Input: Claim: Many companies are exploring drone technology to reduce delivery times and improve logistics efficiency. [SEP] Text: These factors are further complicated by inadequate storage facilities and unreliable transportation systems, leading to delayed access to essential medicines, vaccines, and medical aid13. However, drone technology presents a promising solution to overcome these challenges. Drones, also known as UAVs, have the potential to swiftly and efficiently transport medical supplies, vaccines and equipment to even the most remote and inaccessible areas14. By bypassing road limitations and flying over obstacles, drones can deliver essential items directly to healthcare facilities or designated drop-off points, ensuring aid reaches even the most difficult terrains. Using drones in Africa’s medical supply chain and logistics offers several significant benefits. During emergencies and disease outbreaks, timely access to healthcare resources is crucial and drones enable rapid and reliable delivery of medical supplies, vaccines and equipment to remote and underserved areas, overcoming the limitations of traditional transportation methods14,15. Moreover, drones minimise the risk of stockouts and wastage of perishable medical supplies by enabling real-time inventory management and precise delivery14. They can transport sensitive items, such as vaccines or blood samples, under controlled conditions, ensuring their integrity and quality during transit, thus improving healthcare service delivery. In addition to addressing logistical challenges, drones can contribute to long-term cost savings in some scenarios. Although the initial setup costs may be significant, drone delivery systems’ operational expenses can be lower than traditional transportation methods16. This cost-effectiveness is particularly beneficial in resource-constrained settings where healthcare budgets are limited, allowing for a more efficient allocation of resources. Expedited emergency response and disaster relief Africa, alongside Asia, is one of the continent’s most vulnerable to climate-associated disasters and emergencies, including droughts, floods, wildfires, storms, heatwaves, traumatic injuries and disease outbreaks17. These challenges are often exacerbated by poverty, overwhelmed healthcare systems, illiteracy, poor infrastructure, difficult geographical terrain, a lack of early warning systems and governance issues18. While UAVs were previously restricted to military operations, inspections, surveys and deliveries, COVID-19 opened up new possibilities in healthcare delivery14. Drones have been deployed to deliver medications, enforce curfews and even detect the temperatures of shoppers in major shopping centres. In crises, drones find applications in data collection, real-time information and situation monitoring, public information and advocacy, search and rescue operations, mapping, logistics and package delivery19.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wearable devices can adjust sleep cycles without any lifestyle or environmental changes. [SEP] Text: This paper has delved into the current state and applications of these devices, exploring their role in understanding sleep in various clinical populations, the effect of interventions on sleep patterns, and daily aspects of sleep. For instance, these devices have provided insights into sleep alterations in patients with NDDs and the effects of lifestyle factors such as diet and stress on sleep patterns, and vice versa. However, the integration of these technologies into clinical practice presents several challenges, such as validation against PSG, regulatory compliance, data privacy and security, and patient and clinician benefits, which must be addressed. This paper has provided a comprehensive list of factors to consider to effectively adopt wearable sleep monitoring devices in clinical settings. Clinicians should carefully evaluate the available data, validation results, regulatory status, evidence for specific clinical populations and applications, and fair availability. The potential benefits and challenges for both patients and clinicians should be weighed, including the improvement of clinical workflows, cost-effectiveness, remote patient care, and the complexities of integrating these devices into existing systems. Moreover, addressing the critical aspects of data rights is crucial to maintain patient and clinician trust. As we look toward the future, the continued exploration of wearable sleep monitoring devices in specific clinical populations and applications will be crucial. Future research should focus on furthering the devices’ validation and establishing best practice guidelines for their use, ultimately aiming to seamlessly integrate them into clinical practice. Sleep monitoring devices may pave the way for a new era of connected remote patient care in sleep monitoring, enabling personalized and effective sleep disorder management. However, this requires a collaborative effort between researchers, healthcare professionals, device manufacturers, and policymakers to ensure that these technologies are responsibly and ethically integrated into the clinical landscape. 2. 2. Darien, Illinois: of Sleep Medicine, 2015 (2015). Rosenberg, R. S. & Van Hout, S. Academy of sleep medicine inter-scorer reliability program: sleep stage scoring. J. Clin. Sleep. Med. 09, 81–87 (2013). 10. 1007/s40846-021-00649-5 (2021). Miyashita, H. et al. Association between electroencephalogram-derived sleep measures and the change of emotional status analyzed using voice patterns: observational pilot study. JMIR Form. Res. 4, e16880 (2020). 10. 1111/jsr. 13853 (2023). Tabar, Y.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 우리 기관에 요청하기 공지사항바로가기 추가했던 서지는 체험 종료 이후에도 쭉 이용가능 Citeasy DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. 내가 인용한 논문을 저장해놨다가 참고문헌으로 쓴다고요?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many companies are exploring drone technology to reduce delivery times and improve logistics efficiency. [SEP] Text: They have successfully transported microbiological samples, blood products, vaccines, medications, medical equipment and relief materials to rural and remote areas affected by crises14,20. Drones also play a crucial role in assessing damage, mapping affected regions and facilitating rescue operations. They can generate geo-referenced or 3D maps that are faster and more detailed than conventional satellite imagery. This mapping helps establish early warning protocols, reduce risks, assess damage, improve logistics, conduct rescue operations and monitor situations19. In the aftermath of disasters such as the earthquake, cholera epidemic and in Haiti, drones were employed to register lands, assess destroyed houses, conduct censuses of public buildings, shelters, hospitals and schools, evaluate flood and drought damage and monitor internally displaced persons and camps. This information enabled aid workers to determine when shelters were empty and camps could be closed19. One notable innovation, NASA’s for Disaster and (), is equipped with ultra-sensitive sensors that can detect the heart rates and breathing patterns of individuals trapped under rubble, greatly aiding rescue operations21. Improving accessibility to remote healthcare Various factors influence access to healthcare, broadly categorised into geographical and nongeographical factors22. Geographical factors consider the time and distance between health service providers and consumers, while nongeographical factors include social class, income, age, sex, health-seeking behaviour, cultural traits and knowledge of health and healthcare. In Africa, access to healthcare services is already challenged by insufficient numbers and an imbalanced skill mix of health workers. These issues are further exacerbated by geographical barriers that hinder people from reaching the necessary care promptly23. The WHO recommends that everyone live within a 5 km radius or a maximum travelling time of 60 min to a health facility, using travel time as a measure of geographical accessibility24. However, this milestone is only achieved in some areas of Africa, and even where it is, other factors like the range of services provided at those facilities come into play. Often, primary healthcare facilities, which are more common in the region, offer only basic preventive and curative services and must be operational 24/7 or equipped with the necessary medical equipment. This leads to referrals to secondary and tertiary healthcare centres, usually farther from rural centres, creating barriers to accessing essential healthcare services23. To address these challenges, drone-enabled telemedicine services have emerged as a promising solution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 71. 4 % (median; interquartile range 66. 7 % - 85. 7 %) of clinical prevention and population health knowledge questions; men scored higher than women (median 83. 3 % vs. 66. 7 %, p<0. 02). Students showed high willingness to provide information and strategies for harm reduction apart from risk elimination, while respecting patient autonomy. Willingness to recommend elimination of high-risk behaviors “always or nearly always” was high for smoking (78. 5 %), alcohol consumption in a patient with indications of alcoholism (64. 5 %), and diet and exercise in a sedentary and overweight individual (87. 1 %), and low for the 16-year-old considering initiating sexual intercourse (28. 0 %; Friedman test, p<0. 001). Willingness was not associated with the respondent’s background knowledge of population health principles or gender. ConclusionStudents showed high willingness to educate and respect patient autonomy. There was high willingness to recommend elimination of risk behaviors for smoking, alcohol, and poor diet/exercise, but not for sexual intercourse in an adolescent considering sexual debut. Further research should address promoting appropriate science-based preventive health messages, and curriculum should include explicit discussion of content of recommendations. reports BackgroundBehavioral and lifestyle factors exert important influence on health, and in the US approximately half of deaths are linked to preventable behavioral and social risk factors, with smoking and poor diet and exercise as leading causes [1]. Physicians have historically been trusted sources of information and recommendations regarding associated health risks and their mitigation. Ideally, preventive health recommendations should be clear, science-based, and artfully proffered so as to respect individual autonomy. to Services [2] and the U. S. Task Force’s Guide to Services [3] are useful resources for evidence-based prevention measures on various health topics. Both include an assessment of the underlying science for each prevention measure, ranging from “insufficient evidence” to “recommended. ” Professional and community organizations, such as the Society, of Pediatrics, Alcoholics Anonymous, and others also provide educational materials and preventive health recommendations, although these are not always evidence-based. In the clinical setting, physicians have the opportunity to provide prevention messages directly to patients, yet many clinical encounters do not include prevention counseling [4, 5].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many companies are exploring drone technology to reduce delivery times and improve logistics efficiency. [SEP] Text: and Automation > Vol. 15 No. 1, February 2024 Intelligent Decision-Making in Warehouse Management: and Compared to () Department of. DOI: 10. 4236/ica. 2024. 151001 243 Downloads 1,014 Views 8. doi: 10. 4236/ica. 2024. 151001. 1. are crucial in modern supply chains as centers for warehousing goods and handling the complexities of order fulfillment and delivery. But as e-commerce has developed, so too have the needs for faster delivery, the complexities of handling returns, and the growth of SKUs, making warehouse operations more difficult. The intricacy of this situation presents difficulties for basic operations like order fulfillment, inventory management, and logistics planning [1]. As a result, warehouse managers are forced to improve decision-making procedures to increase output, reduce expenses, and uphold excellent service standards. Even while cutting-edge technology like drones has great potential, it is essential to recognize that they have limitations when helping with crucial warehouse activities that need sophisticated decision-making. By combining data analytics, machine learning, and automated systems, AI automation, on the other hand, becomes a holistic solution for optimizing complex warehouse procedures [1]. This 2. A successful supply chain must include precise inventory tracking, effective order fulfillment, and optimized logistics. Conventional manual procedures feature drawbacks such as labor-intensiveness, proneness to errors, and restricted visibility [2]. This study of the literature investigates how supply chain operations might be optimized and how these issues are addressed by AI automation, which includes technology such as sensor-enabled shelves, robotic process automation (RPA), machine learning algorithms, and drones. 2. 1. Sustaining a balanced supply chain and satisfying customer needs depend heavily on accurate inventory tracking. Traditional manual methods are insufficient since they are labor-intensive and prone to mistakes. On the other hand, AI automation—like RPA and sensor-enabled shelves—has become revolutionary [3]. By enabling real-time changes of inventory information, these solutions help businesses avoid overstocking and stock-outs. Although drones can potentially augment human stocktakes, they are not equipped to track in real-time. AI technology’s increased inventory transparency makes it possible to make wise judgments about stock placement and reordering, which improves planning and cuts down on waste [2]. Thus, integrating AI into inventory tracking is crucial for improving supply chain effectiveness. 2. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: Only 28 % of students were willing “always or nearly always” to recommend sexual abstinence to the 16-year-old patient, and 15. 1 % indicated they would “never” recommend sexual abstinence in this situation. In contrast, no student indicated he or she would “never” recommend risk factor elimination in the case of smoking and the sedentary, overweight individual, and 2. 1 % of students indicated they would “never” recommend risk factor elimination in the patient with signs of alcoholism. Willingness to recommend risk factor elimination was similar for smoking, alcohol, and diet and exercise, and statistically significantly lower for adolescent sexual activity including intercourse (Friedman’s rank test; p < 0. 001). Clinical prevention and population health knowledge score and respondent sex were not correlated with willingness to provide information on risks associated with the health behavior, to recommend risk factor elimination as the most efficacious means for reducing risk, to discuss alternative strategies for reducing risk apart from eliminating the risk factor, or to assure patients they would continue as their physician whether or not recommendations were accepted. DiscussionHarms associated with the vignette topics illustrated here are well known, and our findings suggest that this common knowledge is reflected in the willingness of entering medical students to educate regarding these behavioral risk factors. Students also showed high levels of respect for patient autonomy, as indicated by willingness to assure patients of continued care whether or not the patient accepted the proffered health recommendations. With respect to recommending risk factor elimination, students were most willing to recommend elimination of diet and exercise risk factors in an overweight and sedentary individual, followed by smoking and continued alcohol use in a patient with indications of alcoholism. The most marked (and statistically significant) finding relates to the adolescent contemplating initiation of sexual intercourse: only 28 % of students were willing “always or nearly always” to recommend avoidance of sexual intercourse, and 15. 1 % indicated they would “never” recommend abstinence in this context. Neither respondent gender nor population health knowledge score affected willingness to educate, offer preventive advice, or respect patient autonomy. Health professionals have historically relied on scientific information to craft educational messages and make recommendations. There are many examples in addition to those illustrated in this study: rather than simply providing facts about seat belts, speeding, fire safety, and other health topics involving behavioral health risk factors, health professionals have taken the additional step of making clear recommendations based on the underlying science.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 이 저널의 양식으로 변경하시겠어요? 인용언어설정 일부 서지항목은 국/영문 정보가 없을 수 있으므로 확인 후 사용하세요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drone delivery systems use GPS and AI to navigate and avoid obstacles during their flight. [SEP] Text: Such systems will be seen tomorrow providing next generation ad-hoc wireless networks[17], carrying out infrastructure inspections, for disaster mitigation[3] or to monitor ground traffic. The need of this technology is also evident from the current market of such systems. Elistair[18], Fotokite[19], and Hoverfly[20] are a few of the leading companies in the area of tethered drones. As compared to traditional drones, tethered drones offer various perks such as unlimited flight time (continuous power via tether), faster and secure data transmission, safer operation, better aerial surveillance, and no fear of communication loss. Active manipulation of tethered drones, where tension in tether controls the drone actuation so the drone can be maneuvered using the tether, forms the need of the hour. This is because, to the best of our knowledge, existing tethered drone solutions are not designed to move/coordinate with a moving ground station or rover which forms a technological gap this paper attempts to address. Moreover, active manipulation of drones alleviates the need of knowledge of drone piloting skills[11,21]. Such actively manipulated tethered drones can be attached to a moving emergency vehicle, robot, or even a ship. When the ground entity (car, robot, etc. ) moves, the drone is required to coordinate with the motion of the ground entity. Given the benefits offered by such systems, these drones can be leashed with ground rovers in space too for interplanetary exploration where there are no obstacles such as trees, buildings and electric wires. Such systems are especially suited for space applications due to unlimited flight time and safer operation during an emergency or technical malfunction. Active manipulation of the tethered drone can be achieved via either position control (using sensors such as GPS or cameras to estimate the relative position of the ground robot with respect to the drone) or force control (based on the tether tension). The paper focuses on a force-based control method that enables the use of such systems in GPS denied environments such as mines, space and remote construction sites. In this approach, the tethered drone is not required to know its position or the position of the ground robot. A force sensor can be attached to the drone or the ground vehicle to implement the controller. This research is inspired by force-based control or passive control used for applications such as multi-drone cooperative transport (CT) and human-drone interaction (HDI) tasks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: 35 However, the success of high-frequency stimulation is greatest for mapping of the primary motor cortex and has been found to be less sensitive than bipolar mapping for identifying motor responses in the premotor frontal cortex and supplementary motor areas. 15 This may be due to the higher density of pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex compared to the supplementary motor areas. Importantly, high-frequency stimulation is able to achieve successful mapping with low rates of intraoperative seizure, ranging between 0% and 3%. 24,37Our case series examined the advantages of high-frequency TOF stimulation delivered using a bipolar electrode, compared with the more traditional low-frequency stimulation. Using this technique, we achieved a significantly higher rate of positive stimulation sites and a low rate of intraoperative seizures. Of the 5 transient neurological deficits that occurred, 2 were in patients who had positive stimulation when using both TOF and low-frequency techniques, and 3 were in patients who had only positive TOF stimulation mapping. Patients who had positive sites with both high- and low-frequency techniques had concordant localization of the motor cortex. All of the motor sites identified by only positive TOF motor localization were in agreement with phase reversal and gross anatomical localization. Since no deficit was permanent or severe and all improved, these were not considered related to inaccurate motor mapping, but rather were deficits secondary to postoperative edema or injury to supplementary motor areas. 26 In previous studies, monopolar stimulation, with either high- or low-frequency stimulation, had been demonstrated to achieve higher rates of eliciting an MEP while at lower thresholds than bipolar stimulation. 35 However, monopolar stimulation has a radiant spread that can decrease spatial accuracy, given the typically distant placement of the reference electrode. By using a bipolar wand, where one of the electrodes serves as the reference, our results indicate that high-frequency TOF stimulation can provide spatially accurate motor mapping with extremely low rates of seizures and acceptable postoperative morbidity. It is difficult to confirm whether our higher rate of positive stimulation with the TOF technique was due to a true increase in sensitivity or was actually a false positive. However, given the appropriate correlation of our positive bipolar TOF mapping sites with modalities, such as phase reversal and anatomical landmarks, we favor these sites to be true positives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 참고문헌 내주 각주/미주 인용정보가 복사되었어요인용할 위치에서 붙여넣기 하세요 한 문장에 2개 이상의 연구 인용 도움말 (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) 한 문장에 1개의 연구 인용 도움말 (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018) 사용 가능한 기관 소속입니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drone delivery systems use GPS and AI to navigate and avoid obstacles during their flight. [SEP] Text: DAA systems can be decomposed into three functions, namely, (i) “Detect” – situational awareness; (ii) “Alert” – determination and announcement of traffic that may be in conflict, evaluation of the de-conflicting flight path; and (iii) “Avoid” – de-confliction maneuver execution, and determination of “clear of conflict”. The “Detect” function of a DAA system depends on sensor characteristics, e. g. , signal-to-noise ratio of the target vs. background, false alarm rate, and processing/thresholding methods chosen, etc. The “Alert” function is determined by a conflict prediction algorithm and human factors requirements. The “Avoid” function depends on the RPAS performance, airspace specifics, and size of the protection volume (e. g. , the remain well clear (RWC) and collision avoidance (CA) sub-functions as per DO-365 (RTCA 2017)). In 2016 Canada published “for ” (USC 2016) based on recommendations established by the Canadian UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) Working Group. The working group recommended a performance-based warning requirement for the DAA system as eq. (1). The DAA system must compute a CA maneuvering time, Tman, which is the minimum time by which a maximum-effort maneuver would be able to achieve the desired miss distance (e. g. , 500 ft. horizontal, 100 ft. vertical) for a given set of RPA (remotely piloted aircraft) performance characteristics, and the relative velocity between RPA and intruder. (1)where Rmin is the minimum range at which a CA maneuver can be performed and still guarantee the minimum miss distance, and can be derived from Tman if the closing velocity between the RPAS and intruder Vclose is known. A DAA sensor must demonstrate detection range performance greater than Rmin to successfully track the intruder over several observations and establish a high-confidence threat status. In 2019 (TC) proposed a “modified” from the for Rulemaking on (2019), approach to enable approval of BVLOS operations (TC 2019). This approach defines a as the ability of the complete, “end-to-end” DAA system to mitigate potential collisions with conflicting traffic.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: In addition, although the total number of concordant cases was low for TOF and low-frequency mapping, in those cases there was strong concordance of the positive sites between traditional low-frequency bipolar stimulation and our technique. This suggests that high-frequency TOF stimulation does indicate positive cortical motor sites. Ultimately, this preliminary report points to an additional reliable technique to identify motor cortex. Our series is limited by the lack of comparison with a monopolar TOF stimulation, potential unconscious bias, lack of blinding, and the small sample size limiting the power of the study. Ideally, our study would have also elucidated the reliability of monopolar TOF mapping of the motor cortex. A future prospective study may further clarify its role. However, some caution may be advisable in a study looking at multiple electrical stimulation techniques given the increased operative time and the increased theoretical risk of seizures. Our higher seizure rate in the low-frequency group may be confounded by the fact that TOF stimulation was performed prior to low-frequency stimulation. This prior stimulation could theoretically prime the tissue for seizure. However, given that the seizure rate for low-frequency stimulation is consistent with the prior literature, we do not believe this to be the case. In addition, we rarely exceeded 12 mA of stimulation when using the low-frequency technique out of concern of eliciting seizures at higher amplitudes. We felt this was reasonable given the consistent concordance between our phase reversal and TOF mapping results. That said, it is likely that higher-stimulation amplitudes using the low-frequency technique would have elicited MEPs. Given that direct cortical stimulation is considered the gold standard in functional mapping, the variable responses between the different techniques suggest an interesting issue in calculating sensitivity or specificity of the cortical stimulation methods. How we discern and define true positives and true negatives requires further consideration and discussion among those in the neurosurgical community. That said, our pilot study does not conclude that high-frequency bipolar TOF stimulation provides superior motor cortex identification. Rather, we believe it is an additional reliable tool for motor mapping, which can be challenging in patients with brain tumors and associated edema. It is important to note that there did not appear to be variability in the identification of the motor cortex when both techniques produced positive results. As such, our technique provides an additional reliable modality that reinforces the crucial role of intraoperative mapping for the determination of safe operative corridors and complete tumor resections.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 지금 신청 시 기관 이용 종료 시까지 무제한 무료 사용 가능 네 이용할래요 DBpia 정기구독 이용자는 싸이티지를 사용할 수 있습니다 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 출시기념 2025년까지 무료 이용 가능 네 이용할래요 소속기관이 없거나, 정기구독권이 없는 회원이시네요 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 소속기관/학교인증 바로�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: | for (NCEI) High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring CCE1_122W_33N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0144245) Preview graphic This dataset includes surface chemical, meteorological, physical time series data collected from Mooring CCE1_122W_33N in the Ocean from 2008-11-11 to 2023-07-26. These data include air-sea difference - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), barometric pressure, oxygen, pCO2 - atmosphere, pCO2 - water, sea surface salinity, sea surface temperature, pH on the total scale, total chlorophyll, nephelometric turbidity and salinity-compensated dissolved oxygen. The instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, oxygen meter and thermosalinographs. CO2 Time-series and involves international groups from 18 countries who have mounted sensors on moored buoys to provide high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). The CO2 Time-series and is coordinated by (IOCCP). Cite as: Sutton, Adrienne J. ; Sabine, Christopher L. ; Send, Uwe; Ohman, Mark; Dietrich, Colin; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Musielewicz, Sylvia; Bott, Randy; Osborne, John (2016). High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring CCE1_122W_33N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0144245). [indicate subset used]. for Environmental Information. Dataset. Accessed [date]. 10. 3334/cdiac/otg. tsm_cce1_122w_33n gov. noaa. nodc:0144245 0144245 ISO 19115-2 Metadata gov. noaa. nodc:0144245 · XML & (download)Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. FTP (download)These data are available through the Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All sleep monitors are fully accurate and provide reliable medical recommendations. [SEP] Text: JNS14208726495941)| falseSearch 7010. 1126/science. 121. 3144. 468)| falseSearch 8310. 3171/jns. 1989. 71. 3. 0316)| falseSearch 1410. 3171/2013. 12. JNS1318424484232)| falseSearch 3710. 1093/brain/60. 4. 389)| falseSearch 0910. 1227/01. NEU. 0000336331. 88559. CF)| falseSearch 1310. 3171/2014. 1. JNS13909)| falseSearch 1610. 3171/2015. 4. JNS1433326406788)| falseSearch 0210. 1136/jnnp. 72. 2. 22111796773)| falseSearch 9110. 3171/jns. 1991. 75. 1. 00622045920)| falseSearch 0810. 1056/NEJMoa06781918172171)| falseSearch 0110. 3171/2011. 2. JNS10998)| falseSearch 9810. 3171/jns. 1998. 88. 2. 0349)| falseSearch 9710. 1016/S0090-3019(96)00340-0)| falseSearch 1610. 3171/2015. 5. JNS14283326544767)| falseSearch 0810. 1227/01. neu. 0000317304. 31579. 1718425006)| falseSearch 7610. 1097/01. wnp. 0000237073. 70314. f7)| falseSearch 1110. 1016/j. clinph. 2010. 12. 05521330203)| falseSearch 9310. 1227/00006123-199302000-000118437660)| falseSearch 1310. 1159/00035002024108152)| falseSearch 1110. 17925/USN. 2011. 07. 01. 64)| falseSearch 9910. 3171/jns. 1999. 91. 6. 092210584836)| falseSearch 1210. 1227/NEU. 0b013e318271bc6122986591)| falseSearch 4. xml The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��기 싸이티지 미구독기관 회원이시네요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: | for (NCEI) High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring BTM_64W_32N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100065) Preview graphic This dataset includes chemical, physical and time series data collected from Mooring BTM_64W_32N in the Ocean from 2005-10-22 to 2007-10-01. These data include air-sea difference - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), barometric pressure, oxygen, pCO2 - atmosphere, pCO2 - water, salinity and sea surface temperature. Autonomous pCO2 [MAPCO2 (trademark of NOAA)] instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, and oxygen meter. CO2 Time-series and involves international groups from 18 countries who have mounted sensors on moored buoys to provide high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). The CO2 Time-series and is coordinated by (IOCCP). Cite as: Sabine, Christopher L. ; Bates, Nicholas; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Bott, Randy; Sutton, Adrienne J. (2012). High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring BTM_64W_32N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100065). [indicate subset used]. for Environmental Information. Dataset. Accessed [date]. 10. 3334/cdiac/otg. tsm_btm_64w_32n gov. noaa. nodc:0100065 0100065 ISO 19115-2 Metadata gov. noaa. nodc:0100065 · XML & (download)Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. FTP (download)These data are available through the Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e. g. , FileZilla or WinSCP). for other distribution options and instructions. for Environmental Information+1-301-713-3277NCEI. Info@noaa.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 83492 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation and by John P. the - Risk, Exposure, Response, and by John P. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. power plants (NPPs) have negligible cradle-to-grave environmental impacts. In spite of this fact, nuclear power plants (NPPs) are potentially high-risk facilities, since the consequences of a severe accident at a nuclear power plant can be enormous. Severe accidents of NPPs affect large area and have environmentally regional and economically global character [1]. The accident at the Chernobyl NPP shows the extent and severity and long-term consequences of the nuclear disasters. Natural hazard safety of nuclear power plants became an eminent importance after the earthquake on the 11th of March 2011 and subsequent disaster of the NPP. The case of the NPP demonstrated the tragic outcome of the interaction between severe natural phenomena and nuclear power plant, that is, the severe natural phenomena are a great threat per itself, but their damaging effects could be multiplied when a natural phenomenon damages a hazardous facility like a nuclear power plant. The importance of the preparedness to the natural hazards at NPPs has recently been demonstrated when the September 2018 endangered the NPPs in North and South Carolinas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 확인 Citeasy 신청 완료 이제 싸이티지의 모든 기능을 사용할 수 있어요! 프로모션 기간 종료 후에도추가했던 서지는 무제한 이용할 수 있어요 확인 Citeasy 신청 완료 2025년까지 싸이티지의 모든 기능을 사용할 수 있어요! 물론 프로모션 기간 종료 후에도추가했던 서지는 쭉~ 이용가능해요 확인 우리기관에 요청하기 내년에도 서지를 계속 추가하고 싶다면?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: | for (NCEI) High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring Stratus_85W_20S in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100075) Preview graphic This dataset includes chemical, meteorological, physical and time series data collected from Mooring Stratus_85W_20S in the Ocean from 2006-10-16 to 20210924. These data include air-sea difference - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), barometric pressure, oxygen, pCO2 - atmosphere, pCO2 - water, salinity, sea surface temperature, oxygen, pH on total scale, total chlorophyll, nephelometric turbidity unit and salinity-compensated dissolved oxygen. Autonomous pCO2 [MAPCO2 (trademark of NOAA)] instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, and oxygen meter. CO2 Time-series and involves international groups from 18 countries who have mounted sensors on moored buoys to provide high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). The CO2 Time-series and is coordinated by Project (IOCCP). Cite as: Sutton, Adrienne J. ; Sabine, Christopher L. ; Dietrich, Colin; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Musielewicz, Sylvia; Bott, Randy; Osborne, John (2012). High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring Stratus_85W_20S in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100075). [indicate subset used]. for Environmental Information. Dataset. Accessed [date]. 10. 3334/cdiac/otg. tsm_stratus_85w_20s gov. noaa. nodc:0100075 0100075 ISO 19115-2 Metadata gov. noaa. nodc:0100075 · XML & (download)Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. FTP (download)These data are available through the Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Majority of the existing nuclear power plants will be operated during the twenty-first century, and there are ongoing new construction projects. There are prestigious institutions and authors justifying that the nuclear power is needed for sustainable power supply (e. g. , [2]). There are good enough reasons for continuous efforts to ensure and enhance the nuclear safety. Protection of NPPs against natural hazard effects has been required since earlier times of industrial deployment of nuclear power. Related design requirements were getting more and more stringent with accumulated knowledge on hazards, with their consequences, as well with the development of design methodologies and supporting empirical evidences. All probable at the site natural hazards should be accounted for in the design of NPPs. The risk due to NPPs is controlled and reduced by design means ensuring very low annual probability of a large release of radioactive substances. The acceptable annual probability limit for large release is ≤10−6. The concept of defense in depth (DiD) is applied for protection of the people and environment [3, 4]. According to this, a hierarchy of protective means and procedures should be designed and implemented for preventing the escalation of a failure to accidents and to maintain the integrity of physical barriers between the radioactive substances and environment, even if a protective feature fails. There are a series of physical barriers nested inside one another for separation of the radioactive substances from the environment: the fuel matrix, the fuel cladding, the primary pressure boundary, and the containment. The effectiveness of barriers should be maintained in every operational state, and the last barrier, the containment, should perform its retaining function as long as possible during accident sequences. In this 2. Hazards and their severity Nuclear power plant can be constructed and operated at a particular site without undue risk to the health and safety of the public by ensuring the confinement of radioactive substances. From the technical point of view, this means that some fundamental safety functions should be ensured during and after the natural phenomena: the reactor should be shut-down, subcriticality of the reactor core and the spent fuel pool should be ensured, and the fuel in the reactor core and the spent fuel pool should be cooled. The most important function is the retaining capability of the reactor containment that should be kept leak-tight as long as possible. Plants are designed per principle of defense in depth (DiD) [3, 4], applying overlapping provisions (design, operational, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용양식변경 공지사항바로가기 Close 즐겨찾기 양식명 버전 즐겨찾기가없어요 자주 사용하는 인용양식을 검색 후 즐겨찾기에 등록하세요. 검색 자주 사용하는 인용 양식을 검색하세요. (저널명 or 학회명) search 검색하기 양식 저장 Close 국내 연구자를 위한 한국형 서지관리 서비스 DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: 3 (download)published 2016-02-29T19:22:250100077 v4. 4 NCEI Accession 0100077 v4. 4 (download)published 2016-08-23T13:03:090100077 v5. 5 NCEI Accession 0100077 v5. 5 (download)published 2016-12-10T05:09:270100077 v6. 6 NCEI Accession 0100077 v6. 6 (download)published 2017-10-07T03:07:080100077 v7. 7 NCEI Accession 0100077 v7. 7 (download)published 2018-09-11T20:47:100100077 v8. 8 NCEI Accession 0100077 v8. 8 (download)published 2020-02-03T21:48:330100077 v9. 9 NCEI Accession 0100077 v9. 9 (download)published 2021-01-27T22:20:380100077 v10. 10 NCEI Accession 0100077 v10. 10 (download)published 2022-01-20T22:08:18Z Lineage information for: dataset Parameter or Variable: Date Time; Abbreviation: Date Time; Unit: Date and Time (UTC); In-situ Manipulation Response variable: in-situ. Parameter or Variable: xCO2 SW (wet); Abbreviation: xCO2 SW (wet); Unit: (μmol/mol) Mole fraction of CO2 in air in equilibrium with the seawater at sea surface temperature and measured humidity. ; Controlled vocabulary name: partial pressure of carbon dioxide - water; In-situ Manipulation Response variable: in-situ; Sampling instrument: MAPCO2 (trademark of NOAA). Parameter or Variable: CO2 SW QF; Abbreviation: CO2 SW QF; Unit: Flag for xCO2 sw (wet); In-situ Manipulation Response variable: in-situ. Parameter or Variable: H2O SW; Abbreviation: H2O SW; Unit: (mmol/mol) Mole fraction of H2O in air from equilibrator.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: ), so that, if a failure were to occur, it would be detected and compensated for or corrected by appropriate measures returning the plant to the normal operational conditions. In case this is not succeeding, a hierarchy of protective means and procedures are designed in preventing the escalation of a failure to accidental event, even if a protective measure fails. These protective means are redundant safety systems that are conservatively designed to withstand even effects of natural hazards beyond those accounted for in the design. The effects of natural hazards selected for the basis of design are loads defined conservatively and used in the design calculations according to codes and standards. Therefore, in deterministic sense, the effects of natural hazards within the basis of design should not cause accidents, or any failures, called initiating events, leading to accident sequences. Off course, the probability of failure of some systems or structures is not equal to zero, but the adequate design ensures low probability of failure with high confidence. The conservative design ensures sufficient margin to resist the effects exceeding in some extent the design-basis level. DiD also means a box-in-box design of physical barriers for confining the radioactive substances. The first barrier is the fuel matrix, the ceramic uranium dioxide pellets, and the second one is the cladding of fuel pins. The third barrier is the pressure-retaining boundary of the primary circuit, and the fourth and very last barrier is the containment building. The heat generation by the decay of fission product in the fuel lasts long after the chain reaction is stopped. If the residual heat will not be removed, the first two barriers the fuel matrix and the cladding tubes containing the pellets will be overheated, melted, and damaged. The third barrier is the pressure-retaining boundary of the primary circuit. The fourth barrier is the containment building. Severity of natural hazards can be categorized according to the level of DiD affected, complexity, and duration of post-event situation. The highest level of severity is caused by rare, sudden, non-predictable, beyond-design-basis events with high damaging potential that can cause sudden loss of safety functions (that is called as cliff-edge effect). Retaining capability of the containment can be lost, and significant amount of radioactive material can be released.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용은 물론 참고문헌 삽입까지한번에 내가 인용한 논문을 저장해놨다가 참고문헌으로 쓴다고요? DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 ‘참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 겹낫표등의한국형 논문 출처 표기까지 가능해요 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 내가 투고할 학회의 서지정보가 이미 등록되어 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification is caused by the increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: | for (NCEI) High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring Papa_145W_50N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100074) Preview graphic This dataset includes chemical, meteorological, physical and time series data collected from Mooring Papa_145W_50N in the Ocean from 2010-06-15 to 2023-04-13. These data include air-sea difference - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), barometric pressure, oxygen, pCO2 - atmosphere, pCO2 - water, salinity, sea surface temperature, oxygen, pH on total scale, total chlorophyll, nephelometric turbidity unit and salinity-compensated dissolved oxygen. Autonomous pCO2 [MAPCO2 (trademark of NOAA)] instruments used to collect these data include Bubble type equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Humidity Sensor, and oxygen meter. CO2 Time-series and involves international groups from 18 countries who have mounted sensors on moored buoys to provide high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). The CO2 Time-series and is coordinated by (IOCCP). Cite as: Sutton, Adrienne J. ; Sabine, Christopher L. ; Dietrich, Colin; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Musielewicz, Sylvia; Bott, Randy; Osborne, John (2012). High-resolution ocean and atmosphere pCO2 time-series measurements from mooring Papa_145W_50N in the Ocean (NCEI Accession 0100074). [indicate subset used]. for Environmental Information. Dataset. Accessed [date]. 10. 3334/cdiac/otg. tsm_papa_145w_50n gov. noaa. nodc:0100074 0100074 ISO 19115-2 Metadata gov. noaa. nodc:0100074 · XML & (download)Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. FTP (download)These data are available through the Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Compared to the above case, less severe are the hazard consequences, when the fundamental safety functions can be restored or ensured by severe accident management measures, that is, the accident sequence can be controlled, and the off-site releases can be limited. Moderate severity are those hazards, effects of which are within the design margins. In this case, the control of accident sequences for limiting the radiological releases and preventing escalation to severe accidents can be ensured by design means and procedures. Less severe are the hazards with effects within the design basis, especially, if a forecast or warning of the occurrence of dangerous event is possible. The effects of these hazards are manageable by operational features and measures. The economic losses are strictly correlated by the extent of damage, possibility, and effort needed for restoring and restarting the plant operation, doses from releases, needs, and extent of off-site measures (evacuation and decontamination of large area). Ranking the hazards with respect to safety and economic significance:Sudden, non-predictable, beyond-design-basis event with high damaging potential, beyond-design-basis, significant damages over large region hindering accident management—Large releases due to containment failure, loss of plant, and evacuation of large area (Fukushima Dai-ichi 2011). Sudden, non-predictable, beyond-design-basis event with high damaging potential but within the designed margins—Justification of safety and restoration works (Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP, Niigata-Earthquake, 2007, NPP, 2011). Sudden, non-predictable event with high damaging potential within the design basis—Outage for limited time (Onagawa NPP, tsunami due to Earthquake 2011). Events with damage potential, warning, and preventive measures are possible—Outage for limited time or restart after the event (NPPs impacted by Katrina hurricane, 2005; floods at Blayais NPP, France, 1999, and at in 2011). Warning is possible, and effects are manageable by operational features and measures—Operation at a reduced power level and no safety consequences (Cernavoda NPP, Romania, ow-river level 2009). An exhaustive list of external hazards that can affect the safety of nuclear power plants, including the list of possible correlated and independent concurrent hazards, are given, for example, in [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 한글/워드 서지관리 프로그램 바로받기 Close DBpia 밖의 서지정보를 인용하고 싶다면? 크롬 익스텐션으로 외부 서지정보를 내서재에 담아보세요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: interactions between predators and prey constitute a key component of the ecology and evolution of marine systems, and animal behavior can affect the outcome of predator–prey interactions. It has been recently demonstrated that CO2-induced ocean acidification can alter the behavior of marine organisms and potentially alter predator–prey dynamics. This study combines both quantitative (meta-analysis) and qualitative approaches to review the effects of ocean acidification on behavioral prey defenses in marine invertebrates. A systematic literature search identified 34 studies that experimentally assessed behavioral defenses under elevated pCO2 spanning three phyla: crustaceans, echinoderms, and molluscs. A meta-analysis suggested that exposure to elevated seawater pCO2 can negatively affect behavioral defenses in bivalve molluscs and malacostracan crustaceans. By contrast, defenses of cephalopod molluscs seem to be positively impacted by elevated pCO2, whereas gastropods and echinoids appear unaffected. A qualitative assessment of studies on combined effects of ocean acidification and warming revealed that combined effects typically differ from ocean acidification–only effects. Based on a qualitative assessment of three studies to date, neurological interference of GABAA receptors under elevated pCO2 may play a major role in ocean acidification effects on prey defense behaviors; however, more research is needed, and other mechanistic underpinnings are also important to consider. Ultimately, the results of this study suggest that behavioral prey defenses in some shellfish taxa may be vulnerable to ocean acidification, that the effects of ocean acidification are often different under warming scenarios than under present-day temperature scenarios, and that GABAA interference may be an important mechanism underpinning behavioral responses of shellfish prey under ocean acidification. Despite the importance of shellfish behavioral defenses in the ecology and evolution of marine biological communities, however, research to date has only scraped the surface in understanding ocean acidification effects. Increased research efforts on the effects of multiple stressors, acclimation and adaptation, environmental variability, and complex situational and ecological contexts are needed. Studies of fish behavioral defenses under ocean acidification can help streamline hypotheses and experimental approaches, particularly given the similar effects of elevated pCO2 on GABAA function. between predators and their prey constitute an integral part of the ecology and evolution of marine organisms, as well as the structure and function of biological communities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: The nuclear safety regulations use a generic formula requiring identification and characterization of natural phenomena that are specific to the region and which have the potential to affect the safety of the nuclear installation [8, 9, 10, 11]. Examples of hazards and their possible primary consequences are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Hazards, hazard effects, and possible consequences at NPPs. 1 examples of hazards are indicated, which can be or should be excluded by proper site selection (collapse of karst, avalanches, landslides). There are examples in Table 1 for hazards, which can be excluded by engineering means (flood protection, soil improvements). Although the possibility of mitigation of some volcanic effects (tephra fallout, missiles, gas emissions, debris flows) is considered as realistic [12], it is preferable to exclude the volcanic hazard from the design basis of nuclear power plants. The hazards accounted for in the design of the plant should be differentiated with regard their basic features: possibility of forecast, characteristic time for evolvement of phenomenon, possibility to avoid administrative or operational measures, possibility of protection of the site, and modification of adverse site features. The earthquakes affect the site and large surrounding region. It is impossible to foresee and it happens suddenly. The effects of earthquake should be “as far as reasonably practicable” managed by design solutions even for the cases exceeding the design basis. The operators should be prepared to manage the post-earthquake extreme situations. Here, the long-lasting effect is caused by the damages at the site and in the area surrounding the plant. The dwellings of the operational personnel and the local infrastructure (transportation, communication) can be affected [13]; therefore, arrangements should be in place for the replacement of personnel and logistical support of the plant. Contrary to the above example, reliable forecasts can be made for the majority of hydrometeorological extremes, like hurricanes, tornados, typhoons, extreme precipitation and temperatures, and floods. This allows implementation of protective measures and preparation of the NPP for the extreme situation. The operators should have procedures and means for preparedness to the possible abnormal situations. For most meteorological extremes, the implementation of protective design solutions can be combined with operation procedures for both, ensuring the safety and possible fast recovery of normal operation. Reduction of cooling capacity due to clogging of cooling water system can be managed in a similar way.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 크롬 익스텐션 살펴보기 클립보드 복사가 완료되었습니다 단, 출처 표기 시 주의하세요 1같은 논문을 2번 인용한다면, 짧은 내주 짧은 각주 형태로 인용해야해요 (조형교육학회 등) 2자료 유형에 따라 문장부호를 다르게 사용해야 해요 3참고문헌의 언어별로 양식 규정이 달라요! (한국노년학회등) 4투고하는 학회가 달라지면 인용양식도 달라져야 해요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2013) and the burrowing behavior of the softshell clam Mya arenaria (Clements et al. 2017). Similarly, hypoxia has been documented to reduce the burrowing capacity of the infaunal clam Macoma balthica (Tallqvist 2001). Consequently, behavioral prey defenses (along with a swath of other behaviors) are vulnerable to a changing marine environment (Wong & Candolin 2015), and behavioral alterations brought about by environmental change in the global ocean have the potential to influence entire marine ecosystems (Nagelkerken & Munday 2016). One marine global change stressor that has received much attention over the past 15 y is ocean acidification—the alteration of seawater carbonate chemistry resulting from the absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 by the oceans (Doney et al. 2009, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2014). Research investigating the impacts of ocean acidification on marine life has primarily focused on calcifying marine organisms, in large part because of the anticipated vulnerability of the calcification process to changes in seawater pH (Orr et al. 2005, Ries et al. 2009, Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013). Recent evidence, however, suggests that ocean acidification can also have drastic effects on the behavior of marine organisms (see reviews by Briffa et al. 2012, Clements & Hunt 2015). Thus, although the vulnerability of morphological defenses such as shell has been relatively well studied, less is known of the impacts of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses (see Fig. 2 in Kroeker et al. 2014). In this 0. 66, P < 0. 001; Fig. 1), but not exposure time (r = –0. 11, P = 0. 377) or sample size (r = 0. 16, P = 0. 219); therefore, pCO2 offset, but not exposure time or sample size, was included in the AIC models as a continuous predictor variable. Predictor variables were not significantly correlated (r < 0. 36 for all pairwise correlations) with the exception of phylum and class (r = 0. 93); therefore, models including both phylum and class as predictor variables were excluded from AIC selection. A “null” model (i. e. , model with no fixed predictor variables and only a random factor of measurement nested within study) was also included in AIC selection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: There are meteorological extremes with extended duration, for example, heat wave and drought. These long-lasting conditions can also affect the operational personnel and the logistical support of the site. There are hazards having similar effects, for example, the straight wind and tornado missiles and hail cause an impact effect. Obviously, the hazard with the largest impact effect will dominate the design of structures important for safety. Simultaneously occurring hazards should also be considered in the design. It is interesting to mention that almost 600 possible combinations can be identified according to [7]. There are causally connected hazards where one hazard may cause another hazard, but the other hazard can occur by themselves (like earthquake and tsunami). There are simultaneous hazards when one hazard is a prerequisite for a correlated hazard (earthquake-liquefaction). There are associated hazards, which are probable to occur at the same time due to a common root cause or having same physical origin, for example, the storms and lightning and storms and extreme precipitation. The analysis of the probability of event combinations should consider the duration of the events. The exact coincidence of the demand is decisive for the design and safety. It is possible for more than one independent natural event to occur simultaneously at the site. Combinations of frequent hazards with similar effects should be considered carefully, since the simultaneous effects can be superimposed. It should be noted that simultaneous occurrence of two independent low-frequency hazards is considered as unreasonable. Advertisement 3. Designing for safety As it is shown above, the risks of nuclear power plants due to natural hazards can be controlled in two ways:The hazards can be avoided via site selection deeming the sites unsuitable for the location of NPP. Appropriate design and/or administrative measures shall be implemented for site and plant protection. In the first case, if the effects of external events affecting the sites and the region cannot be compensated by proven engineering solutions for protection of the NPP, the site should be discarded. The hazards can be qualified as avoided, if it is physically impossible to occur under the conditions at the site or if the hazard can be considered with a high degree of confidence to be extremely unlikely. For example, landslides should not be expected, if the site is located in a flat area; collapse of karst should not be expected if there are no karst formations below the site. Specific considerations on how to define the acceptable low probability will be given below.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Citeasy 다운로드 하기 모두 자동으로 입력해주는 일주일간 보지 않기 닫기 Citeasy 이용 기간 종료 체험 기간이 종료되었거나, 소속 기관의 싸이티지 이용이 중단 되어 이용할 수 없습니다. 확인 우리기관에 요청하기 싸이티지 설치형 프로그램은 모바일과 mac OS를 지원하지 않습니다. 확인 제휴문의 DBpia와 구독·저작권 계약, 기타 제휴를 원하시면 해당 부서로 연락 바랍니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Studies on bivalves, gastropods, and echinoids spanned across the larval, juvenile, and adult life stages of these organisms, whereas studies on juvenile cephalopods were absent, and studies on malacostracan crustaceans have been restricted to adults (Fig. 2B). A total of 19 studies assessed the effect of ocean acidification on the behavioral defenses of adult prey, whereas five and six studies tested such effects in juveniles and larvae, respectively (see Fig. 1B for life stage percentages for each taxonomic class). Importantly, only 15% of the studies (n = 5 of 34) included predator cues in their experiments testing for effects of ocean acidification on prey defense behaviors. Thus, most behaviors, although relevant to prey defense, were measured in the absence of predator cues. Seven studies reported strictly negative (i. e. , all experiments finding a significant negative effect of ocean acidification) functional effects of ocean acidification on behavioral prey defenses (n = 5 bivalve + 2 gastropod studies), whereas four studies reported strictly positive effects (n = 2 cephalopod + 2 gastropod studies) (Fig. 2B). Null responses to ocean acidification were observed in 15 studies; n = 6 gastropod + 6 echinoderm + 3 malacostracan studies) (Fig. 2B). Six studies on molluscan taxa reported mixed responses to ocean acidification (n = 2 bivalve + 1 cephalopod + 3 gastropod studies) (Fig. 2B). A META--Analysis ResultsEffects of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses were predominantly driven by pCO2 offset, taxa, and life stage. When all pCO2 conditions were considered, AIC model selection revealed the model including pCO2 offset + class + life stage as the “best” model (Table 2). This model explained 59% (R2 = 0. 59) of the variance in individual effect sizes. A second model including pCO2 offset + life stage could not be excluded (delta AIC = 1. 75) and explained 58% (R2 = 0. 58). When only near-future pCO2 anomalies where considered, a number of candidate models (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: Rules and requirements for site survey and selection are given, for example, in [8, 10]. Agency published a series of design guidances focusing on different hazards [12, 14, 15, 16]. In the second case, the hazards shall be properly identified, characterized, and accounted for in the design basis as required in [10]. The performance of the plant safety features should be ensured by the design and/or administrative measures for the design-basis hazard effects, that is, for the case of design-basis hazards, very low probability of failure of the safety-related SSCs should be justified with high confidence. The generic design rules and requirements are set, for example, in the [9]. Agency published series of design guidance focusing on different hazards [17, 18]. The applicable design requirements are as follows:Apply reasonable design conservatism for design-basis hazards that provides sufficient margins for the case, if the effects of hazards exceeding the level accounted for in the design. Apply passive safety features (no need of external or emergency power supply). Develop pre-event preparedness and post-event procedures. Apply adequate means and procedures to coop with hazards that are predictable. Ensure that the safety systems intended to be used in design-basis accidents will be not adversely affected by the natural hazards. Ensure sufficient resources at multiunit sites. Consider temporary limitation of the off-site logistical support. The generic design principles applicable are related either to system engineering or structural and layout aspects. These are:Diversity via employing different principles of operation. Redundancy of components and systems. Independence of system and components. Using failsafe components. Avoiding structural interactions. Ensuring physically separation of redundant safety systems. The design solutions can also be classified as:Systems-solutions: inherently safe design, use of preferable passive safety systems capable to function even in the case of beyond-design-basis hazards. Structural solutions: optimized for hazard effect structures with sufficient capacity to avoid sudden loss of function. Layout solutions: separating the redundant safety systems. For the optimal use of design means, the SSCs are usually categorized in accordance of their safety relevance and intended function during and after the natural phenomena. This allows to implement the graded approach regarding design conservatism, quality, and reliability requirements.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 구독 계약 문의 4년제 대학교, 해외 도서관, 공공기관, 국책연구원, 기업, 전문대학 등 DBpia 구독을 희망하시나요? 담당부서 : 영업기획팀 trial@nurimedia. co. kr 데이터 구매 문의 인공지능 학습, 연구동향 분석 등 목적으로 DBpia의 메타 및 원문 데이터가 필요하시나요? 담당부서 : 마케팅팀 marketing@nurimedia. co. kr 저작권 계약 문의 학회지, 연구기관 보고서, 정기 간행물 등 학술 콘텐츠가 DBpia에서 서비스 되길 원하시나요? 담당부서 : 콘텐츠영업팀 copyright@nurimedia. co.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Given that the magnitude and temporal duration of pCO2 extremes are expected to increase under ocean acidification (Kwiatkowski & Orr 2018, Pacella et al. 2018), the results herein suggest that shellfish behavioral defenses for some taxa are likely vulnerable to pCO2 variability under current conditions and near-future ocean acidification, particularly when pCO2 conditions are elevated for periods of weeks to months. Interpretive CautionIt is important to note for this section that this meta-analysis is based on a relatively small number of studies. Given the high degree of heterogeneity observed (i. e. , Q-statistics; Table 3), the small number of studies makes definitive conclusions regarding effects difficult. Consequently, the null effects reported here may represent “true” null effects or may be a symptom of low sample sizes (i. e. , an inability to detect an effect). Thus, the meta-analysis herein provides a quantitative synthesis of studies to date, and definitive conclusions regarding effects await further research. assessing the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on shellfish prey defense behaviors were less common than acidification-only studies (n = 7 acidification–warming studies; 21% of all studies), with one reporting on a bivalve, five reporting on gastropods, and one on a malacostracan crustacean (Table 4). A meta-analysis of acidification–warming effects on behavioral prey defenses was not conducted, given the low number of available studies, and thus acidification–warming studies are described qualitatively. All acidification–warming studies used temperature increases consistent with near-future predictions (2°C–5°C), with the exception of Zhang et al. (2014), who used a temperature increase of 14°C (Table 4). In the single study on bivalves, increased seawater temperature reversed the effect of sediment acidification on the burrowing behavior of juvenile Mya arenaria (Clements et al. 2017), whereas the single study on a malacostracan crustacean reported no effect of ocean acidification or warming on the self-righting response of adult Hyas araneus (Zittier et al. 2013). In gastropods, effects of ocean acidification and warming varied within and across species. For juvenile Concholepas concolepas, there was no effect of ocean acidification or warming on behavioral lateralization (i.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: The safety systems are usually in the highest category that should be designed to withstand high-magnitude low-annual-probability hazardous effects, while the systems needed for the continuous operation only are designed in accordance of nonnuclear building/construction codes and standards for a moderate magnitude and for 10−2–10−3 annual probability effects, as usual. It should be emphasized that the natural hazards affect the entire plant, all facilities at the site, or even the whole region. Therefore, the events could simultaneously challenge several redundant or diverse trains of a safety system, causing multiple failures of SSCs. In the state-of-the-art practice, plant conditions more severe and complex as those accounted for in the design basis are considered as design extension conditions. In design extension conditions, prevention of severe accident, mitigation of the consequences of complex plant conditions, and the integrity of the containment should be maintained by additional safety features or extension of the capability of safety systems as far as is reasonably practicable. The chances for multiple failures and complex plant conditions due to natural hazards can be rather large, if the magnitude of event exceeds those accounted for in the design. Advertisement 4. Safety goal, design basis, and beyond-design-basis hazards Let us start with a simple consideration. The simplest formulation of the risk due to some damaging effect is the R = P fail · C where P fail is the probability of the failure caused by that effect and leading to the consequences with measure C. The probability P fail depends on the probability of occurring of an event with damaging effect E, P E and on the conditional probability of failure if the effect is equal to E, that is, P fail if E. Thus, the total probability of failure can be written as P fail = P E · P fail if E. The state-of-the-art design procedures and standards ensure a very low probability of failure with respect to the effects accounted for in the design, E DB this can be expressed as P fail if E ≤ E DB ≪ 1. There are hazards damaging the potential of which can be characterized by several parameters; thus, E = E 1 E 2 ⋯ E n. In the practice of the nuclear industry, the term “fail” could have several meanings. The term “failure” can be associated to a single component, to a system performing certain safety function, and to the entire plant, respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: kr 기타 제휴 문의 서비스 제휴, 기술 제휴 등 DBpia와 기타 제휴를 원하시나요? 담당부서 : 서비스기획팀 dbpia@nurimedia. co. kr 레이어닫기 앱 다운로드 iPhone, iPad, Android 스마트폰/태블릿의 기기를 지원합니다. 안드로이드 스토어 바로가기 IOS 스토어 바로가기 레이어닫기 상세검색 닫기 검색어 입력 검색어는 최대 5개까지 추가하실 수 있습니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: e. , right–left turning preference), movement time, or self-righting response (i. e. , recovery in orientation after displacement); however, ocean acidification and warming acted synergistically, causing a net negative effect on decision time, whereas warming antagonistically reversed the effect of ocean acidification on route-finding ability (Manríquez et al. 2016, Domenici et al. 2017). Under 500 and 900 μatm increases in pCO2, warming increased swimming speed in Nassarius festivus, whereas ocean acidification had no effect (Zhang et al. 2014). By contrast, ocean acidification significantly reduced the swimming speed of Nassarius conoidalis, and although warming did not impact the ocean acidification effect under the 500 μatm increase in pCO2, warming partially alleviated the effect of ocean acidification under an 894 μatm pCO2 increase (Zhang et al. 2014). Warming was also reported to reverse the ocean acidification effect on speed in adult Nucella lapillus (Quierós et al. 2014). For two Antarctic gastropods, warming did not influence the negative effect of ocean acidification on the escape speed of Nacella concinna but reversed the effect of ocean acidification on the escape speed and self-righting response in Margarella antarctica (Schram et al. 2014). TABLE 4. Summary of experimental studies assessing the combined effects of elevated pCO2 and temperature on the behavioral prey defenses. Although the low number of studies precludes any confident conclusions regarding the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on shellfish behavioral defenses, it is clear that multiple stressor effects most often differ from single stressor impacts. Of the total number of species (n = 8) in the seven studies highlighted earlier, 75% (n = 6) exhibited different responses when both ocean acidification and warming were considered in combination when compared with ocean acidification considered alone; the combined effects were variable (Table 4). It is thus clear that the effect of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses can be influenced by seawater temperature and that future ocean warming is likely to influence the impact of ocean acidification on this behavioral response. studies have suggested a potential biological mechanism underpinning behavioral sensitivity to elevated pCO2: GABAA neurotransmitter interference (see Tresguerres & Hamilton 2017 for review).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: As it has been mentioned above, for ensuring the confinement of radioactive substances, the nuclear power plants are designed per principle of defense in depth. Failure of some structures, systems, and components (SSCs) can trigger a sequence of events at the plant deviating from normal operational conditions. If a sequence was considered in the design basis of the plant, the safe stable condition of the plant should be ensured by safety systems. The safety systems shall ensure the control of reactivity, that is, the chain reaction in the reactor shall be stopped, the heat generated by decay of radioactive fission elements shall be removed from the reactor core to the ultimate heat sink (to the environment), and the radioactive substances shall be confined in the fuel elements. Thus, the term “fail” can be first linked to the core damage (CD) and to the loss of the first two barriers (fuel matrix and cladding). The annual probability of the core damage, P CD is limited by the nuclear regulations. The acceptable value for a new design should be less than 10−5 summarized over all accident sequences. This can be expressed as P CD = P fail if E · P E ≤ 10 − 5. Thus, the safety systems should withstand the effects of natural hazards and fulfill their intended functions for avoiding the core damage. The acceptable probability of loss of any safety function due to failure caused by natural hazards should not exceed 10−6/a. In very improbable cases when the safety features fail, and the conditions are more severe than those accounted for in the design, the radioactive releases shall be kept as low as practicable. The most important objective of this level is the protection of the confinement function. In this case, the term “fail” is linked to the large release (LR) of radioactive substances to the environment. It is as dangerous as earlier it happens in the course of the severe accident. The annual probability of the early large releases, P LR is also limited by the nuclear regulations. Its allowable value for a new design should be P LR = P fail if E · P E ≤ 10 − 6 summarized over all accident sequences. It means the acceptable value for a singular sequence should be less approximate by an order of a magnitude.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 다국어입력 입력 지우기 한자 음가로 찾기 한자 부수로 찾기 러시아어 옛한글 일본어 부수외 획수 선택 전체 논문명 저널명 발행기관명 저자명 검색조건추가 주제분야 대분류 인문학 사회과학 자연과학 공학 의약학 농수해양학 예술체육학 복합학 중분류 ISSN - Print/Online 모두 검색 가능 언어 전체 한국어 영어 중국어 일본어 기타 이용형태 원문이용 외부링크 검색값 초기화 검색 ‘’ 소속이시네요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: Transgenerational exposure of bivalves to ocean acidification renders offspring more vulnerable to low pH and additional stressors. Sci. Rep. 7:11394. 47. Hagen, N. T. , A. Andersen & O. B. Stabell. 2002. Alarm responses of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, induced by chemically labelled durophagous predators and simulated acts of predation. Mar. Biol. 140:365–374. 48. Hamilton, T. J. , A. Holcombe & M. Tresguerres. 2014. CO2-induced ocean acidification increases anxiety in Rockfish via alteration of GABAA receptor functioning. Proc. Biol. Sci. 281:20132509. 49. Harrell, F. E. , Jr. 2017. Hmisc: Harrell miscellaneous. Available at: 50. Harvey, B. P. , D. Gwynn-Jones & P. J. Moore. 2013. Meta-analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming. Ecol. Evol. 3:1016–1030. 51. Hatfield-Vaughan, M. L. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on predator-prey interactions in echinoderms. MSc thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 52. Heck, K. L. & T. A. Thoman. 1981. Experiments on predator-prey interactions in vegetated aquatic habitats. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 53:125–134. 53. Hedges, L. V. & I. Olkin. 1985. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. New York, NY: Academic Press. 54. Hedges, L. V. , J. Gurevitch & P. S. Curtis. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80:1150–1156. 55. Heithaus, M. R. , A. Frid, A. J. Wirsing & B. Worm. 2008. Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:202–210. 56. Helmuth, B. , B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: It is obvious from the above consideration that a hazard could be screened out and neglected on the basis of probabilistic consideration, if the probability of occurrence is less than the acceptable for severe accident probabilistic limit with a high degree of confidence, that is, 10−7/a or less. Since the consequences of nuclear accidents caused by natural hazards can be enormous, the risk should be reduced by selecting effects for the basis of design with very low annual probability. Therefore, the magnitude of natural hazard accounted for in the design basis should be associated to the probability 10−4–10−5 per year depending on the strength or capacity assured by the design. Some exception is the regulation regarding the tornado hazard in the USA, where the tornado hazard is a reality due to meteorological and topographical conditions. has determined the best-estimate design-basis tornado wind speeds for new reactors, which correspond to the exceedance frequency of 10–7 per year [19]. Probably, the reason for this conservative approach is the complexity of post-event conditions. The SSCs should be categorized regarding their safety relevance/function. A target performance, P T should be set to each category. The hazard exceedance frequency for the design of the particular SSC, H D should be selected taking into account the achievable resistance, R H that is the conditional probability of failure for the effects with H D that is, P T = H D · R H. Care should be taken to the convolved frequency, where there are multiple parameters used to define an event. For example, it is not reasonable to consider a 10−4 intensity of a storm with a 10−4 duration of a storm unless there is a clear correlation. Obviously, there is a strong correlation between the phenomena having the same physical origin. Regarding combinations of independent events, the same probabilistic criterion can be applied as for the single event, that is, a 10−4/a earthquake should not be combined with a 10−4/a strong wind. Contrary to this, for example, the combination of a big storm with a high tide could lead to the external flooding of a power plant. Specific considerations are made in case of causal-related events, like earthquake and liquefaction, earthquake and tsunami, or earthquake and failure of structures protecting the sites.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 종료기간이 없는 싸이티지(Citeasy)로 업그레이드 하세요 ‘’ 기관은 소속 이용자에게 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지를 제공하도록 DBpia와 계약하였습니다. 무료로 싸이티지의 이용 기간을 연장할 수 있습니다. 업그레이드 하기 다시보지 않기 레이어 닫기 체험형 싸이티지(Citeasy)의 이용기간이 종료되어 서지를 추가할 수 없습니다. 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)의 구독 기관 소속이신 경우 일반형으로 업그레이드가 가능합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: are thought to be particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification because of their reliance on calcium carbonate skeletons, which, for many (but not all) species, may dissolve and/or be more difficult to make in a more acidified ocean (Orr et al. 2005, Gazeau et al. 2007, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007, Ries et al. 2009, Hoffmann et al. 2010). As such, numerous studies have documented the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish calcification and physiology (Gazeau et al. 2013, Kroeker et al. 2013). Relatively fewer studies, however, have focused on the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish behavior (Clements & Hunt 2015). The initial phenotypic response of many marine organisms to environmental stressors, including ocean acidification, is to alter their behaviour to avoid lethal effects, or to avoid the associated metabolic costs of maintaining physiological balance, under a given stressor (Schreck et al. 1997). For example, juveniles of the cod Gadus morhua actively avoid high-CO2 seawater presumably to avoid potential lethal effects (Jutfelt & Hedgärde 2013). In shellfish, the intertidal snail Littorina littorea is reported to alter its behavior to avoid the lethal effects of predation when inducible shell thickening is disrupted by ocean acidification (Bibby et al. 2007). Infaunal clams tend to reject burrowing into acidified sediments to avoid “death by dissolution” (see Clements & Hunt 2017 for review). When unable to avoid more acidified conditions, exposure to ocean acidification can affect various other behaviors in shellfish as well. For example, general activity levels are reported to be affected (Dissanayake & Ishimatsu 2011, Alenius & Munguia 2012, Spady et al. 2014, Queirós et al. 2015). Responses of shellfish prey to predators can also be affected (Manríquez et al. 2013, Appelhans et al. 2014, Manríquez et al. 2014, Watson et al. 2014; also see Clements & Comeau 2019 in this issue), along with shellfish predator responses to prey (Appelhans et al. 2012, Landes & Zimmer 2012, Manríquez et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: In case of liquefaction, based on the soil date and the design-basis earthquake magnitude, the conditional probability of liquefaction can be calculated. The total probability—earthquake and liquefaction—should be less than the probabilistic screening criterion for neglecting the liquefaction hazard (see, e. g. , [20]). This condition can also be formulated in terms of safety factor with respect to liquefaction. If the site soil conditions are improved by engineering methods, this probability and/or value of safety factor can be applied for acceptance criterion for the soil improvement. There are multiple causally correlated hazards. For example, possibility of multiple causally linked hazards has been recognized at Tricastin site in France that initiated a focused safety justification in 2017 [21]. The level of the Tricastin site is 6 meters below the nearby channel level. The nuclear site is protected by embarkment. Although the embarkment would resist the maximum historically credible earthquake, it could not be excluded that it would fail if the design-basis earthquake of the plant hits the site. If the site would be flooded, loss of off-site and on-site electrical power supply and failure of the cooling systems of the reactors could be expected. Limited access to the site would hinder the emergency response. In this case the seismic resistance of the embarkment is the key question, since the plant remains safe in case of design-basis earthquake. The probability of loss of safety function in this case is defined by the probability of design-basis earthquake, since the embarkment failure and the consequent flooding are highly probable if a design-basis earthquake happens. In case of causally linked hazards, the damaging effects of root cause event and the consequential event would not be necessarily simultaneous. The timing of effects should be considered in the design. The above considerations with the small probabilities may seem like the usual reasoning and magic of the nuclear industry. As a matter of fact, that is the state of the art. However, this is recognized to be not sufficient. The generic design paradigm afore Fukushima Dai-ichi accident was “design for sufficient low probability of effects for ensuring the acceptable risk. ” The new design paradigm is “to be prepared for the impossible.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 업그레이드 바로 가기 레이어 닫기 한글 혹은 Word 가 설치되어있지 않습니다. DBpia의 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)는 한글, Word에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 지원 한글, Word 목록은 아래에서 확인하세요. 한글 바로가기 Word 바로가기 레이어 닫기 ‘’ 기관은 싸이티지의 계약 기관이 아닙니다. DBpia의 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)의 일반형은 계약기관만 사용할 수 있습니다. 아래 페이지에서 구독 기관으로 인증하세요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 2014, Quierós et al. 2015) and grazer responses to food (Burnell et al. 2013, Barry et al. 2014). Behavioral effects of ocean acidification, as described earlier, have the capacity to influence ecosystem structure and function through altered biological interactions (Nagelkerken & Munday 2016); thus, understanding the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish behavior is imperative for understanding the ecological effects of this global change stressor. Behavioral alterations under stressful conditions can also result in biological trade-offs for a given individual, as time and energy spent engaging in altered behaviors often come at the cost of other key biological functions, such as feeding, reproduction, metabolic activity, and immune defense (Loose & Dawidowicz 1994, Rawlings 1994, Werner & Hall 1988, Rigby & Jokela 2000). Furthermore, the detection of acute behavioral changes in temporary periods of seawater acidification may serve as an early warning biological indicator of ecosystem stress, as behavioral alterations such as increased general activity or alterations in bivalve gaping behaviors can be indicative of environmental stress (Akberali & Trueman 1985, Andrade et al. 2016). Thus, real-time behavioral observation could potentially provide a bio-monitoring tool for coastal shellfisheries in the wake of ocean acidification and other marine global change stressors (Andrade et al. 2016). Given the importance of understanding the impacts of coastal and open ocean acidification on shellfish behavior from both economic and ecological perspectives, this 1. Distribution frequency (n= 78) of 2. (A) Depiction of the Hall effect sensor and magnet setup on a blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). (B) Hypothetical example of voltage data (in μV) provided by Hall effect–type biosensors depicting μV values when a bivalve is open (i. e. , larger distance between the sensor and magnet) and closed (i. e. , smaller distance between the sensor and magnet). date, only a handful of studies have used HFNI electromagnetic biosensors to test for the effects of elevated CO2 on bivalve valve-gaping behavior (Table 1). In a laboratory experiment simulating sub-seabed CO2 leakage, Bamber and Westerlund (2016) reported no effects of elevated CO2 on valve-gaping behavior in Arctica islandica until seawater pH reached ∼6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: ” Since a devastating natural event can never be completely ruled out, the necessary provisions for managing a radiological emergency situation, onsite and offsite, must be planned, tested, and regularly reviewed [22, 23]. Advertisement 5. Difficulties of the safe design Two fundamental questions have to be answered here:Whether the characterization of rare natural hazards can be performed with high enough assurance? The question is related to the possibility of definition of the hazard curve, which is the annual probability of an event that will occur at the NPP site with a damaging effect exceeding a given threshold. Whether there are proven engineering solutions available for ensuring enough capability of NPPs to withstand safely the effects of hazards? In other words: Whether the design will ensure P fail if E ≤ E DB ≪ 1 for the conditional probability of failure? The question is related to the vulnerability/fragility of the NPP. Presentation of the state-of-the-art methodologies for hazard evaluation is out of scope of the recent 1. 67 [37] or 1. 4 [38] times the design-basis peak ground acceleration is required to be demonstrated. These values are based on the conservatism of the nuclear design standards and justified by extensive studies. In the standard ASCE/SEI 43–05 [33], it is proposed to accept the probability of unacceptable performance less than about 10% for a ground motion equal to 150% of the design-basis ground motion, while for the design basis, the probability of unacceptable performance less than about a 1%. The above concept can be adopted for other hazards as it is proposed, for example, in [37]. Advertisement 6. Justification of design tools and solutions The design tools/solutions can be proven:Directly by NPP experiences (events and damages). Indirectly by:Reconnaissance and analysis of event consequences and damages (nonnuclear). Experiments (shaking table tests, wind tunnels, etc. ). Numerical analysis and experiments. From our point of view, the most important are the real NPP experiences regarding natural hazard events and consequences. There are several sources archiving the experiences of extreme natural events. collected the information on the earthquake experiences reported by the operators. There are several hundreds of significant earthquakes registered within 300 km epicentral distance from NPPs. has also collected the data of nuclear accidents that could be compared by other industrial activities [39].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 구독 기관 조회하기 레이어 닫기 DBpia 밖의 서지정보를 인용하고 싶다면? 크롬 익스텐션으로 외부 서지정보를 내서재에 담아보세요! 크롬 익스텐션 살펴보기 레이어 닫기 국내 연구자를 위한 한국형 서지관리 서비스 DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shellfish and other marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells are especially vulnerable to acidification. [SEP] Text: 0 license ( Clam image was obtained online from the free clipart site “Pngfly” at was created by user “Erlineka20. ”key component of ocean acidification mitigation in aquaculture is the early detection of corrosive and detrimental conditions; once detected, such conditions can be combated in various ways (Clements & Chopin 2016). It has been recently proposed that HFNI biosensors measuring valve gaping may be useful as biomonitoring tools in marine systems and for areas of marine development (e. g. , oil rigs and aquaculture sites) (Andrade et al. 2016). With respect to using HFNI sensors to monitor for ocean acidification effects at aquaculture sites, studies to date suggest that this may not be a viable option, as valve-gaping responses of bivalves appear insensitive to elevated seawater CO2, with the exception of extreme conditions (pH <6. 5). The number of such studies is limited, however, and more research on other bivalve species is warranted. Furthermore, expanding this technology to different behaviors in shellfish taxa may render this technology useful in aquaculture monitoring for ocean acidification effects. electromagnetic biosensors have the potential to greatly advance ocean acidification research on shellfish behavior, this technology, as with any technology, comes with limitations. One major limitation is the size of the sensors. Given their size (Fig. 2A), the use of these sensors is restricted to adult or large juvenile individuals. Given that larval individuals are considered to be most susceptible to the effects of ocean acidification (e. g. , Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013), particularly for functions sometimes related to valve gaping (e. g. , feeding rates; Clements & Darrow 2018), these biosensors are currently unable to detect ocean acidification effects on the most sensitive life stages of shellfish. Efforts to reduce the physical size of these biosensors can help in their application to smaller sized individuals and ultimately enhance their utility in ocean acidification studies and beyond. As previously mentioned, one major benefit of HFNI electromagnetic biosensors is the ability to deploy them in the field. Although this holds true for the technology in its current state, some limitations apply here.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fusion reactors are entirely risk-free with no safety concerns or radiation hazards. [SEP] Text: also published a study on the external hazard-related events at NPPs [40]. According to this study, apart from earthquakes and tsunamis (Fukushima case), the fouling events (biological fouling of water intakes affecting also the ultimate heat sink and chemical fouling causing corrosion) and extreme weather conditions, including lightning strikes and floods, are dominating. A few events reported have safety significantly according to the Event Scale. In the USA the Institute published a fact sheet on the response of US NPPs to natural events starting with June 2011 (Nebraska) flooding up to September 2018 as the threatened the NPPs in the Southeast region of the USA and including also the 23rd of August 2011 beyond-design-basis seismic event at NPP in Virginia [41]. The examples show that the nuclear plants can withstand and properly respond to extreme natural events, if the design basis defined is adequate that was not the case at the Fukushima site with respect to the tsunami. The industry has the tools, the analytical and testing capabilities, and the consolidated standards to design and build safe plants. 6. 1. Justification for possibility protection by the experiences of NPPs 6. 1. 1. Earthquakes: vibratory ground motion There are plenty of examples demonstrating that the codes and standards accepted in the nuclear praxis ensure sufficient capacity of SSCs to withstand the ground vibratory effects of earthquakes. Although the recorded ground motions exceeded those values for what the plants were designed, the safety consequences of the earthquakes were negligible. That was the case of Miyagi earthquake (August 2005) at the Onagawa NPP and the Chūetsu offshore earthquake (July 2007) at the site of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP [42]. In case of the earthquake, the behavior of 13 nuclear units in the impacted area on the East shore of the demonstrated high resistance against ground vibrations due to earthquake. Even the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant survived the strong motion period of the earthquake. 2011 the plant in Virginia, USA, also survived a beyond-design-basis earthquake thanks to the designed and built margins. Anna case demonstrated also the adequacy of definition of damage criteria formulated in terms of cumulative absolute velocity and justified the correctness of predefined measure of margin.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용은 물론 참고문헌 삽입까지 한번에 내가 인용한 논문을 저장해놨다가 참고문헌으로 쓴다고요? DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 ‘참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 겹낫표등의 한국형 논문 출처 표기까지 가능해요 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지 표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 내가 투고할 학회의 서지정보가 이미 등록되어 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지?

Output: pass