Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Car usage and ownership are typical examples from this area. Acceptance of technology in this context primarily means purchase, but as a rule also includes use. Particularly at the beginning of autonomous driving’s potential implementation, however, it may be assumed that not only the level of private or individual consumption plays a role, but also that the effects on various social spheres are publicly discussed and weighed up. This could include questions of whether we can permit vehicles in our transport system that will probably be involved in accidents just like conventional vehicles—but with the possible difference that the machine or driving robot causes the accident, not only endangering its own occupants but all road users. Recently there has also been the question of the common good (for more on this, see Chap. 30 on risk analysis and assessment Chap. 4 on the ethics of autonomous driving). It is possible that autonomous driving may bring with it other social or economic risks and consequences that could be the subject of public debate. It will thus also be important, in empirical terms, to demarcate the border between these two spheres—the individual and the societal aspects of acceptance—as clearly as possible, and to establish “how technological attributions come about as internally or externally controlled” ([14]: 32, translation by the authors). In general, no hostility to technology is visible in Germany, and in the sphere of its individual use, the reverse is even true. To a great degree, many German households have, and constantly use, everyday technological products (see [10, 17]). In summary, it is often said of autonomous driving that such vehicles will only be accepted if, on the one hand, they drive “better” than humans, and on the other, if the vehicle user can override the autonomous functions as a last line of control (see [4]: 2 ff). However, Grunwald reports elsewhere in this volume that risk perception is many times more complex than such statements would have us believe (see Chap. 30). Analogies to other technologies from these areas, and thus their experience of acceptance, tend to be difficult to make. Although we already have many examples of automated transport systems today (for instance airplanes, ships, (metro) trains, and military vehicles), they all still have humans with authority to supervise or control them. We do not yet have a vehicle or mobility system without this human authority ([4]: 6).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Наиболее контрастно это наблюдается по северному обрамлению Тихого океана, в Северо-Американских Кордильерах (например, месторождения Пого, Форт Нокс, Даблин Галч, с одной стороны, и Карибу, Джуно – с другой), на Северо-Востоке Азии (Чистое, Малыш, Тэутэджак и Наталка, Нежданинское) (Горячев, 2003). Это результат определенной вещественной эволюции золотого оруденения, при постоянном присутствии в рудах значительного количества кварца.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 2 연구 방법 본 연구에서는 VR HMD의 시각 시스템을 가진 기초 모의비행 훈련장치를 통해 조종사 비행훈련 시 구체적인 조종 훈련효과를 평가하기 위해 보편적으로 비행 훈련 시스템에 쓰이고 있는 모니터 기반 시각 시스템을 가진 기초 모의비행훈련장치(BATD:Training Device)와 VR HMD 기반 시각시스템을 가진 를 구축 하였다. 구축된 2가지 형태의 모의비행장치에 사업용항공기 조종자격을 보유하고 있는 실험조종사를 선발하여 탑승 시켰다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: For this reason, autonomous driving could place unique demands on acceptance. The question of which factors, characteristics, demands, expectations, value systems, of whom and to whom, and what, etc. is connected with autonomous driving’s acceptance—all this has not yet been sufficiently empirically recorded. Some studies dealing with the topic from market and opinion research have found a general and also increasing openness to autonomous driving (see [2, 18, 19]). But these do not make clear what the respondents actually understand as “autonomous driving,” in which context their perceptions and evaluations are embedded, and what challenges and obstacles, and also benefits, may be identified in relation to it. On the user side, surveys directly testing judgments of autonomous driving are currently also subject to the problem that, to date, neither broad levels of knowledge, nor concrete experience may be assumed. Attitudes and assessments recorded as such are therefore possibly of only limited validity, for the object of the survey is not yet clearly defined, as people have hardly encountered it. In their study on acceptance and electric mobility, Peters and Dütschke suggest the following: “Surveys of potential users, for instance questionnaires as to whether or under which circumstances they would be prepared to buy an electric car, have the problem that judgments on the new, still little-known system of electric mobility are difficult for consumers to make. As a rule, they rest on a comparison to conventional vehicles on the basis of previous mobility patterns” ([20]: 6, translation by the authors). A comparable assessment can be carried over to autonomous driving. The few studies that have considered aspects of autonomous driving’s acceptance give, in part, quite a heterogenous picture. In their study of active and passive safety systems, Frost and Sullivan show that the majority of car users to date resist the idea of giving up control of their vehicle to a machine or robot [21]. Other surveys, on the other hand, have demonstrated that young drivers between 19 and 31 in particular often find driving to be burdensome—specifically, driving can stop them addressing other, more important, meaningful or interesting activities: “Regulation keeps trying to say texting is distracting to driving but for the consumer it is really the driving that is distracting to texting” ([22]: 2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ОБСУЖДЕНИЕЭтапность формированияКак уже отмечено выше, анализ проявления орогенной золоторудной минерализации на фоне эволюции земной коры показал ее дискретность и существование большого перерыва в среднем–позднем протерозое (Саттран, 1984; Goldfarb et al. , 2005; Groves et al. , 2005). В целом наблюдается тесная корреляция значимости пиков золотоносности с пиками роста земной коры и орогенными событиями (Groves et al. , 2005), которые отвечают известным суперконтинентальным циклам (см. фиг. 1) (Goldfarb et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 1 모의 비행 훈련 장치 구축 및 개선 모의 비행 장치 구축에 있어서는 (Regulations) Part 41 및 141를 참고하여 [1] 모의비행장치 4가지 필수적인 구성요소를 적용하여 모니터 기반 시각 시스템을 가진 모의 비행 장치와 VR HMD 기반 시각 시스템을 가진 모의 비행 장치를 구축 하였다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: A poll of Europeans’ desires for the car of the future also revealed that some two thirds of respondents are open-minded concerning autonomous driving [18]. Although an international survey of car drivers in Germany, China, the USA, and Japan found openness in principle, it also showed that a large number of those questioned in all countries currently (still) harbor doubts about the technology’s safe operation [19] or are even rather scared of it [2]. 4 The Road-User PerspectiveDespite the haziness in the empirical methods outlined above, the main questions when looking at autonomous driving’s acceptance have to be: How is the acceptance object actually perceived? What acceptance-relevant issues, on either individual or social levels, are associated with the technology? The aim must be to obtain initial indications as to the dimensions of attitudes and values regarding acceptance, and to identify the concrete expectations, hopes, desires, even fears, linked with the development, use, and design of the technology (see [12]). Within the “Villa Ladenburg” project, the first work on individual and societal acceptance was therefore an exploratory study that took a broad look at the point of view of today’s road users—who are also tomorrow’s potential users of autonomous driving. In the process, essential issues of perceived use from a subjective perspective were considered. The survey also addressed discernible differences in different socio-cultural environments—in this case Germany and the USA. These are among the leading automobile nations, where wide-ranging debates on autonomous driving have already begun with media coverage of the topic having increased noticeably in the last two years. This indicates that autonomous driving is gradually gaining the public’s attention. 4. 1 MethodsThe study analyzed statements from comments on autonomous driving. The methodological approach took the form of an analysis of how online 4. 2 ResultsThe category system, consisting of almost 60 categories and subcategories, is divided into two levels. First there is an object-related level, which is also the more objective of the two. This encompasses statements that contained (positively and negatively) perceived features of the technology, as well as connected topics concerning its general and specific potential for development, and also those on the legal framework, liability questions, etc. Such statements are above all oriented around the object of acceptance, and simultaneously closely linked to the acceptance context.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015). Судя по многочисленным датировкам золоторудных месторождений разных этапов, они все формировались в процессе орогенных циклов, сопровождавших конструктивный тектогенез формирования континентов и суперконтинентов. Причем это происходило на финальных стадиях орогенного тектогенеза, практически синхронно, или чуть позже, с орогенным гранитоидным магматизмом, как для архея (Pagham, 1986; Robert et al. , 2005; Percival, 2007; Mole et al. , 2015), так и для фанерозоя (Горячев, 2003; Nelson, Colpron, 2007; Van Staal, 2007; Goldfarb et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 조종간 시스템으로써 모의 비행장치의 조종간 Control Force가 너무 낮았던 점을 참고하여[1] 실제 조종간과 유사한 컨트롤 포스를 제공해 주는 조종간(Flight Stick) 및 쓰로틀 시스템(Throttel System) 으로 변경 하였다. VR HMD 시각 시스템은 기존 2160x1200의 해상도의 성능을 가진 VR HMD에서 78%의 해상도가 향상된 총 2880x1600의 해상도를 가진 VR HMD로 교체하여 조종사에게 좀더 현실적이고 선명한 화면을 제공 하도록 개선하였다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: On the more emotional level, on the other hand, the question at hand is the subject of acceptance—statements mostly directly refer to the commenters themselves and contain attitudes, judgments and subjective motivations regarding autonomous driving. These are also essentially strongly linked to the context of acceptance, for example with the context of car usage and ownership. Around 15 % of all statements were not applicable to the research object and therefore were deemed to have no relevance. Figure 29. 3 shows the category system and a reduced graphic overview and Table 29. 1 has the percentages of statements on the two levels as well as the survey’s general figures. Fig. 29. 3Two-level category systemFull size image Table 29. 1 Distribution of statements, general figuresFull size table 4. 2. 1 Object-Perceived features and consequences of autonomous driving Distributed among the three comparison groups (German and US mass media; tech-savvy Heise online), between 43 and 47 % of all statements were attributable to the object-related level. Table 29. 2 shows a selection of the categories and their percentage distribution. The comments give concrete expectations in relation to the features of autonomous driving, but also to the potential changes and consequences for transport and social systems, and in legal terms. At least two thirds of the anticipated features and consequences have clearly positive connotations, as many as 70 % in the German-media comments. These may, for example, refer to expected safety benefits of autonomous driving, which are expected to greatly reduce, if not completely prevent, road traffic accidents in future. One user puts it thus: “A car, though, should actually be much safer on the road than with a driver, as it will have a lot more sensors to see what’s coming, be able to look in all directions at once, and have a reaction time close to zero. ” On the negative side, the main fears revolve around the social consequences, for instance job losses: “What they are working towards is the abolition of the German car industry. Nobody is going to buy a Porsche or a nice fat Benz if they will only get schlepped around like every other Tom, Dick or Harry. […] Losing the German car industry means ca. 25 % fewer of the most highly qualified jobs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2014; Goryachev, Pirajno, 2014). Например, изотопные исследования формирования кратона Ийлгарн (Западная Австралия) показали, что золотая минерализация является продуктом формирования его коры и самым последним событием в его архейской истории (Mole et al. , 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 또한 모의 비행 장치 환경의 현실성을 위해 시뮬레이션 프로그램 내 실제 국내 공항 및 지형에 대한 위성사진을 Overlay하여 조종사가 비행 시 지형지물 참고가 용이하게 설정하였다. 그 외 실시간 비행 데이터 계측 및 모의 비행장치 제어를 위해 원격으로 모의 비행 장치를 제어할 수 있는 제어 프로그램을 설치 하였고 원격 제어를 위해 UDP 네트워크를 사용하여 모의 비행장치의 운용 효율을 향상시켰다. Table 1은 구축한 BATD와 의 세부 사양이다. Table 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: ” Other issues associated with autonomous vehicles in the statements included—on the positive side—flexibility and comfort, transport optimization and efficiency, integrated transport use (“travel-strengthening” currently restricted transport users), general progress accompanying technology, and cost savings. On the negative side, a series of issues were mentioned beyond fears of social consequences: data misuse; deficiencies in the technical infrastructure, i. e. the assumption that such vehicles will not be safe (enough); increased costs; and relatively unspecific uncertainties surrounding the way these vehicles will function. Thus several of the positively perceived features find their negative counterparts here: safety vs deficiency thereof, cost savings vs increased costs, progress vs social consequences. Table 29. 2 Statement distribution of N = 647 on an objective/object-related levelFull size table Liability, insurance, and law According to our evaluation, liability, insurance, and law are topics of particular concern in Germany—expected modifications to the legal framework will also be accompanied by changes to the insurance set-up. This signals uncertainty for almost half the statements on this topic on German mass media portals. One user framed it this way: “This car is not a technological problem, but a legal one. Whose fault is it, then, if the car causes an accident? The driver’s or Google’s? ” A country-specific problem also materialized in the US comments, however, albeit often in ironic fashion—the auto insurance and liability-centered legal profession, seen as being addicted to disputes and litigation, might stand in the way of a successful roll-out of autonomous vehicles: “Leave it to the trial lawyers to spoil the party! ” was how one commenter summed up this view. Further discussion on this topic revolved around the necessary future legal changes and development of costs. Development perspectives for autonomous driving Particularly on the Heise website, many commenters address development perspectives in the context of autonomous driving which go far beyond features exclusively associated with technology (54 % of all object-related comments). Such statements may be about social development in a rather general sense, but also the future development of car usage and ownership, design and vehicle equipment, the interaction between humans and machines, and considerations on the future form of transport and urban space. One user, for instance, touches on the consequences of a changed legal framework: “The question is no longer ‘who is liable when there are car accidents?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Золоторудные системы здесь проявлены либо внутри, либо по окраинам ювенильных блоков, однако проявление золоторудных полей внутри переработанной коры, по мнению этих исследователей, демонстрирует, что добавление ювенильного материала, которое насыщает золотом кору, не проявляется синхронно с самой золоторудной минерализацией.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: Flight training + (HTC Vive Pro) Model X-Plane (V11) Model X-Plane (V11) 1. 2. VR HMD based 3. 2. 2 실험 조종사 모집 본 연구의 시뮬레이터의 훈련 효과를 조사하기 위해 Cessna 사의 C172의 항공기를 통해 조종 훈련을 받은 경험이 있으며 육상 사업용 단발 이상의 조종 자격증 보유인원을 선정하여 실험군 조종사 그룹을 수립하였다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: ’ but rather ‘who will still be allowed to drive manually? ’” 4. 2. 2 Subject-Evaluative attitudes and expectations As a rule, comments in online forums consist of several statements that can be categorized to several levels or (sub)-categories—statements on a more “objective” level are often linked with the more subjective/emotional one. When, for example, negative features are associated with autonomous driving, commenters likewise tend to take a dismissive stance to using the new technology, and vice versa: “I don’t want to let the controls out of my hands! Certainly not to a computer that can be manipulated and hacked, just like PCs and cellphones! ” This statement combines security fears (an autonomous vehicle, similarly to a computer, will not be entirely secure, data may be misused) with a subjective refusal. On the other hand, the expectation that autonomous vehicles are especially comfortable and flexible may accompany positive personal assessments of the technology: “Fully automated driving with no annoying passengers, no train cancellations and delays—that’d be really great. ” Statements are not always linked on the different levels, however. Judgments can also be made with no further justifications given, such as this one from US online portals: “Yes. Easiest question I’ve been asked all day! ” or “Jerry, I support you, but not on this” (“Jerry” refers here to the Governor of California, Jerry Brown, who accorded Google driverless cars their street-legal status to media fanfare in the Google headquarters in 2012). In general, although the technology is clearly positively perceived (see above—“Perceived features and consequences”), it is rather ambivalently-to-negatively assessed (more than two thirds of all statements in this category do not have positive connotations, see Table 29. 3). Mistrust and skepticism is either related to the technical development, its whole rationale, or whether it will be possible to bring in the technology at all. The category of ambivalent statements largely concerns the prerequisites and consequences (on the technical, social or infrastructural side) deemed essential before assessing autonomous driving positively. Table 29.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Важную роль при этом играли низкокальциевые граниты, сформировавшие масштабные гидротермальные системы, связанные с крупными тектоническими нарушениями. Они отражают взаимосвязь между мантийными и коровыми процессами и являются источником золота, демонстрирующим важность ювенильной коры для формирования крупных золоторудных докембрийских провинций (Mole et al. , 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: VFR Procedure point information 1 Climb 004 80 kt WP2 Turn 090 80 kt WP3 090 100 kt 3000 WP4 Turn 150 100 kt WP5 Cruise 150 100 kt 3500 Table 이륙 및 출항 절차의 경우 기본적으로 조종사의 시야의 의존하는 시계 비행 기반 비행 절차이기 때문에 조종사가 비행 시 지형지물 및 참조점(Reference Point)를 확인하는 것이 중요하다. 이를 위해 시뮬레이션 환경 내 실제 국내 위성사진이 겹쳐진 비행 Scenery를 사용하여 실제 조종사가 참고 해야 하는 참조점(Reference Point) 표시하였다. Fig 5. 와 Fig 6. 은 이륙 출항 절차에서 조종사가 시야로 확인해야 하는 참조점에 대한 사진이다. Fig 5. 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 3 Statement distribution for N = 516 on an affective-subjective levelFull size table Car usage and ownership The perception of autonomous driving is strongly bound up with subjective and personal motives of individual car use. Our analysis was able to identify two opposite poles in the assessment of autonomous driving. On one side, there are statements which stressed motivations for using cars due to their comfort and flexibility, and their “general” benefits. Such statements also generally contain a rather positive appraisal and assessment of autonomous driving: “Cars do have, above all, this almost ubiquitous character, because it is so practical. I would find it more practical if I could order such an auto-auto to my front door online and have it drop me off at any destination without me having to bother with parking. If this vision of the future becomes possible, then goodbye Porsche! ” On the other side, there are statements highlighting issues of freedom, control and the fun of car driving; most of these are skeptical-to-dismissive of the new technology: “Without driving by myself, where’s the fun in that? Technology or no technology: I want to give orders to my car myself, not any computer. ” Furthermore, some users discuss in very general terms which motives and attitudes underlie their car use, or raise the question of why anyone would (or would not) actually buy a car in a future with autonomous vehicles. 4. 2. 3 Comparing the Groups: Germany, USA and Heise OnlineMany perceptions, assessments, perspectives, and value systems showed up in similar measure in all three groups. However, there are some clear differences in some areas, which were either specific to the country or level of knowledge (for Heise online comments, it was safe to assume a far higher level of knowledge on autonomous driving, as well as understanding of technology and engineering in general). Alongside the group-specific topics of development perspectives and liability, insurance and law mentioned above, we also saw that US commenters look at autonomous driving in far more socio-political terms in comparison to their German counterparts (see Table 29. 1). Furthermore, evaluating the topic of car use and ownership revealed that fun in driving, individual freedom, and control of the vehicle are the predominant motivations for car use among US comments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Протерозойскому перерыву в образовании крупных скоплений орогенного золота отвечает время существования суперконтинентов Колумбия (или Нуна) и Родиния. В цитированных выше работах (Groves et al. , 2005, Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2005, 2010; и др. ) времени формирования и существования этих суперконтинентов отводятся достаточно узкие интервалы.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 항목 설명 단위 Time 진행된 비행의 기록 시간 항공기 위치 (X축) 항공기 위치 (Y축) 항공기 고도 (Z축) 항공기 지시 속도 표준 시계 비행절차에 대한 데이터 추출 결과 총 411개 데이터 세트로 구성이 되어 있으며 결과 데이터를 그래프 시각화하여 출력 결과는 Fig 7. Fig 8. Fig 9. 와 같다. Fig 7. 8. 9. 2. 5 계기 비행 절차 설계 시계 비행 절차에 이어서 조종사 그룹은 모의 비행 장치의 훈련 효과를 평가하기 위해 계기 비행 절차도 수행하였다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: This is mostly accompanied by an attitude of refusal regarding autonomous driving (79 % in the USA compared to 43 % of German mass media comments and only 25 % of the tech-savvy posts). The questions on liability were overall most controversially discussed on Heise online, while the few statements on this topic on US sites see liability as lying with manufacturers in future. In contrast, a majority of people (58 %) commenting on Spiegel and co. —that is, the German mass media—think that liability will also lie with the vehicle owner in future. The general tone of German comments is overall somewhat more positive. On both the Heise website and those of the German mass media, positive features of autonomous driving were discussed more often than on US ones (70 and 71 % as opposed to 61 %). At the same time, less negative judgments were made (37 and 48 % as against 53 %). 4. 2. 4 SummaryIn both the US and German reader comments made on the mass media portals, statements predominate that are still currently focused on the expected features of autonomous driving. That is to say, the acceptance object is in fact the physical object—the car—and its individual use. This takes a different form on Heise online, where discussions already range far beyond familiarization with purely “technical” issues. Instead, they debate concrete user scenarios and see autonomous driving more strongly in the context of the overall socio-technological system of (auto)mobility. Most of those posting on the Heise portal clearly possess greater knowledge of the technology than “normal” media consumers. Public debate on autonomous driving has only just begun to pick up speed in the last two to three years. We may therefore assume that, as it progresses, topics covering not only the technology, but also its embedding in the system, will become of greater relevance. Overall, our study spans the “scope of acceptance” for autonomous driving as it currently stands. This scope results from the topics setting the public agenda via the media at present; these topics are also linked to specific judgments. When considering the range of topics, it is apparent that some negative features accompany the mostly positive ones attributed to autonomous vehicles. Furthermore, a series of questions have been thrown up which still need clarifying from commenters’ point of view. Depending on how they are answered, this will, in turn, have an impact on acceptance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Согласно (Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015), периоду отсутствия орогенных месторождений золота отвечает время формирования суперконтинента Родиния с отсутствием пассивных окраин вокруг, но причины отсутствия месторождений золота неизвестны.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 7 조종사 시선 데이터 추출 VR HMD 기반의 모의 비행 장치의 경우 조종사가 착용하고 있는 VR HMD와 각속도 정보를 추적하는 VR 추적기(Tracker)가 시뮬레이션 프로그램과 실시간 동기화가 이루어진다. Fig 14. 위 기능은 조종사의 각각의 시계 비행 절차와 계기 비행 절차를 진행 할 때 조종사의 비행 시 고개를 움직이는 정보와 시선 정보를 간접적으로 추출이 가능하다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The ambivalence that finds expression here is amplified when objective/object-related statements are supplemented by affective/subjective ones. Although autonomous vehicles as such are mainly adjudged positively, there are also responses to autonomous driving and the roll-out of autonomous vehicles in the transport system that range from distinct mistrust and clear skepticism to downright refusal. This attitude is especially often associated with fear of negative social consequences, and also loss of freedom. Such an ambivalent stance vis-à-vis autonomous driving is, however, typical for attitudes to technology—and is mirrored in the findings of other technology-acceptance studies (in Germany) [14]. On the one hand, many benefits are associated with autonomous driving that may make life more comfortable and open up new possibilities. On the other, the expected changes are accompanied by fears of negative social consequences. These manifest themselves in “loss of control of one’s own environment and one’s own life” ([14]: 33, translation by the authors). At the bottom of this ambivalent response lies the desire “to bring one’s personal environment and technology together in harmony and to preserve the social, economic and natural environment for future generations” ([14]: 33, translation by the authors). As our analysis has shown, the debate on autonomous driving not only revolves around making motorized personal transport safer, more comfortable, more flexible, more efficient, etc. , but also highlights and reflects on the societal, social and economic effects that it will usher in. 5 OutlookAcceptance research, we have argued, must go beyond solely researching opinions and attitudes. It should rather, in terms of an anticipatory societal market research (cf. [12]: 3), identify requirements, ideas, desires, hopes, fears and anxieties, and classify these in the context of a socio-technical system—in this case the transport system as part of the overall social system—and its development. In this way, potential can be brought in line with concrete options (see [41]). A complex topic like autonomous driving touches on various aspects of our society, which is why interdisciplinary cooperation—such as the “Villa Ladenburg” project of the Daimler and Benz Foundation, which initiated and brought together the 8. In other areas of the project, it is already clear that specific use cases, as outlined in Chap. 2, each bring with them specific judgments, expectations, and assessments (see Chap.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Однако, на мой взгляд, как раз отсутствие пассивных окраин, для которых характерно формирование обогащенных золотом черносланцевых толщ, косвенно и свидетельствует о связи золота с коровыми процессами, как подготовительными для концентрирования его в процессах орогенеза. Предположение Д. Гровса с соавторами (Groves et al. , 2005) о том, что лакуна в 1. 7–0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: /기반의 모의 비행 장치()를 통해 비행한 데이터는 그림 20부터 24까지 5개의 세트로 구성된다. Fig 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. /S 2. 9 실험 비행 데이터 비교 분석 실험 비행 데이터의 비교는 앞서 수행한 모니터 기반의 모의 비행 장치(BATD)와 VR HMD 기반의 모의 비행 장치()를 통해 추출한 비행 데이터를 비교 분석하였다. 데이터 분석은 각 항목별(속도, 고도, 경로, Deviation)에 따라 다른 데이터 분석을 진행 하였으며 Table 9. 는 비행 데이터 항목에 따른 비행 데이터 분석 방법이다. Table 9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Archive 2024, Issue 4: 2424-2446. doi: 10. 3934/era. 2024111 Previous 1. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China 2. for 266071, China Received: 05 November 2023 Revised: 12 March 2024 Accepted: 19 March 2024 Published: 26 March 2024 Text(HTML) the current limitations in intelligence and processing capabilities, machine learning systems are yet unable to fully tackle diverse scenarios, thereby restricting their potential to completely substitute for human roles in practical applications. Recognizing the robustness and adaptability demonstrated by human drivers in complex environments, autonomous driving training has incorporated driving intervention mechanisms. By integrating these interventions into Optimization (PPO) algorithms, it becomes possible for drivers to intervene and rectify vehicles' irrational behaviors when necessary, during the training process, thereby significantly accelerating the enhancement of model performance. A human-centric experiential replay mechanism has been developed to increase the efficiency of utilizing driving intervention data. To evaluate the impact of driving intervention on the performance of intelligent agents, experiments were conducted across four distinct intervention frequencies within scenarios involving lane changes and navigation through congested roads. The results demonstrate that the bespoke intervention mechanism markedly improves the model's performance in the initial stages of training, enabling it to overcome local optima through timely driving interventions. Although an increase in intervention frequency typically results in improved model performance, an excessively high intervention rate can detrimentally affect the model's efficiency. To assess the practical applicability of the algorithm, a comprehensive testing scenario that includes lane changes, traffic signals, and congested road sections was devised. The performance of the trained model was evaluated under various traffic conditions. The outcomes reveal that the model can adapt to different traffic flows, successfully and safely navigate the testing segment, and maintain speeds close to the target. These findings highlight the model's robustness and its potential for real-world application, emphasizing the critical role of human intervention in enhancing the safety and reliability of autonomous driving systems. Keywords: autonomous driving, driving intervention, experience replay, lane-changing, lane-following Citation:. Research on reinforcement learning based on PPO algorithm for human-machine intervention in autonomous driving[J]. Archive, 2024, 32(4): 2424-2446. doi: 10. 3934/era.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 7 млрд лет связана с эродированностью золоторудных месторождений из-за высокой в то время плавучести субконтинентальной литосферы, весьма неоднозначно, поскольку тогда бы в пассивных окраинах Колумбии, Родинии и тех континентальных блоков, которые были от них отколоты, существовали бы горизонты, обогащенные кластогенным золотом. К близкому выводу пришли П. Кавуд и К.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 항공기 경로에 관한 데이터의 분석은 그래프의 경향성을 판단하여 정성적으로 VR HMD 모의 비행 장치를 탑승하여 수행한 시계 이륙 출항 절차가 더욱 표준 절차에 가깝다고 판단하였다. 2. 10 시야 데이터 비교 분석 VR HMD 기반의 모의 비행 장치에 탑승하여 시계 이륙 출항 절차를 수행한 6명의 조종사의 비행 영상을 분석하여 조종사가 시계 이륙 절차 수행 시 지형 (Terrain) 및 참조점 (Reference Point)을 몇 회 참고 하였는지 확인하였다. Table 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 2024111 Related Papers: the current limitations in intelligence and processing capabilities, machine learning systems are yet unable to fully tackle diverse scenarios, thereby restricting their potential to completely substitute for human roles in practical applications. Recognizing the robustness and adaptability demonstrated by human drivers in complex environments, autonomous driving training has incorporated driving intervention mechanisms. By integrating these interventions into Optimization (PPO) algorithms, it becomes possible for drivers to intervene and rectify vehicles' irrational behaviors when necessary, during the training process, thereby significantly accelerating the enhancement of model performance. A human-centric experiential replay mechanism has been developed to increase the efficiency of utilizing driving intervention data. To evaluate the impact of driving intervention on the performance of intelligent agents, experiments were conducted across four distinct intervention frequencies within scenarios involving lane changes and navigation through congested roads. The results demonstrate that the bespoke intervention mechanism markedly improves the model's performance in the initial stages of training, enabling it to overcome local optima through timely driving interventions. Although an increase in intervention frequency typically results in improved model performance, an excessively high intervention rate can detrimentally affect the model's efficiency. To assess the practical applicability of the algorithm, a comprehensive testing scenario that includes lane changes, traffic signals, and congested road sections was devised. The performance of the trained model was evaluated under various traffic conditions. The outcomes reveal that the model can adapt to different traffic flows, successfully and safely navigate the testing segment, and maintain speeds close to the target. These findings highlight the model's robustness and its potential for real-world application, emphasizing the critical role of human intervention in enhancing the safety and reliability of autonomous driving systems. 181. [2] B. R. Kiran, I. Sobh, V. Talpaert, P. Mannion, A. A. Sallab, S. Yogamani, et al. , Deep reinforcement learning for autonomous driving: a survey, IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. , 23 (2022), 4909–4926. doi: 10. 1109/TITS. 2021. 3054625 [3] L. Anzalone, P. Barra, S. Barra, A. Castiglione, M. Nappi, An end-to-end curriculum learning approach for autonomous driving scenarios, IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Хавкесворз (Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015), отметившие отсутствие характерных коррелятных отложений, соответствующих сильной эрозии мезопротерозойских орогенных поясов. Эти исследователи предположили, что в суперконтинентальные циклы существовала эрозия только в активных окраинах, но в самом суперконтиненте она не была настолько велика, как представлялось Д. Гровсу с соавторами (Groves et al. , 2005). Кстати, и все известные крупные палеороссыпи по возрасту древнее 1. 6 млрд лет (в основном не моложе 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 결 론 본 연구에서는 VR HMD의 시각 시스템을 가진 기초 모의 비행 훈련 장치의 구체적인 조종 훈련 효과를 평가 및 분석 하기 위해 고 신뢰도의 조종사를 선발 후 모니터 기반시각 시스템의 모의 비행 장치와 VR HMD 기반 시각 시스템의 모의 비행 장치를 통해 VFR 비행 절차와 IFR 비행 절차 진행 후 그에 따른 비행 데이터 및 시선 데이터 분석을 진행하였다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 00528. [27] X. Wang, H. Xiang, Y. Cheng, Q. Yu, Prioritised experience replay based on sample optimization, J. Eng. , 2020 (2020), 298–302. doi: 10. 1049/joe. 2019. 1204 [28] A. Karalakou, D. Troullinos, G. Chalkiadakis, M. Papageorgiou, Deep reinforcement learning reward function design for autonomous driving in lane-free traffic, Systems, 11 (2023), 134. doi: 10. 3390/systems11030134 [29] B. Geng, J. Ma, S. Zhang, Ensemble deep learning-based lane-changing behavior prediction of manually driven vehicles in mixed traffic environments, Electron. Res. Arch. , 31 (2023), 6216–6235. doi: 10. 3934/era. 2023315 [30] M. Andrychowicz, F. Wolski, A. Ray, J. Schneider, R. Fong, Hindsight experience replay, preprint, arXiv: 1707. 01495. [31] J. Wu, Z. Huang, Z. Hu, C. Lu, Toward human-in-the-loop AI: Enhancing deep reinforcement learning via real-time human intervention for autonomous driving, Engineering, 21(2023), 75–91. doi: 10. 1016/j. eng. 2022. 05. 017 [32] F. Pan, H. Bao, Preceding vehicle following algorithm with human driving characteristics, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. , Part D: J. Automob. Eng. , 235 (2021), 1825–1834. doi: 10. 1177/0954407020981546 [33] Y. Zhou, R. Fu, C. Wang, Learning the car-following behavior of drivers using maximum entropy deep inverse reinforcement learning, J. Adv. Transp. , 2020 (2020), 1–13. doi: 10. 1155/2020/4752651 [34] S. Lee, D. Ngoduy, M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 0) и сформировались в период 2. 5–2. 0 млрд лет (Viljoen et al. , 1970).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 결과적으로 본 연구 데이터들을 통해 본 연구진은 VR HMD 기반의 모의 비행 장치를 통해 비행 훈련을 진행 하였을 때 시계 비행에 대한 항목에 있어 더욱 양호한 조종 훈련 효과를 가지며 계기 비행은 기존 시뮬레이터와 비슷한 조종 훈련 효과를 가짐을 확인하였다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: four RNF145 knockout (ΔRNF145) clones, generated with two independent sgRNAs. Non-specific bands are indicated (*). (B) Genetic validation of RNF145 knockout clone #4 (ΔRNF145 #4). The genomic region surrounding the predicted sgRNA annealing site was amplified using fluorescent primers and amplicon size determined by capillary electrophoresis (2100). Fluorescent traces are shown alongside amplicon sequences as obtained by Sanger sequencing, confirming an 11 base pair deletion (indicated). Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset RNF145 loss is insufficient to block sterol-induced HMGCR degradation. Cells were sterol-depleted (SD) overnight before addition of sterols (S, 4 hr). Whole-cell lysates from WT and four RNF145 knockout clones (#1–4) were separated by SDS-PAGE and HMGCR levels visualised by immunoblot analysis. Calreticulin serves as a loading control. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset RNF145/gp78 double-knockout cells show increased HMGCR at steady-state and impaired sterol-induced HMGCR degradation. (A) Immunoblot of four HeLa gp78 knockout clones derived by transfection with two independent gp78 sgRNAs. (B) Confirmation of gp78 loss in RNF145/gp78 knockout HeLa cells (ΔRΔG) derived from ∆RNF145 clones #1, #2, and #4 (for validation of RNF145 knockout see Figure 3—figure supplement 1). Calnexin serves as a loading control. (C) Steady-state expression of HMGCR in HeLa WT, ΔRNF145, and RNF145/gp78 double knockout clones (ΔRΔG) was determined by immunoblotting. (D) Indicated cell lines were sterol-depleted (SD) overnight ± sterols (S, 4 hr) and HMGCR detected by immunoblotting. Calreticulin serves as a loading control. Figure 3—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Establishment of RNF145/gp78 knockout -Clover and RNF145 complementation cell lines.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Если же обратиться к Байкало-Патомскому бассейну южной окраины Сибирского кратона, то здесь имеются два горизонта, обогащенные благородными металлами и месторождениями золота (раннепротерозойский – кевактинский и неопротерозойский – дальнетайгинский), но они сформировались в процессах осадконакопления в обстановках пассивной континентальной окраины и более позднего задугового бассейна, вне связи с орогенными событиями мезопротерозоя (Будяк, Горячев, 2015; Будяк и др. , 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars would require large-scale atmospheric modifications. [SEP] Text: 01 August 2018 Podcast: Bird colour perception, terraforming Mars, and attributing extreme weather Hear the latest science news, brought to you by. Subscribe iPodcast acast RSS This week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. Your browser does not support the audio element. Download MP3See transcriptIn this episode:00:54 Modifying Mars’s atmosphereA lack of carbon dioxide might hamper efforts to make the habitable. Research Paper: Jakosky & Edwards08:52 How discerning zebra finches discern colourNew research shows that female zebra finches can differentiate orange from red. Research paper: Caves et al. 15:09 Research HighlightsA dinosaur with giant feet, and record breaking nanop10. 1038/d41586-018-05860-0 week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. IntroductionThis is a transcript of the 2nd August 2018 edition of the weekly Nature Podcast. Audio files for the current show and archive episodes can be accessed from the index page ( which also contains details on how to subscribe to the for FREE, and has troubleshooting top-tips. Send us your feedback to podcast@nature. com. [Jingle] Host: Adam LevyWelcome back to the Nature Podcast. This week, we’ll be taking a peek at how zebra finches see colour, and we’ll be hearing about a problem with plans to terraform Mars. Host: Ellie MackayPlus, we’re learning how researchers are linking individual extreme weather events to climate change. I’m Ellie Mackay. Host: Adam LevyAnd I’m Adam Levy. [Jingle] Interviewer: Ellie MackayFirst up this week: have you ever thought about living on Mars? Right now, it’s not the most inviting environment. But there have been plenty of ideas about how that might be changed. Here’s – he’s one of the authors of a paper in this week, and he’s been looking at how realistic some of these ideas might be. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyRight now, the average temperature at the surface of Mars is about -60 °C, and if we could raise it up to 0 °C, then we could have liquid water.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Key resources table Reagent typeDesignationSourceIdentifiersAdditional informationAntibodyanti-gp78 (rabbit polyclonal)ProteinTech, 16675–1-:AB_2226463WB (1:1000)Antibodyanti-ubiquitin (mouse monoclonal)Life Sensors, VU101RRID:AB_2716558WB (1:1000)Antibodyanti-V5 tag (mouse monoclonal)Abcam, ab27671RRID:AB_471093WB (1:1000)Antibodyanti-Insig-1 (rabbit polyclonal)Abcam, ab70784RRID:AB_1269181WB (1:1000)Antibodyanti-Hrd1 (rabbit polyclonal)Abgent, AP2184aRRID:AB_2199838WB (1:5000)Antibodyanti-TRC8 (rabbit polyclonal)Santa Cruz, sc-68373RRID:AB_2238721WB (1:2000)Antibodyanti-HMGCR (mouse monoclonal)Santa Cruz, sc-271595RRID:AB_10650274WB (1:1000)Antibodyanti-UBE2G2 (mouse monoclonal)Biotechnology, sc-100613RRID:AB_1130984WB (1:1000)Recombinant DNA reagentpSpCas9(BB)−2A- Puro V1 (plasmid)Addgene #48139n/aRecombinant DNA reagentpSpCas9(BB)−2A-Puro V2 (plasmid)Addgene #62988n/aRecombinant DNA reagentpKLV-U6gRNA(BbsI)-PGKpuro2ABFP (plasmid)Addgene # 50946n/aRecombinant DNA reagentgenome-wide sgRNA libraryothern/akind gift from the Bassik lab (Stanford University), PMID: 28474669Recombinant DNA reagentubiquitome sgRNA librarythis studyn/aGenerated by Lehner and Nathan labsPeptide, recombinant proteinV5 peptideSigma-AldrichV7754-4

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Более того, здесь не зафиксировано существования мезопротерозойского орогенеза, и тектоническая стабильность была с 1. 7 до 0. 8 млрд лет (Эволюция…, 2006) и более. Фиг. 3. Сочетание мезотермального кварца орогенных золоторудных жил с поздним кварцем эпитермального облика (район Кановна, Западная Австралия). Фото автора.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars would require large-scale atmospheric modifications. [SEP] Text: That would allow us to function as humans in the environment without the need for domes or habitats. Interviewer: Ellie MackayBruce is talking about the concept of terraforming Mars – modifying the atmosphere to make the planet more Earth-like, and therefore habitable. But it’s not just the temperature that’s an issue. For us to live there, the atmospheric pressure of Mars would need to be 150 times greater than it is today. Yet proposals to terraform Mars have become increasingly popular. I asked Bruce how realistic the concept of terraforming Mars actually is. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWhat you can’t see is that I’m smiling at that question, because the less we know about how we would actually terraform Mars, the easier we think it is, and as you begin to explore it, it gets harder and harder. Right now, it’s in the realm of science fiction because we don’t really know how to do it, and I think the fact that we’re changing the environment on the Earth inadvertently underscores the fact that we really don’t understand how climates work. Despite that, a lot of people have been speculating in the press lately about how easy it might be to terraform Mars. Our paper will be an interesting contrast to that, in terms of dashing some people’s hopes, to be honest. Interviewer: Ellie MackayWell that doesn’t sound very encouraging, but to start off with, can you explain what’s actually being proposed? So, from a scientific point of view, how might we overcome these barriers of temperature and pressure? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIf we wanted to terraform Mars, the way we would do it would be to put a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. That would serve both functions of increasing the pressure and by trapping heat from the sun, increasing the temperature. And that really depends on the availability of greenhouse gases or our ability to manufacture them. The most available and accessible greenhouse gas at Mars would be carbon dioxide – CO2. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, and so this is what your research was looking at?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: We also identified a large number of reads for the large resections that occurred during DNA-fragment inversions (Fig. 1N). Finally, there exists a large number of reads of large resections at the upstream cleavage junctions (Fig. 1O). These data demonstrated that there are asymmetrical large resections at the Cas9 cleavage site. Importantly, PolQ knockdown results in significant increases of large resections at all of these chromosomal rearrangement junctions (Fig. 1P–R), in line with observed increases of large resections by the HPRT1 and DCK reporter assay systems (Fig. 1A–F). We also observed that the vast majorities of sequencing reads at junctions of chromosomal rearrangements have small indels and that PolQ knockdown exhibits a more pronounced effect on chromosomal rearrangements programmed with dual sgRNAs (Additional file 1: Fig. S5A, B, D, E) than on editing outcomes from single cleavages (Additional file 1: Fig. S5C and F). Polθ in small deletions at editing sitesIn addition to rare large resections, small deletions are more frequently observed at junctions of chromosomal rearrangements during DNA-fragment editing. We found that upon PolQ but not PolD or PolK knockdown, there are consistent and significant decreases of small deletions at both upstream and downstream junctions of fragment inversions (Fig. 2A, B) as well as at the junctions of fragment deletions (Fig. 2C) and duplications (Fig. 2D) at the MeCP2 locus. We then examined the role of PolQ at four additional loci (namely, 5, PARP1, and YY1). These five loci encode important epigenetic regulators or chromatin architectural proteins which we are interested in their mechanistic role in 3D genome folding. We used our DNA-fragment editing systems with double cutting guided by two sgRNAs. PolQ knockdown results in significant decreases of small deletions at junctions of DNA-fragment editing in all of these four loci (Additional file 1: Fig. S6). Taken together, these data suggest that Polθ is essential for generating small deletions during DNA-fragment editing by Cas9 with dual sgRNAs. Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Если рассматривать историю формирования и существования суперконтинентов Колумбия и Родиния во взаимосвязи, то выясняется, что полного раскола Колумбии не было (Hou et al. , 2008; Evans, Mitchell, 2011; Roberts, 2013). Исследования показали, что в период 1. 85–1. 2 млрд лет Лаврентия, Западная Австралия и Восточная Антарктида все время были стабильным ядром Колумбии (до позднего палеопротерозоя), и только Индия и Северный Китай были отделены (Hou et al. , 2008).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars would require large-scale atmospheric modifications. [SEP] Text: Interviewee: Bruce JakoskySo, we wanted to look at the inventory of CO2 on the planet – where reservoirs of CO2, if you will, reside, how much would be there, and how easy it would be to mobilise it and put it back into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Ellie MackayEssentially, that’s what we’re doing to this planet with global warming and we’re trying to force a way to do that somewhere else. So it’s like we could send all of our industry and all of our fossil fuel burning over to Mars, and it would have a beneficial effect over there, instead of… Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThat’s absolutely right. We don’t even need to send the manufacturing and industry to Mars, we could just ship all the CO2 there. And that would solve both planets’ problems. It’s totally facetious and absolutely unworkable. We don’t have that much CO2 in our atmosphere, and the number of rockets you would have to ship to get the CO2 there is immense. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, so if we can’t ship it there, let’s get back to this idea of using reserves of CO2 on Mars. Your paper mentions several possible sinks – there’s CO2 in the polar ice, there’s some in minerals called carbonates, and there’s gas that gets bound to the layer of soil called the regolith on the surface of the planet. So, that seems like a lot of different places for the CO2 to be trapped. How might we mobilise or release it from these sources? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyProbably the easiest is the CO2 locked up in the polar ice. All you need to do is spread dark dust over the polar caps, and it would absorb more sunlight and heat up. That’s the easiest one, and if that sounds hard, you may not like the next ones. The carbonates you have to heat up to temperatures at which they break apart, and that’s around 300 °C. That automatically means a large scale industrial operation, and it wouldn’t get you very much. I think the most difficult CO2 to mobilise is gas that is physically attached to the soil.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: However, the performance in terms of color controllability is insufficient to meet specific requirements, mainly because of the broad phosphor emission. Furthermore, some energy is lost due to the Stokes shift when the phosphor absorbs higher-energy blue light and emits lower-energy yellow light. No matter how efficient the phosphor, Stokes energy loss is unavoidable. Another design, which uses stacked quantum well (QW) structures, includes multiple InGaN QWs emitting different colors sandwiched in a GaN-based pn junction diode. 7,8 This design enables more control of the emission colors. However, each QW in this device is in series in terms of the current flow, and hence, the relative emission intensities of the QWs are primarily determined by their intrinsic optical properties. This difficulty in controlling the relative intensity leads to poor apparent color tunability. To date, the device configuration that offers the best control of the emission color uses three individual LEDs, one blue, one green, and one red. This device configuration has two drawbacks: it requires outer optics to thoroughly mix the outputs from three LEDs, and increases the difficulty of device assembly. Herein, we demonstrate a new class of monolithic, polychromatic InGaN/GaN LEDs in which InGaN QWs emitting different colors are electrically connected in parallel in order to achieve good color controllability. Figure 2 schematically explains the device concept. We selected InGaN QWs as the light-emitting layer, because by changing the In composition we can tune the bandgap energy of InGaN from 0. 6eV (InN)9,10 to 3. 4eV (GaN). This covers the entire visible region. As shown in Figure 2(a), conventional LEDs are grown on sapphire (0001) substrates and have planar structures. We noted reports that regrowth of GaN on patterned silicon dioxide (SiO2) masks by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) creates 3D microstructures, which consist of several facets on planes including (0001), and. 11,12 These results inspired us to fabricate InGaN/GaN LEDs on microfacets, as shown in Figure 2(b). Figure 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: По данным (Evans, Mitchell, 2011), континент Нуна (Колумбия) существовал стабильно в интервале 1. 9–1. 3 млрд лет. Суперконтинент Колумбия возник в результате интенсивного коллизионного орогенеза с пиком 1. 95–1. 85 (чему, кстати, отвечает один из пиков формирования орогенных месторождений золота) в период его амальгамации 2. 0–1. 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars would require large-scale atmospheric modifications. [SEP] Text: Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo, does this mean this is the end of the concept of terraforming Mars? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThis doesn’t mean we can’t terraform the planet. It means we can’t do it today with available technology. People have also talked about manufacturing molecules that are very effective greenhouse gases, things like Freon, but the scale of manufacturing that would be required to produce enough is so far beyond our current capability that you have to put it into the distant future. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo what would you say to those people who are keen to inhabit Mars in the relatively near future? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWell first of all, I don’t think this impacts either our desire or our ability to explore Mars with humans. We can carry out that kind of a mission beginning today, and it would be exciting from the human perspective and from the science perspective. And this is part of that process of discussing what’s possible and where we as a society want to head. I think if we’re going to talk about sending humans to Mars, we need to do it in the context of a real and valid understanding of what is on the planet, based on the best available scientific information today. Interviewer: Ellie MackayThat was from the University of Colorado in the US. To read that story in Nature Astronomy, you can head over to nature. com/natastron. Host: Adam LevyStill to come in the Research Highlights: a dinosaur with enormous feet, and some rapidly rotating nanop100. It’s thought that the techniques involved could be useful in astrophysics, for example, helping to test the hypothesis that rapidly spinning dust p2003. So this probe’s been at Mars for quite a long time, and it’s got an instrument on it that uses radar to sort of bounce radio waves down to the surface and back. And sort of like using ground-penetrating radar on Earth to find things like oil and gas deposits that are buried, this radar uses its own instruments to probe the subsurface, to look at what’s bouncing back from beneath the ice. And it spotted these very, very bright reflections in this one place beneath the ice cap, and they’re interpreting those bright reflections as being liquid water. Interviewer: Adam LevyHow big a deal actually is this?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: 1Summary of barley and wheat genes with functions in agronomic features [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47], gene discovery [48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59], product quality [21, 34, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74], and abiotic and biotic stress [46, 75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92]Full size imageEven if the targeted induction of a double-strand break can be carried out precisely, the result is random. According to previous reports, the most common outcome forCas9 is a deletion of a few (≤10) nucleotides or the insertion of one nucleotide (InDel) [93]. However, it is impossible to predict precisely whether loss or insertion will occur, and it is also somewhat random which base is inserted. Although there are reports (for review, see [94]) that a certain percentage can be predicted using microhomology-dependent repair mechanisms, the outcome remains undetermined in most applications. To achieve a prediction of the mutation result and thus precise genome editing, one can consider several possibilities. When using two gRNAs, one gets an exact deletion between the two induced double-strand breaks in a part of the mutated cells. In this case, the choice of gRNA binding sites can, for example, influence the function of a protein domain [49]. By not inducing a knockout, a reduced or altered functionality remains, similar to the RNAi effect but is genetically fixed in contrast. Another possibility is to transfer a repair template with the desired sequence simultaneously with the double-strand-inducing reagent. However, the challenge here is to bring a sufficient number of repair templates to this site at the time of the double-strand break repair. One possibility is the biolistic transfer of the repaired DNA [95].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Детальный разбор точек зрения на историю этих двух суперконтинентов, проведенный Робертсом (Roberts, 2013), показал, что геологические и палеомагнитные данные предполагают его существование в качестве “квази-интегрированного” континента как минимум до 1. 3 млрд лет с большим количеством рифтогенных событий, зафиксированных разновозрастными дайковыми роями, свидетелями “безуспешного раскола суперконтинента” (Roberts, 2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: ReviewHans Eguia1,2*, MSc, MD Sánchez-Bocanegra2*, PhD Franco Vinciarelli1,3*, ITE Fernando Alvarez-Lopez4*, PhD Francesc Saigí-Rubió2*, PhD 12Faculty of Health Sciences, de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain3Clemente Álvarez, Rosario (Santa Fe), Argentina4Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia*all authors contributed equallyCorresponding Author:Francesc Saigí-Rubió, PhDFaculty of Health Sciencesde Catalunya (UOC)Rambla del Poblenou, 156Barcelona, 08018SpainPhone: 34 933263622Email: fsaigi@uoc. eduAbstractBackground: Ensuring access to accurate and verified information is essential for effective patient treatment and diagnosis. Although health workers rely on the internet for clinical data, there is a need for a more streamlined approach. Objective: This systematic review aims to assess the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) techniques in health care to identify their potential use in electronic health records and automated information searches. Methods: A search was conducted in the and Web of Science online databases for 2023. The only inclusion criteria were (1) original research 10. 2196/55315Keywordsartificial intelligence; AI; natural language processing; clinical decision support system; CDSS; health recommender system; clinical information extraction; electronic health record; systematic literature review; patient; treatment; diagnosis; health workers IntroductionAdvancement in medicine continues apace, especially with the emergence of new pathologies such as COVID-19. New treatments are continually being developed to fight not only these diseases but also previous pathologies for which new alternatives are being developed. Consequently, the number of publications in different indexed journals has increased, as shown in search results in various databases such as PubMed. Currently, it is possible to find many 1. Figure 1. 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews that include searches of databases and registers only. : Items for and Meta-Analyses. Characteristics of the Included StudiesThe characteristics of the included studies are reported in Table 1 and Multimedia 1. In total, 24 of the evaluated 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: There are two types of BEs – DNA BEs, which directly induce targeted point mutations in DNA, and RNA BEs, which convert one ribonucleotide to another in RNA. The currently available DNA BEs can be further divided into cytosine BEs (CBEs), adenine BEs (ABEs), C-to-G BEs (CGBEs), dual-base editors, and organellar BEs. These categories are discussed below [101]. After protoplast testing, C to T substitutions was successfully detected in two heterozygous wheat plants [102]. To increase the efficiency, further improvements such as the NLS, crRNA, LbCas12a nuclease, adenine deaminase, and linker were undertaken, achieving up to 55% efficiency in stable mutants (TaLOX and TaMLO) [103]. In other plants, further improvements, such as placing a N-terminal reverse transcriptase–Cas9 nickase fusion performed better in rice than the commonly applied C-terminal fusion [104]. In addition, introducing multiple-nucleotide substitutions in the reverse transcriptase template stimulated prime editing with enhanced efficiency. Additionally, it was shown that using two pegRNAs that encode the same edits but target complementary DNA strands highly promotes the desired outcome [105]. However, all the previously mentioned methods are still subject to particular challenges. These concern all parts of the process, such as selecting, using, and transferring appropriate gRNAs and Cas and proteins, general tissue culture, genotype dependence, detection of induced mutations, and identification of transgene-free, etc. homozygous progeny [106]. Further sequencing of genomes and enzyme evolution will undoubtedly lead to other plant improvements. It is crucial that the plants produced in this way also find use in European agriculture and that outdated regulations do not prevent their use. 10. 1038/nbt0688-68410. 1038/nature2204310. 1126/science. aar7191Rabanus-Wallace, M. T. , Hackauf, B. , Mascher, M. , et al. : Chromosome-scale genome assembly provides insights into rye biology, evolution and agronomic potential. Nat. Genet. 53, 564–573 (2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Об отсутствии надежных изотопных данных, фиксирующих распад Колумбии, и существовании большого перерыва между ней и Родинией в суперконтинентальном цикле говорят исследования К. Конди и Р. Астера (Condie, Aster, 2010, 2013). Эти авторы показали, что нет никаких доказательств в Nd-, Hf- или Sr-изотопных записях о быстром распаде суперконтинента Нуна (Колумбия).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Summary of the studies included in the systematic review (n=26). StudyObjectiveResearch design—interventionPopulation sample + target (organ)Results and conclusionsClark et al [14]To develop a system for determining the assertion status of clinical reports (extracted from patient records)Determining what kind of clinical assertion was made in a clinical record (problem concept-sorted). 3 assertions: conditional hypothetical and not associated with the patient2010 i2b2a/VAb: 349 clinical records. Detection of negation, speculation, and conditionalsLinguistic information (negation status and temporal attributes) are features that are not always evaluated. They could give a more accurate classificationPatrick et al [15]To present a method to deal with different extractions of, and classifications in, clinical dataDeveloping clinical NLPc that includes a proofreading process with validation and correction2010 i2b2/VA: 349 manually annotated notes + 827 raw records: 479 recordsNLP in clinical fields needs to address the issues between model complexity and model accuracyRoberts and Harabagiu [8]To develop a framework that can optimally identify medical concepts and adequately classify assertionsEvaluating and finding the near-optimal subset of features for the 2010 i2b2/VA context task (concept extraction)2010 i2b2/VA: 827 summariesMachine-learning–based supervised methods can be improved with feature-selection techniquesJiang et al [16]To design and evaluate a machine-learning algorithm to extract clinical information from hospital discharge summariesEvaluating the effects of different types of features2010 i2b2/VA: 349 clinical annotated notesA system that is useful for concept extraction and assertionD’Avolio et al [17]To evaluate if the use of NLP-derived features combined with supervised machine-learning can perform effectively across tasksCreating an engine using cTAKESd (“noun-phrase bumpers”) for text extraction with NLP combined with machine-learning classification2010 i2b2/VA: 349 clinical annotated notesNLP clinical extraction is well known.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: 1 regulates β-Diketone biosynthesis by mediating expression of the Cer-cqu gene cluster in Barley. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24 (2023). K. , Hensel, G. , Vojta, P. , et al. : Modification of barley plant productivity through regulation of Cytokinin content by reverse-genetics approaches. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1676 (2018). G. K. , Rosignoli, S. , Guo, L. , et al. : 2 encodes a -containing protein that controls root growth angle in barley and wheat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 118 (2021). P. , Chubar, E. , Vadovič, P. , et al. :Cas9-induced loss-of-function mutation in the barley mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 gene causes abnormal embryo development leading to severely reduced grain germination and seedling Shootless phenotype. Front. Plant Sci. 12, 670302 (2021). (2019). J. Integr. Plant Biol. 63, 1649–1663 (2021). B. , Jin, X. , Chen, J. , et al. : ATP-dependent DNA helicase (TaDHL), a novel reduced-height (Rht) gene in wheat. Genes (Basel). 13 (2022). J. , Hill, C. , Han, Y. , et al. : New semi-dwarfing alleles with increased coleoptile length by gene editing of gibberellin 3-oxidase 1 using -Cas9 in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ). Plant Biotechnol. J. 21, 806–818 (2023). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 224–226 (2021). Z. , Ke, W. , He, F. , et al. : A single nucleotide deletion in the third exon of FT-D1 increases the spikelet number and delays heading date in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). Plant Biotechnol. J. 20, 920–933 (2022). (2022). X. , Wilkinson, L. G. , Aubert, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: И что самые надежные интервалы, отвечающие формированию орогенных гранитов для этого периода, отражают кластеры датировок цирконов с пиками 1. 87 и 1. 0 млрд лет, совпадающие для гранитных и для обломочных цирконов (Condie, Aster, 2010). В дальнейшем этот слабо диспергированный континент был подвержен незначительной модификации, с отделением и разворотом нескольких блоков, в результате чего и был сформирован суперконтинент Родиния (1. 1–0. 9 млрд лет) (Roberts, 2013). Этому же периоду (1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Its adoption with acceptable concept-level extraction performance is also knownGarla et al [19]To develop a classifier extractor using cTAKES to store documentsExploring if the accuracy of rule-based classifiers could be improved with machine-learning algorithms (testing systems after improvement)13,000 abdominal radiology reports, ascites, and liver masses of 395 patientscTAKES extensions simplify feature extraction—it enables a better and more efficient exploration of text including the syntactic structure of documents and the negation context of conceptsWagholikar et al [20]To develop a CDSS for cervical cancer screening that can interpret free text Papanicolaou reportsDeveloping a CDSSe that would be able to identify abnormal Papanicolaou reports as well as interpret other variables accurately74 patient cases from cervical cancer screeningEHRf text can be effectively used through NLP to develop CDSg tools. Wagholikar et al [21]To evaluate a CDSS for cervical cancer screeningA previous CDSS was created, care providers’ recommendations were requested and compared with the CDSS system6053 random patients and 8 reviewers. Cervical cancer screeningCDS and human review can facilitate the evaluation of accuracy and would help to identify decision scenarios that may be missedSordo et al [22]To develop a conceptual schema to represent clinical knowledge for decision supportRule interactions based on semantic web technologies (ontologies). Evaluating the feasibility of the modelling strategy by implementing test scenarios3 applications were analyzed: laboratory results; adverse drug reaction monitoring and immunization protocolsA richer conceptual representation of production rules will facilitate rule authoring consistency in rule implementation and maintenance. Interactions are not considered a modelling time but they should beMehrabi et al [23]To develop an NLP system to identify (retrospective) patients with pancreatic cystsRecords were evaluated by the system created. This system double checks negation in the EHR and stratifies the results (low or high risk of cancer)Test set of 703 patient records: pancreas and cyst. Training set: 316 control recordsIdentification of negation improved the algorithm, increasing recall to 98. 12%Ross et al [12]To use secondary data and to put data into practicePaper-based materials containing similar information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: We hypothesized that enrichment of a target locus using the -ChAP method would be highly specific, with very few off-target sites of enrichment given the small size of the yeast genome and the uniqueness of our target sequence. Nonetheless, off-target interactions of Cas9 are well-documented and arguably the most important issue with the system. So, we sought to evaluate this in a comprehensive manner with sequencing. ChIP-sequencing is one of the most thorough methods of identifying changes in genome-wide binding of chromatin binding proteins and is widely utilized in the field (Kuscu et al. , 2014; O’Geen et al. , 2015; Qin et al. , 2016; Wienert et al. , 2019). We also sought to capitalize on the constant progress in the field of biology by integrating some of the newer technology into our technique and making some adjustments to our methodology, including modifying the dCas9 expression level. There has also been a lot of effort put toward modifying the Cas9 protein itself for the purpose of more specific and efficient genome editing. We decided to compare one of these alternative Cas9 variants called enhanced Cas9 (1. 1) with the traditionally used wild-type Cas9 to see if it could offer an improvement in chromatin enrichment by lowering off-target enrichment. This mutant version of Cas9 contains two lysine to alanine mutations and one arginine to alanine mutation at residues that interact with the negatively charged DNA phosphate backbone. By neutralizing these positively charged residues, binding stability becomes more dependent upon correct gRNA:DNA base pairing resulting in a reduction in genome-wide off-target cleavage for the catalytically active version (Slaymaker et al. , 2016). In short, our experimental design is as follows. Yeast lysates from strains expressing (PrA)-tagged dCas9 and a gRNA targeting the ARS305 origin on chromosome III were used for affinity purification experiments to enrich dCas9/gRNA-bound chromatin. Before elution of the captured targets, the affinity resin (IgG-coated magnetic beads) was washed stringently with a urea-containing solution. Eluted DNA was purified from total chromatin, ligated to Illumina indexes, and prepared for NextGen sequencing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 9–1. 0 млрд лет) отвечает длительный период стабильности состава атмосферы и океана, который частично начал нарушаться после 1. 3 и совсем сильно варьировать уже после 0. 7 млрд лет (Groves et al. , 2005; Roberts, 2013). Незначительность в данный период тектонических движений в масштабе Земли нашла отражение именно в слабом проявлении орогенной золотоносности в это время.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Finding examples of BDh use with EHRs84 papers—EHR research (various organs)Greater use of EHRs means more clinical data. There is a need to develop new methods to obtain better data from EHRsKotfila and Uzuner [18]To evaluate if NLP techniques can identify phenotypes in unstructured medical notesTraining support vector machines using individual feature spaces to assess better model performance2 separate i2b2 shared tasks (2008+2014: 790+730 documents)A simple feature performed as well as a combination of feature spaces—the addition of training data has weak statistical significance effectsPatterson et al [24]To determine whether a colonoscopy was performed for screeningCreating a rule-based model and 3 machine-learning models (automated retrieval console) which also uses cset of 1000 documents with colonoscopiesA rule-based classification system appears to be more robust than a machine-learning system aloneDivita et al [25]To use an NLP algorithm to process large corpora of clinical notes to demonstrate a time decrease in the analyses of a large corpus of clinical informationDeveloping an NLP algorithm to detect urinary catheters in hospitalized patients550,000 notes from patients with urinary catheters from a US hospitalGeneralizable and widely applicable techniques can aid BD processing and analysisMei et al [26]To evaluate a decision fusion framework for treatment recommendation systems (combining knowledge-driven and data-driven decisions)Implementing a fusion engine that obtains inputs from base decision engines3150 records from patients with diabetes in ChinaDecision fusion is a promising way toward a more valuable treatment recommendationMarco-Ruiz et al [27]To find out if multidisciplinary leverage archetypes and ontologies can model CDSS (better reuse and maintenance)An archetype was developed and reviewed by 5 practitioners and 5 information architects. for concept simplification126 cases with respirator and symptoms and signsModel archetypes can provide information using ontologies. EHR standards and terminologies can be used by multidisciplinary teams effectivelyDanger et al [28]To explain the methodology for constructing a clinical prediction rule repositoryUsing data mining algorithms for pattern extractionClinical collection for 126,931 patients from primary care with multiple diagnosesImportant factors to be included in the rules were defined.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: This is a list of sequences within 150-bp from the center of the consensus peaks that contain at most 1 mismatch in the PAM-proximal 10-bp (7-bp seed sequence + 3-bp PAM). Bar graphs on the right present normalized read counts to the target site for each experimental sample listed on the far right. Mismatched bases are shown in red. The PAM sequence is shown in blue. (B) -ChAP profiles of WT dCas9, edCas9(1. 1), and WCE-seq at the rDNA loci on chromosome XII are illustrated. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9442/fig-4 of the most important goals of this study was to determine what, if any, off-target sites are consistently occupied by dCas9. studies find some amount of off-target binding and have found this can vary quite a bit depending on a number of factors including genome size, Cas9 expression level, and gRNA target sequence which makes a direct comparison with other prominent -seq studies difficult (Kuscu et al. , 2014; O’Geen et al. , 2015; Wu et al. , 2014). These types of -seq studies using catalytically inactive Cas9 have been conducted almost exclusively in mammalian models with much larger genomes. This means that any given gRNA sequence has a much higher likelihood of aligning closely to another genomic sequence, therefore increasing the probability of off-target recognition by the gRNA. For example, the human genome is approximately 3. 1 billion base pairs, whereas the S. cerevisiae genome is approximately 12 million (a 250-fold difference). One study observed anywhere from tens to more than 1,000 off-target binding sites depending on the chosen gRNA sequence in human HEK293T cells (Kuscu et al. , 2014). Put into context, our finding of a lack of off-target enrichment at single-copy genomic sequences in the relatively small yeast genome is not all that surprising. In this study, we found enrichment of the ARS305 locus with our gRNA sequence to be incredibly specific with respect to the genome. However, the exceptions to this include both highly repetitive sequences within the rDNA locus and the multiple-copy expression plasmid.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Важной особенностью Колумбии является своеобразный стиль тектоники в виде длительных процессов образования краевых аккреционных орогенов, способствовавших наращиванию объема континентальной коры (Roberts, 2013). Но удивительно, что мы не имеем свидетельств формирования золотого оруденения эпитермального и орогенного типов в данный период существования таких активных краевых аккреционных орогенов. Простой эрозией (Groves et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: With the use of clinical evidence rules, a better diagnostic recommendation can be obtainedBreischneider et al [29]To introduce a system for the automated processing of clinical reports of patients with mamma carcinoma to extract relevant textual features and derive therapy suggestionsUse of a rule-based grammar approach for information extraction and deriving therapy suggestions based on the extracted variables and clinical guidelines. The accuracy of predicting therapeutic measures is also reported8766 clinical text reporting on 2096 patients with mamma carcinomaGood accuracy of information extraction for different features. The evaluation of therapy suggestions, factors influencing the error between suggested and conducted therapyYang et al [30]To use convolutional neural networks to be able to potentiate extraction without paper construction of rules or knowledge basesProposing a method using neural networks to extract features from EHRs. A tool was used in medical text showing 98. 7% accuracy and 96. 02% recall18,590 EHRs indicating hypertension, diabetes, COPDi, gout, arrhythmia, asthma, gastritis, and stomach polyps. After validation: a training set of 7000 EHRs and a test set of 400 EHRsThe use of neural networks can increase information extraction. This could assist in a feasible and effective diagnosisWissel et al [31]To validate an NLP application using machine-learning to identify patients for epilepsy surgeryDetermining the proportion of potential surgical candidates using and a surgical score1 app and 4211 patients with an epilepsy diagnosis after surgical treatment of epilepsy and controlsNLP-based app modelled for patient score to identify candidates for epilepsy surgeryWulff et al [32]To design a tool to automatically extract important information from medical texts and transform them into standardized dataNLP consisting of 5 successive tasks was developed. The tool was implemented to extract fragments from EHRs (97% precision and 94% recall)529 medical events from the pediatric cardiology and the intensive care medicine department at School. Further, 499 events were correctly extractedNLP-based solution to extract information from medical text. This will benefit health care by analyzing a large amount of information and presenting the most important dataKulchak et al [33]To evaluate if modification of a CDS tool using concepts of human-centered design can improve CDS itselfAdapting a DDSSj (design, NLP with cTAKES, and coordination with EHRs).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: The authors have discussed frequently with each other what part of the should be labeled the easier part and which the harder part. Regardless of the labels we choose, however, this paper focuses on our suggested solution to the combination problem. Various solutions to the combination problem have been proposed but none have gained widespread acceptance. This paper further elaborates a proposed solution to the combination problem that we first described in Hunt 2011 and Schooler, Hunt, and Schooler 2011. The proposed solution rests on the idea of resonance, a shared vibratory frequency, which can also be called synchrony or field coherence. We will generally use resonance and “sync,” short for synchrony, interchangeably in this paper. We describe the approach as a general resonance theory of consciousness or just “general resonance theory” (GRT). GRT is a field theory of consciousness wherein the various specific fields associated with matter and energy are the seat of conscious awareness. A summary of our approach appears in 1. All things in our universe are constantly in motion, in process. Even objects that appear to be stationary are in fact vibrating, oscillating, resonating, at specific frequencies. So all things are actually processes. Resonance is a specific type of motion, characterized by synchronized oscillation between two states. An interesting phenomenon occurs when different vibrating processes come into proximity: they will often start vibrating together at the same frequency. They “sync up,” sometimes in ways that can seem mysterious, and allow for richer and faster information and energy flows (Figure 1 offers a schematic). Examining this phenomenon leads to potentially deep insights about the nature of consciousness in both the human/mammalian context but also at a deeper ontological level. of the Crop: Biology, Breeding and Applications of Cannabis sativa Susanne Schilling*^ and 9 more October 01, 2020 Cannabis sativa is an extraordinarily versatile species. Hemp and its cousin marijuana, both C. sativa, have been used for millennia as a source of fibre, oil and for medicinal, spiritual and recreational purposes. Because the consumption of Cannabis can have psychoactive effects, the plant has been widely banned throughout the last century. In the past decade, evidence of its medicinal properties did lead to the relaxation of legislation in many countries around the world. Consequently, the genetics and development of Cannabis as well as Cannabis-derived products are the subject of renewed attention.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2005; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015) эту аномалию объяснить трудно, скорее это свидетельствует о слабой активности таких орогенов. Таким образом, в истории Земли можно предполагать существование длительного периода кратонной стабильности в виде огромного сверх-суперконтинента Колумбия-Родиния в интервале времени 1. 8–0. 8 млрд лет.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Creating simulated cases using real but deidentified clinical information (varying complexity)3 simulated genetic cases of increasing complexity were created, 3 clinicians tested the system and another 3 retested itEvidence of potential implementation of DDSS using machine-assisted medical record review. The use of mixed technical CDS and human-centered design criteria enhances the real-world clinical workflowvan de Burgt et al [13]To assess whether data mining can improve the diagnostic and therapeutic processes of CDSCombining data mining and CDSSs may improve diagnostic and therapeutic processes, contributing to increased patient safety714 reviewed publications, 39 of which were includedBarriers: complexity of incompleteness, validation and performance of the tool, lack of input from an expert team, and the adoption rate among professionalsSuh et al [34]To evaluate the use of clinical NLP to identify elements relevant to preoperative medical history by analyzing clinical notesAn NLP pipeline would identify a significant portion of pertinent history captured by a perioperative provider (in an EHR)93 patients with 9765 clinical notes were reviewedThe use of NLP identified medical conditions relevant to preanesthetic evaluation from unstructured free-text input. This provides CDS or recommends additional testing or evaluationPark et al [35]To evaluate the efficacy of an algorithm of 3 levels of search functionality in supporting information retrieval for clinical users from EHR in a simulated clinical environmentMedical tasks were presented to an evaluation system and a panel of medical raters to assess both the speed and accuracy of task completionMedical records for 3 fictional patients, each with 20 documents, were assessed by 60 clinicians of varying specialties and experience levelsNLP-enhanced search facilitated more accurate task completion than both string search and no search, with similar task speeds between NLP-enhanced search and string searchAfshar et al [36]To implement a real-time NLP-driven CDS tool for screening opioid misuse in hospitalized adults and assess its effectiveness in providing interventions for substance use disorder treatmentA 30-month quasi-experimental pre-post study screened inpatients for 24 months of standard care followed by a 6-month tool implementation phase.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every disease can be cured through gene editing techniques. [SEP] Text: ” Lynn Kee, from Stetson University, agrees: “The ease with which technologies are being programmed and deployed has allowed the tool to be implemented in arenas applicable across biology, medicine and wider society. ” Anil and Lynn are part of the in the Classroom Network, which aims to develop a national community of biology educators and empower them to integrate 9 into their courses. They both run courses for undergraduates at their respective universities, where they give them direct experience in using the technology to modify organisms’ genomes. -Cas9 works -Cas9 allows scientists to edit parts of an organism’s genome by precisely removing, adding or altering sections of its DNA. It has two core components. The first is an enzyme called Cas9, which acts as a pair of ‘molecular scissors’, cutting the DNA at a specific location. It is accompanied by a piece of guide RNA, which is tailored to complement the DNA sequence of interest, and guides the Cas9 enzyme to the right point to cut. “The tool adds or removes DNA by manipulating natural DNA repair mechanisms,” explains Lynn. Anil adds, “Because cells targeted by -Cas-9 do not tolerate the double strand breaks (DSBs) it creates, they repair themselves using their own biochemical machinery. ” technology is already changing lives. “The first human clinical trial using technology for immunotherapy cancer treatment is underway,” says Lynn. “It involves removing patients’ immune cells, editing them in vitro using to specifically attack cancer cells, and reinserting them into the patient. ” Similar techniques are being used to treat blood disorders too. Clinical trials are also using in vivo approaches. For example, modified viruses are inserted into patients’ retinal cells, where they release components that modify the gene that controls the genetic eye disorder Leber congenital amaurosis 10. “is also penetrating our everyday lives in other ways,” says Lynn. “For instance, crops such as tomatoes and mushrooms are being modified to be bigger and to stay fresh for longer. ” In the undergraduate lab “-Cas9 technologies are becoming commonplace in both academic and industrial laboratories,” says Anil. “A working knowledge of the system is highly valuable to undergraduate students for their future careers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Этому отрезку отвечает интервал интенсивной сиализации коры, проявленный максимальным за всю историю Земли всплеском анорогенного внутриплитного гранитного магматизма (Cawood, Hawksworth, 2015). В этот же период были сформированы основные осадочные месторождения урана, комплексные и весьма специфичные по составу U-Au-Fe-TR руды (IOCG - тип) (Олимпик Дам), магнетит-апатитовые (типа Кируна), полиметаллические (тип - SEDEX), ильменитовые месторождения (Goldfarb et al. , 2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: Cost-effectiveness analysis and user acceptability evaluations were coveredA total sample size of 12,500 patients (10,000 preintervention and 2500 postintervention)The study implemented a real-time NLP-driven CDS tool for screening opioid misuse with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 92%. The workflow was reproducible and included a shared pseudocode for cloud service implementationai2b2: Informatics for and the Bedside. bVA: US Department of Veterans Affairs. cNLP: natural language processing. dcTAKES: Analysis and System. eCDSS: clinical decision support system. fEHR: electronic health record. gCDS: clinical decision support. hBD: big data. iCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. jDDSS: diagnostic decision support system. Of the 26 387. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Abdill R, Blekhman R. Tracking the popularity and outcomes of all bioRxiv preprints. Elife. 2019;8:e45133. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Identifying credible sources of health information in social media: principles and attributes. NAM Perspect. 2021;2021:10. 31478/202107a. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]-Luque L. HealthRecSys: a semantic content-based recommender system to complement health videos. . 2017;17(1):63. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Muhiyaddin R, Abd-. The impact of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) on physicians: a scoping review. Technol Inform. 2020;272:470-473. [CrossRef] [Medline]ínez-Salvador B, Boscá D, Robles M. Interoperability of clinical decision-support systems and electronic health records using archetypes: a case study in clinical trial eligibility. J Biomed Inform. 2013;46(4):676-689. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Clinical decision support: a 25 year retrospective and a 25 year vision. Inform. 2016;25(Suppl 1):S103-S116.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every disease can be cured through gene editing techniques. [SEP] Text: ” If it does, the next step is embryo injections for in vivo testing of what happens when the gene in question is ‘knocked out’. “Students have a go at making microinjections and, later, observe for phenotypes caused as a result of the loss of gene function,” says Anil. “Finally, they isolate the embryos with these phenotypes and perform PCR-based genotyping experiments to find out what genetic mutations have arisen due to -Cas9 activity. ” This project has had successes beyond the classroom. “The big highlight has been the publication of a peer-reviewed journal 10. 33424/442 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 plating E. coli bacteria on culture plates Student using forceps and scissors to carefully cut butterfly wings for analysis Anil and student checking zebrafish embryos in a petri dish © Students looking at butterfly wings using a stereomicroscope. The camera on top of the microscope streams the view to student’s phone on the table. Student using paintbrush to place butterfly eggs onto a plate to microinject with showing patches of black on its wing due to modification Lynn with her student in the lab This led to the selection of painted lady butterflies, which lay hundreds of eggs, each about 1 mm in length. “Using a stereomicroscope, students can use a microinjection system to poke a hole into the butterfly egg and push in the components,” says Lynn. “It’s a process that requires strong hand-eye coordination, but, with practice, students become better and more confident. ” And the experience has paid dividends. “The teamwork and class camaraderie has been amazing,” says Lynn. “Students have been able to successfully create the desired change, and some were even successful in rearing a butterfly with a physical change due to the targeting, such as an unusual wing colour. From this, students learn that the gene they are targeting with is responsible for normal wing colour development. ” Lynn also discusses the ethics involved in genetic manipulation with the class. “I showcase real-world case studies, and we talk about the bioethical implications,” she says. “It’s important to me that the students are informed citizens of the world and can communicate about their work.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Спецификой данной металлогенической эпохи является ее преобладающий уран-редкоземельный профиль и отсутствие крупных собственно золоторудных объектов. Вероятно, это отражает изменения в глубинах Земли, а именно, прекращение роста ядра и его активной дегазации (Маракушев и д. , 1997; Рябчиков, 1997). Таким образом, остается в силе предположение (Cawood, Hawksworth, 2015) об уникальности этого периода в силу большой стабильности.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Roberts K, Harabagiu SM. A flexible framework for deriving assertions from electronic medical records. J Inform Assoc. 2011;18(5):568-573. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Med. 2021;18(3):e1003583. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Greenhalgh T, Peacock R. Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: audit of primary sources. BMJ. 2005;331(7524):1064-1065. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]CASP (qualitative studies) checklist. Skills Programme. 2018. URL: https://casp-uk. net/images/checklist/documents/CASP-Qualitative-Studies-Checklist/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist-2018_fillable_form. pdf [accessed 2020-12-22] -Machado L. "Big data" and the electronic health record. Inform. 2014;23(1):97-104. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]van de Combining text mining with clinical decision support in clinical practice: a scoping review. J Inform Assoc. 2023;30(3):588-603. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]- MITRE system for clinical assertion status classification. J Inform Assoc. 2011;18(5):563-567. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. A knowledge discovery and reuse pipeline for information extraction in clinical notes. J Inform Assoc. 2011;18(5):574-579. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] A study of machine-learning-based approaches to extract clinical entities and their assertions from discharge summaries. J Inform Assoc. 2011;18(5):601-606. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]D'. Automated concept-level information extraction to reduce the need for custom software and rules development. J Inform Assoc. 2011;18(5):607-613.

Output: corroborate