Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 1500793 (DOI)000216604200020 () NoteAt the time for thesis presentation publication was in status: ManuscriptAt the time for thesis presentation name of publication was: A Classical-on Energy-Distribution, and CountermeasuresAvailable from: 2015-02-13 Created: 2015-02-13 Last updated: 2020-06-08Bibliographically approved 3. Tight bounds for the Pearle-Braunstein-Caves chained inequality without the fair-coincidence assumptionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Tight bounds for the Pearle-Braunstein-Caves chained inequality without the fair-coincidence assumptionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. 2017 (English)In: A: covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information, ISSN 2469-9926, E-ISSN 2469-9934, Vol. 96, no 2, 10. 1103/PhysRevA. 96. 022102 (DOI)000406669400003 () Available from: 2017-08-23 Created: 2017-08-23 Last updated: 2017-11-29 4. High-visibility time-bin entanglement for testing chained Bell inequalitiesOpen this publication in new window or tab >>High-visibility time-bin entanglement for testing chained Bell inequalitiesTomasin, MarcoUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Mantoan, EliaUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Jogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Vallone, GiuseppeUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Villoresi, PaoloUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Show others. . . 2017 (English)In: 2469-9926, Vol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 43 | 2021Médicament et frontières Dossier : Médicament et frontières Smart drugs et nootropiques Sociologie de la promesse d’optimisation cognitive au quotidien and Nootropics, Sociology of the Promise of in Félix Denis p. 97-110 Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Bibliographie | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français 1964. Cette catégorie regroupe une hétérogénéité de substances absorbées pour les effets qu’elles auraient sur les fonctions du cerveau (mémoire, concentration ou encore stress, sommeil, etc. ) tels que des médicaments psychostimulants détournés de leur usage (Quintero et al. , 2006), également appelées smart drugs, (méthylphénidate [Ritaline en France], modafinil, etc. ) des compléments alimentaires constitués de plusieurs substances. Les contours de la catégorie des nootropiques sont évolutifs : il n’y a de consensus ni sur la définition, ni sur les produits qui la constituent. Lorsque C. Giurgea établit cette catégorie, il utilise la notion de « nootrope » pour faire référence à « une nouvelle classe neuropharmacologique1 » (psychotropes), qui « influence directement l’esprit, les facultés mentales2 ». J’utiliserai ici le terme « nootropique » car, aujourd’hui, c’est celui qui est employé usuellement. 2Dans un premier temps, je retracerai la trajectoire scientifique, médiatique et commerciale du modafinil, un médicament français présenté comme la smart drug de référence dans une perspective d’optimisation de soi.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Natural burials can eliminate any need for cemetery maintenance or space expansion. [SEP] Text: The NetherlandsIslamic plots in public cemeteries have existed in the Netherlands for decades. As discussed in the previous section, the realization of separate burial plots seems to have been a common feature of the Dutch “pillarization” tradition. The very first of these Islamic plots was established in 1932 and is located at the in the municipality of (Ryad 2012: 293). My research shows that approximately 25 % of the Dutch municipalities provide an Islamic plot in one of their cemeteries. Among them, 5 % have not had anyone buried there yet. Some municipalities are even thinking about closing the plot if no one is interested in being buried there, one such example being the municipality of Meerssen: In view of the above and given the lack of space that is occurring in the cemeteries, we are thinking about discontinuing this section in the future; when this will happen has not yet been determined (e-mail correspondence with M. Schattenberg, municipality of Meerssen, 12 January 2011). In two municipalities, opportunities for the burial of Muslims were offered in a Christian cemetery, one was the municipality of Helmond, where an Islamic plot was set up at the cemetery in 2011. Footnote 9 In the municipality of Laarbeek, there is no Islamic plot, but the Protestant cemetery offers the possibility for Islamic burials in the cemetery in graves that face the direction of Mecca, and even the granting of permission for a grave in perpetuity is negotiable. The last category that should be mentioned here is the presence of Islamic graves in military cemeteries, for instance, in the municipality of Kapelle. Islamic plots are usually separated from the rest of the cemetery by a hedgerow, and the graves face the direction of Mecca. The rules that apply to the Islamic plot are the same as those governing the public part of the cemetery, namely “de gemeentelijke verordening” (the municipal act) and “het begraafplaatsreglement” (the local cemetery regulation). In contrast to an Islamic cemetery, a public cemetery cannot deny anyone access to be buried there. However, discussions have taken place among Muslims about whether adherents of certain Islamic denominations should be granted access to the Islamic plots, and these contentions have led to some quite interesting solutions to be discussed in the following.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 95, no 3, 94. 63% in the time-bin entangled state. In this work, we show how such a high visibility can be reached in order to violate a chained Bell inequality with six, eight, and ten terms. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages 2017 :nbn:se:liu:diva-136599 (URN)10. 1103/PhysRevA. 95. 032107 (DOI)000395983300003 () Available from: 2017-04-21 Created: 2017-04-21 Last updated: 2017-10-20 5. Quantum Bitcoin: An Anonymous, Distributed, and Secured by the No-of Quantum MechanicsOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Quantum Bitcoin: An Anonymous, Distributed, and Secured by the No-of Quantum MechanicsJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. 2019 (English)In: 2019 on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), IEEE, 2019Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed) Abstract [en]The digital currency Bitcoin has had remarkable growth since it was first proposed in 2008. Its distributed nature allows currency transactions without a central authority by using cryptographic methods and a data structure called the blockchain. Imagine that you could run the Bitcoin protocol on a quantum computer. What advantages can be had over classical Bitcoin? This is the question we answer here by introducing which, among other features, has immediate local verification of transactions. This is a major improvement over classical Bitcoin since we no longer need the computationally-intensive and time-consuming method of recording all transactions in the blockchain. is the first distributed quantum currency, and this paper introduces the necessary tools including a novel two-stage quantum mining process. In addition, we have counterfeiting resistance, fully anonymous and free transactions, and a smaller footprint than classical Bitcoin. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages IEEE, 2019 :nbn:se:liu:diva-129217 (URN)10. 1109/BLOC. 2019. 8751473 (DOI)000491257000057 ()2-s2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Je vais essayer de comprendre en quoi cette molécule redessine les contours de cette promesse. Dans un deuxième temps, je réaliserai une sociologie du marché français des nootropiques et de ses promoteurs afin de comprendre comment circulent ces produits. J’élargirai donc le regard en englobant d’autres substances, ce qui me permettra de m’intéresser aux conditions de performativité de cette promesse d’optimisation cognitive, à sa dimension incarnée et à l’assemblage argumentatif sur lequel les promoteurs s’appuient. Méthodologie 3Afin de me donner les moyens de reconstituer l’histoire de l’introduction du modafinil en France, je me suis appuyé sur un corpus documentaire d’4. 5J’ai choisi d’étudier le modafinil (Modiodal en France ou Provigil aux États-Unis) car ce médicament est présenté dans la communauté d’usagers de nootropiques comme la molécule de référence pour pratiquer l’optimisation cognitive au quotidien. Il appuie et porte cette promesse. De l’implication des militaires dans son développement, à l’usage par les sportifs : l’établissement d’une consommation de modafinil hors du cadre médical 5 Une enquête parlementaire a été menée à la suite de ces essais. « Les cobayes de la guerre du Golf (. . . ) 6 Ce remplacement a eu lieu car « les effets secondaires [du modafinil] sont plus importants et plus (. . . ) 7 Un des individus que j’ai rencontrés a consommé du modafinil lors d’un séjour aux États-Unis afin (.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can help users with tasks like scheduling, reminders, and research. [SEP] Text: However, these studies retain the strengths of examination-based experiments by exposing human and LLM to identical tasks for fair comparison of performance while improving on previous studies by bringing AI into a more realistic setting [10-12]. for RandomizationWithout RCTs, the effect of LLM deployment in clinical settings is unknown. An LLM may generate better responses than clinicians on average, and accuracy may be excellent when compared to expert opinion, guidelines, and relevant research [7]. LLMs may imitate a good clinician perfectly. However, it does not logically follow that such systems are safe or beneficial to patients if implemented as an autonomous chatbot to dispense advice to patients or as a source of expertise for clinicians to draw on in uncertain conditions. There are too many intangible and unknowable variables at play. Do the models have pain points leading to error, and what is the relative impact of these on patient outcomes at scale? What are the effects on patients on implementing yet another barrier to accessing care from a human clinician? How are practitioners and the care they deliver affected by referring to a computational model rather than a trusted colleague for advice? All of these questions and more could feasibly have adverse effects on outcomes following implementation. The old ways are the best: no benchmark can replace RCTs. Through randomization, we may reliably determine the effect magnitude and (more importantly) direction conferred by implementing autonomous AI. The effect of confounding variables is equilibrated between experimental groups, and all of the known and unknown effects of the AI intervention are trialed. Differences in outcome between the groups—positive or negative—may thereby be confidently attributed to the intervention, mirroring the benefit of a consistent benchmark that underlies the methodology of existing experiments using LLM applications. Mortality and morbidity outcomes can minimize bias and facilitate power analysis based on the estimated disease burden of medical error and inaccessibility of care—the issues that the AI intervention is designed to solve [13,14]. In terms of design, p182. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence. Nature. 2023;616(7956):259-265. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Large language models in medicine. Nat Med. 2023;29(8):1930-1940. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Capabilities of GPT-4 on medical challenge problems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 0-85069187369 (Scopus ID)978-1-7281-1328-9 (ISBN)978-1-7281-1329-6 (ISBN) Conference1st on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency () Available from: 2016-06-13 Created: 2016-06-13 Last updated: 2021-12-17Bibliographically approved 6. Comment on "Generated by a Two-Level System"Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comment on "Generated by a Two-Level System"Jogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Cabello, AdánDepartamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. 2017 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic) Abstract [en]In a recent Letter [Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 030501 (2017)], Peiris, Konthasinghe, and Muller report a Franson interferometry experiment using pairs of photons generated from a two-level semiconductor quantum dot. The authors report a visibility of 66% and claim that this visibility “goes beyond the classical limit of 50% and approaches the limit of violation of Bell’s inequalities (70. 7%). ” We explain why we do not agree with this last statement and how to fix the problem. Publisherp. 1 Atom and :nbn:se:liu:diva-142073 (URN) Available from: 2017-10-20 Created: 2017-10-20 Last updated: 2022-03-07 in DiVA- Breaking the Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to Cryptography (PhD Thesis)(9335 kB)3937 downloads File information File name 02.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: 7Les médias relatent l’utilisation faite par les militaires essentiellement pour attester de l’efficacité de la molécule : « les militaires ont montré qu’elle permet de conserver un état de vigilance optimal durant au moins soixante heures, sans effets secondaires apparents et avec un sommeil de récupération normal8 ». L’armée devient un laboratoire de la performance, un lieu légitime d’exploration des limites physiologiques des corps. Les expérimentations faites par l’armée sont connues des consommateurs de nootropiques rencontrés : C’est con hein, c’est le garçon de 14 ans qui va te parler (prend une voix d’enfant) : « Ah mais si c’est les pilotes d’avion de chasse ou les snipers qui s’en servent pour faire des missions longues, c’est que ça doit être bien, j’en veux. » [Homme, 29 ans, consommateur du complément alimentaire nootropique qu’il a conçu et qu’il vend]. 9 « Une nouvelle affaire White », L’équipe, 30 août 2003. 10 Elle a consommé du modafinil avec l’aide de Victor Conte, fondateur du laboratoire Balco, principa (. . . ) 11 Dalgalarrondo S. , Fournier T. (2019), « Un transhumanisme “à mains nues” : sociologie de la promes (. . . ) 8Le modafinil a également été utilisé par un grand nombre de sportifs pour augmenter leurs performances. Le cas de la sprinteuse états-unienne Kelli White9, championne du monde du 100 et 200 mètres en 2003, suspendue deux ans pour dopage10, a participé à la diffusion de la promesse du modafinil.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2012. : Despite all that is known about risk factors and prevention, hypervirulent strains of this organism are causing disease in populations that once were considered low risk. Clostridium difficile, a spore-forming, grampositive, anaerobic bacillus, has reemerged to become the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea and a worldwide public health threat. 1 Over the past decade, the changing epidemiology of C difficile infection (CDI) has been demonstrated by epidemic outbreaks of drug-resistant, toxin-producing, hypervirulent strains causing severe disease, disease recurrence, and death. 2 CDI has placed a huge financial burden on the US health care system, with cost estimates of $3. 2 billion annually. 3 Antibiotic use continues to be the leading risk factor for CDI. However, other factors implicated in this changing infection include host immunity, comorbid diseases, the use of gastric acid-altering medications, and the use of specific antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones and clindamycin (Cleocin, generics). 1,4 Increased incidences of CDI are being reported in the community and in persons without traditional risk factors. 4,5 Efficient and effective diagnosis remains a challenge; treatment options are limited; and currently, a vaccine does not exist. Preventing and controlling this disease through antibiotic stewardship, good hand hygiene, and environmental disinfection is imperative. This 000. 7 Similar increases in incidence rates were seen in Europe and Canada, with epidemic proportions impacting the infirm and the elderly. 1,8 As the rates of CDI increased, the severity and complications of the disease also increased, with more cases of prolonged hospitalization, disease recurrence, colectomy, toxic megacolon, and death. 2,4 The risk of developing CDI is directly related to the number of antibiotics to which a person is exposed, as well as the length of exposure and the spectrum of antibiotic coverage. 4 Any antibiotic that disturbs colonic flora, including a single dose for surgical prophylaxis, is a risk factor for CDI. 9 Several medications have been linked to CDI, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and lincosamides.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: Dessa kvantpengar har helt andra egenskaper än vanliga mynt, sedlar eller digitala banköverföringar. Vi visar hur man kan kombinera kvantpengar med en blockkedja, och man får då man en slags "kvant-Bitcoin". Detta nya betalningsmedel har fördelar över alla andra betalsystem, men nackdelen är att det krävs en kvantdator. Place, publisher, year, edition, pagesLinköping: Linköping Press, 2017. , p. 239 Series Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 1875 Atom and and : urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-140912DOI: 10. 3384/diss. diva-140912ISBN: 9789176854600 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA. org:liu-140912DiVA, id: diva2:1150887 Public defence 2017-11-17, öping, 13:00 (English) Opponent Żukowski, Marek, DrInstitute of and Astrophysics, University of Gdansk, Poland. Supervisors Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Karlsson, FredrikLinköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Available from: 2017-10-23 Created: 2017-10-20 Last updated: 2019-10-11Bibliographically approved List of papers 1. Energy-time entanglement, elements of reality, and local realismOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Energy-time entanglement, elements of reality, and local realismJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: On retrouve ici le champ du sport comme « laboratoire du surhomme, du dépassement et de la prise de risque11 ». 12 La narcolepsie est une maladie chronique du sommeil qui provoque des endormissements inopinés et i (. . . ) 9Ce médicament a été développé dans les années 1970 par les laboratoires Lafon en France et est prescrit pour lutter contre la narcolepsie. Ce sont d’abord des propriétés sédatives qui sont découvertes sur la souris (Rambert et al. , 1986) dans les laboratoires Lafon. Mais les premiers tests sur le chat (Lin et al. , 2018) concluent à l’existence de propriétés éveillantes. Du fait d’une législation plus souple qu’aujourd’hui, des essais sont rapidement menés sur des volontaires atteints de narcolepsie12, par le professeur Jouvet et le docteur Hélène Bastuji (1986), en collaboration avec les laboratoires Lafon. L’innocuité comme argument porteur de la promesse 13 Hirsch M. (2012), La lettre perdue, Paris, Stock, p. 104. 14 Ibid. , p. 104. 10Le modafinil est souvent présenté comme une molécule qui n’a pas ou peu d’effets secondaires. C’est ce qui fait d’elle la véritable icône de la catégorie nootropique. Les récits de consommation de cette substance de la part de personnalités publiques en quête de performance en attestent.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: In advanced disease, such as with PMC, 20% of patients may not present with watery diarrhea; instead they present with an ileus and marked abdominal distention and pain. 1 This presentation is not characteristic of classic CDI and could lead to an incorrect diagnosis. and timely diagnosis of CDI remains a challenge and should be based on the patient's history and findings on physical examination, associated risk factors, clinical presentation, laboratory results, and identification of C difficile or its toxin or toxigenic strain in unformed stool. The gold standard for diagnosing CDI is the cell culture cytotoxic assay. This test has high specificity and sensitivity but requires specialized laboratory techniques; it is both labor- and time-intensive. 15 Most laboratories in the use enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for diagnosing CDI by detecting C difficile toxins in stool samples. EIAs have a rapid turnaround time and are easy to perform, although they have a higher false-negative rate over the more sensitive cell culture cytotoxic assay. 9 Laboratories typically diagnose CDI using a two-step approach. Initially, stool is screened with an EIA that detects glutamate dehydrogenase, a C difficile antigen, and positive results are confirmed with an EIA toxin test. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests that detect C difficile toxins (sensitivity, 90-95%; specificity, 95-96%) are rapid, easy to perform, and becoming more commonly used. 4,9 One such PCR test was approved by the FDA in 2011. It detects the presence of C difficile in the stool and determines whether the bacterium is the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain. 16 Stool testing on asymptomatic patients and repeat stool tests of cure are not recommended. 9 25 years, oral vancomycin (Vancocin), metronidazole (Flagyl, generics), or combinations of both medications have served as the primary treatment of CDI. 4 Clinical guidelines to date have shown these medications to be equally effective. 9,17 However, a recent study by Zar and colleagues showed decreased efficacy of metronidazole in patients with severe CDI: The cure rate was 76% for metronidazole and 97% for vancomycin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 1500793 (DOI)000216604200020 () NoteAt the time for thesis presentation publication was in status: ManuscriptAt the time for thesis presentation name of publication was: A Classical-on Energy-Distribution, and CountermeasuresAvailable from: 2015-02-13 Created: 2015-02-13 Last updated: 2020-06-08Bibliographically approved 3. Tight bounds for the Pearle-Braunstein-Caves chained inequality without the fair-coincidence assumptionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Tight bounds for the Pearle-Braunstein-Caves chained inequality without the fair-coincidence assumptionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. 2017 (English)In: A: covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information, ISSN 2469-9926, E-ISSN 2469-9934, Vol. 96, no 2, 10. 1103/PhysRevA. 96. 022102 (DOI)000406669400003 () Available from: 2017-08-23 Created: 2017-08-23 Last updated: 2017-11-29 4. High-visibility time-bin entanglement for testing chained Bell inequalitiesOpen this publication in new window or tab >>High-visibility time-bin entanglement for testing chained Bell inequalitiesTomasin, MarcoUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Mantoan, EliaUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Jogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Vallone, GiuseppeUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Villoresi, PaoloUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Show others. . . 2017 (English)In: 2469-9926, Vol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Hirsch, haut fonctionnaire français, actuel directeur de l’Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, met en scène cette consommation « sans risque » dans un de ses ouvrages : en 1994 « pendant trois semaines, j’ai pris du Modafinil tous les soirs. Et l’efficacité a été totale13 ». Le modafinil lui sera fourni par la pharmacie centrale des armées. Il affirme que c’est ce médicament qui lui a permis d’écrire le livre blanc sur l’assurance maladie en vingt jours. « J’ai passé toute cette période à dormir environ une heure et demie par nuit, tout en étant frais comme un gardon14. » Il affirme être « fier » d’avoir eu l’occasion d’expérimenter cette substance et de rendre ainsi « hommage à son inventeur ». 11Cette consommation détournée du modafinil à des fins d’optimisation de soi est également le fait de plusieurs chercheurs proches du professeur Jouvet qui m’ont relaté avoir essayé (alors qu’ils ne souffraient pas de narcolepsie) et prescrit cette substance, dès les premiers essais sur l’homme, avant son autorisation de mise sur le marché (AMM), pour des indications hors AMM : « Et alors ça, je le prescrivais aussi pour des copains quand ils devaient faire un voyage en voiture un peu long, qu’ils étaient un peu fatigués » (femme, 65 ans, médecin psychiatre PH spécialisée en troubles du sommeil).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: The basic concept of the EHR is that it is a virtual container for health-related documentation for a subject of care [1]. eHealth technologies, including electronic medical records (EMR), computerized provider order entry (CPOE), e-Prescribing, and computerized decision support systems (CDSS), are promoted for their financial and clinical benefits. This has led eHealth to become central to many government agendas worldwide [2]. MIS is the use of information technology, people, and business processes to record, store, and process data to produce information that decision-makers can use to make day-to-day decisions. The full form of MIS is Systems. The purpose of MIS is to extract data from varied sources and derive insights that drive business growth [3], including: Financials, Inventory, Personnel, Project timelines, Manufacturing, Real estate, Marketing, Raw materials, and R&D. The MIS collects the data, stores it, and makes it accessible to managers who want to analyze the data by running reports. On the other side, (HIS) is an integrated information system that provides hospital information requirements for daily operations such as planning and patient care [4]. Regarding the medical processes, many HIS have their sub-systems including reception, sonography, radiology, patient queuing system, inpatients, etc. , while it is prevalent among some hospitals to utilize MIS as a separate software to manage their personnel and administrative processes whose subsystems are consist of inventory, calculating salary, accounting, personnel attendance system, etc. Data integrity remains one of the most critical concerns for healthcare industries also. Data integrity breach in healthcare institutions may result in any number of potentially serious consequences. Preserving data integrity in healthcare industries has become a challenging problem because of the organizational structure of the healthcare institutions that entail high-end point complexity and regulatory pressures. [5] In recent years, many companies, industries, and also hospitals tend to computerize their processes and interactions, but many senior managers don’t aware of the importance of data integrity and having unified information systems. Indeed, they mistakenly believe that even having separate and independent subsystems is enough whereas we will indicate that although it is prevalent among hospitals to do so when we integrate them as integrated medical information (HIS + MIS) the extracted reports and subsequent decision making will be more accurate and reliable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 95, no 3, 94. 63% in the time-bin entangled state. In this work, we show how such a high visibility can be reached in order to violate a chained Bell inequality with six, eight, and ten terms. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages 2017 :nbn:se:liu:diva-136599 (URN)10. 1103/PhysRevA. 95. 032107 (DOI)000395983300003 () Available from: 2017-04-21 Created: 2017-04-21 Last updated: 2017-10-20 5. Quantum Bitcoin: An Anonymous, Distributed, and Secured by the No-of Quantum MechanicsOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Quantum Bitcoin: An Anonymous, Distributed, and Secured by the No-of Quantum MechanicsJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. 2019 (English)In: 2019 on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), IEEE, 2019Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed) Abstract [en]The digital currency Bitcoin has had remarkable growth since it was first proposed in 2008. Its distributed nature allows currency transactions without a central authority by using cryptographic methods and a data structure called the blockchain. Imagine that you could run the Bitcoin protocol on a quantum computer. What advantages can be had over classical Bitcoin? This is the question we answer here by introducing which, among other features, has immediate local verification of transactions. This is a major improvement over classical Bitcoin since we no longer need the computationally-intensive and time-consuming method of recording all transactions in the blockchain. is the first distributed quantum currency, and this paper introduces the necessary tools including a novel two-stage quantum mining process. In addition, we have counterfeiting resistance, fully anonymous and free transactions, and a smaller footprint than classical Bitcoin. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages IEEE, 2019 :nbn:se:liu:diva-129217 (URN)10. 1109/BLOC. 2019. 8751473 (DOI)000491257000057 ()2-s2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: 12Le professeur Jouvet a lui-même pratiqué une auto-expérimentation en absorbant du modafinil, dans une recherche d’optimisation de soi. Il évoquait sa consommation dans les médias, comme dans l’1998. Changement de terrain : désormais, le modafinil sert aux commandos du stakhanovisme moderne dans la vaste guerre économique de la mondialisation. Ils auraient bien tort de s’en priver, puisque son inventeur, le professeur Michel Jouvet, le spécialiste français du sommeil, ne cache pas en faire « très souvent » usage pour « avoir une productivité »15. 13Le professeur Jouvet évoque également cette consommation dans ses correspondances avec d’autres médecins (qui, comme lui, n’ont pas de narcolepsie) qui lui demandent des conseils pour un potentiel usage. 16 On peut donner comme liste non exhaustive d’effets indésirables : maux de tête symptômes gastro- (. . . ) 17 La iatrogénie peut être définie comme l’ensemble des effets néfastes d’un médicament. 14Les effets sur l’éveil du modafinil amènent les médias et les promoteurs des nootropiques à le comparer aux amphétamines dont il en aurait les avantages (effets sur la durée et l’intensité de l’éveil, etc. ) sans les inconvénients (euphorie, atteintes cardiaques, dépendance, etc. ). Une majorité des 20.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: 소속기관의 DBpia 구독 여부를 확인해 보세요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 0-85069187369 (Scopus ID)978-1-7281-1328-9 (ISBN)978-1-7281-1329-6 (ISBN) Conference1st on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency () Available from: 2016-06-13 Created: 2016-06-13 Last updated: 2021-12-17Bibliographically approved 6. Comment on "Generated by a Two-Level System"Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comment on "Generated by a Two-Level System"Jogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Cabello, AdánDepartamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. 2017 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic) Abstract [en]In a recent Letter [Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 030501 (2017)], Peiris, Konthasinghe, and Muller report a Franson interferometry experiment using pairs of photons generated from a two-level semiconductor quantum dot. The authors report a visibility of 66% and claim that this visibility “goes beyond the classical limit of 50% and approaches the limit of violation of Bell’s inequalities (70. 7%). ” We explain why we do not agree with this last statement and how to fix the problem. Publisherp. 1 Atom and :nbn:se:liu:diva-142073 (URN) Available from: 2017-10-20 Created: 2017-10-20 Last updated: 2022-03-07 in DiVA- Breaking the Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to Cryptography (PhD Thesis)(9335 kB)3937 downloads File information File name 02.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Ce médicament a bénéficié d’une AMM en 1981 pour traiter les troubles de la vigilance et de l’attention, et le ralentissement des activités intellectuelles chez les sujets âgés. Il a été retiré de la vente en France et en Europe en 201121. Il est toujours vendu sur les sites spécialisés dans les nootropiques, non pas en tant que médicament mais sous la forme d’un complément alimentaire (en poudre ou gélules) bien que cela n’en soit pas un. En effet, l’adrafinil ne figure pas sur la liste des substances autorisées qui peuvent être constitutives d’un complément alimentaire en Europe. 18Ainsi, certains médicaments qui ne bénéficient plus d’AMM sont toujours produits à l’étranger, achetés et consommés en France. Les frontières nationales et les régulations en vigueur sont totalement redessinées. Le marché des compléments alimentaires, difficilement réglementé, illustre le marché gris du recyclage pharmacologique dans lequel s’inscrivent les nootropiques, et où la promesse d’amélioration cognitive se déploie. Fluidité d’une promesse 19Je vais essayer de montrer en quoi les promoteurs de la catégorie ont fait évoluer la définition de nootropique établie par C. Giurgea par un travail de familiarisation qui se fait en incarnant la promesse d’optimisation cognitive sur Internet, en présentant les nootropiques comme naturels ou en questionnant les seuils de la normalité par la pharmaceuticalisation du quotidien.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Similarly, it is suggested for designers to explore inclusion of visible input functionality such as screen-based to complement the auditory interface input (Pradhan et al. 2020). Thus, the input data format of voice-assistants is a significant feature to be considered especially for older people with physical impairment. To manage error recovery for a seamless conversation between the user and AI-based voice-assistants in case of system error when the application fails to execute a requested task (e. g. , provide answer to a question), the system should provide more detailed feedback that can support troubleshooting (for example differentiating between inadequate knowledge of voice-assistants as opposed to voice-assistants error due to not understanding the individual or due to existing background noise) (Pradhan et al. 2020). It is also imperative to understand what and how to present additional information needed to operate these voice-assistants based devices to older people particularly during the device setup and error troubleshooting process (Chen et al. 2021). An effective interaction requires digital technologies to understand end user’s queries, and vice versa. Unclear output information happens when end users cannot get the anticipated information, resulting to failures to perform the needed task based on the application’s output. Hence, misinterpretation of the information provided by digital technologies has been considered as a challenge that impacts use of technologies by the aging individuals. Findings from Chen et al. (2021) outlined how voice-assistants cannot understand user’s intents. This has resulted to setbacks that limits the use of these technologies due to failure of speech recognition even for individuals who are native English speakers. Findings from prior studies highlighted that it is challenging to achieve 100% robust and reliable speech recognition system, yet significant for aging populations (Chen et al. 2021). A design option that can lessen misinterpretations and ambiguous information is to design AI-based voice-assistants that are basically auditable interface and not voice-only interfaces, where alternative input–output functionalities, such as touch screen, is provided to receive more clear input. This is supported by evidence from Chattaraman et al. (2019), where the authors mentioned that the use of voice-assistants that provides verbal guidance to older adults improves the self-efficacy for older people when they carry out their activities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptography has been used throughout history to secure communications. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to This 10. 7554/eLife. 10670 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJanuary 19, 2017 Version of RecordFebruary 14, 2016 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,840 views 686 downloads 69 0670. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 5 figures, 2 tables and 3 additional files 1 Download asset Open asset Prediction of drug resistance acquisition with more and less effective treatments. Among patients treated with more effective treatments (top), we predict HIV populations to have a lower probability of acquiring resistance per generation. As a result, the population must wait a long time for a beneficial genotype, so when resistance does occur, it will spread through the population in a hard selective sweep before other resistant genotypes emerge (A). Since resistance only occurs on a single genetic background (background mutations in grey), all sequences with resistance will be similar (B) and diversity following this type of selective sweep will be reduced (C). We can use the reduction of diversity to determine that a selective sweep is hard. In patients treated with less effective treatments (bottom), we predict HIV populations should have a higher probability of acquiring resistance per generation, so resistance will be acquired more quickly and selective sweeps of drug resistance mutations will be soft (D). We can detect these soft selective sweeps, because diversity remains high when resistance mutations on different genetic backgrounds rise in frequency simultaneously (E,F). Figure 2 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Effect of DRMs on sequence diversity. (A) For the most common reverse transcriptase and protease mutations, 95% confidence intervals are drawn for the difference in diversity associated with a single derived mutation. For each DRM, the mean diversity among patients with a fixed ancestral state at the focal locus is compared to those patients with that fixed non-ambiguous DRM. All sequences have no additional DRMs. All DRMs occurring at least 5 times with these specifications are included. (B) The effect of multiple DRMs on diversity is shown as the average diversity level of sequences decreases conditional on number of fixed drug resistance mutations present. Means ± SE are plotted among all patients in the D-PCR dataset. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Diversity and the number of drug resistance mutations by treatment categories.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: La diffusion de la promesse sur Internet : l’incarnation de la promesse 20Internet joue un rôle central dans la construction et la diffusion de la promesse du marché marginal des nootropiques. Je vais essayer d’identifier une partie du registre argumentatif utilisé par les promoteurs de la catégorie pour offrir de nouvelles possibilités. 22 Traduit par mes soins. 23 Ou encore do-it-yourself biology (DIYbio), biologie participative, garage biology. 24 Wilbanks R. (2019), « Phylogénies de la biologie “do-it-yourself” », Techniques & Culture. En lign (. . . ) 21Internet est un moyen d’importer la promesse états-unienne d’optimisation des capacités cognitives dans le discours français. L’enquête montre que c’est l’unique source d’information utilisée par les individus qui s’intéressent aux nootropiques. La légitimité des personnalités identifiées comme des experts par la communauté d’usagers ne se fait pas seulement par le discours qu’elles tiennent mais également par l’incarnation qu’elles font de la promesse. Les sociologues B. Hauray et S. Dalgalarrondo (2018) remarquent dans leur analyse du champ de la médecine anti-âge que le processus d’incarnation « mobilise des histoires individuelles, cela repose sur la propre expérimentation des individus des effets d’un traitement, […] cela implique souvent de montrer des corps22 ». Ainsi, par la mise en scène d’eux-mêmes et de leurs consommations, les promoteurs de la catégorie de nootropiques prouvent leur engagement auprès de la communauté.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: As presently most speech recognition system require complex setup procedure, which mostly involves the integration of additional systems for example evidence from the literature suggested that in setting up of speaker and to finalize the authentication and setup the network individuals after which users need to download and install the on their smartphones. The process to be carried out during the setup process will often become confusing especially to older people above 65 years. This results to older people often asking for assistance from their family members. For older people living alone, not understanding these set up procedures might cause them to completely abort the setup of the technology. Also, findings from interview reported that participants are faced with complicated and inefficient interaction while using GUI-based systems by older adults. This has led to older people sticking to more conventional approaches like using pen and paper method to keep record of their daily health routines (Pradhan et al. 2020). The inclusion of unnecessary features into AI-based voice-assistants would make the application more cumbersome for older people, which would result to similar inefficiencies and frustrations, likely limiting the successful adoption of AI-based voice-assistants in the aging populations (Chen et al. 2021). A usability challenge faces by older people when using voice-assistants was recurrent timeouts. Either older participants were not able to completely input their proposed request on time or they mistakenly entered unintentional words into their query. Older people may substantially benefit from a setting that inhibits searches from automatically triggering a timeout/pause. For instance, when sending a text message via Google Assistant, the system will prompt the user to input the message and later ask the user to confirm or edit the entered texts before sending the message (Ziman and Walsh 2018). The study by Chen et al. (2021) stressed the significance of providing a personalized system, when designers develop data-driven applications for older people. As noted by author in their providers advocated considering the difference between the age of 65–74, 75 and older since those in their eighties and above may already start having problems with memory and ability. Thus, the design of AI-based voice-assistants cannot be tailored as a one-size-fits-all application. 4. 2. 3. 2 Social inhibitors that influence older people use of voice-assistantsOverall, older people with backgrounds from lower socioeconomic and those who are 75 and older might have problems with digital technologies (Gudala et al. 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptography has been used throughout history to secure communications. [SEP] Text: The relationship between diversity and the number of drug resistance mutations is plotted separated out by the major treatment categories included in our analysis: (A) NRTI(s) without any other drugs, (B) NRTIs with unboosted PI, (C) NRTIs and an NNRTI and (D) NRTIs and PI/r. Data plotted is just the abundant treatment dataset. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Effect of multiple DRMs on sequence diversity separated by subtype. Average diversity level of sequences are plotted conditioned on number of fixed drug resistance mutations present separately by all the subtypes with more than 100 associated HIV populations. Means ± SE are plotted among all the D-PCR dataset. Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Drug resistance mutations are correlated with diversity reduction differently in different types of treatments. Treatment effectiveness from literature review (percentage of patients with virologic suppression after ~48 weeks) showed positive correspondence with clinical recommendation among RTI regimens (A) and PI+RTI regimens (B). Diversity reduction accompanying a DRM (ΔDRM from the GLMM) lower among the more effective and clinically recommended treatments among RTI treatments (C) and RTI+PI treatments (D). 95% confidence intervals are plotted by excluding the highest 2. 5% and lowest 2. 5% of GLMM random effect fits of the 1000 subsampled datasets and treatments are ordered by mean ΔDRM within treatment categories. Generalized linear model fits show significantly different slopes for NNRTI treatments versus NRTI treatments (E) and PI/r treatments versus PI treatments (F). Confidence intervals are plotted by excluding the highest 2. 5% and lowest 2. 5% of GLM fits to 1000 subsampled datasets. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Drug resistance mutations are correlated with diversity reduction differently in different types of treatments when all years are included. This figure is analogous with Figure 3 from the main text, but in this case, the data include 45 sequences sampled before 1995. The inclusion of these sequences substantially changes the effect of the subsampling procedure, which explains the difference in scales of these figures (see Materials and methods: p-thinning to adjust for the effect of year). The figure caption is otherwise shared with Figure 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: On peut faire le parallèle avec le passé de la recherche biomédicale, quand les médecins essayaient d’abord sur eux-mêmes leurs découvertes pharmacologiques. La volonté est de démontrer l’absence de risque, question centrale dans toute démarche d’expérimentation pharmacologique. On note ici l’influence du mouvement biohacker23. Ce néologisme est issu de l’assemblage des mots biology et hacker (de l’anglais « pirate »). Pour la spécialiste de ce mouvement social, R. Wilbanks, « les initiatives visent à ouvrir la biologie et les biotechnologies aux personnes n’ayant pas de formation en biologie […]. Elles mettent en avant l’idée que des activités telles que la biologie et les biotechnologies peuvent être poursuivies comme des passe-temps24 ». Le terme « biohacking » désigne également les individus qui testent de nouvelles substances en dehors du cadre académique, semblables à ceux que j’ai interrogés : Je suis en train de faire des recherches, tu sais je fais des tests… J’ai pas de laboratoire, j’ai pas de doctorat donc je peux pas faire des essais cliniques proprement conduits mais je fais sur moi. Enfin maintenant, c’est même plus des essais, c’est le quotidien. J’ai fait des essais sur moi et j’ai vu qu’il y a des produits qui sont très efficaces et d’autres qui le sont moins. [Homme, 22 ans, consommateur de nootropiques et concepteur d’une application mobile qui recense ces substances.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: Other inhibitors include user trust in technology that talks back to them. Although results from Gudala et al. (2022) stated that many older people are using technologies, such as smartphones, computers, and some even used voice-based technologies such as Siri or Alexa in their day-to-day activities. This suggest that a few older people trust digital technologies and have no hesitation to use voice-assistants and share their data while using it. There is need to design AI-based voice-assistants that does not require older users to spend time and effort in using this technology to improve safe mobility and walkability. Thereby, allows for a better design of such micro-interactive task and will help in particular by reducing the access time required for older people to use this technology (Chen et al. 2021). Another challenge to be met is that older people have little experience in using ticket machines and they are concern with diverse ways of paying (Ståhl et al. 2008). Also, available information provided by the voice-assistant on mobility modes is also a key factor that influences older peoples’ use of public transportation (Bokolo 2023b). Available mobility information of new routes, new accessible timetables, or buses, and bus stops. This is because information availability leads to older passengers travelling more, while limited information resulted to a decline in the number of travelers. Thus, voice-assistants should be able to provide information such as timetables, posters at bus stops, and information on departure times and connections (Levin et al. 2012). Findings from Gudala et al. (2022) maintained the age distribution of older people influence their acceptance and uptake of AI-based voice-assistants as most distribution of people particularly between the age of 55–64, are more tech-savvy and use to technologies as compared to those within the age distribution of 65–74, 75 and older. Gudala et al. (2022) stated that even though there has been an increase in technology adoption among older people in general, the uptake and use declines once older people are above the age of 70 years as compared to those within the ages of 65–69 years. In addition, it was reported that the use of certain technologies, for example smartphones, was seen to be greater among well-educated, affluent, and younger–older populations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptography has been used throughout history to secure communications. [SEP] Text: Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Drug resistance mutations are correlated with diversity reduction differently in different types of treatments with un-truncated data. This figure is analogous with Figure 3 from the main text, but in this case, the data are not truncated to only include the patients with 4 or fewer DRMs. The figure caption is otherwise shared with Figure 3. Figure 4 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Nonparametric test shows negative correlation between treatment effectiveness and ΔDRM. Negative relationship between treatment effectiveness (percentage of patients with virologic suppression after ~48 weeks) and ΔDRM as fit within the GLMM among all treatments for which we have recorded effectiveness information. Treatments included are plotted at the mean ΔDRM from GLMMs fit to 1000 iterations of data subsampling. Points for each treatment are sized in proportion to the number of sequences from patients given that treatment (see legend in the lower left), and are colored based on the treatment type (see legend in the upper right). The black line shows the mean effect of treatment effectiveness on ΔDRM from linear regressions fits to the 1000 subsampled datasets and the grey band shows a 95% confidence interval (excluding the top and bottom 2. 5% of fits). Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Nonparametric test shows negative correlation between treatment effectiveness and ΔDRM when 45 sequences from before 1995 are included. This figure is analogous with Figure 4 from the main text, but in this case, 45 sequences before 1995 are included in the analysis. The ΔDRM coefficients are taken from the GLMM shown in Figure 3—figure supplement 1 A and B. The figure caption is otherwise shared with Figure 4. Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Nonparametric test shows negative correlation between treatment effectiveness and ΔDRM when sequences with any number of DRMs are included. This figure is analogous with Figure 4 from the main text, but in this case, the data is not truncated to only include the patients with 4 or fewer DRMs. The DeltaDRM coefficients are taken from the GLMM shown in Figure 3—figure supplement 2A and B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: ] 22Les nootropiques peuvent alors être interprétés comme des molécules expérimentales, qui se répandent en périphérie de la médecine sous la forme d’une promesse incarnée. 23Les promoteurs de la catégorie de nootropiques utilisent un autre terme issu du biohacking. Ils qualifient certains des produits de stack, de l’anglais « empiler ». Les stacks sont des mélanges de produits présentés comme nootropiques, consommés ensemble afin de potentialiser leurs effets. Le mélange caféine et L-théanine est le plus populaire dans la communauté : Y a la caféine et la théanine ça c’est un stack, les deux vont très bien ensemble, quasi systématiquement t’as pas l’un sans l’autre. La théanine c’est un acide aminé qui est dans le thé vert, quand il est couplé à la caféine, permet d’en limiter les effets secondaires tout en augmentant les capacités de concentration normale de la caféine. En fait le combo caféine et théanine est meilleur en termes d’amélioration comparé à la caféine ou la théanine consommées de manière neutre. [Homme, 22 ans, en troisième année de licence de biologie, consommateur de nootropiques et rédacteur d’un site internet sur ces substances. ] 24On retrouve ce mélange dans les deux compléments alimentaires nootropiques français étudiés ici.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are increasingly able to learn user preferences to improve recommendations. [SEP] Text: For example, findings from the literature have found that older adults are concerned about voice-assistants listening in on their personal conversations and they are anxious about privacy and how voice-assistants may use their private data (Colombo-Ruano et al. 2021). Evidence from the literature suggest that such setbacks can be overcomed by making the use of voice-assistants easy and proving support with the installation and usage (Gudala et al. 2022). 5. 2 Practical implicationsSafe mobility and walkability of older people is necessary to improve the quality of life of the aging society and also to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents faced by older people especially in harsh weather conditions (winter, rainy windy, etc. ) Currently, AI-based voice-assistants are becoming more popular as they allow the easiest and most natural communication with a computer system. Particularly, for older people such auditory interfaces enable interaction with assistive technologies. Regardless of the many technological advances in AI-based voice-assistant, there are fewer work conducted targeting older people as end users (de Arriba-Pérez et al. 2021). This has motivated this current study to adopt a user-centered service design approach for design of a personalized AI-based voice-assistants for the aging population. The goal of the AI-based voice-assistants is to support pre-emptive falls, injuries, and accidents faced by older people for mitigating risk in the bult environment. To this aim an architectural model is designed for an AI-based voice-assistant that simulates human-like behavior to provide mobility, walkability, and wayfinding guide through an auditory interface when older people walk in urban areas. The main objective of this work is to design an architectural model for an AI-based voice-assistant that uses auditory interface, in order to support the development of an AI-based voice-assistant application suitable for older people. AI-based voice-assistants must be easy to use, low-cost, and easy to be managed by older people in their houses for travel and walking purposes aimed to supports municipalities to provide personalized real-time information to reduce falls, injuries, and accidents by older people.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptography has been used throughout history to secure communications. [SEP] Text: The figure caption is otherwise shared with Figure 4. Figure 5 with 5 supplements Download asset Open asset Summary of data subgroups and filtering. Summary of all sequences from patients receiving first line therapy used throughout the analysis. The dataset is broken down into patients receiving protease inhibitor (PI) therapy with reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) and patients receiving only RTIs. The abundant treatment dataset shows treatments given to many patients within our dataset. For full filtering parameters for the abundant dataset, see Materials and methods: Data collection & filtering. Counts of sequences for each treatment are given. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Distribution of number of DRMs by treatment. The distribution of the number of drug resistance mutations is plotted separated out by the major treatments included in our analysis. The y-axes are not standardized, and show the number of consensus sequences per treatment with each number of fixed DRMs within the abundant treatment dataset. Figure 5—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Data is heterogenous with respect to year in terms of the number of drugs per treatment, the diversity of treatments and the number of ambiguous reads per sequence. (A) Percentage of patients receiving 1, 2 or 3 or more drugs (red, orange and blue bars, respectively) changes over the timecourse of our sampling period. (B) The cumulative number of unique treatment regimens is shown over the course of our sample period. (C) Barplots demonstrating the number of ambiguous amino acids per sequence by year with interquartile ranges. One outlier is excluded for visibility. Figure 5—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset p-thinning controls for systematic changes in the called number of ambiguous reads over time A. The mean number of ambiguous calls has increased over time among sequences with 0 DRMs. Linear model fits predicting the number of ambiguous reads from year among sequences with 0 DRMs are shown in black for sequences from 1989 or later (Equation 1) and red for sequences from 1995 or later (Equation 2). These model fits are used to compute the subsample effect, shown in B. Figure 5—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset The number of ambiguous reads is approximately distributed according to a negative binomial when p-thinned relative to 1989. The subsampled number of ambiguous reads (relative to 1989) relative to the best fit Poisson distribution (A) and best fit negative binomial distribution (B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Évoquer le stacking permet de mettre en avant le bricolage qui est fait autour du dosage avec la possibilité de l’adapter à sa propre singularité, qui s’apparente à une réappropriation pharmacologique, comme l’a montré M. Aronov (2019) pour la pratique du microdosage de LSD. Des produits présentés comme naturels 25 Cette expression est issue d’une communication pour l’Académie d’agriculture de France, tirée de s (. . . ) 26 Ibid. , p. 60. 25Je vais maintenant revenir sur ce que le sociologue O. Lepiller (2014) qualifie de « travail de naturalisation25 » qui est effectué par deux promoteurs de nootropiques. O. Lepiller précise que cela « consiste soit à qualifier explicitement un aliment de naturel, soit à produire un discours sur les critères de ce qui est naturel ou pas26 ». Je vais étudier ici deux sites français de vente de compléments alimentaires au sens réglementaire, qui utilisent le terme « nootropique » comme argument marketing : H+ Nootropics et Noomind. Ils sont fabriqués dans le même laboratoire français, qui ne produit que des compléments en petites et moyennes séries. Ils proposent dans les mêmes dosages journaliers de la caféine et de la L-théanine. On retrouve en plus dans Noomind des extraits de plantes : du Bacopa monnieri, du Ginseng panax, du Ginkgo biloba.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Other inhibitors include user trust in technology that talks back to them. Although results from Gudala et al. (2022) stated that many older people are using technologies, such as smartphones, computers, and some even used voice-based technologies such as Siri or Alexa in their day-to-day activities. This suggest that a few older people trust digital technologies and have no hesitation to use voice-assistants and share their data while using it. There is need to design AI-based voice-assistants that does not require older users to spend time and effort in using this technology to improve safe mobility and walkability. Thereby, allows for a better design of such micro-interactive task and will help in particular by reducing the access time required for older people to use this technology (Chen et al. 2021). Another challenge to be met is that older people have little experience in using ticket machines and they are concern with diverse ways of paying (Ståhl et al. 2008). Also, available information provided by the voice-assistant on mobility modes is also a key factor that influences older peoples’ use of public transportation (Bokolo 2023b). Available mobility information of new routes, new accessible timetables, or buses, and bus stops. This is because information availability leads to older passengers travelling more, while limited information resulted to a decline in the number of travelers. Thus, voice-assistants should be able to provide information such as timetables, posters at bus stops, and information on departure times and connections (Levin et al. 2012). Findings from Gudala et al. (2022) maintained the age distribution of older people influence their acceptance and uptake of AI-based voice-assistants as most distribution of people particularly between the age of 55–64, are more tech-savvy and use to technologies as compared to those within the age distribution of 65–74, 75 and older. Gudala et al. (2022) stated that even though there has been an increase in technology adoption among older people in general, the uptake and use declines once older people are above the age of 70 years as compared to those within the ages of 65–69 years. In addition, it was reported that the use of certain technologies, for example smartphones, was seen to be greater among well-educated, affluent, and younger–older populations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptography has been used throughout history to secure communications. [SEP] Text: The fits to one particular subsample are plotted, but the graphs are representative. These distributions were fit using vcd (Meyer et al. , 2015). Figure 5—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset The number of ambiguous reads is approximately distributed according to a negative binomial when p-thinned relative to 1995. The subsampled number of ambiguous reads (relative to 1995) relative to the best fit Poisson distribution (A) and best fit negative binomial distribution (B). The fits to one particular subsample are plotted, but the graphs are representative. These distributions were fit using vcd (Meyer et al. , 2015). Note, many more ambiguous calls are retained with p-thinning relative to 1995 as compared to relative to 1989 (5—figure supplement 4). 1 Model fits for the fixed effects from GLMMs fit to subsampled data. and methods: Quantifying the relationship between clinical effectiveness and diversity reduction for further explanations of coefficients. Means of model fits for 1000 independent subsamples are reported for the three different subsampling and model-fitting regimes. 95% confidence intervals (excluding the top 2. 5% and bottom 2. 5% of coefficent fits) are given in parentheses. αall (Intercept)Δ (Number of DRMs)γ (Length)1995+, ≤ 4 DRMs-0. 78-0. 160. 0030(-0. 91,-0. 65)(-0. 17,-0. 14)(0. 0029,0. 0032)1995+, All DRMs-0. 89-0. 0970. 0030(-1,-0. 77)(-0. 11,-0. 088)(0. 0029,0. 0032)1989+, ≤ 4 DRMs-1. 20-0. 150. 0030(-1. 4,-1. 1)(-0. 17,-0. 14)(0. 0028,0. 0032) Table 2 Coefficients from GLMs fit to subsampled data. and methods: Quantifying the relationship between clinical effectiveness and diversity reduction for further explanations of coefficient descriptions. Means for 1000 independent subsamples are reported for the three different subsampling and model-fitting regimes. 95% confidence intervals (excluding the top 2. 5% and bottom 2. 5% of coefficent fits) are given in parentheses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Toutes les plantes utilisées sont présentées comme utilisées dans la médecine traditionnelle chinoise ou indienne (ayurvéda) : « le ginseng panax est utilisé dans la médecine chinoise depuis plus de 5 000 ans » ou, pour le Bacopa monnieri : « son histoire remonte aux pratiques médicales ayurvédiques ». Ainsi, les molécules vendues en France comme nootropiques n’ont rien de novateur. Le marché des nootropiques ressemble à un marché du recyclage pharmacologique. On retrouve également dans Noomind de la L-tyrosine (un acide aminé) et des vitamines (B6 et B12) présentées comme « naturelles » : « un acide aminé naturellement présent dans le thé » « il s’agit d’ingrédients naturels ». Ainsi, le consommateur, en fonction de ses imaginaires de référence, peut circuler au sein de cette promesse en privilégiant sa dimension transgressive (biohacking) ou en se concentrant au contraire sur la dimension naturelle de ces produits. Un moyen d’agir sur son quotidien 27 Bateman S. , Gayon J. (2012), « L’amélioration humaine. Trois usages, trois enjeux », Médecine/Scie (. . . ) 28 Le Dévédec N. , Collin J. (2018), « Le médicament augmenté : l’usage du médicament dans les discour (. . . ) 29 Le Dévédec N. , Collin J. (2018), « Le médicament augmenté… », ibid. , p. 106. 30 Le transhumanisme est symbolisé par « H+ » (pour « human enhancement »). Le nom du complément alim (. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Although there is an ongoing debate about if individuals should be responsible for their data protection [19], our work purely concentrates on identifying protection behavior, without taking a position in this debate. Nonetheless, it is not trivial or unambiguous to organize protection behaviors in a taxonomy or model, because categories could mean different things to people [26]. Whereas some authors label behaviors literally equal (e. g. fabricate [35, 38]), other scholars rely on own nominations (e. g. perturbation [55]). We tried to stick to generally recognized wordings. But sometimes there was a need to create own nominations which literature do not discuss throughout to cover the different authors’ aspects (e. g. trust in proxy control). There are also some categories in literature, which did not fit into our model. For example Moshki and Barki say that coping can happen during “a stressful encounter” [14] and call this the “impact period”. However, we argue that it is difficult to identify a privacy breach on the fly. Finally, sometimes authors’ classifications are contradictory. For example Yap et al. [16] call withdraw as an active behavior, whereas Gurău and Ranchhod [22] consider it as passive. Furthermore we argue that the model can never be considered as complete. As technology is changing with high pace, new protective technologies and behaviors are likely to arise. Adding insights from further disciplines, such as sociology, might bring up other or new categories to the model. 5. 1 ImplicationsOur work offers implications for theory, as well as for practice. For scholars this work offers an overview of current privacy protection behaviors of end-users and helps to understand the range of protection mechanisms [13, 16, 41]. Additionally, it shows which denominations authors use. Further it shows how behaviors could be linked to each other. As the model concentrates on a user-centric approach, it answers the call from [18]. The model is not fixed. Instead, it is highly adaptive. Researchers can edit, add or delete categories without losing the general meaning. In addition, the model is not fixed to a special domain, thus scholars can adopt the classifications to special fields of research. For practice, our model helps end-users to identify tools and techniques to protect themselves, as users are often not aware how to safeguard their data [13, 41].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryptography has been used throughout history to secure communications. [SEP] Text: αall (Intercept)γ (Length)Δ1,2,3NRTIΔ2NRTI+NNRTIΔ2NRTI+PI/rΔ2NRTI+PI1995+, ≤ 4 DRMs-0. 460. 0025-0. 068-0. 22-0. 067-0. 48(-0. 58,-0. 35)(0. 0024,0. 0027)(-0. 085,-0. 050)(-0. 23,-0. 20)(-0. 094,-0. 043)(-0. 68,-0. 30)1995+, All DRMs-0. 620. 0026-0. 049-0. 13-0. 0035-0. 20(-0. 72,-0. 51)(0. 0025,0. 0028)(-0. 061,-0. 036)(-0. 14,-0. 12)(-0. 019,0. 011)(0. 30,-0. 12)1989+, ≤ 4 DRMs-0. 910. 0026-0. 063-0. 22-0. 065-0. 48(-1. 00,-0. 78)(0. 0024,0. 0027)(-0. 084,-0. 044)(-0. 23,-0. 20)(-0. 098,-0. 034)(-0. 76,-0. 27) Additional files Supplementary file 1 Detailed description of treatment effectiveness computation including 10. 7554/eLife. 10670. 021 Download elife-10670-supp1-v2. zip Supplementary file 2 Detailed description of treatment effectiveness computation including 10. 7554/eLife. 10670. 022 Download elife-10670-supp2-v2. zip Supplementary file 3 Part (C) is a further summary of the final treatment effectiveness used throughout our analysis. This supplement has a full reference section describing the studies used. Download elife-10670-supp3-v2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: ) 26On peut interpréter le recours aux nootropiques comme un outil permettant d’améliorer ses fonctions cognitives. Le registre de l’amélioration biomédicale a été théorisé comme répondant à trois logiques distinctes (Conrad et Potter, 2004 Coveney et al. , 2011) : en termes de normalisation ou de standardisation, pour être en accord avec une norme culturelle ou clinique pour restaurer des fonctions perdues et regagner une apparence ou des performances dites normales ou pour procurer un avantage compétitif. La sociologue S. Bateman et le philosophe J. Gayon caractérisent l’amélioration humaine (de l’anglais « human enhancement ») comme « un ensemble d’actions, réelles ou projetées, qui visent à augmenter les potentialités du corps humain, voire en créer de nouvelles27 ». Le transhumanisme en est l’un des courants de pensée. Il est défini comme le « courant intellectuel et culturel prônant une amélioration radicale des performances humaines grâce aux avancées technoscientifiques et biomédicales28 ». Selon les promoteurs des nootropiques, la consommation de ces produits permettrait de s’engager dans une démarche transhumaniste : « une sorte de version soft des ambitions vertigineuses des transhumanistes pour repousser les limites de l’intelligence humaine29 ». Le nom donné à un des compléments alimentaires, H+ Nootropics30, est un moyen de faire des transhumanistes une de ses cibles marketing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionWithin home and childhood environments, a global socio-technical change has occurred over the last decade through the growing presence of commercially available Assistants (DVAs) like Amazon’s ‘Alexa’, Apple’s ‘Siri’, or Google’s ‘Google Assistant’ (Vlahos 2019). For educational and developmental research, DVAs are not only relevant in terms of their socio-technical omnipresence across the globe, but also in terms of their ontological nature as experienced by today’s children (e. g. , due to DVAs’ conceptual parallels with organically living entities, such as their capacity to emulate peculiar qualities of human beings like the autonomous use of human language and speech; Festerling and Siraj 2020, 2021; Harwood and Eaves 2020; Nass and Brave 2005). Therefore, and similar to robotic technologies (e. g. , Gaudiello et al. 2015), it can be hypothesized that being exposed to DVAs significantly reshapes both the way today’s children construct their understandings of technology in and of itself, and the way they conceive technology in relation to other things in their environment. This study aims to contribute to the empirical investigation of this basic hypothesis. The original hypothesis that the growing presence of digital technologies could change how humans have traditionally conceptualized the environment according to basic ontological qualities dates back to Turkle's (1984/2005, 2017) and Papert's (1980) seminal work on the socio-technical role of technology in human development. In short, this work suggested technology impacts thought. More recently, Kahn et al. (2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012) formalized this line of reasoning with the ‘new ontological category hypothesis’ (NOCH), stating increasingly sophisticated technologies may cut across traditional conceptualizations of mutually exclusive ontological categories (e. g. , organically living vs. technological entities). In other words, children growing up with such technologies may “see, conceptualize, and interact with them as a unified entity, and not merely a combinatorial set of its constituent properties” (Kahn et al. 2013, p. 35).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: Data confidentiality designed to ensure the privacy of the data, that no one enters to obtain or know these facts or a specific service through which it prevented to know the contents of the information on all subscribers except the people who have been authorized to know and possess this information. This means that it designed to prevent snooping attacks and traffic analysis. 2. 2. Data integrity designed to protect information from change (delete, add, modify) by unauthorized persons. It may protect the whole message or part of it. 2. 3. service or function related to the verification of identification, or a method used to verify a user’s identity. Authentication required to access resource system. Figure 1. Security services. 2. 4. Non-ensures no agreement or action denied at a later time, the non repudiation service protects against repudiation by the sender or receiver of the data. The sender of data can later prove that data delivered to the intended recipient, for example, digital signature. 2. 5. Methods used to limit access to a resource system or physical site. Access control used to prevent unauthorized access to systems that encrypt. 2. 6. that the data can be accessed at any time continuously without interruption. An availability service is one that protects a system to ensure its availability. This service addresses the security concerns raised by denial-of-service attacks. It depends on proper management and control of system resources and thus depends on access control service and other security services. 3. actual implementation of security goals needs some techniques. Two of them are prevalent today: one is very general (cryptography). 3. 1. Cryptography Cryptography, a word with Greek origins means “secret writing. ” we use the term refers to the science and art of transforming messages to make them secure and immune to attacks. Although in the past cryptography referred to the encryption and decryption of messages using secret keys, today it is defined as involving three distinct mechanisms: symmetric-key decipherment, asymmetric-key decipherment, and hashing. 3. 2. Types of There are two kinds of key-based encryption algorithms, symmetric encryption algorithms (secret key algorithms) and asymmetric encryption algorithms (or public-key algorithms). 3. 3. Differences between Symmetric and encryption algorithms encrypt and decrypt with the same key. The main advantages of symmetric encryption algorithms are its security and high speed. Asymmetric encryption algorithms encrypt and decrypt with different keys.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: On retrouve cet argumentaire en lien avec l’amélioration sur les deux sites internet analysés : « boostez », « améliorer la performance mentale » ou « augmenter les niveaux d’énergie ». Les consommateurs différencient les substances qui augmenteraient les capacités cognitives, c’est-à-dire pour aller au-delà d’un certain seuil, de celles qui donneraient les moyens de retrouver un état qualifié de normal. 31 Dalgalarrondo S. , Fournier T. (2019), « Introduction. Les morales de l’optimisation ou les routes (. . . ) 32 Le Dévédec N. , Collin J. (2018), « Le médicament augmenté… », art. cité, p. 106. 33 Le Dévédec N. (2015), « Retour vers le futur transhumaniste », Esprit, 11, 2015, p. 97. 27L’usage des nootropiques peut également être interprété comme un moyen d’optimiser son quotidien en le pharmacologisant, afin de le « normaliser » et finalement de le dominer. Ainsi, comme les sociologues M. Otero et J. Collin (2016) l’ont souligné à propos des smart drugs, la consommation de nootropiques peut être appréhendée comme un moyen de se conformer aux normes sociales. Les promoteurs de la catégorie de nootropiques affirment que la sous-optimalité et les carences sont inhérentes à la nature humaine. Les nootropiques permettraient d’éviter les carences et ainsi de retrouver une normalité propre à chacun, en s’optimisant, pour répondre à l’« injonction permanente à l’optimalité31 ». L’alimentation ne se suffirait pas à elle-même.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: 1987; Jipson and Gelman 2007; Kahn et al. 2006, 2012; Melson et al. 2005; Okita and Schwartz 2006; Saylor et al. 2010; Scaife and 1995). This is in line with recent experimental research showing how children systematically place a robot somewhere between humans and computers, even after children are taught the ontological ‘truth’ about the robot’s lack of human psychological capacities as part of the experimental condition (van Straten et al. 2020), or Xu and Warschauer’s (2020) exploratory research on children’s tendency to attribute both animate and inanimate properties to DVAs. One interpretation of such findings is that children’s seemingly ‘contradictory’ understandings of technology should eventually converge to an a priori definable and metaphysically ‘true’ end-state as they grow older and learn the ‘truth’ about technology—an end-state, in which, for example, a programmable technological entity cannot share substantial psychological similarities with organically living entities, such as humans (e. g. , van Straten et al. 2020). An alternative interpretation of such findings—in line with NOCH—is that children’s ‘contradictory’ understandings of technology reflect unique and developmentally stable patterns, therefore prefiguring future stances towards technology (e. g. , Severson and Carlson 2010; Turkle, 1984/2005, Turkle 2005). In other words, there may be no a priori definable and metaphysically ‘true’ end-state for how one should conceptualize technology vis-à-vis organically living entities, and no developmentally inferior or superior way of doing so (Festerling and Siraj 2021). But exposure to technology could prompt children to develop more nuanced understandings of prototypical entities in their environments, such as the ontological differences between technological entities, on the one hand, and organically living entities, on the other hand. Such nuances can already be found in in the empirical literature on children’s engagements with technology. For example, some children in Turkle’s (1984/2005, 2017) ethnographic studies provided well-argued reasons why the programmable nature of technological entities would make them more reliable, consistent and trustworthy than humans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: The results show the superiority of the 3DES algorithm over other algorithms in terms of the processing time. That AES has an advantage over other 3DES and DES in terms of time consumption and throughput. Figure 3. Time consumption of encryption algorithm. Figure 4. Throughput of each encryption algorithm (Megabyte/Sec). Figure 5. Throughput of DES, 3DES, and AES (Megabyte/Sec). Figure 6. of each encryption algorithm. Table 1. Comparative analysis of different cryptography algorithms. Table 2. Comparative execution times (in milliseconds) of encryption algorithms with different packet size. 6. paper presented the fair comparisons among three commonly used algorithms and the simulated. The selected encryption algorithms DES, 3DES and AES are used for performance evaluation. For performance evaluation files in different formats like text files, pdf files, word document, and images used and the experimental result based on encrypted file size and encryption time are recorded. Were presented into (35) factors, in the case of changing packet size, through the presented results under different hardware setting and using different languages. From the comparative analysis, results showed the capability of each algorithm. It concluded that the AES is the best performing algorithm than other common encryption algorithms used. The security has taken into consideration. access funding provided by Gulf Colleges. of this research was supported by the Gulf Colleges. This 4. 0 ( which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source. Provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 206. [2] Abd Elminaam, D. , Abdual Kader, H. M. and Hadhoud, M. M. (2010) Evaluation of the Performance of Algorithms. of Network Security, 10, 216-222. [3] Karule, K. P. and Nagrale, N. V. (2016) of for of for Data Security. of 2, 495-498. [4] Pavithra, S. and Ramadevi, E. (2012) Study and of Cryptography Algorithms. of in & Technology, 1, 84. [5] Stallings, W. (2014) Cryptography and Principles and Practice. . [6] Forouzan, B. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: En étudiant la place du médicament dans le transhumanisme, N. Le Dévédec et J. Collin remarquent « l’abaissement des seuils de la normalité32 ». La perfectibilité est un élément important du courant transhumaniste qui voit en l’homme un « être biologiquement handicapé33 ». 28Les nootropiques sont ainsi présentés comme des moyens d’atteindre cet état optimal de fonctionnement cognitif. ⁂ 29L’existence d’un marché gris des nootropiques sur Internet, assez marginal, contribue à porter la promesse d’optimisation cognitive. C’est un moyen de moléculariser cette promesse pour la marchandiser. À l’inverse, cette promesse permet de promouvoir d’anciennes ou de plus récentes substances afin de renouveler le marché, qui s’apparente à un marché du recyclage pharmacologique. 30La promesse étudiée ici n’est pas stabilisée, elle se renouvelle sans cesse en utilisant un vocabulaire plurivoque, pour s’adapter aux exigences de potentiels futurs consommateurs. La force de la promesse réside dans cet assemblage argumentatif qui la rend plastique. Le modafinil agit comme un étendard de la promesse d’optimisation des capacités cognitives. Son histoire, militaire et sportive, y contribue. Sa disponibilité sur Internet remet en cause les frontières étatiques et les régulations en vigueur. La promesse est incarnée et diffusée sur Internet par les promoteurs des nootropiques qui mettent en scène leurs consommations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: , answering knowledge-based questions with higher levels of accuracy and speed; Festerling and Siraj 2020), and (2) how this same technology still differs in many respects to more psychological and biological forms of life—especially humans with their advanced conversational comprehension (e. g. , Xu et al. 2021), their common sense and creativity (e. g. , Festerling and Siraj 2020), their disposition to laugh (e. g. , Yip et al. 2019), or their ability to answer psychological or biological questions (e. g. , Oranç and Küntay 2020). This interpretation of our findings draws on Kahn et al. (2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012) NOCH and its implicit assumption that there is no a priori definable and metaphysically ‘true’ end-state for how one should conceptualize technology vis-à-vis organically living entities. Therefore, our study contributes to the literature by showing how today’s children systematically disentangle the ontological dimensions of psychology and intelligence when conceptualizing entities of distinct kinds in their home and childhood environments. But, as previous research has also shown, this does not mean children entirely refrain from using psychological qualities when conceptualizing technological entities, such as DVAs (e. g. , Garg and Sengupta 2020; Girouard‐Hallam et al. 2021; Hoffman et al. 2021), smart toys (e. g. , Turkle 2017), or robots (e. g. , van Straten et al. 2020). However, this study was able to show that, across a broad range of technological and organically living entities, children’s relative ontological conceptualisation patterns (in terms of relative deviation patterns from the sample mean) still tend to discriminate more rigorously on the basis of psychology and biology, and less on the basis of intelligence. But the second question which yet remains to be answered is whether exposure to certain kinds of technology could prompt children to develop more nuanced understandings of prototypical entities in their environments. 7. 2 Associations between children’s DVA-exposure and ontological conceptualization patternsChildren’s exposure to technology within their home and childhood environments is a matter of degree, not a yes/no phenomenon (Gaudiello et al. 2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: (2007) Cryptography and Network Security. -. [7] Mathur, M. and Kesarwani, A. (2013) Comparison between DES, 3DES, RC2, RC6, Blowfish and AES. Proceedings of on in 2013, 143-148. [8]. and Al-Nabhani, Y. (2010) Study between DES, 3DES and AES within Nine Factors. Journal of Computing, 2, 152-157. [9] Bala, T. and Kumar, Y. (2015) : A Review. Proceedings on on Advancements in Engineering and 2015, 1-4. [10] Verma, A. , Guha, P. and Mishra, S. (2016) of Algorithms. of & Technology in Computer Science, 5, 58-63. [11] Taqa, A. , Zaidan, A. A. and Zaidan, B. B. (2009) for in the. of Computer and Electrical Engineering, 1, 566-571. [12] Abomhara, M. , Zakaria, O. , Khalifa, O. O. , Zaidan, A. A. and Zaidan, B. B. (2010) Encryption for H. 264/. of Computer and Electrical Engineering, 2, 223-229. [13] -and Gunawan, T. S. (2009) for in the within between Standard and Distortion Techniques. of 3, 73-78. [14] Alanazi, H. , Jalab, H. A. , Zaidan, A. A. and Zaidan, B. B. (2010) Work of with in Non-Multimedia File. of Computer and Network Security, 2, 46-54. [15] Jeeva, A. L. , Palanisamy, V. and Kanagaram, K. (2012) of of Algorithms. of and Applications, 2, 3033-3037. [16] Sivakumar, R. , Balakumar, B. and Arivu Pandeeswaran, V. (2018) A Study of (DES, 3DES and AES) for Information Security. Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5, 4133-4137.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Enfin, les registres argumentatifs mobilisés permettent à des consommateurs très différents de circuler au sein de cette promesse. Les nootropiques sont présentés comme des produits naturels, les médecines traditionnelles sont convoquées (ayurvéda ou médecine chinoise) afin d’atteindre le consommateur en quête d’amélioration « douce ». En faisant référence au transhumanisme et aux pratiques de biohacking comme le stacking, les promoteurs se donnent les moyens d’atteindre un public plus « audacieux », avide de nouvelles technologies et de dépassement de soi. 31Les nootropiques deviennent dès lors le support d’une technique de soi qui redessine de nombreuses frontières : naturel et artificiel drogues, médicaments et compléments alimentaires préventif et curatif normal et pathologique (Collin et David, 2016). Haut de page M. (2019), « (Micro-) “Psychedelic” Experiences: from the 1960s Creativity at the Workplace to the 21st Century Neuro-Newspeak », Ethnologie française, 176/4, p. 701-718. DOI : 10. 3917/ethn. 194. 0701 Bastuji H. , Jouvet M. (1986), « Treatment of Hypersomnia with Modafinil », Presse Med. , 15/28, p. 1330-1331. Bateman S. , Gayon J. (2012), « L’amélioration humaine. Trois usages, trois enjeux », Médecine/Sciences, 10/28, p. 887-891. DOI : 10. 1051/medsci/20122810019 Buguet A. , Montmayeur A. , Pigeau R. , Naitoh P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personal AI assistants can perfectly replicate any human voice for seamless communication. [SEP] Text: Similarly, the deployment of AI-based voice-assistants in real world applications is challenging due to design requirements. Also, these AI based systems have to understand human languages and learn from communications, increasing its knowledgebase (Tascini 2018), in some cases, it has to remotely connect with family members, care givers, and emergency department when older people fall. In addition, existing technological tools provided to the aging population fail to consider the changing needs of older people, for example by avoiding small font sizes and use of poor color contrast on user interfaces (Wedberg and Dalgren 2021). Thus, older people face several techno–social challenges that influences the use of this technology across aging population. As such an architectural model-based approach is required to fill the current knowledge gaps regarding the AI techniques needed to support the user-centered implementation of AI-based voice-assistants. Therefore, this 2. 1 Background of AI-based voice-assistantsVoice-assistants are automated applications that enables human-to-computer interaction via text or natural language (García-Méndez et al. 2021). Voice-assistants are programmed to reply to certain inputs thereby resulting to user feedback (Tascini 2018). They are able to recognize natural language and continuously learn from interactions, becoming progressively intelligent (Tascini 2019). A common method to voice-assistant development is to pre-program questions and phrases to respond to individuals input in the form of words, phrases, and questions. Additional contents are routinely added to improve the knowledge on the dialogues held (García-Méndez et al. 2021). One of the strengths of voice-assistants is their capability to be always active and to be self-contained to provide individuals with responses and help. In general, voice-assistants have three key components which comprises of a user interface, a normaliser, and a knowledge base. Recently AI-based voice-assistants has surfaced which has the ability to create conversation between a digital agent and a user. As such, voice-assistant have been progressed through easy standalone intelligent home devices and application integrated in smart phones (e. g. , Microsoft's etc. ) (Wiratunga et al. 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Social networks can significantly influence individual behavior. [SEP] Text: Abordem, en particular, l'efecte de la longitud de la finestra temporal utilitzada per reunir informació per tal de dissenyar l'estratègia d'immunització, sobre l'eficàcia de la mateixa vacunació, descobrint que una quantitat limitada d'informació és suficient per maximitzar l'efecte del protocol de vacunació. El nostre treball obre interessants perspectives per a futures investigacions, en particular pel que fa a la possibilitat d'ampliar el formalisme de xarxes de temps variable a sistemes múltiplex, compostos de diverses capes de xarxes interrelacionades, en la qual els mateixos individus interactuen entre ells en diferents capes. L'anàlisi empírica de les xarxes múltiplex és encara en la seva infantesa, de fet, mentre que la mineria de dades de grans sistemes socials, de diverses capes, és madur per ser explotat, demanant un esforç en l'anàlisi i modelització. La nostra comprensió de l'impacte de la dimensió temporal de les xarxes sobre els processos dinàmics que es desenvolupen sobre ells es pot aplicar a sistemes més complexos de múltiples capes, estudiant l'efecte de la correlació temporal entre les capes en la dinàmica de difusió. extraordinari doctorat 2013-2014 2014. DOI 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-95523. Available at: < Award-winningAward-winning URI DOI10. 5821/dissertation-2117-95523 DLB 27999-2014 - Departament de Física Aplicada (fins octubre de 2015) [66] Tesis - Totes les tesis [5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: (2018), « Le médicament augmenté… », art. cité, p. 106. 33 Le Dévédec N. (2015), « Retour vers le futur transhumaniste », Esprit, 11, 2015, p. 97. Haut de page Pour citer cet 110. Référence électronique Félix Denis, « Smart drugs et nootropiques », Socio-anthropologie [En ligne], 43 | 2021, mis en ligne le 17 juin 2021, consulté le 23 octobre 2024. URL : DOI : de page Auteur Félix Denis Félix Denis est doctorant en sociologie à l’EHESS. Il est membre du Centre de recherche médecine, sciences, santé, santé mentale, société (3, CNRS-EHESS-Inserm). Son travail de thèse, réalisé sous la codirection de Jean-Paul Gaudillière (3) et Sébastien Dalgalarrondo (IRIS), porte sur la circulation de la promesse d’optimisation cognitive au quotidien et des produits et pratiques qui soutiennent cette promesse. Haut de page Droits d’auteur Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.

Output: corroborate