Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: More studies on the responses of pelagic and benthic organisms of the to heatwaves would increase our understanding of the population-level consequences of short-term variability in environmental parameters. Research on effects of climate change would also benefit from methodological diversity. For example, more extensive use of biochemical and genetic methods, such as biomarkers (Turja et al. , 2014, 2015; Villnäs et al. , 2019), stable isotopes (Voss et al. , 2000; Gorokhova et al. , 2005; Morkune et al. , 2016; Lienart et al. , 2021), compound-specific isotope analyses (Ek et al. , 2018; Weber et al. , 2021) or metabarcoding (Leray and Knowlton, 2015; Bucklin et al. , 2016; Klunder et al. , 2022), as well as development of remote sensing methods (Huber et al. , 2021), could yield novel information on stress levels experienced by organisms and environmental niches preferred by species. Such information would allow validation of the biogeochemical models under different environmental and climate scenarios. There is some bias in the focus organisms and habitats studied. While experiments on planktonic organisms and soft-bottom animals are relatively abundant, experiments on macroalgae, vascular plants and invertebrates inhabiting hard bottoms are less abundant, and studies focusing on the entire food web are scarce. In general, empirical and modelling studies focusing on climate effects on shallow photic habitats are less abundant than those on the pelagic and deep benthic habitats (Tedesco et al. , 2016). Very few studies have investigated the shallow water ecosystems holistically, including macroalgae and microalgae, invertebrates, and fish at the same time. Those that have done so have revealed complex interactions and multiple feedbacks between species and ecosystem components (Svensson et al. , 2017; Salo et al. , 2020). Also, while there are ample monitoring data on pelagic and deep benthic communities, similar long-term records are very sporadic for communities associated with key habitat-forming species such as bladderwrack, eelgrass, blue mussel on hard bottoms, and vascular plants growing on soft sediments. This lack of empirical data and subsequent modelling studies hampers our understanding of the long-term responses of sublittoral communities to climate change.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: IntroductionTogether with obesity, diabetes is epidemic in the US and worldwide. 1 Weight gain is both a risk factor for diabetes and a consequence of initiation and intensification of insulin therapy, as illustrated in landmark diabetes control trials. 2, 3, 4 Weight gain associated with increased adiposity can worsen insulin resistance leading to higher insulin requirements, and thus perpetuates a vicious cycle. Weight gain additionally generates further risk for macrovascular outcomes such as cardiovascular disease5, 6 and generates negative ‘biofeedback’ to the patient and physician struggling to achieve glycemic control. Mechanisms involved in weight gain associated with insulin therapy are incompletely understood. Hypoglycemia is a potent stimulus to feed,7 improving glycemic control reverses the negative energy balance associated with glycosuria, and insulin potently stimulates lipogenesis. Indeed insulin is an anabolic hormone in peripheral tissues. 8 Although weight gain on insulin initiation or intensification is common, there are reports in randomized, controlled human clinical trials of attenuation of this effect associated with the use of a basal insulin analog, detemir (Det), compared with other insulins used in subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes9 (as reviewed in Hermansen and Davies10). Intriguingly, the observed weight sparing effects of Det appear to be amplified in the most obese subjects,9 who are predicted to be more insulin resistant. Det has also been shown to have enhanced effects on central nervous system (CNS) function in both experimental animals11 and human subjects. 12, 13 So-called basal insulins are long-acting insulin formulations that maintain euglycemia between meals and overnight (that is, fasting) primarily by limiting hepatic glucose production. 14 Frequently, type 2 diabetes insulin therapy is initiated with basal insulin. In contrast to ample evidence associating insulin therapy with increased adiposity and weight gain, a distinct body of evidence indicates that insulin functions as an adiposity negative feedback signal to the CNS. 15 Insulin (and leptin) is secreted in proportion to body fat stores,16 and regulates the function of key homeostatic neurons found in the mediobasal hypothalamus17 and elsewhere,18 which in turn, control feeding, energy expenditure and other aspects of neuroendocrine physiology (reviewed in Niswender et al. 17 and Plum et al. 19).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: org) are outstanding organisations to get involved with,” says Chris. Both societies have a wealth of resources, including podcasts and informative videos on topics such as ‘Is biomedical engineering right for you? ’ and ‘Career paths in biomedical engineering’. • The US Bureau of has detailed information about careers in bioengineering and biomedical engineering, including what the roles involve, the skills and qualifications you will need and the salary you can expect: www. bls. gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/biomedical-engineers. htm • In this video from the of Mechanical Engineers, bioengineers discuss what work in the field involves: www. asme. org/topics-resources/content/video-bioengineering As far back as I can remember, I wanted to be a scientist. I was always fascinated by the processes of biology – while my friends were building model cars, I was building models of the human eye, ear and other organ systems! I saw the interconnections of biological systems while picking edible plants with my dad and spending days wandering and camping in the woods. My father and grandfather were veterinarians and, while growing up, I spent many hours in their lab. My dad inspired curiosity in me as we grew bacteria, hatched turtle eggs, did chemistry experiments, blew glass bottles and treated sick animals that I found in the woods, from dogs and cats to squirrels, snakes and a mountain lion (though I didn’t bring the mountain lion back to the clinic! ). was a kid, there was a science fiction TV show called ‘Tunnel’, about scientists who build a time tunnel and adventurers who travel through it. My brother wanted to be one of the heroic time travellers, but I wanted to be the chief scientist and figure out how the scientists could save the day. I still believe that scientists will save the day by developing innovative new technologies for addressing climate change and improving human health. I was extremely lucky to have teachers who curated curiosity in their students. was 10, we were learning about eyes by looking at drawings in books. I didn’t think this was sufficient, so I asked my teacher if I could bring an eye to school to dissect in class. I don’t think she realised I was serious, because she just said, “Sure”.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, there is a large body of literature published on sea ice algae and sea ice ecology in the (Granskog et al. , 2006; Tedesco et al. , 2017; Thomas et al. , 2017), and all of them are relevant for studying winter ecology. However, few of them have directly assessed the effects of climate change on ice ecology in the Baltic Sea. More empirical and modelling studies including quantitative projections on the effect of diminishing sea ice to biodiversity and functioning of the ecosystem in winter and spring would therefore be desirable. To sum up, there are still several significant knowledge gaps and issues of dissensus in our understanding of the effects of climate change on the ecosystem. To fill these gaps, the results and conclusions from the experimental work should be better integrated into the wider empirical and modelling studies of food web dynamics, and more emphasis should be placed on studying effects of climate change on less studied environments, such as the microbial food web, sea ice communities and the sublittoral ecosystem. Such studies would provide a more comprehensive view of the responses of the pelagic and benthic systems to climate change in both the open sea and the benthic system, from bacteria to fish (Kortsch et al. , 2021). Also, continuation of both spatial mapping programmes and long-term ecological studies will be crucial for validating experimental results and for developing ecosystem models, advancing our understanding of environmental and meteorological drivers of the ecosystem on large spatial and temporal scales. 7 change has an obvious potential to affect entire marine food webs, from coastal to offshore areas, from shallow to deep waters and from pelagic to benthic systems. Climate change can also induce changes in species distributions and proportions, and key nodes and linkages in the food webs may be altered or lost (Lindegren et al. , 2010b; Niiranen et al. , 2013; Leidenberger et al. , 2015; Griffiths et al. , 2017; Kotta et al. , 2019; Gårdmark and Huss, 2020). As many ecosystem services are dependent on the state of the entire ecosystem (Hyytiäinen et al. , 2019), a long-term decline in provision of ecosystem services to humans is possible. It is therefore indispensable to increase our understanding of the consequences of climate change on the socio-ecological system of the and its surrounding marine regions (Stenseth et al. , 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: Although a potent anabolic stimulus in peripheral tissues, insulin action in the CNS is catabolic in the sense that it reduces food intake, weight gain and adiposity. Thus, a paradox emerges when one considers that insulin therapy is associated with weight gain, whereas in experimental situations insulin functions to limit weight gain. A number of elegant basic science approaches have clarified the role of insulin in energy homeostasis. Insulin administration directly into the brain reduces food intake20, 21, 22 and targeted mutation of insulin signaling components in neurons leads to weight gain. 23, 24 Here, we sought to engage a more clinically relevant approach to the question of whether it is insulin therapy per se (rather than hypoglycemia, reversal of negative energy balance and so on) that causes weight gain in a well-controlled preclinical model. Herein we tested the chronic effects of modern basal insulin analogs, Det and glargine (Glar). As basal insulins, Det and Glar, are used clinically to control between meal and overnight hyperglycemia,14 and were chosen here because they could be delivered by the clinically relevant subcutaneous (SC) route without causing hypoglycemia due to their pharmacodynamic profiles. 25 We have controlled for confounding variables such as glycosuria, negative energy balance and hypoglycemia by studying non-diabetic, but high-fat (HF) fed diet-induced obese rats compared with low-fat (LF) fed rats. Thus, we used long-acting basal insulin analogs to replace some percentage of endogenous basal insulin (that rate needed to maintain euglycemia in the fasting state) allowing us to avoid hypoglycemia and thereby to test the effects of these insulins per se on feeding and weight gain. We hypothesized that the anabolic effects of insulin in peripheral tissues will be balanced by the catabolic effects in the CNS when confounders are controlled, and that Det might attenuate weight gain, especially on HF diet. Thus, in the absence of negative energy balance and hypoglycemia, we sought to ask whether chronic SC basal insulin therapy still leads to weight gain and increased adiposity and whether we can model the observed effects of Det to limit weight gain in the setting of obesity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: So later that week, when I helped my dad deliver a still-born calf, we removed its eye and the next day I took the eye, a dissection tray and the proper tools to school and offered them to my teacher. I still remember the expression on her face as she stepped back, and said, “Why don’t you teach today? ” So, I led the class through the dissection of the calf eye. It wasn’t until many years later that I realised this might have seemed strange! To me, I was just bringing my everyday life into the classroom. I never get tired of watching biology in action – from the molecular and cellular level while working in the lab, to the organismal and ecosystem level outside in nature. Whether in the lab, mountains or oceans, there are so many aspects of biology to observe and wonder about. Chris’ top tips 1. Instead of ‘thinking outside the box’, just ‘think outside, no box required’. It is human nature to categorise and catalogue things, but every time we box something in, we eliminate opportunities. 2. Follow your passion, not the career with the highest salary or most manageable work week. To be happy, make your work your hobby and your hobby your work, by integrating your life and work so that what you accomplish in each area exceeds your and others’ expectations. 3. Never let your mind grow old – keep the youthful wonder alive. I like to think of myself as a young scientific mind in an old human body! I never want to be a scientist who says ‘no’ to trying something new.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The direct and indirect effects of climate-change-related parameters on species, communities and the ecosystem are summarised in Table 1 based on research done since 2010. While results are variable, some conclusions can be drawn from the evidence this far. Table 1Summary of research findings and conclusions on the anticipated effects of climate change (CC) effects in the for selected variables. The table only shows studies published in 2011–2021 and some of the studies referred to in the text are not included. For earlier studies, see Dippner et al. (2008) and Viitasalo et al. (2015). Observations, experimental simulations or modelled projections are categorised using the following abbreviations: T stands for temperature increase, S stands for salinity decline, TSO2 stands for temperature increase, salinity decline and/or oxygen decline, A stands for acidification, AT stands for acidification and temperature increase, AS stands for acidification increase and salinity decline, DOM stands for dissolved organic matter. EXP stands for experimental manipulationsmicrocosms, MES stands for experimental manipulationsmesocosms, LTS stands for long-term studies, MOD stands for modelling studies, FIE stands for field data. Empty fields indicate knowledge gaps. for the eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea, it can be concluded that the ecological status of the has not significantly improved despite a decrease in anthropogenic nutrient loading since the 1980s (Fleming-Lehtinen et al. , 2015; Andersen et al. , 2017), largely due to the pervasive internal loading (Murray et al. , 2019; Stigebrandt and Anderson, 2020). Success of nutrient abatement largely determines the future state of the (Hyytiäinen et al. , 2019; Ehrnsten et al. , 2020), but climate change may delay or even counter the improvement of the ecosystem state (Bonsdorff, 2021). Climate-induced increases of nutrient loading and enhancing of internal loading of phosphorus have been hypothesised to promote phytoplankton and cyanobacteria production and to maintain the “vicious circle of eutrophication” (Vahtera et al. , 2007), and several modelling studies indeed project an increase in both total phytoplankton biomass and cyanobacteria blooms in the future (Meier et al. , 2011a; Funkey et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: Bonferroni's post-test shows that Det reduced cumulative food intake in HF-fed rats relative to Glar from 10 to 27 days and relative to Veh from 24 to 27 days. For all panels: *P<0. 05 for Veh vs Det; #P<0. 05, αP<0. 01 and βP<0. 001 for Glar vs Det comparisons as analyzed by Bonferroni's post-test. Full size imageBody weight and adipose massBecause we observed significant attenuation of cumulative food intake in HF-fed rats receiving Det, the effect of basal insulin therapy on body weight and fat mass gain was of primary interest. Consistent with the food intake data in the LFD group neither Det nor Glar therapy had any effect on daily body weight and fat mass (Figures 3a and d) or body weight or fat mass gain (Figures 3c and f). In contrast, in HFD rats, Det trended to attenuate daily body weight (Figure 3b), but this did not reach statistical significance for any individual day over the 4-week period. Det did, however, reduce body weight gain relative to both Veh and Glar, whereas Glar had no effect compared with Veh (Figure 3c; Veh 72. 0±4. 8 g, Glar 72. 5±4. 0, Det 59. 2±3. 5; Veh vs Det P<0. 05, Glar vs Det P<0. 05, Veh vs Glar P=NS). The effect of Det to reduce body weight was clearly dependent on HFD intake (F(5, 30)=6. 10; P<0. 001). Figure 3attenuates weight and adipose gain in HFD, but not LFD rats. Body weight was measured daily in rats fed either LFD (a; n=5 per group) or HFD (b; n=6–8 per group) for each treatment group; Veh (circle), Det (triangle) and Glar (diamond). Body weight gain was determined for the 4-week study period for all groups (c). Fat mass was measured three times weekly by NMR in rats fed either LFD (d; n=5 per group) or HFD (e; n=6–8 per group) for each treatment group; Veh (circle), Det (triangle) and Glar (diamond).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe hyphae of ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi proliferate in nitrogen (N)-limited forests and tundra where the availability of inorganic N is low; under these conditions the most common fungal species are those capable of protein degradation that can supply their host plants with organic N. Although it is widely understood that these symbiotic fungi supply N to their host plants, the transfer is difficult to quantify in the field. A novel approach uses the natural 15N:14N ratios (expressed as δ15N values) in plants, soils, and mycorrhizal fungi to estimate the fraction of N in symbiotic trees and shrubs that enters through mycorrhizal fungi. This calculation is possible because mycorrhizal fungi discriminate against 15N when they create compounds for transfer to plants; host plants are depleted in 15N, whereas mycorrhizal fungi are enriched in 15N. The amount of carbon (C) supplied to these fungi can be stoichiometrically calculated from the fraction of plant N derived from the symbiosis, the N demand of the plants, the fungal C:N ratio, and the fraction of N retained in the fungi. Up to a third of C allocated belowground, or 20% of net primary production, is used to support ectomycorrhizal fungi. As anthropogenic N inputs increase, the C allocation to fungi decreases and plant δ15N increases. Careful analyses of δ15N patterns in systems dominated by ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal symbioses may reveal the ecosystem-scale effects of alterations in the plant–mycorrhizal symbioses caused by shifts in climate and N deposition. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 1986. The role of proteins in the nitrogen nutrition of ectomycorrhizal plants. I. Utilization of peptides and proteins by ectomycorrhizal fungi. 103:481–93. 1989. The role of proteins in the nitrogen nutrition of ectomycorrhizal plants. IV. The utilization of peptides by birch (Betula pendula L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 2018; Murray et al. , 2019). Several studies have focused on studying the effects of climate change on the future state of the Baltic Sea, and the ecosystem modelling studies already provide valuable results that are directly usable in decision-making concerning mitigation of eutrophication under climate change. In contrast, studies concerning effects of climate change on biodiversity of the are lagging behind and are hampered by model uncertainties (e. g. for salinity) and by the current inability of models to consider the complex interactions between species and multiple feedbacks between trophic levels. Long-term and modelling studies focusing on shallow photic environments, which harbour the highest biodiversity in the Baltic Sea, are especially sparse. This is a major drawback in a situation where all major environmental policies, including the UN Convention on and EU for 2030, urge for halting ongoing biodiversity loss. To designate effective measures to safeguard biodiversity, including a climate-smart expansion of the protected area network, a better understanding of the effects of climate change on the sublittoral ecosystem is urgently needed. Knowledge of the mechanisms and processes governing the ecosystem under climate change have recently accumulated and already provide information that can be used to design adaptation tools and mitigation measures for the (Reusch et al. , 2018). It is necessary to continue studying the as a socio-ecological system, responding to both environmental and societal changes (Bauer et al. , 2018, 2019; Hyytiäinen et al. , 2019), and to continue the dialogue with human society, in order to attune to the future changes ultimately driven by the ocean itself (Stenseth et al. , 2020). Data availability This review paper refers exclusively to published research 10. 3354/meps11081, 2015. Ahlgren, J. , Grimvall, A. , Omstedt, A. , Rolff, C. , and Wikner, J. : Temperature, DOC level and basin interactions explain the declining oxygen concentrations in the Bothnian Sea, J. Marine Syst. , 170, 22–30, 2017. Alheit, J. , Pohlmann, T. , Casini, M. , Greve, W. , Hinrichs, R. , Mathis, M. , O'Driscoll, K. , Vorberg, R. , and Wagner, C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: Fat mass gain was determined for the 4-week study period for all groups (f). Data are presented as the mean±s. e. m. and were analyzed by either two-way repeated measures ANOVA (for body weight and fat mass) or two-way ANOVA (for body weight and fat mass gain). Bonferroni's post-test shows that daily fat mass (e) was reduced by Det relative to Veh from 13 to 26 days and relative to Glar from 10 to 26 days. For all panels: *P<0. 05, **P<0. 01, and ***P<0. 001 for Veh vs Det; #P<0. 05, αP<0. 01 and βP<0. 001 for Glar vs Det comparisons as analyzed by Bonferroni's post-test. Full size imageFat mass was significantly reduced by Det compared with both Veh and Glar on HFD (Figure 3e, P<0. 05 from day 10 onward). Fat mass gain was significantly lower in the Det group relative to Veh and Glar, Glar had no effect compared with Veh (Figure 3f; Veh 36. 6±2. 9 g, Glar 39. 2±3. 3 g, Det 25. 6±2. 9 g; Veh vs Det P<0. 05, Glar vs Det P<0. 01, Veh vs Glar P=NS). The effect of Det to reduce fat mass was clearly dependent on HFD intake (F(5, 30)=8. 15, P<0. 0001). Energy balanceWe assessed energy expenditure in LF- and HF-fed rats by indirect calorimetry using an open-circuit indirect calorimeter. No significant differences in energy expenditure were noted (Table 1). HF-fed rats treated with Det had reduced calculated positive energy balance relative to Veh (Veh vs Det, P<0. 05) and to Glar (Glar vs Det, P<0. 01) and this was due entirely to a significant reduction in energy intake (Table 1; Veh vs Det, P<0. 05 and Glar vs Det, P<0. 001).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: ) infected with different mycorrhizal fungi. 112:55–60 2002. The role of various types of mycorrhizal fungi in nutrient cycling and plant competition. In: van der. Mycorrhizal ecology. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp 117–33. 1996. Theoretical ecosystem ecology. Cambridge: Press. 250p. 2003. Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant nitrogen. Cycles 17(1):1031. 1998. The 15N of lettuce and barley are affected by AM status and external concentration of N. 138:19–26. 2006. Peptide uptake in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum: characterization of two di- and tripeptide transporters (HcPTR2A and B). 170:401–10. 2001. Do nutrient additions alter carbon sink strength of ectomycorrhizal fungi? 151:543–50. 2006. Fine roots versus needles: a comparison of 13C and 15N dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest soil. Biogeochemistry 79:53–67. 2004. Long term changes in the distribution and δ15N values of individual soil amino acids in the absence of plant and fertiliser inputs. 40:243–56. 2006. Ammonia: a candidate for nitrogen transfer at the mycorrhizal interface. Sci 11:263–6. 1998. Physiology of organic nitrogen acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas. 22:21–44. 1985. Factors affecting mineral nutrient acquisition by plants. 36:77–115. 2006. Increased ectomycorrhizal fungal abundance after long-term fertilization and warming of two arctic tundra ecosystems. 171:391–404. 2004. Fundamentals of soil ecology, 2nd edition. New York: Academic Press. 408p. 2005. Activity profiling of ectomycorrhiza communities in two forest soils using multiple enzymatic tests. 167:309–19. 2006. 13C and 15N natural abundance of the soil microbial biomass. Biochem 38:3257–66. 24. 11. 1998. Natural abundance of 15N in forests across a nitrogen deposition gradient. Manage 101:9–18. 2006. Stable isotope ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Climate variability drives anchovies and sardines into the North and Baltic Seas, Prog. Oceanogr. , 96, 128–139, 2012. Al-Janabi, B. , Kruse, I. , Graiff, A. , Karsten, U. , and Wahl, M. : Genotypic variation influences tolerance to warming and acidification of early life-stage Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyceae) in a seasonally fluctuating environment, Mar. Biol. , 163, 14, 2016a. Al-Janabi, B. , Kruse, I. , Graiff, A. , Winde, V. , Lenz, M. , and Wahl, M. : Buffering and amplifying interactions among OAW (and Warming) and nutrient enrichment on early life-stage Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyceae) and their carry over effects to hypoxia impact, 11, e0152948, 2016b. Ammar, Y. , Niiranen, S. , Otto, S. A. , Möllmann, C. , Finsinger, W. , and Blenckner, T. : The rise of novelty in marine ecosystems: Sea case, Glob. Change Biol. , 27, 1485–1499, 2021. Andersen, J. H. , Carstensen, J. , Conley, D. J. , Dromph, K. , Fleming-Lehtinen, V. ,. , Villnäs, A. , and Murray, C. : Long-term temporal and spatial trends in eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea, Biol. Rev. , 92, 135–149, 2017. Andersson, A. , Jurgensone, I. , Rowe, O. F. , Simonelli, P. , Bignert, A. , Lundberg, E. , and Karlsson, J. : in Coastal Waters? , 8, 13, 2013. Andersson, A. , Meier, H. E. M. , Ripszam, M. , Rowe, O. , Wikner, J. , Haglund, P. , Eilola, K. , Legrand, C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: RNA isolated from epididymal fat of rats of all treatment groups (Veh, Det and Glar) after 4 weeks of diet consisting of either LFD (n=5 per group) or HFD (n=6–8 per group) was assessed by real-time PCR for changes in RNA levels of WAT lipogenic markers, fatty acid synthase (FAS) (a) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (b). RNAs of interest were normalized to RPL13α and for comparative analysis, RNA ratios were normalized to the Veh LF control. Data are presented as the mean±s. e. m. and were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. For all panels, analysis with Bonferroni's post-test shows: *P<0. 05 and ***P<0. 001 for Veh vs Det; #P<0. 05, βP<0. 001 for Glar vs Det comparisons. Full size imageDiscussionFor clinicians, the concept that insulin functions as an adiposity negative feedback signal to the CNS and controls food intake and weight gain, first proposed by Porte and Woods in the late 1970s,35, 36 is quite at odds with clinical experience where insulinization rather uniformly leads to weight gain. Whereas ∼2 kg of weight gain is typically expected for each 1% reduction in HbA1C, insulin administered directly into the CNS of animals ranging from baboons20 to rodents22 will lower food intake and body weight. Genetic modifications that reduce insulin signaling in mice23, 24 as well as mutations in insulin signaling homologs in even more primitive organisms, such as flies and nematodes,17 lead to increased fat mass in these organisms. Here we describe, for the first time to our knowledge, the robust effect of peripheral SC Det insulin administration to reduce food intake and limit weight and adipose gain. Explanations for weight gain on insulin therapy commonly include reversal of the negative energy balance associated with glycosuria, anabolic effects of insulin in peripheral tissues, particularly the potent effect to stimulate lipogenesis, and the fact that hypoglycemia is a potent stimulus to feed. Finally, it has been described that, with imperfect pharmacodynamic profiles, humans will learn to anticipate hypoglycemia and eat defensively. 8 By controlling for these variables, we appear to have uncovered a unique effect of insulin Det, but not Glar, to modulate weight gain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: 308p. 1994. Physiology of isotopic fractionation in algae and cyanobacteria. In:. Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. London: Blackwell Publishing. pp 187–221. 99. 1993. Effects of the ecto- and VA-mycorrhizal fungi Hydnagium carneum and Glomus clarum on the 15N and 13C values of Eucalyptus globulus and Ricinus communis. Environ 16:375–82. 2004. Assessing the 15N concentration of plant-available soil nitrogen. Anal 35:1207–17. 2006. Measuring external mycelia production of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field: the soil matrix matters. 171:179–86. 2001. Ecophysiology of 13C and 15N isotopic fractionation in forest fungi and the roots of the saprotrophic-mycorrhizal divide. Oecologia 128:480–7. 2004. Isotopic fractionation during ammonium assimilation by basidiomycete fungi and its implications for natural nitrogen isotope patterns. 162:771–81. 2006. Carbon allocation to ectomycorrhizal fungi correlates with belowground allocation in culture studies. Ecology 87:563–9. 2003. Nitrogen availability and colonization by mycorrhizal fungi correlate with nitrogen isotope patterns in plants. 157:115–26. 2006. 15N in symbiotic fungi and plants estimates nitrogen and carbon flux rates in arctic tundra. Ecology 87:816–22. 2005. Foliar and fungal 15N:14N ratios reflect development of mycorrhizae and nitrogen supply during primary succession: testing analytical models. Oecologia 146:258–68. 60. 15. 2000. Correlations between foliar δ15N and nitrogen concentrations may indicate plant-mycorrhizal interactions. Oecologia 122:273–83. 2001. Foliar nitrogen levels and natural abundance 15N reveal mycorrhizal-plant partitioning and recycling of nitrogen during development under climate change. 21:1113–22. PubMed CAS 2004. Carbon use, nitrogen use, and isotopic fractionation of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi in natural abundance and 13C-labelled cultures. 108:725–36. 2006.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Heikinheimo, O. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Niiranen, S. , Tomczak, M. T. , Aro, E. , Wikström, A. , and Möllmann, C. : Biological ensemble modeling to evaluate potential futures of living marine resources, Ecol. Appl. , 23, 742–754, 2013. Garzke, J. , Ismar, S. M. H. , and Sommer, U. : Climate change affects low trophic level marine consumers: warming decreases copepod size and abundance, Oecologia, 177, 849–860, 2015. Gladstone-. , Valanko, S. , and Norkko, A. : Identifying “vital attributes” for assessing disturbance-recovery potential of seafloor communities, Ecol. Evol. , 11, 6091–6103, 2021. Gogina, M. , Zettler, M. L. , Wahlstrom, I. , Andersson, H. , Radtke, H. , Kuznetsov, I. , and MacKenzie, B. R. : A combination of species distribution and ocean-biogeochemical models suggests that climate change overrides eutrophication as the driver of future distributions of a key benthic crustacean in the estuarine ecosystem of the. Mar. Sci. , 77, 2089–2105, 2020. Gorokhova, E. , Hansson, S. , Höglander, H. , and Andersen, C. M. : Stable isotopes show food web changes after invasion by the predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi in a bay, Oecologia, 143, 251–259, 2005. Graiff, A. , Liesner, D. , Karsten, U. , and Bartsch, I. : Temperature tolerance of western Fucus vesiculosus – growth, photosynthesis and survival, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 471, 8–16, 2015. Granskog, M. , Kaartokallio, H. , Kuosa, H. , Thomas, D. N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: In these studies, we sought to carefully examine the role of insulin delivered ‘clinically’ (that is, given subcutaneously, once daily) on energy homeostasis. Of course, insulin delivered directly into the brain decreases feeding,20, 21, 22 but our primary objective was to specifically address whether it is the insulin per se that causes weight gain when given via a clinically relevant (SC) route. Here, we sought to bridge clinical experience with our basic science understanding of the role of insulin in energy homeostasis. We additionally controlled for confounders that may explain weight gain by studying non-glycosuric, non-diabetic animals without causing hypoglycemia. Furthermore, because potential weight effects might be amplified in a model of rapid weight gain (diet-induced obese) and because of the clinical observation that weight sparing effects of Det appear to be amplified in the most obese subjects, we also studied the effects in animals on HFD. First, as current models of energy homeostasis predict, SC insulin neither increased nor decreased food intake and weight gain in LFD rats. The doses of insulin used here are within the clinically relevant dosage range for treatment of diabetes in humans with modest insulin resistance (∼0. 2–0. 8 U kg−1 per day, KD Niswender, personal experience). Conversely, on HFD, a surprisingly robust effect of Det, but not Glar, to attenuate food intake, weight gain and adipose gain was observed. First, this implies an important interaction of diet with Det for effects on weight and is intriguingly consistent with observations in humans where those individuals with higher body mass index benefited most. 9 Of course, in terms of fat content, the typical human diet much more closely resembles the HFD, rather than the LFD, which consists of only 13. 5% calories from fat. Indeed, this food intake and weight attenuating effect is eliminated with increasing dose of insulin (not shown), suggesting, not surprisingly, a narrow effective ‘window. ’ Because it is clinically very difficult in humans to remain precisely within such a window due to variability in (1) caloric and macronutrient intake, (2) in insulin administration, and (3) in insulin absorption it is perhaps not surprising that weight gain is common.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: Integrating ectomycorrhizal fungi into quantitative frameworks of forest carbon and nitrogen cycling. In: Gadd GM, Ed. Fungi in biogeochemical cycles. Cambridge: Press. pp 98–128. 1990. 15N natural abundance as a possible marker of the ectomycorrhizal habit of the trees in mixed African woodlands. 115:483–6. 1999. Nitrogen isotope fractionation during nitrogen uptake by ectomycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris. 142:69–576. 1996. 15N abundance of surface soils, roots and mycorrhizas in profiles of European forest soils. Oecologia 108:207–14. 2006. Towards a more plant physiological perspective on soil ecology. Evol 21:548–54. 2001. The molecular revolution in ectomycorrhizal ecology: peeking into the black-box. 10:1855–71. 1988. Nutrient-uptake and allocation at steady-state nutrition. 72:450–9. 1997. A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents. 94:7362–6. 1995. The physiology of fungal nutrition. Cambridge: Press. 642p. 2005. The uptake, metabolism, transport and transfer of nitrogen in an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. 168:687–96. 2004. Carbon cycling in soil. Environ 2:522–8. 1999. Biodegradation kinetics and sorption reactions of three differently charged amino acids in soil and their effects on plant organic nitrogen availability. Biochem 31:1331–42. 81. 23. 1995. The biology of mycorrhizae in the Ericaceae. 18. Chitin degradation by Hymenoscyphus ericae and transfer of chitin-nitrogen to the host-plant. 131:369–75. 2000. Nitrogen isotope fractionation during nitrogen transport from ectomycorrhizal fungi, Suillus granulatus, to the host plant, Pinus densiflora. 46:733–9. 1999. Natural 13C and 15N abundance of field-collected fungi and their ecological implications. 144:323–30. 2000. Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects. Biochem 32:1485–98. 2005.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 138, 91–104, 2015. Heikinheimo, O. : Interactions between cod, herring and sprat in the changing environment of the Baltic Sea: A dynamic model analysis, Ecol. Model. , 222, 1731–1742, 2011. Henseler, C. , Oesterwind, D. , Kotterba, P. , Nordström, M. C. , Snickars, M. , Törnroos, A. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Impact of round goby on native invertebrate communities – An experimental field study, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 541, 11, 2021. Henson, S. A. , Beaulieu, C. , Ilyina, T. , John, J. G. , Long, M. , Seferian, R. , Tjiputra, J. , and Sarmiento, J. L. : Rapid emergence of climate change in environmental drivers of marine ecosystems, Nat. Commun. , 8, 9, 2017. Hillebrand, H. , Soininen, J. , and Snoeijs, P. : Warming leads to higher species turnover in a coastal ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol. , 16, 1181–1193, 2010. Hine, R. (Ed. ): A Dictionary of Biology, 8th edn. , 9780198821489, 2019. Hinrichsen, H. H. , Huwer, B. , Makarchouk, A. , Petereit, C. , Schaber, M. , and Voss, R. : Climate-driven long-term trends in oxygen concentrations and the potential consequences for eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua), ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 68, 2019–2028, 2011. Hjerne, O. , Hajdu, S. , Larsson, U. , Downing, A. S. , and Winder, M. : Climate driven changes in timing, composition and magnitude of the phytoplankton spring bloom, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 15, 2019. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bruno, J. F.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: Weight gain is clearly one of the major barriers to successful clinical use of insulin and our findings, albeit in a preclinical model, suggest that with careful use, insulin need not inevitably cause weight gain. This conclusion is similar to that drawn from a longitudinal study comparing weight gain in controlled diabetics on insulin vs oral agents. 37 That the weight effects of Det were observed under HF dietary conditions that provoke weight gain, and that most experts agree contribute to human obesity and diabetes suggests that this model may hold promise for understanding pathophysiological and potentially therapeutic mechanisms at the interface of feeding, obesity and diabetes. Finally, that the effect is observed only on HFD implies that the increased molar ratio of Det to Glar required to obtain similar glycemic effects is not the sole explanation for the observed weight effects, as the same ratio was utilized in LF-fed rats where no effects were observed. Several studies investigating the effect of chronic administration of insulin in normal-weight or obese non-diabetic rat models have largely reported findings that insulin treatment either had no effect38 or induced hyperphagia and weight gain. 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 Notably, only a study by Vanderweele46 showed an 11% reduction of spontaneous daily food intake in normal-weight chow-fed rats administered 2 U per day of regular insulin via an osmotic minipump implanted into the peritoneal cavity. Thus, our findings with insulin Det appear to be fundamentally novel. Although the primary objective of our study was to determine the effects of SC basal insulin regimens on energy homeostasis in a unique preclinical diet-induced obese model, we also took the opportunity to explore, in a preliminary way, insulin-sensitive markers of potential mechanisms underlying the phenotype. Others have hypothesized that relative tissue selectivity, particularly for the CNS, could explain such weight effects. 47, 48 For example, a recent study in humans demonstrated effects of Det on brain function and to reduce spontaneous food intake in a test meal. 12 Conversely, others have determined that Det has attenuated transport into the CNS,49 suggesting the possibility that findings of reduced food intake in humans and rodents may be indirect. Given that insulin has potent lipogenic effects, and that we observed significant attenuation of fat mass gain in Det-treated HFD rats, we assessed expression of key insulin-sensitive target genes in adipose tissue.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: Diversity of an ectomycorrhizal fungal community studied by a root tip and total soil DNA approach. Mycorrhiza 15:1–6. 2002. Ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa differing in response to nitrogen deposition also differ in pure culture organic nitrogen use and natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes. 154:219–31. 2005. Enzymatic activities of mycelia in mycorrhizal fungal communities. In:. The fungal community. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. pp 331–48. 2007. Spatial separation of litter decomposition and mycorrhizal nitrogen uptake in a boreal forest. 173:611–20. 2004. Occurrence of N-acetylhexosaminidase-encoding genes in ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes. 164:193–9. 1998. Plant-microbe competition for soil amino acids in the alpine tundra: effects of freeze-thaw and dry-rewet events. Oecologia 113:406–14. 1987. Nutrient concentrations, percentage moisture and density of field-collected fungal mycelia. Biochem 19:727–33. 1986. Kinetic fractionation of stable nitrogen isotopes during amino acid transamination. Acta 50:2143–6. 2002. Resource-based niches provide a basis for plant species diversity and dominance in arctic tundra. Nature 415:68–71. 1998. Vascular plant 15N natural abundance in heath and forest tundra ecosystems is closely correlated with presence and type of mycorrhizal fungi in roots. Oecologia 115:406–18. 1996. Leaf 15N abundance of subarctic plants provides field evidence that ericoid, ectomycorrhizal and non- and arbuscular mycorrhizal species access different sources of soil nitrogen. Oecologia 105:53–63. 1994. The influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the nitrogen fixation of nursery-grown Ethiopian acacias estimated by the 15N natural abundance method. 160:249–57. 1994. Nitrogen isotope studies in forest ecosystems. In:. Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. London: Blackwell Publishing. pp 22–44. 1992.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : The impact of climate change on the world's marine ecosystems, Science, 328, 1523–1528, 2010. Hogfors, H. , Motwani, N. H. , Hajdu, S. , El-Shehawy, R. , Holmborn, T. , Vehmaa, A. , Engström-Öst, J. , Brutemark, A. , and Gorokhova, E. : Bloom-support copepod reproduction and development in the 9, e112692, 2014. Holopainen, R. , Lehtiniemi, M. , Meier, H. M. , Albertsson, J. , Gorokhova, E. , Kotta, J. , and Viitasalo, M. : Impacts of changing climate on the non-indigenous invertebrates in the northern by end of the twenty-first century, Biol. Invasions, 18, 3015–3032, 2016. Horn, H. G. , Boersma, M. , Garzke, J. , Loder, M. G. J. , Sommer, U. , and Aberle, N. : Effects of high CO2 and warming on a microzooplankton community, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 73, 772–782, 2016. Huber, S. ,. , Berglund, J. , von Friesen, C. P. , Danbolt, M. , Envall, M. , Infantes, E. , and Moksnes, P. : Novel approach to large-scale monitoring of submerged aquatic vegetation: A nationwide example from Sweden, Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. , 2021, 1–12, 2021. Huttunen, I. , Lehtonen, H. , Huttunen, M. , Piirainen, V. , Korppoo, M. , Veijalainen, N. , Viitasalo, M. , and Vehvilainen, B. : Effects of climate change and agricultural adaptation on nutrient loading from Finnish catchments to the Baltic Sea, Sci. Total Environ. , 529, 168–181, 2015. Hyytiäinen, K. , Bauer, B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: Here, Glar was noted to increase fatty acid synthase gene expression in both HFD and LFD groups, and to increase lipoprotein lipase gene expression in LFD rats, both effects that would promote storage of fat in adipose. Det showed no effects on adipose tissue gene expression among the groups. These findings are consistent with potency studies in vitro where Glar was noted to have roughly double the lipogenic potency of Det and ∼80-fold increased mitogenic potency. 50 Coupling in vitro and in vivo findings such as these raises the possibility that future insulin analog development may enhance specific aspects of insulin's pleiotropic effects while minimizing others, including those on weight. This will clearly require an improved understanding of the molecular pharmacological mechanisms underlying such effects. Insulin-associated weight gain contributes to clinical inertia, resulting in many patients with diabetes failing to achieve adequate glycemic control, and increasing risk for other metabolic comorbidities. We conclude here that insulin therapy may not necessarily and inevitably lead to weight gain and that it is not the insulin per se that is responsible when weight gain occurs. Next, we have clearly unmasked a unique property of Det in these studies to influence energy balance. Obesity is thought to arise from a very small mismatch in caloric intake vs expenditure; as little as a 1% mismatch can lead to significant weight gain. Here, we observed an overall 7–10% reduction in caloric intake, consistent with recent findings in human volunteers where Det significantly reduced food intake compared with regular human insulin. 12 Recognizing significant differences in rat vs human physiology, if such a magnitude of effect were indeed achievable in humans it would have an enormous impact on diabetes progression and obesity related comorbidities. All too commonly, insulin therapy in humans is reserved for ‘rescue’ or ‘last-ditch’ therapy, after the failure of multiple oral medications to control blood–glucose concentration. Several compelling recent publications, however, demonstrated that early insulinization had potential beneficial effects on disease progression. 51, 52 These were primarily glycemia-focused intervention studies, but it is intriguing to consider what a similar, but weight-focused approach might achieve.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: Microbial processes and plant nutrient availability in Arctic soils. In:. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. New York: Academic Press. pp 281–300. 1998. Boreal forest plants take up organic nitrogen. Nature 392:914–6. 2001. Soil nitrogen form and plant nitrogen uptake along a boreal forest productivity gradient. Oecologia 129:125–32. 2002. Foraging and resource allocation strategies of mycorrhizal fungi in a patchy environment. In: van der. Mycorrhizal ecology. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp 93–115. 2003. Nitrogen acquisition from inorganic and organic sources by boreal forest plants in the field. Oecologia 137:252–7 2007. Natural 15N abundance of soil N pools and N2O reflect the nitrogen dynamics of forest soils. 295:79–94. 2004. A rapid and highly sensitive method for measuring enzyme activities in single mycorrhizal tips using 4-methylumbelliferone-labelled fluorogenic substrates in a microplate system. J 58:233–41. 2003. Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems—a journey towards relevance? 157:475–92. 2002. Widespread N-acetyl-D-glucosamine uptake among pelagic marine bacteria and its ecological implications. Microbiol 68:5554–62. 2007. Free amino sugar reactions in soil in relation to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling. Biochem 39:3081–92. 2003. Vertical distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa in a podzol soil profile. 159:775–83. 2004. Nitrogen mineralization: Challenges of a changing paradigm. Ecology 85:591–602. 2006. Effects of nitrogen source and ectomycorrhizal association on growth and δ15N of two subtropical Eucalyptus species from contrasting ecosystems. Biol 33:367–79. 1997. Waterlogging and fire impacts on nitrogen availability and utilization in a subtropical wet heathland (wallum). Environ 20:1231–41. 2003. δ15N values of tropical savanna and monsoon forest species reflect root specialisations and soil nitrogen status. Oecologia 134:569–77. PubMed CAS 2007.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Survival and settling of larval Macoma balthica in a large-scale mesocosm experiment at different fCO2 levels, Biogeosciences, 13, 3377–3385, 2016. Jansson, A. , Klais-Peets, R. , Griniene, E. , Rubene, G. , Semenova, A. , Lewandowska, A. , and Engström-Öst, J. : Functional shifts in estuarine zooplankton in response to climate variability, Ecol. Evol. , 10, 11591–11606, 2020. Jerney, J. , Suikkanen, S. , Lindehoff, E. , and Kremp, A. : Future temperature and salinity do not exert selection pressure on cyst germination of a toxic phytoplankton species, Ecol. Evol. , 9, 4443–4451, 2019. Johannesson, K. , Smolarz, K. , Grahn, M. , and Andre, C. : The future of populations: Local extinction or evolutionary rescue? , Ambio, 40, 179–190, 2011. Jones, M. C. and Cheung, W. W. : Multi-model ensemble projections of climate change effects on global marine biodiversity, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 72, 741–752, 2015. Jonsson, P. R. , Kotta, J. , Andersson, H. C. , Herkül, K. , Virtanen, E. , Nyström Sandman, A. , and Johannesson, K. : High climate velocity and population fragmentation may constrain climate-driven range shift of the key habitat former Fucus vesiculosus, Divers. Distrib. , 24, 892–905, 2018. . , Bonsdorff, E. , and Nilsson Jacobi, M. : Ecological coherence of Areas: New tools applied to the network, Aquat. Conserv. , 30, 743–760, 2020. Kahru, M. , Elmgren, R. , and Savchuk, O. P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: diets do not make you lose weight, on the contrary, they make you gain weight! Wrong diets do not make you lose weight, on the contrary, they make you gain weight! 03. 05. 2024 - 11:45 Haber ile ilişkili SDG etiketleri DOI : Noting that people apply very wrong diets when they aim to lose weight quickly in a very short time, experts say that the wrong lists applied in the process started with the aim of weight loss and weight loss lists based on inadequate and unbalanced nutrition bring obesity along with it. Stating that the reason for the failure of popular diets is that they are not applicable, Head of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan expressed that "Because every diet, every nutrition list prepared is like an individual's fingerprint, and it is unique to that person. The lists should be prepared specifically for the individual. " Üsküdar of Head of Nutrition and Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan evaluated the issue of rapid weight loss and shock diets. "Weight loss lists based on unbalanced nutrition bring obesity with it" Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan stated that wrong diets can actually trigger weight gain and adversely affect health, and that unbalanced nutrition and rapid weight loss goals can often lead to unexpected results, and said that "Adequate and balanced nutrition, that is, the intake of energy, macro and micronutrients, namely carbohydrates, proteins and fats, should be taken into the body in the amounts that the body needs. When people aim to lose weight quickly in a very short time, they apply very wrong diets. In this process, which they start with the goal of losing weight, there is the opposite effect, and they gain too much weight. Wrong lists, weight loss lists based on inadequate and unbalanced nutrition bring obesity along with it. " "System disorders may occur in parallel with severe, inadequate and unbalanced nutrition" Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan noted that there is a very serious information pollution on social media about diets, stating that dietitians can be reached through many channels, but people who have not been trained in this field give false information, and expressed that "In parallel with serious inadequate and unbalanced nutrition, there may be system disorders and many health problems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: Natural abundance δ15N and δ13C of DNA extracted from soil. Biochem 39:3101–7. 2002. Carbon and nutrient fluxes within and between mycorrhizal plants. In: van der. Mycorrhizal ecology. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp 33–61. 1990. Structure and function of the interfaces in biotrophic symbioses as they relate to nutrient transport. 114:1–38. 2005. The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: life in the real world. Mycologist 19:102–12. 2007. Natural abundance of 15N and 13C in saprotrophic fungi: what can they tell us? In:. Fungi in the environment. Cambridge: Press. 58. 2003. Species level patterns in 13C and 15N abundance of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal sporocarps. 159:757–74. 2000. Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L. ) Karst. ) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L. ) along north-south transects in Europe. In: Schulze E-D, Ed. Carbon and nitrogen cycling in European forest ecosystems. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp 343–65. 2004. Macrofungus communities correlate with moisture and nitrogen abundance in two old-growth conifer forests,. Bot 82:781–800. 2003. Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope abundances support the myco-heterotrophic nature and host-specificity of certain achlorophyllous plants. 160:391–401. 1995. : a model for cycling of nitrogen and carbon isotopes in coniferous forest ecosystems. 79:255–75. 2001. Estimation of the biomass and seasonal growth of external mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field. 151:753–60. 1998. Nitrogen deposition and ectomycorrhizas. 139:169–87. 2000. Effects of symbiosis with Frankia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on the natural abundance of 15N in four species of Casuarina. J 51:287–97. 4266. Comments on the manuscript by and two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Nausch, M. , Schulz-Bull, D. , Wodarg, D. , Wasmund, N. , and Mohrholz, V. : Stratification, nitrogen fixation, and cyanobacterial bloom stage regulate the planktonic food web structure, Glob. Change Biol. , 25, 794–810, 2019. MacKenzie, B. R. , Eero, M. , and Ojaveer, H. : Recovery in the Baltic Sea? , 6, e18998, 2011. . , Lindegren, M. , Neuenfeldt, S. , Eero, M. , Blenckner, T. , Tomczak, M. T. , and Niiranen, S. : Impact of climate change on fish population dynamics in the Baltic Sea: a dynamical downscaling investigation, Ambio, 41, 626–636, 2012. Mäkinen, K. , Vuorinen, I. , and Hänninen, J. : Climate-induced hydrography change favours small-bodied zooplankton in a coastal ecosystem, Hydrobiologia, 792, 83–96, 2017. Matthäus, W. and Schinke, H. : Mean atmospheric circulation patterns associated with major Baltic inflows, Deutsche Hydrogr. Zeitschr. , 46, 321–339, 1994. Meier, H. E. M. , Eilola, K. , and Almroth, E. : Climate-related changes in marine ecosystems simulated with a 3-dimensional coupled physical-biogeochemical model of the Baltic Sea, Clim. Res. , 48, 31–55, 2011a. Meier, H. E. M. , Andersson, H. C. , Eilola, K. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Kuznetsov, I. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Neumann, T. , and Savchuk, O. P. : Hypoxia in future climates: A model ensemble study for the Baltic Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 38, 1–6, 2011b. Meier, H. E. M. , Hordoir, R. , Andersson, H. C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: Müge Arslan said that there are lists that include carbohydrates, proteins and fats in an adequate and balanced diet, and that there is no list without bread because bread is a type of carbohydrate. Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan stated that "The type of bread is very important. We do not recommend white bread because the concept of glycemic index is involved. Foods high in sugar are not recommended. However, we definitely do not recommend the bread-free list. We do not find such things right. It may be bread, but the amount is important. It is also not right to forcibly give bread to a person who says a person does not eat bread. It also has its alternatives. You can consume soup and rice, but we are in favor of preferring bulgur. You can go so far with lists of single food groups and prohibitions, and the weight lost is not weight loss, there is water loss. And then it is taken back again. " Blood sugar balance is important! Noting that they recommend grain breads with high fiber content, Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan said that "It can be grain bread, it can be made from einkorn flour, or it can be rye bread. We want to choose this type of bread because the amount of sugar in such breads is low. For this reason, it has a more supportive feature in the process of balancing blood sugar during the day. " Beware of shock diets! Stating that shock diets cause water loss, not weight, Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan said that "Think of it as a sauna effect. When you go in and out of the sauna, you come out two pounds lower and you cannot say I lost weight because it is a loss of water. This is the effect of crash diets. They are things that aim to reduce that figure on the scale quickly in a short time. Shock diets are diets that should definitely not be followed. " “You cannot apply a one-meal diet to the end of your life" Stating that it is not right to eat one meal, Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan expressed that "It is not possible because the life process consists of a metabolic process. You need to have the energy to carry on your everyday life.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: Figures Citation: Butler CD, (2006) Time to Regenerate: Ecosystems and Health Promotion. PLoS Med 3(10): e394. October 24, 2006Copyright: © 2006 Butler and Friel. This is an open-access 1. Labonté's 1993 Description of a Holosphere of Healthy Communities, with Health at the Centre (Derived from [8]). The interacting environmental spheres include a viable and sustainable natural environment and a sustainable economy. the Earth Summit, the evidence for adverse environmental change at the global scale has strengthened alarmingly [11–14]. Humanity has overloaded the Earth's capacity to absorb waste and damaged many ecosystem “provisioning” services, such as pristine water and fisheries [12]. The reality and potential severity of ongoing climate change is now widely accepted. Erosion and other forms of soil damage, increasing oil scarcity, and the still expanding global population combine to place food security at risk, particularly in Africa [15,16]. Ample food to eradicate human hunger has been grown for a long time, but worsening maldistribution of food means the absolute number of hungry people is again rising [17]. While adverse global environmental change has not yet translated to an unequivocal decline in human health, fears that this may happen are increasingly credible [13]. Yet, with a few exceptions [18,19], ecohealth seems now to be peripheral to the health promotion agenda. This is reflected in the signed at the Conference on in 2005 [20]. The gap between health promotion and ecohealth is especially striking because health promotion claims to focus on causally important factors, even when their link to health is lagged, complex, or theoretical [21]. Many aspects of global environmental change that fit this category are worsening, but are currently largely ignored by health promotion. Explaining the Gap between and EcohealthSince the was signed, many of the social and economic underpinnings of population health (such as the gap between rich and poor) have also deteriorated, apart from those that are purely environmental. Health promotion has continued to champion the issue of equity in the face of greater international and domestic inequality [11,22] but has largely abandoned its stress on the linkages between adverse global environmental change and human health. This separation is intriguing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Feeding and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L. ) in the eastern under environmental change, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 77, 624–632, 2020. Neumann, T. , Eilola, K. , Gustafsson, B. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Kuznetsov, I. , Meier, H. E. M. , and Savchuk, O. P. : Extremes of temperature, oxygen and blooms in the in a changing climate, Ambio, 41, 574–585, 2012. Niiranen, S. , Yletyinen, J. , Tomczak, M. T. , Blenckner, T. , Hjerne, O. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Neumann, T. , and Meier, H. E. M. : Combined effects of global climate change and regional ecosystem drivers on an exploited marine food web, Glob. Change Biol. , 19, 3327–3342, 2013. Norkko, J. , Reed, D. C. , Timmermann, K. , Norkko, A. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Bonsdorff, E. , Slomp, C. P. , Carstensen, J. , and Conley, D. J. : A welcome can of worms? Hypoxia mitigation by an invasive species, Glob. Change Biol. , 18, 422–434, 2012. Nydahl, A. , Panigrahi, S. , and Wikner, J. : Increased microbial activity in a warmer and wetter climate enhances the risk of coastal hypoxia, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , 85, 338–347, 2013. Olli, K. , Klais, R. , Tamminen, T. , Ptacnik, R. , and Andersen, T. : Long term changes in the phytoplankton community, Boreal Environ. Res. , 16, 3–14, 2011. Olofsson, M. , Torstensson, A. , Karlberg, M. , Steinhoff, F. S. , Dinasquet, J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: (a) Per1, (b)Per2, (c) Bmal1, (d) Cry1, (e) Cry2, (f) Dec1, (g) Rev-erba, (h) Myod, (I) Myog, (j) Atrogin-1, (k) Murf-1 and (l) Bcl-2 mRNA expression in the plantar muscle tissues was analysed using RT-qPCR. 18S rRNA was used for normalisation in the RT-qPCR. The open circles represent the control group, and the closed circles represent the SBR group. The light periods are shown with open bars (ZT 0–12), and the dark periods are shown with closed bars (ZT 12–24). The dot pattern bar represents the control feeding time (ZT 12–24), and the striped bar represents the SBR feeding time (ZT 16–24). Each value in the ZT points is means with their standard error of the mean; n 3. The rhythmicity was analysed by JTK_CYCLE. The results of the rhythmicity are shown in online S6. SBR, skipping breakfast regimen; ZT, zeitgeber time. breakfast has been proposed to increase the risk of lifestyle-related diseases in humans(Reference Yokoyama, Onishi and Hosoda18,Reference Bi, Gan and Yang19). In our previous study, time-shifted feeding of rats resulted in increased body weight gain and induced circadian disorders in the liver(Reference Shimizu, Hanzawa and Kim22). Our previous study suggested that the combination of a high-fat diet and irregular feeding behaviour would increase body weight(Reference Shimizu, Hanzawa and Kim22). However, the factors that contribute to this increase in body weight remain unknown. To clarify which factor directly impacts the increase in body weight, a normal diet was used in this study. As mentioned above, compared with rats, mice have a higher feeding efficiency ratio and higher energy metabolic rate(Reference Yan, Combs and DeMars23–Reference Hussein25). It has been suggested that mice respond more to dietary conditions and are suitable for dietary intervention studies. The group we used as control is time restricted feeding condition. Time restricted feeding during inactive phase is reported not to influence lipid metabolism in mice(Reference Kentish, Hatzinikolas and Li34).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: All social movements and scientific disciplines are subject to powerful institutional and natural forces that shape their social, economic, political, and environmental milieu, and it is unremarkable that a reformist movement such as health promotion is not always successful in meeting its goals. One possible factor which may explain the disturbing separation between health promotion and ecohealth is the close relationship between WHO and the health promotion movement [23]. This closeness may have seemed a boon for the new discipline, promising a mutually interactive and progressive relationship, in which the resources of WHO would shelter and support health promotion, and in which health promoters could tickle the conscience of WHO. However, like the health promotion movement, WHO is also subject to larger forces. Ata, the rhetoric, aspiration, influence, and—arguably—the achievement of WHO has diminished, coincident with a decline in many public goods [24]. Neither WHO nor its constituent national governments have given the issue of adverse global environmental change the attention it deserves, though this might be starting to change. The 1992 received enormous fanfare yet, we argue, achieved little. Although the participants called for a fundamental transformation of the global socio-political landscape, with hindsight it is obvious that rich populations were unwilling to make the necessary sacrifices to protect future generations, when “business as usual” could ensure a short-term continuation of prosperity. Such ideas could, of course, never be expressed as frankly as we are describing them here, and they still rarely are. However, we suggest that this “business as usual” approach affected WHO and its constituent governments. Sustainability was to be honoured by promises rather than action. Gradually, we believe, these norms came to permeate the health promotion movement as well as the fields of public health and epidemiology. We are not suggesting that the failure of health promotion to address the challenge of ecohealth, and especially its dimension of global environmental change, lies entirely or even mainly with WHO. Rather we emphasise the view that powerful forces embedded and reflected in the norms, laws, and customs of humanity have overwhelmed the capacity of health promotion proponents to recognise, analyse, and address adverse global environmental change. Of course, these statements are generalisations. There are some welcome signs of change, both within national governments and WHO [12] and within the health promotion movement. However, this awakening is insufficient given the immensity of the problems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Impacts of ocean warming and acidification on the larval development of the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 420, 48–55, 2012. Pansch, C. , Scotti, M. , Barboza, F. R. , Al-Janabi, B. , Brakel, J. , Briski, E. , Bucholz, B. , Franz, M. , Ito, M. , Paiva, F. , Saha, M. , Sawall, Y. , Weinberger, F. , and Wahl, M. : Heat waves and their significance for a temperate benthic community: A near-natural experimental approach, Glob. Change Biol. , 24, 4357–4367, 2018. Paul, A. J. , Sommer, U. , Paul, C. , and Riebesell, U. : diazotrophic cyanobacterium is negatively affected by acidification and warming, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 598, 49–60, 2018. Paul, C. , Matthiessen, B. , and Sommer, U. : Warming, but not enhanced CO2 concentration, quantitatively and qualitatively affects phytoplankton biomass, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 528, 39–51, 2015. Paul, C. , Sommer, U. , Garzke, J. , Moustaka-Gouni, M. , Paul, A. , and Matthiessen, B. : Effects of increased CO2 concentration on nutrient limited coastal summer plankton depend on temperature, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 61, 853–868, 2016. Pecuchet, L. , Lindegren, M. , Kortsch, S. , Calkiewicz, J. , Jurgensone, I. , Margonski, P. , Otto, S. A. , Putnis, I. , Strake, S. , and Nordström, M. C. : Spatio-temporal dynamics of multi-trophic communities reveal ecosystem-wide functional reorganization, Ecography, 43, 197–208, 2020. Pekcan-Hekim, Z.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: In the present study, we limited mice to access food at light phase (ZT 0–12) to bring out the impacts of SBR more drastically. Furthermore, the feeding conditions in each mouse needed to be same just before the beginning of the active phase (ZT 12–16) to evaluate the effects of SBR. In the present study, we investigated whether SBR induced negative effects on lipid and muscle metabolism in mice fed a normal diet. Our results indicated that 2 weeks of SBR increased body weight gain in mice (Fig. 1(a)). Despite SBR mice being fed for 4 h less than control mice, there was no significant difference in food intake between the groups throughout the experimental period (online Supplementary Fig. S1). SBR mice showed significantly increased perirenal adipose tissue weight and decreased plantar muscle weight compared with control mice (Table 1), whereas the liver weight did not change. SBR delayed circadian oscillations in the expression of clock genes and lipid metabolism-related genes, but liver weight did not change, suggesting that SBR did not affect lipid accumulation in the liver. Skeletal muscle fibres are roughly divided into two types: fast-twitch muscle fibres and slow-twitch muscle fibres. The plantar, gastrocnemius, tibial anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles are characterised by fast-twitch muscle fibres, and the soleus muscle is characterised by slow-twitch muscle fibres(Reference Cornachione, Benedini-Elias and Polizello35). Fast-twitch muscle fibres are preferentially degraded during fasting(Reference Goodman, Kotecki and Jacobs36). In the present study, the weight of the four muscles with fast-twitch fibres, except the plantar muscle, tended to decrease with SBR (Table 1). These changes were not observed in the soleus muscle, which is characterised by slow-twitch fibres. In this study, the weight of muscles with fast-twitch fibres significantly decreased or tended to be decreased by SBR. We speculate that 4-h fasting owing to SBR in the first active phase induced the degradation of muscles with fast-twitch fibres. In the present study, only the perirenal adipose tissue weight was increased by SBR.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: It is of vital importance that health promotion return to its roots and join the forefront of this movement. Promotion by Integrating it with EcohealthAlthough the field of ecohealth has only recently emerged, it has many roots in public health and health promotion as originally conceived. There are obvious potential synergies between ecohealth and health promotion. Indeed, arguably, ecohealth has arisen to fill the vacuum created by health promotion's abandonment of ecology. Curiously, though with some exceptions, ecohealth seems almost as light on its analysis of power and inequality as health promotion now is with regard to ecological issues. This conceptual oversight is partly explained by the narrow focus of most discipline-based researchers, who are rarely trained or encouraged to venture into other disciplinary territories. We also suggest that a central problem in the rhetoric of sustainability is its reticence in calling for fundamental changes to existing power structures. The strategy of most sustainability activists, especially those based in wealthy countries, has been timid. The 1992 called for a fundamentally fairer world order, but few Western participants took this seriously. It was at that meeting that US Bush famously stated that the lifestyle of the average American was not open to negotiation. Environmentalists often call for ecological and climatic protection for its own sake, but rarely discuss the really difficult personal, social, and economic actions necessary to achieve this. Finally, very few environmentalists are genuinely engaged with the struggle to reduce global poverty. In short, just as health promotion could learn from ecohealth, so too could ecohealth learn from health promotion. We propose three concrete steps to revitalise health promotion. The success of these suggestions depends on a more receptive international milieu. However, as environmental harm intensifies, and as the price of oil climbs ever higher, it is plausible that this milieu will become much more favourable to the quest for sustainability. The discipline and goals of ecohealth will benefit from an interaction with health promotion, especially if ecohealth can use some of the insights and strategies developed and used by health promotion to counter the marketing of products that are harmful to health, such as tobacco. First, we suggest that a reinvigoration of the movement, with an equity focus, is keenly needed. This movement, sometimes traced to Toronto in 1984, is an attempt to foster friendlier and less environmentally damaging urban settings, which, consequently, will be healthier and more sustainable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Increasing nitrogen limitation in the Bothnian Sea, potentially caused by inflow of phosphate-rich water from the Baltic Proper, Ambio, 44, 601–611, 2015. Rothäusler, E. , Rugiu, L. , and Jormalainen, V. : Forecast climate change conditions sustain growth and physiology but hamper reproduction in range-margin populations of a foundation rockweed species, Mar. Environ. Res. , 141, 205–213, 2018. Rothäusler, E. , Uebermuth, C. , Haavisto, F. , and Jormalainen, V. : Living on the edge: Gamete release and subsequent fertilisation in Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae) are weakened by climate change-forced hyposaline conditions, Phycologia, 58, 111–114, 2019. Rousi, H. , Laine, A. O. , Peltonen, H. , Kangas, P. , Andersin, A. B. , Rissanen, J. , Sandberg-Kilpi, E. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Long-term changes in coastal zoobenthos in the northern Baltic Sea: the role of abiotic environmental factors, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 70, 440–451, 2013. Rousi, H. E. J. , Korpinen, S. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Brackish-water benthic fauna under fluctuating environmental conditions: the role of eutrophication, hypoxia and global change, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 464, 2019. Rugiu, L. , Manninen, I. , Rothäusler, E. , and Jormalainen, V. : Tolerance and potential for adaptation of a rockweed under predicted climate change conditions, Mar. Environ. Res. , 134, 76–84, 2018a. Rugiu, L. , Manninen, I. , Rothäusler, E. , and Jormalainen, V. : Tolerance to climate change of the clonally reproducing endemic Baltic seaweed, Fucus radicans: is phenotypic plasticity enough?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: This result suggested that the conditions for muscle breakdown, such as SBR, trigger a compensatory increase in the expression of Myod (Fig. 6). E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as Murf-1 and Atrogin-1, are regulators of protein degradation in skeletal muscle(and Mendias59). In the present study, the expression of Murf-1 and Atrogin-1 tended to increase in every time period in SBR mice (Fig. 6). The expression of Murf-1 and Atrogin-1 is known to increase after fasting(Reference Qinghe, Jinxiu and He60). In the present study, SBR mice were exposed to longer fasting periods than control mice. These results indicated that muscle protein breakdown was boosted by SBR. It has been suggested that the SBR-inducible disruption of circadian rhythm increases the risk of muscle atrophy and sarcopenia. The present study demonstrated that SBR increased body weight and fat mass in adipose tissue. Moreover, skeletal muscle weight was reduced by SBR. The expression of clock genes was delayed in the liver, adipose tissue and muscle of SBR mice. SBR also leads to the delayed or fluctuating expression of several lipid and muscle metabolism-related genes. On the other hand, skipping meal in latter half of the active phase is reported to improve lipid metabolism(Reference Delahaye, Bloomer and Butawan61). The findings of their study support the result of the present study. Thus, we speculate that the disruption in the expression of clock, lipid metabolism-related and muscle metabolism-related genes caused by SBR led to body weight gain and muscle-mass loss. The mechanism of SBR-induced lipid abnormalities was suggested to be due to alterations in clock and lipid metabolism genes, as well as suppression of rising body temperature by nutrient depletion. The phenomena of the SBR-induced delays can be partially explained by our previous findings that insulin is a major factor in clock control(Reference Stokkan, Yamazaki and Tei41). Since the peripheral tissues evaluated in this study are the target tissues of insulin, we speculate that the alterations of several clock genes were caused by insulin. In this study, several genes showed different results in the JTK_CYCLE analysis and cosinor analysis. These results can be explained by differences in the principles of the analysis methods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: There are potential synergies in addressing the challenges of climate change, oil depletion, unsustainable agriculture, the “obesogenic” environment, and improving communication and energy technology. (The obesogenic environment refers to settings that encourage excess caloric intake through the use of fossil fuel–powered devices rather than the expenditure of human muscular energy, coupled with excess availability of energy-dense, nutrient-empty foods). Such synergies could stimulate a large market not only for more sustainable urban areas, but also for healthier villages and communities. Second, the movements of ecohealth and health promotion combined may have sufficient clout at a global level to nurture a “coalition of the giving” between the G-8 and large developing countries in order to accelerate the new technologies desperately needed to slow climate change and ease the growing energy crisis. Increased funding, permitted by this more favourable milieu, would allow a large increase in the employment of practitioners with training and experience in these issues, trained by improved curricula, and supported at the local level by infrastructure which encourages sustainability. Similar to health impact assessments, “sustainability impact statements” could be mandatory for all new developments. Third, reducing global poverty and inequality will dramatically slow population growth, and thus greatly enhance population health [15,25]. Ecohealth and health promotion combined could advance awareness and action concerning this issue. ConclusionMansfield wrote, “By health I mean the power to live a full, adult, living, breathing life in close contact with what I love” [26], she inadvertently captured the political, environmental, social, and personal context in which health promotion finds itself in the 21st century. The knowledge and methods developed by health promoters to advance social change to improve health can and should be used to promote the social changes needed to promote ecohealth. Such promotion will have symbiotic benefits for the health of human populations and the state of the physical environment. The challenge is to ensure government commitment to health-promoting policies, whatever they are called, and to advance partnerships between the new and old health players. Health promotion cannot abandon its pursuit of social justice. Without sustainability, neither health nor social justice can be attained. 1. Edmondson R, (2000) Health promotion: New discipline or multi-discipline? Dublin: Press. 2. (1966) Medical care in developing countries: A primer on the medicine of poverty and a symposium from Makerere.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Uncertainties in projections of the ecosystem driven by an ensemble of Models, Front. Earth Sci. , 6, 244, 2019. Sawall, Y. , Ito, M. , and Pansch, C. : Chronically elevated sea surface temperatures revealed high susceptibility of the eelgrass Zostera marina to winter and spring warming, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 66, 4112–4124, 2021. Schmidt, K. , Birchill, A. J. , Atkinson, A. , Brewin, R. . , Pardo, S. , Polimene, L. ,. , and Ussher, S. J. : Increasing picocyanobacteria success in shelf waters contributes to long-term food web degradation, Glob. Change Biol. , 26, 5574–5587, 2020. Sherman, K. , Belkin, I. M. , Friedland, K. D. , O'Reilly, J. , and Hyde, K. : Accelerated warming and emergent trends in fisheries biomass yields of the world's Ecosystems, Ambio, 38, 215–224, 2009. Skogen, M. D. , Eilola, K. , Hansen, J. L. S. , Meier, H. E. M. , Molchanov, M. S. , and Ryabchenko, V. A. : Eutrophication status of the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat and the in present and future climates: A model study, J. Marine Syst. , 132, 174–184, 2014. Snickars, M. , Weigel, B. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Impact of eutrophication and climate change on fish and zoobenthos in coastal waters of the Baltic Sea, Mar. Biol. , 162, 141–151, 2015. Sommer, U. and Lewandowska, A. : Climate change and the phytoplankton spring bloom: warming and overwintering zooplankton have similar effects on phytoplankton, Glob. Change Biol. , 17, 154–162, 2011. Sommer, U. , Aberle, N. , Lengfellner, K. , and Lewandowska, A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: : 2329-6879 & -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2329-6879. 1000260 of and its Association with and Weight in 11-15 years Adolescents from El-Chami, *Department of and Dietetics, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Kaslik, Kaslik, Lebanon *Corresponding Author: Joane Matta, Department of and Dietetics, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Kaslik, Kaslik, Lebanon, Tel: 009619600896, Email: joanematta@usek. edu. lb Received: 12-Jan-2017 Accepted Date: 30-Mar-2017 Published Date: 04-Apr-2017 DOI: 10. 4172/2329-6879. 1000260 have shown that frequent breakfast skipping is associated to overweight and obesity problems. The habit of skipping breakfast is increasing among adolescents. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of breakfast skipping among adolescents living in Lebanon. Data was collected from 404 adolescents, located in three Lebanese districts. Anthropometric measurements through calibrated equipments and dietary intake were collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), sociodemographic and lifestyle information were obtained by a pre-tested questionnaire, in addition BMI for age was used to determine obesity. Linear and ANOVA regressions were used to assess the association between breakfast and BMI-for-age. Six definitions of breakfast skipping were used and the prevalence varied between 8. 4% and 42. 8%. Linear regression was used to test the association between breakfast skipping and BMI for age. Skipping breakfast was correlated with school type, parental preparation of food, sleeping duration, milk consumption and eating meals. The association between breakfast and BMI-for-age could not be settled due to the absence of a standard definition of breakfast skipping. Our findings could not confirm a relation between breakfast and BMI-for-age. Nevertheless, skipping breakfast was related to many factors. Encouraging breakfast could be efficient for the enhancement of health. New research could be settled to find reasons for obesity and to limit its impact on adolescents living in Lebanon. : Breakfast; Weight change; Obesity; Overweight; BMIfor- age Introduction Today, overweight and obesity rates are on the rise worldwide reaching an epidemic level in the twenty-first century [1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: Nairobi: Press. 3. (2004) The origins of primary health care and selective primary health care. 94: 1864–1875. View 4. Werner D, (1997) Questioning the solution: The politics of primary health care and child survival. (California): HealthWrights. 5. on Care (1978) Declaration of Alma-Ata. Available: Accessed 19 September 2006. 6. Conference on (1986) for Health Promotion. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 7. Rapport DJ (1997) The dependency of human health on ecosystem health. 3: 195–196. View 8. Labonté R (1993) A holosphere of healthy and sustainable communities. 17: 4–12. View 9. (1990) Health is a sustainable state. Lancet 336: 664–667. View 10. Conference on (1991) Sundsvall statement on supportive environments for health. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 11. Butler CD (2000) Inequality, global change and the sustainability of civilisation. 1: 156–172. View 12. -Lendrum D, et al. (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: Health synthesis. Geneva: Organization. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 13. health issues: The widening challenges for population health promotion. Int. In press. 14. (2000) Ecological integrity: Integrating environment, conservation, and health. Washington (D. C. ): Island Press. 15. Butler CD (2004) Human carrying capacity and human health. PloS Med 1: e55. DOI: View 16. (2005) Hunger in Africa: The link between unhealthy people and unhealthy soils. Lancet 365: 442–444. View 17. Food and (2004) The state of food insecurity in the world 2004. Rome: Food and of the United Nations. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 18. L (2004) Health and nature: New challenges for health promotion. Int 18: 173–175. View 19. (2006) Healthy nature healthy people: “Contact with nature” as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Int 21: 45–54. View 20. Conference on (2005) charter for health promotion in a globalized world. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 21.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Sea spring phytoplankton bloom in a changing climate: an experimental approach, Mar. Biol. , 159, 2479–2490, 2012. Sommer, U. , Paul, C. , and Moustaka-Gouni, M. : Warming and ocean acidification effects on phytoplankton – From species shifts to size shifts within species in a mesocosm experiment, 10, e0125239, 2015. Sopanen, S. , Setälä, O. , Piiparinen, J. , Erler, K. , and Kremp, A. : The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii promotes incapacitation of the calanoid copepods Eurytemora affinis and Acartia bifilosa from the northern Baltic Sea, J. Plankton Res. , 33, 1564–1573, 2011. Sparrevohn, C. R. , Lindegren, M. , and Mackenzie, B. R. : Climate-induced response of commercially important flatfish species during the 20th century, Fish. Oceanogr. , 22, 400–408, 2013. Spilling, K. , Olli, K. , Lehtoranta, J. , Kremp, A. , Tedesco, L. , Tamelander, T. , Klais, R. , Peltonen, H. , and Tamminen, T. : Shifting diatom–dinoflagellate dominance during spring bloom in the and its potential effects on biogeochemical cycling, Front. Mar. Sci. , 5, 327, 2018. . ,. , Brakstad, A. , Dupont, S. , Eikeset, A. M. , Goksøyr, A. , Jónsson, S. , Kuparinen, A. , Vage, K. , Österblom, H. , and Paasche, O. : Attuning to a changing ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 20363–20371, 2020. . , Voss, R. , Jutfelt, F. , Chierici, M. , Puvanendran, V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: The IOTF (Task Force) indicated that 1 in 10 school-aged children are overweight or obese [2]. According to the Organization (WHO), high body mass index (BMI) during adolescence predicts elevated adult mortality and cardiovascular disease rates, even if the excess body weight is lost [3]. Obesity usually results from a combination of factors including physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and certain eating habits including breakfast skipping [4]. The prevalence of breakfast skipping among children and adolescents ranges from 10 to 30% in the and Europe [5]. Several studies have demonstrated that breakfast consumption may influence appetite [6], dietary intake and composition [7] which may lead to weight gain [8,9] and increase the risk of chronic diseases [10]. Nonetheless, most of the existing studies remain unclear about whether there is a strong relationship between omitting breakfast and weight gain [11,12]. In Lebanon, several studies have shown a high prevalence of obesity in different age groups [13,14] and it was higher among adolescent boys than girls [15]. Moreover, in a large sample of Lebanese adolescents, Salameh et al. found a positive association between obesity and the frequency of dieting and taking diet pills [16]. An interesting hypothesis is that skipping breakfast in adolescents living in Lebanon may be associated with higher BMI-for-age, dieting practices, lower physical activity level, higher screen time and lower socio-economic status (SES). The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of skipping breakfast and associated risk factors among a random sample of adolescents in public and private Lebanese schools from selected Lebanese regions. Results of this study would be necessary to provide adequate preventive measures in order to decrease the impact of breakfast skipping on weight and healthy eating practices of adolescents living in Lebanon. The major strength to this study is that, it would be the first comprehensive study to simultaneously assess the prevalence of breakfast skipping in a sample of Lebanese adolescents in combination with dietary assessment, age, gender, SES and BMI. However, the study is not without limitations; the study findings are not be generalizable beyond adolescents attending Lebanese private and public schools in all Lebanese regions, and because the study is cross-sectional in nature, causality cannot be inferred.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: (2004) Health promotion's record card: How principled are we twenty years on? Int 19: 1–4. View 22. (2000) Health promotion development in Europe: Achievements and challenges. Int 15: 143–152. View 23. (2003) Mexico and beyond. Int 16: 1. View 24. (2003) Global public goods for health. Oxford: Press. 25. (2004) Climate change, health, and development goals: Needs and dilemmas. Lancet 364: 2004–2006. View 26. (1977) The letters and journals of Katherine Mansfield: A selection. Harmondsworth (United Kingdom): Penguin. 27. Lebel J, Rapport DJ (2003) Health: An ecosystem approach. Ottawa: Centre. 28. (1926 [1998]) The biosphere. New York: Copernicus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Mortensen, A. , Reusch, T. B. H. , and Clemmesen, C. : Ocean acidification effects on Atlantic cod larval survival and recruitment to the fished population, 11, e0155448, 2016. Stigebrandt, A. and Anderson, A. : The eutrophication of the has been boosted and perpetuated by a major internal phosphorus source, Front. Mar. Sci. , 7, 14, 2020. Stigebrandt, A. , Rahm, L. , Viktorsson, L. , Ödalen, M. , Hall, P. O. J. , and Liljebladh, B. : A new phosphorus paradigm for the Baltic proper, Ambio, 43, 634–643, 2014. Strååt, K. D. , Morth, C. M. , and Undeman, E. : Future export of particulate and dissolved organic carbon from land to coastal zones of the Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst. , 177, 8–20, 2018. Suikkanen, S. , Pulina, S. , Engström-Öst, J. , Lehtiniemi, M. , Lehtinen, S. , and Brutemark, A. : Climate change and eutrophication induced shifts in northern summer plankton communities, 8, e66475, 2013. Svensson, F. , Karlsson, E. , Gårdmark, A. , Olsson, J. , Adill, A. , Zie, J. , Snoeijs, P. , and Eklöf, J. S. : In situ warming strengthens trophic cascades in a coastal food web, Oikos, 126, 1150–1161, 2017. Takolander, A. , Cabeza, M. , and Leskinen, E. : Climate change can cause complex responses in macroalgae: A systematic review, J. Sea Res. , 123, 16–29, 2017a. Takolander, A. , Leskinen, E. , and Cabeza, M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: 1%) more than 8 hours/day 5 (14. 7%) 91 (24. 7%) Smoke cigarette or naguile Yes 7 (20. 6%) 82 (22. 2%) χ2=0. 045 p=0. 832 No 27 (79. 4%) 288 (77. 8%) Alcohol consumption Yes 17 (50. 0%) 187 (50. 7%) χ2=0. 006 p=0. 940 No 17 (50. 0%) 182 (49. 3%) Eating disorder No eating disorder 31 (91. 2%) 305 (82. 4%) χ2=1. 701 p=0. 192 At risk of eating disorder 3 (8. 8%) 65 (17. 6%) BMI for age Underweight 2 (5. 9%) 17 (4. 6%) χ2=1. 385 p=0. 847 Normal 15 (44. 1%) 192 (51. 9%) Overweight 10 (29. 4%) 91 (24. 6%) Obese 7 (20. 6%) 65 (17. 6%) Severe obesity 0 (0. 0%) 5 (1. 4%) Table 5: Association between Prevalence of skipping breakfast and lifestyle factors. Contradictory results were however found in our study when comparing with previous research. First, physical activity and television viewing were not associated to skipping breakfast. This result might be due to the absence of a universally acceptable method for assessing physical activity and sedentary behaviors in adolescents [28]. Second, eating disorders were not correlated in our sample to skipping breakfast with p>0. 05. Thus, breakfast skipping could not be a useful marker in eating disorders for our study. Furthermore, the intake of fruits, vegetables, pastries and sweets were similar for adolescent that were skippers and non-skippers. This was not consistent in the literature [29]. This inconsistency might be explained by the changes in dietary behaviors among adolescents apart from breakfast eating. SES: Socio-economic variables did not affect skippers as mentioned in the literature [29-31]. This could be due to the similarity in SES for the adolescent that tend to skip or not breakfast with majority of them had middle income. Shaw describes skipping breakfast as a matter of personal choice rather than influenced by SES [32].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Acest articol este accesibil online, fără taxă, fiind publicat sub licenţa CC-BY. Bibliografie Lovelady S. Mushrooms. AHCCresearch. org. Wakame K. Protective effects of AHCC on the onset of diabetes induced by streptozotocin in the rat. Biomedical Research. 1999;20(3):145-152. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress-associated immune modulation: relevance to viral infections and chronic fatigue syndrome. Med. 1998;105(3A):35S-42S. . Beneficial effects of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) on immobilization stress in the rat. of Medical Sciences. 2001;28(1):559-565. Ritz BW. Supplementation with active hexose correlated compound increases survival following infectious challenge in mice. Nutr Rev. 2008 Sep;66(9):526-31. ’. Oral administration of active hexose correlated compound enhances host resistance to encephalitis in mice. J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):598-602. Aviles H, O’. Active hexose correlated compound activates immune function to decrease bacterial load in a murine model of intramuscular infection. Surg. 2008 Apr;195(4):537-45. . Prognostic improvement of patients with advanced liver cancer after active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) treatment. J Allergy Immunol. 2006 Mar;24(1):33-45. Mukoda SB, et al. Reduction of side effects of anticancer drugs by active hexose correlated compound (AHCC). Proceedings of the for Cancer Research. 1999 March;40. Edman JS, Pescatore F. Medical intelligence: A preliminary report of three cases. Influences of AHCC, a combination mushroom extract, on patients with hepatitis. Anti-News. Fall 2000. Buxiang S, et al. Preventive effects of AHCC on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. Natural Medicine. 1997;51(4):310-315. Wakame K. Protective effects of AHCC on the onset of diabetes induced by streptozotocin in the rat. Biomedical Research.

Output: pass