlier. For example, by now we are fairly sure that, Earth aside, there are no multicellular life forms in the solar system, even though the possibility of microbial life having evolved on some local body – for example Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus – remains a possibility, as we’ll see in 5. In contrast, it seems highly probable that there are plenty of rocky bodies scattered across our galaxy that have large life forms as well as microbes. Some authors have argued against this – notably the American scientists in their 2000 book Rare Earth. These authors argued that Earth possessed a combination of unique features that was unlikely to be replicated elsewhere. However, that was before the discovery of Earth-like exoplanets, and their argument no longer seems tenable. As we proceed, these two groups of questions – about the geography and biology of alien life – will always both be at least in the background. In particular 1. 1 Detecting gases in exoplanet atmospheres. Left: amount of light received by a space telescope when the planet is ‘off to one side’ from our perspective. Right: amount of light received when the planet is in a direct line between its host star and the Earth. Note the dip in the amount of light received at a particular wavelength in the right-hand panel. If instead of looking at this graph you were looking at the light itself, after it had been split into its various colours by a prism, you would see a dark band at the wavelength (= colour) concerned.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: 2(a). When it melts its surface comes down to lower altitudes with higher temperatures, which accelerates the melting. Also, the ice reflects a large part of solar radiation back into space. When the area covered by ice decreases, more radiation is absorbed and this adds to regional warming. Figure 2. a) ice sheet is likely to be more vulnerable to global warming than previously thought. The temperature threshold for melting the ice sheet completely is in the range of 0. 8 to 3. 2 degrees Celsius of global warming, with a best estimate of 1. 6 degrees above pre-industrial levels, shows a new study. Today, already 0. 8 degrees global warming has been observed. (Credit: © Fotolia); (b)This visualization, based on new computer modeling, shows that sea level rise may be an additional 10 centimeters (4 inches) higher by populated areas in northeastern than previously thought. Extreme northeastern and Greenland may experience even higher sea level rise. (Credit: Graphic courtesy Letters, modified by UCAR)The scientists achieved insights by using a novel computer simulation of the Greenland ice sheet and the regional climate. This model performs calculations of these physical systems including the most important processes, for instance climate feedbacks associated with changes in snowfall and melt under global warming. The simulation proved able to correctly calculate both the observed ice-sheet of today and its evolution over previous glacial cycles, thus increasing the confidence that it can properly assess the future. All this makes the new estimate of Greenland temperature threshold more reliable than previous ones as shown in Fig. 2(b). 3. 2. 2. Arctic sea ice shrinks to smallest extent ever recordedSea ice in the Arctic has shrunk to its smallest extent ever recorded, smashing the previous record minimum and prompting warnings of accelerated climate change. Satellite images show that the rapid summer melt has reduced the area of frozen sea to less than 3. 5 million square kilometres this week from 27 August 2012 – less than half the area typically occupied four decades ago. Arctic sea ice cover has been shrinking since the 1970s when it averaged around 8m sq km a year, but such a dramatic collapse in ice cover in one year is highly unusual. A record low in 2007 of 4. 17 million sq km was broken on Monday, 27 August 2012; further melting has since amounted to more than 500,000 sq km.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: ” With this prescription, heavier individuals will usually have greater energy expenditures compared to lighter individuals, as will men compared to women, even when all individuals are performing the same relative levels of exercise. For example, in a 16-month RCT of exercise alone for weight loss, men and women received identical exercise prescriptions based on intensity, duration, and frequency, and the energy expenditure of exercise was measured at 4-month intervals using indirect calorimetry (3). Verified exercise heart rates for men were 154 ± 11 bpm and 156 ± 9 bpm for women. Using 24-h energy expenditure from doubly labeled water (DLW) and RMR from indirect calorimetry, the Index (PAI) was calculated as 24-h energy expenditure divided by RMR. Men and women showed increases from baseline to 16 months of PAI 1. 51 ± 0. 34 to PAI 1. 83 ± 0. 55 and from PAI 1. 60 ± 0. 23 to PAI 1. 74 ± 0. 15 at 16 months, respectively. Men achieved an average of 667 ± 116 kcal per exercise session compared with women, who achieved an average of 438 ± 88 kcal per exercise session, for a mean difference of 229 kcal per exercise session. When kilocalories were expressed per unit of fat-free mass, men had an energy expenditure of exercise of 6. 7 ± 0. 8 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass and women had 5. 4 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass (P < 0. 05). As a result of this exercise program prescribed at relative intensity, men lost 5. 2 ± 4. 7 kg, and women gained 0. 6 ± 3. 8 kg. Thus, either a gender difference exists and women compensate for exercise to a greater extent than men (i. e. , SPA, energy intake, etc. ) or the difference was caused by the different levels of energy expenditure of exercise found when prescribing exercise by relative amount rather than targeting the desired energy expenditure of exercise. The discrepancy between the energy expenditure of exercise for men and women may contribute to the observation that women generally lose less weight than men in response to exercise. exercise to be effective for weight loss, the real question is, “will exercise provide a negative energy balance without substantial compensation from other components of the energy balance equation?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Such a dip (or band) is interpreted as the result of absorption by a particular gas in the planet’s atmosphere, and is known as an absorption band. Since different gases have different patterns of absorption centred on different wavelengths – in other words different ‘signatures’ – they can be identified. Some gases, notably oxygen, are regarded as biosignatures. As we will see later (in 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. You have by Loading. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: The record, which is based on a five-day average, is expected to be officially declared in the next few days by the Centre (NSIDC) in Colorado. 's data shows the sea ice extent is bumping along the bottom, with a new low of 3. 421m sq km on Tuesday, which rose very slightly to 3. 429m sq km on Wednesday and 3. 45m sq km on Thursday as seen in Fig. 3. Figure 3. The shrinking of the ice cap was interpreted by environment groups as a signal of long-term global warming caused by man-made greenhouse gas emissions. A study published in July in the journal Letters, that compared model projections with observations, estimated that the radical decline in Arctic sea ice has been between 70-95% due to human activities. Scientists have predicted on 31st August 2012 that the could be ice-free in summer months within 20 years, leading to possibly major climate impacts. "I am surprised. This is an indication that the Arctic sea ice cover is fundamentally changing. The trends all show less ice and thinner ice," said Julienne Stroeve, a research scientist with the NSIDC. "We are on the edge of one of the most significant moments in environmental history as sea ice heads towards a new record low. The loss of sea ice will be devastating, raising global temperatures that will impact on our ability to grow food and causing extreme weather around the world," said John Sauven, director of Greenpeace UK. Sea ice experts said that they were surprised by the collapse because weather conditions were not conducive to a major melt this year. The ice is now believed to be much thinner than it used to be and easier to melt. Arctic sea ice follows an annual cycle of melting through the warm summer months and refreezing in the winter. The sea ice plays a critical role in regulating climate, acting as a giant mirror that reflects much of the Sun's energy, helping to cool the Earth. David Nussbaum, chief executive of WWF-UK, said: "The disappearance of Arctic ice is the most visible warning sign of the need to tackle climate change and ensure we have a world fit to pass on to the next generation. The sheer scale of ice loss is shocking and unprecedented. This alarm call from the Arctic needs to reverberate across Whitehall and boardrooms. We can all take action to cut carbon emissions and move towards a 100% renewable economy. "Figure 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: ” It is apparent that the expected weight loss when calculated from energy expenditure of exercise is usually greater than what is actually observed. That is, when using a static model of energy balance it is possible to calculate the energy deficit (in theory) created by the energy expenditure of exercise and an energy value for a pound of weight loss may be assigned, and this is generally 3500 kcal. For example, if an individual were to have a calculated energy expenditure of 7000 kcal, the expected weight loss would be 2 lb (7000 kcal/3500 kcal = 2 lb). It is now known that energy balance cannot be accurately determined from a calculation using a static model. The components of energy balance are dynamic and likely react to changes in one component with compensation in another component. For example, it is well known that when energy intake is restricted, RMR decreases. Likewise, Liebel et al. (9) demonstrated that when overfed, men and women did not gain as much weight as calculated, and when underfed they did not lose as much weight as calculated. decreases during energy restriction, there is considerable evidence that RMR is preserved when weight loss is caused by exercise (15). Thus, the components of energy balance most likely to be responsible for compensation during exercise for weight loss are energy intake and SPA. It is well known that energy intake is underreported by as much as 20 to 50%, that women underreport more so than men, and that underreporting increases as overweight and obesity increases (12). For example, Donnelly et al. (3) reported a small increase in weight in response to 438 ± 88 kcal per exercise session (approximately 2000 kcal·wk−1) for 16 months in women. During this time, energy intake was monitored for six 2-wk periods in a cafeteria, and energy and macronutrient content was calculated using weigh-and-measure techniques. Additionally, 24-h energy expenditure was measured by DLW. Women had no changes for energy or macronutrient content of their diet and increased 24-h energy expenditure by 209 ± 555 kcal, yet lost no weight. Any compensatory mechanisms for increased energy expenditure of exercise by other components of energy expenditure (i. e. , ↓resting metabolic rate, SPA) were not sufficient to diminish the effects of exercise as evidenced by the increase in 24-h energy expenditure. Thus, in women, compensation through increases in energy intake is suspect.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Cite this book. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth, Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll, A. (2015). Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, A. 2015. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, Andrew H. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll A. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press; 2015. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: by Press 2015 Purchase book Life on a of Evolution on Earth - Andrew H. contributions by: Andrew H. Knoll in the series Library Cite this Share this this book Australopithecines, dinosaurs, trilobites--such fossils conjure up images of lost worlds filled with vanished organisms. But in the full history of life, ancient animals, even the trilobites, form only the half-billion-year tip of a nearly four-billion-year iceberg. explores the deep history of life from its origins on a young planet to the incredible Cambrian explosion, presenting a compelling new explanation for the emergence of biological novelty. The very latest discoveries in paleontology--many of them made by the author and his students--are integrated with emerging insights from molecular biology and earth system science to forge a broad understanding of how the biological diversity that surrounds us came to be. Moving from Siberia to Namibia to the Bahamas, Knoll shows how life and environment have evolved together through Earth's history. Innovations in biology have helped shape our air and oceans, and, just as surely, environmental change has influenced the course of evolution, repeatedly closing off opportunities for some species while opening avenues for others. Readers go into the field to confront fossils, enter the lab to discern the inner workings of cells, and alight on Mars to ask how our terrestrial experience can guide exploration for life beyond our planet. Along the way, Knoll brings us up-to-date on some of science's hottest questions, from the oldest fossils and claims of life beyond the Earth to the hypothesis of global glaciation and Knoll's own unifying concept of ''permissive ecology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: Arctic sea ice extent on 16 September 2012, in white, compared with the, Satellite data reveal how the new record low Arctic sea ice extent, from Sept. 16, 2012, compares to the average minimum extent over the past 30 years (in yellow) with reference to 1979, NASA/the UK climate and energy secretary, said: "These findings highlight the urgency for the international community to act. We understand that Arctic sea-ice decline has accelerated over recent years as global warming continues to increase Arctic temperatures at a faster rate than the global average. "is working hard to tackle climate change and we are working closely with our international partners not to exceed 2 degrees above pre industrial levels. I am calling for the EU to increase its emission target from 20% to 30% and will be taking an active lead at the change talks in Doha later this year, where I will push for further progress towards a new global deal on climate change and for more mitigation action now. The fact is that we cannot afford to wait". Canadian scientists said that the record melt this year could lead to a cold winter in the UK and Europe, as the heat in the Arctic water will be released into the atmosphere this autumn, potentially affecting the all-important jet stream. While the science is still developing in this area, the said in May that the reduction in Arctic sea ice was contributing in part to the colder, drier winters the UK has been experiencing in recent years as shown in Fig. 4. 3. 2. 3. Loss of Arctic sea ice '70% man-made'Study finds only 30% of radical loss of summer sea ice is due to natural variability in Atlantic – and it will probably get worse. Since the 1970s, there has been a 40% decrease in the extent of summer sea ice. Photograph: Alaska Stock/Corbis. The radical decline in sea ice around the Arctic is at least 70% due to human-induced climate change, according to a new study, and may even be up to 95% down to humans – rather higher than scientists had previously thought. The loss of ice around the Arctic has adverse effects on wildlife and also opens up new northern sea routes and opportunities to drill for oil and gas under the newly accessible sea bed as shown in Fig. 5. The reduction has been accelerating since the 1990s and many scientists believe the Arctic may become ice-free in the summers later this century, possibly as early as the late 2020s.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: is difficult to measure with accuracy. For example, Jakicic et al. (8) have reported that 45% of overweight and obese individuals overestimate the amount of SPA they achieve when self-report was compared to data from accelerometry. Perhaps the best estimation of SPA is derived from the estimation of 24-h energy expenditure from DLW combined with measurements of RMR, an estimation of TEF (i. e. , 10% of 24-h energy expenditure), and measurement of planned exercise. In this fashion, SPA is estimated as the energy left when these components are subtracted from 24-h energy expenditure derived from DLW. Washburn et al. (14) compared SPA obtained from DLW in 45 overweight sedentary men and women and found no significant differences across 16 months of exercise. When SPA from DLW was compared to SPA from physical activity questionnaires, women estimated SPA more accurately compared to men, and both men and women overestimated SPA with increased levels of overweight. To further complicate the issue, anecdotally it has been observed that when an exercise program is initiated, SPA temporarily declines because of fatigue but returns to baseline levels at some time point and may increase as fitness increases. Because it is the objective of an exercise program to add to total 24-h energy expenditure, it would be of value to know the time course for any potential changes in SPA; however, these data are not available in the literature. Thus, although exercise may evoke compensatory changes in the components of energy expenditure that would diminish the energy gap for weight loss, there is little evidence that this is the case and a more likely suspect for compensation is energy intake, especially in women. individuals do not respond to exercise in an identical fashion for weight loss. Bouchard et al. (2) reported the results from a highly controlled study in which participants were sequestered in an isolated research station and energy intake and exercise were tightly controlled for a 4-month period. Energy intake was prescribed at a level to maintain baseline weight and exercise was prescribed to create a 1000-kcal daily energy deficit. Reductions in body weight ranged from 3 to 12 kg, or 5 to 12% of initial body weight. Even more variations for weight loss may be shown between genders for the response to exercise. Our laboratory has completed two long-term exercise studies: one with women only (4) and one with men and women (3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Knoll's book will appeal to anyone interested in the evolution of life on Earth. ""This is not a textbook but rather a story, giving one person's view of how the jigsaw pieces fit together. It is written in flowing prose with many asides, personal anecdotes and explanations of what evidence there is and how it is used. . . . [F]or ecologists the book has much to offer in putting the early evolution of life into perspective. ""The author weaves a beautifully written, fascinating story of life's origin and development based on his extensive field studies and research in the most remote corners of the globe. . . . This volume. . . is a most valuable asset that should be read by scientists active in the field, by teachers and students who are interested in the most recent thoughts on the subject, and, in fact, by anyone who is interested in how life might have originated and evolved on this planet or on other similar planets in our Universe. "---Nathan Dubowsky, & Films"A detective story to match the best crime fiction. It is told withverve. "---Paul Nettleton, The Guardian"Knoll is well placed to tell this amazing story, and he does so with verve. "---Douglas Palmer, New Scientist"A balanced, excellent account of current theories and discussions of the origin and early evolution of life. . . . Knoll is able to convey difficult scientific issues with a minimum of jargon, using a brisk and witty prose. . . He is a gifted storyteller with a knack for choosing the right anecdote. . . . A browse through Knoll's book will enlighten both the cognoscenti and those unfamiliar with the complexities of reading a fossil record. . . . Knoll manages to present a multidisciplinary field in an interdisciplinary volume. "---Antonio Lazcano, American Scientist"Life on a stands apart from it predecessors in two fundamental respects. First, Knoll is perhaps the most qualified person to write such an epic: a renaissance man whose text is filled with insightful quotes from authors ranging from Darwin to Dickins to Dyson. . . . Second. . . this book describes the coevolution of life on Earth as an integrated biochemical system that has profoundly and irrevocably changed over time. "---Guy M. Narbonne, Science"is an ideal guide through this early phase of life's history on the Earth. . . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is accelerating the melting of the polar ice caps at an unprecedented rate. [SEP] Text: "Since the 1970s, there's been a 40% decrease in the summer sea ice extent," said Jonny Day, a climate scientist at the for at the University of Reading, who led the latest study. "We were trying to determine how much of this was due to natural variability and therefore imply what aspect is due to man-made climate change as well. "To test the ideas, Day carried out several computer-based simulations of how the climate around the Arctic might have fluctuated since 1979 without the input of greenhouse gases from human activity. He found that a climate system called the Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation (AMO) was a dominant source of variability in ice extent. The AMO is a cycle of warming and cooling in the that repeats every 65 to 80 years – it has been in a warming phase since the mid-1970s. Figure 5. Science correspondent The Guardian, Thursday 26 July 2012 by Alok Jha,Comparing the models with actual observations, Day was able to work out what contribution the natural systems had made to what researchers have observed from satellite data. "We could only attribute as much as 30% [of the Arctic ice loss] to the AMO," he said. "Which implies that the rest is due to something else, and this is most likely going to be man-made global change? "Previous studies had indicated that around half of the loss was due to man-made climate change and that the other half was due to natural variability. Looking across all his simulations, Day found that the 30% figure was an upper limit – the AMO could have contributed as little as 5% to the overall loss of Arctic ice in recent decades. The research is published online in the journal Letters. Day said that there are a number of feedback effects that could see the Arctic ice loss continue in the coming years, as the Earth warms up. "[There is] something called the ice-albedo feedback, which means that when you have less ice, it means there's more open water and therefore the ocean absorbs more radiation and will continue to warm," he said. "It's unclear what will happen – it definitely seems like it's going in that direction. "3. 3. Sea level rise due to global warming 3. 3. 1. Sea level rise poses threat to City(Mar. 16, 2009)Global warming is expected to cause the sea level along the northeastern U. S.

Output: corroborate