Input: Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: Nearly half of the participants (17/38, 45%) reported that they logged in when they had a question or wanted to discuss something, and 42% (16/38) of the participants said they did that in response to events or sensations (eg, to stop a panic attack or reduce anxiety). A total of 66% of the participants (25/38) reported still using the discussion forums and social media at the time of the survey. Many participants also reported using discussion forums and social media over extended periods, with 58% (22/38) of the participants using them for over 6 months and 40% (15/38) of the participants using them for over 1 year. In contrast, 13 participants reported stopping using the site before the study, most commonly as they did not think they needed it anymore (6/13). Use of Websites and Web-to Well-BeingA total of 35% (28/81) of the participants reported using websites and Web-based programs to support their mental well-being. However, it is important to note that only 1 participant used websites and Web-based programs in isolation, with all others using them in combination with apps or social media. A full list of websites and Web-based programs reported by the participants is available in Multimedia 4. The sites mentioned most often were MoodGYM (5/28, 18%), Headspace (3/28, 11%), NHS Direct (2/28, 7%), and Wall (2/28, 7%). Below, we describe the key findings; full usage trends are available in Multimedia 3. In total, 46% (13/28) of the participants who reported using a website or a Web-based program were still using the site at the time of the survey, whereas 54% (15/28) of the participants had stopped doing so. The most common reason for stopping was finding a better way to support their mental health (7/15, 47%) or not needing the site’s support anymore (4/15, 27%). Regardless of whether they still used the sites, a majority of participants (20/28, 71%) reported using them primarily to find out how to deal with stress, anxiety, etc on a daily basis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Microbial species diversity and microbiome compositionMicrobial species diversity was assessed using Shannon’s diversity index, microbial species richness and microbial species evenness. Shannon’s diversity and evenness were significantly reduced by cafeteria diet overall (F (1, 44)=5. 202, p = 0. 027; Fig. 2a and f (1, 44)=8. 278, p = 0. 006; Fig. 2c respectively) and THSD post-hoc comparisons showed that CafEx rats exhibited reduced evenness relative to CEx (p = 0. 017) and reduced Shannon’s diversity relative to CSed (p = 0. 040). No significant differences were observed for bacterial species richness (Fig. 2b). Fig. 2Impact of cafeteria diet and treadmill exercise intervention on fecal microbiota and inferred microbiome function at 7 weeks. a Shannon’s diversity, b microbial species richness and c evenness. Data expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 11–12; data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-adjusted post-hoc testing. d Non-metric multidimensional scaling (Bray-Curtis, 1000 permutations) showing similarity between fecal microbiota samples at 7 weeks. e Muribaculum_OTU72 identified by DESeq2 (adjusted p < 0. 05) as differentially abundant with exercise in chow-fed rats. f Relative abundance of OTU72 at 7 weeks. Data expressed as box-and-whisker plots (min, IQR, max); n = 11–12; data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by non-parametric Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc testing. g Amino acid metabolism, h overall energy metabolism, i D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism and j one carbon pool by folate predicted using from fecal microbiome data at 7 weeks. Data are expressed as box-and-whisker plots (min, IQR, max); n = 11–12; were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis tests (FDR-adjusted overall p-value to account for multiple relevant pathways included in analysis) followed by non-parametric Bonferroni-Dunn post-hoc comparisons. Post-hoc symbols: ap < 0. 05 relative to CSed, bp < 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 2022. P2019. State-of-the-art hosting capacity in modern power systems with distributed generation. 130:1002-1020 Kaya S, Gümüşçü. 2021. Solution for flow shop scheduling problems using chaotic hybrid firefly and p2021. Solving the dynamic weapon target assignment problem by an improved multiobjective p2019. Handling constrained multiobjective optimization problems with constraints in both the decision and objective spaces. IEEE Transactions on 23(5):870-884. 2019. Nsga-net: neural architecture search using multiobjective genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. 419-427. 2021. Non-dominated Algorithm (NSGA-III) for effective resource allocation in the cloud. 14:759-765 Peng Y, Ishibuchi H. 2020. A decomposition-based large-scale multi-modal multiobjective optimization algorithm. In: 2020 IEEE Congress on (CEC). Piscataway. IEEE. 1-8. 2020. MOSMA: multiobjective slime mold algorithm based on elitist non-dominated sorting. IEEE Access 9:3229-3248 Risi BG, Riganti-Fulginei F, Laudani A. 2022. Modern techniques for the optimal power flow problem: state of the art. Energies 15(17):6387. 2023. Novel heuristic optimization technique to solve economic load dispatch and economic emission load dispatch problems. Electronics 12(13):2921 Sohail SA, Ayesha. 2023. Genetic algorithms in the fields of artificial intelligence and data sciences. Annals of 10(4):1007-1018 Wang GG, Wang G-G, Gao D, Pedrycz W. 2022. I am solving a multiobjective fuzzy job-shop scheduling problem using a hybrid adaptive differential evolution algorithm. IEEE Transactions on 18(12):8519-8528. 2019. Application of NSGA-II algorithm for fault diagnosis in power system. 175:105893. 2020. Smart energy systems: a critical review on design and operation optimization. and Society 62:102369. 2020. Comprehensive overview of meta-heuristic algorithm applications on PV cell parameter identification. and Management 208:112595. 2021.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: “they made it clear that it was pre-approved and you didn’t need to talk to your manager, you can, you can just do it” (female participant, Org14); and the convenience of the intervention (e. g. “you didn’t have to go and get changed or do anything out of the ordinary, it was just go in your work clothes. ” male participant, Org14). EffectivenessThe size and significance of the intervention effects varied between organisations (Table 3). The study was not powered to detect changes at the organisational level, and t-tests revealed significant differences in some organisations between the baseline productivity and pain scores of participants who did and did not submit data at 12 weeks and 12 months (reported in the Supplement, Additional file 1:Table S2). In brief, participants completing the week 12 and 12 month surveys in some organisations had significantly higher or lower baseline productivity loss than those who didn’t complete the surveys, while baseline neck pain did not differ between participants who did and did not submit survey data, with the exception of Org14, where people who submitted week 12 data reported significantly higher neck pain (2. 1) at baseline than those who did not. Consequently, the results presented here should be treated with caution. For productivity loss, results are reported here as cost in days (per 28 days) rather than the monetised cost due to variations in mean participant income between organisations. The change to cost in days (per 28 day period) to each organisation of both sickness absenteeism and presenteeism (at work, but performing at a reduced capacity) ranged from − 0. 2 (Org9) to 0. 4 days (Org2, Org3 and Org11) for all participants at 12 weeks (− 0. 3 (Org7 and Org11) to 0. 4 days (Org4) for EET participants); and from − 0. 2 days (Org4) to 0. 5 days (Org2 and Org3) for all participants at 12 months (− 0. 4 (Org7) to 0. 4 days (Org4) for EET participants.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 05 relative to CEx, cp < 0. 05 relative to CafSedFull size imageMicrobiome composition at the OTU level was significantly affected by diet (Pseudo-F (1, 32)=12. 17, p = 0. 030) and cage (Pseudo-F (3, 32)=1. 55, p = 0. 006) but not by exercise when assessed using 4-way (999 permutations) and confirmed with non-metric multidimensional scaling (Fig. 2d). 2 shows groups differences in microbiome composition at the Phylum level. DESeq2 analyses were used to identify OTUs differentially enriched with exercise exposure amongst the top 200 OTUs. While exercise was not associated with differentially expressed OTUs in cafeteria-fed rats, Muribaculum_OTU72 was significantly depleted in CEx rats relative to CSed (Fig. 2e, relative abundance in Fig. 2f; this OTU was originally classified as Akkermansia when aligned with the RDP reference library). Muribaculum_OTU72 was putatively identified as an unknown bacterium from the genus Muribaculum using SINA Aligner (97. 6% alignment identity). Predicted microbiome functionTo determine whether the subtle microbiome composition changes observed with exercise affected microbiome function, we inferred microbiome function using. Following an FDR correction, amino acid metabolism (Fig. 2g; H (4)=16. 3, p = 0. 001), overall energy metabolism (Fig. 2h; H (4)=12. 64, p = 0. 006), D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism (Fig. 2i; H (4)=14. 58, p = 0. 002) and one carbon pool by folate (Fig. 2j; H (4)=11. 44, p = 0. 010) exhibited overall group differences. Amino acid metabolism was significantly elevated in CafEx relative to CSed (p < 0. 001) and CafSed (p = 0. 023) rats while the 3 other processes were significantly elevated in both exercised groups relative to CSed. WAT and hypothalamic gene expressionExamination of WAT inflammatory signaling and browning genes (Fig. 3a) revealed a significant interaction effect for Ucp1 (F (1, 40)=4. 41, p = 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: They proposed that a comparison of fitness between reciprocal backcross genotypes across environments could separate ecological from intrinsic causes for extrinsic postzygotic isolation. This is because reciprocal backcross genotypes carry roughly the same number of crossbred loci, but differ in the proportion of locally adapted genes from each source population. As a consequence, reciprocal backcrosses are predicted to switch fitness ranks across environments, with the backcross populations having higher fitness in the conditions of the parent with which it is most closely related. Conceptually, this test states that strength of ecological extrinsic postzygotic isolation is a function of the proportion of locally adapted genes that individuals carry when exposed to that environment. F1 hybrids are expected to display intermediate fitness compared to parentals, but as mentioned before, heterosis can obscure this signal. On the other hand, if intrinsic genetic incompatibilities are the predominant drivers of extrinsic reproductive isolation, there should be no switch in fitness rank, and F1 hybrids should show lower fitness than their parents. This is because fitness reductions arising from genetic incompatibilities should be independent of the specific environmental conditions to which hybrids are exposed (Lynch 1991; Rundle and Whitlock 2001; Rundle and Nosil 2005). Note that in experiments where only parental types and F1 hybrids are exposed to natural and laboratory conditions, distinguishing ecological from intrinsic causes of extrinsic postzygotic isolation is not possible (Coyne and Orr 2004). Although a few laboratory experiments have used Rundle and Whitlock's approach to examine the evolution of ecological extrinsic reproductive isolation in animals (Dettman et al. 2007; Egan and Funk 2009; Matute et al. 2009; McBride and Singer 2010) empirical examples in plants, and experiments using this method under natural conditions in the wild remain conspicuously rare (Rundle 2002). Senecio lautus (Variable groundsel) is an outcrossing semiannual herbaceous plant native to Australia and the islands. The species complex consists of multiple ecotypes where phenotypic differences between ecotypes correlate with environmental conditions (Ornduff 1964; Ali 1966; Radford et al. 2004). Coastal ecotypes of this species consist of multiple populations found in adjacent (parapatric) sand dunes (Dune ecotype) and rocky headlands (Headland ecotype), and several populations of an Island ecotype found on inshore islands.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: No behaviour modification strategies were included in the exercise protocol and the health promotion program included only one session on goal-setting with no monitoring of health improvement goals. Such factors have been identified as key for promoting and maintaining behaviour change, particularly in sedentary adults [35]. Furthermore, the use of paper diaries that were submitted at the completion of the intervention period to monitor adherence provided little opportunity to track and motivate individual participants. Future interventions should include better participant activity tracking (e. g. online diaries) and behaviour modification approaches (such as tailored health coaching) to increase intervention adherence. In summary, future interventions designed to assess the impact of workplace-based exercise training for office workers should stagger recruitment activities where possible to draw from smaller participant pools (50–100 employees); clearly articulate study requirements to organisations interested in participating; improve the flexibility of session availability where possible; include behaviour modification strategies with electronic/real-time activity tracking; adjust for potential ‘placebo’ effects where there is an active comparison intervention, or use a non-intervention control group. ConclusionsThe study showed that the workplace-based combined intervention for office workers that included best practice ergonomics and strength-based exercise training did result in lower health-related productivity loss than those that include ergonomics and health promotion information. However, both combined interventions reduced neck pain in office workers. The process evaluation presented here showed that, although the study protocol was implemented with high consistency and fidelity, variations in four domains (adoption, reach, implementation and effectiveness) arose between the 14 participating organisations. These variations may be the source of mixed effectiveness across organisations, but sufficient data was not collected for an obvious pattern to emerge. Factors known to increase the success of workplace interventions, such as strong management support, a visible commitment to employee wellbeing and participant engagement in intervention design should be considered and adequately measured for future interventions. AbbreviationsEET: Ergonomic and EHP: Ergonomic and Org: Organisation SD: 6. 7. 82. 9. 8. 15. 82. 41. 233. 'Leary SP, et al. The impact of workplace ergonomics and neck-specific exercise versus ergonomics and health promotion interventions on office worker productivity: A cluster-randomized trial. Health. 2019;45(1):11. 214. 7. 9. 2018. Health and Questionnaire (HPQ). J Med. 2003;45(2):19. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 042) while THSD post-hoc comparisons showed that CafEx rats exhibited elevated Ucp1 expression relative to CafSed (p = 0. 024). Lep expression was significantly elevated by cafeteria diet consumption (F (1, 41)=4. 98, p = 0. 031), while Lepr expression was increased with exercise overall (F (1, 41)=4. 75, p = 0. 035). No significant differences were observed in pro-inflammatory markers or Adipoq gene expression. Fig. 3Gene expression in retroperitoneal WAT, hypothalamus and associations with gut microbiome changes. a Adipokine, metabolic and inflammatory gene expression in retroperitoneal WAT. b Feeding- and stress-related gene expression in the hypothalamus. c Blood-brain barrier and pro-inflammatory gene expression in the hypothalamus. Adipoq: adiponectin, Agrp: Agouti-related protein, Cln5: Claudin-5, Crh: Corticotrophin releasing hormone, Glut1: Glucose transporter 1, Il6: interleukin 6, Il10: interleukin-10, Il1b: interleukin 1 beta, Insr: Insulin receptor, Lep: Leptin, Lepr: Leptin receptor, Npy: Neuropeptide y, Npy1r: Neuropeptide y receptor 1, Ocln: Occludin, Pomc: Pro-opiomelanocortin, Tjp1: Tight junction protein 1, Tnf: Tumour necrosis factor, Ucp1: uncoupling protein 1; Data expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 11–12; data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-adjusted post-hoc testing. ap < 0. 05 relative to CSed, bp < 0. 05 relative to CEx, cp < 0. 05 relative to CafSedFull size imageHypothalamic gene expression was analyzed to determine if 4 weeks of moderate exercise was sufficient to reverse diet-induced changes in expression of genes involved in feeding (Fig. 3b), blood brain barrier integrity and pro-inflammatory signaling (Fig. 3c). A significant interaction effect was observed for Npy gene expression in the hypothalamus (F (1, 41)=7. 58, p = 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 09″, E 153° 8′ 41. 51″, Headland type), and Island (S 30° 18′ 19. 67″, E 153° 8’ 57. 27″, Isle type) at Coffs Harbour, NSW; and from the sand dunes (S 28° 47′ 1. 23″, E 153° 35′ 38. 56″, Dune type) and rocky headland (S 28° 48′ 47. 22″, E 153° 36′ 19. 15″, Headland type) at Lennox Head, NSW (see Table S1 for nomenclature distinguishing habitat vs. ecotype and population code). The natural populations at are monophyletic and occur in parapatry, with all seed from three populations collected within an 800 m radius. Plants from the Dune and Headland populations are separated by only a few metres. Seeds for Headland and Dune populations at were collected from sites separated by 3. 4 km, and show greater genetic divergence, although the specific relationship depends on the loci used for phylogenetic reconstruction (Roda et al. 2013a; Melo et al. 2014). were collected from a minimum of 30 individuals per population with a minimum distance of 10 metres between plants to reduce the risk of collecting closely related individuals. Seeds were stored at four degrees in Tudor seed envelopes until required. Seeds were scarified and germinated on moist filter paper (whatman #4) in 4 cm petri dishes. Petri dishes were kept in the dark for two days before being transferred to a controlled temperature room where light was maintained at a 50:50 day-night cycle at 25°C. After a week, germinated seeds were transferred to the glasshouses where they were transplanted into 85 mm square pots. Controlled crosses were performed in the glasshouses at of Queensland between January 2012 and November 2013 by rubbing flower heads from parental plants together to transfer pollen; we repeated this procedure for three days for each cross so most florets contributed seed to subsequent generations. All seeds used in the field experiments were from full-sib families created by crosses in the glasshouse. Families were generated by crosses within ancestral populations (Parentals, P), between populations (F1 hybrids, F1), within F1s (F2 hybrids, F2), and between F1s and Parentals (Backcrosses, BC).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Back to registered on January 11, 2017 History Pre--0001368 Initial registration date July 11, 2016 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published July 11, 2016, 11:23 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated January 11, 2017, 5:57 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. of of (s) of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-development Start date 2016-07-11 End date 2018-06-30 Keywords Health, Keywords wellness programs, workplace wellness, employee wellness programs, weight and stress management JEL code(s) I12, I13, M52 01AG050701 wellness programs have become a $6 billion industry and are widely touted as a way to improve employee well-being, reduce health care costs by promoting prevention, and increase workplace productivity. Yet, there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims, partly because the voluntary nature of these programs means that participants may differ from nonparticipants for reasons unrelated to the causal effects of the wellness program. We will implement a randomized control trial to identify the effects of incentives on wellness program participation, produce causal estimates of the effect of wellness programs on health outcomes, determine what kinds of employees benefit from wellness programs the most, and test for the presence of peer effects in wellness participation. External Link(s) Citation Jones, Damon et al. 2017. "Wellness Study. ". January 11. Jones, Damon et al. 2017. "Wellness Study. ". January 11. Sponsors & There is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Our treatment consists of a baseline survey among all control and treatment group members. Treatment group members will then be offered the opportunity to participate in a biometric screening and health risk assessment (biometric screening + HRA), and -- conditional on completing an biometric screening + HRA -- up to two, semester-long wellness programs (e. g. walking challenge, active living class, smoking cessation hotline).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 009), and THSD showed that CafSed rats exhibited downregulated Npy relative to CSed (p < 0. 001), CEx (p < 0. 001) and CafEx rats (p < 0. 001). No significant differences were observed for Pomc, Agrp, Npy1r, Lepr or Insr. Crh gene expression was significantly increased in cafeteria-fed rats overall (F (1, 41)=14. 89, p < 0. 001), but was unaffected by exercise (F (1, 41)=1. 06, p = 0. 309). Post-hoc THSD analysis revealed that CafEx rats exhibited significantly upregulated Crh relative to CSed (p = 0. 001) and CEx (p = 0. 001). Both Cln5 and Glut1 were significantly increased in cafeteria-fed rats overall (F (1, 41)=10. 96, p = 0. 002 and F (1, 41)=5. 44, p = 0. 025 respectively). While no group differences were apparent for Cln5 using THSD comparisons, Glut1 expression was significantly elevated in CafSed rats relative to CSed controls (p = 0. 045). No significant differences were observed in Ocln, Tjp1 or any of the pro-inflammatory genes assessed. Associations between variables of interest and microbiomeWhen variables were assessed for their unique contribution to the variance in overall microbiome composition, several adiposity measures, as well as retroperitoneal WAT Il6 gene expression and hypothalamic Crh and Npy expression, were identified as significant predictors of global microbiome composition (2). When the contribution of variables of interest to overall microbiome composition was assessed while controlling for diet and treadmill exercise, both liver triglyceride concentration (R2 = 0. 031, p = 0. 008) and retroperitoneal WAT Il6 gene expression (R2 = 0. 026, p = 0. 027) were significant predictors of microbiome composition at the OTU level (Table 2, complete model predicts 34. 7% of the variance in microbiome composition). Table 2 The shared contributions of diet, exercise and variables of biological relevance on the variance observed in microbiome composition using distance-based linear modellingFull size tablePorphyromonadaceae unclassified_OTU106 was increased with cafeteria diet (Fig. 4a; H (4)=11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: These crosses are referred to from here on as genotypes, with the abbreviated names above followed by a population code to indicate the cytoplasmic origin (see Fig. 1, Table S1 for full explanation of notation). families were created between Dune-Isle F1s and Island parents (BCID) due to limited flowering time overlap in the glasshouse, so we excluded this Genotype from the experiment. The reciprocal backcross between Dune-Isle F1s and Dune parents (BCDI) was included in the experiments. Crossing design and the populations included in these experiments are outlined in Figure 1. Figure 1. Location and crossing design used in transplant experiments. Open in new tabDownload slideSource populations from at include Dune (D4), Headland (H5), and Island (MB) ecotypes, populations from included Dune (D1) and Headland (H1) populations. Both locations are on the east coast of Australia and are separated by 220 kilometres. We generated seeds for the transplant experiment from field collected seeds (Ancestral, yellow), and then included within population controlled crosses (Parental, orange), F1 hybrids (between parentals, red), F2 Hybrids (within F1, black), and Backcross (F1 to each parental, green) genotypes in reciprocal transplant experiments at all source locations. Dotted lines denote genotypes that were excluded from the transplants and include the ancestral genotypes and D4-I Backcross genotypes toward the Island population that were excluded due to low seed production. transplant was started on the 20th April 2014 in the environments, and on the 18th of March 2014 in the Lennox head environments. Both transplants occurred within the locations of the initial seed collections. Four plots were established in each of the three environments, each treated as an individual block. Twelve plots were established in each of the two environments, with two contiguous subplots contributing to a block. Vegetation and litter were removed from the plots before planting. Seeds from each full-sib family were organised into a completely randomised block design before transfer to the field sites. Seeds were glued to toothpicks using fix supa glue gel and organised into polystyrene grids in the layout of each field block (Melo et al. 2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Back to registered on August 08, 2016 History Pre--0001368 Initial registration date July 11, 2016 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published July 11, 2016, 11:23 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated August 08, 2016, 6:47 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. of of (s) of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-development Start date 2016-07-11 End date 2018-06-30 Keywords Health, Keywords wellness programs, workplace wellness, employee wellness programs, weight and stress management JEL code(s) I12, I13, M52 01AG050701 wellness programs have become a $6 billion industry and are widely touted as a way to improve employee well-being, reduce health care costs by promoting prevention, and increase workplace productivity. Yet, there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims, partly because the voluntary nature of these programs means that participants may differ from nonparticipants for reasons unrelated to the causal effects of the wellness program. We will implement a randomized control trial to identify the effects of incentives on wellness program participation, produce causal estimates of the effect of wellness programs on health outcomes, determine what kinds of employees benefit from wellness programs the most, and test for the presence of peer effects in wellness participation. External Link(s) Citation Jones, Damon et al. 2016. "Wellness Study. ". August 08. Jones, Damon et al. 2016. "Wellness Study. ". August 08. Sponsors & There is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Our treatment consists of a baseline survey among all control and treatment group members. Treatment group members will then be offered the opportunity to participate in a biometric screening and health risk assessment (biometric screening + HRA), and -- conditional on completing an biometric screening + HRA -- up to two, semester-long wellness programs (e. g. walking challenge, active living class, smoking cessation hotline).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 42, p = 0. 010) and significantly associated with WAT Il6 gene expression (Fig. 4b). Interestingly, this OTU was also negatively correlated with hypothalamic Npy gene expression (Fig. 4c). IL-6 protein in WAT exhibited a significant interaction effect (F (1, 41)=5. 310, p = 0. 026; Fig. 4d) and was positively associated with Porphyromonadaceae unclassified_OTU106 (Fig. 4e), following a similar, although non-significant, trend to that observed with Il6 gene expression. Like Il6 gene expression, WAT IL-6 content was a significant independent predictor of overall microbiome composition (2) but was not a significant predictor in the final model, after controlling for diet and exercise. SINA Aligner putatively identified Porphyromonadaceae unclassified_OTU106 as a strain of Bacteroides eggerthii, a Gram-negative bacterium known to hydrolyze carbohydrates including simple sugars [32]. Fig. 4Relationship between OTU106, and hypothalamic Npy and WAT IL-6 expression (a) Relative abundance of OTU106; data expressed as box-and-whisker plots (min, IQR, max); n = 11–12; data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by non-parametric Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc testing. Scatterplots for OTU106 abundance and (b) Il6 gene expression in WAT, and (c) Npy gene expression in the hypothalamus, showing overall lines of best fit; n = 46. d WAT IL-6 protein content; data expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 10–12; data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-adjusted post-hoc testing. e Scatterplot for OTU106 abundance and IL-6 protein content in WAT, showing overall lines of best fit; n = 45. ap < 0. 05 relative to CSed, bp < 0. 05 relative to CEx, cp < 0. 05 relative to CafSedFull size imageDiscussionWe found that 4 weeks of moderate treadmill exercise reduced fat mass and plasma leptin concentrations and altered WAT expression of some adipokine- and metabolism-associated genes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: One seed from each family was planted into the corresponding cells of 400 × 600 mm grids with the seed placed ∼2 mm below the soil surface. In the transplant, we included four individuals each from 15 families in each environment (12 individuals per family in total), leading to 60 individuals per genotype per environment. As our design included all possible crosses between the three populations, we planted 14 different genotypes (Fig. 1), leading to 1020 seeds per environment and 3060 seeds across the whole transplant. Head we had six genotypes, and we planted six seeds per family from 32 backcross families in each direction (BC-H, BC-D), 30 F1 families, 30 parental families 27 F2 families per environment. This resulted 1086 seeds planted in each environment, for a total of 2172 seeds across the whole transplant. In total, we planted 5232 seeds across the two experiments. All plots were watered and covered with shade cloth in the early stages. These conditions mimicked natural germination conditions at these localities. Each block was watered daily with 1 liter of water per block (equivalent to ∼4 mm of rainfall) for the first 21 days at both locations. Harbour, plots were covered with 50% shade cloth for the first four weeks, after which it was replaced with open weave bird netting. In the sand dunes at Lennox Head, shade cloth was replaced after 100 days. Head experiment ran for 11 months with germinations and deaths recorded monthly. Harbour experiment ran for eight months with fitness recorded daily for the first 21 days of the experiment, after which fitness was recorded weekly until harvest on day 161 at the Island site, and day 198 at the Dune and Headland sites. Fitness measures recorded were germination, mortality, establishment, and the presence of a buds and flowers. Establishment was taken as the production of seven leaves at and 10 leaves at as a measure of a plant's ability to transition between early and late life-history stages. Glasshouse experiments have shown that the production of 7–10 leaves is a good indicator of establishment and the transition from juvenile to adult in S. lautus (Bernal-Franco 2015). The experiments were ceased when plants began to senesce. Plants from the experiment were clipped at ground level and individually sealed in ziploc bags and transported back to the University of Queensland where we recorded harvest mass as a measure of growth performance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2914763/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published06 Jul, 2023Read the published version in →Version 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe proposed work integrates a smart Embedded health monitoring system with IoT. The data that is sensed and analyzed from the system is secured using blockchain technology and is transmitted and further analyzed. Blockchains are used in various sectors. Mainly they are welcomed for their secure transactions and the privacy that we can ensure through it. In this paper, our proposed system explored its uses in the sector. The health sector is where information is of privacy concern for patients and needed information for doctors treating them. Blockchain is the best-suited solution for Identity and (IAM) needed in the HealthCare sector. As blockchains have different types named public and private blockchains, We recommend private blockchains be implemented where no anyone can make transactions and mine the transactions. Patients, Doctors, and hospital organizations care for their privacy, and authorized access to others’ data, is the reason for the choice of the private blockchain. Adding to the IAM, blockchain also accounts for flexibility, decentralization, and an Immutable ledger. Those operations are authenticated and authorized by a blockchain Admin who has no relationship with the entities that exist in the network. The owner of the data is given the sole control of permitting access to their data. Our system asks patients for permission to be given to any doctor who is requesting access to that data. Also, patients can permit a doctor they want within the network. Hyperledger uses no online currencies hence no miners to wait for. This is important as it reduces the waiting time for a transaction to be verified. is used for collecting information requested from the blockchain and presenting it to the end-users. Our system provides a secure, reliable, and IAM-included network in a webpage that can be accessed across all devices. MicrocontrollersensorRecordHyperledger - Identity and - Miner - 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 17Figure 181.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Overall microbiome composition and microbial species diversity was changed by cafeteria diet but not by exercise. However, predicted microbial functions associated with metabolism were increased by exercise. Cafeteria diet-induced changes in hypothalamic Npy and Glut1 gene expression were returned to control levels by exercise. Exercise induced modest changes in gut microbiome composition that were statistically significant in chow-fed rats only and the relative abundance of OTU72 was significantly reduced in chow-fed rats that exercised (CEx) rats relative to sedentary controls (CSed). While CafEx rats exhibited reduced microbial species diversity, this reduction appeared dependent on cafeteria diet exposure rather than exercise. To date work examining the effects of exercise on microbial species diversity has produced inconsistent results [15]: some rodent studies have shown that exercise is associated with reductions in fecal microbial species richness [16] while others have reported no such effect [33]. After 4 weeks of treadmill exercise we did not observe changes in overall microbiome composition. Our data are in line with findings in humans showing that changes in microbiome composition are dependent on obesity status, such that more severe obesity is associated with smaller effects of exercise [34]. Since the cafeteria diet used here [20] tends to produce a more severe metabolic phenotype than purified high-fat diets [35,36,37,38], which to our knowledge have been used in all studies investigating the interrelationship between exercise and diet on microbiome composition, the diet-induced effects on microbiome composition here may be more resistant to the effects of exercise than previously reported. Additionally, a number of rodent studies report no differences in overall microbiome composition with exercise [17, 19], and there is evidence that this effect may be moderated by age [39] which may have contributed to the inconsistent findings in the literature. Predicted microbial functions associated with metabolism, specifically overall energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, one carbon pool by folate and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, were increased in exercised rats. This is in line with metagenomic results where fecal microbiome from male elite athletes exhibited increased amino acid biosynthesis and overall energy metabolism relative to sedentary, normal-weight controls [40]. analysis produces predicted functional data, unlike metagenomic analysis, this is an interesting finding that warrants follow-up to determine if and how exercise shifts the metabolic profile of the gut microbiome and whether any such shift is affected by exercise intensity and duration.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: We analyzed two models: one to test for local adaptation and one to test for ecologically dependent backcross fitness. To test for local adaptation we used the conditional response variables outlined above and included environment and the percentage of local genes for each cross type as fixed effects and family (full-sibling family) and block as random effects. To test for ecologically dependent fitness effects we used cross type (ancestor/backcross) and environment as fixed effects, and family and block as random effects. We implemented sampling to estimate the posterior probability distribution for the model parameters. The number of iterations and the thinning interval were increased until the effective sample size exceeded 85% of the desired 1000 mark for all parameters estimated. We used a Cauchy prior distribution (Gelman et al. 2008), incorporating the mean of each conditional level, and repeated the analyses while adjusting the variance to excessively large and small values output to ensure it did not change the model output and that we had confidence of an uninformative prior. Our final models included one million iterations, with a burn-in of one hundred thousand and a thinning interval of one thousand to remove autocorrelation between MCMC samples. To verify model performance we compared the distribution of the observed data to the posterior predictive distribution. All models indicated alignment between the means and variance of the two distributions validating model reliability. Survival analysis Probability of survival was modeled using a maximum likelihood estimation of parametric survival using the coxme package (Therneau 2012) in R (version 3. 0. 3). In the experiment, the survival function (response variable) was created using the day of germination, day of death and whether the individual was dead or alive at the censor point, day 161. Population was included as a fixed effect with block and family included as random effects. In the experiment, we analyzed time to death as the response variable censored by survival at day 320. Ecotype was included as a fixed effect and block and family were included as random effects. Separate analyses were carried out for each environment as the comparison of interest is between genotypes within a single environment. Performance of survivors We analyzed growth in survivors from the transplant to determine whether there was variation in the relative fitness of individuals that survived to the end of the experiment. We recorded harvest mass and dry weight to determine biomass accumulation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: IntroductionIn a medical career of a patient, data from various consultations need to be bundled into a single file so that the next doctor can take a peek into the patient’s medical history. But, bundling into a single file and maintaining it manually is a tedious job. Here comes the Record(EHR), which is a digital file consisting of the patient’s medical history and all the previous consultations. The data that is stored as EHR is generated using a very efficient smart embedded system from which the vital health parameters are monitored, sensed, and stored after being secured using blockchain technology. Unlike an actual file, this provides availability across all hospitals. EHR comes with pros and cons, firstly security, and privacy threat. As it is a digital file, it can be hacked or viewed by people who don’t have any access unless it is shared in a secure system or environment. This file can also be erased or stolen by any malicious hackers for their benefit. EHRs can help doctors to make decisions without any tests that are normally taken after some costly medical tests. They account for the patient’s complete medical information with no discrepancy. It can be shared by any number of medical organizations to treat a single patient so that the patient does not need to give medical tests done by all practitioners[1–3]. Another advantage of using an EHR is that the patient does not need to worry about the constraints that make the patient be physically there to give the medical records to the doctor because flexibility comes into play. The patient can share the records with the handheld Smartphone or home desktop or any other device which can display a webpage[4]. It can easily be shared among doctors, provided all doctors are connected in a network. The major drawback here is, that patients won’t know whenever their data is accessed by someone. Well, that depends on the network of organizations and policies that patients complied with when sharing the data. But a centralized system should be there to address privacy and security concerns. Every healthcare organization stores its patient’s data in a database, but one healthcare organization cannot access another one’s data. EHR is more valuable to many organizations, not only healthcare organizations but also medical research organizations and many medical data collectors. The need for privacy and authorized access management is still bugging patients and doctors. Electronic health record involves transferring them digitally over a network, which makes them susceptible to many attacks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, confirming these results across a range of diets would be useful to determine whether the shift in microbial function with exercise is modulated by the macro- and micronutrients available. Here, a moderate exercise intervention reduced fat mass and plasma leptin concentrations, and increased WAT Lepr gene expression in both exercised groups and Ucp1 gene expression in exercised, cafeteria-fed (CafEx) rats uniquely. Increased Ucp1 in WAT depots is a marker of adipocyte beiging [41], known to be promoted by exercise [42], and is most likely related to exercise-induced fat loss. While there were no significant effects of exercise on WAT pro-inflammatory gene expression, after controlling for diet and exercise WAT Il6 expression was significantly associated with global microbiome composition. WAT is one of the major sources of IL-6 in obese humans [43] and mice [44, 45], which is a key component of the low-grade systemic inflammation observed in overweight and obesity [46] and is associated with insulin resistance [47]. WAT Il6 expression was strongly associated with the relative abundance of a strain of Bacteroides eggerthii (OTU106), a Gram-negative sugar-scavenging bacterium [32] which is enriched in obese children relative to normal-weight controls [48]. The associations between WAT Il6 expression, global microbiome composition and OTU106 abundance are therefore likely to be due to the effects of cafeteria diet on both adipose inflammatory processes and the gut microbiome. However, probiotic treatment with a strain of Bifidobacterium in mice fed a high-fat diet reduced WAT macrophage infiltration and plasma IL-6 concentration [49], indicating that changes to the gut microbiome may contribute to WAT inflammatory signaling and IL-6 production. Further studies determining whether specific bacterial species can modulate WAT IL-6 production are warranted, as interventions that could reduce WAT IL-6 expression in obesity may provide an avenue for preventing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In contrast to the overall effect of exercise on WAT gene expression, hypothalamic genes disrupted by cafeteria diet were typically normalized with exercise, with no differences observed in chow-fed rats.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Very low biomass for many individual plants meant that we could not reliably account for measurement error from our dry mass measurements, so only harvest mass is analyzed here. To determine difference in growth between backcrosses and F2 hybrids against the Parental populations we fit a linear-mixed effects model using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) using the lmeTest package (Kuznetsova et al. 2013) in R. We used harvest mass as the response variable, which was log+1 transformed to ensure a normal distribution, and included population as a fixed effect with block and family as random effects. Family was removed from the model when testing Dune and Island populations in the dune environment, due to singularity problems arising from differences between the families surviving in each environment. Tests were done on backcrosses between two populations within one environment. To determine whether there was an environment × genotype interaction in backcross growth, we used ANOVA with log+1 transformed harvest mass as the response, and backcross population, environment, population × environment interaction and block as predictors. These analyses were performed between reciprocal backcrosses in their parental environments. Overall, we infer patterns of ecologically dependent isolation as intrinsic when the rank of high to low fitness does not vary between environments, and as ecological reproductive isolation when we observe a reversal in the fitness rank between reciprocal backcross types in alternative environments. general, establishment was lower in all sites than at Lennox Head. Seeds (seedlings) with 100% local genes had higher establishment success than those with 0% local genes in all experimental locations (Fig. 2). In the two sand dune sites, F2 hybrids possessing 50% dune genes had the highest probability of germination and establishment (Fig. 2). In the rocky headland sites, the probability of establishment increased in a roughly additive manner with an increasing proportion of local genes, however this pattern was not observed in the sand dunes or the island sites. In the island site, F2 hybrids with 50% local genes had higher probability of establishment than backcross individuals with 75% local genes (Fig. 2). Figure 2. Posterior probability of establishment based on percentage of local genes. included 17 genotypes, included six genotypes. Bayesian estimates of the probability of establishment based on conditional generalized linear-mixed models. Points show the mode of the posterior distribution while bars show the 95% credible intervals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: In this location, a hacker can launch a SQL injection into that Database[5]. Another example is that they can also attack when data is being accessed by the doctors or patients by making the system unresponsive using a DOS attack also when the EHR is getting transmitted, it is vulnerable to the The Middle(MITM) attack. These kinds of threats pose the need for a specific system network that accounts for access management of the EHR. Either way, all doctors and patients need to rely on a person to authorize and verify the credibility of the person's existence in the network. Identity and are addressed via authorization by the patient and network admin who implements that authorization and access management is implemented by the admin and several other control mechanisms exist in the network[6]. Access management is the core functionality that works to ensure the privacy of the patient’s data and can be well implemented in suitable technology. The technology that we are searching for must keep the user’s privacy as the foremost thing to care for. 2. RequirementsHardware implementation We must first connect the components to the power source to operate the system because the atmega is the main control unit. On the input side, there are a few manual buttons, an ECG sensor, a temperature sensor, and a heart rate sensor. Nevertheless, the output is shown on the LCD screen. an Arduino micro-controller-based smart system has been developed which monitors the parameters and once senses the abnormalities it initiates the GSM module and all the relevant data are sensed, transmitted and further stored for analysis. The GSM Module also makes it easier to transmit data to the cloud, where we can view the outcomes by logging into the server from a laptop or computer after the data has been uploaded. For the system to read the data, a finger must first be put into the body temperature and heartbeat sensors while a push button is also pressed. The LCD panel is then used to display the outcomes. The data that is collected from the proposed smart embedded system is secured using blockchain technology. Blockchain is a collection of nodes that can interact within themselves and do some operations and as a result of those operations, they may make a transaction to receive or send an object or data to someone. That thing that is getting transferred can be anything they want. Let us take an analogy to this blockchain to get a better grasp of its functionality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Npy was downregulated in CafSed rats, as shown previously [50], but normalized to control levels with exercise, which is in line with other rodent work showing increased hypothalamic NPY mRNA and protein in response to both acute and chronic exercise [51,52,53,54]. Hypothalamic Glut1 gene expression was increased in CafSed rats and reduced to control levels with exercise. This is in contrast to studies showing that acute exercise increased GLUT1 protein expression across the rat brain [55] and prolonged exercise increases whole brain resting glucose uptake in people [56]. Further work investigating acute and chronic exercise-induced changes in Glut1 expression in the hypothalamus and other brain regions is required. Cafeteria diet-induced Crh upregulation in the hypothalamus was not normalized by exercise. Crh is transcribed to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, key in physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Involuntary exercise is a known stressor [57], and forced exercise increased activity in CRH neurons relative to both voluntary exercise and sedentary control groups in rats [58]. Exercise can impact the gut microbiome via several pathways, and there are multiple potential mechanisms by which these gut microbiome changes could subsequently confer health benefits. Exercise may shape microbiome composition and function by increasing host metabolic requirements and shifting metabolite availability. A recent study showed that marathon runners exhibit increased abundance of Veillonella atypica, which rely on lactate as a source of carbon, and inoculation with this species increased running time in mice [59]. Alternatively, exercise is known to activate the HPA axis [60]. The HPA axis appears to exert effects on the gut microbiome, and may be impacted by microbiome modification [61]. Therefore, the effects of exercise on stress behaviors and physiology may be in part due to exercise-induced changes to the gut microbiome, or vice versa. ConclusionsIn summary, short-term (4 weeks) treadmill exercise induced subtle microbiome composition changes in chow-fed rats but did not overcome the microbiome changes induced by cafeteria diet. Despite this, predicted microbiome function was altered by exercise in both chow- and cafeteria-fed groups. Exercise reduced adiposity and altered both WAT and hypothalamic gene expression.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: A pattern of heterosis should decrease the effects of extrinsic postzygotic isolation as outcrossing produces a fitness advantage to hybrid genotypes, and also tests for the effect of intrinsic genetic incompatibilities. In general, the probability of hybrid establishment was higher than both local and immigrant parents in both the Dune and Island environments, while in the headland environments, immigrant parentals had the lowest probability of establishment, local headland parents the highest establishment rates and F1 and F2 hybrids at intermediate levels (Fig. S2). was calculated as the number of days between germination and death censored at day 161 of the experiment in Coffs Harbour. There was little to no effect of genotype on survival across the three sites (Table S2). In the sand dunes, survival was low with no significant differences between genotypes, although the random effect of block explained 66% of variance in individual survival (Table S3). This is not surprising, because two of the four blocks died out completely and suggests environmental heterogeneity may have had a substantial effect on survival within the Dune habitat. In the rocky headlands, BCHD and F1DH genotypes had lower risk of dying compared to the ancestral headland genotype (relative risk = 0. 46, z = –2. 14, p = 0. 032, and 0. 49, z = –2. 02, P = 0. 04). In contrast, BCIH individuals had the lowest risk of perishing (relative risk = 0. 23, z = –3. 52, p = 0. 0004, Table S2). Random effects accounted for less variance in survival in the rocky headland than in the sand dunes, although both random factors are influential with experimental block explaining 26% or variance in survival, and Family explaining 25%. In the Island site, only the F2HI genotype had significantly lower survival risk than ancestral Island individuals (relative risk = 0. 36, z = –2. 09, P = 0. 037); however the variation in survival attributed to the random factors family (46%), and block (37%), suggests a substantial effect of within population variation and microhabitat on individual survival at the Island site. In contrast to the three populations from Coffs Harbour, genotype had a significant effect on survival at sites.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Let us consider an ocean that has lots of fish, where there are lots of fishermen with boats to catch those fish. Here we consider a single boat where there are two fishermen named A and B who fish on a rotating schedule, One fish while the other prepares for his next turn or navigates the boat. Here, one day a problem arises between themselves, who fishes the most fish in one day and in what order to calculate the consistency in fishing big fish. So the next day they count the fishes they fished, as a result, A said he fished 32 fish and B said he fished 35 fish. said he had a consistency of 1. 5 and B said he had a consistency of 2. didn’t believe B. makes a procedure where no one can cheat, he asked B to chain link the fishes sequentially as he fishes and he would also comply with that. and B did as per the procedure, as a result, A won, because the first time B cheated to increase the count and consistency. B cheated by stealing A’s fish from his bucket and changing the order of the fish to increase consistency. Now let’s see this A’s solution that’s similar to blockchain, fishing is the work they are doing in the ocean, and we can take it as a transaction they are doing in the blockchain. cheated in this scenario, any person or organization that is in blockchain can cheat with the transaction and manipulate the order in which the transaction happened. To overcome that blockchain introduces a ledger that cannot be tampered with and transactions that are linked as blocks. Transactions are stored in blocks that are linked with each other. A more standard way of explanation can be found as Blockchain can be used for any IAM needed scenario, privacy, and security needed scenario. It also provides confidentiality, authentication, authorization of accesses, peer-to-peer network, hashing, key cryptography, Immutability, and a decentralized system. Blockchain’s smallest unit Block consists of three parts namely, the Data of the transaction, the Hash - unique ID of the block, and the hash ID of the previous block[7]. So, the first block gets transformed into a hash and gets linked with the previous block, here, linking is an operation of creating a new hash for the whole link by merging the previous block's hash and the new block’s hash.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: WAT Il6 expression was significantly associated with microbiome composition and negatively correlated with the abundance of a strain of Bacteroides eggerthii, bacteria known to scavenge sugars. Future work identifying the circumstances where exercise exerts effects on the microbiome, and the potential causal role of these changes for reducing diet- and obesity-associated comorbidities, is warranted. Availability of data and materials The study metadata and sequence data are available in the Archive under accession number PRJEB36541. The study is currently set on private and will be released upon acceptance. All other data will be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. : : Agouti-related peptide B2m : Beta-2-microglobin CEx: Cln5 : Claudin 5 Crh : Corticotrophin-releasing hormone CSed: CafEx: CafSed: dbLM: Distance-based linear modelling FDR: False discovery rate Gapdh : Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase Glut1 : Glucose transporter 1 Hprt1 : Hypoxanthine phosephoribosyltransferase 1 Il6 : Interleukin-6 Insr : Insulin receptor Lep : : Leptin receptor nMDS: Non-metric multidimensional scaling Npy : Npy1r : receptor 1 Ocln : Occludin OTU: Operational taxonomic unit : Permutational multivariate : Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states Pomc : Pro-opiomelancortin Tjp1 : Tight junction protein 1 THSD: Tukey honest significant difference WAT: White adipose tissue Ucp1 : Uncoupling protein 1 98. PubMed 435. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013;500:541. . PubMed 3. . CAS PubMed 1214. 103. . 8. CAS PubMed 56. PubMed 13. PubMed 9. . Exercise and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Sci. 2015;135:17–37. 43. CAS PubMed 11. CAS PubMed 20. CAS PubMed 7. PubMed 66. CAS PubMed 17. Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition. Mol Neurodegener. 2014;9:36.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 051Block10. 1360. 1360. 3120. 581pop:env16. 2076. 20714. 2410. 001Residuals2711. 7670. 436H-DPopulation10. 0490. 049659. 3440. 055Environment10. 000040. 000040. 0080. 935Block10. 1610. 1607830. 2570. 012pop:env10. 0580. 0586711. 040. 045Residuals30. 0160. 00531valuePr(>F)D-IPopulation11. 5721. 5721. 9590. 176Environment13. 5433. 5434. 4150. 048Block10. 1560. 1560. 1950. 664pop:env10. 2880. 2880. 3580. 556Residuals2116. 8510. 802H-IPopulation10. 8080. 8081. 8540. 185Environment11. 8131. 8134. 1610. 051Block10. 1360. 1360. 3120. 581pop:env16. 2076. 20714. 2410. 001Residuals2711. 7670. 436H-DPopulation10. 0490. 049659. 3440. 055Environment10. 000040. 000040. 0080. 935Block10. 1610. 1607830. 2570. 012pop:env10. 0580. 0586711. 040. 045Residuals30. 0160. 00531Significant interaction terms demonstrate ecologically dependent fitness and are highlighted in bold. Table 1. Open in new tab Anova of Harvest mass of Backcross genotypes organized by population comparisons valuePr(>F)D-IPopulation11. 5721. 5721. 9590. 176Environment13. 5433. 5434. 4150. 048Block10. 1560. 1560. 1950. 664pop:env10. 2880. 2880. 3580. 556Residuals2116. 8510. 802H-IPopulation10. 8080. 8081. 8540. 185Environment11. 8131. 8134. 1610. 051Block10. 1360. 1360. 3120. 581pop:env16. 2076. 20714.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: In the case of many transactions that are happening in the network, which will result in a big hash block that has hashes of all transactions merged[8]. So blockchain has a data structure named Merkle tree and Merkle root. Using this structure all blocks' hash value gets transformed into a single hash value. As shown in Fig. 1, new transactions are joined as a leaf node in this tree at the bottom-most layer. Then they are paired up and hashed with another branch and so on. Blockchain can be categorized into private and public blockchains where both have their advantages,the choice of the blockchain depends on the network. In a private blockchain, a network admin is present there to authenticate every user who joins the network[9]. Only verified and authenticated entities can make transactions Ina private blockchain validating the transactions is done by the entities that are specially authenticated by the network admin and also there is no need for any payment to be given by an entity who makes the transaction unlike in a public blockchain. Hyperledger is a private blockchain that accounts for all private blockchain features and functionalities in our system. Hyperledger can handle permissions and access management functionalities well. It also has no miners so that entities can make transactions to be verified by the specified validators. It supports any plug-in kind of mechanism that can be used for constraint logic for the network. It has various tools and frameworks that can be used in the Hyperledger implemented system. In this paper, we propose to use Hyperledger as the blockchain for our case scenario. It has a separation between endorsers and consensus nodes which are yet-to-be-validated nodes and the nodes which are already validated. It depends on the Chaincode which describes the business logic of the network and how to handle the states of the different types of entities. Hyperledger also allows them to build a separate channel for data transactions. It also accounts for distributed immutable ledger which gets updated in all nodes when a transaction occurs in a network. And it addresses decentralization by making the network always available by updating the ledger in every node[10]. So even if every node in the network goes down, only one node needs to be online to retrieve any transaction information. Here the source project name is Hyperledger. It uses an efficient consensus for ordering transactions to be executed, that is RAFT consensus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Hunters or farmers? Microbiome characteristics help elucidate the diet composition in an aquatic carnivorous plant access Published: 17 December 2018 Hunters or farmers? Microbiome characteristics help elucidate the diet composition in an aquatic carnivorous plant Dagmara Sirová ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0003-1662-30451,2 na1, Jiří Bárta2 na1, Karel Šimek1,2, Thomas Posch3, Jiří Pech2, James Stone4,5, Jakub Borovec1, Lubomír Adamec6 & …Jaroslav Vrba1,2 Show authors Microbiome 1. Microbial community structure and diversity. We present the results of the trap microbiome (amplicon and metatranscriptome) sequencing, distinguishing between the inner and periphytic communities associated with two Utricularia species—U. australis and U. vulgaris. 2. The nutrient recycling potential by trap-inhabiting bacterivorous protists as well as their importance for plant growth in a third Utricularia species, U. reflexa. 3. Functional capabilities of trap-associated microorganisms with respect to gene expression. 4. In addition, we compare the microbial community structure with similar datasets from pitcher traps of other carnivorous plants, gut microflora of various vertebrates and invertebrates, including carnivores and detritivores, the rumen microbiota of various herbivores, and environmental samples from the soil, rhizosphere, and freshwater. By combining molecular methods, microscopy, and meta-analysis, we were able to shed light onto the ecology of this highly specific microbial niche which represents a unique system in the study of plant–microbe interactions. Results and discussionWhen considering the overall activity of U. vulgaris trap-associated microbiota, inferred from the metatranscriptome analysis, our results confirm highly dynamic communities of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Table 1). Expression profiles indicate rapid growth, intensive protein metabolism, respiration, DNA synthesis, and motility. By combining the above metatranscriptomic data with results from amplicon sequencing, we were able to determine whether the taxa present are also participating in the metabolic activities of the microbiome.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 2410. 001Residuals2711. 7670. 436H-DPopulation10. 0490. 049659. 3440. 055Environment10. 000040. 000040. 0080. 935Block10. 1610. 1607830. 2570. 012pop:env10. 0580. 0586711. 040. 045Residuals30. 0160. 00531valuePr(>F)D-IPopulation11. 5721. 5721. 9590. 176Environment13. 5433. 5434. 4150. 048Block10. 1560. 1560. 1950. 664pop:env10. 2880. 2880. 3580. 556Residuals2116. 8510. 802H-IPopulation10. 8080. 8081. 8540. 185Environment11. 8131. 8134. 1610. 051Block10. 1360. 1360. 3120. 581pop:env16. 2076. 20714. 2410. 001Residuals2711. 7670. 436H-DPopulation10. 0490. 049659. 3440. 055Environment10. 000040. 000040. 0080. 935Block10. 1610. 1607830. 2570. 012pop:env10. 0580. 0586711. 040. 045Residuals30. 0160. 00531Significant interaction terms demonstrate ecologically dependent fitness and are highlighted in bold. Mixed effects regression models of between-population crosses within a single environment only revealed a significant population effect in the comparison of Headland and Isle crosses in the island (F = 5. 874, 15. 98, P = 0. 004). There was a marginally significant effect of source population between Dune and Headland crosses in the sand dunes (F = 4. 42 4,5. 99, P = 0. 055), but as less than 10 individuals from each genotype survived to the conclusion of the experiment, we interpret this result cautiously. There was a strong pattern of immigrant inviability between Dune-Headland and Headland–isle comparisons. In each case, immigrant parentals had the lowest harvest mass, and also the lowest sample size meaning fewer individuals survived to maturity (Fig. 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2433256/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBlockchain is a system recording data that makes it difficult or impossible to alter, hack, or defraud the system. A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions replicated and distributed over computer servers. Blockchain technology is a significant new financial innovation radically reshaping corporate transactions. It is a decentralized network that supports and employs multiple encryption algorithms. These safe, robust, and adaptable transactions are incorporated into another significant computer paradigm, cloud computing. This paper implements a blockchain-based secure method to make the cloud secure. Initially, the transactions are recorded in the blockchain using the SHA-256 cryptographic algorithm. After that, transactions are serialized, and block features are cached. Thirdly, the blockchain created new blocks after fulfilling desired requirements and performing transactions. Furthermore, the transaction is monitored by using the Merkle tree method in each step of the transaction to make it more secure and trustworthy. However, the research also highlighted the gaps and the impact of the gaps in the current work. Blockchain technologyCloud computingResearch gapsSecurityand the computational costFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 17Figure 18Figure 19Figure 20Figure 21Figure 22Figure 231 IntroductionOne of the most popular computing buzzwords in recent years has been "cloud. " A year and a half ago, only a tiny handful of individuals used the word "blockchain" to characterize peer-to-peer distributed ledger or database technology [1]. Blockchain is an autonomous and decentralized data system. Using blockchain; data may be handled and arranged in a revolutionary new manner: open, permanent, verifiable, and shared without the need for a central authority. The most recent innovations in information processing technologies have enticed familiar consumers to better store their data. Cloud users utilize the present field, cloud computing, as a practical example. Based on their location, cloud users may access, exchange, and analyze data at any time and from any place. Cloud customers have no direct control over resources after uploading them to the cloud server. According to the terms and conditions, the cloud service provider makes the service accessible.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Table 1 The 40 most expressed prokaryotic (a) and eukaryotic (b) genes found in U. vulgaris traps, grouped as functional KEGG modules (level 3). Functional assignments were done in MEGAN 6 using the KEGG database. Abundances were estimated in Trinity by mapping raw reads to assembled contigs using the bowtie2 algorithm. For complete metatranscriptomic data, please refer to Additional file 3: Table S6 or the website size tableUnique trap-associated prokaryotic communitiesOur results show that Utricularia plants harbor surprisingly diverse microbial communities: we have identified over 4500 distinct prokaryotic OTUs in the traps and periphyton (see the complete OTU list in Additional file 2: Table S5a). Prokaryotic alpha diversity associated with U. vulgaris and U. australis was significantly higher than that found associated with other carnivorous plants and, in the case of U. australis traps, was comparable to that observed in another high-diversity system—the rhizosphere (Additional file 1: Table S2). A comparison with datasets from different environments (Fig. 1a) revealed that the U. australis and U. vulgaris trap microbiomes, although species-specific, are highly similar to each other in terms of composition. Out of the different environments selected, Utricularia microbiomes most closely resembled microbial communities inhabiting the pitchers of a terrestrial carnivorous plant, Sarracenia. Both of these ecosystems are known to harbor microbiota that is able to effectively process complex material of plant origin and thus supply nutrients to the host [24, 25]. When comparing the metatranscriptomic data from the traps of U. vulgaris with other systems, the highest (in this case more function-related) similarity was, unsurprisingly, found in the freshwater microbial communities (Fig. 1b). Fig. 1a Metanalyses comparing 4221 samples representing ten distinct microbiomes (including both Utricularia species). Data (results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing) were downloaded from the Qiita database ( and reanalyzed together with Utricularia microbiomes. Microbiomes were compared by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS, stress 0. 231). Both U. vulgaris and U.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Nature 447:585–588. 2009. Ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation between sympatric host forms of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 106:19426–19431. 2008. Genetic incompatibilities in killifish and the role of environment. Evolution 62:3056–3068. 2008. A weakly informative default prior distribution for logistic and other regression models. Ann. Appl. Stat. 1360–1383. 2010. MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: the MCMpackage. J. Stat. Softw 33:1–22. 2006. Divergent selection on flowering time contributes to local adaptation in Mimulus guttatus populations. Evolution 60:2466–2477. 1999. Ecological speciation in sticklebacks: environment-dependent hybrid fitness. Evolution 53:866–873. 2013. lmerTest: tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models (lmer objects of lme4 package). R package version 2. 2008. Ecological reproductive isolation of coast and inland races of Mimulus guttatus. Evolution 62:2196–2214. 1991. The genetic interpretation of inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression. Evolution 45:622–629. 2009. Temperature-based extrinsic reproductive isolation in two species of drosophila. Evolution 63:595–612. 2010. Field studies reveal strong postzygotic isolation between ecologically divergent butterfly populations. PLoS Biol. 8:e1000529. 2014. Strong extrinsic reproductive isolation between parapatric populations of an Australian groundsel. N. Phytol. 203:323–334. 2004. Patterns of reproductive isolation in three angiosperm genera. Evolution 58:1195–1208. 1997. Local adaptation in two subspecies of an annual plant: implications for migration and gene flow. Evolution 51:1079–1089. 2005. Perspective: reproductive isolation caused by natural selection against immigrants from divergent habitats. Evolution 59:705–719. 1964. Evolutionary pathways of the Senecio lautus alliance in and Australia. Evolution 18:349–360. 2001.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: As we enter the "information era," the quantity, velocity, and diversity of material on the Internet are growing exponentially. Millions of transactions, including heterogeneous and homogeneous sensitive data, will not influence the end user's service quality. Several data sources include mobile devices, sensors, files, and social media. This sort of data explosion has prompted significant research challenges, including "how to properly and optimally handle vast volumes of data and develop novel preservation strategies to access knowledge. " Information processing units that serve various financial markets continue to confront obstacles in developing next-generation financial technologies that use network technologies securely and facilitate user communication. In answer to the need for financial security, blockchain technology was developed. It is characterized as a public accounting network that makes online transactions safer. The blockchain model idea was presented in 2008. Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency to adopt a blockchain-based strategy. The client performs virtual transactions using an authentication procedure, and the blockchain concept's transactional process is mainly accomplished. This block will be updated often and reflected in the final transaction details block of the electronic currency transaction data. 2 Research aim and objectives The study's overarching goals are to ascertain blockchain's applicability in cloud computing and to identify possible risks and difficulties associated with using the technology there. The following are some of the goals or primary concerns: Outlines and short discussions on cloud storage and blockchain technologies. Explore the possibilities of blockchain and its use in the cloud. Learn to recognize the value of blockchain security for cloud-based programs. Examine modern methods for protecting the privacy, authenticity, and integrity of the public's data 2 Background 2. 1 Overview of As a network of remote servers and interconnected networks, "the cloud" provides users with many benefits regarding data processing and storage. A wide range of organizations and online resources for usage by consumers and businesses is now implementing cloud storage. Cloud storage is a kind of cloud computing that uses the Internet to store and make massive quantities of data available. All data, whether fully or partially structured, is under the service provider's control in the cloud. The limits of the devices themselves are included in cloud storage. Further, it frequently loads on the user's website and uses cloud-based data storage. Because of this, cloud storage was developed to enable users to store data and retrieve it from any place, regardless of their precise geographical position. As a bonus, the dataset is hosted in the cloud, making it accessible worldwide.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: australis microbiomes cluster closely with those of the terrestrial pitcher plants of the genera Sarracenia and Nephentes. They are positioned between the freshwater and rhizosphere microbiomes, which reflects both the growing environment and the close relationship with their hosts. b Comparison of 43 samples representing seven distinct active microbiomes (i. e. , transcribed genes), including those associated with U. vulgaris. Six metagenomes were obtained from MG-RAST (for details please see the “Methods” section). Neighbor-joining tree was chosen for the visualization. Active microbiome of U. vulgaris clustered again closely with the freshwater and phyllosphere microbiomesFull size imageComparisons of the trap and periphytic communities associated with the same Utricularia species revealed that the bacterial communities in both environments were dominated by Proteobacteria (58% and 54% of assigned sequences in periphyton and trap, respectively). Over half of the taxa were shared even at the genus level (Additional file 1: Figure S2). Actinobacteria were significantly more abundant in the U. australis traps and periphyton while Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were significantly enriched in U. vulgaris trap and periphyton, respectively (Fig. 2a, b). The close similarity of periphytic and trap communities suggests strong links between Utricularia external surfaces and the internal trap environment, with periphyton being the most likely source of inoculum for microbial colonization of traps as well as the primary source of algae as potential nutrients [8, 15]. Looking more specifically at the composition of trap lumen bacterial communities, several taxa stand out. We found the family Comamonadaceae to be the most abundant group, constituting > 10% of the total community. Members of this family are strong competitors with flexible metabolism and are considered essential for the digestion of nutritionally poor diet of animal hosts [26, 27]. Another group of Bacteria, which was significantly more abundant in the Utricularia trap environment, was the family Peptostreptococcaceae (order Clostridiales, Additional file 2: Table S5a).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Rates of evolution We used alignments of the 13 protein-coding genes in Acrossocheilus (excluding the outgroup) to determine the number of polymorphic sites (S), the number of haplotypes (Nh), and theta (θ) according to the finite sites model [18] in DnaSP v5. 1 [19]. We used the θ-values to infer the relative per-generation mutation rates (μRelative) of individual of genes (μgene) relative to the whole mitogenome (μgenome) using the equation θ = 4Neμ, where population size (Ne) can be assumed to be similar for each gene, because population size is a property of each sequence in this case, and recombination is almost nonexistent in the mitochondrial DNA. We also determined the number of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions using TreeSAAP [20]. To assess neutral evolution in Acrossocheilus species, we performed an F test for normality of gene length, nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations, and the total number of mutations, and then conducted linear regression analyses in PAST [21] using alignments for all 13 protein-coding genes. The analyses consisted of (1) the number of mutations versus alignment length in bases, (2) the number of synonymous mutations versus alignment length in bases, (3) the number of nonsynonymous mutations versus the alignment length in bases, and (4) the number of nonsynonymous changes versus synonymous changes. Phylogenetic analysis Based on the concatenated alignment of the 13 protein-coding genes with the outgroup taxa included, we inferred phylogenetic relationships using maximum-likelihood (ML) in RAxML v8. 2. 4 [22]. Prior to performing the ML analysis, we determined that GTR+G was the best-fit model of nucleotide substitution in v2. 1. 1 [23] under the Criterion (AIC). In RAxML, we calculated branch support via 1000 ML bootstrap replicates. species were used as outgroup. We used the resulting phylogeny as a framework for subsequent codon-based tests for selection.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Cloud storage is trending due to the growing number of clients seeing a return on investment in the cloud. Customers who don't trust the security of their data and the people who have access to it are familiar. Because of this, many consumers feel compelled to take extra precautions to safeguard their data. Consumers want criteria like authentication, integrity, availability, secrecy, and data security. All cloud service agreements should contain them since they indicate fundamental meditation in cases of apparent effort. In addition, a discussion of defensive poisoning and information leakage assaults, as well as malicious activity by interested parties such as the cloud, are presented in [2]. 2. 2 of the most talked-about innovations recently is blockchain technology. Its significance has grown because it is a relatively new invention with extensive application. Blockchain, which was first introduced in 2008, is undergoing a disruptive transformation that has the potential to alter how we communicate, compute fees, track, and monitor transactions. It is this latter function, as a digitally shared ledger or database, that blockchain was designed to fulfill. One reason blockchain technology may be successful is the absence of a requirement for a central authority to oversee and record transactions and member interactions. Each transaction on the blockchain is cryptographically tagged and validated by other mining machines that hold copies of the complete transaction information. Using this method, you may register a timeshare in a safe, synchronized, and permanent manner. In addition, everyone is aware that blockchain technology is a sort of information technology with applications in software and business. See Fig. 1 for a visual representation of the blockchain's underlying design [3]. 2. 3 of BlockChain Distributed: Transactions are broadcast to all nodes using standardized protocols and are then grouped into blocks according to established criteria after complete processing. Blockchain's primary purpose was to make sharing and updating information easier across different networks. The blockchain's greatest strength is its ability to operate independently of any central authority. There is no central authority or service charge in a blockchain network; instead, the network relies on a consensus mechanism to ensure that all data is accurate and up to date [4–5]. No centralized database or clearinghouse is needed since all transaction information is stored at every node. This reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure at a single spot. To safeguard the honesty of the financial transactions, all nodes must concur via a consensus mechanism. With everyone's agreement, the consensus algorithm keeps the blockchain's data consistent and prevents any erroneous transactions from entering the system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: In traps, this family represented approximately 2% while in periphyton only < 0. 001%. The group represents anaerobic fermenters often associated with habitats such as animal guts and oral cavities, manure, soil, and sediments [28]. In the rumen ecosystem, Peptostreptococcus spp. produce high amounts of ammonia but are not able to hydrolyze intact proteins and do not use carbohydrates as a carbon source. Thus, they occupy a niche of peptide- and amino-acid-degrading microorganisms and depend on proteolytic Bacteria [29]. The genes expressed in the traps that were assigned to this family, such as pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase [EC:1. 5. 1. 2] or threonine aldolase [EC:4. 1. 2. 5] (Additional file 3: Table S6), are all involved in the metabolism of amino acids. The trap lumen contains very high concentrations of ammonium (2. 0–4. 3 mg l−1 NH4-N) [30], and many bacteria that are able to hydrolyze proteins are present (Additional file 3: Table S6); it is therefore likely that a process analogous to that involving Peptostreptococcaceae in the rumen is taking place therein. Fig. 2Compositional overlap in Utricularia-associated prokaryotic microbiomes a Comparison between U. australis and U. vulgaris trap microbiomes and b between the U. australis and U. vulgaris periphytic communities. The cladograms are the result of the linear discriminant effect size analysis (LEfSe) and show significantly differentially abundant taxa (> 3-fold change of relative OTU abundance) and taxonomy (i. e. , going from the central circle in the following order: phylum-class-order). The circle color shows which branch of the phylogenetic tree more significantly represents one of the two studied Utricularia hosts (red or green), while circle size corresponds to the relative abundance of the taxon. Yellow color indicates no statistically significant difference between the compared microbiomesFull size imageWe have also detected the family Bacteriovoracaceae in the lumen, whose members are known for being obligatory predators of other, especially Gram-negative, bacteria.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For each approach, we applied the best-fit substitution model for each gene and assessed significance according to posterior probability > 0. 9 (FUBAR) or P-value < 0. 05 (MEME). After applying all approaches, we looked among them for agreement on sites under positive selection in order to reduce false positives [32]. To supplement the codon-based approaches, we also used TreeSAAP [20], which estimates significant changes in amino acid properties along the phylogeny. When amino acid substitutions have strong effects on protein biochemistry, they are considered candidates for selection. We ran the analysis with a sliding window size of 15 codons and a step size of 1 codon. We considered amino acid substitutions as possibly under selection if the magnitude of change was ≥ 6, and we regarded z-scores above 3. 09 or below– 3. 09 (P < 0. 001) as attributable to positive and purifying selection, respectively [33]. We applied these relatively stringent criteria to avoid detection of false positives. Environmental analysis We applied a generalized linear model (GLM) to investigate the relationship between pairwise Ka/Ks values and environmental distances among accessions. We obtained environmental data for 14 of the 25 mitogenome accessions of Acrossocheilus (Table 1) with available georeferencing for their collection localities. Specifically, we used DIVA-GIS 7. 4. 01 [34] to extract values for the 19 standard bioclimatic variables (S2 Table) of 1. 3 [35] and converted them to a distance matrix for the accessions in R 4. 0. 3. Bioclimatic variables are derived from the monthly temperature and rainfall values in order to generate more biologically meaningful variables, and are often used in species distribution modeling and related ecological modeling techniques. We obtained the distance matrix of pairwise Ka/Ks in DnaSP v5. 1 [19] and performed the GLM using the LME4 library [36] for R 4. 0. 3 [37]. of evolution Relative per-generation mutation rates (μRelative) varied across mitochondrial genes (Table 2). Overall, genes of the ND family evolved faster than the other ones, with ND6 evolving the fastest (μRelative = 1. 61, Table 2). The most slowly evolving gene was COX3 (μRelative = 0. 9, Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: We intend to review blockchain's potential applications in the cloud comprehensively. To the best of our knowledge, no other study has come close to matching the depth and breadth of our investigation into the fundamentals of blockchain cloud storage technology. 4. 3 The Blockblockchain's basic structure and operational flow are outlined below. The blockchain is being created as a reference architecture for cloud, edge, and fog computing. Another huge distributed model is being combined with it at the same time. Currently, it is connected to the cloud system to improve security. What inspired the creation of the blockchain? Blockchain technology is a decentralized ledger that relies on cryptographic signatures to verify financial transactions. There are discrete steps involved. A cryptographic system is associated with each block. The transaction's legitimacy must be checked and assessed at each potential bottleneck. Several elements of the P2P concept are implemented. No brokerage fees will be considered if a transaction is legitimate within this framework. Because of this blockchain approach, your terminal system may be assured robust and scalable security. The trading mechanism was extremely tough for hackers to exploit. Because of this, monetary transactions are simplified and facilitated for more people. The following diagram summarizes the core features of a P2P blockchain system [6]. This 2. Use this calculator for numbers of any size. A ledger is a record of business dealings. A copy of the ledger, which records all business dealings, is stored at each node. The ledger is often kept on paper and pencil when using a conventional format. This similar idea has been used in the development of new information technologies. Thus, there are disadvantages to adopting a centralized ledger, such as the potential for a sudden loss of data and the inability to verify transactions independently. Blocks: Users provide unique transaction identifiers applied to each block node. Collective of completed transactions stored in a queue. This transaction index allows for extra steps to be taken before the procedure concludes. There is no saving of intermediate steps in the transaction process. The mining nodes update each step of the transaction process. This means that each block contains all the transactions that have ever been made. The blockchain system automatically rejects invalid transactions. Since the computed hash would drastically alter with a change in the individual bit of the block, this approach verifies the data's rigidity. All nodes also store a copy of the hash for each block, which provides an extra layer of protection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Other enzymes, such as those belonging to the families of glycoside hydrolases, cellulases, peroxidases, and xylanases, were also found to be expressed in the trap lumen (Additional file 4: Table S7). Looking at Utricularia-associated microbiome structure, despite of the high similarity between the trap lumen and the periphyton in terms of prokaryotic community composition, when we compare the microbial co-occurrence analyses, we see two strikingly different systems with distinct potential “keystone” taxa (Additional file 1: Table S4) and a distinct degree of interconnectedness (Additional file 1: Figures S3 and S4) in each of the two environments. While the periphytic communities show a co-occurrence pattern typically observed in highly spatially and functionally interconnected microbial biofilms (Additional file 1: Figure S3), the co-occurrence pattern of the trap community consists of several smaller, mutually disconnected microbial networks and implies a much more heterogeneous and fragmented environment inside the trap lumen (Additional file 1: Figure S4). This result is consistent with previously published observations showing progressing degree of microbial aggregation into flocks and multispecies biofilms with progressing Utricularia trap development [15]. Further support is provided by the metatranscriptomic data. The high expression of bacterial UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase, which has been linked to the environmentally regulated biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides [37], or that of transaldolase, which is also one of the highly expressed proteins in the trap fluid and has been shown to be an important colonization factor favoring the establishment of bacteria in the gut [38], provides further support for bacterial aggregation and attachment to organic p0. 8 m2 polypropylene experimental container, where U. vulgaris plants were cultivated, contained Carex sp. litter and approximately 250 l of dystrophic water, closely simulating natural conditions [51, 52]. For the assessment of microbial community structure, U. vulgaris and U. australis plants were divided into three sections of increasing age (young, mature, old). From each of these segments, approximately 70 larger, excised, functional traps without visible metazoan prey and trapless leaves with periphyton were collected (approximately 200 mg fresh weight).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The latter clade was sister to A. barbodon. Further, we found that A. hemispinus was nested within the clade of A. parallens that was sister to a clade containing A. jishouensis and one of two individuals of A. paradoxus. A. wenchowensis was paraphyletic and included A. fasciatus, and this clade was sister to A. kreyenberfii. Both accessions of A. beijiangensis clustered together and were sister to A. stenotaeniatus and A. spinifer. This whole clade of three species was sister to A. wuyiensis and the second A. paradoxus individual. Thus, A. paradoxus was polyphyletic. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Maximum-likelihood tree of the Acrossocheilus genus based on 13 protein coding mitochondrial gene sequences. Onychostoma barbatulum and O. barbatulum were used as outgroup. The different individuals are labeled at the tips. Numbers at the nodes denote the bootstrap values. Analysis of positive selection Based on the analyses in found no significant difference for the models M7 vs. M8 (S1 Table), and comparisons between M1a and M2a as well as M8a and M8 revealed no significant evidence for positive selection in Acrossocheilus species. Thus, taken together, the CodeML analyses did not uncover any signal of positive selection. In contrast to CodeML, we detected codons under positive selection according to the and FEL algorithms. Specifically, we found six codons under positive selection in five genes (COX1, COX2, COX3, ND3, and ND4) based on MEME, two codons under positive selection in two genes (ND3 and ND4) using FUBAR and FEL, and only one codon in ND4 under positive selection based on SLAC (Table 3). Codon 1 located within ND3 was detected by all approaches except for SLAC, while the and FEL algorithms agreed that 51 in ND4 is involved in positive selection (Table 3). All other codons implicated in positive selection were detected by only one of the four approaches.

Output: pass