Input: Claim: Tree rings can be used to study past forest fires by identifying scars in the wood. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 1139/b84-127 Get AccessContentsof Botany, Number 5May 19841274. The fire traces found on the sample plots were fire scars on living or dead trees or charcoal fragments in the humus layer. Plots lacking all traces of former forest fires were mainly those situated on sites surrounded by extensive mires. Forest fires were shown to have occurred in the five different types of forest investigated. The commonest frequencies of fires in the pine forests occurred with the interval 81–90 years, while the mean frequency was 110 years. The mean interval of time elapsed since the last forest fire occurred in the pine forests was 144 years. Some of the major fire years in the Muddus area coincide with forest fires in other parts of northern Sweden, in the taiga of western Russia, and in central Siberia. RésuméLa présence d'anciens feux de forêt dans le Parc national Muddus (environ, 50 000 ha), juste au nord du Cercle arctique en Suède, a été étudiée dans un échantillon de 75 parcelles différentes. La datation des cicatrices de feu sur des pins sylvestres encore vivants (Pinus sylvestris), dont le plus vieux a germé en 1274, indique la présence de 47 années où des feux se sont produits de 1413 à aujourd'hui.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: . Nevzat Tarhan: “Artificial intelligence Technologies will eliminate the need for physician’s wisdom” Prof. Nevzat Tarhan: “Artificial intelligence Technologies will eliminate the need for physician’s wisdom” 29. 05. 2023 - 11:10 Haber ile ilişkili SDG etiketleri DOI : Pointing out that artificial intelligence technologies will eliminate the need for physician's wisdom, Prof. made remarkable predictions about the diagnosis and treatment process of diseases by computer technologies. Tarhan stated that "Artificial intelligence studies that will make the patient talk, especially in the style of emotional face, will read thoughts such as fear, sadness, cheer, joy and shame from the facial expression, and as a result of that, it will report the mood of the person. This will be used in the near future. However, it is not possible for these practices to replace a therapist or a specialist. Thus, the expert will still make the final decision, however, these developments will reduce the need for wisdom. Artificial intelligence will be able to easily provide this wisdom and experience transfer. ". "Research on how brain works has increased in recent years" President of Üsküdar University, Psychiatrist Prof. attended the Symposium on in Psychology as a speaker. Tarhan made evaluations under the title of "Psychology in the Digital Age” via online participation, and drew attention to different studies on the brain in recent years and said that the brain has recently entered the range of science. Tarhan said that "As the field of psychology that deals with pathology, psychiatry is a seriously computational field. The method by which the human brain works has been within the reach field of science in recent years. The basic working model of the work of the human brain and the principle of connectivity are explained. For example, how does the heart work, what is its normal? The heart pumps, it takes blood, it makes a certain contraction, and constantly pumps. It does this 60-70 times per minute. By measuring the basic functions of the heart, it can make attempts to treat diseases. However, how the human brain works is just beginning to be understood, and more concrete and evidence-based information has emerged for about 15 to 20 years.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Lower case letters in B indicate significant differences of means between seasonsFull size imageManagement and season affected some of the leaf litter nutrient concentrations, whereby no interaction of the two factors was observed. The concentrations of P and Ca were 30% and 4%, respectively, greater in leaf litter of organically managed farms than in leaf litter of conventional farms (p < 0. 05; Table 3). Contrarily, Mg concentration of leaf litter from conventional management was 10% higher than from organic management (p < 0. 01). During the rainy season, C and N concentrations of leaf litter were 2% and 15%, respectively, higher than during the dry season. In contrast, K concentration of leaf litter in the dry season was 38% greater than in the rainy season. Table 3 Nutrient concentrations of leaf litter collected in two villages each under conventional and organic management averaged per management across seasons and averaged per season across managements for cocoa agroforests in Suhum Municipality, of GhanaFull size tableNo statistical differences of annual nutrient stocks in litterfall fractions were observed between organic and conventional management, except for K stocks in leaf litter, N, Ca, and Mg stocks in reproductive parts litter, and Ca stocks in total litterfall (Table 4). The annual quantity of K in leaf litter of farms under conventional management was 21% lower than of farms under organic management (p = 0. 03). Likewise, annual N, Ca, and Mg quantity in reproductive parts litter of farms under conventional management were 36%, 43%, and 38%, respectively, lower (p < 0. 05) than for their organic counterparts. quantity in total litterfall of organically managed farms was 13% higher (p < 0. 05) than those in conventionally managed ones. Leaf litter contributed 71% of N, 65% of P, 61% of K, 82% of Ca, and 85% of Mg to annual nutrient stocks of total litterfall. and nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and cocoa pod husk were not significantly affected by management type. and P stocks in cocoa beans were 2 and 3-fold greater than in cocoa pod husks (Table 4), the annual K and Ca stocks in cocoa pod husk were four and nine-fold, respectively, greater than those in cocoa beans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Tree rings can be used to study past forest fires by identifying scars in the wood. [SEP] Text: Les traces de feu observées comprennent des cicatrices de feu sur des arbres vivants ou morts ainsi que des charbons de bois dans les horizons organiques du sol. Les sites dépourvus de toute trace de feu sont surtout ceux qui sont entourés de grandes étendues de tourbières. Les cinq types de forêts étudiées présentent des traces d'anciens feux. La fréquence de feux la plus élevée dans les forêts de pin montre un intervalle de 81 à 90 ans; l'intervalle moyen est de 110 ans. En moyenne, il s'est écoulé 141 ans depuis le dernier feu dans les forêts de pin. Certaines des années où les feux eurent une grande importance dans la région de Muddus coïncident avec la présence de feux de forêt dans d'autres parties du nord de la Suède, dans la taïga de la Russie occidentale et en Sibérie centrale. [Traduit par le journal]Get full access to this 1984. Forest fires in the Park (northern Sweden) during the past 600 years. of Botany. 62(5): 893-898. Export 1. Landscape of ice and fire – uniquely well-preserved Scots pine trunks reveal forest fires near the retreating Weichselian ice margin Go to 2. Wildfire and prescribed burning impact moose forage availability and browsing levels in the northern boreal forest Go to 3. to to 4. Sámi Herders’ Knowledge and Forestry: of Pastures in Go to 5. Wildfire yields a distinct turnover of the beetle community in a semi-natural pine forest in northern to 6. Were medieval warm-season temperatures in Jämtland, central Scandinavian Mountains, lower than previously estimated? Go to 7. Assessing the of Sample-to Estimate the Fire Cycle: Influences of Length and to 8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: Tarhan said that "With the team we established 4-5 years ago, we plan to do fear treatment with artificial intelligence. We consider the fear of heights, the fear of insects for the study. We use artificial intelligence with VR glasses in the treatment of fear, and it works quite well in fears. There is a field of psychiatry known as preparation medicine. There, a professor of ours on the use of artificial intelligence presented the studies and results on the study of the heart and the human brain that is a thinking and learning organ, and made modeling. We already do many tests digitally, including the attention test, however, it will make the patient express themselves, and especially via the emotional face, it will read thoughts such as fear, sadness, cheer, joy and shame from the facial expression and as a result, it will report the person's mood. These are practices that will take place in the near future, however, it is not possible for AI to replace a therapist or a specialist. Thus, the expert will still make the final decision, but these developments will reduce the need for wisdom. When people get sick, they will not go door to door for their treatment, that computer will come so that it will not exist, so many physicians will be able to easily provide the latest wisdom, many transfers of experience without the need to consult a specialist. I think computer technologies and artificial intelligence will provide this. ". Üsküdar (ÜNA). Tarhan: "A pandemic of addiction awaits the world! " The book "Neuroscience: Science of Happiness" hit the shelves Author Tarhan's book 'Women's Psychology' is now a bestseller in Indonesia. . . A seminar titled "and Search for Meaning with the Mana-i Harf" was held “They competed with the motto "When ideas collide, minds win". . . Prof. Sevil Atasoy: "We used to be a transit country; however, now we became the users! " Joy of Year in Üsküdar Presentation by Üsküdar Scientists on 'Artificial intelligence and its use in psychiatric diseases' in Toronto attracted attention VPN provides secure communication with the right setup and encryption! With the panic button, driver and passenger safety increases!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2015) and cocoa agroforest in Cote d´Ivoire (Yao et al. 2021). This subsequently leads to high accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface, which increases C sequestration in the soil of cocoa agroforests (Gama-Rodrigues et al. 2010). concentrations of leaf litter in the rainy season compared with those of the dry season confirms findings of Teklay (2004). During the rainy season thunderstorms mechanically force young N rich leaves to fall, resulting in litterfall with high N content (Paudel et al. 2015) compared with more senescent leaves shed during dry season (Teklay 2004). Additionally, higher N availability of soils during the rainy season could have increased N uptake by trees (Teklay 2004). Potassium concentrations in litterfall were lower during the rainy season compared with the dry season. On one hand, K is an important osmotic agent, accumulated by plants in reaction to drought. On the other hand, growth rates of leaves are reduced during dry periods, generally leading to an increase in mineral leaf components due to concentration effects. Moreover, because K is not bound to organic compounds, it might have (partly) leached from leaves in litter traps during rainfall events (Wood et al. 2005), leading to an underestimation of K concentration in leaf litter. Additionally, the dry season is characterised by high amounts of dust deposition on the plant leaves, which has been reported to have high K concentrations (Stoorvogel et al. 1997; Dawoe et al. 2018). Shade tree composition influences litterfall quantity and quality (Triadiati et al. 2011). But despite the diversity in the species composition of shade trees between the two managements there was no difference between annual nutrient stocks. There were no N-fixing shade tree species in the investigated farms, which is is typical for the study area (Asase and Tetteh 2010). Despite the absence of shade trees, the average annual total N stocks of 125 kg ha−1 year−1 was within the range of 84–175 kg ha−1 year−1 for cocoa agroforests with Erythrina glauca Lour. and Gliricidia sepium. And this can be explained by shade tree species recovering leached N from deeper soil depths.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some mollusks, like cephalopods, are considered highly intelligent and capable of problem-solving. [SEP] Text: These search engines require that citizens find and assess relevant information on their own. Although search engines like Google contain links to a large proportion of the web, only a tiny percentage is made easily accessible to users. Unlike television or even printing, it is easy for anyone to publish their opinion to a large, potentially global, audience, but this does not imply that anyone will pay attention to this “diversity of content. ” The assumption that computer networks are more democratic, and necessarily provide a greater voice to everyone, is misguided (Halavais, Reference Greenwood2018: 101). While the distributed nature of computer networking makes it less likely that a small number of interests can control it, this does not imply that the web is a level, uniform network. Most likely, any given contribution on the web will be lost in the flood of similar efforts. While search engines make it easier to find answers to specific questions, this is done at the expense of the larger, diverse world of information and opinions. Of the millions of blogs in the blogosphere or videos on YouTube, most get viewed by only by one or two people, while a small number get millions of hits, this being far from equal access to the greater web audience (Halavais, Reference Greenwood2018: 101). Paradoxically, search engines that can retrieve enormous amounts of information are today being criticized because they oversimplify the available information when they only display a limited number of hits. A search for “staph infections” will generate a hit of about 1,200,000 pages, as health topics are popular on the Internet. The first three results, which most users will check, are from mainstream, relatively well-respected sites, but in total only 234 results are displayed. It shows that an enormous number of pages are left out. When most people use a search engine like Google, they typically only check the top ranked pages. On one side, it is necessary to select only a few results because our attention span is limited. The goal of using the search engine is to avoid the “junk” on the web and provide higher precision in the search results of the search engine. However, the hyperlinked structure tends to send the searches along the same path to the same informational sources. The result is that general-purpose search engines overrepresent the central tendency and reduce the diversity of the information when they operate in the hyperlinked structure of the web.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreateof Diets for Treatment of Diabetes: A comparison of diets for treatment of type 2 diabetes, aspects on long and short term effectsGuldbrand, Hans Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2432-3846 2015 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] BackgroundType 2 diabetes is a common disease and the prevalence has increased in large parts of the world. In treatment of diabetes the type of diet is of great importance considering metabolic factors such as glucose level and blood lipids. Which diet that is most beneficial to avoid diabetic complications has been heavily debated in recent decades. This thesis is based on two clinical studies designed to compare the effects of different macronutrients. MethodsA clinical trial was designed to compare a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) to a low-fat diet (LFD) in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Sixty-one patients at two health care centres were included and randomized to get advice to eat a LCD or a LFD. The LCD had an energy content where 50 energy percent (E%) where from fat, 20 E% from carbohydrates and 30 E% from protein. For the LFD the nutrient composition was similar to what is traditionally recommended for treatment of type 2 diabetes in Sweden. Metabolic factors, anthropometrics and questionnaires were analysed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, increasing mesh size leads to high loss of fragmented litter and removal of litter from litterbag by macro fauna (Bradford et al. 2002; Smith and Bradford 2003). The tethered-leaf technique, where leaves are tied together with a nylon string and placed on the ground has the advantage of direct contact of the material with soil micro and macro fauna without altering the microclimate (Vitousek et al. 1994). However, this method is only suitable for initial decomposition studies, as it becomes difficult to distinguish between decomposition and comminution, when fragmentation of the material occurs. These drawbacks made us use a mesh size of 2 mm which is considered to allow for most soil faunal species activities in the bag (Li et al. 2015). Although not significant, our results of higher litter decomposition rate under organic management confirm the observation of higher decomposition of untreated cocoa leaves compared with those treated with pesticides (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018; Asigbaase et al. 2020). The higher decomposition rate of cocoa leaves under organic management compared to conventional management may thus be due to the restriction of herbicides and pesticides in certified organic agriculture. Agrochemicals are well known to have adverse effects on the growth and population density of macro decomposers such as ants and earthworms (García-Pérez et al. 2016; Masoni et al. 2017) as well as on bacteria, and fungal populations (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). An indirect effect of agrochemicals on litter decomposition is their ability to alter the chemical composition of the litter or microclimate of the decomposition subsystem. The slower weight loss under conventional management coupled with faster P, Ca, and Mg release was similar to findings of Hendrix and Parmelee (1985) on John grass leaves (Sorghum halepense L. ) treated with paraquat and glyphosate. Similarly, da Costa et al. (2019) reported on average 34% higher Mg and Ca release rates from Crotalaria spectabilis sprayed with glyphosate. According to Mertens et al. (2018) these pesticides contain chelating agents with the ability to bind P, Ca, and Mg from litter. Thus it is likely that high P, Ca, and Mg release rates under conventional management were triggered by the use of pesticides such as glyphosate and roundup.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bivalves, such as clams and mussels, use their shells to filter-feed by drawing in water. [SEP] Text: Feedbacks from Filter Feeders: Review on the Role of Mussels in Cycling and Storage of Nutrients in Oligo- Meso- and book PDF Download book 6,7, Øivind Strand6, Wouter van Broekhoven7,8, Tore Strohmeier6, Marc C. Verdegem8 & …Aad C. Smaal7,8 Show authors 18k Accesses 8 10. 1007/978-3-319-96776-9_28 AbstractCultured and wild bivalve stocks provide ecosystem services through regulation of nutrient dynamics; both by regeneration of nutrients that become available again for phytoplankton production (positive feedback), and by extraction of nutrients through filtration and storage in tissue (negative feedback). Consequently, bivalves may fulfil a role in water quality management. The magnitude of regulating services by filter feeding bivalves varies between coastal ecosystems. This review uses the blue mussel as a model species and evaluates how cultured mussel stocks regulate nutrient dynamics in oligo- meso- and eutrophic ecosystems. We thereby examine (i) the eco-physiological response of mussels, and (ii) the positive and negative feedback mechanisms between mussel stocks and the surrounding ecosystem. Mussel culture in nutrient-poor areas (deep Norwegian fjords) are compared with cultures in other coastal systems with medium- to rich nutrient conditions. It was found that despite differences in eco-physiological rates under nutrient-poor conditions (higher clearance, lower egestion, similar excretion and tissue storage rates), the proportion of nutrients regenerated was similar between (deep) nutrient-poor and (shallow) nutrient-rich areas. Of the filtered nutrients, 40–50% is regenerated and thus made available again for phytoplankton growth, and 10–50% of the filtered nutrients is stored in tissue and could be removed from the system by harvest. A priori, we inferred that as a consequence of low background nutrient levels, mussels would potentially have a larger effect on ecosystem functioning in nutrient-poor systems and/or seasons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: To study postprandial effects a trial was designed to compare three different diets. Twentyone patients with type 2 diabetes were included to in randomized order test the three types of diets on separate test days. On each test day the patients were served breakfast and lunch and blood samples were taken at six times these days. Glucose, lipids and hormones were analysed. ResultsThere were equal weight reduction in the two groups in the first trial during the two-year study period. At six month when compliance was good according to diet-records, the glucose level (HbA1c) was lowered and the HDL-cholesterol was increased in the LCD group. The inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-1Ra were significantly lower in the LCD group than in the LFD group. At 12 months the physical function, bodily pain and general health scores improved within the LCD group only. In the second trial the postprandial glucose and insulin levels were lower on the LCD compared to the LFD. However, the LCD resulted in a tendency to higher postprandial triglyceride levels. type of diet with all energy intake at lunch resulted in a more pronounced insulin response and a glucose level at lunch similar to that of the low-fat diet. The increase-ratio of insulin correlated to the elevation of the incretin glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). ConclusionsIn the two-year study we found benefits for the LCD group regarding glucose control and insulin doses. Furthermore, only the LCD was found to improve the subclinical inflammatory state and there were some aspects of improved well-being in this group. Aiming for 20% of energy intake from carbohydrates is safe with respect to cardiovascular risk factors compared with the traditional LFD and this approach could constitute a treatment alternative. In the postprandial state, the LCD induced lower insulin and glucose excursions than the LFD but at the same time a tendency of higher triglycerides. The long-term significance needs to be further examined. The accumulation of caloric intake from breakfast to lunch to a single large Mediterranean-style lunch-meal in type 2 diabetes might be advantageous from a metabolic perspective. Place, publisher, year, edition, pagesLinköping: Linköping Press, 2015. , p.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: We also conclude that spreading of cocoa pods husks in farms after harvest, particularly if composted or charred, can improve the internal carbon and nutrient cycle of cocoa agroforestry systems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bivalves, such as clams and mussels, use their shells to filter-feed by drawing in water. [SEP] Text: Abstract in Chinese养殖及野生的双壳类动物通过调节环境营养物质动力学过程来提供生态系统服务:其中包括向环境释放营养物质促进浮游植物生长(正反馈)以及通过滤食将环境中的营养物质转化为软组织进行储存(负反馈)。因此,双壳贝类可以作为水质调控的工具物种发挥作用。 双壳贝类滤食所产生的调节作用与效果因所处不同的近岸生态系统而异。本文以紫贻贝为参考物种,阐述了养殖的贻贝种群如何调控不同营养水平的生态系统营养动力过程。内容包括:贻贝的生态生理响应;不同种群数量的贻贝与周围生态系统之间的正负

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: 002 and p = 0. 020 within groups, respectively). HbA(1c) fell in the LCD group only (LCD at 6 months -4. 8 ± 8. 3 mmol/mol, p = 0. 004, at 12 months -2. 2 ± 7. 7 mmol/mol, p = 0. 12; LFD at 6 months -0. 9 ± 8. 8 mmol/mol, p = 0. 56). At 6 months, HDL-cholesterol had increased with the LCD (from 1. 13 ± 0. 33 mmol/l to 1. 25 ± 0. 47 mmol/l, p = 0. 018) while LDL-cholesterol did not differ between groups. Insulin doses were reduced in the LCD group (0 months, LCD 42 ± 65 E, LFD 39 ± 51 E; 6 months, LCD 30 ± 47 E, LFD 38 ± 48 E; p = 0. 046 for between-group change). /: Weight changes did not differ between the diet groups, while insulin doses were reduced significantly more with the LCD at 6 months, when compliance was good. Thus, aiming for 20% of energy intake from carbohydrates is safe with respect to cardiovascular risk compared with the traditional LFD and this approach could constitute a treatment alternative. : ClinicalTrials. gov NCT01005498 : of Linköping Research Funds, Linköping University, the of Östergötland, and the Centre of Linköping University. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages Springer, 2012 KeywordsBlood glucose – Dietary intervention – HDL-cholesterol – LDL-cholesterol – Low-carbohydrate diet – Type 2 diabetes Medical and Identifiersurn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78537 (URN)10. 1007/s00125-012-2567-4 (DOI)000306122600006 ()22562179 (PubMedID) Available from: 2012-06-14 Created: 2012-06-14 Last updated: 2021-10-04Bibliographically approved 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: and edited by Çagan H. Sekercioglu, Daniel G. Wenny and Christopher J. of Chicago Press, 2016Cloth: 978-0-226-38246-3 | Paper: 978-0-226-38263-0 | Electronic: 978-0-226-38277-7DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 001. 0001 of (paper, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) over one hundred years, ornithologists and amateur birders have jointly campaigned for the conservation of bird species, documenting not only birds’ beauty and extraordinary diversity, but also their importance to ecosystems worldwide. But while these avian enthusiasts have noted that birds eat fruit, carrion, and pests; spread seed and fertilizer; and pollinate plants, among other services, they have rarely asked what birds are worth in economic terms. Birds Matter, an international collection of ornithologists, botanists, ecologists, conservation biologists, and environmental economists seeks to quantify avian ecosystem services—the myriad benefits that birds provide to humans. The first book to approach ecosystem services from an ornithological perspective, Matter asks what economic value we can ascribe to those services, if any, and how this value should inform conservation. 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0001[avian ecosystem function;economic ornithology;ecosystem services;cultural services;provisioning services;regulating services;supporting services]Ecosystem services are those aspects of the earth that benefit humans. of the identified four classes of ecosystem services: provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and fiber; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling. Interest in both the positive and negative roles of birds spurred development of Economic Ornithology, which investigated the food, habits, and migrations of birds in relation to both insects and plants. Although the discipline was initially greeted enthusiastically, criticism of methods and skepticism regarding conclusions grew in the early 20th century.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bivalves, such as clams and mussels, use their shells to filter-feed by drawing in water. [SEP] Text: 反馈机制。我们对贫营养地区(挪威深海峡湾)的养殖贻贝与其他沿海中等营养水平和富营养状况下的养殖贻贝进行了比较。结果表明,尽管在营养不良条件下,贻贝的摄食生态生理效率存在差异(更高的滤食率,较低的排粪率,相似的排泄和组织储存效率),但是在营养贫乏水域(水深较深)和营养充足水域(水深较浅),贻贝向环境释放的营养物质的比例大致相同。在被滤食的营养物质中,大约40-50%再生并被浮游植物生长利用,大约10-50%的滤食营养物质被储存在组织中,通过收获从生态系统中移出。种种迹象表

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat dietOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat dietJonasson, LenaLinköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Cardiology in Linköping. Guldbrand, HansLinköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, in West Östergötland, Care in Motala. Lundberg, Anna KLinköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Nyström, Fredrik HLinköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology. 2014 (English)In: Annals of Medicine, ISSN 0785-3890, E-ISSN 1365-2060, Vol. 46, no 3, p. 182-1872. 15 (1. 65-4. 27) versus 3. 39 (2. 25-4. 79) pg/mL, both P < 0. 05. : To conclude, advice to follow LCD or LFD had similar effects on weight reduction while effects on inflammation differed. Only LCD was found significantly to improve the subclinical inflammatory state in type 2 diabetes. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages Informa Healthcare, 2014 Identifiersurn:nbn:se:liu:diva-107718 (URN)10. 3109/07853890. 2014.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Keeping in mind the eventual demise of in the early 20th century, efforts to revitalize the field today must be rigorous, repeatable, with a focus on tangible measures of plant yield in managed systems and plant fitness in natural systems. Cost-benefit analysis may permit evaluation of bird contributions to ecosystem service and disservice with respect to alternative mechanisms that are available (e. g. , bird predation versus pesticides for pest control). Efforts that permit scaling up from experimental plots to entire ecosystems are critical. (pages 1 - 26)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0002[ecosystem services;commodification;ethics;values;monetization;valuation]Birds are valuable intrinsically and instrumentally. Their instrumental values include use values, such as for hunting purposes, and non-use-values, such as for recreation, aesthetic value, and for delivering ecosystem services that help sustain and fulfill human life. If ornithologists, conservations, and economists can help individuals and institutions recognize the value of birds, this will increase investments in bird conservation while fostering human well-being. A surge in interest in environmental and ecological economics has thrust ecosystem services to the forefront of conservation science and policy, and ornithologists must engage in this work to advance bird conservation effectively. Documenting the values and services of birds is necessary for deliberative decision-making processes that collectively weigh economic, cultural, and intrinsic values. Here, we describe methods to quantify the economic value of biodiversity drawn from the field of environmental economics, and we briefly review several examples involving birds. Policies for markets and/or payments for bird services are still in their infancy, but we review how policies of other public ecosystem services have progressed and we discuss their relevance to bird conservation. Lastly, we identify directions for future ecological and economic research that may lead to advances in bird conservation policy. (pages 27 - 48)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0003[agroecosystems;bottom-up interactions;foundation species;pest control;top-down interaction;trophic cascade;trophic interaction networks]Birds function within their ecosystems in ways that include many direct and indirect chains of trophic interaction. In some interaction chains, birds exert top-down effects in “trophic cascades.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bivalves, such as clams and mussels, use their shells to filter-feed by drawing in water. [SEP] Text: Physiological processes are generally studied at the level of the organism (Dame 1996; Gosling 2015), but extrapolating “average” individual rates to yield population estimates neglects community specific effects such as refiltration or metabolic activity of associated fauna and microbial decomposition of organic material on mussel cultures (Richard et al. 2006; Jansen et al. 2011). The second section of this review evaluates interactions between mussel cultivation and the surrounding ecosystem with particular reference to ecosystem services and impacts. To this end, the positive and negative feedback mechanisms of mussel culture on phytoplankton are compared between areas spanning a gradient from nutrient-poor to nutrient-rich. At last, perspectives on the role of mussel cultivation on nutrient cycling are provided. 2 Mussels as Intermediaries in (Eco-Physiology)The major eco-physiological pathways in which mussels interact with coastal nutrient cycling are; (i) filtration of seston (particulate nutrients) from the water column, (ii) nutrient storage in mussel tissue (assimilation), and growth, (iii) excretion of inorganic metabolic waste products, and (iv) production and mineralization of biodeposits (reviews by Prins et al. 1998; Newell 2004). The mussel Mytilus edulis is one of the most studied bivalves in terms of its eco-physiological responses (Bayne 1998; Shumway 2011; Gosling 2015). These studies have shown that mussels tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, facilitated by a remarkable plasticity of their physiological responses. This physiological plasticity can vary between populations, among individuals of the same population, and due to seasonal changes and variation in the natural environment (Hawkins and Bayne 1992; Shumway 2011). In the following section eco-physiological rates are reviewed for mussels as a function of trophic status of the culture environment, thereby specifically addressing differences between individual and community scale measurements. 2. 1 FiltrationBivalve feeding has been extensively studied at the level of individual animals (see review by Cranford et al. 2011). Strohmeier et al. (2009, 2015) showed that mussels can display high feeding rates and high net absorption efficiencies under oligotrophic and low seston conditions despite contradicting feeding paradigms for mussels; Table 9. 1 and the review by Cranford et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: 894286 (DOI)000335584000011 ()24779961 (PubMedID) Available from: 2014-06-19 Created: 2014-06-19 Last updated: 2018-01-11Bibliographically approved 3. Randomization to a low-carbohydrate diet advice improves health related quality of life compared with a low-fat diet at similar weight-loss in Type 2 diabetes mellitusOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Randomization to a low-carbohydrate diet advice improves health related quality of life compared with a low-fat diet at similar weight-loss in Type 2 diabetes mellitusGuldbrand, HansLinköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, in West Östergötland, Care in Motala. Lindström, TorbjörnLinköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology. Dizdar, B. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Bunjaku, B. Östergötlands Läns Landsting. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östgren, Carl JohanLinköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, in West Östergötland, Care. Nyström, Fredrik H. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology. Bachrach-Lindström, MargaretaLinköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Show others. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: ” These occur when a predatory species directly reduces its prey abundance and consequently indirectly releases suppression of species at lower trophic levels. Many bird species initiate trophic cascades in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and in natural and agro-ecosystems. Services provided by birds through trophic cascades benefit humans primarily through pest control in natural forests, forestry plantations, fruit orchards, and a variety of crop-based agro-ecosystems. Cascade strength may be affected by predator prey specificity, redundancy, species diversity, and productivity. Some birds influence ecosystem function both through either bottom up interactions or through intermediate trophic positions within interaction networks. These effects can also reverberate through trophic webs. Global change, including anthropogenic perturbation, may lead to a loss of ecosystem services, including seed dispersal and pollination services by birds. These losses may cause declines keystone or foundation plant species, resulting in losses in biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. We conclude with suggestions for future research needs on bird ecosystem services, particularly in light of global change. (pages 49 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0004[avian pollination;gene flow;inbreeding depression;pollen limitation;pollination;seed limitation]Avian pollination is thought to be less prevalent and less at risk than avian seed-dispersal. The extent of recently revealed bird pollination that does not conform to the classic ornithophily-nectarivore template suggests this mutualism may be cryptic and more prevalent than considered to date. Widespread anthropogenic disturbance has disproportionately impacted the connections between birds and flowers, so that bird pollination may be systematically under-reported. Evidence suggests that where plants are visited by more than one pollinator guild, the relative effectiveness of birds is high compared to invertebrates. In the absence of replacement, the loss of bird pollinators has resulted in pollination failure, increased inbreeding depression, and decreased plant density. Confirmation of seed limitation in pollen-limited plants serviced by birds provides a precautionary sign of the possible long term effects of bird pollinator loss. The quality of pollination service provided by birds has important consequences for gene flow and offspring survival.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bivalves, such as clams and mussels, use their shells to filter-feed by drawing in water. [SEP] Text: (2006, 2007), on the other hand, relate the high nitrate and nitrite fluxes of suspended mussel cultures in Canada to decomposition of organic material trapped in the community matrices. Abundance and species composition of fauna associated with mussel cultures varies between seasons and farming locations, adding both temporal and spatial components to mussel farming dynamics (Cayer et al. 1999; Khalaman 2001; Richard et al. 2006; Lutz-Collins et al. 2009; Jansen et al. 2011). Jansen (2012) finds that during periods of high fouling abundance, ascidian (Ciona intestinalis) metabolism contributes up to 18% of total nitrogen released from suspended mussel culture communities. The contribution of the associated fauna to nutrient cycling cannot, therefore, be ignored. This is also acknowledged by Tang et al. (2011) who estimate that tissue carbon content of fouling ascidians is approximately 6. 4% of the carbon production in scallops in (China). A full understanding and prediction of nutrient regeneration by mussel culture communities requires more information on faunal growth, abundance, and metabolic dynamics within and across cultivation areas. 2. 4 and MineralisationBiodeposit production represents a significant pathway in bivalve nutrient cycling (Kuenzler 1961; Prins and Smaal 1994; Cranford et al. 2007). Biodeposition rates under oligotrophic conditions, as measured in the laboratory for individual mussels, are in range with, but not at the maximum rates reported for other areas, whereas the organic matter content (OM) is relatively high (Table 9. 4). The latter is likely related to high OM in the food source (~60–70%; Strohmeier et al. 2009, 2015) and the fact that pseudofaeces production is mostly absent under oligotrophic conditions. Seasonal fluctuations in biodeposition rates seem related to changes in food quantity and quality, rather than to temperature (Jansen et al. 2012b). This is consistent with Strohmeier et al. (2009), who suggest that the feeding response to low food concentrations (i. e. oligotrophic conditions) is likely the determining factor for total ingestion, rather than temperature. Table 9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: AbstractObjectiveMany weight loss strategies are based on the restriction of calories or certain foods. Here, we tested a weight loss intervention based solely on increasing the regularity of meals to allow the circadian system to optimally prepare food metabolism for these times. Participants & MethodsIn a two-group, single center randomized-controlled single-blind study (pre-registration DRKS00021419) with participants aged 18-65 years and BMI ≥ 22 kg/m², we used a smartphone application to identify the times at which each participant eats particularly frequently and asked participants of the experimental group to restrict their meals to only these times for six weeks. Control participants received sham treatment. Primary outcome was self-reported body weight/BMI and secondary outcome the well-being of participants. ResultsOf 148 participants entering the study, 121 were randomized and of these 100 (control: 33, experimental: 67) finished the study. Our results show that the more regular the meals of participants of the experimental group became, the more weight/BMI they lost, averaging 2. 62 kg (0. 87 kg/m²); p < 0. 0001 (BMI: p < 0. 0001) compared to an insignificant weight loss of 0. 56 kg (0. 20 kg/m²) in the control group; p = 0. 0918 (BMI: p = 0. 0658). Strikingly, weight loss was not related to changes in self-reported calories, food composition, and other food-related factors. Additionally, physical and mental well-being improved significantly. ConclusionIn summary, increasing the regularity of meals causes participants to lose excess body weight and improves overall well-being. HighlightsIndividual optimal times for meals are determined via an app-based meal diary. Generation of a structure plan for mealtimes are adjusted to individual circadian clocks. Following this plan, participants lost an average body weight of 2. 6 kg over six weeks. Weight loss is achieved without changes in self-reported food quantity or composition. Regular mealtimes contribute to the improvement of the general well-being. 1. IntroductionCircadian clocks induce endogenous 24-hour rhythms in the expression of more than half of all genes across all tissues [1, 2], allowing the body to anticipate daily changes between day and night and to prepare and harmonize physiological processes accordingly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Pollen limitation experiments suggest that bird-pollinated plants in New Zealand, the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Africa suffer similar levels of pollen limitation, and are typically more strongly pollen-limited than insect-pollinated plants. Thus, bird-pollination appears to be under-reported, hard to replace and at greater risk of failure than currently assumed. (pages 73 - 106)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0005[frugivores;seed dispersal;ecosystem services]Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds is a globally important ecosystem service. Nearly 4000 bird species have been observed eating fruit and collectively these species likely disperse seeds of at least 68,000 plants. The types of fruits eaten by birds are structurally diverse but fall into three functional groups, multi-seeded berries, few-seeded drupes, and single-seeded arils in dehiscent structures. Birds disperse primarily tree and shrub seeds, but also disperse the seeds of lianas, herbaceous plants, epiphytes, and hemiparasites. Through seed dispersal, birds are important drivers of plant community dynamics and therefore are essential in supporting many of the ecosystem services that those habitats and their constituent species provide. While much research on seed dispersal by birds has focused on the more frugivorous species, most of the bird species that eat fruit do so seasonally or only occasionally and the seed dispersal roles of most of these species are not well understood. Through their sheer numbers, opportunistic, generalist and/or occasional frugivores may be ecologically important in some ecosystems, but their influence has been little studied. Current trends in habitat loss and other human impacts, especially in the tropics, are threatening larger species of frugivores and the large-seeded plants only these birds disperse. (pages 107 - 146)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bivalves, such as clams and mussels, use their shells to filter-feed by drawing in water. [SEP] Text: These are shallow estuaries/bays with high mussel cultivation activity, as indicated by the high relative mussel density (2-6 g DW m−3, Table 9. 9). This analysis of positive and negative feedback mechanisms of mussels acting on phytoplankton growth (Fig. 9. 4) addresses some consequences of mussel populations for ecosystem functioning, but it is based on a static approach. However, marine systems are complex, and suspended organic matter and inorganic nutrient concentrations are subject to physical, biochemical and eco-physiological processes and fluctuate over both temporal and spatial scales. It should be noted that the literature presented here represents integrated annual values, whereas in fact most of the parameters fluctuate over temporal scales. Prins and Smaal (1994) address the importance of seasonality in terms of the contribution of mussels to nutrient regeneration in the Oosterschelde, demonstrating that mussel beds could account for almost half of the total DIN regeneration of the system, but only during summer when nutrients are limiting. Similarly, Jansen et al. (2011) demonstrate that at the scale of one mussel farm in a Norwegian fjord, the contribution of mussels to the inorganic nutrient pool is insignificant during winter conditions but substantial during summer. This is a result of the combination of low nutrient concentrations (nutrient limitation) in the ambient water, high metabolic activity of the mussel population, and high biomass and metabolic activity of fouling organisms. 4 Perspective on the of Mussels in Nutrient-Poor and Nutrient-AreasThe extent to which bivalve suspension feeders fulfil a regulative role varies between coastal ecosystems (Dame and Prins 1998). Trophic status (nutrient-poor to nutrient-rich) of a system influences the regulating potential for mussels in two ways: (1) the eco-physiological response may vary as a function of ambient nutrient (and thus food) concentrations, and (2) nutrient regeneration has a proportionally greater effect when ambient concentrations are low. 4. 1 Physiological ResponseThe high feeding rates observed in oligotrophic areas suggest that the physiological response of mussels under low nutrient conditions may differ from areas with higher nutrient concentrations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: However, this requires exposure to very regular environmental time cues, so-called Zeitgebers, such as food. Thus, on the one hand, the circadian system contributes to the optimization of food metabolism; on the other hand, the intake of food serves as a potent Zeitgeber. Both mouse and human studies have shown the negative consequences of circadian disturbances on metabolism, body weight [3–11], and also mental health [12–14] and demonstrated that restriction of meals to certain time spans of the day can counteract these harmful effects [15–19]. However, previous human studies merely established rough periods during which participants could still eat irregularly. We expect that the success of previous interventions can be further improved by determining each participant’s eating time profile and creating a personalized meal plan accordingly, even if participants continue to eat large meals. Therefore, the primary aim is to individually determine and set optimal times for food intake and to correlate the reduction of mealtime variability with alterations in body weight. For control subjects, we specified a long 18-h window during which they could continue to eat irregularly. We include participants of Index (BMI) classifications normal to extremely obese to test whether participants who exceed normal BMIs particularly benefit from the intervention. Because of the impact of circadian clocks on other body functions, we further hypothesize that regular food intake contributes to an overall improvement in well-being, such as the subjective feeling of general health, sleep quality, affective state, and self-efficacy. Since the program focuses on meal times and, unlike many other dietary programs, explicitly does not aim to limit calories or certain types of food, we have named it “Time to Eat” (Fig. S1A). 2. Results2. 1. ParticipantsA total of 148 participants were recruited. Of these, 121 were randomly allocated to the experimental group (EG) (n=79) and the control group (CG) (n=42) (Fig. S1B), which had non-significantly different mean BMIs of 25. 9 (SD: ± 4. 138) (CG) and 27. 5 (SD: ± 4. 627) (EG) (Tab. S1). At the end of the intervention (T2), data were available from 100 participants (EG: n=67, CG: n=33).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 0006[diaspore;endozoochory;epizoochory;external transport;gut passage;internal transport;passive seed dispersal;seed traits;shorebirds;waterfowl]Ducks, shorebirds, rails, gulls and other waterbirds act as vectors of seeds, spores and other plant diaspores carried internally in their guts, externally on their feathers, feet or bills, or used as nesting material. Darwin was the first to understand the significance of dispersal by migratory waterbirds in plant evolution, biogeography and ecology. Countless aquatic and terrestrial plants are dependent on dispersal by waterbirds for long-distance dispersal, and this has probably been the case since the Cretaceous. However, plant ecologists and waterfowl biologists alike have been slow to recognize the importance of this dispersal mode as an ecosystem service. Seed dispersal by waterbirds plays a vital role in plant population dynamics, population genetics and changes in species distributions in response to habitat change and climate warming. On the other hand, waterbirds also spread alien species, and their role as vectors should be taken into account when considering how to prevent and manage biological invasions. (pages 147 - 195)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0007[corvidae;coevolution;human commensal;regeneration;scatter hoarding;seed storage]Birds of the family Corvidae, which comprise the familiar jays, magpies, crows, ravens, and their allies, occur nearly worldwide. They include species that are common human commensals in urban and rural landscapes, as well as species that occupy more remote wildlands. Many corvids store excess food for later use, preventing access by conspecifics or other competitors and concealing it in hiding places such as crevices and under objects, but also by burying food under soil, litter, or other substrate. For seed-eaters, which are predominantly granivorous corvids, seeds are moved away from parent trees, and prolonged storage may frequently lead to seed germination and plant regeneration. These granivorous corvids are often scatter-hoarders, placing one or more seeds in many different locations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotanists often conduct fieldwork to document indigenous knowledge about plant use. [SEP] Text: +PovertySchoolsYouth/YAAll5 Things to and FamiliesBlog& FamiliesNov 1 2023476. 6 million Indigenous people live across the world. Of these, more than 11. 3 million are Indigenous to the present-day United States—a portion of the larger Turtle Island, land which has been known since colonization in the late 1400s as North and Central America. people from the present-day include 9. 7 million people who identify as (AIAN) and 1. 6 million who identify as (NHPI). Within the AIAN population, an estimated 92,000 people further identify as Taíno descendants from Puerto Rico. An additional 135,564 people identify as NHPI from the territories of Guam, American Samoa, and the Islands. in the existed prior to colonization and today are comprised of 574 federally recognized Tribal Nations, additional state-recognized Nations, and Nations who either lost federal recognition or have never been granted state or federal recognition and remain unrecognized. All of these Peoples carry (also referred to as or—because each has its own culture, history, and Knowledge—in the plural form as Knowledges). is held in stories, songs, place names, values, and languages and is passed down intergenerationally from Elders to children and youth. cannot be separated from the who have developed their Knowledge (each Peoples has its own Knowledge) over millennia. is 1) based on millennia of observations, 2) temporal and place-based, 3) living, 4) kinship-based, and 5) wholistic —with an added “w” to emphasize that it wholly encompasses all things, covering all areas of human life such as medicine, culture, and spirituality, as well as extensive Knowledge of ecology. Additionally, it is based on Indigenous epistemologies (ways of knowing), ontologies (understandings of nature, human existence, and being), and axiologies (values, value judgements, and ethics). Populations that are inherently sovereign and existed prior to colonization and invasion. They underwent colonization and dispossession of their lands and are culturally, linguistically, and ethnically distinct from colonizing societies. is living, holistic, relational, spiritual, temporal, and spatial; is drawn from evidence and observations; promotes sustainability; and has been passed down both orally and in written form.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Their baseline data indicate that participants in both groups were, on average, overweight according to BMI classification, with the included CG participants having a BMI 25. 5 (SD: ± 3. 827) and being slightly less overweight, on average, than the analyzed EG participants with a BMI of 27. 4 (SD: ± 4. 616) (Tab. S1). There were no significant BMI differences between completers and drop-outs in either group (Fig. S2A, Tab. S2). Reasons for drop-outs were, according to self-report, illness/accident during the study and unwillingness or failure to adhere to fixed meal times. 2. 2. Improvement of meal time regularityAll study participants were asked to record each caloric event during a 14-day exploration and a six-week intervention phase (Fig. 1A, B, S1C). During the exploration and intervention phases, a total of 13,838 and 34,564 caloric events were recorded from completers, respectively. Most EG participants were assessed as having three eating times (n=53), some reported eating four meals (n=13), and one had two main meals per day. The average MTVS for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and total meals of the exploration phase of both groups was around 4, which corresponds to a daily deviation of ∼120 min for each meal. In the EG group, mean scores improved to less than to 2 during the intervention phase, corresponding to a mean deviation of less than ± 30min (Fig. 1C, D, Tab. S3). In contrast, in the CG group, there was no improvement but some significant increase of the MTVS. Fig. 1:Improvement in regularity of meals, body weight changes, and correlation between loss of body weight and regularity of eating meals. (A, B) Times of day of caloric events of 15 representative participants of the EG (A) and the CG (B) during the two-week exploration phase (left) and the six-week intervention phase (right). Each point represents a caloric event. (C, D) Change in MTVS of participants in the CG (gray) and EG (cyan) of breakfast, lunch, and dinner (C) and of all meals combined (D), including snacks, if snacks were taken.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Several corvid species are dependable seed dispersers for various woody plant taxa, and particularly pines, oaks, beeches and chestnuts, resulting in coevolution and coadaptation. Seed-storing corvid species help shape forest composition and distribution across landscapes, facilitate response to changing climate, and regenerate communities after disturbance. Examples illustrate economic valuation of corvid seed dispersal services and demonstrate how declining seed dispersal services of an obligate corvid mutualist for a widespread forest tree already have apparent consequences. (pages 196 - 234)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0008[carrion;diclofenic;facultative scavenging;obligate scavenging;vultures]Carrion is a unique food resource compared to live prey, and animal species are adapted to using carrion to varying degrees. Across all climates, ecosystems, and habitats, most carcasses are used at least in part by vertebrates—relatively few are completely decomposed by insects and microbes. Birds are particularly well adapted to scavenging, especially the Old- and New-World vultures, the only known obligate vertebrate scavengers. Numerous studies, many conducted over the past decade, have demonstrated the importance of scavengers in maintaining ecosystem stability, providing public health benefits to humans, and many other important industry and cultural services. Avian scavengers face many challenges in the modern world, such as poisoning, climate change, habitat destruction, and man-made obstructions such as power lines and wind farms. As a response, scientists, conservation groups, governments, and other advocates for healthy scavenger populations have made strides recently in conserving these animals. However, much work is still needed to globally preserve the important services provided by avian scavengers for future generations. (pages 235 - 270)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0009[seabirds;nutrient dynamics;nutrient cycle;ecosystem services;nutrient transport;phosphorus;nitrogen;ecosystem;human-dominated ecosystem]In this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotanists often conduct fieldwork to document indigenous knowledge about plant use. [SEP] Text: not only helps Indigenous people adapt but, as a documentation of changes over millennia, provides a timeline of change in the Arctic regarding climate change. is also spatial, as Indigenous people are land-based and their Knowledge is grounded in what they see around them. is also place-based, as live off the land and have extensive understanding of local ecology. Indigenous children grow up learning connections to land and place through subsistence practices, which serve as a cultural protective factor that brings them well-being. 3is living. is intergenerational and grounded in evidence through observation; as a result, it is living and not static. As people observe and learn, their Peoples’ body of Knowledge grows and they change their behavior based on the new knowledge. may include technological advances, plant and animal harvesting periods, the number of eggs to take from a bird nest, and so much more. However, while this growth in Knowledge occurs, it is not necessarily in a linear fashion. see all parts of life as connected: Action x does not only lead to y, but instead has extensive impact on many outcomes (for example, on z—but also on a, b, and c). This concept is passed to children and youth so they can learn to survive and thrive in their environments. For example, this dynamic approach to relationships is seen in Indigenous approaches to salmon stewardship across the grounded in reciprocity, nurturance, and kinship. 4is kinship-based. concept of relationality means that nothing is objective or alone. All things are in interaction with one another, including humans and the natural world. This contrasts to human exceptionalism, as practiced in many Western and/or capitalist societies, which separates humans from the natural world. Instead of being separate, understand relationality through kinship and an understanding that plants, waters, trees, lands, and animals are relatives and ancestors. This perspective extends beyond relationships to also encompass stewardship and is central to an Indigenous nurturance approach to land and water management: It does not compromise any life and promotes a sustainable existence for all life. This approach for some Indigenous communities (like the Haudenosaunee Confederacy) is grounded in the perspective that people living now must leave the earth healthy and well so that it can sustain the next seven generations of children to come.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: (H) Significant correlation between change in BMI, baseline BMI, and improvement in MTVS. Individuals with higher BMI benefit more from similar improvements in MTVS (shades of data points) than individuals with lower BMI in EG participants. Multiple regression, n=67, * p ≤ 0. 05, ** p ≤ 0. 01. Detailed statistics in Tab. S9. 2. 3. Weight changeDuring the exploration phase, when no instructions on eating times were given, CG and EG participants had a statistically non-significant average loss of 0. 17 kg (0. 06 kg/m²) and 0. 21 kg (0. 06 kg/m²), respectively (Figs. 1E, S2B-F, Tabs. S4, 5). However, during the intervention phase, when EG participants took their meals more regularly, they lost an average of about 2. 6 kg (95% CI [-2. 906, -1. 915]) and 0. 81 kg/m² (95% CI [-0. 9729, -0. 6420]) (Figs. 1E, S2B-E, Tabs. S4, 5), which translates to an average weight loss of 0. 40 kg (0. 145 kg/m²) per week during the intervention. In contrast, weight and BMI changes of -0. 39 kg (95% CI [-0. 9125, 0. 1307]) and -0. 14 kg/m² (95% CI [-0-3152, 0. 0304]), respectively, were not significant in the CG (Figs. 1E, S2B, C, F, Tabs. S4, 5), resulting in a significant difference in weight loss between groups at the end of the intervention (Figs. 1F, S2C, Tab. S5). The inclusion of the last available weight and BMI data of the drop-outs in an end-point analysis did not lead to any notable change in this result (Fig. S2G, Tab. S5). Four weeks after the intervention ended, all participants were contacted again for a follow-up assessment. 34 of the 67 EG participants reported to have maintained the regularity of their meals and continued to lose body weight significantly, on average another 1. 12 kg (95% CI [-1. 479, -0. 7626]) and 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 0010[beetle regulation;biodiversity;deadwood;ecosystem services;engineers;heartwood fungus;keystone species;saproxylic;secondary cavity nesters;woodpeckers]Woodpeckers are prominent examples of ecosystem engineers because they excavate cavities in woody plant tissue, transforming habitat in ways that create shelter for other cavity-dwelling organisms. While the potential keystone role of woodpeckers in cavity-nesting bird communities is well documented, less is known about the importance of their feeding activity. Many woodpecker species drill holes in wood and consume numerous saproxylic insects; and some create sap wells that provide a rich food source for other sap-feeding organisms. Through their cavity-excavating and feeding activity, woodpeckers likely contribute significantly to decomposition cycles, food webs, and biodiversity in forest ecosystems. As with most birds, however, the ecological impacts of woodpeckers have rarely been quantified in terms of the ecosystem services they provide. We discuss the ecosystem services provided by woodpeckers and point out knowledge gaps and research needs that must be addressed before full valuation of these services can be carried out. (pages 298 - 320)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0011[agricultural areas;agroforests;ecosystem services;frugivores;granivores;insectivores;nectarivores;omnivores;primary forests;species richness]Although most bird species avoid agricultural areas, nearly a third of all birds regularly to occasionally use such habitats, often providing important ecosystem services like pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal. Combining literature review with large-scale analyses of the ecological characteristics of the world’s birds, I compared tropical bird species that prefer forests, agricultural areas or both, with respect to body mass, diet, range and population size, frequency, conservation status, habitat and resource specialization. Compared to primary forests, species richness of large frugivorous and insectivorous birds (especially terrestrial and understorey species) often decline in agroforests. In contrast, nectarivores, small-to medium insectivores (especially migrants and canopy species), omnivores, and sometimes granivores and small frugivores do better, frequently by tracking seasonal resources.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotanists often conduct fieldwork to document indigenous knowledge about plant use. [SEP] Text: The THPs and IKHs are commonly known to be the custodian holders of indigenous knowledge. They also have a particular value of wisdom and influence in issues that are of indigenous health care. 6 Accordingly, they are commonly consulted privately to establish the origins of illnesses and prediction of treatment success, especially as a first line of care or when western medicine is failing. It can be argued that the multicultural beliefs and practices make it necessary to explore and understand the perspectives in dysmenorrhea meaning, as it might offer insights that have been neglected by the Western health care system. Understanding indigenous perspectives of dysmenorrhea meaning from its practitioners is a high priority for individuals, communities, healthcare systems and government because it might provide effective ways to deal with illnesses and health promotion at the primary healthcare level. Moreover, the of Health (NDoH) in has taken firm steps in transforming and recognizing indigenous health since the end of apartheid. 7 Currently few studies have explored the indigenous perspectives of dysmenorrhea. 8–10 Further, none of the studies have provided comprehensive information on the indigenous meaning of dysmenorrhea in which THPs and IKHs as indigenous knowers were co-researchers. Thus, women who prefer indigenous knowledge health systems can experience barriers in receiving this care if it not known and documented. A study conducted in 2017 indicated that a lack of knowledge and acceptance of indigenous healthcare disadvantages many people from accessing culturally sensitive healthcare. 11Developing understanding and acknowledging dysmenorrhea meaning from the perspectives of Batlokwa THPs and IKHs has the potential to serve as a basis for future research. This in return may lead to formulation of partnerships with indigenous health practitioners, and may contribute to development of strategies, protocols, processes, and cultural appropriate intervention programs to improve women’s health services. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to better understand and document indigenous perspectives of dysmenorrhea meaning among Batlokwa THPs and IKHs. MethodsResearch designQualitative research using a photovoice design was used to gather and explore the social and personal meanings that Batlokwa THPs and IKHs ascribe to dysmenorrhea. Photovoice is a qualitative method to be used within community based participatory research. 12 It positions participants as co-researchers since they are involved in taking photographs and making sense out of them.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: 36 kg/m² (95% CI [-0. 4907, -0. 2457]), respectively (Figs. 1E, S2B, D, E, Tabs. S4, 5). In contrast, participants who reported to have resumed irregular eating gained a significant average of 0. 48 kg (95% CI [0. 1984, 0. 7616]) and 0. 17 kg/m² (95% CI [0. 07434, 0. 2603]), respectively (Fig. 1E, S2B, D, E, Tab. S4). 2. 4. Relation between weight change and improvement in the regularity of mealsTo examine the extent to which EG participants’ weight loss was effectively related to improvements in meal regularity, we correlated changes in body weight and BMI with individual MTVS changes. Consistent with our hypothesis, a significant relationship exists between weight loss and improvement in regularity in the EG (Fig. 1G, Tab. S6). A breakdown of meals shows that increasing the regularity of lunch and dinner has the greatest effects, with no significant relationship between increasing the regularity of breakfast and weight loss (Fig. S2H, Tab. S6). In contrast, in the CG, there were no or little improvements in regularity and, accordingly, no correlation with weight/BMI changes. Further analyses revealed that all MTVS up to 3, which corresponds to a time window for meals of up to ±45 min, resulted in comparably effective weight loss, whereas the efficiency of weight loss decreases significantly with an MTVS greater than 3 (Tab. S7). 2. 5. Relation between weight change and baseline BMIA weight loss intervention which is particularly based on metabolic optimization is likely to be most effective for individuals with exceeded body weight. In fact, the higher the baseline BMI of EG participants at T1, the greater the weight loss (Fig. S2I, Tab. S6). Stratifying the subjects by baseline BMI, including the control group, confirms this result, but also shows that in all strata the BMI of EG subjects decreased more than that of CG subjects, even if they had the same initial BMI (Fig. S2J, Tab. S8). Multiple regression shows that the reduction in MTVS and baseline BMI together predict the weight loss of the participants (Fig. 1H, Tab. S9).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotanists often conduct fieldwork to document indigenous knowledge about plant use. [SEP] Text: This exercise formed unique clusters with overlapping groups of associations that helped the researcher to develop, connect and discuss themes from the photographs to form the indigenous perspectives of the dysmenorrhea meaning among Batlokwa women. In addition, all authors examined photographs and attached meanings extracted from the interview transcripts to confirm themes related to dysmenorrhea meaning. Thus, audio recordings and field notes assisted in identifying keywords and phrases related to indigenous perspectives of dysmenorrhea meanings. Thereafter, the researchers classified IKHs and THPs photos and context according to concepts identified in the individual interviews and modified Lekgotla discussion. The understanding was compiled into a report and given to the participants for review prior to dissemination. ResultsWomen were the central participants in this study. The total number of women who participated were 08. Their ages were between 28 and 89 years old. They all have indigenous knowledge in treating dysmenorrhea at Botlokwa village, Limpopo Province. Three of the women were trained THPs, and five of them acquired indigenous knowledge through oral translation and observation either from the elders in the family or community or when they were treated for dysmenorrhea. Table 1 outlines the demographic data of the participants. Table 1. Demographical data of the participants. AgePractice typeYears of practiceEducational status28 yearsTHP6 yearsTeachers diploma33 yearsIKH21 yearsTeachers diploma47 yearsIKH30 yearsAdministration certificate47 yearsIKHUnsure (Teenage years)Social worker55 yearsIKH20 yearsHigh school level63 yearsTHP27 yearsRetired nurse67 yearsIKHUnsure (Teenage years)High school level89 yearsTHP53 yearsNever schooledThe data produced were rich descriptions and narratives that were oral and visual. The central theme that emerged strongly was holistic understanding of dysmenorrhea meaning and was associated to process or journey connected to women health, the description further grouped women’s health issues together. The findings showed that the participants of Batlokwa ethnicity had their own point of view towards the meaning of dysmenorrhea, which is influenced by their cultural orientation. Holistic understanding of dysmenorrhea meaningThe presented photographs and meanings attached revealed that Batlokwa women understand dysmenorrhea as a holistic illness. Dysmenorrhea is understood as not only a physical illness, but interdependent with mental, emotional, spiritual, social, economic, and environmental factors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: These data show that regularity in meal intake can lead to a significant loss of body weight and suggest that this effect is especially pronounced in individuals with a higher BMI. 2. 6. Relation between weight change and self-reported food quantity and compositionBy restricting meals to specific times and shortening the time window in which food is eaten, it is feasible that EG participants ate less or changed food composition during the intervention phase and therefore lost weight. However, on average, the reported food energy ingested by CG and EG participants did not substantially change during the study (Fig. 2A, S2K, L, Tab. S3, 6), apart from a minor average reduction of ∼350 kJ (95% CI [-627. 6, - 67. 67]) per day in the EG (Fig. S2K, Tab. S3, 6), and did not differ between CG and the EG. As they are rather small, these differences do not add up to a significant reduction in the total average energy consumed over the course of the study. Accordingly, the determined cumulative average energy intake during the intervention phase did not differ on any day from the estimated energy intake based on an extrapolation of the cumulative food consumption during the exploration phase, neither in the CG nor in the EC group (Fig. 2B). Nevertheless, there were some participants who reported having consumed fewer calories during the intervention phase, while some also reported having ingested more calories. However, consistent with our hypothesis that high regularity of mealtimes optimizes metabolism of similar amounts of food, there is no relationship between reported changes in average daily and cumulative energy intake and change in body weight/BMI of either CG or EG participants (Fig. 2C, D, Tab. S6). Likewise, the composition of the ingested foods did not change considerably in either group, and participants reported a normal distribution of the macronutrients of fat, carbohydrate, and protein in both phases of the study (Fig. 2E, S2M). Also, there was no correlation between weight change and change in reported average daily and cumulative macronutrient intake (Fig. 2D, S2N, Tab. S6). Fig. 2:Changes in body weight/BMI are not related to changes in reported caloric intake and composition of macronutrients.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Mesh bag construction for EMF extramatrical hyphal capture FH layer substrate was collected from each treatment plot in the fall of 2008. Ten random sub-samples per plot were composited, sieved (4. 5 mm) and stored at 4 °C until use. Eleven hyphal trap bags (4. 5 × 3. 5 cm) were constructed for each treatment plot (99 bags in total) using 50 μm mesh (NITEX 03-50/31; Sefar Inc. , ). Each bag was filled with 15 g FH substrate, heat-sealed and then sterilized by gamma irradiation with a total dose of 6 Mrad (2 × 3 Mrad with a 1 week resting interval). Post irradiation, bags were stored at 4 °C for an 8-week stabilization period to minimize residual enzyme activity (Lensi et al. , 1991). Substrate from one bag from each plot was serially diluted in monopotassium phosphate buffer, plated in triplicate on modified Melin–Norkrans or tryptic soy agar plates (Phillips et al. , 2006) and incubated for 1 month to assess for fungal or bacterial contamination, respectively. No bacterial or fungal growth was observed on culture plates after 1 month of incubation, indicating that two consecutive doses of irradiation effectively eliminated residual spores. Irradiation did not significantly change the pH of the substrates. Another sub-sample of these controls was assessed for residual enzyme activity and pH. Bags intended to capture EMF but exclude saprotrophic hyphae (n=5 per plot) were placed within sand-filled plastic containers (). These containers were punched with circular holes (6 mm diameter; 28 holes per horizontal face and 10 holes per vertical face) to allow hyphal access, lined with a 50-μm NITEX mesh and filled to a depth of 1 cm with sterile silica sand (HCl acid washed and autoclaved). Substrate-containing mesh bags were placed on the sand, covered with 1 cm additional sand and then a final top layer of mesh was sealed to the initial liner using silicone sealant to form a continuous mesh envelope (1). Bags intended to capture both EMF and saprotrophic hyphae (n=5 each plot) were also encapsulated within another layer of mesh, but had no intervening sand barrier.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotanists often conduct fieldwork to document indigenous knowledge about plant use. [SEP] Text: Extended dataZenodo: The indigenous meaning of dysmenorrhea: using modified photovoice to document perspectives of traditional health practitioners (THPs) and indigenous knowledge holders (IKHs). project contains the following extended data:• F1000_consent_form. doc• F1000_guidelines_for_photovoice_and_interview_guide. docData are available under the terms of the Attribution 4. 0 International license (CC-BY 4. 0). AcknowledgementsWe thank all the Batlokwa THPs and IKHs for contributing in this study. 1. : Dysmenorrhoea and related disorders. F1000Res. 2017 Sep 5; 6, 1645. eCollection 2017. Pub| Text | Text 2. : Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: a review in different countries. Acta Biomed. 2016; 87(3): 233–246. Pub3. : Prevalence of menstrual disorders and its academic impact. Kamla-raj, j hum ecol. 2015; 51(1 and 2): 214–219. 4. Boot GR, Lowell A: Acknowledging and Knowledges, Paradigms, and Health Literacy- Across Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Policy J. 2019; 10(3). Source5. : The use of indigenous knowledge in primary health care: A case study of Makanye community in Limpopo Province, South Africa. and Dance, Supplement. 2015; 1(2): 272–278. 6. : Perceptions and experiences of allopathic health practitioners on collaboration with traditional health practitioners in post-apartheid South Africa. . 2016; 8(2). Pub| Text | Text 7. of Health: Efforts to Strengthen and Medicine. Pretoria. Department of Health. 2015. Reference Source8. : Traditional herbal remedies used by women in a rural community in northern Maputaland (South Africa) for the treatment of gynecology and obstetrics complaints. J Botany. 2014: 129–139. Text 9. : Self-care strategies among Chinese adolescent girls with dysmenorrhea: A qualitative study. Nurs. 2016; 17(4): 262–271. Pub| Text 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Changes in reported daily caloric intake (A), cumulative caloric intake (B) and food composition (E) and their relationship to weight/BMI changes (C, D, and F). Data in (A) are normalized so that all baseline data of the exploration phase equal 1. To represent the x-fold change, data from the intervention phase are divided by data from the exploration phase of the corresponding participant. (A, E) 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test comparing CG and EG during the exploration or intervention phase and T0-T1 and T1-T2 within groups, * p ≤ 0. 05. Detailed statistics in Tables S3. (B) Mixed-effects model with Bonferroni post hoc test comparing determined and estimated cumulative energy intake. The estimated energy intake is formed as an assumed continuation of the average daily intake during the exploration phase. post hoc test showed no significant differences on any study day. (C, D, and F) Linear regression, CG: n=30; EG: n=67 (some participants were excluded subsequently from this analysis because of several erroneous diary entries about unrealistic amounts of food, e. g. , 30,000 g chicken for lunch). Detailed statistics in Tab. S6. 2. 7. Relation between weight change and other meal timing-related factorsBesides increasing regularity, restricting meals to certain times of the day can also shorten the daily window in which meals are eaten and shift meals to other times of the day. In fact, our intervention caused many EG participants to avoid occasional meals at extremely early or late times, limiting their meals to much shorter intervals of 11 h (95% CI [10. 468, 11. 520]) (Fig. 3A, B, Tab. S3), while those of the CG remained long with 13. 7 h (95% CI [12. 902, 14. 562]). Additionally, compared with before and with the CG, the EG intervention resulted in the first meal of the day being delayed to a later time for many subjects (EG: 09:21 (95% CI [08:58, 09:45]) vs. CG: 08:03 (95% CI [07:32, 08:33])) and the last meal of the day being advanced to an earlier time (EG: 20:17 (95% CI [19:59, 20:35]) vs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Hyphal trap bags were buried at the site on 5 June 2009. Each set of bags (with or without sand barriers, +SB and –SB, respectively) were placed in the FH layer of the treatment plots from which the substrates were originally taken. One pair of +SB and –SB bags was buried at five random spots within each plot, 60 cm from the base of a tree and 60 cm from each other. All bags and an FH sample (10 × 10 cm) from between each set were harvested on 1 October 2009. Upon return to the lab, the five +SB, −SB or FH sub-samples from individual plots were composited, so that a single representative +SB, −SB and FH sample was obtained per plot. Sand from the +S mesh bags was also composited on a plot basis. Half of each composited sample was frozen at −20 °C for subsequent molecular analysis and half was stored at 4 °C overnight for use in enzyme assays. Enzyme assays All +SB, −SB, FH, sand and residual-activity control samples, as well as EMF tips selected from the FH samples, were assessed for their organic matter breakdown potential. The assessed enzymes included β-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3. 2. 1. 21), cellobiohydrolase (EC 3. 2. 1. 91), β-1,4-xylosidase (EC 3. 2. 1. 37), peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1. 7), laccase (EC 1. 10. 3. 2), phenol oxidase (EC 1. 14. 18. 1 and EC 1. 10. 3. 2), β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3. 2. 1. 52), acid phosphatase (EC 3. 1. 3. 2), leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3. 4. 11. 1) and sulfatase (EC 3. 1. 6. 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotanists often conduct fieldwork to document indigenous knowledge about plant use. [SEP] Text: For: The indigenous meaning of dysmenorrhea: using modified photovoice to document perspectives of traditional health practitioners (THPs) and indigenous knowledge holders (IKHs) [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 10:672 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: I have viewed the corrections and these. . . Continue reading have viewed the corrections and these are suitable. The manuscript is now approved. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. . For: The indigenous meaning of dysmenorrhea: using modified photovoice to document perspectives of traditional health practitioners (THPs) and indigenous knowledge holders (IKHs) [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 10:672 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: In general, the paper is written well and suitable for research using the photovoice technique. The grammar however, requires improvement. Please also address the following queries: Introduction line 4, “literature view” should be “literature review”. . . . Continue reading general, the paper is written well and suitable for research using the photovoice technique. The grammar however, requires improvement. Please also address the following queries: Introduction line 4, “literature view” should be “literature review”. Reference required for sample size of 7-10 being adequate. It is not clear whether the interviews were conducted in English, the local indigenous language or both. Please clarify. Also, indicate what measures were taken to ensure that translations were correct and captured the essence of what the participant was saying (if a language other than English was used). In the results section – just before Figure 1 – in the quote of participant 2, “being” should be ‘been’. Last paragraph under the section process or journey…. . – “on the other side’ should be ‘on the other hand’. Similarly, change “on the other vein” in the next paragraph.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: CG: 21:31 (95% CI [21:05, 21:57])) (Fig. 3C, D, Tab. S3). However, weight changes of participants were not related to one of these changes in eating characteristics (Fig. 3B-D, Tab. S6). Fig. 3:Influence of other changes in eating times and of personalization of meal schedules on weight loss. (A) 95th percentile of the time period during which food was ingested by 15 example participants during the exploration phase (yellow) and the intervention phase (purple). (B) Change in length of this period and its relation to weight/BMI changes. (C, D) Change in time of first (C) and last (D) caloric intake and their association with weight/BMI changes. (B-D) 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test comparing CG and EG during the exploration or intervention phase and T0-T1 and T1-T2 within groups, *** p ≤ 0. 001, **** p ≤ 0. 0001. Linear regression. EG: n=67, varying n-numbers result from incomplete entries in the diaries. Detailed statistics in Tables S3 and S6. (E) The relation between mid-Sleep phase and mid-Eat phase (brown) on the weekends of the exploration phase. The goodness of fit of this association improves during through EG intervention and affects both workdays and weekend days (purple). Linear regression, n=65, **** p ≤ 0. 0001. Detailed statistics in Table S6. (F) Relation of the mid-Sleep phase (mSP) and mid-Eat phase (mEP) during exploration and intervention phase. The circles represent 24 h, the gray area represents the estimated sleep time, and the black arrow represents the mid-sleep phase, which is normalized for all subjects. The colored triangles represent the mid-Eat phase of each subject in relation to their mid-Sleep phase. The red arrow shows the average mid-Eat phase across all subjects. n=65. Detailed statistics in Table S10. (G) The smaller the residuals, i. e. , the vertical distances of observation points from the regression line, became, the more BMI the EG subjects lost. Linear regression, n=65, ** p ≤ 0. 01. Detailed statistics in Table S6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Note that although laccases are phenol oxidases, the term laccase is used in the study to differentiate a 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay from a L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) assay. Full details of assay conditions are provided in S1. All assays except laccase, peroxidase and phenol oxidase were fluorometric. For +SB, −SB, FH and residual-activity control assays, 5 g of sample was homogenized with a sterile mortar and pestle, 0. 1 g of sub-sample was transferred to a sterile Nalgene bottle containing 100 ml of 50 mm sodium acetate buffer (pH 5. 0), and then suspensions were shaken for 1 h at 500 r. p. m. Sand samples were similarly processed using 10 g of sample and 1 g of sub-sample. Fluorometric and colorimetric assays were then performed according to previously published methods (Saiya-Cork et al. , 2002 and Sinsabaugh et al. , 2003), fully described in the Supplementary Information. For EMF tip assays, roots from the FH sample were gently washed, separated under a dissecting microscope, and ∼7 turgid EMF tips from each of the four most common observed morphotypes were randomly selected from each sample. Tips were cleaned of debris and placed in individual microsieves in 96-well microplates containing 75 mm Tris-maleic acid buffer (pH 4. 5) to equilibrate for at least 5 min before beginning the sequential enzyme assays (S1). Fluorometric and colorimetric assays were then performed according to previously published methods (Courty et al. , 2005 and Pritsch et al. , 2004), fully described in the Supplementary Information. After the final assay, tips were removed from the sieves and scanned (Scanmaker 8700; ), and their surface areas were determined (ébec, QC, Canada). Tips were then frozen at −80 °C for subsequent molecular analysis. The total enzymatic activity of EMF tips per plot was determined by averaging the activities of all tips.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ethnobotanists often conduct fieldwork to document indigenous knowledge about plant use. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the of Health (NDoH) in has taken firm steps in transforming and recognizing indigenous health since the end of apartheid. 7 Currently few studies have explored the indigenous perspectives of dysmenorrhea. 8–10 Further, none of the studies have provided comprehensive information on the indigenous meaning of dysmenorrhea in which THPs and IKHs as indigenous knowers were co-researchers. Thus, women who prefer indigenous knowledge health systems can experience barriers in receiving this care if it not known and documented. A study conducted in 2017 indicated that a lack of knowledge and acceptance of indigenous healthcare disadvantages many people from accessing culturally sensitive healthcare. 11Developing understanding and acknowledging dysmenorrhea meaning from the perspectives of Batlokwa THPs and IKHs has the potential to serve as a basis for future research. This in return may lead to formulation of partnerships with indigenous health practitioners, and may contribute to development of strategies, protocols, processes, and cultural appropriate intervention programs to improve women’s health services. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to better understand and document indigenous perspectives of dysmenorrhea meaning among Batlokwa THPs and IKHs. MethodsResearch designQualitative research using a photovoice design was used to gather and explore the social and personal meanings that Batlokwa THPs and IKHs ascribe to dysmenorrhea. Photovoice is a qualitative method to be used within community based participatory research. 12 It positions participants as co-researchers since they are involved in taking photographs and making sense out of them. It is also of value when the issue under study is sensitive and involves vulnerable groups such as indigenous or traditional women. Photovoice entails the participants taking photographs, assign meanings to their photographs during individual interviews and/or group discussions. Participants become directors or coresearchers and speak through photography. 13,14Study site and participantsThe research was conducted in Botlokwa a small village located in Limpopo province, South Africa. The village primarily consists of the Blacks, dominated by the Batlokwa ethnicity group. The recruitment was done through the local authority gatherings, placing posters in public areas and presentations in women gatherings.

Output: corroborate