Input: Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: IntroductionExtremophiles are a group of microorganisms that belong to all three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya) and that are found on the Earth in habitats considered extreme from an anthropocentric point of view. Such environments are characterized by harsh conditions of temperature, pH, salinity, pressure and radiation and they include hydrothermal vents and springs, the so called “black smokers”, nuclear reactors, acid mine drainages and rivers, permafrost sediments, sea ice and polar lakes, highly polluted soils, et cetera. The study of extremophiles microbiology is therefore relevant to the definition of the boundaries of life, one of main issues of astrobiology. Indeed astrobiology investigates the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life in the universe (et al. 2008) that, according to the “panspermia” theory, was originated from microorganisms and simple cells transported from one planet to another and able to adapt to adverse conditions in space. In this frame studying microbial communities that are adapted to live on earth in very extreme conditions, and establishing the limits to life on our own planet, could help in getting insights into the potential of other worlds to support life, and thus determining whether life as we know it could exist elsewhere in the galaxy. (Saffary et al. 2002). In this work we investigated the ability of some extremophilic species to survive and to resist to some stressing conditions simulating the space environment. For our study we chose four extremophilic species from different extreme environment and representing both Archaea and Bacteria domains: Sulfolobus solfataricus (Zilling et al. 1980) a thermo-acidophilic archeon isolated from Solfatara volcano, southern Italy; Haloterrigena hispanica (Romano et al. 2007) an extremely halophilic archaeon from Fuente de Piedra, southern Spain; Thermotoga neapolitana (Jannash et al. 1988) a thermo-anaerobic microorganism isolated from a black smoker in the bay of Naples (Italy) and finally Geobacillus thermantarcticus (Coorevits et al. 2012; Lama et al. 2004) a thermophilic microorganism isolated from geothermal soil from Mt. Melbourne, an active volcano in Antarctica.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: More specifically, the results indicated that presence can be increased based on the relevance a VR environment has for the patients (i. e. reminisced of the PwD home-country) and based on the equipment’s simplicity and portability (i. e. use body trackers instead of controllers). This notion was further supported by the significant differences which were reported for the usability ratings. These findings were in line with previous research which suggested that PwD can experience the virtual world with a sense of presence and normality (Flynn et al. 2003; Hodge et al. 2018; Rose et al. 2019; Tabbaa et al. 2019). Analysis of the eye tracking data has however also shown that PwD with more severe symptoms could have troubles in understanding tasks they need to perform, and therefore more care is needed when designing experiences for such a population. In addition, VR was found to have an impact on PwD emotional health. Significant improvements were observed before, during and after the VR exposure in pleasure, sadness, and fear/anxiety. The current study found no adverse effects in the form of anger and general alertness. It is worth mentioning that the observed improvements in the emotional health of the PwD might be attributed to the commonality and relevance of the chosen virtual environment (i. e. most of the PwD quoted that the VR environment was an intimate place for them, similar to their home-town), the sense of presence and the high rates in usability. Significant improvements in pleasure when a PwD is exposed to a VR environment were also reported by a relevant study (Rose et al. 2019). The study found that VR exposure can elicit positive responses and pleasant emotions for PwD and attributed pleasure to the usability and the portability of the technology. The design of the study was based on previous research (Moyle et al. 2018; Siriaraya and Ang 2014) and aimed at reducing the risk of fatigue or discomfort by having the patients seated and by zeroing the interactions between the PwD and the system. Contrary to the above, our design required high mobility of interactivity with the system which resulted in high rates of usability and immersion. We, therefore, believe that new technologies have brought to life opportunities that can deploy simple interactions where natural movements can be used and can provoke much more positive emotions in the PwD.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Replication begins at a DNA stem-loop structure after the genome is converted to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by host factors10. -DNA viruses remain uncultured, as their hosts are unknown1,2. Numerous metagenomic studies have demonstrated an impressive diversity of Rep proteins encoded by CRESS-DNA viruses, which appear to be widespread in numerous habitats1,2,3. One example, which is found only in faecal metagenomes (from insects and vertebrates), are smacoviruses (small, circular genome viruses1), which constitute the CRESS-DNA family Smacoviridae11. have genomes of approximately 2. 5 kb, which encode only Rep and a capsid protein (Cap). Although these viruses are thought to infect eukaryotes, their actual host has not yet been confirmed. In prokaryotes, one method for assigning a virus to a host takes advantage of (Repeats)12,13. -Cas systems14,15 consist of arrays of and its associated Cas (-associated) proteins16. Interspersed among the repeats are distinct (un-repeated) spacer sequences. Spacers derive from sequences (protospacers) in mobile genetic elements, such as viruses and plasmids that use the -containing prokaryote as a host17,18,19,20, and spacers are primarily involved in adaptive immunity against the invading sequences by facilitating the recognition of such sequences17,18,19,21. (crRNA) binds Cas proteins to form an interference complex that recognizes target sequences through base paring. The origins of spacers make it possible to assign virus–host pairs in prokaryotes in a highly reliable way when there is an identical match between a spacer and a protospacer22. The observation that prompted this work was the serendipitous discovery of matches (one perfect match) between spacers of the subtype I-B in the methanogenic archaeon intestinalis Issoire-Mx1, accession number NC_02135326, and a smacovirus, accession number NC_0262523. The virus was described as having Homo sapiens as a host and was found, like other smacoviruses, in faecal samples from humans with unexplained gastroenteritis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: To assess their possible ability to survive in space environment, all the selected species were exposed to extreme conditions in terms of temperature, UV radiation, humidity and pressure resembling Mars conditions and that were assayed in separately or in combination (Onofri et al. 2008). Three different sets of conditions were assayed: storage at extreme temperatures, UV resistance (carried out separately and both in terrestrial atmosphere and pressure conditions), resistance to martian humidity and pressure (Nicholson et al. 2013) investigated at the same time in a Mars simulator set at terrestrial temperature and radiation conditions. ExperimentalMicroorganisms culture conditions: Sulfolobus solfataricus (Zilling et al. 1980) (optimal T = 85 °C), Thermotoga neapolitana (Jannash et al. 1988) (optimal T = 80 °C), Haloterrigena hispanica type strain FP1T (Romano et al. 2007) (optimal T = 50 °C), Geobacillus thermantarcticus, initially named Bacillus thermantarcticus (Lama et al. 2004) (optimal T = 60 °C) were grown in the respective standard conditions as previously described. Effect of on Kinetic 1. 5 ml of each cell culture (with an O. D540 value of 0. 600) were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min and the resulting cell pellets were stored at −196 °C (by liquid N2), −80, −20, 0, 4, 10, 25, 50, 70, 85 °C for 1 week (in the case of S. solfataricus) and 3 months for all other species. After these treatments, cell pellets were recovered and then used as inoculum in the respective standard growth media to assess cell survival and starting O. D. 540 was 0. 010. Effect of UV Radiation (λ = 254 nm) on were carried out at terrestrial temperature (23 °C), pressure, and atmosphere conditions by using a bactericidal wavelength. In detail, 5 ml of each cell culture (with an O. D540 value of 0. 600) were put in an open Petri dish that were exposed at room temperature to a UV-lamp set perpendicularly to the uncovered dishes at a distance of 7 cm. The lamp was set at λ = 254 nm with an irradiation power of about 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: In terms of interactivity, our findings are in line with previous studies which suggested that PwD can benefit from the use of VR technology if the system is appropriately designed and support simplified interactions which avoid any distracting factors, such as the use of buttons (Eisapour et al. 2018a). Similarly, H2 is accepted since the positive improvements in the patients emotions made the training pleasurable and fun, which resulted in an overall positive impact on PwD physical training. In particular, previous research suggested that even though the benefits of physical activity and exercise are well documented, however, most of the PwD are reluctant to engage in any form of physical activity since they find the physical training to be boring and tedious (Nyman 2011; Suttanon et al. 2012). This reaction is explained based on the dementia symptoms, which are linked to an increase in apathy, loss of motivation and interest in the self (Clarke et al. 2008; Crombie et al. 2004; Kitching 2015; Muliyala and Varghese 2010). Our study proposed the use of VR technology as a novel intervention to improve the physical training of PwD, given that patients expressed that positive emotions were elicited after being exposed to VR physical training. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports significant improvements in PwD mood after using a fully-immersive and interactive VR system. The significance of the findings of the study is documented by the OERS and the VAS psychometric response scales, scales with high statistical reliability and validity. Finally, H3 is accepted, supporting that VR as a set-up is a practical solution that can be deployed into real-world clinical settings since the findings demonstrated that PwD are able to perform their daily training through the use of VR when a usable environment with explanatory feedback is provided to the patients. Findings are further supported by the fact that PwD were able to perform the exercises independently with less supervision and only supported by the system. Results have also shown that fatigue, but also mental challenges, can be a hurdle for PwD successfully completing the exercise tasks. Therefore, any solution should be adaptive based on the PwD performance in order to maximize potential outcomes. The system’s design and usability resulted also in reducing the overall time which was required for the training to be performed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: However, whether smacoviruses were the cause of the disease remained unclear, as did the identity of the viral host. The predicted host, Ca. M. intestinalis, belongs to the recently described order Methanomassiliicoccales. The metabolic hallmark of this order is the dependence on an H2 source to reduce methyl compounds to methane23,24,25. Methanomassiliicoccales are present in gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) and environmental samples26 (primarily in wetlands). Their wide distribution and abundance suggest that the order plays an important role in methane emissions and global warming26. Candidatus M. intestinalis has been obtained in a highly enriched culture from human faeces27. Our current knowledge of the species derives from the analysis of its genome and its growth in an enrichment culture; its prevalence is unknown. We report also additional similarities between smacoviruses and the spacers of Ca. M. intestinalis, which are analysed here. Our results indicate that CRESS-DNA viruses could also infect prokaryotes. Although infection and viral autonomy should be empirically confirmed, this finding could mean the identification of the smallest prokaryotic viruses known to date. of Ca. M. intestinalis targets to this study, we performed a search of viral genomes for sequences similar to spacers (see 'search' in the Methods section), which should relate viruses and their hosts. For RefSeq viruses their hosts were already described, but as previously noticed22 there were a few discrepancies at the domain level. A closer look at the -predicted hosts with described hosts from other domains uncovered one unambiguous case that stood out: several spacers from the archaeon Ca. M. intestinalis (NC_021353) matched protospacers in a human smacovirus (NC_026252, KP264966). This case was exceptional because there were more than one matching spacer highly similar to their putative protospacers. Remarkably, the described viral host of the smacovirus was H. sapiens, and all known hosts of CRESS-DNA viruses are eukaryotes. Candidatus M. intestinalis Issoire-Mx1 has a previously described24 complete subtype I--Cas system (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: 00 W/m2 that was applied for 7. 5, 15, 30 min and 1 h. Control experiments were carried out in the absence of UV radiation. After these treatments, cells were recovered after centrifugation of the liquid medium deposited in the Petri dish. The cells were then incubated in the respective standard growth conditions to assess cell resistance. Due to the aerobic conditions, this experiment could not be performed in the case of T. neapolitana, an anaerobic microorganism. Simulation: Effect of Desiccation and low Pressure on 100 μl of each cell sample (with an O. D540 value of 0. 600) were desiccated by air drying to be subsequently exposed to the simulated low pressure conditions of Mars conditions. The desiccated cells were then set for 1 h, 1 and 8 days at low pressure (4 mbar) that was reproduced in a Martian environment Simulator built by Laboratory of the University “Parthenope”. After this treatment, cell pellets were recovered and then used as inoculum in the respective standard growth media to assess cellular resistance. Results and DiscussionEffect of on Microbial GrowthCells of all extremophilic strains were stored at a wide range of temperatures (from −196 to 85 °C) to assess their resistance to the extreme variations of such parameter typical of space condition. Resistance was assessed by measuring the ability of treated colonies to give cell growth in comparison to that observable after storage in optimal standard conditions. In the case of S. solfataricus (Fig. 1) after one week storage at T from −196 to 25 °C cell growth registered after 1 day of incubation was comparable to that observed after storage in standard conditions; the same cell growth level (O. D540 value of 0. 700) was gained after storage at 50, 70, 85 ° C but after a longer incubation time, i. e. , 4, 6, and 7 days respectively. Fig. 1 S. solfataricus growth after 1 week storage at −196, −80, −20, 0, 4, 10, 25, 50, 70, 85 °CFull size image After 3 months storage at T from −20 to 4 °C the cell growth of the halophilic species H. hispanica (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The findings are in line with previous research which suggested that VR as technology can enhance and support the PwD physical training (Eisapour et al. 2018a, b), however, and to the best of our knowledge, our study is the first study that implemented the technology in a hospital environment where people with dementia are living confined (Schiza et al. 2019). The results of this study provide further evidence that VR technology can play a significant role in the improvement of PwD physical training and emotional health. In particular, our findings revealed the positive consequences of VR for PwD who are now able to experience the outside while exercising in a safe and restricted hospital environment. Overall, our results suggest that VR can increase positive emotions (e. g. pleasure and happiness), decrease negative emotions (e. g. sadness and fear/anxiety), and improve the performance and independence of the PwD when performing an exercise through gamified features (e. g. boost the patients training by targets and reinforcement). This results in PwD having an increased willingness to engage in physical training, or continues to exercise for a longer period of time (e. g. as mentioned by the physiotherapist during their normal physical training, PwD quit the training once they get tired, with the VR PwD are positively motivated and so they exercise for longer). 6 Conclusions, limitations and future workResearch suggests that physical activity can slow the progression of dementia and improve functional outcomes (Cheng et al. 2014). Although physical activity is fundamental for the improvement of the quality of life for people with dementia, patients often neglect to participate fully in sessions of physical activity due to barriers that may arise from cognitive and motor impairments that limit or prevent PwD engagement in exercise. The purpose of this study was to explore whether VR is a feasible solution for PwD who are dealing with barriers arising from cognitive and motor impairments, such as difficulties with orientation, attention, memory, language processing and lack of motivation. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, we found that VR could be a successful solution for physical activity in dementia patients when specific factors of the design are followed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: 1, top) with 112 repeats (array B1, of which the repeated sequence is 5′-gttagaaatccatctaaactagaatgtaaat-3′, palindromic sequences are underlined). proteins are of the subtype I-B except for Cas8, which belongs to the subtype I-A (Cas8a1)24. We also noticed that a previously described small cluster of three repeats (array B2), approximately 3 kb from the array B1, shares the same repeated sequence in the complementary strand. For both arrays, a so-called leader sequence16,19 can be identified on the basis that the most distant repeat has a poorly conserved sequence16. promoters are in the leader sequence28, transcription would be the same as predicted previously24. As expected, both leader sequences are AT rich13 but have no significant identity. Interestingly, the only two genes predicted to have similarities with viruses in the genome24 are located between arrays B1 and B2. Fig. 1Repeats ()-I-B in Candidatus M. intestinalis and its targets in smacoviruses. -Cas subtype I-B in Ca. M. intestinalis is represented. Related cas genes are grouped and coloured according to functional categories: adaptation (cas1–2 and cas4), target cleavage (cas3) and formation of interference complex (cas6, cas8a1, cas7 and cas5). Cas8a1 would belong to subtype I-A. Two repetitive arrays are found in opposite orientations, here named B1 (112 repeats) and B2 (3 repeats), with putative leader sequences, from where transcription would start. Array B1 is amplified and similarities of spacers to sequences in smacoviruses indicated. A smacovirus 'archetype' is depicted where targets are represented with their relative positions to genes (see Methods). Similar sequences that are in the same orientation of spacers point right and vice versa. Smacoviruses are circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus with just two genes (rep and cap). Targets in the ssDNA are represented below the viral genome, and targets in the complementary strand above. Targets in red were found with local–global alignments, while targets in grey only with local alignments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: 2, open bars) registered after 1 day of incubation, was comparable to that observed after storage in standard conditions; the same cell growth was observed after storage at 50, 70 and 85 °C but with a delay of 3, 4 and 5 days respectively. At −195 °C, −80 °C H. hispanica showed a lower resistance as showed by the low capability to grow again after the treatment. Fig. 2 H. hispanica (open bars), T. neapolitana (full bars), G. thermantarcticus (dashed bars) growth after 3 months storage at −195, −80, −20, 0, 4, 10, 25, 50, 70, 85 °CFull size image The thermo-anaerobe T. neapolitana (Fig. 2, full bars) was able to survive to all the tested temperature stress although it showed an average resistance lower than the other species. Indeed for this strain, cell growth was always lower than that observed after storage in the standard conditions. The thermophilic species G. thermantarcticus (Fig. 2, dashed bars) showed to be highly resistant to 3 months storage at T values from 0 °C to 70 °C: in all these experiments indeed it reached an O. D540 value comparable to that observed after storage in the standard conditions; growth after storage at −196 °C and at 85 °C (the lowest and the highest T investigated) was less significant thus suggesting a minor resistance to these stressing conditions. Effect of UV Radiation (λ = 254 nm) on Microbial GrowthThe effect of ultraviolet radiations was investigated by monochromatic irradiation with a lamp whose power and wavelength allowed to simulate the UVC portion of solar radiation on Mars (Schuerger et al. 2003) that was applied in terrestrial conditions of temperature, pressure and atmosphere. This experiments could be carried out for all strains except the thermo-anaerobe T. neapolitana since UV irradiation was performed in terrestrial aerobic conditions that are lethal for this bacterium. In the case of H. hispanica (Fig. 3, open bars), exposition caused for almost all irradiation intervals only 20 % decrease of growth with respect to the control experiment. In the case of G. thermantarcticus (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: In particular, our findings suggested that VR appeared to be very effective for this clinical population if the design includes features that respond to specific challenges, such as: 1) a simple interaction modality is preferred for the PwD to be able to interact with the system and perform the task correctly and without much supervision and assistance from the clinical staff. Having that said body trackers were found to enhance PwD concentration compared to the controllers; 2) visual targets should be stable, visible, and within the frontal field of view of the PwD so that the patients could interact easier and appropriately with the system. Also, continuous feedback should be provided to the PwD so as to be able to accurately perform the exercises with more precision; 3) personalized virtual environments relevant to the PwD’s interests and memories improve the patient’s mood, immersion and engagement, and 4) a reasonable range of deviation in which the patient will be allowed to perform the exercise is highly suggested since this can increase task performance. Even though we believe that this study contributes to the emerging body of research by describing the process of how VR can be designed, tested, and deployed into a hospital environment based on the restrictions that dementia patients possess, several limitations were in presence. In particular, the study was limited to a relatively small sample of dementia patients, constrained by RITE methodological design, and exclusion criteria. Nevertheless, the study contributes to the research in the design community by presenting the process for the effective design of a deployable VR system for people with dementia residing within hospital units. In the future, studies should examine the use of VR for physical activity with a larger sample size to increase the reliability and validity of the findings. Future work should also consider ways to reduce exclusions. For example, people with dementia confined to bed could be addressed by setting up the equipment in their private rooms. To conclude, this study contributes to the emerging body of research on the use of medical technology for PwD dealing with several barriers to engage in physical activity in real-world clinical settings. The study presents the cyclic process of prototyping, testing, analysing, and refining the VR system in real-world clinical settings. We believe this paper lays the foundations for the deployment of VR on a large scale in clinical environments and we can see a future where VR will be a part of the dementia patients’ physical activity training. Noteswww. unity3d. com.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: All arrows point in the sense of predicted transcription (for targets transcription of (crRNA)). Scale bars are 5 kb (above) and 0. 5 kb (bottom). Non-genes are coloured violetFull size imageA specific search against a previously published11 selection of 83 smacovirus sequences revealed similarities to 23 spacers of Ca. M. intestinalis (Fig. 1; Table 1). Such a high number of spacers may be needed to stop viral infection due to high sequence diversity or because spacers farther from the leader end are poorly expressed. Multiple targets may also be necessary to abort an infection if only double-stranded (ds) DNA is cleaved. For this search, local regions of the subject sequences were aligned against the entire length of spacers (we call this algorithm local–global alignment, see Methods for details). Matches for four additional spacers were found by local alignments, but were not considered in this work unless otherwise stated. Representatives of best alignment to each spacer are shown in 1. All spacers with targets belong to the B1 array and are identified by their distance from the leader preceded by sp (spacer) or psp (protospacer) for targets (all targets are putative). Table 1 Targets of Ca. M. intestinalis in smacoviral genomesFull size tableValidity of the virus–host predictionAlthough the cut-off e -value used was 0. 01, only one best match to a spacer had an e value under 3 × 10−4, and 18 of them were under 10−4, which is an indicator of the correspondence of matches to sequences in Smacoviridae. Notably, the redundancy of subject sequences makes these e values an overestimation. As previously mentioned, six spacers resulted in 100% identity matches to genomes of smacoviruses. Gaps in the alignments of protein coding regions (1) are either compensated between the spacer and target (the same number in each) or, alternatively, the difference of gaps between the query and subject is three (exceptions are sp79 and sp35). This finding implies that indel mutations would not have altered the frame of the coding region, which supports the legitimacy of the alignments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: 3, full bars) UV irradiation resistance decreased only slightly with increasing time of exposition: indeed till after 30 min irradiation its growth level was 80 % with respect to the control experiment, and it was still about 40 % after 1 h irradiation at 254 nm. Fig. 3 H. hispanica (open bars), G. thermantarcticus (full bars), S. solfataricus (dashed bars) growth after UV radiation (λ = 254 nm) expositionFull size image The highest resistance to UV irradiation was showed by the thermo-acidophilic archeon S. solfataricus (Fig. 3, dashed bars): after all irradiation treatment its growth was equal to that registered in standard conditions, only after 15 min irradiation a 40 % decrease was found, but further experiments are needed to confirm this trend. Nevertheless it is noteworthy to underline the surviving of such species that were treated in a vegetative state, while usually resistance to UVC radiations is displayed from the spore counterparts (Newcombe et al. 2005). Simulation: Effect of Desiccation and low Pressure on Microbial GrowthThe surface environment of Mars is now characterised by the scarcity of liquid water, extreme low temperatures and pressure, an anoxic atmosphere and exposition to solar and cosmic radiation. The experiments here described, allowed to assess at the same time the cell resistance to two of Mars environment parameters i. e. , humidity and low pressure. All experiments were carried out on previously desiccated cells that were then exposed in the Mars simulator chamber at a 4 mbar pressure. Unfortunately, such testes could be carried out only with H. hispanica and G. thermantarcticus, since both the thermo-acidophilic archeon S. solfataricus and the thermo-anaerobe T. neapolitana did not survive to the initial step of desiccation; in this latter case it was probably lethal because it was performed in aerobic conditions. Both H. hispanica and G. thermantarcticus species were able to survive to the initial step of desiccation, that was required to expose the cell pellets to the extremely low pressure conditions reached in the simulator. Exposition of desiccated G. thermantarcticus (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: 1 (ULMI) requiring rehabilitation affect a diverse population, including people affected by neurological, musculoskeletal and congenital conditions (e. g. cerebral palsy, fractures, scalds or brachial plexus birth injury) (for Health and 2017). Common problems in children and young people associated with these conditions include impaired joint movement, muscle weakness and decreased upper limb lean mass (Cambiaso-Daniel et al. 2017), leading to limitations in daily life activities due to reduced function and diminished quality of life (Liebs et al. 2020). ULMI rehabilitation is a long-term, demanding and difficult process to recover motor functionality, which includes a conventional rehabilitation (CR) program consisting of stretching, strengthening, positioning, splinting, casting and facilitation of movement focussed on high-intensity, repetitive and task-specific practice (Pritchard-Wiart and Phelan 2018; Tarakci et al. 2020). Early rehabilitation contributes significantly to optimising functional outcomes and overall well-being to prevent acute problems from becoming chronic with potential cost savings (Neilson et al. 2019). Tackling non-pharmacological interventions to minimise procedural pain during physical therapies and treatment adherence is essential for successful long-term functional outcomes for this population (Threapleton et al. 2016). However, CR results in high costs to the healthcare system. Factors such as financial pressures on inpatient stay, geographic location and the number of therapists, especially in rural areas, can limit access to clinical therapy (Gueye et al. 2021). The functional declines observed after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation are undoubtedly exacerbated by this limited access to clinical treatment (Riddell et al. 2011). This problem has been compounded further by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has forced the suspension of outpatient physician visits due to containment measures, making it a challenge to provide continuum care for patients in the hospital (Goyal and Prawin 2021). Home-based therapy could potentially overcome this problem, improving early functional recovery in musculoskeletal impairments (Falvey et al. 2018) whilst limiting the need to travel for treatment. Recent studies have suggested that similar outcomes may be possible with self-directed home exercise programs compared to face to face CR (Wang, Rodon et al. 2019), decreasing length of stay at the hospital and treatment duration (Menon et al. 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: An additional validation of thresholds is that, for spacers from other Methanomassiliicoccales (sequences from Methanomassiliicoccales analysed are listed in 2, and arrays in 3), we obtained no significant matches to either a set of smacoviral genomes11 or a set of CRESS-DNA sequences2. The only significant hit in these searches was similar to one previously described:24 a spacer in alvus targeting a sequence (93% identity) from a ssDNA virus (JX305998). We found, for the same spacer, a similar match (also 93%) to sequence KU203352, which is also classified as a smacovirus2. The following trait of protospacers can be used to confirm matches: in -Cas systems, one requirement for interference and acquisition is a short motif () next to the protospacer29, located in the protospacer region corresponding to the upstream zone of spacer transcription (towards the leader). Once protospacers were detected, the best matches to each spacer (1) were used to investigate the presence of a PAM. A sequence logo from all six protospacers with 100% identity revealed the conservation of a thymine (Fig. 2b) in the sixth base downstream (downstream or upstream in the protospacers make reference to the spacer transcription); this thymine was not conserved in other protospacers (Fig. 2d). A sequence logo revealed the PAM 'CCN' (Fig. 2a–c) located upstream (bases −3, −2 and −1). This motif was equally conserved when sequences not identical to spacers were accounted for. Most upstream sequences (18 of 23: 78%) present a complete motif, and 100% of the upstream sequences have at least one of the nucleotides; this is a high level of conservation for systems, similar to acquisition studies30,31, and there is a flexibility in the recognition for interference32,33. The presence of PAM sequences in smacoviruses confirms the origin of the spacers and the predicted transcription sense, given that in systems the motifs are located upstream. Fig. 2Sequence conservation in flanking regions of smacoviral Candidatus M. intestinalis Repeats () targets.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: 4, full bars) cells to Mars’s pressure for all the time intervals investigated didn’t affect significantly the growth of this bacterium: indeed after all the exposition time intervals investigated, a growth level comparable to the standard conditions was reached after only 1 day of incubation. Similar resistance was exhibited by H. hispanica (Fig. 4, open bars) desiccated cells but for this strain a delay in growth after the stressing treatment was observed: indeed the O. D. values comparable to the control experiment could be reached only by incubating for 2 days after 1 h exposition in the Mars simulator, or by incubating for 5 days after 24 h and 8 days of exposition in the simulator. Fig. 4 H. hispanica (open bars), G. thermantarcticus (full bars) growth after exposition to Mars simulated conditionsFull size image ConclusionsThe described experiments were carried out in order to investigate extremophiles resistance to some stressing conditions typical of space environments i. e. , wide variation of temperature, exposition to high energy UV radiations, desiccation and extremely low pressure values. All the selected extremophilic strains showed a good resistance to the simulation of the temperature variation in the space: indeed all extremophiles were able to grow rapidly (from 1 to maximum 5 days of incubation) after prolonged storage also at temperature values very far from their respective optimal conditions. The exposition to UV radiation affected only slightly the growth of H. hispanica, G. thermantarcticus and S. solfataricus: the latter showed to be the most resistant to this stress parameter whereas survival of H. hispanica and G. thermantarcticus decreased with increasing irradiation time. This result was interesting since the most significant resistance to UV radiation is displayed by some bacterial spores such as spores of different Bacillus species: the results here reported suggested that extremophilic vegetative cells were able to survive to Martian UVC irradiation at a wavelength usually employed as bactericidal radiation. In the experiment of Mars humidity and pressure simulation the behaviour of S. solfataricus and T. neapolitana could not be investigated since the previous desiccation step was lethal for these two species. Nevertheless, it was possible to verify that both H. hispanica and G. thermantarcticus were resistant either to desiccation and Mars pressure, although H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Novel technology, such as (VR), can offer greater accessibility and can be delivered remotely, cost-effectively and conveniently without transportation and provide individually tailored treatments (Su et al. 2021; Thielbar et al. 2020). In the clinical setting, several trials have innovated and investigated effective treatments for ULMI recovery. They have identified VR technology as an opportunity to promote movement recovery during the physiotherapeutic process (Levac et al. 2013). VR-supported rehabilitation has a high intrinsic motivational power that increases engagement and enjoyment of therapeutic routines for adults and children (Campo-Prieto et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2014; Laver et al. 2017). This is very important because even if a proper rehabilitation therapy is prescribed, and it can fail because of the patient’s lack of motivation (López-Jaquero et al. 2019; Meyns et al. 2018). In addition, it is effective in reducing procedural pain, with minimal adverse effects and economical due to the reduced costs of the technology (Aydın and Özyazıcıoğlu 2019; Chan et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2020, Garrett et al. 2014; Walther-Larsen et al. 2019). It lets users immerse themselves in an engaging and challenging virtual scenario where interaction emulates the exercises required in their CR (Wenk et al. 2021). It also allows therapists to identify individuals’ difficulties and customise the control of variables, such as speed, size, distance and visual and auditory feedback (Brusque et al. 2018; Zahabi et al. 2020). The “Impact VRLab” based in Sheffield has developed a suite of immersive and interactive VR rehabilitation systems for paediatric and adult patients with neurological and musculoskeletal conditions, orthopaedic trauma, and pain management (Chau et al. 2020; Furness et al. 2019; Phelan et al. 2019). Immersive scenarios possessing high degrees of the patient presence and engagement proved the most effective (Furness et al. 2019). A small scale feasibility study was carried out to help children with ULMI to perform their rehabilitation exercises in a clinical setting. Results showed a reduction in pain and difficulty ratings, increased enjoyment and improved range of motion (ROM).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Sequence logos represent conservation of 10 bases, in non-target strand, upstream (5' end of corresponding spacer in (crRNA)) (a, c) and downstream (b, d) from sequences targeted by the spacer in Ca. M. intestinalis. Up (a, b), conservation around the six matches identical to spacers. Down (c, d), conservation in best matches to each 23 spacers. e Representation of an R-loop, where crRNA from spacer 6 hybridizes to target double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) protospacer in smacoviurs. f Part of life cycle of a Encoding Single-Stranded DNA (CRESS-DNA) virus showcasing presence of dsDNA, targeted presumably by the -Cas system, after synthesis of complementary strand, and in replication. In e, f the viral strand is represented in blue, complimentary in garnet and RNA in blackFull size imageThere also exists a biological property that relates Smacoviridae with their predicted hosts. Methanomassiliicoccales such as Ca. M. intestinalis adopt the amber stop codon ('UAG') to encode the amino acid pyrrolysine; as a result, the coding sequences of these archaea are biased against the use of the amber stop codon for translation termination24. The percentage of each stop codon in the predicted proteins (188) of the set of 83 smacovirus genomes was analysed, and the amber codon was found to be utilized in only 4. 25% of coding sequences. Notably, the use of termination codons in smacoviruses is similar to that of Ca. M. intestinalis24 but different from that of human or CRESS-DNA coding sequences (Fig. 3). None of the viruses with amber stop codons (GQ351273, GQ351276, GQ351277, KP233190, KT862219, KT862222, KX838318) include any detected Ca. M. intestinalis targets. Fig. 3Stop codons usage of Smacoviridae compared to Encoding Single-Stranded DNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses and possible hosts. In organisms, such as Candidatus M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: hispanica growth after this simulation was strongly delayed in comparison to the standard conditions. Overall these results suggested that all four extremophilic strains are good candidates for possible future experiments of microorganisms exposition in space missions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The objective measurement scales were captured using a goniometer measurement instrument to capture ROM (Phelan et al. 2021a, b). This study aims to explore the feasibility, acceptability and perceived effectiveness of an overhauled Reality (IVR) system tailored for ULMI rehabilitation for children in their homes. Using feedback acquired through co-design with patients, caregivers and clinical staff, a new improved system specifically tailored for home use was developed. Selected outcome measures include ROM readings, quality of life (PedsQL), usability (SUS) and qualitative data (interviews). The redesign of the system builds on previous studies by incorporating additional immersive levels with new mechanics (arrow types) that replicate physiotherapy exercises (stretching, flexions and rotations). Usability required significant attention since the user would be using the system in their homes without instant support. This required the inclusion of a character that follows the user to provide tips on how to progress. Motivational challenges and engaging scenarios were implemented to maintain the users’ attention to prevent the therapy from failing, as is often the case with self-directed treatments. An aim of this study is to provide rehabilitation to paediatric patients with ULMI to optimise functional outcomes and overall well-being and quality of life. Utilising IVR technology with self-directed home rehabilitation, this system attempts to decrease healthcare pressure due to the Covid-19 pandemic by reducing clinic visits. This alternative approach to rehabilitation at home does not require supervised sessions. Although the therapist still needs to perform an initial assessment along with training on how to use the system, the subsequent follow-up appointments should be reduced with the improvement in adherence. 2 Related workVR scenarios can be presented through a head-mounted device (IVR), or a projection system or a flat-screen (non-IVR). The state of the art of clinical studies conducted to demonstrate the efficacy and acceptability of VR for ULMI rehabilitation has been primarily focussed on adults and non-immersive VR systems. There is a lack of clinical studies of IVR applied to children and in particular during home-based rehabilitation. 2. 1 Non-IVR interventionNon-IVR environments provide visual feedback, presented through projection systems or flat screens. Biofeedback enables control of the timing of the task and supports motor learning (Kitago and Krakauer 2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: intestinalis, that use amber (UAG) codon to codify pyrrolysine, its use for translation termination is reduced. Bars represent the percentage of coding sequences ending in one of the standard termination codons that end with amber, opal (UGA) or ochre (UAA) codons for a set of CRESS-DNA virus, a set of smacoviruses, Ca. M. intestinalis genome and human genome (see details in Methods section). Only percentages of amber codon are shownFull size imageDistribution of putative targets and matching spacersTo visualize the positions of the targets, an archetype smacovirus depicting all protospacers was drawn (Fig. 1, bottom). The targets were distributed along the entire archetype, with no region excluded. There was a slightly higher density of targets in the rep gene than in cap (10 and 9, respectively, with cap being 30% larger), possibly caused by a higher conservation of the rep gene. There was also a slight bias towards targeting the template strand (7 coding vs. 12 template). Even in a ssDNA virus, targets can be located in either strand. This is not surprising given that, for replication, smacoviruses must form dsDNA, and new spacers are incorporated from dsDNA34. CRESS-DNA viruses enter the cell as ssDNA (this strand will be referred to as the 'viral strand'), and then host factors synthesize the complementary strand, which is used as a template for rolling circle replication, yielding multiple circular single-stranded copies of the viral genome. Although both strands are targeted, we detected a bias favouring the viral ssDNA; only 8 of the 23 spacers were found to target the complementary strand (35%). According to the binomial distribution, the probability of obtaining this bias or higher towards targeting the viral strand by chance is 0. 105 (if matches found only in local alignments are included, the probability is reduced to 0. 061). This bias suggests that the present -Cas system affects target sequences in ssDNA in addition to targets in dsDNA. This finding would be surprising, as tested systems are known to target dsDNA only32. The presence of the targets in each smacovirus and their identity with each spacer are depicted in Table 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe trap of the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) catches prey by very rapid closure of its modified leaves. After the rapid closure secures the prey, repeated mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs by struggling prey and the generation of action potentials (APs) result in secretion of digestive fluid. Once the prey's movement stops, the secretion is maintained by chemical stimuli released from digested prey. We investigated the effect of mechanical and chemical stimulation (NH4Cl, KH2PO4, further N(Cl) and P(K) stimulation) on enzyme activities in digestive fluid. Activities of β-D-glucosidases and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidases were not detected. Acid phosphatase activity was higher in N(Cl) stimulated traps while proteolytic activity was higher in both chemically induced traps in comparison to mechanical stimulation. This is in accordance with higher abundance of recently described enzyme cysteine endopeptidase dionain in digestive fluid of chemically induced traps. Mechanical stimulation induced high levels of cis-12-oxophytodienoic acid (cis-OPDA) but jasmonic acid (JA) and its isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile) accumulated to higher level after chemical stimulation. The concentration of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) did not change significantly. The external application of JA bypassed the mechanical and chemical stimulation and induced a high abundance of dionain and proteolytic activity in digestive fluid. These results document the role of jasmonates in regulation of proteolytic activity in response to different stimuli from captured prey. The double trigger mechanism in protein digestion is proposed. Citation: Libiaková M, Floková K, Novák O, Slováková L, Pavlovič A (2014) Abundance of Dionain in of (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) by from Prey through Jasmonates. 9(8): e104424. of AmericaReceived: April 17, 2014; Accepted: July 8, 2014; Published: August 25, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Libiaková et al. This is an open-access 1. 07/2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The most frequently used devices are computer-based supported, such as -Fit (Kong et al. 2016; Simonsen et al. 2017). 2. 1. 1 Intervention with adult patients: upper limb stroke impairmentsThe majority studies have been with adults with a focus on stroke patients. The randomised controlled trial (RCT) of Kiper et al. (2018) with stroke patients demonstrated the effectiveness of reinforced feedback in non-IVR treatment, combined with CR for upper limb and compared with just CR. Similarly, Lee et al. (2018) investigated the effects of game-based non-IVR canoe paddling training, when combined with CR programs, on postural balance and upper limb function in stroke patients (n = 30). Results showed significant improvements compared with the baseline measurements and significantly greater improvement in the experimental group compared with the control group (p < 0. 05). Shahmoradi et al. (2021) presented a single before–after study to evaluate the impact of the non-IVR games on UL rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients (n = 10; mean age 52). The games had positive effects on the shoulder abduction (16. 26 ± 23. 94, p < 0. 02), adduction (59. 24 ± 74. 76, p < 0. 00), wrist supination (0. 06 ± 1. 34, p < 0. 03). As one of the first studies to evaluate the use of VR for ULMI rehabilitation after stroke, combining non-IVR and home-based approaches, Piron et al. (2009) compared a remotely controlled programme to treat motor deficits in post-stroke patients (n = 36) with CR. The experimental treatment was a non-IVR virtual reality-based system delivered via the Internet, which provided motor tasks to the patients from a remote rehabilitation facility with the therapist’s support. Results showed the Fugl-(FMA-UE) indicated a significantly higher improvement in post-treatment motor function in the experimental group. Based on self-directed therapy, a different approach was presented by Wittman et al. (2016), who conducted an open-label, single-group study with stroke patients (n = 11). The patients trained with an inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based non-IVR system (ArmeoSenso) in their homes for six weeks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Matches to spacers were detected in multiple smacoviruses, primarily in a subset of related smacoviruses associated with humans (genus Huchismacovirus). KP264968 (human-associated) is the viral sequence with the most protospacers detected (14 out of 23 detected). No single virus contained all protospacers (Table 1), which indicates that the protospacers derive from diverse viral genomes. The targets were present in many genomes, or their identity to the spacer was under 90%, and thus the donor of the original protospacer could not be ascertained. There were six spacers (sp1, sp35, sp36, sp48, sp56 and sp79) with targets present in only one of the viral genomes; three of the spacers (sp35, sp48 and sp56) had targets in KY086298 (chicken-associated smacovirus), two of the spacers (sp1 and sp36) had targets in KP264968 (human-associated) and one spacer (sp79) had a target in KM573770 (camel-associated). The genome with the most targets (14) was KP264968. Spacers sp20 and sp23 had targets in the highest number of genomes (26 and 25, respectively), located in the rep gene. In Ca. M. intestinalis, there were no self-targeting spacers. The only similarities to the archaeon genome were between sp59 and sp63, which are almost identical (one mismatch and sp59 has an extra nucleotide), and between sp34 and sp49, which overlap 19 nucleotides (out of 36 each) in opposite orientations. Given that spacers are usually incorporated at the leader end of the array, spacers closer to this end are more recently acquired in the genome. As expected35,36, the putatively targeting spacers were predominantly among the most recent; no similarities were found for the last 41 spacers (out of 111), and most matching spacers were near the leader (14 of the 27 first spacers in B1 array were targeting smacoviruses). In addition, the 25 first spacers were found to include all six that were identical to one target. For the first 25 spacers the lowest identity value was 85.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: 3. 00/20. 0057] and grant LO1204 from the of Sustainability I. of Palacký University [IGA_PrF_2014006] is also kindly acknowledged for financial support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionCarnivorous plants have attracted the attention of scientists for centuries by the ability of these plants to catch and then digest animal prey by enzymes similar to those in the digestive system of vertebrate animals. Although the composition of digestive fluid in some carnivorous genera is now well recognized, the information about regulation of their activity by stimuli from prey are scarce. In this paper we focus on the regulation of proteolytic activity in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis), which captures insect by rapid movement of its bilobed modified leaves called a trap. was fascinated by this plant and he denoted it as the “most wonderful plant in the world” [1]. In response to Darwin‘s request, Burdon-Sanderson discovered electrical activity in this plant [2]. The trap closes in response to a mechanical stimulus delivered to the trigger hairs, protruding from trap epidermis. This initiates a receptor and then an action potential (AP). At least two APs within approximately 20 seconds are necessary for trap closure at room temperature [3], [4], [5]. An external electrical stimulus can also close the trap without mechanical stimulation of the trigger hair, and repeated application of a lower voltage demonstrates the existence of electrical memory in Dionaea [6], [7], [8], [9]. The exact mechanism of rapid trap closure remained obscure for many years. The driving force for closure is most probably elastic energy accumulated due to hydrostatic pressure differences between the upper and lower layers of the lobes [10], [11], [12]. Another plausible explanation is the expansion of the cell wall through acid growth [13]. Regardless the mechanism, after rapid closure secures the insect prey, the struggling of the entrapped prey in the closed trap results in generation of further APs which cease to occur when the prey stops moving. Over 100 APs were recorded in the trap with prey in the first 2 hours.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: All subjects could use the system independently in their homes, and no safety issues were reported. The arm function of these patients improved significantly by 4. 1 points (p < 0. 003) in the FMA-UE. ArmeoSenso-based metrics showed an improvement in arm function, a high number of reaching movements (387 per session) and minimal compensatory activities of the trunk whilst training. Dodakian et al. (2017) designed and evaluated a home-based non-IVR rehabilitation program, Repair, for stroke patients (n = 12). Arm motor status showed significant gains (FMA-UE change 4. 8 ± 3. 8 points, p < 0. 0015), with half of the participants exceeding the minimal clinically significant difference. Similarly, to empower patients to control their treatment at home, Choi and Paik (2018) developed a mobile-based non-IVR program for UL stroke rehabilitation to promote patients’ engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more exciting and motivating tool (n = 24). The system included a mobile device (tablet PC) for visualisation and a smartphone to obtain information about the movement of the affected arm using the built-in sensor. Findings showed that the system effectively promoted UL recovery in patients with stroke. All of the works included above use non-IVR systems, despite studies, suggesting that IVR using Head-(HMD) is more effective for upper limb motor recovery than non-IVR (Henderson et al. 2007). 2. 1. 2 Interventions in paediatricsResearch with children has similarly been focussed on using non-IVR and has targeted children with cerebral palsy (Deutsch et al. 2008; Sandlund et al. 2009). Studies, such as those of Jannink et al. (2008), Sharan et al. (2021) and Sun (2012), reported a positive effect of using non-IVR game training on physical motor rehabilitation in children. Recently, Tarakci et al. (2020) developed Controller-based training (LMCBT). They ran an RCT to investigate the potential efficacy of an 8-week LMCBT program set as a ULMI rehabilitation program by comparing CR in children and adolescents (n = 92) with physical disabilities such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), cerebral palsy (CP) and brachial plexus birth injury.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: 7% (average 94,7%), while the rest of targeting spacers had identity values of 77. 8 to 88. 9% (average 82. 3%). This finding can be explained by a loss of sequence identity over time (more ancient spacers have lower identity). There were also consecutive runs of spacers with targets in smacoviruses (sp6–9, sp19–21, sp23–27 and sp35–36) and blocks with an absence of targets, which suggests periods of fluctuation in exposure to different viruses. Groups of putatively targeted smacovirusesWe defined the following seven groups of targeted smacoviruses according to the relationships among the viruses and the profile of their putative targets: Porcine, Mammal, Chicken0, Human A, Human B, Huchicken and (see Table 1). These names describe the vertebrates from which the viruses were sequenced. The correspondence of target groups to taxonomy11 is also described in Table 1. It is worth noting that the genus Huchismacovirus comprises the groups with the most similar matches to spacers. Although the timescale is unknown, it is possible to evaluate the history of infections to Ca. M. intestinalis Issoire-Mx1 by these different groups of viral genomes, based on the age of the spacers that target them37. The following three ages were selected (see vertical lines in Table 1): modern age (sp1–9), middle age (sp12–27) and ancient age (sp35–72). In the modern age, appears to be the principal smacoviruses putatively infecting this archaeon, whereas for the middle age the principal groups are and C. For the ancient age, the spacers are from Human A, a more ancient virus with a rep gene similar to that of Chicken0, and from the Porcine group. This finding could either reflect a progressive specialization to the human gut or a degeneration of targeted protospacers to evade immunity. Spacer matches in the groups Huchicken and Mammal appear to be a consequence of homology. The only exception may be psp79, which is found only in the Mammal group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: This results in further closure and tightening the trap to a tightly appressed state called the narrowed phase. The force increases in the narrowed phase from zero to 450 mN with maximal constriction pressure created by the trap lobes reaching to 9 kPa [14]. Secretion of digestive fluid also appears to be triggered by APs. The narrowed phase and secretion of digestive fluid are also induced by chemical stimulation; Na+ and NH4+ stimulate narrowing at very low concentration; both ions are present in insect haemolymph. As the body of the insect breaks down through the action of digestive enzymes, more chemical stimuli are released into the trap interior which maintains secretion of fluid and trap narrowing. When the prey dies, no APs are generated [15], [16], [17]. Ueda et al. have isolated trap-closing chemical factors from jasmonates, which induce trap closing without mechanical stimuli [18]. It has been proposed that the ‘touch’ hormone 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), which is a precursor of jasmonic acid (JA), induces the secretion of digestive fluid [19]. The digestive fluid released from Venus flytrap in response to different stimuli has proteinase, peptidase, peroxidase, esterase, glycosidase, chitinase and anhydrase activities [20], [21]. The action of the proteolytic enzymes has been researched by several laboratories. Robins and Juniper (1980) and Takahashi et al. (2009), for example, noted that proteinase activity is not completely inhibited by pepstatin, a powerful inhibitor of pepsin in vertebrate animals and aspartic proteases nepenthesin in the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes, suggesting the involvement of other enzymes in proteolysis [21], [22], [23]. Takahashi et al. (2011) published the partial aminoacid sequence of cysteine endopeptidase belonging to the papain family from digestive fluid of Dionaea and proposed the name dionain [24]. Recently, Schulze et al. (2012) provided aminoacid sequences of four other cysteine endopeptidases in digestive fluid of Venus flytrap designed as dionain 1-4 and two less abundant aspartic proteases dionaeasin-1 and dionaeasin-2 [25].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Comparisons between LMCBT and CR groups showed similar results in all parameters in all disease groups (p > 0. 05). Thus, this study has quantitatively shown that LMCBT should be an effective alternative treatment option in children and adolescents with physical disabilities. On the other hand, Choi et al. (2021) carried out an RCT to investigate the efficacy of a non-IVR rehabilitation system of wearable multi-inertial sensors to improve arm function in children with brain injury (n = 80). Results showed a significant improvement in upper limb dexterity functions (Assessment of Limb Function-2 (MA-2)), after treatment, significantly higher in the experimental group (DELTA = 10. 09 ± 10. 50) compare with the control group (DELTA = 3. 65 ± 6. 92) (p < 0. 05). Although the results found by these studies are relevant and demonstrate positive results, suggesting that non-IVR can help in the rehabilitation of children with ULMI, more research is needed for a broader range of clinical conditions and with systems with greater capacity for immersion and interaction. 2. 2 IVR rehabilitationIVR environments are presented to the patients through a HMD, and this technology increases the user’s level of immersion (presence) in the environment. This plays an essential role in providing an optimal condition for task practice, as does the meaning of the task for the user (Kitago and Krakauer 2013; Martirosov et al. 2021). In the literature, we found studies in which IVR was used to improve UL rehabilitation. This mainly focussed on stroke and CP injuries, where paediatric upper limb injuries require a task-specific physiotherapeutic approach different from injuries and burns (Bortone et al. 2020; Mekbib et al. 2020, 2021). Interestingly, only one study was conducted with the paediatric population. Mekbib et al. (2020) designed and then, implemented a neuroscience-based IVR protocol to rehabilitate stroke adult patients. The system provides unilateral and bilateral limb reflex exercises in a fully immersive virtual environment that can stimulate and activate the mirror neuron system in the brain to assist rehabilitation in subacute stroke patients (n = 12). Following the intervention, the primary outcome was that patients demonstrated a significant improvement in their motor function FMA-UE scores (p < 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Protospacers in the more divergent intergenic regions (psp21, psp8, psp1 and psp36, psp6) are found almost exclusively in the group (except for psp6, also found in Human B), which indicates that group are the principal putatively infecting smacoviruses. All smacoviruses from the groups Human A, B and C, which appear to contain the original protospacers (protospacer with maximum identity to spacer being at least 90%), were sequenced from human samples. Therefore, there seems to be a strict association between the archaeal strain, its host, and the virus. Identification and sequencing of additional Ca. M. intestinalis strains from other hosts would be needed to confirm such specificity. DiscussionSmacoviruses are present in the GIT of humans and healthy animals. Although smacoviruses are suspected to infect eukaryotes, this hypothesis has not been confirmed. The prediction of a eukaryotic host is based on the relationship of smacoviruses with other CRESS-DNA viruses and the presence of an intron in the rep gene of a howler monkey-associated smacovirus1. A eukaryotic host could be either a component of food or the enteric cells themselves. Two studies argue against a dietary origin: food for cows bearing smacovirus in their stools was shown to be free of viruses38, and only a fraction of pigs fed with exactly the same diet had smacoviruses39. Thus, the host cells of smacoviruses could be the GIT cells, but inoculated immuno-deficient mice failed to replicate the virus1, which argues against this hypothesis. However, the latter observation in mice could also be explained due to host specificity, as the viruses were isolated from humans. Nonetheless, a prokaryotic host living in the GIT is compatible with these findings, as the prokaryotic host is not a primary component of food, and its presence would be necessary for viral replication. The prediction of a eukaryotic host based on the presence of an intron is also inconclusive due to the existence of archaeal introns40. The following factors strongly indicate that smacoviruses infect the archaeon: the finding of several spacers from Ca. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: Acid phosphatase activities (A), proteolytic activities (B) and activities measured after inhibition with 10 µM cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64. Activity without inhibitor of given variant is 100 % (C). ** - significant differences at P = 0. 01 (Student's t-test), means ± s. e. , n = 6–7. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 10. Protein pattern, Western blot and zymogram in response to external application of jasmonic acid. Silver-stained SDS-polyacrylamide gel containing proteins in D. muscipula digestive fluid after mechanical stimulation (M) and external application of jasmonic acid (JA), (A). The same amount of proteins was electrophoresed in 12% (v/v) SDS-polyacrylamide gel and subjected to Western blot analysis using antibodies against dionain-1 (B). Detection of protease activity in 12% (v/v) SDS-polyacrylamide gel with casein as a substrate (C). The clear bands against background indicate protease activity. Representative gels at least from 4 repetitions are shown. DiscussionThe trapping mechanism and electrical signalling in the Venus flytrap have intrigued scientist since they were first described by Burdon-Sanderson (1873) and (1875) [1], [2]. The prey capture and digestion are usually mediated by two types of stimuli: mechanical and chemical. In this study we distinguish between these two stimuli to find out their regulatory role in enzyme secretion. The mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs is important mainly in the first hours after prey capture and is responsible for fast trap narrowing and releasing of the first digestive fluid (Fig. 1). This type of stimulation is coupled with the generation of APs (Fig. 3A,B) and increased cytosolic Ca2+ level [3], [19]. et al. (1989) [32] suggested that there is no enzyme release following mechanical stimulation, our study and that of Schulze et al. (2012) found the enzymes in digestive fluid [25]. Once the entrapped prey died, chemical stimuli released from prey decomposition keep the trap in narrowed phase with enzyme secretion [17]. Volkov et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: 042) used to quantify the motor recovery status. One year later, (Mekbib et al. 2021) conducted an RCT of the same designed system. Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to a VR group (n = 23, IVR-group n = 12; control group n = 11). Both groups significantly improved the (BI) (p < 0. 05), reflecting the recovery of UL motor function. The IVR-group revealed more significant improvements in FMA-UE scores (p < 0. 05) than in the control group. Neural activity increased after the intervention, particularly in brain areas involved in the recovery of motor functioning, such as the primary motor cortex. The only study with children was carried out by Bortone et al. (2020) and aimed to determine the efficacy of immersive and weaRable hAptic devices (VERA) for rehabilitation of ULMI in children (n = 8) with CP and developmental dyspraxia (DD). A two-period cross-over design was adopted for determining the differences between the proposed therapy and CR. Eight children were randomised into two groups: one group received the VERA treatment in the first period and the manual therapy in the second period and vice-versa for the other group. Results show both groups significantly improved their performance. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups. The study suggested that IVR and wearable haptic devices are a viable alternative to CR for improving upper limb function in children with neuromotor impairments. This review of related works has allowed us to conclude that VR can be used to improve ULMI rehabilitation, but that not much is known about the impact in the paediatric population, and that no studies have evaluated the feasibility, acceptability and perceived effectiveness of using an IVR system in particular for home rehabilitation and with children. 3 Methods3. 1 ParticipantsEthical approvals were obtained from (London—(IRAS Ref. 274,257)) and (Ref. ER19710920). Permissions were also gained from local and Development (R&D) (Ref. SCH-2540). We recruited participants aged 7–16 from Sheffield Children’s NHS (FT), who had sustained ULMI requiring rehabilitative care.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: intestinalis Issoire-Mx1 that match smacoviruses, essentially from the same genus (Huchismacovirus); both the virus and the predicted host are present in human GITs; the confirmation of a PAM sequence; and the usage of the amber stop codon. Future experiments could confirm whether smacoviruses can replicate in Ca. M. intestinalis. The spacers of Ca. M. intestinalis had no similarities to any other CRESS-DNA sequences. Other tested spacers from Methanomassiliicoccales had no significant matches against any of those groups, with the already described exception of a spacer in Ca. M. alvus, which matched to a genome that can also be classified as a smacovirus. This finding suggests that smacoviruses may infect other gastrointestinal Methanomassiliicoccales. Whether these virus–host pairs are also found in the environment (not in GITs) remains unknown. CRESS-DNA-like viral p41. Some authors generalize this structure to the entire order26. In any case, the content of genes that could potentially contribute to a cell wall is equivalent in Ca. M. intestinalis and M. luminyensis25. A pathogenic role of smacoviruses was proposed, as they were discovered in metagenomic analyses of faecal samples from gastroenteritis outbreaks that tested negative for other known viral pathogens but had also been found in healthy animals1. Additionally, smacoviruses are distantly related to other CRESS-DNA viruses that are pathogens that infect plants and animals. However, in the present case, Methanomassiliicoccales could be the organisms implicated in pathogenesis. As happens with other methanogens, their implication in disease could be indirectly favouring other microbial pathogens42,43. In addition, a therapeutic use of Methanomassiliicoccales has been proposed for the elimination of trimethylamine, which causes thrimethylaminuria44 and atherosclerosis43, for which viral infection should be taken into account. The interference complexes of systems bind targets in both ssDNA45,46,47 and ssRNA48,49 without triggering nuclease activity. The binding of the interference complex to mRNA may neutralize its immune effectiveness, and it has been observed that targets in the coding strand are less effective50.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: capensis also induced high proteolytic activity. Our results clearly showed that external application of JA upregulated the proteolytic activity and abundance of cysteine endopeptidase dionain in digestive fluid (Fig. 9, 10). We must also take into account that exogenous application of JA and the structural mimic of JA-Ile, coronatine, also induces the accumulation of OPDA [19], [62]. The fact that the level of endogenous jasmonates increased in response to prey capture and applied JA can bypass mechanical and chemical stimuli from insect prey to trigger full proteolytic activity, highlight the importance of jasmonate signalling in carnivorous plants digestion with active trapping mechanism. It is tempting to assume that the coordinated action of cis-and JA-Ile fine-tune production of proteolytic enzymes. Multiple signal pathways may interact functionally with one another to optimize the Venus flytrap response to edible prey. It remains to be elucidated whether the jasmonates accumulate in whole trap tissue or are spatially restricted to digestive glands, where the expression of carnivory-related genes occurs. The cost/benefit model proposed by Givnish et al. [63] became a framework for interpretation of many results in carnivorous plant research and the Venus flytrap is not an exception. Trap closure, prey retention and digestion in Venus flytrap are carbon costly. Trap closure and generation of APs transiently inhibit photosynthesis and stimulate mitochondrial respiration [64], [65]. It has been proposed that the stimulation of respiration is connected with rapid consumption of ATP during trap closure and AP generation [13], [64], [66]. The digestive fluid is also costly in term of carbon and nitrogen. On the other hand, the benefit in the form of increased uptake of N and P from prey can later stimulate photosynthesis, as has been documented in many carnivorous genera [28], [67], [68], [69], [70]. Thus, the Venus flytrap has evolved several control mechanisms how to optimize benefit from carnivory by reducing its associated costs, if there is nothing too much eat (Fig. 11). The first control point, double-trigger mechanism for prey capture in Venus flytrap, has been known for decades. At least two touches and two APs are necessary for trap closure at room temperature [4].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: 1 Goniometer: range of motion resultsThe OT measured the ROM of the affected upper limb joint before and after exposure to IVR (5–10 min) and the unaffected upper limb to have a comparative value of the usual movement without an injury. As shown in Table 2, most, though not all, of the affected area ROM readings showed improvements in movement post-VR therapy. The remaining readings indicated unchanged movement (Pt 5 wrist pronation, radial and ulna deviation, patient 6 wrist radial and ulna deviation and Pt 8 shoulder external and internal rotation). Table 2 Descriptive pre-VR, post-VR and unaffected ROM dataFull size tableCompared to healthy limb ROM measured at the same joint area, five of the eight patients achieved post-VR measures equal to the usual degrees of motion at some joint assessed (Table 2). 4. 2 Paediatric quality of life inventory resultsPedsQL results are shown in Tables 3 and 4. On each dimension and as an overall measure, post-VR scores showed statistically significant improvements (p ≤ 0. 05). Table 3 PedsQL pre-post: SummaryFull size tableTable 4 PedsQL pre-post: SummaryFull size table4. 3 System usability scale resultsThe direct item scores were transformed, summed and converted to 0–100. The mean obtained by the patients was 99. 64 (n = 7), demonstrating high usability above the standard mean score of 68. In addition, patients strongly agreed with items such as "I think I would like to use the VR system frequently", "I found the VR system easy to use" and "I felt very confident using the VR system". Items 4 and 10, referred to as the learnability dimension, received a direct score (0–4) of 4 and 3. 43, respectively, showing that the VR system was easy to learn. In addition, patients reported not needing technical assistance before using the system. 4. 4 Interview resultsQuantitative data from the Likert questions showed that, in general, patients reported no difficulties in setting up and using the game, nor did they perceive pain when using it, with high levels of enjoyment as shown in Table 5 (M = 9. 29, ST = 0. 951; M = 3. 17, ST = 1. 60; M = 1. 33, ST = 1. 75: M = 9. 00, ST = 1. 29).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the interference effectiveness could explain the bias in favour of targeting the template strand. A larger bias was observed towards targeting the viral strand (the actual ssDNA). -Cas systems are known to detect targets only in dsDNA. Consequently, for conjugative plasmids, no benefit has been observed from targeting the ssDNA penetrating the recipient to prevent transference51, which is in contrast with the bias found here. When bound to ssDNA, the interference complex could block the viral cycle with no further action; on the other hand, this binding would render the interference complex ineffective, which could be detrimental to the host. A peculiarity of the -Cas system of Ca. M. intestinalis is the change of Cas8b to Cas8a124, which is the protein that recognizes dsDNA-PAM and subsequently recruits and activates the Cas3 nuclease function32 to degrade targets. This peculiar arrangement might have created a combination with the capability of recognizing PAMs also in ssDNA. If that were the case, this would be the first known example of a -Cas system triggered after the recognition of dsDNA and ssDNA targets, which has only recently been observed for -Cas14 ribonucleoproteins52. One of the lingering questions about spacers is why the targets to most of them remain undetected18,20. A recent study revealed that spacers with unknown origins have the same sequence properties as spacers with known origins, which strongly suggests that all spacers originate from species-specific mobile genetic elements20. Non-mutually exclusive options explaining the low frequency of spacers with known protospacers include sequence modifications and our incomplete knowledge about prokaryotic-related elements. The sequence modification of protospacers may be the result of a survivor bias, which is in agreement with a previously observed degeneration of viral targets37,53. The profile of different identities to the same protospacers observed in this work demonstrates how the variability in target sequences can make them undetectable. It is obvious (see Table 1) that the sensitivity to detect protospacers does not allow for the detection of the same match in the same gene in a different genome. This is because spacers are short sequences and, compared to genes, at the same level of nucleotide identity there is a higher probability of obtaining the same matches by chance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: The lack of response to the first touch benefits the plants by preventing accidental closure through wind-blown sands, raindrops etc. [32]. If the trap snaps, the small gaps between marginal teeth of the trap allow small prey to escape from the trap [1], [71]. This second control point can help to save energy because small prey do not provide sufficient amounts of nutrients to repay the costs associated with prey retention and digestion and the trap slowly opens again [64]. However, if the bigger prey is secured, repeated mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs by struggling prey results in generation of hundreds APs and cause trap narrowing [15], [17], [19]. The mechanical stimulation is very effective in narrowing response and APs result in accumulation of jasmonates, mainly cis-OPDA, and trigger the releasing of digestive fluid. It has been suggested that the potential link between APs and jasmonate accumulation in plants is increased cytosolic Ca2+ level [48]. The digestive fluid released in response to mechanical stimulation has not the full power to digest protein. There must be some chemical or osmotically active substances released from partially digested or live prey, to trigger the full proteolytic activity – the double trigger mechanism in protein digestion and the third control point which ensure effective production of enzymes. The membrane depolarization and APs in prey-activated digestive glands may play a role in this process [35]. The gradual release of digestive enzymes with several control mechanisms (neuronal and hormonal) is also typical for animal digestive system [1]. It is tempting to assume that coordinated action of different jasmonates (JA, JA-Ile and cis-OPDA) regulate the transcription/exocytosis of cysteine endopeptidase dionain and optimize the digestive process in D. muscipula. In this way the Venus flytrap growing in nutrient poor habitats obtains up to 75% percent of leaf nitrogen from prey [72]. The surplus nitrogen can stimulate rate of photosynthesis and outweigh associated costs with prey retention and digestion [70]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 11. Double trigger mechanism for protein digestion. Three control points in prey capture and digestion of Venus flytrap, which ensure effective production of digestive enzymes. For detailed description, see discussion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Descriptive results interview quantitative questions to the patientsFull size tableQualitative comments from all 15 participants (7 patients, 7 parents and 1 OT) demonstrated positive impressions of and positive attitudes towards IVR during ULMI rehabilitation (Table 6). Parents (6/7) found the IVR game an excellent idea that keeps them doing the necessary physio exercises. They also thought it would have a good place in the clinic in the future, not just for ULMI rehabilitation but also for other pathologies. The OT also considered that the IVR system could be helpful in different areas. She thought that it would be asked to be used again by patients and parents, those who already tried it, and others new ones that could come to the service. Table 6 Data extracts: General impressionsFull size tableThe content analysis generated two main themes. One theme related to “System Playability” was characterised by a process of “Learning and Mastery”. The second theme focussed on “Comparison of IVR with CR” and included sub-themes of: “Natural movements” and “Motivation to engage” (Fig. 5). Data extracts can be found in Tables 7, 8 and 9. Fig. 5Content analysis themes from the patients, parents and OT interviews: “System Playability” and “Comparison of IVR with CR”Full size imageTable 7 Data extracts: System Playability: Learning and MasteryFull size tableTable 8 Data Extracts: Comparison of IVR with CR: Natural movementsFull size tableTable 9 Data extracts: Comparison of IVR with CR: MotivationFull size table4. 4. 1 Natural movementsIVR rehabilitation aims to facilitate the specific movements recommended by OTs in CR. In this study, the OT stated that this IVR intervention successfully reproduced the required exercises and combined all the movements she was looking for. Parents (5/7) observed that when their child was immersed in the game, he performed movements more fluently and naturally, without realising it. Similarly, most patients (4/7) and parents (6/7) indicated that the game made rehabilitation exercises easier to complete. This ease seemed to reflect both fluency of movement and lack of pain and fear. Reported pain levels were low (M = 1. 33, ST = 1. 75).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the search performed here in a smaller dataset revealed otherwise overlooked protospacers confirmed by PAM sequences. Hence, it is likely that sequences related to many original spacer precursors are known, but it is not possible to trace them. This would be especially noteworthy for viruses with high mutation rates, such as ssDNA viruses. For instance, in Ca. M. intestinalis, it is likely that the proportion of older spacers originating from smacovirus has been underestimated. However, none of the matches presented in this paper had been reported in a previous study24, which indicates that the increase of sequences in the databases is still providing novel information. Data from seminal studies17,18,19 to more recent studies20 continue to confirm our blind spots regarding microbial life. Therefore, this work highlights the importance of re-evaluating our current knowledge as new biodiversity is discovered. A two-step approach to finding statistically significant protospacers, first in a large database and second in sequences related to identified matches, has been proven effective in this case. The smallest viral genome thought to infect prokaryotes is the ssRNA plasmid-dependent enterobacterial phage M54 (3405 nucleotides). Accordingly, smacoviruses could be the smallest viral genomes to infect prokaryotes discovered to date. The infection of archaea by CRESS-DNA viruses, which normally infect eukaryotes, would also represent another connection between these two cellular domains. detectionAn evolution of a programme to detect employed in other publications12,18,29, was used to detect arrays. Spacers of arrays with at least four repeats were selected. In certain cases, smaller arrays close to previously selected ones with the same sequence were also chosen. searchInitially, a standalone BLASTn55 search for spacers was performed with the following command line modified from other work:22 “blastn -task blastn-short -db subjectflilename -query queryfilename -out blastn1out2 -outfmt '6 std qcovs' -evalue 0. 003 -word_size 7 -gapopen 10 -gapextend 2 -penalty −1 -max_target_seqs 1000. ” The size of the database is relevant to assess the quality of findings. Queries where non-redundant spacers (390,291 sequences, 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginkgo biloba is considered a living fossil, having existed for more than 200 million years. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is a living fossil and a deciduous tree, having extracts with antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, immunostimulating, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial activities, memory enhancement efficiency, and beneficial effects against neurodegenerative disease. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the medicinal values and natural benefits of Ginkgo. Methods: This review investigated publication inPubMed database and 11. [PMID: 33350538] [2]. A review of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) in traditional Chinese medicine as a promising organic superfood and superfruit in modern industry. of 2018; 6(12): 437-45. [3]. The power of natural Chinese medicine, ginger and ginseng root in an organic life. J 2019; 27(1): 64-71. [4]. Clinical aspects and health benefits of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in both traditional Chinese medicine and modern industry. 2019; 69(6): 546-66. [ [5]. A review of ginseng species in different regions as a multipurpose herb in traditional Chinese medicine, modern herbology and pharmacological science. J Res 2019; 13(10): 213-26. [6]. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis for evaluation of Ginkgo biloba products. Chem 2007; 389(1): 251-61. [ [PMID: 17632706] [7]. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Report 2008; 12: 1-23. [8]. Diversity of endophytic fungi associated with Ginkgo biloba. 2013; 32(4): 671-81. [9] Metabolic profile of ginkgo kernel juice fermented with lactic acid bacteria: a potential way to degrade ginkgolic acids and enrich terpene lactones and phenolics. 2019; 76: 25-33. [ [10] van Beek TA, Montoro P. Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. J 2009; 1216(11): 2002-32. [ [PMID: 19195661] [11].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Qualitative data from parents suggested that they (6/7) did not witness pain in their children and perceived that children were not conscious of doing the rehabilitation exercises. Parent 8 reported that IVR reduced the fear and limitation of movement in her child with an external fixator, thereby helping her move naturally and unconsciously. As a result, she realised that she could do more than she had previously thought and achieved a better range of motion. 4. 4. 2 Motivation to engagePatients (5/7) believed they would be more likely to complete their rehabilitation exercises with the IVR game at home. The IVR positively influenced their motivation and intention to carry on with the rehabilitation (6/7). Four noted that IVR rehabilitation was more fun and less boring, and quantitative data demonstrated high levels of enjoyment amongst participants (M = 9, ST = 1. 30). Linked to motivation, the frequency of use was high. Three out of seven patients used it every day for between 10 and 20 min. One patient stated that they used it at least twice a day. In only one case, a participant (Pt 4) reported reducing the frequency of use after the first week due to repeatedly playing the same games. The greater motivational effects of IVR resulted in some parents (3/7) feeling less that they needed to remind and motivate their child with exercises. OT perceptions supported these findings that patients found the IVR game more interesting, engaging and motivating than usual exercises and that movement had improved. The best bits of the game reported by the patients were: shooting the arrows at the gnomes; seeing the score improve; rock climbing and falling; feeling challenged; being able to do different activities; graphics and animation. They also enjoyed being present in a virtual environment that they had never experienced previously. There were no worst bits reported from most patients (5/7). However, one patient (1/7) expressed that the worst was to have to do the levels before you can get onto the climbing one (Pt 2), and another (1/7) said that there are not that many games on it (Pt 4). Data extracts are found in Table 9. 5 Discussion, limitations and future line of studyChildren and adolescents with ULMI often undergo a long-term, demanding and challenging rehabilitation process to recover motor functionality (Liebs et al. 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: 32502 × 107 nucleotides) from different prokaryotes, subjects were 195,696 viral genomes (3. 27665× 109 nucleotides). Four spacers from Ca. M. intestinalis had the following matches with a smacovirus (e values within parentheses): sp20 (0. 002), sp23 (7. 48× 10−7), sp24 (7. 06 × 10−6) and sp25 (2. 91× 10−8). The e value for the entire array, as opposed to that of each spacer, can be approximated multiplying the e value by the number of spacers. Low e values represent approximately the probability of obtaining a match which is better or equal. Therefore, the probability of obtaining four equal or better matches is roughly the product of their four e values. Under these considerations, the probability of obtaining this or better matches to the array of 111 spacers is approximately 1114 ×0. 002 × 7. 48× 10−7 × 7. 06 ×10−6×2. 91× 10−8, that is, 5 ×10−14. Hence, there is a strong statistical correlation for the predicted virus–host pair. Sequences in this workAll sequences in this study were downloaded from sequences are listed in 2, and their corresponding sequences are summarized in 3. A previously published set11 of smacovirus genomic sequences was retrieved from accessions and is listed in 4. An early reported set of CRESS-DNA sequences2 was also retrieved from their accessions (no nucleotide sequence for Q80GM6 or P0C647 was found). Coding sequences were downloaded from the same sources of sequence sets after selecting the appropriate option. Human coding sequences were downloaded fromftp://ftp. ncbi. nih. gov/pub/CCDS/current_human/CCDS_nucleotide. current. fna. gz. Additional similarity searchesAs the databases size increases, sensitivity is lost, as larger datasets imply a higher chance of alignments arising by chance. Therefore, to disclose potential matches that could have been overlooked, additional searches were performed with smaller sets of related sequences. Queries were spacers of Ca. M. intestinalis, while subjects were a set of smacoviruses. For a finer detection of spacer targets, non-seeded alignments were performed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ginkgo biloba is considered a living fossil, having existed for more than 200 million years. [SEP] Text: ) is the oldest extant genus among seed plants and was already distinguished by as a living fossil on the basis of its phylogenetic isolation, relictual distribution and its conspicuous morphological similarities to Mesozoic and Cenozoic congenérics (Major, 1967; Royer et al. , 2003). G. biloba is the sole survivor of the Ginkgoalean clade, a once dominant and diverse gymnosperm clade (consisting of up to six families and 19 genera; Tralau, 1968) that existed and flourished early in the Permian and achieved maximum diversity during the Jurassic and (Royer et al. , 2003). Some authors, on the basis of the identical morphology shared between modern G. biloba and the fossil G. adiantoides (Unger) Heer have suggested their conspecificity, implying that G. biloba was already present in the earth from latest Cretaceous to middle Miocene (Royer et al. , 2003). Given the contradictory results previously reported by two independent teams, in this paper we aimed to discern whether 45S and 5S rDNA genes were combined into a single linkage unit in the phylogenetic gymnosperm relict G. biloba, using molecular cytogenetics, and DNA sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal 45S IGS. Materials and methodsPlant samplingA female accession from an old Ginkgo plant was obtained from the living collections of the of Valencia University, and this was used as a source for DNA extraction. The tree was acquired about 1850 from an unknown source, but according to (1991), trees were imported for the first time from Japan in the early eighteenth century. In addition, several young plants growing in the garden were transplanted to pots for cytogenetic analyses. DNA extractionTotal genomic DNA was isolated from fresh leaves using the DNMinikit () following the manufacturer's instructions. IGS amplification, cloning and sequencingThe nuclear ribosomal IGS fragment was amplified according to protocols designed for long PCR products using the universal plant primers 25 F and 18S R. Primers 25 F (5′--3′) and 18S R (5′--3′) were designed to anneal to the 3′ end of the conserved region of the 26S rDNA gene in the forward direction and the 5′ end of 18S rDNA gene in the reverse orientation, respectively.

Output: corroborate