Input: Claim: Solar-powered roads require no maintenance over their lifetime. [SEP] Text: Figure 9Examined solar cells with PID (case 5). (a) Before PID, (b) After PID. Full size imageFor the purpose of further validation for the PID a further case (case 6) was tested on the system with the same characteristics as Case 5 but with a much more noticeable dimming specifically after the PID occurred as shown in Fig. 10a and b. Figure 10Examined solar cells with PID (case 6). (a) Before PID, (b) After PID. Full size imageUpon running the system, it predicts that the system can effectively differentiate between the solar cells prior and subsequent to the PID by accepting the percentage of cells prior to the PID of 99. 4%, while at the same time making accurate predictions for the cells with PID, with a rejection rate of 99. 4%. This indicates a remarkable performance of the system and suggests that it is capable of distinguishing between cells that have undergone PID and those that have not, with a high degree of accuracy and precision. In our study, we examined solar cells with shaded areas, which are commonly observed in silicon-based solar cells due to a phenomenon known as shunting. Shunting occurs during the manufacturing process and results in localized shaded regions on the solar cell's surface. By including shaded areas in our evaluation, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of our crack detection system in identifying and distinguishing between genuine cracks and these shunted regions. Solar cells with shaded areas (labelled in red dashed circles in Fig. 11) are especially challenging to predict whether they will be accepted or rejected. This is because the shade will cause an uneven distribution of current in the busbars. This would lead to stress in the cell and consequently higher temperatures. In the light of that, we took a look at two cases of solar cells with shaded areas, referred to as cases 7 and 8, and conducted the same processing test on them as on the others. Based on the results of the analysis, it was predicted that both cases would be rejected with 98. 5% and 98. 9%, respectively, as shown in Fig. 11a and b, which were accurate predictions given that the system has been trained to detect cells with shaded areas. Figure 11Examined solar cells with shaded area. (a) Case 7, (b) Case 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: 111(35): 12883-12888. (2011) Tunable metallic-like conductivity in microbial nanowire networks. 6(9): 573-579. -BKG, et al. (2011) Evidence for direct electron transfer by a Gram-positive bacterium isolated from a microbial fuel cell. Microbiol 77(21): 7633-7639. (1999) Direct electrode reaction of Fe(III)-reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens. J 9(2): 127-131. Lovley DR (2006) Bug juice: harvesting electricity with microorganisms. Microbiol 4(7): 497-508. Rabaey K, Rodríguez (2007) Microbial ecology meets electrochemistry: electricity-driven and driving communities. ISME J 1(1): 9-18. (2015) Characterization of MtoD from Sideroxydans lithotrophicus: a cytochrome c electron shuttle used in lithoautotrophic growth. 6: 332. Borole AP, O’(2008) A microbial fuel cell operating at low pH using the acidophile Acidiphilium cryptum. 30(8): 1367-1372. Gomelsky M, (1996) sphaeroides 2. 4. 1 rho gene: expression and genetic analysis of structure and function. J Bacteriol 178(7): 1946-1954. (2006) Biological fuel cell and an application as a reserve power source. J 160(1): 123-129. (2001) Comamonas denitrificans sp. nov. , an efficient denitrifying bacterium isolated from activated sludge. Microbiol 51(3): 999-1006. (2008) Shewanella secretes flavins that mediate extracellular electron transfer. 105(10): 3968-3973. (2004) Biofuel cells select for microbial consortia that self-mediate electron transfer. Microbiol 70(9): 5373-5382. (2010) A study of electron-shuttle mechanism in Klebsiella pneumoniae based-microbial fuel cells. Bullet 55(1): 99-104. (2010) Gold line array electrodes increase substrate affinity and current density of electricity-producing G. sulfurreducens biofilms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar-powered roads require no maintenance over their lifetime. [SEP] Text: Using this network, PV assembly units will be able to classify various solar cells in the most straightforward manner possible. While this paper presents significant advantages, there are certain limitations to be acknowledged in this study. Firstly, the evaluation of the proposed system was conducted using a specific dataset, which might not fully capture the diversity of real-world scenarios involving various types of solar cells. For instance, solar cells with different busbar configurations or manufacturing variations were not extensively explored. Therefore, the generalizability of the findings to these specific cases may be limited. Secondly, the study relied on EL images obtained from indoor environments and a solar cell production line. While these settings are relevant to the intended application, it is important to recognize that imaging conditions can vary in different scenarios. Factors such as lighting conditions, camera specifications, and imaging setups may differ when examining solar cells in outdoor environments or using different EL detection equipment. Hence, the transferability of the proposed system to these alternative imaging conditions may require further investigation and adaptation. To address these limitations in future research, it is recommended to: Expand the dataset to encompass a broader range of solar cell types, including variations in busbar configurations and manufacturing processes, to improve the representativeness of the evaluation. Incorporate EL images captured in diverse imaging conditions, such as outdoor environments or using different EL detection equipment, to assess the system's performance under various scenarios. Consider conducting comparative studies or benchmarking against existing crack detection methods using multiple datasets to establish the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed system across different settings. Collaborate with industry partners or research institutions to access a wider range of solar cell samples and imaging conditions, ensuring the findings are applicable to real-world scenarios. Conduct sensitivity analyses or perform experiments to evaluate the system's performance under controlled variations in lighting conditions, camera settings, or other imaging parameters to assess its robustness and adaptability. By addressing these limitations, future research can enhance the applicability and reliability of the crack detection system for a broader range of solar cell types and imaging conditions. ConclusionsA novel solar cell crack detection system for application in PV assembly units was developed and presented in this 99. 5% and rejection rate of up to 99. 1% in different cases. Moreover, the system was validated with thermal testing using cases with real ranges, such as shaded areas and micro-cracks, which were predicted with high degrees of accuracy by the system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Aloe vera extract could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 ( from Version 1 In the amendment of the abstract manuscript, we revised the Conclusion by deleting the word "gel" to match the title and purpose of this study. Additional information on the consentration of aloe vera extract (10%) can be seen in the gel preparation section part of the methods. Histopathologic images of macrophages, fibroblasts and epidermal thickness have been presented in the manuscript along with detailed information (see original image in figshare), while the explanation has been explained previously in the Discussion section. In the amendment of the abstract manuscript, we revised the Conclusion by deleting the word "gel" to match the title and purpose of this study. Additional information on the consentration of aloe vera extract (10%) can be seen in the gel preparation section part of the methods. Histopathologic images of macrophages, fibroblasts and epidermal thickness have been presented in the manuscript along with detailed information (see original image in figshare), while the explanation has been explained previously in the Discussion section. See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by  There is a newer version of this 0. 5-1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: (2009) Electrochemical evidence of direct electrode reduction by a thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium, Thermincola ferriacetica. Energy & 2(6): 699-705. -OJ, Süel GM (2015) Ion channels enable electrical communication in bacterial communities. Nature 527(7576): 59-63. Mac(2004) Nobel Lecture. Potassium channels and the atomic basis of selective ion conduction. 24(2): 75-100. (2001) A prokaryotic voltage-gated sodium channel. Science 294(5550): 2372-2375. Naik S, Jujjavarapu SE (2021) Enhanced bioelectricity generation by novel biosurfactant producing bacteria in microbial fuel cells. & Innov 23: 101665. (2021) A Review on biosurfactants: properties, applications and current developments. 330: 124963. (2015) Endogenously enhanced biosurfactant production promotes electricity generation from microbial fuel cells. 197: 416-421. (2012) Anodic biofilm in single-chamber microbial fuel cells cultivated under different temperatures. 37(20): 15792-15800. (2011) Improved performance of air-cathode microbial fuel cell through additional Tween 80. J 196(3): 899-904. (2014) Enhanced bioelectricity generation by improving pyocyanin production and membrane permeability through sophorolipid addition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-inoculated microbial fuel cells. 167: 490-494. (2010) Improved performance of microbial fuel cell through addition of rhamnolipid. 12(12): 1710-1713. (2018) Extracellular electron transfer by the Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis. Biochem 57(30): 4597-4603. (2019) Identification of Clostridium cochlearium as an electroactive microorganism from the mouse gut microbiome. Bioelectrochem 130: 107334. (2017) Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J 15(1): 1-17. (2018) The electrifying energy of gut microbes. Nature 562(7725): 43-44. (2020) Characterization of Bacteria. ACS omega 5(45): 29439-29446.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar-powered roads require no maintenance over their lifetime. [SEP] Text: The results indicate that the proposed system is a valuable tool for evaluating the condition of photovoltaic cells and can lead to improved efficiency. Moreover, the study uncovered a superior performance of the proposed CNN model in comparison with previous studies in the detection of cracks, micro-cracks, PIDs, and shaded areas on solar cells. This research is important to the PV industry and PV solar cell crack detection automation for several reasons: Accurate crack detection: The proposed DSMP-CNN system can accurately detect cracks, microcracks, PIDs, and shaded areas in photovoltaic cells, which can lead to improved efficiency and reliability of the cells. High accuracy: The system was tested on various solar cells and achieved a high degree of accuracy, with an acceptance rate of up to 99. 5% and rejection rate of up to 99. 1% in different cases. Improved efficiency: By automating the crack detection process, the proposed system can reduce manual inspection time and errors, leading to improved efficiency in the PV industry. Real-time detection: The system can quickly examine the EL image of the solar cell and predict its acceptance or rejection status in real-time, which can save time and resources for PV companies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: – 06. 00 A. M. ) and fed with standard feed (CP 551 from PT Charoen Pokphand-Indonesia) and water was given ad libitum. They were kept in cages that were maintained at room temperature and humidity at normal ranges. Allocation and treatment groupsAll animals were randomly divided into three big groups by simple random sampling. (standard) consisted of normal rats, group II (negative control) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with gel base, and group III (treatment group) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with Aloe vera gel. Each group was subdivided into three smaller groups (n = 6 per group) according to the time when the lesions were evaluated. They were treated twice a day according to the groups. The sample size was calculated according to Federer’s formula: (Federer, 1963)t−1n−1≥ 15t = the number of groupsn = the number of samplesn = 2. 875 ≈ 3 rat/groupConsidering the NC3Rs principal in experimental animal, statistical analysis necessity, and the possibility of drop out, the number of rats per group were determined to be six. All 54 rats were given a number (1–54) using a marker pen, then randomized by putting the numbers in an envelope and dividing them into 9 groups, according to the numbers taken from the envelope (Russell and Burch, 1992). Wound inflictionTo ensure that the rats remain in a comfortable condition, they were given anesthesia before performing the burn. The animals have anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine 0. 2 mL by intraperitoneal injection (in accordance with the provisions of Research). The hair at the dorsal region was shaved and cleansed with alcohol swab. Second-degree burn wound was inflicted using iron plate measuring 2×2 cm2 which was warmed in boiling water for 5 minutes and placed for 30 seconds on the shaved area (Kristyaningsih, 2016). Aloe vera extractAbout 2000 g of Aloe vera leaves were collected. The bottom part and the serrated edges of Aloe vera leaves were cut and peeled to obtain the inner clear gel. About 1000 g of inner gel was weighed and washed thoroughly and cut it into small pieces.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: (2011) Microbial fuel cell of Enterobacter cloacae: Effect of anodic pH microenvironment on current, power density, internal resistance and electrochemical losses. 36(17): 11093-11101. (2021) by in Cell. : Sci 765(1): 012115. (2018) Challenges in the application of microbial fuel cells to wastewater treatment and energy production: a mini review. Environ 639: 910-920. (2020) Microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for online monitoring wastewater quality: A critical review. Environ 712: 135612. Eroğlu İ, Tabanoğlu A, Gündüz U, Eroğlu E, Yücel M (2008) Hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides OU 001 in a flat plate solar bioreactor. 33(2): 531-541. (2013) Neural network processing of microbial fuel cell signals for the identification of chemicals present in water. J 120: 84-92. (2021) Progress in microbial fuel cell technology for wastewater treatment and energy harvesting. Chemosphere 281: 130828. (2017) Fabrication of bacterial cellulose/polyaniline/single-walled carbon nanotubes membrane for potential application as biosensor. 163: 62-69. Kalathil S, (2016) Nanotechnology to rescue bacterial bidirectional extracellular electron transfer in bioelectrochemical systems. RSC Adv 6(36): 30582-30597. Kitafa BA, Al-saned AJO (2021) A Review on Cells. J 39(1A): 1-8. (2018) Microbial fuel cell is emerging as a versatile technology: a review on its possible applications, challenges and strategies to improve the performances. 42(2): 369-394. (2012) Filamentous bacteria transport electrons over centimeter distances. Nature 491(7423): 218-221. (2017) Chitin degradation and electricity generation by Aeromonas hydrophila in microbial fuel cells. Chemosphere 168: 293-299. (2016) Microbial fuel cells: a source of bioenergy. J Technol 8(3): 247-255. é M, Balaguer MD, et al. (2011) Microbial fuel cell application in landfill leachate treatment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar-powered roads require no maintenance over their lifetime. [SEP] Text: PV panels can also be connected to each other in any size and number to produce a desired power output. PV panels have no emission, no noise and no moving parts. Also, their installation and maintenance tasks are very easy [23]. The main drawback of PV panels is their cost which is decreasing rapidly. Affordable prices boosted the use of PV panels in recent years. Global installed capacity of PV plants was 2. 6 GW in 2004, increased to 100 GW in 2012 and become 139 GW by the year 2013 [20]. Advertisement 5. Solar desalinationDesalination of sea water or other salty ground waters is a practical and proven method of producing fresh water where it is needed. The main issue for this desalination process is a low cost, environment friendly, readily available energy to drive the process. Solar energy is one of the best sources of this type and it is abundant throughout the year especially in solar belt region at which most of the water scarcity is suffered by about 5 billion people. Solar water desalination is a well-known and proven technique which has been used for a long time at remote areas and places suffering from shortage of potable quality water. There are many variations of solar driven desalination systems. Figure 6 shows a pull classification and integrated big picture view of desalination processes and the place of renewable energy among the other methods. These systems can be classified mainly into two groups as direct and indirect desalination systems which will be described below. 5. 1. Indirect systemsMost of the large solar desalination plants are driven by indirect solar energy. Indirect solar desalination systems can be classified into thermal, mechanical or electric driven technologies. Solar energy is collected through concentrating () or non-concentrating () collectors to run thermal desalination processes such as thermal vapour compression (TVC) and membrane desalination (MD). Another indirect use of solar energy in desalination system is producing electricity from solar irradiation via PV panels and use to run ED which is the only desalination technology using electricity directly to produce fresh water. RO and freezing desalination techniques require mechanical energy which can be obtained from solar energy through heat engines (Rankine, sterling and brayton) or PV panels. Figure7 shows the shares of desalination technologies in indirect solar desalination plants installed worldwide. Figure 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Then, the small pieces of gel and 2000 mL 70% ethanol were blended and poured into a closed container (stirred occasionally for 6 hours, then set aside for 18 hours). This mixture was then filtered to obtain the filtrate (I). The extraction process was repeated on the residue using 1000 mL of 70% ethanol to obtain another filtrate (II). The filtrate (I) and (II) were mixed and evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at 400C to obtain a thick extract. Gel preparation• Gel baseAbout 400 cc of distilled water was taken into the mortar, then 12 g of 3% Sodium-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) powder was evenly added. It was closed and set it aside for 15 minutes. After which it was ground and 4 g of 1% glycerin was added until a homogeneous gel base was formed. • Aloe vera gelPut 40 g of Aloe vera extract into the mortar then add 360 g of gel base gradually while grinding it until homogeneous. So, the concentration of the aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingSix animals of each groups were sacrificed on the 3rd, 14th, and 21st days after injury by injecting 100 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. Then, the injured tissues were carefully dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. All samples were taken to Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for H&E staining. The number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness was evaluated using Olympus CX21 light microscope with 400× magnification and three fields of view. Statistical analysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (RRID:SCR_019096) with one-way ANOVA test. If there were significant differences (p<0. 05), then LSD test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ResultsThe results obtained from the study are shown in Figures 1−3. The comparison of the changes in the thickness of the epidermis that occurs is shown in Figure 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: 1) applies to the sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) with three Re numbers (Re=30, 60, 90), which have been studied by Wang et al. , with Fig. 2 showing the structure diagram of the SMFCs. Compared with a traditional MFC (without channel), the MFC with the convergent flow channel can produce two flow mechanisms (convection and vortex formed, as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) to enhance the mass transfer, cause the two flow mechanisms to make the substrate move tensely and the mixing more uniform. The electron produced and Hydrogen ion (H+) will move faster and more actively to reach their objective, which can reduce the mass transfer losses and enhance the electricity production. On the other hand, the performance of a MFC with plates seems to be much more stable than in the case of without plates, causing the vortex flow to limit the moving scale of the substrate and make the transfer speed of the electrons and H+more uniform, which can thus stabilize the power generation. However, the reason why the existing flow with plates lowers the open circuit voltage (OCV) and the power density has not been clarified clearly, but the other two vortexes (as shown in Fig. 3) caused by the flow plates may prevent some p1. Schematic diagram of convergent flow channel [14]. Figure 2. Structure diagram of SMFC [14]Figure 3. Vortex flow image for convergent flow channel with plates [14]Figure 4. Vortex flow image for convergent flow channel without plates [14]3. 2. Biometric flow channel [15]Now a biometric concept addressed will be applied in MFCs because the effect of a biometric flow channel (with/without obstacles) on the power generation at different Reynolds numbers (Re=19. 85, 496. 18), in the single chamber of rumen microbial fuel cells (RMFCs), has been studied by Wang et al. ,[15] and the geometrical dimensions and structure of a biometric flow channel can be seen in Figs. 5 and 6. Figure 5. Schematic diagram of biometric flow channel [15]. Figure 6. A single chamber (a) with (b) without obstacles marked in the white region for the anode electrode at the bottom of RMFCs [15].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar-powered roads require no maintenance over their lifetime. [SEP] Text: Modeling thermal asymmetries in double slope solar stills. Renewable Energy. 2004;29(6):895–906. 40. . Present status of solar distillation. Solar Energy. 2003;75(5):367–73. 41. . Experimental analysis of active solar still with air pump and external boosting mirrors. of in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2013;2(7):3084–904. 42. . Enhancement of modified solar still integrated with external condenser using nanofluids: an experimental approach. and Management. 2014;78:493–8. 43. El-Bahi A, Inan D. Analysis of a parallel double glass solar still with separate condenser. Renewable Energy. 1999;17(4):509–21. 44. El-Bahi A, Inan D. A solar still with minimum inclination, coupled to an outside condenser. Desalination. 1999;123(1):79–83. 45. -Majeed MM, Sopian K. Factors affecting basin type solar still productivity: A detailed review. Renewable and Reviews. 2014;32:430–47. 46. . Status of solar desalination in India. Renewable and Reviews. 2009;13(9):2408–18. 47. Deniz E. An investigation of some of the parameters involved in inclined solar distillation systems. & Sustainable Energy. 2013;32(2):350–4. 48. . Comparison between energy and exergy efficiencies in a weir type cascade solar still. Desalination. 2013;325:113–21. 49. Sivakumar V, Sundaram EG. Improvement techniques of solar still efficiency: A review. Renewable and Reviews. 2013;28:246–64. 50. vd. Analysis of the characteristics of heat and mass transfer of a three-effect tubular solar still and experimental research. Desalination. 2013;330:42–8. 51. Ahsan A, Fukuhara T. Mass and heat transfer model of tubular solar still. Solar Energy. 2010;84(7):1147–56. 52. . Active solar distillation—A detailed review. Renewable and Reviews. 2010;14(6):1503–26. 53. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The explanation of the histopathological images obtained for macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness is shown in Figure 5. From the one-way ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in all groups (p<0. 05). Then, the least (LSD) test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Figure 1. Mean number of macrophages. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 2. Mean number of fibroblastsI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 3. Mean number of epidermal thickness. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 4. There was a change in epidermal thickness on days 3, 14 and 21. The thickest epidermal layer was found in group III (treatment, aloe vera) compared to group II (negative control). This could be due to the fact that aloe vera gel was better in the wound repair process than the other groups. The thickness of the epidermis in groups II and III was also thicker than in the control group. This can happen because there is still a wound repair process in groups II and III. Figure 5. The histopathological description of macrophages () fibroblast () and epidermal thickness (). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 7. 77 ± 0. 62; p=0. 0001), group I-3 vs III-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (7. 77 ± 0. 62 vs 9. 00 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: 12), to generate a spontaneous laminar flow on a small scale to separate the cathode and anode to replace the proton exchange membrane [23]. Furthermore, the membraneless microfluidic microbial fuel cell can operate on a short start-up time, with the maximum voltage reached in only 15 min and stable in 45 min at 30 ml/h of flow rate for each stream (as shown in Fig. 12). Figure 12. The scheme of the membraneless µMFC and the OCV obtained from the membraneless µMFC [22]. As electrical generation of the membraneless µMFC requires a laminar flow with only a little crossover of solute [24]; the Reynolds number (Re) must be less than 10 and the Peclet number (Pe) must be close to 10,000 to maintain the laminar flow and reduce the solute crossover [23]. In this study, the flow rate was increased to 30 ml/h, which reached the maximum open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the membraneless microfluidic microbial fuel cell because the increase in flow rate reduced the diffusion crossover of the solute. Furthermore, the maximum OCV is obtained at Re=8. 39 and Pe=7163, which is similar to Choban et al. , [23]. Advertisement 4. ConclusionSeveral methods of flow control addressed have been shown to improve the power performance of the microbial fuel cell and can be applied to different applications. A lot of related research has focused on the large scale application, such as wastewater treatment, but a more potential challenge to be considered is a small scale application. The microfluidic microbial fuel cells have the opportunity to be used on biomedical recipients, but the study of the flow control for microbial fuel cells is still limited and there is a need for improvement. Therefore a more sustained research on the method of the flow control, which could be able to improve the practicability of the microbial fuel cell, will be necessary in the future. Advertisement 1. Logan BE. Microbial fuel cells. 1st ed. , Wiley-(2008). 2. He, Z. , Minteer, S. D. , & Angenent, L. T. , Electricity generation from artificial wastewater using an upflow microbial fuel cell, Environmental science & technology, 39(14), 5262 (2005). 3. . , & Kim, B. H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based plastics are made from renewable resources like corn and sugarcane. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 02 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This specification applies to flexible closed-cell materials made from polyolefin plastics and blends of polyolefin plastics as defined in Section 3. 1. 2 Extruded or molded shapes too small to permit the cutting of standard test specimens are difficult to classify or test by standard test methods and will usually require special testing procedures or the use of standard test sheets. 1. 3 In case of conflict between the provisions of this specification and those of detailed specifications for a particular product, the latter shall take precedence. These detailed specifications for the flexible closed-cell polyolefin plastic foams should state the particular test or tests desired. 1. 4 In cases involving referee decisions, SI units shall be used. 1. 5 This specification does not contain test procedures or values for all the suffix letters listed in Tables 1 and 2. Where the procedure is not described in this specification or special limits are desired, or both, the test procedures and values must be arranged between the purchaser and the supplier. 1. 6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. Note 1- There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. Version D4819-96 D4819-13R21E01 Active D4819-13 D4819-96R05 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 47; p=0. 001) (see Figure 1). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs 6. 22 ± 0. 98; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs. III-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs. 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs. III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 013) (see Figure 1). On day 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 4. 72 ± 0. 87; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 1). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 4. 61 ± 0. 49; p=0. 047), group I-3 vs III-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCI technology enables direct communication between the brain and external devices. [SEP] Text: These signals include slow cortical potentials, P300 potentials, and mu or beta rhythms recorded from the scalp, and cortical neuronalactivity recorded by implanted electrodes [4]. They are translated in real-time into commands that operate a computer display or other device [4]. Successful operation requires that the user encode commands in these signals and that the BCI derive the commands from the signals [4]. Thus, the user and the BCI system need to adapt to each other both initially and continually so as to ensure stable performance [29]. Current BCIs havemaximum information transfer rates up to 10–25 bits/min [4]. This limited capacity can be valuable for people whose severe disabilities preventthem from using conventional augmentative communication methods [4]. VL - 5 IS - 4 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plant-based plastics are completely biodegradable without exceptions. [SEP] Text: Plastics from Cyanobacteria. Jacob-accumulation of generated plastic waste is a growing concern. Alternatively, scientific efforts are underway to drive industrial demand to replace these products with superior quality, adequate biodegradable resources. Cyanobacteria are a versatile group of phototrophic prokaryotes capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using sunlight and carbon dioxide (CO2) as a form of carbon and energy reserve. PHAs are appealing alternatives for traditional chemical plastics because these have to resemble characteristics, biocompatibility, and complete biodegradability. In this sense, this 10. 21741/9781644901335-11 Part of the book on Degradation of Plastics 10. 6100/IR403691 [2] R. Bhati, Biodegradable plastics production by cyanobacteria, in: M. Khoobchandani, A. Saxena (Eds), Biotechnology products in everyday life, EcoProduction, Springer, Cham, 2019, 0782. 10. 1126/sciadv. 1700782 [6] D. Kamravamanesh, M. Lackner, C. Herwig, Bioprocess engineering aspects of sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoate production in cyanobacter, Bioengineering 5 (2018) 111. [7] H. Karan, C. Funk, M. Grabert, M. Oey, B. Hankamer, Green bioplastics as part of a circular bioeconomy, Sci. 3 (2019) 237-241. 10. 1016/j. tplants. 2018. 11. 010 [8] C. Troschl, K. Meixner, B. Drosg. Cyanobacterial PHA production – review of recent advances and a summary of three years’ working experience running a pilot plant, Bioengineering 4 (2017) 1-19. [9] G. Q. Chen, A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based bio- and materials industry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 (2009) 2434–2446. [10] M. Koller, L. Maršálek, M. M. de Sousa Dias, G.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (4. 61 ± 0. 49 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 8. 11 ± 0. 68; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (8. 11 ± 0. 68 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 9. 05 ± 0. 80; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (9. 05 ± 0. 80 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 3rd day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the standard group (I), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the negative control group (II). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 2. 43 ± 0. 45; p=0. 0001), group II-3 vs III-3 (2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1812922/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground:Children with impaired mobility often experience a negative impact on their overall development leading to depression, social isolation, “learned helplessness,” and a perceived lower quality of life. The present study explores the effects of Devices (PMD), in the form of modified ride-on toy cars, on independent mobility and social function in children under five-years of age with complex multiple developmental impairmentsMaterials and methods:In this study, 12 children with neuromuscular diagnosis, musculoskeletal, or genetic and metabolic progressive diseases were enrolled. Significant cognitive, visual, or communication impairment was not exclusionary. The age range of the participants was 12 to 54 months (M=32months). Two types of activation and steering modifications, 1) proportional control joystick and 2) line follower technologies were provided. Participants were evaluated pre/post using the of (PEDI). Results:A paired t-test was conducted on each of the three subscales (self-care, mobility, and social/cognitive ) of the PEDI to assess changes occurred in individuals between the pre and post power mobility experiences. Data analysis clearly indicates a statistically significant difference in the positive direction in scores in all three domains (self-care, mobility and social function). Data analysis also indicates a statistically significant difference in two domains (self-care and social function) between pre and post experience with the post experience scores also being higher on the Scale scores. Conclusion:Results from this study demonstrated group mean score improvements between pre and post power mobility experiences in Self-Care, Mobility, and Social/Cognitive function. The results of this quantitative study support the findings of two previous studies analyzing qualitative data. These results are strong indicators that early power mobility interventions could provide positive improvements in the quality of life of children with severe multiple developmental disabilities including visual impairments. FiguresFigure 1IntroductionIndependent, self-directed exploration of the environment has been shown to have a positive impact on a child’s cognitive, sensorimotor, social, and emotional development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plant-based plastics are completely biodegradable without exceptions. [SEP] Text: Braunegg, G, Producing microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters in a sustainable manner. New Biotechnol. 37 (2017) 24-38. [11] P. M. Halami, Production of polyhydroxyalkanoate from starch by the native isolate Bacillus cereus CFR06, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24 (2008) 805–812. [12] S. Balaji, K. Gopi, B. Muthuvelan, A review on production of poly βhydroxybutyrates from cyanobacteria for the production of bio plastics, Algal Res. 2 (2013) 278–285. [13] A. S. Luyt, S. S. Malik, Can biodegradable plastics solve plastic solid waste accumulation, in: S. M. Al-Salem (Ed), Plastics to energy, fuel, chemicals, and sustainability implications, Elsevier, 2019, 139. ISSN:1809-8797 [15] S. Khanna, A. K. Srivastava, Recent advances in microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates, Process. Biochem. 40 (2005) 607–619. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2004. 01. 053 [16] L. Avérous, Polylactic Acid: Synthesis, properties and applications. In: M. N. Belgacem, A. Gandini (Eds), Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources, Elsevier, Oxford, 2008 [17] M. G. Bastos Lima, Toward multipurpose agriculture: food, fuels, flex crops, and prospects for a bioeconomy, Global Environ. Politics 18 (2018) 143–150. [18] C. and perspective on algal plastics – A critical review, Bioresour. Technol. 289 (2019) 121700. [19] D. M. Arias, J. García, E. Uggetti, Production of polymers by cyanobacteria grown in wastewater: Current status, challenges and future perspectives, New Biotechnol. 55 (2020) 46–57. [20] B. Drosg, I. Fritz, F. Gattermayer, L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 43 ± 0. 45 vs 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 0001), while group I-3 vs. III-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 182) did not show a significant result (see Figure 3). On the 14th day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 11. 46 ± 0. 92; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (11. 46 ± 0. 92 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). On the 21st day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 23. 10 ± 1. 37; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (23. 10 ± 1. 37 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). DiscussionMacrophages are cells that multiply when there is a wound to phagocytose debris and bacteria and they are the predominant cells on the 3rd day post wound infliction (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). This study showed that both negative control and treatment groups had more number of macrophages than standard group on the 3rd day after injury.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 24 A series of single case studies utilizing these modified ride-on toys cars by young children with various motor abilities have reported an increase in socialization and functional mobility. 25,26 The modifications described in their report utilize a large single push button activation switch in place of the steering wheel. This modification proved difficult for children with hand dexterity impairments to achieve directional control and slow acceleration speeds. 24 The child’s ability to control the directional path of the PMD is essential for goal-directed, self-initiated autonomous locomotion that research has shown is necessary for optimal exploration and interaction with the environment. 27 Two types of activation and steering modifications that have been presented in the literature and that may prove easier for severely impaired children to use are 1) proportional control joystick and 2) line follower technologies. 28 The proportional control joystick offers children the ability to control the activation and direction of the ride-on. The line follower technology offers children with visual impairments the ability to control the activation while the ride-on safely follows a marked line on the ground using a series of optical sensors. The study presented in this manuscript explores the effects of PMD, modified using these two types of activation/steering technologies, on independent mobility and social function in children under five-years of age with complex multiple developmental impairments. The participants in this study were children diagnosed with multiple developmental disabilities, especially significant mobility impairments. Local pediatric physical therapists working in rehabilitation outpatient facilities, early intervention programs, and public-school systems identified these children as needing access to power mobility. Eighteen children were referred for possible enrollment in this study. Children were not excluded from enrolling for any reason. Consent was obtained from each participant’s parent or legal guardian as approved by the Board (IRB#680116-1). The enrolled sample consisted of 12 children with neuromuscular diagnosis, musculoskeletal, or genetic and metabolic progressive diseases. Significant cognitive, visual, or communication impairment was not exclusionary. The age range of the participants was 12 to 54 months (M = 32months). of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY)29 served as a framework for assessment in this study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plant-based plastics are completely biodegradable without exceptions. [SEP] Text: Silvestrini, Photo-autotrophic production of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) in cyanobacteria, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 29 (2015) 145–156. [21] V. Mendhulkar, L. Shetye, Synthesis of biodegradable polymer polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) in cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongates under mixotrophic nitrogen- and phosphate-mediated stress conditions, Ind. Biotechnol. 13 (2017) 85–88. [22] W. Hauf, M. Schlebusch, J. Hüge, J. Kopka, M. Hagemann, K. Forchhammer, Metabolic changes in Synechocystis PCC6803 upon Nitrogen-Starvation: sustains polyhydroxybutyrate accumulation. Metabolites 3 (2013) 101–118. [23] Y. Nakaya, H. Iijima, J. Takanobu, A. Watanabe, M. Y. Hirai, T. Osanai, One day of nitrogen starvation reveals the effect of sigE and rre37 overexpression on the expression of genes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J. Biosci. Bioeng. (2015) 1–7. [24] A. K. Singh, N. Mallick, Advances in cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates production, 364 (2017) 1-13. [25] E. Markl, H. Grünbichler, M. Lackner, Cyanobacteria for PHB bioplastics production: A review. Y. K. Wong (Ed), Algae, IntechOpen, 2018. [26] T. Heidorn, D. Camsund, H. H. Huang, P. Lindberg, P. Oliveira, K. Stensjo, et al. , Synthetic biology in cyanobacteria engineering and analyzing novel functions, Methods Enzymol. 497 (2011) 539-579. [27] Kaewbai-ngam, A. Incharoensakdi, T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than the negative control group on the 14th and 21st days after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported a decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated a higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than the negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase their migration during the proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was a reduction in the number of fibroblasts on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation, and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocytes which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2005. Free AbstractUsing the C-Leg® (), a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joint, may lead to an enhanced level of functional independence. It also was hypothesized that increased functional abilities and independence while using the C-Leg correlate with a positive body image. approval was received, a purposive sampling method was used to recruit eight adult volunteers from a regional rehabilitation hospital. Inclusion criteria for participants in this study were: individuals with transfemoral amputation, currently using the C-Leg, older than 18 years, and without cognitive limitations. Subjects completed a series of three surveys: the Reintegration to Index, the of Body-Image Dysphoria, and the Function & Survey (FBIS). Survey questions pertained to personal satisfaction with the C-Leg, functional independence in role performance, and body image. Significant relationships were found between functional role performance and self-efficacy (rs = 0. 863, p < 0. 01), social integration (rs = 0. 743, p < 0. 05), personal relationships (rs= 0. 711, p < 0. 05), and an inverse relationship with psychological distress (rs = −0. 772, p < 0. 05). These correlations were supported by responses from the FBIS suggesting that the C-Leg can expand a client’s level of function, self-esteem, and motivation. Response categories of functional role performance and body image were correlated to test the second hypothesis, resulting in a fair but not statistically significant relationship (rs = −0. 43, p > 0. 05). Individuals using the C-Leg were found to exhibit high levels of role participation, functional activity performance, and self-confidence. Role participation improvements were associated with feeling safer and experiencing fewer falls. The most common improvements in functional activity performance were found with walking, climbing stairs, sports/recreation, work/employment, and decreased fatigue because of reduced energy expenditure. In addition, self-confidence was expressed in terms of improved social participation. Although there was only a fair correlation, body image was found to be improved because individuals were able to walk with a more natural gait and felt more secure in public places because of the stability the C-Leg offers. Results indicate the importance of psychosocial consideration in the selection of prosthetic knee technology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plant-based plastics are completely biodegradable without exceptions. [SEP] Text: Monshupanee, Increased accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate in divergent cyanobacteria under nutrient-deprived photoautotrophy: An efficient conversion of solar energy and carbon dioxide to polyhydroxybutyrate by 8095, Bioresour. Technol. 212 (2016) 342–347. [28] R. B. Derner, S. Ohse, M. Villela, S. M. F. R. Carvalho, Microalgas, produtos e aplicações, Cienc. Rural 36 (2006) 1959–1967. [29] R. A. Soni, K. Sudhakar, R. S. Rana, Spirulina – from growth to nutritional product: a review, Sci. Technol. 69 (2017) 157–171. 10. 1016/j. tifs. 2017. 09. 010 [30] M. Schlebusch, K. Forchhammer, Requirement of the nitrogen starvation-induced protein s110783 for polyhydroxybutyrate accumulation in Synechocystissp. strain PCC 6803, Appl. Environ. Microbiol 76 (2010) 6101–6107. [31] B. Panda, L. Sharma, N. Mallick, Poly-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in Nostocmuscorum and Spirulinaplatensis under phosphate limitation. J. Plant Physiol. 162 (2005) 1376–1379. [32] D. Kamravamanesh, S. Pflugl, W. Nischkauer, A. Limbeck, A. Lackner, C. Herwig, Phtosynthetic poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714. AMB Express 7 (2017) 143. 10. 1186 s13568-017-0443-9 [33] R. Bhati, N. Mallick, Production and characterization of poly 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate co-polymer by a N2-fixing cyanobacterium Nostocmuscorum Agardh, J. Chem. Technol. Biot.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York:Mac. Millan;1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. :Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins;2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara;2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: This study was designed to test the theory that individuals using the C-Leg®, a microprocessor controlled prosthetic knee joint, may experience an enhanced level of functional independence. Secondly, it was hypothesized that increased functional abilities and independence from using the C-Leg correlate with a positive body image. People using the C-Leg were found to exhibit high levels of role participation, functional activity performance, and self-confidence. Although there was only a fair correlation, body image was found to be improved because individuals were able to walk with a more natural gait, and also felt more secure in public places because of the stability the C-Leg offers. Results indicate the importance of psychosocial consideration in the selection of prosthetic knee technology. Rehabilitation of persons with transfemoral amputations is more than providing a properly fitting prosthesis and gait training. A comprehensive rehabilitation program must also address reintegration into daily living activities, including social and vocational settings in which the person was involved before the amputation. The emotional loss of an amputation can be as great as the physical loss, making the psychosocial aspects a crucial component of rehabilitation. A key psychosocial aspect of successful rehabilitation is body image. One definition of body image is “awareness and perception of one’s body related to appearance and function. ”1 For persons with lower extremity amputation, increased levels of physical activity and function in life lead to an increased self-esteem and a more intact body image. 2 In this study’s region of the United States, one type of microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joint for post-transfemoral amputation is primarily used. Participants using the C-Leg® () were accessible for this study. developed the C-Leg, a microprocessor-controlled knee joint system, with the intent of providing optimal stability throughout the gait cycle. 3 To date, most research studies involving the C-Leg have focused on the physiological benefits. 4,5 As such, the metabolic benefits of the C-Leg have been documented. Beyond these physiological benefits, the functional aspects of a person’s life have yet to be explored. For individuals using the C-Leg, a more secure and natural gait is presumed to facilitate successful reintegration into their previous physical and social roles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plant-based plastics are completely biodegradable without exceptions. [SEP] Text: 87 (2012) 505-512. [34] M. Koller, Chemical and biochemical engineering approaches in manufacturing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters of tailored structure with focus on the diversity of building blocks, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 32 (2018) 413-438. [35] K. Gopi, S. Balaji, B. Muthuvelan, Isolation purification and screening of biodegradable polymer PHB producing cyanobacteria from marine and freshwater resources, Iran. J. Energy Environ. 5 (2014) 94–100. 10. 5829/idosi. ijee. 2014. 05. 01. 14 [36] J. of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Spirulina platensis, J. Bacteriol. 149 (1982 )361–363 [37] M. Vincenzini, C. Sili, R. de Philippis, A. Ena, R. Materassi, Occurrence of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Spirulina species, J. Bacteriol. 172 (1990) 2791–2792. / jb. 172. 5. 2791-2792. 1990 [38] A. Shrivastav, S. K. Mishra, S. Mishra, Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis by Spirulina subsalsa from Gujarat coast of India, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 46 (2010) 255–260. 10. 1016/j. ijbiomac. 2010. 01. 001 [39] S. Samantaray, N. Mallick, Production and characterization of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) polymer from Aulosirafertilissima, J. Appl. Phycol. 24 (2012) 803–814. [40] L. Sharma, N. Mallick, Accumulation of poly-hydroxybutyrate in Nostocmuscorum: Regulation by pH, light-dark cycles, N and P status and carbon sources, Bioresour. Technol. 96 (2005) 1304–1310. [41] R. Bhati, N.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Indonesia. 2019. Reinke JM, Sorg H: Wound repair and regeneration. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012; 49: 35–43. : of Technique. London:Methuen& Co. Ltd;1992. (Reissued: for Animal Welfare, Herts, England. ) 1959. Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, et al. : Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1934578X1400900. -Daniel J, Forbes AA, et al. : Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns. 2017; 43: 249–257. Pub| : Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0173417. Pub| : Aloe vera: A short review. Indian J. Dermatol. 2008; 53: 163–166. Pub| : The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wounds. 2018; 30: 263–268. : WHO|Burns. 2018. accessed 29 May 2021. : Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2014; 79: 101–109. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:168 version 1 Published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 Copyright © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 135733. r157960) The direct URL for this report is: Major concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Skip to main navigationSkip to main contentSkip to footer for: العربية Solutions for Physical & - Nafath periodical by periodical by Search for: for to menu toggle button to top ↑ for: العربية Home > Nafath 18 > Solutions for Physical & Solutions for Physical & Solutions for Physical & Research 1. has played a substantial role in the field of Accessibility to the Technology (ICT) throughout the past decade. The impact of these groundbreaking achievements has been reflected throughout all industries including Accessibility and Inclusive Technologies. The technological breakthroughs in areas like miniaturized computer hardware (e. g. wearables, smartphones, etc. ), (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT) have paved the way for innovative solutions to meet a wide range of needs for people with disabilities (Al-Thani et al. , 2019). Since the past few years, and ICT have demonstrated a trend of being incorporated into mainstream technological solutions through built-in accessibility features available within products. Trends of emerging assistive technologies currently being explored are converging towards being a hybrid of mainstream and medical technologies including technologies like implants and exoskeletons. These emerging solutions tends to compliment conventional assistive products rather than replacing them. 2. to (WIPO), currently there are over 1 billion potential users of assistive technology and accessibility solutions. It is estimated that this population would grow to 2 billion by 2050 as human life expectancy increases over this period along with the convergence of mainstream products and assistive technology features. on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities () recognizes access to assistive technology as a human right, bearing responsibilities and obligations towards the accessibility industry and market influence. identifies legislations and policies play a crucial role in attracting market sector investments along with related demographics and consumer demand. Significant work is being done to develop assistive technology solutions for individuals with mobility impairment to augment or recover human functional limitations. Emerging assistive technologies leverage on a combination of groundbreaking technologies such as (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Interface (BCI), and advance sensors (Lahiri et al. , 2020). 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plant-based plastics are completely biodegradable without exceptions. [SEP] Text: Delattre, Production, extraction and characterization of microalgal and cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides. Biotechnol. Adv. , 34 (2016) 1159-1179. [64] W. Vermaas, Production of bioplastics and other biomaterials from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis. -of-bioplastics-and-other-biomaterials-from-the-cyanoba, 2019 (accessed 2 December 2019) [65] K. Meixner, Cyanobacteria for bioplastic production. Conference: Week at Hochschule Darmstadt, DEC 4-8, 2017. At: (GER) Affiliation: University of Vienna; Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, 2017 [66] Markets & Markets, Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Market. https:// www. marketsandmarkets. comMarket-Reports/pha-market-395. html, 2019 (accessed 9 November 2019). [67] P. Singh, R. Kumar, Radiation physics and chemistry of polymeric materials, in: V. Kumar, B. Chaudhary, V. Sharma, K. Verma (Eds. ) Radiation effects in polymeric materials, Springer, pp 35-68 [68] B. E. DiGregorio, Biobased performance bioplastic: Mirel, Chem. Biol. Innovat. , 16 (2009) 1-2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Continue reading concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? This study lacks the visual observation with camera and authors did not show any images of the appearance of the wounds and wound improvement. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. The conclusion is a bold statement. What are the next steps? What are the limitations of the study? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Burn injuries and reconstructive surgery I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Cutting-edge cutting-edge products in this sector are evolving from conventional assistive products such as advanced walking aids (balancing aids and smart canes), advanced prosthetics (neuroprosthetics, smart and 3D printed prosthetics), advanced wheelchairs (including self-driving wheelchairs and wheelchair control) and exoskeletons (full-body exosuits, lower and upper body exoskeletons). An example of such trend is indicated by the fact that there has been a 34% growth rate in the patent filings for advanced wheelchairs last year (Source: WIPO). The present 1. for Patients to Use (Source: NC news. ncsu. edu) Current state-of-the-art prosthetics rely on machine learning to create a “pattern recognition” approach to prosthesis control. This approach requires users to “teach” the device to recognize specific patterns of muscle activity and translate them into commands – such as opening or closing a prosthetic hand. “Pattern recognition control requires patients to go through a lengthy process of training their prosthesis,” according to the research conducted by (Pal et al. , 2018) and this process can be both tedious and time-consuming. Interface (BCI) An innovative area of technology being actively explored to develop emerging assistive technology is Interface (BCI). BCI is a branch of computing technology that seeks to detect brain activity patterns and map them to specific output commands to be processed by a computer application or device. BCI technology can be used as an alternative input method where the user is unable to use conventional input devices (e. g. mouse, keyboard, etc. ). BCI can be in invasive and non-invasive forms. Invasive BCI consists of connecting hardware computing device(s) directly to sensors implanted in the brain while non-invasive BCI comprise of external sensors that detect brainwave patterns while in contact with specific areas of the head (Pandarinath et al. , 2017). Figure 2. Brain-turns thoughts into a mouse for tablet control (Source: slashgear. com) BCI applications can be helpful for individuals with various types of disabilities as it can be operated through a direct pathway of communication between the user’s brain and the external device being controlled without the need for the user to perform a physical task like pressing a switch or even initiating voice commands.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based plastics will eliminate the need for recycling programs entirely. [SEP] Text: The commingled materials were sent on an elevated conveyor to sorting stations where workers standing along the belt manually selected appropriate materials and put them into bins for processing. One side of the plant recycled and baled papers, newspapers, and cardboard. The other side processed glass, cans, plastics, and sometimes paper. A skid steer loader transported the materials from the outdoor piles and dumped them near the bottom of the conveyor belts. The materials moved on the conveyors to the hoppers of the baling machines. Materials were compressed into bales of preset sizes, automatically tied, and ejected from the baling machine. They were removed from the area by fork lift trucks. Bales of similar sizes differed in weight because of their composition. The baling machines were operated only in the manual mode, bypassing the automatic feature of the machine. The company management thought that the machine was safer when in control of an operator. The hinged steel belt conveyor belt that fed the baler was 70 inches wide, 63 feet long, and surrounded by a smooth, stainless steel perimeter with a 3° grade at the beginning of the conveyor. Its speed was measured at approximately 2 feet 3 inches per 5 seconds (27 feet per minute). The flat section of the conveyor was 15 feet long. At 15 feet, the conveyor made its first angle upward and was protected by a steel skirt on each side. Here an 18 inch circumference cross piece was welded across the skirt. A second cross piece was welded in place about 10 feet from the first. The first had been added to the conveyor system by the company to prevent materials from falling back as the conveyor inclined. The second cross piece was installed for workers to hold on to as they worked on the slowly moving conveyor. The deceased worked as a sorter/porter and had been employed by the company for five months. He was hired after being laid off from his job with another recycling company. His duties were to open bags and bales of materials, inspect them, sweep the area around the conveyor, and do other jobs as directed. Born in South America, he was Spanish-speaking. started work at 7 a. m. and worked through the morning. Around 12:30 p. m. , workers were reprocessing 500 pound plastic bales into bales with sizes appropriate for overseas shipping. It was about 44° F. in the warehouse.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: BCIs are being developed to help individuals with mobility impairments control prosthetics. [SEP] Text: AlterEgo is a non-invasive BCI wearable that allows users to communicate with machines through the medium of neural language without the use of any voice or gesture commands. The solution uses AI and machine learning to interpret commands by processing them internally and provides feedback to the user through bone conduction headset retaining complete privacy for the user. Currently under research and conceptualization in of Technology (MIT), this technology can have significant impact for individuals with physical and communication impairments by reducing the functional barriers to carry out various daily living tasks. Exoskeletons and advanced walking aids Exoskeletons are innovative mechanical structures that humans can wear to increase their strength and endurance. It can be an additional option for the supply of aids if the structural and functional properties of the neuromuscular and skeletal system are too limited to be able to achieve mobilization with an orthosis. In patients with complete paraplegia (ASIA A), exoskeletons are interesting as an alternative to an orthosis under this criterion for lesion heights above the thoracic vertebra (T12). In patients with incomplete paraplegia (ASIA B-D), orthotics are even suitable for lesion heights above T12 in order to promote the patient’s own activity to such an extent that the therapeutical mobilization can be successful. In contrast to an orthosis, an exoskeleton takes on a large part of the active muscle work. In addition powered exoskeletons can improve the quality of life of individuals who have lost the use of their legs by enabling system-assisted walking. Exoskeletons—that may be called “step rehabilitation robots”—may also help with the rehabilitation from stroke, spinal cord injury or during aging. Several prototype exoskeletons are under development. GT, made by Ekso Bionics, is the first exoskeleton to be approved by the US Food and (FDA) for stroke patients. Figure 3. Example of used by a person with physical disability (Source: Time www. ibtimes. co. uk) 4. accessibility solutions for users with physical and mobility impairment primarily involve the introduction of advanced innovative features to existing conventional technologies by allowing these solutions to perform far more functions for the user in an automated manner while also enabling the technologies to self-learn about the user’s requirements, and behavior to function accordingly.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These cryptocurrencies aim to reduce carbon emissions associated with mining. [SEP] Text: ) says emissions “cannot be reduced or replaced”; (2023) refers to “residual emissions we are unable to reduce by 2030”; Disney (2022) alludes to emissions “where technological solutions are not available, accessible, and affordable”; According to Comcast (2022), Verizon (2022) and AT&T (2023), some emissions cannot be eliminated; Company (2020) points to residual emissions from natural gas; Enel (2023) specifies residual emissions from scope 3 emissions that cannot be avoided; (2022) also notes residual emissions from scope 3 emissions and air travel; (2022) will reduce ‘’as much as technology and customer affordability allow”; Engie (2023) refers to residual emissions that are “the most difficult to abate”. none Only 27 companies provided a qualitative specification of their residual emissions. Of these, 13 refer to a general infeasibility and four of them claim additionally that they belong to hard-to-abate sectors. Just three companies invoked economic or affordability constraints for themselves or for consumers (Walt Disney, Philip Morris, and Dominion Energy). Amazon and JPrelate their residual emissions to embedded emissions in buildings. and the consider the emissions from fossil energy carriers to be residual. Limited access to renewable energy is a reason for unavoidable emissions according to Alibaba and BHP. and mention process related obstacles for emission reductions. None of the companies that have agriculture in their supply chain (Walmart, McDonalds, all alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers, Nutrien and Wesfarmers) reported on process-related residual emission levels in agriculture. The feasibility of emission reductions in agriculture, especially in relation to livestock, is not elaborated on in the net zero reports, which leaves the residual emission level for agricultural products underexplored in this study. Only 9 companies linked their residual emissions to a specific process or product. The sectors that frequently mention residual emissions, but provide no detailed reasons for them aside from a general infeasibility are healthcare, finance and information technology. There is a discrepancy between the significant amount of residual emissions reported and the lack of any explanation for them, particularly in the IT sector.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Feb 2023 Pane, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 28 Feb 2023 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some BCIs are designed to interpret neural signals to control digital devices. [SEP] Text: This thesis focuses on two different electroencephalography (EEG) based Brain-(BCI) applications in the context of neuroergonomics. The first concerns the so-called error-aware systems while the second revolves around human monitoring in driving and driving-like settings. Regarding the error-aware systems, we initially examined the possibility of exploiting brain's spontaneous responses with respect to the perception of an error (a response known as Error-Related Potential; ErrP) so as to create systems that are capable of incorporating self-correcting capabilities. In order to increase the detectability of such responses and consequently the neural decoding capabilities of a system, a generalized methodology for designing spatial filters based on the Fisher’s discriminant analysis of single-trial temporal patterning is presented. Moreover, it is shown that Fisher’s separability criterion constitutes the natural extension of a standard Signal-to-(SNR) estimator suitable for multi-trial Potential (ERP) responses, and can therefore naturally lead to spatial filters that conform to discriminant analysis. Furthermore, to calculate the effectiveness of an error-agnostic BCI system that incorporates error detection capabilities, an extension of the is provided. The introduced metric, referred to as (ICRT), corresponds to the inverse of the average time needed for an individual to complete an action using the error-aware BCI correctly and is monotonically related to the Rate (ITR) of the system. The aforementioned are combined to realize a gaze-based keyboard that can automatically erase the perceived typographic errors in real-time. Next, in the case of monitoring driving behavioural responses, a different course of action is followed, based on non-Euclidean methods. The fact that spatial covariance matrices provide a computationally efficient estimator of the brain’s functional connectivity while abiding to the Definite (SPD) manifold paved the way for novel decoding schemes that exploit concepts from Riemannian geometry. A critical issue that arises when treating an instance of spatial covariance as an ensemble of features is the high dimensionality of the involved data (i. e. the number of sensors squared). This issue poses severe limitations, in particular for high-density EEG and magnetoencephalography recordings or real-time applications.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly blockchain technology is gaining attention from environmentally conscious investors. [SEP] Text: BT is an agreed solution among companies to track shipments during the COVID-19 pandemic, retrieve and manage data, and prevent fraud in SC-related activities (Khan et al. , 2022). Until BT adoption in SC, SC members cannot hold their suppliers accountable for the quality of their products, particularly in the food industry where suppliers who provide contaminated goods should not be supported (Niu et al. , 2021). The adoption of BT in the SC can improve the transparency and sustainability of SC as security and traceability, the technical characteristics of BT, can play an important role as an enabler for such improvement (Bai et al. , 2022). BT is reliable and decentralized, making it ideal for diverse business transactions. It is particularly useful for SCM due to its secure data handling, increased visibility, product traceability, digitalization, and disintermediation. However, proper design methodologies are necessary for successful adoption since BT is still in its early stages (Gölcük, 2022). Currently, the utilization of BT in SC, logistics, and operations management is experiencing a significant surge. However, there are two major challenges that researchers have generally overlooked while focusing more on the strengths of BT applications. The application of BT can create risks regarding sustainability and security. Specifically, BT consumes energy and produces carbon gas in a non-negligible way, especially when miners calculate mathematical algorithms. This contradicts global sustainable efforts and agreements such as the regarding climate change (Jiang et al. , 2021). To address these concerns, BT must establish a structure for mutual authentication to ensure the security and reliability of transactions. This will prevent not only the disclosure of transaction details to third parties but also the manipulation of messages during transmission between the sender and receiver. A two-step authentication process is used to establish mutual communication between the transaction parties. As illustrated in Fig. 2, both the digital signature of the sender (merchant) and the digital signature of the receiver (customer) are validated by the blockchain system. Digital signatures prove that the message has been approved by the owner of the address. During the two-step authentication process, the sender sends both the message and the message authentication code (encrypted message) to the receiver. The receiver investigates the manipulation of the received message by comparing the sender's message and the decrypted message. Messages can contain information such as address, amount, and time (Kim & Kim, 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some BCIs are designed to interpret neural signals to control digital devices. [SEP] Text: Therefore, a Riemannian geometry aligned methodology is introduced that: combines discriminative learning with dimensionality reduction, alleviates the problem of unknown dimensionality, and guarantees the interpretability of the obtained results. The approach is tested under three classification schemes, using publicly available experimental data from two distinct BCI-tasks. Emphasis is given on the dataset that concerns the automatic detection of brain patterns associated with the driver’s intention to perform an emergency braking during simulated driving. Despite the computational efficiency of the spatial covariance matrix, its representation capabilities with the respect to capturing the cortical network organization are limited. To alleviate this, a novel functional connectivity descriptor is introduced that inherits the advantages of pairwise phase-based estimators, while being capable to consider the time-lag between the involved oscillatory processes. This descriptor constitutes an extension of the Phase-(PLV) that abides to the manifold of Hermitian Positive-Definite (HPD) matrices and therefore allows the employment of Riemannian geometry for neural decoding purposes. The validity of this descriptor, namely complex PLV (cPLV), is examined on multichannel EEG recordings of event related responses with the scope of differentiating between the attentive and the passive condition during a driving-like task. Finally, we explore the possibility of employing Learning techniques in order to decode neural activity for BCIs. Since the availability of neuroimaging data is very limited, a data augmentation methodology is introduced with no assumptions regarding stationarity and linearity, capable of capturing and preserving the inherent structural and functional characteristics of the superficially observed cortical activity. The novelty of this approach lies in the exploitation of the spatiotemporal character of EEG signals which is taken into consideration by constructing a sparse binary graph that incorporates both the topological arrangement of the sensor array and the temporal continuity between consecutive signal samples (by means of multiplex graph modelling). Subsequently, the aforementioned graphs and the (GEMD) method constitute the principal tools for developing a data augmentation scheme. The scope of this scheme is to improve the classification accuracy in (GCNNs). The introduced approach is validated on two distinct BCI-related datasets, where GCNNs are trained, at a personalised level, with only few dozens of trials initially available. The first dataset concerns the prediction of drivers' reaction time in a simulated driving environment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly blockchain technology is gaining attention from environmentally conscious investors. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the responsibility for block generation and the participation of SC members in the blockchain network play pivotal roles in decentralization and transparency enhancement. Our study aims to maximize transparency in the SC by leveraging BT integration. This endeavor is underpinned by the understanding that a higher number of participating SC members in BT bolsters the network's transparency, thereby making data manipulation more challenging for potential attackers. While the integration of BT enhances transparency within the SC, it is imperative to consider the implications for emissions and security. As the number of participants in the blockchain network increases, the complexity of calculation algorithms and consensus processes escalates, resulting in higher energy consumption and emissions. The objective functions outlined in our study serve specific purposes: First objective function aims to maximize transparency by increasing the number of SC members participating in BT. A higher value of this objective function implies heightened failure rates for potential attackers. Second objective function focuses on minimizing both traditional SC costs (e. g. , production, transportation) and BT-related costs (e. g. , deployment of blockchain systems with two-step authentication). Third objective function is dedicated to minimizing emissions resulting from blockchain participant activities. On the other hand, to improve the security of the BT adopted in the SC, it is necessary to deploy a two-step authentication process in the BT system. So, the member of the SC enabled with BT performs the authentication stage twice. As shown in Fig. 4, when both the sender and receiver are authenticated, the concept of security emerges because only those two have access to the exchanged message and cannot deny it. Therefore, we consider the members of the SC who participate in the blockchain network with a structure containing a two-step authentication process. It is worth mentioning that these participating members can only exist in the block generation process if both authentication steps are verified. According to the mentioned explanations, the traditional SC presented in Fig. 3 becomes transparent through the BT adoption advantage. Meanwhile, the challenges of BT adoption in SC are managed by considering environmental and security concerns. The multi-objective optimization model presented in our paper is given in Formulas (2–30). The relevant notations are provided in Table 1. Fig. 4Two-step authentication process for blockchain system (Kim & Kim, 2022)Full size imageIt is worth noting that the primary difference between two-step verification and two-step authentication is the number of parties responsible for confirming the necessary steps to complete a transaction.

Output: pass