Input: Claim: VR field trips allow students to explore locations without leaving the classroom. [SEP] Text: 2 This also includes the use of this technology. A study by Southgate et al. (2019) on ethical implications of VR use in classrooms found that especially girls feel uncomfortable wearing a head-mounted display in class, as they could no longer perceive what was happening around them. This calls for a critical consideration of safe spaces in VR learning environments in such a way that they are discussed in the context of vulnerable groups (e. g. et al. , 2021). 3 The project is based on the notion of students creating VR instead of using it. We ground this approach on two aspects: on the one hand, we assume positive effects on geographic capabilities and subject-specific digital media literacy by students actively creating VR (Hellriegel and Čubela, 2018; Schulze et al. , 2020). Empowering learners to reflect on VR and its effects on spatial learning is crucial, as VR is both an increasingly used and a powerful communication medium. On the other hand, we argue that state-of-the-art geography teaching needs to include modern learning technologies, such as VR learning environments which reflect the current state of research. We postulate a responsibility for geography researchers (including learners) to create appropriate VR learning environments and concepts to implement VR in geography education. 4 However, more research is needed to fully grasp this atmospheric relating of the body to VR environments and to be able to describe it as a practice of sense-based acquirement especially for geographic learning. 5 We evaluated the course concept with the help of participant observations and individual and group interviews. 6 The course practices differ here. In Vienna, we conducted a 6 d field trip (with a preparation block and a follow-up block; Mohring and Brendel, 2020). In Berlin, it was an ongoing course, and we integrated two single-day field trips in Berlin. In terms of emotional attachment and intensity to the research topic, Vienna was a greater success. 7 Technically, the VR field trips are based on 360∘ images and videos. They were taken in urban space. Some of the video sequences were underlaid with the original sounds of the locations. To enable a walk-through, the recordings are virtually linked via stitching points. For this, the students developed storyboards. For more detailed access to the research content, visual 2D information (images, texts) and audio files are added.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: vitiensis Nosy Be, Madgascar A2 AY051342 N/A AY051323 N/A N/A N/A N/A L. vitiensis The Slipway, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania A3 MF828580 MF828591 MF805569 MF805562 N/A 6°45′06. 9″S 39°16′18. 6″E L. vitiensis Kilwa Masoko, Tanzania A4 MF828581 MF828592 MF805570 MF805563 N/A 8°55′42. 7″S 39°31′17. 9″E L. vitiensis Dili, Timor-Leste N/A KF546556 KF546581 KF546662 KF546725 N/A N/A N/A L. vitiensis Labuanbajo, Flores, Indonesia N/A KF546555 KF546580 KF546663 KF546724 N/A N/A N/A L. vitiensis 828578 MF828589 MF805568 MF805560 N/A 6°09′33. 8″S 39°11′26. 4″E L. dentipes Galle, D1 MF828576 MF828584 MF805566 MF805557 N/A 6°01′49. 9″N 80°13′03. 3″E L. dentipes Patong Bay, Phuket, Thailand D2 KF555801 KF555838 KF555841 KF555754 N/A 7°53′11. 0″N 98°17′10. 3″E L. dentipes Cousine Island, Seychelles E1 MF828572 MF828585 MF805578 MF805579 MF805580 MF805581 MF805582 MF805583 MF805584 MF805559 N/A 4°20′55. 3″S 55°38′41. 9″E L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: MRI scan of brain showing pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis View this figureDiscussionWe have demonstrated that a simple email system that connects doctors in the with specialists elsewhere in the world is feasible and sustainable over time, even in war-torn countries. The major difference between the referrals and those from the rest of the world is the higher referral rate in obstetrics, which made up 18% of referrals compared with 6% from the rest of the world. The views of the referring doctors about the service are positive. The neurology referrals are remarkably similar to those received in the industrialized world, and it was possible to make a confident diagnosis or management plan in 20 (77%) of the referrals handled by one neurologist. Email telemedicine has not previously been used so extensively in obstetrics. The high proportion of obstetric and gynecology cases may have a number of causes. First, there have been obvious difficulties with clinical training over the last 10-20 years in the region in question. Second, in Iraq, the local community considers maternal death a disaster and an avoidable one and suspects negligence when it occurs, whereas death from medical or surgical illnesses is considered a decree of fate. That is why obstetricians attempt to provide the best care to their patients to avoid catastrophes, and one way of doing this is by asking the advice of the Trust specialists. Third, the sanctions from 1990 until 2003, and the aftermath of the war in 2003, disabled the health care services in Iraq. That is why Iraqi doctors are now receiving patients in extreme conditions that have not been seen for many years, indeed often having to look for guidance in old textbooks. As well, women who have just given birth continue to convulse or bleed for hours at home because of the curfew from 10 pm till dawn each day, rather than being admitted to hospital straightaway. This is in addition to poor resources such as lack of even simple supplies and drugs. Finally, in Iraq, there is a high birth rate in the presence of very poor health care services and old-fashioned hospitals, the most modern being built and equipped in 1984. The urgency of the cases leaves the patients with no option but to accept these poor services, and, in turn, the doctors have no option other than to manage them even when they are to some extent beyond their knowledge and capability. That is why the advice from the Trust specialists can be so valuable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR technology helps students learn by providing a visual and hands-on experience. [SEP] Text: didn’t get that impression. ”5 Discussion5. 1 Findings and ImplicationsWe started with the first research question: how can we employ an explainable AI approach to compute data-driven feedback and generate actionable recommendations to support students’ self-regulation? As described in Sects. 3. 4 and 3. 5, we proposed and implemented an explainable AI approach along with a CF-based algorithm that generates recommendations based on each student’s course goal (desired course score or performance), as defined by the students themselves, to support them in SRL. For example, for a student who wants to become a high achiever in the course and who defines this as a course goal via the dashboard, the algorithm takes the student interaction data and course goal (high achiever) as input and generates recommendations that can help the student reach this goal. The results of the study show that the feedback and recommendations generated by the proposed approach were adequate, relevant, and useful for students in terms of self-regulating their studies during the course. These findings lead us to the second research question, in which we aimed to examine the effects of the dashboard on students’ academic performance through providing self-regulation support. Four hypotheses were proposed for the second research question in Sect. 3. 6. The analysis of the dashboard evaluation results in Sect. 4. 2 supported our hypotheses and gave rise to four key findings. Firstly, we discovered that dashboard usage significantly affected the students’ performance, and that students who used the dashboard during the course obtained higher scores in the final exam than those who did not (Hypothesis 1). Secondly, the action recommendations generated by the proposed algorithm positively impacted students’ performance, as a positive correlation was found between following/completing these recommendations and the students’ performance (Hypothesis 2). Thirdly, our results showed that students who spent more time on the dashboard had a tendency to achieve better scores in the final exams of the course than those who spent less time on the dashboard (Hypothesis 3). Finally, the dashboard helped students to self-regulate their learning throughout the course, for example by setting desired course goals, planning learning activities, monitoring and reflecting on their performance, and following action recommendations (Hypothesis 4). However, the dashboard was not effective in supporting time management, due to a lack of appropriate scheduling for academic activities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: dentipes Silhouette Island, Seychelles E2 MF828573 MF828586 MF805573 MF805574 MF805575 MF805558 MF805564 4°29′08. 4″S 55°15′12. 4″E L. dentipes L’Islette, W. Mahé, Seychelles E3 MF828574 MF828587 MF805576 MF805577 N/A N/A 4°39′46. 7″S 55°24′35. 0″E L. dentipes Anse Parnel, S. E. Mahé, Seychelles E4 MF828575 MF828588 MF805585 MF805586 N/A N/A 4°46′01. 1″S 55°31′19. 3″E L. dentipes 828577 MF828583 MF805567 MF805556 N/A 8°33′52. 6″N 81°14′27. 8″E L. occidentalis Guaymas, Mexico N/A KF546553 KF546583 KF546666 KF546728 N/A 27°54′44. 3″N 110°56′49. 6″W L. exotica Veracruz, Mexico N/A KF546552 KF546584 KF546664 KF546726 N/A 19°11′40. 2″N 96°07′24. 4″W DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/table-1 Materials and collected Ligia individuals by hand in locations in the inner and outer islands of the Seychelles Archipelago, Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania, and Sri Lanka. All specimens were collected during 2014, field-preserved in 70% Ethanol, and frozen upon arrival at the laboratory. Collections in the Seychelles were carried out under of Standards permit A0157. The data produced from these samples was complemented using publicly available sequences for four Ligia species: L. occidentalis (Mexico), L. exotica (Mexico), L. dentipes (Thailand), and L. vitiensis (Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Madagascar).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: There is no shortage of hospitals anxious to refer cases (and the Trust always welcomes new applications). Many specialists in the industrialized world are willing to give their time freely to help colleagues in less-developed parts of the world and find it easier to contribute their time by telemedicine than by travelling to deliver face-to-face care. The method provides an immediacy that most other improvements lack. The great strength of email telemedicine is that it can improve access to health services among those most in need. However, its greatest weakness, at least in academic terms, is the lack of evidence supporting its clinical and cost advantages relative to traditional services, notwithstanding a number of retrospective reviews demonstrating the value to referrers [13-15]. This represents an important opportunity for research, and the Universitas 21 consortium of universities has recently formed an eHealth partnership with the Trust [16] with a view to obtaining the follow-up necessary to make assessments of safety and effectiveness. 65. [Medline]Wootton R. Design and implementation of an automatic message-routing system for low-cost telemedicine. J 2003;9(Suppl 1):S44-S47. [Medline] [CrossRef]. Teleneurology in the developing world. In: Wootton R, Patterson V, editors. Teleneurology. London, UK: of Medicine Press; 2005:105-117. . Store-and-forward teleneurology in developing countries. J 2001;7(Suppl 1):52-53. [Medline] [CrossRef]; of the (ICRC). Protection: The Ever-Crisis in Iraq. Geneva, Switzerland: ICRC. URL: [accessed 2007 Oct 1] [WebCite Cache]Rendón A, Martínez Rural telemedicine infrastructure and services in the Department of Cauca, Colombia. E Health 2005 Aug;11(4):451-459. [Medline] [CrossRef]Martínez. A study of a rural telemedicine system in the Amazon region of Peru. J 2004;10(4):219-225. [Medline] [CrossRef]. The RAFT network: 5 years of distance continuing medical education and tele-consultations over the Internet in French-speaking Africa. 2007;76(5-6):351-356.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR technology helps students learn by providing a visual and hands-on experience. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Detailed information for all localities is provided in Table 1. We extracted total genomic DNA from pereopods/pleopods for 10 individuals per locality following the solid tissue protocol of the ZR Quick-gDNA (). During dissections, male specimens were identified to species by visually inspecting the 8. 0. 2. No evidence indicative of pseudo-genes (i. e. , no gaps, indels, early stop codons) was observed in any of the protein coding genes used in this study (i. e. , NaK, cyt-b, and COI). We used TCS v1. 21 (Clement, Posada & Crandall, 2000) to visualize the relationships between COI haplotypes recovered from Ligia from all Seychelles localities to both determine the geographic distribution of COI haplotypes recovered within the archipelago and the levels of fine scale divergence within the archipelago. We calculated the 95% most parsimonious branch connections between haplotypes under the cladogram estimation algorithm of Templeton, Crandall & Sing (1992) with all other settings as default. We also calculated Kimura 2-Parameter distances (K2P) within and between localities for COI in MEGA v7. 0. 7 (Kumar, Stecher & Tamura, 2016). We estimated relationships between NaK alleles using a similar approach. We combined the four mitochondrial gene fragments produced in this study with publicly available sequences for other L. vitiensis from the Indo-Pacific and for two other Ligia species to be used as outgroups (i. e. , L. occidentalis and L. exotica collected in Mexico). Locality and sequence information for these sequences is presented in Table 1. Since ribosomal genes used in this study exhibit secondary structure that may lead to ambiguous alignments, we aligned each gene dataset separately using MAFFT v. 7. 0 (Katoh & Standley, 2013) as implemented under the 2 algorithm (Sela et al. , 2015) in the server ( using 100 bootstrap replicates and all other settings as default. This approach produces confidence scores for each nucleotide position and sequence in the alignment that aid in the non-biased removal of misaligned nucleotide positions. We excluded nucleotide positions from our final alignment if they: (a) produced a confidence score below 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: [Medline] [CrossRef]Brauchli K, Oberholzer M. The iPath telemedicine platform. J 2005;11(Suppl 2):S3-S7. [Medline] [CrossRef]Brandling-. Delivering health care in rural Cambodia via store-and-forward telemedicine: a pilot study. E Health 2005 Feb;11(1):56-62. [Medline] [CrossRef]. Telemedicine by email in remote Cambodia. J 2005;11(Suppl 2):S44-S47. [Medline] [CrossRef]Rodrigues RJ, Risk A. eHealth in and the Caribbean: development and policy issues. J Res 2003 Mar 31;5(1):e4 [FREE Full text] [Medline] [CrossRef]. Prospective case review of a global e-health system for doctors in developing countries. J 2004;10(Suppl 1):94-96. [Medline] [CrossRef] Telemedicine--the way ahead for medicine in the developing world. 2003 Jan;33(1):36-38. [Medline]. An evaluation of the first year's experience with a low-cost telemedicine link in Bangladesh. J 2001;7(3):125-138. [Medline] [CrossRef]Ho K, Sharman Z. E-health and the Universitas 21 organization: 1. Global e-health through synergy. J 2005;11(5):218-220. [Medline] [CrossRef] Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 25. 01. 07; peer-reviewed by J Kvedar, K Brauchli; comments to author 18. 05. 07; revised version received 25. 07. 07; accepted 19. 09. 07; published 22. 10. 07Copyright ©. Originally published in the Journal of Research ( 22. 10. 2007). Except where otherwise noted, 2. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, including full bibliographic details and the URL (see "please cite as" above), and this statement is included.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR education requires no additional training for teachers or students. [SEP] Text: Training auscultatory skills: computer simulated heart sounds or additional bedside training? A randomized trial on third-year medical students 2007. Forty-nine 3rd year medical students were divided into seven teaching groups. The groups were randomized to receive additional auscultation training with the CardioSystem (CAS) (4 groups, 28 students), or to conventional bedside training (3 groups, 21 students). All students also received regular training as defined in the curriculum. The present intervention study started when they had finished the main cardiology part of the term. Design of the studyFor the purpose of the present study, each student group participated in two teaching sessions, each of two hours, in addition to the regular teaching program. First, all students had a two hour training session with one of two instructors (TJ, SS), both trainee doctors in cardiology and experienced teachers. The instructional objectives were that students should be able to describe the heart sounds, the timing, location, quality and grading of murmurs, and provide a reasonable clinical diagnosis based upon their findings. One group had bedside training and the other used the CardioSystem, with a training program selected from the menu of CAS. Approximately one week later both groups had another two hours session, now without the teacher. The CAS groups were instructed to follow a pathway through the computer menu, exposing them to a number of common and less common heart sounds and murmurs, with descriptions, phonograms and occasionally, drawings or short videos that demonstrated the sounds and the mechanisms involved. Discussion was recommended, and they should not move on to the next case until all agreed. The groups allocated to bedside training received a list of suitable patients from the wards, and the students had access to the physicians' descriptions of the heart sounds and murmurs. Training was finished within 12 weeks. The intervention courses started after the main cardiology teaching of the term had taken place, and their main curriculum topics during this period were pulmonary and renal pathophysiology and clinics. Test of auscultation skillsThe outcome was students' performance in a clinical exam, during which each student auscultated four different patients with heart murmurs or other pathological findings related to the heart. The students were not allowed to request clinical information, and discussion was not permitted. After 10-15 minutes with each patient, they described the heart sounds and murmurs on a questionnaire, and eventually suggested a diagnosis for the patient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 00 in the Guidance alignments, and/or (b) if they exhibited obvious misalignments. We used MEGA v7. 0. 7 (Kumar, Stecher & Tamura, 2016) to estimate pairwise K2P genetic distances for COI and for the 16S rDNA genes, after excluding ambiguously aligned sites. We used jModeltest v2. 1 (Darriba et al. , 2012) to determine the most appropriate model of nucleotide evolution for the final concatenated mitochondrial alignment as well as for each mitochondrial gene. We selected from 1,624 models by evaluating their likelihoods on a fixed BioNJ-JC tree under the Criterion (BIC). We used the most likely model of nucleotide evolution chosen by jModeltest in our phylogenetic reconstructions with two general exceptions. When the chosen model was not implemented by the software, we applied the next more complex model implemented. When the chosen model implemented the joint estimation of Γ and I, we used a simpler +Γ model as the joint estimation of Γ and I can be problematic (see RAxML manual; and pages 113–114 of Yang, 2006). We carried out phylogenetic reconstructions in RAxML v8. 2. 6 (Stamatakis, 2014; Stamatakis, Hoover & Rougemont, 2008) and GARLI v2. 0 (Zwickl, 2006). In RAxML, we used the Algorithm to carry out 1,000 bootstrap replicate searches followed by a thorough ML search under the GTR +Γ model. All other settings were as default. Searches in GARLI consisted of 1,000 bootstrap replicates using the appropriate model of evolution identified by jModeltest, with all other settings as default. For each search, we produced a majority-rule consensus tree of all bootstrap replicates using the SumTrees command of DendroPy v3. 10. 1 (Sukumaran & Holder, 2010). Table 2: Settings for and Bayesian analyses for the concatenated mitochondrial dataset. & priorsa Part schemeb Iterations gen. /bootstrap replicates Sample freq Runs/ chain factor/ML scores (−lnL)d ESS > 200e +Γ Unpart 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −9006.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Telemedicine (TM) refers to using information and communications technology to provide health care services to individuals who are some distance from the health care provider. 1 Telemedicine has been used successfully in a few specialties, such as psychiatry and cardiology, for counselling and monitoring of treatment response. 2,3 However, TM is relatively new to other medical disciplines. It relies on high-speed, high-bandwidth telecommunication systems that allow two-way real-time clinical consultations over an audio-video link augmented by other modalities, such as an electronic stethoscope and a high-resolution image viewer. Of the approximately one in five adult Canadians who experience chronic pain,4 70% report moderate to severe intensity of pain and discomfort. 5 This group is most likely to benefit from multi-disciplinary pain management,6,7 that includes taking prescription medications for pain, and frequent follow-up. 8 In Canada, a mismatch exists between population distribution and (MPTFs). Approximately 20% of the population lives in rural areas (population <10,000), but only 2% of MPTFs are located in these areas. 9 Therefore, many patients travel long distances to their nearest treatment facility. As chronic pain is commonly associated with significant disability, particularly for patients with musculoskeletal disease,10 acute worsening of daily pain scores, due to extensive travel, is a particular concern. Feasibly, TM could deliver high-quality expert-driven chronic pain management irrespective of patient geographical location. Therefore, we hypothesized that TM consultations could result in decreased cost and increased patient satisfaction due to shorter travel time, less reliance on caregivers to attend clinic follow-up, reduced patient suffering, and increased productivity. Previous studies of TM in the management of chronic pain focused on feasibility assessment11,12 without providing quantitative estimates and analysis of costs and benefits. A small pilot study suggested that chronic pain patients prefer TM to standard clinic assessment because of significant savings in cost and time. 13 This study was undertaken to evaluate the costs and clinical outcomes in patients receiving both TM and traditional in-person (IP) clinic visits for chronic pain management. MethodsWe performed a randomized controlled two-period crossover trial of chronic pain patients returning for follow-up assessment. After approval from the Board of Hospital, University of Toronto, consenting patients were randomized for either IP or TM for the next visit, followed by a second crossover visit via TM or IP, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR education requires no additional training for teachers or students. [SEP] Text: 0 (range 2 to 28) in the CAS group (p = 0. 698). Post hoc analysis of the data showed that the difference in mean score would have had to be at least 6. 1 to reach statistical significance between the groups. Since only two test patients participated all three days, we analyzed the Students' test score on these separately: The mean scores ± SD then were 10. 3 ± 3. 6 (range 6-17) in the bedside group and 11. 4 ± 5. 1 (range 1-19) in the CAS group (p = 0. 494). Protocol deviations and problems encountered during the studyTechnical problems with the CAS equipment during the study led to a delay during the self study training for one group, another group had a less efficient session. Since teaching took place throughout the term, the time span between teaching and testing varied between the teaching groups. The mean difference from training to the exam was 6. 0 weeks in the CAS group, and 5. 3 weeks in the bedside group. The results were slightly better in students who had a brief time interval between the teaching and the test, but this was not a significant confounder (correlation coefficient r = -0. 24 between individual score sum and time interval (p = 0. 16)). DiscussionIn the present study, the students' performance in auscultation of cardiac patients was similar whether they had received additional teaching with the computer-based teaching program, or had additional traditional bedside training. The strengths of our trial include the randomized design, the similar amount of additional training in both groups, and the blinded questionnaire evaluation. In a previous study by Horiszny [7], the ability to correctly interpret simulated heart sounds was better among those who had participated in the teaching session compared to those who did not. However, no other teaching form was offered to those who did not use the simulator, so the better results might be due to more time spent on learning auscultation or to higher motivation among those who attended the teaching session. Another randomized trial revealed advantages using classroom teaching compared to CD-ROM teaching among medical students [9]. In that trial the results were satisfying, but the students had difficulties in classifying murmurs and the second heart sound. Poor results in both groupsGenerally the auscultation skills in the present study were poor. The best score achieved was 28 of 40 points - 70%.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 5300 n/a n/a +Γ Gene 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8865. 7562 n/a n/a +Γ BP 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8334. 7701 n/a n/a Garli 012010 + Γ + F Unpart 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8986. 6239 n/a n/a model Gene 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8972. 0488 n/a n/a model BP 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8212. 4919 n/a n/a MrBayes GTR +Γ Unpart 2 × 108 5,000 4 25% 0. 000724 −8959. 8260 Yes 1 MrBayes GTR +Γ Gene 2 × 108 5,000 4 25% 0. 001157 −8928. 4492 Yes 1 MrBayes GTR +Γ BP 2 × 108 5,000 4 25% 0. 001170 −8608. 5042 Yes 1 Phycas GTR +Γ Unpart 1 × 106 50 n/a 25% n/a −8959. 6281 Yes n/a Phycas GTR +Γ Gene 1× 106 50 n/a 25% n/a −8879. 1040 Yes n/a Phycas GTR +Γ BP 1 × 106 50 n/a 25% n/a −8324. 1730 Yes n/a DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/table-2 Notes: aAll others default. bBP as indidcated by PartitionFinder (1, 16S +12S +Cytb 2nd codons; 2, COI 1st codons + Cytb 1st codons; 3, COI 2nd codons; 4, Cytb 3rd codons + COI 3rd codons). cAverage standard deviation of split frequencies. dEstimated in Tracer v. 1. 5. eEffective sample size. ffor all parameters. We also carried out phylogenetic reconstructions under Bayesian Inference.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Three physicians at a single site took part in the care of the study patients. Inclusion criteria were: chronic pain (more than 6 months) without any demonstrable correctable pathology, stable chronic pain with no anticipated need for a physical exam on follow-up, a travel distance >100 km, and age >18 years. Exclusion criteria included significant cognitive or communication impairment rendering TM impossible or unsafe and a recent history of substance abuse. After obtaining consent, the patients were randomized by a study coordinator according to a computer-generated list. Allocation was not concealed. Telemedicine consultations were scheduled by the pain clinic secretary through the Network (an established provincial government program) within regular clinic hours. Patients were asked to follow their usual travel arrangements for their IP visit, and their preferred method for the TM visit. Each patient prospectively completed a diary capturing travel costs, time required for the IP or TM visit, daily pain scores, and subsequent health care costs and medical visits for 3 months. Each patient was asked to chart his/her average daily numeric pain score on a standard 10-point scale (0 being no pain, and 10 being the worst pain). On average, crossover occurred within three months (range 2–4), at which point the first diary was collected and a second diary was distributed. Commercial broadband videoconferencing equipment complying with international standards and supporting virtual private network security was used for the TM consultations. The equipment in the patient site included a monitor, speakers, and a light source (AMD-300, ) connected to two multi-purpose analogue general examination cameras (AMD-2500s, ) with power zoom, auto focus, and freeze frame capture. The equipment in the consultant site, which was located in a regular patient examining room, included the Tandberg 880 videoconference unit () mounted on a mobile stand, a viewing monitor, camera, digital stethoscope, and a desktop computer. The primary outcome was cost. Patient costs were captured prospectively by a patient diary. Direct costs to patients included travel expense, such as mileage, and lodging or meals, when necessary. Indirect costs to patients included lost productivity for currently employed patients and the costs recorded by patients for medications and uninsured health visits (including allied health visits, such as chiropractic care and physiotherapy). Attendant costs were also captured by the patient diary, i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR education requires no additional training for teachers or students. [SEP] Text: Possibly, the time allocated to auscultation training was too brief for obtaining the skills required to make a good auscultation report at this stage of their medical education. This observation is supported by other trials that have evaluated some of the same aspects, both in medical students and doctors [1]. We found a weak, non-significant negative correlation between the time interval from the last teaching session to the test. This is compatible with the common experience that following a short intensive course, knowledge and skills reach the short memory only. A controlled intervention study concluded that five hundred repetitions of four basic cardiac murmurs significantly improved medical students' proficiency in recognizing basic cardiac murmurs. The authors concluded that cardiac auscultation is, in part, a technical skill [10]. It is, however, hard to get acceptance for more time spent on auscultation training in the congested medical core curriculum. Limitations of the studyThe technical problems with the CAS equipment limited the value of the computer-based training sessions. Our selection of program components from the CAS had not been tried previously, and might have been improved with more experience. Benefits from the CAS system might further have increased, had the equipment been more accessible for the students, or if we had used an auscultation mannequin in addition [11]. We had no pre-intervention test. Hence we cannot know for certain, the value of the additional training in any of the two arms. A more ideal design would have been to randomize the groups at the very first time the students were introduced to heart auscultation, and then keep the same groups throughout the medical education. However, such an approach would be complicated. It would demand at least 5 years follow-up of each student. Furthermore, the Faculty of Medicine in Oslo reorganizes the teaching groups from one term to another, in order to train the students to cope with new group settings. A final limitation to our approach is that we tested auscultation skills only; recently, benefit has been reported from additional teaching on complete cardiac examination with virtual patients [12]. We had expected to find advantages by using the simulator, since the teaching could introduce each concept step by step, and it allowed the students to carefully study the different cardiac murmurs. However, no demonstrable difference between use of the heart sound simulator and bedside training was found.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Parameters used in MrBayes v3. 1. 2 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist, 2001; Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003) searches are presented in Table 2. All other parameters used were as default. We also carried out Bayesian searches implementing polytomy priors (Lewis, Holder & Holsinger, 2005) under Phycas v2. 2. 0 (Lewis, Holder & Swofford, 2015) as to ensure that support values produced by MrBayes were not overestimated (i. e. , “star-tree paradox”) (Suzuki, Glazko & Nei, 2002). We determined if Bayesian analyses had reached stationarity prior to estimating the posterior probability for each node by building majority-rule consensus trees of the stationary stage of each run using the SumTrees command (Sukumaran & Holder, 2010). Samples prior to stationarity were discarded as “burnin”. We repeated all phylogenetic searches under three partitioning schemes: (a) all positions within a single partition; (b) positions partitioned by gene; and (c) the best partitioning scheme according to the BIC implemented in PartitionFinder v1. 0. 0 (Lanfear et al. , 2012). PartitionFinder searches were run using the following settings: branch lengths = linked; models = all; model selection = BIC; search = greedy; and an a priori partitioning scheme accounting for codon positions and genes. sequenced COI and NaK for a total of 50 individuals from across five locations in the Seychelles archipelago. All individuals from the inner islands of the Seychelles were putatively identified as L. dentipes based on the gonopod morphology, while those from Aldabra were putatively assigned to L. vitiensis. All sequences produced in this study have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers: MF805556–MF805586 and MF828572–MF828583. COI and NaK haplotype networks For COI, we observed a total of 16 haplotypes divided into three networks (Fig. 2). Two haplotypes separated by two mutational steps were found solely in individuals collected at Aldabra.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: However, our institution’s desire to develop a program focusing on research and education around this technology requires an individual with a greater range of clinical experience, thereby increasing the annual operating costs. Thus, we modelled the need for higher labour costs in the development year, with a reduced cost for subsequent maintenance of the equipment. Additionally, there are two reasons why this study represents a cost minimization analysis without providing a cost–benefit evaluation. First, cost-benefit analysis would have introduced uncertainty and error if benefit were converted to a standardized value (e. g. , quality- or disability-adjusted life years). Second, cost-benefit analysis would have been helpful only to determine whether the benefit/cost ratio reached a minimal threshold to warrant additional expense. However, since TM represents a dominant strategy (better outcome and lower cost) at volumes above break-even value, this step was not necessary. Finally, the nature of this intervention did not lend itself to a blinded study. Likewise, allocation concealment was not possible when patients knew the nature of the subsequent visit based on their initial encounter. These factors may have coloured patients’ perceptions or their reporting of costs and satisfaction. Furthermore, assessors were not blinded, nor were patients who were assessing their own pain scores and calculating costs. However, the crossover design did permit each patient to serve as his or her own control and, therefore, limited the impact of these factors. One important issue for discussion is the payer-beneficiary gap. In this case, patients enjoyed substantial cost savings and reported a better satisfaction score (a clearly dominant strategy by decision-analysis metrics); however, the hospital was responsible for funding the costs and bearing the logistical burden. Hospital administrators considering TM should consider the portion of their global budget required for this investment and compare this cost with the patient advantages as previously described. In conclusion, we have shown a significant net economic benefit associated with the use of TM in the follow-up of patients who attended a multidisciplinary pain clinic wherein established methods for analysis of cost-effectiveness were used and new health initiatives were economically valuated. Given the significant capital expense involved in establishing a TM capability, this study outlines the types of local analyses that might be utilized to demonstrate cost-effectiveness when considering adoption of this technology. In addition to the cost savings from both patient and societal perspectives, the patients were more satisfied with the TM consultation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree-planting initiatives in cities can reduce urban heat island effects. [SEP] Text: Some environmental stresses of trees in urban and suburban sites, such as acute exposure to de-icing salt (Fluckiger and Braun 1981) or environmental pollutants, are unique to those environments. However, other abiotic stresses, such as drought or extreme temperatures, occur in virtually all ecosystems in which trees are native but may be exacerbated by human development (Bassuk and Whitlow 1986). Trees may experience increased drought stress in urban environments due to reduced soil moisture availability (Berrang et al. 1985; Clark and Kjelgren 1989; Cody and Smith 1997) or atmospheric drought (Whitlow and Bassuk 1986, 1988; Whitlow et al. 1992). Numerous factors may lead to soil-moisture-related drought stress, including restricted soil volumes, reduced rainfall infiltration, and soil compaction. The extent to which soil moisture actually limits urban tree growth and development varies with site factors and, in some cases, soil moisture availability may be greater under pavement (Wagar and Franklin 1994). In a study of City street trees, Berrang et al. (1985) observed that excess soil water was a more frequent problem than soil moisture deficits. Atmospheric drought stress may occur when the rate of transpiration from tree crowns exceeds the capacity for roots to absorb water, resulting in decreased plant water potential (Kozlowski 1987). In considering the impact of urban heat island effects on tree water loss, it is important to understand that the “driving force” of transpiration is not just temperature but the vapor pressure deficit of the air surrounding the tree. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is calculated as the difference between the amount of water vapor in air compared to what the air could hold at saturation (saturation vapor pressure). Because saturation vapor pressure increases exponentially with temperature, VPD also increases exponentially with temperature at a given relative humidity To understand the potential impact of urban heat islands on tree water use, consider that at a relative humidity of 30%, each 11 °C increase in air temperature doubles the vapor pressure deficit (Figure 1). Therefore, relatively small increases in air temperature due to heat retention and re-radiation from buildings and asphalt can result in dramatic increases in evaporative demand and daily plant moisture stress. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 1. Effect of temperature on vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at 30% relative humidity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: A second haplotype network contained all COI individuals collected from Cousine island (E1) and consisted of seven haplotypes separated by 2–9 steps. A third and final network consisted of the seven COI haplotypes recovered from Silhouette (E2) and Mahé (E3, E4) which were separated by 2–15 steps. We recovered two alleles for the NaK gene, with all Ligia individuals from the inner islands (E2–E4) sharing a single allele that diverged by 27 steps from an allele found in all the individuals from Aldabra (E1). Figure 2: COI haplotype networks for Seychellois Ligia. Colors and locality IDs correspond with those use in all other Figures. Empty circles and hash marks represent unsampled (i. e. , missing) haplotypes, while the size of circles is proportional to the frequency at which each haplotype was recovered. Each panel corresponds to networks separated by >5% differences. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/fig-2 Phylogenetic reconstructions Our concatenated mitochondrial dataset included a total of 16 Ligia individuals: five from localities within the Seychelles, nine from other Indo-Pacific localities, and the two outgroups. The final concatenated alignment included 2025 nucleotides, of which 292 positions could not be confidently aligned and were excluded for the phylogenetic analyses (16S rDNA: 138; 12S rDNA: 154). Of the resulting 1733 nucleotides positions, 579 were parsimony informative. jModeltest identified a model consisting of three substitution rates (rate matrix: 012010; see jModeltest manual) as well as +F, +I, and +Γ parameters for our final concatenated mitochondrial dataset under the and AICc respectively. We applied this model in GARLI analyses; however, the more complex GTR +Γ model was applied in all other searches as the chosen model is not available in the other software packages (e. g. , RAxML, Phycas). The use of GTR was justified as it was included in the 99% cumulative weight interval under all three selection criteria. Mitochondrial phylogenetic reconstructions (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: How can smart contact lenses monitor and treat eye conditions? Published: October 4, 2022 More than 3 million people live with glaucoma in the United States, an eye disease that is the world’s second leading cause of blindness. is using his skills as a biomedical engineer to develop smart contact lenses that can both monitor the condition and deliver drugs to combat it. — the fraction of a drug that enters the body and has an active effect — a signal in living organisms that can be measured e. g. , heart rate — the transparent layer forming the front of the eye — an eye condition in which increased pressure within the eyeball can lead to an eventual loss of sight — an adjective describing something concerned with the eye or vision — an electronic device that can be comfortably worn on the body while performing a specific medical function Imagine wearing contact lenses that could not only monitor your eyes to check for diseases, but could also send reports to your doctor and administer drugs directly into your eyes to improve your condition, all while you are sat in the comfort of your own home. This futuristic-sounding type of healthcare could soon become a reality. Hwan Lee, associate professor of biomedical engineering and mechanical engineering at Purdue University, is developing smart contact lenses that can do just that. Biomedical engineering lies at the heart of medical technology, where researchers collaborate with healthcare practitioners to develop new and innovative devices that can improve the lives of patients. Chi Hwan’s research group is designing wearable biomedical devices that can be attached to a patient’s eye or skin to monitor or treat specific health conditions. ? Wearable sensors can be tailored to monitor a range of physical (e. g. , pressure and strain), electrophysical (e. g. , heart and muscle activities) and electrochemical (e. g. , chemicals in blood or sweat) biosignals. For example, sensors attached to the skin under the chin could be used to monitor muscle activity in individuals suffering from swallowing disorders, and contact lenses could monitor ocular pressure in those suffering from glaucoma. As more than 3 million people live with glaucoma in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, finding ways to monitor the condition is essential for medical research and patient welfare.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: | Peer-of on the in of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Biogeography, Department of Geography and Land Planning, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Forestry and Wood Engineering, of Porto-Novo, Porto-Novo, in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (, Issue 4) Received: 12 May 2017 Accepted: 24 May 2017 Published: 10 July 2017 Views: Downloads: 1. 5, 2 and 3 meters height measured from 7am to 6pm at one hour interval. Data were analyzed using under R 3. 3. 1 software. Results showed that street alignment trees were poorly diversified and dominated by Khaya senegalensis. This species appeared to be highly pruned and threatened because of its numerous medicinal virtues. Moreover it was found that air temperature and relative humidity were influenced by the time and the place of measurement. The coolness effect of urban green was evidenced by the decrease in temperature under alignment trees compared with that recorded on roadside free of trees. These results suggested that urban green could be adopted as adaptation strategy to address the issue of global warming in the city. Published in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (, Issue 4) DOI 10. 11648/j. aff. 20170604. 13 Page(s) 123-129 This is an 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s), 2017. Published by 75. 2016. 01. 010. [3] Hsieh, C-M. & Jan Zhang, L. (2016). A simplified assessment of how tree allocation, wind environment, and shading affect human comfort. Urban For. Urban Green. 18, 126–137. [4] Kadir, M. A. A. & Orthman, N. (2012). Towards a better tomorrow: street trees and their values in urban areas. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 267-274. [5] FAO. (2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Although some analyses suggested a sister relationship between clades A and B, supports for this relationship was low in ML analyses (BS: <60) and highly variable in BI (PP: 71–100). COI K2P divergences between the three main lineages in the clade ranged from 7. 12 to 9. 09% (Table 3). Table 3: Estimates of evolutionary divergence, as measured by Kimura 2-parameter distances, for main Ligia lineages from the study area and outgroups. When applicable minimum and maximum (top values) as well as average divergences (values in parentheses) are provided. . exotica L. occidentalis 7. 1–9. 1% (4. 3%) 22. 9–24. 7% (24. 0%) 2. 50% 25. 8–28. 1% (26. 8%) 25. 9–26. 6% (26. 2%) N/A 25. 3–27. 1% (26. 3%) 22. 0–23. 8% (22. 8%) 25. 9–27. 2% (26. 6%) 4. 70% 24. 3–27. 6% (26. 3%) 21. 9–23. 7% (22. 1%) 24. 7–25. 4% (25. 2%) 12. 4–14. 8% (13. 7%) 0. 5–4. 7% (2. 9%) 26. 3–27. 8% (27. 3%) 23. 3–23. 75% (23. 5%) 27. 7% 13. 3–14. 2% (13. 8%) 12. 1–12. 7% (12. 3%) N/A L. exotica 22. 6–25. 4% (23. 4%) 25. 7–25. 7% (25. 7%) 25. 7% 25. 9–28. 1% (27. 0%) 24. 9–26. 9% (25. 9%) 26. 3% N/A L. occidentalis 27. 5–28. 3% (28. 0%) 23. 8–24. 9% (24. 3%) 24. 6% 24. 9% 19. 0–20. 9% (19. 8%) 20. 8% 25.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: As well as providing continuous monitoring of a patient’s condition, another major benefit of Chi Hwan’s wearable devices is their ability to record a patient’s biosignals while they are at home and then to automatically send a report to their doctor. “This means patients do not need to frequently travel to a clinic, which is particularly helpful for those living in rural areas or with limited mobility,” explains. ? “The human skin and eye are soft, curvilinear and sensitive to pain,” explains Chi Hwan. “Therefore, wearable biomedical devices must have mechanical softness, flexibility, stretchability and breathability, without side effects such as discomfort, pain or tissue damage. ” A major challenge for designing smart contact lenses is that the fabrication of wireless sensors typically requires high temperatures and corrosive chemicals, which is why electronic circuits are normally built on hard materials. However, these rigid materials are unsuitable for use in the human eye, so and his team had to develop novel techniques for creating soft and stretchable sensors that could be placed on various commercial brands of soft contact lenses. They developed a ‘peeling technique’, whereby the electronic components are constructed on conventional fabrication substrates that can withstand high temperatures and corrosive chemicals but can then be thinly peeled off and transferred elsewhere. This means the sensors can exist on flexible, stretchable, transparent or biodegradable substrates, including soft contact lenses. ? Chi Hwan’s team has developed a soft, ultrathin, wireless sensor to measure ocular pressure, which can be attached to commercial soft contact lenses. “This allows continuous 24-hour monitoring of ocular pressure for glaucoma patients, even during sleep,” he explains. As well as monitoring eye conditions, smart contact lenses can also treat them, by injecting drugs directly into the eye. “Ocular drug delivery remains a grand challenge due to the complex structure of the eye,” says Chi Hwan. Download the 10. 33424/303 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 participant wearing a smart soft contact lens during the continuous monitoring of ocular pressure © : 10. 1038/s41467-022-33254-4 A tear-soluble contact lens with silicon nanoneedles for painless and long-term sustained drug delivery © : 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: La foresterie urbaine et périurbaine. [6] IPCC. (2011). Mitigation, Climate change. IPCC special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. [7]. & Wake, V. , (1997). A Model of Sustainability. Journal of Arboriculture. 23, 17-30. [8] McPherson, E. & Simpson, J. R. (2003). Potential energy savings in buildings by an urban tree planting programme in California. & 2; 073-086. [9] Lopez, F. & Roussel, J. M. (2010). Encombrement des trottoirs: Les espaces verts. Une voirie pour tous. Fiche n°3. 5. 10p. [10] Kenney, W. A. , van Wasseanaer, P. J. E. & Satel, A. L. (2011). Criteria and Indicators for and Management. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 37, 108-117. [11] Abreu-Harbich, L. V. , Labaki, L. C. & Matzarakis, A. (2015). Effect of tree planting design and tree species on human thermal comfort in the tropic. Landscape and 138, 99-109. [12] FAO. (2000). La foresterie urbaine en Amérique du nord et ses interactions au niveau mondial. NAFC/8. [13] Vaz, M. , Doick, K. J. , Handley, P. & Peace, A. (2016). The impact of greenspace size on the extent of local nocturnal air temperature cooling in London. & Urban Greening, 16, 160–169. [14] Bory, G. (2000). L’arbre dans la ville. On ne regarde pas les arbres en ville Dossier foret. Fiche extraite du Dossier Forêt. 170p. [15] FAO. (2011). Situation des forêts du monde. Rome, Italie. 176p. [16]. & Hurley, P. T. (2013). Urban forest justice and the rights to wild foods, medicines, and materials in the city.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 6% N/A DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/table-3 The ‘Asian’ clade (DEF) included all individuals identified as L. dentipes which were separated into three main lineages: (a) (red in all figures; BS: 91–100, PP:100) included Ligia from Galle (Sri Lanka) and Phuket (Thailand); (b) (blues in all figures; BS: 88–100; PP: 100) consisting of Ligia from the inner islands of Seychelles; and (c) (green in all figures) represented solely from Ligia collected in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. As in Clade ABC, relationships within the ‘Asian’ clade were not well resolved. We observed a sister relationship between clades E and F; however, support values for this relationship were often low (BS: <60–74; PP: <60–65). COI K2P divergences between the three main lineages in the Asian clade ranged from 12. 07 to 14. 83% (Table 3). Divergences within the inner Seychelles locations (i. e. , Clade E) ranged from 0. 5 to 5. 2% with all comparisons to the island of Cousine being above 4. 5% (Table 4). Table 4: Estimates of evolutionary divergence, as measured by Kimura 2-parameter distances, for Ligia localities from Seychelles inner island localities. E1 E2 E3 E4 E1 – E2 4. 9% – E3 5. 1% 0. 8% – E4 5. 2% 0. 9% 0. 5% – DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/table-4 date, two species of Ligia have been reported to inhabit intertidal habitats in the Seychelles archipelago: L. dentipes (Taiti, 2014) and L. exotica (Ferrara & Taiti, 1985). The former is considered to be endemic to coastlines in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, with confirmed records from the Nicobar and Andaman islands, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and the Seychelles (Taiti, 2014 and 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: 1126/sciadv. abn1772 A horse wearing a smart textile during the continuous monitoring of health conditions © : 10. 1002/adma. 202108021 Eyedrops and ointments that are traditionally used to administer ocular drugs have a very low bioavailability. Less than 5% of eyedrop medication reaches its target, as our eyes are designed to prevent foreign substances from entering. “This means larger or more frequent doses are required,” says Chi Hwan, “which burdens the patient and increases the risk of side effects such as blurred vision and discomfort. ” In response to this, has developed tear-soluble contact lenses equipped with biodegradable nanoneedles that can inject drugs directly into the required location. “When a patient inserts the contact lens, the nanoneedles penetrate the cornea in a minimally-invasive manner and then undergo gradual degradation over the course of several months while providing sustained, painless delivery of ocular drugs,” he explains. “The contact lens itself dissolves in tear fluid within a few minutes. ” These drug delivery contact lenses will be useful for treating chronic ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, as they will provide painless, long-term, sustained drug delivery to the patient’s eye. ? and the team are also designing other wearable biomedical devices. They are integrating electronics (such as heart rate sensors) into fabric textiles, creating fabrics that can monitor health conditions while also retaining their original wearability and breathability. A key condition of these electronic textiles is that they can be worn multiple times and can survive for multiple laundry cycles. These electronic textiles have recently been applied in a wearable biomedical device for horses. The team created a horse blanket containing multiple sensors that continuously monitor the horse’s heart rate, muscle activity and breathing rate. This allows the horse owner to monitor the horse’s health over long periods of time, whether they are galloping through a field or asleep in their stable. ? “My next steps will be to bring the research outcomes out of university and into clinical practice so many people can benefit from using our technologies,” says Chi Hwan. He hopes that, after extensive clinical trials, his wearable biomedical devices will become commercially available, enhancing and advancing the care of patients with a wide range of health conditions. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: 13 T2 - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries JF - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries JO - Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries SP - 123 EP - 129 PB - Group SN - 2328-5648 UR - AB - The effect of urban green on meteorological parameters such as temperature and relative humidity was assessed on one major city street in Cotonou called “Boulevard de Missèbo-Zongo” (BMZ). Tree inventory and field measurement of meteorological parameters were performed on the roadside and central median of the BMZ. Dendrometric data collected were the number of tree species, the number of tree individuals per species, the diameter of trees at breast height, the tree heights, the tree crown shape, shade form on the ground when the sun is at Zenith; while the meteorological data were the air temperature and the relative humidity inside and outside of urban green at 1. 5, 2 and 3 meters height measured from 7am to 6pm at one hour interval. Data were analyzed using under R 3. 3. 1 software. Results showed that street alignment trees were poorly diversified and dominated by Khaya senegalensis. This species appeared to be highly pruned and threatened because of its numerous medicinal virtues. Moreover it was found that air temperature and relative humidity were influenced by the time and the place of measurement. The coolness effect of urban green was evidenced by the decrease in temperature under alignment trees compared with that recorded on roadside free of trees. These results suggested that urban green could be adopted as adaptation strategy to address the issue of global warming in the city. VL - 6 IS - 4 ER - Copy | of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, of Biogeography, Department of Geography and Land Planning, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-of Forestry and Wood Engineering, of Porto-Novo, Porto-129. Copy | Togbe; Rosos Djikpo; Romeo Chabi; Bruno Djossa. Effects of on the in Cotonou, Benin Republic. Agric.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 07 to 27. 62% (L. dentipes: 12. 07–14. 83% COI K2P; L. vitiensis: 21. 85–27. 62% COI K2P). These divergences would require mutation rates that are about six times lower than the mutation rate for COI reported for other marine isopods (2. 5%/My; Ketmaier, Argano & Caccone, 2003) in order to match the age of the inner Seychelles islands (∼65 My; Plummer & Belle, 1995). These findings, though not conclusive, would suggest an Asian origin for Ligia from the inner islands. The finding that Ligia from the inner islands are most closely related to those from Asia represent a rare, yet not exceptional, occurrence for Seychellois flora and fauna. Overall, fauna endemic to the Seychelles appears to largely be of an or Malagasy origin (Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2012 and 4. 5–5. 3% when compared to other localities (Mahé and Silhouette) within the inner islands. Interestingly, this pattern is similar to those previously reported for Seychellois herpetofauna from the inner islands (Rocha, Harris & Posada, 2011; Rocha, Posada & Harris, 2013; Silva et al. , 2010) and to reports of cryptic diversity for other Ligia species, including L. occidentalis (Eberl et al. , 2013; Hurtado, Mateos & Santamaria, 2010), L. hawaiensis (Santamaria et al. , 2013; Taiti et al. , 2003), L. baudiniana (Santamaria, Mateos & Hurtado, 2014), L. exotica and L. cinerascens (Yin et al. , 2013), and L. oceanica (Raupach et al. , 2014). The sum of our findings thus suggest the presence of 2–3 putative cryptic species of Ligia in the Seychelles: being one, and those of Cousine and Silhouette + Mahé representing one or two putative species. Morphological inspections are needed to determine whether diagnostic characters exist that differentiate between these highly divergent lineages.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: As previously shown [136], HL was able to colonize the spleen, liver and bone marrow in higher extent than ST parasites 6 weeks after infection (Figure 1, Infection bars). We hypothesized that these differences in infectivity could lead to distinct levels of protection. Thus, we re-infected the mice with homologous or heterologous strains. In our model, mice that were previously imprinted with HL strain and then challenged with the same highly infective strain (Figure 1, Re-inf HL bars) were able to sustain the splenic parasite load and to decrease in about 1 logarithm the number of parasites colonizing the liver and bone marrow. On the contrary, HL re-infection after ST imprinting led to a significant increase of about 1000 times in all the target tissues. Concomitant immunity was more pronounced when the animals were infected with the highly infective HL strain and then challenged with ST due to its lower infectivity (Figure 1, Re-inf ST bars). As such, the infections in the spleen and liver of HL imprinted mice suffered a significant reduction of ~1000-fold in the parasite loads to levels close to the quantification limit, and in the bone marrow parasitic presence was detected but not quantifiable. Accordingly, ST imprinting and consecutive challenge resulted in a ~10-fold increase in the splenic and hepatic parasite burden compared to the primary infection numbers, though no changes were noticed in the parasite load of the bone marrow. Figure 1. Parasite load after infection and challenge with L. infantum strains presenting different infectivitiesBased on the data exposed above, in terms of parasitological analysis we established that the onset of pathology (set as hepatosplenomegaly (data not shown; see [136]) and high parasite loads) by an infective L. infantum strain confers a degree of protection over a re-infection episode which correlates with the infectivity of both the imprinting and the challenging strains that are inoculated in the host. Similar findings were reported previously, when a high-dose of L. chagasi promastigotes was required for the development of protection against re-infection, whereas a low-dose immunization either had no effect or slightly exacerbated disease [49]. 3. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Por otro lado, se ha observado que en las últimas décadas estas avenidas han cambiado su magnitud, frecuencia y fecha de ocurrencia debido al cambio climático. Este efecto es tan importante que durante los últimos años los gobiernos de distintos países han desarrollado normas para tener en cuenta el cambio climático en el diseño de infraestructuras. Por ejemplo, en España, las nuevas Normas Técnicas de Seguridad para las presas y sus embalses. Para tratar de cuantificar el efecto del cambio climático en las avenidas en el futuro se han generado multitud de proyecciones de cambio climático. Estas proyecciones proporcionan datos a escala global y regional de precipitación y temperatura, pero esta escala normalmente no es suficiente para realizar estudios locales. Por tanto, normalmente aparecen errores de sesgo cuando se comparan las proyecciones de cambio climático con las observaciones puntuales en estaciones de medida de precipitación y temperatura, que afectan de forma significativa los resultados de los estudios de impacto. Se han desarrollado múltiples técnicas para corregir estos errores de sesgo en la precipitación y temperatura. Estos métodos normalmente se centran en corregir los valores medios de la precipitación y temperatura, ignorando el ajuste de los extremos. Por esto, se proponen una serie de metodologías de corrección de sesgo teniendo en cuenta el ajuste para los caudales extremos.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Uncovering such differences may prove difficult, as previous morphological comparisons of highly divergent Ligia lineages within the same species complex suggest lineages to be nearly morphologically identical (Santamaria et al. , 2016; Santamaria et al. , 2013; Taiti et al. , 2003). In such case, differences in other traits that have been proven useful to distinguish between cryptic species could be explored, including timing of reproduction (e. g. , Villanueva, 2016), reproductive behaviors (e. g. , Meguro et al. , 2016), or molecular characters (e. g. , Johnson et al. , 2015). Our findings also suggest that additional lineages may occur in other Ligia populations across the Seychelles, particularly in yet to be sampled outer islands. Mitochondrial alignment for phylogenetic analyses DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/supp-1 for the NaK gene for DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/supp-2 for COI gene for DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/supp-3 We would like to acknowledge the logistical support of the Foundation, the Society, the (MCSS) as well as the help of Heather Richards, Daig Romain, Sheril de and in the search and collection of Ligia from the Seychelles. We also appreciate the logistical support from local entities such as the and Lodge. We thank the Seychelles government for approving the sample collection for this research. kindly allowed the use of their laboratory facilities at State University. The following students provided laboratory assistance in this project: (State University), (USF-SM). authors declare there are no competing interests. Carlos A. Santamaria conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper, permit processing. Joanna K. Bluemel performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper, field work; permit processing. performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper, field work.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 47. 47. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search a ‘vascular stem cell’ population has not been identified or generated, vascular endothelial and mural cells (smooth muscle cells and pericytes) can be derived from currently known pluripotent stem cell sources including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. We review the vascular potential of these human pluripotent stem cells, the mechanisms by which they are induced to differentiate toward a vascular endothelial cell fate, and their applications in regenerative medicine. Keywords: Angiogenesis, Blood vessel biology, Endothelial cell differentiation, Regenerative medicine, Stem cell differentiation 1. Altman, J. (1969) Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. 4. Cell proliferation and migration in the anterior forebrain, with special reference to persisting neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. J 137: 433–457. 2. Amabile, G. , A. Meissner (2009) Induced pluripotent stem cells: current progress and potential for regenerative medicine. Med 15: 59–68. 3. Asahara,T. , T. Murohara, A. Sullivan, M. Silver, R. van der Zee, T. Li, B. Witzenbichler, G. Schatteman, J. M. Isner (1997) Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275: 964–966. 4. Atala, A. , S. B. Bauer, S. Soker, J. J. Yoo, A. B. Retik (2006) Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Lancet 367: 1241–1246. 5. Badylak, S. F. (2007) The extracellular matrix as a biologic scaffold material. Biomaterials 28: 3587–3593. 6. Badylak, S. F. , D. Taylor, K. Uygun (2010) Whole-organ tissue engineering: decellularization and recellularization of three-dimensional matrix scaffolds. 13: 27–53. 7. Bai, H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Una problemática observada de las proyecciones de cambio climático es que la escala de las precipitaciones es normalmente diaria, afectando esto considerablemente a las simulaciones de los caudales extremos. Por ello, se ha utilizado un generador de lluvia estocástica para poder obtener series de lluvia a escala subdiaria. Los parámetros necesarios para generar las series de lluvia en el futuro se han estimado a partir de las proyecciones de cambio climático pudiendo así obtener las tasas de cambio por el efecto del cambio climático. Las inundaciones no solo afectan a las grandes infraestructuras, sino que también suponen un gran problema para las zonas urbanas. Además, en las últimas décadas estas zonas urbanas han sufrido grandes cambios, aumentando su población, densidad y extensión considerablemente. De la misma forma que en los casos anteriores, las avenidas en las zonas urbanas también se verán afectadas por el cambio climático. Por ello, se ha propuesto una metodología para estimar los cambios esperados en los daños directos por inundación en áreas urbanas en el futuro como consecuencia del cambio climático. La metodología propuesta se ha aplicado al caso de estudio de Pamplona. Se ha utilizado lanovedosa plataforma SaferPlaces, para calcular los daños directos por efecto de las inundaciones fluviales a escala de edificio. More information Item ID: 74132 DC Identifier: OAI Identifier: oai:oa. upm. es:74132 DOI: 10. 20868/UPM. thesis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, reviewed drafts of the paper, field work. following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers): Field collections in Seychelles were carried out under a collection permit approved by the of Standards (Permit #A0157). DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The sequences have been uploaded to GenBank and accession numbers provided in Table 1. Alignments are provided as Supplemental Files. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: Newly produced sequences have been deposited in GenBank. work was supported by internal funding sources of and the University of Sarasota-Manatee. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2012. The generation of a biodiversity hotspot: biogeography and phylogeography of the western Indian ocean islands. In: Anamthawat-Jónssonm K, ed. Current topics in phylogenetics and phylogeography of terrestrial and aquatic systems. Rijeka: InTech. 33-82 Biju SD, Bossuyt F. 2003. New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. Nature 425:711-714 Braithwaite C. 1984. Geology of the Seychelles. In: Stoddart D, ed. Biogeography and ecology of the Seychelles Islands. The Hague: W. Junk. 17-38. 1973. The evolution of an atoll: the depositional and erosional history of Aldabra. of the of London B, 266:307-340. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. 9:1657-1659 Daniels SR. 2011. Reconstructing the colonisation and diversification history of the endemic freshwater crab (Seychellum alluaudi) in the granitic and volcanic Seychelles Archipelago. and Evolution 61:534-542. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. 9:772. 2013. Phylogeography of the supralittoral isopod Ligia occidentalis around the marine biogeographical boundary.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: , Y. Gao, M. (2010) BMP4 regulates vascular progenitor development in human embryonic stem cells through a smad-dependent pathway. J 109: 363–374. 8. Belmokhtar, K. , T. Bourguignon, M. Worou, G. Khamis, P. Bonnet, J. Domenech, V. Eder (2011) Regeneration of three layers vascular vall by using BMP2-treated MSC involving HIF-1α and Id1 expressions through JAK/STAT pathways. Rev, E-pub ahead of print. 9. (2001) The evolving concept of a stem cell: entity or function? Cell 105: 829–841. 10. Boheler, K. R. (2010) Pluripotency of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac and vascular regeneration. 104: 23–29. 11. Bosnali, M. , B. Münst, M. Thier, F. Edenhofer (2009) Deciphering the stem cell machinery as a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying reprogramming. 66: 3403–3420. 12. Buehr, M. , S. Meek, K. Blair, J. Yang, J. Ure, J. Silva, R. McLay, J. Hall, Q. L. Ying, A. Smith (2008) Capture of authentic embryonic stem cells from rat blastocysts. Cell 135: 1287–1298. 13. (1999) Novel vascular graft grown within recipient’s own peritoneal cavity. 85: 1173–1178. 14. Carey, B. W. , S. Markoulaki, J. Hanna, K. Saha, Q. Gao, M. Mitalipova, R. Jaenisch (2009) Reprogramming of murine and human somatic cells using a single polycistronic vector. 106: 157–162. 15. Carmeliet, P. , V. Ferreira, G. Breier, S. Pollefeyt, L. Kieckens, M. Gertsenstein, M. Fahrig, A. Vandenhoeck, K. Harpal, C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3290282/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis research was aimed at finding out the practices of urban forestry and urban greening in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Climate change issue has become a major topic of discussion among even the non-environmentalists because of its several effects on human and his environment. Types of plant species planted by homesteaders were appraised as well as reasons for the choices. Knowledge of climate change (causes, effects, and mitigations) were also appraised. Among the 30 participants that were involved in the Convenient sampling semi-structured survey, 43% had knowledge of climate change; 33% had knowledge of its causes; 40% were able to show some knowledge of role of vegetations in environmental purification, while all (100%) participants agreed that they would plant more vegetations if they had the knowledge of climate change and what role vegetations could play in curbing its effects. Various plant species were found around the homesteads including tree species, ornamental horticultural, and agricultural species. The reasons for keeping the various species included economic, medicinal, and aesthetic values, in addition to others. More environmental education activities is recommended in order to increase people’s awareness to roles that greening of the environment can play in curbing the effects of climate change. urban forestryurban greeningclimate changeconservationecosystem servicesFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7change, which is defined by the (UN, 2023) as “long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns”; caused greatly, by human activities, is at present, global, in its impact. The UN reports that the impact is felt in various ways in different regions, and ranges from health to droughts, with consequences of famine, and a possible future rise in “climate refugees”. To reverse the trend, climate action (UN, 2023) is required of governments, corporate, and private individuals. The redemption of financial commitment by the industrialized economies to help the developing economies achieve more environment-friendly approaches to development, will be a way forward as well.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Journal of Biogeography 40:2361-2372 Ferrara F, Taiti S. 1982. Ricerche zoologiche della “REEF 78” alle Andamane. VIII. Isopodi terrestri delle Isole Andamane. 8:459-492 Ferrara F, Taiti S. 1985. The terrestrial isopods (Crustacea) of Aldabra. of the 86:291-215. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial Oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Biology and Biotechnology 3:294-299 Gerlach J. 2009. of the Seychelles islands. Sofia-Moscow: Pensoft. . 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the B: 270:313-321 Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. : Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17:754-755. 2010. Phylogeography of supralittoral rocky intertidal Ligia isopods in the Pacific region from to Central Mexico. 5:e11633 Jackson HG. 1933. Marquesan terrestrial Isopoda. Bulletin of the 114:145-162 Johnson SB, Warén. 2015. Molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of Alviniconcha snails (Gastropoda: Abyssochrysoidea) from hydrothermal vents. Systematics and Biodiversity 13:278-295. 2008. Two genetic lineages of sea slaters, Ligia (Crustacea: Isopoda) in South Korea: a population genetic approach. Molecules and Cells 25:523-530 Karanth KP. 2006. Out-of-origin of some tropical Asian biota. 90:789-792 Katoh K, Standley DM. 2013. 7: improvements in performance and usability. and Evolution 30:772-780. 2003. Phylogeography and molecular rates of subterranean aquatic with a peri-Tyrrhenian distribution. 12:547-555 Khalaji-Pirbalouty V, Wägele JW. 2010.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: M. Isner, T. Asahara (2000) Transplantation of ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization. 97: 3422–3427. 31. Kelly, M. A. , K. K. Hirschi (2009) Signaling hierarchy regulating human endothelial cell development. 29: 718–724. 32. Lagasse, E. , J. A. Shizuru, N. Uchida, A. Tsukamoto, I. L. Weissman (2001) Toward regenerative medicine. Immunity 14: 425–436. 33. Leconte, I. , (1998) Adenoviral-mediated expression of antisense RNA to fibroblast growth factors disrupts murine vascular development. 213: 421–430. 34. . Jeon, H. Lim, H. y. . Hong, S. Kim, S. G. Cho (2011) The generation of iPS cells using non-viral magnetic nanop6691. 35. Levenberg, S. , J. S. Golub, M. Amit, J. Itskovitz-Eldor, R. Langer (2002) Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. 99: 4391–4396. 36. Levenberg, S. , J. Rouwkema, M. . Marini, C. A. van Blitterswijk, R. C. Mulligan, P. A. D’Amore, R. Langer (2005) Engineering vascularized skeletal muscle tissue. 23: 879–884. 37. Li, P. , C. Tong, R. Mehrian-Shai, L. Jia, N. Wu, Y. . (2008) Germline competent embryonic stem cells derived from rat blastocysts. Cell 135: 1299–1310. 38. Lutolf, M. P. , J. A. Hubbell (2005) Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. 23: 47–55. 39. (2003) Distinct populations of vascular progenitors in skeletal muscle are bone marrow-derived and exhibit different cell fates during vascular regeneration. J 111: 71–79. 40. Martin, G. R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: What contribution can urban forestry make in this regard? Urban forestry is an integrated concept, which includes the raising and management of trees around built-up areas for their present and potential contribution to the physiological, sociological, aesthetic, environmental, and economic wellbeing of the urban society (Jorgensen, 1974; Konijinendijk and Randrup, 2004; Vogt, 2020). The urban forester (Bettinger et al, 2016) is saddled with the technical management of urban forests. A careful observation of the planted vegetation in urban areas will show that there are other types of vegetations, apart from trees. In cities around of Nigeria, the urban vegetations include horticultural and other arable agricultural crops that are planted around the homesteads. For these homesteads, every little space at the outdoors is utilized to grow various plants with reasons which include contribution to the household economy, achieving sociological and or physiological purposes. All of these (be it trees, horticultural, or other agricultural arable crops), ultimately contributes to urban greening, achieving additional positive (though unplanned) purposes like environmental preservation and conservation; Ezenwaka and Graves (2014) had reported that people are less aware of the supporting and regulating ecosystem services of vegetations, than the provisioning and cultural services. Among the various benefits of urban greening are erosion control, noise and air pollution abatement, improvement in air quality, watershed protection, carbon sequestration, phytoremediation of air pollutants and heat control (Grey and Deneke, 1978; Nowak et al, 2006; Fang and Ling, 2005; Fan et al, 2010; Escobedo, et al, 2011; Stoffberg et al, 2010; Haase et al, 2012; Agarwal et al, 2019; Nowak et al, 2014; Artiola et al, 2019). This paper aimed to appraise urban forestry and urban greening in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, with the specific objective of finding out benefits derived, or reasons for the action. addition to desk-top review of literatures, primary data were collected from participants in Yenagoa-City, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. sampling method (Overton & Diermen, 2014) was adopted because the population size was not certain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Two new species of Ligia Fabricius, 1798 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Ligiidae) from coasts of the Persian and Aden gulfs. & Evolution 10:135-145. 2016. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7. 0 for bigger datasets. and Evolution 33:1870-1874. 2012. PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. and Evolution 29:1695-1701. 2005. Polytomies and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. 54:241-253. 2015. Phycas: software for Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. 64:525-531. 2016. Assortative mating and divergent male courtship behaviours between two cryptic species of nine-spined sticklebacks (genus Pungitius) Behavior 153:1879-1911. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. 3:164-175. 1998. Universal cytochrome b primers facilitate intraspecific studies in molluscan taxa. Biology and Biotechnology 7:7-11 Palumbi S. 1996. Nucleic acids II: polymerase chain reaction. In: eds. Molecular systematics (2nd edition). Sunderland: Inc. . 205-247 Plummer PS. 1995. Planet aldabra. In: eds. Aldabra world heritage site. Nairobi: International. 49-70. 1995. Mesozoic tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Seychelles microcontinent. 96:73-91 Podsiadlowski L, Bartolomaeus T. 2005. Organization of the mitochondrial genome of mantis shrimp Pseudosquilla ciliata (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) 7:618-624 Raupach MJ, Bininda-. 2014. Phylogeographical analysis of Ligia oceanica (Crustacea: Isopoda) reveals two deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages. of the 112:16-30. 2011.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: cardiac stem cells for the treatment of the damaged heart Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2572-8490 & Regenerative Medicine: Review 382. DOI: 10. 15406/atroa. 2017. 03. 00064 disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality in humans. Current pharmacological treatment is only palliative, not curative; and the massive loss of cardiac tissue after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is mainly substituted by a non-functional scar. Since there are not enough donors available for heart transplantation, new approaches have been explored, and the investigation efforts of many groups in the last decade have been directed towards the use of stem cells. Unfortunately, the stem cells used in most of the clinical trials, mainly bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC), have not shown a consistent and meaningful long-term benefit. Therefore, some recent clinical studies have included different type of cells derived from cardiac-tissue that still retain certain stem cell properties and, in contrast to BMSC, cardiomyogenic potential. On the other hand, cell reprogramming technologies have allowed the creation of novel cardiac cells, including multipotent cardiac stem cells (CSC) with similar features and potential to embryonic CSC. Here, we will review the main CSC populations that are being investigated in clinical trials and in preclinical models with a special focus on the CSC obtained through different cell reprogramming strategies and the recent tissue engineering approaches used to improve the retention, survival and function of CSC. Keywords: cardiac stem cells, stem cell therapy, myocardial infarction, cardiac reprogramming, tissue engineering myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. Advances in medical and catheter-based therapy have improved the survival and prognosis of patients with AMI, nonetheless mortality remains as high as 13% and the 5-year mortality for patients with heart failure remains as high as 50%. 1 AMI is most often caused by the breakage of an atheroma plaque and the subsequent formation of a thrombus and occlusion of a coronary vessel, producing an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of myocardium.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: They enjoy the shades and the colours. Some participants made their choices because of the shades and beauty (Figures 5 & 6) such plants provides. These category were more for the trees and colorful ornamental plants such as the Terminalia spp and Ixora spp. The presence of these vegetations adds to the beauty of the premises. In many cases, it also increases the rental value of such premises. d. other various reasons the participants mentioned included environmental protection and purification, tourism, education, and species preservation. These reasons are categorized as ‘others’ because they were seldom mentioned by majority of the participants but by just very few (see Figure 7 below) that were perceived to be more environmentally informed or inclined. This also implies that urban dwellers are aware to an extent, of non provisional ecosystem services of the urban vegetations. 3. knowledge of climate change and global warming (effects): As important as the topic of global warming is, only 43% of the participants had a fair knowledge and were aware of the subject matter (see Figure 7 below). The source of their knowledge were mostly social media and mainstream news media. It shows that these media channels can be effective in driving the message of environmental preservation and conservation targeted at urban dwellers. 4. Knowledge of causes of climate change: Only 33% of the participants (see Figure 7 below) had some knowledge of causes and contributors to climate change. They were able to mention deforestation, urbanization, human population growth, and fossil fuel as causes and contributors to climate change. 5. Knowledge of role of plants in environmental purification, and curbing climate change effects For this discussion topic, 40% of the participants (see Figure 7 below) were able to show knowledge of the role vegetations play in curbing the effects of climate change and purification of the environment. 6. Will you plant (and keep) more vegetations if you knew the additional benefits of keeping them? This was more of a YES/NO question, and it was not surprising to see a 100% (see Figure 7 below) of the participants saying ‘yes’. This result could be because the entire discussion session also yielded the unintended result of awakening the consciousness of the participants to the extra roles that vegetations could play in making our environment more conducive. It also shows that more investment in environmental education or awareness creation will yield more positive results in conservation of environmental resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Cryptic diversity within the endemic prehensile-tailed gecko Urocotyledon inexpectata across the Seychelles Islands: patterns of phylogeographical structure and isolation at the multilocus level. of the 104(1):177-191. 2013. Phylogeography and diversification history of the day-gecko genus Phelsuma in the Seychelles islands. BMC 13:3 Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572-1574. 2016. Constrained body shape among highly genetically divergent allopatric lineages of the supralittoral isopod Ligia occidentalis (Oniscidea) Ecology and Evolution 6:1537-1554. 2014. Diversification at the narrow sea-land interface in the Caribbean: phylogeography of endemic supralittoral Ligia isopods. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2 2013. A complex evolutionary history in a remote archipelago: Phylogeography and morphometrics of the Hawaiian endemic Ligia Isopods. 8:e85199 Schmalfuss H. 2003. World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea), Serie A, Nr. 654: 341 pp. Stuttgarter BeiträA 654:1-341. 2015. 2: accurate detection of unreliable alignment regions accounting for the uncertainty of multiple parameters. Research 43:W7-W14. 2010. Assessment of mtDNA genetic diversity within the terrapins Pelusios subniger and Pelusios castanoides across the Seychelles islands. Amphibia-Reptilia 31:583-588 Stamatakis A. 2014. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312-1313. 2008. A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. 57:758-771 Sukumaran J, Holder MT. 2010. DendroPy: a Python library for phylogenetic computing. Bioinformatics 26:1569-1571. 2002. Overcredibility of molecular phylogenies obtained by Bayesian phylogenetics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, in adult mammals the resident cardiac cells are not able to regenerate heart tissue and restore efficiently the cardiac function in response to injury, thus, ischemia induces an irreversible damage leading to the death of cardiac tissue. It is calculated that a loss of approximately one billion cardiomyocytes occurs, which are replaced by a non-functional scar. This leads to a decrease in heart function, hypertrophy being the main compensation of the loss of cardiomyocytes, which eventually produces heart failure. 2 Currently the principal treatment for heart failure is pharmacological therapy, which is not curative but palliative. Heart transplant is the only option for most severe cases; however, it is very limited due to low availability of immunocompatible heart donors. In addition, transplanted patients must undergo a lifetime immunosuppressive therapy. To solve the lack of available hearts some alternatives have been developed in recent years, such as xenotransplantation. 3 A procedure that will need to overcome significant challenges such acute rejection, cross-species infections and ethical issues. Another alternative for the treatment of AMI and chronic heart failure is the use of cell-based therapy to improve cardiac function and, at best, regenerate damaged cardiac tissue. Adult somatic stem cells can be isolated from different tissues and can be differentiated spontaneously in vivo in response to endogenous cues. Some adult stem cells have been studied in the treatment of AMI and chronic heart failure, such as bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC), adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC), skeletal myoblasts and cardiac tissue-derived stem cells, BMSC being the most used cells in clinical trials. Unfortunately, the results from the studies using BMSC such as BOOST (00224536), -AMI (A. M. Zeiher, Identifier NCT00279175) and -AMI (00289822) have been ambiguous and not conclusive. In C-CURE trial (Celyad, Identifier NCT00810238) an interesting approach was developed, which consists of guiding mesenchymal stem cells obtained from bone marrow towards a cardiopoietic stem cell phenotype. The main advantage of ADSC over BMSC is that larger amounts of cells can be obtained by liposuction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: paper has revealed that while rural dwellers are more focused on provisioning services of the forest ecosystem (Ezenwaka and Graves, 2014), the urban dwellers appreciates the other non-tangible ecosystem benefits hence, the various choices of plants grown around their homesteads. In fighting forest ecosystem degradation and by extension curbing climate change effects, environmental education has to be intensified. Education is beneficial in influencing how people view benefits derivable from conservation of forest resources. If urban dwellers are sensitized enough to understand the environmental benefits, especially in curbing effects of climate change, they may begin to participate (Ezenwakaa,b, 2018) by planting more vegetations around their homesteads. DeclarationsEthics approval: Ethical standards (Borovnik et al, 2014; Banks & Schevens, 2014; Laws et al, 2013) relevant to the conduct of this field research were followed. All necessary approvals were secured as the data collection involved third party individuals. Participants involved in the interviews were informed about the objectives of the research; what was expected from them, and securing their consent to participate in the research, and also explaining to them that they have the freedom to withdraw from the research at any point, and that all data would be anonymized and kept confidential. Competing interests: There are no competing interests to be declared. Funding: No funds were received from external sources. Availability of data and material: Field notes were written during the field interviews; photographs were also taken. These serves as the raw dataset and are available with the researcher. 2019. Phytoremediation of air pollutants: prospects and challenges. of (2019. Urban and Household Pollution. (2016. Forest management and planning. Academic press. Borovnik Maria, & (2014): “Practical Issues” In: Work: A (2nd Edition); (eds). Sage. Escobedo, F. J. , Kroeger, T. and Wagner, J. E. , 2011. Urban forests and pollution mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services and disservices. Environmental pollution, 159(8-9), 2087. Ezenwaka, J. and Graves, A. , 2014. of the Forests, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and (JASR), 14(1), 56.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 99:16138-16143 Taiti S. 2014. The terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea, Oniscidea) of the Maldives. 27:9-33. 2003. Evolution of terrestriality in Hawaiian species of the genus Ligia (Isopoda, Oniscidea) 2:85-102. 1992. (Crustacea) from the Togian Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia. 6:787-842. 1992. A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequence data. III. Cladogram estimation. Genetics 132:619-633 öhme W, Vences M. 2011. Eastward from Africa: palaeocurrent-mediated chameleon dispersal to the Seychelles islands. 7:225-228. 2008. Phylogeny of Decapoda using two nuclear protein-coding genes: origin and evolution of the Reptantia. and Evolution 48:359-368 Villanueva RD. 2016. Cryptic speciation in the stony octocoral Heliopora coerulea: temporal reproductive isolation between two growth forms. 46:503-507 Yang Z. 2006. Computational molecular evolution. New York: Press. . 2013. Morphological and molecular data confirm species assignment and dispersal of the genus Ligia (Crustacea: Isopoda: Ligiidae) along northeastern coastal China and East Asia. of the 169:362-376 Zwickl DJ. 2006. Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion. PhD Dissertation, of Austin thesis a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info information See citing 1. 5MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . Cancel × Report a problem Common use cases Typos, corrections needed, missing information, abuse, etc Our promise PeerJ promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible. We thank you in advance for your patience and understanding.

Output: pass