Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Training programs that raise the issue of cognitive clinical decision-making biases may improve the thinking processes of medical staff, while encouraging them to internally examine the extent to which they use both systems, System 1 and System 2, when making treatment decisions. 187. (2011) Thinking fast and slow. and Giroux, New York. on aging (2017) End-of-Life care for people with dementia. (2004) Dying with advanced dementia in the nursing home. Med 164: 321-326. (2009) The clinical course of advanced dementia. J Med 361: 1529-1538. (2008) Dying with advanced dementia in long-term care geriatric institutions: A retrospective study. J 11: 1023-1028. Tune- (2010) Challenges to improving end of life care for people with advanced dementia in the UK. Dementia 9: 259-284. (2013) From mindless to mindful practice - cognitive bias and clinical decision making. N Med 368: 2445-2448. (2012) Cognitive biases, heuristics and decision-making in design for behavioral change. . (2002-2003) Don’t believe everything you think: Cognitive bias in legal decision making. . 2779670. 8: 783-834. Blumenthal-Barby JS (2016) Biases and heuristics in decision making and their impact on autonomy. Bioeth 16: 5-15. (2008) Toward a physiology of dual- process reasoning and judgment: Lemonade, willpower, and expensive rule-based analysis. 19: 255-260. Erel M, Marcus E-L, DeF (2017) Barriers to palliative care for advanced dementia: A scoping review. Med 6: 365-379. (2016) Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions: A systematic review. 16: 138. (2016) A co-design process developing heuristics for practitioners providing end of life care for people with dementia. BMC 15: 68. lliffe S (2016) Making decisions at the end of life when caring for a person with dementia: A literature reviews to explore the potential use of heuristics in difficult decision-making. BMJ Open 6: e010416. (2018) Guiding practitioners through end of life care for people with dementia: The use of heuristics. PLoS One 13: e0206422.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: Blockchain technology is most effective with suppliers who have been adopted for a long period, whereas in the case of a spot relationship, the cost and time required to integrate a new supplier into the blockchain would be greater than the value to be obtained. This is a definitive and critical point for the fashion industry, as most of their products last for not more than one season. Suppliers will likely be extensively revised for each collection, thereby reducing the number of actors that can be meaningfully involved in the blockchain. At the same time, suppliers must be committed to the relationship. The combination of these two elements was illustrated by FC4: ‘There are big companies with fixed and stable suppliers and therefore they can contractually manage this integration. When you have so many suppliers, even small ones that go in rotation, [it] is much more difficult. We are perhaps big names, but we have volumes that are not comparable to someone else. And so the difficulty lies in keeping the supplier bound and performing what you ask him. We have productions in Asia where we are very small and we have to get in line with the others. In sneakers, if you talk about Adidas, Puma, or Nike, we are 0. The volume, in that case, is king. ’According to these insights, the following research proposition was formulated: RP4: Blockchain technology is easier to implement in the fashion supply chain with long-lasting relationships, where there is a high level of collaboration and trust. Finally, some contingent factors are specific to the industry. From this perspective, two main contingent variables were highlighted by the interviews: the level of regulation and the product positioning. Regulations can play a role in driving the adoption of the blockchain, but at the same time, they can render the technology useless. For example, Provider 2 gave the example of the pharma industry, which is already strongly regulated in terms of traceability and so it is less valuable for it to use blockchain technology as the achievable benefits would be little different. In this case, the fashion industry can have a good potentiality, considering still a limited level of regulation about the topic, but a growing relevance and perceived urgency. For the latter, product positioning, the cost of the investment and the level of data to be shared are the same, independent of the type of product considered.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Intention to publish date 21/10/2021 Individual participant data (IPD) Intention to share No IPD sharing plan The data sharing plans for the current study are unknown and will be made available at a later date. IPD sharing plan summary Data sharing statement to be made available at a later date Study outputs Output type created Date added Peer reviewed? Patient-facing? Participant information sheet 01/05/2020 15/05/2020 Protocol 2020. pdf uploaded 15/05/2020 11/07/2023: Publication reference and total final enrolment added. 14/06/2023: Publication reference added. 15/05/2020: The participant information sheet was uploaded as an additional file. 01/05/2020: Trial's existence confirmed by Department of Committee.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal : 3. 1 5-Factor: 3. 3 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentMakingCreate email alert Restricted accessReview 10. 1177/0272989X14547740ContentsAbstract2013. Predefined exclusion criteria were used to identify 213 studies. During data extraction, information was collected on type of bias or heuristic studied, respondent population, decision type, study type (actual or hypothetical), study method, and study conclusion. Results. Of the 213 studies analyzed, 164 (77%) were based on hypothetical vignettes, and 175 (82%) were conducted with representative populations. Nineteen types of cognitive biases and heuristics were found. Only 34% of studies (n = 73) investigated medical personnel, and 68% (n = 145) confirmed the presence of a bias or heuristic. Each methodological quality criterion was satisfied by more than 50% of the studies, except for sample size and validated instruments/questions. Limitations are that existing terms were used to inform search terms, and study inclusion criteria focused strictly on decision making. Conclusions. Most of the studies on biases and heuristics in medical decision making are based on hypothetical vignettes, raising concerns about applicability of these findings to actual decision making. Biases and heuristics have been underinvestigated in medical personnel compared with patients. Get full access to this 1. . Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. 1st ed. New York: Press; 1982. Crossref2. Kahneman D, Tversky A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: A negative answer can be justified, for example, by companies that are not very advanced concerning the issue of traceability and sustainability and that manage the SCs still in “watertight compartments” among the different SC partners. On the contrary, if the response is positive, the company will have to understand how much this point is relevant for other actors of the supply chain and wonder about how many partners will have to participate in information-sharing activities. In particular, if the technology is not relevant for external partners and the exchange of information will be limited between a dyad of partners, a blockchain will be a superstructure, which, would entail considerable costs and a considerable development commitment. In this case, a centralized database, managed directly by the focal company and accessible to the partners, could be a more streamlined solution. After identifying the number of participants in the data-sharing project, the type of relationship to be established and the kind of relationship willing to maintain should also be analyzed. Considering that in a blockchain the partners will have to exchange sensitive data, it is necessary to understand the level of trust to be established. If the relationship with the identified partners is not of full confidence the blockchain project must be discarded; alternatively, multiply the copies of the centralized databases in such a way that partners can access but not have full control over all data. Blockchain technology contemplates that a partner can change data for all connected partners, but if this is not supported by trust, the blockchain project cannot continue. Subsequently, the operative aspects at the production level must be analyzed. Which transactions will have to be connected and which production process must be linked in the eventual blockchain? In other words, which production process must be traceable and traceable must be defined precisely to comply with the traceability drivers that have encouraged the evaluation of a blockchain project. If the need for traceability were not so strong, the blockchain project would not make sense. Probably for these companies, the traceability of the supply chain is not so strong as to justify investments in new technology, but other less expensive processes are sufficient. Instead, if the traceability of the production processes along the entire supply chain will be a very strong need of the company then the blockchain will be the ideal solution. 7 Conclusion‘Blockchain’ is one of the keywords for the future. When it was born, more than ten years ago, it was linked only to the bitcoin economy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Login to your account Email or Remote login password? Keep me logged in Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Products & Renew 0 Enter topic, phrases, DOI, title, or author& Well--19 Eye on the IRA Medicare & Costs & 2024, Care, Coverage & 2024, Needs, Pharmaceuticals & 2024, -19 & 2024, 10. 1377/forefront. 20230519. 772435 to favorites 2015, identified climate change as “the greatest threat to global health. ” This exact statement was reiterated by over 200 medical journals including the Journal of Medicine in the middle of the COVID-19 global pandemic. The healthcare sector is responsible for one sixth of the US GDP, 8. 5 percent of US greenhouse gas emissions, and, a proportionally estimated 23 to 44 million tons of municipal solid waste. Healthcare’s pollution has been so ignored that investors encouraged start-up medical device companies to add single-use components to capture recurring revenue. On the clinical frontlines, with frequent exposure to issues surrounding care delivery and coordination, we know much waste can be eliminated without impacting patient outcomes. Frustratingly, despite the health implications of pollution, the automotive industry appears to have a more developed plan to address environmental sustainability than the US healthcare industry. Recently, the healthcare sector has started to recognize its responsibility for planetary and public health. Unhealthy environments lead to unhealthy patients. England's System (NHS) is leading, and in 2020 it committed to becoming the world's first net-zero national health service. With thoughtful regulation, the US healthcare sector can also decarbonize, reduce waste, and improve public health. The future of healthcare is sustainable healthcare. This is being modeled by the NHS, and can be replicated and improved upon in the US healthcare sector.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. Crossref3. . Heuristics and Biases: of Intuitive Judgment. 1st ed. New York: Press; 2002. Crossref4. . Systematic errors in medical decision making: judgment limitations. J Med. 1987;2(3):183–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5. Dawson NV. Physician judgment in clinical settings: methodological influences and cognitive performance. Clin Chem. 1993;39(7):1468–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. Elstein AS. Heuristics and biases: selected errors in clinical reasoning. Acad Med. 1999;74(7):791–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7. . Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making. J Biomed Inform. 2002;35(1):52–75. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science8. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica. 1979;47(2):263. CrossrefWeb of Science9. Colman A. Group think: bandwagon effect. In: of Psychology. New York: Press; 2003:77. 10. Sugarman DB. Active versus passive euthanasia: an attributional analysis. J Psychol. 1986;16(1):60–76. CrossrefWeb of Science11. Keys DJ, Schwartz B. “Leaky” rationality: how research on behavioral decision making challenges normative standards of rationality. Sci. 2007;2:162–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science12. Society for Making. From evidence to decision making: role of behavioral economics in medicine. Available from: URL: Feldman-Stewart D, O’Brien MA, Clayman M, et al. 2012 updated 14. Trevena L, Zikmund-Fisher B, Edwards A, et al. 2012 updated 15. 2012 updated 16. 2012 updated 17. 2012 updated 18. Slovic P. The construction of preference. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 489–502. Crossref19. Ubel PA. Critical Decisions: the Choices Together. 1st ed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart contracts on blockchain platforms can automate payment processing once shipment milestones are met. [SEP] Text: Commercial contracts have always been using natural language, and their development represents human civilisation in doing business [10]. It remains a scientific fantasy that offers no practical use to society if the smart contract is not recognised and enforceable as a way of entering contracts between parties. The smart contract is now developed in such a way that it is no longer the law of the future. However, as its applications become widespread, novel legal issues emerge. Each of these issues creates barriers to adoption in industries and practices. Identification and resolutions of these issues are essential for maximising the benefits of the technologies. The objectives of this 4. At the outset, it is noteworthy that there are various types of emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain. The current recognised practice of smart legal contracts is enabled by blockchain without any deployment of AI. This book 2. The status of smart legal contracts2. 1 The originThe concept of smart contracts was created by a computer scientist, Nick Szabo. In his publication in 1997 [13], he defined a smart contract as “A set of promises specified in digital form, including protocols which the parties perform on those promises. ” Szabo illustrated his definition by reference to a vending machine. A consumer inserts coins into the machine (satisfying the condition of the contract), and the vending machine automatically dispenses the chocolate bar (meeting the terms of the “contract”). The transaction is facilitated by software, which enables the transfer of output (the chocolate bar) on the occurrence of input (the correct payment). A smart contract is, therefore, a computer program that contains certain inputs and executes a set of instructions to come to one of many pre-determined outcomes upon the occurrence of a triggering event. It is a computer program that defines obligations between parties, and it runs on a blockchain. Since then, whilst the definition of a smart contract has been refined, many debates have been on whether the smart contract is a breakthrough discovery or a mere fantasy. Amongst these discussions, the terms, smart contract and smart legal contract, are now defined by the of England and Wales (the “Law Commission”) [14]. The smart contract is defined as “Computer code that, upon the occurrence of a specified condition or conditions, is capable of running automatically according to pre-specified functions”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Our healthcare sector in the US has an historic opportunity to leverage its economic, political, and ethical influence to create a better, healthier future. Below, I look at one potential standard that can catalyze industry-wide action and the barriers that may need to be overcome to realize a more sustainable US healthcare sector. is finally considering making healthcare more sustainable. In 2022, the Centers for Medicare and sought input from stakeholders regarding decarbonizing healthcare. of released a Plan with energy efficiency and renewable energy goals. A handful of health systems are truly championing waste reduction and decarbonization. And the Department of Health and created an Office of and promoted a voluntary pledge for health systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that 116 health organizations have signed. The US healthcare organization which has generated the most excitement with its entry into the sustainable healthcare discussion is Commission (TJC). Over 22,000 healthcare organizations are accredited by TJC, including many major U. S. health systems. Typically, TJC accreditation lasts three years, and when TJC accreditation is about to expire, TJC surveyors visit and intensely observe how well the organization follows TJC accreditation standards. At the end of the survey, organizations are accredited, denied accreditation, or given time to address concerns. As a clinician who has experienced multiple TJC surveys, the attention hospitals give to TJC standards is unparalleled. If TJC created a thoughtful standard for decarbonization and waste reduction, 22,000 healthcare organizations would start decarbonizing and reducing waste. 2022, Dr. Jonathan Perlin, TJC’s chief executive officer, announced that TJC would make health sector sustainability and decarbonization a top priority. And in late March 2023, TJC requested public feedback on a draft accreditation standard to facilitate health care decarbonization. The introduction to the proposed decarbonization and waste-elimination standard was powerfully written: “Health care organizations can no longer ignore their contributions to greenhouse gas emissions…Hospitals need to take action to minimize their carbon footprints as they care for patients. Hospitals can begin decarbonization activities by measuring and reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. ” The standard itself is written simply: “the hospital decreases greenhouse gas emissions and waste.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: . Measuring physicians’ tolerance for ambiguity and its relationship to their reported practices regarding genetic testing. Med Care. 1993;31(11):989–1001. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science33. . Probability judgment in medicine: discounting unspecified possibilities. Making. 1995;15(3):227–30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science34. Zaat JO, van Eijk JT. General practitioners’ uncertainty, risk preference, and use of laboratory tests. Med Care. 1992;30(9):846–54. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science35. . Ambiguity seeking in multi-attribute decisions: effects of optimism and message framing. J Mak. 1994;7(3):169–82. CrossrefWeb of Science36. . Economic p2000. p 642–72. 37. . The influence of irrelevant anchors on the judgments and choices of doctors and patients. Making. 2007;27(2):203–11. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science38. Kremer MJ, Faut-Callahan M, Hicks FD. A study of clinical decision making by certified registered nurse anesthetists. AANA J. 2002;70(5):391–7. PubMed39. . Do people experience cognitive biases while searching for information? J Inform Assoc. 2007;14(5):599–608. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science40. . Believing is seeing: the influence of a diagnostic hypothesis on the interpretation of clinical features. Acad Med. 2002;77(suppl 10):S67–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science41. Seen through their eyes: residents’ reflections on the cognitive and contextual components of diagnostic errors in medicine. Acad Med. 2012;87(10):1361–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science42. . The influence of anchoring on pain judgment. J Manage. 2011;42(2):265–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science43. . Clinician judgments of functional outcomes: how bias and perceived accuracy affect rating. Med Rehabil. 2000;81(12):1567–74. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science44. . Clinician bias in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Psychol Trauma. 2009;1(4):282–90.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn the current global marketplace supply chains can span a huge number of countries, cross many borders and require interoperation of a multitude of organizations. This vastness of supply chains impacts business competitiveness since it adds complexity and can difficult securing traceability, chain of custody and transparency. We propose that assuring chain of custody and traceability via Blockchain (BC) allows organizations to demonstrate product provenance, integrity and compliance. This work proposes that to effect true traceability the more complete approach is to connect both the Actors (SCAs) and products identifications using digital certificates. A Blockchain is used to manage the traceability of products and validation of the identities. Importing, verifying and storing the certificates uses an off-chain data storage solution for products certificates, IDs and data (i. e. , WalliD). To create, validate the certificates and setup the chain of trust a Infrastructure (PKI) was designed as part of the proposal. Our study follows a research approach aimed to analyse the requirements and propose a solution to a more complete traceability in supply chains. The results were architectural artifacts, including an Contract and a PKI based certificate authentication system. The implementation of these deliverables allow for a supply chain system that can provide decentralized and trustful assurance of the provenance, chain of custody and traceability functionalities for all the Organizations and also for the final consumers. To exemplify the problem and demonstrate the applicability of the solution, its potential and benefits we applied it to a real food supply chain use case that already uses provenance certificates and stored them in the blockchain using the before mentioned SmartContract to assure and demonstrate the chain of custody and traceability of the food produce. Similar content being viewed by others Application of in Management 1. 1 Problem relevanceFor supply chain a recent duo of aspects: traceability and provenance have gained more importance. The focus on these aspects aims to allow the industries and customers dependent on supply chain to become assured of the products and processes sustainability (Kshetri 2018; Pal and Kant 2019). While it is common nowadays for logistics operators to accurately track packages at the transportation stages, that type of granularity is either lost or many times not possible at all stages of the supply chains since they have become much more international, complex and interorganizational spanning (Kim and Laskowski 2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: ” The four action points which follow are practical: 1) appoint a person to oversee emission reduction activities, 2) measure three (or more) of six high-emission or waste-focused hospital activities, 3) develop action plans to reduce emissions from the measured activities, and 4) analyze the data resulting from the action plans and revise to meet goals. There are resources available for healthcare organizations to learn how to follow this initial TJC decarbonization and waste reduction standard including the report entitled from the Agency for and Quality. TJC’s leadership in the healthcare sector decarbonization movement has been sought for a while, and their focus on hospital decarbonization was exciting. However, at a meeting of the of Medicine’s on Decarbonizing the US in late April, Dr. Perlin began to walk back the standard by reporting that the initial feedback was not positive. He qualified this statement by acknowledging that the less-positive responses came from senior administrators concerned about logistics and financial challenges, while younger clinicians were enthusiastically supportive of the standard. Dr. Perlin stated that TJC was likely to make the decarbonization standard “extra credit” rather than necessary for accreditation. meet the goals of the agreement, and to avoid the most catastrophic health impacts of climate change, the US healthcare sector needs to join other industrial sectors in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by half by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. These goals require a commitment to industry-wide action. “Extra-credit” standards and voluntary pledges are insufficient to help the healthcare sector meet these critical goals. Clinicians are organizing to support health system sustainability initiatives. My lab surveyed surgeons at UCSF Health and UVA Health and 95 percent of respondents were willing to change their operating room workflow if it resulted in reduced waste. A multinational survey of health professionals (predominantly physicians) reported 72 percent were interested in “guidance on how to make their workplace sustainable. ” Health system administrators can capitalize on clinicians’ interest in sustainable healthcare to reduce waste and decarbonize. The right to health is essential, and the most basic purpose of a society should be to preserve basic rights like health. TJC’s mission is “to continuously improve health care for the public,” one has to imagine they can find a mandate to continuously improving public health.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Modeling patient decision-making: the role of base-rate and anecdotal information. J Med Settings. 2004;11(3):211–6. CrossrefWeb of Science57. Kenen R, Ardern-Jones A, Eeles R. Family stories and the use of heuristics: women from suspected hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) families. Illn. 2003;25(7):838–65. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science58. . The evaluation of medical symptoms by patients and doctors. J Behav Med. 1998;21(1):57–81. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science59. Poses RM, Anthony M. Availability, wishful thinking, and physicians’ diagnostic judgments for patients with suspected bacteremia. Making. 1991;11(3):159–68. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science60. . Effect of background case characteristics on decisions in the delivery room. Making. 2010;30(4):518–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science61. . Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. Anaesth. 2011;108(2):229–35. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science62. . The inclusion of patient testimonials in decision aids: effects on treatment choices. Making. 2001;21(1):60–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science63. Volandes AE, Paasche- Video decision support tool for advance care planning in dementia: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;338:b2159. CrossrefPubMed64. . The role of irrational thought in medicine adherence: people with diabetic kidney disease. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2108–17. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science65. . Patient stories about their dialysis experience biases others’ choices regardless of doctor’s advice: an experimental study. Transplant. 2012;27(1):325–31. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science66. Cioffi J. Decision making by emergency nurses in triage assessments. Nurs. 1998;6(4):184–91. CrossrefPubMed67. Mamede S, van Gog T, van den Berge K, et al. Effect of availability bias and reflective reasoning on diagnostic accuracy among internal medicine residents.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: From literature it is clear that the loss of traceability and provenance information the main factor that affects existing sustainability and compliance certification efforts making it crucial and the focus of research in the context of supply chains (Garcia-Torres et al. 2019). The traceability aspect additionally will also permit the optimization of supply chains which has always been one of the most preeminent topics for businesses as it highly influences a firm’s success (Kros et al. 2019). This traceability optimization aspect of the supply chain is then the main driving reason that has led some companies to make trials for using BC for traceability (Berg and Myllymaa 2021; Wang et al. 2019). Examples are; Maersk – tracking global shipping, Alibaba – reduce food fraud, – improve cybersecurity, Everledger – implement diamonds and wine certificates, Walmart – monitor pork produce in China, Modum – safe drug delivery, Intel – track seafood supply chain, Bext360 – bring transparency into the coffee bean supply chain (Kshetri 2018). 1. 2 Summary of the solutionThis 2. 1 Blockchain contributes to supply chain managementAccording to Weber et al (2016) Blockchain can be used as a technology that supports the collaborative process required by a and is proposed as an alternative to having a centralized trusted party. Since then the industry has been alerted to the potential benefits of the use of BC to SC and according to Chang et al. (2020) BC adoption in Management (SCM) is expected to boom over the next 5 years and is one of the BC applications with more growth potential where the market is estimated to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 87%. 2. 1. 1 Blockchain aspects benefiting supply chainsThe mostly stated contributions of blockchain to Management are the traceability and transparency aspects (Moosavi et al. 2021). Already several use cases have been studied and designed by Francisco and Swanson (2018) to illustrate how blockchain could improve traceability, efficiency, and decrease waste in a food supply chain. Blockchain could also help achieve robust cybersecurity and increase trust as demonstrated by Kshetri 2018 and Ying et al. 2018. There are several BC features that can offer advantages or trade-offs in SCM (Litke et al. 2019): Firstly, scalability may be improved since all actors participate in a common ledger without a single point of interaction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: lies a contradiction in the concept of healthcare: hospitals treat illnesses, and while this is incredibly important, it is quite different from caring for health. Health is not just the absence of illness, but the presence of well-being and a safe and healthy environment is essential. As a critical care physician, I am proud of my ability to help the sickest patients in the hospital recover from an illness. But as a doctor, I am most grateful when people are simply healthy. It is essential for hospitals to maintain their capacity to treat the sickest patients, but it must be done with as little contamination of the environment and harm to public health as possible. A healthy environment is essential to population health. Each year an estimated 10 million deaths are attributed to air pollution. The impact of climate change is being felt on human health through premature births, malnutrition, and worsening droughts and floods. And we haven’t even begun to appreciate the impact of microplastic in the air we breathe, the water we drink and the food we eat. While doctors pledge to “do no harm” in our practice, many strive to do better and sacrifice to do good. This effort is demonstrated daily in my clinical experience: doctors writing their notes at home so they can give their patients extra time in clinic, nurses punching-off the clock and then returning to complete the handoff of complex patients, and respiratory therapists (and all other allied health professionals) risking their own health to ensure all patients received the care they needed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare must not just treat illness but do everything in its capacity to prevent illness as well. Hospitals can inspire their clinicians and their patients by demonstrating leadership in energy efficiency and waste reduction. Hospitals should be first-in-line to mitigate climate change’s impact on global health, as they certainly will be first-in-line to treat the patients harmed by it. for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Department of Health and would all be incredible partners in making U. S. healthcare a world leader in high-value, low-waste, low-pollution healthcare. This is a generational call to action, and it requires more than voluntary standards and pledges. Which healthcare regulators and organizations will stand-up and answer the call? It is imperative the healthcare sector reduces its impact upon the environment and public health to a minimum while preserving clinicians’ ability to care for sick patients.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: On the preference for action versus inaction. Making. 2011;31(2):237–44. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science80. Ross L, Anderson CA. Shortcomings in the attribution process: On the origins and maintenance of erroneous social assessments. In: eds. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Press; 1982. 81. . The effects of proficiency and bias on residents’ interpretation of the microscopic urinalysis. Making. 2002;22(4):318–25. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science82. Explicit reasoning, confirmation bias, and illusory transactive memory: a simulation study of group medical decision making. Research. 2009;40(3):271–300. CrossrefWeb of Science83. Mendel R, Traut-Mattausch E, Jonas E, et al. Confirmation bias: why psychiatrists stick to wrong preliminary diagnoses. Psychol Med. 2011;41(12):2651–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science84. . Adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives: violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis. J Consum Res. 1982;9(1):90–8. CrossrefWeb of Science85. Redelmeier DA, Shafir E. Medical decision making in situations that offer multiple alternatives. JAMA. 1995;273(4):302–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science86. Strengthening acceptance for xenotransplantation: the case of attraction effect. Xenotransplantation. 2008;15(3):159–63. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science87. . Are more options always better? The attraction effect in physicians’ decisions about medications. Making. 1999;19(3):315–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science88. . Supervision of students may protect academic physicians from cognitive bias: a study of decision making and multiple treatment alternatives in medicine. Making. 2006;26(2):154–61. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science89. Tversky A, Knetsch J, eds. Anomalies: the endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. In: Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 159–70. 90. . The default effect in end-of-life medical treatment p310.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: There also may also be a performance increase measurable in a reduced time for assurance of transaction verification compared to centralized and escrow services (e. g. , bank payment liquidity or manual verification of a bill of lading) made possible due to automatic execution of contracts. Additionally, the consensus mechanism provides trust to all actors in the chain and offers privacy since although the transactions are verified, the actor’s identity might be kept private via the BC specific addressing scheme. Furthermore, the SCM location dependency becomes more flexible by effectively allowing to make transactions autonomous from country regulations and laws. There is also the expectation of reduced cost by allowing faster payments while SCs (Smart Contracts) allow for faster dispute resolution. There are three generic benefits of BC to SC in 3 main topics (Somapa et al. 2018; Wang et al (2019): improvement of SC visibility, ensuring secure information sharing and trust and increased operational effectiveness. 2. 1. 2 Blockchain benefits to supply chain actorsPerboli et al (2018) used a lean approach to design and evaluate real world use cases that combine BC and SC. In their analysis there are specific benefits to each actor in the supply chain: producer, transporter, distributer, warehouse, final user/customer. For the producer, the value propositions of BC are the improvement of production planning and certification via Planning (ERP) integration, introduction of Unit (SKU) certificates into BC and the reduction of the bullwhip effect since improving supply chain visibility allows for increased production requirements accuracy. For the distributor, the visibility of the whole supply chain allows for better inventory update and the reduction of counterfeit, theft, wrong delivery, product recalls, paperwork and the increase in ease of compliance. For the transporter/carrier, the benefits are the forecast improvement and the time slot reservation by using more real time information on the actual state of the product location and of the processing phase. For the final user, the benefits depend on the segment: Business-to-Business or Business-to-Consumer. Regarding the first, it will benefit more of easier stock management and expiration/recall management while the later will benefit more in better brand value management by providing the consumer better health protection and guarantees with more transparent sustainability or compliance claims. 2. 1. 3 Blockchain adoption path in supply chainsDobrovnik et al. (2018) propose an adoption path for BC in supply chains and logistics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, increased use of home office across all socioeconomic strata may have evened out socioeconomic differences in green space use by introducing more flexibility for people in low SES areas to engage in green recreation. However, very little is known about how the pandemic may have influenced such inequalities in exposure to green spaces. There may also be differences between rural and urban areas with respect to use of green space, and changes in use of green space during the pandemic. land cover consists of only 1. 7% built-up areas, with the remaining areas being agricultural land, forests, open firm ground such as mountains, wetland, bare rock and gravel, glaciers, and inland waters (Statistics Norway, 2022). Thus, even though over 80% of Norwegians live in densely populated areas, most people have nature in proximity to where they live. However, people living in rural municipalities with vast space to move about may have been less affected by mobility restrictions than people living in densely populated areas, perhaps resulting in less changes in green space exposure in rural areas and a higher change in green space exposure in urban areas. This study was carried out in Norway, a country where residents were allowed to spend time outdoors if following restrictions on social distancing. The first lockdown in Norway was announced on March 12th, 2020, where schools, kindergartens, fitness centers, hair salons, restaurants and similar were closed, while cultural events and sport gatherings were banned. As of March 13th, a ban on visits to Norway through Oslo airport was enforced, with exceptions for citizens returning home. Healthcare professionals working with patient care were prohibited from leaving the country, while leisure travel was strongly discouraged for all citizens. However, public transport schedules were run as normal. Restrictions were somewhat eased during the summer of 2020, but all restrictions were for the first time lifted on September 21, 2021. Considering the above, we hypothesize that 1) the number of dwells in green spaces increased during the lockdown compared to the previous year, even after controlling for the possible confounding effects of weather conditions, population density, district level socioeconomic status and public and school holidays. Moreover, we hypothesize that 2) social inequalities in green space use increased during the pandemic, with a lesser increase in green space exposure in neighborhoods characterized by low education, low household income and larger proportion of immigrants, and that 3) changes in mobility in green space were more pronounced in urban areas compared to rural areas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science91. . The influence of default options on the expression of end-of-life treatment p10. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science92. . The veil of experience: do consumers prefer what they know best? Health Econ. 2000;9(3):267–70. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science93. Baron J, Ritov I. Reference points and omission bias. Process. 1994;59(3):475–98. CrossrefWeb of Science94. . Violence risk assessment and risk communication: the effects of using actual cases, providing instruction, and employing probability versus frequency formats. Behav. 2000;24(3):271–96. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science95. Timmermans DRM, Ockhuysen-Vermey CF, Henneman L. Presenting health risk information in different formats: the effect on participants’ cognitive and emotional evaluation and decisions. Couns. 2008;73(3):443–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science96. Tversky A, Griffin D. Endowments and contrast in judgments of well-being. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 709–25. Crossref97. . “I know just how you feel”: the validity of healthy women’s perceptions of breast-cancer patients receiving treatment. J Psychol. 2002;32(1):110–23. CrossrefWeb of Science98. . It must be awful for them: perspective and task context affects ratings for health conditions. Mak. 2006;1(2):146–52. Web of Science99. . Ignorance of hedonic adaptation to hemodialysis: a study using ecological momentary assessment. J Exp Psychol. 2005;134(1):3–9. Crossref100. Attitudes to chemotherapy: comparing views of patients with cancer with those of doctors, nurses, and general public. BMJ. 1990;300(6737):1458–60. CrossrefPubMed101. Slot KB, Berge E. Thrombolytic treatment for stroke: patient p22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science102. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: They propose that companies should focus first on single use cases to minimize risks of adoption and to start with proof on concepts that require little coordination with third parties and that allow for IT skills to be developed and learn the technology nuances. Specifically, they mention the use case of reconciling multiple companies’ internal databases since it is a contained problem that brings major benefits. The second proposed adoption approach it to tackle the transactions across boundaries as, in example, reducing the paperwork by migrating the bills of lading (responsibility ownership documents used in shipping industry) into BC. Thirdly they recommend focusing on replacing functionalities that do not require that end users significantly change their behaviour. As an example, replacing paper certificates in the diamond industry. Finally, the introduction of new business models or new logics of value creation over BC, as for example using new SCs to act to prioritize specific air corridors. 2. 1. 4 Problems and challenges of SC over BCA particularly challenging aspect for supply chains over BC has been reported by Weber et al. (2016) and is the latency and latency variance of transaction completion. In a public Ethereum platform the average latency for a modelled supply chain scenario was measured to about 23s. This problem has been reported to be mitigated in a private customized BC with average latency around 2. 8 seconds. Another answer to the low performance problem of BC is claimed by Xu et al (2019). Their study focused on providing traceability assurance via improving certificate traceability systems. These systems receive the certificates issued by inspection authorities, that verify the quality and originality of the products, and store and expose them to other interested parties for accountability purposes. The authors proposed and implemented a proof of concept that moved the centralized certificate traceability system to a decentralized system over BC to avoid the risk of tampering by unreliable employees or firms. Their answer to the lower performance problem however is that it is acceptable in that use case since the number of certified suppliers and products is low. Another problem that affects the effectiveness of supply chains over BC is that the number of stakeholders in global supply chains tend to undermine any traditional type or mechanism for enforcing security. Xu et al. (2018) in their work proposed to enhance the security of said supply chains via the binding of the physical and cyber worlds using digital certificates for both employees, devices and products that are responsible to enter and check the product data in the supply chain. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: We used mobile tracking data from more than two million cell phone subscribers in Norway, population registry data on sociodemographic factors and remote sensing (Vegetation Index) to examine whether the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated restriction policies affected the nationwide recreational use of green spaces. Methods 2. 1 Study area and data structure Norway is a country in the in north-western part of Europe, with a population of about 5. 5 million, out of which 82. 4% live in densely populated areas. The country with an area of 323,782 km2 consists of 1. 7% built-up areas and 3. 5% agricultural land. Remaining land cover consists of forest (37. 6%), open firm ground (37. 4%), bare rock (7. 4%), inland waters (6. 2%), wetland (5. 3%), and permanent snow and glaciers (0. 8%) (Statistics Norway, 2022). Norway is geographically divided into 356 municipalities and 1,550 smaller administrative units which correspond with neighborhoods and are used by municipalities and regional administration for statistical analysis and planning purposes. About 33% of the population lives in the five largest municipalities. For the purpose of this study, the administrative units were subdivided into geographical grids ranging from 500m2 to 64,000m2. In areas with low mobility the grids were made larger to maintain anonymity of cell phone users. Out of the 14,331 grids, the area sizes of the grids ranged from 500m2 (28. 6%), 1,000m2 (18. 19%), 2,000m2 (16%), 4,000m2 (16. 5%), 8,000m2 (11. 9%), 16,000m2 (3. 7%), 32,000m2 (0. 69%) to 64,000m2 (0. 18%). The study period was from 01. 01. 2019 until 01. 11. 2021. 2. 2 The number of daily recreational dwells We obtained aggregated mobility data about daily dwells from the Norwegian telephone company Telia with approximately two million users. All mobile phones registered to Telia’s network were tracked, and the data were further modeled to represent the whole Norwegian population as closely as possible. The highest geographical resolution with available data were 500m2 areas (grids), but the grids varied in size and could be up to 64 000m2 in remote areas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Mispredicting and misremembering: patients with renal failure overestimate improvements in quality of life after a kidney transplant. Health Psychol. 2008;27(5):653–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science103. . Misremembering colostomies? Former patients give lower utility ratings than do current patients. Health Psychol. 2006;25(6):688–95. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science104. Walsh E, Ayton P. What would it be like for me and for you? Judged impact of chronic health conditions on happiness. Making. 2009;29(1):15–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science105. . Affective forecasting and advance care planning: anticipating quality of life in future health statuses. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(3):447–56. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science106. Walsh E, Ayton P. My imagination versus your feelings: can personal affective forecasts be improved by knowing other peoples’ emotions? J Appl. 2009;15(4):351–60. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science107. . Loss aversion in riskless choice: a reference-dependent model. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 143–58. Crossref108. Abhyankar P, O’Connor DB, Lawton R. The role of message framing in promoting MMR vaccination: evidence of a loss-frame advantage. Med. 2008;13(1):1–16. CrossrefPubMed109. . Loss-framed minimal intervention increases mammography use. Women’s Health Issues. 2005;15(6):258–64. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science110. . Evaluation of a “loss-framed” minimal intervention to increase mammography utilization among medically un- and under-insured women. Prev. 2002;28(5):394–400. Crossref111. . Framing effect debiasing in medical decision making. Couns. 2008;71(1):102–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science112. . Effect of framing as gain versus loss on understanding and hypothetical treatment choices: survival and mortality curves. Making. 2002;22(1):76–83. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science113.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: 2 SCM traceability conceptual frameworkThe main problem in SCM when adopting BC is to ensure complete traceability. Many different aspects that provide complete traceability have already been mentioned and it is then important to provide clear definitions and context to their use and relationship to supply chains to have a conceptual framework on how to build a SC with more complete traceability. As mentioned by Keogh (2018), GS1 supply chain industry expert with 35 years of experience in the SC field the concepts of Provenance, Traceability and Chain of Custody (CoC) are often misused but their understanding and differentiation provides a stepwise conceptual framework on how to understand and approach the traceability network. 2. 2. 1 ProvenanceEven before BC was developed it had already been identified that provenance management was a cross-cutting “hard” problem in science, industry and society. et al (2009) provenance was defined as the metadata about the origin, context and history of change of origin in associated objects and processes. To assure provenance, there must be some metadata that identifies the item and its geographic characteristic and some functionality that transmits that information along the supply chain. At the time of the rise of the web and search engines it seemed that it was possible to make the claim that all metadata could be indexed, and provenance could be assured. However, several problems with the reality of provenance in SCM were pointed out: provenance was incomplete, unreliable, insecure, heterogeneous, difficult to integrate and non-portable across systems. At the time no real complete solution for provenance assurance was possible although the combination of sematic web and detailed causal graphs was suggested as a path forward. To make evident the difference of applying BC to the provenance problem, Montecchi et al (2019) applied a slogan “It’s real, trust me” when proposing a framework that provides traceability, certifiability, trackability, verifiability and most importantly the increase of provenance knowledge. This increase in provenance knowledge comes from providing provenance assurances, namely: origin tracing, authenticity certification, custody tracking and integrity verification. These will in turn benefit firms by reducing business risks (real or perceived) which can be further categorized in physical, performance, social, psychological and financial risks. 2. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: To maintain anonymity, the mobile company registered activity only if there were five or more subscribers in a grid within a specified period. Data were available on a daily interval from 01. 01. 2019 to 01. 11. 2022, and “daily dwells” was defined as the number of daily dwellings of at least 20 minutes duration spent in a grid. If the cell unit was stationary in a location between 09. 00 and 17. 00 the dwell was categorized as a work dwell. If the cell unit was stationary in a location overnight the dwell was categorized as a home dwell. For this study, all dwells that were not categorized as work or home was identified as a recreational dwell. Signal quality was good, but on some days there was a drop in the number of signals compared to the baseline, which could indicate that there were problems with the mobile network infrastructure for 13 days in 2019, 14 days in 2020 and 9 days in 2021. 2. 3 Green space Density of greenspace was defined as the (NDVI) (Tucker, 1979), which is a widely used remote sensing index that describes the difference between visible and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation cover. We used data from the Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (MOD13Q1) Version 6. 1 (Didkan, 2021). Data were collected every 16 days at 250 meter spatial resolution, with the algorithm choosing the best available pixel value from the 16 day acquisition period with the criteria used being low clouds, low view angle and the highest NDVI value. We computed the median score between 01. 01. 2019 and 01. 01. 2020. The NDVI index ranged from − 1 to 1. 2. 4 Weather data We used ERA–- data (Muñoz Sabater, 2019) about snow depth, solar radiation, wind speed and temperature collected at daily intervals from 01. 01. 2019 until 01. 11. 2021 at grid level resolution. ERA5-Land is a reanalysis satellite dataset providing view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution. Snow depth was defined as instantaneous grib-box average of the snow thickness on the ground (excluding snow on canopy) in meters. Surface solar radiation was defined as the amount of solar radiation (also known as shortwave radiation) reaching the surface of the Earth. This variable comprises both direct and diffuse solar radiation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: The effects of message framing on mammography utilization. Health Psychol. 1995;14(2):178–84. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science114. Brandstätter E, Mücke R. Interpreting test results. Differ. 2009;46(2):183–6. CrossrefWeb of Science115. The effect of how outcomes are framed on decisions about whether to take antihypertensive medication: a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(3):e9469. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science116. ò A. Improving attitudes toward prostate examinations by loss-framed appeals. J Psychol. 2005;35(4):732–42. CrossrefWeb of Science117. . Emotion and the framing of risky choice. Polit Behav. 2008;30(3):297–321. CrossrefWeb of Science118. . An affective booster moderates the effect of gain- and loss-framed messages on behavioral intentions for colorectal cancer screening. J Behav Med. 2012;35(4):452–61. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science119. Foster KH, Harrison E. Effect of presentation bias on selection of treatment option for failed endodontic therapy. . 2008;106(5):e36–9. CrossrefPubMed120. é TT. Using message framing to achieve long-term behavioral changes in persons with diabetes. Res. 2011;24(1):22–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science121. . Message framing and perinatal decisions. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):109–18. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science122. . Effects of framing on teratogenic risk perception in pregnant women. Lancet. 2001;358(9289):1237–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science123. Kalichman SC, Coley B. Context framing to enhance HIV-antibody-testing messages targeted to women. Health Psychol. 1995;14(3):247–54. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science124. Marteau TM. Framing of information: its influence upon decisions of doctors and patients. Soc Psychol. 1989;28(pt 1):89–94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science125. Meyerowitz BE, Chaiken S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: 2 Chain of custodyAccording to GS1 (2017), chain of custody or cumulative tracking in the context of a supply chain is a time-ordered registry of the sequence of parties who take physical custody of an object or collection of objects as it moves through a supply chain network. Chain of custody historically comes from the legal requirement perspective to provide proof of the tracking process. In highly regulated sectors (such as food, arms and drugs) chain of custody is critical and serves as the basis of both provenance and traceability assurance. According to 2 (2016) the key propositions of a chain of custody system are to: identify the origin of a product (final or intermediate), ensure a custodial sequence along the supply chain, ensure that a certified product matches the certification characteristics, link, monitor and protect a claim at a certain stage of the chain with a claim at another point of the chain and finally to improve transparency. (2016) proposes several custody models where the choice of the model depends on the claims the system or the actors wish to make. The models (in decreasing order of connectivity with a certain provenance claim) are identity preservation, segregation, mass balance overview and certificate trading. 2. 2. 3 TraceabilityHas been defined in many different standards (EU Regulation (EC) No 178/2002Footnote 3, ISO 9000:2015Footnote 4, 60-2006Footnote 5) and it can be summarized by: “the origin of materials and parts, the processing history, and the distribution and location of the product after delivery”. Traceability comes from a business requirement perspective of tracking the movement of products and when origin information is preserved it is said to include provenance information. According to the most recent GS1 Standard, V2. 0Footnote 6 these traceability concepts (Provenance, Traceability and CoC) when implemented correctly can be used to provide different levels of traceability functionality in supply chains. According to Sermpinis and Sermpinis (2018) there are two types of traceability: forward traceability the ability to find the locality at any point of the supply chain and backward traceability which is the ability to find the origin of any product given certain search criteria. Providing traceability is important for the food industry as is recommendedFootnote 7 by the in GMOs and GM free products.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Radiation from the Sun (solar, or shortwave, radiation) is partly reflected back to space by clouds and p2. 5 Pandemic and time related variables The dataset included data for a total of 1,036 days ranging from 01. 01. 2019 to 01. 11. 2021. As an indication of the onset and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, a dummy variable was coded 0 indicating pre- and post-lockdown in Norway (01. 01. 19–11. 03. 2020, and 25. 09. 2021–01. 11. 2021), and 1 indicating the time after the onset of the first lockdown from 12. 03. 2020 until 24. 09. 2021 when restrictions were lifted. The effect of the restrictions being lifted was modelled by including a dummy variable that was coded 1 for the time after 25. 09. 2021, and 0 for the baseline and COVID-19 comparison period (01. 01. 2019–24. 09. 2021). We created a dummy variable for school holidays at the municipality level, which was coded 1 if a date was on a school holiday and else coded 0. Similarly, public holidays were dummy coded. Municipality level data on total COVID-19 infection rates per 100,000 residents from the onset of the pandemic to March 31, 2021 were obtained from the System for Communicable Diseases. Data about national level restriction policies were obtained from the -19 Tracker (Hale et al. , 2021). -19 uses nine metrics (school closures, workplace closures, cancellation of public events, restrictions on public gatherings, closures of public transport, stay-at-home requirements, public information campaigns, restriction on internal movements and international travel controls), and provides daily scores ranging from 0 to 100 (stricter response). 2. 6 Neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics Population registry data with information about education level, proportion of immigrants and household income at the administrative unit level (neighborhoods) was acquired from Statistics Norway. First, the proportion of residents having completed higher education at the graduate level was assessed in each geographical unit. Data about educational attainment of the population included residents aged 16 years or older that had completed an education at an educational institution per December 31, 2020. Second, median income for households comprises all monetary income in (NOK), bot taxable and tax-exempt for people who live permanently in the same dwelling per December 31, 2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior. J Psychol. 1987;52(3):500–10. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science126. O’. Eliciting p63. CrossrefPubMed127. Oliver A. Testing the internal consistency of the standard gamble in “success” and “failure” frames. Med. 2004;58(11):2219–29. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science128. Percy ME, Llewellyn-Thomas H. Assessing p16. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science129. . Influence of critical illness on physicians’ prognoses for underlying disease: a randomized study using simulated cases. Med. 2008;36(2):462–70. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science130. Rönnlund M, Karlsson E, Laggnäs E, Larsson L, Lindström T. Risky decision making across three arenas of choice: are younger and older adults differently susceptible to framing effects? J Gen Psychol. 2005;132(1):81–92. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science131. . On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. J Psychol. 2008;94(4):672–95. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science132. . The impact of educational message framing on adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Med. 2011;9(1):38–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science133. . Do physicians understand cancer screening statistics? A national survey of primary care physicians in the United States. Med. 2012;156(5):340–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science134. . Effects of message framing on breast-cancer-related beliefs and behaviors: the role of mediating factors. J Psychol. 2001;31(5):925–50. CrossrefWeb of Science135. . Using message framing to motivate HIV testing among low-income, ethnic minority women. Health Psychol. 2003;22(1):60–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science136. . Moving beyond the function of the health behaviour: the effect of message frame on behavioural decision making. Psychol Health. 2010;25(7):821–38. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science137. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: To provide traceability using BC in supply chains a possible approach is to tokenize the goods and use (SCs) to model their transformation (Westerkamp et al. 2019). The BC in SCM traceability model has also been considered for risk management when supporting a (HACCP) (Rahmadika et al 2018). BC enabled traceability using SCs is also well adapted to the post supply chain and has been proposed in a (POMS) that detects counterfeits via combining the Identification (RFID) product tags with a Ethereum BC system (Toyoda et al 2017). 2. 3 Standards for traceability dataThe already mentioned GS1 V2. 0 standard proposes to make the bridge between physical products and their digital counterparts. According to GS1, traceability data that can be collected can be defined to answer the following five questions at each point of any business process role. “Who” – is typically identified by a Number (GLN) code (constituted by Company Prefix, ). “What” – can be a combination of identifiers based on (GTIN) with increased traceability granularity: class-level (GTIN), lot-level (GTIN + batch/lot ID - Identification) or instance level (GTIN + serial ID). When in transport process the GTIN may be coupled with the (SSCC) – this is a pallet IDs that is created in during packing (by the shipping party) and loses the context and value after receipt by (the receiving party). “Where” – is typically identified by a GLN but can be extended by a GLN extension component to identify internal locations within a site, the Serial GLN (SGLN). “When” can be answered via a time stamp which should include date and time (including time zone and Time (UTC) time offset). Finally, “Why” should state the role of the party in the chain with typical roles being: harvesting, manufacturing, shipping, transporting, receiving and selling. Some additional information might be added if shipping is required: (GSIN) or Number for Consignment (GINC) when a bill of lading requires that the logistic unit has common delivery or shipping. 3 Research methodologyThe DSR methodology was defined by Hevner et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: All amounts were calculated to constant prices by the last year consumer price index. The statistics include only persons in private households and persons registered as living in institutions are excluded. Student households and children below the age of 18 years who are living alone, are excluded. Third, the proportion statistics about immigrants comprise immigrants and Norwegian-born children to immigrant parents as of December 31, 2020. Immigrants are defined as persons born abroad of two foreign-born parents and four foreign-born grandparents. Norwegian-born to as those born in Norway of two parents born abroad and in addition have four grandparents abroad. Persons without legal residence in Norway are omitted from the statistics. The proportion of immigrants variable was coded such that high values indicate a low proportion of immigrants. The education level, median income and immigrant proportion were then z-standardized and averaged to create a composite district level socioeconomic status variable. 2. 7 of the hierarchical structure of the data with repeated observations (days) nested within in geographical grids, nested within neighborhoods, multilevel mixed model analyses were used. Seasonal trends in activity were modeled by including dummy variables that were coded as 1 to indicate days with school holidays, public holidays, or that fell within the winter (December, January, February, March), summer (June, July, August), or autumn (September, October, November) seasons. Grid level information about snow depth, surface solar radiation, temperature, and windspeed were included as control variables to control for the possible confounding effects of weather on dwells. The effects of the onset of the pandemic on daily dwells was modelled over and above the seasonal trends weather variables. To model the effect of the pandemic on activity in green spaces, an interaction term between the Covid dummy and NDVI was included in the analysis. To examine differences between rural and urban areas, and to examine if there were social inequalities in green space activities, we specified three-way interaction terms of NDVI and the pandemic dummy to district level socioeconomic status and district level population density. ResultsWe used data from 14,331 geographical grids in all 1,540 districts (neighborhoods) and 355 municipalities in mainland Norway from 01. 01. 2019 until 01. 11. 2021. On the descriptive level, there was a sharp increase in the national level restrictions stringency index in March 2020 that was sustained during the study period.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Framing effects in choices between multioutcome life-expectancy lotteries. Making. 1999;19(3):324–38. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science138. Blumenschein K, Johannesson M. An experimental test of question framing in health state utility assessment. Health Policy. 1998;45(3):187–93. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science139. . Effect of framing on adolescents’ decision making. Skills. 1996;83(3 pt 1):811–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science140. . Framing bias among expert and novice physicians. Acad Med. 1991;66(9 suppl):S76–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science141. Cox D, Cox A. Communicating the consequences of early detection: the role of evidence and framing. J Marketing. 2001;65:91–103. CrossrefWeb of Science142. Donovan RJ, Jalleh G. Positive versus negative framing of a hypothetical infant immunization: the influence of involvement. Behav. 2000;27(1):82–95. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science143. Ferguson E, Gallagher L. Message framing with respect to decisions about vaccination: the roles of frame valence, frame method and perceived risk. Psychol. 2007;98(pt 4):667–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science144. . Perceived susceptibility to breast cancer moderates the effect of gain- and loss-framed messages on use of screening mammography. Health Psychol. 2011;30(2):145–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science145. . Using message framing to promote acceptance of the human papillomavirus vaccine. Health Psychol. 2007;26(6):745–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science146. . Behavioral frequency moderates the effects of message framing on HPV vaccine acceptability. Med. 2008;35(2):221–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science147. . Framing procedural risks to patients: is 99% safe the same as a risk of 1 in 100? Acad Med. 2000;75(8):840–2. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science148. Hull SJ. Perceived risk as a moderator of the effectiveness of framed HIV-test promotion messages among women: a randomized controlled trial.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: 5 Analysis of requirementsBased on the review of literature the main SCM problems related to traceability that were found are: access control, impersonation, counterfeiting, theft and wrongful delivery, certifying uniqueness of products, visibility, managing product recalls and brand value. According to the review of literature to solve these problems it is crucial to improve the 3 aspects of the defined traceability conceptual framework: provenance (metadata about the origin and associated objects, processes and users), traceability (ability to trace the history, application or location of an object) and the chain of custody (time-ordered sequence of parties with physical custody of an object). The state-of-the-art literature review of SCM over BC provided indications on the required functionalities that are needed to implement more complete traceability namely: (1) Manage the SCA access authorization via a certification mechanism. (2) Bind the physical and digital worlds by restricting access to supply chain product data only to certified actors and devices. (3) Use of a lightweight tokenization of products for representation of the products. (4) Allow the import of certificates and verify the true identity of both SCAs and products using said certificates. (5) Allow for certification data to be univocally linked with the SCAs and product tokens. (6) Allow processing and transfer of ownership procedures while maintaining the identity chain of custody and respective certificate linkages. (7) Reduce supply chain perceived risks in the post supply chain by allowing the customers to view certification information. So, the central capability to verify a digital identity and ensure that only that participant, device or product can use that identity is an essential functionality that is required in supply chains that implement traceability. This functionality has 3 parts: (1) being able to verify the digital signature, (2) being able to verify the certificate of a CA has the correct attributes and finally (3) that the participant is the correct owner of the certificate. This traceability functionality was translated into a requirement to setup a PKI involving the SCAs, the product (CAs) and that extends to the certified products.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: The most prominent increase in new covid cases set in during fall 2020 and reached a peak during fall 2021. Figure 2 shows that at the bivariate level, vegetation density at the grid level (NDVI) was moderately and negatively correlated with the number for daily dwells, suggesting that there were more daily dwells in areas with low vegetation density as compared to areas with high vegetation density. Moreover, there was a moderate negative correlation between NDVI and population density, and a weak positive correlation between NDVI and District SES, indicating that densely populated and less affluent areas contained less greenspace than more affluent areas and areas with lower population density. Table 1 shows the results from multilevel mixed model analysis with the number of daily dwells on the grid level as dependent variable. Model 1 revealed a positive effect of the onset of the pandemic on the number of daily dwells, suggesting that there wa small increase in daily dwells after the onset of the pandemic compared to the baseline period before the pandemic. However, when adjusting for NDVI, district level SES, population density, public holiday, school holiday, season dummies and weather variables in Model 2, there was a negative effect of the onset of the pandemic on daily dwells, suggesting that there was an overall decrease in daily activity after the pandemic started. 3, there was a positive interaction effect between covid dummy and NDVI, suggesting more dwells in green spaces after the onset of the pandemic. The post-hoc probing of the interaction in Fig. 2C showed that after the onset of the pandemic there was a decrease in dwells in areas with low vegetation density, as well as a small increase in dwells in areas with high vegetation density. Figure 1B reveals a sharp increase in the proportion of dwells in green grids that set in during spring 2020 when the pandemic started. In model 4, post-hoc probing of the negative three-way interaction with district level SES (Fig. 2E) showed that in districts with low SES there was a very low level of dwells in green spaces compared to high SES districts, both before and during the pandemic. However, after the pandemic there was a small increase in dwells in the greenest areas (NDVI = 1) in low SES districts and a small decrease in high SES districts.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: The influence of personal relevance on the effects of gain- and loss-framed health-promoting messages. J Health Psychol. 2011;17(5):712–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science161. . Decisional strategy determines whether frame influences treatment p94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science162. . Gain versus loss framing in adherence-promoting communication targeting patients with chronic diseases: the moderating effect of individual time perspective. Health Commun. 2012;27(1):75–85. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science163. . Breast screening in response to gain, loss, and empowerment framed messages among diverse, low-income women. J Poor Underserved. 2007;18(3):550–66. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science164. Fahy A, Desmond DM. Irish mothers’ intentions to have daughters receive the HPV vaccine. Med Sci. 2010;179(3):427–30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science165. Han K-H, Jo S. Does culture matter? A cross-national investigation of women’s responses to cancer prevention campaigns. Women Int. 2012;33(1):75–94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science166. Lauver D, Rubin M. Message framing, dispositional optimism, and follow-up for abnormal Papanicolaou tests. Health. 1990;13(3):199–207. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science167. Llewellyn-. Cancer patients’ decision making and trial-entry p12. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science168. . The effects of framing and action instructions on whether older adults obtain flu shots. Health Psychol. 2002;21(6):624–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science169. O’. Framing effects on expectations, decisions, and side effects experienced: the case of influenza immunization. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(11):1271–6. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science170. . A randomized evaluation of loss and gain frames in an invitation to screening for type 2 diabetes: effects on attendance, anxiety and self-rated health. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(2):196–204. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science171. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: According to the literature review it was also possible to summarize the required attributes for a SCM with more complete traceability with verifiable: “user identity” (SCA ID and certificate), “product identity” (Product ID and certificate), “transfer of custody” (two-sided verification of SCA and product IDs), “uniqueness” (ledger of unique product IDs, “location of products” (geographic reference), and “timestamp of operations”. From the required functionality and attributes, it was possible to select a supporting applicable technology and derive the corresponding improvement of the traceability aspect (Table 2). Table 2 Applicable technology and the corresponding improvement of the traceability aspectFull size table4 Results4. 1 Solution designFollowing the literature survey research results, in order to design a solution to provide a supply chain system with complete traceability we must focus on providing solutions to the problems raised by the main three concepts: Provenance – provide metadata about the origin, context and history of change of products and producers Traceability – provide record of the trace history, application and location of a produce in the SC Chain of custody – provide time-ordered sequence of events the parties create when they take physical custody of an object or collection of objects as it moves through a supply chain network. In table 3 we described the identification of the problems of each concept as it related to SCAs and Products. Following the DSR, the use cases and the architecture are the design artifacts that provide the solutions for the research problems. Table 3 Mapping between Problems, solutions and artifactsFull size table4. 2 Proposed functionalityAccording to Weber et al. (2016) BC can be used as the collaborative process execution machine. This is performed in 3 steps. Firstly, translating the process specifications/requirements into Smart Contracts. Secondly using the BC computational infrastructure to organize the collaborative processes. Thirdly using the BC triggers to connect physical and digital world. This proposal adds to that proposal the use digital cryptographic certificates to establish both: SCA and product identity and authenticity inside/post a distributed and untrusted supply chain. The digital representation of supply chain products is supported by a lightweight tokenization of the products and their associated processes in a SC. In this proposal the certificates are only linked to the tokens and to have a minimum increase of BC storage and avoid the cost for the importing and validation of the certificates in the SCM.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Post-hoc probing of the positive three-way interaction with population density (Fig. 2F) showed that districts with low population density had slightly higher levels of dwells in green spaces compared to districts with high population density, and there was little difference before and after the pandemic. However, districts with high population density had a small decrease in dwells after the onset of the pandemic in areas with low vegetation density. Figure 1D shows the change in dwells in green spaces (NDVI > 0. 6) on the municipality level between before and after the onset of the pandemic. Table 1 Results from multilevel mixed model analysis Daily dwells Fixed effects Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Intercept 4. 62 *** 4. 64 *** 4. 64 *** 4. 61 *** Covid dummy 0. 01 *** -0. 05 *** -0. 05 *** -0. 04 *** NDVI -1. 07 *** -1. 06 *** -0. 99 *** District level SES -0. 11 *** -0. 09 *** -0. 15 *** Population density 0. 03 *** 0. 05 *** 0. 06 *** School holiday 0. 09 *** 0. 09 *** 0. 09 *** Public holiday 0. 01 *** 0. 01 *** 0. 01 *** Winter -0. 03 *** -0. 03 *** -0. 03 *** Summer 0. 03 *** 0. 03 *** 0. 03 *** Autumn -0. 02 *** -0. 02 *** -0. 02 *** Snow depth -0. 14 *** -0. 14 *** -0. 14 *** Solar radiation 0. 09 *** 0. 09 *** 0. 09 *** Temperature 0. 10 *** 0. 10 *** 0. 10 *** Windspeed -0. 04 *** -0. 04 *** -0. 04 *** Covid dummy * NDVI 0. 14 *** 0. 05 *** Covid dummy * NDVI * District SES -0. 12*** Covid dummy * NDVI * Population density 0. 04*** σ2 0. 29 0. 27 0. 27 0. 27 τ00 grid 1. 27 1. 18 1. 18 1. 18 τ00 district 0. 51 0. 24 0. 24 0. 24 ICC 0. 86 0. 84 0. 84 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: J Med. 1994;9(1):20–3. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science183. . Do decision biases predict bad decisions? Omission bias, naturalness bias, and influenza vaccination. Making. 2008;28(4):532–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science184. -Buzaglo J. Cognitive processes and the decisions of some parents to forego pertussis vaccination for their children. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(6):697–703. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science185. Ritov I, Baron J. Reluctance to vaccinate: omission bias and ambiguity. J Mak. 1990;3(4):263–77. Crossref186. Ritov I, Baron J. Outcome knowledge, regret, and omission bias. Process. 1995;64(2):119–27. CrossrefWeb of Science187. . Feeling bad about immunising our children. Vaccine. 2005;23(12):1428–33. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science188. . Understanding and predicting parental decisions about early childhood immunizations. Health Psychol. 2004;23(1):33–41. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science189. Baron J. The effect of normative beliefs on anticipated emotions. J Psychol. 1992;63(2):320–30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science190. Zikmund-. A matter of perspective: choosing for others differs from choosing for yourself in making treatment decisions. J Med. 2006;21(6):618–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science191. Bond L, Nolan T. Making sense of perceptions of risk of diseases and vaccinations: a qualitative study combining models of health beliefs, decision-making and risk perception. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):943. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science192. Connolly T, Reb J. Omission bias in vaccination decisions: where’s the “omission”? Where’s the “bias”? Process. 2003;91(2):186–202. CrossrefWeb of Science193. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Conflict resolution: a cognitive perspective. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: To implement the previously defined requirements a set of SCM traceability functions/use cases were defined to be implemented in the Ethereum SC (with the business logic). The SCAs can operate the SCM by calling the SC functionsFootnote 8 (Fig. 2). Architecture workflows for referenced use cases A to G are described in ANNEX 1, use cases H and I are described in ANNEX 2. Fig. 2Proposed functionalityFull size image4. 3 Design aspectsDue to BC’s unique capabilities and features several design aspects and trade-offs must be considered when designing a SCM over BC. The decision to use private/consortium vs. public BC systems will depend on the selected industry use case, its requirement for global public access and will have impacts on the decentralization, the scalability and latency/latency variance of transactions. A public BC like Ethereum is globally accessible, fully decentralized and has higher availability due to the number of nodes. One trade-off of a public BC is that its transactions are expected to have higher latency and latency variance so the scalability aspect is not under control of the participating organizations and the BC code will generally follow a standard that is defined by a distributed improvement proposal scheme. As an example, an operation over Ethereum public BC is expected to take tens of seconds or more, varying much on the load on the system and so the latency is not under control of the SCM participants. This latency and latency variance problem can be mitigated to a few seconds per transaction if a private or consortium BC is used. However, a trade-off of that approach would be to lose some of the global access and availability features. In what regards scalability a private or consortium BC can scale its throughput without having to increase the number of nodes since it is possible for example to specifically configure consensus mechanisms that allow for faster transaction validation. For the use case in analysis in this 4. 4 Proposed architectureThe proposed architecture uses a Ethereum BC SC to implement the already presented use cases. As mentioned, the SCAs interact with the BC using their wallets via Metamask with calls to the SC code using a JavaScript based interface (Web3 APIFootnote 14) (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Proposed architectureFull size imageThe state of the supply chain, all its actors and products are tokenized in Ethereum via the Smart Contract.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Moreover, we know from before that the pandemic led to an increase in mental health problems due to social isolation and disruption of daily routines (von Soest et al. , 2022). Since green spaces have been shown to have a positive impact on mental health by reducing stress and increasing social connection, people may have increasingly turned to green spaces to escape the stresses of the pandemic. We also found that the positive impact of the pandemic on green space use was most prominent in districts with low socioeconomic status. Low socio-economic status neighborhoods were more affected by the negative economic and social impacts of the pandemic (Bessell, 2022; Bonaccorsi et al. , 2020; von Soest et al. , 2022). As people living in these areas experienced higher levels of stress, the increased use of green spaces in these neighborhoods during the pandemic may reflect that green spaces have provided opportunities to reduce stress and improve mental health, social connection, and well-being of the residents. Our study revealed a clear social inequity in green space use, with the highest SES districts displaying nearly equal usage rates of green spaces and non-green spaces. In contrast, low SES districts had significantly more dwells in non-green areas and fewer dwells in the greenest areas. This pattern was evident both before and during the pandemic, but the difference seemed to decline slightly during the pandemic as compared to before the pandemic. This suggests that the pandemic may have had a positive effect on green space inequality by reducing the gap between high and low SES districts. Our study also showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a more significant impact on green space use in densely populated urban areas, as opposed to districts with lower population density. Specifically, we observed a more substantial decline in the number of visits to non-green areas in high population density urban districts. This finding is consistent with previous research showing greater mobility contraction in urban areas (Bonaccorsi et al. , 2020). This decline in non-green area usage in high population density urban areas could be linked to the higher risk of COVID-19 transmission in densely populated areas, and the following closing of indoor gyms, cinemas, restaurants, and other recreational facilities that are typically located in such areas. Residents in these areas may have been more cautious about activities in settings that typically have low vegetation density such as public built and indoors environments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: p 473–88. Crossref194. Berndsen M, van der Pligt J. Time is on my side: optimism in intertemporal choice. (Amst). 2001;108(2):173–86. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science195. . Extent and determinants of error in doctors’ prognoses in terminally ill patients: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2000;320(7233):469–72. CrossrefPubMed196. The distinct role of comparative risk perceptions in a breast cancer prevention program. Med. 2011;42(2):262–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science197. -P. Prognosis or “curabo effect? ” Physician prediction and patient outcome of surgery for low back pain and sciatica. Spine. 2005;30(12):1448–53. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science198. . Discrepancies between patient and physician estimates for the success of stem cell transplantation. JAMA. 2001;285(8):1034–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science199. . Ego bias, reverse ego bias, and physicians’ prognostic. Med. 1991;19(12):1533–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science200. Loewenstein G, Prelec D. P2000. p 565–96. Crossref201. . Order of information: impact on perceived level of functional independence. Health Care. 2005;18(4):1–12. CrossrefPubMed202. . Clinical reasoning about new symptoms despite preexisting disease: sources of error and order effects. Fam Med. 1995;27(5):314–20. PubMed203. . Clinical diagnosis and the order of information. Making. 1998;18(4):412–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science204. . Order of information affects clinical judgment. J Mak. 1996;9(3):201–11. CrossrefWeb of Science205. . Primacy effects in clinical judgments of contingency. Making. 1988;8(3):216–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science206. . How the manner of presentation of data influences older patients in determining their treatment p8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science207. ’N, Unwin A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using blockchain makes all supply chain operations immune to theft or fraud. [SEP] Text: This proposal uses digital certificates for user and product authentication and so it requires that recognized organizations implement a PKI (to generate digital certificates and provide the chain of trust). In the case of public market products governments and certification organizations are among the best candidates for establishing a PKI for businesses operating on global supply chains. It is possible to have the PKI implemented directly by consortium organizations when the use cases are restricted to specific businesses or industry sectors. This proposal requires that only validated SCAs (the ones which can provide an ID and certificate that match and verifies) can register products into the SC system. The SCA and products certificates are digital certificates that attest of the business identity (e. g. , when registering with national government agency) or attest that the product has unique distinguishing and certified characteristics (such as in the case of PDO (of Origin (1992)) where the products and processes are verified and certified by a selected PDO regulator organization. The importing and retrieval aspects of the SCA and product certificates is performed with the reuse of the Customer (KYC) solution from WalliD adapted for identities such as organizations and products. Details on the and Validation functionality using WalliD KYC (off-chain solution) are described in ANNEX 2. In this proposal the products in the supply chain are referenced by an industry referencing standard, the EPC – Code which is a unique identifier commonly used in supply chains as described in the case of livestock supply chain by Hartley et al. (2014). The supply chain can operate with products without certification (since it is optional to provide them) but the main business value of this proposal should be for products that require authenticity validation. The validation of certificate hashes for both SCA identity and products is performed off-chain by the Manager entity (that includes the role of “Certificate Validator”). Another deciding factor to have certificate validation off chain has to do because it is not performant to execute crypto hashing (validation function) on chain in the current Machine (EVM). The SC Manager (“Certificate Validator”) is also responsible to perform certificate revocation in the cases the SCA or the product must leave the SCM BC. Additionally, SC Manager can also provide a website for SCA actors and consumers to request and view the product certificate given a product EPC.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: The decline in non-green area usage may also reflect the shift to remote work and reduced commuting, which would have decreased the number of people accessing urban areas. This study has several strengths, including the use of nationwide mobility data from over 2 million subscribers, combined with population registry data, satellite data, and daily weather variables to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on green space use in Norway. We used objective measures to identify the number of daily dwells in green spaces, while separating between different categories of activities such as work, staying at home, and non-home/non-work related dwells. This allowed us to capture a comprehensive picture of the impact of the pandemic on green space use across different socio-economic and geographic areas in Norway. However, there are also some limitations that should be acknowledged. Our measure of daily dwells in green spaces did not differentiate between people living in an area and those visiting an area. Therefore, it is possible that some of the increases we observed in green space use were due to an influx of visitors from outside the area, rather than an actual increase in usage by local residents. Additionally, our study focused only on Norway, and it is possible that the results may not be generalizable to other countries or regions with different cultural, socio-economic, and geographical characteristics. Another limitation is that we did not collect data on individual behaviors or attitudes towards green space use during the pandemic. It is possible that other factors beyond the closure of indoor facilities and concerns over COVID-19 transmission contributed to the observed increase in green space use, such as changes in personal p458. doi:10. 1080/14733285. 2021. 1902943 & Beyer, K. M. M. (2022). Greenspace, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Health, and Cancer: A Review and for Greenspace in Cardio-Oncology Research. 19(4). doi:10. 3390/ijerph19042426 Bonaccorsi, G. , Pierri, F. , Cinelli, M. , Flori, A. , Galeazzi, A. , Porcelli, F. ,. . . Quattrociocchi, W. (2020). Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19. Proceedings of the of Sciences, 117(27), 15530-15535. . , DeVost, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science219. Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: how presentation of recurrence risk influences decision-making. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(23):4299–305. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science220. Cranney M, Walley T. Same information, different decisions: the influence of evidence on the management of hypertension in the elderly. Gen Pract. 1996;46(412):661–3. PubMedWeb of Science221. . Reconciling population benefits and women’s individual autonomy in mammographic screening: in-depth interviews to explore women’s views about “informed choice. ”. 2005;29(1):69–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science222. Fagerlin A, Zikmund-. “If I’m better than average, then I’m ok? ” Comparative information influences beliefs about risk and benefits. Couns. 2007;69(1–3):140–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science223. Gyrd-øe J, Nielsen JB. Effects of baseline risk information on social and individual choices. Making. 2002;22(1):71–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science224. . Communicating the benefits of chronic preventive therapy: does the format of efficacy data determine patients’ acceptance of treatment? Making. 1995;15(2):152–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science225. Impact of presentation of research results on likelihood of prescribing medications to patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiol. 2001;87(2):203–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science226. . Effects of communicating social comparison information on risk perceptions for colorectal cancer. J Health Commun. 2006;11(4):391–407. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science227. . The framing effect of relative and absolute risk. J Med. 1993;8(10):543–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science228. Misselbrook D, Armstrong D. Patients’ responses to risk information about the benefits of treating hypertension. Gen Pract. 2001;51(465):276–9. PubMedWeb of Science229. . Measured enthusiasm: does the method of reporting trial results alter perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness? Med. 1992;117(11):916–21.

Output: corroborate