Input: Claim: Most language translation AI tools can perfectly interpret emotional tone and intention. [SEP] Text: From experimentation, we observe a positive higher value obtained of the emotional tone, which suggests that the supportive comments made by other users have helped the author to feel better as a result. The average emotional tone generally pans out to be positive, as supportive comments are offered to the author, thus resulting in a positive value for the emotional tone. Overall, the results display the fact that being a part of respective mental illness groups, the familiar environment provides empathy and support for each other, thus making an improvement in one’s emotional being. 5 Experimental setupThe execution and performance analysis of the proposed model was conducted using software. The core algorithm was developed using Python and compiled using Python 3. 3. 2. The experiments were conducted using a HP PC consisting of an Intel® Core™ i7-7300HQ 2. 50 GHz CPU in a 64-bit Windows-10 OS. To obtain the predictions of emotional tone, from the sequence of data extracted from different subreddits, we use RNN as it performs well with sequential data. We have used RNN using Units (GRUs), as GRUs help making a decision as to what information is to be passed on to the output as compared to a standard RNN. Since we’re finding the prediction of emotional tone in a numeric form, implying a regression task, the hidden layer of RNN (half of Ym) is passed through a (FC) layer to get the scalar prediction y for EmT(cn). If a unidirectional RNN is used, hidden state of the last comment in sequence T is used, whereas a bi-directional RNN, the final hidden states are joined i. e. the forward and backward halves of the network. Loss function Since this is a regression task, mean squared error (MSE Loss) and mean absolute error (L1 loss) are generally used as loss functions but with training using these, the model was unable to gather predictions along the average, thus preventing from accurate predictions of further extreme values of emotional tone EmT(cn). Hence, we use Weighted L1 loss because the distribution of emotional tone y varies between − 1 and 1, forming a bell curve [4]. We weight the absolute error for (X, y) proportionally to the reciprocal of the number of elements in its bin. 10 equal-length bins are used [10].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: As this department is dominated by the Amazonian rainforest, land-based production activities are constrained. In this sense, 63. 4% of its area is natural protected area and 20. 5% are natural forest and non-agricultural areas [36]. However, historically Caquetá was integrated into the country through successive processes of colonization since the mid-nineteenth century, a process that stimulated the non-vocational use of the land and prioritized extractivism [37]. Further, since its geographical location was suitable, the Forces of Colombia (FARC) established its military activities there, thus making the armed conflict a long-standing central factor in its socio-spatial configuration. Not only was the department the scene of two failed peace negotiations during the governments of (1982–1986) and Andrés Pastrana (1999–2002), it also witnessed the largest state attempt to defeat the FARC within the policy of the government of Álvaro Uribe (2002–2010). Neither the State nor the FARC ever completely controlled Caquetá. Rather, State action has lagged behind the colonization process, has failed to order the territory, and has been completely substituted by the FARC in some areas [38]. However, the new peace process changed the dynamics within the region, as we explore in this study. In contrast, Cesar, located in the northern region, is ranked 21 of 33 according to its area (2% of the national territory) and is 95% rural. Despite its small size, it has four strategic ecosystems for conservation: de Santa Marta, Serranía del Perijá, the valley of the and the valley of the Magdalena River. has lost around 90% of Forest (TDF)–only 720,000 of 8. 8 million hectares estimated remain–Cesar region has the largest volume of TDF remnants in the country, at 72,401 ha, or 21. 8% [39]. According to Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi [40], both productivity and conservation could be combined in the department because of its 2. 2 million hectares: 48% is suitable for different types of production and 51. 2% should be protected due to its environmental importance. Palm oil crops, coal mining, cocoa, and livestock are the main economic activities in the region. Coal mining is particularly causing environmentaland social damages.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Comparisons between LMCBT and CR groups showed similar results in all parameters in all disease groups (p > 0. 05). Thus, this study has quantitatively shown that LMCBT should be an effective alternative treatment option in children and adolescents with physical disabilities. On the other hand, Choi et al. (2021) carried out an RCT to investigate the efficacy of a non-IVR rehabilitation system of wearable multi-inertial sensors to improve arm function in children with brain injury (n = 80). Results showed a significant improvement in upper limb dexterity functions (Assessment of Limb Function-2 (MA-2)), after treatment, significantly higher in the experimental group (DELTA = 10. 09 ± 10. 50) compare with the control group (DELTA = 3. 65 ± 6. 92) (p < 0. 05). Although the results found by these studies are relevant and demonstrate positive results, suggesting that non-IVR can help in the rehabilitation of children with ULMI, more research is needed for a broader range of clinical conditions and with systems with greater capacity for immersion and interaction. 2. 2 IVR rehabilitationIVR environments are presented to the patients through a HMD, and this technology increases the user’s level of immersion (presence) in the environment. This plays an essential role in providing an optimal condition for task practice, as does the meaning of the task for the user (Kitago and Krakauer 2013; Martirosov et al. 2021). In the literature, we found studies in which IVR was used to improve UL rehabilitation. This mainly focussed on stroke and CP injuries, where paediatric upper limb injuries require a task-specific physiotherapeutic approach different from injuries and burns (Bortone et al. 2020; Mekbib et al. 2020, 2021). Interestingly, only one study was conducted with the paediatric population. Mekbib et al. (2020) designed and then, implemented a neuroscience-based IVR protocol to rehabilitate stroke adult patients. The system provides unilateral and bilateral limb reflex exercises in a fully immersive virtual environment that can stimulate and activate the mirror neuron system in the brain to assist rehabilitation in subacute stroke patients (n = 12). Following the intervention, the primary outcome was that patients demonstrated a significant improvement in their motor function FMA-UE scores (p < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most language translation AI tools can perfectly interpret emotional tone and intention. [SEP] Text: of sentences for each subreddit: anxiety, bipolar, suicidewatch and depressionFull size imageThe figures in the second row under each subreddit shows the magnitude of polarity vs. the number of sentences for all the comments in a particular subreddit. From the figure it is evident that the polarity value of comments is a good mix between negative and positive quantities, with a slight inclination towards positive polarity. This is because the comments under the posts on these subreddits can be of both positive and negative emotion as the users are generally in a negative state of mind due to these mental health issues. However, the slight positive inclination shows that the users share positive comments more frequently in order to help and support each other. Figure 5a shows the combined results of polarity vs. number of sentences for all the subreddits. It can be seen that though there are significant number of sentences with negative polarity, the general inclination is towards positive interactions. Figure 5b shows the distribution of subjectivity and polarity for all the subreddits combined, and it can be inferred that for all subreddits, the user interactions are more subjective than objective in nature. Fig. 5a Polarity vs. no. of sentences in all subreddits combined b Distribution of Polarity and Subjectivity of all comments in all subreddits combinedFull size image For studying the sentiment of the author’s final comments, we analyze the polarity values obtained for the author’s last comment for every thread in each subreddit. Figure 6 shows the results on combining these values for each subreddit. We can see that the final comments are mostly of positive polarity, indicating that the user interactions positively affect the author and improve their state of mind, resulting in more optimistic comments from the author. Fig. 6Polarity vs. no. of sentences for author’s last comment in each subreddit a Anxiety b Bipolar c SuicideWatch and d DepressionFull size image Figure 7 shows the polarity vs. sentences for last comment on all the threads of all the subreddits combined. This also provides us the same inference that though there exist comments with negative polarity, maximum comments show a positive magnitude showing that the shift in emotional tone of the author is a positive one. Fig. 7Polarity vs. no. of sentences for author’s last comment all subreddits combinedFull size image The results in all the graphs above give us a qualitative overview of the effect of user interactions on the author’s emotional tone.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Nearly all of the intact forest has been destroyed near the mines, the underground aquifers have been permanently damaged, rivers have been diverted away from communities, and there are dangerous levels of air and water pollution [41, 42]. As for the conflict, there were several violent actors in the department and, in contrast to Caquetá, paramilitary groups played a more significant role in Cesar. For example, between 1997 and 2006, the Drummond Company, a mining company, supported with money the leaders of the United Self-of Colombia (de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish), who were located in the coal mining areas in the north of the department of Cesar. In addition, the of the AUC, under the leadership of Jorge 40, a member of the elite Cesar department, sought to capture elected offices in some coast departments, including Cesar [43]. Although land use changes in both departments have developed differently and differing land suitability, they have some similar characteristics that allow for the comparison of both departments. First, in both regions, resource depletion is associated with land accumulation and the expansion of the agricultural frontier. Second, both regions were highly affected by armed conflict and, for this reason, some territories within these two regions are included in the (PDETs, by Spanish acronym). These programs are an instrument that aims to stabilize and transform the territories most affected by violence, forced displacement, poverty, illicit economies, and institutional fragility in Colombia [44]. Thirdly, these departments present high rural land concentration. According to UPRA [45], Cesar and Caquetá are two of the five departments with the greatest rural properties and tend to have the highest variability and the largest median farm sizes. That is, properties in these departments are less similar in size. Fourth, most of Caquetá and Cesar have land tenure issues, with 58. 7% of rural land in Caquetá being technically and legally informal or imperfect; in Cesar it is 47. 43%; this makes it difficult to access institutional support [46]. Fifth, land use change in both cases resulted in the establishment of extensive pastures for cattle ranching. Sixth, in both regions there is a growing interest in developing other crops, including cocoa. Seventh, and finally, inequality in access to rural land is high for both departments. Thus, the Gini index for 2014 in Cesar was 0. 7 and for Caquetá it was 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: 042) used to quantify the motor recovery status. One year later, (Mekbib et al. 2021) conducted an RCT of the same designed system. Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to a VR group (n = 23, IVR-group n = 12; control group n = 11). Both groups significantly improved the (BI) (p < 0. 05), reflecting the recovery of UL motor function. The IVR-group revealed more significant improvements in FMA-UE scores (p < 0. 05) than in the control group. Neural activity increased after the intervention, particularly in brain areas involved in the recovery of motor functioning, such as the primary motor cortex. The only study with children was carried out by Bortone et al. (2020) and aimed to determine the efficacy of immersive and weaRable hAptic devices (VERA) for rehabilitation of ULMI in children (n = 8) with CP and developmental dyspraxia (DD). A two-period cross-over design was adopted for determining the differences between the proposed therapy and CR. Eight children were randomised into two groups: one group received the VERA treatment in the first period and the manual therapy in the second period and vice-versa for the other group. Results show both groups significantly improved their performance. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups. The study suggested that IVR and wearable haptic devices are a viable alternative to CR for improving upper limb function in children with neuromotor impairments. This review of related works has allowed us to conclude that VR can be used to improve ULMI rehabilitation, but that not much is known about the impact in the paediatric population, and that no studies have evaluated the feasibility, acceptability and perceived effectiveness of using an IVR system in particular for home rehabilitation and with children. 3 Methods3. 1 ParticipantsEthical approvals were obtained from (London—(IRAS Ref. 274,257)) and (Ref. ER19710920). Permissions were also gained from local and Development (R&D) (Ref. SCH-2540). We recruited participants aged 7–16 from Sheffield Children’s NHS (FT), who had sustained ULMI requiring rehabilitative care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most language translation AI tools can perfectly interpret emotional tone and intention. [SEP] Text: The overall positive inclination of the comments indicates that user interactions on these subreddits are helpful in positively influencing the user’s state of mind. The subjectivity analysis of the comments also gives us an idea about the nature of the comments on these platforms and shows that most of the comments are subjective, coming from user’s own opinions and emotions, rather than factual information. Next, we analyze the predictive modeling of this emotional shift. We plot the joint distribution for the values of true and predicted magnitudes of the MODEL against two other baselines as shown in the heat map in Fig. 8. 100 random threads from the test set as well as a Density estimator which has been color-coded, represented by circles. The sizes of the circles are proportional to the number of comments, which lie in the range of 2 to 64. The MEAN baseline outputs the average emotional tone in sequence S, and MEANS predictions are highly concentrated around [-0. 3, 0. 8]. The LAST baseline outputs the emotional tone of the last comment in S which contains a large range of prediction, but it is observed that it is concentrated along the diagonal in the Depression subreddit. The larger the vertical difference to the diagonal, more errors is produced, because of extremely negative responses within the subreddit. We see here in Fig. 8 that the extreme values are best predicted by MODEL. Fig. 8of joint distribution of true and predicted valuesFull size image We also use XGBoost, which is a gradient boosting bundle of decision trees, which perform with high performance and deliver accurate results in prediction tasks. XGB is used on Train, Test and Validation datasets, to see if the desired results are being achieved on the Test dataset after working on the Validation dataset. We observe that the TEST dataset outperforms the Validation dataset, which ensures that the proposed model is trained well, as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 9Comparison of performance between train, test and validation dataset using XGBoost. Full size image 6. 2 Quantitative resultsWe abbreviate each subreddit as follows: Anxiety as ANX, Depression as DEP, SuicideWatch as SUI and Bipolar as BIP for simplicity. Comparing various baselines in order to produce more accuracy and efficiency, we obtain results in terms of the Weighted L1 Loss that deals with extreme responses, as shown in Table 2. performs better than all the other baselines by at least 12.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: 6 [45]. This index is one of the most widely used indicators reflecting the level of inequality in land distribution. The indicator shows how the land area is distributed among its owners. Values close to one indicate high inequality in property distribution. Egalitarian distributions would show a Gini index close to zero, where, for example, 10% of the owners have 10% of the area. The estimation for Colombia as a whole is even more drastic than in the two case studies, at 0. 8789, which represents very high inequality in the property land distribution [45]. Materials and methods System dynamics and Diagrams (CLDs) System dynamics, widely believed to be critical for handling the complexity facing the world, comprises a set of conceptual tools that enable understanding the structure and dynamics of complex systems [47]. In other words, system dynamics allows for taking a problem apart and reassembling it to understand its components and causal relationships [48, 49]. CLDs are a useful tool within this approach, helping to provide a broad range of insights and implications [50] that can be used as the basis for developing actions and implementing policy [51]. CLDs link key elements, highlighting the causal relationships between them through loops. By stringing together several loops in these diagrams, it is possible to visualize and explain a logical interconnected chain of facts that creates a story about a complex situation and that even shows systemic failures. In this context, a systemic failure refers to a failure in one part of the system or parts of the system that propagates through the whole system and impacts the entire interconnected chain of social, economic, and environmental events [52]. Methodological approach Here, we describe the four steps taken to build and validate the regional CLDs using primary and secondary sources in order to understand their land-use dynamics (Fig 2). All participants involved in the study were informed of its objectives and they gave their verbal informed consent to participate in the interviews or workshops. The study was approved by the Board (IRB) of the Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, which complies with international ethical standards. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Methodology. research was principally conducted by a group of Colombian experts on sustainable land uses. As a first step, to advance the existing knowledge within the group, we collected other experts’ knowledge insights on several issues related to land use dynamics of the study regions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: 1 Goniometer: range of motion resultsThe OT measured the ROM of the affected upper limb joint before and after exposure to IVR (5–10 min) and the unaffected upper limb to have a comparative value of the usual movement without an injury. As shown in Table 2, most, though not all, of the affected area ROM readings showed improvements in movement post-VR therapy. The remaining readings indicated unchanged movement (Pt 5 wrist pronation, radial and ulna deviation, patient 6 wrist radial and ulna deviation and Pt 8 shoulder external and internal rotation). Table 2 Descriptive pre-VR, post-VR and unaffected ROM dataFull size tableCompared to healthy limb ROM measured at the same joint area, five of the eight patients achieved post-VR measures equal to the usual degrees of motion at some joint assessed (Table 2). 4. 2 Paediatric quality of life inventory resultsPedsQL results are shown in Tables 3 and 4. On each dimension and as an overall measure, post-VR scores showed statistically significant improvements (p ≤ 0. 05). Table 3 PedsQL pre-post: SummaryFull size tableTable 4 PedsQL pre-post: SummaryFull size table4. 3 System usability scale resultsThe direct item scores were transformed, summed and converted to 0–100. The mean obtained by the patients was 99. 64 (n = 7), demonstrating high usability above the standard mean score of 68. In addition, patients strongly agreed with items such as "I think I would like to use the VR system frequently", "I found the VR system easy to use" and "I felt very confident using the VR system". Items 4 and 10, referred to as the learnability dimension, received a direct score (0–4) of 4 and 3. 43, respectively, showing that the VR system was easy to learn. In addition, patients reported not needing technical assistance before using the system. 4. 4 Interview resultsQuantitative data from the Likert questions showed that, in general, patients reported no difficulties in setting up and using the game, nor did they perceive pain when using it, with high levels of enjoyment as shown in Table 5 (M = 9. 29, ST = 0. 951; M = 3. 17, ST = 1. 60; M = 1. 33, ST = 1. 75: M = 9. 00, ST = 1. 29).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most language translation AI tools can perfectly interpret emotional tone and intention. [SEP] Text: 1%. Table 2 Result with respect to weighted L1 lossFull size table Prediction examples We take an example thread from the subreddit Depression, where the model has accurately predicted the final emotional tone 0. 43 for the thread author’s final emotional tone 0. 33. This also shows how the emotional tone has improved from − 0. 11 to 0. 42 on receiving positive feedback and support from their peers. We can clearly observe the same from the Table 3 below. Table 3 Example of user interaction and subsequent emotional tone progressionFull size table 7 ConclusionsWe address the topic of predicting progression in users’ emotional tone (a substitute for emotional state) following conversations in mental disease online forums in this work. Sentiment analysis using TextBlob and VADER shows that the final emotional status of the authors is rendered positive after being subjected to interactions on the subreddits. The results of our prediction model showed that, despite the task’s inherent difficulty, a possibility exists, to predict how users will react to interactions on these mediums. The qualitative result analysis shows that the TEST dataset outperforms the validation dataset and hence it indicates that the model is well-trained. The quantitative analysis shows that the MODEL transcends the Mean and Last baselines by at least 12. 1%. The models we’re considering don’t need any personally identifiable information specific to a user, so we can deploy these models while avoiding any privacy concerns. They are also advantageous and relevant for newcomers to a community. New systems can be employed which can make correct predictions to help users in writing comments, increasing their chances of having a good impact on their readership. Furthermore, the prediction model can be improved by integrating attention-based models, RNNs, Transformers and Network models. Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions. 1605. 04462(2016) Large-scale analysis of counseling conversations: an application of natural language processing to mental health. (2020). In: (eds), Networking and Applications - Proceedings of the 33rd on Networking and Applications AINA-2019. Springer Verlag. Bárbara da Silva APC (2021) Predicting user emotional tone in mental disorder online communities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: For this, we conducted four initial qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews in December 2019. To consider diversity of knowledge and experience in the research topics, the criteria to select the experts were: (1) experience on activities related to land use dynamics in the areas analyzed; and (2) knowledge about land tenure systems. Therefore, we selected experienced experts on development cooperation projects, representatives of NGO’s and community-based organizations. The first interviewee was a practitioner with experience in implementing land formalization and restitution projects around Colombia. The second interviewee was a representative of a local NGO in Caquetá with knowledge and experience on the patterns of land-use change and deforestation in the Amazon region. The third interviewee was a farmer and social leader, who has been involved in sustainable rural development and social movements against land grabbing in Cesar. The semi-structured interviews included three guiding questions: (1) what is your perception about land informality and land restitution processes in each department? ; (2) what are the current land use conflicts that are affecting each department? ; and (3) do you know formal institutions or mechanisms to solve land use conflicts in each department? Each interview lasted between 60 and 90 minutes. All interviews were transcribed and data analyzed using qualitative content analysis, a method to identify manifest and latent structures in texts and other qualitative material [53, 54]. Secondly, based on the expert insights we conducted a literature review to identify key elements and causal relationships on the main land-use dynamics issues in each department. and Ison [52], we retrieved information from two sources: peer-reviewed 1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Key entry points on land use dynamics in Caquetá and Cesar. overview shows land use conflicts in Caquetá are heterogeneous and depend on if they are in the foothills or not. There are different factors that influence these conflicts, among them: armed conflict, unsuitable land uses, competition between land uses or an overlap between these different factors. On the other hand, land grabbing is one of the ways to launder money and therefore the issue of illicit crops is related to deforestation, conflict, cattle ranching and unsustainable land uses. Thus, the promotion of sustainable land uses in the department is related to the legality of land tenure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Descriptive results interview quantitative questions to the patientsFull size tableQualitative comments from all 15 participants (7 patients, 7 parents and 1 OT) demonstrated positive impressions of and positive attitudes towards IVR during ULMI rehabilitation (Table 6). Parents (6/7) found the IVR game an excellent idea that keeps them doing the necessary physio exercises. They also thought it would have a good place in the clinic in the future, not just for ULMI rehabilitation but also for other pathologies. The OT also considered that the IVR system could be helpful in different areas. She thought that it would be asked to be used again by patients and parents, those who already tried it, and others new ones that could come to the service. Table 6 Data extracts: General impressionsFull size tableThe content analysis generated two main themes. One theme related to “System Playability” was characterised by a process of “Learning and Mastery”. The second theme focussed on “Comparison of IVR with CR” and included sub-themes of: “Natural movements” and “Motivation to engage” (Fig. 5). Data extracts can be found in Tables 7, 8 and 9. Fig. 5Content analysis themes from the patients, parents and OT interviews: “System Playability” and “Comparison of IVR with CR”Full size imageTable 7 Data extracts: System Playability: Learning and MasteryFull size tableTable 8 Data Extracts: Comparison of IVR with CR: Natural movementsFull size tableTable 9 Data extracts: Comparison of IVR with CR: MotivationFull size table4. 4. 1 Natural movementsIVR rehabilitation aims to facilitate the specific movements recommended by OTs in CR. In this study, the OT stated that this IVR intervention successfully reproduced the required exercises and combined all the movements she was looking for. Parents (5/7) observed that when their child was immersed in the game, he performed movements more fluently and naturally, without realising it. Similarly, most patients (4/7) and parents (6/7) indicated that the game made rehabilitation exercises easier to complete. This ease seemed to reflect both fluency of movement and lack of pain and fear. Reported pain levels were low (M = 1. 33, ST = 1. 75).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most language translation AI tools can perfectly interpret emotional tone and intention. [SEP] Text: 125:641–651(2010) Subjective versus objective: an exploratory analysis of Latino primary care patients with self-perceived depression who do not fulfill primary care evaluation of mental disorders patient health questionnaire criteria for depression. 12(5):PCC. 09m00899(2018) Norms matter: Contrasting social support around behavior change in online weight loss communities. In: on in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, pp 1–14(2016) Discovering shifts to suicidal ideation from Content in Social Media. (2016) Discovering shifts to suicidal ideation from mental health content in social media. In: on in Computing Systems, ACM, pp 2098–2110Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, (2019) BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the 4186. Accessed 15 Apr 2022 (2017) Characterisation of mental health conditions in social media using informed deep learning. 7:45141225. Retrieved from Accessed 3 Apr 2022(2018) Hierarchical neural model with attention mechanisms for the classification of social media text related to mental health. of the on : to Clinic. LA. Association for Computational Linguistics, New Orleans, pp 69–77. Accessed 23 Mar 2022(2019) Evaluating the predictability of medical conditions from social media posts. PLoS One 14(6):e0215476Park A, (2018) Harnessing reddit to understand the written communication challenges experienced by individuals with mental health disorders: analysis of texts from mental health communities. J Res 20(4):e8219(2020) Social media reveals psychosocial effects of the covid-19 pandemic, (2019) DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. H-é (2018) Expert, crowdsourced, and machine assessment of suicide risk via online postings. In: Proceedings of the on : to Clinic. Association for Computational Linguistics, New Orleans, pp 25–36. Accessed 16 Mar 2022B, Couto da Silva AP, (2018) Online social networks in health care: a study of mental disorders on reddit. IEEE/WIC/ACM on (WI)TextText Processing-.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: In the case of Cesar, poor land use planning and public policy promoted crops such as cotton and oil palm in the department. These types of unsustainable uses degraded the land and resulting in an excess of depleted land dedicated to extractive and extensive cattle ranching. On the other hand, equity in access to water is a fundamental issue in this department. It is notable that the conflict in Cesar is closely related to the issue of land accumulation and concentration. Systemic implications of land use conflicts in Caquetá Fig 3 depicts land use conflicts in Caquetá through four reinforcing loops related to (R1) agricultural land-use conflicts and deforestation, (R2-R3) their implications on the land tenure system; and (R4) climate change. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Causal loop diagram of land use conflicts in Caquetá, Colombia. Key elements are joined by arrows indicating where there is a causal relationship between them. A (-) sign adjacent to an arrow indicates that the cause has a negative effect; if the cause has a positive effect there is no sign. The encircled R in each loop center means that the loop is a reinforcing loop (positive feedback). The equal sign located on the arrows symbolizes a delay in the system. has historically generated conditions fostering legal and illegal land colonization. This process, which has been poorly planned and uncontrolled, led to the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest [57, 58]. Nowadays, Caquetá is one of the most deforested departments in Colombia. Overall, Colombia lost 197. 159 ha of forest in 2018, and for Caquetá alone that value was 46,000 ha. This department ranked first in deforestation, followed by Meta (44,712 ha), Guaviare (34,527 ha) and Putumayo (13,903 ha), all of them are located in the same geographical region [59], among other examples. In most cases, this deforestation is caused by external settlers who expand the agricultural frontier by clearing the tropical forest, which in turn triggers the establishment of unsustainable land uses, such as illicit crops, mining, and extensive cattle ranching [23, 60–62]. As the land is not suitable for these uses, its poor productive capacity is depleted and deforestation continues [63], as depicted in the reinforcing loop R1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Qualitative data from parents suggested that they (6/7) did not witness pain in their children and perceived that children were not conscious of doing the rehabilitation exercises. Parent 8 reported that IVR reduced the fear and limitation of movement in her child with an external fixator, thereby helping her move naturally and unconsciously. As a result, she realised that she could do more than she had previously thought and achieved a better range of motion. 4. 4. 2 Motivation to engagePatients (5/7) believed they would be more likely to complete their rehabilitation exercises with the IVR game at home. The IVR positively influenced their motivation and intention to carry on with the rehabilitation (6/7). Four noted that IVR rehabilitation was more fun and less boring, and quantitative data demonstrated high levels of enjoyment amongst participants (M = 9, ST = 1. 30). Linked to motivation, the frequency of use was high. Three out of seven patients used it every day for between 10 and 20 min. One patient stated that they used it at least twice a day. In only one case, a participant (Pt 4) reported reducing the frequency of use after the first week due to repeatedly playing the same games. The greater motivational effects of IVR resulted in some parents (3/7) feeling less that they needed to remind and motivate their child with exercises. OT perceptions supported these findings that patients found the IVR game more interesting, engaging and motivating than usual exercises and that movement had improved. The best bits of the game reported by the patients were: shooting the arrows at the gnomes; seeing the score improve; rock climbing and falling; feeling challenged; being able to do different activities; graphics and animation. They also enjoyed being present in a virtual environment that they had never experienced previously. There were no worst bits reported from most patients (5/7). However, one patient (1/7) expressed that the worst was to have to do the levels before you can get onto the climbing one (Pt 2), and another (1/7) said that there are not that many games on it (Pt 4). Data extracts are found in Table 9. 5 Discussion, limitations and future line of studyChildren and adolescents with ULMI often undergo a long-term, demanding and challenging rehabilitation process to recover motor functionality (Liebs et al. 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most language translation AI tools can perfectly interpret emotional tone and intention. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2576109/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Apr, 2023Read the published version in →Version 1posted 3You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractIn order to enable students to directly face empirical data, summarize translation rules and learn translation skills, this paper studies the basis, motivation and methods of applying research dynamics in translation and teaching. Presenting data in class is the main method of dynamically searching corpora, which enables learners to face enough bilingual data that are easy to choose, and makes translation skills and teaching of translation of selected language items relatively focused. In recent years, the emotional analysis text has attracted academic scientists, and the professionals involved in the research, the use of research methods, and the cultural background related to language have become more and more extensive. In this paper, natural language processing is used to analyze emotions contained in translated texts. Natural language processing not only helps to manage the huge ability of data to efficiently translate text, but also helps to extract the hidden emotions in text translation. It only takes half the effort to achieve the multiplier effect. The multi label classification in natural language processing can reflect the information contained in emotion. The translated text is more detailed, which is helpful for further research. corpusNatural language processingCultural translationEmotional analysisFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 41. IntroductionAlthough the research on corpus based translation teaching has achieved preliminary results, there are still many problems about its value in translation teaching and possible resources and means [1]. Corpus based translation research has not solved the problem. From the macro and micro perspectives, translation teaching research is an unsolved translation teaching model; From a micro perspective, "the consistency between parallel corpora, translation and teaching has not been solved", and the establishment of a parallel corpus directly serving English and Chinese translation and teaching has not been effectively carried out [2]. In this paper, a learner centered cultural translation model based on dynamic search corpus is established. In addition, by guiding students to use programs to research and retrieve practical data, we can build a modern learning environment and cultivate students' self-learning ability, so as to improve their ability to practice translation in real situations [3–4]. Emotional analysis in text translation has become a hot research direction in the research [5–6].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: The process of agricultural frontier expansion is an essential element stimulating the land grabbing schemes in the department where settlers invade the land, mainly for converting forest to pastures for cattle raising to get a formal title, and which is subsequently exploited by large landowners who buy the titles [20]. This process exacerbates the well-known problem of land tenure insecurity and concentration that, in turn, increases inequality and poverty since smallholders lack capital and credit to buy already cleared lands. These land-related problems create a perverse incentive for expanding the agricultural frontier by clearing more forests [26], as reinforcing loop R2 shows. Reinforcing loop R3 illustrates the implications of land grabbing, which in Colombia is considered to be a way for large investors and armed actors to transform illegal assets into legitimate capital [64]. This process generates land speculation that diminishes land governance due to power asymmetries and land inequality, thus the lack of governance over natural resources in the region facilitates increasing deforestation. The reinforcing loop R4 reveals how the ongoing Amazon deforestation creates a set of negative environmental effects, including the increase of greenhouse emissions [65], biodiversity losses, and water cycle changes, that subsequently exacerbates climate change. These changes could intensify the deforestation in the long term, since climate change, droughts and rising temperatures may contribute to the death of vulnerable trees in the forest, thus creating a new cycle causing further deforestation [66]. Systemic implications of land use conflicts in 4 shows the systemic structure of land use conflicts by means of different reinforcing loops regarding unsustainable land uses and land degradation (R1), climate risk in agriculture (R2), land productivity and water management (R3), forest conservation, agricultural frontier and resource depletion (R4) and land tenure system (R5). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Causal loop diagram of land use conflicts in Cesar, Colombia. Key elements are joined by arrows indicating where there is a causal relationship between them. A (-) sign adjacent to an arrow indicates that the cause has a negative effect; if the cause has a positive effect there is no sign. The encircled R in each loop center means that the loop is a reinforcing loop (positive feedback). The equal sign located on the arrows symbolizes a delay in the system. reinforcing loop R1 exhibits how land productivity is directly affected by land degradation, which is evidenced by the increasing soil erosion in the region.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Home-based therapy with VR has been shown to offer greater accessibility, delivery and early rehabilitation to improve functional outcomes and quality of life (Su et al. 2021; Thielbar et al. 2020). This study aimed to explore whether IVR could offer a feasible solution for the rehabilitation of children with ULMI at home. Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, we found that IVR has clear potential to be a successful solution for physical rehabilitation for children with ULMI. More importantly, our findings suggested that IVR appeared to be very effective as a self-directed home therapy for this clinical population. In summary, our results indicated that IVR for ULMI home rehabilitation could: (1) be easy to learn and acceptable, (2) improve motor function, (3) reduce the difficulty in the reproduction of therapeutic movements, (4) be motivating and enjoyable and (5) improve quality of life. The ROM (Goniometer) data suggested that IVR rehabilitation could improve shoulder, wrist and elbow motor functionality, enhancing flexion, extension and abduction movements. The patients demonstrated ROM gains, in some cases even recovering the same degree of movement in the injured limb as the unaffected limb. These data are promising, indicating that all paediatric patients who have used our IVR game have improved their affected limb’s range of motion. Quality of life (PedsQL) scores also indicated a significant improvement after the IVR home trial compared to baseline scores. Physical and psychosocial health scores improved after the study, which may reduce the risk of long-term diseases such as chronic pain and disability (Cambiaso-Daniel et al. 2017; Liebs et al. 2020). The usability test (SUS) scores showed that patients generally understood the game mechanics well, and there were no critical errors that would have impeded the gameplay. For example, based on the patient's subjective report, no difficulty was found in setting up and getting used to the game. In this sense, we must point out the relevance of having the OT at the initial session, where they were shown how to use the game. Therefore, we encourage researchers and clinicians when proposing a self-directed session for children at home to include a first contact with the game accompanied by the OT or other healthcare professionals delivering the therapy. In addition, we recommend offering follow-up or support via telephone or email to solve potential problems during home ULMI rehabilitation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most language translation AI tools can perfectly interpret emotional tone and intention. [SEP] Text: This research focuses on the translated text, including the analysis of text features and the relationship between content and emotional information. The purpose of this study is to explore the emotional expression in the translated text, understand and recognize the emotional information in the translated text [7]. The main direction of this research is to understand and analyze the emotional information contained in the translated text. The emotion analysis of translated text can help devices understand human emotions more accurately and intelligently through natural language, and provide technical support for the future development of human-computer interaction [8]. 2. Related WorkThe literature studies the construction and application of learner translation, and attempts to build a method based on translation teaching and translation model evaluation [9]. The literature points out that with the progress of deep learning technology and the continuous improvement of various aspects of graphic computing, especially the storage and computing capabilities, people began to use computers to simulate artificial neural networks on a large scale [10]. At the same time, with more research, natural language processing has made more outstanding achievements in important fields. The literature proposed that text emotion analysis is a special classification of problem text [11]. The purpose of text analysis is to extract a summary of emotional information from the text, which is usually difficult to obtain and process from the information. More emotion analysis tasks are divided into three parts: emotional information extraction, classification, retrieval and inference. The literature focuses on corpus tagging to broaden the application of corpus in translation teaching, and discusses how to build a corpus, as well as a self created corpus dual mode tagging system and tagging extraction tools [12]. By comparing the translation quality between the two teams, the literature finds that a group of students who use the research dynamic group to teach translation are better than those who use traditional teaching methods in terms of terms and expressions in understanding topics and choosing translation. Since the middle of 1990, great progress has been made in natural language processing [13]. With the development of Internet technology, the significant increase of computing power and hard disk storage space provides basic equipment for natural language processing research. Information extraction and retrieval based on natural language processing become more and more important [14]. During this period, natural language processing entered a relatively mature stage, and a set of methods based on technical rules began to be applied to machine translation in this field. A neural network algorithm for web page classification is proposed in the literature [15]. The experimental results show that the neural network is more accurate than the traditional learning machine based on the classification algorithm.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: The probability of keeping productive systems in areas with desertification and overexploitation processes is very low [67]. In 2021, Cesar has some of the most degraded soils in Colombia, with 81. 9% of erosion. This degradation by erosion specifically affects agricultural yields, with 60. 4% of all agricultural sites eroded to some extent [68]. Due to the non-vocational use of land, productivity constraints are increasingly evident because people incorrectly believe they can adapt soils to agricultural uses instead of the other way around [68]. With regard to the effects of erosion on climate change, as illustrated in the reinforcing loop R2, FAO [69] points out that the loss of soil organic carbon not only negatively affects soil health and food production, but also exacerbates climate change and the risk of damage in the agricultural sector. [70] remarks, agriculture is deeply interconnected with weather and climate, making this factor dominate in the overall variability of food production and a continuing source of disruption to ecosystem services and facilitator of land use conflicts. Concerning the reinforcing loop R3, unsustainable land uses in the region has also affected water availability. Inadequate patterns for access, occupation, and use of natural resources, as well as poor technological practices, are threatening their valuable natural endowments [42]. Currently, the water deficit and the low water quality in mining zones represent a critical future scenario for the preservation of fauna and flora, for food security and for the development of agricultural value chains, such as palm oil, coffee, livestock, and cocoa, among others [42, 71]. Under climate change scenarios, with more severe droughts, water accessibility problems increase risk in the agricultural sector. Another cascade of impacts are found when looking at the effects of decreasing agricultural productivity on the conservation of tropical dry forest remnants, as depicted in the reinforcing loop R4. In Cesar, strategic ecosystems, such as tropical dry forest and swamplands, lack a management strategy that takes into account their conservation, ecologic dynamics and ecosystem services [67]. Therefore, they are heavily degraded, as a result of the diverse pressures that human beings have exerted on it, including deforestation with the purpose of economic exploitation, coal mining, agricultural expansion, and cattle ranching [39, 41, 42, 72, 73]. Finally, the cascade of failures in the reinforcing loop R5 highlights the lack of appropriate land use planning that takes into account the land suitability.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the positive results in learning and mastering the game may be explained by the inclusion of a tutorial at the beginning of the game, based on the findings of our previous study (Phelan et al. 2021a, b). As a result, children learned to reproduce the basic movements, and interaction mechanics were adapted to their capabilities, such as achievable range of movement. This is in line with current research, which demands games that allow the customisation of game variables to the individual’s difficulties (Brusque et al. 2018; Zahabi, Mohammed, and Razak 2020). Another key element that helped avoid patient confusion was the inclusion of a companion that guides the player and acts as a narrator of the story. The companion was effective in the delivery of the narrative to create a more believable and engaging world. Also, consistent visual cues were added to interactable objects, and audio cues were incorporated to direct the player's attention. On the other hand, the qualitative results have contributed to detecting some IVR system usability improvement opportunities. Younger children (7–12 years old) reported they found it harder to get used to the game, whilst adolescents (aged 15–16) would like additional levels. This underpins future challenges in the development of IVR systems to support therapy across a broad age range of children. We recognise the need to maintain a certain difficulty level whilst being stimulating and providing meaningful activities during physical rehabilitation to ensure compliance, especially for children. There is scope for further development to ensure the right level of challenge and mastery for children of all ages. We plan to offer a broader range of difficulties in future iterations to ensure the enjoyment of those children who find it more difficult (e. g. younger patients in the early recovery phase or with complicated clinical conditions). In addition, this could positively affect self-confidence, self-esteem, attention span, concentration and interest in learning and, thereby, help to maintain motivation and compliance, as noted by previous researchers (Meyns et al. 2018; Wenk et al. 2021). The OT reported that getting used to the game with the younger patients was challenging. As a result, the OT requested a way for the professional to monitor the system in real-time, observing what patients are seeing to better help and guide them in cases where they are younger or if they cannot make progress. Future development will consider this aspect.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most language translation AI tools can perfectly interpret emotional tone and intention. [SEP] Text: They create a discovery based learning environment for students, so that students can make full use of their initiative and self-learning ability, use dynamic research and software retrieval to translate typical, real, rich observation, analysis and thinking examples, and then the interaction between teachers and students to discuss language features, Translate translation methods and techniques into two ways. In order to evaluate translation quality, teachers can guide students to use relevant statistical data retrieval procedures to judge translation quality and style more comprehensively and objectively. According to the latest catalog issued by CSSCI in January 2022, 378 translation research papers were obtained from 15 foreign journals (including the expanded version), which were selected as the source of CSSCI database. The topics are "Corpus" and "Corpus Translation". The two topics were searched in the journal. After manual differentiation, the meeting notice and the documents not related to corpus translation research were deleted, and 378 papers related to corpus translation research were obtained. Taking time as the horizontal axis, the research trend of corpus translatology is shown in Fig. 1, based on the name and real nature of all documents. textbooks are taken as the main collection objects of dynamic corpora, including the new HSK test text corpus released by the National Hanban, as well as ordinary natural corpora and classic Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools. The current scale is close to 200000 sentences. 1 for composition ratio. Chinese textbook corpus is an important part of dynamic corpus. This set takes into account such attribute characteristics as textbook type, application level, publishing age and influencing factors. Table 1 Composition of content Number of statements Proportion 1 of 140000 sentences 65. 7% 2 of HSK 21000 sentences 9. 9% 3 Language materials of natural literature 40000 sentences 18. 8% 4 Corpus of Textbooks 12000 sentences 5. 6% The two translations of the same 2. Table 2 Comparison of of Translation 1 and Translation 2 function word Translation 1 Translation 2 Key value Significance 1 however 79 15 47. 10 0. 000 2 but 7 58 -46. 37 0. 000 3 from then on 63 16 29. 38 0. 000 4 from 19 57 -20. 38 0. 000 5 I 140 34 68. 27 0. 000 6 We 67 26 18. 25 0. 000 7 this 60 107 -14. 03 0. 000 8 of 1345 1112 20. 45 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: This precarious land use planning, including land tenure, land access, and land distribution, alongside the current land restitution programs, has also led to land accumulation with unsustainable uses and, consequently, with more soil degradation by erosion [68]. This last social reinforcing loop related to the land tenure systems is particularly important in Cesar since the inequality in land access helped to consolidate extractive activities and palm oil monocultures, which in turn represented a driver for disputes between armed actors for territorial control and resource extraction [74–76]. Currently, the land tenure issues as land restitution process to displaced victims of the conflict show a slow progress in Cesar. For example, the department has the highest level of land dispossession and has the fifth largest number of requests for land restitution outstanding at the national level, thus perpetuating the insecure property rights situation [76–78]. DiscussionWe map and compare the complexity of the problems related to land-use dynamics in two conflict-affected territories using CLDs. Neither diagram represents a screenshot of a current situation, rather they show how a series of factors that are separated by location and/or time might interact to create systemic failures. By using this tool, we are able to compare the two regions, identifying not just context-dependent characteristics but also systemic common drivers and trends of land-use changes. Land use changes in conflict-affected territories in Colombia involve complex system where everything is connected to everything else. Causal loops diagrams allowed us to conceptualize and construct our circular connections, mutual causality and the feedbacks in our problem. They are grounded in the theory of nonlinear dynamics and their feedbacks suggest that everyone shares responsibility for problems generated by a system. Thus no “one” factor is solely responsible for changes in the land use system [79–82]. A common driver of land-use change has to do with land access and distribution problems, which translate into a high land concentration in both regions. However, it is the result of dissimilar pathways that have been followed in each region. Land grabbing by clearing forests is how land is accumulated in Caquetá for speculative purposes. Unfortunately, this process was exacerbated following implementation of the peace agreement due to the power vacuum resulting from the demobilization of the guerrillas [23, 57, 83, 84]. Land dispossession caused by forced displacement is the way to accumulate lands in Cesar, which are then converted into economic exploitation areas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Individualising the users’ exposure could also make the intervention suitable for people who experience side effects of motion sickness and dizziness. In our study, one patient reported feeling dizzy and believed this was due to playing for a long time. Customising the users’ exposure could involve the therapist setting safe playing times to limit these effects so that the system reminds the player to rest in cases where it is more at risk, such as those who suffer motion sickness (Martirosov et al. 2021). Another finding from the combined OT, parent and patient data is that the game successfully reproduced the movements required by the physical rehabilitation therapy and prompted more movement CR. In addition, the game mechanics included many natural interactions, such as grasping, dragging or stretching, to smoothly and precisely replicate the rehabilitation movements safely (Wenk et al. 2021). Therefore, a co-design approach involving designers and physiotherapists and an iterative design process could be an essential aspect of designing this kind of system (Phelan et al. 2021a, b). The qualitative data from the patients, parents and healthcare professionals highlighted that ULMI-IVR rehabilitation therapy for paediatric patients effectively improved motivation and maintained patients’ interest in performing the exercises from home. Furthermore, both the patients and their parents agreed that having the IVR game available increased the likelihood of achieving therapy at home. In our study, this is one of the most salient findings, because although self-directed home-based rehabilitation therapies have many benefits (early rehabilitation, early discharge from a hospital, reduced therapy time and being cost-effective), and they can fail because of the patient’s lack of motivation affecting therapy (Garrett et al. 2014; López-Jaquero, Montero, and Teruel 2019; Piron et al. 2009; Su et al. 2021; Thielbar et al. 2020; Wittmann et al. 2016). Home-based therapy can burden parents with the responsibility of overseeing children’s rehabilitation exercises, especially if children lack motivation. In this study, IVR seemed to reduce this burden: parents did not have to remind their children, and the children were proactive in wanting to exercise with the IVR. It is essential that the children feel motivated and enjoy their activity, as this rehabilitation can be long, repetitive and perceived as painful. Increasing therapeutic adherence is vital to achieving recovery of motor function and avoiding long-term problems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translators will soon eliminate the need for language learning altogether. [SEP] Text: It is important to note that the songs generated by Suno AI are not authentic resources in the context of language learning, though debates are raging in our field about how AI content fits into the concept of authentic materials. We have also found that they sometimes contain culturally or linguistically inaccurate or strange content. Users should exercise caution and may need to modify the content before introducing it into the classroom. for the 1. Educator-Previously, when addressing specific topics in language classes, for example, families, colors, or clothes for novice language learners, educators typically searched for any available online songs and introduced content deemed suitable for classroom instruction. A limitation of these online resources is that language teachers may not have the flexibility to precisely tailor the learning content to meet the lesson objectives or specific p2. Student-Traditionally, students engage with a popular existing song online by learning new words in the lyrics, followed by sentences, rhythms, and melodies through repeated listening to the audio or watching videos. The drawback of this approach lies in the fact that songs available on the internet might not precisely align with the learning objectives, cater to learners’ specific proficiency levels, or resonate with their personal tastes in music genres and vibes. But with the assistance of Suno AI, the possibility for learners to compose a song in a short timeframe is now much more feasible. This creative workflow simplifies the songwriting process, allowing any learner to commence crafting a simple song. They can be provided with choices of sentence starters, specific sentence structures, thematic vocabulary related to the topic of the song, as well as some cultural elements to incorporate into their lyrics such as products, practices, and perspectives. In this way, they will have more guidance in creating their 8-line lyrics in Suno AI while having the freedom to choose based on their own musical p3. Students can share all the Suno AI-generated songs in class and choose the best one. Students can create a title in the target language for the Suno AI generated song. Students can comment on the cover art of the generated song to evaluate if it fits the song or not by writing in the target language. Students can critique the lyrics of the song by discussing which parts do not make sense, which parts can be modified, which parts are their favorite, etc. Students can create ending sentence(s) or modify some of the lyrics based on their own interpretations or their proficiency levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, the process to bring the lands back to their previously dispossessed owners, which is known in Colombia as land restitution, is slow and complex since land restitution programs have had limited capacities to distinguish between those who used violence to accumulate land and those who did not [85, 86]. Both land grabbing in Caquetá and land dispossession in Cesar have brought about unsustainable land-uses that are depleting natural resources (e. g. , forest, water, soil). In this sense, the presence of land-use conflicts (e. g. , insecure or unclear property rights) or soil degradation represents a critical challenge to assure investments in agriculture and sustainable livelihoods in conflict-affected regions, as also mentioned by Counter [86] and Suarez et al. [25]. With respect to the environmental perspective, we observe a common trend in both CLDs: the establishment of unsustainable land uses is reinforcing climate change by affecting the capacity of the ecosystems in these regions to capture and store carbon, by increasing greenhouse emissions and biodiversity losses, as well as by affecting the water cycles. Both CLDs show how these biophysical changes represent a limitation to develop sustainable productive strategies or ecosystem restoration actions. This set of related situations seem to lead to a systemic failure [52] that affects the whole system in social, productive, and environmental terms. CLDs are a powerful tool that, beyond describing the dynamics of a complex system, enables envisioning new ways to address the problems arising from the described system dynamics [87]. The formulation of such solutions relies on the spotting of the element(s) that are modifiable and can generate a balancing effect in the loops. Which, in our case studies, translates into the development of actions to balance the unsustainable patterns and conflicts of land use. These actions should simultaneously integrate strategies addressing the common systemic drivers in both departments and solutions accounting for the particular regional land use dynamics [63]. Regarding the systemic drivers of land-use change that are common in both regions, a first set of actions should aim to improve the land tenure system, since inappropriate activities, such as deforestation, extensive cattle ranching, illicit crops, and violent land grabbing, are consequences of contradictory land management legislation and plans that do not have enough incentives to promote sustainable land uses, as Clerici et al. [10], Furumo & Lambin [78] and Grajales [64] state.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: In support of these findings, children reported that the most satisfying parts of the game were the more active parts of shooting gnomes and climbing. This result is in line with our previous study, where it was found that active scenarios were perceived as more engaging, challenging, distracting and immersive than passive ones reducing subjective awareness of pain (Phelan et al. 2019). Also, they highly valued being immersed in a virtual environment that they had never experienced before. This result would support the use of IVR over non-IVR for effective ULMI recovery (Henderson et al. 2007). Finally, patients reported that they enjoyed seeing how their scores increased. This leads us to believe that this competitive mechanic motivates them to continue their rehabilitation whilst enjoying it (Campo-Prieto et al. 2021). This study has some limitations that should be taken into account to interpret the results. Firstly, this study lacks a control group and has a small sample size. However, given that the participants all had previously undergone conventional rehabilitation (CR), this allowed a comparison of CR to IVR rehabilitation in the qualitative feedback. Additionally, the VR system was used to treat a variety of ULMI, which allowed us to look at different aspects of interaction design and deployment considerations. Finally, using mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) and from a multidirectional perspective (patients, clinicians and family members) improved the breadth and depth of understanding of IVR acceptability. Future studies should examine IVR for clinical rehabilitation in a large-scale sample comparing the effectiveness of IVR rehabilitation with CR. In addition, to determine whether self-directed IVR home rehabilitation can be costly for both the patient and the healthcare system (Wang et al. 2019) and decrease the length of hospital stay and duration of treatment (Menon et al. 2020), we will conduct an economic and impact analysis that will help us determine the cost savings aligned with IVR home therapy and associated benefits (Neilson et al. 2019). Future research could further assist practitioners deliver their interventions by developing scenarios with mechanics which facilitate movements as yet unaddressed by the current system. A reporting system for the therapist to assess the patients progress and usage could provide staff with valuable information to determine the stage of healing and if the difficulty should be altered. Increasing customisation options to provide training tailored to the patient's abilities could help maintain attention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: They included various WHO-focused dimensions of active aging and were significantly correlated with several related criterion measures, including the healthy aging scale, the successful life scale, and the empowerment scale[17], [23]. Previous studies supported the requirement that a culturally sensitive instrument require the collection of unbiased data, as different scales adopted from others may not fulfill the criteria of cross-cultural sensitivity of a scale. Multiple scales are currently available[8], [24] [8], [14] that assessed the active aging level in the elder population in other countries with different cultures. Although, Anwar translated a English version successful aging scale into Urdu, consisted of three factors, 14 items in which self-reliance, healthy life style and adoptive coping[25],is seen similar to the items of Scale 36 There was an urgent need to develop a culturally sensitive study instrument in Urdu to assess the active aging status of elders in Pakistan. Unfortunately, there is a dearth in the availability of a scale in the local language to assess elders' active aging status in Pakistan. After a literature review, we selected a scale developed by and colleagues[8]. The author focused on all the WHO-proposed dimensions of active aging. The scale consisted of 36 items and a five-point rating scale from strongly agreeing (5 points) to strongly disagreeing (1 point). The AAI-Thai establishes good validity and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha of 0. 92). This scale went through a translation process in different languages to make it culturally appropriate. It was necessary to confirm the construct validity of the translated instruments in the current data because these instruments are utilized in Western and in some other Asian civilizations with diverse populations and distinct cultures[14], [19]. Research has indicated that the common approach to checking validity is content validity and construct validity, which tell us regarding the adequacy of the construct to be measured[19]. It explains the relevancy and comprehensibility of the mentioned items for the construct, context, and population of interest, so it is highly required to be examined[14]. It is evident from the previous studies that the adaptation process of a research scale does not have any universal agreement [8], [9]. Pakistan is a country in which the features of the population are indigenous, so this translated version of the scale will be convenient and can be easily administered.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: This set of actions is severely limited by different variables or issues, including armed conflict, informal land tenure, land restitution claims, and land grabbing. It is also worth mentioning that these issues prevail or change across the different departments. For example, Caquetá and Cesar are among the ten departments with the most municipalities in the ranking of most affected zones of the (ZOMAC) [88]. Additionally, there are also high rates of informal land tenure in Caquetá (59%) and Cesar (47%) [46]. In terms of restitution claims, the problem is most critical in Cesar compared with Caquetá, since 6. 2% of the claims at the national level were made in Cesar, while in Caquetá these claims were equivalent to 3. 2% [77]. Finally, land grabbing particularly affects the Caquetá, Guaviare, and Meta departments, all located in Amazon region. They have been deeply affected by soaring deforestation sparked by land grabbing [89]. Without addressing land grabbing and weakness of land tenure systems, land use conflicts will continue, as Armenteras et al. [26] and Wiig & García-Reyes [76] note. To tackle these current issues, scholars like Elhawary [90], Ramirez [91], and Robinson et al. [7] suggest different strategies. Strategies include strengthening and supporting relevant government institutions for protecting land abandoned by forced displacement; supporting the State’s constitutional control bodies to ensure compliance of land protection and restitution; supporting communities in the direct protection of their property rights; as well as assisting internally displaced persons to understand and claim their land rights; effective land reform processes; titling systems that promote tenure security; agrarian jurisdiction courts to resolve disputes; as well as improving, monitoring, and evaluating tenure governance systems; among other strategies. These strategies can also serve as an effective strategic tool for supporting the rural poor, for improving livelihoods of farmers, for curbing speculation in land markets, and for preventing deforestation through market-based conservation mechanisms [7, 91–93]. A second set of actions should focus on systemic innovation and promotion of sustainable land use management interventions at the regional level. As land use dynamics, land degradation, climate change, and rural poverty are linked, these kinds of interventions could stop the cascade of systemic failures caused by land-use conflicts.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Adding more variety and valuable exercises for daily activities that are fun and challenging can increase motivation and adherence to treatment (Gerber et al. 2016; Kiper et al. 2018). To summarise, this is the first feasibility study to trial IVR in the home rehabilitation of ULMI in children. The findings demonstrate that an IVR system has been developed capable of delivering ULMI therapy that leads to an increase in limb function, which is supported by the ease of use, enjoyment, adherence to the treatment, and can be delivered at home. It has also presented an innovative solution to the Covid-19 emergency where children could not receive their therapy in the hospital.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a cross-culturally relevant, valid, and reliable study tool to assess active aging among community-based Pakistani older adults. This scale will measure the multiple indicators of active aging that the WHO recommends assessing for active aging in all countries. version of the active aging scale will be a convenient scale to use in future research on the geriatric population. MethodPhase. 1 Procedure Instrument: Aging scale was chosen to translate into local language which is “Scale-Thai” developed by Thannak wang and others in Thailand[8]. This scale consisted of 36 items in five Likert scale from strongly agree=5 points to strongly disagree=1 point. The scale obtained 0. 96. We followed the recommendations made in the of (ISPOR) report for translation and cultural adaptation[25],and the consensus-based standard for the selection of the ) checklist [26] was followed throughout the translation process of the scale (see figure1. ). Step1. Permission taken from the author: After a literature review regarding the components of active aging, we approached the primary developer of the scale through email. Step. 2 Forward, transition: The scale were given to two independent bilingual translators to translate into Urdu language. During translation process, there was no replacement or deletion of any items and maximum similarity of the source and target language was maintained. Step. 3 Expert comments to select the items: Two bilingual experts from and one PhD scholar from the nursing department of College were approached to select the best version for further process. Step. 4 backward translation: The translated version retranslated into the original language by other bilingual experts who were not familiar with the primary translators. Step. 5 Feedback study: Focus group of five experts (2 PhD scholars in nursing and faculty members of University, one community health nurse, lecturer in government nursing college Peshawar, and one language expert professor and one general public figure) retired principal from government were arranged to finalized the final draft on 22 March 2022. The committee evaluated each item, and they looked for agreement between the original scale and the translated English form. Assigning 1 to 4 scores for clarity and relevancy checked content validity index and scale validity. Only two items were not culturally sensitive were omitted in this stage. To communicate their greater insight, some of the words were placed within parenthesis[19]. The average of I-CVIs is 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Sustainable land use management strategies are a set of systemic interventions that address the causal relation between land productivity, land planning, land degradation, deforestation, restoration of natural areas, unsuitable land uses, and armed conflict [57, 76, 94]. However, consistently with other studies (e. g. , Wiig & García-Reyes [76]; Furumo & Lambin [78]; Krause [95]), we find that these interventions need to be linked to the first set of actions since structural issues as inequalities in land ownership, the lack of a full cadaster system, and lack of legal land rights must be overcome to produce long-term change, further investments in agriculture and curb deforestation. The effect of such interventions are illustrated in Fig 5. The CLD shows how the transformative land management practices could avoid systemic failures, by reversing the unsustainable land use patterns of Caquetá and Cesar that are depicted in Figs 3 and 4. Furthermore, through the implementation of these interventions, the soil could be rendered as a sink rather than a source for atmospheric CO2, which is important for decreasing the risk of damage in the agricultural sector. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Key factors for effective design and implementation of sustainable land use systems to reduce deforestation and enhance peacebuilding in Colombia. Based on the policy brief elaborated by the same authors: Bonatti et al. [96]. carry out these productive interventions, it is necessary to prioritize areas where cost-effective restoration interventions can be implemented. Several studies point out that agroforestry systems are another alternative that restores the land while promoting the sustainable intensification of agricultural production, conservation of native ecosystems, ecological rehabilitation at a landscape scale and carbon sequestration in tropical regions [60, 73, 97–100]. However, these sustainable land use strategies must be integrated into sustainable value chains by establishing policies, institutions, infrastructure, and incentives that facilitate not only the integration of several stakeholders, but also to generate a shared vision towards a sustainable land use and forest restoration [101]. In this regard, for suitable intervention design, the most important lesson to be drawn from complex systems is the need to design and implement interventions that take into account the interconnectedness of systems, as previously observed by Schlindwein & Ison [52]. Finally, the limitations of the study should be considered when observing its results.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: is recognized as the most species-rich sea in the Atlantic regarding its coral reefs (Rocha et al. 2008; Miloslavich et al. 2010). It is connected to the Gulf of Mexico, with which it has many species in common (Felder and Camp 2009; Jaap 2015), although the northern part of the Gulf is considered a warm temperate ecoregion that is separate from the tropical Atlantic ecoregions of the Gulf and the Caribbean (Spalding et al. 2007; Fig. 1a). Caribbean or the includes the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Bermuda in the northwestern Atlantic (Burke and Maidens 2004; Rocha et al. 2008; Wilkinson and Souter 2008; Robertson and Cramer 2014). and Maidens (2004), we refer to this larger area simply as “the Caribbean” (Fig. 1a). Fig. 1 a Caribbean with marine ecoregions after Burke and Maidens (2004) and Spalding et al. (2007). b Caribbean composed of the (Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire) in the and the (Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Maarten) with in the Eastern CaribbeanFull size image Although the Caribbean has less species than the Indo-Pacific, this does not imply that the marine fauna and flora of the Caribbean are sufficiently well known or that there is little need for additional biodiversity research on Caribbean reefs. The species compositions of both regions have traditionally been known to have little in common (Ekman 1953; Briggs 1974). Higher level taxa occurring in both oceans may show close affinities, although among scleractinian corals, this has appeared less so than originally thought (Fukami et al. 2004; Kitahara et al. 2016). Anthropogenic introductions of Indo-Pacific species onto coral reefs have had various consequences for the reef faunas here. The mushroom coral family Fungiidae only naturally occurs in the Indo-Pacific (Hoeksema 1989; Gittenberger et al. 2011), but individuals of one species, Lobactis scutaria (Lamarck, 1801), with their Symbiodinium symbionts were brought to Jamaica in the 1960s, although no harmful effects have yet been reported (Bush et al. 2004; LaJeunesse et al. 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Discussion/ research goal was to translate, validate, and investigate the active aging scales with 36 items. The translation process in this study was split into two sections. The section 1 addressed Scale translation process and examined the temporal validity and reliability of the scale for further process [29]. 0. 80, CVI, and SCVI >0. 90 of the data collected from (N=30) indicates the stability, and acceptability of the scale for further analysis. In this stage, two items were not supported in item variance value<0. 30 were emitted. The items were highly similar with other item such as I stretch my body three time daily and I exercise three time in a day. The 36-item of the original scale was reduced to 34 items in the first expert committee decision. In the temporal validity and internal consistency analysis, 30 items were secured in the scale for further analysis. According to Baoteng, the probability of the item reduction is expected in the first stage of study scale development and translation process[30]. In the part two, internal consistency of the Urdu-version scale consisted of 30 items were measured. Data were collected from (N=160) men and women made up an equal amount of the sample. Data obtained from 160 people were analyzed for internal consistency, which shows 0. 92 as excellent to implement. Factor analysis(exploratory, and confirmatory factor analysis) sustained the seven components with 29 items with seven factors self-reliance, learning and integrate into society, healthy life style, spiritual wisdom, social contribution, financial security, and strengthen family ties which reveal that the scale has sustained the structure of the original scale except one component that is social learning style. In the literature different concepts were generated in terms of social contribution, healthy life style, independent, mental wellbeing; it is seen that participation in social participation, autonomy. healthy life style, and contribution to the society were measured as active aging components[31]. In this study, it is seen that items pooling was created at a point covering the topics available in the original scale and many others in different context[16]. Psychometric analysis in part 2 involved the establishment of construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis on a group of older adults (N = 160). When we look at the descriptive information of the elderly people, the proportion of uneducated participants is quite high, at 58% of the total, but the participants speak and understand the Urdu language.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Although our CLDs aim to systematically understand the dynamics of two different regions, they are limited by local actors’ insights and variables reported in secondary information. Therefore, they could be incomplete with respect to systems dynamics, as Sterman [47] states. ConclusionsThis study provides a holistic picture of the land-use dynamics in two different conflict-affected regions of Colombia: Caquetá and Cesar. Through the development and the analysis of both regional CLDs, we find shared drivers and particular interactions that triggered unsustainable land uses. Additionally, we identify cross-cutting key elements in the study regions and specific actions that should be considered to comprehensively address disputes over land and their implications. Land tenure issues are cross-cutting elements that encourage conflicts and unsustainable land use practices in both regions. However, they follow dissimilar paths and have different land-use implications. In Caquetá, land grabbing and speculation comes at the expense of the forest, while in Cesar violent land dispossession facilitated the establishment of extractive activities, palm oil monocultures, and extensive cattle ranching; these trigging a poor performance in the land restitution program. Despite differences in the regional paths, both cases show high land concentration and inequality that, along with a lack of governance, continue to exacerbate unsustainable land uses. Actions to address these unsustainable patterns of land use change should take into account the interconnectedness of the different system components in both departments. In this regard, addressing land-related issues should be a central pillar for the post-conflict process at the national level by guaranteeing an appropriate rural land tenure system. In addition, local authorities in both regions must promote sustainable land use alternatives to restore degraded lands, reduce deforestation, and improve local livelihoods. Supporting informationS1 File. 1. Major consequences of land-use changes for ecosystems in the future in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern China. Appl Sci. 2020;10. View 2. . Hydrological response to future land-use change and climate change in a tropical catchment. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2018. p. 1368–1385. View 3. de. Land-use and climate change within assessments of biodiversity change: A review. Chang. 2009;19:306–315. View 4. ecosystem change types in response to land-use change, extreme climate events, and land degradation. L Degrad Dev.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: 2014; et al. 2016; Van der Loos et al. 2017). Many marine exotic species in the Caribbean can easily be overlooked because they usually consist of invertebrates and algae that are not easily recognized (Debrot et al. 2011) and, therefore, they are usually discovered when they become invasive and their populations reach outbreak proportions. Because of such harmful species introductions and possible local species extinctions on Caribbean coral reefs (e. g. , Carpenter et al. 2008), there is a need for baseline surveys of local reef biota with specimen sampling and follow-up monitoring in order to be able to accurately notice when species arrive or disappear (Hoeksema et al. 2011; Rocha et al. 2014; Sampey and Marsh 2015; Ballard et al. 2016). Specimen collections can help to reveal what kind of species are easily misidentified or overlooked in reef surveys, usually those that are relatively small or deep-living (Hoeksema 2015). Caribbean coral reefs also deserve biodiversity research attention because not all of their species have been reported yet, and these species are likely to participate in hitherto unknown interspecific associations (e. g. , Thomas and Klebba 2007; Snijders and Fransen 2010; Ivanenko et al. 2017; Montano et al. 2017b) or appear to have incomplete geographical and bathymetrical distribution range information involving new records for the Atlantic (e. g. , Montano et al. 2017a; Van der Loos and Prud’homme van Reine 2017). The present special issue of on Caribbean coral reefs serves to add information on these points. The idea for this special issue began during the preparations of a marine biodiversity expedition to St. Eustatius in 2015 (Hoeksema 2016). In the Netherlands, recognition of the need for more biodiversity research in the started to develop with the reorganization of the Kingdom in 2010, and NBC was assigned to play a role herein (RLG 2009). This role was facilitated by the establishment of the (CNSI) on St. Eustatius in 2014. St. Eustatius is one of the islands of the former Netherlands Antilles, presently called the (Figs. 1b and 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: The age distribution of the participants is over 60 to 70 years old (62%). The fact that the majority of the elderly live in a joint family system shows a strong family support system in Pakistan. The financial dependency on other family members is high, which is consistent with the previous study in Thailand [8], but not consistent with a European study in which elders were not dependent on their children[16]. In our study, female participants had a higher dependency ratio on their children than male participants, which is not surprising given that females were encouraged to stay at home and take sole responsibility for domestic affairs and child care[2]. After examine the previous studies, it is seen that huge different in terms of demographic values conducted for active aging[19], [22], [32]. In the factor analysis, 29 items were loaded clearly; five items for self-reliance, eight items of learning and integrate into society, seven items are for healthy behavior, three items for spiritual wisdom, two factors for economic security, two for social contribution, and two were for strengthen family ties. In the construct validity, the scale maintained its seven factors structure as it had been implemented in previous studies in different languages [30] but the items loading of three factors were not similar to the original scale. This variance can be is due to development of cultural sensitive scales in different countries with some variations in the components may influenced. The seven factors are correlated with each other supporting the entire scale as valid and good fit with significant of (P0. 01),RMSEA value 0. 42, (GFI) value is 0. 92 which is >0. 90 is acceptable in this model. According to Figure 2, the active aging scale's factor loading spans from 0. 42 to 0. 90. This results showed that the translated instrument obtained 29 items with seven factors evaluated in the current research was equally applicable and valid to Pakistani culture, as were applied in the native caulture[8]. The items are vary in each factor as items were loaded are not very similar to the origional version. Self-reliance consisting of five items, three were eliminated due <3 scores in item variance focused on self-care, tasks related to self and family care, performing various activities in the household. From the perspective of older adults, being able to do what they wish is meaningful for their autonomy and implies that they can manage their lives on their own[22].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: 2019;30:951–963. View 5. Influence of land tenure interventions on human well-being and environmental outcomes. [Internet]. 2021;4:242–251. Available from: View 6. de Understanding land-use change conflict a systematic review. pdf. J Sci. 2021;16:223–239. View 7. -treves L. Does secure land tenure save forests? A meta-analysis of the relationship between land tenure and tropical deforestation. Chang [Internet]. 2013; Available from: View 8. Magsi H, Torre A. Approaches to undersatnd land use conflicts in the developing countries. Macrotheme Rev. 2013;2:119–136. View 9. Ordway EM. Political shifts and changing forests: Effects of armed conflict on forest conservation in Rwanda. Conserv [Internet]. 2015;3:448–460. Available from: View 10. Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods. 2020;1–10. View 11. Warfare in biodiversity hotspots. Conserv Biol. 2009;23:578–587. pmid:19236450 View 12. . Tropical Deforestation? A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence. . 2001;No. 4:136. View 13. . Modelling the impacts of civil war on land use and land cover change within Kono District, Sierra Leone: A socio-geospatial approach. Geocarto Int. 2013;28:476–501. View 14. . Globalization and Forest Resurgence: Changes in in El Salvador. Bioscience [Internet]. 2007;57:663–672. Available from: View 15. . Question and Violence in Colombia: Conflict and Development. J [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2021 Sep 16];11:321–356. Available from: View 16. Gómez C, Sánchez-Ayala L, Vargas G, et al. Armed conflict, land grabs and primitive accumulation in Colombia: micro processes, macro trends and the puzzles in between. J Peasant Stud. 2015;42:255–274. View 17. Castro- Land related grievances shape tropical forest-cover in areas affected by armed-conflict. Appl Geogr.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: AbstractCold-water coral reefs (CWRs) in the northeast Atlantic harbor diverse sponge communities. Knowledge of deep-sea sponge ecology is limited and this leaves us with a fragmented understanding of the ecological roles that sponges play in CWR ecosystems. We present the first study of faunal biodiversity associated with the massive demosponge Spongosorites coralliophaga (Stephens, 1915) that typically colonizes coral debris fields of CWRs. Our study focused on the sessile fauna inhabiting sponges mixed with coral rubble at two contrasting settings in the northeast Atlantic: the shallow inshore (120–190 m water depth) Complex (MRC) and the deep offshore (500–1200 m) (LM) coral province. MRC is dominated by the scleractinian Lophelia pertusa, while LM is dominated by L. pertusa and Madrepora oculata. Nine sponge–coral rubble associations were collected from MRC and four from LM. Measurements of abundance, species richness, diversity, evenness, dry biomass, and composition of sessile fauna on sponge and coral rubble microhabitats were undertaken. Differences in community composition between the two regions were mainly a response to changes in fauna with depth. Fauna composition was also different between sponge and coral rubble within each region. Infauna constituted a minor component of the sponge-associated fauna in MRC but had a higher contribution in LM. Sponge and coral rubble sessile fauna in both regions was mainly composed of cnidarians and molluscs, similarly to some previous studies. Sponges’ outer surfaces at MRC were colonized by a species-rich community with high abundance and biomass suggesting that S. coralliophaga at MRC acts as a settlement surface for various organisms but such a role is not the case at LM. This difference in the role of S. coralliophaga as a biological structure is probably related to differences in fauna composition with depth, bottom current speed, and the quantity/quality of food supplied to the benthos. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionSponges (Phylum Porifera) constitute a highly diverse faunal group that create ecologically significant biological structures (Buhl-Mortensen et al. 2010; Hogg et al.

Output: corroborate