Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Muthukumar and Udaiyan (2002) stated that organic manures have a promotive impact on the effectiveness of AMF and soil N-P-C pool and more, there are strong positive correlations between nutrient uptake, plant growth and yield depending on mycorrhizal and organic applications. Although AMF treatment promoted nutrient uptake and plant development compared with control seedlings, its alone performance was not satisfactory in the experiment. The reason for this situation is guessed to be caused by the photosynthetic pathway of cowpea (C3). Wilson and Hartnett (1998) stated that plants containing the C3 photosynthetic pathway such as legumes have low mycorrhizal response over other species including the C4 pathway. In conclusion, vermicompost application is an eco-friendly and effective scenario for nutrient uptake and seedling growth in cowpea cultivation and more, combined application of vermicompost with AMF has a noteworthy synergistic influence on each other. individual AMF application had a positive impact compared with control seedlings, individual performance of vermicompost was more effective on investigated characteristics. Moreover, combined application of them exhibited a remarkable performance and increasing concentration of vermicompost induced AMF effectiveness, nutrient uptake and seedling growth. In particular, phosphorus uptake was noteworthy induced by combined AMF and 45% vermicompost treatment. The AMF inoculation with 45% vermicompost amendment highly induced seedling growth and nutrient uptake in cowpea plants. . 588. Arancon, N. , Edwards, C. A. (2011). The use of Vermicomposts as for Production of Field Crops. In: Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Wastes, and Environmental Management. [. (eds)]. . Banasiak, J. , Jamruszka, T. , Murray, J. D. , Jasinski, M. (2021). A roadmap of plant membrane transporters in arbuscular mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobium symbioses. Plant Physiology. 187(4): 2071-2091. Barea, J. M. , Werner, D. , Azcón-Guilar, C. , Azcón, R. (2005). Interactions of and Nitrogen-in Sustainable Agriculture.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Light and growth There are a number of different frameworks for thinking about the role of light variability in modulating productivity, not all of which can be considered entirely consistent with each other. Manipulation studies have directly shown that tree-ring growth in the tropics increases in response to increased light availability (Graham et al. 2003). Approach (CASA) carbon cycle model treats productivity as directly proportional to light availability, multiplied by a growth limitation term which may be controlled by temperature or moisture availability depending on local environmental conditions (Potter et al. 1993). The VS model of tree-ring growth incorporates this formulation as well (Vaganov et al. 2006). Satellite-based estimates of productivity assume proportionality to surface insolation and infer the efficiency at which this light is used from the spectra of surface reflectance (Running et al. 2004). Global climate models include light limitation as one of several competing forms of environmental limitation that can modulate carbon uptake. Laboratory-based studies of photosynthesis, in contrast, tend to emphasize the ability of photosynthesis to proceed at a constant rate across a broad range of light intensities (Long et al. 1994). Global dimming Two lines of evidence – the spatial pattern of the volcanic tree-ring response, and the difference between this response in tree rings and in thermometer measurements – support the notion that a reduction in solar radiation will lead to a decrease in growth in some tree-ring records. From 1955-1975, a reduction in shortwave radiation was observed in many regions of the world, including at high-northern latitudes (Wild 2009). Over this same period, tree-ring density in many boreal regions exhibited a negative trend relative to temperature. Interestingly, the pattern of these trends in tree-ring growth relative to temperature is correlated with the pattern of tree-ring density anomalies following volcanic eruptions (Fig. 2b,d). A competing interpretation exists, which indicates that divergence results from methodological and data treatment decisions (Esper et al. 2010). However, a simulation using synthetic data showed that the imprint of a global dimming on tree-ring growth is more clearly detectable when, instead of using a difference methodology (Esper et al. 2010), a regression approach is employed to isolate non-temperature components in the tree-ring record (Stine and Huybers 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: 2,3 Worldwide, approximately 70% of patients with diabetes are at risk of developing DK. 2,4 Owing to the insidious onset and non-specific clinical manifestations, patients often seek medical attention only when they experience vision problems. Delayed diagnosis and treatment impede the optimal prevention and management of blindness, imposing a considerable economic burden on healthcare systems. 5,6 Although the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DK remain unclear, several theories have been proposed. 7 One theory suggests that advanced glycation end products are deposited in the corneal epithelial basement membrane, altering the adhesion and migration of epithelial cells. 8 Advanced glycation end products may promote the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activate inflammatory pathways, leading to corneal nerve axon degeneration and changes in nerve function. 9 Another theory proposes that abnormal expression of epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors and insulin-like growth factor-1 causes abnormal intracellular signal transduction in corneal cells. 10 A third theory posits that high-glucose environments increase matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity, resulting in an abnormal corneal epithelial basement membrane and inhibition of corneal epithelial repair. 10 In a chronic high-sugar environment, excess glucose is converted into sorbitol and fructose with considerable consumption of NADPH. 7 This process inhibits Na+/K + enzyme activity in nerve cells, causing structural damage in corneal nerve cells, increased cellular oxidative stress response, and eventual apoptosis of keratocytes. 7 Finally, in patients with diabetes, constantly elevated blood glucose and fatty acid levels lead to excessive production of NADH and FADH2, thus disrupting the mitochondrial proton gradient. 11 This disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, generates large ROS amounts, and causes a cascade of damage and oxidative stress, resulting in mitochondrial respiratory function impairment in corneal cells and finally corneal cell damage. 11–13 DK is the most common clinical disease affecting the ocular surface. 14 Therefore, effective methods for diagnosing and treating DK are needed. Tears are a specialised type of ocular fluid that constantly exchange biochemical and physiological substances with corneal epithelial cells and thus reflect the corneal state. 15 Therefore, tear analysis is significant for understanding ocular health status and providing insights into DK.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: In: Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress. [D. Werner, W. E. Newton (eds)]. Springer, Dordrecht. Cavagnaro, T. (2015). 321. Ceritoglu, M. , Erman, M. , Ceritoglu, F. , Bektas, H. (2021). The response of grain legumes to vermicompost at germination and seedling stages. Legume Research. 44(8): 936-941. Ceritoglu, M. , Þahin, S. , Erman, M. (2018). Effects of vermicompost on plant growth and soil structure. of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 32(3): 607-615. Etesami, H. , Jeong, B. R. , Glick, B. R. (2021). Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and silicon to P uptake by plant: A review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12: 699-618. Jackson, M. L. (1973). Analysis. of India, New Delhi. Joshi, R. , Singh, J. , Vig, A. P. (2015). Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: Effect on growth, yield and quality of plants. Reviews in and Bio/Technology. 14: 137-159. Muthukumar, T. and Udaiyan, K. (2002). Growth and yield of cowpea as influenced by changes in arbuscular mycorrhiza in response to organic manuring. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 188(2): 123-132. Neumann, E. and George, E. (2010). Nutrient Uptake: Symbiosis as a Acquisition Strategy. In: Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function. [Koltai, H. , Kapulnik, Y. (eds)]. Springer, Dordrecht. Omomowo, O. I. and Babalola, O. O. (2021). Constraints and prospects of improving cowpea productivity to ensure food, nutritional security and environmental sustainability. Frontiers in Plant Science.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: in through your institution issueSAF and Silvicultureand search term Advance 10. 1093/forsci/fxz018 Published: 31 May 2019 10. 1093/forsci/fxz018 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issueSAF and Silvicultureand search term issueSAF and Silvicultureand search term architecture (here, the size distribution combined with the spatial pattern of individuals) of natural forest at demographic equilibrium can be used to infer the demographic processes that drive the forest dynamics. In particular, a constant growth rate and a constant mortality rate for all trees would generate an exponential distribution of their size, whereas the metabolic scaling theory predicts a power distribution. In an undisturbed tropical rainforest in French Guiana, the diameter distribution was significantly steeper than the best-fit exponential distribution and significantly flatter than the best-fit power distribution. A simple individual-based model of forest dynamics with asymmetric competition between trees, where the strength of competition was regulated by a single parameter, was able to predict the observed distribution. Competition drove the forest into a self-organized state with stronger inequalities of size among trees, a lower mean competition index, and a spatial pattern of trees that deviated from complete spatial randomness. demographic modeling, forest dynamics, French Guiana, scaling theory, space-dependent competitionManagement and Policy ImplicationsBecause of the timescales involved in forest management, models of forest dynamics have long been used as decisionmaking tools for sustainable forest management. They have been used in particular to predict the tree size distribution at the stand level that is an efficient summary for the harvest planning of selectively logged and naturally regenerating tropical forests. With the current concern in climate change, more tractable models of forest dynamics that can be scaled up to the regional or global level are needed. An approach for designing such models is to identify universal biological processes that shape the forest structure, to understand the drivers of forest dynamics and disentangle the processes that are the same everywhere from those that are site-specific. Stand-level tree diameter distributions in natural forests have a remarkably universal reverse-J shape. The current study showed that this reverse J-shaped distribution was consistent with a simple description of the asymmetric competition between trees.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: 16 Moreover, tears may contain DK biomarkers, and tear proteomic analysis may provide insights into the pathogenesis underlying DK. We investigated tear proteomic differences between individuals with and without DK using four-dimensional label-free mass spectrometry. Subjects and design The research protocol and data collection were performed in accordance with the guidelines set out in the Declaration of Helsinki of the Association. of Zhujiang Hospital, University (approval number: 2022-KY-219-01), reviewed and approved all procedures. All participants read and understood the study’s nature, purpose, risks, and procedures and signed an informed consent form. The following data were collected: age, sex, medication history within the previous 6 months, medication allergies, ocular medication history within the previous month, diabetes duration, ocular disease, surgical history, and other systemic disease histories. Ophthalmic examination included basic examination of the eye, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, comprehensive analysis of the ocular surface, tear ferning test, and conjunctival impression cytology. All participating researchers were qualified ophthalmologists. Study participants We prospectively included 33 eyes with diabetic retinopathy treated in the Department of Endocrinology and Department of Ophthalmology of of University between October 2022 and February 2023. The case group included 22 eyes with DK, and the control group included 11 eyes without DK. The inclusion criteria for the case group were as follows: diabetic retinopathy and a ≥ 5-year history of diabetes; abnormal corneal perception and corneal epithelium in one or both eyes; and positive corneal fluorescein staining, with more than five spots in the examined eye. The inclusion criteria for the control group were as follows: diabetic retinopathy and a ≥ 5-year history of diabetes; no abnormalities in corneal perception or corneal epithelium; and negative corneal fluorescein staining, with no more than five fluorescein staining spots.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: A new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human healthDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-6-7Submitted on Mar 14, 2008Accepted on May 29, 2008Published on May 29, 20084. 0 the earth rotates, all species on the surface of the planet are exposed to 24-hour patterns of light and darkness. In response to these regular, daily oscillations to the natural light-dark cycle, these species have evolved endogenous circadian rhythms that repeat approximately every 24 hours [1,2]. Examples of circadian rhythms include oscillations in core body temperature [3], hormone secretion [4], sleep [5], and alertness [6]. Circadian oscillations also exist at a cellular level, including cell mitosis and DNA damage response [7,8]. These oscillations are a result of a small group of clock genes inside the cell nuclei creating interlocked transcriptional and post-translational feedback loops. The timing of these circadian clock genes is generally orchestrated by a master biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) [9] of the hypothalamus of the brain [10]. The master clock in the SCN provides precise time cues throughout the body to regulate these diverse physiological, hormonal, and behavioral circadian patterns. However, in total darkness the timing of the SCN will become asynchronous with the solar day because in humans the period of the master clock is slightly longer than 24 hours [1]. To maintain synchrony with the external world, the light-dark pattern incident on the retina resets the timing of the SCN, so that as we travel across time zones, we can entrain our biological functions to the local environment. If the period of the light-dark pattern is too long or too short, or if the light and dark exposures become aperiodic, the master clock can lose control of the timing of peripheral circadian clocks. Maintaining the phase-relation ordering of the various circadian rhythms from molecular to behavioral levels appears to be crucial for coordinated functions throughout the human body. Lack of synchrony between the master clock and the peripheral clocks can lead to asynchronies within cells (e. g. , cell cycle) and between organ systems (e. g. , liver and pancreas).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Using data from an undisturbed natural forest in French Guiana, the current study aimed to investigate the role of competitive spatial tree interactions in shaping the diameter distribution at the stand level, and thus to propose a mechanism for explaining a universal characteristic of diameter structure in natural forests. A simple individual-based space-dependent model of forest dynamics was designed, where the strength of competition was regulated by a single parameter. A null competition strength coincided with an exponential distribution for diameter. Following Occam’s razor, the model was deliberately kept as simple as possible to assess which minimum set of biological processes could account for the observed diameter distribution at the stand level. Materials and Paracou experimental site (5°18′N, 52°23′W) is located in a terra firme rainforest, in the coastal part of under an equatorial climate with two main seasons (Gourlet-Fleury et al. 2004). The annual rainfall is 3041 mm, and the altitude varies from 5 m to about 45 m above sea level. The geological formation consists of schists and sandstones, locally crossed by veins of pegmatite, aplite, and quartz. The dominant tree families are Caesalpinaceae, Lecythidaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, and Sapotaceae. In 1984, twelve 250 m × 250 m permanent plots were set up and surveyed. Three types of silvicultural treatments of increasing intensity, combining selective logging and additional thinning, were applied to nine plots between 1986 and 1988. The three other plots were left as controls. These four treatments defined four levels of forest disturbance. All trees with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of 10 cm were identified and mapped. Species identification was conducted to the species level whenever possible, to the genus level, or using vernacular names that enclose several genera. The census has been repeated every year or every two years since 1984. The observed mean growth rate and the observed mortality rate at Paracou were estimated using the data from all plots before 1986 (i. e. , before silvicultural treatments) and from the control plots until 1997. The observed dbh distribution was obtained from all 12 plots in 1984. Data are provided in Supplement 3. An exponential distribution and a power distribution were fitted to the observed dbh distribution using the maximum likelihood estimator of their parameter (Clauset et al. 2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Additionally, we excluded patients with hypersensitivity to sodium fluorescein; skin mucinosis, autoimmune diseases, and systemic infectious diseases; eye surgery or eye trauma within 3 months; lacrimal punctum embolisation, ocular infection, and use of atropine, antihistamines, β-blockers, systemic oral contraceptives, and diuretics within 1 month; severe meibomian gland dysfunction and severe dry eyes; and use of artificial tears within 2 h. OSDI score and corneal sensory examination All patients completed the OSDI questionnaire, and the scores were calculated. Corneal sensation was then assessed using a disposable cotton swab to make a cotton thread for touching the cornea between the patient’s lower pupillary border and corneal limbus thrice, while avoiding the patient’s line of sight during the inspection. Sensation was recorded as ‘normal’, with obvious tactile sensation and blinking action in all three instances; ‘decreased’, with tactile sensation in only one or two instances but no blinking action; or ‘disappeared’, with no tactile sensation in all three instances and no blinking action. An assessment of ‘decreased’ or ‘disappeared’ sensation indicated abnormal corneal sensitivity. Tear sample extraction and analysis Tear samples for mass spectrometry analysis were collected using Schirmer strips, which were placed on the middle and outer one-third of the lower eyelid for 5 min. Samples for the tear ferning test were collected using a disposable microcapillary tube, with 1 µL of tear fluid obtained from the lower eyelid tear river or conjunctival sac. All tear samples were added to the bottom of an Eppendorf tube, immediately frozen, and stored at − 80°C until analysis. Tear ferning test For analysis, the tear fluid was thawed and centrifuged at 20°C. The tears were evenly spread on a clean glass slide, dried at 20℃ for 15 min, observed under a microscope, and graded according to the Rolando grading method. 17 Ocular surface analysis Ocular surface analysis was performed using a corneal topography instrument (Oculus Company, Germany), and the data were recorded.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: This breakdown in synchrony, as demonstrated most profoundly with jet lag, disrupts sleep [11], digestion [12], and alertness [13]. Chronic disruptions can contribute to cardiovascular anomalies [14] and accelerated cancerous tumour growth [15] in animal models. In humans, epidemiological studies have shown that rotating-shift nurses, who experience a marked lack of synchrony between activity-rest patterns and light-dark cycles (as shown in this report), are at higher risk of having breast cancer compared to day-shift nurses [16]. In fact, the Organization has identified rotating-shift work as a probable cause of cancer [17]. In addition to heightened cancer risks, other disorders have been associated with rotating-shift work, such as diabetes and obesity, suggesting again a role for circadian disruption in the development and progression of diseases [18]. Despite the growing evidence that circadian disruption negatively affects human health [18,19], the logical chain linking light-induced circadian disruption to morbidity and mortality still has not been forged. If the impact of circadian disruption is to be studied with any degree of accuracy, it is important to quantitatively characterize light and dark as it affects the human circadian system because the light-dark pattern is the primary synchronizing stimulus for our circadian system [1]. It is also necessary to quantify the temporal characteristics of circadian light and dark exposures actually experienced by people [20]. Without quantification of the actual circadian light and dark exposures experienced by people, it will be difficult to relate the findings from controlled laboratory studies of light-induced circadian disruption in humans to the expected health of any human sub-population, including rotating-shift workers. These actual circadian light and dark exposures in human populations must also be incorporated into parametric studies using animal models as surrogates for particular human diseases or maladies if we are to gain any detailed insight into the role of circadian disruption on human health. Since nocturnal species are used almost exclusively as animal models in this research, a method needs to be established to relate actual circadian light and dark exposures in humans to parametrically controlled exposures of light and dark using these animal models [21]. This paper is concerned with patterns of circadian light and dark as they affect behavioral entrainment and how more sophisticated studies of the relationship between light-induced circadian disruption and human health might be conducted. Here we present original data from the Daysimeter [20], a device for simultaneously recording light-dark and activity-rest data in humans.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: If structured by a grouping factor (such as the species to account for genetic differences, or location to account for microsite differences), tree-level variability would rather correspond to a finite mixture of McKendrick equations. All these alternate processes are non-spatial. The spatial pattern of trees then offers a complementary view on the process driving the dbh structure. With non-spatial biological processes, the spatial pattern of trees would be expected not to deviate from CSR. Because the overall spatial pattern of trees in the model of forest dynamics was random, the spatial arrangement of dbh in the simulated forests consisted of a dependence between dbh and tree location. The marked spatial pattern of trees at Paracou exhibited this dependence between dbh and location, but moreover the unmarked spatial pattern of trees was non-random (Picard et al. 2009). The significantly lower mean competition index at Paracou than expected under CSR meant that the value of Ripley’s K function at a distance of 6 m was less than π × 62, i. e. , that the spatial pattern of trees at Paracou was regular at a distance of 6 m. A more careful examination has shown that this regularity was due to large trees, i. e. , that the spatial pattern of trees shifted from random to regular as their size increased (Picard et al. 2009). This pattern is not specific to Paracou but has been observed in many natural tropical forests (et al. 2010). Therefore, competition is likely to influence simultaneously the spatial pattern of trees and the spatial arrangement of their dbh (Turnbull et al. 2007, Eichhorn 2010). The current study showed that the latter was actually sufficient to explain the departure from exponentiality of the dbh distribution. of the addition to the reduced level of self-organization with increased mortality, a testable prediction of our model is the appearance of a rotated sigmoid shape when mortality is very low (open circles in Figure 4a), or of multimodality in the dbh distribution for single cohorts of trees (open triangles in Figure 4b and c). The former distribution pattern can be observed in tropical rain forests for long-lived light-demanding species (Fournier and Sasson 1983, p. 119) but has mainly been explained as a consequence of size-dependent growth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: The observed lipid layer of the tear film was scored based on the following features: colour (rich [0 points] or single [1 point]), lipid layer distribution (uniform [0 points] or uneven [1 point]), and lipid layer thickness (normal [0 points], thin [1 point], or thick [2 points]). The meibomian glands were analysed for deformation or absence. The absence of upper and lower meibomian glands was classified as follows: normal (0 points), missing < 1/3 (1 point), > 1/3 missing < 2/3 (2 points), or missing > 2/3 (3 points). Meibomian gland deformations were defined as straight (0 points) or tortuous (1 point). Meibomian gland opening was described as without blockage (0 points) or with blockage (1 point). After ocular surface analysis, corneal fluorescein staining and first tear breakup time examinations were performed. Conjunctival imprint cytology Before specimen collection, proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops were instilled in the eye. The rough surface of an acetate filter paper was then placed on the bulbar conjunctiva at the corneal edge of the superior temporal quadrant and evenly pressed with a glass rod for 10 s. The specimens were carefully stripped using edentulous forceps and immediately fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde tissue fixation solution after slight drying at 20°C. The fixed specimens were stored at 4℃ and stained with periodic acid-Schiff within 24 h. The periodic acid-Schiff staining results were graded according to the Nelson method. 18 Protein sample extraction strips containing tear samples were retrieved from the − 80°C freezer, a lysis buffer (8 M urea, 1% protease inhibitor) was added to the samples, and ultrasonic lysis and centrifugation were performed at 12 000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C to remove cell debris. After centrifugation, the supernatant was transferred to a new centrifuge tube, and the protein concentration was determined using a BCA kit (). Then, the tear samples were mixed randomly into five samples with similar concentrations according to the case group and control group. (200 µg) was obtained from each sample for enzymatic hydrolysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Significantly, these data reveal relationships between circadian light-dark patterns actually experienced by day-shift and rotating-shift nurses and their own activity-rest patterns. Original data are also presented for two groups of rats, one placed on a 12L:12D pattern of light and dark and the other placed on a 12L:12D pattern of light and dark regularly reversing every 48 hours. We present a novel methodology to quantify circadian entrainment/disruption in both diurnal and nocturnal species, so as to allow researchers to make direct comparisons of circadian entrainment/disruption across species. Attention to circadian entrainment/disruption, rather than to activity alone or to light and dark, per se, makes it possible to circumvent the diurnal-nocturnal conundrum plaguing many comparative studies of light-induced circadian entrainment/disruption using animal models. We found that the circadian entrainment/disruption patterns for day-shift and rotating-shift nurses were remarkably different, but they were remarkably similar to the patterns for two parallel groups of nocturnal rodents. The marked differences in circadian entrainment/disruption patterns within species together with the marked similarities in circadian entrainment/disruption across species, in addition to the new method for quantifying circadian entrainment/disruption, suggest that health-related problems associated with circadian disruption in humans can be parametrically studied using animal models. and characterizing circadian entrainment patterns actually experienced by humans Daysimeter was developed as a head-worn light-dosimeter and activity monitor to address measurements of the spectral and spatial response of the human circadian system (Figure 1) [20]. Two detectors are used to characterize the spectral-opponent, subadditive response of the circadian system to polychromatic light and thereby provide measurements of the circadian light stimulus (CS) for humans (Figure 2) [22]. A transfer function relating CS to nocturnal melatonin suppression was also developed [22] to characterize the effective stimulus for non-visual responses associated with optical radiation on the retina (Figure 3). Entrainment to the circadian light-dark pattern is not directly related to nocturnal melatonin suppression, but as demonstrated by Zeitzer et al. [23], both light-induced phase shifting and nocturnal melatonin suppression in humans appear to have similar, if not identical, functional relationships to optical radiation of the same spectral power distribution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: 2016. Dominance of the suppressed: Power-law size structure in tropical forests. Science 351(6269):155–157. 1983. Écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux d’Afrique. and. 476 p. 1997. A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3. 0). Ecol. Model. 95(2–3):249–287. 1996. Null models in ecology. . 2004. Ecology and management of a neotropical rainforest. Lessons drawn from Paracou, a long-term experimental research site in French Guiana. Elsevier, Paris. 311 p. 2000. Modelling diameter increment in a lowland evergreen rain forest in French Guiana. For. Ecol. Manag. 131(1–3):269–289. 2005. Recent and classical tests for exponentiality: A partial review with comparisons. Metrika 61:29–45. 2003. Tree species differentiation in growth, recruitment and allometry in relation to maximum height in a Bornean mixed dipterocarp forest. J. Ecol. 91(5):797–806. 2013. A general combined model to describe tree-diameter distributions within subtropical and temperate forest communities. Oikos 122(11):1636–1642. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: H. MacLecture. Ecology 73(6):1943–1967. 2009. Assessing self-organization of plant communities—a thermodynamic approach. Ecol. Model. 220(6):784–790. 1900. Sapinières. École Nationale du Génie et Forêts, Nancy, France. 82 p. 1998. Aggregation of individual trees and patches in forest succession models: Capturing variability with height structured, random, spatial distributions. Theor. Pop. Biol. 54(3):213–226. 1978. Stand structure and allometry of trees during self-thinning of pure stands. J. Ecol. 66(2):599–614. 2006. Comparing tropical forest tree size distributions with the predictions of metabolic ecology and equilibrium models. Ecol. Lett. 9(5):589–602. 1995. Details that matter: The spatial distribution of individual trees maintains forest ecosystem function. Oikos 74(3):357–365.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: The volume was adjusted to the same using lysis solution, and dithiothreitol was added to achieve a final concentration of 5 mM and reduced at 56℃ for 30 min. Next, iodoacetamide was added to achieve a final concentration of 11 mM and incubated at 20℃ in the dark for 15 min. The alkylated sample was transferred to an ultrafiltration tube and centrifuged at 12 000 g for 20 min at 20℃. Then, 8 M urea was used to replace urea thrice; next, a replacement buffer was used to replace urea thrice. Trypsin was added in a 1:50 ratio (protease:protein, m/m) and hydrolysed overnight at 37℃. Centrifugation (12 000 ×g) was performed for 10 min at 20℃ to recover the peptide segment. The peptide segment was recovered once with double distilled water, and the two peptide segment solutions were merged for later use. Finally, the combined peptides were desalted using the SPE column. Four-dimensional mass spectrometry The peptide segment was dissolved in liquid chromatography mobile phase A and separated using the NanoElute ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system. Mobile phase A constituted an aqueous solution containing 0. 1% formic acid and 2% acetonitrile, and mobile phase B was an acetonitrile aqueous solution containing 0. 1% formic acid. The liquid phase gradient setting was as follows: 0–70 min, 6–24% B; 70–84 min, 24–32% B; 84–87 min, 32–80% B; and 87–90 min, 80% B; the flow rate was maintained at 450 nL/min. The peptide segments were separated using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system and injected into a capillary ion spray for ionisation, followed by timsTOF Pro mass spectrometry analysis. The ion source voltage was set to 1. 7 kV, and the peptide parent ions and their secondary fragments were detected and analysed using high-resolution TOF. The scanning range of the secondary mass spectrometry was set to 100–1700. Data were collected in the parallel accumulative serial fragmentation mode.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: The pattern of the rotating-shift nurse is of much lower amplitude and very distorted compared to the smoothly varying and periodic behavioral entrainment-correlation pattern of the day-shift nurse. Figure 6 Behavioral entrainment-correlation functions. Behavioral entrainment-correlation functions relating activity and light exposures for two example nurses, one day-shift nurse (Figure 6a) and one rotating-shift nurse (6b) and two example rats, a rat exposed to a regular 12L:12D pattern of light and dark (6c) and a "jet-lagged" rat exposed to a 12:12 light-dark cycle that was phase-reversed every 48 hours (6d). Nocturnal rodents The wheel running data from the 12L:12D (e. g. , see Figure 5a) rats were typical of those collected in innumerable studies, with more active periods associated with darkness and less active periods in the light. The "jet-lagged" group differed considerably from the 12L:12D group, however, in the apparent degree of association between the light-dark and the rest-activity data (e. g. , see Figure 5b). For those rats in the 12L:12D group, almost all of their wheel running occurred in darkness; although, as is usually the case, there was some activity in the light, particularly near the transition times from light to dark, and there were intervals of quiescence sporadically occurring during the dark periods. In the "jet-lagged" group of rats, the association between wheel running and darkness was markedly less pronounced. Indeed, after several reversals of the light-dark cycle, the wheel running appeared to be disassociated with either light or dark. The same analyses performed on the data from the nurses were also applied to the data from the two groups of nocturnal rodents. The light exposure values were binary for the rats, zero when no cage lighting was present and a value of one when the cage lighting was administered. A behavioral entrainment-correlation function from one typical rat in the 12L:12D group is shown in Figure 6c. The similarity between the entrainment-correlation function for the sample day-shift nurse and the 12L:12D rat are remarkable; the only apparent difference is that the latter function is shifted approximately 12 hours with respect to the former.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: 2001. Oscillatory dynamics and spatial scale: The role of noise and unresolved pattern. Ecology 82(8):2357–2369. 2003. Individual variation and environmental stochasticity: Implications for matrix model predictions. Ecology 84(2):496–510. 2009. Understanding the dynamics of an undisturbed tropical rain forest from the spatial pattern of trees. J. Ecol. 91(1):97–108. 2001. Aggregation of an individual-based space-dependent model of forest dynamics into distribution-based and space-independent models. Ecol. Model. 145(1):69–84. 2007. Crown plasticity and competition for canopy space: A new spatially implicit model parameterized for 250 tree species. 2(9):e870. 2008. Predicting and understanding forest dynamics using a simple tractable model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105(44):17018–17022. 1981. Spatial statistics. & Sons, New York. 250 p. 1974. L’architecture des forêts denses humides sempervirentes de plaine. CTFT, Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 298 p. 2007. Growth-size scaling relationships of woody plant species differ from predictions of the metabolic ecology model. Ecol. Lett. 10:889–901. 2013. The effect of drought stress on self-organisation in a seasonal tropical rainforest. Ecol. Model. 265:136–139. 2008. Scaling from trees to forests: Tractable macroscopic equations for forest dynamics. Ecol. Monogr. 78(4):523–545. 2006. Modelling dynamics of managed tropical rainforests—An aggregated approach. Ecol. Model. 199(4):421–432. 2007. How spatial structure alters population and community dynamics in a natural plant community. J. Ecol. 95(1):79–89. 2005. A strategy to improve the contribution of complex simulation models to ecological theory. Ecol. Model. 185(2–4):153–164. 1994. Modelling forest growth and yield—Applications to mixed tropical forests. . 312 p. 1999. A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems. Nature 400(6745):664–667. 1963.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: After collecting primary mass spectrometry data, the primary mass spectrometer was operated in the parallel accumulative serial fragmentation mode 10 times to collect secondary spectra with the charge number of the parent ion in the range of 0–5. The dynamic exclusion time for tandem mass spectrometry scanning was set to 30 s to avoid repeated scanning of the parent ion. The resulting tandem mass spectrometry data were processed using the MaxQuant search engine (v. 1. 6. 15. 0). Tandem mass spectra were searched against the human SwissProt database (20 389 entries) and concatenated with a reverse-decoy database. The enzyme digestion method was set to Trypsin/P, the number of missed cut positions to 2, the minimum length of the peptide segment to 7 amino acid residues, the maximum number of peptide modifications to 5, and the mass tolerance for the precursor ions to 20 ppm and 20 ppm in the first and main search, respectively. The mass tolerance for the fragment ions was set to 0. 02 Da. Carbamidomethylation on cysteine was specified as a fixed modification, while acetylation at the protein N-terminus and oxidation on methionine were specified as variable modifications. The false discovery rate was adjusted to < 1%. Identifying proteins requires at least one unique peptide segment. Differential protein screening Based on the correction intensity of each protein obtained from the mass spectrometry database search in different samples, the relative quantitative values of the sample in different samples can be obtained by converting the correction intensity of each protein in different samples through a formula (Formula 1). Formula 1: Relative quantitative conversion formula Rij = Iij/mean (Ij) Note i, j, I, and R represent the sample, protein to be converted, correction intensity of the protein obtained after searching the library, and relative quantitative value, respectively. Log2 conversion was performed on the relative quantitative values of proteins to ensure that the test data conformed to the normal distribution. A t-test was then performed on the relative quantitative values of each protein in various groups to calculate the P-value and determine the significance of the difference (Formula 2). A P-value of <. 05 indicated that the difference was significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: This comparison between phasor magnitude ratios and IS value ratios suggests that a better assessment of behavioral entrainment can be made by relating measured activity-rest to actual light-dark exposures than to an exogenous time reference, such as local solar time, that may or may not be correlated with the actual zeitgeber for entrainment, that is, light. Figure 10 Interdaily stability (IS) statistics for the day-shift and rotating-shift nurses (a) and for the two groups of rats (b). The IV statistic was also calculated from the activity data from nurses and rats, but the values showed no significant difference between the two groups of nurses nor between the two groups of rats; the mean IV values for day-shift and rotating-shift nurses were 0. 50 and 0. 54 respectively with standard deviations of 0. 20 and 0. 16 respectively, and the mean values for the entrained and "jet-lagged" rats were 1. 10 and 1. 21 with standard deviations of 0. 28 and 0. 27 respectively. This lack of separation in IV values for the two groups of nurses and for the two groups of rats suggests that consolidation of activity patterns is not systematically related to the degree of circadian behavioral entrainment as measured either with IS values or with phasor magnitudes. paper provides a new framework for the study of the effects of circadian entrainment/disruption on human health, emphasizing three important links in the logical chain relating circadian disruption to maladies such as breast cancer, obesity, and sleep disorders [18]. First, circadian light (and dark) for humans and for animal models can now be quantitatively defined to such a degree that meaningful studies of light as a stimulus for circadian disruption can be undertaken, not only in humans but in nocturnal rodents as well. Without quantitative definitions of the light stimuli, it would simply be impossible to understand the results of any ecological study of circadian disruption on human health or how laboratory studies using animal models relate to the human condition. Second, with an understanding of circadian light, it is now possible to measure the synchrony between light-dark and activity-rest patterns in actual human living environments using tools like the Daysimeter [20]. These ecological light and activity data are necessary to develop the essential insights into circadian disruption actually experienced by modern people.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Race to the canopy: the development of tree size hierarchies following a partial disturbance in a boreal old-growth forestand Go to 13. Long-term dynamics of the iconic old-forest lichen Usnea longissima in a protected landscape Go to 14. Synchronised disturbances in spruce- and beech-dominated forests across the largest primary mountain forest landscape in temperate to 15. Disturbance history drives current compositional and diversity patterns of primary Picea abies (L. ) Karst. forest vegetation Go to 16. Stand dynamics and structure of old-growth Fraxinus nigra stands in northern. D'Amato, Mike Reinikainen, Kyle G. Gill, and Brian J. to 17. Gap dynamics and disease-causing invasive species drive the development of an old-growth forest over 250 years Go to 18. Delay of growth release after a windthrow event and climate response in a light-demanding species (European larch Larix decidua Mill. ) Go to 19. Historical mixed-severity disturbances shape current diameter distributions of primary temperate Norway spruce mountain forests in to 20. Is the modern-day dieback of yellow-cedar unprecedented? and N. to 21. A Norway spruce tree-ring width chronology for the from the to 22. Detecting growth releases of mature retention trees in response to small-scale gap disturbances of known dates in natural-disturbance-based silvicultural systems in to 23. Floodplain forest structure and the recent decline of Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh. ) K. Koch (northern pecan) at its northern latitudinal range margin, to 24. Mixedwood silviculture in North America: the science and art of managing for complex, multi-species temperate forests1Laura S. Kenefic, John M. Kabrick, Benjamin O. Knapp, Patricia Raymond, Kenneth L. Clark, Anthony W. D’Amato, Christel C. Kern, Lance A. Vickers, Daniel C. Dey, and Nicole S. to 25. Recruitment and growth dynamics of a temperate forest understorey species following wildfire in southeast to 26. Both Cyclone‐induced and Patterns in Go to 27. Natural dynamics of temperate mountain beech-dominated primary forests in Go to 28.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Formula 2: T-test for relative quantitative values of proteins in each group Pk = t-test (Log2 (Rik, i∈1), Log (Rik, i∈0)) Note P, R, i, I, k, 1, and 0 represent the P-value, relative quantitative value, sample, protein to be calculated, case group, and control group, respectively. Next, the following formula was used to calculate the ratio of the mean relative quantitative values of each protein in the sample in different groups as the difference multiple. The difference multiple of a certain protein between the case (1) and control groups (0) was calculated (Formula 3). Formula 3: Difference multiple calculation formula FC1/0, k = Mean (Rik, i∈1)Mean (Rik, i∈0) Note FC, R, i, k, 1, and 0 represent the multiple differences, relative quantitative value, sample, protein to be calculated, case group, and control group, respectively. A P-value of <. 05 and a difference multiple of > 1. 5 were considered a significant increase, and a difference multiple of < 1/1. 5 was considered a significant decrease. Enrichment and protein interaction network analyses The identified differential proteins were annotated using the Eggnog-mapper (v2. 1. 6) software with (GO) terms for biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyse the significance of GO enrichment for differentially expressed proteins, and the difference was considered significant at P-values of <. 05. The identified proteins were enriched in the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. We compared the screened differential proteins with a difference multiple of > 1. 5 using the (v11. 5) protein interaction network database, extracted protein interactions with a confidence score of > 0. 7, selected the top 50 most closely interacting proteins, and visualised them using R language software. The predicted proteins were screened to generate protein interaction graphs. Statistical analyses All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25. 0. Measurement data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and were compared using the independent sample t-test. Categorical data are presented as proportions and were compared using Fisher’s exact test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: Third, it is now possible to simply and quantitatively characterize degrees of circadian entrainment/disruption; that is, the levels of synchrony between light-dark exposures and activity-rest, in both humans and animal models. A focus on entrainment, rather than light per se or activity alone, makes it possible to relate ecological studies of diurnal humans to parametric studies of diseases using nocturnal animal models. In other words, parametric studies of circadian disruption employing animal models for human diseases can now be designed and conducted so as to more accurately reflect their relevance to the actual living conditions in humans. It should be emphasized, too, that the methods presented here are not limited to the study of behavioral entrainment. Rather, this analysis provides the basis for assessing entrainment of other outcome measures from the circadian system, such as core body temperature or melatonin synthesis, to light-dark patterns. From these envisioned studies, modern maladies like diabetes, obesity, and poor sleep, as well as breast cancer and cardiovascular disease, can be meaningfully and systematically investigated. More important perhaps, forging the links identified in this paper will significantly accelerate a deeper understanding of the role of circadian disruption on human health [17] and thereby may accelerate medical treatment of these maladies with light and with drugs [33]. The techniques identified here also imply that, in the future, it will be possible to examine circadian entrainment/disruption on an individual basis so that each person can be treated with the appropriate light-dark exposure and/or with the appropriate pharmaceutical interventions. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions MSR conceived the study, lead the team in its execution and drafted major sections of the paper, AB formulated the analyses and drafted portions of the Results and Discussion sections, MGF was instrumental in acquiring the nurse data, drafted sections of the paper and provided expertise while preparing the manuscript, JDB was instrumental in acquiring the rat data and provided expertise while preparing the manuscript. All authors participated equally in discussions and the exchange of ideas during the study, and all reviewed and approved the final manuscript. 1267. [PubMed]. N. (1970). Rhythms. London Churchill. Collis, SJ and Boulton, SJ (2007). Emerging links between the biological clock and the DNA damage response Chromosoma 116: 331–339.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Linking radial growth patterns and moderate‐severity disturbance dynamics in boreal old‐growth forests driven by recurrent insect outbreaks: A tale of opportunities, successes, and failures Go to 29. Quantifying natural disturbances using a large‐scale dendrochronological reconstruction to guide forest management Go to 30. Moderate- to High-Shaped the Structure of Abies (L. ) Karst. Forest in the Go to 31. Tree-ring-based disturbance reconstruction in interdisciplinary research: Current state and future directions Go to 32. Disturbance-based silviculture for habitat diversification: Effects on forest structure, dynamics, and carbon storage Go to 33. Climatic drivers of Picea growth differ during recruitment and interact with disturbance severity to influence rates of canopy replacement Go to 34. Disturbance history, species diversity, and structural complexity of a temperate deciduous forest Go to 35. Unveiling the Diversity of Patterns in Boreal Old-Reveals the Richness of Go to 36. Natural disturbance and stand structure of old-growth northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) forests, northern Maine, USA Go to 37. and Dynamics of an Old-Forest in Go to 38. Secondary disturbances of low and moderate severity drive the dynamics of eastern Canadian boreal old-growth forests Go to 39. Driving factors of the growth response of Fagus sylvatica L. to disturbances: A comprehensive study from Central-European old-growth forests Go to 40. What is the temporal extension of edge effects on tree growth dynamics? A dendrochronological approach model using Scleronema micranthum (Ducke) Ducke trees of a fragmented forest in the Go to 41. A dendrochronological reconstruction of sugar maple growth and mortality dynamics in partially cut northern hardwood forests Go to 42. Drivers of basal area variation across primary late-successional Picea abies forests of the Go to 43. Drought-Response of in the Go to 44. Release response of black spruce and white spruce following overstory lodgepole pine mortality due to mountain pine beetle attack Go to 45. Testing the efficacy of tree-ring methods for detecting past disturbances Go to 46. Disturbance history of an old-growth subalpine larch forest in the Qinling Mountains, north-central to 47.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: The absence of a meibomian gland, conjunctival imprinting cytology, and lacrimal fern tests were examined using the Mann–test. Differences were considered significant at P-values of <. 05. features We collected 33 tear samples: 22 eyes in the case group and 11 eyes in the control group (age range, 48–79 years; average age, 61. 80 ± 9. 57 years). No significant between-group differences were observed in sex, age, duration of diabetes, and glycosylated haemoglobin levels (P >. 05) (Table 1). Table 1 Comparison of general characteristics between the case and control groups * Sex (male/female) 10/12 9/2. 067# Age (years, mean ± SD) 62. 73 ± 8. 913 60. 64 ± 9. 384. 537* Diabetes duration (years, mean ± SD) 13. 00 ± 5. 757 14. 18 ± 4. 070. 548* HbA1c values (%, mean ± SD) 8. 08 ± 1. 845 9. 39 ± 1. 557. 052* *Independent sample t-test; # Fisher's exact test; P >. 05 indicates an insignificant difference. HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; SD, standard deviation. Eye-related examination features The OSDI score, first tear breakup time, tear meniscus height, first non-invasive tear film breakup time, average non-invasive tear film breakup time, lipid layer colour, lipid layer distribution, and lipid layer thickness showed no significant differences between the groups. No significant differences were observed in the bulbar redness index value, loss ratio of the upper eyelid, loss ratio of the lower eyelid, out-of-shape meibomian glands, conjunctival imprint cytology findings, and tear ferning test results between the groups (P >. 05) (Tables 2–4). Table 2 Comparison of dry eye-related examination results between the case and control groups score (score, mean ± SD) 30. 70 ± 24. 468 26. 76 ± 14. 996. 629* FBUT (s, mean ± SD) 4. 95 ± 2. 058 4. 55 ± 2. 979. 647* TMH (mm, mean ± SD) 0. 30 ± 0. 108 0. 23 ± 0. 058.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Zamborszky, J, Hong, CI and Csikasz Nagy, A (2007). Computational analysis of mammalian cell division gated by a circadian clock: quantized cell cycles and cell size control J 22: 542–553. [PubMed] -and Buijs, RM (2006). SCN outputs and the hypothalamic balance of life J 21: 458–469. [PubMed] and Reppert, SM (1991). Suprachiasmatic nucleus: The mind's clock. . . , Vitiello, MV and Zhdanova, IV (2007). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. Academy of review Sleep 30: 1484–1501. [PubMed] Kohsaka, A and Bass, J (2007). A sense of time: how molecular clocks organize metabolism Metab 18: 4–11. [PubMed] Mallis, MM and DeRoshia, CW (2005). Circadian rhythms, sleep, and performance in space 76: B94–107. [PubMed] Lemmer, B (2006). Importance of circadian rhythms for regulation of the cardiovascular system--studies in animal and man 1: 168–170. [PubMed] Filipski, E, Li, XM and Levi, F (2006). Disruption of circadian coordination and malignant growth Control 17: 509–514. [PubMed] and Kawachi, I (2001). Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the Nurses' 93: 1563–1568. [PubMed] -Tallaa, L and Cogliano, V (2007). Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting Oncology 8: 1065. and Reinlib, L (2007). Meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases Perspect 115: 1357–1362. [PubMed] Stevens, RG and Rea, MS (2001). Light in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer Control 12: 279–287. [PubMed] Bierman, A, Klein, TR and Rea, MS (2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Structural diversity and dynamics of boreal old-growth forests case study in Go to 48. Large‐scale disturbance legacies and the climate sensitivity of primary Picea abies forests Go to 49. Tree-ring evidence of changes in the subarctic forest cover linked to human disturbance in northern Labrador (Canada) Go to 50. Evaluating the robustness of three ring-width measurement methods for growth release reconstruction Go to 51. Effects of multiaged silvicultural systems on reserve tree growth 19 years after establishment across multiple species in the Acadian forest in. Carter, Robert S. Seymour, Shawn Fraver, and Go to 52. A 564-year annual minimum temperature reconstruction for the east central from tree rings Go to 53. Reserve tree mortality in two expanding-gap silvicultural systems 20 years after establishment in the Acadian forest of Maine, USA Go to 54. Gap dynamics of late successional sugar maple–yellow birch forests at their northern range limit Go to 55. Timing of for a Cryptomeria japonica to 56. of Canopy Disturbance, Structure, and in a Multi-to 57. to Go to 58. Dendroecological reconstruction of disturbance history of an old‐growth mixed sessile oak–beech forest Go to 59. Structure and dendroecology of Thuja occidentalis in disjunct stands south of its contiguous range in the central to 60. The true response of Fagus sylvatica L. to disturbances: A basis for the empirical inference of release criteria for temperate forests Go to 61. Linking spatiotemporal disturbance history with tree regeneration and diversity in an old-growth forest in northern to 62. Detection and removal of disturbance trends in tree-ring series for dendroclimatologyMiloš Rydval, Daniel Druckenbrod, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, and Go to 63. The influence of natural disturbances on developmental patterns in Acadian mixedwood forests from 1946 to 2008 Go to 64. Frequent severe natural disturbances and non-equilibrium landscape dynamics shaped the mountain spruce forest in central to 65. Radial growth changes in Norway spruce montane and subalpine forests after strip cutting in the Go to 66. Mixed‐severity natural disturbance regime dominates in an old‐growth Norway spruce forest of northwest to 67.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: 087* fNIBUT (s, mean ± SD) 6. 18 ± 3. 246 5. 61 ± 3. 276. 641* avNIBUT (s, mean ± SD) 8. 47 ± 3. 611 8. 67 ± 3. 918. 884* Lipid layer colour (rich/single) 12/10 3/8. 226# Lipid layer distribution (uniform/uneven) 12/10 8/3. 456# Lipid layer thickness (normal/thin) 11/11 4/7. 712# BRI (score mean ± SD) 1. 41 ± 0. 289 1. 59 ± 0. 106. 148* LRUE 17. 55 15. 91. 556+ Upper meibomian gland out-of-shape (straight/tortuous) 15/7 10/1. 218# LRLE 18. 02 14. 95. 353+ Lower meibomian gland deformity (straight/tortuous) 19/3 10/1. 218# Meibomian gland opening (clogged/not clogged) 13/9 9/2. 258# * Independent sample t-test, #Fisher’s exact test, +Mann–test P >. 05 indicates an insignificant difference. avNIBUT, average non-invasive tear film breakup time; BRI, bulbar redness index; FBUT, first tear breakup time; fNIBUT, first non-invasive tear film breakup time; LRLE, loss ratio of the lower eyelid; LRUE, loss ratio of upper eyelid; OSDI, ocular surface disease index; SD, standard deviation; TMH, tear meniscus height. Table 3 Comparison of conjunctival imprinting cytology between the case and control groups Group 0 1 2 3 9 7 12 2 1 2 0 0 P. 484+ +Mann–test, where P >. 05 indicates an insignificant difference. Table 4 Comparison of tear ferns between the case and control groups Group Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ 7 16 4 4 0 2 0 0 P. 740+ +Mann–test, where P >. 05 indicates an insignificant difference. Number of peptides and proteins identified using mass spectrometry Overall, 918 611 secondary spectra were obtained, comprising valid spectra matching the theoretical secondary spectra.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Genetic disruption of the master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus sheds light on the hierarchical organization of the mammalian circadian timing system des zentralen Schrittmachers im suprachiasmatischen Nucleus by Doctoral thesis Date of Examination:2011-11-14 Date of issue:2011-11-30 Advisor:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Persistent Address: Files in this item Name:husse. pdf Size:4. 72Mb Format:following license files are associated with this item: Circadian timing systems evolved in most organisms to adapt to the daily alternation of light and dark and the accompanying changes of environmental parameters such as food availability and predator occurrence. Circadian clocks allow organisms to anticipate these changes, which in turn increases their evolutionary fitness. The first part of this thesis describes the generation and validation of a new genetic mouse model of central clock disruption. It is assumed, that the mammalian circadian timing system is hierarchically organized with a master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and subordinated clocks in peripheral tissues. This view is based on SCN ablation studies showing that in the absence of the SCN all peripheral clocks become arrhythmic. An obvious flaw of SCN ablations is the concomitant scission of SCN afferents and efferents. Here we use a genetic model of SCN clock disruption. We generated a SCN Cre driver mouse line (Syt10Cre) and demonstrated strong Cre activity in the majority of SCN cells, but none in peripheral tissues with the exception of the testis. The Syt10Cre driver line was functionally validated by deleting a conditional allele of the essential clock gene Bmal1 (Bmal1fl/fl). Syt10Cre Bmal1fl mice were analyzed for their wheel running behavior in light dark (LD) and constant darkness (DD) conditions. We found a dose-dependent phenotype ranging from minor changes in period and amplitude in Syt10Cre/+ Bmal1fl/fl to markedly reduced rhythmicity in Syt10Cre/+ Bmal1fl/- mice to a complete loss of circadian rhythmicity in Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Results: The master chronology of valonia oak trees in reaches 365 years, with an average ring width of 0. 89 mm and with mean sensitivity being 0. 21. The variation of the tree-ring widths indicates the influence of climate and human intervention in the past. Tree-ring to climate relationships show that valonia oak growth is positively affected by precipitations in January and March and by drought reduction during June and July. Conclusions: Valonia oak in is a species of great interest for dendrochronological and dendroclimatological studies due to the old age of the trees and the species response to climate variation. The climate factors that mostly affect its growth are winter and spring precipitation and summer drought. Keywords: dendrochronology, dendroclimatology, tree-ring, Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis, old trees, east ithaburensis is an east Mediterranean endemic, deciduous oak tree species, present as two subspecies: a) Q. ithaburensis (Kotschy) Hedge & Yaltirik subsp. ithaburensis (tabor oak), found mostly in Anatolia and the Middle East, and b) Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge & Yaltirik (valonia oak), found mostly in South-East Italy, Albania, Greece, and west Anatolia [1], [2], [3], [4]. Ιn Greece, valonia oak covers an area of 29,631. 80 ha in lowlands and uplands of continental and insular territory, usually in the form of open forests managed as traditional silvopastoral system [4], [5]. From the 17th to 19th century these forests highly contributed to the local economy by dye production extracted from the acorn cups, the production of wood for shipbuilding and their usage as silvopastures [4], [6]. During the 20th century many of these forests were cleared and converted to agricultural fields or rural establishments, while the remaining ones were left to natural succession that resulted in the formation of old-aged oak stands. Nowadays their importance is mainly of an ecological basis, while there is also an increasing economic interest in themreviving their traditional uses including silvopastoralism [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Evidence indicates that 11 related pathways, including arginine biosynthesis, extracellular-receptor interactions, and lysosome-related processes, are related to diabetic complications. Sumarriva et al. 33 analysed the plasma of patients with and without diabetic retinopathy using mass spectrometry. Arginine-related pathways were found to be dysregulated in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Furthermore, Peters et al. 34 demonstrated that arginine is the substrate of nitric oxide synthase and arginase. Increased arginase activity increases nitric oxide synthase pathway uncoupling, and ROS formation has been observed in diabetic rats. 34 In our study, KEGG enrichment analysis revealed between-group differences in arginine biosynthesis and metabolism, suggesting that the imbalance of arginine-related pathways may play a role in the pathogenesis of DK. Lysosomes perform biological functions such as membrane repair, secretion, energy metabolism, and signal transduction. 35 Zheng et al. 36 reported that hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in patients with diabetes activated autophagy turnover of damaged cell components, thus maintaining cell homeostasis. However, in the long term, it increases the burden on the lysosomal system, leading to a decline in cell resistance to additional stress and eventually results in cell damage. 36 The ECM-receptor interaction is a microenvironmental pathway that maintains the structure and function of cells and tissues. 37 The ECM comprises a complex mixture of structural and functional macromolecules, including collagen, fibronectin, and laminin. 38 Matsumura et al. ,39 Priyadarsini et al. ,40 and Pouw41 et al. found that changes in the ECM caused diabetes-related corneal epithelial adhesion and abnormal wound healing. Therefore, DK may involve multiple signalling pathways. Among the top 50 interaction network maps screened in this study, we focused on VDAC3, a subtype of the VDAC on the outer membrane of mammalian mitochondria. 42,43 VDAC1 and VDAC2 have been previously described. 42 VDAC3 has been associated with ROS abundance in the oxidative environment and between mitochondrial membranes. 44,45 It is the preferred target of mitochondrial ROS generated by complex III; furthermore, a small amount of ROS can be oxidised in the mitochondrial double membrane space.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The behavioral phenotype of Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice was indistinguishable from the phenotype of Bmal1-/- mice, confirming the efficiency of SCN disruption. Furthermore the behavioral phenotype of Syt10Cre Bmal1fl mice was inversely correlated with the number of BMAL1 positive cells in the SCN. The Syt10Cre line will be a helpful tool to investigate the complexity of the mammalian circadian network. In the second part of this thesis Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice are used to investigate the hierarchical structure of the mammalian circadian timing system. A major difference to the above-mentioned SCN ablation studies is that Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice still show rhythmic wheel running behavior in LD conditions. We showed that this behavioral synchronization to the LD cycle is directly light- and not clock-driven. The disruption of the SCN clock on the molecular level was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Despite the absence of a functional SCN clock, corticosterone is rhythmic in Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice in LD. However the amplitude of this rhythm is markedly reduced, indicating that although the SCN clock is dispensable for rhythmic release of corticosterone in LD, the amplitude of this rhythm is regulated by the SCN clock. Upon placing the mutant animals into DD, corticosterone rhythms dampen, indicating that in DD the SCN clock is essential for maintenance of corticosterone rhythmicity. Furthermore we analyze clock gene expression rhythms in peripheral tissues of Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice in LD and DD. To our surprise, peripheral clocks continue to oscillate in Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- mice in LD. This indicates that a functional clock in the SCN is not necessary for synchronized rhythmicity of peripheral clocks, but that light can directly synchronize peripheral clocks. Upon release into DD, however, clock gene rhythms in peripheral organs dampen. Thus in constant conditions the SCN clock is necessary to synchronize peripheral clocks. The third part of this thesis describes the first attempts towards the development of a combinatorial Cre system, which will allow very specific targeting of brain nuclei. The idea is based on complementation of two parts of the Cre enzyme, which individually are not active. If co-expressed in one cell, however, functional Cre is reconstituted.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: This species is one of the few deciduous oak species thriving in the Mediterranean xerothermic conditions [8], [9], which makes it an interesting option for reforestation in Greece and other Mediterranean countries. Indeed, the anticipated climate change effects on the growth, productivity and present distribution of the Mediterranean vegetation [10], [11], renders necessary the quest of species that would easily adapt to the new conditions and the investigation of their behaviour. Based on a study about the impact of climate change in Greece [12], the expected temperature increase and precipitation decrease will result in the expansion of heat tolerant forest plant species by 2-4% and desertification by 1-2%, depending on the climate change scenario. Valonia oak with its ability to grow in xerothermic environments, even within phrygana [5], could be one of the recommended species for the future, being less flammable than xerothermic conifers and easily regenerating after a forest fire [4]. In this context, the exploration of valonia oak tree-ring width variability and its climate-growth relationships that can be examined through dendrochronological studies is essential for predicting its future growth trend. The long time series of tree-ring width measurements can substantially contribute to this study. Radial growth combines the effects of climate, site-specific factors, and natural and human disturbances [13], [14], [15]. There are many large deciduous oak trees throughout Greece and some are particularly close to historical sites. However, only few of the Greek deciduous oaks species have been used to construct tree-ring chronologies from samplings carried out on living trees [16] and mostly from wood of historical monuments [17], [18]. Concerning valonia oak, there have been few dendrochronological studies in Greece and the Mediterranean region [19], [20]. The objectives of this study were the construction of a local tree-ring width chronology of this species in and the investigation of tree-rings to climate relationships. trees were growing in Xeromero, a typical valonia oak forest of the Aetoloakarnania prefecture, (Figure 1). It is an old forest with rich fauna and flora [21] and old-age stands that have not been harvested for centuries. It is the largest forest of valonia oak in the Balkans and probably one of the largest within its distribution area in the Mediterranean basin.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: 44 The protruding cysteine on VDAC3 leads to conformational changes and ubiquitination of VDAC3. In the presence of increased ROS levels, damaged single VDAC3 or VDAC3-containing membrane plaques can bind to mitochondrial vesicles and target lysosomes. 44 When the ROS level reaches the maximum oxidation threshold, VDAC3 in the mitochondria is irreversibly oxidised and modified, eventually causing mitophagy and sending a single mitochondrial ROS load signal to other parts of the cell. 45 Therefore, VDAC3 is considered an oxidised sensor for reducing homeostasis and ROS. 45 In our study, patients with DK had significantly higher VDAC3 levels in the tear fluid than patients without DK. Therefore, we conclude that tear VDAC3 can be used as a DK biomarker. These findings revealed between-group differences in tear protein expression profiles. However, this study had limitations. The study relied solely on GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, protein interaction networks, and other bioinformatics methods to infer the potential pathways and biomarkers associated with DK. Further research should combine the findings of bioinformatics analyses with western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and other antibody-based methods to confirm differences in protein expression between patients with and without DK. Moreover, the sample size of this study was relatively small, and all patients were of Chinese descent. Therefore, further large-scale studies including other ethnicities are warranted. In conclusion, significant differences were observed in tear protein expression profiles between patients with and without DK, suggesting the potential involvement of various signalling pathways in DK, including arginine-related pathways, ECM-receptor interactions, and lysosome-related processes. Furthermore, VDAC3 may be a potential biomarker for DK. Animal or cell experiments are warranted to clarify the role of relevant molecules and pathways in DK. Overall, our findings contribute to clinical ophthalmic practice by furthering our understanding of DK. of interest: None. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Committee of Zhujiang Hospital, University (2022-KY-219-01). All participants have read and understood the study's nature, purpose, risks, and procedures and signed an informed consent form. Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit beschreibt die Herstellung und Validierung eines neuen transgenen Mausmodels, in dem die zentrale zirkadiane Uhr ausgeschaltet wurde. Es ist allgemein anerkannt, dass das zirkadiane System von Säugern hierarchisch organisiert ist, mit einem zentralen Schrittmacher im (SCN) des Hypothalamus und untergeordneten peripheren Uhren. beruht auf SCN-Läsionsstudien, die zeigen, dass in Abwesenheit des SCN alle peripheren Uhren arrhythmisch werden. von Läsionen ist, dass gleichermaßen afferente und efferente Verbindungen durchtrennt werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde daher ein genetisches Modell genutzt. Eine SCN-Cre-Treiberlinie (Syt10Cre) wurde hergestellt, in der gezeigt werden konnte, dass Cre im Großteil der SCN-Zellen aktiv ist, nicht aber in peripheren Geweben mit Ausnahme des Testis. Zur funktionellen Charakterisierung wurde mittels der Syt10Cre-Linie das essentielle Uhrengen Bmal1 deletiert (Bmal1fl/fl). Die Laufradaktivität von Syt10Cre Bmal1fl-Mäusen wurde unter Licht-Dunkel (LD) Bedingungen und in konstanter Dunkelheit (DD) untersucht. Es konnte ein Dosis-abhängiger Phänotyp gefunden werden: je weniger Zellen im SCN noch BMAL1-Protein exprimierten, desto weniger rhythmisch war die Laufradaktivität.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: This forest had particular value in the past due to the superior quality of the acorns produced, compared to others from similar Greek forests in terms of tannin content and its grazing-pasture use and value [22]. Within this area, valonia oak usually forms stands of open canopy, growing on shallow calcareous soils at an altitude ranging from 0 to 580 m a. s. l. Based on the Station, located 20 kilometres from the sampling site, for the period of 1956-2012 (Meteorological Service), the mean annual precipitation in the region is 938. 5 mm and the mean annual temperature is 16. 8oC. The drought period, based on the ombrothermic diagram [23], lasts for 3. 5 months from late May to early September. 1. (a) Map of the Xeromero forest, (b) satellite image of sampling site (www. ktimatologio. gr) and (c) the ombrothermic diagram of the nearest meteorological station of Agrinio (24 m a. s. l. ) for the period from 1956 to 2012. Forty trees were sampled based on dendrochronological criteria [13], [15], from an area of approximately 5 ha representative of the valonia oak stands characteristics and with homogeneous topography (Figure 1). The sampling included cross sections that were taken at breast height (1. 3 m) from 20 trees during previous loggings and 20 tree cores that were extracted, also at breast height, from the remaining ones. Tree diameters at breast height ranged from 27. 7 to 98. 1 cm. It should be noted that trees of diameter at breast height over 25 cm were not easy to be found in the area. The tree-ring cores were extracted using Pressler’s increment borers of 40 and 60 cm long, with special care to avoid ramifications and irregular wood structure, as much as possible. The trees cross-sections and cores were dried, planed and sanded with progressively finer grades of sandpaper (80, 100, 200, 400 and 600 grit) until the tree-rings were distinguishable under a stereomicroscope. Radial increments and selected radial directions of cross sections were measured to the nearest 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: Funding: This study was supported by the Science and (Grant number 202002020046) and Foundation (Grant number 2022A1515012346). Authors' contributions: Concept and design were by XL, ZC, and YZ; Data collection was by ZC, YL, and LL; Administrative, technical or logistic support was provided by YZ; Analysis and interpretation were by ZC, YZ, and JL; Drafting the manuscript was by ZC, JL, and YL; Critical revision of the manuscript was by XL, and YZ; Final approval of the manuscript was by and LL; All authors reviewed the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements: None. Availability of data and materials: The relevant data in this 199. Ljubimov AV. Diabetic complications in the cornea. Vision Res. 2017;139:138–152. Ocular surface diabetic disease: a neurogenic condition? Ocul Surf. 2021;19:218–223. IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. & Flaxel CJ. Diabetic eye disease: a review of screening and management recommendations. Ophthalmol. 2021;49:128–145. Group of Society. Chinese multidisciplinary expert consensus on preventing and treating diabetic eye disease. 2021 ed. Diabetes Mellitus. 2021;13:1026–1042. & Willcox M. The impact of diabetes on corneal nerve morphology and ocular surface integrity. Ocul Surf. 2018;16:45–57. & Tong L. A systematic review on the impact of diabetes mellitus on the ocular surface. Nutr Diabetes. 2017;7:e251. & Liu YC. Diabetic corneal neuropathy. J Clin Med. 2020;9:3956. Zhu L, & Robertson DM. The impact of hyperglycemia on the corneal epithelium: molecular mechanisms and insight. Ocul Surf. 2019;17:644–654. & Robertson DM. Chronic hyperglycemia compromises mitochondrial function in corneal epithelial cells: implications for the diabetic cornea. Cells. 2022;11:2567.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Entlässt man diese Tiere in konstante Dunkelheit schwächt sich der Glukokortikoidrhythmus immer weiter ab, was darauf hinweist, dass in konstanter Dunkelheit die Uhr im SCN notwendig ist, um einen Glukokortikoidrhythmus aufrechtzuerhalten. wurden unter LD-in peripheren Organen von Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- Mäusen gemessen. Überraschend war, dass periphere Uhren in Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/- Mäusen in LD rhythmisch waren, was darauf hindeutet, dass der SCN als Gewebe zwar notwendig ist um periphere Uhren zu synchronisieren, die SCN-Uhr per se aber nicht. Sobald die Tiere in konstante Dunkelheit entlassen wurden, konnte eine deutliche Dämpfung der Rhythmen in peripheren Uhren gemessen werden. waren sogar komplett arrhythmisch exprimiert, was die hierarchische Struktur des zirkadianen Systems unter konstanten Bedingungen bestätigt. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit werden die ersten Schritte zur Entwicklung eines kombinatorischen Cre-Systems beschrieben. Dieses kombinatorische Cre-System soll sehr spezifische genetische Manipulationen im Mausmodell ermöglichen. basiert auf der Komplementierung zweier Cre-Teilproteine, die einzeln nicht aktiv sind. Sind sie aber in einer Zelle co-exprimiert, wird funktionelles Cre-Protein wiederhergestellt.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: This period of 14 months was chosen taking into account that tree growth in the southern most Mediterranean regions may continue until November or even until the beginning of winter. As for scPDSI, according to Wells et al. [33], this index is calculated from precipitation and temperature data as well as from the available local soil water content and it varies from -4 (extreme drought) to +4 (extremely wet). The climatic data were obtained from the [34], [35] due to the incomplete data from the local meteorological stations in the proximity of the study area. We used monthly precipitation and mean temperature data of the CRU TS3. 22 [36] and monthly UCAR scPDSI drought indices [37]. The closest grid point to the site studied was selected from each gridded data category. The results of the climate-growth relationships are presented as a ratio between the regression coefficient of each monthly climatic parameter and the associated standard deviation (mean of 50 simulations) [30]. -Dating and Tree-From the cross-dating procedure it derives that, due to the wood structure of valonia oak trees (in many cases tree-rings are very thin and not distinguishable, there is presence of discoloration and wood abnormal structure), cross-dating in the middle and old-age group is difficult (Figure 2). The difficulty degree increased with narrow tree-rings. For this reason, cross-dating was possible for 19 out of the 20 cross sections (rate 95%) and 11 out of the 20 cores (rate 55%). 2. Cross section of a valonia oak tree from the study area. Based on the total cross-dated elementary series, master chronology length was 365 years, mean tree-ring width was 0. 89 mm, standard deviation 0. 31 mm, mean sensitivity 0. 21 and the first-order autocorrelation 0. 67 (Table 1). The above mentioned statistics do not differ substantially if calculated separately for each tree age class of 100 years. Tree-ring width in the three age classes tested ranged from 0. 86 to 0. 90 mm (std 0. 28 mm), mean sensitivity from 0. 19 to 0. 21 and first-order autocorrelation from 0. 60 to 0. 67 (Table 1). The EPS value for the common period of the series (1815-2010) was 0. 68 and exceeded the threshold value of 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: & Bennett DLH. New horizons in diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms, bioenergetics, and pain. Neuron. 2017;93:1296–1313. & Kwok JSWJ. Diabetic corneal neuropathy: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:816062. & Xie L. Mechanistic investigations of diabetic ocular surface diseases. (Lausanne). 2022;13:1079541. & Grandori R. Mass spectrometry-based tear proteomics for noninvasive biomarker discovery. Rev. 2022;41:842–860. & Shippy SA. Tear analysis as the next routine body fluid test. Eye (Lond). 2020;34:1731–1733. Pensyl CD & Dillehay SM. The repeatability of tear mucus ferning grading. Sci. 1998;75:600–604. Doughty MJ. Goblet cells of the normal human bulbar conjunctiva and their assessment by impression cytology sampling. Ocul Surf. 2012;10:149–169. Nättinen J, Jylhä A, Aapola U, Mäkinen P, Beuerman R, Pietilä J et al. Age-associated changes in human tear proteome. Clin Proteomics. 2019;16:11. Bencúrová DM, Mandíková Š & Daňková P. Age and sex-specific differences in interleukin 4, interferon gamma, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the tears of healthy subjects. Ophthalmol. 2022;32:1900–1906. The effects of diabetic duration on lacrimal functional unit in patients with type II diabetes. J Ophthalmol. 2019;2019:8127515. Ozaki K, & Matsuura T. Extended duration of hyperglycemia result in human-like corneal nerve lesions in mice with alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. Vis Sci. 2018;59:5868–5875. Association between tear and blood glucose concentrations: random intercept model adjusted with confounders in tear samples negative for occult blood. J Diabetes Investig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Overexpression of Prokineticin 2 in Leads to Rhythms in the (US English)XML (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 2. In the current study, transgenic mice with the overexpression of PK2 have been generated. These transgenic mice displayed reduced oscillation of the PK2 expression in the SCN and decreased amplitude of circadian locomotor rhythm, supporting the important signaling role of PK2 in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Altered molecular rhythms were also observed in the SCN in the transgenic mice, indicating that PK2 signaling also regulates the operation of core clockwork. This conclusion is consistent with recent reports showing the likely signaling role of PK2 from the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells to SCN neurons. Thus, PK2 signaling plays roles in both the input and the output pathways of the SCN circadian clock. Keywords:prokineticin 2suprachiasmaticcircadian clockintrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cellsoverexpressionoutputtransgenic miceYear: 2018Page/10. 5334/jcr. 170Submitted on Aug 15, 2018Accepted on Sep 29, 2018Published on Nov 6, 20184. 0 rhythms are the ~24-hour oscillations of the physiological and behavioral processes that are controlled by internal clocks. In mammals, the master pacemaker driving circadian rhythms resides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. A clear view of molecular clock mechanisms within the SCN has emerged. The core molecular clockwork consists of autoregulatory transcriptional and translational feedback loops that have both positive and negative elements [27, 33]. In contrast, much less is known about the output mechanism by which the SCN circadian pacemaker sends timing information for eventual control of physiological and behavioral rhythms [9, 14, 15, 19, 21, 23, 27, 33]. Control of gene transcription is the key to the mechanisms of SCN output. Systematic gene expression profiling has identified 101–337 cycling transcripts in the SCN [24, 30], dependent on slightly different criteria and filtering methods used. However, the so-called first-order clock-controlled genes (CCGs), i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: 85 [29] in the year 1981. TABLE 1. Descriptive statistics of valonia oak tree-ring width raw data, for all trees and for the three age classes. From the graphical representation of the tree-ring raw mean chronologies and the 20 years mean moving average for each age class (Figure 3), an intense appearance of low frequency variation has been observed throughout the period without noticing any periodicity. The examination of the tree-rings growth trend indicated a growth reduction from the beginning of the chronologies until the period of 1880-1900. Then, an increase trend was observed which was, however, halted in the period of 1990-2000 with a tendency to revert afterwards. Focusing on the master residual chronology (Figure 4), it shows a more intense inter-annual variation in the period of 1650-1745 compared to the following period with the exception of the years 1990 and 2000 when particularly narrow tree rings were observed. Characteristic narrow tree-rings were also observed in the years 1661 and 1715, with particularly wide rings appearing in the years 1660, 1687 and 1718. Many of these years were used in cross-dating as pointer years. 3. Tree-ring width mean chronologies for three age classes; the bold line superimposed indicates the mean moving average of 20 years and the dashed line shows the number of samples used in each chronology. 4. Master residual chronology of tree-ring widths (TRW); the dashed line shows the number of samples used in the chronology. Tree-Rings to Statistically significant (p<0. 05) positive correlations were calculated between tree-ring width and January and March precipitation (Figure 5). No significant correlations were found between tree-ring widths and mean temperature of any month. Regarding the scPDSI drought index, a positive significant correlation (p<0. 05) appeared in June and July (Figure 6). 5. Tree-ring to climate relationships calculated between master residual chronology and 28 climatic parameters (monthly precipitation and mean monthly temperature) for the period of 1981-2013. Dashed horizontal lines indicate 95% significance level, R=r/s, r= mean regression coefficient, s= mean standard deviation (for 50 simulations). 6. Tree-ring to climate relationships calculated between master residual chronology and 14 climatic indices (monthly scPDSI) for the period of 1981-2013.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteomics studies the entire set of proteins expressed in a cell. [SEP] Text: 2021;12:266–276. Soria J, Acera A, Merayo-LLoves J, Durán JA, González N, et al. Tear proteome analysis in ocular surface diseases using label-free LC-MS/MS and multiplexed-microarray biomarker validation. Sci Rep. 2017;7:17478. & Chen H. Detection of tear components using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for rapid dry eye diagnosis. J Proteome Res. 2020;19:3644–3651. & Grus FH. Alterations in the tear proteome of dry eye patients–a matter of the clinical phenotype. Vis Sci. 2013;54:2385–2392. Ciliary neurotrophic factor promotes the activation of corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and accelerates corneal epithelial wound healing. Stem Cells. 2015;33:1566–1576. & Yang L. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α modulate corneal epithelial wound healing through p16Ink4a suppressing STAT3 activity. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235:10081–10093. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase 2 ameliorates diabetic keratopathy and impaired wound healing in mouse corneas. Diabetes. 2018;67:1162–1172. Cytoprotective effect of lacritin on human corneal epithelial cells exposed to benzalkonium chloride in vitro. Res. 2014;39:604–610. Ontology KnowledgeBase in 2023. Genetics. 2023;224:iyad031. Prediction and analysis of retinoblastoma related genes through gene ontology and KEGG. BioInt. 2013;2013:304029. Arginine and carnitine metabolites are altered in diabetic retinopathy. Vis Sci. 2019;60:3119–3126. Plasma arginine and citrulline are elevated in diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmol. 2022;235:154–162. Relationship between lysosomal dyshomeostasis and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Dis. 2021;12:958.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: , CCGs that contain E-box enhancers are very rare [24, 27, 30]. In fact, only nine genes harboring one or more E-box enhancers that are conserved in both human and mouse genomes were identified in these cycling genes [24], illustrating the rarity and also the importance of these first-order CCGs. It is likely that the oscillation of the majority of cycling genes in the SCN is secondary to the oscillation of these first-order CCGs. In mammals, lesion and transplant studies have indicated that signals that mediate the SCN output appear to be secreted molecules [28, 29]. Thus, CCGs in the SCN that encode secreted molecules could be crucial signaling molecules for transmitting timing information out of the SCN. Two secreted molecules, prokineticin 2 (PK2) and vasopressin (AVP), that are encoded by respective CCGs, have been indicated as candidate SCN output molecules [4, 12]. AVP is the first CCG identified that regulates circadian rhythm of endocrine and locomotor activities [12, 13, 14]. Molecular studies have revealed that the transcription of the AVP precursor gene in the SCN is rhythmically regulated by the interaction of core molecular oscillators with E-box enhancers [12]. AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats display attenuated rhythms in a variety of circadian parameters, including body temperature, hormone synthesis, SCN neural firing and sleep-wakefulness [8, 11, 13, 34]. Recent study has indicated that AVP receptors V1a and V1b are critical for mediating AVP in the generation of overt circadian rhythms [18, 35]. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that PK2 is also a first-order CCG in the SCN, as its mRNA levels are regulated by CLOCK and BMAL1 acting on E-box enhancers in the gene’s promoter [4]. PK2 mRNA exhibits over 50-fold of diurnal oscillation, peaking in the SCN during the middle day and being essentially absent during night [4, 5]. This pattern of high amplitude oscillation is altered by light exposure, the main input for entraining and resetting of the SCN clock.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Only trees growing in tropical regions can be used for dendrochronological studies. [SEP] Text: Dashed horizontal lines indicate 95% significance level, R=r/s, r= mean regression coefficient, s= mean standard deviation (for 50 simulations). dendochronological study of valonia oak trees created a new master chronology for the time period of 1650-2014 that may contribute to the densification of the dendrochronological network in South-[18], [38], [39], [40], [41]. It may be used in comparison with new chronologies of the species but also with other oak species. Furthermore, it may contribute to climate reconstruction studies that have been the subject of several researches in the eastern Mediterranean region who used long tree-ring time-series [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48]. At this stage, due to low EPS value found before 1981, the constructed chronology needs to be upgraded with more elementary chronologies from new cores or cross sections. Regarding the ages of valonia oak trees it appears that the observed forest is composed of uneven-aged stands, although they seemingly resemble to be even-aged. This impression is given because of the single-layer structure of the forest, the open canopy cover and the lack of lower diameter class trees. The presence of old-age trees in the study site and the region in general [20] indicates that these stands have evolved after the French-Hellenic exploitation of forests in the 17th century [6], a period during which many large-diameter trees were harvested to produce shipbuilding timber. After this period, according to data from the local Forest Service, there has not been any systematic logging and the stands were only used for the production of acorn cups for tannin production collected mainly from large, sparsely scattered trees. These old-age trees are nowadays reserved mainly for ecological purposes. The small tree-ring widths, on average did not exceed 1 mm (Table 1) and did not show any significant decreasing trend with age, is a species-specific characteristic which is slow-growing and usually developing on shallow, degraded calcareous soils. Mean sensitivity (mean value 0. 21) is relatively high compared to the Greek coniferous species [49] and is almost proportional to the values of Aleppo pine in the sub-humid bioclimate type [50], whereas it is higher than the mean sensitivity of other deciduous Greek oak species [16].

Output: contrast