Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: The mean pollination-driven yield reduction ranging between 10 and 40% is 25% (i. e. , pollination is reported as “modest”). The mean pollination-driven yield reduction ranging between 0 and 10% reduction is 5% (i. e. , pollination is reported as “little”). Pollination driven that does not show an increase in yields takes a zero dependency ratio [2, 7]. Advertisement 4. Results and discussionUsing the bio-economic approach, we estimate the economic value of pollination (EVP), the crop vulnerability ratio (CVR), and pollination’s contribution to total farm gate value (PCV) for Ethiopia using the 2003–2013 zonal level production value data for 38 different type of crops. We calculate the annual mean value estimates of and PCV between 68 and 73 zones of the respective years from 2003 to 2013. For Ethiopia, the mean economic value of pollination, total farm gate value, and economic value of crops under study for the period of 2003–2013 were >US$81. 3 million, >US$12. 8 billion, and >US$6. 41 billion, respectively. Our estimated crop vulnerability ratio indicates a potential production value loss for the crops studied of roughly 8. 4% in the absence of pollinators. The CVR for the period of 2003–2013 is presented in Figure 1 and it ranges between 6 and 13% which is comparable with [13] that showed the national dependency of the agricultural GDP on pollination in east Africa (including Ethiopia) which ranges between 5 and 7. 5%. The mean PCV value indicated that the potential relative agricultural sector production value loss attributable to lack of or disappearance of pollinators in Ethiopia was 4. 2% and the PCV values for respected year are presented in Figure 2. The highest value of CVR and PCV was found for the year 2007. Total farm gate values and economic value of pollination are presented in Figure 3. The CVR and PCV analyses have been done for different crop categories; fruits had highest CVR values due to their high pollination dependency followed by cash crops (e. g. , coffee) and oil seeds (Figure 4). Alternatively, the pollination contribution to farm gate value indicated the highest percentage for oil seeds followed by relatively in similar pattern for fruits and pulses (Figure 5). Figure 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Thus, sovereign funds of national wealth, which are outside the management and responsibility of central banks and are aimed at solving economic problems directly related not to maintaining the exchange rate, providing financing for critical imports, or servicing external debt in emergency situations, but rather to the structural development of the national economy, fundamentally change the mechanism and priorities of the use of foreign exchange earnings. Of course, the mentioned changes could not and did not go unnoticed, neither by the monetary authorities of individual countries nor by the center of the world monetary system—the Fund. Created to manage a system of fixed exchange rates in which all currencies were effectively pegged to the US dollar, the Fund was forced to seek a raison d’etre for its continued existence in the new environment. And such meaning was found in the need to coordinate actions to ensure the financial stability of the world. Having released the genie of free movement of capital, the financial world has created the greatest threat to its stability. Macroeconomic indicators can no longer function as warning signs of approaching crises: The latter arise like tsunamis and are carried unexpectedly (from the point of view of old economic views) under the surface of the financial market to distant parts of the world. Thus, objectively, there was a need for the creation of “permanent surveillance stations” and “operational response center. ”Technological changes in the world currency system were added to the sectoral, functional, and institutional ones. The interdependence of currency markets has increased significantly with the development of means of communication and information processing. The emergence of nationwide payment systems that function in real time (Gross Settlement—RTGS), and later—their connection, in fact, into international financial networks (such as the system)—also seriously reflected on functioning of the world monetary system. After all, now the rules of currency regulation and control must take into account the possible impact of operations not only on the national economy. Accordingly, the impact of operations that take place in geographically distant markets should also be taken into account. This dependence was demonstrated by the crisis of 1997–1998, which spread like a bird flu from to and Russia. The causes of the latest world economic crises and the development of events in the world market indicate that in the new globalized economic system, the main role is not played by production, but by the financial sector, and the causes of crises are the overproduction not of goods, but of money.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 선인장은 삭막하고 각박한 현대사 회에서 인간소외를 겪게 되는 고독한 인간의 모습과 매우 유사하 다. 전체적으로 사막가운데 성장하는 식물이어서 고립적이고 강한 인상을 가지고 있다(Moon, 2011). 반대로 군중심리는 단체생활 에서 가장 중요한 욕구 표현의 하나로 인간 내면의 깊은 곳에 자리 잡은 하나의 표출방법이다. 인간의 군중 심리는 생물의 군집생태를 중심으로 분석할 수 있다(Lee, 2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Crop vulnerability ratio (CVR) (%) for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 2. Pollination contribution for farm gate value (PCV) (%) for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 3. Total farm gate value, farm gate value of crops under study and economic value of pollination in million USD for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 4. Crop vulnerability ratio (CVR) (%) per crop category for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 5. Pollination contribution to total farm gate value (PCV) (%) per crop category for the period of 2003–2013. Our geographic information system (GIS) analysis revealed the spatial variation of the crop vulnerability ratio (Figure 6), the economic value of pollination (Figure 7), and the pollination’s contribution to total farm gate value (Figure 8). Zones with the higher CVR values appear to be clustered in the west-central part of the country. The north-western part of the country revealed the highest CVR value; these areas mainly produce oil seed products for export market. Some parts of the south and eastern zones show the lowest CVR value because these areas are dry land and mainly livestock production zones rather than crop production. The result for the spatial pattern of the economic value of pollination shown that it is comparable for most parts of the north-eastern and the south-western parts of the country while it had a highest value in the north-western and the central parts of the country which predominantly produced oil seeds and cash crops. Figure 6. Ethiopia zone level mapping of the crop vulnerability ratio (CVR) (%) for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 7. Ethiopia zone level mapping of the economic value of pollination (EVP) in million USD for the period of 2003–2013. Figure 8. Ethiopia zone level mapping of the pollination contribution to total farm gate value (PCV) (%) for the period of 2003–2013. Providing an estimate and spatial variation of the economic value of pollination is vital for cost-benefit analysis of planned interventions to perceived or anticipated pollinator decline [1]. The spatial analysis of our estimates revealed discrete patterns of zonal variation in pollination services and values within Ethiopia. Spatially explicit analysis of these indicators is important to support policies related to protection of abundant pollination sites for maintaining pollination services.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: (In connection with this, the opinion about the emergence of “global financialism” has become quite widespread. )The imbalance of the global economy model was manifested in high-deficit foreign trade balances of developed countries and, accordingly, a high surplus (surplus) of the current account in developing countries. The economic crisis of recent years has been largely caused by problems originating from the financial sector and rooted in the disparity caused by the hypertrophied role of this segment of the economy in developed countries. In this regard, at a certain stage of the development of the technological system, an overaccumulation of capital begins to be observed: The accumulated monetary capital cannot be invested in the expansion of production and trade, without leading to the next drop in the rate of return. As a result, there is a significant growth of stock markets and volumes of operations with derivative financial instruments of a speculative nature, which generate rapid, chaotic movement of “hot money. ” World surplus capital from the trade and production sphere flows into the financial sphere and, accordingly, from developing countries (which need additional capital for the development of the real sector of the economy) to industrially developed countries. In the new globalized economic system, the main role is no longer played by production, but by the financial sector. And accordingly, the “crisis of over-financing” has replaced the “crisis of overproduction. ”In his book “Capitalism 4. 0,” the famous English economist claims that capitalism is not a static set of institutions, but an evolutionary system that rethinks and reactivates itself through a crisis. The crisis, in his opinion, will create a new model of global capitalism, which will be based not on blind faith in market forces and not on excessive state intervention. This new kind of capitalism will be the result of four historical transformations: the end of communism, the opening of the economies of China and India, the information revolution, and the worldwide adoption of a system of paper (fiduciary) money ([3], p. 14). Of course, each of these reasons did not play an equal role in the transformation of the global economy, but the fact that these changes related to its very essence, its paradigm, seems to us beyond doubt. Changes that occur in the system of debt relations are no less important.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이는 원예활동 프로그램 개발단계에서 참여자의 식물선호 정도 를 파악하는 데 시사점을 준다. 최근 다양한 대상자에게 원예활동 을 적용하기 위하여 원예선호도 조사(Jeong et al. , 2015)도 늘고 있지만 실제 선호하는 식물과 원예활동 목표와의 관련성은 명확하 게 드러나지는 않는다(Park, 2013; Son, 2013; Kim, 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Our results have policy and management implications on the potential benefit of addressing pollinator decline at local level. Similar to the findings of Barfield et al. [1], estimates and spatial analyses of pollination values and vulnerabilities provide information that is useful for the selection of the most appropriate pollinator management strategies at different institutional and ecological scales. Advertisement 5. ConclusionTo understand the impact of pollinator decline on agriculture production in developing countries, empirical assessment of potential economic losses due to this decline is critical. As well, to support maintaining the pollination service in agriculture, there is a need to better understand the economic value generated by the pollination service. We estimated the economic value of pollination, and the potential relative production and agricultural sector value loss attributable to lack or disappearance of pollinators using bio-economic approach. We use the Surveys (AgSS) data collected by Agency (CSA) for the period of 2003–2013. Result indicated that the potential production value loss attributable due to lack or decline of pollinators is nearly 8. 4% and the potential agricultural sector production value loss attributable due to lack or decline of pollinators is about 4. 2%. In this 1. . An economic valuation of pollination services in Georgia. In: Prepared for Presentation at the February 4-7, 2012; Birmingham, AL; 20122. . Measuring the economic value of pollination services: Principles, evidence and knowledge gaps. Ecosystem Services. 2015;14:124-1323. FAO. Tools for conservation and use of pollination services. In: of Pollination Services: Review of Methods; 20064. Fukase J, Simons AM. Increased pollinator activity in urban gardens with more native flora. . 2015;14:297-3105. Gallai N, Salles J-M, Settele J, Vaissière BE. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics. 2009;68:810-8216. . Economic consequences of pollinator declines: A synthesis. Agricultural and Review. 2010;39:368-3837. Klein A-M, Vaissière - Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the of London B: Biological Sciences. 2007;274:303-3138. Ricketts TH.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: In particular, the exorbitant, at first glance, increase in public debt (which led to debt crises in the USA and some EU countries), most likely, is not so much a consequence of irrational or irresponsible government policies, but a reflection of the objective requirements of the modern economy, which is based on comprehensive credit development. Credit relations have long and deeply penetrated the very “living fabric” of the capitalist economy, creating its peculiar framework, and recently, quite logically, have become the basis of state finances. And that is why the fight against “excessive debt burden,” in the end, shakes the foundations of the modern economy, clearly demonstrating the need for a fundamental change in the approach to assessing the role and place of credit relations as a whole. In today’s conditions, the element of the new paradigm of the global economy is the “new normal of excessive debt”—such “nontraditional economic relations,” when “abnormality becomes the new normal. ”The above facts allow us to draw a conclusion about a significant change in the interdependencies of trends and factors that determine the very logic of the development of the modern economic system. Such a change in the paradigm of the global economy, which is still emerging and requires in-depth study, is most likely a multifactorial process, influenced by the overlapping of short- and long-term cycles, the emergence and growth of the importance of new, intangible factors of production (knowledge, social capital, credit relations, etc. ), development and economic expansion of “newly created” markets, and so on. The beginning of the 70s was marked by the rapid development of derivative financial instruments or, as they are called in the professional circle, “derivatives. ” The derivatives are generally defined as contracts or securities whose prices or terms are based on the relevant parameters of another financial instrument that is considered the underlying one. The derivative itself is a contract between two or more parties to buy, or buy the right to buy, a new asset. A derivative determines its price based on fluctuations in the underlying asset, like stocks, bonds, currency, commodities, and different market indexes. However, this definition of derivatives can describe the majority, maybe even the absolute majority of derivatives, but not all.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 그러 므로 식물을 대하는 인간의 감정과 기억에 대한 의미화 과정은 실 제 프로그램에서 참여자가 접하는 식물과 연결되어지는 의미에 영 향을 미치게 된다는 점을 고려할 때, 참여자의 식물선호도가 가지 는 의미를 분석해볼 필요가 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystems provide services like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration. [SEP] Text: Tropical forest fragments enhance pollinator activity in nearby coffee crops (Fragmentos de Incrementan la Actividad de Polinizadores en Cultivos de Café Cercanos). Conservation Biology. 2004;18:1262-12719. Çurur F, Çurur T. A study on the production and marketing of bee products providing biodiversity: Case study from Turkey. . 2019;17:4707-472410. Quantifying the value of ecosystem services: A case study of honeybee pollination in the UK. In: 12th ‘From the Wealth of Nations to the Wealth of Nature: Growth’; 27-28 September 2010; Venice, Italy; 201011. Costanza R, de Groot R, Sutton P, van der Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Change. 2014;26:152-15812. Garibaldi LA, Steffan- Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science. 2013;339:1608-161113. . Spatial and temporal trends of global pollination benefit. . 2012;7:e3595414. Garibaldi LA, Steffan- Stability of pollination services decreases with isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits. Ecology Letters. 2011;14:1062-107215. Roubik DW. The value of bees to the coffee harvest. Nature. 2002;417:70816. . Valuing pollination services to agriculture. Ecological Economics. 2011;71:80-8817. Allsopp M, de Lange W, Veldtman R. Valuing insect pollination services with cost of replacement. . 2008;3:e312818. Costanza R, Ralph d Value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature: Journal of Science. 1997;387:253-26019. . Long-term global trends in crop yield and production reveal no current pollination shortage but increasing pollinator dependency. Current Biology. 2008;18:1572-157520. . The global stock of domesticated honey bees is growing slower than agricultural demand for pollination. Current Biology. 2009;19:915-91821. . How much does agriculture depend on pollinators? Lessons from long-term trends in crop production. Annals of Botany.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: As one researcher noted, a derivative cannot be defined as a financial instrument whose value is dependent (derived) from the value of a specific underlying asset, as such an asset does not exist in the case of weather derivatives, electricity derivatives, and the derivatives whose value depended on the outcome of papal elections in the sixteenth century ([4], p. 142). That is, it is essentially about the fact that the “base asset” can act as simply any change, any probable event, and the derivatives themselves act as a bet on the fact that such an event will occur (or not occur) at a certain time. And it is this purely speculative aspect that most confuses critics of financialization. However, in fact, derivatives did not arise at all for the purpose of turning stock trading into a “financial casino. ” On the contrary, derivatives are designed to limit all kinds of risks, to insure economic agents (traders, producers, and financiers) in case of an unexpected danger—from price changes to weather changes. The results of the analysis conducted at the time by the outstanding Filipino specialist in the field of international finance, Prof. E. Remolona (Eli M. Remolona)—then an analyst at the Bank of New York—testify that “the growth in exchange-traded derivatives arose primarily from the demand for liquidity-enhancing innovations and the growth in OTC derivatives from the demand for market-risk-transferring innovations. At least four broad developments gave rise to these demands. First, sustained shifts and temporary surges in market volatility differentially affected the demands for the various derivatives. Second, the emergence of important cash markets for government bonds and the growth of OTC derivatives fostered a demand for the liquidity provided by exchange-traded interest rate futures Third, interest rate risks faced by financial institutions and nonfinancial corporations created a demand for risk-transferring OTC interest rate contracts. Finally, the global diversification of institutional equity portfolios led to a demand for risk-transferring OTC stock index options” ([5], 3. “Strange money”As we have seen, complex derivatives were created to reduce the riskiness of market operations in conditions of uncertainty and high price volatility. However, not all experts were convinced of exactly this role of derivatives. In particular, S. Strange argued that the derivatives boom actually made the system as a whole more unstable and prone to crisis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 한편, 양육태도란 자녀를 양육하는 데 있어서 가지는 내적인 신 념이나 가치를 의미하고, 양육행동은 부모 또는 그 대행자가 아동 을 양육함에 있어서 자녀의 성격이나 행동에 영향을 미치는 보편적 이 행동이라고 할 수 있다(Kim, 2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: Models tested using the GLM procedure and the associated Criterion (AIC) obtained by backward stepwise selection procedure. proportions of artificial urban areas calculated at different spatial scales were strongly correlated (Table 2). Accordingly, we did not detect any threshold in the urbanization gradient. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Correlations between the percentages of artificial urban areas calculated in concentric rings at various landscape scales (in meters). DiscussionWe analyzed the parasitism rate of Cotesia glomerata on Pieris brassicae caterpillars and the density of adult butterflies along a gradient of increasing habitat fragmentation from the periphery to the centre of Paris. The parasitism rate linearly decreased with increased artificial urban areas around the study plots, the proportion of parasitized caterpillars falling from 90% to 0% when the proportion of urban areas increased from 10% to 90%. By contrast, the parasitoid virulence (the number of parasitoid cocoons per parasited caterpillar) remained constant all along the fragmentation gradient, which suggests no alteration in the parasitoid efficiency. The density of adult butterflies was not affected by the fragmentation gradient, although the parasitism rate decreased with increasing butterfly densities. A real measure of parasitoid virulence would be the number of cocoons per caterpillar per parasitoid. However, Cotesia glomerata deposit 15–35 eggs by caterpillar [26]. With a mean number of around 21 parasitoid cocoons per caterpillar, our results suggested that only one female layed per caterpillar. A higher density per host caterpillar would have various costs such as small body size and high mortality [27], suggesting that Cotesia glomerata females avoid laying in previously parasited host. Accordingly, we are confident that female virulence was unaffected by the fragmentation gradient. As mentioned in the literature (e. g. [28]) and not surprisingly, Cotesia glomerata, which occurs at the third trophic-level of the community, was more sensible to habitat fragmentation than Pieris brassicae. Indeed, abundance and diversity of parasitoids were often more strongly affected by habitat fragmentation than the abundance and diversity of herbivorous hosts, even at the scale of few hundred meters [29].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: So, when such a crisis did begin in 2008, another British specialist, professor of the of Economics, N. Dodd (Nigel Dodd), called the toxic assets that became the “detonator” of the crisis explosion—“strange money. ” True, N. Dodd did not directly mention financial derivatives, but drew attention to the connection between the financial and monetary systems (which was constantly emphasized by S. Strange) and to the fact that, in her opinion, banks do not create money so much as risks ([8], p. 178). In this regard, the analysis and consideration of monetary policy perspectives is an important area of study of various factors of activity in the derivatives market. Although central banks typically control only one, very specific short-term interest rate, their actions affect the entire yield spectrum and other asset classes. And this, of course, determines the natural demand for instruments that can be used to protect against changes in central bank rates or other parameters of monetary policy. Short-term interest rate derivatives are attractive for both purposes because trading these instruments involves much lower cash costs for a given risk than borrowing and lending in the spot market. Moreover, they are also available to traders who, due to limited size or lower credit rating, cannot effectively operate in the spot market. However, money market derivatives are generally highly liquid, allowing traders to use them cheaply, quickly, and with minimal price impact. This feature provides a connection between monetary policy and the turnover of derivatives ([9], p. 65). It is obvious that the first consequence of a more developed financial market for any monetary strategy is the ability to observe a wider range of asset prices that contain information about the current and expected state of the economy. In addition to inflation rates, interest rates, and exchange rate expectations contained in interest rates and futures prices, derivative prices also contain new types of information that a central bank can use to improve its monetary strategy. At the same time, derivative financial instruments represent a form of “quasi-money,” and this leads to the conclusion that monetary policy has lost a certain influence on national liquidity conditions. However, central banks have excellent information and a broader and much more meaningful overview than individual investors and banks can get, which means they can still have a strong lead in financial markets. And this potential is also confirmed by the development of operations with financial derivatives on the part of the central banks themselves.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 부모의 양육행동은 초기 부 모-자녀관계 형성을 통해 정서, 성격, 자아개념, 가치관, 사회성 등 심리사회적 발달에 중대한 영향을 미치게 되며, 부모의 심리적 안 녕감과 정서조절능력도 양육태도에 관여한다(Kim, 2010; Yang, 2013). 부모는 식물을 기르면서 동일시-정화-통찰-통합의 심리 적 기제를 경험하며 부모로서 자녀를 돌보는 양육을 배우게 된다 (Woo et al. , 2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: Thus, they all experience a different spatial structure of the habitat in the same landscape [37]. As the distribution of a given plant species can be viewed as a single large patchily distributed population if dispersal is frequent [14]. This plant may feed a herbivore that forms a classic metapopulation made up of local populations with relatively independent dynamics; and this herbivore may in turn have several functionally important predators and parasites, each with their own relationship to the spatial structure of the host populations with which they interact. While the spatial distribution of habitats will play some role in any species interaction, it is especially significant in those situations where both the relative dispersal rates and distances of interacting species differ greatly. Our results show that the third-trophic level species represented by Cotesia glomerata has indeed a smaller distribution range than the lower trophic level species [29], represented by Pieris brassicae and their host plants. Several studies have suggested also that fragmentation could differentially affect insects in different guilds and trophic levels, potentially disrupting metacommunity functioning [38], [39]. In general, higher levels of habitat fragmentation lead to increased herbivore incidence, partly because parasitoids can only colonize patches already occupied by their hosts [28] and also probably because they do not disperse as well as their host. Modest degrees of isolation of suitable patches within a metapopulation can contribute to the stability of the system because this offers to herbivores the opportunity to escape temporally from parasitoids by continuously colonizing new habitat patches. However, large scale fragmentation and the resulting isolation of the patches, can lead to the destabilization of multi-trophic systems, and hence of metacommunity functioning because parasitoids will be absent in many isolated patches [32]. Yet, few studies have mentioned so far that the relaxation of the parasitism rate with increasing habitat fragmentation that we document here. This process could contribute to the persistence of prey species in highly fragmented landscapes. The most parsimonious explanation of this difference is the contrasted dispersal abilities of the parasitoid and the prey (several kilometers for the butterfly [15] vs. several hundred of meters for the parasitoïd [16]). Given this huge difference, we expect that the grain size of the landscape, i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: With the beginning of the new century, the central banks of the Scandinavian countries, the UK, and the Bank began to use derivative instruments to hold currency in their reserves. In the second decade, the US System joined them. By the end of the second decade, two dozen central banks of the world already used this practice. The existence of a certain influence of financial derivatives on monetary policy is unconditional; however, by and large, the question is about recognizing derivatives as new money. According to D. Brian and M. Rafferty, derivatives, in fact, are “behind the scenes” money, which ensure that various forms of assets (and money) are not measured by state regulation (e. g. , regarding fixed exchange rate) and with the help of competing forces. That is, derivatives lead to the merging of the categories of capital and money: they provide additional liquidity to capital markets by making all assets look like money and, on the other hand, represent money itself as capital. Therefore, the result is the elimination of the difference between the sphere of production of goods (the so-called real economy) and the monetary economy ([10], p. 153). Such an opinion, in fact, can arise if we consider derivatives as a counterweight to the mass of commodities that play the role of their underlying assets. However, if you analyze the existing practice, you can make sure that the circle of such basic assets is quite narrow compared to the extremely wide assortment of goods (we are talking, mainly, only about basic raw materials). In addition, the absolute majority of futures contracts with the use of any derivatives does not end with the delivery of a real underlying asset, but only with the payment of a price difference (a premium or a fee for an option). There is no real balancing of the amount of derivatives and volumes, at least of the corresponding underlying assets (even taking into account the speed circulation of financial instruments). The question of the connection of derivatives with the money supply at one time became the subject of a special study by a group of experts of the Bank for (“Hannun Report”), who pointed out that “[t]he growing use of derivatives may have an impact on the stock of money balances, either by changing the demand for money services, or by transforming non-money financial assets which bear price risk into closer substitutes for traditional (risk-free) money, or by a combination of both.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 어린식물 단계는 내면의 사유를 드러내어 표 현하는 대상물로서 동일시와 추억, 성장기 식물에게는 식물과 관 계를 맺음으로써 생활 속으로 확장되고 생명력 있는 식물공간에서 자아성장을 위한 통찰적인 자세를 갖게 하는 정화(淨化), 결실기 는 생명의 주기적 본성을 통해 성장과 성숙의 생명주기를 관찰함 으로써 자신의 행동을 자각하는 의식으로 식물과 대화하고 자신의 경험을 재정리함으로써 자기 삶의 긍정적 자기상과 �

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: AbstractHabitat loss is the leading cause of the global decline in biodiversity, but the influence of human pressure within the matrix surrounding habitat fragments remains poorly understood. Here, we measure the relationship between fragmentation (the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation), matrix condition (measured as the extent of high human footprint levels), and the change in extinction risk of 4,426 terrestrial mammals. We find that the degree of fragmentation is strongly associated with changes in extinction risk, with higher predictive importance than life-history traits and human pressure variables. Importantly, we discover that fragmentation and the matrix condition are stronger predictors of risk than habitat loss and habitat amount. Moreover, the importance of fragmentation increases with an increasing deterioration of the matrix condition. These findings suggest that restoration of the habitat matrix may be an important conservation action for mitigating the negative effects of fragmentation on biodiversity. Similar content being viewed by others Habitat amount modulates biodiversity responses to fragmentation 10. Central to the debate has been a persistent uncertainty in disentangling the effects of habitat loss on biodiversity from the effects of fragmentation per se, especially relative to the reduction in patch size and the increase in patch isolation8,11. While some studies have challenged the assumption of the impacts of fragmentation6,8,9,12, others have demonstrated that the effects of fragmentation are negative and stronger for local species5,7,13,14, particularly in the tropics15 and at intermediate (30–60%) levels of habitat amount16,17. Resolving this debate is critical to not just informing efforts to prioritise the protection and management of intact and fragmented landscapes with the same total amount of habitat, but also to better understand the role of the areas surrounding patches of habitat, commonly referred to as ‘the matrix’, in maintaining biodiversity10,18,19. The traditional characterisation of landscapes, which view patches of habitat as islands embedded in a matrix of ‘non-habitat’, as assumed in classical theoretical models20,21, has been strongly criticised18,22,23,24. This characterisation has progressively been relaxed with approaches based on the premise that the matrix should be treated as a heterogeneous mosaic of different land covers (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: This can undermine the indicator function of traditional monetary aggregates. To the extent that the demand for money is shifting in an unpredictable way, the empirical foundation of monetary targeting is also called into question” ([11], p. 32). Around the same time, a group of American scholars also investigated the problem of the consequences of the use of derivatives for the regulatory function of central banks. They supposed that in such case it was no negative impact regarding the control for monetary aggregates by central banks. “Nonetheless, to the extent that derivatives act to complete markets and provide information through more explicit prices, they may make it more difficult for a central bank to surprise the public” ([12], p. 8). Experts assumed that if commercial banks regularly use derivatives markets to hedge their risks in relation to interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices, then the desired level of excess reserves in the banking system will be lower (than it could be without the existence of a derivatives market). Thus, with the increase in the use of derivatives, voluntary excess reserves will decrease, which, in turn, will leave banks with a greater opportunity for credit issuance, that is, will increase the money multiplier. Central banks were also concerned about the complexity of the work on sterilization of the exchange rate, the effectiveness of which decreases in the case of the spread of the relevant derivatives. And yet, according to U. Bjerg, “money is never just money,” since it is “characterized by a certain ontological uncertainty,” and “any monetary system is characterized by the interaction and transformation of various forms of money. ” And in modern conditions, financial markets play the role of repositories for the circulation of post-credit money issued by certain international banks ([13], 4. From gold to cryptocurrenciesAfter the “Nixon revolution” with the refusal to exchange Dollars for Gold and the Jamaican Agreement, which canceled the peg of national currencies to gold, the question of the use of the “yellow metal” in the international monetary system as a whole and the fate of the official “hung in the air. ” True, the forecast of the famous chemist (and amateur economist) F. Sodi, expressed by him back in 1921 (“Demonetize gold and where will its value go? ” No gold mine will work the day after tomorrow” [14]), did not succeed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: �기개념을 갖 게 하는 통찰 단계로 이 활동이 반복적인 체험으로 연결되면서 성 숙 발전에 기여한다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: ‘countryside biogeography’25, and the ‘land-sharing’ and ‘land-sparing’ approaches26,27,28,29,30), as it is recognised that species use different matrices for foraging, dispersing, and reproduction purposes31,32. While high-contrast matrices (e. g. intensive agricultural or built environments) act as movement barriers or ecological traps with an elevated risk of mortality for many species33, low-contrast matrices (e. g. secondary forests or shade-grown low-intensive agriculture in forested regions) may act as permeable barriers with a reduced risk of mortality for many others, even for those typically considered as habitat specialists25,27. To date, however, conservation and management assessments have focused mainly on species’ primary habitat34,35, limiting our understanding of their response to the habitat matrix, which may have direct implications for the design of functional landscapes36 and the prioritisation of conservation actions in fragmented landscapes37. Comparative extinction risk modelling is an approach for assessing the drivers of extinction risk and the change in risk over time. These models are based on the relationship between species’ life histories, the habitat pressures within species geographic ranges, and their threat status38,39,40,41,42,43. Built with readily available data, this approach allows for the prediction of the risk of extinction of a larger number of species compared with that provided by expert-based assessments. This more rapid approach can substantially reduce resource requirements, as well as proactively inform conservation and management strategies44,45. However, despite the fact that the loss and fragmentation of habitat are among the main determinants of species extinction risk3,43,46,47, the influence of the matrix condition on the effects of fragmentation and its relationship with the risk of extinction has not been well evaluated for any animal taxon at a global scale. Here, we quantify the relationship between changes in the extinction risk of 4426 terrestrial mammals over a 24-year period (1996–2020), the fragmentation of their suitable habitat (in terms of the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation), and the levels of human pressure within the associated habitat matrix. Our goal is to test the influence of human pressure within the matrix on the effects of fragmentation for determining changes in species extinction risk globally.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: The following year, on the same grounds (making settlements without an appropriate license), e-Bullion’s exchange trading of “electronic gold” was banned in California. digital currency scheme (which was equal to a gram of gold) lasted a little longer: the use of registration in Panama and conducting operations in Switzerland made it less vulnerable from the point of view of legal requirements, but in 2014, the company “suspended” operations, and soon its organizers disappeared (together with all the information about the balances of their clients’ funds). However, this did not stop the enthusiasts of “digitalization of gold,” and in 2015, the company BitGold Inc. was established in Canada (later renamed GoldMoney Inc. ), which offers customers the ability to deposit gold into their “BitGold accounts” and then use those funds (or their value in local currency) to make mortgage payments or buy goods. In 2018, the company was established in Australia, which introduced digital representations of gold (Kinesis gold—KAU) and silver (Kinesis silver—KAG) investment bars the following year. The bullion itself is stored in the company’s vaults, and its electronic representatives allow you to instantly buy, trade, send, and spend physical gold and silver worldwide. And in November 2021, California-based Inc. —a resource company that focuses on the production, supply, and sale of metals (including precious metals), primarily in the Asian market—has announced the launch of its “gold token”: a digital currency backed by gold mined directly from its gold mines. The main goal is for the gold token to become the global exchange standard by gradually expanding the circulation of the tokens in the primary markets of and Europe and expanding globally to other markets. However, as noted by authoritative researchers on this issue: “Although gold-backed private tokens already exist, they lack the credibility necessary to become reserve assets. Rather, a publicly issued gold-backed digital token can allow gold to benefit from the liquidity and fluidity of digitization while maintaining its important role as a source of value and a safe-haven asset. (…) However, at the moment, it is difficult to imagine any individual organization or central bank issuing a public gold CBDC” ([15], p. 18)—that is, an official digital currency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 또 하나는 통합으로서 싹이 나고 꽃이 피고 열매를 맺는 식물의 변화를 자신의 삶과 연결해서 끌어내고 자신 의 성장과 자기실현을 위해서 원하는 변화를 스스로 이끌어내고 스스로 자신을 만난다. 그리고 교육적인 면에서 식물 기르기 체험 은 건강한 부모의 역할을 기대하게 한다. 식물을 돌봄을 통하여 독 특한 생명체로서 자녀를 돌보고 북돋워 주어야 한다는 양육의 경 험을 통합하게 도와준다(Woo et al. , 2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: We focus on terrestrial mammals as they have been used as a focal taxon in previous extinction risk analyses48, they are known to be sensitive to fragmentation46, and data are available to delineate levels of suitable habitat (i. e. high and medium habitat suitability) and unsuitable habitat (i. e. the matrix) within their ranges49. For each species, we quantify the degree of fragmentation as the average Euclidean distance into ‘core’ suitable habitat from the nearest patch edge, the degree of patch isolation as the average Euclidean distance between patches of suitable habitat through the surrounding matrix, and the matrix condition as the extent of high human pressure levels overlapping with areas of unsuitable habitat. Spatial data representing the condition of the matrix were obtained from the recently updated human footprint maps50,51, which provide a single metric of the combined area and intensity of human activities, all of which are driving the current biodiversity crisis3. We define a human footprint threshold of ≥3 out of 50 to represent the extent of human-modified habitat within the matrix. This threshold was used as it has shown to be the strongest predictor of transitions in extinction risk for terrestrial mammals43. Furthermore, this human footprint threshold is associated with the highest declines in mammalian movements52. Following previous studies42,43,53, we classify species into two groups of extinction risk, ‘low-risk’ transitions and ‘high-risk’ transitions, based on the first and last category registered between 1996 and 2020. In combination with other predictors of extinction risk (see Table 1 for a description), we quantify the relative importance of the degree of fragmentation, the degree of patch isolation, and the condition of the matrix for determining extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. Table 1 Description of the selected variables to predict extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. Full size tableOur analyses reveal that the condition of the matrix plays a major role in the effects of fragmentation for predicting extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. Our results suggest that the negative effects of fragmentation may be somewhat mitigated when the matrix is associated with lower levels of human pressure. ResultsChanges in species extinction riskWe found that 2,984 (67. 4%) terrestrial mammals faced a low-risk transition and 1442 (32. 6%) a high-risk transition between 1996 and 2020 (Fig. 1). A total of 4124 species (93. 2%) retained the same category, while 302 (6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, such systems contribute to the revitalization of trade exchange—especially on a regional scale and in support of small businesses—as they play the role of a system of consumer self-credit. On the other hand, they undermine the unity of the of the state, not only leaving the central bank with a certain amount of Seigniorage (which is of no practical importance given the existing volumes of “alternative emission”) but also introducing significant confusion into the issues of formation and (the obligation to use a single legal means of payment), complicating Interregional Settlements, creating opportunities for fraud and abuse that are outside the area of responsibility of official Monetary Authorities, and so forth. Over the past few decades, a certain evolution of the models of additional currencies has taken place, which allowed to distinguish four generations of such Quasi-(which, however, do not replace the previous ones, but exist in the process of continuous innovative development). The first generation is nonconvertible systems; these are local exchange trading systems (LETS), which originated in the 80s and developed intensively in the first half of the 90s. They are large networks, often centered on specific organizations (e. g. , UK in and Selidaire in France) and organize mainly cashless exchanges, or use paper money for a short period. The second generation is formed by nonconvertible exchange schemes, in which the value of goods in exchange is often measured by the time spent on their production (time money). The third generation consists of convertible systems that are aimed at solving specific economic problems, but since they also solve territorial problems, they can be classified as local currencies at the same time. Such additional currencies are pegged to national currencies by means of a fixed exchange rate, for which special conversion rules apply. The issuance of additional currencies of the third generation is ensured by the reserves of the national currency, while the currencies of the first and second generation do not have such security and are not convertible. Fourth generation monetary system projects are complex systems in which local currencies play a major role. These projects (often called “green currencies”) focus more on environmental issues. They have a multipurpose nature, and local authorities are involved in their implementation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 부모의 양육태도에 대해, Baldwin은 권위-통제, 적대-거부, 민주적 태도로 측정하였 고, Lee and Oh는 Schaefer의 이론을 근거로 애정-적대, 자율-통 제, 성취-비성취, 합리-비합리의 4차원 모델을 제시하였다(Yang, 2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 82%) changed their category through time (Supplementary Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Classification of species extinction risk transitions based on past and present categories*. a Low-risk transitions included species that retained a category of least concern, together with those species that moved from any higher category of threat to a lower category between 1996 and 2020. b High-risk transitions included all species that retained a category of threatened or near threatened, together with those species that moved from any lower category of threat to a higher category between 1996 and 2020. *Acronyms refer to the categories, including (LC), (NT), Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), and (CR). Full size imagePredicting transitions in species extinction riskWe used a model for classification54 to measure the performance of an array of pressure, environmental and life-history variables (see Table 1 for a description) for the prediction of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. We found that the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat had higher predictive performance than species life-history traits, human pressure variables and other environmental conditions (Fig. 2). Fig. 2: Relative importance of selected variables for the prediction of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. Variables are colour-coded according to their broad class (human pressure, environment and life history). The description of each variable can be found in Table 1. High levels of the human footprint (HFP) included values of 3 or above. Source data are provided as a file. Full size imageInterestingly, our results show that the degree of fragmentation, the extent of high human footprint values in the matrix, and the degree of patch isolation had higher predictive performance than the change in high human footprint values (as defined by increases in high human footprint values through time) within the suitable habitat and the proportion of suitable habitat (Fig. 2). This result was supported by a sensitivity analysis where a different combination of the levels of habitat suitability was applied (Supplementary Fig. 2a, b). This suggests that habitat fragmentation and the matrix condition better predict changes in species extinction risk than habitat loss and habitat amount at a global scale. Partial dependence plots show that the probability of high-risk transitions is higher with an increasing degree of fragmentation (Fig. 3a), a decreasing degree of patch isolation (Fig. 3b), and an extent of high human footprint values within the matrix of 100% (Fig. 3c). Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: (For example, the NU Spaarpas project, launched in Rotterdam in 2002–2003, aimed at solving a whole set of problems, including increasing the consumption of locally produced organic products and increasing the recycling of waste [7, 16]. )In our opinion, additional money projects based on the use of the blockchain system could be attributed to a completely new generation. In particular, in May 2018, such a project called “Resource” (Recurso Económico Ciudadano—Rec) was launched in Barcelona, and its “currency” can be used using a mobile application or a bank card. Thus, the system of “additional currencies” is connected to another system—the system of “electronic money. ”However, the influence of the new technology began to be felt in the monetary and banking sphere already at the end of the last century, although the words “banking technology” or “banking industry” sounded a bit unusual in the early 1980s, but even then, they reflected significantly new phenomena, because in the recent decades, significant social and economic changes have taken place, which have significantly transformed banking activity. The idea of “computerization” of money circulation is based on previous developments in this field, which were based on the desire to overcome the shortcomings of cash circulation. And if in corporate, “wholesale” circulation, it was possible to do this long ago by means of simple bank entries on customer accounts, then in “retail circulation,” it remained a problem for a long time, because the replacement of “pure coin” with paper money tokens, including banknotes, promissory notes, or checks, only simplified the problems but did not solve them, until credit cards came along. So, instead of representatives of a clearly defined (in accordance with the denomination) number of monetary units (banknotes, treasury tickets), “money devices” appeared, which represented money without its quantitative certainty, since they could embody any number of monetary units, depending on your electronic programming. The era of “electronic money” or, as we proposed to call it, the “Destuffation of Money” has begun—that is, the disappearance of the physically embodied (stuff) form of money signs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 따라서 이 연구에서는 부모의 자녀양육태도 향상을 위한 원예활 동 프로그램 개발을 위하여 초등학생 자녀를 둔 학부모를 대상으로 식물선호도를 조사하고 이 선호도가 원예활동 또는 자녀양육태도 와 어떤 관련성을 가지고 있는가 하는 점을 분석하여 식물과 사람 의 태도의 관련성에 대한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 연구방법 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 3: Partial dependence plots to show the effect of the degree of habitat fragmentation, the degree of patch isolation, and the matrix condition on extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. The plots show the probability of high-risk transitions as a function of a the degree of fragmentation, b the degree of patch isolation, and c the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix. Solid red lines and shading represent fitted LOESS curves and 95% credible intervals for the relationships between the probability of high-risk transitions and each explanatory variable. As partial dependence plots for Boolean response variables mirror each other, the probability of low-risk transitions as a function of these variables are not depicted in the figure. Values of the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation were ln-transformed for visual purposes. The degree of fragmentation was inverse-coded so high values represent high degrees of fragmentation. High values of the degree of patch isolation represent high degrees of isolation between patches of suitable habitat. The description of each variable is given in Table 1. High levels of the human footprint (HFP) included values of 3 or above. Source data are provided as a file. Full size imageOur model showed good overall classification ability during cross-validation, with an accuracy of 81. 2%. The proportion of correctly classified high-risk transitions (sensitivity = 60. 5%) was lower than the proportion of correctly classified low-risk transitions (specificity = 90. 9%), with a true skill statistic of 0. 51. The predictive performance of our model did not markedly change compared to the model built with a different combination of the levels of habitat suitability (1). Thus, the model is robust to changes in the levels of habitat suitability. The influence of the matrix condition on the importance of habitat fragmentation for predicting extinction risk transitionsIn order to measure the influence of the matrix condition on the importance of fragmentation (i. e. the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation) for the prediction of extinction risk transitions, we first discretized the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix of each species into two broad levels as a proxy for matrix quality: ‘low-quality’ matrices and ‘high-quality’ matrices. As the global distribution of the matrix condition showed to be uneven in both low-risk and high-risk species (Supplementary Fig. 3), even at the scale of individual biogeographic realms (Supplementary Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Cash is now used less and less, and in countries such as Sweden or China, it has almost disappeared altogether, giving way to such digital payment systems as PayPal and Venmo (USA and Europe), Alipay and WeChat (China), Paytm (India), or M-Pesa (Kenya). Most of these fintech innovations are still tied to traditional banks. In place of cash comes “electronic money”—according to the definition given in 5. Central bank digital currency2018, a group of analysts of the Goldman Sachs, led by Zach Pandl, published a report in which the cryptocurrency was studied as money in the classical sense (“Bitcoin as Money”) and concluded that although Bitcoin can hypothetically be successful like the dollar or the euro, it is likely to face a number of fundamental problems. “In practice, Bitcoin and other digital currencies face significant practical obstacles to wider adoption, including potential government regulation and excessive volatility. So can Bitcoin succeed as a form of money? Theoretically yes, if it proves capable of facilitating low-cost transactions and/or providing better returns on risk-adjusted investment portfolios. However, in practice the bar looks high. The currencies of most developed market economies are already quite good at providing such monetary services. And if blockchain technology goes mainstream, as seems likely, the bar will look even higher. (…) The recent fluctuations of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies demonstrate that they are too volatile to serve as money. Volatility will likely have to drop dramatically (either naturally or through widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies designed to better stabilize purchasing power by regulating supply) before we see more widespread adoption. (…) Nevertheless, Bitcoin (and cryptocurrencies in general) can offer viable alternatives in countries and corners of the financial system where traditional monetary services are inadequately provided” [18]. Actually, “caught up” by the last remark, some publications, in pursuit of “hot news,” declared that analysts “recognized cryptocurrencies as real money,” or (in a milder form) that “they can be real money,” not particularly paying attention to the fact that the conditions for such “advancement,” in fact, require a fundamental change in the very essence of cryptocurrencies. Just as other analysts of the said that gold (which, they emphasized, is no longer real money) is better than cryptocurrencies due to its durability and intrinsic value [19].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 조사대상 및 응답자의 특성 식물에 대한 선호도와 식물 기르기 경험이 자녀 양육 태도와 관 련성을 파악하기 위하여 2015. 5~7월까지 서울, 전주에서 초등학 생 자녀를 둔 부모 200명을 대상으로 자기기입식 설문조사를 진행 하였으며 이 중 조사에 적절하지 않은 조사표를 제외하고 193부를 분석에 활용하였다. 조사에 응한 응답자 특성을 분석한 결과, 89. 4%가 여성이었으 며, 나이는 39세 이하 41. 1%, 40-44세 37. 4%, 45세 이상 21. 6% 로 평균 40. 9세이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 4), we defined cutoff values for each of the levels of quality of the matrix based on the positive and negative effect that the matrix condition had on the probability of high-risk transitions (Fig. 3c). Low-quality matrices were therefore represented by species with extents >84. 2% of their matrix overlapping with high human footprint values (n = 1815 low-risk species and 1027 high-risk species), while high-quality matrices by those species with extents <15. 8% of their matrix overlapping with high human footprint values (n = 60 low-risk species and 29 high-risk species). We then built separate models for each level of quality of the matrix in order to compare the relative importance of the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat and the degree of isolation of patches of suitable habitat between species with a matrix of low-quality habitat and species with a matrix of high-quality habitat. We found that the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation had higher relative importance for species with a low-quality matrix (Fig. 4a) than that observed for species with a high-quality matrix (Fig. 4b), with a decrease of 33. 3% and 62. 5%, respectively. Notably, the relative importance of the extent of high human footprint values in the matrix was markedly higher for those species with a low-quality matrix than for those with a high-quality matrix, with a decrease of 116. 4%, suggesting that the lower the quality of the matrix, the higher the predictive importance of the matrix for predicting extinction risk transition in terrestrial mammals. Fig. 4: Influence of the matrix condition on the relative importance of selected variables for the prediction of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. a Relative importance of each predictor for species with a low-quality matrix, which included proportions >84. 2% of the extent of their matrix overlapping with high human footprint values (n = 1815 low-risk species and 1027 high-risk species). b Relative importance of each predictor for species with a high-quality matrix, which included proportions <15. 8% of the extent of their matrix overlapping with high human footprint values (n = 60 low-risk species and 29 high-risk species). Variables are colour-coded according to their broad class (human pressure, environment, and life-history). The description of each variable is given in Table 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Therefore, Z. Pandl explained in a separate email that cryptocurrencies will need to “clear many regulatory hurdles before gaining wider acceptance. ” But the fact is that regulators—first of all, central banks—are in no hurry to remove these obstacles. Bundesbank explicitly states that “cryptoassets” are often misunderstood as “cryptocurrencies” or “cryptomoney” In fact, these are just private digital “tokens” that are created and used on computer networks. Indeed, the term “cryptocurrency” that is often used sounds like “official money. ” But this is not the case: There is no state central bank behind crypto-assets; there is no legal framework and state regulation that guarantees stability and acceptance. Therefore, there is no law that requires anyone to accept payment using a crypto asset, or to be able to exchange crypto assets for official currency. “Crypto-assets perform monetary functions only to a very limited extent. Their acceptance as a means of payment is extremely low. There are hardly any outlets where you can actually pay for it. Prices are also rarely expressed in cryptoassets, so they cannot be used as a unit of account. Due to strong price fluctuations, cryptoassets are hardly suitable as a reliable means of storing value. This means that crypto-assets are primarily a tool for speculative investments” ([20], p. 17). The position of central bankers on this matter was very clearly expressed in Davos (2017) by the of the of Sweden, Cecilia Skingsley, who stressed that cryptocurrencies do not meet the criteria to be called money [21]. 2017, Japan revised the part of the that includes the wording of virtual currency. Some media reported at the time that the “virtual currency law” gave it the status of legal tender in Japan. But in fact, the law defined Bitcoin and other virtual currency as a method of payment, not a legally recognized currency or legal tender. Consequently, states and central banks continued to treat cryptocurrency with suspicion. Thus, one of the biggest obstacles on the path of “cryptocurrency” to real electronic money was the lack of trust, the importance of which was spoken about in September 2017 at the of Forum ( Forum), by a member of the of the Bundesbank, K- L. Thiele (Carl-Ludwig Thiele).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 소득은 월 300만원이하 31. 4%, 월 301~400 만원 23. 2%, 월 401만원이상 45. 4%이었다. 전국 가구당 2015년 평균소득은 월 437만원이므로 54. 6%는 그보다 소득이 적다고 답 하였다. 학력은 고졸 28. 7%, 전문대졸 22. 3%, 대졸 34. 0%, 석사･ 박사 14. 9%이었고, 직업은 회사원 또는 일반 공무원 17. 4%, 전문 직･교육직 27. 0%, 자영업･서비스업･일용직 22. 5%, 주부 33. 1% 이었다. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: High levels of the human footprint (HFP) included values of 3 or above. Source data are provided as a file. Full size imageWhen looking at the difference in the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation between low-risk and high-risk species with a low-quality matrix, we found that both variables were significantly higher for those species classified as high-risk (p-values < 0. 001; Wilcoxon rank-sum test, one-sided). We also found that the difference of the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation between low-risk and high-risk species with a high-quality matrix was not statistically significant (p-values > 0. 05; Wilcoxon rank-sum test, one-sided). The degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation showed a greater effect size between low-risk and high-risk species with a matrix of low-quality habitat, with an estimated Cohen’s d of 0. 23 and 0. 32, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 5a, b). This indicates a greater effect of both the degree of fragmentation and the degree of isolation between patches of suitable habitat on the risk of extinction of those terrestrial mammals with a matrix of low-quality habitat. Our results show that the model for species with a matrix of low-quality habitat had higher predictive performance (true skill statistic = 0. 57) than the model for species with a matrix of high-quality habitat (true skill statistic = 0. 36). Our results also show that the classification ability was higher in the model for species with a low-quality matrix (accuracy = 0. 81) compared to that shown in the model for species with a high-quality matrix (accuracy = 0. 76). Although the proportion of correctly classified high-risk transitions was higher in the model for species with a low-quality matrix (sensitivity = 68. 4%), relative to that shown in the model for species with a high-quality matrix (sensitivity = 42. 9%), the model for species with a low-quality matrix had a lower proportion of correctly classified low-risk transitions (specificity = 88. 7%) than the model for species with a high-quality matrix (specificity = 92. 9%). This indicates a higher imbalance between the proportion of low-risk species and high-risk species correctly classified in the model for species with a high-quality matrix.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Speaking at the same forum, the then head of the IMF, K. Lagarde, urged bankers to pay more attention to cryptocurrencies. At the same time, she warned that in some countries with weak institutions and an unstable national currency, there may be an increasing use of virtual currencies (as an alternative to accepting foreign currency—say, the US dollar). called it “Dollarization 2. 0. ” Some enthusiasts, again, even viewed this statement as “recognition of cryptocurrency” by the Fund. However, in fact, this appeal was connected with the fact that K. Lagarde advised not to pay attention to Bitcoin at all 2 years before that. Now, she simply suggested that central banks not recognize cryptocurrency, but take a closer look at blockchain technology. Speaking on the same occasion a year later, in November 2018, at the of Financial Technologies, was already convinced that the problem actually lies in new demands for money, as well as the main goals of state policy. And as she emphasized, “money itself is changing” ([22], p. 7). In this connection, the question naturally arises about the further role of the state and central banks in this new monetary landscape. Some are even suggesting that the government back down, and electronic money “providers” claim that they are less risky than banks because they do not lend money. Instead, they keep customer funds in custodian accounts and simply make settlements on their networks, which raises the question of trust. And therefore, according to Christine Lagarde, the state should remain an active player in the money market, and central banks should issue money in a new digital form—in the form of state “tokens” or, perhaps, accounts maintained directly in the central bank and accessible to people and companies even for retail payments. In this case, unlike the electronic money of commercial banks, the digital currency will be an obligation of the state, like cash today, and not of a private firm (similar to cash in today’s conditions). Meanwhile, blockchain technology, which is the basis of Bitcoin, has spread quite widely around the world. What can be the benefit of issuing banks from blockchain technology? In fact, it allows traditional national currencies to be issued in such a way that their further movement, each transfer of new central bank money from one owner to another becomes transparent and even controllable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 조사도구 조사항목은 양육태도, 식물 기르기 경험, 선호하는 식물과 원예 활동 선호유형, 자녀 양육태도와 관련 변인들로 구성하였다. 1) 양육태도 부모의 양육태도는 Kim(2010)과 Yang(2013)의 모델에 따라 각 차원별 10개 문항씩 총 40문항에 대하여 긍정적인 경우 5점 만 점이 되도록 Likert 척도로 파악하였으며, 척도의 신뢰도는 신뢰할 만한 범위내에 존재하고 있었다(Table 1). Table 1. Reliability of the scale in parenting attitude. Chronbach’s α Achievement 10. 664 Affection 10. 793 Autonomy 10. 580 Rationality 10. 710 Total 40.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: DiscussionUnderstanding the external conditions under which a species is likely to face an increased risk of extinction are necessary to inform conservation policies and management strategies42. We found that the condition of the matrix, as defined by the extent of high human footprint values between patches of suitable habitat, strongly influenced the effects of fragmentation on extinction risk transitions of terrestrial mammals. Specifically, we found that the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation had a higher relative importance for species with a matrix of low-quality habitat compared to those with a matrix of high-quality habitat when determining extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. To the best of our knowledge, these findings are the first to demonstrate the extent to which human pressure within the matrix alters the importance of fragmentation metrics as predictors of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. These findings are in line with previous studies showing that the use of the matrix is among the main determinants of the vulnerability of mammalian populations to local extinction in fragmented landscapes (e. g. refs. 25,55,56), and supports recent findings showing that species-area relationships are steeper (i. e. more extinction driven) in forested landscapes with a low-quality matrix, and shallower (i. e. less extinction driven) in those forested landscapes with a higher quality matrix57. This suggests that the magnitude of the effects of fragmentation depends on the structural similarity between suitable habitat patches and the matrix, as also suggested by a growing body of evidence across multiple taxa on a local scale31,58. Our results showed that species with a greater degree of fragmentation, lower degree of patch isolation, and lower quality matrix within their ranges tended to be at greater risk of extinction. This indicates that the persistence of terrestrial mammals depends not only on the proportion of suitable habitat and its spatial configuration, but also on the quality of the matrix. This might be related to the fact that species occurring in regions with low rates of historical disturbance are more likely to be sensitive to fragmentation15, and thus more likely to face an increased risk of extinction. That would suggest that those species within the high-risk group are mainly concentrated in the tropics, particularly in forested landscapes where deforestation continues at a rapid rate59,60. In our sample, the majority of these species (68. 4%) were restricted to the Neotropical (32. 0%), Afrotropical (34. 9%) and Indo-Malay (48.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe global food system is an important driver of environmental change, including greenhouse gas emissions, terrestrial biodiversity loss, and soil degradation (UNEP 2016). Agriculture alone contributes 78% of global N2O emissions and 39% of CH4 emissions (IPCC 2019). Furthermore, loss of landscape diversity, natural habitats, and species diversity as well as damages to soil and water ecosystems are attributed to agricultural production (Campbell et al. 2017). In the (EU), the Policy (CAP) has been shown to be ineffective and inefficient in delivering on its environmental and socio-economic objectives (Pe’er et al. 2019). While societal and political demands for environmentally friendly agriculture are growing, farmers claim that new environmental regulations, such as the recently amended fertilization ordinance (a national-level implementation of the EU Nitrate Directive), drive their businesses into unprofitability. Against this background, an improved understanding of the factors influencing farmers’ uptake of sustainable agricultural practices is necessary. Many studies have investigated the decisions of farmers to implement sustainable practices. For the European context, Bartkowski and Bartke (2018), Brown et al. (2021), and Dessart et al. (2019) provide comprehensive reviews of the multiple external and internal factors that influence farmer decision-making. The research gaps identified in extant literature include increased attention to measure- and context-specific factors influencing adoption, meso-level factors such as regional food systems and a more differentiated view on institutional barriers (Baur 2020; Brown et al. 2021; Lamine et al. 2019; Moerkerken et al. 2020; Niles et al. 2016). Furthermore, despite important implications for policymaking, few studies have attempted to separate the decision-making factors within the sphere of influence of farmers from those that lie beyond farmers’ control. The present study addresses this gap by developing the conceptual framework of farmers’ action space and applying it to the case of diversified crop rotations in arable farming in the German federal state of Saxony. In Germany, the environmental impacts of the agricultural sector (and, more generally, the overall food system) are substantial (Umweltbundesamt, 2020). Despite high levels of compliance with relevant minimum requirements and regulations, the negative environmental impacts of agriculture continue (KLU 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 877 2) 식물 기르기 경험과 선호식물 분류 식물 기르기 경험 여부는 텃밭활동 체험여부를 통해 확인하였 고, 텃밭 활동 계기와 어려운 점, 선호하는 원예활동 유형을 확인하 였고, 좋아하는 식물을 개방형으로 적도록 하여 응답한 식물의 유 형을 분류하였다. 이 연구에서는 식물의 분류기준을 9가지로 적용하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 0%) biogeographic realms, which is consistent with these findings. In our extinction risk model, some variables had higher predictive performance than others. For example, the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat showed to be the most important predictor of changes in species extinction risk when compared with species life-history traits, measures of human pressure, and other environmental conditions. This finding is in line with previous extinction risk modelling showing that the inclusion of the degree of fragmentation as a predictor increases the explanatory power of the models46,47. In particular, this result supports recent findings showing that terrestrial mammals with higher degree of fragmentation have smaller ranges, lower proportions of suitable habitat, and are at greater risk of extinction46. The second most important predictor of extinction risk transitions was the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix (i. e. the condition of the matrix). This result contrasts with the findings from previous extinction risk modelling exercises for mammals, where the predictive importance of human pressure was found to be lower than life-history traits or environmental conditions different to fragmentation48,61,62. However, it complements the findings of one recent extinction risk modelling exercise for mammals43, where the extent of high human footprint values within species’ ranges had higher predictive importance than species life-history traits, environmental conditions (without consideration of habitat fragmentation), and other pressure variables. Given that species are not homogeneously distributed throughout their ranges49,63, this result specifically suggests that the condition of the matrix surrounding patches of suitable habitat is strongly correlated with extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. This may in part be explained by the fact that habitat loss and fragmentation have opened up the path to a series of other threat mechanisms through the matrix, such as hunting, disease spread, and invasive species4,5,40. It may also be related to the fact that species are increasingly obligated to inhabit human-modified landscapes64,65, many of which have a matrix that likely prevents their movement52 and elevates their mortality33 (e. g. by roadkill66 or increasing predation67,68). Conflicting results on the effects of fragmentation on biodiversity have arisen from studies attempting to separate ‘independent’ effects of habitat loss from those of habitat fragmentation11. Some studies have argued that the effects of habitat loss are greater and more negative (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: In particular, the simplification of crop rotations has been identified as an important contributor to these adverse environmental impacts (KLU 2019; Heißenhuber et al. 2015). Diversified crop rotations are here defined as spatiotemporal diversification with a higher number of species, with the inclusion of legumes, cover crops and/or perennial forage plants. Multiple beneficial effects of such diversification have been demonstrated in the empirical literature, including above- and below-ground biodiversity (Rosa-Schleich et al. 2019) and soil carbon sequestration (2018; Wiesmeier et al. 2020; IPCC 2019) as well as reductions in pest pressure (Lin 2011), nitrogen leaching (2018), land degradation (Wiesmeier et al. 2020; IPCC 2019), energy and fertilizer demand (2018), and yield risk faced by farmers (Lin 2011). In addition, a more diverse local production can reduce externalities linked to importing products (Magrini et al. 2016). However, the potential effects of diversified crop rotations are often counteracted by intensive management practices linked to the additional crops (Alignier et al. 2020; Hass et al. 2018). For farmers, diversified crop rotations can entail short-term opportunity costs and economic trade-offs but also reduced risks and increased yields in the long term (Rosa-Schleich et al. 2019; Wiesmeier et al. 2020). Despite potential ecological and long-term economic benefits, the implementation of diversified crop rotations remains limited in Germany, especially among conventional farmers. Responding to the need for a better understanding of farmers’ uptake of sustainable practices in general, and diversified crop rotations in particular, this study’s objective is two-fold, namely, to (1) conceptualize farmers’ action space to implement sustainable agricultural practices and to (2) analyze the constraints limiting the action space of arable farmers in Saxony to adopt diversified crop rotations and the interactions between the identified constraints. Conceptual frameworkIn the following, we first introduce the conceptual framework of the action space, embedding it in the existing literature on farmers’ behavior. Next, we describe in more detail the individual barriers that constrain farmers’ action space.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 먼저 식 물의 속성에 따라 ➀ 근엽채류, 과채류, 과실과 수목류, 초화류로 분 류하였고, 둘째로 오감 측면에서 시각적으로 구분이 가능한 ➁ 지 지대 필요여부, 후각적으로 ➂ 향기 선호, 촉각적으로 ➃ 만지기 쉬 운 것, 미각적으로 ➄ 식재료 이용여부에 따라 분류하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 6,8,9,12), while others have demonstrated that the effects due to fragmentation (such as declining patch size, increasing habitat isolation, and increasing edge effects) are essentially negative and lasting (e. g. 5,7,13,14). However, in real landscapes, habitat loss inevitably causes habitat fragmentation, and both act in synergy with other threats to biodiversity69,70,71. Thus, there is little practical value in attempting to separate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation7,72,73,74. Our study does not attempt to resolve the current debate as to whether and how habitat fragmentation per se (i. e. the spatial arrangement of remaining habitat for a given amount of habitat loss) influences biodiversity5,6,7,8,9,10, but our results showed that the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat, the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix, and the degree of isolation between patches of suitable habitat were more important predictors of extinction risk transitions than the change in high human footprint values (as represented by increases in high human pressure levels over time) within patches of suitable habitat and the proportion of suitable habitat. This suggests that changes in species extinction risk are primarily determined by the fragmentation of habitat and the matrix condition, and secondarily by the loss and the amount of habitat within species’ ranges. However, there is also the possibility that the loss of most suitable habitat patches had already occurred before the beginning of the study period, resulting in the degree of fragmentation, the matrix condition, and the degree of patch isolation being more important predictors of extinction risk than habitat loss and habitat amount. Although biogeography was not a key parameter for determining extinction risk transitions in our models, we found some differences in the way the matrix condition was distributed in low-risk and high-risk species among biogeographic realms. The Indo-Malay realm represented a particular case, with a highly right-skewed distribution (i. e. towards a higher extend of high human footprint values within the matrix) in species classified as low-risk, very similar to that shown in high-risk species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Conceptualizing the action spaceBased on a wide range of empirical and theoretical literature, we developed the conceptual framework of farmers’ action space, which, in the context of this study, refers to the perceived leeway for implementing (and sustaining) changes in agricultural practices that a farmer has at a particular point in time, given multiple constraining factors (barriers or constraints) that lie beyond the immediate control of the farmer. This definition highlights the conceptual importance of barriers that constrain actors’ (here: farmers’) ability to do what they (or others) think is necessary or desirable. The action space is conceptually close to the construct of Control in the Theory of (TPB) (Ajzen 1991; Fishbein and Ajzen 2010), which “refers to the individual’s capacity to control the outcome of the behavior, in the sense of being technically capable of delivering the behavior and/or capturing the benefits of the outcome” (Delaroche 2020, 6. 25 out of 10 on that question (see SM). This coincides with the average rating of 6. 27 assigned to the individual barriers, which allows us to assume that the selected barriers covered the most important factors limiting farmers’ perceived leeway to implement climate-friendly crop rotation and thus providing evidence for the internal validity of results. At the same time, relative weight of barriers that resulted from the survey in some cases strongly diverged from the importance assigned to the barrier in the interviews, pointing to a mismatch in perceptions between farmers and non-farmer stakeholders. Fig. 2Overview of interview and survey results, showing the number of interviews mentioning each of the 11 selected barriers by actor type [stacked bars] and the relative weight assigned in the survey [points]. Label colors indicate barrier category: economic (green), regulatory (light blue), biophysical (purple), path dependencies (dark blue), and knowledge and technology (red). 1 for details on relative weightFull size imageTable 1 Rank and relative weight assigned to each barrier through the survey, by barrier typeFull size tableEconomic barriersBoth interviews and the survey portrayed the economic operating environment as the most important set of constraints of their action space to implement diversified crop rotations. The three barriers concerned with agricultural markets and value chains were most prominent (i. e. , largest relative weight; Table 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 셋째로 활용성 면에서 텃밭활동이 대체로 1년 주기로 이루어짐을 고려하 여 ➅ 1년생과 다년생, ➆ 독립과 군락, ➇ 도시농업이나 원예치료 프로그램에서 자주 사용하는 식물, ➈ 가공과 관상용 등으로 구분 하였다. 3) 식물 선호도와 양육태도 관련 변인 부모의 양육태도 관련 변인으로 부모-자녀의 상호작용, 친밀도, 가족기능, 가족응집력 등이 있다(Choi, 2010; Kim, 2010; Kim, 2016).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: The models ranked areas with three levels of habitat suitability: (i) high, representing primary habitat or preferred habitat where the species can persist; (ii) medium, representing secondary habitat where the species can occur but not persist without nearby high suitable habitat; and (iii) unsuitable, representing locations where the species is expected to occasionally or never be found. A subset of the models and their associated levels of habitat suitability were validated against available points of known species occurrences. Full details on the development of the models are available elsewhere49. When delineating the levels of habitat suitability for each species, small contiguous groups of pixels (<4 adjacent pixels of the same level of habitat suitability) were removed and replaced with the pixel value of the largest and nearest group of pixels, based on eight neighbouring pixels of the same class. This reduced the influence of isolated groups of pixels of the same level of habitat suitability, and improved the computational efficiency of the analysis, as also reported in other studies46,81. For our analysis, we combined high and medium habitat suitability to represent the extent of suitable habitat patches, and use the level of unsuitable habitat to represent the extent of the matrix of each species. We also applied a different combination of the levels of habitat suitability when representing the extent of suitable habitat patches (high suitability instead of high and medium suitability combined) and the extent of the matrix (medium suitability and unsuitable combined instead of unsuitable habitat alone) of each species as a sensitivity analysis (see Sensitivity analysis section). The degree of habitat fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation as predictors of extinction risk transitionsFor each species, we measured the degree of habitat fragmentation by calculating the average Euclidean distance of all the pixels of suitable habitat from the nearest edge82, edges demarcated by the boundary between suitable and unsuitable habitat. Large values of the average Euclidean distance represented low degrees of habitat fragmentation, whereas small values represented high degrees of habitat fragmentation. Additionally, we calculated the average Euclidean distance between patches of suitable habitat through the surrounding matrix (i. e. , the average Euclidean distance of all the pixels of unsuitable habitat from the nearest edge) to account for patch isolation (after Crooks et al. 46). Here, large values of the average Euclidean distance represented high degrees of patch isolation, and small values represented low degrees of patch isolation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Interviewees agreed that in conventional farming, currently only a few crops are economically viable, causing Saxon arable farming to be dominated by wheat, barley, rape seed, and maize (I2, I5, I6, I7, I9, I10). Interviewees and survey respondents proposed multiple, interlinked explanations for the limited economic viability of diversified crop rotations. One key problem associated with diversified farming systems was that additional costs were not met by additional revenue. Several respondents stated that the proposed practices increase their production costs (I6, I9, similarly I8). At the same time, no premium prices for sustainable products were expected, representing additional pressure on already small profit margins. In addition, prices fluctuate (I4), which conflicts with planning crop rotations for several years (compare I3). Low producer prices, combined with climate change effects, have complicated farmers’ financial situation in recent years (I1, I9, compare I4, I7). Consequently, many farming businesses lack the financial leeway to prioritize environmental over economic considerations. Price pressure was explained with consumers’ limited willingness to pay for environmentally friendly products and the position of Saxon farmers within global agricultural markets and value chains characterized by power asymmetries. Five out of six interviewed farmers and farmers’ association representatives mentioned the lack of willingness to pay for climate-friendly products as a barrier to the implementation of diversified crop rotations (I1, I4, I6, I7, I9). Several interviewees pointed to a perceived attitude-behavior gap in consumers (I1, I4, I7). agriculture to become more sustainable, some interviewees demanded a shift of p4. 1), causing the shift to happen within the range of dominant species (I6, I3). Crops that could make rotations more sustainable are not among the winners of climate change: legumes formerly suitable for the region, such as peas and broad beans, were described as very sensitive to dry conditions (I9). Dry soils complicate the establishment of cover crops (I3, I4, I5), which results in the risks of losing the investments in seeds (I5) and of having a bare fallow (I4). In addition, cover crops compete with the following cash crop for soil moisture (I4, I5).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 부모의 자녀양육태도에 영향을 미치는 변인이 식물선호도 와 관련성이 있는지 확인하기 위하여, 자녀의 성별 구성, 초등학생 자녀의 학년, 자녀의 일상에 대한 이해, 가족과 식사 횟수, 자녀와 대화시간, 자녀학교 방문 횟수, 자녀 일상에 대한 인지, 친한 이웃 여부 등을 개방형 또는 선택형으로 질문하였다. 3. 분석방법 수집한 자료는 SPSS Statistics 20. 0(IBM Corp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: The average Euclidean distance was considered because this metric does not require a predetermined distance threshold of what constitutes an edge, accounts for different shapes of fragments and landscapes patterns and arrangements, accounts for the distribution of habitat area83, is comparable across landscapes of different extents, and provides stable and readily interpretable information81. Moreover, average Euclidean distance has been shown to be singularly valuable in quantifying the relationship between habitat fragmentation and extinction risk of the world’s terrestrial mammals46, which made it highly suitable for our analyses. The matrix condition as a predictor of extinction risk transitionsSpatially explicit data on the condition of the matrix, as represented by the extent and change over time of high human pressure levels overlapping with the area of unsuitable habitat surrounding patches of suitable habitat (after et al. 43), was obtained from the recently updated global human footprint maps51. These maps represent the most comprehensive global distribution of changing human pressure on the environment at 1 km resolution between 2000 and 2013, based on eight pressure layers50: (i) built environments; (ii) intensive agriculture; (iii) pasture land; (iv) human population density; (v) night-time lights; (vi) roads; (vii) railways; and (viii) navigable waterways, all of which are driving the current extinction crisis3. Each human footprint map provides a single pressure metric ranging from 0 to 50, where a value of 0 represents areas free of any human influence (e. g. , terrestrial remaining wilderness), values of 4 or below represent areas of low human pressure (e. g. , pasture lands) and values above 20 represent areas with very high pressure levels (e. g. , densely populated semi-urban and urban environments). In this analysis, we measured the extent of high human footprint values and the change of this extent over time (between 2000 and 2013) within areas of unsuitable habitat, using a defined human footprint threshold of 3 or above. This threshold was used as it has shown to be the strongest predictor of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals43. Moreover, this human footprint threshold is associated with the highest declines in mammalian movements52. Based on previous studies43,84, we used the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix as the extent of high pressure levels within species’ ranges has shown to be more sensitive to predict extinction risk than using mean values of human pressure within species’ ranges.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Mild winters further complicate cover crop cultivation as common cultivation practices assume that they die from frost (I4). In short, the technical solutions needed to deal with new climatic conditions were often missing due to lack of research on the new conditions (I9). Climate change exacerbates the impact of several other barriers: interviewees repeatedly referred to yield losses in previous years as a reason why businesses lacked money for environmental protection (I1, I2, I6). Additionally, climate change was linked to new technology and knowledge needs, which may increase production costs (I6, I7, I8, I9). In turn, climate change also had negative effects of farmers’ intention to implement mitigation measures, because of a narrative of the farmer as the victim rather than the culprit of climate change (I3). Path dependenciesThe available financial, technological, and human resources largely determine the way a business can respond to the multiple factors that affect the action space and are thus a crucial determinant of the businesses’ capability to overcome the barriers to diversified crop rotations. Generally, the further away the business is from sustainability-oriented thinking and practices, the higher are the costs to reach them. For example, previous production decisions were described as determining technology needs linked to diversified crop rotations (I4, I7, I9) and developing new production branches was considered costly (I5, I6). In addition to a technological path dependency, respondents described a knowledge-based path dependency, as a farmer’s knowledge was said to focus on the main past activities (I3, I5, I9, I10). In addition, workforce availability is considered a problem in Saxony (I2, I4, SR65). Current employees and managers are often not fully prepared to implement sustainability measures due to a lack of time and training as well as short-term employment (I2, I4, I5, I8, I10). In cooperatives, which are an important form of farmer cooperation in Germany, accountability of managers to members might create a status-quo bias (I5), in a situation where crop choice decisions are made short-term and mainly based on market prices (I3). This contrasts with diversified crop rotations, which need to be planned beforehand.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: , ) 프로그램을 활용하여 양육태도 조사도구의 신뢰도 분 석, 조사대상의 일반적 특성을 알기 위한 기술통계, 식물선호도와 양육태도 관계를 파악하기 위한 교차분석(χ2검증), t-test, 일원배 치 분산분석(ANOVA)을 하였다. 평균비교를 위한 분산 분석결과 집단별 차이가 있는 경우 사후분석으로 Scheffe 검증을 하였다.

Output: pass