Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Finally, the lists for Maanyan and Malay were obtained from a published dataset [8] integrated with the author's interviews. The method that we use [9], [10] is based on an automated measure of distance between all pairs of languages obtained by comparison between their 200-words Swadesh lists. dialects The number of Malagasy dialects we consider is = 23; and the output of our method, when applied only to these variants, is a matrix with non-trivial entries representing all the possible lexical distances among dialects. This matrix is explicitly shown in Table S2 of Supporting Information. The information concerning the vertical transmission of vocabulary from proto-Malagasy to the contemporary dialects can be extracted by a phylogenetic approach. There are various possible choices for the algorithm for the reconstruction of the family tree (see [5] for a discussion of this point), we show in Fig. 1 the output of the Average (UPGMA). In this figure the name of the dialect is followed by the name of the town where it was collected. The input data for the UPGMA tree are the pairwise separation times obtained from the lexical distances by means of a simple logarithmic rule ([9], [10]). The absolute time-scale is calibrated by the results of the SCA analysis, which indicate a separation date 650 CE [5]. The phylogenetic tree in Fig. 1 interestingly shows a main partition of Malagasy dialects into two main branches (east-center-north and south-west) at variance with previous studies which gave a different partitioning [11] (indeed, the results in [11] coincide with ours if a correct phylogeny is applied, see [5] for a discussion of this point. ) Then each of the two branches splits, in turn, into two sub-branches whose leaves are associated with different colors. In order to demonstrate the strict correspondence of this cladogram with the geography, we display a map of Madagascar (Fig. 2) where the locations of the 23 dialects are indicated with the same colors of the leaves in Fig. 1. We note the relative isolation of the Antandroy variant (yellow). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Phylogenetic tree of 23 Malagasy dialects realized by Average (UPGMA).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The activity and the transformed CS data can be considered as two time-varying signals whose time-matched values can be multiplied together and then the products at every time of data acquisition integrated into a single value. This value is proportional to the covariance of the two signals. When normalized by dividing by the number of data samples, subtracting the product of the individual signal means, and dividing by the product of the standard deviations of each signal, the result will always be limited to values between -1 and 1 (i. e. , a correlation coefficient). The multiply-and-integrate operation can be repeated following a small shift in time by one of the signals (e. g. , the activity trace, Figure 4a) with respect to the other (e. g. , the transformed CS trace, Figure 4c) and a new correlation coefficient computed. Continuously repeating this process for the entire recording period yields a new time-varying function, the circular cross-correlation, bounded by -1 and 1, that reveals the degree to which the two signals are systematically related to one another for all possible alignments of phase between the two signals. This operation is adapted from standard signal processing techniques [25], and when performed on the periodic light and activity data, yields what are termed, for the purposes of this paper, behavioral entrainment-correlation functions. Figure 6 shows two behavioral entrainment-correlation functions relating the transformed CS data to the activity data: one for the day-shift nurse (Figure 6a) and one for the rotating-shift nurse (Figure 6b) in Figure 4. As can be readily appreciated from Figure 6a, the activity of the day-shift nurse is highly entrained to her light-dark pattern throughout the seven days, as exhibited by the regularly oscillating, 24-hour period of her behavioral entrainment-correlation function. More specifically, this nurse, typical of almost all day-shift nurses, has a peak correlation near the zero-phase marker and again at every 24-hour multiple. This day-shift pattern is in marked contrast to the behavioral entrainment-correlation pattern for the rotating-shift nurse (Figure 6b). Her pattern is aperiodic, exhibiting minor correlation peaks at times other than at the 24-hour phase markers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Design and experimental application of a novel non-degenerate universal primer set that amplifies prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes with a low possibility to amplify eukaryotic rRNA genes. DNA Research 21(2):217-227 Newman M. 2006. Modularity and community structure in networks. Proceedings of of Sciences of the of America 103(23):8577-8582. 2013. ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Research 41(D1):D590-D596. 2003. Stoichiometric tracking of soil nutrients by a desert insect herbivore. 6(2):96-101. 2003. Cytoscape: s software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. 13(11):2498-2504. 2020. Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau. 65(16):1405-1414. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379(6567):718-720. 2020. Ecological effects of establishing a 40-year oasis protection system in a northwestern China desert. Catena 187:104374. 2007. classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied and 73(16):5261-5267. 2018. Higher precipitation strengthens the microbial interactions in semi-arid grassland soils. Biogeography 27:570-580 Yan Y, Lu XY. 2015. Is grazing exclusion effective in restoring vegetation in degraded alpine grasslands in Tibet, China? PeerJ 3:e1020. 2019. Grazing exclosures solely are not the best methods for sustaining alpine grasslands. PeerJ 7:e6462. 2018. Biochar application influences microbial assemblage complexity and composition due to soil and bioenergy crop type interactions. & Biochemistry 117:97-107. 2018. Interactions of soil bacteria and fungi with plants during long-term grazing exclusion in semiarid grasslands. & Biochemistry 124:47-58. 2010. Functional molecular ecological networks. mBio 1(4):1-10. 2011. Phylogenetic molecular ecological network of soil microbial communities in response to elevated CO2. mBio 2(4):e00122-11 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: In this figure the name of the dialect is followed by the name of the town where it was collected. The phylogenetic tree shows a main partition of the Malagasy dialects into four main groups associated with different colors. The strict correspondence of this cladogram with the geography can be appreciated by comparison with Fig. 2. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Geography of Malagasy dialects. The locations of the 23 dialects are indicated with the same colors as in Fig. 1. Each dialect is identified by the name of the town where it was collected. to now, we only have shown the consistency of the approach, which can be appreciated by comparison between Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. We start our investigation by computing the average distance of each of the dialects from all the others (see Fig. 3). Antandroy has the largest average distance, confirming that it is the overall most deviant variant (something which is also commonly pointed out by other Malagasy speakers). We further note that the smallest average distance is for Merina (the official language), Betsileo and Bara, which are all spoken on the highlands. The fact that the Merina has the smallest average distance is possibly partially explained by the fact that this variant is the official one. However, as we will show later by means of a comparison of Malagasy dialects with Malay and Maanyan, this cannot be the only explanation. More interestingly we remark that the Antambohoaka and Antaimoro variants, which are spoken in Mananjary and Manakara, also have a very small average distance from the other dialects. Both of these dialects are spoken on the south-east coast of Madagascar in a relatively isolated position; therefore, this is the first evidence for the south-east as the homeland of the Malagasy language and, likely, as the location of the first settlement. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Average distance of the Malagasy dialects from all the others. The 23 dialects are colored as in Fig. 2. Highlands dialects (Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa and Betroka) together with south-east coast dialects (Mananjary and Manakara) show the smallest average distance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: So far, there have been limited efforts in developing sophisticated techniques based on characteristic properties of the rhythms when evaluating the effects of a tested substance on circadian rhythms. Important characteristics are (1) a dynamic amplitude function monitoring the adaptation of oscillations to new treatments and (2) the capability of the circadian pacemaker to maintain limit cycles after sufficient adaptation to the treatment. It should be noted that circadian rhythms in the body core have been subject to intensive research in the last few decades, and appropriate mathematical models have been formulated. These approaches comprise, for example, harmonic regression models based on weighted sums of multiple sines and cosines of varying frequencies [10], or differential equation models [11,12]. In this work, we present an approach for analyzing circadian rhythms in tail skin temperature, which is based on a nonlinear dynamical model defined by the van der Pol equation. Originally proposed for the analysis of circadian rhythms within body core temperature data [13], it was mainly applied for studying the human circadian clock and its reaction to external light stimuli [12]. It must be pointed out that, in addition, this model exhibits some properties making it well-suited for the investigation of the tail skin temperature of the rat. In particular, it describes sinusoidal oscillations in body temperature weighted by a continuous amplitude function, which allows monitoring of rhythm adaptations to a new treatment. Here, the van der Pol model is fundamental for analyzing time-dependent amplitudes. The model parameters intuitively provide interpretable measures of the properties characterizing the oscillation. For example, they contain information about the start amplitude, the final amplitude at the end of a treatment period and about the individual pace of amplitude adaptation in each subject. We apply the van der Pol equation to investigate the effects of the natural estrogen 17β Estradiol (E2) and of the synthetic hormonally active steroid Tibolone on circadian rhythms in the tail skin temperature. Both substances are known to reduce hot flushes in affected women successfully [14] and can thus be used as 1. In the estrogen phase (P1), animals were treated with E2 for 6 days in order to simulate the physiological conditions prior to OVX. This allowed circadian rhythms to be maintained after the elimination of estrogen production. Their magnitude serves as a reference of the animals' original rhythms prior to OVX. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2010; Fontes et al. 2014). Decomposition begins with physical breakdown processes by soil macro-organisms such as ants, termites, and earthworms (Li et al. 2015). Thereafter the fragmented litter is colonized by soil microbes, which alter the litter chemistry through enzymatic activities further breaking down the litter into simple forms (Hobara et al. 2014). However, usage of chemical herbicides and pesticides in agriculture can have adverse effects on soil organisms, which alters the decomposition process (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). Hartemink (2005) estimated that on average cocoa agroforests across the world loose 24–4–30 kg ha−1 of N–P–K annually through bean harvest. A low external input solution for resource poor cocoa agroforesters to reduce these losses is the spreading of cocoa pod husks after separation from beans. With every ton of dry cocoa beans produced approximately 349 kg of dry cocoa pod husk are generated (Kilama et al. 2019). However, poor management of the pods favors the spread of Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya, which cause cocoa black pod disease (Adejumo 2005). Under organic management, cocoa agroforestry systems in Ghana are managed without synthetic agrochemicals and fertilizers and are more diversified in terms of shade trees (Asigbaase et al. 2019) and arthropods (Akesse-Ransford et al. 2021) than those under conventional management. Such differences imply that litterfall and decomposition processes in cocoa agroforests under organic management will differ from conventionally managed ones. However, studies comparing litterfall and decomposition of cocoa agroforests under conventional versus organic managements are scarce. The few existing studies from (Fontes et al. 2014; Schneidewind et al. 2019) indicated no difference between organic and conventional management concerning nutrient cycling. Africa, however, such comparisons are unavailable which may be at least partly due to the only recent development of organic cocoa certification. In Ghana, for example, the first certified organic cocoa production system was established in in 2005 (Glin et al. 2015). Globally organic cocoa is produced on 363,000 ha, which constitute 3. 1% of the total area under cocoa (Willer et al. 2021).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: identification of the southeastern coast of Madagascar as the landing area for the Indonesian colonizers is supported by geographical considerations. In fact, there is an current which goes from Sumatra to Madagascar. Krakatoa erupted in 1883, pumice arrived on the south-east coast where the opens into the sea. Furthermore, during the War, the same area saw the arrival of pieces of wreckage from ships sailing between Java and Sumatra that had been bombed by the Japanese air force. Notice that the mouth of the is where the town of Mananjary is presently located, and it is also close to Manakara. ancestors of today Malagasy probably profited from this current, which they possibly entered sailing through the Sunda strait. Dialects, Malay and classification of Malagasy (and its dialects) among the East languages of Borneo as well as the particularly close relationship with Maanyan is beyond doubt. However, Malagasy also underwent influences from other Indonesian languages such as Ngaju Dayak, Javanese, Buginese and, particularly, from Malay which exhibits the most relevant relationship after Maanyan. If we consider the 23 dialects together with Malay and Maanyan, not only do we have to compute the 253 internal distances, but also we have to determine the 23×2 = 46 distances of each of the dialects from the two Indonesian languages. These new distances are displayed in Fig. 4. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Lexical distances of Malagasy dialects from Malay and Maanyan. The 23 dialects are indicated with the same colors as in Fig. 2. Highlands dialects together with south-east coast Mananjary and Manakara dialects show the smallest distance from both of the two Indonesian languages. of all we observe, as expected, that the largest of the distances from Maanyan is smaller then the smallest of the distances from Malay. This simply reflects the fact that Malagasy is first of all an language. Then we also observe that Malagasy dialects seem to have almost the same relative composition. In fact, all the points in Fig. 4 have almost the same distance from Malay/distance from Maanyan ratio.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In addition, abrupt advances in the LD cycle have recently been shown to result in slower resynchronization of the molecular core clock components of endogenous oscillators within the rat SCN [3]. This finding suggests that a putative molecular mechanism may underlie the increased severity of physiological symptoms associated with eastward transmeridian air travel. An investigation of the equine circadian BT rhythm under constant light (LL) conditions demonstrated a circadian period of 24. 2 h [23], suggesting that the equine circadian system, similar to that of humans, might have greater difficulty re-entraining to an advance shift of the LD cycle. Our results indicate that in the horse, the MT rhythm, often regarded as the best marker of SCN pacemaker phase in humans [18], rapidly adjusts to a 6-h shift of the LD cycle. As has been previously observed in almost all mammalian species, including the horse [22], the duration of elevated MT levels on the baseline Day 0 reflected the duration of the scotophase. However, in contrast to human [27,28] and animal studies [29 - 31] that demonstrate gradual adaptation of the MT rhythm to an advanced photoperiod, the equine MT rhythm essentially appeared to complete the 6-h phase advance on the first post-shift day, as judged by the acrophase shift and by the 6-h advance in the evening rise of MT beginning at ZT 12. While we cannot exclude that more frequent sampling might have revealed transients not seen with 3-h sampling, the lack of distorted waveforms in the days post-shift strongly supports that stable re-entrainment had been achieved. It is well known that MT production by the pineal gland increases significantly at night in both diurnal and nocturnal species and is a consequence of the high magnitude nocturnal rise in the enzyme serotonin-N-acetyltransferase [32]. The immediate rise in circulating levels of MT observed at ZT 12 on Day 0 is not surprising as a similar rapid rise has been observed in sheep immediately following exposure to darkness under conditions of normal 24-h entrainment [33]. However, the observation of a similar rapid rise at ZT 12 on Day 1 post-shift, a time corresponding with the midpoint of the subjective day in the pre-shift photoperiod, stands in stark contrast to what has been observed following phase advances in humans [15,28].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: In 2011, produced 70% of the world’s conventional cocoa, but only 3. 3% were certified organic (Potts et al. 2014). Against this background the overall aim of this study was to determine the extent to which management and season determine nutrient cycling in cocoa agroforestry systems in West Africa. Such information will improve our knowledge on how to effectively manage soil fertility in cocoa production. Specifically, our study seeks to (a) determine the role of seasonality on litterfall and its nutrient concentrations in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management, (b) estimate annual litterfall and nutrient recycling under the two management systems, (c) compare the rate of cocoa leaf decomposition and nutrient release over 12 months, and (d) assess nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and pod husks. Materials and methodsStudy siteOur study was conducted in (6°2 × 3. 84″ N, 0°27 × 8. 64″ W) in the of Ghana. The natural vegetation in the Municipality is classified as a semi-deciduous forest, however, human encroachment has reduced it to secondary forests, thickets, and grasslands (MOFA 2017). The area has a bi-modal rainfall distribution with the major rainy season lasting from March to July and the minor rainy season from September to November (MOFA 2017). For 10 years (2010-2020) had an average annual precipitation ranging from 199 to 288 mm and an average temperature from 25 to 30 °C. (Online 2021). was chosen as the study location because both conventional and organic cocoa agroforestry systems exist in close vicinity. Local soils are predominantly classified as Lixisols (2015) with pH ranging from 5. 83 to 6. 85, major nutrients ranging from 0. 55 to 2. 29 µg N g−1 soil, 2–6 µg P g−1 soil, 21–84 µg K g−1 soil and a texture of 54% sand, 22% silt, and 24% clay (Agbotui unpublished data). Within an aerial distance of 6 km four villages were selected, two for each cocoa management system. In the villages Kuano and Oboadeka located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, respectively, cocoa farms were managed conventionally.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: 3 and the distances from related Indonesian languages point to the south-east coast as the area of the first settlement. This is also indicated by the fact that linguistic diversity is higher in that region (see [5]). Finally, we remark that the Antandroy variant (Ambovombe) is the most distant from Maanyan and among the most distant dialects from Malay, showing it again to be the most deviant dialect. It is not clear whether its divergent evolution was due to internal factors or to specific language contacts which are still to be identified. DiscussionThe main open problem concerning Malagasy is to determine the composition of the population which settled the Island. Adelaar writes: Malay influence persisted for several centuries after the migration. But, except for this Malay influence, most influence on Malagasy from other Indonesian languages seems to be pre-migratory. (…) I also believe it possible that the early migrants from south-east Asia came not exclusively from the south-east Barito area, in fact, that south-east Barito speakers may not even have constituted a majority among these migrants, but rather formed a nuclear group which was later reinforced by south-east Asian migrants with a possibly different linguistic and cultural background (and, of course, by African migrants). Whatever view one may hold on how the early Malagasy were influenced by other Indonesians, it seems necessary that we at least develop a more cosmopolitan view on the Indonesian origins of the Malagasy. A south-east Barito origin is beyond dispute, but this is of course only one aspect of what Malagasy dialects and cultures reflect today. Later influences were manifold, and some of these influences, African as well as Indonesian, were so strong that they have molded the Malagasy language and culture in all its variety into something new, something for the analysis of which a south-east Barito origin has become a factor of little explanatory value. In order to clarify the problem raised by Adelaar, it is necessary to understand the Malagasy relationships with other Indonesian languages (and possibly African ones). The fact that the use of some words is limited to one or more dialects was already taken into account in previous studies. For example it is known that the word alika which refers to dog in Merina (the official variant) is replaced by the word amboa of African origin in most dialects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A field study by Reinberg et al. (1984) did not show any significant alteration in circadian parameters of activity-rest rhythm, oral temperature, or fatigue rhythm after 63, 141, and 147 days in polar day conditions. The authors concluded that social synchronization might help to maintain the rhythmicity of subjects [1]. Other studies demonstrate that the circadian rhythmicity is stronger during constant light or darkness when the subjects keep their regular daily structures and suggest that a strict daily regime could very efficiently stabilize circadian rhythms [4, 14]. On the contrary, Kennaway et al. reported free-running rhythms in melatonin and activity/rest rhythm. However, the authors discussed that the subjects in their study were encouraged to follow their individual sleep needs, and there was no pressure on them to work within time constraints [15]. Concerning our data, we hypothesize that in the Czech Republic, each of the subjects followed his or her subjective daily routine and they differed in their lifestyles. This could be reflected by higher variability in clock genes’ oscillation and melatonin rhythmicity as well. Regular social interaction among the subjects, shared mealtimes, and strict sleep-wake and working schedules in Svalbard could entrain the circadian rhythmicity even during extreme photoperiods such as a polar day. Alternatively, the slightly higher level of physical activity in Svalbard (see Figure 2) could further strengthen the synchronization of the peripheral clocks [16]. 5. general, circadian rhythms in activity (as a behavioral circadian marker), melatonin (as an indirect circadian marker), and peripheral clock gene expression (as a direct circadian marker) were slightly altered, but all of the subjects maintained circadian patterns in those studied parameters. Light-sensitive melatonin production was delayed by late-night light exposure; late-night illumination had the same effect on activity pattern, but the rhythm stayed consistent. A similar effect was observed in the peripheral clock genes’ expression; however, the rhythm was more pronounced. The delay in circadian clock-driven parameters such as melatonin production and the sleep/wake rhythm might result from the late night light exposure and Svalbard expedition work schedule rather than reflect a delay in the inner circadian clock. We hypothesize that the clock stayed fully synchronized under the conditions of the polar day due to the shared schedule between participants, particularly the mealtimes, which would also lead to strengthened social interactions. These factors have a cumulative positive effect on circadian rhythm synchronization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The villages Nsuta and Adimediem, also located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, farms were under organic management. Within each village we randomly selected three farms at an age range of 8–25 years for litterfall collection and two for cocoa leaf decomposition studies, which represents the most productive period of cocoa trees (Obiri et al. 2007). In this selection, care was taken that in each village farms with similar ages were represented. Description of management systemsBoth organic and conventional management grow a mixture of hybrid (improved cocoa cultivar) and Amazonia cocoa cultivars planted in a haphazard manner. The cocoa tree densities were 1299 stems ha−1 and 1395 stems ha−1 for organic and conventional management, respectively. Shade tree composition and structure varied for both management systems (Table 1). In all farms, weeds were controlled 2–3 times per year. I organic farms they were slashed, whereas conventional farmers used both slashing and glyphosate-based herbicides (Agbotui et al. 2023). The six selected organic farms did not apply any mineral fertilizer during our study period. However, farmers are recommended to use 800 kg ha−1 Elite organic fertilizer™ which supplies 24–32–32 kg of N–P–K ha−1. Capsid (Distantiella theobroma (Dist. ) and mirids (Sahlbergella singularis) in organic management were controlled using Agropy 5 EW™ with pyrethrum (a natural insecticide) as an active ingredient applied at the rate of 500 ml ha−1 once annually. Conventional farmers fertilized their farms using 50 kg ha−1 of Nitrabor™ (8 kg N ha−1) and Asaase Wura™ (33 kg P ha−1; 12 kg K ha−1), although the recommended rate is twice the farmers' application. Capsid and mirid in conventional farms were controlled once yearly using Akate Master™ (Bifenthrin as active ingredient), Confidor™ (Imidacloprid as active ingredient) and Actara™ (Thiamethoxam as active ingredient) at rates of 500 ml ha−1, 150 ml ha−1, and 85 ml ha−1, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, the study of Malagasy dialects in comparison with Indonesian languages is a still largely unexplored field of research. Each dialect may provide pieces of information about the history the language, eventually allowing us to for track the various linguistic influences experienced by Malagasy since the initial colonization of the Island. Another open problem concerns the pre-Indonesian ancestral population. It is still debated whether the island was inhabited before the Indonesian colonization. In case the answer is positive it may be possible to track the aboriginal vocabulary in the dialects. For example, the Mikea are the only hunter-gatherers in Madagascar, and it is unclear whether they are a relic of the aboriginal pre-Indonesian population or just ‘ordinary’ Malagasy who switched to a simpler economy for historical reasons. If the first hypothesis is the correct one, they should show some residual aboriginal vocabulary in their dialect, and the same is expected for the neighboring populations of Vezo and Masikoro. MethodsThe method that we have used is based on an automated measure of lexical distance between pairs of words with same meaning contained in Swadesh lists [9], [10]. The use of Swadesh lists [7] in lexicostatistics has been popular for half a century. These are lists of words associated with the same meanings (the original Swadesh choice was ), which refer to the basic activities of humans. Comparing the two lists corresponding to a pair of languages it is possible to determine the percentage of shared cognates, which is related to their lexical distance. Recent examples of the use of Swadesh lists and cognate counting to construct language trees are the studies of Gray and Atkinson [12] and Gray and Jordan [13]. The idea of measuring relationships among languages using vocabulary is much older than lexicostatistics and it seems to have its roots in the work of the French explorer Dumont D'Urville. He collected comparative word lists during his voyages aboard the Astrolabe from 1826 to 1829 and, in his work about the geographical division of the Pacific [14], he proposed a method to measure the degree of relation among languages. He used a core vocabulary of 115 terms, then he assigned a distance from 0 to 1 to any pair of words with the same meaning and finally he was able to determine the degree of relation between any pair of languages.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In this case, weight was included to remove any bias caused by regional difference in eating habits, assuming that weight is an index of food intake (based on the assumption that the extent to which equilibrium weight is maintained is directly proportional to the level of food intake [19, 20]. All statistical analyses were performed using R version 3. 0. 2 [21]. 1 shows the basic statistics regarding the height and weight of Japanese youth standardized over a 25-year period from 1989 to 2013. As can be observed, the maximum heights were observed in northern prefectures (Akita, Aomori), and the minimum heights were observed in southern prefectures (Okinawa, Miyazaki, Yamaguchi and Saga). Similarly, the maximum weights were observed in northern prefectures (Aomori and Akita), and the minimum weights were observed in southern prefectures (Okinawa and Yamaguchi). Table 1 Basic statistics for standardized height and weight. Standardized heightMalesFemalesAge591317591317Maximum0. 214 Akita0. 224 Akita0. 237 Akita0. 166 Akita0. 221 Akita0. 241 Aomori0. 170 Akita0. 121 AkitaMinimum–0. 261 Okinawa–0. 248 Okinawa–0. 144 Miyazaki–0. 305 Okinawa–0. 202 Okinawa–0. 131 Yamaguchi–0. 287 Saga–0. 323 OkinawaMean–0. 009–0. 006–0. 005–0. 011–0. 0030. 004–0. 015–0. 013Median–0. 014–0. 010–0. 020–0. 008–0. 010–0. 010–0. 016–0. 007Standardized weightMalesFemalesAge591317591317Maximum0. 234 Aomori0. 295 Aomori0. 277 Aomori0. 220 Akita0. 242 Aomori0. 305 Aomori0. 253 Aomori0. 195 AkitaMinimum–0. 133 Okinawa–0. 116 Yamaguchi–0. 159 Yamaguchi–0. 139 Yamaguchi–0. 135 Okinawa–0. 114 Yamaguchi–0. 111 Yamaguchi–0. 254 OkinawaMean–0. 0010. 007–0. 0010. 0020. 0030. 0120. 0100.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Functional group, phenology, density, and basal area of shade tree species in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in size tableLitter collectionLitterfall was determined by collection in five randomly distributed 50 cm × 50 cm × 30 cm open wooden boxes per farm raised 30 cm above the ground (Dawoe et al. 2010). Nylon netting with mesh size of 2 mm was used to close the boxes below and allow aeration and draining of rainwater. Litterbox positions were randomly relocated every two weeks to cover on-farm heterogeneity, and results were summed per month. Litter trapped within the boxes was collected fortnightly and irrespective of the litter origin (shade or cocoa trees) were sorted into leaves, reproductive parts, and twigs. Due to the small quantities obtained reproductive parts and twigs were again pooled annually for nutrient determination. Litterbag experimentLitter decomposition was studied by selecting two fields aged 8–12 years and 20–25 years in each village. To this end freshly fallen cocoa leaves on the ground were collected in each farm, thoroughly mixed, and air-dried. Of these, 50 g dry matter (DM) were filled into bags of 30 cm × 30 cm and 2 mm mesh size. In each farm, 36 litterbags were placed on the soil surface and pinned with nails to assure close contact with the soil. Litterbags were then covered with litter placed on the soil surface to simulate the conditions of natural litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. A set of six bags were randomly placed at six different locations per farm. The bags were sampled after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 months of decomposition. At each sampling time, one bag from each location was randomly picked amounting to 6 bags (replicates) per farm. Upon bags retrieval, litter was cleaned from soil and other debris, dried, and stored until analysis. The initial characteristics of cocoa leaves used for decomposition study can be found in Table 2. Table 2 Initial chemical properties of cocoa leaves used in the decomposition study in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana (n = 4)Full size tableAnnual cocoa pod and husk estimationFor biomass estimation of dry cocoa pod husks (CPH), twenty fruits from each farm were harvested and cocoa beans were separated from CPH.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? émi KingAbstractDuring language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages, whereby they first learn to categorize phonemes before they develop their lexicon and eventually master increasingly complex syntactic structures. However, the computational principles that lead to this learning trajectory remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we here compare the learning trajectories of deep language models to those of human children. Specifically, we test whether, during its training, GPT-2 exhibits stages of language acquisition comparable to those observed in children aged between 18 months and 6 years. For this, we train 48 GPT-2 models from scratch and evaluate their syntactic and semantic abilities at each training step, using 96 probes curated from the BLiMP, Zorro and BIG-Bench benchmarks. We then compare these evaluations with the behavior of 54 children during language production. Our analyses reveal three main findings. First, similarly to children, the language models tend to learn linguistic skills in a systematic order. Second, this learning scheme is parallel: the language tasks that are learned last improve from the very first training steps. Third, some – but not all – learning stages are shared between children and these language models. Overall, these results shed new light on the principles of language acquisition, and highlight important divergences in how humans and modern algorithms learn to process natural language. Anthology ID:2023. findings-acl. 773Volume:Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023Month:JulyYear:2023Address:Toronto, CanadaEditors:Anna Rogers, Jordan Boyd-Graber, Naoaki OkazakiVenue:FindingsSIG:Publisher:Association for Computational LinguisticsNote:Pages:12205–12218Language:URL: (ACL):Linnea Evanson, Yair Lakretz, and Jean Rémi King. 2023. Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? . of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, pages 12205–12218, Toronto, Canada. Association for Computational Linguistics. Cite (Informal):Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? (Evanson et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: They performed only one trial and started it after a command. A standard chair with armrests was used. All patients performed the test using the same chair [32, 33]. Test (ST) The step test developed as assessment of dynamic standing balance after stroke. However, we have incorporated it into our study, since in our clinical practise the test is often applied when THR patients learn to walk on stairs. When tested, subjects were instructed to place one foot onto a 7. 5 cm high step and then take it back down to the floor repeatedly as fast as possible. The score is the number of steps completed in the 15-second period for each lower extremity [34]. Both sides were tested two times, with the THR group completing the test first with the operated leg (ST O) and then the non operated leg (ST N). Scores for each lower extremity were recorded separately. Better results were recorded as study data for further analyses. We calculated a reference value in the control group (ST C), which is a mean representing all tasks conducted with the left and right limb. Scale (BBS) (BBS) is currently the most commonly used clinical test for assessment of functional balance in older adults, which matches our study group. Subjects did 14 different tasks including static tests with different feet positions and functional balance control tasks including transfer, getting up and sitting on a chair, reach, turning and stepping. The BBS tests performance on levels from 0 (can't perform) to 4 (normal perform) and can give a total score of 56. Higher scores on the BBS indicate better balance. A total score obtained in 14 trials was recorded for further analyses [35]. Statistical analysis Data were analysed with the Statistica version 13. 1. Demographic data and clinical characteristics are presented as means, standard deviations (SD), median, minimum (min) and maximum (max). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the distributions in the test score. To compare the differences between the THR group and the control group, we applied the independent t-test, the Welch test or the non-parametric U Mann-Whitney test depending on which test assumptions were met. P-values less than 0. 05 were considered statistically significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Beans and CPH were dried at 60 °C to constant weight and DM was determined for calculation of bean/CPH ratio. Cocoa bean yield in kg ha−1 was estimated by taking the 3-year average of the whole farm documented in the farmers’ Cocoa Passbook, which is the official document in Ghana, where the quantity of dried cocoa beans is recorded at the time of sale by the purchasing clerk (Asare et al. 2019). Chemical analysisPrior to chemical analysis, all collected samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h, weighed, and milled. and N concentration of milled samples were determined using a CN analyzer (). For major and trace nutrient analyses, milled samples were dry-ashed at 550ºC overnight, followed by generating an ash solution with 32% HCl (Motsara and Roy 2008). Major and trace nutrient concentrations in ash solution were measured using a Spectrogreen ICP-OES (). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were analysed as described by (1963) to determine lignin and cellulose, which was estimated as the difference between ADF and ADL. Total polyphenols were quantified by using the Folin-Ciocalteau method with aqueous acetone (70% v/v) as extractant (FAO and IAEA 2000). After addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to bind the total tannins in the extract, the supernatant was used to determine the non-tannin phenols with the above-mentioned method. Total tannins were calculated as the difference between polyphenols and non-tannin phenols. Condensed tannins were measured using the butanol-HCl method (butanol-HCl 95:5 v/v; FAO and IAEA, 2000). Data were reported as means with their respective standard errors (Table 2). Data analysisLinear mixed effect models were used to analyse all data. Interaction between management and monthly total litterfall was tested by using management and month as fixed effects and Lixisol soil type as random effect with aboveground biomass (AGB) as covariate. Aboveground biomass was calculated with allometric equations reported in (Agbotui et al. 2023).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: marcgt">conference publication</genre> </relatedItem> <abstract>During language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages, whereby they first learn to categorize phonemes before they develop their lexicon and eventually master increasingly complex syntactic structures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: Autonomy, Creativity, and Limits of “Pure Reason” der transzendentalen Logik im System der Logik bei Theorie des Bewusstseins und die Frage nach Bewusstsein bei Vollständigkeit von zwischen Meinen, Glauben und unitas Kant and and the Objection from programmatische Frage der transzendentalen Deduktion in der Kritik der reinen semantischen Voraussetzungen von Kant on Cognition, Comprehension, and Logik als Kathartikon des Verstandes und ihre Methode als Modell der Kritik der reinen Vernunft Synthesen. mit Form und Struktur des § 17 der B-the Normativity of Erkenntnis der Dinge an sich – das Beispiel der einfachen the Kant on Intuitions, Concepts, and as Schemata: Reason’s Role in Die heautonome Gesetzgebung der reflektierenden Spontaneität des Extra-Constructed by Kant to and Intuitions as Representations Über die Nichtübersetzbarkeit einer transzendentalen in eine logisch-empiristische in Kant’s Kant’s und das menschliche und Gödel oder zur Freiheit der mathematischen Kant’s of Concepts Wissenschafts- und der Raum aktual-unendlich?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Management effects on mass loss and nutrient release at each sampling time as well as on rates of mass loss and nutrient release were analysed with management as fixed effect and Lixisol type as random effect. Data normality and homoscedasticity were checked using Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection of model’s residuals versus fitted values, respectively. Data violating these assumptions were transformed using either log, square root, or Tukey ladder of powers. All statistics were performed with R (R 2020). ResultsLitterfall quantity and qualitySeasonality influenced monthly total litterfall quantity under both managements. On average, the highest monthly total litterfall was recorded in December and it was three-fold higher than July which recorded lowest. (Fig. 1). The total litterfall peak at the onset of the dry season (December) in organic farms was 16% higher than in conventional farms, but this difference was not significant. and July, total litterfall in organic farms were 94% and 65%, respectively, higher (p < 0. 05) than in conventional farms. Leaf litter contributed 82% to total litterfall and the difference in total litterfall between seasons resulted from 60% higher leaves shedding in the dry season than in the rainy season (Fig. 2b). Annual total litterfall amounted to 8 t ha−1 yr−1 and 9 t ha−1 yr−1 for conventional and organic management, respectively, whereby the difference was non-significant (Fig. 2a). Fig. 1Monthly total litterfall (mean ± one standard error of the mean) for cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. 2019–2020 monthly precipitation (Online 2021) indicated in grey bars. * and ** indicate significant differences between management systems (n = 6) at p = 0. 05 and 0. 01, respectivelyFull size image Fig. 2A Annual litterfall averaged within the two management systems (n = 6) and B seasonal litterfall (dry season; n = 4, rainy season; n = 8) averaged across the two management systems separated into leaves, reproductive parts (Repro), and twigs, and total litterfall in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. Based on monthly precipitation, December to February and August were categorized as dry season months. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the mean.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: However, the computational principles that lead to this learning trajectory remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we here compare the learning trajectories of deep language models to those of human children. Specifically, we test whether, during its training, GPT-2 exhibits stages of language acquisition comparable to those observed in children aged between 18 months and 6 years. For this, we train 48 GPT-2 models from scratch and evaluate their syntactic and semantic abilities at each training step, using 96 probes curated from the BLiMP, Zorro and BIG-Bench benchmarks. We then compare these evaluations with the behavior of 54 children during language production. Our analyses reveal three main findings. First, similarly to children, the language models tend to learn linguistic skills in a systematic order. Second, this learning scheme is parallel: the language tasks that are learned last improve from the very first training steps. Third, some – but not all – learning stages are shared between children and these language models. Overall, these results shed new light on the principles of language acquisition, and highlight important divergences in how humans and modern algorithms learn to process natural language. </abstract> <identifier type="citekey">evanson-etal-2023-language</identifier> <identifier type="doi">10. 18653/v1/2023. findings-acl. 773</identifier> <location> <url> </location> <part> <date>2023-07</date> <extent unit="page"> <start>12205</start> <end>12218</end> </extent> </part> </mods> </modsCollection> Download as to Clipboard%0 %T Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: Based on these characteristics, we predict that approximately 10% of GGNs will grow between 10 to 15 years of follow-up—in other words, 90% of them will still be unchanged; and the cumulative growth rate does not seem to reach 100% even over a few decades. We have evaluated and discussed the influence of genetic features on the growth of GGNs (12), and hypothesized that EGFR mutant GGNs will grow, whereas some of KRAS or BRAF mutant GGNs will not grow. Not all KRAS mutant AAHs may be homogenous and differences among these tumors may be derived from different cells of origin (13). We also suggest that unchanged AAH involves cancer immunoediting, a process whereby the immune system can constrain as well as promote tumor development. proceeds through 3 phases—elimination, equilibrium and escape (14)—wherein tumor immunogenicity is edited, and immunosuppressive mechanisms that enable disease progression are acquired. We hypothesize that unchanged GGNs are in the equilibrium phase. In conclusion, Lee et al. document that even if GGNs are stable for 5 years, 13% of them will grow during at least an additional 5-year follow-up. Thus, we cannot stop following GGNs by CT but must establish an appropriate interval for CT examinations, based on the possibility of growth. Further genetic analyses could clarify the fate of GGNs. Over the next several years, we expect to obtain data on patients with a follow-up period of 15 years and establish the possibility of growth of the GGNs even after 10 years of stability. 85. [Crossref] [PubMed] Pulmonary ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesions-large size and a history of lung cancer are risk factors for growth. J 2008;3:1245-50. [Crossref] [PubMed] How long should small lung lesions of ground-glass opacity be followed? J 2013;8:309-14. [Crossref] [PubMed] Characteristics of subsolid pulmonary nodules showing growth during follow-up with CT scanning. Chest 2013;143:436-43. [Crossref] [PubMed] Natural history of pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules detected by low-dose CT scan. Chest 2013;143:172-8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Lower case letters in B indicate significant differences of means between seasonsFull size imageManagement and season affected some of the leaf litter nutrient concentrations, whereby no interaction of the two factors was observed. The concentrations of P and Ca were 30% and 4%, respectively, greater in leaf litter of organically managed farms than in leaf litter of conventional farms (p < 0. 05; Table 3). Contrarily, Mg concentration of leaf litter from conventional management was 10% higher than from organic management (p < 0. 01). During the rainy season, C and N concentrations of leaf litter were 2% and 15%, respectively, higher than during the dry season. In contrast, K concentration of leaf litter in the dry season was 38% greater than in the rainy season. Table 3 Nutrient concentrations of leaf litter collected in two villages each under conventional and organic management averaged per management across seasons and averaged per season across managements for cocoa agroforests in Suhum Municipality, of GhanaFull size tableNo statistical differences of annual nutrient stocks in litterfall fractions were observed between organic and conventional management, except for K stocks in leaf litter, N, Ca, and Mg stocks in reproductive parts litter, and Ca stocks in total litterfall (Table 4). The annual quantity of K in leaf litter of farms under conventional management was 21% lower than of farms under organic management (p = 0. 03). Likewise, annual N, Ca, and Mg quantity in reproductive parts litter of farms under conventional management were 36%, 43%, and 38%, respectively, lower (p < 0. 05) than for their organic counterparts. quantity in total litterfall of organically managed farms was 13% higher (p < 0. 05) than those in conventionally managed ones. Leaf litter contributed 71% of N, 65% of P, 61% of K, 82% of Ca, and 85% of Mg to annual nutrient stocks of total litterfall. and nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and cocoa pod husk were not significantly affected by management type. and P stocks in cocoa beans were 2 and 3-fold greater than in cocoa pod husks (Table 4), the annual K and Ca stocks in cocoa pod husk were four and nine-fold, respectively, greater than those in cocoa beans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: %A Evanson, Linnea %A Lakretz, Yair %A King, Jean Rémi %Y Rogers, Anna %Y Boyd-Graber, Jordan %Y Okazaki, Naoaki %S Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023 %D 2023 %8 July %I Association for %C Toronto, Canada %F evanson-etal-2023-language %X During language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages, whereby they first learn to categorize phonemes before they develop their lexicon and eventually master increasingly complex syntactic structures. However, the computational principles that lead to this learning trajectory remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we here compare the learning trajectories of deep language models to those of human children. Specifically, we test whether, during its training, GPT-2 exhibits stages of language acquisition comparable to those observed in children aged between 18 months and 6 years. For this, we train 48 GPT-2 models from scratch and evaluate their syntactic and semantic abilities at each training step, using 96 probes curated from the BLiMP, Zorro and BIG-Bench benchmarks. We then compare these evaluations with the behavior of 54 children during language production. Our analyses reveal three main findings. First, similarly to children, the language models tend to learn linguistic skills in a systematic order. Second, this learning scheme is parallel: the language tasks that are learned last improve from the very first training steps. Third, some – but not all – learning stages are shared between children and these language models. Overall, these results shed new light on the principles of language acquisition, and highlight important divergences in how humans and modern algorithms learn to process natural language. %R 10. 18653/v1/2023. findings-acl. 773 %U %U %P 12205-12218 Download as to ClipboardMarkdown (Informal)[Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? ]( (Evanson et al. , Findings 2023)Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? (Evanson et al. , Findings 2023)and Jean Rémi King. 2023. Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? . of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, pages 12205–12218, Toronto, Canada.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 18 Jun 2024 | 18 Jun 2024 of the Dolomites: last 40 years of melting and Renato R. Colucci Abstract. glaciers located below the regional equilibrium line altitude are experiencing considerable ice losses and are expected to fragment into smaller glacial bodies and eventually disappear. Monitoring such glaciers through remote sensing is often challenging because of the incompatibility between their size and the spatial resolution of satellites. Dolomites (S-E Alps) are a region clearly illustrating such challenges and where no long-term glacier mass balance data are available. This renowned Alpine sector hosted tens of glaciers up until a few decades ago, with now only twelve remaining. This study presents a multi-decadal (1980s–2023) estimation of surface elevation change and geodetic mass balance of the current mountain glaciers present in the area. Calculations are based on geodetic data: high resolution and accuracy is obtained with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Structure from Motion (SfM) and airborne and Ranging (LiDAR), from 2010 to 2023. SfM on historical aerial imagery is used for previous decades. We found an average cumulative surface elevation change of -28. 7 m from 1980s to 2023, 33 % of which between 2010–2023. The average mass balance rate for the whole period is -0. 64 ± 0. 05 m w. e. yr-1, varies significantly between sites, and is negative with a smaller amplitude than the Alpine reference glaciers mass balance. Regionally, 66 % of the entire volume loss is related to the alone. Mass losses are accompanied by areal reductions evidencing that the Dolomites are rapidly losing their glaciers. This study aims to address the existing lack of multi-decadal data for the Dolomites by providing a quantitative account of the current state of these small glacial bodies. How to cite. Securo, A. , Del Gobbo, C. , Baccolo, G. , Barbante, C. , Citterio, M. , De Blasi, F. , Marcer, M. , Valt, M. , and Colucci, R. R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2015) and cocoa agroforest in Cote d´Ivoire (Yao et al. 2021). This subsequently leads to high accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface, which increases C sequestration in the soil of cocoa agroforests (Gama-Rodrigues et al. 2010). concentrations of leaf litter in the rainy season compared with those of the dry season confirms findings of Teklay (2004). During the rainy season thunderstorms mechanically force young N rich leaves to fall, resulting in litterfall with high N content (Paudel et al. 2015) compared with more senescent leaves shed during dry season (Teklay 2004). Additionally, higher N availability of soils during the rainy season could have increased N uptake by trees (Teklay 2004). Potassium concentrations in litterfall were lower during the rainy season compared with the dry season. On one hand, K is an important osmotic agent, accumulated by plants in reaction to drought. On the other hand, growth rates of leaves are reduced during dry periods, generally leading to an increase in mineral leaf components due to concentration effects. Moreover, because K is not bound to organic compounds, it might have (partly) leached from leaves in litter traps during rainfall events (Wood et al. 2005), leading to an underestimation of K concentration in leaf litter. Additionally, the dry season is characterised by high amounts of dust deposition on the plant leaves, which has been reported to have high K concentrations (Stoorvogel et al. 1997; Dawoe et al. 2018). Shade tree composition influences litterfall quantity and quality (Triadiati et al. 2011). But despite the diversity in the species composition of shade trees between the two managements there was no difference between annual nutrient stocks. There were no N-fixing shade tree species in the investigated farms, which is is typical for the study area (Asase and Tetteh 2010). Despite the absence of shade trees, the average annual total N stocks of 125 kg ha−1 year−1 was within the range of 84–175 kg ha−1 year−1 for cocoa agroforests with Erythrina glauca Lour. and Gliricidia sepium. And this can be explained by shade tree species recovering leached N from deeper soil depths.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 대응표본 t검증(paired t-test)한 결과를 살펴보면, 훈련집단의 문제해결력이 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었는데 5주 후 실시한 추수평가에서도 실험에 의해 향상된 문제해결력이 유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 훈련집단의 자기효능감을 살펴보면 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 추수평가에서도 실험 전에 비해 향상된 자기효능감이 유지되었음을 알 수 있다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: : of the Dolomites: last 40 years of melting, EGUsphere [preprint], 2024. Received: 07 May 2024 – Discussion started: 18 Jun 2024 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 19434 KB) Supplement (1348 KB) Download & links Preprint (19434 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (1348 KB) and Renato R. Colucci Status: final response (author comments only) Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse Login for authors/editors Subscribe to comment alert RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1357', #1, 19 Jul 2024 The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: Citation: AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Andrea Securo, 27 Aug 2024 The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: Citation: RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1357', #2, 31 Jul 2024 Review of ‘of the Dolomites: last 40 years of melting’By Securo, Andrea and others. Securo and authors present a multi-decadal estimation of surface elevation change for small glaciers in the Dolomites, Italian Alps. Their geodetic data used in this study consists of aerial photographs, uncrewed aerial vehicles (uavs) and LiDAR data. This data and their analysis indicate high rates of glacier mass loss with the accounting for about ⅔ of the region’s volume loss. Overall, I found this manuscript to be generally well written with methods partially described. The presented data generally supports the conclusions made by the authors. However, like many papers, some clarification of the methods is needed, the English can be substantially improved and manuscript could be shortened. Below, I outline my major points about the paper and follow these with technical comments. :1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, increasing mesh size leads to high loss of fragmented litter and removal of litter from litterbag by macro fauna (Bradford et al. 2002; Smith and Bradford 2003). The tethered-leaf technique, where leaves are tied together with a nylon string and placed on the ground has the advantage of direct contact of the material with soil micro and macro fauna without altering the microclimate (Vitousek et al. 1994). However, this method is only suitable for initial decomposition studies, as it becomes difficult to distinguish between decomposition and comminution, when fragmentation of the material occurs. These drawbacks made us use a mesh size of 2 mm which is considered to allow for most soil faunal species activities in the bag (Li et al. 2015). Although not significant, our results of higher litter decomposition rate under organic management confirm the observation of higher decomposition of untreated cocoa leaves compared with those treated with pesticides (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018; Asigbaase et al. 2020). The higher decomposition rate of cocoa leaves under organic management compared to conventional management may thus be due to the restriction of herbicides and pesticides in certified organic agriculture. Agrochemicals are well known to have adverse effects on the growth and population density of macro decomposers such as ants and earthworms (García-Pérez et al. 2016; Masoni et al. 2017) as well as on bacteria, and fungal populations (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). An indirect effect of agrochemicals on litter decomposition is their ability to alter the chemical composition of the litter or microclimate of the decomposition subsystem. The slower weight loss under conventional management coupled with faster P, Ca, and Mg release was similar to findings of Hendrix and Parmelee (1985) on John grass leaves (Sorghum halepense L. ) treated with paraquat and glyphosate. Similarly, da Costa et al. (2019) reported on average 34% higher Mg and Ca release rates from Crotalaria spectabilis sprayed with glyphosate. According to Mertens et al. (2018) these pesticides contain chelating agents with the ability to bind P, Ca, and Mg from litter. Thus it is likely that high P, Ca, and Mg release rates under conventional management were triggered by the use of pesticides such as glyphosate and roundup.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 대응표본 t검증(paired t-test)한 결과를 살펴보면, 훈련집단의 문제해결력이 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었는데 5주 후 실시한 추수평가에서도 실험에 의해 향상된 문제해결력이 유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 훈련집단의 자기효능감을 살펴보면 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 추수평가에서도 실험 전에 비해 향상된 자기효능감이 유지되었음을 알 수 있다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every fungus releases hallucinogenic compounds. [SEP] Text: subcinerea produces sclerotioramine, a compound that shows antioxidant activity. Materials and methods Fungal isolation and liquid culture One initial endolichenic fungus was induced from the thallus of P. subcinerea (sampled from Hiraoka Park, Osaka, Japan) applying the lichen tissue culture method (Yamamoto et al. 1985). Its crashed lichen thalli were incubated on solid malt-yeast (MY) medium containing 1. 5% agar at 20 °C under light (1042. 8 lux), followed by subculture under the same culture conditions. To obtain a larger amount of cultured Penicillium sp. , 2 g of this fungus was inoculated to 200 mL of liquid MY medium in a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask and incubated for 3 weeks at 20 °C under light (Fig. 1). This strain was deposited at University, Akita, Japan (Registration No. 1322P). The voucher strain of this endolichenic fungus was identified as Penicillium sp. based on its sequence of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and the DNA of Japan (DDBJ) accession number for the ITS sequence of strain 1322P is LC775762. Extraction and isolation of antioxidant compounds from cultured fungi To extract antioxidant compounds, the dried fungus (7. 6 g dry weight) of 1322P strain was submerged in methanol and incubated overnight at room temperature, followed by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and eluted with water, and then sequentially extracted with solvents that yielded the following fractions: n-hexane (170 mg), ethyl acetate (62 mg), n-butanol (135 mg), and water (118 mg).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Recycling cocoa pod husk is important for C and nutrient retentionThe recorded cocoa yields of 559 kg ha−1 yr−1 were higher than the 477 kg ha−1yr−1 reported for the mid zone of Ghana (Abdulai et al. 2020), which has similar climatic conditions as Suhum. The average annual nutrient stocks of 19 kg N ha−1, 3 kg P ha−1, 30 kg K ha−1, 4 kg Ca ha−1 and 4 kg Mg ha−1 in the cocoa fruit (beans and pods) falls within the range of 19–29 kg N ha−1, 4–5 kg P ha−1, 15–51 kg K ha−1 (Hartemink 2005), 3–6 kg Ca ha−1, and 6–10 kg Mg ha−1 (Fontes et al. 2014) for other cocoa agroforests across the world. Farmers could reduce C export by 43% and nutrient export from harvest by 33% for N and 25% for P, if they spread the cocoa pod husks in their farms after harvest. This is even more important for nutrients such as K and Ca, where 81% and 90%, respectively, can be retained after harvest if cocoa pod husk were returned. However, the spreading cocoa pod husk is often avoided to prevent the spread of diseases from disease infested pods (Opoku-Ameyaw et al. 2010). Composting of cocoa pod husk could be an option to control disease pathogens (Opoku-Ameyaw et al. 2010) and return nutrients to the cocoa trees. Cocoa farmers in the study area may therefore benefit from training on composting to be able to use cocoa pod husk for improvement of their internal nutrient cycling. ConclusionsOur findings show that litterfall follows a seasonal pattern with peaks at the onset of the dry season. Seasonality affected litterfall K and N concentrations, but organic versus conventional management had no effect on annual litterfall. We found that management had no significant effect on decomposition and nutrient release rates of N, P, K, and Ca. Only the Mg release rate under conventional management was 51% greater than under organic management, which may be attributed to the chelating capacity of herbicides used.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: These models are sophisticated mathematical representations of the ocean environment, encompassing physical, chemical, geological and biological processes. Ocean modelling plays a pivotal role in increasing our understanding of ocean systems. “Ocean modellers develop computer models that can simulate ocean conditions with a high degree of realism and that can be used to generate forecasts,” explains Katja. “You can think of these as the ocean analogues to weather forecast models, like the animations of expected temperatures, winds and rain you see on TV. ” For example, Katja’s at produces forecasts of water temperature and salinity in Halifax Harbour: memg. ocean. dal. ca/memg/forecasts Katja’s team’s biogeochemical models are crucial for evaluating OAE methods. By accurately simulating the movement of water and the behaviour of its various constituents, such as nutrients, plankton and dissolved CO2, these models provide valuable insights into the potential impacts of adding brucite to seawater. Ocean models are rigorously tested through an iterative process of prediction and evaluation, ensuring their accuracy and reliability. To improve a model, ocean modellers evaluate their predictions against observed data and quantify how accurate the predicted outputs were. This allows them to identify and pinpoint shortcomings in the model that need to be improved. If the values of a newly generated prediction match the observations better, it suggests that the model does a better job of modelling the ocean system being investigated. This iterative refinement process allows researchers to continually enhance the model’s performance and predictive capabilities. What inspired you to become an oceanographer? Growing up by the Baltic Sea, I swam in the ocean every summer and tasted its salty water. Some of my earliest memories are of my curiosity about the sea. At university, I obtained equivalents of bachelor’s and master’s degrees in mathematics and a PhD in marine biology. For my PhD, I developed biogeochemical models of nutrients and plankton in the Baltic Sea. Becoming an oceanographer and combining my interests in biology, chemistry and physics with my skills in mathematics and computer programming has been a dream come true. What is your favourite fact about the ocean? The ocean holds 50 times more CO2 than the atmosphere. This means that a relatively small shift in the ocean’s inventory of dissolved CO2 can mean a big change for the atmosphere.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every fungus releases hallucinogenic compounds. [SEP] Text: Sclerotiorin has been shown to exhibit pharmacological activity, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptomyces pyogenes (Lucas et al. 2007; Santos et al. 2019). In contrast, there have been few reports on the pharmacologic activity of sclerotioramine, although derivatives of this compound have been reported to present potent antifouling activity (Wei et al. 2017). In this study, we describe the potential utility of sclerotioramine as a pharmacologic compound. ConclusionThis work represents the first report that the antioxidant activity of sclerotioramine exceeds that of sclerotiorin. The cultured Penicillium sp. (strain 1322P) isolated from Pyxine subcinerea is a valuable endolichenic fungus that produces an antioxidant compound. Our study represents the usefulness of endolichenic fungi as new bioresources for pharmacological compounds. Declarations3668. The authors report no potential conflicts of interest. Author contributions H. K. cultured fungi, determined the chemical structure of active compounds, and descripted this report. N. W. and Y. M. isolated fungi and purified the active compounds. K. H. identified cultured fungi. M. K. provided financial support. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study have been included in this published 1. jpgTable 1 1H- (400 MHz) and 13C- (100 MHz) NMR spectral data for Compound 1 in methanol-d4. :Published21 Mar, 2024Read the published version in Archives of Microbiology →Version 1posted Editorial decision: Revision requested18 Jan, 2024Reviews received at journal15 Jan, 2024Reviewers agreed at journal15 Jan, 2024Reviewers invited by journal15 Jan, 2024Editor assigned by journal11 Jan, 2024Submission checks completed at journal11 Jan, 2024First submitted to journal10 Jan, 2024You are reading this latest preprint versionlets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: We also conclude that spreading of cocoa pods husks in farms after harvest, particularly if composted or charred, can improve the internal carbon and nutrient cycle of cocoa agroforestry systems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Weather patterns can be influenced by ocean currents and atmospheric conditions. [SEP] Text: “For example, on a warm sunny day, the surface of the ocean warms up,” explains Ruth. “That heat will slowly penetrate deeper into the ocean at a rate that is determined by the mixing of warm surface waters with cooler subsurface waters. As a result, the vertical distribution of heat within the ocean is largely determined by mixing. ” The rate at which CO2 fluxes into or out of the ocean depends on ocean mixing and the amount of CO2 in the water and air. “On still days, little gas is exchanged between the ocean and atmosphere, while on windy days, there is a lot of turbulence in the upper ocean which enhances air-sea gas exchange. ” Ocean mixing can also disrupt the effectiveness of OAE, for example if brucite is mixed into deeper waters where it can no longer interact with the atmosphere. Understanding the complex role of ocean mixing is crucial for accurately assessing the potential of OAE for reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. However, ocean mixing is primarily driven by turbulence which occurs at small scales, making it extremely challenging to observe and quantify. But its profound impact on the ocean’s physical and chemical properties means it is important for scientists to understand it. What inspired you to become an oceanographer? In high school, I wanted to be an astrophysicist, so I went to university to study a bachelor’s degree in physics. However, as I became increasingly aware of climate change, I wanted to direct my career towards a field where I could help understand and tackle this problem. I did an honours year in mathematics and atmospheric science, where my interest in fluid dynamics increased. Oceanography seemed like a field where I could apply my physics knowledge to a tangible and important problem, and I liked the sound of going to sea on a research boat. So, I did a PhD in physical oceanography where I discovered that the blend of theoretical and practical work is very rewarding and that research expeditions are great adventures! What do you most enjoy about your work? Nothing beats the thrill of looking at a new dataset fresh off an instrument recovered from the ocean. Trying to decrypt the measurements and infer something about what is happening in the ocean is like a puzzle. What is your favourite fact about the ocean?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Yeti fur can regenerate itself if cut. [SEP] Text: And, while some view his work as science fiction, Chris has proven that the concepts behind his ideas are theoretically and practically possible. As technology and biological understanding advance, great progress can be expected in all fields of biomedical engineering. “In the field of endosymbiont engineering, I think we will develop bacteria that only contain the minimal number of genes needed for their growth, and we will generate libraries of genes that drive the development of different cells and tissues,” predicts Chris. “With this, we could customise the minimal genome bacteria by inserting other genes, so the bacteria perform different functions. For example, after a heart attack, a patient could be prescribed a minimal genome bacterium with heart generating genes that would guide the patient’s heart cells to regenerate. ” Progress in biomedical engineering relies on the next generation of scientists having a futuristic mindset and a willingness to pursue the unknown. As the chemist, Frank Westheimer, once said, “Progress is made by young scientists who carry out experiments that old scientists said wouldn’t work. ” Chris acknowledges that some scientists call his work ‘science fiction’, in part due to a fear of the unknown. “Science fiction writers ask, ‘What if? ’,” he says. “As scientists, we think of what might be possible and ask, ‘What’s the next step? ’ We begin with the end in mind and direct our experiments toward this goal. However, innovations lie in the unexpected results, and therefore we must go into every design and experiment with our eyes wide open to appreciate the unexpected and then explain it. ” Pathway from school to biomedical engineering “All engineering fields require math,” says Chris. “So, get a solid education in math and quantitative sciences. ” Study mathematics, biology, chemistry and physics and, if your school offers classes in engineering and computing, take them as well, since these subjects will also be useful. Some universities offer degrees in biomedical engineering, bioengineering or biological engineering. Related degrees in biochemistry, biology or other engineering fields (e. g. , mechanical or electrical) could also lead to a career in biomedical engineering. Explore careers in biomedical engineering • “(BMES; www. bmes. org) and the Engineering in Medicine and (EMBS; www. embs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: and edited by Çagan H. Sekercioglu, Daniel G. Wenny and Christopher J. of Chicago Press, 2016Cloth: 978-0-226-38246-3 | Paper: 978-0-226-38263-0 | Electronic: 978-0-226-38277-7DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 001. 0001 of (paper, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) over one hundred years, ornithologists and amateur birders have jointly campaigned for the conservation of bird species, documenting not only birds’ beauty and extraordinary diversity, but also their importance to ecosystems worldwide. But while these avian enthusiasts have noted that birds eat fruit, carrion, and pests; spread seed and fertilizer; and pollinate plants, among other services, they have rarely asked what birds are worth in economic terms. Birds Matter, an international collection of ornithologists, botanists, ecologists, conservation biologists, and environmental economists seeks to quantify avian ecosystem services—the myriad benefits that birds provide to humans. The first book to approach ecosystem services from an ornithological perspective, Matter asks what economic value we can ascribe to those services, if any, and how this value should inform conservation. 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0001[avian ecosystem function;economic ornithology;ecosystem services;cultural services;provisioning services;regulating services;supporting services]Ecosystem services are those aspects of the earth that benefit humans. of the identified four classes of ecosystem services: provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and fiber; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling. Interest in both the positive and negative roles of birds spurred development of Economic Ornithology, which investigated the food, habits, and migrations of birds in relation to both insects and plants. Although the discipline was initially greeted enthusiastically, criticism of methods and skepticism regarding conclusions grew in the early 20th century.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe weather conditions of the summer of 2022 were very unusual, particularly in Eastern Asia, Europe, and North America. The devasting impact of climate change has come to our attention, with much hotter and drier conditions, and with more frequent and intense flooding events. Some extreme events have reached a dangerous level, increasingly threatening human lives. The interconnected risks caused by these extreme disaster events are triggering a chain effect, forcing us to respond to these crises through changes in our living environment, which affect the atmosphere, the biosphere, the economy including the availability of energy, our cities, and our global society. Moreover, we have to confront the abnormal consequences of untypical, rapid changes of extreme events and fast switches between extreme states, such as from severe drought to devastating flooding. Recognizing this new situation, it is crucial to improve the adaptation capacity of our societies in order to reduce the risks associated with climate change, and to develop smarter strategies for climate governance. High-quality development must be science-based, balanced, safe, sustainable, and climate-resilient, supported by the collaborative governance of climate mitigation and adaptation. This 2020. Service/ECMWF at and size imageThe hottest summer on record for Europe paired with unusually dry conditions reduced some of Europe’s main rivers to extremely low water levels, for example, threatening vital economic thoroughfares and exacerbating the continent’s energy shortages. The heat also led to record-breaking fire activities in many European countries. More than 2500 fires were recorded, and more than 772,000 ha were burned in European countries in 2022, compared to an average of 900 fires and 318,000 ha burned between 2016 and 2021 (EFFIS 2022). Most parts of China experienced the longest and most intense heatwave on record (CMA 2022) that lasted for 72 days—10 days longer (16% more) than the previous record of 62 days in 2013. More than 1 billion people suffered temperatures higher than 35 °C, and at least 360 million people faced exceptional temperatures higher than 40 °C, making medical attention to heat strokes a new normal in these regions. The accompanying long-lasting drought led to the drying up of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, affecting the water and electrical power supplies. While heatwaves gripped parts of Europe and Asia, some other places experienced extreme rainfall and flooding.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings grow faster in cities because of air pollution. [SEP] Text: Of the species studied, only NO2 was found to be above legal limits. Airpollution maps reveal that the concentrations of PM10, NO2, CO, CO2 and C6H6 arehigher in areas that are adjacent to high-traffic roads running through and around thecity. Because ozone is a secondary pollutant, its highest concentrations are notfound near emission sources. Horizontal maps of O3 show that the maximum ozoneconcentrations do not exceed the legal limit. However, in outlying areas, ozoneconcentrations reach the threshold for vegetation protection (65 μg/m3). The distribution of the calculated cityAIR index over Viana do Castelorevealed that air quality is globally acceptable in this city (Figure 8). Nonetheless, thedearth of small zones on this map may be problematic. Small zones, including Av. 25de Abril (the ramp to the bridge), the roundabouts of the hospital and football fieldand the access to the main road (IC1), have high levels of NO2 over the legal limit. Based on an analysis of the Table 6, we can conclude that only 0. 2% of thepopulation (69 pop. ) in summer is exposed to a cityAIR index of zero, during whichtime 71. 7% and 28. 0% of the population benefit a cityAIR index of the populationbenefit a cityAIR index ranging between [0. 65 0. 85[ and above 0. 85, respectively. Advertisement 5. urban air index used in Viana do Castelo, cityAIR,aggregates data for the air quality of a city and presents results in thecontext of standardised legal limits for air pollution. Based on cityAIR, several priority areas for future mitigation andmonitoring are proposed: Avenida 25 de Abril, de Castro, access to west IC1 and access to north and south EN13. When the results of this analysis were presented to the Municipality of Vianado CastelocityAIR index proved to be easily understood and quite intuitive. For the problematic areas, a Monitoring & is being prepared. In order to estimate pollutant emissions to the atmosphere from vehiculartraffic, which is essential for evaluating both local and global air quality, emissionfactors were obtained for vehicles in Viana do Castelo and combined with thecalculated vehicle circulation in that city.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Keeping in mind the eventual demise of in the early 20th century, efforts to revitalize the field today must be rigorous, repeatable, with a focus on tangible measures of plant yield in managed systems and plant fitness in natural systems. Cost-benefit analysis may permit evaluation of bird contributions to ecosystem service and disservice with respect to alternative mechanisms that are available (e. g. , bird predation versus pesticides for pest control). Efforts that permit scaling up from experimental plots to entire ecosystems are critical. (pages 1 - 26)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0002[ecosystem services;commodification;ethics;values;monetization;valuation]Birds are valuable intrinsically and instrumentally. Their instrumental values include use values, such as for hunting purposes, and non-use-values, such as for recreation, aesthetic value, and for delivering ecosystem services that help sustain and fulfill human life. If ornithologists, conservations, and economists can help individuals and institutions recognize the value of birds, this will increase investments in bird conservation while fostering human well-being. A surge in interest in environmental and ecological economics has thrust ecosystem services to the forefront of conservation science and policy, and ornithologists must engage in this work to advance bird conservation effectively. Documenting the values and services of birds is necessary for deliberative decision-making processes that collectively weigh economic, cultural, and intrinsic values. Here, we describe methods to quantify the economic value of biodiversity drawn from the field of environmental economics, and we briefly review several examples involving birds. Policies for markets and/or payments for bird services are still in their infancy, but we review how policies of other public ecosystem services have progressed and we discuss their relevance to bird conservation. Lastly, we identify directions for future ecological and economic research that may lead to advances in bird conservation policy. (pages 27 - 48)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0003[agroecosystems;bottom-up interactions;foundation species;pest control;top-down interaction;trophic cascade;trophic interaction networks]Birds function within their ecosystems in ways that include many direct and indirect chains of trophic interaction. In some interaction chains, birds exert top-down effects in “trophic cascades.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: In the southwest of the United States, for example, California’s hot and dry experienced a “once-in-a-thousand-year” extreme rainfall, with nearly a year’s total worth of rain in 3 hours (37. 1 mm). In Pakistan, one-third of the country was completely submerged by a devastating historic flood, causing more than 1100 deaths and billions of dollars in losses. Although devastating, the extreme weather events that occurred in the summer of 2022 were not altogether unexpected. Observations have shown that extreme events including heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones have been increasing in recent years and their attribution to human activities has strengthened since last assessment in 2014 (IPCC 2021). Scientists have warned that exceeding 1. 5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points, with irreversible and catastrophic consequences (et al. 2022). Although climate tipping points for the Earth system have not been activated yet at the current global warming level of 1. 1 °C, some extreme events intensified by climate change have reached the tipping point of human survival. Heatwaves are a good example of how extreme weather events threaten human health. The maximum temperature a human can withstand is generally within the range of 40–42 °C. In the summer of 2022, the highest temperature in many areas exceeded this limit (Fig. 2a). But human temperature tolerance depends not only on the temperature but also on the humidity—represented by the wet-bulb temperature in meteorology—as well as on concomitant atmospheric pollutants, such as ozone. Studies have shown that even healthy people with strong climate adaptability cannot withstand a wet-bulb temperature higher than 32 °C. Once the wet-bulb temperature reaches 35 °C, we are no longer able to cool ourselves through sweating, leading to heat stroke, which means shocks to multiple organs and even permanent damage (Raymond et al. 2020). Extreme heatwaves over central Europe and especially the Paris region in the summer of 2003 demonstrated that the main health impacts and mortality cases were due to a combination of high temperature, humidity, and episodes of very high levels of ozone (Kovats et al. 2004; Schär et al. 2004). Continued exposure above this threshold can quickly lead to death by overheating. Some areas have already experienced wet-bulb temperatures close to humans’ survival threshold (Fig. 2b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings grow faster in cities because of air pollution. [SEP] Text: , Danek T. , Wistuba M. , Krąpiec M. , Woskowicz-Ślęzak B. , 2012b, Czasowe relacje pomiędzy redukcjami przyrostów rocznych sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L. ) oraz śmiertelnością niemowląt pod wpływem zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych – przykład z województwa śląskiego, Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, 54, s. 248-260. 35. Malik I. , Wistuba M. , Danek M. , Danek T. , Krąpiec M. , 2011, Wpływ emisji zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych przez zakłady chemiczne w Tarnowskich Górach (północna część Wyżyny Śląskiej) na szerokość przyrostów rocznych sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L. ), Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, 47, s. 9-21. 36. Mansfield T. A. , 2004, Tlenki azotu: stare problemy i nowe wyzwania, [w:] J. N. B. Bell, M. Treshow (red. ), Zanieczyszczenie powietrza a życie roślin, Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa, s. 133-149. 37. Mazurski K. R. , 2008, Destruction of forests in the Sudetes – thirty years later, [w:] Výroční konference ČGS, Liberec 25-29. 08. 2008, s.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: ” These occur when a predatory species directly reduces its prey abundance and consequently indirectly releases suppression of species at lower trophic levels. Many bird species initiate trophic cascades in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and in natural and agro-ecosystems. Services provided by birds through trophic cascades benefit humans primarily through pest control in natural forests, forestry plantations, fruit orchards, and a variety of crop-based agro-ecosystems. Cascade strength may be affected by predator prey specificity, redundancy, species diversity, and productivity. Some birds influence ecosystem function both through either bottom up interactions or through intermediate trophic positions within interaction networks. These effects can also reverberate through trophic webs. Global change, including anthropogenic perturbation, may lead to a loss of ecosystem services, including seed dispersal and pollination services by birds. These losses may cause declines keystone or foundation plant species, resulting in losses in biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. We conclude with suggestions for future research needs on bird ecosystem services, particularly in light of global change. (pages 49 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0004[avian pollination;gene flow;inbreeding depression;pollen limitation;pollination;seed limitation]Avian pollination is thought to be less prevalent and less at risk than avian seed-dispersal. The extent of recently revealed bird pollination that does not conform to the classic ornithophily-nectarivore template suggests this mutualism may be cryptic and more prevalent than considered to date. Widespread anthropogenic disturbance has disproportionately impacted the connections between birds and flowers, so that bird pollination may be systematically under-reported. Evidence suggests that where plants are visited by more than one pollinator guild, the relative effectiveness of birds is high compared to invertebrates. In the absence of replacement, the loss of bird pollinators has resulted in pollination failure, increased inbreeding depression, and decreased plant density. Confirmation of seed limitation in pollen-limited plants serviced by birds provides a precautionary sign of the possible long term effects of bird pollinator loss. The quality of pollination service provided by birds has important consequences for gene flow and offspring survival.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Severe weather events are becoming more frequent due to climate change. [SEP] Text: As global warming continues, strengthened evaporation is anticipated to increase the proportion of water in the atmosphere, and high-temperature days will become more intolerable (Raymond et al. 2020). Fig. 2Source NOAA website at Image provided by the NOAA/OAR/from their Web site at with default setting except that “Date” was changed to “2022 Aug 1,” “Contour Lines” changed to “No,” “Plot Units” changed to “Celsius,” and “Projection” changed to “Robinson. ” b Top 0. 1% of wet-bulb temperatures at different locations between 1979 and 2017. Full size imageAs global warming has progressed, hotter and drier conditions and more extreme flooding events have become the new state and the new normal. On the one hand, we need to adapt to this new state and deal with the negative consequences on energy, ecosystems, economies, societies, and public health. On the other hand, we need to be prepared for the untypical and rapid reversal of extreme events, such as the shift from extreme drought to extreme flooding, and from heatwaves to cold spells. As highlighted in the recently published report United in Science (WMO 2022a), adaptation is crucial to lowering the risks of climate impacts. Therefore, it is important, urgent, and crucial to act now to improve our adaptation capacity to reduce the risks of climate change, especially of extreme events. 2 Understanding the Emergence of Learned in the Process of NeutralityIn response to climate change, the whole world is working towards carbon neutrality to limit global warming. Cutting down the carbon emissions in the energy sector is essential, which requires remarkable transition from fossil fuel energies to clean and renewable energies. Recently, the energy crisis accompanying extreme weather events has brought our attentions to the emergence of new risks during the energy transition process. 2. 1 from the 2021 to WeatherThe electricity resources of the state of Texas, United States, are dominated by natural gas (52%), followed by coal (20%), wind (17%), nuclear (9%), and other sources (2%) (Statista 2022a). 2021, the impact of extreme cold weather on the energy supply of the state caused significant blackouts and left more than 10 million people without electricity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Importantly, depletion of WIPI2 in neurons from young adult mice was sufficient to decrease the rate of autophagosome biogenesis to that of aged mice, while overexpression of WIPI2B in neurons from aged mice was sufficient to return the rate of autophagosome biogenesis to that found in neurons from young adult mice. Further, we find that the rescue of autophagosome biogenesis depends on the phosphorylation state of WIPI2B at the isolation membrane, suggesting that dynamic phosphorylation of WIPI2B regulates autophagosome biogenesis. Thus, while the rate of autophagosome biogenesis decreases in aged neurons, this decrease can be rescued by the restoration of a single autophagy component, suggesting a novel therapeutic target for future studies. biogenesis at the axon terminal decreases with age Since impaired autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and age is the most relevant risk factor for neurodegenerative disease, we used the GFP-LC3B probe to assess how biogenesis rates change with age in primary DRG neurons dissected from mice of four different ages: 1-month-old young mice, 3-month-old young adult mice, 16–17 month-old aged mice, and 24-month-old advanced aged mice. We produced robust cultures of DRG neurons harvested from mice aged from 1 to 24 months; neurons harvested from all ages extended long neurites, and we did not detect significant loss of viability with age (data not shown). We used live-cell spinning disk fluorescence microscopy to examine autophagosome biogenesis at the axon tips of DRG neurons in culture with high spatial and temporal specificity. We identified autophagosome biogenesis events as the formation of discrete GFP-LC3B puncta visible above the background cytoplasmic GFP-LC3B signal (Figure 1A). These puncta enlarged over approximately three minutes to form a 1 μm autophagosome. Strikingly, we found that the rate of autophagosome biogenesis significantly decreased with age, corresponding to a 53% decrease in autophagosome biogenesis in aged neurons compared to neurons from young adult mice. Furthermore, the decrease was even more pronounced in neurons from advanced aged mice (Figure 1B).

Output: pass