Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Our survey results also suggest an oversupply of labour, with 54% of respondents reporting that there was not enough work available and just 20% disagreeing. Our interviews suggest that this oversupply of labour was in part due to growing global connectivity enabling workers anywhere in the world to connect with clients via online labour platforms, combined with a lack of perceived local labour market alternatives of the same standard for what was a highly educated workforce. Not only did this oversupply of labour make it difficult to get work but constantly experiencing this competitive environment led workers to feel that they could easily be replaced, especially by workers living in another country who were assumed to be willing to work for less money: ‘I’m sure there’s a hundred thousand people out there across the world who could do exactly what I do probably for cheaper as well’ (Ashly, South Africa; writing and research, data capture). This fear of being undercut was heightened by the fact that workers had no formal job security and thus could have their contract terminated at any time without notice. Online labour platforms framed their workforces as being ‘on-demand’, made up of ‘freelancers’ or ‘independent contractors’ who could be ‘fired on the spot’ by ending their contract without notice. (South Africa; writing and data entry) explained: ‘There’s a lot of people out there, if they’re not satisfied with you, they are going to try somebody else… So, they can replace you. This is one of those jobs that you can be replaced. ’ This fear of being replaced was also evident among a significant number of survey respondents, with 44% saying they felt easily replaceable against 30% who disagreed. Since workers not only exercise power relative to employers but also vis-a-vis other workers (Kalleberg, 2011), individual marketplace bargaining power in the form of skills was influential in determining job quality outcomes. One such outcome was pay. Gig work was an important source of income for most of our interview informants and the main source of income for many. Likewise, 73% of our survey respondents reported that remote gig work was an important source of income for their households, and 61% reported that it was their main occupation. Our interview informants were mostly gaining an income sufficient to avoid material hardship.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: İntestinal immün sistemin, lüminal mikrobiyota, intestinal epitelyal bariyer, antijen tanımlama, otofaji ve inflamazom, endoplazmik retikulum stresi, antijen sunumu ve kazanılmış bağışıklık sistemi ile JAK-STAT yolağını da içine alan birçok katmanında genetik olarak ortaya çıkabilecek değişiklikler sistemin işleyişinin etkilenmesine neden olacak, hastalığın gün yüzüne çıkmasına neden olacaktır. Ama maalesef son gelişmelerle birlikte hastalığın ortaya çıkmasında rol oynayan genetik değişikliklerin bunlarla sınırlı olmadığı, nonfonksiyone genler, epigenetik değişiklikler, metabolomikler ve bunun gibi birçok durumun da inflamatuvar barsak hastalıklarıyla ilişkisi gösterilmiştir. Bütün bu gelişmelere rağmen hala daha hastalığın patogenezi net birşekilde ortaya konulamamış olması, hastalığı multifaktöryel doğasından kaynaklanmaktadır. İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıkları, genetik, JAK-STAT yolağı Kaynakça 1. Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease: etiology and pathogenesis. Gastroenterol 1998; 115: 182-205. 2. Editorial: (1560–1624): the other fabricius. JAMA 1964; 190: 933. 3. . Landmark 9. 4. Wilks S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 마지막으로 방파제 건설 중 · 후 당초보다 기능이 추가되어 보강한 경우는 항만의 효율성 및 복합기능 증대를 목적으로 방파제 내측에 접안시설을 설치함으로써 월파방지를 위한 보완대책이 수립되는 경우이다. 서귀포항 외항방파제는 당초에 월파를 허용하는 단면으로 시설되었으나 계획 변경으로 월파를 허용하지 않는 단면으로 마루높이를 상향 조정함으로써 복합기능형 단면으로 변동된 상태가 되었다고 볼 수 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: This is supported by our survey data, with the mean weekly income of those paid in USD (N = 610) being $165 (σ = $209) from this work (seven outliers of $2000 and over were excluded as improbably large, though not wholly impossible given the unpredictability of gig work). A geographic difference was apparent, with SEA workers’ earnings averaging $181 (N = 304) compared to $150 for SSA (N = 307). This relates to the fact that 47% of SEA respondents were mainly carrying out high- or medium-skilled tasks compared to 33% for SSA. Across all respondents, those carrying out more skilled work earned on average $44 a week more than those doing low-skilled work. These findings suggest that the quality of national educational systems is important in determining the level of income that remote gig work translates into in a given country. However, even among survey respondents doing low-skilled work, we find massive income disparities: the income ratio between the 10th and 90th percentile is 1:19 (N = 328; excluding respondents earning nothing or above $2000 in the last week). This suggests that other forms of worker power besides skills are also important in determining income. Our interviews suggest this other form of power is reputation, both in the conventional sense of good standing and networks among potential clients, and in the sense of the symbolic power which accrues to some workers as a result of the algorithmic control system outlined above. Work flowed to those workers who had managed to maintain a strong reputation over a long period and were thus known by clients and highly ranked by platform algorithms. A key theme of the interviews was the difficulties faced by workers who lacked strong reputations. They had low incomes, in some cases below their countries’ monthly minimum wages, and a handful survived around the global poverty line of $58 per month. Workers who were struggling financially described how, for example, their pay was not enough to ‘actually survive’ (Helen, South Africa; writing and virtual assistant). Less in-demand workers were also forced to spend longer doing the unpaid work of searching and applying for paid work, which further reduced their potential to earn (our average survey respondent reported spending 16 hours per week looking for work, or 39% of the total time spent on remote gig work). Workers who were in demand thanks to skills and reputation enjoyed several job quality advantages over others.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Immunity 2006; 25: 361-72. 56. . The tyrosine kinase Tyk2 controls IFNAR1 cell surface expression. EMBO J 2003; 22: 537-47. 57. Partial impairment of cytokine responses in Tyk2-deficient mice. Immunity 2000; 13: 549-60. 58. Tyk2 plays a restricted role in IFN alpha signaling, although it is required for IL-12-mediated T cell function. Immunity 2000; 13: 561-71. 59. Roy B, Cathcart MK. Induction of 15-lipoxygenase expression by IL-13 requires tyrosine phosphorylation of horylation of Jak2 and Tyk2 in human monocytes. J 1998; 273: 32023-9. Inflammatory bowel diseases and genetic Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 80 - 86, 28. 06. 2020 Güray Can Hüseyin Öz Inflammatory bowel diseases are a group of chronic inflammatory diseases that involve the gastrointestinal tract. While the etiology of inflammatory boweldiseases is still not elucidated, an exaggerated immune response to luminal content is thought to occur in the intestinal tract as a result of the complexinteraction of environmental and genetic factors. This reaction may occur as a result of loss of immune-tolerance to luminal antigens in those who aregenetically susceptible. Today, a large number of genes have been identified that are susceptible to inflammatory bowel diseases that may affect the intestinalimmune response. These occur in relation to effective mechanisms at different stages of the intestinal immune system. Genetic changes that may occur inmany layers of the intestinal immune system, including luminal microbiota, intestinal epithelial barrier, antigen identification, autophagy and infamazom,endoplasmic reticulum stress, antigen presentation and acquired immune system, and JAK-STAT pathway, will affect the functioning of the system. will causeit to come to light. Unfortunately, with the latest developments, genetic changes that play a role in the emergence of the disease have not been limited to these;nonfunctional genes, epigenetic changes, metabolomics and many other conditions have been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Despite all these developments, the fact that the pathogenesis of the disease has not been clearly revealed is due to its multifactorial nature.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이는 방파제가 고유한 방파제 기능 이외에 안벽의 호안 기능을 포함한 복합기능형 단면으로 변경됨에 따른 결과라고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 4. 결론 및 향후 과제 4. 1 결론 본 연구에서는 우리나라 방파제 도입 당시부터 최근까지의 단면 구조형식 등에 대해 방파제 변천 역사에 대한 자료 수집 · 정리를 수행하고, 현재 우리나라 방파제 형식변화상에서 나타나는 특징을 분석 · 고찰하고자 하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: As they often had multiple clients and could easily replace clients they lost, they felt less pressure towards work intensification, and had labour market and income security (Standing, 1999). The higher income also meant that they could afford to save some of their income and pay for private health insurance, in contrast to workers on low incomes, who did not have any formal social security. As suggested by Kalleberg (2011) and Monteith and Giesbert (2017), this finding highlights the importance of national healthcare systems for job quality. In summary, the job quality of remote gig work can be explained by its specific organisational form combined with social and environmental conversion factors such as gender relations and educational and health systems. The organisational form experienced by remote gig workers is a product of the confluence of technology that facilitates the detachment of work from place (labour platforms and their platform-based rating and ranking systems) and the power relations, especially individual marketplace bargaining power in the form of skills and reputation. ConclusionsDespite conducting a study across diverse national contexts and job types, we find certain key commonalities in the job quality determinants and outcomes of remote gig work. In particular, we find that algorithmic control is central to the operation of online labour platforms. This form of control differs significantly from the Taylorist control often attributed to the extensive use of informational management tools. In contrast to Taylorism, algorithmic management techniques enabled by platform-based rating and ranking systems facilitate high levels of autonomy, task variety and complexity, as well as potential spatial and temporal flexibility. Thus remote gig work is a long way from being an ‘assembly line in the head’ (Bain and Taylor, 2000) or ‘electronic sweatshop’ (Fernie and Metcalf, 1998). However, while algorithmic control provides remote gig workers with formal control over where they work, workers may have little real choice but to work from home, and this can lead to a lack of social contact and feelings of social isolation. Likewise, despite valuing the potential to control their working hours, most workers had to work intense unsocial and irregular hours in order to meet client demand. The autonomy resulting from algorithmic control can lead to overwork, sleep deprivation and exhaustion as a consequence of the weak structural power of workers vis-a-vis clients.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 05 or less, 44% of the centre genes were annotated to at least one of the significant keywords. In addition, and most importantly, we found that the CAGCs are significantly enriched for genes associated to genetic diseases characterized by similar phenotypes (Figure 2B), as defined by MimMiner [32]. However, when in these cases the centre genes were also associated to mendelian disorders, we found that the MimMiner scores calculated between the disease associated to the centre gene and those associated to the other genes of CAGC never reached the 0. 4 similarity threshold. Altogether, these results indicate that, although the genes that compose a CAGC and the centre of the same clusters frequently work in the same functional modules, the phenotypic consequences of a mutation of the centre gene are different from the consequences of a mutation of the genes composing the corresponding CAGC. This scenario is compatible with the idea that the genes of a CAGC and its centre gene may play functionally antagonistic roles. Figure 1 Schematic representation of how the antagonism between a drug target and a functional module containing functionally correlated genes, which may be implicated (D) or may be not implicated (G) in similar disease phenotypes, could be exploited to modify the outcome of genetic mutations. Full size imageFigure 2Cumulative distribution of functional index for GO categories and OMIM phenotypes. Cumulative log-log distribution of functional index (see methods) for A) GO categories, B) OMIM phenotypes (PH). Continuous curves represent the real data, while dashed curves result from 100 random permutation of real data (rand). Grey band in B corresponds to the standard deviation of the 100 randomly permuted datasets. The same band is not reported for panel A, since its thickness is comparable to the line thickness. In both cases the difference of real and permuted data is highly significant (P-value < 10e-256 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). Full size imageGAGCs centered on drug targets are significantly modulated by treatment with the relevant drugWe then asked whether pharmacological modulation of CAGCs centres may actually lead to a modulation of the anticorrelated genes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이상의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 우리나라에 설계 · 시공일괄입찰이 도입 시기인 1999년을 기준으로 방파제의 설계 특징이 달라짐을 알 수 있고 국내 주요 항만 방파제의 절반정도가 1999년 이후 15년 사이에 설계 · 건설된 것이며, 신규로 축조된 것과 보강된 사업의 비율은 7 : 3 정도에 해당하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: This weak structural power is an outcome of platform-based rating and ranking systems enabling a form of control which is able to overcome the spatial and temporal barriers that non-proximity places on the effectiveness of direct labour process surveillance and supervision. Online labour platforms thus facilitate clients in connecting with a largely unregulated global oversupply of labour. As suggested by Kalleberg (2011), remote gig workers’ job quality in this open, market-mediated environment is also determined by workers’ marketplace bargaining power in relation to both employers and other workers and thus individual worker resources. In the case of remote gig work, the individual resources that we find to be most important are skills and platform reputation. Workers lacking these individual resources suffered from low incomes and insecurity. The importance of platform reputation is a consequence of the algorithmic control inherent to online labour platforms. The identification of the ‘symbolic power’ (Thompson, 1991) of platform reputations as an emerging form of marketplace bargaining power is an important contribution of this 1. Kalleberg (2011) points out this growth is really a return to the employment practices which were commonplace in the USA before the 1930s. 2. Lead generation involves searching the internet for contact details, particularly email and telephone numbers, for advertising purposes. 3. Search engine optimisation is a set of techniques to boost the search engine ranking of web content. Common strategies involve creating topically relevant content, and content that search engine algorithms accept to be human – rather than machine – created. 18. CrossrefWeb of Science74. Geneva: Organisation. 223. CrossrefWeb of Science198. Geneva: Organisation. 477. CrossrefWeb of Science37. CrossrefWeb of Science8955. pdf (accessed 1 March 2018). 63. Crossref71. Geneva: Organisation. 212. CrossrefWeb of Science390. London: Centre for Economic Performance, of Economics and Political Science. 16. CrossrefWeb of Science162. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science50. CrossrefWeb of Science741. CrossrefWeb of Science7. Manchester: of Manchester. Available at: (accessed 1 March 2018). 4943. pdf (accessed 1 March 2018). 1612. Crossref80. Crossref29. CrossrefWeb of Science833. CrossrefWeb of Science3784. Web of Science192. CrossrefWeb of Science1870. Cambridge: Press. Crossref282.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: However, although many of these disorders are characterized by abnormalities of skeletal development, considering the high number of involved genes, the crucial role of calcium/calmodulin in many different cellular processes and the high number of drugs associated in DrugBank to Calmodulins, we consider this as a likely non-specific result of our analysis, which underscores the potential pitfalls of our method. Drug targets for epileptic syndromes Epileptic seizures represent a frequent neurological condition, affecting approximately 3% of the population and represent one of the most common symptoms of genetic disorders affecting the System (CNS). Accordingly, many diseases represented in our list are characterized by epileptic seizures (Additional file 1). Interestingly, most of these disorders have been linked by our pipeline to at least two strongly validated drug targets: histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and translocator protein (18kDa) (TSPO). HDAC1 is one of the targets of valproic acid, one of the most prominent anticonvulsant agents currently used in chronic epilepsy management [34]. TSPO, a conserved mitochondrial protein implicated in cholesterol transport and biosynthesis, is one of the targets of some benzodiazepines, which represent another prominent pharmacological class in the management of seizures [35, 36]. In particular, although the most prominent targets of benzodiazepines are GABA receptors, it has been proposed that TSPO-binding compounds may contribute to anticonvulsant effects by regulating the synthesis of neurosteroids [35]. Another interesting gene highlighted by our analysis for the same syndromes was the prolyl-4-isomerase beta (P4HB). Indeed, although this case is by far less validated, if compared to the previous two proteins, P4HB has recently been proposed as a target for new antiepileptogenic drug design [37]. Drug targets for autism spectrum disorders Besides to epileptic syndromes, HDAC1 was identified as possible target also for the autism-related disorder AUTS10 (MIM: 611016). We consider this result at least partially validated by the recent finding that HDAC1 inhibitors ameliorate social cognition and cell adhesion molecule plasticity deficits in a rodent model of autism spectrum disorder [38].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (2) 1999년 이전 방파제 건설 초기에는 방파제의 가장 기본 형식인 사석을 이용한 경사식과 블록을 이용한 혼성식이 주를 이루며, 시공 장비 · 공법의 발전과 아울러 소파블록의 적용중량이 증가하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Institut Français de Pondichéry › Sociales › Microfinance challenges: empowerment or. . . › Part II - Microfinance in its environmen. . . › 12. Microfinance technology and linkages. . . Institut Français de Pondichéry Institut Français de Pondichéry Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Formats de lecture détaillé Texte intégral 1. Challenges posed by globalisation 2. Intervention strategies 3. Fair trade – An option for better living 4. Why do we need BDS services? 5. Development of common facilities and flexibility de bas de page en haut de page Aller en bas de page Microfinance challenges: empowerment or disempowerment of the poor? Ce livre est recensé par Naviguer dans le livre Précédent Editors and of - Questions as to definition: what is understood by empowerment? --- Introduction --- 1. ‘Engendering’ microfinance --- 2. Relevance of microfinance and empowerment in tribal areas: a case study of the --- 3. Structural issues in empowerment under microfinance --- 4. Empowerment and microfinance: an analysis of theoretical concepts and practices – Reflections from a microfinance project in Indonesia --- 5. Historical analysis of empowerment and its present understanding in the context of microfinance --- 6. Micro enterprises of self-help groups and State policies under a neo-liberal regime: Evidences from a village in Kerala --- 7. Can microfinance empower women? --- 8. Situating microcredit in India: some reflections --- 9. Women’s survival strategies and experiences with support services as home-based micro-entrepreneurs in --- 10. Microfinance, informal finance and empowerment of the poor: lessons from a case study of the SHG-bank linkage programme in a backward district in India --- 11. Emerging women micro-entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: the “missing middle” --- 12. Microfinance technology and linkages with non-financial services --- 13.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Indeed, not only it is well known that the NF-kB signalling is abnormally activated in myopathies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy [50] and in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy [51], but it has been proved that NF-kB activation may functionally contribute to muscle degeneration [52]. Accordingly, it has been recently shown that NF-kB inhibition may improve muscle pathology and regeneration in the Mdx mouse model [53, 54]. Figure 4 Schematic representation of the CAGC-based drug-repositioning pipeline. Full size image Table 1 List of the genetic disorders associated to the ROCK1 target Full size tableConclusionsWe have provided proof of principle that the analysis of anti-correlated gene expression profiles could be systematically used as an innovative approach to explore the complex space of the interactions between genes, drugs and disease phenotypes. Moreover, we have implemented a predictive strategy capable to propose new associations of available drug targets and drugs to orphan genetic disorders. We have applied this approach to produce a list of such associations, which we provide as an open source of experimentally testable predictions, to be validated in cellular or animal disease models. On the basis of the validated or partially validated examples, it would seem to us reasonable to anticipate that, at least in some of the proposed cases, the new associations will turn out to be relevant not only to explore the possible use of the proposed drug targets in such disorders, but also to address new possible molecular mechanisms leading from gene inactivation to disease phenotypes. As a final remark, although we have only shown how this principle can be applied to the problem of drug repositioning, we can envisage that similar approaches could be used to help addressing other outstanding problems of drug development, such as predicting the possible side effects of inhibiting or stimulating new drug targets. MethodsDefinition and evaluation of CAGCWe studied a large, manually annotated, microarray dataset downloaded from the Omnibus (GEO), based on 2 platform, covering many tissues, cell types and experimental conditions in both human (5188 experiments) and mouse (2310 experiments) [30]. Following procedures and considerations similar to those previously described in [21] we built tissue-specific conserved anti-coexpression networks. We first generated single species anti-coexpression gene networks (SAN) and then integrated them on the basis of human-mouse orthology.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (3) 1999년 이후의 경우에는 방파제 단면의 구조형식의 변화(슬릿케이슨식의 형식 다양화), 설계파고 및 설계조위의 상향 적용, 마루높이의 상향 적용, 상치콘크리트의 형상 변화 등으로 인해 기존 방파제의 설계 특징이 달라짐을 살펴볼 수 있다. (4) 설계파고의 평균증가는 23년 동안 73% 증가했고, 최대 2. 6배의 차이가 나며, 최고 7. 8 m의 차이를 보이고 있다. 이와 같이 설계파고는 최근에 계속하여 상향 적용되고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Microfinance, rural livelihoods and women’s empowerment – a participatory learning system to assess and enhance impact --- 14. Microfinance and women’s empowerment: research approach and findings from an impact assessment of MFIs in India --- 15. Self-help groups and the empowerment of Women – a study on Society in Alleppey, Kerala --- 16. Microfinance and self-help groups – the way ahead (with special reference to Kanyakumari district) --- 17. Findings from the mid-term impact assessment study of the CASHE programme in Orissa, carried out by Sampark, Bangalore --- 18. Microfinance and empowerment – concepts and tools: some preliminary insights from the SHG model in --- 19. SHGs and their place and role in civil society --- 20. Social externalities of women’s empowerment through microfinance: a comparative study of two interventions --- 21. Empowerment of SHG/DWCRA women through microfinance: A study in --- 22. Microcredit programmes, poverty alleviation and empowerment of women – some empirical evidence from Kerala --- 23. From passive participation to effective leadership: a study on empowerment of women in Dakshina Kannada, India --- 12. Microfinance technology and linkages with non-financial services p. 193-211 Plan détaillé Texte intégral 1. Challenges posed by globalisation 2. Intervention strategies 3. Fair trade – An option for better living 4. Why do we need BDS services? 5. Development of common facilities and flexibility de bas de page intégral 1India is a country of paradoxes. Globally, it is ranked 11 for total Product (GDP), yet millions of people in the country struggle in poverty. For the majority of poor people, employment is not guaranteed, and each day, many are forced to hunt for some paid employment. Seventy per cent of the poor live in villages where their only source of employment is either shift cultivation, or the collection of minor forest products. Trading relationships are exploitative, wages are low, and skills remain unrecognised. It is usually accepted that approximately 90% of the nonagricultural workforce is in the informal sector, with little access to financial services or social protection (Deshpande et al. 2004).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 1. Though the length L is usually fixed to be a small value (e. g. , 13) in previous studies [2, 3], it is still infeasible to perform exhaustive search to check all potential phosphorylation motifs. Besides, it is also unclear which metric is more suitable to measure the statistical significance of the motif. To efficiently find phosphorylation motifs, two heuristic methods have been proposed. The Motif-X method [2] is a greedy algorithm that reports motifs in an iterative manner. In each round, one most statistically significant motif is detected. The peptides matching the motif identified in the first round are removed prior to the second round of searching. This procedure repeats a number of rounds until no significant motifs can be found. The MoDL method [3] is an optimization-based algorithm, which formulates the motif-finding problem as the minimization of description length. In other words, MoDL tries to optimize the expressiveness of a set of motifs rather than quantifying the significance of a single motif. However, both Motif-X and MoDL can only find a small subset of phosphorylation motifs. They cannot guarantee to find all statistically significant motifs so that some important phosphorylation patterns remain unknown to biologists. Furthermore, Motif-X is limited to discover non-overlap motifs while MoDL unusually reports at most three motifs. In this paper, we present a new algorithm called Motif-All for the discovery of all statistically significant phosphorylation motifs. Motif-All uses the odds ratio to quantify the over-expressiveness of each motif in the set of phosphorylated peptides against the background set. To avoid exhaustive search, we impose a support constraint for each motif on the set of phosphorylated peptides. The use of support constraint enables us to borrow ideas from association rule mining [4] to generate and prune candidates in a level-wise manner before calculating the odds ratio. To demonstrate the superiority of Motif-All method, we conduct experimental studies using the PhosPhAt database 3. 0 of Arabidopsis phosphorylation sites [5, 6]. Motif-All performs better than Motif-X and MoDL in finding more significant phosphorylation motifs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (5) 설계조위는 1999년 이전에 삭망평균만조위를 적용하였으나, 1999년 이후에는 삭망평균만조위보다 큰 조위를 적용하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 각 항별 연도에 따른 조위의 차는 28개 사업에서 평균 0. 79 m 상향 적용되었으며, 최대 1. 65 m 상향 적용된 것으로 조사되었다. (6) 방파제의 상대마루높이는 1999년 이전까지는 0. 6~0. 7을 유지하였으나 1999년 이후부터 평균 1. 0 이상, 최대 1. 26까지 상향되었음을 알 수 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Large numbers of people are dependent on incomes from the informal sector, especially in small and micro-enterprises (SMEs)145. Even though it is difficult to get precise data, it is fairly evident that SMEs are responsible for over 80% of the employment in India (Kundu and Sharma 2001). 2The microfinance movement in India has accelerated rapidly in the past decade and has been effectively fulfilling the financial needs of thousands of poor people, who were earlier deprived of getting loans from formal sources. Nobody can deny that such small loans have helped borrowers, including SMEs, to marginally increase their income. However, those micro-enterprises are hardly ever sustainable. More and more micro-practitioners are realising that credit alone is not enough to tap the full economic potential of the micro-enterprise sector. Access to markets, information on raw materials and technology, skill upgradation, design inputs, and a range of other business development services are equally significant in making micro-enterprises more profitable and sustainable. Equally important is the proper identification of potential activities through a scientific and systematic process. SMEs are probably the first to suffer from the “social costs” of globalisation, which has raised more challenges to those already marginalised (Deshpande et al. 2004), and there is an urgent need to elaborate and implement strategies that will help them take over the market instead of being subjected to its pressures. In this context, this paper does not pretend to give any solutions or “best practices”, but contents itself by raising a number of assumptions. 1. Challenges posed by globalisation3New technologies and global competition have highlighted the importance of SMEs. Corporate downsizing has become common and as larger corporations reduce their business operations and focus on core competencies, whole lines of businesses and functions are being outsourced or abandoned. This has created extensive new business opportunities for smaller firms, including micro-enterprises. The SME sector has benefited from this because manufacturing operations have been shifting to countries such as India. 4The market mechanism is changing, with markets becoming complex, more segregated, uncertain and volatile. Brand names dominate markets and become global players. Brand owners control the market and determine the production structure around the world. Global buyers require speedy reactions, and demand fast delivery and technological changes. Not many SMEs can cope with this speed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: In this table, c00, c01, c10 and c11 are non-negative “cell counts” and denotes that the motif m doesn’t exist. Then, the calculation of odds ratio reduces to: (1) Table 1 A contingency table for a phosphorylation motifFull size tableAn odds ratio of 1 means that the target motif is equally likely to exist in both P and N. An odds ratio greater than 1 indicates that this motif is more likely to appear in the set P. To conduct statistical inference, one approach is to use large sample approximations to the sampling distribution of the log odds ratio. More precisely, the sample log odds ratio is: (2) and the standard error for the log odds ratio is approximately: (3) Then, the z-valueZ(m) = LOR(m)/SE(m), (4)follows a standard normal distribution. Finally, we can calculate the p-value to assess the statistical significance of each motif. Frequent motif miningGiven a set of phosphorylated peptides P and a user-specified support threshold s, the objective of frequent motif finding is to discover all motifs whose supports are no less than s. The support for a motif is the percentage of phosphorylated peptides in P that match this motif. In other words, a motif m is frequent if and only if its cell count c00 in Table 1 satisfies c00 ≥ |P|s with | • | denoting the size of a set. Note that a similar occurrence constraint is utilized in the Motif-X algorithm [2], which represents the minimal number of phosphorylated peptides needed to match the residue/position pair in its greedy search procedure. There are two fundamental differences between our support constraint and their occurrence constraint: The support constraint is applied to the entire motif rather a single residue/postion pair. The support constraint can be used to prune the search space besides preventing the generation of random artifacts. One may argue that such a support constraint will result in the loss of some less frequent motifs that are statistically significant. We will explain its rationale from two perspectives: First, since the motif describes the phosphorylation pattern, it should be applicable to many substrates; otherwise, such pattern might be random artifact due to the limited number of known phosphorylation peptides.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (7) 방파제의 상치부에 패러핏 설치는 방파제 건설 초기부터 있었으나, 최근으로 오면서 패러핏의 상단의 폭에서 알 수 있듯이 0. 5~1. 0 m 정도로 협소해지는 것으로 나타났고 친수시설 설치 등이 원인으로 추정된다. (8) 방파제 단면 형식이 케이슨 혼성식으로 축조되어도 보강이 필요한 경우에는 외측을 소파블록으로 보강하는 소파블록피복 케이슨 식으로 변경되는 것으로 나타났다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Its mission is “to bring in all-round development to the neglected and downtrodden section of the population in the villages” through women’s empowerment and solidarity. SHARE was registered as a company in 1991 but has been working as a cooperative in this area since the 1970s. SHARE has village handicraft production centres, primarily palm and coir, in more than 30 villages and employs over 3,000 women. It is a hybrid between a traditional handicraft producer cooperative and an activist organisation. SHARE solicits orders for crafts, arranges for raw material provides advanced craft training, and comes up with new designs for crafts, which are produced in centres in each village. 75% of the products are for export purposes. International organisations involved in “Fair Trade” such as Oxfam, U. K. , Trade Craft-U. K. etc. are typical customers, placing orders for craft items and then selling it in their countries through catalogues. In addition, through a combination of its own profits and funds raised from international groups, it offers other services such as balwadis, scholarships, and so on. In Gujarat, the Banascraft programme aims to empower the craftswomen of Banaskantha by allowing them to earn a livelihood by making handicrafts. The programme is designed to help them work for their collective benefit, to improve the socio-economic position of artisans and their families. The project started in 1989, with the formation of groups of local women into the 146 on the basis of traditional craft specialisation. Different caste and tribal groups in specific villages in the taluks (sub-districts) of Radhanpur, Santalpur, Harij, Diyodar, Tharad, and Kanakre, produce particular types of textilerelated crafts, including embroidery, mirrorwork, patchwork, weaving, and beadwork. Banascraft provides a broad, integrated range of overlapping BDS, which are divided into four broad areas for the purposes of analysis:1) Organisation and capacity building: assisting women to form village craft groups, pool financial resources, and integrate the groups into the larger Banascraft organisation; helping members access government services; and encouraging participation in appropriate government programmes. 2) Product development: helping craftswomen to use new manufacturing techniques, designs and raw materials. 3) Training: teaching and upgrading both business and technical skills to improve efficiency and commercial competitiveness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: Second, we can use very small support threshold in the mining process to avoid missing infrequent motifs. In the extreme case, setting s = 1/|P| will guarantee the completeness. Certainly, this may result in the report of many meaningless motifs. From this viewpoint, we can regard the support threshold as a parameter for controlling the trade-off between completeness and false positive. More importantly, the use of support constraint enables us to exploit a level-wise pruning strategy so as to reduce the search space. This idea has been widely used since the introduction of Apriori algorithm for association rule mining [4]. The application of this strategy to frequent motif finding is rather straightforward. For the sake of completeness, we will describe the mining procedure briefly. In this paper, we focus on the discovery of pattern-based phosphorylation motifs, e. g. , consensus sequences that consist of either conserved positions or wild positions (denoted by “. ”) that can match any animo acids. Each motif has a single phosphorylated residue, which is denoted with a underlined character (S, T or Y). We define the size of a motif as the number of conserved positions in that motif. We also call a motif of size k a k-motif. We define that one k-motif is the generalization of another motif if they have the same conserved residues at k positions. For instance, “D…S. . P” and “D. Y. S. . P” are 2-motif and 3-motif, respectively. And the first motif is a generalization of the second one. Furthermore, we use F k to denote the set of all frequent k-motifs and Z k to denote the set of all potential frequent k-motifs. To find all frequent motifs, we utilize the level-wise search strategy rooted from the Apriori algorithm [4]. More precisely, the search procedure has multiple iterations to obtain the set of all frequent motifs. In the first iteration, we scan P to count the the number of phosphorylated peptides that match each possible 1-motif. In the subsequent k th iterations, we perform the following two operations: 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이상과 같이 본 연구의 결과는 향후 우리나라 방파제의 합리적인 설계를 위한 기초자료로 활용에 기여할 것으로 판단된다. 4. 2 제언 본 연구에서는 우리나라 방파제 단면 형식 변천과 그 특징에 대해 고찰하고, 향후 장기적인 관점에서 필요한 합리적인 설계 및 관리 방안에 대해 다음과 같이 제언하고자 한다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: 20• Increased productivity21Any productivity enhancement increases the incomes of producers/artisans/entrepreneurs, and would have a direct impact on poverty. 22• Sustainable livelihoods23BDS services improve the quality of the products, which would lead to better prices, and increased sales. Particularly in rural areas, where people are entirely dependent on seasonal agriculture, such intervention would enable a source of supplementary income either through product processing (value addition) and/or through the promotion of traditional crafts, thereby increasing the number of days employed in the year. 24• Increased income/surplus generation25While increased income does not necessarily mean surplus income (since many of the people covered live near or below the poverty line), this is one of the objectives of working with marginalised enterprises. For beneficiaries who live below the poverty line, it may not convert into surplus, but increase income. However, with sustained productivity and increasing sales, an enterprise can reach the break-even point faster. Box 2. Helping women to access information: the “telephone ladies” of in BangladeshThe experience of the “telephone ladies” of the demonstrates that it is possible to increase economic returns to poor people by changing nothing more than their access to information about market prices. provides commercial phone service in rural areas of Bangladesh through local entrepreneurs. Grameen members, mostly women, many of them illiterate, take loans to buy and operate cellular telephones, charging villagers by the minute for calls. Fifty per cent of the calls are made by poor people, mainly for economic reasons; these include checking out the current price of goods before a meeting with a purchaser, finding prices in various markets before deciding where to go to sell goods, and consulting with doctors and medicine providers. It is estimated that the phones generate real savings of between $ 2. 70 and $ 10. 00 for calls, which substitute for travel between villages and Dhaka, the capital. The telephone women are able to repay loans in a year, and they call the telephones a more reliable investment than cows. 26• Bridging demand supply gap27A key problem for SMEs is the information on demand and supply. Therefore though the skills are present, products are linked to cultural traditions alone, sold within local markets. For many, demand for their products is decreasing, as choices for consumers increase (better quality at cheaper prices).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: Only the frequent motifs from F k –1 are used to generate Z k since a k-motif will not be frequent if one of its (k – 1) generalizations is infrequent. Therefore, the search space for k-motifs is reduced. An example search tree is given in Fig. 1. Figure 1An example search tree for browsing candidates in a level-wise manner. We start with an empty root node and perform width-first search. Only the nodes of frequent motifs are expanded for further checking. Full size image 2. The set P is scanned to count the support of candidates in Z k. Less frequent motifs are deleted from Z k to generate F k. We stop the search when F k is empty and return F = ∪F k as the final result. Motif-All algorithmThe Motif-All algorithm takes the support threshold s and the significance threshold θ as input to find phosphorylation motifs from two sets: a set of phosphorylated peptides P and a set of unphosphorylated peptides N. As shown in Fig. 2, it consists of the following steps:Figure 2Overview of the Motif-All algorithm. In the first step, we find frequent motifs from P to reduce the number of candidate motifs. In the second step, we perform significance test to report all over-expressed frequent motifs to the user. Full size image 1. Finding the set of all frequent motifs F from P using the level-wise search method introduced in the previous subsection. 2. Scanning the set N to calculate the log odds ratio for each motif m ∈ F. Those motifs whose p-values are no greater than θ are returned to the user. Note that the statistical evaluation of motifs can be done in various ways. Thus, we can also use other measures in Motif-All by simply replacing the log odds ratio with the new significance measure in step 2. The choice of significance evaluation measure will not change the completeness property of our algorithm. ResultsDataTo test the performance of Motif-All, we use the PhosPhAt database 3. 0 of Arabidopsis phosphorylation sites [5, 6] to construct the set of phosphorylated peptides P. Note that we only utilize unambiguous site identifications in the construction process.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 첫째, 설계조건(파고, 조위)의 상향 적용은 공사비에 지대한 영향을 미치는 등 파급효과가 크기 때문에 ⓐ 심해설계파는 정부 차원에서 일정기간(예, 5년)을 정하여 재추산하여 발표하도록 제도화 하고, ⓑ 정부에서 발표한 심해설계파는 정부에서 시행하는 사업뿐만 아니라 대안입찰이나 일괄입찰 사업의 경우에도 적용할 필요가 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Service providers such as the of have stepped in to provide fashion design advice, a credit scheme has been extended through the of India, and a market is gradually developing for consulting on export strategies, Internet technology, bulk purchasing, and product marketing for small enterprises. Conclusion33Though credit helps in increasing the income levels of the beneficiaries to a certain extent, credit alone is not enough to tap the full economic potential of the micro-enterprise sector. Sustainability is a big issue for SHGs and SMEs. From observation, it was clear that on an average hardly 10-15% of the households in a group graduate to micro-enterprise development in the poorer regions. Moreover, any new micro-enterprise takes on an average 10 years to stabilise. For all these reasons a key challenge is to complete microfinance services with a diversity of non-financial services. BDS services that take into account the demand and the supply side, marketing arrangements such as fair trade, and clusters of SMEs, are some of the strategies that might help in this direction. Notes de bas de page 145 Editor’s note: this definition, used by the Indian authorities, is based on the level of investment in plant, machinery or other fixed assets, whether held on an ownership, lease or hire purchase basis. It seeks to keep in view the socioeconomic environment in India, where capital is scarce and labour is abundant. 146 An acronym for a State government programme called Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas. of Centre for (India) Naviguer dans le livre Précédent Editors and of - Questions as to definition: what is understood by empowerment? --- Introduction --- 1. ‘Engendering’ microfinance --- 2. Relevance of microfinance and empowerment in tribal areas: a case study of the --- 3. Structural issues in empowerment under microfinance --- 4. Empowerment and microfinance: an analysis of theoretical concepts and practices – Reflections from a microfinance project in Indonesia --- 5. Historical analysis of empowerment and its present understanding in the context of microfinance --- 6. Micro enterprises of self-help groups and State policies under a neo-liberal regime: Evidences from a village in Kerala --- 7. Can microfinance empower women? --- 8. Situating microcredit in India: some reflections --- 9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: The length of each extracted peptide is 21 with a measured phosphorylated residue in the 11th position. To generate the background data set N, we first extract all 21-mers with a phosphorylated residue in the center position from the TAIR7 protein database. Then, we remove all peptides already in P. The remaining peptides form the background data. One may worry that such background data generation procedure will disable the extraction of meaningful motifs since N contains many peptides that can be phosphorylated but are not identified so far. We like to point out that these potential phosphorylated peptides are overwhelmed by those truly non-phosphorylated peptides in N. Thus, this data generation does not change the characteristics of the background set N. Overall, we generate three groups of data for serine (denoted by PhAtS), threonline (denoted by PhAtT) and tyrosine (denoted by PhAtY), respectively. Their characteristics are the following: PhAtS: It contains 2734 foreground sequences and 982050 background sequences. PhAtT: It contains 415 foreground sequences and 550574 background sequences. PhAtY: It contains 80 foreground sequences and 304344 background sequences. Performance comparisonIn the experiments, we compare our Motif-All algorithm against the Motif-X algorithm [2] and the MoDL algorithm [3]. Note that we didn’t include other motif finding algorithms such as [8] in the comparison. This is because these algorithms are not designed for phosphorylation motif discovery and it has been shown that MoDL [3] is superior to these methods. The results of Motif-All, Motif-X and MoDL are listed in Fig. 3. Some important observations are summarized as follows. Figure 3Performance comparison using data generated from PhosPhAt database 3. 0. In Motif-All, we fix the p-value threshold to be 10-6 and report the results at the support threshold of 8% and 10%, respectively. Since it is not allowed to upload more than 10MB data to the Motif-X server, we set the “background” option of Motif-X to “IPI Arabidopsis Proteome” to mimic the background data in our local machine. As shown in [2], Motif-X is robust to the choice of background data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 또한 설계조위 산정 및 관리 방안으로는 ⓒ 남해, 동해와 같이 해역에 따라서 실제로 태풍 · 폭풍 내습시 해일이 대조기 만조와 조우하여 오는 경우도 종종 있으므로 이에 대한 조사분석 결과에 근거하여 조우확률이 낮은 경우에 기존 산정방식을 적용하는 것이 타당하다 사료된다. 둘째, 방파제에 적용되는 다양한 형상의 슬릿케이슨의 경우 평면적으로 요철형 케이슨은 지양하자는 것이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: Women’s survival strategies and experiences with support services as home-based micro-entrepreneurs in --- 10. Microfinance, informal finance and empowerment of the poor: lessons from a case study of the SHG-bank linkage programme in a backward district in India --- 11. Emerging women micro-entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: the “missing middle” --- 12. Microfinance technology and linkages with non-financial services --- 13. Microfinance, rural livelihoods and women’s empowerment – a participatory learning system to assess and enhance impact --- 14. Microfinance and women’s empowerment: research approach and findings from an impact assessment of MFIs in India --- 15. Self-help groups and the empowerment of Women – a study on Society in Alleppey, Kerala --- 16. Microfinance and self-help groups – the way ahead (with special reference to Kanyakumari district) --- 17. Findings from the mid-term impact assessment study of the CASHE programme in Orissa, carried out by Sampark, Bangalore --- 18. Microfinance and empowerment – concepts and tools: some preliminary insights from the SHG model in --- 19. SHGs and their place and role in civil society --- 20. Social externalities of women’s empowerment through microfinance: a comparative study of two interventions --- 21. Empowerment of SHG/DWCRA women through microfinance: A study in --- 22. Microcredit programmes, poverty alleviation and empowerment of women – some empirical evidence from Kerala --- 23. From passive participation to effective leadership: a study on empowerment of women in Dakshina Kannada, India --- 10. 4000/books. pur. 46813 Guérin, Isabelle. (2014) Genre et savoirs. DOI: 10. 4000/books. irdeditions. 9146 Destremau, Blandine. Lautier, Bruno. (2015) Sous le développement, le genre. DOI: 10. 4000/books. irdeditions. 8776 Guérin, Isabelle. Roesch, Marc. Servet, Jean-Michel. (2009) Finance for a Better World. DOI: 10. 1057/9780230235755_2 Destremau, Blandine.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is acceptable to use such setting in the performance comparison. Since the occurrence threshold of Motif-X has a similar effect as the support constraint of Motif-All, we set this parameter to be the value that is equivalent to the support value of 8%, i. e. , it is specified as 219, 33 and 6 for and PhAtY, respectively. We download the Matlab codes of MoDL to perform motif discovery using its default configurations. The notation “[]” denotes a conserved position that match any letter contained in the bracket. Full size imageFirstly, our algorithm is able to find more statistically significant phosphorylation motifs than existing algorithms. This is because our method has a theoretical guarantee on the completeness of results under a given parameter setting. In particular, almost all reported motifs of Motif-X and MoDL are included in the motif set of Motif-All. There are two exceptions: one is the motif “T D” detected by Motif-X and another is the motif “K. . T” found by MoDL. After checking these two motifs carefully, we found that the p-value of “T D” is 1. 1 × 10–5 and the p-value of “K. . T” is 2. 4 × 10–3 according to our significance test. Obviously, both motifs are not statistically significant according to the p-value threshold of 10–6. Secondly, the increase of support threshold for Motif-All will generate motif set that is very similar to that of Motif-X and MoDL. This is clearly visible in PhAtT and PhAtY. To further check if this is true, we also perform motif finding on PhAtS at the support threshold of 15%. We obtain three motifs under this setting: “R. . S”, “S. S” and “S P”. This result set is almost identical to that of Motif-X and MoDL listed in Fig. 3. This means that Motif-All not only can find more useful motifs but also is capable of serving as a substitute of existing algorithms in a flexible manner. Finally, we can generate more motifs using Motif-X by lowering the occurrence threshold.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이는 일반적인 형상인 사각형상의 케이슨에 비해 비경제적이며, 고파랑 해역에서 슬릿부재의 케이슨은 충격적인 파랑작용 등으로 부재의 내구성에서 아직 충분한 검토가 이루어지지 않았기 때문이다. 셋째, 방파제 설계시 상대마루높이 상향 적용의 요인은 월파 저감을 통한 항내정온도 개선을 위함이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 방파제 배후에 넓은 수역이 있고 대형선박이 접안하는 경우라면 기본적으로 상대마루높이 α = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microfinance provides financial services to underserved populations. [SEP] Text: (2007) Le microcrédit au péril du néolibéralisme et de marchands d'illusions. Manifeste pour une inclusion financière socialement responsable. Revue du MAUSS, n° 29. DOI: 10. 3917/rdm. 029. 0329 Guérin, Isabelle. Fouillet, Cyril. Hillenkamp, Isabelle. Martinez, Olivier. Morvant-Roux, Solène. Roesch, Marc. (2007) Microfinance : effets mitigés sur la lutte contre la pauvreté. Annuaire suisse de politique de développement. DOI: 10. 4000/aspd. 127 Bott, Esther. Ojha, Shalini. Mini, Sunita. Kamal Kumar, Rajeev. Choudhary, Sunil. Yaron, Gil. Smyth, Alan R. (2023) Daily Bread: Women’s Self-and the of Money. Online, 28. DOI: 10. 1177/13607804211058745 Servet, Jean-Michel. (2007) Au-delà du trou noir de la financiarisation. Annuaire suisse de politique de développement. DOI: 10. 4000/aspd. 117 Servet, Jean-Michel. (2007) Jenseits des schwarzen Lochs der Finanzialisierung. für Entwicklungspolitik. DOI: 10. 4000/sjep. 371 Guérin, Isabelle. Fouillet, Cyril. Hillenkamp, Isabelle. Martínez, Olivier. Morvant-Roux, Solène. Roesch, Marc. (2007) Mikrofinanz : auf die Armutsbekämpfung. für Entwicklungspolitik. DOI: 10. 4000/sjep. 378 Guérin, Isabelle. Kumar, Santhosh. Agier, Isabelle. (2013) Women's Empowerment: Power to Act or Power over Other Women? Lessons from Indian Microfinance. Studies, 41. DOI: 10. 1080/13600818. 2013.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: For instance, if the occurrence threshold is set to 20 on PhAtS, Motif-X will return 31 motifs. To test whether Motif-All can still find these motifs, we use an approximately equivalent setting of s = 1% to conduct the experiment. Totally, Motif-All detects 1153 significant motifs that include all 31 motifs reported by Motif-X. The detailed results are available at of support constraintTo test the effect of support threshold, we vary this parameter from 0. 03 to 0. 09 and plot the corresponding numbers of discovered motifs and the running time in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, respectively. Clearly, the number of identified motifs will decrease when the support threshold increases. Moreover, the use of a smaller support threshold may generate too many motifs. Therefore, it is plausible to give priority to larger support thresholds in parameter assignment. Figure 4The effect of support constraint on the number of identified motifs. Note that the number of identified motifs may far exceed the number of phosphorylated peptides. This is because the number of potential phosphorylation motifs is 21(L–1) – 1, where L is the length of each peptide. Full size imageFigure 5The effect of support constraint on the running time. Our algorithm is implemented with Java and is tested on a ThinkPad T400 notebook computer with 2. 4GHz CPU and 3GB RAM. Full size imageThe running efficiency test in Fig. 5 shows that the increase of support threshold will lead to the decrease of running time as well. More importantly, Motif-All can finish the motif finding procedure within 30 seconds, which is faster than Motif-X and MoDL. This means Motif-All is capable of discovering motifs from large data sets very efficiently. DiscussionThe discovery of phosphorylation motifs is a computationally challenging problem. This paper tries to resolve it through the introduction of Motif-All algorithm. Here we discuss several related problems that may need to be further investigated. Problem formulation: One critical question is how to formulate the computational problem for phosphorylation motif discovery. Currently, it is casted either as a search problem or as an optimization problem. Motif-X falls into the first category while MoDL belongs to the second category. In this paper, we opt for the first category since such formulation guarantees that each identified motif is statistically significant.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 6을 적용하며, 방파제 배후에 수역이 좁고 소형선박이 접안하는 경우라면 월파에 의한 전달파의 영향을 고려하여 산정할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 기능 복합화로 인한 상치 형상 변화의 경우에는 방파제 선단부분 내측에 접안시설을 설치하는 계획 수립과 고파랑 해역에서 방파제를 개방하여 친수시설로의 이용계획 수립은 지양하자는 것이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: to the relationship marketing management school,1 the growing importance of customers and a customer-centric view underlines the need for a better understanding of how markets and business-to-consumer (B2C) relationships are developed, maintained and structured. An important concept in this regard is that it is more profitable for a firm to establish long-term customer relationships than to adopt a short-term transaction-oriented approach. 2 In RM theory, generally trust and commitment seem to be inseparable, stating that if both are not in place a relationship is more likely to be a loose and unstable arrangement. In this study, the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships are applied in a consumer mass marketing context of services in order to analyse the relational orientation of a firm's customer base. The aim of the empirical study is to identify the relationship character of the customer base of a service firm in terms of weak and strong relationships. On the surface it might often seem that ongoing relationships exist and develop over time but it is sometimes unclear whether they are built upon low or high levels of trust and of commitment. In general, the terms ‘relationship marketing’ and ‘customer relationship management (CRM)’ are often treated as interchangeable in the academic literature. 3 The CRM concept incorporates and integrates all activities within the firm, the value chain and the network of firms that create, generate and deliver both customer and firm value through value-creating processes. 4 Moreover, CRM is related to business and customer strategy, customer experience and knowledge, the use of information and technology, and development of long-term relationships with customers or customer groups. 5In a recently published paper, Payne and Frow6 have further pointed out that the concept of CRM should even go beyond a customer focus: ‘it requires a cross-functional integration of processes, people, operations, and marketing capabilities that is enabled through information, technology, and applications’ (ibid. , p. 168). Information technology has been used to manage customer relationships in establishing individual one-to-one relationships on a mass customisation basis. 7 The idea of mass customisation based on retaining the economic advantages of mass production has been to consider each customer as a segment in order to customise products and services to meet individual needs and requirements.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All biological processes can be modeled perfectly with bioinformatics. [SEP] Text: However, it may report too many motifs than necessary as the statistical significance may not necessarily agrees with the biological interpretation. In this regard, optimization-based formulation has the merit of generating a concise motif set. Therefore, a better problem formulation incorporating the biological knowledge of phosphorylation is still needed. Motif evaluation: In Motif-All, we use two measures for motif assessment: statistical significance and support. Though our initial motivation of introducing the support constraint was to reduce the search space, we later found that it is also of practical importance in motif evaluation. Without the help of support constraint, it is almost impossible to obtain a concise motif set using only the significance test. From this perspective, we strongly recommend the adoption of support as one standard measure for phosphorylation motif evaluation in future studies. Furthermore, we also need to develop new evaluation measures since the combination of significance threshold and support is still insufficient for separating true phosphorylation motifs from false ones in some cases. The general question of developing an effective evaluation measure is open and needs more investigations. Motif utilization: Experimental methods to identify phosphorylation sites are time consuming, labor intensive and expensive [9, 10]. The identified motifs can be used to predict potential phosphorylation sites before biological validation. For instance, the recent released Scan-X method [11] is one such representative, which is built on Motif-X. The capability of finding more significant motifs using Motif-All makes it possible to build more accurate classifiers for better prediction. ConclusionsWe introduced the Motif-All algorithm for finding phosphorylation motifs. Motif-All can identify all statistically significant motifs under a given parameter setting. Meanwhile, it is very fast such that it is able to find hundreds of meaningful motifs from millions of peptide sequences within one minute on a personal computer. Our experimental results show that it outperforms existing phosphorylation motif discovery algorithms. We have shown that Motif-All is able to find more phosphorylation motifs than existing algorithms. However, it is very expensive and difficult to perform biological validation. To measure the correctness of the identified motifs that are not reported by other algorithms, one alternative strategy is to perform permutation test so as to control the false positive rate. Unfortunately, the permutation test is a very time-consuming procedure since it needs to execute Motif-All many times.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 부득이 친수이용이 필요한 경우라면 개방과 이용에 대한 운영계획을 먼저 수립하고, 그에 맞는 설계조건을 부여한 마루높이 등을 산정할 필요가 있다. 4. 3 향후 과제 이상과 같이 본 연구의 자료와 성과는 기존 통계자료를 통한 분석 자료이므로 향후 관련 연구자의 추가 세부 연구 등을 통하여 보다 더 구체적으로 검토되어야 할 필요성이 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: Through CRM, segmentation can even be applied to smaller segments in the form of ‘micro marketing’8 or ‘customer specific marketing’9 in order to identify the ‘gold customers’. 10 As an analytical approach, CRM also deals with the use of such tools as loyalty schemes (or programmes) in collecting and analysing data on individual customers for segmentation purposes. As a result of this study, a segmentation approach relating to the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships is suggested in order to analyse a firm's customer base. this section, I discuss the conceptual relationship between the concept of segmentation, on the one hand, and the concepts of trust, commitment, relationships and the transactional/relational continuum, on the other. I discuss the development of the concept of segmentation, in a CRM perspective, with an emphasis on its applicability and usefulness. I also analyse the applicability of such concepts as trust, commitment and relationships for segmentation purposes. I subsequently define the transactional/relational continuum as a basis for customer segmentation and discuss its contribution to the understanding of relationship development in a firm. Altogether, the conceptual framework underlines the option to use a firm's customer base as a ground for segmentation in terms of strong or weak relationships in establishing and maintaining long-term relationships. The two-dimensional concept of segmentationMarket segmentation is one of the most fundamental marketing theory concepts, in terms of matching supply with demand and constituting an important component of a firm's marketing strategy. 11The concept of segmentation was originally related to economic theory, stating that competition is imperfect and that either the lack of homogeneity or close similarity among products is quite evident. 12 For this reason, market segmentation and product differentiation were seen as consistent with the framework of imperfect competition. The segmentation concept was originally developed by American manufacturers in order to move away from mass marketing in consumer markets in terms of all being the same. The segmentation concept can be applied to an investigation of how consumers perceive market structures. The aim should also be to learn more about how consumers perceive the various different brands or products with respect to their strengths, weaknesses, the satisfaction they provide and so on. Finally, it should be possible to integrate and apply the findings strategically in developing and implementing a marketing mix that creates a market position in the minds of the consumers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: Payne and Webb noted that in the preindustrial ocean those calls could have been heard about 280 km away, but the low-frequency propulsion noise of modern commercial ships had so elevated ambient noise in the sea that the detection range for whale calls could be as low as 90 km. In addition to that decrease, whale populations had been greatly reduced by whaling. Thus the average separation between vocalizing males and females may have increased at the same time as their range of communication was reduced. If noise interferes with breeding behavior, it could inhibit the recovery of depleted populations. Despite reason for concern, decades passed with little work on how shipping noise affects whale communication. One problem was methodological. How could one study whether shipping noise was the reason that a whale did not detect a call emanating from 200 km away? It has taken marine biologists decades to develop methods to study effects of sounds from sources only a few kilometers away. We still do not know how often shipping noise prevents a whale from detecting important signals. Recent work, however, has shown that marine mammals can compensate for noise, at least to a point, by increasing the level of their own calls, shifting their signals out of the noise band, making their signals longer or more redundant, or waiting to signal until noise is reduced. Many of those compensation mechanisms involve increased energy expenditure or other costs to the signaler. For the signaler to modify its behavior and accept that cost suggests a problem with the reduced range of communication caused by shipping noise. and Webb’s paper was published, researchers have increasingly developed and applied methods to study whether exposure to sound disrupts the normal behavior of marine mammals. Some early experiments, motivated by concerns about the impact of offshore oil-industry activities, tracked migrating gray whales as they passed a sound source moored in the migration corridor off California. The whales, which were exposed to experimental playback of continuous industrial sounds such as those from ships or drill rigs, avoided sound pressure levels (SPLs) of 120 dB relative to 1 µPa. (Henceforth, I’ll drop explicit mention of the 1 µPa reference pressure; see the box on page 41 for a review of definitions and notations of sound levels. ) Aerial observations of bowhead whales migrating past a seismic survey vessel showed that those whales also avoided exposures greater than about 120 dB. The air guns used for the seismic surveys were so intense that the whales rarely came within 20 km of a survey vessel.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 여기서 추가 세부 연구로는 항만 및 해안공학적 관점에서 방파제 구조형식의 적용에 따른 해역별 파랑특성 조건별 설계 적용 상황에 대한 분석, 설계상의 변화과정과 이에 대한 해양물리 영향의 요인 분석, 우리나라 연안의 지반조건과 외곽시설의 구조형식 선정의 연관성, 구조물별로 방파제의 마운드 변화에 따른 충격쇄파압 발생 여부 및 파괴모드 등이 제시될 수 있을 것이다. Fig. 1. Types of main breakwater structure (Ministry of and Fisheries, 2014). Fig. 2. Change in the cross-section of the breakwaters at the port of Mukho. Fig. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: Another issue that is closely related to segmentation procedures is whether to identify the ‘good’ or ‘bad’ customers and to consider retention and valuation accordingly. 1718 Many firms can surely benefit from discovering which customers are the ‘best’ and differentiating between them in terms of loyalty and profitability. 19For this reason, it is also suggested that in order to build and establish relationships the concepts of trust and of commitment are to be seen as prerequisites. On the other hand, it is also stated that it is possible to have relationships with the absence of commitment and a customer seems to be ‘trapped’ rather than committed. 20Trust as a concept is often related to a customer's willingness to rely upon a firm's actions and behaviour in the future. The concept represents relationship quality in the sense that it helps to reduce uncertainty in complex human relationships. 21 Moreover, trust in itself is not a behaviour; instead, it can result from such activities like cooperation or a business deal. Often, trust is seen as an important element and foundation for interpersonal relationships as well as a ground for stability in organisational relationships. Commitment as a concept is mostly related to a relationship where two parties will be loyal and will show stability to each other. Often, there is a wish to maintain a relationship because of activities and investments that link a buyer and a seller together. It may take some time before a commitment can be made, which might imply a more mature relationship. A common opinion is that customer commitment only relates to a seller or a relationship with a seller and no other things. It is also suggested that a high commitment level might be seen as an important emotional barrier in switching behaviour. Relationship as a concept is often related to the types of relationships that might exist between a buyer and a seller. 22 Organisational relationships between a seller and a buyer exist independent of interpersonal relationships between an employee and a customer in contrast to social relationships, which always occur between individuals. In this sense, organisational relationships are also linked to concepts such as reputation and trustworthiness, especially when nonpersonal relationships exist between a seller and a buyer. The transactional/relational continuumA fundamental premise in relationship marketing theory is to consider relationships as a continuum from transactional at one end to relational orientations at the other end proposed by Dwyer et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: In particular, beaked whales, a family of toothed whales, are one of the least studied marine mammals. Even though they live in deep water, beaked whales are known primarily from strandings. Beaked and sperm whales make their living by using echolocation to forage in an ecosystem that thrives hundreds of meters below the sea surface, seldom seen or exploited by humans. The ability to record sound and movements of a toothed whale continuously as it dives provides a powerful capability to learn about the echolocation-based foraging behavior of those poorly known animals. Biologists have used estimates of the population size and metabolic rate of sperm whales to calculate that those whales alone probably take about as much biomass out of the ocean as do all human fisheries. 7 One reason for the ecological success of deep-diving toothed whales is that they use biosonar to find, select, and capture prey (see the 3. Beaked whales use echolocation to find and catch prey. (a) A digital tag attached to a whale reveals strong regular clicks until the whale is close to its prey; the click rate then accelerates. The clicks in the buzz period from −3. 4 s to 0 s are so rapid that they appear continuous. The y-axis gives the sound pressure level (SPL) relative to an arbitrary reference pressure. (b) In this echogram, the y-axis indicates the distance to the prey. More precisely, one measures half the time elapsed between an outgoing click and the returning echo, then multiplies by a presumed sound speed of 1500 m/s. The color scale indicates the energy of the signal: blue for an intense signal, yellow for a faint one. The black dashed curve is to guide the eye through relatively strong echoes from the target the whale was approaching. (c) Tagging can also indicate the magnitude of a whale’s dynamic acceleration. The increased acceleration during the buzz probably indicates movements associated with prey capture. View largeDownload slide Figure 3. Beaked whales use echolocation to find and catch prey. (a) A digital tag attached to a whale reveals strong regular clicks until the whale is close to its prey; the click rate then accelerates. The clicks in the buzz period from −3. 4 s to 0 s are so rapid that they appear continuous.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Change in the design wave height of the breakwaters at each port on the east coast. Fig. 4. Change in the design wave height of the breakwaters at each port on the south coast. Fig. 5. Change in the design wave height of the breakwaters at each port on the west coast. Fig. 6. Change in the design wave height of the breakwaters at each port in Korea. Fig. 7. Change in the relative wave steepness (H1/3/Lo) used to design the breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Fig. 8. Change in the relative design wave height (H1/3/h′) of the breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Fig. 9. Change in the difference in the design water level of the breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Fig. 10. Change in the h′c/H1/3 of the breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Fig. 11. Change in the parapet design conditions of composite breakwaters at major ports in Korea. Table 1. Status of breakwaters in Korea in 2013 Completion (m) Under construction (m) Port (EA) Length (m) Caisson w/dissipating blocks Caisson w/dissipating blocks 31 62,170(72. 5%) 37,204 18,794 1,905 452 3,815 - Coast 29 22,151(25. 9%) 21,361 - - 790 - Other 1 1,376(1. 6%) - 1,076 300 Sum 61 85,697 79,264 6,433 Table 2. Comparison of the design parameters and relative crest height at eight major ports on the east coast Port and structure conditions h′c (m) α (=h′c/H1/3) ∇Ζ(b−a) (m) Ho (m) H1/3 (m) T1/3 (sec) h′ (DL. , m) Ζ(a) (m) ΔΖ(b) (m) Mukho B. W 1937∼1945 - (4. 0) - (-)8. 0 0. 2 0. 2 2. 7 0. 62 0 B. W rein. (1) 1957∼1960 (4. 0) - - - - - - - B. W rein. (2) 1976∼1978 8. 4 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: 23 A firm, or indeed any other organisation, should take into consideration and depend on the customer's view of a relationship as either transactional or relational in order to decide how exactly to operate in this context. For this reason, a firm (or any other organisation) should try to determine the location of its customers on a continuum from transactional to collaborative exchanges. 24A basic hypothesis in RM theory is that a firm needs transactional as well as relational strategies according to the transactional/relational continuum by Brodie et al. 25 As a result, a firm might simultaneously pursue the use of both transactional and relational marketing approaches because of different customer viewpoints. Both the industrial marketing and relationship marketing theory suggest that individual customers can be identified in different stages (or phases) of relationship development. The various stages demonstrate how buyers and sellers interact with each other in terms of relational development. The proposed models of interaction illustrate the frequent emphasis on acquisition of new customers ending up with sale as transaction marketing and the emphasis on long-term relationships as relationship marketing. The above-mentioned theoretical, descriptive models of how two parties could relate to one another, have seldom been empirically validated. A weakness of these models is that they are based more on a logical, theoretical reasoning of what could characterise the different stages of relationship development than on empirical investigation and findings. In contrast to these models, the notion of the transactional/relational continuum can be related to relationship development over time. In the continuum, a transactional approach in B2C markets and a more relational approach in business-to-business markets have been suggested. Also, in B2C markets, it is likely that customers actively seek a relationship, but it is probable that suppliers will manage the interaction in the mutual interest of both parties. The relationships between buyers and sellers in consumer markets are often considered to be much looser and characterised by fewer and weaker bonds than in business-to-business markets. is generally accepted that the concepts of trust and of commitment determine whether a relationship is functional (transactional) or relational in terms of partnerships. This means that the degree of trust and of commitment indicates whether customers are real partners or just interested in a single or repeat transaction. 26 For customers with strong relationships (relational orientation), where there are high levels of trust and of commitment, it has also been suggested that trust and commitment are vitally important in determining attitudes and belief structures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, in 2000 a similarly atypical stranding of beaked whales coincided with a naval sonar exercise in the Bahamas. 11 Scientists now know of one or two dozen atypical mass strandings of beaked whales that have occurred in the presence of naval ships that might have been using sonar. The number of individual whales involved in some of those mass strandings is greater than the group size typical for the species, which suggests that several groups were impacted. And it seems unlikely that warships in all cases would have passed close enough to each whale to cause TTS. So, criteria based upon TTS may not be sufficient to protect beaked whales from injury or death. A top research priority identified by most reviews of the sonar–whale problem was to study how beaked whales respond to controlled exposures of sound. 12 One of the biggest concerns about designing appropriate experiments was the difficulty in monitoring the animals. An exceptional opportunity for tracking beaked whales was presented by a sophisticated array of hydrophones covering about 1500 km2 on a US Navy underwater range in the Tongue of the Ocean in the Bahamas. When a beaked whale makes a foraging dive, the several thousand echolocation clicks it produces can be detected up to 6. 5 km away. The hydrophones on the Tongue of the Ocean range are separated by 1–4 km, which allows whales to be reliably detected and located. In the summers of 2007 and 2008, an international team of biologists, acousticians, and engineers converged on the range to test how beaked and other whales respond to sonar and other sounds. One goal of their experiment, which received government and industry funding, was to determine whether beaked whales are especially sensitive. The sound stimuli selected for the experiment were influenced by a puzzle and a hypothesis. The puzzle was the mismatch between the frequencies used and heard best by beaked whales (above 24 kHz) and the fundamental frequencies of the naval sonars involved in the strandings (below 8 kHz). Most risk analyses would conclude that the large gap between sonar and whale frequencies means there should be little risk of the sonar causing problems for the whales. Several scientists puzzling over the frequency mismatch independently noticed that although the naval sonar signals are very different from the echolocation clicks used by beaked whales, they are quite similar to the calls of killer whales, a dangerous predator of beaked whales.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1 - (-)8. 0 0. 2 0. 5 5. 0 0. 61 0. 3 B. W rein. (3) 1983∼1986 8. 4 7. 1 11. 1 (-)8. 0 0. 2 0. 5 5. 0 0. 61 0. 3 B. W 1974∼1980 8. 4 7. 5 14. 0 (-)18 0. 36 0. 36 5. 5 0. 7 0 B. W rein. (1) 1983∼1986 8. 4 7. 5 14. 0 (-)12. 0 0. 36 0. 36 5. 5 0. 68 0 B. W rein. (2) 1988∼1991 8. 4 8. 4 13. 0 (-)18 0. 36 0. 36 9. 0 1. 02 0 B. W 2013 9. 39 7. 6 12. 14 (-)29. 0 0. 37 1. 00 9. 0 1. 05 0. 63 Sadong B. W 2014∼ 10. 81 10. 3 13. 84 (-)27. 0 0. 44 1. 21 14. 0 1. 24 0. 77 Pohang new Inner B. W 1968∼1973 5. 4 4. 0 12. 0 (-)9. 0 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 70 0 Outer B. W 1974∼ 8. 2 5. 0 12. 0 (-)14. 0 0. 39 0. 39 6. 0 1. 12 0 B. W 1989∼1991 9. 0 6. 7 13. 0 (-)21. 5 0. 55 0. 55 6. 5 0. 89 0 Yeongil-man North B. W (1) 1997∼2005 7. 0 7. 4 12. 0 (-)20. 5 0. 25 0. 25 7. 5 0. 98 0 North B. W (1) rein. 2006 8. 65 9. 8 12. 5 (-)20. 5 0. 40 1. 05 10. 5 0. 96 0. 65 North B. W (2-1) 2010∼2012 9. 1 8. 0 12. 9 (-)23. 0 0. 40 1. 05 10. 0 1. 12 0. 65 South B. W (1-1) 2011∼ 8. 65 7. 0 13. 0 (-)23. 0 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: Sample and data collection procedureThe data collection was based on a customer sample of 4,130 customers drawn from the customer base of a Swedish-based processing laboratory. The company had identified two groups of customers: active customers, who used the services regularly, and passive customers, who used the services only occasionally. The customer base consists of customers from almost all cities and regions in Sweden. In order to find a sample that corresponds to the Swedish population structure in terms of an equal distribution between men and women, official Swedish government statistics were used. It was evident from the customer base that women constituted a large customer group of the company, and hence it was important to ensure that women were equally represented in the random sample. It was found that in two regions, Jönköping and Norrköping, the distribution was nearly fifty-fifty between men (49. 8 per cent) and women (50. 2 per cent). Consequently, these two regions, which cover both urban and rural areas, were chosen for the study. A random sample was drawn from the company's customer database, consisting of men and women in both an active customer group (1,997) and a passive customer group (2,133). In the active group, 1,083 customers were located in Jönköping and 914 in Norrköping. In the passive group, 1,158 were from Jönköping and 975 were from Norrköping. A mail survey was used for the data collection and two reminders were sent out during a three-week period. The final response rate was 54 per cent, corresponding to 2,241, customers with 65 per cent of active customers and 47 per cent of passive customers (see Table 1). It was evident that the final sample was only slightly more weighted towards women than men, which justified the sampling procedure. Table 1 Final sample characteristicsFull size tableMeasuring the constructsIn order to test the two hypotheses, four endogenous constructs were adapted from Garbarino and Johnson and measured: overall satisfaction, trust, commitment and future intentions. In addition, three exogenous constructs were adapted and measured: brand satisfaction, brand familiarity and brand attitude. Multiple items were applied to seven constructs (see Table 2). The items were derived both from the relevant literature and interviews with representatives of the company. Table 2 Construct, item and scale used for the measuresFull size tableThe construct overall satisfaction is measured from the customer perspective.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: 13 Although the sample size is small, the response of the beaked whales to all the tested anthropogenic stimuli occurs at similar received levels—about 20 dB below the threshold that US regulations consider as predicting onset of behavioral disruption. Comparable experiments with pilot whales and other similar dolphins led to more varied responses, often at higher exposure levels. Moreover, those species were less likely to show silencing and avoidance behavior. Rather, their more common pattern was to increase vocalizing and to display increased social cohesion during exposure to noise. Although the experiments at the Tongue of the Ocean did not support the killer-whale hypothesis, they do suggest that an anti-predator strategy of flight and fright may pose a greater risk for stranding than a social defense against predation. Their findings are consistent with conclusions reported earlier by Southall and colleagues: Beaked whales, like porpoises, may be particularly sensitive to anthropogenic sound, but there is no evidence that they have a special sensitivity to sonar compared with other signals. 5 Accumulating threats Dead whales on the beach are the most dramatic effect of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals. However, the cumulative effects of noise and other stressors from human development will likely have more far-reaching impacts on marine-mammal populations. Noise that causes whales to leave an area reduces available habitat. If noise masks communication signals such as whale songs or contact calls, it may disrupt the mating system or parental care and so affect reproduction and survival of the young in endangered populations. If an animal’s foraging is disrupted by noise, it may grow more slowly. Not only does fishing gear kill marine mammals directly through entanglement, but fisheries and coastal development change the composition of marine ecosystems in ways that may lower their capacity to support marine mammals and other predators at the top of the food chain. As the effects of human activities accumulate, they may present a serious threat to marine-mammal populations. Current regulations in the US to protect marine mammals stem from the whaling era and focus on prohibiting individual acts that harm marine mammals. If our society is to protect marine life from today’s threats, the regulatory process will need to change to protect the quality of habitats on which marine mammals depend. 1. A. J. Read P. Drinker and S. Northridge Conserv. Biol. 20, 163 (2006). 2. P. J. Bryant C. M. Lafferty S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 4 1. 18 9. 5 1. 19 0. 78 South B. W (1–2) 2011∼ 8. 65 7. 0 12. 55 (-)22. 0 0. 4 1. 18 9. 0 1. 12 0. 78 Ulsan new B. W (1-1) 1999∼2003 7. 9 6. 02 15. 0 20. 0 0. 56 1. 05 7. 0 0. 99 0. 49 South B. W (1) 2004∼2008 7. 9 6. 5 11. 0 (-)26. 0 0. 66 1. 20 8. 0 1. 05 0. 54 South B. W (2) 2004∼2009 7. 9 6. 5 11. 0 (-)26. 0 0. 66 1. 20 8. 5 1. 12 0. 54 North B. W (1) 2008∼2011 10. 31 8. 7 12. 8 (-)20. 0 0. 66 1. 36 9. 1 0. 89 0. 70 North B. W (2) 2009∼2012 10. 44 8. 6 12. 9 (-)20. 0 0. 66 1. 36 9. 5 0. 95 0. 70 North B. W (3) 2011∼2014 10. 76 8. 6 13. 3 (-)20. 0 0. 66 1. 36 10. 0 1. 00 0. 70 South B. W (2-1) 2014∼ 12. 53 11. 1 14. 1 (-)27. 0 0. 66 1. 81 13. 1 1. 02 1. 15 Note: rein. mean reinforcement of damaged breakwater (B. W), sea wave height, H1/3 significant wave height, T1/3 significant wave period, h′ water depth (= h + ΔΖ), Ζ High water ordinary spring tide (HWL), ΔΖ Maximum deviation of the water level (DHWL), H′c crest height (= crest- h). Table 3. Comparison of the design parameters and relative crest height at four major ports on the south coast Port and structure conditions h′c (m) α (=h′c/H1/3) ∇Ζ(b−a) (m) Ho (m) H1/3 (m) T1/3 (sec) h′ (DL.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: A second confirmatory factor analysis using PCA was also conducted, and the results for the individual construct and the factor loading for each group are presented in Table 5. Table 5 Confirmatory factor analysis for customer groupsFull size tableHere too, all items are highly related to the constructs and are close to one. For each construct, the individual items are highly loaded, exceeding 0. 5, meaning that the items are acceptable and reliable measures of the chosen constructs. Once again, this enables valid theoretical generalisations to be made about the differences between the two customer groups. A second analysis of the correlation coefficients was also conducted, using Pearson's r to assess discriminant validity. The analysis yielded similar results as in the previous analysis, proving that the items of the constructs do not measure the same thing. premise underlying the research is that there is a difference in the fundamental orientation between customer groups, as expressed in Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2. This refers to either the relational orientation (strong relationship) or the transactional orientation (weak relationship). It was assumed that customers with strong relationships should have high levels of trust and of commitment compared to customers with weak relationships. Table 6 shows that, according to the research results, there is indeed a difference between active customers and passive customers with regard to levels of trust and of commitment. Table 6 Differences among customer groupsFull size tableA t-test for an independent sample was used to assess whether the mean scores of the two groups – active customers versus passive customers – were statistically different. The t-test was deemed appropriate, because the research objective was to compare the differences between the mean scores of the two groups, relative to the spread or variability of the respective scores. If significant differences were to exist, it would then be evident that active customers and passive customers would differ from one another in terms of high levels of trust and of commitment. If active customers are seen as strong relationship customers, they should differ on a large number of items compared to passive customers. The active customers differ significantly on 22 of the 27 measured items, which corresponds to 81. 4 per cent. Consequently, it is quite evident that active customers are more relational and passive customers are less relational, which supports Hypotheses 1 and 2. It is clear that many of the differences are also highly significant at the 0. 001 level. Regarding the measured constructs, it is evident that some of the items do not yield significant differences.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: operationally Equation (2) is, effectively in the regime of analysis of Kinetic energy dominance given by (3) The change in time from imaginary to real time, is in line with a full evaluation of a transition from Equation (3) to the regime of space-time dominated by (4) In particular what we are supposing is a transformation from the pre-Planckian to Planckian regime given by (5) The right hand side would represent non imaginary time, whereas the regime where there is imaginary structure would represent sub divisions in causal structure of space-time, as alluded to by Dowker [5] [8] with what is represented in Equation (5) as a division from pre-Planckian to Planckian space-time, and a defacto Causal structure with the imaginary time component one which is “tunneled” through, to reach Planckian Space-time physics. What is conserved between the transference from a prior universe, to present universe would be at the Planckian regime, a minimum stress energy Tensor, which by [3] is given as a term with has the label of for transferred space-time energy, and then a measure of curvature of space-time as given in [6] as, if (6) The is defined in [6] and can be usually thought of as how gravity affects space-time geometry, as given in [9] which is part of the definition of a Riemann Scalar, for which as given in [6] we have that the Riemann scalar is given as (7) The term for a minimum scale factor is given in Equation (7) which is the smallest unit of evolving space-time which is accessible to analysis, which is akin to adopting the bounce definition of a non-singular starting point of a universe expansion as given in [7] [8] [10] [11] with a minimum initial scale value given in [3] [6] as (8) If so, then we find then that, if we are looking at a cosmological constant, as defined in [9] [10] [12] [13] with an initial value of this cosmological constant as written as (leaving open the possibility that the cosmological constant could have changed over time, i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: , m) Ζ(a) (m) ΔΖ(b) (m) B. W 1919∼1940 - (2. 4) - (-)10. 0 (1. 36) (1. 36) B. W 1979∼1985 8. 47 5. 8 12. 0 (-)16. 0 1. 22 1. 22 5. 0 0. 65 0 B. W 1985∼1991 10. 0 5. 8 12. 0 (-)17. 0 1. 22 1. 22 6. 0 0. 82 0 Jodo B. W 1986∼1989 10. 0 6. 7 15. 0 (-)23. 0 1. 50 1. 50 6. 0 0. 67 0 Orykdo B. W 1987∼1991 10. 0 7. 4 15. 0 (-)22. 0 1. 5 1. 50 6. 0 0. 61 0 Orykdo B. W rein. (1) 2001∼2004 10. 0 7. 4 15. 0 (-)22. 0 1. 5 1. 5 10. 5 1. 20 0 B. W 2011∼2013 13. 66 12. 1 16. 44 (-)19. 0 1. 44 2. 11 11. 2 0. 75 0. 67 B. W. rein. 2011∼2013 13. 66 10. 3 16. 44 (-)16. 0 1. 44 2. 11 9. 5 0. 72 0. 67 B. W. rein. 2011∼2013 13. 66 11. 1 16. 44 (-)17. 0 1. 44 2. 11 10. 0 0. 71 0. 67 Jodo B. W rein. 2014∼ 13. 66 10. 8 16. 43 (-)22. 5 1. 44 2. 33 9. 0 0. 60 0. 89 Orykdo B. W rein. (2) 2014∼ 13. 66 11. 2 16. 43 (-)22. 0 1. 44 2. 54 10. 5 0. 70 1. 10 B. W 2001∼2008 7. 0 7. 3 11. 0 (-)22. 3 2. 93 3. 83 10. 8 0. 95 0. 9 Seogwi-po B. W 1993∼2001 10. 0 9. 3 - (-)14. 0 3. 16 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Market segmentation helps businesses target specific customer groups. [SEP] Text: study presented provides a new perspective on how customer groups might be differentiated in terms of weak or strong relationships in a firm's customer base. It is evident that a firm's customer base can be used for segmentation purposes by applying the concepts of trust, commitment and relationships in the managerial application of CRM. Some of the main findings and contributions from this research are considered below. 1 The study provides evidence of the existence of the a priori hypothesised groups of customers within a service provider's customer base, that is, active and passive customers. For this reason, the chosen constructs, as indicators, could be used in differentiating between high and low levels of trust and of commitment. 2 The study shows that these groups of customers differ significantly in terms of their levels of trust and of commitment to the service provider. The results also indicate that active customers seem to be more satisfied and committed than passive customers, having more trust and stronger future intentions as well as more favourable brand attitudes. 3 The study also identifies and highlights the main differences between the two groups of customers in terms of high or low levels of trust and of commitment as a basis for customer segmentation. It allows a firm to distinguish between transactional and relational strategies in developing long-term customer relationships. The research confirms the existence of differences regarding levels of trust and of commitment between customers with high or low relational orientations. In the present study, the active customers differ significantly with respect to 81 per cent of the measured items compared with 88 per cent from the study of Garbarino and Johnson. Some theoretical implications for the managerial school and marketing strategy will now be discussed. For some time now, the managerial school has been preoccupied with marketing management, planning and strategy. Marketing management is heavily associated with the development of a marketing mix, which in turn has led to a particular form of marketing strategy. The market segmentation process has been based on mass marketing and concerned largely or even exclusively with identifying market segments. The results from the current research indicate that in a traditional consumer mass marketing service context, according to the managerial school, there are customer groups with either a high or a low relational orientation that can be depicted on a transactional/relational continuum. In this consumer mass marketing service context, individual customers are not the focus of attention, in contrast to the relationship marketing management school, which emphasises customer and partner relationship management.

Output: corroborate