Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "A mutualism without honeydew: what benefits for Melissotarsus emeryi ants and armored scale insects (Diaspididae)? (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Jun 11, 2017 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments This is a very valuable and well-written contribution to a previously unstudied natural history of a mutualism between ants and diaspidids. Trophobiotic relationships between ants and hemipterans, mediated by sweet honeydew, are a classical text-book example of mutualism and have been widely studied, but the broad variation in these interactions has been surprisingly poorly documented so far. This study contributes a very important case, not only taxonomically (ant-attended diaspidids have been poorly documented), but even more importantly in terms of the mutual benefits (no honeydew excretions, instead it is shown that ants use the complex ‘waxy secretions’ produced by diaspidids that is otherwise used to form a protective shield). The evidence is sound, the observations are detailed and well documented, the argumentation in the discussion is well balanced, the existing literature well covered and the case is very convincing. Potential consequences and speculations are sufficiently well handled with care. The comparison wax versus honeydew may need some further exploration. Are both produced by homologous glands – and is it thus just the chemical composition that differs? How widespread in the hemiptera or scale insects is the production of honeydew versus wax, including taxa that are closely related to diaspidids, and also within diaspidids? (See e. g. fulgoroids that produce wax, whereas related cicadas produce honeydew) Similarly, the ant species also has a very unusual lifestyle, particularly since it seems to largely live within its self-formed wood cavities. Is this lifestyle common for this genus, tribe or larger taxonomic framework? Is it likely that there are far more similar, but undetected relationships? One potential far-reaching consequence of this discovery, however, is surprisingly not examined further – an overlooked impact on many host trees: “The harmful effects of damaging the live bark of plant hosts deserves more study. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: A decade ago in a paper in the of Environment and Resources, Benson and Heleen de Coninck, a climate change researcher at the of Technology and in the Netherlands, wrote that, to help mitigate climate change, CCUS needs to serve more than fossil fuel companies seeking to extract oil. In the decade since, Benson notes, CCUS has been slow to expand into other areas largely because of a lack of public policies supporting the technologies, such as government subsidies for new projects or a tax on CO2 emissions that would make it cheaper to sequester than to emit it. However, she notes, this is now changing. When it is fully operational, Climeworks’ Mammoth project will be the world’s largest facility pulling CO2 directly from the air and burying it underground. The project, in Hellisheiði, Iceland, follows another, smaller Climeworks project called Orca. : © 2024 to the futureCCUS may be poised to turn a corner. As of July 2023, 351 new commercial-scale CCUS projects were in the works, according to the Global CCS Institute. Many of these forthcoming projects will capture CO2 with the exclusive goal of burying it underground rather than using it to squeeze out more oil. Around 22 of the projects are aimed at capturing CO2 at cement plants and five will capture CO2 directly from the air and store it underground. Still, a connection with fossil fuels remains: Around 30 will serve methane production, and others are planned for carbon capture at coal- and gas-fired power plants. Even with this new bloom of projects, it’s not clear that the technology has a large part to play in solving our climate woes, says Sean O’Leary, a senior researcher in energy and economics at the Valley Institute, a clean-energy think tank based in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Current and future projects are unlikely to capture carbon in sufficient quantities to make much of a dent on global emissions, O’Leary says. Estimates suggest that existing projects could capture around 50 million tons of CO2 annually — cutting the more than 35 billion tons of gross global carbon emissions by around 0. 14 percent. Once all 392 projects are online, they could capture a few hundred million tons — about 1 percent of carbon emissions. Estimates of how much carbon CCUS needs to capture to help achieve climate goals vary widely between 1 billion and 30 billion tons annually by 2050.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: (2007) reported that the “Oceans 2007” project has proposed to produce bioethanol by farming and harvesting Sargassum horneri. Stroazzo of Bio Fuel-System stated that production of biofuel from algae is a promising and ecofriendly approach. Radulovich (2008) also specified the use of macroalgae as a resource of fuel, apart from food, animal feed, and fertilizer. Kraan (2010) observed that Ireland is likely to become an important player in the future generation for the biofuel production with its wealthy, sustainable macroalgal sources. Mullins (2009) stated that a group at the of Technology in has developed a method to use macroalgae to produce bioethanol and avoid taking up land together. Seambiotic (2009), in collaboration with the Inventure Chemicals, successfully demonstrated the bioethanol production via fermentation of polysaccharides in algal biomass. In their plant, algae were cultivated in the fossil fuel power plants to eliminate CO2emitted as a source of inorganic carbon. The production of ethanol in 2009 attained 73. 9 billion liters, which illustrates a more than 400% increase compared with that in 2000 of 17 billion liters in the world. While it has been predicted that the global ethanol production would continue to rise until 2017, reaching a level twice that of 2007, it also predicted that the and Brazil would remain as the biggest ethanol producers through 2017 followed by China, India, and Thailand. In addition, the FAO analysis shows that with the exclusion of bioethanol from sugar cane in Brazil, biofuels are commonly not economically viable relative to the fossil fuels in the absence of subsidies. Also, as for global biodiesel production, the report projects a slightly higher growth rate than for bioethanol to achieve 24 billion liters by 2017 and that the EU, comprising over 50% of the global production, will continue to be the leading biodiesel producer in 2017 and will be followed by Brazil, Indonesia, the United States, and Malaysia, respectively (Renewable fuels association, 2010). The production of algal biomass integrated with remediation is the greater option, since it will not influence the agricultural land and water (Christenson and Sims 2011, 2012). Cultivation of algae in waste waters will make the whole process system cheaper and more economically viable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Melissotarsus may prove to be an extraordinarily common and widespread ant in Africa. The huge populations of diaspidids inside ant galleries are likely to have a heavy impact on crop plantations and managed forests“. A quick quantitative survey on the infestation rate of ant-diaspidid interactions in a few plantations (counting if diaspidids are involved or not, whether or not the wax shields are expressed etc. ) would have helped to support this statement and further broaden the relevance of the 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted May 25, 2017 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: Most global estimates suggest that between 10,000 billion and 30,000 billion tons of underground storage is available. Some estimates put it as a high as 55,000 billion tons. Greig, a chemical engineer at who previously worked on a CCUS project for the fossil fuel industry, notes that those volumes could be way off. Assessments are based on estimates of the pore space in different geologic formations — those pores provide open spaces that can hold CO2 — which gives only a rough picture, he says: “Subsurface storage is by nature uncertain. ”Such uncertainties have caused projects to veer off course, including a $2. 7 billion project to separate CO2 from methane in gas fields in In Salah, Algeria, and store it 1. 9 kilometers underground. The energy company Equinor and its partners started injecting CO2 there in 2004 with the aim of storing 1. 1 million tons annually. But it suspended operations because of limits in underground capacity, according to an Equinor spokesperson. There were concerns that the gas was escaping up toward the cap rock, which acts as a final safety net sealing the CO2 in place. On top of the uncertainty, money is a problem. Some skeptics say that the costs of building and operating CCUS projects ultimately make them unviable. According to 2019 data from the IEA, the costs of capturing CO2 range from $15 to $120 per ton, depending on how dilute the gas stream is. Cost estimates for capturing CO2 directly from the air, where it is very dilute, typically vary between $225 and $500 per ton, with some estimates as high as $1,000 per ton. Multiply that price tag by even a small portion of the 1 billion tons of CO2 that the IPCC says needs to be removed from the atmosphere by 2050, and the costs quickly add up. Stay in the KnowSign up for the newsletter todaySome experts point out that these costs will likely go down as the technologies mature and if the market increases, though not necessarily on the same scale as the dramatic costs reductions seen for solar and wind power technology. For example, the IEA notes that costs for CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants dropped from over $100 per ton in 2014 to $65 per ton in 2017, and it estimates that in projects built from 2025 to 2027, the cost will be around $45 per ton.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Among these, many microalgal genera and species are remarkably rich in oils that can be converted into biodiesel with the available technology. It is believed that investigations on identifying novel algal resources, both micro and macro types, would herald a remarkable energy revolution in the years to come. To our knowledge, large-scale commercial operations are yet to be established to date. It is recommended that the three main stakeholders such as the government, the researchers, and the industry could join in a consortium that will be able to constitute a closer frame-work so as to ensure a sustainable development. from the export potential, job opportunities to be created, and the environ-mental security, there is potential for securing a prestigious status of a global leader in the production of biodiesel production on a path toward achieving the status of a developed country. This could also serve to demonstrate the country’s capabilities in the international arena and thus, could help lift up the country’s self esteem. In the long run, this would surely lead to enhanced motivation or spur more interest in other countries to follow suit with similar objectives or goals and thus could help transform the country into a developed nation. Therefore, given the intrinsic advantages of the microalgae, and now existing restraints of using other oil crops, microalgae growing in wastewater would facilitate a cost-effective production of the biodiesel. Moreover, the current highly sophisticated R&D centers are conducting extensive research on various aspects of biofuel production, and particularly biodiesel. During the last decade, in view of the importance placed on bioprospecting for better resources, especially in the agriculture sector, many well-equipped labs have been established in various countries, the world over. This makes research organizations capable candidates to achieve projects on microalgal genetic engineering in order to address the rising biodiesel demand in the country. From the point of view of cultivation, it is imperative to note that apart from the free and unlimited access to salt water and plentiful sunshine, Malaysia and other tropical countries are known for their rich biodiversity of microalgae. Generally, technology development for large scale cultivation of macroalgae on the coastal regions for the production of bioenergy does not compete with that of food sources and does not alter the environment. The viability of algae mass cultivation can be judged from Malaysia’s wide seashore surrounded by several islands, which can offer the ideal habitats for the algae propagation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: sulcinodis is widely distributed from the Apennines to and from Portugal to (Collingwood, 1979). Sampling was carried out in July and August 2000 on Læsø (57°17’ N, 10°54’ E), a Danish island in the Kattegat of about 20 × 12 km. During a period of 4 weeks all potentially suitable habitat of M. sulcinodis (heathland mainly covered with Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris and Dechampsia flexuosa) was searched. Two discrete populations were found on opposite ends of the island and will be referred to as Læsø1 and Læsø2, respectively. No other M. sulcinodis population was found, but very small populations may have been overlooked (although not within 200 m from each of the populations, see below). The two populations were situated ca. 16 km apart, about the maximum distance possible on the island. As previously found on the island of Samsø (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999b), both populations turned out to be very dense, with M. sulcinodis nests being dominant within the occupied area and other ant species being common only at the edges of the patch (see also Results). All nests of the two populations were mapped by searching every possible nest site in one-by-one metre quadrates. The area around the two populations was also searched thoroughly, both for isolated M. sulcinodis nests and for nests of other ants, in a radius of up to 200 m or until a road, a dune ridge or dense bushes bordered the suitable habitat. Other ant species were included on the map if found within 10 m from a M. sulcinodis nest. Directly after mapping, nests (usually clearly visible as elevated small earth mounds in between the vegetation) were opened and 20–40 workers per nest and all visible winged sexuals were collected. Most males and new queens gather in the upper part of the nest (T van der Hammen and JS Pedersen, personal observation), so although some sexuals may have escaped collection the sex ratio and number of individuals obtained are likely to be comparable to studies where complete nests were excavated (eg, Pedersen and Boomsma, 1998; Walin et al, 2001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: [9] Therefore, the present study is designed to evaluate the nootropic effect of low dose of caffeine combination with duloxetine or bupropion. Materials and albino mice were procured from Ltd. , Thane. The weight range was 25–30 g. Animals had free access to standard food and water. Experiments were performed between 10. 00 and 16. 00 h. Animals were randomly distributed into seven groups (n = 6/group). The arena of elevated plus maze (EPM) was wiped with 70% ethyl alcohol solution before placing each mouse. Study protocols were approved by the (Project approval numberIAEC/SPTM/P-46/2011), New Delhi, Government of India. were administered through intra-peritoneal route. Normal saline (0. 9% w/v NaCl) was used to prepare drug solutions. EPM was performed first and Morris water maze (MWM) later in separate sets of animals consisting seven groups each. Each animal received treatment 30 min before test session in EPM on 1st and 2nd day. In MWM, treatments were given to mice 30 min before the test on each trial day. Selection of doses was done on the basis of in-house study. [9] Control group received vehicle treatment (Group I) that is, normal saline (10 ml/kg). Treatment of caffeine (10 mg/kg; Pvt. Ltd. ), duloxetine (10 mg/kg; Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. ), and caffeine (5 mg/kg) + duloxetine (5 mg/kg) were given to groups II-IV, respectively. Groups V-VII received treatment of bupropion (10 mg/kg; Ltd. ), caffeine (5 mg/kg) + bupropion (5 mg/kg), and bupropion (5 mg/kg) + duloxetine (5 mg/kg), respectively. the present study, the protocol described by Dhingra et al. [10] was used to evaluate the transfer latency (TL). Apparatus consists of two open arms (30 cm × 5 cm) and two closed arms (30 cm × 5 cm × 12 cm). Arms were arranged so that the two closed arms kept opposite to each other without roof.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Additionally, it has been shown by various reports that countries with abundance of under-utilized rice land are suitable for cultivating algae. Those marginal lands are infertile because of salty water diffusion, and farmers are looking for other options. Cultivation of algae can provide one such alternative as the marine algae naturally grow well in the salt waters. Research and Development on for in of polysaccharides from macroalgae to fermentable sugar and thus to ethanol and biogas has not yet been studied in detail (Goh and Lee 2010). Although there is a wide availability of macroalgae the world over, there are still no viable suggestions for the production of bioethanol from macroalgae. Successful mapping of the oil-algae genome could help recognize the genetic traits responsible for the production of oil, and it could find strains susceptible to contamination by the basal bacteria or fungi which could cause the algal biomass to deteriorate in the open raceway ponds. Moreover, the genetic information can also be applied to develop the harvesting regimes of the oil algae so that the biomass could be harvested at the appropriate period. Such a technological understanding is imperative to ensure a constant progress in the world’s biodiesel industry, as the land suitable for this purpose is so limited. The successful decoding of the oil-algae genome is believed to have paved the way for a manipulation of the oil-algae genome for use in the future. The genetic manipulation in oil-bearing algae could provide the potential to produce high quantity of superior oil. With advanced biochemical and molecular techniques such as DNA recombination and site-directed mutagenesis, more groundbreaking outcomes could be expected to be employed in the near future (Eathington et al. 2007). These areas of research have laid a foundation for an understanding of the macroalgal biology. Despite the development and progress made in the functional genomics in terrestrial plants, macroalgae have received little attention worldwide and have not been incorporated in the approach to elucidate gene functions. It was not until the 1990s that studies on the genetic engineering of macroalgae were started. These studies have led the way with the improvement of the genetic transformation techniques on macroalgae (Cheney and Kurtzman 1992) and the characterization of genes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates (Zhou and Ragan 1995).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: All ants were brought to the laboratory alive and stored at −80°C until genetic analysis. Nests used for genetic analysis were chosen by drawing gridlines on the maps and selecting the nests closest to crossings of the gridlines. This resulted in a regular sampling scheme including 14 nests for Læsø1 in a 15 m grid and 17 nests for Læsø2 in a 6 m grid (Figure 1). The genetic analysis further included up to 50 workers from 23 randomly chosen nests previously sampled in a single large population on the Danish island of Samsø (situated 138 km south of Læsø, 55°56’ N 10°36’ E; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a). Figure 1Distribution of Myrmica sulcinodis nests (circles) in the two Læsø populations. M. sulcinodis nests closest to the crossing of gridlines were used for genetical analysis and are indicated with open circles. Nests of other ant species inside the M. sulcinodis population and within an envelope of ca. 10 m outside the aggregation of M. sulcinodis nests are indicated with numbers: (1) M. ruginodis, (2) M. rubra, (3) Formica cinerea, (4) F. rufa, (5) F. fusca, (6) Lasius flavus, (7) L. psammophilus, (8) Leptothorax acervorum, and (9) Tetramorium caespitum. Full size imageMolecular genetic analysisTen old workers per nest were analysed for both Læsø1 and Læsø2. Old workers can be recognised by their advanced cuticular melanisation and were chosen because at Samsø workers from different age cohorts are genetically differentiated (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a), so that mixing of age cohorts could bias relatedness estimates. DNA was extracted from two legs from each of these workers. The samples were incubated in 100 μl 5% Chelex (in 10 mM TRIS buffer, pH 7. 5) at 100°C for 15 min. Alternatively a long extraction version (5% Chelex, 1 h incubation at 55°C and 15 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: Hippocampus and cerebral cortex regions play a vital role in cognition and emotions. [1] The in vivo findings of the present study are in-line with the in vitro data of brain monoamines analyzed in-house. [9] Caffeine plus duloxetine group was better among all groups in terms of a significant increase in NE, DA, and 5-HT levels in hippocampi and cerebral cortices. The present study consists of chronic dosing, whereas the changes observed in brain monoamines were after single dosing as per in-house study. [9] The present study findings can be further probed in different preclinical models and clinical setting as a future endeavor. 1. é AA, Ögren SO, et al Emotional memory impairments in a genetic rat model of depression: Involvement of 5-HT/MEK/Arc signaling in restoration Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:173–84 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 2. . Depression and memory impairment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity Psychol Bull. 1995;117:285–305 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 3. . Subjective memory impairment, cognitive function and depression – A community study in older Disord. 2003;15:218–25 | PubMed | CrossRef 4. . Memory functions in depression Psychiatry. 1976;33:219–24 | PubMed | CrossRef 5. . Cognitive dysfunction and imipramine in outpatient depressive Psychiatry. 1981;38:1048–51 | PubMed 6. Efficacy of duloxetine on cognition, depression, and pain in elderly patients with major depressive disorder: An 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Psychiatry. 2007;164:900–9 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 7. . A pilot controlled trial of bupropion XL versus escitalopram in generalized anxiety disorder Psychopharmacol Bull. 2008;41:46–51 | PubMed 8. . Bupropion normalizes cognitive performance in patients with depression MedGenMed. 2007;9:22 | PubMed 9. Kale PP, Addepalli V. Augmentation of antidepressant effects of duloxetine and bupropion by caffeine in mice Behav. 2014;124:238–44 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 10. . Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice J Ethnopharmacol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Macroalgal research has not received due interest and funding in the past, and the availability of the macroalgae genomic information is still meager in comparison to that of terrestrial plants. Given the fact that macroalgae share little similarity with the other organisms, the limited amount of genomic information available makes the mission of exposing the role of unknown genes from the macroalgae a difficult proposition. production and environmental effects have been issues of some concern worldwide. In this review, the authors have described the advantages of biofuel, and the kind of materials that can serve as a source for this purpose. This was followed by the argument that under the present global scenario, algae appear to be the most effective raw material for biofuel production. Furthermore, the importance of sustainable energy sources such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen were also discussed. Among these, biodiesel production from algae biomass still would be the major component. Nevertheless, diversified biofuels production from algae biomass is very important to improve overall energy balance. For example, higher net value could be achieved by using a combined operation in which algae-produced lipids are converted to diesel fuel and the cellulosic part of the algal biomass (after lipid extraction) is enzymatically converted to glucose, which is fermented to produce bioethanol and other byproducts. Apart from that, biofuel contributes to energy security and helps reduce CO2 emissions. A thorough understanding of the past may serve to overcome the past lapses toward building a better future. These recent biofuel discussions demonstrate two issues. First, they show the wide potential utility of these organisms that are capable of producing multiple products ranging from energy, chemicals, and materials to exploitation in the sequestration of carbon and remediation of wastewater. Second, they show the need for energetic support based on factual information to confirm decisions for the strategic improvement of algae and to counter those declarations made on a solely tentative basis to promote commercial investment. authors are grateful for the financial support of the various grants (UKM-YSD endowment; LRGS-TD-2011-UMP-PG-04; AP-2012-008; -2012-040). 574. Aderhold, D. , Williams, C. J. , and Edyvean, R. G. J. (1996). “The removal of heavy metal ions by seaweeds and their derivatives,”Bioresour. Technol.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: incubation at 100°C) or a DNeasy-kit were used to extract DNA. The suspension was stored at −20°C and used directly for PCR. Microsatellite primers developed for M. tahoensis (Evans, 1993) were tested and revealed genetic variation at the loci Myrt2 and Myrt4 in M. sulcinodis. PCR conditions were as follows: Myrt2 (94°C for 3 min (93°C for 30 sec, 45°C for 40 sec, 72°C for 1 min) × 40 cycles followed by 72°C for 5 min), Myrt4 (94°C for 3 min, 93°C for 30 sec, 56°C for 40 sec, 72°C for 2 min) × 40 cycles (reduced to 30 cycles when analysed on the automated sequencer) followed by 72°C for 1 h). PCR amplification was subsequently tested on 2% agarose gels. Microsatellites were visualised on spreadex S50 and S100 gels (Kozulic, 1999). Alternatively, when PCR products were ambiguous or spreadex resolution insufficient, analysis was carried out on an ABI 377 automated sequencer. Statistical analysisExact tests for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium within populations, genotypic differentiation of nests within populations, and genotypic differentiation of populations were performed by FSTAT 2. 9. 1 (Goudet, 1995, 2000). This program was further used for calculating matrices of pair-wise FST estimates for nests within populations. Matrix correlation coefficients and Mantel tests for the association of pair-wise FST and geographic distance between nests were calculated by the computer programme 2. 001 (Schneider et al, 2001). For data including both Læsø populations these statistics were calculated as partial matrix correlations with a third matrix controlling for the fact that nests were only paired with other nests of the same population (Mantel test with nested populations). Estimates of genetic relatedness (r) among nestmates, inbreeding (FIS) and genetic differentiation among populations (FST) were obtained by the computer program 4. 2c (Goodnight and Queller, 1996), which uses the algorithms developed by Queller and Goodnight (1989).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: 2004;91:361–5 | PubMed | CrossRef 11. Bromley-. Morris water maze test for learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease model mice J Vis Exp. 2011;53:2920 12. Nehlig A. Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20(Suppl 1):S85–94 | PubMed | CrossRef 13. Biala G, Kruk M. Influence of bupropion and calcium channel antagonists on the nicotine-induced memory-related response of mice in the elevated plus maze Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61:236–44 14. Pereira P, Gianesini J, da Neurobehavioral and genotoxic parameters of duloxetine in mice using the inhibitory avoidance task and comet assay as experimental models Pharmacol Res. 2009;59:57–61 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 15. Singh N, Parle M. Sildenafil improves acquisition and retention of memory in mice Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;47:318–24 | PubMed 16. . Does duloxetine improve cognitive function independently of its antidepressant effect in patients with major depressive disorder and subjective reports of cognitive dysfunction? Treat 2014. 2014 627863 17. . Current evidence for the use of coffee and caffeine to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease J Aging. 2014;18:383–92 | PubMed | CrossRef 18. ójcikowski J. Effects of classic and newer antidepressants on the oxidation pathways of caffeine in rat liver. In vitro study Pharmacol. 2003;55:1045–53 | PubMed 19. . Duloxetine: Clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50:281–94 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 20. . Bupropion for major depressive disorder: Pharmacokinetic and formulation considerations Clin Ther. 2005;27:1685–95 | PubMed | Crossof Support: of Interest: No. Keywords:And bupropion; caffeine; duloxetine; memory © 2015 Research and Practice | Published by – MedknowView full 2015. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in of Pharmacology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 16-21. Chen, P. , Min, M. , Chen, Y. , Wang, L. , Li, Y. , Chen, Q. , Wang, C. , Wan, Y. , Wang, X. , Cheng, Y. , Deng, S. , Hennessy, K. , Lin, X. , Liu, Y. , Wang, Y. , Martinez, B. , and Ruan, R. (2009). “Review of the biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach”, Agric & Biol Eng. 2 (4), 1-30. Chisti, Y. (2007). “Biodiesel from microalgae,” Biotechnol. Adv. 25, 294-306. Chisti, Y. (2008). “Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol,” Trends Biotechnol. 26, 126-131. Choi, S. P. , Nguyen, M. T. , and Sim, S. J. (2010). “Enzymatic pretreatment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass for ethanol production,” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 5330-5336. Christenson, L. , and Sims, R. (2011). “Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater treatment, biofuels, and bioproducts,” Biotechnol. Adv. 29, 686-702. Christenson, L. B. , and Sims, R. C. (2012). “Rotating algal biofilm reactor and spool harvester for wastewater treatment with biofuels by-products,” Biotechnology and Bioeng. 109, 1674-1684. Chynoweth, D. P. (2002). “Review of biomethane from marine biomass,” Review of history, results and conclusions of the “” (1968-1990), 194. and Peck, M. W. (1993). “Biochemical methane potential of biomass and waste feedstocks,” Biomass & Bioenergy 5, 95-111. and Colosi, L. M. (2010). “Environmental life cycle comparison of algae to other bioenergy feedstocks,” Environ. Sci. Technol.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Average values were found by weighting nests (for estimates of r and FIS) or populations (for estimates of FST) equally. Standard errors were obtained by jackknifing over nests (r and FIS) or populations (FST). Parametric t-tests were used to test whether estimates of r and F showed significant deviations from zero. The effective queen number (ne) was calculated using equations 1 and 5 in Pedersen and Boomsma (1999a). This represents the average number of equally fertile queens per colony that would lead to the estimated relatedness among nestmate workers (cf. Ross, 1993). ResultsThe two populations of M. sulcinodis on Læsø (Læsø1 and Læsø2) consisted of 143 and 44 nests, respectively (Figure 1). Within each of the patches M. sulcinodis was very abundant and hardly any other ant nests were found, whereas other ant species were common at the edges and outside the M. sulcinodis nest-aggregations (Figure 1). The nest density in the larger Læsø1 population was lower than in the Læsø2 population (0. 064 vs 0. 098 nests/m2 of inhabited area) which is reflected in a significantly longer distance between nearest neighbour nests (distance ± SD = 2. 1 ± 1. 7 vs 1. 6 ± 1. 8 m; Mann-Whitney U-test; P = 0. 027). Both microsatellite loci were highly variable with 11 alleles detected at Myrt2 and 21 alleles found at Myrt4 across the two populations (Figure 2). Average expected heterozygosities were 0. 64 and 0. 85 for Myrt2 and Myrt4, respectively, and 0. 70, 0. 79 and 0. 75 on average for Læsø1, Læsø2 and Samsø, respectively. Estimates of relatedness among nestmate workers were low (r < 0. 06) but significantly positive for both Læsø populations (Figure 3) with an estimate of r = 0. 051 ± 0. 016 (P = 0. 002) for the total sample. The positive nestmate relatedness is further confirmed by the highly significant genotypic differentiation of nests (FSTAT, exact tests; P < 0. 0001 for both populations).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: IntroductionMany people are interested in increasing mental energy, which has been conceptualized as enhancing self-motivation, optimizing cognitive performance, and combating daily feelings of fatigue (O’Connor 2006). One proven short-term strategy toward these ends is the consumption of tea, coffee, cola, and energy drinks, all of which contain caffeine. Psychostimulant effects of caffeine occur because caffeine crosses the blood-brain barrier, antagonizes adenosine receptors, and increases the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in brain circuits involved in cognition, mood, and motivation (Fredholm 2012). Concerns have been raised about the potential disadvantages of too much caffeine consumption, and common side effects of large doses of caffeine among susceptible individuals include anxiety, cardiac symptoms, and insomnia (Gonzalez de Mejia and Ramirez-Mares 2014). Increased attention is being paid to understanding the potential psychological benefits of ingesting ingredients other than caffeine, either alone or in combination with smaller amounts of caffeine that are typically consumed. A small body of research has investigated the psychological consequences of products made from plants that are rich in polyphenols. Polyphenols are naturally occurring chemicals in tea, coffee, chocolate, wine, vegetables, and fruits that can have acute positive effects on cognitive performance, mood, and motivation (Lamport et al. 2012). Most investigations into the mental effects of polyphenols have examined the acute effects of cocoa consumption (Field et al. 2011; Pase et al. 2013; Scholey et al. 2010). The per capita consumption of apples is higher than cocoa or other fruits that have been studied. Apples are a major source of dietary polyphenols, yet the psychological consequences of acute apple, or apple juice, consumption have been studied infrequently. Though inadequately understood, it appears biologically plausible that bioactive constituents from apple juice could act on the brain and cause psychological and behavioral effects. Several polyphenols are detectable in the blood after human consumption of apple juice including caffeic acid, phloretin, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and quercetin (Kahle et al. 2011). In rodents, caffeic acid phenethyl esters can enhance cerebral blood flow and bind to central nervous system benzodiazepine receptors (Khan et al. 2007; Marder et al. 1996).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Jason, W. S. Y. , Cherrington, T. , and Danquah, M. K. (2010b). “Exploring alkaline pretreatment of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production,” Appl. Energy. 88, 3464-3467. Harun, R. , Singh, M. , Forde Gareth, M. , and Danquah Michael, K. (2010c). “Bioprocess engineering of microalgae to produce a variety of consumer products,” Renew. Sust. Ener. Rev. 14, 1037-1047. Herrero, M. , Ibanez, E. , Senorans, J. , and Cifuentes, A. (2004). “Pressurized liquid extracts from Spirulina platensis microalga: Determination of their antioxidant activity and preliminary analysis by micellar electrokinetic chromatography,” Journal of 1047, 195-203. Hon-Nami, K. (2006). “A unique feature of hydrogen recovery in endogenous starch to alcohol fermentation of the marine microalga, Chlamydomonas perigranulata,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 131, 808-828. Horn, S. J. , Aasen, I. M. , and Ostgaard, K. (2000). “Ethanol production from seaweed extract,” J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25, 249-254. Huang, G. , Chen, F. , Wei, D. , Zhang, X. , and Chen, G. (2010). “Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology,” Appl. Energy, 87, 38-46. IEA Report. (1994). “Carbon dioxide utilization: evaluation of specific biological processes which have the capability of directly utilizing high concentrations of carbon dioxide as found in the flue gas streams from power generation plant,” of Japan Publishers. Janaun, J. , and Ellis, N. (2010). “Perspectives on biodiesel as a sustainable fuel,” Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14, 1312-1320. Jayappriyan, K. R. , Rajkumar, R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: None of the Læsø populations showed any detectable inbreeding (Figure 3; common FIS = 0. 037 ± 0. 024; P > 0. 16) or a significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at the population level (P > 0. 10 for both populations). A comparison of these results with estimates of relatedness and inbreeding for Samsø showed that the present markers essentially produce the same results for all three populations. Furthermore, estimates based on microsatellites are equivalent to previous estimates based on allozyme loci (Figure 3), the only difference being larger SEs because of lower sample size for the microsatellite analysis of the Samsø population. Figure 2Allele frequencies at the microsatellite loci Myrt2 and Myrt4 (Evans, 1993) in workers of the three Myrmica sulcinodis populations studied: Læsø1 (nnests = 14, nalleles-Myrt2 = 249, nalleles-Myrt4 = 230), Læsø2 (nnests = 17, nalleles-Myrt2 = 310, nalleles-Myrt4 = 315), and Samsø (nnests = 23, nalleles-Myrt2 = 86, nalleles-Myrt4 = 65). Full size imageFigure 3Estimates of worker-worker relatedness (r) and inbreeding (FIS) for Myrmica sulcinodis in the three populations. Values are means for nestmate workers ± SE estimated by jackknifing over nests. Asterisks in the figure indicate significant deviation from zero (P < 0. 05). Samsø* are previous estimates based on allozyme loci from Pedersen and Boomsma (1999a). Full size imageThe low estimates of worker relatedness result in a high effective queen number per colony, being 16 on average for the Læsø populations under the assumption of random mating and unrelated, single mated and equally reproducing queens. This estimate increases to ne = 19 when nestmate queens are assumed to be equally related as nestmate workers, which is common in polygynous ant societies (Crozier and Pamilo, 1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: In chicks, phloretin acutely inhibits memory for an unpleasant taste by blocking glucose transport (Gibbs et al. 2008). In humans, consumption of an extract containing primarily epigallocatechin gallate resulted in short-term increased electroencephalographic activity and increased ratings of calmness (Scholey et al. 2012). In humans, apple consumption may have effects similar to those of tea or cocoa which increase brain blood flow, perhaps by activating the nitric oxide system, and can enhance mood and aspects of cognitive performance (Fisher et al. 2006; Wightman et al. 2012). One study of middle-aged Australian adults reported that, even though nitric oxide was augmented, there were no acute effects on mood or cognitive performance of consuming 120 g of raw or cooked homogenized apple skin and flesh compared to a control consisting of apple flesh alone (which contained low amounts of polyphenols) (Bondonno et al. 2014). The polyphenolic content of apple varieties from different countries varies widely (Alonso-Salces et al. 2004; Marks et al. 2007), and the bioavailability of polyphenols or their effects on cognitive performance may be moderated by age (Chen and Blumberg 2008). Epicatechin-rich apple extract (Evesse) increases brachial artery blood flow in hypertensive adults (Saarenhovi et al. 2017). Currently unknown is whether this epicatechin-rich apple extract consumption has synergistic effects when combined with caffeine, such that greater psychological benefits could be obtained from drinks containing low doses of caffeine (e. g. , < 20 mg) through the addition of apple extract. The potential synergistic effects are predicated on caffeine working via adenosine receptor antagonism and apple extract causing psychological effects via one of the non-adenosine mechanisms suggested above. Thus, the primary purpose of the research summarized here was to test the short-term psychological effects of consuming 10 oz of apple extract (containing 275 mg of polyphenols) combined with varying amounts of caffeine. Acute cognitive, mood, and motivation benefits of caffeine are often realized after consuming caffeine doses from 37. 5 to 450 mg; however, one study showed beneficial effects with only 12. 5 mg caffeine (Smit and Rogers 2000).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Maiti, P. , and Brahmbhatt, H. (2012). “Kappaphycus alvarezii as a source of bioethanol,” Bioresour. Technol. 103, 180-185. Khan, S. A. , Rashmi. , Hussain M. Z. , Prasad, S. , and Banerje, U. C. (2009). “Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae in India,” Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 13, 2361-2372. Kraan, S. (2010). “Mass cultivation of carbohydrate rich macroalgae, a possible solution for sustainable biofuel production,” Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. (DOI: 10. 1007/s11027-010-9275-5). Kraan, S. , Verges Tramullas, A. , and Guiry, M. D. (2000). “The edible brown seaweed Alaria esculenta (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales): Hybridisation, growth and genetic comparisons of six Irish populations,” J. Appl. Phycol. 12, 577-583. Lahaye, M. , and Ray, B. (1996). “Cell wall polysaccharides from the marine green alga Ulva rigida (Ulvales, Chlorophyta)-NMR analysis of ulvan oligosaccharides,” Carbohydr. Res. 283, 161-173. Lee, Y. K. (1997). “Commercial production of microalgae in the Asia-Pacific rim,” J. Appl. Phycol. 9, 403-411. Li, P. , Miao, X. , Li, R. , and Zhong, J. (2011). “In situ biodiesel production from fast-growing and high oil content Chlorella pyrenoidosa in rice straw hydrolysate,” J. Biomed. Biotechnol. (DOI: 10. 1155/2011/ 141207). Li, Y. , Horsman, M. , Wu, N. , Lan, C. Q. , and Dubois-Calero, N. (2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The sex ratio of Læsø1 was very close to a previous sex-ratio estimate for the Samsø population (M/F = 107/1; Pedersen and Boomsma, 1998), and also the distribution of males across nests was remarkably similar for the two populations (Figure 5). Sampling of Læsø2 was too late in the season to find sexuals. Figure 5Distribution of males found in nests of the Læsø1 population (closed bars; n = 87) and the Samsø population (open bars; n = 107). The two distributions are not significantly different (Mann-Whitney U-test; P = 0. 18). Full size imageDiscussionSimilar low-relatedness supercoloniesBoth populations of M. sulcinodis on Læsø have essentially the same kin structure as the previously studied population on Samsø. Nest densities were high in all cases, saturating the occupied habitat and effectively excluding all other ant species (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a). This is remarkable, because the sizes of the populations were very different. The two Læsø populations differed by a factor three in both area covered and nest number, but both were still small compared to the Samsø population, which covered an area of 15 ha and comprised about 11 000 nests (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999a), ie, about two orders of magnitude more than the Læsø populations. The nest density is the same at both islands, being 0. 070 nests/m2 as a weighted mean for the Læsø populations and 0. 073 on Samsø. However, the patch structure of the habitat on Samsø results in a more clumped distribution of nests with only 0. 35 ± 0. 20 m as the mean (± SD) distance between nearest neighbour nests within patches (Pedersen and Boomsma, 1999b). This illustrates that the Samsø population is very patchy and completely saturated, because virtually every suitable patch is occupied by densely clustered nests of M. sulcinodis. This was not the case at Læsø, where empty nest sites still seemed to be available and where the present nests were relatively discrete. The important conclusions of these across-island comparisons are that (1) M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: We hypothesized that in comparison to a colored and flavored placebo beverage without apple extract or caffeine, cognitive performance, mood, and motivation would improve after consuming apple extract containing added caffeine in low doses of 10 and 20 mg and the extent of the psychological improvements was expected to be greater for apple extract drinks containing larger doses of added caffeine (37. 5 and 75 mg). Materials and MethodsStudy DesignA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over experiment was conducted. Participants completed a series of six test sessions and consumed one of six test beverages during each session. Test beverages were manufactured in 3 batches to minimize storage-related reductions in polyphenolic content (PepsiCo, Valhalla, NY), poured into 10-oz plastic bottles, labelled with a three-digit code number, and shipped to Athens, GA, where they were refrigerated at ~ 3 °C until consumed. The apple extract was a natural extract derived from Evesse apples supplied by Coressence, Ltd. and sold by Danisco as Evesse™EPC. A detailed description of the extraction method and characterization of the nutrient composition has been published (Saarenhovi et al. 2017). All beverages were consumed within 9 weeks of being manufactured and contained water, sucrose, citric acid, flavoring, colors (caramel and grape blue), sodium hexametophophate, potassium benzoate, calcium disodium EDTA, sucralose, potassium citrate, and acesulfame potassium. The placebo, labelled test beverage 1, contained no caffeine or apple extract. The positive control, test beverage 2, contained 75 mg of caffeine and no apple extract. Each of the other beverages contained apple extract standardized to contain 275 mg total polyphenols (~ 90% total polyphenols as catechin equivalents) and varying amounts of caffeine: test beverage 3 (75 mg), test beverage 4 (37. 5 mg), test beverage 5 (20 mg), and test beverage 6 (10 mg). Other comparisons of potential interest, such as apple extract alone, were not included to minimize dropout likely to result from the additional test sessions and avoid adding further to the substantial subject burden. ParticipantsThe study was approved by the for human research participants. Participants were recruited via emails to campus listservs and by flyers placed on bulletin boards across the University campus. Participants were compensated up to a total of $180. 00 for participation in the study ($30.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: “Biofuels from microalgae,” Biotechnol. prog. 24, 815-820. Lincoln, E. P. , and Hill, D. T. (1980). “An integrated microalgae system,” In: Algae Biomass, G. Shelef and C. J. Soeder (eds. ), Elsevier/243. Luning, K. , and Pang, S. J. (2003). “Mass cultivation of seaweeds: Current aspects and approaches,” J. Appl. Phycol. 15, 115-119. Luo, L. , Voet, E. V. D. , and Huppes, G. (2009). “An energy analysis of ethanol from cellulosic feedstock corn stover,” Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 13(8), 2003-2011. Luque-Garcia, J. L. , and Castro, M. D. (2003). “Ultrasound: A powerful tool for leaching,” TrAC-Trends in 22, 41-47. Maceiras, R. , Rodriguez, M. , Cancela, A. , Urrejola, S. , and Sanchez, A. (2011). Macroalgae: Raw material for biodiesel production,” Appl. Ener. 88, 3318-3323. Macias-Sanchez, M. D. , Mantell, C. , Rodriguez, M. , La Ossa, E. , Lubian, L. M. , and Montero, O. (2005). “Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophyll a from Nannochloropsis gaditana,” J. 66, 245-251. Mata, T. M. , Martins, A. A. , and Caetano, N. S. (2010). “Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review,” Renew. Sust. En. Rev. 14(1), 217-232. McHugh, D. J. (2003). “A guide to the seaweed industry,” 441, 105. and Gonzalez, M. J. I. (1998).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Number of workers per colony with activated ovaries. Minimum and maximum (horizontal lines), first and third quartiles (rectangle), and the median (dot) are shown. The total number of colonies and the number of colonies with at least one worker with activated ovaries in each group is given in parentheses. P-values are from two-sample permutation tests (*p < 0. 01; **p < 0. 0001; n. s. nonsignificant). After Bonferroni's correction, p-values of < 0. 01 are significant at the 0. 05 level. 1a. T. nylanderi workers in colonies with a T. nylanderi queen (NN, control), T. crassispinus queen (CN), T. unifasciatus queen (UN), T. recedens queen (RN) and in colonies without a queen (ØN). 1b. T. crassispinus workers in colonies with a T. crassispinus queen (CC, control), T. nylanderi queen (NC), T. unifasciatus queen (UC), T. recedens queen (RC) and in colonies without a queen (ØC). 1c. T. unifasciatus workers in colonies with a T. unifasciatus queen (UU, control), T. nylanderi queen (NU), T. crassispinus queen (CU), T. recedens queen (RU) and in colonies without a queen (ØU). 1d. T. recedens workers in colonies with a T. recedens queen (RR, control), T. nylanderi queen (NR), T. crassispinus queen (CR), T. unifasciatus queen (UR) and in colonies without a queen (ØR). Full size imageIn all queenless colonies, the ovaries of several workers were activated (Figure 1a-d). This indicates that workers are capable of activating their ovaries within six weeks after removal of the queen. Fertile workers were also found in some of the mixed-species colonies, such as RC (Figure 1b), CU (Figure 1c), NR and CR (Figure 1d; for colony abbreviation see Table 1). Table 1 Mixed-species colony set ups composed of four different Temnothorax species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg caffeine condition (CAF) for the total number of attempted serial 3 and serial 7 subtractions (ηp2 =. 122, p =. 003 and ηp2 =. 171, p <. 001, respectively). Post hoc tests showed that serial 3 and 7 total number of subtractions attempted was increased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points. There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF for the accuracy of both serial 3 and serial 7 subtractions (ηp2 =. 102, p =. 005; ηp2 =. 146, p <. 001, respectively). Post hoc tests showed that serial 3 and 7 accuracy was increased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points. The positive control beverage also significantly increased self-reported motivation to perform the cognitive tasks (ηp2 =. 121, p =. 004) at both post-beverage time points. 75 mg CAF + There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF + apple extract for the total number of serial 7 subtractions attempted (ηp2 =. 083, p <. 001). Post hoc tests showed that the number attempted increased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points. The number attempted was increased compared to baseline by a mean (± SD) of 4. 1 (± 4. 5) and 5. 4 (± 4. 3) at the first and second post-beverage time points, respectively. 37. 5 mg CAF + x Time interactions for 37. 5 mg CAF + apple extract effects on cognition were all statistically insignificant but several were in the expected direction, including an increased total number of attempted serial 3 subtractions (p =. 01), an increased total number of correct serial 7 subtractions (p =. 049), and faster reaction time during correct RVIP responses (p =. 031). The beverage also tended to increase self-reported motivation to perform the cognitive tasks (p =. 01) but the effect was statistically insignificant. 10 mg CAF + x Time interactions for 10 mg CAF + apple extract effects on cognition were all statistically insignificant but one was in the expected direction—the increased total number of attempted serial 7 subtractions (p =. 027).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: “Downstream processing of algal polyunsaturated fatty acids,” Biotechnol. Adv. 3, 517-580. Meinita, M. and Hong Y. K. (2011). “Bioethanol production from the acid hydrolysate of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (cottonii),” J. Appl. Phycol. (DOI 10. 1007/s10811-011-9705-0). Melis, A. , Zhang, L. P. , Forestier, M. , Ghirardi, M. L. , and Seibert, M. (2000). “Sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production upon reversible inactivation of oxygen evo-lution in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,” Plant. Physiol. 122, 127-136. Mody, K. H. , Ghosh, P. K, Sana, B. , Gopalasamy, G. , Shukla, A. D, Eswaran, K. ,. , and Jha, B. (2009). “A process for integrated production of ethanol and seaweed sap from Kappaphycus alvarezii,” No. 1839/ DEL/ 2009 dated 07/09/09; WO 2011/027360A1 dated 10. 03. 11. Molina Grima, E. , Belarbi, E. H. , Acien Fernandez, F. G. , Robles Medina, A. , and Chisti, Y. (2003). “Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics,” Biotechnol. Adv. 20, 491-515. Morand, P. , Carpentier, B. , Charlier, R. H. , Maze, J. , Orlandini, M. , Plunkett, B. A. , and de Waart, J. (1991). “Bioconversion of seaweeds,” In: in Europe, Uses and Potential, Guiry, M. D. , and Blunden, G. (eds. ), Wiley, Chichester, 432. Moser Bryan, R. (2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: For multivariate analyses, the number of variables was reduced by principle component analysis (PCA). The factor scores obtained by PCA were used in a subsequent discriminant analyses (DA) to determine whether groups could be distinguished on the basis of their cuticular profiles. Wilks' λ significance and the percentage of correct assignments were used to evaluate the validity of the discriminant function. We used Mann-Whitney U-tests to compare percentages of single compounds between groups and adjusted p-values for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni's method. PCA and DA analyses were performed using Statistica 6. 0. 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0020248. 57. full_text. 311. 10. 1086/415930. 187. 404. 10. 1007/s00040-009-0037-x. 725. 10. 1038/304724a0. 189. 10. 1007/s002650050608. 86. 10. 1007/s00265-004-0892-4. 1779. 10. 1242/jeb. 015008. 530. 52. 136. 3800. 10. 1098/rspb. 2010. 0984. 238. 592. 10. 1007/BF00296638. 794. 10. 1006/anbe. 1993. 1092. 236. 10. 1086/284846. 167. 10. 1086/425223. 1047. 10. 1111/j. 1420-9101. 2004. 00751. x. 1091. 52. 10. 1016/j. tree. 2007. 09. 013. 179. 10. 1086/508619. 10. 1038/444050a. 26. 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2008. 09. 006. 286. 10. 1007/s00040-004-0738-0. 10. 1111/j. 1095-8312. 2006. 00618. x. 2950. 10. 1073/pnas. 0308447101. 593. 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2004. 04. 005. 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0004718. 1110. 10. 1093/beheco/arp103. 1425. 10. 1016/j. anbehav.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: Mood OutcomesDescriptive statistics for the mood outcomes are provided in Table 2. Statistically significant results for the mood outcomes are summarized below, and outcomes not mentioned below were not statistically significant. Table 2 Mean (± SD) scores for mood and motivation across beverage conditions and time, and interaction significanceFull size table (75 mg CAF) Similar to the effects on cognitive performance, the positive control had the largest and most widespread effects on mood of all the evaluated beverages. The largest effects were found in alertness measured using a single item visual analog scale (VAS) included within the CDB. There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF (ηp2 =. 235, p <. 001) and post hoc tests showed alertness was increased compared to baseline at the first and second post-beverage time points. Alertness increased by 24. 2 (± 20. 7) and 18. 21 (± 20. 68) raw score units at post-beverage time points 1 and 2, respectively. Additionally, there was a significant Group x Time interaction for the positive control beverage for alertness measured using the single item Bond-Lader (ηp2 =. 174, p <. 001). Post hoc tests found that Bond-Lader alertness was increased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points, with increases of 17. 6 (± 17. 2) and 13. 1 (± 17. 3) raw score units at post-beverage time 1 and time 2, respectively. There was also a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF for feelings of mental fatigue measured using a single item VAS (ηp2 =. 131, p =. 002). Post hoc tests showed that mental fatigue was decreased at both the first and second post-beverage time points, with mental fatigue decreasing by 17. 1 (± 21. 7) and 12. 4 (± 22. 2) raw score units, respectively. x Time interactions for 75 mg CAF were found for feelings of mental fatigue (ηp2 =. 135, p =. 002) measured using 3-item fatigue sub-scale of Mental and (EFS-State scale). Post hoc tests showed that mental fatigue was decreased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: “Biodiesel production, properties and feedstocks,” Cellular and Developmental Biology- Plant 45, 229-266. Mullins, J. (2009). “Invention: Biofuel from the oceans,” (http//:www. newscientist. com). Mussgnug, J. H. , Klassen, V. , Schluter, A. , and Kruse, O. (2010). “Microalgae as substrates for fermentative biogas production in a combined biorefinery concept,” J. Biotechnol. 150, 51-56. Mutanda, T. , Ramesh, D. , Karthikeyan, S. , Kumari, S. , Anandraj, A. , and Bux, F. (2011). “Bioprospecting for hyper-lipid producing microalgal strains for sustainable biofuel production,” Bioresour. Technol. 102, 50-57. and Dalai, A. K. (2010). “Production of ﬁrst and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review,” Renewable and Reviews 14, 578-597. and Department of Energy. (2007). “Breaking the chemical and engineering barriers to lignocellulosic biofuels: Next generation hydrocarbon biorefineries”. ( Notoya, M. (2010). “Production of biofuel by macroalgae with preservation of marine resources and environment,” Seaweeds and their Role in in and Astrobiology, Israel et al. (eds. ), Springer Science+B. V. 15, 217-228 (DOI 10. 1007/978-90- 481-8569-6-13). Orpez, R. , Martinez, M. E. , Hodaifa, G. , El Yousfi, F. , Jbari, N. , and Sanchez, S. (2009). “Growth of the microalga Botryococcus braunii in secondarily treated sewage,” Desalination. 246, 625-630. and Kim, S. H. (2011). “Feasibility of biohydrogen production from Gelidium amansii,” Int. J. 36, 13997-14003. Patil, V.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: rae. ru Scientific journal of 2073-4972 ИФ РИНЦ = 0,301 Toggle navigation О журнале Search Заказ журнала Правила Personal portfolio Home№ 3 in 2024 Information about 2024. – № 3 – P. 4-10 Publication date 25. 06. 2024 Section no name UDK 579. 6 DOI 10. 17513/ejnh. 34386 Pages 4–10 18. 3 ± 0. 577 mm. The results of B3 identification by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene revealed that this strain is Bacillus velezensis. It was determined at 7 pH environment, and addition of a nitrogen source of casein for the highest protease enzyme activity. bacillus velezensishalotoleranceseafood processingactivityenzyme protease Seafood processing is one of the critical industries that brings a lot of foreign currency to our country. According to statistics in 2021, Vietnam currently has 815 industrial-scale seafood processing establishments eligible for export and over 3,200 small-scale processing facilities for domestic processing and consumption in operation, with a total processing capacity of up to 6 million tons of raw materials/year, creating over 2. 1 million tons of products/year. However, along with the achievements, the seafood processing industry also causes many environmental problems because of its nature and waste composition. In particular, wastewater from seafood processing is highly salinized, containing organic matter, solid waste, and grease [1]. On the other hand, due to the lack of fresh water, many processing plants near the sea use seawater to wash the machinery system, further increasing the salinity of wastewater. Treating salty wastewater by biological methods is not easy; the COD removal efficiency could be higher due to the side effects of salt on the microflora. In salty or highly salty wastewater environments, microorganisms lose their activity because of plasmolysis, making traditional wastewater treatment biotechnologies ineffective [2]. However, this is a very environmentally friendly solution for worldwide water pollution problems. Therefore, isolating microbial strains in salt-contaminated wastewater, which can remove organic matter and nutrients in salt-contaminated organic sewage, is a right and promising direction.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: The positive control beverage also significantly decreased feelings of physical fatigue (ηp2 =. 150, p =. 001) measured using the EFS-State measures. Post hoc tests showed that physical fatigue was decreased compared to baseline at both post-beverage time points. 75 mg CAF + There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 75 mg CAF+ apple extract for decreased feelings of physical fatigue (ηp2 =. 125, p =. 003) measured using the EFS-State scales. Increased feelings of energy feelings of physical energy were in the expected direction but smaller in magnitude (p =. 016). Post hoc tests showed that feelings of physical fatigue were lower at both post-beverage time points compared to baseline. Decreases in mental fatigue measured with single item VAS were not significant (p =. 031). 37. 5 mg CAF + There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 37. 5 mg CAF + apple extract for alertness measured using both the single item VAS (ηp2 =. 136, p =. 001) and the Bond-Lader mood scale (ηp2 =. 123, p =. 004). Post hoc tests showed that alertness was increased at both post-beverage time points for both measures. Single item VAS alertness increased 15. 2 (± 20. 4) and 14. 0 (±19. 1) raw score units at time points 1 and 2, respectively. Bond-Lader alertness increased 12. 8 (± 18. 4) and 13. 3 (± 17. 2) raw score unites at time points 1 and 2, respectively. There was a significant Group x Time interaction for 37. 5 mg CAF + apple extract for mental fatigue measured with the single item VAS (ηp2 =. 108, p =. 004) and the EFS-State scale (ηp2 =. 111, p =. 005). Post hoc tests showed that mental fatigue was decreased at both post-beverage time points when measured using both scales. None of the significant Group x Time interactions for the cognition, mood, or motivation variables became statistically insignificant when typical caffeine consumption was added to the model as a covariate, supporting that the results were not explained by self-reported typical caffeine consumption.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Tran, K. Q. , and Giselrod, H. R. (2008). “Towards sustainable production of biofuels from microalgae,” Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9, 1188-1195. Peteiro, C. , and Freire, O. (2009). “Effect of outplanting time on commercial cultivation of kelp Laminaria saccharina at the southern limit in the Atlantic coast, N. W. Spain Chinese,” J. Oceanology and Limnology 27(1), 54-60. Phang, S. M. (1987). “Agro-industrial wastewater reclamation in peninsular Malaysia,” Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. 28, 77-94. Pittman, J. K. , Dean, A. P. , and Osundeko, O. (2011). “The potential of sustainable algal biofuel production using wastewater resources,” Bioresour. Technol. 102 (1), 17-25. Popoola, T. O. S. , and Yangomodou, O. D. (2006). “Extraction, properties and utilization potentials of cassava seed oil,” Biotechnology 5, 38-41. Prince, R. C. , and Kheshgi, H. S. (2005). “The photobiological production of hydrogen: Potential efficiency and effectiveness as a renewable fuel,” in Microbiol. 31, 19-31. Radulovich, R. (2008). “Let’s use seaweed as fuel,” (http//:www. cosmosmagazine. com). Rahman, A. , Ellis, J. T. , and Miller, C. D. (2012). “Bioremediation of domestic wastewater and production of bioproducts from microalgae using waste stabilization ponds,” J. Bioremed. Biodeg. 3, 113. (DOI:10. 4172/2155-6199. 1000e113). . , Curvers, A. P. W. M. , Kamermans, P. , and Brandenburg, W. , and Zeeman, G. (2005).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this research is carried out to initially select native strains of bacteria with good halotolerance, producing highly active extracellular enzymes. The goal is to create biological products for wastewater treatment of marine and aquatic products. Materials and methods of research The strains of halotolerant bacteria were isolated from wastewater samples of – Seafish Corp, which is located at 19. Methods for isolation and preliminary identification of Bacillus bacteria Put 10 ml of aquatic wastewater in a triangle jar, add 90 mL of physiological saline (NaCl 9‰), and heat in a thermostatic tank at 80◦C for 10 minutes. Then, dilute the sample at 10-1 to 10-6 concentrations. Aspirate 100 μL of sample in small diluted concentrations onto a jelly disc containing LB medium and incubated at 30ºC. After two days, when colonies appear, colonies are selected that are loose and differ in color, shape, and size [3]. bacteria are preliminarily identified by physiological and biochemical characteristics of Bacillus bacteria according to Claus & Berkeley 1872 with biochemical tests such as Oxidase, Catalase, (VP), the ability to use Citrate, the ability to break down Gelatin, the ability to use glucose sugars, sucrose, growth characteristics at 5ºC, 42ºC, and concentration of 10% NaCl. Methods for determining the halotolerance of isolated Bacillus strains The growth of bacterial strains was observed while changing the salinity level of the screening isolation medium under the following conditions: The liquid LB medium was designed with salt concentrations of NaCl: 1; 2; 4; 6; 8%, followed by 5% bacterial proliferation. Shaking culture at 150rpm, 37°C, pH 7 measured OD600nM to determine bacterial density after 18 hours [4]. Methods for determining the extracellular protease enzyme generation of Bacillus strains The ability of bacterial strains to produce proteases was determined by perforation. The proteolytic ability of bacteria is evaluated by its ability to create a resolution ring on the medium, calculated by the formula: D – d Where: D is resolution ring diameter, d is jelly hole diameter Methods for determining the protease activity of selected strains of protease activity of the bacterial strain was determined by the Sigma method with casein substrates [5].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: DiscussionThe results of the current study demonstrate that acute consumption of a beverage containing 75 mg of caffeine plus apple extract can improve the speed of information processing, specifically serial seven subtraction information, while 37. 5 mg of caffeine plus apple extract improved feelings of alertness and mental fatigue. We hypothesized that in comparison to a colored and flavored placebo beverage without apple extract or caffeine, cognitive performance, mood, and motivation would improve after consuming apple extract containing added caffeine in low doses of 10 and 20 mg. This hypothesis was not confirmed because the beverages with either 10 or 20 mg of caffeine had no influence on cognitive performance. It has been shown previously that 2. 5 mg of caffeine delivered in berry extract resulted in worse cognitive performance, while 5 mg of caffeine in fruit extract resulted in mixed effects on cognitive performance (Haskell et al. 2008). The null cognitive findings for 10 mg caffeine failed to support positive findings presented in abstract form previously and found that 10 mg of caffeine delivered in a fruit extract improved cognitive performance at 1, 3, 6, and 9 h post ingestion. Another study examining a low amount of caffeine, 12. 5 mg delivered via capsule form, found improvements in simple reaction time at 77–97 min post dose in both high and low consumers of caffeine, while improvements in RVIP were found in high consumers of caffeine only (Smit and Rogers 2000). The present sample included two individuals who reported high daily caffeine consumption of 689 and 741 mg per day. In short, it appears that the cognitive and motivation effects of lower amounts of caffeine combined with an apple extract drink are small and variable within the present paradigm which involved relatively long and boring testing sessions. Anecdotally, several participants confirmed the general difficulty of the testing session by indicating immediately after the final testing session they were pleased to not have to endure any additional testing sessions. As expected, a drink without apple extract and containing 75 mg of caffeine (the positive control) was effective at improving cognitive performance in various domains including total number of serial 3 and serial 7 subtractions attempted at post-beverage times 1 and 2, and the number of serial 3 and serial 7 correct responses at both post-beverage times. A comprehensive review by Einother et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: “Bio-offshore, Scale cultivation of seaweeds in combination with offshore wind farms in the North Sea,” ECN-C–05-008 ECN project number 8. 20300,137 pp. Renewable fuels association. 2010. (http//:www. ethanolrfa. org). Rodolfi, L. , Zittelli, G. C. , Bassi, N. , Padovani, G. , Biondi, N. , and Bonini, G. (2008). “Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low cost photobioreactor,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102(1), 100-112. Ross, A. , Jones, J. M. , Kubacki, M. L. , and Bridgeman, T. G. (2008). “Classification of macroalgae as fuel and its thermochemical behavior,” Bioresour. Technol. 99, 6494-6504. Rupprecht, J. , Hankamer, B. , Mussgnug, J. H. , Ananyev, G. , Dismukes, G. C. , and Kruse, O. (2006). “Perspectives and advances of biological H2 production in microorganisms,” Applied Microbiol. and Biotechnol. 72, 442-449. Savage, N. (2011). “Algae: The scum solution,” Nature 474 (7352), S15-S16. Sawayama, S. , Inoue, S. , Dote, Y. , and Yokoyama, S. Y. (1995). “CO2fixation and oil production through microalga,” Energy Convers. Manage. 36, 729-731. Schenk, P. M. , Thomas-Hall, S. R. , Stephens, E. ,. , Kruse, O. , and Hankamer, B. (2008). “Second generation biofuels: High-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production,” Bioener. Res. 1, 20-43. Seambiotic company Ltd. , 2009. (http//:www. seambiotic. com).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: Identification of Bacillus bacteria by PCR technique and 16S rRNA gene sequencing The DNA of Bacillus bacteria was extracted using a 3% CTAB. The DNA extraction product was then amplified by PCR reaction with the generalized primer pair 27F/1492R with the following nucleotide sequences: 27F:5’ 3’ and 1492R: 5’ 3’ targeting the 16SrRNA gene fragment. The steps in the PCR reaction are as follows: Step 1: 94°C for 5 minutes; Step 2: 94°C for 1 minute; Step 3: 55°C for 1 minute; Step 4: 72°C for 2 minutes; Step 5: Repeat step 2 for another 34 cycles; Step 6: 72°C for 7 minutes and step 7: 4°C for an indefinite time. The composition of a PCR reaction with a total volume of 25 μL is as follows: 12. 5 μ0. 5 μL downstream primer (10 μM), 0. 5 μL reverse primer (10 μM), 10. 5 μL of DNA-free water and 1 μL of pure DNA. PCR products are sent for sequencing at Fist base company (Malaysia). The sequencing results were compared and traced on the Bank at the website ( to determine the species levels of the two strains of bacteria surveyed. Method for investigates several factors affecting the protease generation capacity of selected Bacillus strains The culture of selected Bacillus bacteria in medium (LB) has a breeding rate of 5%, pH = 7, temperature 37°C, and a shaking rate of 200 rpm. Investigate several factors affecting protease generation, including: - Initial pH: The environmental pH survey is 5; 5. 5; 6; 6. 5; 7; 7. 5; 8 - Nitrogen sources: environments with added nitrogen sources (KNO3, NH4Cl, NH4NO3, casein, Tryptone) replace 0. 5% high yeast in LB medium. Data processing methods The data was processed for descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel. Data processed using the method has a difference of P<0. 05 and a reliability of 95%. Results of the research and discussions Isolation of bacterial strains from seafood processing factory wastewater From three wastewater samples, the seafood processing plant was isolated from the LB medium, and four strains of bacteria were obtained.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: (Einother and Giesbrecht 2013) examining the effects of caffeine on attention tasks found that RVIP accuracy was generally improved with doses of caffeine ranging from 50 to 150 mg, while higher doses, 150–450 mg, were associated with faster RVIP response times. The current RVIP accuracy findings were in the direction consistent with the prior research but not strong enough to be statistically significant after correcting for multiple statistical tests (p =. 026 did not reach the p ≤. 005 threshold). A dose-dependent effect on cognition was rejected for most variables and supported for one. No significant effects were found for the apple extract beverage containing 37. 5 mg of caffeine while the apple extract beverage containing 75 mg caffeine did show a significant effect for the number of serial 7 subtractions attempted. This outcome was not due to greater motivation in the higher caffeine condition. Thus, the greater number of serial 7 subtractions is likely due to an increase in information processing speed. Nevertheless, the apple extract beverage containing 37. 5 mg of caffeine had a greater number of small magnitude statistically insignificant changes that, if they were liberally interpreted, may provide general support of a small degree of enhanced cognitive performance. At best there appears to be subtle effects on cognition of the apple extract beverage containing 37. 5 mg of caffeine. This could be because the caffeine and apple polyphenols have interactive effects on brain circuits that underlie several processes involved in cognitive performance, including the perceived motivation to perform the cognitive work. Due to caffeine’s inhibitory effects on adenosine A2a receptors which are located in widespread brain areas, caffeine ingestion increases the release of neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, while simultaneously decreasing cerebral blood flow (Kennedy and Wightman 2011). Polyphenol supplementation, though less well understood, can increase cerebral blood flow through nitric oxide augmentation (Wightman et al. 2014). Currently, there appears to be only one study available that examined the effects of apples alone on cognitive outcomes (Bondonno et al. 2014). Bondonno et al. (Bondonno et al. 2014) used apples containing 364 mg of polyphenols (quercetin glycosides and (−)-epicatechin) compared to a control with a low concentration of apple polyphenols.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: SeaWeb aquaculture news. (2008). “Mussels and kelps help salmon farmers reduce pollution,” (http//:www. unbsj. ca/sase/biology/chopinlab). and You, H. C. (2010). “Red algae and their use in paper making,” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 2549-2553. Sheehan, J. , Dunabay, T. , Benemann, J. , and Roessler, P. (1998). “A look back at the US Department of species program: Biodiesel from algae,” Energy Lab, 326. Shelef, G. , Azov, Y. , Moraine, R. , and Oron, G. (1980). “Algal reclamation as an integral part of wastewater treatment and reclamation system,” In: Algae Biomass, G. Shelef, and C. J. Soeder (eds. ), Elsevier/163-190. Shi, X. , and Shin, H. S. (2011). “Direct fermentation of Laminaria japonica for biohydrogen production by anaerobic mixed cultures,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 36, 5857-5864. Sialve, B. , Bernet, N. , and Bernard, O. (2009). “Anaerobic digestion of microalgae as a necessary step to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable,” Biotechnol. Adv. 27, 409-416. Sims, R. E. H. , Mabee, W. , Saddler, J. N. , and Taylor, M. (2010). “An overview of second generation biofuel technologies,” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 1570-1580. Soeder, C. J. (1980). “Massive cultivation of microalgae: results and prospects,” Hydrobiologia. 72, 197-209. Spolaore, P. , Joannis-Cassan, C. , Duran, E. , and Isambert, A. (2006). “Commercial applications of microalgae,” J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101, 87-96. Subhadra, B.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: The strains were purified on the LB medium, and then colony morphology, cell size morphology, and biochemical physiological properties were tested. After comparing Bergey’s (1872) bacterial classification key [6], four preliminary strains were preliminarily concluded to belong to the Bacillus genus and were denoted from B1 to B4 (Table 1, Figure 1). Halotolerance of bacterial isolates Figure 2 shows the different adaptations of four strains of Bacillus spp. (B1, B2, B3, B4) with salinities ranging from 1% to 8%. In environments containing 1% and 2% NaCl, all four strains of Bacillus spp. grow very well. This may be because the salinity of seafood processing plant wastewater is within 3%, so it is easy to understand that strains can adapt to the salinity of 2%. However, bacterial strains grow weaker in environments with higher salt concentrations of 6%. At 8% salt concentration, only three strains, B1, B2, and B3, can live, but their growth rate is significantly reduced. This result is also consistent with the study of Anh et al. 2020, which investigated the halotolerance of bacterial strains from aquatic wastewater. Table 1 Characteristics of bacterial strains isolated from seafood processing plant wastewater Norms B1 B2 B3 B4 Colony morphology Milky white, dry, adheres on agar White, serrated margin Milky white, rough, dry, rounded, wrinkled dry surface Milky white, with knobs in the middle, spreading edging size (μm) 0,9-1,0 x 2. 7-3. 1 0,3-0,8 x 1. 3-2. 6 0,2-0,5 x 1. 2-1. 9 0,7-1,1 x 1. 9-3. 1 Gram stain + + + + Spore location middle middle middle eccentric Oxidase + + + + Catalasa + + + + Idol - - - - VP + + + + Movable + + + + + + + + Mannitol + + + + Note: (+) positive; (-) negative Fig. 1. Colony morphology and cells of bacterial strains isolated from seafood processing plant wastewater The author found that 45 strains grew well in environments containing 1% NaCl. Of these, only 33 strains could grow in higher environments with 3% NaCl after 24 hours of culture.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain nootropic supplements, like caffeine, can improve focus and alertness. [SEP] Text: For example, a recent investigation involving only male participants found the consumption of a high dose of cocoa (1052 mg total polyphenols), compared to a low dose (143 mg), improved cognitive performance when cognitive demand was high (Gratton et al. 2020). In conclusion, the current study is the first to examine the combined effects of varying amounts of caffeine and apple polyphenols on cognition and mood. The present study shows that moderate doses of caffeine combined with apple extract are effective at improving cognitive outcomes, especially serial seven subtraction, and mood responses to the tasks, including alertness and mental and physical fatigue. Very low doses of caffeine (10 to 20 mg) combined with apple extract are not consistently associated with improvements in cognitive, motivation, or mood outcomes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , and Edwards, M. (2010). “An integrated renewable energy park approach for algal biofuel production in United States,” (DOI:10. 1016/j. enpol. 2010. 04. 036). Tanticharoen, M. , Bhumiratana, S. , Jeyashoke, N. , Bunnag, B. , Reungjitchawaly, M. , Chithumaub, P. , Wantawin, C. , and Lerttriluck, S. (1990). “Cultivation of Spirulina using tapioca starch wastewater,” on Management and Utilization of Agricultural and Industrial Wastes, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Thomas, F. R. (2006). “Algae for liquid fuel production Center,” Retrieved on 2006-12-18,” 59, 1-2. Tredici, M. R. (2010). “Photobiology of microalgae mass cultures: Understanding the tools for the next green revolution,” Biofuels 1, 143-162. Trono Jr, G. C. , and Ganzon-Fortes, E. (1988). Philippine Seaweeds, Inc. , The Philippines. Uchida, M. , and Murata, M. (2004). “Isolation of a lactic acid bacterium and yeast consortium from a fermented material of Ulva spp. (Chlorophyta),” J. Appl. Microbiol. 97, 1297-1310. Ueda, R. , Hirayama, S. , Sugata, K. , and Nakayama, H. (1996). “Process for the production of ethanol from microalgae,” US patent 5578, 472. Ugwu, C. U. , Aoyagi, H. , and Uchiyama, H. (2008). “Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae,” Bioresour. Technol. 99, 4021-4028. Venkataraman, L. V. , Nigam, B. P. , and Ramanathan, P. K. (1980). “Rural oriented freshwater cultivation and production of algae in India,” In: Algae Biomass, G.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: At higher salt concentrations, their growth rate decreases, and after 45 hours, only 14 strains and 12 strains can live in environments with salinities of 5% and 7%, respectively. High salinity directly impacts the transfer of ions into and out of the cell membrane, affecting the osmotic pressure of the membrane. Only three strains, 1B1, 2A2, and 3A5, survive at 7% salinity but have the lowest maturity [7]. The high halotolerance of 04 strains of Bacillus spp. may be related to the low intracellular salt concentrations of these strains, and they maintain an osmotic balance between their cytoplasm and the external environment by accumulating high concentrations of various osmotic solutes. Fig. 2. The growth of B1, B2,B3, B4 on mediums with different concentrations of NaCl salts In addition, halophilic bacteria such as Halomonas and Halobacterium synthesize ectoine and L-glutamate to survive salinity-stressed conditions. Some halophilic bacteria include Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Zymomonas use polyol compounds such as sorbitol, arabitol, glycerol, and mannitol for osmotic adaptation under salt deficiency conditions. In 2020, Guizhong Zhou, also suppose permeability through the relative membrane of the strain Bacillus cereus remains stable under conditions of high salt stress condition due to glycine and proline play essential roles in maintaining cellular permeability. This strain’s protein and soluble sugar content was increased at higher salt concentrations [3]. Determination of protease pathogenesis of selected bacterial strains The results of the study showed that all four strains of isolated Bacillus spp. can all produce extracellular proteases expressed in casein hydrolyzed ring diameters (1%) on agar dishes. In particular, strain B3 has the highest protease enzyme capacity, with a resolution ring diameter of 18. 3 ± 0. 577 mm, while the lowest is strain B1, with only 13. 3 ± 1. 155 mm (Table 2). This result is also similar to et al. (2019) research [8]. According to the author, strains B6, B8, B9, and B14 give the highest protease enzyme generation with a resolution ring diameter of 14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Abstract:Fatty acids are directly involved in the structure of most lipids, including those in the nervous system, providing their chemical and biological characteristics. Besides saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, two families of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the omega-6 fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (LA), and the omega-3 fatty acids, such as alpha linolenic acid (ALA), are most important. LA and ALA are essential nutrients, as the human body cannot synthesize them or convert one to the other. They were formerly called vitamin F, before their chemical structures were determined. The term “omega-3 fatty acids” is plural as there are four main ones that have increasing numbers of double bonds and carbon atoms. ALA (18:3 ω3) is the precursor of stearidonic acid (18:4 ω3, SA), which gives rise to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω3). The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the brain is extremely high, indicating that these fats are involved in brain physic chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and function; and, consequently, in brain development, in some neuropsychiatric diseases and in the cognitive decline of aging. This review examines all three aspectsSome studies on perinatal cerebral development have focused on ALA, whereas others have examined long-chain derivatives, DHA and, to a lesser extent EPA. A third group of studies has examined the influence of ALA and DHA, sometimes with the omega-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid (ARA). The studies on ALA provided the first demonstration of the effect of a dietary component on the structure and function of the brain that involved several scientific disciplines. These included cultures of dissociated brain cells; analyses of the fatty acids and lipids and cell types in the brain; regions and classes of phospholipids; physicochemical studies on brain membrane fluidity; biochemical and enzymological studies on enzymes such as ATPase; physiological studies on dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission; toxicology of heavy metals and trans fatty acids; studies on vision, hearing, and taste; electrophysiological studies (ERG and EEG); and cognitive and behavioral studies, memory and habituation being specifically affected.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Shelef and C. J. Soeder (eds. ), Elsevier/81-96. Vonshak, A. (1990). “Recent advances in microalgal biotechnology,” Biotechnol. Adv. 8, 709-727. Wecker, M. S. A. , Meuser, J. E. , Posewitz, M. C. , and Ghirardi, M. L. (2011). “Design of a new biosensor for algal H2 production based on the H2– sensing system of Rhodobacter capsulatus,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 36, 11229-11237. Wi, S. G, Kim, H. J, Mahadevan, S. A, Yang, D. , and Bae, H. (2009). “The potential value of the seaweed Ceylon moss (Gelidium amansii) as an alternative bioenergy resource,” Bioresour. Technol. 100, 6658-6660. Wijffels, R. (2009). ”Microalgae for production of bulk chemicals and biofuels,” The 3rd Congress of Tsukuba 3. Williams, P. J. L. B. , and Laurens, L. M. L. (2010). “Microalgae as biodiesel & biomass feedstocks: review & analysis of the biochemistry, energetics & economics,” Energy Environ. Sci. 3, 554-590. Xiong, W. , Li, X. , Xiang, J. , and Wu, Q. (2008). “High-density fermentation of microalga Chlorella protothecoides in bioreactor for microbiodiesel production”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 78, 29-36. Xu, H. , Miao, X. , and Wu, Q. (2006). “High quality biodiesel production from a microalga Chlorella protothecoides by heterotrophic growth in fermenters,” J. Biotechnol. 126, 499-507. Yacoby, I. , Pochekailov, S. , Topotrik, H. , Ghirardi, M. L. , King, P. W.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: 33, respectively, 18,33, 16. 67, and 18. 67 mm. Table 2 Protease activity of 4 isolated strains of Bacillus spp. ring diameter (mm) B1 12. 7 ±1,000c B2 16,3 ± 0,577ab B3 18,3 ± 0,577a B4 13,3 ± 1,155c Note: Different letters on the same column indicating a difference have a statistical significance level of the sample mean with p < 0. 05. Our results are 4 mm lower than those of G. Pant et al. (2015) [9]. subtilis strain in G. Pant’s study once recorded a protein hydrolysate ring diameter of 22 mm. N. and Antonius S. [10] conducted proteolytic ring measurements in Bacillus sp. isolated strains in soil, strain conclusions have had a giant hydrolysis ring of 15 mm. B3 strain identification results Since the B3 strain has a 99. 05% homologous 16S rRNA gene region sequence with Bacillus velezensis YA215, it can be concluded that the bacterial strain isolated from seafood processing plant wastewater is a Bacillus velezensis species (Figure 3). Fig. 3. B3 bacterial homologous sequence search results Fig. 4. Effect of pH concentration on strain’s ability to produce protease enzymes of Bacillus velezensis B3 Identify some factors affecting the protease activity of Bacillus velezensis B3 strains Effect of pH concentration on protease generation capacity of Bacillus velezensis B3 strain The result showed that the Bacillus velezensis B3 strain can grow and develop in both acidic and basic environments. Protease activity varies with the pH values surveyed. When the pH of the medium increases from 5 to 6. 5, the protease activity tends to increase gradually, with relative activity increasing by 206. 27 U/mL to 241. 25 U/mL. The highest activity achieved at pH 7 was 264. 39 U/mL (Figure 4). Protease enzyme activity decreases significantly at pH ranges higher than the optimum pH. The activity is only 190. 69 U/mL at pH 8. This result is similar to the survey of Thi et al. 2012, all ten strains of Bacillus give the best enzyme activity at pH 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: The accumulation of considerable experimental evidence led to the inclusion of ALA in baby formulas. This decision has been confirmed by many studies on newborns. The nature of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (particularly the omega-3 fatty acids) in baby formulas for both full term and premature infants influences the infant's visual, neurological, cerebral, and intellectual capacities. Enrichment with long-chain fatty acids such as DHA (and EPA) is based on the fact that human milk contains them, unlike animal milks, that the brain is extremely rich in these fatty acids, and there is little desaturase activity (which, together with elongases, transforms ALA to DHA). Clinical studies on EPA and DHA, both found in fish oils, preceded or paralleled those on animals, in contrast to the work on ALA. Despite a lack of exhaustive experiments, DHA and EPA were added to baby formulas, which may well have a limited or even negative effect because of competition with omega-6 fatty acids. Formula supplemented with DHA and ARA has a positive effect on membranes, including nerve membranes, on physiological, electrophysiological, and sensory parameters, particularly vision and, most recently, on hearing. However, there is still debate about their influence on motor function, neurological capacity, behavior, and cognition. In fact, both DHA and ALA are essential fatty acids because of the low desaturase activities in the brain and liver. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids from oily fish in the human diet (the efficiency of fish oil in capsule has not yet been clearly demonstrated) may help prevent some psychiatric disorders, mainly depression and dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease. The direct role of omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disease) and schizophrenia has not yet been clearly established, although suspected in some aspects of these diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids may also be involved in dyslexia and autism, but there is evidence that they appear to help prevent stress. Finally, their influence on mood and libido is a matter for discussion pending experimental proof in animals and humans. A lack of dietary omega-3 fatty acid can prevent the renewal of membranes, and thus accelerate cerebral aging, but the roles of the vascular system (where the omega-3 fatty acids are active) and the cerebral parenchyma itself have not yet been clearly resolved.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These robots can help reduce plastic pollution that harms marine life. [SEP] Text: 3 a possible intergovernmental panel on marine plastic litter and microplastics, several implications follow from the previous considerations. First of all, establishing an intergovernmental panel requires a decision by an appropriate body to launch negotiations, and possibly also the establishment of an intergovernmental negotiating committee. In case of marine litter and microplastics, a resolution by UNEA, a UNGA resolution or another intergovernmental organization might launch the negotiations. Second, one of the general advantages of an intergovernmental panel turns out to be an even greater advantage in the context of marine litter and microplastics. Its operation does not depend on the adoption of a global agreement. And so far, there is no global agreement on marine litter and microplastics or plastic pollution more generally. While there are growing indications that states are willing to start negotiating such an agreement, they have not yet done so. Once they do, it might however still take several years to its adoption. In this context, an intergovernmental panel on marine litter and microplastics could strengthen the global science and knowledge base on this issue before states adopt such a global agreement or before they start negotiating it. It could then even facilitate and bolster the negotiations of the agreement because its outputs might highlight the necessity to act more decisively at global level. Third, an intergovernmental panel on marine plastic litter and microplastics requires decisions on its interlinkages with other international environmental institutions that are likely to use its outputs in their policy- and decision-making. If and once states adopt a new global agreement on plastic pollution, this would be the obvious and primary choice for such interlinkages. If there is no or not yet a global agreement on plastic pollution, UNEA, the Organisation, the FAO, the IMO, the CBD, the BRS conventions, and/or the RSP are conceivable choices. In general, these decisions could take into account the need for a life cycle approach to marine litter and microplastics that looms so large in current scientific and political discussions. This means that they could aim at interlinkages with those international institutions that are relevant for policymaking in one or several stages in the life cycle of plastics and that address in their work one or several dimensions of the problem of marine plastic pollution.

Output: pass