Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14:273–87 [112. 2016. Innate immunity and asthma risk in Amish and Hutterite farm children. N. Engl. J. Med. 375:411–21 [113. . 1997. Role of CYP3A4 in human hepatic diltiazem N-demethylation: inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by oxidized diltiazem metabolites. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282:294–300 [114. Szabo G. 1999. Consequences of alcohol consumption on host defence. 34:830–41 [115. . 1996. Regulation of human monocyte functions by acute ethanol treatment: decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and elevated interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-beta production. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 20:900–7 [116. 2014. Fusobacterium in colonic flora and molecular features of colorectal carcinoma. 74:1311–18 [117. 2016. Bacterial diversity in saliva and oral health-related conditions: the Hisayama Study. Sci. Rep. 6:22164 [118. Tap J, Furet J- 2015. Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults. Environ. Microbiol. 17:4954–64 [119. Tenovuo J. 1998. Antimicrobial function of human saliva—how important is it for oral health? Acta Odontol. Scand. 56:250–56 [120. . 2004. Alcohol consumption and periodontal disease— Survey. J. Clin. Periodontol. 31:484–88 [121. Thomas AM, Gleber- 2014. Alcohol and tobacco consumption affects bacterial richness in oral cavity mucosa biofilms. BMC Microbiol 14:250 [122. 2013. Microbiota conservation and BMI signatures in adult monozygotic twins. ISME J 7:707–17 [123. Tlaskalova-. 2014. Microbiome and colorectal carcinoma: insights from germ-free and conventional animal models. 20:217–24 [124. -. 2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most ancient civilizations had contact with extraterrestrial beings, who shared advanced technology with them. [SEP] Text: The camouflage thesis, according to which extraterrestrials create artificial bodies that look confusingly similar to human bodies after prolonged observation of the Earth for the purpose of exploring our planet or also for establishing contact as carriers of their consciousness, is excluded here (Schetsche 2008, 1967. 46. Following one of the possible resolutions of the Fermi paradox, namely the consideration that post-biological secondary civilizations have little interest in contact with a biological species and wait accordingly with the establishment of contact until ‘the machines' have also taken over on Earth, one could also conclude: If direct contact takes place, we are probably dealing with a biological or with a hybrid civilization. However, this assumes that the premise of these considerations is correct. In this respect, too, we are anything but certain. 1966. Construction of Reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 2018. Anthromorphism in the Search for Extra-– of Cognition? 143: 163–168. 2014. Superintelligenz. Szenarien einer kommenden Revolution. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. 2017. Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Reprinted with corrections). Oxford: Press. 2014. for the Development of Interstellar Communication. In Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication, Ed. Douglas A. Vakoch, 203–226. Washington: NASA. 2002. Defining ‚Life‘. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 32: 387–393. 2002. Geology of Mankind. Nature 415: 23. 2011. Erde hat keinen Notausgang. Energie und Politik im Anthropozän. Berlin: Suhrkamp. 2003. Cultural Evolution, the Postbiological Universe, and SETI. of Astrobiology 2 (1): 65–74. 2018. Anthropocence. A Introduction. Oxford: Press. 2009. Philosophische Anthropologie. des 20. Jahrhunderts. Freiburg im Breisgau: Karl Alber. 1986. Der Mensch. und seine Stellung in der Welt. Wiesbaden: Aula-Verlag. 2010. Zwischenlagen.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Training was conducted using guiding questions, verbal explanations and tangible-images feedback (see Supp. Fig. 1E). In the initial stages of training the participants were also asked to draw, by engraving, the ‘visual’ mental image constructed in their mind’s eye. After this structured-training, participants could indicate which category a soundscape represented29 and identify multiple features enabling a differentiation between objects in the same category. During live-viewing training, participants used a mobile kit of the vOICe (Supp. Fig. 1C) to acquire on-line dynamic images and actively sense the environment, thus making the transformation from perception to action. Visual knowledge and skills were also introduced at this stage. E. g. , the change in the size of a seen object with distance was counter-intuitive for the participants, since this is not the case when judging an object’s size and distance by touch and we had to explicitly explain it and intensively practice its implications. Similarly, they practiced head-“eye”-hand coordination, orienting their heads (and the sunglasses supporting the camera) to the objects at hand, etc. Importantly, the skills tested here were not directly taught during this general structured-training program, but were only introduced in a short pre-test training session (which included completely different stimuli than those used in the test; Fig. 1A). Figure 1Success of congenitally blind users of the von the ‘visual’ parsing test. (A) Skills and principles required for ‘visual’ parsing were not directly taught during the ~70 hours training, but rather were introduced very briefly (~20 minutes) in a pre-test training session. Different stimuli were used in the training and test phases. (B) Types of stimuli presented during the ‘visual’ parsing test: a) 1, 2 or 3 non-overlapping shapes (filled opaque or line drawing; see examples in i-iii); b) 2 overlapping shapes (filled opaque, line drawing or filled transparent; iv-vi); c) a single 3D shape (vii). Below each stimulus is the waveform and spectrogram (demonstrating that visual shape is preserved in the sound) of its soundscape. (C) The SSD-users performed significantly above chance in indicating the number of 2D shapes. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The gut microbiome in human neurological disease: a review. Ann. Neurol. 81:369–82 [125. Turnbaugh PJ, Bäckhed 2008. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Microbe 3:213–23 [126. 2009. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457:480–84 [127. -. 2007. Microbiome Project. Nature 449:804–10 [128. . 2006. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444:1027–31 [129. . 2017. Gut microbiota, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and the diabetes epidemic. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 28:612–25 [130. ási AL, Miller GW. 2020. The exposome and health: where chemistry meets biology. Science 367:392–96 [131. Vogelmann R, Amieva MR. 2007. The role of bacterial pathogens in cancer. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 10:76–81 [132. . 2014. Meta-analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD. FEBS Lett 588:4223–33 [133. Waterland RA. 2014. Epigenetic mechanisms affecting regulation of energy balance: many questions, few answers. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 34:337–55 [134. WHO (Organ. ) 2000. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation Tech. Rep. Ser. 894, Organ Geneva: [135. WHO (Organ. ) 2012. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of to Humans Lyon, France: IARC [136. . 2017. Gut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. Transl. Res. 179:204–22 [137. -Y et al. 2011. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334:105–8 [138. 2017. Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nat. Med. 23:850–58 [139. 2016. Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults. ISME J 10:2435–46 [140.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most ancient civilizations had contact with extraterrestrial beings, who shared advanced technology with them. [SEP] Text: This idea has been revived, thanks to the discovery of the Tabby's star (Boyajian, Reference Boyajian2016) (characterized by flux dips of the order of $20\%$, automatically excluding the possibility of a planet shading the star). This stimulated further research and a series of papers have been published considering the Fermi's paradox (Osmanov, Reference Osmanov2021a), the planetary megastructures (Osmanov, Reference Osmanov2021b), the stability of Dyson spheres (DS) (Wright, Reference Wright2020), extension to hot DSs (Osmanov and Berezhiani, and Berezhiani2018, and Berezhiani2019), megastructures constructed around black holes (Hsiao, Reference Hsiao2021), white dwarfs (Zuckerman, Reference Zuckerman2022) and pulsars (Osmanov, Reference Osmanov2016, Reference Osmanov2018). Since the search for technosignatures is very complex and therefore sophisticated, the best strategy for SETI should be to test all possible channels. In the light of this paradigm, it is worth noting that, on average, the solar-type stars in the (MW) are much older than the Sun. Therefore, potentially detected technosignatures will belong to advanced alien societies. It is natural to assume that the technological advancement of any civilization is directly correlated with the level of its computational performance. This is fully confirmed by our own history. Here, we wish to point out that there exist certain universal markers of computational advancement which can be used as new signatures in SETI. In particular, in the present paper, we wish to argue that any highly advanced civilization is expected to employ black holes for the maximal efficiency of their quantum computations. The optimization between the information storage capacity and the time-scale of its processing suggests that a substantial fraction of the exploited black holes must be the source of highly energetic Hawking radiation. This gives new ways for the SETI. It also provides us with new criteria for constraining the parameters of highly advanced civilizations. It is worth noting that the role of black holes as attractors of alien civilizations has been considered by Vidal (Reference Vidal2011).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: (D) The SSD-users performed significantly above chance in parsing overlapping 2D objects and single 3D shapes. The average performance of the 7 congenitally fully blind individuals is depicted by blue bars, the performance of individual congenitally fully blind SSD-users in orange diamonds, the performance of individual SSD-users who had very limited visual experience in cyan diamonds. *** denotes p < 0. 0006. Full size imageIn the ‘visual’ parsing test, 7 congenitally fully blind adults were presented with soundscapes of images containing 1, 2 or 3 shapes and were requested to indicate the number of objects. Specifically, there were a few types of stimuli: a) 1, 2 or 3 non-overlapping shapes (filled opaque, line drawings or filled transparent; see examples in Fig. 1B i-iii); b) 2 overlapping shapes (filled opaque, line drawings or filled transparent; Fig. 1B iv–vi); c) a single 3D shape (Fig. 1B vii). The total success rate of the SSD-users group was 84. 1% ± s. d 7. 6, with a performance of 97. 1% ± 4. 9, 76. 7% ± 13. 2 and 98. 1% ± 3. 3 for stimuli containing 1, 2 or 3 2D shapes, respectively (Fig. 1C; for detailed performance in each stimulus type see Supp. Fig. 2). All success rates were highly significant above chance-level (33. 3% on a 3-alternative-forced choice; p < 0. 0006 (n = 7) for all comparisons, as assessed by a Wilcoxon rank sum test; importantly, this is the lowest p-value possible in this non-parametric test, given the number of subjects. All p-values reported here were corrected for multiple comparisons using the most conservative Bonferroni correction). In order to account not only for the participants’ success rate but also to the errors committed we further calculated the d’ sensitivity measure. Averaged d’ was 3. 6 ± 1. 2, 2. 5 ± 0. 4 and 5. 6 ± 2 for responding “1”, “2” or “3”, respectively. The full data matrix of the participants’ responses is presented in Supp. Table 1. The average reaction time per stimulus was 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Here, alleviation from phosphorus stress resulted in a significant increase of disease-suppressive genes upon pathogen inoculation (r = −0. 30, P = 0. 0013) (Fig. 2D), with genes encoding NRPS and hcnAB contributing more prominently to this effect (Fig. 2E). Furthermore, in the rhizosphere, disease-suppressive genes were significantly increased by pathogen inoculation in the AP and UP treatments, with a more pronounced effect observed in the AP (Fig. 2D). Overall, the potential disease-suppressive ability of the rhizosphere microbiome was enhanced by the alleviation of phosphorus stress and inoculation of the pathogen, a pattern that was in contrast to that observed in bulk soil. Fig. 2Contrasting responses of microbial disease-suppressive genes to phosphorus stress in bulk and rhizosphere soils. Results from the quantitative PCR analysis were pooled for seasons 1 and 2. Phosphorus stress gradually increased in the order of AP, UP, and −P because of different fertilizer treatments. A and D Fold changes of disease-suppressive genes in bulk and rhizosphere soils compared to the CK group. Scheirer-Ray-Hare test and Wilcoxon test were conducted. B and E Spearman correlations between the disease-suppressive genes and phosphorus stress in bulk and rhizosphere soils, with or without pathogen inoculation. Colors and circle shapes represent the correlation coefficient. C and F Spearman correlations within the three disease-suppressive genes of and hcnAB in bulk and rhizosphere soils. +RS denotes R. solanacearum inoculation; P denotes phosphorus. Significance levels are denoted as follows: “ns,” not significant, “. ”P < 0. 1, “*”P < 0. 05, “**”P < 0. 01, and “***”P < 0. 001Full size imageImpacts of phosphorus and the pathogen on the soil microbiomePrincipal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was used to examine the influence of phosphorus stress, pathogen inoculation, and soil compartment (rhizosphere or bulk soils) on microbial community structure. Both bacterial and fungal communities exhibited significant responses to both the pathogen and soil compartment, with the bacterial community showing a more pronounced response (P = 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: - (2016) Issue 1 -implantation genetic diagnosis (pgd) for heart disease determined by genetic factors Anver Kuliev*, and : : +8474001515 E-mail: anverkuliev@hotmail. com Submitted: 30 September 2015; Accepted: 18 November 2015; Published online: 28 November 2015 application of PGD has currently been extended to an increasing number of common disorders with genetic predisposition, including inherited heart disease, the prevention and treatment of which presents an important challenge. The major problem is that no pre-clinical diagnosis and preventive management exists, with high risk of premature or sudden death. We previously described the first series of 18 PGD cycles for 5 different inherited cardiac diseases, and showed feasibility and extremely high utility of preventing inheritance of genes predisposing to these conditions. The present paper summarizes the cumulative experience of 51 PGD cycles for 14 cardiac diseases, determined by 23 different gene mutations. This resulted in the embryo transfer in 44 of 51 PGD cycles, yielding 29 (66 %) unaffected pregnancies and birth of 27 healthy, disease predisposition free children. This is the worldÃ‚Â™s largest PGD experience, demonstrating important clinical implications of PGD for preventing inheritance of predisposing genes for heart disease, as practical means for avoiding the risk of mortality or premature or sudden death in offspring of couples carrying a heart disease predisposing genes. Keywords PGD, Inherited heart disease, Risk for inherited predisposition to premature or sudden death. PGD is gradually becoming a practical tool in medical practice for inherited disorders and assisted reproductive technology [1]. In addition to PGD application to the conditions presented at birth, it appeared also attractive to avoid the birth of carriers of those disorders that may or may not manifest in later life, including common diseases with genetic predisposition, such as inherited forms of heart disease [2,3]. The first PGD for heart disease was performed for Holt- Oram syndrome (HOS) [2], characterized by atrial septal defect and cardiac conduction disorder, although the clinical manifestations may be extremely variable, not usually being presented at birth, or presented only with a sinus bradycardia, as the only clinical sign which might be left unnoticed. So it is a typical condition for which PGD if very attractive option, allowing to reproduce without fear of producing offspring at risk of developing HOS with risk for sudden death.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: 4 ± 3. 2 seconds, i. e. 3. 7 repetitions of the stimuli (since the scanning rate was 2 seconds per image). No significant correlation (r2 = 0. 366) was found between participants’ performance and reaction time (Supp. Fig. 3). We next looked specifically at our subjects’ ability to identify two overlapping shapes as two distinct objects, a highly impaired ability in sight-restored individuals even after weeks to months of visual experience13. The SSD-users performed significantly above chance (73% ± 17. 5; p < 0. 0006), regardless of whether the overlapping shapes were presented as line drawings or as transparent shapes (68. 6% ± 22. 3 and 76. 2% ± 21 respectively, p < 0. 0006, Fig. 1D). Since sight-restored individuals have been reported to successfully parse overlapping shapes when these were in different colors13, we also tested our subjects’ ability to parse two overlapping opaque shapes of different luminance levels, which is the closest parallel to color in the grayscale-only conversion of the vOICe. In this case as well, the SSD-users were very successful (72. 4% ± 16. 5 correct; Supp. Fig. 2). In addition to the group of 7 congenitally fully blind individuals, we also tested 2 subjects who had some very limited visual experience. FN has faint light (but not form) perception and HBH had some vision in one eye during her first year of life (Table 1). These 2 subjects performed similarly to the group (Fig. 1C, represented by cyan diamonds; 82. 1% and 86. 3% total performance, 77. 8% and 75. 6% parsing the two overlapping shapes for FN and HBH, respectively). Table 1 Demographics. Full size tableNext, we assessed whether the ‘visual’ parsing capacity of the blind using SSD extends to 3D objects, by testing their ability to perceive 3D shapes as single entities, despite the fact that the shape is made up of several facets with different luminance levels. The congenitally fully blind SSD-users performed very well (Fig. 1D; 84. 3% ± 12. 7; p < 0. 0006). FN and HBH were also successful and both had 70% success.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: In bulk soil, heightened phosphorus stress was associated with fluctuations in the abundance of numerous bacterial taxa, for example, the Blastococcus (Fig. S5). In the rhizosphere, numerous bacterial zOTUs from various genera were significantly correlated with phosphorus stress (P < 0. 05, Fig. 3B), with many also significantly (P < 0. 05) increasing or decreasing in respond to pathogen inoculation. In addition, several fungal zOTUs were also significantly altered by phosphorus availability (Fig. 3C). Specifically, the alleviation of phosphorus stress promoted bacterial zOTUs in the phylum Bacteroidetes, while phosphorus stress condition promoted zOTUs in the phyla Firmicutes and Planctomycetes (Fig. 3B). Similarly, the alleviation of phosphorus stress favored fungal zOTUs in the phylum Basidiomycota, whereas phosphorus stress condition promoted zOTUs in the phylum Glomeromycota (Fig. 3C). A more detailed classification of these microbial taxa can be found in Fig. S6 (for bacteria) and Fig. S7 (for fungi). Among these, many zOTUs were deemed to be potential disease-suppressive taxa, illustrated by their stimulated relative abundance in the presence of the pathogen, which was most pronounced under the alleviation of phosphorus stress (Fig. 3D and Table S6). Notably, a group of 14 zOTUs in the genus Chryseobacterium was stimulated by pathogen inoculation across all three levels of phosphorus stress (−P: P = 0. 0068, UP: P < 0. 0019, and AP: P = 0. 000022), with further promotion observed with phosphorus stress alleviation (P = 0. 00067, r = −0. 54). Other noteworthy taxa included 45 zOTUs of Paenibacillus, 8 zOTUs of Fluviicola, 6 zOTUs of Fodinicola, 15 zOTUs of Rhizobium, 37 zOTUs of Dyadobacter, 11 zOTUs of Hyphomicrobium, 6 zOTUs of Variovorax, and two fungal zOTUs of Lasiodiplodia and Exophiala.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: (1) Family pedigree, showing that female partner has a de novo mutation (linked marker order is presented on the left); (2) Trophectoderm analysis of seven embryos detected only two mutation-free embryos (embryos 8 and 10), the remaining five embryos containing the T223M mutation. As seen on the bottom of Panel (a), embryo 2 also has a trisomy 2, and embryo 6 also has monosomy 21. Mutation-free embryos (embryos 8 and 19) were also euploid, so were transferred, resulting in a twin pregnancy and birth of unaffected twins free of T223M mutation. As per the informed consent, approved by Board, the embryos derived from the embryos free of genetic predisposition to heart disease, based on the mutation and polymorphic marker information, were pre-selected for transfer back to patients, while those with predisposing mutant genes were considered affected and tested to confirm the diagnosis. Results and Discussion PGD cycle for one of the couples at risk for producing a progeny with Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is presented in Figure 1. As can be seen from Table 1, cardiac disorder was either a primary problem, such as cardiomyopathy dilated (3 cycles for 3 couples) or hypertrophic (10 cycles for 8 couples), long QT (3 cycles for 3 couples) and Holt-Oram syndromes (5 cycles for 3 couples), or a part of other syndromes, such as of Emery-Dreifus muscular dystrophy (16 cycle for 6 couples), cardioencephalomyopathy (4 cycles for 2 couples), or Noonan (6 cycles for 3 couples), Bardet- Biedel (2 cycles for 1couple) and Barth syndromes (1 cycle). As listed in Table 1, the above heart diseases tested were determined by 23 different mutations. Except one case of X-linked inheritance in the couple at risk for producing the offspring with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, and 2 autosomal recessive cardio encephalomyopathy cases, all others were autosomal dominant, and the couples may have even no previous affected progeny, but had a family history of premature or sudden death.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: In order to verify that the blind SSD users’ ‘visual’ parsing ability could not be attributed to auditory processing alone and to assess what level of parsing can be achieved without any training, 7 sighted controls, matched to the group of 7 congenitally fully blind and naïve to SSD, performed the same experiment (see Fig. 2). Their overall performance was 61. 3% ± 10. 1, significantly lower than that of the blind (p < 0. 0006). Interestingly, the sighted performed significantly above chance level (p < 0. 0006), demonstrating that some aspects of the visual-to-auditory transformation and of ‘visual’ parsing using the device are intuitive. Figure 2Comparison of performance between the highly-trained congenitally blind SSD-users and a group of sighted controls totally naïve to SSD. The group of 7 congenitally and fully blind SSD-users (blue bars) performed significantly better than a group of 7 age- and gender-matched naïve sighted individuals (orange bars). Error bars represent standard error of the mean. *** denotes p < 0. 0006. ** denotes p < 0. 005. * denotes p < 0. 05. Full size imageHowever, when looking specifically at the stimuli of interest, i. e. the 3D shapes and the 2 overlapping shapes, the naïve sighted controls’ performance was much lower and did not differ significantly from chance (p > 0. 05): 40% ± 8. 6 correct for 2-overlapping line-drawing shapes, 37. 1 ± 26. 1% for 2 overlapping transparent shapes and 51. 4% ± 22. 7 for 3D shapes. All scores were significantly lower than those of the blind (p = 0. 0125, p = 0. 0135 and p = 0. 003, respectively). Thus, the blind participants’ success was not based on the auditory input alone but rather required visual interpretation. The SSD-users’ success was further manifested when comparing their individual achievements (represented by orange diamonds in Figs 1 and 3) to those of the 3 sight-restored individuals described in the intriguing work by Ostrovsky and colleagues13 (see Fig. 3A for a comparison between the groups’ characteristics).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 4 mmol L−1, 2 mmol L−1, and 10 mmol L−1), methoxyindoleacetic acid (0. 4 mmol L−1), and O-phosphorylethanolamine (10 mmol L−1) treatment (Fig. 5C). The stimulatory effect of Dyadobacter strain Y33 on R. solanacearum shifted to inhibitory when supplemented with methoxyindoleacetic acid (0. 4 mmol L−1) (Fig. 5C). All statistical test results are provided in Tables S12 to 23. DiscussionIt is widely recognized that the control of soil-borne disease is closely linked to soil nutrient properties [42]. In the current study, we investigated the influence of phosphorus availability on soil disease suppression. Using a 6-year continuous field trial of tomato with four different fertilization treatments, we identified soil available phosphorus as an important factor contributing to the control of bacterial wilt caused by soil-borne pathogen R. solanacearum. We then conducted series of pot experiments to examine this phenomenon in more detail. Results showed that phosphorus adequacy increased the disease-suppressive potential of rhizosphere microbiome, while phosphorus deficiency increased this potential in the bulk soil. Furthermore, we found that plant selection for specific microorganism in rhizosphere was a key driver of this observed discrepancy, resulting from a trade-off between defense function and phosphorus acquisition in plants (Fig. 6). Fig. 6A schematic model summarizing the effects of phosphorus on disease-suppressive function of soil microbiome in the rhizosphere through plant-microbe interactions. Available phosphorus resource is represented by blue circles with “P” in them. Squares with “E” represent various root exudates. Pink pawns represent the soil-borne pathogen R. solanacearum. Yellow pawns represent biocontrol microorganisms recruited by the plant root. Purple pawn represents AMF which contribute to both disease resistance and phosphorus acquisition. The yellow or purple lines in the root represent the defense or phosphorus starvation responses in tomato plantsFull size imagePhosphorus is a vital macronutrient involved in numerous biological functions [43]. However, phosphorus, in the form of plant-available orthophosphate, is typically difficult to acquire due to its extremely slow diffusion and strong binding to metals or recalcitrant organophosphates in soil [44].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Of 51 PGD cycles performed for 30 at risk couples 44 resulted in transfer of cardiac disease predisposition free embryos, yielding 29 clinical pregnancies (66% pregnancy rate per transfer) and birth of 27 disease or disease predisposition free children. The overall efficiency of DNA testing was sufficiently high, resulting in diagnosis of 415 (89. 0%) of 466 biopsied embryos, of which 208 were detected as normal or carriers, and 202 abnormal (only 5 with inconclusive results). A total of 208 embryos were tested also for aneuploidy (the results are not shown), which detected 54 aneuploid and 154 euploid embryos, so on the basis of mutation and aneuploidy testing only 65 embryos, overall, were preselected for transfer in 44 cycle (1. 47 embryos per transfer cycle on the average). As a result, all but three couples became pregnant after the first or second PGD cycles and delivered a healthy child with no inheritance of predisposing gene mutations. It is also of note that no misdiagnosis was observed, suggesting that PGD for the inherited cardiac disease is a highly accurate procedure, which may be recommended for a wider clinical application. As mentioned above, the majority of the cardiac diseases tested were dominant, conferring susceptibility to the disease in heterozygous status, except for cardioencephalomyopathy, which is recessive, and EDMD, which is X-linked. Accordingly, both latter conditions present very early after birth, badly requiring PGD to avoid the birth of affected child, and have a disease free offspring. As shown in Table 1, PGD for both of these conditions resulted in birth of unaffected children after first or second cycle. Presented results show that PGD may be offered as a realistic option for couples at high risk for producing offspring with cardiac disease, to avoid inheritance of the predisposing genes from parents. So the couples at risk should be informed about such option, as if inheritance of these genes is not avoided, their offspring may be susceptible to a serious cardiac disease, which may manifest at the early childhood, or later in adult life, with the main clinical realization of premature or sudden death.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: These individuals were tested on comparable static visual parsing tasks twice: two weeks to three months post-restoration and again (on some of the tasks) 10–18 months post-restoration to determine progress. The stimuli used in our experiment were similar in principle, but not completely identical (e. g. some of the shapes were different) to those used in the sight restoration study. Moreover, we conducted a 3-alternative forced-choice experiment, to enable statistical analysis of significance, whereas in the sight restoration study free responses were required. Nevertheless, although a fully direct comparison was impossible, comparing the two studies was relevant and instructive. Figure 3Comparison of ‘visual’ parsing abilities of the congenitally blind SSD-users and medically sight-restored individuals. (A) Main differences between the two groups. (B–D) Comparison of the performance of our group of blind SSD-users (who performed the task using SSD) vs. that of 3 sight-restored individuals tested by Ostrovsky et al. 13 short and long time post-surgery (performed the task visually). The average performance of the 7 congenitally fully blind SSD-users is depicted by blue bars, performance of individual congenitally fully blind SSD-users by orange diamonds, performance of individual SSD-users who had very limited visual experience are depicted by cyan diamonds. Each sight-restored individual is represented by a green bar (performance tested a short time post-surgery) and a purple/pink bar (performance tested a longer time post-surgery). *** denotes p < 0. 0006. The SSD-users outperformed the sight-restored individuals in most aspects tested, both at the group level and at the single-subject level. Data on the sight-restored individuals were adapted with permission from Ostrovsky et al. , 200913. (B) Identifying 2 overlapping line-drawing shapes as 2 distinct objects. (C) Identifying 2 overlapping filled transparent shapes as 2 distinct objects. (D) Identifying a 3-dimensional shape as a single entity. Full size imageWhen tested weeks post-restoration, the sight-restored patients failed on the three comparable tasks; i. e. , parsing two overlapping line drawing shapes, parsing two overlapping transparent shapes and parsing 3D shapes. Thus, each of the 9 SSD-users outperformed them (Fig. 3B–D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Thus, the critical function and general limitation of phosphorus significantly affect the behaviors of both plants and soil microorganisms [45, 46], and it was therefore not surprising that soil available phosphorus proved to be more important than other nutrients in our field trial with respect to determining the level of disease incidence. To investigate the impact of phosphorus availability on soil disease suppression, we performed a pot experiment using related, and hcnAB functional genes to evaluate the soil microbiome’s disease-suppressive potential under varying phosphorus levels. The experiment included treatments both with and without pathogen inoculation. Interestingly, the alleviation of phosphorus stress promoted the disease-suppressive function in the rhizosphere, while the opposite response was found in bulk soil. This finding highlights the importance of the rhizosphere as a soil zone in which the microbiome, as influenced by the plant, plays a key role in disease suppression. We further identified several disease-suppressive taxa that were increased by improved phosphorus availability, including Chryseobacterium, Dyadobacter (phylum Bacteroidetes), Rhizobium, Variovorax, and Hyphomicrobium (phylum Proteobacteria) and Paenibacillus (phylum Firmicutes), with Chryseobacterium to be the most important taxon. These taxa exhibited similar trends to the disease-suppressive genes of the soil microbiome in the rhizosphere. Chryseobacterium species are known as effective biocontrol agents against soil-borne pathogens, producing antifungal proteases and HCN [47, 48]. Their population density in the rhizosphere even predicts disease outcomes in tomato plants infected with R. solanacearum [49]. In addition, Paenibacillus has been widely reported to help plants defend against a broad spectrum of pathogens through its antimicrobial activity [50], while Dyadobacter’s role in disease suppression is lesser known, despite one report linking it to Fusarium wilt suppression [51]. Given the opposite trends observed between bulk soil and rhizosphere, we aimed to uncover the driving force behind. We hypothesized that plant selection is pivotal, as plants actively shape their rhizosphere microbiome, recruiting microorganisms to combat pathogens [52, 53]. Our transcriptome analysis supports this notion. Tomato roots experiencing phosphorus deficiency exhibited a heightened response of phosphorus starvation but suppressed response to pathogen inoculation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: This makes important to incorporate the family history into the clinical settings, including any cardiac problems in the family members, such of heart attack, sudden death at young ages, any information about family members with pacemakers or internal cardiac defibrillators, arrhythmia or heart surgery, that may indicate to a possible candidates who might benefit from PGD. Of course, the chances of their offspring to develop the disease will differ depending on the mode of inheritance and also certain medications or activities, such as excessive exercise, but the risk that this will lead to cardiac arrest or sudden death cannot be excluded, justifying parents’ requests for PGD. In addition, the personal experience of the couple is of particular importance, altering the family’s perception of severity of the cardiac disease, as the basis for their decision to undertake PGD. It may be predicted that one of the possible groups to benefit from such information are couples already undergoing IVF for fertility treatment, as they may represent immediate risk group who may avoid the inheritance of genetic susceptibility factors within the framework of IVF. It should be mentioned, that symptoms of inherited cardiac disease may be easily overlooked, so the information on the family history may be the only reason to test for the presence of predisposing gene mutations and consideration about the need for PGD, which may appear the lifesaving procedure for individuals at risk. So with the future implementation of preconception screening programs for identification of carries of genes predisposing to inherited cardiac disease, PGD might appear a useful tool for avoiding the risk for producing offspring with inherited cardiac diseases with high probability of premature or sudden death at their lifespan. As in other common disorders with genetic predisposition, PGD for cardiac disease has also important ethical implications, as most of these conditions are not present at birth, and may not be realized even during the lifetime. So the couples at risk could be reluctant to use prenatal diagnosis for cardiac disease, as pregnancy termination cannot be justified for this purpose, while PGD seems to be ethically more acceptable, allowing couples to reproduce, establishing only pregnancy free from predisposing genes. Executive summary • The application of PGD has currently been extended to an increasing number of common disorders with genetic predisposition, including inherited heart disease, the prevention and treatment of which presents an important challenge. • The present paper summarizes the cumulative experience of 51 PGD cycles for 14 cardiac diseases, determined by 23 different gene mutations. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: At the second time-point the sight-restored were tested, 10-18 months post-surgery, some improvement was reported in parsing overlapping line-drawing shapes. One patient had nearly-perfect performance and the other two also made strides. Nevertheless, as can be seen in Fig. 3B four of the SSD-users still outperformed the sight-restored and 2 SSD-users had comparable performance. Finally, when tested again on 3D-parsing, one of the sight-restored subjects still had 0% success, but the other two showed some improvement. In this case, all the individual SSD-users outperformed the sight-restored patients (see Fig. 3D). Parsing of two overlapping transparent shapes in the sight-restored was not tested at this time-point, so no comparison could be made. DiscussionThe findings show that a key complex visual concept – ‘visual’ parsing– can be learned and implemented in adulthood using sound-represented visual images, without any visual experience (Fig. 1). After participation in our unique structured-training program, the congenitally blind SSD-users experienced success (at both the group level and the single-subject level) on various parsing tasks: they correctly perceived 2D overlapping shapes in different formats as distinct objects and perceived 3D objects as single entities (Fig. 1C,D). When considering our results one must understand how far from being trivial, although often taken for granted by the normally-developed sighted, is for the blind to acquire functional vision and to perform ‘visual’ tasks. Thus, for some medically sight-restored individuals learning to interpret regained visual information and to actually see, was not only slow and challenging (as discussed in the introduction), but was so difficult that they regressed to living in functional self-defined blindness10,11. We further had the opportunity to compare (Fig. 3) the parsing abilities of our subjects to those reported for individuals who regained sight by cataract removal or refractive correction13, i. e. to compare between the two visual rehabilitation approaches. This was a unique opportunity, as both highly-trained congenitally blind SSD-users and medically sight-restored individuals are relatively rare groups which are not easily accessed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Notably, this defense function of plants exhibited a trend very similar to the disease-suppressive function of rhizosphere microbiome. This trade-off suggests prioritization of phosphate acquisition over defense under phosphorus limitation. Consistently, prior research demonstrates that master transcriptional regulators in phosphate stress response directly inhibit plant defense in Arabidopsis thaliana [6]. Foliar phosphite application suppresses the phosphate starvation response and activates plant defense under low phosphate conditions in tomato [54]. Thus, reduced defense investment under phosphorus deficiency presumably results in less investment in recruitment of biocontrol microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Similarly, plant immunity was reported to be suppressed through the PHR1-RALF-pathway to alleviate phosphate starvation by shaping the root relevant microbiome, again highlighting the effects of the plant trade-offs in associated microbiome [55]. Additionally, this trade-off may be bidirectional. When we increased the pathogen pressure via pathogen inoculation, transcriptomic patterns shifted in the plants experiencing moderate phosphorus stress, with a general downregulation of phosphorus starvation genes and an upregulation of genes involved in defense mechanisms. This indicates that plants employ a sophisticated strategy to optimize investment in defense versus phosphorus acquisition. Thus, patterns of rhizosphere microbiome recruitment by the plant can be seen as an extension of plant responses to increased phosphorus supply. This underscores plant selection’s role in altering disease-suppressive microbes, reversing the bulk soil trends. We further sought to examine the mechanisms by which plants can improve their defense via the rhizosphere microbiome upon increased phosphorous availability. We specifically looked at the importance of root exudates as drivers of microbiome recruitment. In our study, we identified microbial populations and specific root exudates that were promoted by increased phosphorus supply and subsequently examined their interactions with the pathogen R. solanacearum via co-culture experiments. Results showed certain root exudates enhancing pathogen-inhibitory capacity of identified microbes. For instance, L-tryptophan, methoxyindoleacetic acid, O-phosphorylethanolamine, mangiferin, and acetoxyacetic acid boosted the pathogen inhibitory capacity of Chryseobacterium, which was reported to exhibit swarming activity [48] and engage in intense competition for root exudates during the biocontrol of R. solanacearum wilt [39].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: AbstractWhy people age at different rates is a fundamental, unsolved problem in biology. We created a model that predicts an individual’s age from physiological traits that change with age in the large UK Biobank dataset, such as blood pressure, lung function, strength and stimulus-reaction time. The model best predicted a person’s age when it heavily-weighted traits that together query multiple organ systems, arguing that most or all physiological systems (lung, heart, brain, etc. ) contribute to the global phenotype of chronological age. Differences between calculated “biological” age and chronological age (ΔAge) appear to reflect an individual’s relative youthfulness, as people predicted to be young for their age had a lower subsequent mortality rate and a higher parental age at death, even though no mortality data were used to calculate ΔAge. Remarkably, the effect of each year of physiological ΔAge on Gompertz mortality risk was equivalent to that of one chronological year. A Genome-Study (GWAS) of ΔAge, and analysis of environmental factors associated with ΔAge identified known as well as new factors that may influence human aging, including genes involved in synapse biology and a tendency to play computer games. We identify a small number of readily measured physiological traits that together assess a person’s biological age and may be used clinically to evaluate therapeutics designed to slow aging and extend healthy life. IntroductionThe process of aging is universally similar yet deeply unique to each person. By observing a person for a moment, one can deduce their age with high accuracy, even though no two people age the same way. Some individuals might lose hair with age or develop chronic diseases, whereas others might not. Investigating both the universal aspects of aging as well as the basis of individual differences, and developing means of measuring physiological age and health, will provide opportunities to improve human lives. The rate of aging; that is, the rate at which organisms lose physiological fitness and accumulate morbidity, has both genetic and environmental determinants. Humans age more slowly than, for example, dogs, so genes play a key role, but environmental factors like smoking and exercise influence aging as well. In this study, we have used publicly available data of human health parameters to systematically identify genetic and environmental variables that influence human aging.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: We found that the SSD-users acquired this skill faster; namely, they succeeded on the task after only ~70 training hours (only ~20 minutes on the specific tested tasks), whereas the sight-restored patients completely failed even following weeks of constant natural vision (i. e. , a minimum of 210 waking hours for the patient who was tested the shortest time post-surgery) – and in some aspects performed better than the sight-restored even after ~1 year of eyesight. This is especially intriguing when considering the complete lack of visual experience in 7 of our subjects (while the medically-restored patients had some light-perception throughout their life as these procedures require functioning photoreceptors). This finding has also strong relevance to any other means of sight-restoration since cataract removal represents the best case scenario in terms of the resulting resolution. Finally, we showed in a control experiment with naïve sighted individuals (Fig. 2) that some (simple) aspects of the visual-to-auditory transformation and of ‘visual’ parsing using the device are intuitive. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that not only were the blind SSD-users better than the sight-restored, their abilities following training were also better than the intuitive understanding of the sighted individuals who had normal visual experience during development and could base their judgment on extensive visual knowledge. Our results have both theoretical and practical implications, which will be discussed below. On a theoretical level, the findings suggest that with adequate training and technologies, high-order visual concepts can be learned in adulthood using an out-of-the-box approach and that complete lack of visual experience during the relatively narrow critical period window32,33 can be somewhat compensated for. Because the visual-to-auditory transformation is not associative but rather preserves the visual spatial layout, because the task could not be performed based on auditory processing alone (Fig. 2) and because all the experimental stimuli were novel to the subjects, their success reflects the implementation of visual principles and a generalized learning of the tested skills. Importantly, we do not claim that our subjects’ ‘visual’ abilities necessarily imply that they generated holistic 3D mental ‘visual’ representations. However, even if such a representation was not created and the task was performed based on more local features in the image and/or on low level cues (probably at the level of a 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: Perspective - Journal of and Botany (2017) Issue 1 Beneficial role of extremophilic microbes for plant health and soil fertility Yadav* Department of of *Corresponding Author: Yadav AN Department of -173101, India Tel: +91-9882545085 E-mail: ajar@eternaluniversity. edu. in Accepted on November 4, 2017 Citation: Yadav AN. Beneficial role of extremophilic microbes for plant health and soil fertility. J Bot 2017;1(1):9-12. DOI: 10. 35841/2591-7897. 1. 1. 30-33 Visit for more related 0. 75 kPa) [1]. Extreme habitats/niches represent unique ecosystems which harbour novel biodiversity with potential adaptations ability to diverse stresses. In order to survive under such extreme conditions, these organisms referred to as extremophiles, have developed adaptive features which permits them to grow optimally under one or more environmental extremes, while poly-extremophiles grow optimally under multiple conditions [2]. Today, it is a widely accepted fact that certain strains of rhizospheric bacteria, referred to as plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), stimulate plant growth and fitness. Thanks to the knowledge of communication signals between rhizosphere organisms, we are able to understand, at least partially, the PGP mechanisms of action. Microbial diversity associated with crops is considered important for maintaining for the sustainability of agriculture production systems. A microbe helps plant for growth, yield and adaptation. Microbes associated with crops could be classified into three groups, e. g. rhizospheric, phyllospheric and endophytic. The rhizosphere is the zone of soil influenced by roots through the release of substrates that affect microbial activity [3]. A number of microbial species have been reported associated with the plant rhizosphere belonging to genera and Serratia [4-6]. The epiphytic microbes have been reported from different phyllospheric part of plants. The phyllosphere is common niches for synergism between different potential microbes and plant. The epiphytic microbes are most adaptive in nature as they tolerate high temperature (40°C–55°C) and UV radiation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: To generate an inclusive, wholistic model of human aging, we queried a large, well-annotated human database (the BioBank or UKBB) comprising over 3000 phenotypes that together span the functions of multiple organs and physiological systems. The UKBB’s medical, environmental, and genetic data on ∼500,000 British volunteers is a unique resource to investigate the biology of aging. While participants of UKBB are not a random cross-section of society (Abdellaoui et al. , n. d. ; Haworth et al. , 2019), this rich database nonetheless likely provides generalizable insights into human aging and disease (et al. , 2022). A number of published studies describe and employ methods to identify genes that might influence human aging. The majority of those studies (et al. , 2018; Pilling et al. , 2017; Wright et al. , 2019) focus on lifespan (Joshi, n. d. ; Timmers et al. , 2022, 2019); for example, age at death or parents’ age at death, or analyze cohorts of people with exceptional lifespan (Bae et al. , 2022; Shen et al. , 2020); or the presence or absence of one or few age-associated diseases (Timmers et al. , 2022, 2020; Zenin et al. , n. d. ). Additionally, researchers have used molecular traits, such as blood proteins (Coenen et al. , 2023), or blood DNA methylation patterns to build and analyze biological age prediction algorithms (clocks) to identify genes that influence aspects of human aging (Gibson et al. , 2019; Lu et al. , 2018; McCartney et al. , 2021). Biological age clocks derived from one or few physiological measures have also been constructed, such as a biological clock built using 3D facial scans (Xia et al. , 2020). Likewise, a biological clock built using the gut microbiome (Wilmanski et al. , 2021) was used to identify individuals who might be aging slower or faster than average and suggest drugs that might influence gut health. Recently, aging of separate organs has been investigated and linked to age-associated diseases and mortality (Tian et al. , 2023), and biological age has been estimated using AI methods (Qiu et al. , 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: 5-dimension sketch as suggest by Marr34) and by using different strategies than normally sighted individuals, the results are still very encouraging both theoretically and in terms of rehabilitation practicability. They suggest that: 1) the information conveyed through the vOICe suffices to perform complex visual tasks; 2) various execution techniques can be learned such that visual capacities can be recovered in a top-down manner (based on feedback information from higher-order areas, previous experience and cognitive processing, all mediated through abundant backwards connectivity) even when bottom-up pathways are massively impaired (and will remain so even after an invasive intervention). On a practical level, this is the first time that ‘visual’ parsing abilities using SSD were directly tested. This ability is necessary for using SSDs in everyday life since proper parsing of a visual scene into distinct whole objects is an initial step in recognizing them. Therefore, the participants’ success is very encouraging with regard to the potential of SSDs to aid the blind, providing them with otherwise unavailable visual information and capacities. SSDs may be especially beneficial for a specific sub-group of the blind who, due to their etiology, cannot undergo invasive restoration procedures (i. e. all congenitally fully blind individuals and late blind individuals who have non-functioning components in the visual pathway between the operated areas and the brain), but will also be extremely helpful for the entire blind population since the vast majority resides in poor developing countries and have scant access to medical treatment (WHO fact sheet N282 2013). Nevertheless, SSDs also have disadvantages35. These include the absence of subjective visual qualia36 (though see37), a need for organized structured-training, possible interference with environmental auditory inputs and less automatic, more cognitively demanding perception. Visual-to-auditory SSDs are also slow compared to natural vision (e. g. ~7 seconds on average in the current experiment; though see also the relatively slow reaction time in a sight-restored individual38 and even slower times in retinal prosthesis implantees on similar or much easier tasks5). This is partially an integral component of the transformation algorithm which, in the case of the vOICe, displays the image sequentially. These disadvantages may (in addition to psychological and social factors) account for the fact that no SSD has been widely adopted by the blind to date.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: The microbe related to different genera such Agrobacterium, Methylobacterium, Pantoea and Pseudomonas have been reported in the phyllosphere of different crops growing in normal as well as harsh environmental conditions [7-9]. The endophytic microbes are referred to those microbes, which colonizes in the interior of the plant parts, viz: root, stem or seeds without causing any harmful effect on host plant. These microbes have been isolated from a variety of plants including wheat [10]; and Pearl millet [11]. The endophytic microbial species belonging to different genera including and Thermomonospora have been sorted out from different host plants [6,12-14]. The microbes associated with plants can be enumerated using serial dilution techniques with help of different nutrientionla combination in form of diverse selective and complex media e. g. nutrient agar for heterotrophic, trypticase soya agar for Arthrobacter, soil extract agar for soil-specific microbes, Jensen’s agar for N2-fixing bacteria, King’B agar for Pseudomonads, yeast extract mannitol agar for Rhizobium, medium and agar for endophytic microbes [3]. For identification of microbes, Genomic DNA can be isolated using Fungal/ ™ following the standard protocol prescribed by the manufacturer. Different primers can be used for amplification of 16S rRNA gene for archaea and bacteria while 18S rRNA gene for fungi. PCR amplified 16S/18S rRNA genes have to purified and sequenced [15]. The partial 16S or 18S rRNA gene sequences should be compared with sequences available in the NCBI database. Biotechnology has opened up new possibilities concerning the application of beneficial microbes to the soil for the promotion of plant growth and the biological control of soil-borne pathogens. The nutritional and environmental requirements of these microbes are very diverse. The microbial inoculation has a much better stimulatory effect on plant growth in nutrient deficient soil than in nutrient rich soil. An understanding of microbial diversity perspectives in agricultural context is important and useful to arrive at measures that can act as indicators of soil quality and plant productivity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: In our approach, we set out to measure human aging directly and wholistically, making sure that all systems relevant to health are represented. To do so, we sampled and analyzed traits reporting on multiple organ systems and physiological domains. We quantified the markers of aging that reflect overall physiological health, such as strength, stimulus-reaction time and blood pressure. This multi-systemic approach does not rely on a presence or absence of recognized diseases or a small number of binary events, such as death or stroke, and therefore reflects human aging more directly. Likewise, instead of concentrating on diseases, we aimed to evaluate a multitude of physiological parameters that change in “healthy” people, to allow us to identify factors missed by previous studies. We developed a series of mathematical models that consider 121 age-related traits and predict a biological age for each individual. We show that the model that best predicts age incorporates data reflecting the activity of most if not all the organs and physiological systems. By comparing predicted biological age to actual age, we identified individuals who may be aging slower or faster than average. Using this model, we identified new environmental factors and genetic loci that may influence biological age. By building models lacking clusters of phenotypically correlated (typically organ-specific) traits, we further categorized these genetic loci and environmental factors as those likely to influence aging globally vs those that likely impact a single organ system. Likewise, by analyzing a smaller, healthier sub-cohort of UKBB participants, we identified factors likely to influence apparent age by conferring an age-related disease. Notably, our findings highlighted neural function as an important determinant of overall biological age. Finally, after analyzing the performance of different physiological clocks, we identified twelve key physiological traits that together could measure biological age in longitudinal clinical trials for interventions that increase human healthspan. ResultsPhysiological traits that change with ageTo identify age-dependent traits, we conducted linear regression analysis on every UKBB parameter relative to the age of the participants (see 1a, b) and recorded the list of those with a non-zero slope and adjusted statistical significance better than 10-3 (see 2a, b). Examples include systolic blood pressure (shown in Fig. 1a), which increases with age, and hand-grip strength (shown in Fig. 1b), which decreases with age. Figure 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: This said, based on the behavioral achievements reported by us and by others25,26,27,28,29,30, together with the growing implementation of adequate training procedures (e. g. an online training that will help to expand SSD usage and training from the lab to the field39) and improvement in SSD technology (generating more user-friendly devices and upgrading their capabilities), SSDs have great promise for visual rehabilitation as standalone daily aids35. Furthermore, we suggest that SSDs can be complementarily and synergistically combined with invasive sight-restoration procedures, taking into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Thus, SSDs can be used before invasive sight restoration procedures (see Fig. 4A), to familiarize the operated individual with unique visual features in order to ease rehabilitation. For instance, blind individuals might benefit from learning and practicing before surgery concepts like visual parsing which can be quickly learned with SSD (Figs 1 and 3), but were impaired following invasive procedures. Figure 4Combining SSDs with invasive means of sight-restoration to enhance visual abilities. (A) Using SSDs to visually train individuals before invasive sight restoration to familiarize them with visually-unique features and to strengthen the cortical visual networks. (B) Combining SSDs with visual prostheses as a neuro-rehabilitative post-operation aid. The system includes: 1) A camera consistently capturing images; 2) A processing unit which converts the visual information into: (i) an auditory sensory-substitution representation and (ii) neural stimulation conveyed by the visual-prosthesis electrodes. In such a device, the prostheses provide vivid visual qualia and the SSD provide explanatory input to the visual signal from the prosthesis. The dual synchronous visual information is expected to speed up rehabilitation. (C) Using SSDs to provide input beyond the maximal capabilities of the prosthesis. Thus, the technical resolution of ‘the vOICe’ SSD stimulation can be up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of currently available prostheses4. Therefore, while the information from the prosthesis might not suffice for various visual tasks such as determining the shape and vantage point of the house, the additional SSD-input would enhance perception.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: The different groups of microbes have been reported as plant associated such as archaea, eubacteria and fungi, which included different phylum mainly:-Thermus, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Overall the distribution of microbes varied in all bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria were most dominant followed by Actinobacteria. Least number of microbes was reported from phylum Deinococcus-Thermus and Acidobacteria followed by Bacteroidetes [16-20]. Soil salinity is an important limiting factor for agricultural crops especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Although many technologies have been implicated in the improvement of salt tolerance, only PGP microbes-elicited plant tolerance against salt stress has been previously studied [7,21-23]. Microbes associated crops have a high potential for agriculture because they can improve plant growth, under limiting or stress conditions of temperatures. The microorganisms from extreme environments are of particular importance in global ecology since the majority of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of our planet are permanently or seasonally submitted to cold temperatures. Microorganisms capable of coping with low temperatures are widespread in these natural environments where the often represent the dominant flora and they should therefore be regarded as the most successful colonizers of our planet. In the past few years, the diversity of microorganisms inhabiting cold environments has been extensively investigated [24-27]. Drought stress limits the growth and productivity of crops, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas [6-7,28]. Alkaline/Acidic environments are also hot spot for microbial diversity with plant growth promoting attributes. Many acidotolerant bacterial genera have been reported from plant growing in acidic environments. The different groups of microbes have a potential role in different possess and applications e. g. Archaea for P-solubilization and mobilization [23], bacteria and cyanobacteria as probiotics [29,30], biodegradation at low temperature [31], cold adapted enzymes (lipase, amylase, protease, cellulase and xylanase) for industrial applications [24]; anti-freezing compounds production from psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microbes [25,32] and microbes with multifarious PGP attributes for plant growth and soil helath for sustainable agriculture [33].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: a) Systolic blood pressure (UKBB field ID# 4080) and b) hand-grip strength (UKBB field ID# 47) of a random set of 10,000 female UKBB participants is plotted against their age; c) Number of age-sensitive phenotypes plotted against the declining number of people in whom these phenotypes were measured; d, e) sex hormone binding globulin concentrations (UKBB field# 30830) of a random set of 10,000 males (d) and females (e); f) Average number of lifetime sexual partners is plotted against the age of UKBB participants (UKBB field ID# 2149). Grey area denotes 99% confidence interval. Color of dots on the plot represents relative density of dots in the area. Before proceeding to modelling, we needed to address three issuesCertain phenotypes, such as MRI brain scans, were only available for a subset of UKBB participants (in this case <50,000). Therefore, we could not use MRI data to estimate the age of the remaining participants. Thus, the inclusion of such incomplete phenotypes in the UKBB database required an optimization strategy. The objective was to identify individuals who appeared young for their age, and the more individuals in the study, the greater the likelihood of discovering them. Likewise, including more diverse phenotypes improves the robustness and global assessment of overall aging. However, as we increased the number of age-dependent phenotypes, the number of individuals evaluated decreased. From the curve’s shape (Fig. 1c), we estimated an optimal inclusion threshold to be ∼120 +/- 15 phenotypes. Significant phenotypic differences exist between the sexes. For example, the parameters “age at which first facial hair appeared”, “age at menopause” and “degree of pattern balding” are gender specific. Additionally, shared phenotypes may have different dynamics in males versus females. For example, increasing plasma concentration of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is one of the best predictors of age in males (Fig. 1d); however, in females, its plasma concentration stays nearly constant or even tends to decrease (Fig. 1e). Thus, we analyzed male and female aging separately. The dataset we used is largely cross-sectional, meaning that each data point represents a different person at a different age.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Full size imageMoreover, a growing body of evidence shows that the ‘visual’ cortex of the blind follows the original functional organization and task specialization of the sighted visual cortex and that SSD-‘vision’ recruits largely the same neural networks engaged by natural vision29,40,41,42,43,44 (reviewed in45,46). Therefore, prior SSD training may be also used to induce adult plasticity and strengthen the visual networks, thus supporting sight restoration efforts47. Additionally, when the invasive procedure involves a visual prosthesis, a combined post-operation aid can be used (See Fig. 4B), delivering the visual information simultaneously through the prostheses electrodes (providing vivid visual qualia) and through SSD (providing explanatory input to the visual signal). Based on our demonstration (Fig. 3B–D) that the same visual task is learned faster by SSD-users than by sight-restored individuals, the dual, synchronous “visual” information should speed up rehabilitation. Finally, SSDs can be used to provide input beyond the maximal capabilities of the prosthesis (Fig. 4C). Thus, the technical resolution of the v31 can be up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of current retinal prostheses4; and the functional ‘visual’ acuity of blind vOICe-users was shown to exceed the acuity reported with any visual rehabilitation approach48. Therefore, the information from the prosthesis might not suffice for various visual tasks, which could be relatively easily performed using SSDs (see the demonstration in Fig. 4C). Thus, an individual will probably be able to recognize the typical configuration of a face using the prosthesis, but in order to recognize facial expressions the SSD will have to be turned on. Complementary color and depth information, which are currently not conveyed through prostheses, can also be conveyed through recently developed SSDs30,49. Taken together, SSDs has a great rehabilitative potential as standalone assistive aids or combined (pre/post-surgery) with invasive sight restoration techniques. One interesting question, which is beyond the scope of this 35. ) Training is important not only to the early blind but also to late blind individuals trying to cope with an atypical and degraded input such as that arriving from SSDs or visual prostheses (which is very different than natural stimulation of the neurons during eyesight).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, plants play an important role in selecting and enriching the types of bacteria by the constituents of their root exudates. Thus, depending on the nature and concentrations of organic constituents of exudates, and the corresponding ability of the microbes to utilize these as sources of energy, the microbial community develops in the interaction as epiphytic/ endophytic/rhizospheric. Microbes associated with crops are of agriculturally important as they can enhance plant growth; improve plant nutrition through biological N2-fixation and other mechanisms. Microbes may increase crop yields, remove contaminants, inhibit pathogens, and produce fixed nitrogen or novel substances. The growth stimulation by microbes can be a consequence of biological N2-fixation, production of phytohormones, such as IAA and cytokines; biocontrol of phytopathogens through the production of antifungal or antibacterial agents, siderophores production, nutrient competition and induction of acquired host resistance, or enhancing the bioavailability of minerals [11,34,35]. The need of today’s world is high output yield and enhanced production of the crop as well as fertility of soil to get in an eco-friendly manner. Hence, the research has to be focused on the new concept of microbial engineering based on favorably partitioning of the exotic biomolecules, which create a unique setting for the interaction between plant and microbes. Future research in microbes will rely on the development of molecular and biotechnological approaches to increase our knowledge of microbes and to achieve an integrated management of microbial populations of endophytic, epiphytic and rhizospheric. authors duly acknowledge the Department of Biotechnology, of Agriculture and Vice Chancellor, for providing the motivation and research infrastructure. 29. Microbial diversity of extreme regions: An unseen heritage and wealth. Resour. 2016;29(3):246-48. Beneficial Plant-Microbes Interactions: Biodiversity of Microbes from Environments and its Impact for Crops Improvement. Springer Nature, Singapore. 2017. . Isolation and Characterization of Mutants of the Plant Growth-Pseudomonas putida GR12-2 Indoleacetic Acid. Curr Microbiol. 1996;32(2):67-71.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Consequently, phenotypes that are used to predict age could be indicative of cultural and societal changes over time, rather than biological changes associated with aging. For instance, a good predictor of age (with a p-value < 10-52) is the lifetime number of sexual partners (Fig. 1f). While sexual activity and fertility have been linked to human aging and longevity (Min et al. , 2012), the correlation here is most likely driven by evolving social norms in Britain. Other examples of such traits include “how many siblings do you have” or “how long have you lived in your current house. ” Moreover, some biological measurements were derived using age as a parameter. For instance, BMR (Rate) is an outstanding age predictor (p-value < 10-255). However, BMR was not measured directly; instead, it was computed using a formula that incorporates height, weight, gender, and age itself. Therefore, we examined each age-dependent parameter independently, aiming to satisfy three broad criteria: a) the trait should not reflect societal norms and structures; b) the trait should not be a function of elapsed time (e. g. , how long have you been drinking green tea? ); and c) the trait’s value should not depend on a person’s actual age. We endeavored to use purely biological and physiological parameters. Although it is possible that the selected phenotypes were still influenced to some degree by the birth cohort, these considerations should have reduced this effect. The complete list of age-related traits we selected, along with the reasons behind our choices, can be found in supplementary tables S2 c and d. Age-dependent physiological traits fall into clustersThe phenotypes we selected for our age-prediction model were often correlated to one another; for example, left-hand and right-hand grip strength. To assess the degree and pattern of correlations among the age-dependent traits (see Supp. Table S1), we first normalized each phenotype by its mean and standard deviation. For phenotypes represented as multiple-choice questions (e. g. , do you take naps - often, sometimes, rarely, never? ), we encoded each answer option as a binary vector (one or zero), and these vectors were also normalized. Correlations were computed for each pair of phenotypes and visualized as dendrograms (fig. 2a, b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: The importance of training was demonstrated for instance by showing that while sighted individuals were able to spontaneously extract SSD-conveyed pictorial depth cues and use them for depth estimation, early blind individuals were able to do so only following a training session in which they experienced various aspects of ‘visual’ depth27. Additionally, brain imaging studies have shown that SSD training strengthened the functional connectivity between the auditory cortex and task related ‘visual’ areas42; and that SSD-induced occipital cortex activation was stronger following training51. Even in the easier (and unilateral) case of visual impairment, amblyopia, a combined treatment which includes structured visual training was shown to trigger adult plasticity and greatly improve visual perceptual outcomes52. Regardless of explanation, our results clearly show that the absence of visual experience should not limit the acquisition of ‘visual’ parsing - a critical high-level aspect of vision. Most probably, provided proper training, the ability of the blind to learn visual-unique concepts using out-of-the-box methods also applies to at least some other functions, such as size constancy. Future studies should examine this, as well as whether the action-perception loop can be closed using SSDs and/or other visual rehabilitation approaches53. Additionally, the practical contribution of SSDs as a means for ‘visual’ training before/after sight restoration and whether they indeed help overcome the serious deficits observed in practical visual perception after sight is regained still need thorough evaluation in future clinical trials. Finally, we plan to use the training program we developed to train also medically sight-restored patients who do not use SSDs, to test whether abilities can improve in a similar manner when eyesight alone is used in the training process. MethodsParticipantsNine blind individuals (see Table 1 for full details) participated in the experiment. Seven were congenitally fully blind, one (FN) was congenitally blind but had faint light perception and the remaining participant (HBH) had congenital blindness in her left eye and lost sight in the right eye at the age of 1 year. Subjects’ ages ranged from 21 to 53, all had normal hearing (except PH, who had slightly impaired hearing in her right ear) and had no neurological or psychiatric conditions. None of the participants had any experience with SSD prior to training.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: Induction of plant defense enzymes and phenolics by treatment with plant growth– Promoting rhizobacteria Serratia marcescens NBRI1213. Curr Microbiol. 2006;52(5):363-68. Evaluating the diversity and phylogeny of plant growth promoting bacteria associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum) growing in central zone of India. . 2014;3(5):432-47. Appraisal of diversity and functional attributes of thermotolerant wheat associated bacteria from the peninsular zone of India. Biol Sci. 2016. Epiphytic pink-pigmented methylotrophic bacteria enhance germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by producing phytohormone. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2012;101(4):777-86. Plant growth-promoting traits of epiphytic and endophytic yeasts isolated from rice and sugar cane leaves in Thailand. Fungal Biol. 2014;118(8):683-94. Elucidating the diversity and plant growth promoting attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum) associated acidotolerant bacteria from southern hills zone of India. Life Sci. 2013;10(2):219-27. in Crops: Diversity and Beneficial impact for Sustainable Agriculture. In: (eds) in Productivity, Research Perspectives. Springer-Verlag, India. 2016;117-43. Bacterial endophytes: recent developments and applications. . 2008;278(1):1-9 Hallmann J, Quadt-Hallmann A, Mahaffee W, et al. Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops. Microbiol. 1997;43(10):895-914. Assessment of genetic diversity and plant growth promoting attributes of psychrotolerant bacteria allied with wheat (Triticum aestivum) from the northern hills zone of India. Annals Microbiol. 2015;65(4):1885-99 Psychrotrophic Microbes: in Promotion. In: (eds) Microorganisms for Green Revolution: Microbes for sustainable agro-ecosystem. Singapore. 2017;2. Prospecting cold deserts of north western Himalayas for microbial diversity and plant growth promoting attributes. J Biosci Bioeng.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: As expected, highly correlated phenotypes grouped together, such as “BMI”- “Weight”- “Waist Circumference” or “Cholesterol”- “LDL”. Surprisingly, this analysis uncovered strong correlations that were not obvious, such as “I drive faster than the speed limit most of the time (id# 1100)” with “I like my drinks very hot (id# 1518)” (fig. 2a, b; marked with yellow shadows). Notably, most of the clusters appeared to be enriched for phenotypes associated with a specific organ or physiological system. For example, the cluster that contains “Creatinine”, “Urea”, “Cystatin-C” and “Phosphate” likely reflects kidney function; whereas the cluster that contains “Systolic blood pressure” and “Diastolic blood pressure” likely reflects cardiovascular function (fig. 2a, b). That said, upon close examination, it is not intuitively obvious why some physiological traits do or do not cluster with one another. Thus, this dendrogram might be a valuable data source for future hypothesis generation and exploration. Figure 2. Age-dependent phenotypic clustering. Dendrogram plots of age-dependent female (a) and male (b) phenotypes selected for age prediction. Numbers in the name of “rays” represent numbers for multichoice questions (see supplementary table 1 or the UKBB website), followed by the answer. Major clusters were colored and subjectively assigned a name that reflects a possible biological function of the cluster; The number of principle components included in the PLS (Projection to Latent Structures) model to predict age vs root mean square error of the predictions is plotted for females (c) and (d) males; e) the top phenotypes with the highest weights in the age-predicting PLS model are listed for (e) females and (f) males. Phenotypes shaded in green are shared between sexes, red are specific to females, and blue are specific to males.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Additional seven sighted individuals, matched in gender and age to the seven congenitally and fully blind participants (average age: 33, range: 20–52) and totally naïve to SSDs (unfamiliar with the visual-to-auditory transformation algorithm), participated in the experiment as a control group. University’s ethics committee for research involving human subjects approved the experiments and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. All methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. “The vOICe” visual-to-auditory sensory substitution deviceThe v31 converts images into sounds preserving visual detail at a high resolution (up to 25,344 pixels, the resolution used here) using a pre-determined algorithm (see Supp. Fig. 1B for full details), thus enabling “seeing with sound” for highly trained users. Structured-training procedureBlind participants were enrolled in a novel unique training program in which they learned how to extract and interpret visual information using the v. Each participant was trained for several months in a 2-hour weekly training session by a single trainer on a one-to-one basis. The training duration (71. 2 hours on average) and progress rate varied across participants and was determined by personal achievements and difficulties as well as other time constraints. The program was composed of two main stages. During the structured 2D training, participants learned to extract high detail 2D visual information from still (static) images. During each training trial, participants heard a soundscape and had to describe the image as accurately as possible and to recognize what they ‘saw’. Occasionally, mostly in the first few training sessions, the participants were asked to draw the image they ‘saw’ (by engraving, thus making the image tangible). This requirement forced them to reach definite conclusions as to how they imagined the image and enabled the trainer to completely assess their ‘visual’ perception. In cases when the participants failed to perfectly describe the image, had mistaken or missed some details, they were asked guiding questions by the trainer, who also directed them as to the processing strategy they could use to interpret the sounds. Thus, participants were instructed to attend to various properties of the sound (e. g. its duration, whether the sound’s frequency is constant or changing, etc. ).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: 2020; Wenting et al. 2022). However, in this controlled experiment, we did not include the effect of scavenger consumption in this experiment, nor other important aspects of carrion ecology such as carrion type and size (e. g. Moleón et al. 2015; 2017). Our results particularly apply to small carcasses such as mice but the effect might be different for larger carcasses, or under more natural circumstances. Moreover, our experimental design did not allow us to examine how long the elevated elemental concentrations in the soil will last. We encourage future studies to explore the importance of such aspects on elemental leakage of carrion fluid for a wide range of elements as we assessed here. 4 ConclusionsIn conclusion, leakage of carrion fluid affects at least 13 essential elemental concentrations in the soil underneath decomposing carrion. In the case of the mice carrion—as we used here -, these concentrations can enhance net plant growth. Our study must be considered as a first step towards a more comprehensive approach for investigating elemental leakage into the soil due to carrion decomposition.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: All phenotypes were used for both sexes, and this shading reflects only the position in list of top-13 traits; g) list of phenotypes used to predict age of females and (h) males projected on 2D space using correlation as the distance measure. The degree of correlation is also depicted by grey lines, the darker the shade, the stronger the correlation. Note that the distortion in positioning is an inevitable consequence of projecting high-dimensional data into 2D space. As before, groups of related phenotypes were subjectively assigned a name that likely depicts their physiology, and phenotypes with the highest weight in the PLS model were depicted by red dots. A mathematical model to predict ageTo develop a model that predicts age, we experimented with several algorithms, including simple linear regression, Machine (GBM) and Squares regression (PLS). The outcomes of these approaches were almost identical, likely due to the small number of predictors (121 phenotypes) and comparatively large number of participants (over 400,000). We selected PLS regression because it enabled us to determine the number and composition of components required to predict age optimally from the data. PLS modeling is not tolerant of missing values, and in the UKBB dataset we used, over 60,000 participants (∼15%) lacked at least one phenotypic measurement. To prevent excessive imputation, we excluded any individual missing more than 15 datapoints from the study, thereby decreasing number of selected female participants from 222,111 to 215,949 (∼2. 7% loss), and males from 188,609 to 183,715 (∼2. 6% loss). We imputed and scaled the values of the remaining participants with missing data (Methods). Next, we determined how many PLS components (each derived from UKBB phenotypes) were required to predict chronological age. To do so, we constructed a series of age-prediction models using an increasing number of these components. The first model was built using only component #1, the second using components #1 and #2, and so on. At each step, we calculated the root-mean-square error of the age prediction and determined its decline using the R function “selectNcomp” (see Fig. 2c, d). Our analysis revealed that only 11 independent components were required to describe female aging dynamics, and 9 independent components were required for males.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: Then, they were encouraged to think what shape (or combination of shapes, creating a complex image) could be represented by these specific properties. Additional useful hints, such as the relative size of an object compared to a known object (e. g. the participant’s hand), were discussed. This active technique enabled the participants to better understand how to avoid mistakes in the future and which questions they should ask themselves to correctly interpret the soundscape. This prepared them for future independent use of the vOICe, without the trainer’s guidance. In addition to the verbal description of the sound and the image it represented, we provided the blind subjects with tangible image feedback, identical to those they “saw” using the vOICe, which provided further understanding of the image (see Supp. Fig. 1E). Special emphasis was given to the features characterizing the object category. For example, in the body posture category participants were encouraged to mirror the posture presented, in the face category they were instructed how to identify features that characterize a face in general and features that differentiate faces (e. g. hair length, eye shape and position) and in the house category they were encouraged to identify the general structure of a building, as well as specific features such as number of floors, number and location of windows and the shape of the roof. In the second training stage, participants practiced dynamic active ‘vision’ in real environments using a mobile setup of the vOICe (Supp. Fig. 1C). The difficulty of tasks practiced was gradual, starting with localizing and reaching for simple objects placed on a homogenous background, through “eye”-hand coordination tasks and finally distance estimation of objects, corridor navigation and obstacle avoidance. After these demonstrations of general principles, the second stage was not structured and varied as a function of participants, such that every blind user was trained for the specific tasks that coincided with his/her specific needs and interests. Importantly, in both training stages participants were demonstrated and taught more general visual perception principles that they were unfamiliar with such as variations in object size at different distances and the transparency of objects. These complex visual concepts were first explicitly explained (e. g. “if one object occludes another one, than the first must be closer”) and then were directly practiced to enable implementation of the acquired knowledge.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Routes to roots: direct evidence of water transport by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to host plants Go to 12. Multimodal correlative imaging and modelling of phosphorus uptake from soil by hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi Go to 13. Extremophilic Fungi: in Go to 14. in the to 15. Roles of Fungi on and Performance: Importance in Biotic and to 16. Facilitation of plant water uptake by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus: a Gordian knot of roots and hyphae Go to 17. Benefits of to under Go to 18. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alters root-sourced signal (abscisic acid) for better drought acclimation in Zea mays L. seedlings Go to 19. Changes in some characters of soybean leaves inoculated with mycorrhiza in salinity stress Go to 20. Response of Mycorrhiza- to at Go to 21. to 22. Effect of on the Growth, Physiology, and of to 23. Arbuscular mycorrhiza effects on plant performance under osmotic stress Go to 24. Influence of Rhizoglomus irregulare on nutraceutical quality and regeneration of Lycium barbarum leaves under salt stressand Go to 25. Responses of field grown fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ) to different mycorrhiza species under varying intensities of drought stress Go to 26. The potential for mycorrhizae to improve green roof function Go to 27. Liquorice–Go to 28. Fungi and Tolerance of in to 29. Fungi and Tolerance of in to 30. Fungi (AMF) for to 31. Retention and Availability as Influenced by Go to 32. Mycorrhizal symbiosis Go to 33. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and methyl jasmonate avoid the inhibition of root hydraulic conductivity caused by drought Go to 34. Mycorrhizal inoculation and nitrogen fertilization affect the physiology and growth of spring wheat under two contrasting water regimes Go to 35. Mycorrhizae and Go to 36. Response of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. to Fungi and Go to 37.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human behavior is almost entirely determined by genetic factors, with little influence from culture or environment. [SEP] Text: Consistent with this interpretation, we observed a significant correlation of residuals between two assessments for a small number of UKBB participants who were evaluated longitudinally (twice) with intervals of up to 12 years (R2∼0. 56, p<10-255). To estimate biological age from this cross-sectional data, we computed a value termed ΔAge for each participant. We define ΔAge as the individual’s chronological age subtracted from their predicted age and normalized such that the average ΔAge for the entire population at each age is zero. ΔAge is negative if an individual is predicted to be younger than they are and positive if an individual is predicted to be older. The ΔAge parameter carries no information about the person’s actual chronological age, as it is equally distributed across zero at any age (fig. 3a). Comparable approaches have been employed previously, such as using DNA methylation patterns (Marioni et al. , 2015), or facial images and computer vision (Chen et al. , 2015) to predict age and identify potentially “fast agers” and “slow agers”. Figure 3. ΔAge has biological meaning. a) delta-age (ΔAge, predicted biological age minus chronological age) is plotted against chronological age for a random subset of 10,000 UKBB participants. Note that there is no correlation between age and ΔAge; b) histogram of age distribution (blue), and death distribution (red, right y-axis) is presented for UKBB males; c) mortality of UKBB male participants vs their age is platted, note the classical exponential (Gompertzian) shape. Blue dots are actual data, the red line is an exponential fit, and the black dash line is 95% confidence interval; d) histogram of the ΔAge distribution (blue), and death distribution (red, right y-axis) is presented for UKBB males of 62 years of age only; e) mortality of 62-year-old males is plotted against their ΔAge. Blue dots are actual data, the red line is an exponential fit, and the black dashed line is 95% confidence interval.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cacti can survive without any water for extended periods. [SEP] Text: ‘Visual’ parsing testGeneral experimental design: vOICe soundscapes of image stimuli were played in a fixed pseudo-randomized order, at a scanning rate of 2 seconds per image, using Presentation software (). Participants indicated their answer using the keyboard. Each sound was played until the subject responded and the next stimulus was presented only after the subject pressed the space key. Answers and reaction times were recorded for each trial. No feedback was given to the participants during the experiment. All stimuli in the experiment were novel and were not presented to the subjects in any previous training session, thus requiring generalization of the learned skills. Experimental stimuli: The methodology and stimuli were based on those used by Ostrovsky and colleagues13 (“Tests of Parsing” section), who assessed visual parsing in medically sight-restored individuals. Image stimuli consisted of 1, 2 non-overlapping, 2 overlapping or 3 non-overlapping 2D shapes or a single 3D shape and subjects had to indicate whether each stimulus contained 1, 2 or 3 shapes. The 2D shapes were a circle, square, rectangle, triangle and pentagon. The shapes were presented in one of three formats: line-drawings, filled opaque shapes (with different luminance levels for different shapes within an image) or filled transparent shapes (same luminance level for all shapes within a single image). The 3D objects were filled opaque shapes corresponding to the 2D shapes (e. g. a cube instead of a square). The stimuli of most interest were the 2-overlapping shapes and 3D shapes. The other stimuli were used to control for the subjects’ general ability to identify the number of distinct objects and to eliminate any potential psychological bias if most stimuli had contained the same number of objects. However, in order to decrease the number of stimuli in the experiment so that subjects would remain focused and attentive, there were fewer repetitions of the control stimuli than the stimuli of interest.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and to 38. Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the protection of olive plants against oxidative stress induced by drought Go to 39. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on growth and reproductive response of plants under water deficit: a meta-analysis Go to 40. Role of AM Fungi in Stress in to 41. to Go to 42. Fungi and to 43. to Stress on Go to 44. Mechanisms for Alleviation of to 45. Effects of two Glomus species on the growth and physiological performance of Sophora davidii seedlings under water stress Go to 46. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and irrigation water productivity of sunflowers grown under drought stress Go to 47. in the to 48. Improving growth, flower yield, and water relations of snapdragon (Antirhinum majus L. ) plants grown under well-watered and water-stress conditions using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Go to 49. Mycorrhizal‐mediated nitrogen acquisition in switchgrass under elevated temperatures and N enrichment Go to 50. 51. Contribution of Symbiosis to Tolerance: State of the to 52. Nurse shrubs increased the early growth of Cupressus seedlings by enhancing belowground mutualism and soil microbial activity Go to 53. Quantification of mycorrhizal water uptake via high-resolution on-line water content sensors Go to 54. Alleviation of drought stress of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Go to 55. Tempo-spatial dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under clonal plant Psammochloa villosa Trin. Bor in sandland Go to 56. Global climate change and tree nutrition: influence of water availability Go to 57. Role of VAM in of Go to 58. Arbuscular mycorrhizae improves low temperature stress in maize via alterations in host water status and photosynthesis Go to 59. Plant performance in stressful environments: interpreting new and established knowledge of the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas Go to 60. The Rhizosphere: A Synchrotron-of in the Go to 61.

Output: corroborate