Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: (Citation2010) also reported that 1,260 urban farmers in were producing vegetables (lettuce, Swiss chard, cabbage, carrot, beetroot and potatoes) with wastewater irrigation of little on about 1,240 hectares. The wastewater used farmers mainly grow cash crops like about 61% of all vegetables and 90% of leafy vegetables in the city market come from urban farms. city, urban vegetable producers were using irrigation water from wastewater generated from hotels, hospital and slaughterhouse (Tomass & Kidane, Citation2012). Girmaye (Citation2014) conducted a study to assess the level of some heavy metal contaminates on vegetables such as lettuce, spinach and cabbage irrigated with Awash river water in farms in Adama town. The result indicated that cadmium and lead concentration in all vegetables was found above the tolerable limit of 0. 2 and 0. 3 mg/kg dry weight. According to Tomass and Kidane (Citation2012), more than 60% of the farmers in the Mekelle city and “Mariam Dahan” village are irrigating their vegetables once a week by using wastewater from the city drainage canal. 4. Wastewater use in urban and peri-urban agriculture and its contribution to livelihoods and food securityFifty percent of all children in developing countries (10. 4 million children) under the age of five die per year due to malnutrition (Rice et al. , Citation2000; WHO, Citation2000). Healthy individuals make healthy communities. Wastewater, if well managed, can help alleviate malnutrition, especially for children of poor households. According to the Organization (Citation2005), wastewater use in agriculture may have important economic benefits for households and communities that can improve the health of families through better access to health care education, nutritious food and improved access to both water and sanitation in the household (et al. , Citation2010). Migration from rural to urban areas is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 54% of the sub-population will inhabit urban areas by 2030 (UN, Citation2002). According to Haddad et al. (Citation1999), unless urban poverty and malnutrition are reduced at the same rate as the urban population increases, food and nutrition insecurity will increase. The practice of producing crops within urban and peri-urban areas is one strategy to contribute to improving the food and nutritional security status of individuals and populations (Boischio et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Supporting InformationS1 Table. Clinical data. S2 Table. of 14 Patients without SWC. S3 Table. Original data of all SWC information. 1. Bhutani VK, Johnson-(2015) The clinical syndrome of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction. Neonatal Med. 20(1): 6–13. pmid:25577653 View 2. Shapiro SM. (2005)Definition of the clinical spectrum of kernicterus and bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND). J Perinatol. 25(1): 54–59. pmid:15578034 View 3. . (2003)The effects of bilirubin on evoked potentials and long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus in vivo. Pediatr Res. 53(6): 939–944. pmid:12621100 View 4. Yokochi K. (1995)Magnetic resonance imaging in children with kernicterus. Acta Paediatr. 84(8): 937–939. pmid:7488821 View 5. Amin SB. (2004)Clinical assessment of bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity in premature infants. Semin Perinatol. 28(5): 340–347. pmid:15686265 View 6. . (2011) Bilirubin/for Bilirubin-induced Neurologic Dysfunction. Pediatr. 21(1): 28–32. pmid:23056760 View 7. ;Hoffman HJ;Gartner LM, et al. (1991)Intelligence at six years in relation to neonatal bilirubin levels: follow-up of the of of Phototherapy. Pediatrics. 87(6): 797–805. pmid:2034482 View 8. . (2002)Effects of hyperbilirubinemia on cerebrocortical electrical activity in newborns. Pediatr Res. 52(1): 125–130. pmid:12084859 View 9. . (2013)Sleep-wake cycling in a neonate admitted to the NICU: a video-EEG case study during hypothermia treatment. J Nurs. 27(3): 263–273. pmid:23899806 View 10. ter van.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly fashion emphasizes sustainable materials like organic cotton and recycled fabrics. [SEP] Text: into abrasion resistance of dyed fabrics made of recycled and standard cotton fibres Submit manuscript. . . Journal of eISSN: 2574-8114 & Research 26. DOI: 10. 15406/jteft. 2017. 01. 00006 of textiles and fashion has been paid attention in recent years. Till now recycling of unwanted clothing into new source of textile materials is one that isn’t being explored as intensively as other areas. This research brings to light the valuable source of recycled cotton fibers and to explore ways in which consumers can be made more aware of thesis garments. Fabrics from pairs of jeans, one made of standard cotton fiber and the other made of combination of standard and recycled cotton have been studied. Their abrasion resistance property has been investigated and comparisons were made to identify the quality of the recycled cotton fibers as sustainable alternative to standard cotton fibers. Keywords: recycled jean, property comparison, abrasion resistance Abbreviations BS, british standard; EN, european norm; ISO, international organization for standardization is defined as the material properties being reused. 1 The advantage of using recycled materials is that the benefits can be felt rapidly2 as material choices can be easily integrated into the manufacturing process. Recycling reduces the amount of landfill space being taken up. With 31% of textiles in the UK going to landfill and 5% of all landfill space in America being taken up by textiles, the majority of which could be reused or recycled,3 a raised awareness over fashion being made from recycled products could greatly reduce the amount of space and pollution caused. If more textile items are recycled then the drain on virgin resources can be reduced along with the amount of pollution and energy caused from creating these resources. 87% of water used in the whole manufacturing process is used just on the raw materials, with 1kg of cotton needing between 7,000 and 29,000liters of water4 and a cotton t-shirt is estimated to produce 2. 1kg of greenhouse gas during its production. 3 There is 2 billion US dollar worth of chemicals used on cotton crops. 2 This result, not just in pollution of the environment, but also it damaged the health of cotton farmers who have reported health issues due to overexposure to pesticides.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: , Citation2006; Ruel et al. , Citation1998)Janssen et al. (Citation2005) and Raschid-Sally et al. (Citation2005) revealed that wastewater use can contribute to improved livelihoods at the household level, particularly through recycling of water for irrigation and specifically with additional direct benefits of nutrients for plant use. It has the potential to address the problems of local water shortages (Jimenez, Citation2005). Urban and peri-urban agriculture can offer wide-ranging benefits (Pasquini, Citation2006). It can contribute substantial amounts to the proportion of food consumed in the city (Table 1). Urban and peri-urban agriculture increases quantity and quality of food available for consumption and provides nutrition and income which improves the urban environment by using the organic solid and liquid wastes of the city, provides aesthetic value to these areas and helps to achieve optimum land utilization (Boischio et al. , Citation2006; Buechler et al. , Citation2014; Lynch et al. , Citation2001; Ruma & Sheikh, Citation2010). Studies indicated that a significant proportion of a city’s food requirements in developing countries are supplied from within the urban boundaries because within those areas the substantial amount of wastewater (mainly from homes and industries) is available in urban drains for irrigating lands along the urban drainage courses (Ruma & Sheikh, Citation2010). Wastewater is a reliable supply of water that allows farmers to grow crops throughout the year. It also contains nutrients that can improve crop growth. Furthermore, it is often the only water available, so farmers, especially in urban areas, have no choice but to use this wastewater to irrigate their crops (FAO, Citation2012). The practice of wastewater utilization in crop production is also common in Ethiopia, the second most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa. It is essential for the livelihoods of many poor farm households and supplies fresh vegetables at low prices to the nearby cities (Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. , Citation2009). Tekeste (Citation2017) reported that informal wastewater irrigation contributes 60% of major and 90% of leafy vegetables to Addis Ababa’s food basket. According to Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: (2004)Prognostic significance of amplitude-integrated EEG during the first 72 hours after birth in severely asphyxiated neonates. Pediatr Res. 55(6): 1026–1033. pmid:15155870 View 11. . (2011)Amplitude-integrated EEG pattern predicts further outcome in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 70(1): 102–108. pmid:21436758 View 12. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. (2004)Pediatrics. 114(1): 297–316. pmid:15231951 View 13. Tokuda K, Tanimotok. (1993)A new method of measuring bilirubin in serum by Vanadic acid. Clin Chem(in Japanese with English abstract). 22: 116–122. View 14. . (1967)Standardization of procedures for the study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Report of a WHO Scientific Group. . 366:1–53. pmid:4963040 View 15. . (2011) Diagnostic value of amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram in neonatal seizures. Neurosci Bull. 27(4): 251–257. pmid:21788996 View 16. (2011) Society's Guideline on Monitoring in Neonates. J Clin Neurophysiol. 28(6): 611–617. pmid:22146359 View 17. Hellstrom-Westas L. (1992) Comparison between tape-recorded and amplitude-integrated EEG monitoring in sick newborn infants. Acta Paediatr. 81(10): 812–819. pmid:1421888 View 18. Osredkar D, Toet MC, van Rooij LG, van Huffelen AC, Groenendaal F, de Vries LS. (2005) Sleep-wake cycling on amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in term newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 115(2): 327–332. pmid:15687440 View 19. Amin SB, Wang H. (2015) Unbound unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is associated with central apnea in premature infants. J Pediatr. 166(3): 571–575.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly fashion emphasizes sustainable materials like organic cotton and recycled fabrics. [SEP] Text: The fading appears more consistent on the standard denim, whereas the recycled denim looks patchy especially in the final two samples. However, the recycled denim looks as though it has faded less than the standard denim. This suggests that the dye has held stronger to the recycled denim but there is a factor that is preventing it from fading as nicely as the standard denim and it can’t be assumed that it is the recycled fibres that are the factor at fault. Whilst this is a small issue, it is one that would need to be explored in further tests. It is also not a serious loss of dye and fibres that it would potentially put off consumers; this again means recycled fibres can be seen as a viable choice for sustainable garments. Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Table 8 Final sample comparison of standard and recycled technology for recycling fibres hasn’t had much research or development done on it; the lack of literature gives an indication to this. Industry needs to work on ways in which natural fibres can be recycled that doesn’t damage them as much and ensuring the fibres are kept longer to increase the durability which in turn would mean more recycled fibres could be used in garments. This could potentially increase the amount of garments being produced containing recycled fibres(Figure 1). Figure 1 Weight loss comparison between standard and recycled Denim. Conclusions, limitations and recommendations As it stands the fashion industry produces more waste than is sustainable, and there are more clothing going to landfill than is necessary. An easy solution to this is through recycling old garments into new. The consumer concern over durability was proven to an extent to be unfounded through lab tests. The abrasion test showed that the recycled denim, whilst slightly weaker, compared well with the standard denim. However, it would be beneficial to perform the test on fabric of the same quality and to perform further tests. It has been suggested that to further increase consumers’ confidence in recycled denim the technology for recycling the old garments needs to be greatly improved for the likes of natural fibres so that more can be used as well as increasing the strength of the fibres. The different weight of the two fabrics caused for the abrasion test was the fact; the recycled fabric was heavier than the other. Also when comparing colour loss it is difficult to see which loses colour and surface fibres quicker because darker denim is more likely to lose dye due to the nature of the dye.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: (Citation2009), the wastewater is the only means of survival, and the average income from wastewater farming accounts for 62% of the total annual household income, with this value ranging from a low of 27% to a high of 97%. Accordingly, 88% of the wastewater farm households report that they benefit from the wastewater. According to Boischio et al. (Citation2006), production of vegetables with wastewater serves as a means of supplementary income for small businesses through the vegetable marketing channels. Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. (Citation2009) also reported a similar result as irrigated agricultural activity is the main source of income for the farm households. Ruma and Sheikh (Citation2010) also reported a similar result, and none of the vegetable cultivators produced vegetables purposely for home consumption rather for market supply. Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. (Citation2009) conducted a study on the economic value of wastewater irrigation in (Table 2). The result indicated that each wastewater farmer has 0. 72 hectares of average irrigated farmland and wastewater farm income accounts for 62% of the annual total household income, ranging from 27% to 97%. Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. (Citation2009) also reported that even if irrigation water poses potential health risks to both farmers and consumers, farmers perceive that its benefits be more important than the health hazards. They also stated that nearly 85% and 88% of respondents state that they benefited a lot from the use of irrigation water and it is their only means of survival, respectively. Moreover, income from wastewater farming was the largest share in the total annual income of the farm households, and only 3% of the wastewater farmers indicate that they benefited only a little, though they still work on the farm for lack of livelihood alternatives. On the other hand, about 21% of the wastewater farmers perceive that their health is affected by the irrigation water and they also accept the notion that working on wastewater farm areas and consumption of vegetables produced using the wastewater has health risks which are as expected. This implies that the importance of producing vegetables by irrigating wastewater has a positive significance on the livelihood of the farmers. Furthermore, reports also indicated that wastewater irrigation practices in the at have gotten the attention of researchers due to its high economic benefit (et al. , Citation2010). 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: pmid:25596965 View 20. Bourgoin- (2015) Effects of on and Swallowing-in Preterm Lambs. Neonatology. 108(1): 42–48. pmid:25968232 View 21. (2006) Outcomes among newborns with total serum bilirubin levels of 25 mg per deciliter or more. N Med. 354(18): 1889–1900. pmid:16672700 View 22. Soorani--Algra M. (2001) Are moderate degrees of hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term neonates really safe for the brain. Pediatr Res. 50(6): 701–705. pmid:11726727 View 23. . (1996) Prediction of lower developmental performances of healthy neonates by neonatal EEG-sleep measures. Pediatr Neurol. 14(2): 137–144. pmid:8703226 View 24. . (2002) Effects of light on low nocturnal bilirubin in winter depression: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry. 51(5):422–425. pmid:11904137 View 25. . (2005) Neurological complications of kernicterus. Neurol Sci. 32(3): 311–315. pmid:16225171 View 26. . (2006) Incidence and causes of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Canada. CMAJ. 175(6): 587–590. pmid:16966660 View 27. (2015) Large cohort screening of G6PD deficiency and the mutational spectrum in the in Southern China. PLoS One. 10(3): e0120683. pmid:25775246 View 28. . (2004) Molecular basis of bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. Med. 10(2): 65–70. pmid:15102359 View 29. . (2000) Relationship of activity in the subthalamic nucleus-globus pallidus network to cortical electroencephalogram. J Neurosci. 20(2): 820–833. pmid:10632612 View 30. Thornberg E, Thiringer K. (1990) Normal pattern of the cerebral function monitor trace in term and preterm neonates. Scand. 79(1): 20–25.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly fashion alone can eliminate the environmental impact of the fashion industry. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Developments in Eco-34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others Innovation for a Industry: A the Development of Models 505. 105. 2017. Cleff, T. , & Rennings, K. (1999a). Determinants of environmental product and process innovation. European Environment, 9(5), 191–201. 2017. Dahlsrud, A. (2006). How corporate social responsibility is defined: An analysis of 37 definitions. Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(1), 1–13. 50. 87. 63. 2. Accessed 27 Mar 2017. Fashion United. (2016). Global fashion industry statistics – International apparel. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Freeman, E. R. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Press. 4749. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Hill, N. , Walker, H. , Beevor, J. , & James, K. (2012). Conversion factors for company reporting: methodology paper for emission factors. 6 July 2012. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Houtum, P. V. (2015). MVO en het MKB: Een praktijkvoorbeeld. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. ILO. (2009). Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. ILO. (2017). Tripartite declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. (1980). World conservation strategy – Living resource conservation for sustainable development. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. ISO. (2017). ISO 26000 – Social responsibility. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Jonker, J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Health risk of wastewater-irrigated and contaminated vegetablesDespite the great importance of the urban and peri-urban vegetable production in Ethiopia, as informal agriculture as a food source for the urban community and as income generation means for the poor dwellers, it is subject to numerous constraints and is causing high health risks (Delesa, Citation2017). Heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas irrigated with wastewater (Girmaye, Citation2014). According to Dmello (2000) and Sharma et al. (Citation2006), contamination of vegetables with heavy metals and pesticides poses a threat to consumers. Health risks associated with urban agriculture vary according to the specific activity. Without adequate safeguards, however, wastewater irrigation can cause serious drawbacks to public health and the environment (Boischio et al. , Citation2006; Habbari et al. , Citation2000). The high concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel and zinc give evidence of industrial pollution traced back to agricultural crops. Long-term exposure to low levels of chemical pollutants can lead to chronic health effects and enhance the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Empirical evidence shows a strong association between drinking water pollution and cancer incidence and mortality. Even though all of these metals have not yet reached the phytotoxic levels, some of the vegetables have surpassed the naturally expected levels. This is particularly true for Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn in potato and Cr in onion and red beet. For a long time, it has been known that intake of food that contains high levels of heavy metals poses risks to human health (Pendias & Pendias, Citation1984; Rooijen, Citation2009). The use of wastewater for irrigation is associated with adverse effects on farmers, public health and the environment (Hussain et al. , Citation2001, Citation2002). Farmers are affected by direct contact with contaminated wastewater, and its use in agriculture causes negative externalities both to public health through the consumption of agricultural produce irrigated with wastewater and to the environment by constantly polluting the groundwater and soils (Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. , Citation2009; Bond, Citation1999; Rashed et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: ; of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN Circadian Clock. Neuron. 2001, 30 (2) 525-536. DOI: 10. 1016/S0896-6273(01)00302-6 Wickwire, E. M. ; Geiger-Brown, J. ; Scharf, S. M. ; Drake, C. L. ; Sleep Disorder: Clinical and Organizational Perspectives. Chest. 2017, 151 (5) 1156-1172. DOI: 10. 1016/j. chest. 2016. 12. 007. Boivin, D. B. ; Boudreau, P. Impacts of shift work on sleep and circadian rhythms. Pathologie Biologie. 2014, 62 (5) 292-301. DOI: 10. 1016/j. patbio. 2014. 08. 001 Mohd Azmi, N. A. S. ; Juliana, N. ; Azmani, S. ; Mohd Effendy, N. ; Abu, I. F. ; Teng, N. I. ; Das, S. Cortisol on on Cardiovascular System. . 2021, 18 (2) 676. DOI: 10. 3390/ijerph18020676 Boivin, D. B. ; Tremblay, G. M. ; James, F. O. Working on atypical schedules. Sleep Medicine. 2007, 8 (6) 578-589. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sleep. 2007. 03. 015. Boivin, D. B. ; Boudreau, P. ; Tremblay, G. M. Phototherapy and orange-tinted goggles for night-shift adaptation of police officers on patrol. Chronobiol Int. 2012, 29 (5) 629-640. DOI: 10. 3109/07420528. 2012. 675252 Black, N. ; D'Souza, A. ; Wang, Y. ; Piggins, H. ; Dobrzynski, H. ; Morris, G. ; Boyett, M. R. Circadian rhythm of cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmogenesis, and the underlying mechanisms. Heart Rhythm. 2019, 16 (2) 298-307. DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: : - a randomized controlled superiority trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with virtual reality based exposure to cognitive behavioral therapy with in vivo exposure protocol Open access Published: 30 January 2020 : - a randomized controlled superiority trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with virtual reality based exposure to cognitive behavioral therapy with in vivo exposure : orcid. org/0000-0002-1750-46491, Stéphane Bouchard2, Johan Rasmussen1, Holmberg1, Nielsen1, Møllegaard Jepsen3 & …Lichtenstein1 Show authors BMC Psychiatry 2019. reports BackgroundDisorder (SAD) is a common yet underreported mental disorder with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 3–13% [1,2,3], and low rates of spontaneous remission [4]. Patients with SAD experience intense and persistent fear during social interactions, where he or she might be negatively evaluated by others (e. g. public speaking, shopping). Symptoms include a high degree of bodily symptoms, such as sweating, trembling and increased heart rate, causing avoidance behavior when exposed to social situations (e. g. education, work) and significant functional impairment [5]. SAD is therefore highly debilitating, and the majority of individuals with social anxiety reports numerous problems with individual and social adjustments, as well as impairment in academic and professional functioning [6]. SAD often co-occurs with other psychiatric conditions such as additional mood disorders, substance use disorders, and is significantly associated with suicidal ideation [7, 8]. Despite its frequency and severity, only between one third and half of people with SAD seek treatment [5, 9]. This may be linked to the nature of the disorder itself, as people with SAD avoid healthcare services like they would any other social interaction [7]. Factors such as embarrassment associated with help-seeking and fear of what others might think have been found to prevent individuals with SAD from seeking treatment [7]. In addition to the disorder-specific issues, futher barriers exists in regards to accessing treatment such as the lack of skilled therapists, lack of evidence-based treatments and long waiting lists [10]. . The recommended psychological treatment for SAD is the exposure technique imbedded in Therapy (CBT) [2, 5]. CBT for SAD combines cognitive restructuring with exposure [11].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: , Citation1995)The practice of using untreated municipal wastewater for irrigation and raw manure as fertilizer and habit of eating vegetables raw or undercooked are reported to result in risk of infection with intestinal parasites in developing countries (Blumenthal et al. , Citation2000). Infection with vegetable-transmitted parasites and pathogenic bacteria can occur due to occupational exposure or through consumption of vegetables that are contaminated with human or animal excreta without proper washing and disinfection (Beuchat, Citation1998; WHO, Citation2006). Unhygienic sewage disposal and absence of its treatment facilities pose potential health hazards through contaminating irrigated food crops with parasites in urban areas of African countries including Ethiopia (Srikanth and Naik, Citation2004a; Damen et al. , Citation2007; Nyarango et al. , Citation2008; et al. , Citation2009; Tomass & Kidane, Citation2012). Beyene (Citation2015) assessed the potential health risk to residents associated with vegetable consumption. The result indicated that of the three heavy metals, Pb posed the greatest health risk to both adult and children consumers of vegetables grown in study areas, especially Swiss chard, followed by Ethiopian kale. For both adults and children, heavy metal content in the three leafy vegetables was less than 1. 0, indicating that the residents in the are not exposed to significant health risks associated with consumption of green leafy vegetables. The study conducted by et al. (Citation2010) in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, assessed water quality from urban surface waterbodies and their microbiological contamination. The result indicated that for the use of wastewater in irrigated agriculture, the presence of excreta-related pathogens gives particular reason for caution, especially where irrigated vegetables are grown and consumed uncooked as it is the case in particular in both African cities. Delesa (Citation2017) conducted an experiment to determine the extent of raw vegetable contamination with parasites that could be transmitted to humans in Nekemte, Oromiya Region, on samples collected from markets. The result indicated a high risk of human infection since parasites which exist in association with these vegetables are capable of infecting human, especially Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts are highly prevalent from both farms and markets. The result also shows that there is contamination of pathogenic intestinal parasites from both vegetable farms, Ascaris eggs being the most prevalent in cabbage (41. 6%).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. hrthm. 2018. 08. 026. Cruz-Topete, D. ; Oakley, R. H. ; Cidlowski, J. A. and the Aging Heart. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020, (11) 1664-2392. DOI: 10. 3389/fendo. 2020. 00347 Takeda, N. ; Maemura, K. . J. Cardiol. 2011, 57 (3), 249−256. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jjcc. 2011. 02. 00. Zhang, J. ; Chatham, J. C. ; Young, M. E. of Cardiac Physiology: Keep the Heart Beating. Physiol. 2020, 10 (82) 79-101. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114349 Chellappa, S. L. ; Vujovic, N. ; Williams, J. S. ; Scheer, F. A. J. L. Impact of on and Disease. Metab. 2019, 30 (10), 767-779. DOI: 10. 1016/j. tem. 2019. 07. 008 Fujino, Y. ; Iso, H. ; Tamakoshi, A. ; Inaba, Y. ; Koizumi, A. ; Kubo, T. ; Yoshimura, T. Group. A prospective cohort study of shift work and risk of ischemic heart disease in Japanese male workers. Epidemiol. 2006, 164 (2), 128-35. DOI: 10. 1093/aje/kwj185 Vaughn, B. V. ; Rotolo, S. ; Roth, H. Circadian rhythm and sleep influences on digestive physiology and disorders. ChronoPhysiology and Therapy. 2014, 67-77. DOI: 10. 2147/CPT. S44806 Taleb, Z. ; Karpowicz, Phillip. Circadian regulation of digestive and metabolic tissues. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2022, 323 (2). DOI: 10. 1152/ajpcell. 00166. 2022 Stephan, F. K. ; Swann, J. M. ; Sisk, C. L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: In exposure-based therapy, exposures to social situations are used to test and disprove the patient’s predictions about the danger in a particular situation thereby developing new, realistic mental representations associated with the feared stimuli [12, 13]. Patients with SAD often have excessively high standards for social performance, and a strong fear of ridicule [12, 14]. Thus, it can be particularly helpful to encourage patients to behave in ways that they would consider unacceptable. i. e. intentionally acts against their excessively rigid rules for social interaction while observing the consequences [12, 14]. Exposure has traditionally taken place as either. a) In vivo: directly facing the feared situation. b) Imaginary exposure: imagining the feared situation (can be facilitated through pictures or videos). In vivo exposure is effective [14] but is costly, time-consuming and situational elements, such as the reaction of others, are difficult to control [15, 16]. Furthermore, many patients are rather unwilling to expose themselves to the real situation since it is considered too frightening [17], and there is a risk of encountering familiar people revealing that the person is in therapy. Conversely, imaginary exposure may lack realism and intensity [18], and can be difficult for people who are unable to imagine vividly, it is also easy to avoid imagining their phobia-inducing situations, or for the patient to overwhelm themselves with images [17, 19]. Recently, researchers and clinicians have started to use (VR) to overcome these difficulties [15, 16]. Virtual reality- based exposureVR is the use of computer and behavioral interfaces to simulate the behavior of 3D entities that interact in real time with each other and with a user immersed via sensorimotor channels [20]. It immerses the user in a computer generated or video-based virtual environment [21]. This enviroment can be created using either computer graphics or 360° 3D videos [21,22,23]. Studies on the effect of VR-based treatment for different types of phobias (e. g. agoraphobia and fear of flying) have revealed great potential [21], and a study showed that 76% of participants preferred VR-based exposure over in vivo exposure [24].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Tomass and Kidane (Citation2012) conducted a study to determine the rate of parasitological contamination of vegetables associated with the use of municipal wastewater for irrigation and raw manure as fertilizer on pre-harvest vegetables in Mekelle city and a suburban village by collecting samples of pre-harvest on leafy, fruit and root vegetables and reported that S. stercoralis was the most common parasitic contaminant detected in most of the vegetables examined 28 (63. 63%) followed by Taenia and Entamoebaspp; however, in “Mariam Dahan” village, the distribution of parasites among the vegetables is different, with S. stercoralis being the most frequent contaminant (Table 4). Srikanth and Naik (Citation2004b) reported the health hazards of usage of untreated wastewater in agriculture through the detection of Giardia spp and fecal coliforms from pre-harvest vegetables in suburbs of Asmara, Eritrea. Weldesilassie et al. (Citation2009) surveyed the prevalence of intestinal illness among households in relation to the use of wastewater for vegetable production in peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; however, these authors did not carry out microscopic detection of intestinal parasites from wastewater-grown vegetables. A study on parasitological quality of pre-harvest vegetables in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia, reported that several helminth parasites including A. lumbricoides, H. nana, F. hepatica, E. vermicularis and hook worm were recorded on vegetables produced by wastewater (Rosa, Citation2009). The use of wastewater to produce food crops, particularly vegetables, is very prevalent in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This practice may pose health risks to farmworkers and consumers. Woldetsadik et al. (Citation2017b) conducted a study to evaluate farmers’ perceptions on irrigation water quality, health risks and health risk mitigation measures in four wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming sites in (Table 5). Results indicated that farmers appear informed about the contamination of their irrigation water. Among the perceived health risks, skin problems were the top-rated health risk, while eye burn, sore feet and abdominal pains were rated low across the four farming sites. According to Woldetsadik et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Anticipation of 24-hr feeding schedules in rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Behavioral and Neural Biology. 1979, 25 (3), 346-363. DOI: 10. 1016/S0163-1047(79)90415-1 Fustin, J. M. ; Doi, M. ; Yamada, H. ; Komatsu, R. ; Shimba, S. ; Okamura, H. Rhythmic nucleotide synthesis in the liver: temporal segregation of metabolites. Cell Rep. 2012, 1 (4), 341-349. DOI: 10. 1016/j. celrep. 2012. 03. 001 Neufeld-Cohen, A. ; Robles, M. S. ; Aviram, R. ; Manella, G. ; Adamovich, Y. ; Ladeuix, B. ; Nir, D. ; Rousso-Noori, L. ; Kuperman, Y. ; Golik, M. ; Mann, M. ; Asher, G. Circadian control of oscillations in mitochondrial rate-limiting enzymes and nutrient utilization by proteins. PNAS. 2016, 113 (12), 1673-1682. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 1519650113 Jacobi, D. ; Liu, S. ; Burkewitz, K. ; Kory, N. ; Knudsen, N. H. ; Alexander, R. K. ; Unluturk, U. ; Li, X. ; Kong, X. ; Hyde, A. L. ; Gangl, M. R. ; Mair, W. B. ; Lee, C. H. Hepatic Bmal1 Fitness. Cell Metab. 2015, 22 (4), 709-720. DOI: 10. 1016/j. cmet. 2015. 08. 006 Pan, X. ; Bradfield, C. A. ; Hussain, M. M. Global and hepatocyte-specific ablation of Bmal1 induces hyperlipidaemia and enhances atherosclerosis. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7 (1). DOI: 10. 1038/ncomms130. Rudic, R. D. ; McNamara, P. ; Curtis, A. M. ; Boston, R. C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: In addition to high levels of preference, VR-based exposure does have several advantages: Virtual exposure scenarios can be very similar to real life situations [25], and it is possible to control and regulate situational factors, such as degree of exposure for the patient and the reactions of other people in the scenario [26]. Exposure scenarios can be presented to the patients, while still in the comfort and safety of a therapeutic room [25], The flexibility of VR allows the patient to experience situations that are worse and more exaggerated than those that are likely to be encountered in real life [17]. Thus it is possible to expose patients to others’ negative reactions, in a safe environment where they can learn that this is not dangerous, and that they can handle even the social ridicule they fear the most. Patients know that it is not real but their minds and bodies behave as if it is real. Hence people will more easily face difficult situations in VR than in real life and be able to engage in more adaptive behaviors [27]. VR sessions often requires less time than in vivo sessions, and can be planned more flexibly and for less costs [28] Seven meta-analyzes [9, 29,30,31,32,33,34] have been published on CBT with VR-based exposure for anxiety, and six of these include studies on SAD [9, 29,30,31, 33, 34]. All found superior effect of CBT with VR-based exposure compared to imaginary exposure, and similar effects when compared to in vivo exposure, with a recent study finding superior effect of CBT with VR-based exposure even when compared to in vivo [28]. Treatment effects have been shown to persist over a number of years [27], and a recent meta-analysis found persistent benefits of treatment after CBT with VR-based exposure comparableto face-to-face therapy [17]. Furthermore, a meta-analysis found that the CBT with VR-based exposure promoted benefits which carry over to real life, and leads to significant behavior change in real-life situations, [32] this analysis however, did not include SAD specific studies [32]. These meta-analyzes include only five [28, 35,36,37,38] randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on VR-based treatment for SAD which, however, all found significant improvements in SAD after VR-based treatment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: For reducing pathogens, one of the most widely documented field water management measures is cessation of irrigation. Farmers cease irrigation a few days before crops are harvested to allow for pathogens to die off due to exposure to unfavorable weather conditions such as sunlight (Shuval et al. , Citation1986). About 99% of detectable viruses have been reported eliminated after two days’ exposure to sunlight, supporting regulations that a suitable time interval should be maintained between irrigation and crop handling or grazing time (Feigin et al. , Citation1991). Keraita et al. (2007; Citation2012) reported that the experiment in Ghana showed an average daily reduction of 0. 65 log units of thermo-tolerant coliforms on lettuce with yield losses. Studies by (2010) indicate that for water-sensitive crops that need daily irrigation such as lettuce, you can withhold irrigation for 2–4 days before harvesting to reduce contamination with little loss of yield. Vegetables that are less water sensitive, such as green pepper, onions and cabbage, can do without irrigation for longer without significant losses of yields. For such crops, escape irrigating for more than four days before harvest to minimize contamination. 5. 6. Crop selectionSome crops are more prone to contamination from pathogens, salinity and toxicity than others. Proper crop selection will lead to decreased human health risks. For instance, crops with their edible parts more exposed to contaminated soils and irrigation water, like low-growing crops and root and tubers, will be more prone to pathogen contamination (Keraita et al. , Citation2012). However, (Citation2010) indicated the main constraints related to wastewater irrigation agriculture in Ethiopia. Among the constraints, the major ones are lack of policy and strategy on the safe use of wastewater in agriculture, insufficient access to non-contaminated or clean water, health problems resulting from the usage of contaminated and polluted water, poor water use efficiency and lack of skilled technicians for promoting and training urban agriculture skills. Moreover, Delesa (Citation2017) also suggest that, due to the potential microbiological risks of vegetables, it should be treated directly with certain disinfectant before consumption and to develop highly effective treatments for removing pathogens from a wide range of raw produce. 6. ConclusionUntreated, partially treated or diluted wastewater has been widely used for agriculture in most urban and peri-urban areas of developing countries.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: ; Panda, S. ; Hogenesch, J. B. ; 1 and CLOCK, two essential components of the circadian clock, are involved in glucose homeostasis. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2 (11), 377. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0020377 Kim, C. W. ; Yun, K. E. ; Jung, H. S. ; Chang, Y. ; Choi, E. S. ; Kwon, M. J. ; Lee, E. H. ; Woo, E. J. ; Kim, N. H. ; Shin, H. ; Ryu, S. Sleep duration and quality in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in middle-aged workers and their spouses. J Hepatol. 2013, 59 (2), 351-357. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jhep. 2013. 03. 035 Lin, Y. M. ; Chang, J. H. ; Yeh, K. T. ; Yang, M. Y. ; Liu, T. C. ; Lin, S. F. ; Su, W. W. ; Chang, J. G. Disturbance of circadian gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog. 2008, 47 (12), 925-933. DOI: 10. 1002/mc. 20446 Stevenson, N. R. ; Ferrigni, F. ; Parnicky, K. ; Day, S. ; Fierstein, J. S. Effect of changes in feeding schedule on the diurnal rhythms and daily activity levels of intestinal brush border enzymes and transport systems. Acta. 1975, 406 (1), 131-145. DOI: 10. 1016/0005-2736(75)90048-6. PMID: 240440. Qiu, J. M. ; Roberts, S. A. ; Potten, C. S. Cell migration in the small and large bowel shows a strong circadian rhythm. Biol. 1994, 3 (4), 137-148. PMID: 7550605. Schernhammer, E. S. ; Laden, F. ; Speizer, F. E. ; Willett, W. C. ; Hunter, D. J. ; Kawachi, I. ; Fuchs, C. S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Regarding the individual studies, one study comparing VR exposure with a waitlist group found a significant higher improvement in measures of anxiety in the VR exposure group [35]. Two studies found no significant difference between VR-based and in vivo exposure [36, 37], and Bouchard et al. (2017) [28] found VR exposure to be superior to in vivo exposure, whereas Kampmann et al. (2016) [38] found that in vivo exposure without CBT was more effective than VR-based exposure without CBT. However, as exposure was not performed in the context of CBT, direct comparison to the other studies is not possible. The current evidence thus supports the clinical efficacy of CBT with VR-based exposure, and it is suggested that if the potential of VR is fully explored it might be more effective than in vivo [28]. However, the fact that these meta-analyzes include a total of only six [28, 35,36,37,38,39] (RCTs) and only four of these compare CBT with VR-based exposure to both an in vivo and a control group [28, 37,38,39]. The strength of the evidence base is also weakened by the use of small sample sizes (n < 30) [29] [32, 40] and the use of waiting lists patients as control groups [41], as waiting list control designs may overestimate intervention effects [42]. Patients assigned to a waiting list appear to improve less than would be expected for people who are concerned about their behavior and are taking steps to change. This contrasts with studies not employing waiting list designs in which control group patients tend to improve [43]. So far, CBT with VR-based exposure for SAD has been conducted by the use of computer-generated social environments. This method requires the computer to recreate (render) in real time all the virtual stimuli in order to adapt the user’s movements and interactions with the virtual stimuli. The advantage of real time 3D rendering is that the user can explore the virtual environment at will and at his her or her own pace. The disadvantages it that it takes computer power and time, and all stimuli has to be synthetic (digitized). Also, it is difficult and expensive to develop [44]. Using 360° videos avoids some limitations of real time rendering of 3D stimuli as it is more realistic, less expensive and requires minimal training, and developers can use real stimuli.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Widely produced commodities in urban and peri-urban agriculture are horticultural crops, predominantly vegetables. Vegetables constitute an important part of the human diet since they contain carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fibers required for human health. Vegetables require a constantly available and a high amount of water for better growth and yield. They need to be irrigated on everyday. Due to low access to adequate clean water, the major sources of irrigation water in urban areas are heavily contaminated and untreated (Ashebir et al. , Citation2007). Since conventional treatment is very costly, most wastewater is allowed to be dumped, untreated, into waterbodies or onto the land and use as source of irrigation to cultivate vegetable crops. However, for this reason, various undesirable microorganisms may be present at the time of growth on the surface of vegetables and their tissue. About 60% of the city’s vegetable consumption, particularly leafy vegetables, is supplied by urban farmers who irrigate their crops using the polluted river. This has a potential adverse effect on human health. The use of wastewater in agriculture has both positive and negative potential impacts on crop production, public health, soil resources and ecosystems (Hussain et al. , Citation2002; Scott et al. , 2004). Currently, using untreated wastewater in agriculture is controversial due to its combination of benefits and negative health impacts. Thus, the objective of this paper is to review the benefits and potential health risks in wastewater-irrigated vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas in Ethiopia and to assess the level of contamination for vegetable farms irrigated by wastewater. Urban and peri-urban agriculture can offer wide-ranging benefits. It can contribute substantial amounts to the proportion of food consumed in the city. Urban and peri-urban agriculture increases the quantity and quality of food available for consumption and provides nutrition and income which improves the urban environment by using the organic solid and liquid wastes of the city, provides aesthetic value to these areas and helps to achieve optimum land. Studies indicated that a significant proportion of a city’s food requirements in developing countries are supplied from within the urban boundaries because within those areas substantial amount of wastewater (mainly from homes and industries) is available in urban drains for irrigating lands along the urban drainage courses. In conclusion, in Ethiopia, the wastewater is the only means of survival and the average income of the households.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: ; Colditz, G. A. Night-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses' health study. J Inst. 2003, 95 (11), 825-8. DOI: 10. 1093/jnci/95. 11. 825 Pérez, S. ; Murias, L. ; Fernández-Plaza, C. ; Díaz, I. ; González, C. ; Otero, J. ; Díaz, E. Evidence for clock genes circadian rhythms in human full-term placenta. Reprod Med. 2015, 61 (6), 360-366. DOI: 10. 3109/19396368. 2015. 1069420 Rahman, S. A. ; Grant, L. K. ;Gooley, J. J. ; Rajaratnam, S. M. W. ; Czeisler, C. A. ; Lockley, S. W. Regulation of Hormones. J Metab. 2019, 104 (12), 6049-6059. DOI: 10. 1210/jc. 2019-00803 Alvarez, J. D. ; Chen, D. ; Storer, E. ; Sehgal, A. Non-cyclic and developmental stage-specific expression of circadian clock proteins during murine spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod. 2003, 69 (1), 81-91. DOI: 10. 1095/biolreprod. 102. 011833 Mahoney, M. M. Shift work, jet lag, and female reproduction. Endocrinol. 2010, 2010. DOI: 10. 1155/2010/813764 Endo, A. ; Toshiaki, Watanabe. Effects of Non‐24‐on in Mice. Gamete Research. 1989, 22 (4), 435–441. DOI:10. 1002/mrd. 1120220409 Bittman, E. L. Timing in the Testis. J Biol Rhythms. 2016, 31 (1), 12-36. DOI: 10. 1177/0748730415618297 Peruquetti, R. L. ; De Mateo, S. ; Sassone-Corsi, P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: All this contributes to making it easier to implement. However, the user cannot fully explore the environment (i. e. , cannot go in directions that were not filmed in the video) or at his or her own pace (i. e. , event will occur as already planned and filmed in the video). Video-based CBT with VR-based exposure has not yet been applied to SAD, but a study on social anxiety in the context of psychosis revealed positive results [45]. In 2017 Centre for Telepsychiatry did a pilot study (manuscript submitted) investigating the ability of 360° videos to trigger an anxiety response in patients with SAD. We developed and produced three videos in a shopping center and tested them on nine SAD patients and nine matched controls. Our main finding was that the videos were effective in producing anxiety in SAD patients while the control group did not report any anxiety. Furthermore, the participants reported high levels of presence. Presence is the person’s subjective sensation of being there in the (VE) and appears to be key when inducing emotions such as anxiety through technology [46]. Aims and hypothesesThe aims of the study that will use the clinical protocol described in the paper are to develop a complete program of CBT with VR exposure based on 360° videos for adult patients suffering from SAD, and to evaluate the treatment effect on SAD symptoms. We plan to compare a group receiving CBT with VR-based exposure immersed in an environment based on 360 videos stimuli to a group receiving CBT with in vivo exposure and a group receiving VR relaxation treatment. Having VR relaxation treatment as control group is methodologically superior to a comparison to a waiting list and controls for any placebo effect. It is hypothesized that: CBT with VR-based exposure will significantly reduce symptoms of with VR-based exposure will be more effective than both CBT with in vivo exposure and VR relaxation therapy at the end of treatment An effect on symptom reduction will sustain at 6 months follow-up MethodsDesignThe study is designed as a three arm randomized controlled trial comparing a group receiving CBT with VR-based exposure, a group receiving CBT with in vivo exposure and a group receiving VR relaxation. Participants and recruitmentPatients have to meet the following criteria:Inclusion criteria Able to comprehend the Danish language. ≥18 years. Fulfill the diagnostic criteria for SAD according to ICD-10 (F40.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Despite the great importance of irrigating vegetables with wastewater, as a food source for the urban community and as income generation means for the poor dwellers, it is subject to numerous constraints and is causing high health risks. However, depending on reviewed documents, to assess the potential contamination and health effects of wastewater-irrigated vegetables in urban areas in Ethiopia, the present review recommends that. Currently, with increasing population and rapid urbanization, irrigation water requirement has been growing in rapidly growing urban centers, and water has become a fragile and scarce resource in a competing environment. Management of water resources and proper utilization of vegetables grown in wastewater irrigation has become one option in developing countries for farmers as well as consumers in urban areas in order to ensure food and nutritional security. Wastewater should be managed properly (by application of different wastewater treatment techniques, washing and boiling/cooking vegetables before consumption and proper handling of vegetables) to reduce contamination by frequently occurred parasites and their health impact, can help alleviate malnutrition especially for children of poor households. In addition, maintaining the hygiene of the worker and the vegetables too has the most significant effect in reducing worker and consumer health hazards. To minimize the risk of health risk and to be more benefited from wastewater irrigation in Ethiopia, wastewater treatment technologies should be properly applied and policies and strategies should be desirable for proper domestic and industrial wastewater disposal and utilization technique. Additional informationFundingThe author received no direct funding for this research. Notes on contributorsDejen Gashayeis a full-time lecturer and researcher in Institute of Technology, Hydraulic and. He has taught several courses such as of and Sources and for engineering students. The author has also engaged in training and advising students in seminar and research activities, community service programs and other curricular and extracurricular activities. The author has also ample experience in teaching and research development in the field of irrigation water management and related discipline. His research interest focuses on conducting research on irrigation water management and research works related to environmental protection. 10. 1016/j. foodcont. 2009. 11. 005(open in a new window) (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)17. (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)228. Elsevier Ltd. www. elsevier.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Circadian proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 in the chromatoid body, a RNA processing granule of male germ cells. PLoS One. 2012, 7 (8), DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0042695 Leproult, R. : Van Cauter, E. Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA. 2011, 305 (21), 2173-2174. DOI: 10. 1001/jama. 2011. 710 Clinic, Cleveland. “System: Is, Function & Disorders. ” Cleveland Clinic, 2022, my. clevelandclinic. org/health/body/23273-autonomic-nervous-system. Accessed 21 Feb. 2024. Riganello, F. ; Prada, V. ; Soddu, A. ; di Perri, C. ; Sannita, W. G. and Measures of CNS/Autonomic Interaction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019, 16, 2336. DOI:10. 3390/ijerph16132336 Logan, R. W. ; McClung, C. A. Rhythms of Life: across the Lifespan. Neuroscience. 2018, 20 (1), 49–65. DOI: 10. 1038/s41583-018-0088-y Hall, A. L. ; Franche, R. L. ; Koehoorn, M. Assessment in Research: A Study on Nurses. Expo Health. 2018, 62 (2), 182-194. DOI:10. 1093/annweh/wxx103 McNeely, E. ; Mordukhovich, I. ; Staffa, S. ; Tideman, S. ; Gale, S. ; Coull, B. Cancer prevalence among flight attendants compared to the general population. Environ Health. 2018, 17 (1). DOI:10. 1186/s12940-018-0396-8 Leso, V. ; Fontana, L. ; Caturano, A. ; Vetrani, I. ; Fedele, M. ; Iavicoli, I. Impact of Hours on Functions: Needs. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: 1) or ICD-11 (6B04). Exclusion criteria Previously diagnosed with psychosis, Disorder or severe depression. Participating in other psychotherapeutic treatments during the study. Substance dependence disorder. Severe cyber-sickness (corresponding to motion sickness). If on medication, medication must be stable for 6 months prior to the study and during the study (i. e. , no changes in type of medication or dosage). Patients are recruited from the mental health services in the Region of and from the Internet clinic at the Centre for Telepsychiatry (CTP). Patients are also recruited from the job centers in this Danish region. Case managers in these centers have in some cases experienced difficulties in getting people hired due to psychological problems and specifically due to what might be SAD. Most case managers have an educational background as social workers and have received basic knowledge on mental health as part of their education. They will be further trained by the research leader to identify job seekers who have difficulties getting a job due to problems that might have its cause in SAD. The case managers will hand out written information material to potential patients. Furthermore, we will advertise on the homepages for the CTP, for the Region of Southern Denmark, and at a national health website sundhed. dkParticipants will receive written information material and be asked to complete an online version of the (SIAS) [47]. If the SAD patient meets the inclusion criteria they are invited to a meeting conducted either at the CTP or through video call for oral information and diagnostic assessment. All potential participants will have their diagnoses discussed at weekly clinical conference. Those who meet the inclusion criteria will be offered participation and be asked to sign an informed consent statement. Study data will be collected and managed using the (REDCap) tools [48] hosted at the mental health services in the Region of Southern Denmark. REDCap is a secure, state-of-the-art web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies. Randomization and blindingPatients are randomly assigned (by gender, age and baseline severity of SAD) to one of the following three arms in ratio 1:1:1 via the computerized randomization function in REDCap: 1) Individual CBT with VR-based exposure in session 2) Individual CBT with in vivo exposure in session or 3) Individual VR relaxation therapy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Specifically, 180 million people still face food crises in countries such as Africa, where the natural environment is harsh, and Japan, South Korea, India, and China, where there are “too many people and too little land” (Li et al. , Citation2014; Smil, Citation1999). In addition, the extensive use of agrochemical inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides to increase food production has become a common solution to address the population growth that may be faced in the long term (Roussaki et al. , Citation2022). However, the current agricultural crisis and short-sighted coping strategies are not conducive to sustainable human development (Chandio et al. , Citation2023). The FAO has summarized the major solutions to the current contradictions in agricultural production into three areas, namely, poverty eradication and income generation to eliminate all poverty, food security to eliminate all hunger, and low-carbon and environmentally friendly green agriculture (Caputo et al. , Citation2020). This is the main topic in agriculture that promotes the goal of human sustainability, called (SA), and has become a common political topic of discussion around the globe. The evaluation indicators of SA should have a practical guiding role, and some international organizations have already established SA evaluation indicator systems and successfully applied them in practice. On the one hand, FAO proposed the “Pressure-State-Response” (PSR) framework and developed the SA evaluation index system. On the other hand, since a significant portion of the membership consists of underdeveloped and developing countries, the FAO has thus increased its focus on equity and efficiency, especially about extreme poverty. In more developed agricultural systems, such as the (EU) and the Organization for and Development (OECD) member countries, policy objectives and research orientations towards SA focus on areas such as energy efficiency, pollution reduction, and carbon reduction (Stevenson & Lee, Citation2001). In conclusion, based on the above authoritative definitions, this paper summarizes SA as a theoretical and practical paradigm covering the three pillars of poverty alleviation and income increase (PI), food security (FS), and green agriculture (GA). In today’s digital era, with the widespread application of digital technologies in areas of agriculture represented by the Internet, the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, etc. , new opportunities have been brought to SA. First, digital technology is characterized by scalability.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: How adjusting elicited health utilities after the fact can adversely. . . ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 128862. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 12688/f1000research. 128862. 1) First published: 19 Dec 2022, 11:1533 ( Latest published: 19 Dec 2022, 11:1533 ( IntroductionThe elicitation of inconsistent health-state utility values (HSUVs) is a prevalent problem. A rational person should not prefer a joint health state (JHS) to any of the constituent single health states (SHSs). This property is termed logical consistency. 1 For instance, at the individual level, 41% of the HSUVs for the JHS (incontinence & impotence) elicited by Dale et al. 1 violated this property. Given the mathematical equivalence of HSUVs elicited using the standard gamble (SG) and probabilities, logical consistency corresponds to the Fréchet upper bound (FUB). 2 It is highly likely that the percentage of inconsistent HSUVs was higher than 41% because Dale et al. did not consider the Fréchet lower bound (FLB). 2 The later has significant implications for the disutility of multiple coexisting morbidities: the joint disutility cannot exceed immediate death (ID) or the sum of the individual disutilities. 2Two approaches to the problem of eliciting inconsistent HSUVs have been proposed:1. Prevent inconsistent elicited HSUVs through interviewers intervening whenever necessary to ensure that patients estimate consistent HSUVs. 32. No intervention during the elicitation process. Inconsistent elicited HSUVs are adjusted after the fact. 4,5The first approach requires trained and knowledgeable interviewers. The second approach requires realistic and mathematically valid models. However, the adjusted HSUVs may not accurately represent a patient’s p1. Clinical vignette. At their annual physical examination, patient HP is diagnosed to suffer from the asymptomatic health condition X. HP is otherwise in good health. HP is neither a trained nor innate probability assessor. The physician is a proponent of SDM, and HP agrees to participate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Assignment will be kept blind for patients and clinicians until the first exposure session. An equal number of patients will be assigned to each group, but at the end of treatment patients in the third group will be randomly re-allocated to one of the two former groups. This reallocation is done to reduce the total number of patients needed to be recruited, and to avoid the ethical problem of not offering effective treatment. Six months after end of treatment the patients in group 1 and 2 will be re-assessed. There will not be a follow-up assessment of the patients in group 3, as they are re-allocated after week 10 (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1Overview of the patient pathwaysFull size imageSample sizePrevious studies [28] report an approximately 10 point drop in SIAS for standard treatment with in vivo exposure. However, a 20 point drop has been observed for CBT with VR-based exposure [28] with standard deviations around 15 points in all treatment groups. We calculated effect sizes and found that 38 subjects are required in each group to detect if VR treatment is significantly better than standard treatment with in vivo exposure in a t-test with 80% power at the 0. 05 significance level using a two-sided hypothesis. However, patients in the VR relaxation group continues in one of the exposure groups, so only 76 subjects need to be recruited. To compensate for a possible 10% drop-out rate we plan to recruit 90 patients. InterventionsA treatment manual based on Bouchard and colleagues’ adaptation [28] of the model and approach of Clark & Wells [11, 49] and [50, 51] will be applied for therapy. Treatment will be conducted by two clinical psychologists who will receive supervision every second week. Ten percent of the sessions will be audio recorded to ensure adherence to the manual. Recorded sessions will be chosen evenly across the different stages of treatment to ensure that all aspects of the treatment are represented when adherence is controlled. Treatment will be conducted for 10 consecutive weekly 60 min sessions. In the first two treatment conditions sessions are scheduled as follows: Session one: Building a therapeutic alliance and psycho-education about social anxiety and safety and avoidance behaviors. Session two to four: Cognitive restructuring. Session five to nine: Exposure in either in vivo or VR. Session 10: Relapse prevention. To ensure a fair comparison of the effect of VR and in vivo exposure, these treatment arms are identical except for exposure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: This not only reduces the cost of communicating information but also supports farmers in realizing the rapid collection and linking of agricultural factors of production. It is important to note that digital technology not only facilitates the advancement of modern information processing technologies but also strengthens the competitive potential of farmers to access markets and increase off-farm employment opportunities (Nie et al. , Citation2021). This revolution at the technological end of the spectrum has narrowed the information divide between farmers and citizens and reduced the urban-rural income gap, which provides the underlying impetus for the goal of poverty reduction (Park & Mercado, Citation2016; Zhang et al. , Citation2023). Secondly, in the face of the global food and nutrition crises, how to improve the security of the food supply is a topic that concerns the survival of humankind. Several countries are making mission-critical innovations to their food systems to achieve food and nutrition security. For example, the Netherlands has adopted a “circular agriculture” paradigm, Nicaragua has a strong focus on agroecology, and has recently moved towards a “digital bioeconomy” (Klerkx & Rose, Citation2020). On 24 September 2014, the U. S. led the formation of the for Climate-(GACSA), which proposes to improve agricultural productivity and income with digital technology, which can help farmers in regions such as Vietnam increase their food production. FAO is launching its “Hand in Hand” action plan in 2019, one of which is to help 54 countries and territories with large proportions of people living in poverty to transform their agri-food systems securely through digital technology. The extensive utilization of new-generation digital technologies for refined cultivation, green grain storage, and intelligent production and processing provides technological security for the goals of food supply security and improved nutritional base (Mushi et al. , Citation2022). On the one hand, IoT can be applied to monitor soil parameters and weather conditions; drones and smart glasses can be used for soil monitoring and sampling. These fine-tuned digital farming techniques help farmers identify and manage a wider cultivation area and increase yields per unit area (Trivelli et al. , Citation2019). On the other hand, with the improvement in living standards, people pay more attention to food quality and safety (Wang et al. , Citation2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The physician informs HP that:– X would reduce their expected years of life from 15 to 7, unless treated– has a 100% success rate in curing X– Tx has a 100% probability of two side effects: ai and bj. – HP agrees to partake in assessing the HSUVs for ai, bj and ai&bj. This paper proceeds as follows. The theoretical framework used for analyzing the T-Y models is presented. These models are analyzed, and it is demonstrated that they are inappropriate for life-critical SDM. Concluding remarks are presented. MethodsTheoretical frameworkHealth-state utility valuesHealth states are identified by health conditions (HCs) (also termed “attributes” and “dimensions”) and severity levels. Each combination of levels of HCs represents a unique health state. HSUVs measure the strength of a person’s subjective p0. 0, perfect health (PH) = 1. 0) scale. Estimating HSUVs is challenging. People are affected by the information which they receive, emotional factors, and elicitation methods. 7 HSUVs elicited by different methods may not agree and can affect treatment choices. 8 The SG has a theoretical foundation in von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility theory9, which establishes the validity of HSUVs elicited using the SG as a measure for HRQL. 10 Using arbitrary scales for HSUVs can lead to serious errors. 11,p. 17Probabilities: Fréchet inequalitiesFréchet12 proved that the joint probability of two events is bounded by the marginal probabilities of each event regardless of the dependence between them. For two events A and B,(1)max0. 0PA+PB−1. 0≤PA&B≤minPAPB. Few people realize they assign inconsistent values to joint probabilities. Osherson et al. 13 state: “It is striking to observe, for example, how few people realize that it is inconsistent to attribute probabilities of 0. 8 to each of two sentences and probability 0. 5 to their conjunction. ” From (1), the conjunction of 0. 8 and 0. 8 cannot be less than 0. 6: PFLB0. 8∧0. 8=0. 8+0. 8−1. 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: All exposure happens in session, and whereas the exposure scenarioes in the CBT with VR-based exposure arm are limited to the scenarios mentioned below,there is a free choice of situation in the in vivo arm. This is to ensure a treatment as close to treatment as usual as possible in this arm. A recent meta-analysis found between-session interventions to be a significant moderator of attrition in both in vivo and VR-based exposure treatment [52]. Thus, to reduce dropout rate, and to adapt to treatment as usual at the mental health services in the region, homework is encouraged. Cognitive behavioral therapy with virtual reality based exposureCBT with VR-based exposure will use 360° 3D videos with three scenarios: a) riding a bus, b) going to a school cafeteria and c) a job interview. These scenarios were chosen based on clinical experience and frequently reported difficult situations in the literature [28, 38]. The order of the scenarios is jointly decided by the patient and therapist. In the videos, the patients can make choices which determine the further course of the exposure scenario. For example, in the bus scenario, the system informing the passengers about the upcoming bus stop is out of order. Therefore, the patient has to ask the driver to tell when this is his or her stop to exit, when they reach the relevant stop. Depending on whether or not the patient decides to do so, the video will skip to one of two alternative directions of the scenario. During the VR exposures the therapist will also motivate the patient towards acting in ways they consider socially unacceptable or threatening (such as sneezing or putting a napkin on his/her head) to elicit fear of ridicule, and to help the patient learn to bend their rigid rules for social interaction. Cognitive behavioral therapy with in vivo exposureIn vivo exposure consists of therapist-guided exposure which takes place either inside or outside the therapist’s office with active modelling from the therapist in early sessions. . Similarly to the VR-based exposure during in vivo exposure the therapist will motivate the patient towards acting in ways they consider socially unacceptable or threatening. Virtual reality relaxation therapyVR relaxation therapy will consist of a 360° 3D scenario of swimming with dolphins, created by the dolphin swim club (www. thedolphinswimclub. com). Swimming with real wild dolphins has been shown to have a positive effect on anxiety, although not specifically on SAD [53].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Based on data from 276 cities above the prefecture level in China from 2005 to 2020, we explore indicators that can support SA from three subsystems: poverty alleviation and income increase, food security, and green agriculture. Second, we draw on the idea of harmony to respond to the level of development of SA by measuring the degree of coupled coordination among the three subsystems. Unlike the simple cumulative approach to measuring SA integrated performance alone (Gómez-Limón & Sanchez-Fernandez, Citation2010; Mili & Martínez-Vega, Citation2019; et al. , Citation2007), our methodology is significant in realizing the goal of an organic SA in which systems are coordinated and progress in a balanced manner. Thirdly, we not only find that digital technology has a driving effect on the positive cycle of PI-FS-GA but also further isolate the positive incentive process of increasing the “marginal effect” of digital technology on SA and GA through the threshold effect, as well as the U-shape incentive process on PI. The above nonlinear conclusion expands the application boundary of digital divide theory in the research field of SA. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The second part is the Literature background, which focuses on the literature review and theory combined related to the impact of digital technology on and SA, based on which the corresponding research hypotheses are proposed; the third part describes the model design, indicator selection, and data sources, including the construction of mediator models, panel thresholds, and spatial panel econometric models. The fourth part presents the results and analysis of empirical tests, including benchmark regression, robustness test, nonlinear effect test, regional heterogeneity analysis, mechanism effect test, and spatial spillover effect analysis. The fifth part summarizes and discusses the study results and provides policy recommendations based on the findings. 2. Literature background2. 1. Digital technology and PIThe level of economic development varies widely between countries, and yet every political group has made it their political vision to work towards the elimination of internal poverty and income disparity (Wang et al. , Citation2022). In developing countries with large populations and agricultural pressures, digital technology is building a new social form in which everything is interconnected and giving digital opportunities to lift the disadvantaged groups, represented by farmers, out of poverty and de-marginalize them, and driving the sustainable development of agricultural activities (Simone & Christopher, Citation2003).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Mathematical equivalence of HSUVs and probabilitiesIn the SG, an individual is asked to make the hypothetical choice between living for T years with health stateai (health condition Awith severity level i) and a gamble with a binary outcome (probability p of living in PH for T years or ID with probability 1. 0−p). The probability p is varied until the individual is indifferent between living T years with ai and the gamble. The indifference probability paicorresponds to the individual’s HSUV for ai:10 Uai=pai. Given the mathematical equivalence of HSUVs elicited using the SG and probabilities, probability theory can be applied to the problem of identifying inconsistent HSUVs. 2Consistent HSUVs: Fréchet inequalitiesGiven that HSUVs are mathematically equivalent to probabilities, the Fréchet inequalities play an important role in identifying inconsistent HSUVs. Uai&bj is bounded by the FUB and FLB on conjunction irrespective of preference interactions:2(2a)max0. 0Uai+Ubj−1. 0≤Uai&bj≤minUaiUbj. (2b)UFUBai&bj=minUaiUbj. (2c)UFLBai&bj=max0. 0Uai+Ubj−1. 0. The FUB (2b) ensures logical consistency. 1 The FLB (2c) has significant implications for the disutility of multiple coexisting morbidities. The joint disutility cannot exceed ID or the sum of the individual disutilities:2(3)U¯FLBai&bj=min1. 0U¯ai+U¯bjwhere U¯⋅≡1. 0−U⋅. Preference interactionsHCs can be mutually utility independent (MUI), preference complements (PCs), or preference substitutes (PSs). 2 If a patient’s preference for condition A is independent of the level of condition B and vice versa, A and B are said to be MUI: UMUIai&bj=Uai×Ubj. If a patient believes that both A and B need to improve for their HRQL to improve, A and are said to be PCs. are positively correlated: UMUIai&bj<UPCai&bj≤FUB.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: For the VR relaxation therapy scenarios from which will be integrated in the app alongside the exposure scenarios. DiscussionThere are currently no published RCT studies on CBT with VR exposure based on 360° videos as SAD treatment. Furthermore, the current study will be the first Danish SAD treatment program that includes VR technology in a manner that takes advantage of the therapeutic possibilities this technology provides. Positive findings will support the use of CBT with VR-based exposure as an alternative, or supplement, to in vivo exposure. This is important because we still need more effective treatment options for SAD, considering the early onset of the disorder [67] and the negative effects on social skills. If the treatment proves successful, it is the intention to introduce it as an alternative at the Centre for Telepsychiatry (CTP) and, in the longer term, other psychiatric departments. With time and further technical refinement, this therapy might be carried out in the home of the patients, and thereby be helpful for patients who would not otherwise seek treatment because of severe fear of social interactions. Timetable and research planThe current study will be carried out during 2019–2022. We are currently developing, producing and piloting the videos, and plan to begin recruitment and treatment of patients at the end of 2019. During this period a manuscript for a study protocol 2020. During the first half of 2021 the follow-up assessments will be carried out. Afterwards, data analysis will be conducted and manuscripts for three further publications in international journals will be prepared. CompensationThe study is covered by Compensation Association. In order to increase motivation and acknowledge efforts to answer questionnaires for research use, the patients are rewarded with a gift card worth 500 DKK. Following finalization of treatment in accordance with guidelines from the on Ethics. Furthermore patients will be offered transport compensation. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. AbbreviationsADHD: Attention-Deficit/ASD: : ADHD self-report scale AUDIT: -II: Inventory-II CBT with VR-based exposure: Therapy with based Exposure CBT: : Centre for : : : : : : -2: Scale 2ed SWEAT: for in Therapy VR: WAI-SR: Inventory-94. 2007. p. 367–83. 88. 84. 2011. p. 99–114. 67. 2012. p. 82–108. 45. 908. 2007. p. 42. 2014.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Among them, integrating digital technology with the whole food industry chain and thus ensuring food security has become a new task in the intelligent era. The specific ways in which digital technology empowers food security are as follows: First, the spread of digital technology and the layout of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture have allowed farmers to increase their technical knowledge of agricultural production through ICTs, enabling them to use production inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides more efficiently (Hong et al. , Citation2019; Lawin & Tamini, Citation2019). That is, digital technology fosters a pool of scientific and technological talent for modern food production, and they are the new breakthrough point for improving the efficiency of food production (Klerkx & Rose, Citation2020). Secondly, the application of digital technologies such as smartphones, robots, blockchain, 5 G, AI, etc. , has facilitated the construction of intelligent and refined agriculture, thus enhancing the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture and improving the overall efficiency of the food industry (Leng et al. , Citation2020). Ma and Wang (Citation2020) study also concluded that the use of the Internet allows farmers to learn about the use of seeds and fertilizers more quickly, which has a positive impact on increased food production. Third, digital inclusive finance alleviates the problems of difficult, expensive, and cumbersome financing faced by farmers (Munyegera & Matsumoto, Citation2018) and advances the development of agricultural insurance (Hu et al. , Citation2022), increasing farmers’ incentives to grow food and bringing about an increase in food production (Wang et al. , Citation2018). In conclusion, there are complex mechanisms of influence between digital technologies and food production, and a study by Chandio et al. (Citation2023) suggests that there is even a bidirectional causal relationship between the two. 2. 3. Digital technology and GAEconomic development and environmental protection have always been hotly debated topics. In particular, in the Kuznets environmental curve, there is a U-shaped relationship between environmental protection and economic growth, i. e. , the goal of a sustainable environment requires a sustainable economy as a foundation. Embedding this theory in agricultural systems, green agriculture becomes a derivative consequence of increased food production and income from poverty. This judgment is supported by the study of Jiang et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: If a person believes that only A or only B needs to improve for their HRQL to improve, A and B are PSs. are negatively correlated: FLB≤UPSai&bj<UMUIai&bj. Quality-adjusted life-yearsThe linear quality-adjusted life-year (simply termed the QALY) is presently the principal model for medical decision making (MDM). The expected number of QALYs for living yi years in a health state xi which has a probability of occurrencepxi is10(4)EQpxixiyi=pxi×Uxi×yi+1. 0−pxi×yi. Analysis of T-Y modelsIn the following subsections, the T-Y models4 are analyzed using the above theoretical framework and data shown in Table 1. 14 The analysis was done using 2016. Table 1. Elicited and adjusted HSUVs using T-Y models. MethodsU (ai)U (bj)U (ai&bj)No intervention0. 620. 730. 15Model (i)0. 620. 730. 15Model (ii)0. 620. 730. 45Model (iii)0. 620. 73∈ [0. 45, 0. 62]Model (i):4 “Readjusting the original health utility values via an error minimization approach based on the monotonicity property. ”The monotonicity property requires that a rational individual should not prefer a JHS to any of the constituent health states. Hence, Model (i) satisfies the FUB (2b). For consistency with probability theory, HSUVs elicited using the SG are also required to satisfy the FLB (2c). Model (i) does not address the FLB. For instance, it does not identify the HSUVs Uai=0. 62,Ubj=0. 73, Uai&bj=0. 15 as inconsistent: Uai&bj<UFLB0. 62∧0. 73=0. 35=0. 62+0. 73−1. 0. Model (ii):4 “Multiplicative functions for health states and a new model for adjusting the initial health-state utilities. ”Model (ii) posits Uiiai&bj=Uai×Ubj. This assumes that health conditions ai and bj are MUI.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: ProtocolJia-Yan Pan, PhD Department of (Hong Kong)Corresponding Author:Jia-Yan Pan, PhDDepartment of 10/F, Academic and Administration Building15 (Hong Kong)Phone: 852 34116415Email: jiayan@hkbu. edu. hkAbstractBackground: Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is one of the most common mental disorders worldwide. Kong, the prevalence of SAD is high, but its treatment rate is low. SAD has immense impact on academic or work performance, social life, career development, and quality of life. One of the most effective treatments for SAD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), with internet-based CBT (iCBT) and virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) showing promise in treating SAD. However, internet interventions are underdeveloped in Chinese communities including Hong Kong. Objective: This study aims to develop an iCBT program that includes VRET, called “in Online” (Ease Online), for adults with SAD in a randomized controlled trial. Methods: The 14-week program is a guided self-help iCBT program with a blended mode of service delivery. The program comprises 9 web-based modules and 5 individual counseling sessions (including 2 VRET sessions) conducted remotely or face-to-face with a therapist to provide therapist support, as guided iCBT shows superior effects than unguided iCBT. Other program components include therapist feedback on assignments, internal messages, forums, client portfolios, web-based questionnaires, reminders, and web-based bookings. The program can be accessed either through a mobile app or program website through a PC with an internet connection. The participants are openly recruited and screened using a questionnaire and through an intake interview. Eligible participants are randomized by placing them into a web-based iCBT group, app-based iCBT group, or a waitlist control (WLC) group. Participants in the WLC group are assigned to the app-based program upon completion of the service of the 2 experimental groups. Measurements of social anxiety, depression and anxiety symptoms, psychological distress, automatic thoughts, and quality of life are administered at pretest, posttest, and 3- and 6-month follow-ups. with repeated measures will be performed to determine the intervention effectiveness on the continuous variables over time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: (Citation2022), who first argued that digital technology has facilitated the development of the rural digital economy. Secondly, it is believed that digital technology, with its inherent advantages of higher permeability, more powerful marginal effect, and more prominent network externalities, can realize the green agricultural development model of “traceable quality and measurable environment” through efficient interconnection and intercommunication with agriculture production, operation, and consumption. The greening effect of digital technologies affecting agriculture is threefold. First, greening in the food production process, i. e. , emphasizing the reduction of pesticide, fertilizer, and film use, source management, and the development of environmentally friendly farming models (Sanders, Citation2006). At this time, digital technology can optimize the early warning system of pollution sources and improve the efficiency of carbon reduction and emission reduction through the accurate monitoring of environmental data resources, such as air quality, river water quality, pollution discharge, and carrying capacity of the environment (Zhong et al. , Citation2022). Specifically in the planting process, digital technology can accurately analyze the ecological conditions, environmental capacity, and resource status of each area, thus determining the optimal amount of fertilizer and agricultural chemicals and realizing a dynamic balance between agricultural production and the protection of the ecological environment (Robinson et al. , Citation2022). Secondly, green agriculture focuses on green and pollution-free food production, processing, and transportation to achieve high efficiency and sustainability (Struik & Kuyper, Citation2017). Digital technology can effectively integrate various information resources into production decision-making to guarantee the supply of green agricultural products, reduce the waste of resources and the emission of pollution, and realize the efficiency and greenness of the production process (Hampton et al. , Citation2013). Thirdly, the application of digital technology has integrated with the financial sector and given birth to digital inclusive finance, which has encouraged the green development of agriculture from the port of environmental cost expenditure (Guo et al. , Citation2022). In industrialized agrarian societies, small farmers are the fundamental form of organization of agricultural production, and their environmental actions require a degree of economic grounding. That is, through redundant resources for the development and application of green technologies, thus breaking the Kuznets trap of agricultural organization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Keeney & Raiffa advocated assuming MUI with the significantly important qualifier15,p. 244: “the utility independence assumptions are appropriate in many realistic problems”. Moreover, their focus was principally on decision making outside of the medical domain. More recently, Howard and Abbas wrote16,p. 578“We have several issues with this type of ‘utility independence’ reasoning … Enforcing these ‘utility independence’ assumptions result in functional forms that are simple, but quite frequently they will not represent the preference of the decision maker. ”Experimental studies have concluded that the multiplicative model is not a suitable model for JHSUVs. 17 MUI is a strong assumption that is usually inappropriate for HSUVs. 18Model (iii):4 “A combined approach for adjusting the initial health-state utilities”Model (iii) posits that JHSs have a level of utility independence controlled by a parameter 0. 0≤γ≤0. 1. Thus, the JHSUVs lie between the and the FBU (2b) and they do not account for HCs that are PSs2. For instance, given Uai=0. 62 and Ubj=0. 73, Model (iii) predicts 0. 45≤Uiiiai&bj≤0. 62. This is wrong: HCs can be PSs, in which case 0. 35≤UPSai&bj<0. 45. T-Y4 recommend using Models (ii) and (iii) for JHSUVs that “would easily pass the previous monotonicity test but could still be considered as not realistic. ” This can mislead clinicians to recommend and patients to choose unwanted treatments. Case in point, a patient who wants to avoid treatments with HSUVs ≤0. 45 chooses treatment TX based on Uiiai&bj and Uiiiai&bj≥0. 45. Results and discussionThe clinical vignette in Box 1 is analyzed assuming HSUVs that are elicited with and without intervention. HSUVs elicited with interventionInterviewers intervene when necessary to ensure that patient HP assesses consistent HSUVs which truly represent their p0. 55, Ubj=0. 62, Uai&bj=0. 38. These HSUVs satisfy the FUB (= 0. 55) and FLB (= 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Results: Participant recruitment commenced in January 2021. As of February 2023, a total of 1811 individuals applied for the program. In total, 401 intake interviews have been completed, and 329 eligible participants have joined the program, among whom 166 have completed the service. Data collection is still ongoing, which is expected to be completed in March 2024. Conclusions: This study is the first of its kind in combining iCBT and VRET for the treatment of SAD in Hong Kong. At a theoretical level, this study contributes to the development and evaluation of internet-based psychological interventions in Hong Kong. At a practical level, the program may serve as an alternative service option for SAD clients in if proven effective. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials. gov NCT04995913; Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10. 2196/484372023;12:e48437doi:10. 2196/48437Keywordsinternet-based cognitive behavioral therapy; virtual reality exposure therapy; social anxiety disorder; Chinese; CBT; iCBT; internet; virtual reality; anxiety; social phobia; mental disorder; mental health; quality of life; treatment; cognitive behavioral therapy; psychological intervention IntroductionBackgroundSocial anxiety symptoms have increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic [1]. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common mental health problems, yet few seek treatment [2]. Individuals with SAD experience excessive fear and anxiety during social interactions, which is disproportionate to the social situation itself. SAD often involves negative evaluation and rejection by others and a constant fear of embarrassment or humiliation [3]. Therefore, individuals with SAD often avoid social interactions, which may have detrimental impacts on most areas of life, including their career, education, social relationships, and mental health [4]. Social anxiety usually emerges during performance situations (such as job interviews, public presentations, or attending a meeting) and interpersonal situations (such as greeting someone, drinking and eating in public, taking part in social gatherings, or shopping). Kong, the 12-month prevalence rate of SAD is reported to be 3. 2% [5], which translates into an estimated 230,000 cases. However, only 8. 7% of people with SAD in had previously sought treatment [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: However, digital technology can be a double-edged sword, potentially increasing food production and farm incomes on one side and exacerbating environmental damage on the other (Hall & Vredenburg, Citation2003). Despite the catalytic role of digital technologies in enhancing agricultural productivity, the use of digital technologies may increase energy consumption and new emissions, and the increase in production capacity may also bring indirect environmental pressure (Belkhir & Elmeligi, Citation2018; Lange et al. , Citation2020; Malmodin & Lundén, Citation2018). In addition, Khattak et al. (Citation2022) argue that governments relax environmental regulations when economic indicators such as employment and income are poor, so low-cost, high-polluting technologies are more likely to be adopted, thus ignoring the green dynamics in digital technologies, which ultimately leads to an increase in pollutant emissions. In this paper, we will further verify, at the level of emissions and pollution treatment, the environmental impact of digital technologies in agriculture. 2. 4. Digital technology to enhance SA systemsWhen placing the production safety of food, farmers’ poverty alleviation and income increase, and the greening of agriculture in the systematic framework of sustainable agriculture, first of all, we should make it clear that SA is a System (CAS). Farmers, as Adaptive Agents, can learn or accumulate experience through repeated exchanges with the environment as well as other subjects, and this interaction drives the development of the agricultural system (Wang et al. , Citation2020). Thus, the process of farmers learning and applying digital technologies and improving their incomes cannot be achieved without the nutrients and raw materials that food provides us with, and even more so without the ecosystems that safeguard us throughout the process (Chandio et al. , Citation2022; Liu & Zhou, Citation2023). On the one hand, it needs to be made clear that food-for-green agricultural production methods, such as intermittent farming and returning farmland to forests, will run counter to the demand for land and resources by a growing population (Roussaki et al. , Citation2022). Therefore, in the context of the imbalance between food supply and demand, green agriculture should replace polluting farming practices through more environmentally friendly technologies and products while guaranteeing increased food income for farmers (Shin & Choi, Citation2015). Digital technology can increase the yield per acre area, improve food supply, and reduce dependence on land (Phalan et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 17). HSUVs elicited without interventionInterviewers do not intervene during the elicitation of HSUVs. The no-intervention elicited HSUVs shown in Table 1 violate the FLB (= 0. 35). As discussed above, the T-Y models do not identify these HSUVs as inconsistent. T-Y recommend using Models (ii) and (iii) for JHSUVs that “could still be considered as not realistic. ”4 These models predict the significantly different JHSUVs shown in Table 1. Decision analysisFor illustration, we consider the clinical vignette and data shown in Box 1 and Table 2, respectively. Patient HP has a complicated decision to make: “to be or not to be” treated with TX? The expected number of QALYs for each alternative and set of HSUVs is calculated using (4). Table 2 summarizes the results and recommendations. The HSUVs elicited with and without intervention provide contradictory recommendations:– HSUVs elicited with intervention. The prediction is: 15. 0 YLs, 7. 8 QALYs. The recommendation is “Yes Tx”. – HSUVs elicited without intervention and adjusted after the fact. Model (i) predicts 15 YLs and 2. 25 QALYs. Models (ii) predicts 15 YLs and 6. 75 QALYs. Based on the number of QALYs, Models (i,) and(ii) recommend “No Tx”. Model (iii) recommends either “No Tx” or “Yes Tx” depending on the control parameter γ. Table 2. Impact of HSUV elicitation and T-Y models on treatment recommendation. OptionsYLsElicitationP (ai& bj)U (ai & bj)7. 001. 001. 007. 00Yes Tx15. 00Intervention1. 000. 527. 80Yes TxPNo interventionModel (i)1. 000. 152. 25No TxFModel (ii)1. 000. 456. 75No TxFModel (iii)1. 00∈(0. 45, 0. 62]∈[6. 75, 9. 30]? FKujawski et al.

Output: pass