Input: Claim: The concept of biophilic design is inspired by the innate human connection to nature. [SEP] Text: The identified main features plus other complementary features for Innovation are designed to target a certain area of the occupant's health, comfort, or knowledge. Every single feature is subdivided into parts tailored to fit specific building types such as retail, multifamily residential, education, restaurant, and commercial kitchen. [18], [19]. 4. stated earlier in the introduction, biophilia —the love of life or living things— is a natural and intuitive drive-in human. Incorporating biophilia into GBRTs promotes health and well-being. Biophilia is nestled in the WELL building standard with more definitive metrics than other GBRTs [3]. For example, WELL Feature 89 “Biophilia I–Qualitative” is a required precondition for the certification, and Feature 100 “Biophilia II–Quantitative” is an optimization (Ryan, 2017). Almost all 14 patterns of are addressed either directly or indirectly through the seven concepts and related performance metrics of WELL, as presented in Figure 1. Therefore, in this study, the WELL standard is used as a benchmark to compare the other three GBRTs. LEED V4 ND+C and for new construction, and LBC 3. 1 are compared to WELL in terms of common features addressed in these GBRTs. The aim is to examine their contributions to improve the health and wellness of building occupants and users. Figure 2 traces the progression of biophilic design, alongside the advancement of the chosen GBRTs. 5. term “sustainability” refers to this form of development that can take place without harming the environment, maintaining, and enhancing what we have now for future generations. In consequence, WELL and other GBRTs collaborate to ensure that our built environment achieves better energy performance and consumes fewer resources for a brighter and more sustainable future, while also promoting improved human health. Many organizations are investing in holistic health and well-being programs as they lead to a more productive workforce and increased employee engagement. For that reason, WELL is undoubtedly becoming a benchmark for wellness and health in the workplace. It is designed to work in tandem with the the Challenge, and other globe green building standards. (WBI) with the collaboration of many green building organizations such as the U. S. Council (USGBC), Certification Inc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1317818/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractclinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline has been either limited or controversial. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) and nootropics combination in the treatment of cognitive impairment in dementia. were based on electronic medical records in a university health system. Patients with mild-to-moderate dementia and no history of prior cognitive enhancer use were included (n = 583). The subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group. The primary outcome measure was the change in cognitive function, as assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) from baseline to 300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription. Subsequent analyses were conducted in consideration of the dementia type, medical adherence, and type of nootropics. changes in MMSE scores from baseline to endpoint were not significantly different between the two groups. In Alzheimer’s dementia, the combination group showed significantly less deterioration in MMSE language subscale scores compared to the ChEI only group (F = 6. 86, p = 0. 009), and the difference was consistent in the highly adherent subjects (F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002). The choline alfoscerate and the ginkgo biloba extract subgroups in Alzheimer’s dementia showed more significant improvements in the MMSE language subscale scores compared to the other nootropics subgroup (F = 7. 04, p = 0. 001). present study showed that the effectiveness of ChEI and nootropics combination on cognition may appear differently according to the dementia type. It emphasizes the need for well-controlled studies to generalize the effectiveness of nootropics across various clinical settings. Cholinesterase inhibitorsNootropic agentsDementiaAlzheimer diseaseCognitive dysfunctionMental status and dementia testFiguresFigure 1BackgroundDementia is one of the most rapidly growing syndromes in aging societies, and it is also the leading cause of disability and caregiver dependency among older adults.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Новый род обладает наибольшим сходством с девонским (по другим данным, позднесилурийским) родом Tortilicaulis Edwards, но отличается отсутствием мукро (шиповидного окончания) на апексе спорангия и менее отчётливыми спиральными утолщениями на побеге. Фертильные побеги Volkhoviella очень сходны с некоторыми экземплярами Cooksonia (например, Cooksonia hemisphaerica Lang. , см. [20, Fig. 2]), но отличаются отсутствием дихотомии фертильных побегов в их приапикальной части.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilic design is inspired by the innate human connection to nature. [SEP] Text: , Air, Light, Fitness, Mind and Comfort). The common features between WELL standard and equal (42 Fs); (15) Equivalent and (27) Aligned, with a total weighted score of (99) in six common concepts (i. e. , Air, Water, Light, Fitness, Mind and Comfort). Lastly, the common features between WELL standard and LBC equal (25 Fs); (2) Equivalent and (23) Aligned, with a total weighted score of (52) in five common concepts (i. e. , Air, Comfort, Fitness, Nourishment and Mind). The review of available crosswalks addressing the degree of fulfilment of GRBTs credits compared to WELL features (and the reverse) highlighted issues relating to inconsistent terminology. For tackling this problem, the authors introduced adjusted terms and definitions to improve consistency. The terms that might create confusion included: i. Using the same term in different crosswalk documents to designate different levels of fulfilment such as “Partial”. It indicates in LEED that the credit/feature is partially met or may help to meet the corresponding credit/feature. Partial in LBC signifies that while the outputs and/or approaches are similar, there are significant variances in the standards' requirements. ii. Using different terms in different crosswalk documents to designate the same level of fulfilment such as “Equivalent” in LEED and “Complete” in LBC to denote full compliance. Additionally, “Not applicable” in and “Not equivalent” in LBC are used similarly to indicate not addressed features. 9. dominance of certification tools shapes the concept of 'Green' building. However, the extent to which the GRBTs contribute to occupant health and well-being remains unclear. They focus mainly on physiological well-being through the principle of avoidance. The compliance with requirements is determined by quantified measurable outcomes with aggregated scores such as energy and water efficiency. BiophilicDesign, on the contrary, has a more qualitative goal given that human well-being depends on the presence of natural elements in buildings such as greenery and water. Nevertheless, accessing attributes and qualities found in nature is hard to measure, yet the effects are highly visible in the architectural form and appearance. This paper aims to present guidelines for shifting GRBTs towards a more human-centered and biophilic approach.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Currently, more than 55 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, and nearly 10 million new patients are diagnosed with dementia every year [1]. Dementia leads to deterioration in multiple domains of cognitive function, including orientation, memory, language, attention, and visuospatial construction. To date, no curative drugs for dementia have been widely implemented in clinical practice, and most clinicians still consider cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) as the first line of pharmacological treatment for cognitive deficits in dementia [2, 3]. Nootropics, which were originally described as compounds with similar pharmacology to piracetam, are now generally accepted as any and all compounds that are expected to improve learning and memory in experimental and clinical paradigms [4]. In Korea, apart from the general over-the-counter supplements, there are certain nootropics that need prescriptions for use; among those most frequently prescribed are choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. Many clinicians often prefer concomitant use of ChEIs with nootropics, based on fragmentary evidence that augmentation could have certain clinical benefits [5, 6]. In fact, the clinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline are either limited or controversial, with some studies showing improvements in cognitive function with choline alfoscerate [7–9], ginkgo biloba extract [10, 11], acetyl-L-carnitine [6, 12], and nicergoline [13, 14], while other studies demonstrated no clinical benefits of such nootropics [15–18]. Although nootropics alone may not significantly improve cognitive function, nootropics in combination with ChEIs may enhance cholinergic neurotransmission, neurogenesis, and microperfusion in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum, ultimately delaying cognitive decline in dementia, especially in those with mild-to-moderate disease severity [19–21]. This study aimed to elucidate whether the concomitant use of nootropics with ChEIs is effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with dementia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Общая последовательность возможных событий при образовании первых наземных растительных сообществ, к которым принадлежала Volkhoviella, показана на рисунке 5. Распространение: средний ордовик Северо-Запада России. Рис. 1. Географическое и стратиграфическое расположение местонахождения остатков Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. а – расположение разреза, отмечено астериском; б – уровень сбора растительных остатков, отмечен стрелкой, слои с Xenasaphus devexus Eichwald; в – точное место сбора остатков V.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilic design is inspired by the innate human connection to nature. [SEP] Text: The study compares three widely used GRBTs for buildings, namely and LBC, with the WELL rating system, which is the only system that incorporates biophilic design patterns. Matrices were developed based on a comprehensive review of the official technical manuals and all available series of crosswalks and alignments related to the four GRBTs. The overlapping equivalency levels of the (7) concepts of WELL and their related (100) features were identified in and LBC, and then assigned weighted scores. The results of the analyses indicated that: i. GRBTs_ There is a significant opportunity to achieve partial equivalency/ alignment between WELL standard and and LBC, yet full compliance has a low chance. One explanation for this inference is that many of WELL features are based on scientific research and studies that necessitated further particular testing or experimental analyses. Thus, the potential to establish a dual certification process across multiple GRBTs is much harder. LBC rating system has fewer chances to align with WELL because it is contingent upon actual performance comparing to LEED or. Specifically, LBC is much focusing on the ends rather than the means; every single LBC building must achieve net-zero water use and net-zero energy, while LEED and are point-based performance with defined checklists. ii. Biophilic Design_ Biophilia features addressed in are mostly nestled in the “Mind” concept, however, and LBC pay attention to “Air”, “Light”, and “Comfort” more than “Fitness”, “Water”, “Mind”, and “Nourishment”. iii. Synergies_The purpose of crosswalks is to find synergies between WELL and other green building rating systems. It should be highlighted that having consistent wording within the GRBTs crosswalks and alignments is critical. The inconsistency can lead to a lot of misunderstanding since the terms are used to make judgements about whether the requirements have been met. 10 It is imperative to shift current construction trends towards a more comprehensive approach that considers the entire building life cycle and its impact on human health and wellness. -19 pandemic has underscored the importance of understanding the intricate relationships between humans, nature, and the built environment (Karimi, H. , et al. , 2023).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: We hypothesized that dementia patients treated with both ChEIs and nootropics would show less deterioration in cognitive function as assessed by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) over a 1-year follow-up period compared to dementia patients treated with ChEIs only. We further hypothesized that this trend would be more evident in the neurodegenerative forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. population The present study aimed to observe the effectiveness of the concomitant administration of nootropics with ChEIs for the treatment of cognitive deficits in patients with dementia. Data were collected and extracted via the clinical data warehouse of a university health system consisting of three general hospitals with 4,050 beds in total. Patients with any diagnosis of dementia, defined according to the Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic codes F00, F01, F02, F03, F10. 7, G23. 1, G30, G31. 0, G31. 1, and G31. 8, between the ages of 60 and 89 years were selected. We extracted all diagnostic codes of the patients regardless of whether they were the main or sub-diagnoses. After screening the entire prescription histories registered on the clinical data warehouse, which was over 7 years of record, only the patients who had their first ChEI prescription between 2012 and 2015 were included in the study. Subjects were further narrowed down to only those with mild-to-moderate dementia, as defined by their baseline MMSE total scores from 10 to 26 (n = 583) (Figure 1). Subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group (n = 410) and the ChEI and nootropics combination group (n = 173). Subjects in the ChEI and nootropics combination group were prescribed at least one of the following nootropics during the follow-up period: choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. MMSE total scores and its six-subscale scores (orientation, immediate recall, attention and calculation, delayed recall, language, and visuospatial construction) were collected at the baseline (within 30 days of the first ChEI prescription of ChEI) and at the endpoint (300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription), respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: primitiva, отмечено астериском; г – ход роющего беспозвоночного, замещённый гематитом, пиритом и лимонитом, с глауконитовой "рубашкой"; д – район исследования, отмечен астериском Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, sp. nov. (см. рис. 2–4). Название вида происходит от primitivus (латинизир. греч. ) – примитивный, просто устроенный. Голотип – ГИН 4914/7, валимская свита, ухакуский горизонт, лланвирнский ярус, средний ордовик; правый берег р. Волхов в 3 км выше плотины гидроэлектростанции в г.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: encrypts she sends the encrypted information to Bob, who must now recover the original information. Exactly how Alice encrypts the message depends upon the private key, so that to recover the original message Bob needs to know the private key, in order to undo the transformation Alice applied. Unfortunately, private key cryptosystems have some severe problems in many contexts. The most basic problem is how to distribute the keys? In many ways, the key distribution problem is just as difficult as the original problem of communicating in private – a malevolent third party may be eavesdropping on the key distribution, and then use the intercepted key to decrypt some of the message transmission. One of the earliest discoveries in quantum computation and quantum information was that quantum mechanics can be used to do key distribution in such a way that Alice and Bob’s security cannot be compromised. This procedure is known as quantum cryptography or quantum key distribution (abbreviated QKD). The basic idea is to exploit the quantum mechanical principle that observation in general disturbs the system being observed. Thus, if there is an eavesdropper listening in as Alice and Bob attempt to transmit their key, the presence of the eavesdropper will be visible as a disturbance of the communications channel Alice and Bob are using to establish the key. Alice and Bob can then throw out the key bits established while the eavesdropper was listening in, and start over. The first quantum cryptographic ideas were proposed by wrote “Conjugate Coding”[1], which unfortunately took more than ten years to see the light of print. In the mean time, Charles H. Bennett (who knew of Wiesner’s idea) and picked up the subject and brought it to fruition in a series of papers that culminated with the demonstration of an experimental prototype that established the technological feasibility of the concept [2]. Quantum cryptographic systems take advantage of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, according to which measuring a quantum system in general disturbs it and yields incomplete information about its state before the measurement. Eavesdropping on a quantum communication channel therefore causes an unavoidable disturbance, alerting the legitimate users. This yields a cryptographic system for the distribution of a secret random cryptographic key between two parties initially sharing no secret information that is secure against an eavesdropper having at her disposal unlimited computing power.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Baseline data on age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), education, alcohol use, tobacco use, concomitant psychiatric medications, and comorbid diagnoses were collected during the study period. Subjects were categorized by the type of dementia according to their main diagnosis in the highest order: Alzheimer’s dementia (n = 447), vascular dementia (n = 80), and other dementia (n = 56). For subgroup analysis, the ChEI and nootropics combination group of the Alzheimer’s dementia patients were further classified as follows: choline alfoscerate group (n = 74), ginkgo biloba extract group (n = 39), and other nootropics group (n = 21). This research protocol was exempt from an ethics review by the Board of Hospital (9-2020-0108). main outcome measure was the change in cognitive function from baseline to endpoint, as assessed by the MMSE total score and its six subscale scores. Since the primary analysis did not differentiate the dementia type, subsequent analysis was conducted by comparing the changes in cognitive function between the ChEI only and ChEI and nootropics combination groups for each type of dementia separately. Further analysis was conducted in consideration of adherence to ChEI and nootropics. We defined the proportion of days covered (PDC = [Number of days in period "covered" by prescription]*100/[Number of days in period]) ≥ 0. 7 to be highly adherent, based on previous studies on adherence [22]. In the subgroup analysis, MMSE score changes were analyzed among the subgroups (i. e. , choline alfoscerate vs. ginkgo biloba extract vs. other nootropics) to observe the effectiveness of each nootropic type. Statistical analysis Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared by independent t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Two-sample t-tests were utilized to compare the two treatment groups at baseline and endpoint, as well as the change from baseline to endpoint.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Волховстрой, Ленинградская область (см. рис. 2, д, е, ж, з; рис. 4, а, з). Описание. Растения небольших размеров, с фертильными побегами до 15 мм длиной, около 0,7 мм в диаметре, несущими терминальные спорангии эллиптической формы (см. рис. 2, д–з; рис. 4, а, г, ж, з). Побеги узкие, субцилиндрической формы, несут отчётливые спиральные утолщения, возможно, отражающие характер расположения проводящей системы (см. рис. 2, д, е).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: The classic example of such discreet decision making is the “dating problem”, in which two people seek a way of making a date if and only if each likes the other, without disclosing any further information. For example, if Alice likes Bob but Bob doesn’t like Alice, the date should be called off without Bob finding out that Alice likes him, on the other hand, it is logically unavoidable for Alice to learn that Bob doesn't like her, because if he did the date would be on. In general, the goal of quantum cryptography is to perform tasks that are impossible or intractable with conventional cryptography. Quantum cryptography makes use of the subtle properties of quantum mechanics such as the quantum no-cloning theorem and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Unlike conventional cryptography, whose security is often based on unproven computational assumptions, quantum cryptography has an important advantage in that its security is often based on the laws of physics. Thus far, proposed applications of quantum cryptography include QKD, quantum bit commitment and quantum coin tossing. These applications have varying degrees of success. The most successful and important application – QKD – has been proven to be unconditionally secure. Moreover, experimental QKD has now been performed over hundreds of kilometers over both standard commercial telecom optical fibers and open-air. In fact, commercial QKD systems are currently available on the market [5]. Classical secret sharing can be used in a number of ways besides for a joint checking account. The secret key could access a bank vault, or a computer account, or any of a variety of things. In addition, secret sharing is a necessary component for performing secure distributed computations among a number of people who do not completely trust each other. With the boom in quantum computation, it seems possible, even likely, that quantum states will become nearly as important as classical data. It might therefore be useful to have some way of sharing secret quantum states as well as secret classical data. Such a quantum secret sharing (abbreviated QSS) scheme might be useful for sharing quantum keys, such as those used in quantum key distribution or in other quantum cryptographic protocols. In addition, QSS might allow us to take advantage of the additional power of quantum computation in secure distributed computations. Imagine that it is fifteen years from now and someone announces the successful construction of a large quantum computer. runs a front-page 2006.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: There was no difference in the distribution of the type of ChEI prescribed between the two groups (p = 0. 446 for donepezil, p = 0. 334 for rivastigmine, p = 0. 092 for galantamine) (1). Change in cognitive function: ChEI only vs. ChEI and nootropics combination group (Table 2 inserted here) Results for the primary outcome measure are shown in Table 2. Two-sample t-tests at baseline and endpoint showed no difference between the two groups in terms of the MMSE total score and any of its six subscale scores. A linear mixed-effects model analysis with the MMSE total score as the dependent variable also revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction (F = 1. 48, df = 1,581, p = 0. 224). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction as well, albeit the change in language subscale score showed a trend of less deterioration in the nootropics combination group than in the ChEI only group (-0. 27 for the ChEI only group and -0. 03 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 3. 43, df = 1,581, p = 0. 065). Change in cognitive function for each type of dementia: Alzheimer’s dementia, vascular dementia, and other dementia (Table 3 inserted here) Comparison of the change in cognitive function for each of the three types of dementia is shown in Table 3. Linear mixed-effects model analyses using the MMSE total score as the dependent variable revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction in all three types of dementia (F = 2. 10, p =0. 148 for Alzheimer’s dementia, F = 0. 38, p = 0. 540 for vascular dementia, F = 0. 04, p = 0. 906 for other dementia). Within the subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer’s dementia, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE language subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, revealing a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 34 for the ChEI only group and 0. 04 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 6. 86, p = 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Длина спорангиев не превышает 1,5 мм при средней величине 1,4 мм; ширина спорангиев в среднем равна 1 мм. Изредка встречаются спорангии не продольно вытянутой, а грибовидной, слегка приплюснутой в поперечном направлении формы (см. рис. 4, ж, слева). Непосредственно в спорангии споры не обнаружены, но рядом со спорангиями в изолированном состоянии найдены мелкие споры сферической формы (см. рис. 4, е) около 20 мкм в диаметре, с мелкими шиповидными выростами.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: In the past few years, a remarkable surge of interest in the international scientific and industrial community has propelled quantum cryptography into mainstream computer science and physics. Furthermore, quantum cryptography is becoming increasingly practical at a fast pace. The first quantum key distribution prototype [2] worked over a distance of 32 centimeters in 1989. Two additional experimental demonstrations have been set up since, which work over significant lengths of optical fibre [8] [9]. The highest bit rate system currently demonstrated exchanges secure keys at 1 Mbit/s (over 20 km of optical fibre) and 10 kbit/s (over 100 km of fibre), achieved by a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and Toshiba using the BB84 protocol with decoy pulses. As of March 2007 the longest distance over which quantum key distribution has been demonstrated using optic fibre is 148. 7 km, achieved by National Laboratory/NIST using the BB84 protocol. Significantly, this distance is long enough for almost all the spans found in today's fibre networks. The distance record for free space QKD is 144 km between two of the Canary Islands, achieved by a European collaboration using entangled photons (the Ekert scheme) in 2006, and using BB84 enhanced with decoy states in 2007. The experiments suggest transmission to satellites is possible, due to the lower atmospheric density at higher altitudes. For example although the minimum distance from the Station to the is about 400 km, the atmospheric thickness is about an order of magnitude less than in the European experiment, thus yielding less attenuation compared to this experiment. Advertisement 2. Quantum cryptography fundamentalsOn a wider context, quantum cryptography is a branch of quantum information processing, which includes quantum computing, quantum measurements, and quantum teleportation. Quantum computation and quantum information is the study of the information processing tasks that can be accomplished using quantum mechanical systems. Quantum mechanics is a mathematical framework or set of rules for the construction of physical theories. The rules of quantum mechanics are simple but even experts find them counterintuitive, and the earliest antecedents of quantum computation and quantum information may be found in the long-standing desire of physicists to better understand quantum mechanics. Perhaps the most striking of these is the study of quantum entanglement. Entanglement is a uniquely quantum mechanical resource that plays a key role in many of the most interesting applications of quantum computation and quantum information; entanglement is iron to the classical world’s bronze age.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 009), while in the vascular dementia subjects, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE attention and calculation subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, with a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 59 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 44, p = 0. 038). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction in the other dementia patients. (Table 4 inserted here) For highly-adherent Alzheimer’s dementia patients, the MMSE language subscale score consistently revealed a significant treatment-by-time interaction, showing favorable results for the ChEI and nootropics combination group (-0. 38 for the ChEI only group and 0. 12 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002) (Table 4). Apart from the language subscale score, a linear mixed-effects model with the MMSE visuospatial construction subscale score as the dependent variable also showed a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 06 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 00, p = 0. 046) (Table 4). Subgroup analysis within the ChEI and nootropics combination group in Alzheimer’s dementia: choline alfoscerate vs. ginkgo biloba extract vs. other nootropics When the three types of nootropics within the ChEI and nootropics combination group of the Alzheimer’s dementia subjects were compared, choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract combination with ChEI showed significantly less declines in the MMSE total scores (p = 0. 006) compared to other nootropics combination (-0. 28 for the choline alfoscerate group, -0. 51 for the ginkgo biloba extract group, -2. 81 for the other nootropics group) (2). Highly significant between-group differences, in favor of the choline alfoscerate combination and the ginkgo biloba extract combination, were shown in the MMSE language subscale score (p = 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Вместе с фертильными побегами, но не в прикреплении к ним, встречены стерильные побеги. Один из двух найденных стерильных побегов довольно длинный – более 200 мм (см. рис. 4, д), а второй, возможно, принадлежавший базальной части растения, дважды дихотомирует (см. рис. 4, в).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: In recent years there has been a tremendous effort trying to better understand the properties of entanglement considered as a fundamental resource of Nature, of comparable importance to energy, information, entropy, or any other fundamental resource. Although there is as yet no complete theory of entanglement, some progress has been made in understanding this strange property of quantum mechanics. It is hoped by many researchers that further study of the properties of entanglement will yield insights that facilitate the development of new applications in quantum computation and quantum information. As we known, it is interesting to learn that one decade before people realized that a quantum computer could be used to break public key cryptography, they had already found a solution against this quantum attack – quantum key distribution (QKD). Based on the fundamental principles in quantum physics, QKD provides an unconditionally secure way to distribute random keys through insecure channels. The secure key generated by QKD could be further applied in the OTP scheme or other encryption algorithms to enhance information security. In this 2. 1. Entanglement stateThe counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics about correlated systems were first discussed by in 1935, in a joint paper with [10]. They demonstrated a thought experiment that attempted to show that quantum mechanical theory was impossible. But flowing the EPR paper, wrote letter (in German) to Einstein in which he used the word Verschrankung (translated by himself as entanglement) “to describe the correlations between two p2. 2. One-time-pad and key distribution problemIn conventional cryptography, an unbreakable code does exist. It is called the one-time-pad and was invented by in 1918 [14]. In the one-time-pad method, a message (traditionally called the plain text) is first converted by Alice into a binary form (a string consisting of “0”s and “1”s) by a publicly known method. A key is a binary string of the same length as the message. By combining each bit of the message with the respective bit of the key using XOR (i. e. addition modulo two), Alice converts the plain text into an encrypted form (called the cipher text). i. e. for each bitci≡mi+ki (mod 2). E3Alice then transmits the cipher text to Bob via a broadcast channel. Anyone including an eavesdropper can get a copy of the cipher text.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 001) as well (0. 22 for the choline alfoscerate group, 0. 26 for the ginkgo biloba group, -0. 95 for the other nootropics group) (2). DiscussionOur study findings suggest that the effectiveness of nootropics combination with ChEI may be different according to the type of dementia. The difference in change in the MMSE total scores from baseline to endpoint between the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group was not evident, but the results implied a positive impact of ChEI augmentation with nootropics on some domains of cognitive function in certain types of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. The impact of nootropics augmentation on ChEI in Alzheimer’s dementia was consistently depicted on the language domain after consideration of medical adherence and nootropics type. Previous studies on nootropics revealed nootropics to have minimal, if any, effects on the prevention of cognitive decline. Most studies were either examined over a relatively short follow-up time or conducted with a limited number of subjects, and many of them focused on nootropic monotherapy rather than concomitant use with ChEI [6, 9, 10, 17, 23–25]. This study aimed to compare the nootropics and ChEI combination with ChEI monotherapy in an attempt to validate the effectiveness of nootropics in association with ChEI. We examined the change in not only MMSE total scores but also in its six subscale scores over a long period of exposure (300–400 days after the first prescription), which was considered long enough to elucidate the effect of the ChEI and nootropics combination. We categorized the subjects by dementia types in order to clarify the impact of nootropics combination in each type of dementia separately, and mainly focused on Alzheimer’s dementia, which is the most common neurodegenerative form of dementia. We did not limit nootropics to only one type of drug, but included multiple types of nootropics that are most frequently prescribed by clinicians in Korea, to speculate the effectiveness of different types of nootropics, particularly focusing on the two drugs that were most commonly used: choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Одна и та же ширина фертильных и стерильных побегов, идентичная форма сохранности, одинаковое строение поверхности побегов позволяют считать, что фертильные и стерильные побеги принадлежали одному виду материнского растения. Рис. 2. Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. , морфология и анатомическое строение а – тангентальное сечение через побег, экз. 4914/24; б – поперечное сечение через побег, обобщённая реконструкция по экз.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: However, without the knowledge of the key, the cipher text is totally random and gives no information whatsoever about the plain text. For decryption, Bob, who shares the same key with Alice, can perform another XOR (i. e. addition modulo two) between each bit of the cipher text with the respective bit of the key to recover the plain text. This is because ci≡mi+ki ≡mi+2ki≡mi(mod 2). E4The one-time-pad method is unbreakable, but it has a serious drawback: it supposes that Alice and Bob initially share a random string of secret that is as long as the message. Therefore, the one-time-pad simply shifts the problem of secure communication to the problem of key distribution. This is the key distribution problem. The one of possible solution to the key distribution problem is public key cryptography. Quantum mechanics can provide a solution to the key distribution problem. In quantum key distribution, an encryption key is generated randomly between Alice and Bob by using non orthogonal quantum states. In quantum mechanics there is a quantum no-cloning theorem, which states that it is fundamentally impossible for anyone including an eavesdropper to make an additional copy of an unknown quantum state. Therefore, any attempt by an eavesdropper to learn information about a key in a QKD process will lead to disturbance, which can be detected by Alice and Bob who can, for example, check the bit error rate of a random sample of the raw transmission data. 2. 3. Quantum no-cloning theorem The quantum no-cloning theorem was stated by Wootters, Zurek, and Dieks in 1982, and has profound implications in quantum computing and related fields. Theorem (Quantum no-cloning theorem) An arbitrary quantum state cannot be duplicated perfectly. Proof: Suppose the state of a quantum system A, which we wish to copy, is |ψ⟩A. In order to make a copy, we take a system B with the same state space and initial state |e⟩B. The initial, or blank, state must be independent of |ψ⟩A, of which we have no prior knowledge. The composite system is then described by the tensor product, and its state is |ψ⟩A|e⟩B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Choline alfoscerate is a derivative of phosphatidylcholine that enhances cholinergic transmission by upregulating acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis or release in the hippocampus [26, 27]; and thus, it ultimately facilitates learning and memory and decreases age-dependent structural changes, as seen in the frontal cortices and hippocampi of rats [7, 28]. Previous studies reported that the combination of choline alfoscerate with ChEI significantly increased ACh concentrations and prevented volume loss in the frontal and temporal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum in both rats [29] and in Alzheimer’s dementia patients [21]. One study also showed that choline alfoscerate increased hippocampal neurogenesis and provided protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment [30]. A study on the supplementary effect of choline alfoscerate on speech detection and recognition among hearing aid users revealed that in the aging brain, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation in the medial geniculate body decreases, which contributes to deterioration in speech recognition and comprehension; and in such cases, choline precursor supplements could improve language functioning [31]. Ginkgo biloba extract, on the other hand, is hypothesized to enhance amyloid β-induced hippocampal neuron dysfunction and death, amyloid β aggregation, and neurogenesis [32–34], and induce a significant decrease in the density of β-adrenoreceptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus [35]. Studies have shown that the hippocampus is closely associated with language production and verbal communication, either by contributing semantic memory to spoken language, processing the mismatch between the expected sensory consequences of speaking and perceived speech feedback, or via coupling between the hippocampal/supplementary motor area and the auditory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum [31, 36]. These findings all suggest that nootropics, such as choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract, may enhance the cholinergic pathway in brain areas including the hippocampus, frontal lobes, and auditory cortex, which are critical in language processing and utilization, and enhance language function in association with ChEI administration. Language function is not only highly sensitive in detecting cognitive impairment in older age groups [37], but is also a biological marker that differentiates Alzheimer’s dementia from normal aging [38].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/24 и 4914/4; в – поперечное сечение через побег, внешние покровы побега окружены дендритами псиломелана (гидроокислами марганца), экз. 4914/4; г – графическая дешифровка сечения, показанного на в, экз. 4914/4; д – фертильный побег (голотип) после дополнительной препарации, экз. 4914/7; е – два фертильных побега (слева – голотип) до препарации, экз. 4914/7; ж, з – графическая дешифровка голотипа, экз.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: cannot clone a general quantum state. Quantum no-cloning theorem is a direct result of the linearity of quantum physics. It is closely related to another important theorem in quantum mechanics, which states: if a measurement allows one to gain information about the state of a quantum system, then in general the state of this quantum system will be disturbed, unless we know in advance that the possible states of the original quantum system are orthogonal to each other. At first sight, the impossibility of making perfect copies of unknown quantum states seems to be a shortcoming. Surprisingly, it can also be an advantage. It turned out that by using this impossibility smartly, unconditionally secure key distribution could be achieved: any attempts by the eavesdropper to learn the information encoded quantum mechanically will disturb the quantum state and expose her existence. Specially, we can get the following characteristics about quantum no-cloning theorem:The no-cloning theorem prevents us from using classical error correction techniques on quantum states. For example, we cannot create backup copies of a state in the middle of a quantum computation, and use them to correct subsequent errors. Error correction is vital for practical quantum computing, and for some time this was thought to be a fatal limitation. In 1995, Shor and Steane revived the prospects of quantum computing by independently devising the first quantum error correcting codes, which circumvent the no-cloning theorem. Similarly, cloning would violate the no teleportation theorem, which says classical teleportation (not to be confused with entanglement-assisted teleportation) is impossible. In other words, quantum states cannot be measured reliably. The no-cloning theorem does not prevent superluminal communication via quantum entanglement, as cloning is a sufficient condition for such communication, but not a necessary one. Nevertheless, consider the EPR thought experiment, and suppose quantum states could be cloned. Assume parts of a maximally entangled Bell state are distributed to Alice and Bob. Alice could send bits to Bob in the following way: wishes to transmit a “0”, she measures the spin of her electron in the z direction, collapsing Bob’s state to either |z+⟩B or |z−⟩B. To transmit “1”, Alice does nothing to her qubit. Bob creates many copies of his electron’s state, and measures the spin of each copy in the z direction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, this study is the first to elucidate the effect of nootropics co-administered with ChEIs on the attenuation of language domain deterioration in Alzheimer’s dementia using clinical data. The possible effect of nootropics on delaying the deterioration of language function may be of great value, considering the association between cognitive decline and language function in the aging population and dementia patients. The strength of this study lies in the methodological aspects of real-world data utilization. Many studies in Korea are actively conducted using the national claims database in an attempt to perform large-scale research [39]. However, imperative baseline characteristics of each patient, including medical histories, medications, and laboratory findings, are missing when using the national claims databases. On the other hand, the clinical data warehouse from our university healthcare system is a composition of each patient’s clinical and demographic data. In this study, we were able to extract and collect critical information regarding each patient’s clinical and demographic backgrounds such as, but not limited to, the education level and BMI, specific MMSE subscale scores, and detailed dementia diagnosis. As a result, we were able to make corrections for many variables that could have affected the MMSE results, including other relevant diagnoses and medical history, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, Parkinsonism, and visual/hearing loss. Furthermore, this study is meaningful in that until now, there have only been a few, if any, studies on the effect of nootropics on ChEI efficacy outside of the only actively researched country, Italy [19, 20, 40]. The study had some limitations. Due to its retrospective nature, we were not able to control the treatment settings in terms of medication dosage, treatment duration, the overlapping periods of concomitant nootropic and ChEI use, and adherence monitoring. In order to compensate for these factors, we calculated and considered PDC, the number of days covered by the prescriptions in the total prescription periods, to reflect and consider drug adherence. Moreover, we only included subjects with MMSE scores within 300–400 days after the baseline, which might have excluded certain patients who could not take the annual MMSE test either due to a deleterious progression of dementia or because they no longer sought help or changed hospitals. In the near future, it seems that these limitations can be solved by conducting research based on a large database that combines real-world data from numerous hospitals (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/7, и предполагаемая интерпретация прикрепления фертильных побегов к горизонтальным столонам. Средний ордовик, лланвирнский ярус. Длина масштабной линейки 100 мкм (а, б, г), 1 мм (в, д–з) Рис. 3. Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. , реконструкция растения а – вариант с горизонтальным расположением стерильных побегов; б – вариант с сочетанием горизонтальных столонов и частично вертикальным расположением стерильных побегов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: proposed two communication modalities not allowed by classical physics: “quantum multiplexing” channel and counterfeit-free bank-note. Unfortunately, his paper was rejected and couldn’t be published until a decade later. In 1980’s, Charles H. Bennett and extended Wiesner’s idea and applied it to solve the key distribution problem in classical cryptography. In 1984, the well known BB84 QKD protocol was published [15]. QKD is a new tool in the cryptographer’s toolbox: it allows for secure key agreement over an untrusted channel where the output key is entirely independent from any input value, a task that is impossible using classical cryptography. QKD does not eliminate the need for other cryptographic primitives, such as authentication, but it can be used to build systems with new security properties. To conquer the errors made by noise and wiretapping in the quantum channel, unconditionally secure secret-key agreement over a public channel was designed, information reconciliation and privacy amplification can be used to quantum key distribution, or otherwise, quantum entanglement purification should be used. The first general although rather complex proof of unconditional security was given by Mayers [16], which was followed by a number of other proofs. In Mayers’ proof, the BB84 scheme proposed by Bennett and Brassard was proved to be unconditionally secure. Building on the quantum privacy amplification idea, Lo and Chau, proposed a conceptually simpler proof of security [17]. In QKD, two parties, Alice and Bob, obtain some quantum states and measure them. They communicate (all communication form this point onwards is classical) to determine which of their measurement results could lead to secret key bits; some are discarded in a process called sifting because the measurement settings were incompatible. They perform error correction and then estimate a security parameter which describes how much information an eavesdropper might have about their key data. If this amount is above a certain threshold, then they abort as they cannot guarantee any secrecy whatsoever. If it is below the threshold, then they can apply privacy amplification to squeeze out any remaining information the eavesdropper might have, and arrive at a shared secret key. Some of this classical communication must be authenticated to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks. Some portions of the protocol can fail with negligible probability. A flow chart describing the stages of quantum key distribution is given in Figure 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: , common data model). Finally, analyzing the six subscale domains of the MMSE may raise the issue of multiple comparison. However, through subsequent analyses, we induced consistent results at least in the Alzheimer’s dementia group, of which nootropics combination could have a subtle positive impact on the language domain. Surely, further studies that more deliberately focus on the separate cognitive domains should be performed with other more qualified neuropsychological tests. Still, this study would be of best effort to observe the effectiveness of nootropics utilizing the accumulated real-world data. ConclusionIn conclusion, our results demonstrated partial effectiveness of nootropics with ChEIs on some cognitive domains in Alzheimer’s dementia. The reliability of the current study was further strengthened by its 1-year follow-up period, consideration of treatment adherence, and adjustments for confounding comorbid diagnoses. This study emphasizes the need for future well-controlled studies to generalize the effect of nootropics on cognitive function across various clinical settings or cause of dementia. inhibitor MMSE mini-mental state examination ICD-10 Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision BMI body mass index BP blood pressure PDC proportion of days covered ANOVA analysis of variance ACh acetylcholine DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate This research protocol was exempt from an ethics review by the Board of Hospital (9-2020-0108). Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are currently stored in the. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used per data sharing agreement for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author’s contributions WJK contributed to the conception of the study. MK and DBL collected the data and MK and SK conducted the data analysis. MK and WJK interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. WJK, EL contributed to revising the final manuscript. All authors contributed to the development and revision of the final manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. study was supported by a research grant of of Medicine. 2021. Available at: Accessed 18 Sept 2021. O' Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British association for psychopharmacology.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Длина масштабной линейки 1 см Об анатомическом строении изученных остатков можно судить, исходя из прямого наблюдения побегов в продольных, поперечных и тангентальных сколах (см. рис. 2, в, г; рис. 4, в), а также опираясь на данные, полученные при изучении имеющегося материала с помощью электронного сканирующего микроскопа (см. рис. 2, а, б; рис. 4, б, и).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Figure 1. Flow chart of the stages of a quantum key distribution protocol. Stages with double lines require classical authentication. [18]3. 1. The BB84 QKD protocol The best-known protocol for QKD is the Bennett and Brassard protocol (BB84). The procedure of BB84 is as follows (also shown in Table 1). Quantum communication phaseIn BB84, Alice sends Bob a sequence of photons through an insecure quantum channel, each independently chosen from one of the four polarizations-vertical, horizontal, 45-degrees and 135-degrees. For each photon, Bob randomly chooses one of the two measurement bases (rectilinear and diagonal) to perform a measurement. Bob records his measurement bases and results. Bob publicly acknowledge his receipt of signals. Public discussion phaseAlice broadcasts her bases of measurements. Bob broadcasts his bases of measurements. Alice and Bob discard all events where they use different bases for a signal. To test for tampering, Alice randomly chooses a fraction, p, of all remaining events as test events. For those test events, she publicly broadcasts their positions and polarizations. Bob broadcasts the polarizations of the test events. Alice and Bob compute the error rate of the test events (i. e. , the fraction of data for which their value disagree). If the computed error rate is larger than some prescribed threshold value, say 11%, they abort. Otherwise, they proceed to the next step. Alice and Bob each convert the polarization data of all remaining data into a binary string called a raw key (by, for example, mapping a vertical of 45-degrees photon to “0” and a horizontal or 135-degrees photon to “1”). The can perform classical postprocessing such as error correction and privacy amplification to generate a final key. Alice’s bit sequence 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Alice’s basis + × + + × + × × + × Alice’s photon polarization → ↖ ↑ ↑ ↗ ↑ ↗ ↗ → ↖ Bob’s basis + + × + + × × + + × Bob’s measured polarization → ↑ ↖ ↑ → ↗ ↗ ↑ → ↖ Bob’s sifted measured polarization → ↑ ↗ → ↖ Bob’s data sequence 0 1 0 0 1 Table 1. Procedure of BB84 protocol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: J Psychopharmacol 2017;31:147–168. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. 2006:CD005593. Nicholson CD. Pharmacology of nootropics and metabolically active compounds in relation to their use in dementia. Psychopharmacology 1990;101:147–159. Moreno MDJM. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 2003;25:178–193. . Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol 2003;18:61–71. . Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data. Dev 2001;122:2041–2055. Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. 1993;3:159–164. . Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation? J 2007;257:264–269. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;300:2253–2262. . Ginkgo biloba special extract LI 1370 improves dual-task walking in patients with MCI: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study. 2017;29:609–619. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1991;41:1726–1732. . Ameliorative effect of nicergoline on cognitive function through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Rep 2018;17:7293–7300. Long-Term nicergoline treatment of mild to moderate senile dementia. Investig 1997;13:308–316. -J, Berrut G, Dartigues J-F, Dubois B, et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Удалось установить, что побеги волховиеллы были разделены на ткани, что исключает её принадлежность к водорослям. Отчётливо наблюдается плотная центральная зона, образующая продольный тяж, очевидно, соответствующий проводящим тканям первичной ксилемы. Первичная ксилема окружена более светлой зоной, скорее всего, соответствующей месту расположения первичной флоэмы. Далее от центра находится зона развития коры (на рис.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: The basic idea of the BB84 QKD protocol is beautiful and its security can be intuitively understood from the quantum no-cloning theorem. On the other hand, to apply QKD in practice, Alice and Bob need to find the upper bound of Eve’s information quantitatively, given the observed quantum bit error rate (abbreviated QBER) and other system parameters. This is the primary goal of various QKD security proofs and it had turned out to be extremely difficult. One major challenge comes from the fact that Eve could launch attacks way beyond today’s technologies and our imaginations. Nevertheless, QKD was proved to be unconditionally secure. This is most significant achievements in quantum information. 3. 2. QKD based on EPRAn essentially equivalent protocol that utilizes Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations has been worked on by [19] and Bennett, Brassard, and Mermin [20]. To take advantage of EPR correlations, p1. One important difference between the BB84 and the EPR methods is that with BB84, the key created by Alice and Bob must be stored classically until it is used. Therefore, although the key was completely secure when it was created, its continued security over time is only as great as the security of its storage. Using the EPR method, Alice and Bob could potentially store the prepared entangled p3. 3. Continuous variable QKDIn the BB84 QKD protocol, Alice’s random bits are encoded in a two dimensional space like the polarization state of a single photon. More recently, QKD protocols working with continuous variables have been proposed. Among them, the Gaussian modulated coherent state (GMCS) QKD protocol has drawn special attention [21]. The protocol runs as follows. First, Alice draws two random numbers xA and pA from a gaussian distribution of mean zero and variance VAN0, where N0 denotes the shot-noise variance. Then, she sends the coherent state |xA+ipA⟩ to Bob, who randomly chooses to measure either quadrature x or p. Later, using a public authenticated channel, he informs Alice about which quadrature he measured, so she may discard the irrelevant data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Long-term use of standardised ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. 2012;11:851–859. Snitz BE, O’ Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009;302:2663–2270. Hudson S, Tabet N. Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia. 2003:CD003158. Fioravanti M, Flicker L. Efficacy of nicergoline in dementia and other age associated forms of cognitive impairment. of 2001:CD003159. . trial: Association between the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular injury: interim results. J 2012;322:96–101. . Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine: an approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Dev 2006;127:173–179. . Volume analysis of brain cognitive areas in Alzheimer’s disease: interim 3-year results from the trial. J 2020;76:317–329. . Impact of appointment-based medication synchronization on proportion of days covered for chronic medications. Pharmacy 2018;6:44. Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. 2003:CD001015. Birks J, J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. 2009:CD003120. Ginkgo biloba extract is comparable with donepezil in improving functional recovery in Alzheimer's disease: results from a multilevel characterized study based on clinical features and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. 2021;12:721216. Catanesi M, d' Neuroprotective potential of choline alfoscerate against β-amyloid injury: involvement of neurotrophic signals. Int 2020;44:1734–1744. . L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine antagonizes scopolamine-induced amnesia and enhances hippocampal cholinergic transmission in the rat. Pharmacol 1992;211:351–358. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2, б, г отмечена точечным крапом), которая сверху покрыта плотной перидермой. Наличие плотных поверхностных тканей хорошо видно при изучении побегов в электронном сканирующем микроскопе (см. рис. 4, б, и). Таким образом, стелярная организация побегов волховиеллы указывает на то, что проводящая система этого растения была протостелической. Замечание.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: After many similar exchanges, Alice and Bob (and possibly the eavesdropper Eve) share a set of correlated gaussian variables, which we call ‘key elements’. The basic scheme of the protocol can be shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. modulated coherent state (GMCS) QKD. X: amplitude quadrature; P: phase quadrature. [22]Alice modulates both the amplitude quadrature and phase quadrature of a coherent state with Gaussian distributed random numbers. In classical electromagnetism, these two quadratures correspond to the in-phase and out-of-phase components of electric field, which can be conveniently modulated with optical phase and amplitude modulators. Alice sends the modulated coherent state together with a strong local oscillator (a strong laser pulse which serves as a phase reference) to Bob. Bob randomly measures one of the two quadratures with a phase modulator and a homodyne detector. After performing his measurements, Bob informs Alice which quadrature he actually measures for each pulse and Alice drops the irrelevant data. At this stage, they share a set of correlated Gaussian variables which are called the ― raw key. Given the variances of the measurement results below certain thresholds, they can further work out perfectly correlated secure key by performing reconciliation and privacy amplification. Classical data processing is then necessary for Alice and Bob to obtain a fully secret binary key. The security of the can be comprehended from the uncertainty principle. In quantum optics, the amplitude quadrature and phase quadrature of a coherent state form a pair of conjugate variables, which cannot be simultaneously determined with arbitrarily high accuracies due to Heisenberg uncertainty principle. From the observed variance in one quadrature, Alice and Bob can upper bound Eve‘s information about the other quadrature. This provides a way to verify the security of the generated key. Recently, an unconditional security proof of the appeared [23]. Different from the BB84 QKD, in homodyne detectors are employed to measure electric fields rather than photon energy. By using a strong local oscillator, high efficiency and fast photo diodes can be used to construct the homodyne detector which could result in a high secure key generation rate. However, the performance of the is strongly dependent on the channel loss.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Neuroprotective effect of treatment with galantamine and choline alphoscerate on brain microanatomy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J 2009;283:187–194. . Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine: an approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Dev 2006;127:173–179. Late treatment with choline alfoscerate (l-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, α-GPC) increases hippocampal neurogenesis and provides protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment. 2017;1654:66–76. Supplementary effect of choline alfoscerate on speech recognition in patients with age-related hearing loss: a prospective study in 34 patients (57 ears). Neurosci 2021;13:684519. Bastianetto S, Ramassamy C, Doré. The ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects hippocampal neurons against cell death induced by beta-amyloid. Neurosci 2000;12:1882–1890. Inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the ginkgo biloba extract EGb761. 2002;99:12197–12202. . EGb 761 enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and phosphorylation of CREB in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. 2007;21:2400–2408. . Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on β-adrenergic receptors in different rat brain regions. 2002;16:488–490. van de. Hippocampus plays a role in speech feedback processing. Neuroimage 2020;223:117319. Alegret M, Peretó M, Pérez The role of verb fluency in the detection of early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. J 2018;62:611–619. . Neuropsychological assessment of dementia. Psychol 2009;60:257–282. Ryu D-R. Introduction to the medical research using national health insurance claims database. J 2017;40:66–70. . Effectiveness of nootropic drugs with cholinergic activity in treatment of cognitive deficit: a review. J 2012;4:163–172.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Безусловно, морфологическая и таксономическая интерпретация волховиеллы не является однозначной, и автор полностью отдаёт себе в этом отчёт. Однако введение в палеонтологическую феноменологию всех собранных данных о раннепалеозойских растениях, предположительно имеющих адаптации к произрастанию в наземных условиях, представляется совершенно необходимым.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: This means that Alice and Bob can constrain simultaneously the yields, Yn and QBER en simultaneously for all n. and Bob know their channel property well. Then, they know what range of values of Yn’s and en’s is acceptable. Any attack by Eve that will change the value of any one of the Yn’s and en’s substantially will, in principle, be caught with high probability by decoy state method. Therefore, in order to avoid being detected, the eavesdropper, Eve, has very limited options in her eavesdropping attack. In summary, the ability for Alice and Bob to verify experimentally the values of Yn and en’s in the decoy state method greatly strengthens their power in detecting eavesdropping, thus leading to a dramatic improvement in the performance of their QKD system. The decoy state method allows Alice and Bob to detect deviations from the normal behavior due to eavesdropping attacks. In [29], they also give for the first time a rigorous analysis of the security of decoy state QKD. Moreover, they show that the decoy state idea can be combined with the prior art GLLP analysis. And we can get the comparison results with and without decoy state as the following Figure3. Figure 3. Compare results with and without decoy state. Advertisement 4. The security of QKDBennett and Brassard have ever said that the most important question in quantum cryptography is to determine how secure it really is. Security proofs are very important because a) they provide the foundation of security to a QKD protocol, b) they provide a formula for the key generation rate of a QKD protocol and c) they may even provide a construction for the classical post-processing protocol (for error correction and privacy amplification) that is necessary for the generation of the final key. Without security proofs, a real-life QKD system is incomplete because we can never be sure about how to generate a secure key and how secure the final key really is. After the qubit exchange and basis reconciliation, Alice and Bob each have a sifted key. Ideally, these keys are identical. But in real life, there are always some errors, and Alice and Bob must apply some classical information processing protocols, like error correction and privacy amplification to their data. The first protocol is necessary to obtain identical keys and the second to obtain a secret key.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: MMSE, mini-mental state examination; ChEI, cholinesterase inhibitor aThe results for the linear mixed-effects model were adjusted for covariates of sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, Parkinsonism, visual disturbance/hearing loss, hemiplegia/paraplegia, and mood/anxiety disorder. Table 4. Results of mixed model analysesa for mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for highly-adherentb Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s dementia (n = 412) Vascular dementia (n = 72) Others (n = 53) Difference in scores Group-time interaction Difference in scores Group-time interaction Difference in scores Group-time interaction only (n = 300) ChEI + nootropics (n = 112) F p value ChEI only (n = 45) ChEI + nootropics (n = 27) F p value ChEI only (n = 45) ChEI + nootropics (n = 8) F p value Total -1. 36 ± 3. 87 -0. 77 ± 2. 85 2. 18 0. 141 -0. 78 ± 3. 51 -0. 59 ± 4. 17 0. 04 0. 841 -0. 36 ± 5. 19 -1. 38 ± 4. 66 0. 27 0. 606 Orientation -0. 64 ± 2. 16 -0. 54 ± 1. 82 0. 22 0. 640 -0. 38 ± 1. 84 -0. 22 ± 3. 23 0. 07 0. 795 -0. 18 ± 2. 76 -0. 50 ± 1. 93 0. 10 0. 753 Immediate recall -0. 08 ± 0. 66 -0. 07 ± 0. 57 0. 03 0. 865 -0. 13 ± 0. 84 0. 11 ± 0. 75 1. 54 0. 219 -0. 16 ± 0. 64 -0. 25 ± 0. 46 0. 16 0. 692 Attention & calculation -0. 18 ± 1. 49 -0. 12 ± 1. 32 0. 16 0. 689 -0. 58 ± 1. 42 0. 04 ± 1. 22 0. 04 0. 841 0. 13 ± 1. 75 0. 38 ± 1. 41 0. 14 0. 714 Delayed recall -0. 01 ± 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Неизбежно возникает вопрос: как остатки предположительно наземного растения могли оказаться в морских отложениях вместе с многочисленными панцирями трилобитов? Отложения, в которых найдены остатки волховиеллы, нельзя назвать морскими в полном смысле этого слова, несмотря на присутствие в них остатков морских организмов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Only after hearing the public discussion between Alice and Bob, does Eve decide on what measurement to perform on her ancilla to extract information about the final key. Joint attacks: The most general class of attacks is joint attack. In a joint attack, instead of interacting with each signal independently, Eve treats all the signals as a single quantum system. She then couples the signal system with her ancilla and evolves the combined signal and ancilla system unitarily. She hears the public discussion between Alice and Bob before deciding on which measurement to perform on her ancilla. For joint and collective attacks, the usual assumption is that Eve measures her probe only after Alice and Bob have completed all public discussion about basis reconciliation, error correction, and privacy amplification. For the more realistic individual attacks, one assumes that Eve waits only until the basis reconciliation phase of the public discussion. With today’s technology, it might even be fair to assume that in individual attacks Eve must measure her probe before the basis reconciliation [34]. The motivation for this assumption is that one hardly sees what Eve could gain by waiting until after the public discussion on error correction and privacy amplification before measuring her probes, since she is going to measure them independently anyway. About practical QKD, they summary some assumptions about security of QKD in [18]. We describe them in the next subsection 4. 2. 4. 2. Some assumptions about security of QKD Quantum key distribution is often described by its proponents as “unconditionally secure” to emphasize its difference with computationally secure classical cryptographic protocols. While there are still conditions that need to be satisfied for quantum key distribution to be secure, the phrase “unconditionally secure” is justified because, not only are the conditions reduced, they are in some sense minimal necessary conditions. Any secure key agreement protocol must make a few minimal assumptions, for security cannot come from nothing: we must be able to identify and authenticate the communicating parties, we must be able to have some private location to perform local operations, and all parties must operate within the laws of physics. The following statement describes the security of quantum key distribution, and there are many formal mathematical arguments for the security of QKD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 43 | 2021Médicament et frontières Dossier : Médicament et frontières Smart drugs et nootropiques Sociologie de la promesse d’optimisation cognitive au quotidien and Nootropics, Sociology of the Promise of in Félix Denis p. 97-110 Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Bibliographie | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français 1964. Cette catégorie regroupe une hétérogénéité de substances absorbées pour les effets qu’elles auraient sur les fonctions du cerveau (mémoire, concentration ou encore stress, sommeil, etc. ) tels que des médicaments psychostimulants détournés de leur usage (Quintero et al. , 2006), également appelées smart drugs, (méthylphénidate [Ritaline en France], modafinil, etc. ) des compléments alimentaires constitués de plusieurs substances. Les contours de la catégorie des nootropiques sont évolutifs : il n’y a de consensus ni sur la définition, ni sur les produits qui la constituent. Lorsque C. Giurgea établit cette catégorie, il utilise la notion de « nootrope » pour faire référence à « une nouvelle classe neuropharmacologique1 » (psychotropes), qui « influence directement l’esprit, les facultés mentales2 ». J’utiliserai ici le terme « nootropique » car, aujourd’hui, c’est celui qui est employé usuellement. 2Dans un premier temps, je retracerai la trajectoire scientifique, médiatique et commerciale du modafinil, un médicament français présenté comme la smart drug de référence dans une perspective d’optimisation de soi.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Во-первых, морских беспозвоночных в валимской свите гораздо меньше, чем в нижележащих отложениях, причём уменьшение разнообразия морской фауны вверх по разрезу идёт постепенно и отражает общий регрессивный характер разреза. В позднем ордовике, в течение всего силура, а также на протяжении большей части девона в этом районе была суша. Рис. 4. Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. , морфология и анатомическое строение а – голотип до препарации, экз.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Theorem 1 (Security statement for quantum key distribution) If 1) quantum mechanics is correct, and 2) authentication is secure, and 3) our devices are reasonably secure, then with high probability the key established by quantum key distribution is a random secret key independent (up to a negligible difference) of input values. Assumption 1: Quantum mechanics is correct. This assumption requires that any eavesdropper be bounded by the laws of quantum mechanics, although within this realm there are no further restrictions beyond the eavesdropper’s inability to access the devices. In particular, we allow the eavesdropper to have arbitrarily large quantum computing technology, far more powerful than the current state of the art. Quantum mechanics has been tested experimentally for nearly a century, to very high precision. But even if quantum mechanics is superseded by a new physical theory, it is not necessarily true that quantum key distribution would be insecure: for example, secure key distribution can be achieved in a manner similar to QKD solely based on the assumption that no faster-than-light communication is possible [35]. Assumption 2: Authentication is secure. This assumption is one of the main concerns of those evaluating quantum key distributions. In order to be protected against man-in-the-middle attack, much of the classical communication in QKD must be authenticated. Authentication can be achieved with unconditional security using short shared keys, or with computational security using public key cryptography. Assumption 3: Our devices are secure. Constructing a QKD implementation that is verifiably secure is a substantial engineering challenge that researchers are still working on. Although the first prototype QKD system leaked key information over a side channel (it made different noises depending on the photon polarization, and thus the “prototype was unconditionally secure against any eavesdropper who happened to be deaf” [36] ), experimental cryptanalysis leads to better theoretical and practical security. More sophisticated side-channel attacks continue to be proposed against particular implementations of existing systems (e. g. , [37]), but so too are better theoretical methods being proposed, such as the decoy state method [38]. Device-independent security proofs [39, 40] aim to minimize the security assumptions on physical devices. It seems reasonable to expect that further theoretical and engineering advances will eventually bring us devices which have strong arguments and few assumptions for their security. 4. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: . . ) 6Avant sa mise sur le marché en 1994, le modafinil fut testé en 1989 sur des militaires volontaires sans problèmes de santé à l’hôpital militaire à Versailles, sous la direction du Service de santé des armées (SSA). Ces essais concluent que le modafinil permet de rester éveillé au moins 48 heures sans altération des performances cognitives et sans effet secondaire important (Lagarde et Batéjat, 1995). Il fut utilisé en opération par l’armée française en 1990 pendant la guerre du Golfe sur ordre du commandement. C’est la première fois qu’une substance de ce type est donnée officiellement à des militaires français5. Aujourd’hui, c’est la caféine à libération prolongée (CLP) qui le remplace6, bien qu’il soit encore utilisé mais « uniquement réservé à des situations exceptionnelles de survie […] ». L’utilisation de ces substances n’est officiellement encadrée que depuis 2008. Ces expérimentations dans l’armée ont été l’occasion d’étudier les potentialités du modafinil pour lutter contre le décalage horaire7 (Buguet et al. , 1995 Lagarde et Batéjat, 1995). Ce médicament est couramment qualifié dans les médias de « pilule antisommeil ». Dans un contexte de réduction du temps de sommeil moyen des Français (Léger et al. , 2018), le modafinil est pensé comme un outil de régulation de nos dérèglements causés par notre hypermobilité. 8 « La molécule qui dompte le sommeil », Le point, 20 avril 1996.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/7, TS – терминальные спорангии; б – анатомическое строение побега в тангентальном сечении, экз. 4914/24, стрелками отмечены плотные внешние покровы (перидерма); в – трёхмерно-ветвящийся побег, в верхней части побега видно его поперечное сечение, экз. 4914/4; г – два соседних фертильных побега, стрелками отмечено положение центрального канала, соответствующего проводящему пучку, экз. 4914/8; д – длинный стерильный побег, экз.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Security proofs for QKD Proving the security of QKD against the most general attack was a very hard problem. It took more than 10 years, but the unconditional security of QKD was finally established in several papers in the 1990s. One approach by Mayers [16] was to prove the security of the BB84 directly. A simpler approach by Lo and Chau [17], mad use of the idea of entanglement distillation by Bennett, DiVincenzo, Smolin and Wootters (BDSW) [41] and quantum privacy amplification by Deutsch et al. [42] to solve the security of an entanglement-based QKD protocol. The two approaches have been unified by the work of Shor and Preskill [43], who provided a simple proof of security of BB84 using entanglement distillation idea. Other early security proofs of QKD include Biham, Boyer, Boykin, Mor, and Roychowdhury [44], and Ben-Or [45]. There are several approaches to security proof as following. [5]4. 3. 1. Entanglement distillationEntanglement distillation protocol (EDP) provides a simple approach to security proof [17, 42, 43]. The basic insight is that entanglement is a sufficient (but not necessary) condition for a secure key. In the noiseless case, suppose two distant parties, Alice and Bob, share a maximally entangled state of the form |ϕ⟩AB=12(|00⟩AB+|11⟩AB). If each of Alice and Bob measure their systems, then they will both get “0”s or “1”s, which is a shared random key. Moreover, if we consider the combined system of the three parties—Alice, Bob and an eavesdropper, Eve, we can use a pure-state description (the “Church of space”) and consider a pure state |ψ⟩ABE. In this case, the von Neumann entropy of Eve S(ρE)=S(ρAB)=0. This means that Eve has absolutely no information on the final key. In the noisy case, Alice and Bob may share N pairs of qubits, which are a noisy version of N maximally entangled states.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 7Les médias relatent l’utilisation faite par les militaires essentiellement pour attester de l’efficacité de la molécule : « les militaires ont montré qu’elle permet de conserver un état de vigilance optimal durant au moins soixante heures, sans effets secondaires apparents et avec un sommeil de récupération normal8 ». L’armée devient un laboratoire de la performance, un lieu légitime d’exploration des limites physiologiques des corps. Les expérimentations faites par l’armée sont connues des consommateurs de nootropiques rencontrés : C’est con hein, c’est le garçon de 14 ans qui va te parler (prend une voix d’enfant) : « Ah mais si c’est les pilotes d’avion de chasse ou les snipers qui s’en servent pour faire des missions longues, c’est que ça doit être bien, j’en veux. » [Homme, 29 ans, consommateur du complément alimentaire nootropique qu’il a conçu et qu’il vend]. 9 « Une nouvelle affaire White », L’équipe, 30 août 2003. 10 Elle a consommé du modafinil avec l’aide de Victor Conte, fondateur du laboratoire Balco, principa (. . . ) 11 Dalgalarrondo S. , Fournier T. (2019), « Un transhumanisme “à mains nues” : sociologie de la promes (. . . ) 8Le modafinil a également été utilisé par un grand nombre de sportifs pour augmenter leurs performances. Le cas de la sprinteuse états-unienne Kelli White9, championne du monde du 100 et 200 mètres en 2003, suspendue deux ans pour dopage10, a participé à la diffusion de la promesse du modafinil.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/3; е – изолированная спора с редкими шиповидными выростами на спородерме, внизу заметен трилетный тетрадный рубец, экз. 4914/24; ж – три фертильных побега, TS – терминальный спорангий, экз. 4914/8; з – голотип после препарации, экз. 4914/7; и – анатомическое строение побега в продольном сечении со смещением к краю побега, стрелками отмечены плотные внешние покровы (перидерма).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: The “secret” to be shared is a classical string or quantum state and is distributed among the players by the dealer in such a way that it can only be recovered by certain subsets of players acting collaboratively. The access structure is the set of all subsets of players who can recover the secret, and the adversary structure corresponds to those subsets that obtain no knowledge of the secret. There may, in addition, be external eavesdroppers who should also gain no knowledge of the secret. Quantum secret sharing (abbreviated QSS) is the generalization of quantum key distribution to more than two parties [54]. In this new application of quantum communication, Alice distributes a secret key to two other users, Bob and Charlie, in such a way that neither Bob nor Charlie alone has any information about the key, but together they have full information. As in traditional QC, an eavesdropper trying to get some information about the key creates errors in the transmission data and thus reveals her presence. The motivation behind quantum secret sharing is to guarantee that Bob and Charlie cooperate—one of them might be dishonest—in order to obtain a given piece of information. In contrast with previous proposals using three p2004. With the rapid development of QSS, people are researching to achieve unconditional security. 5. 1. QSS based on entanglement statesQuantum entanglement is an indispensable physical resource in QSS. Many application fields of QSS such as this entanglement feature, so the study of entanglement is the core issue of quantum information theory. Let’s see the QSS based on entanglement. The entanglement states are all generated by the sender, and the order of two or more photons sent to the same agent is randomly changed. After the photons send to the receiver, for the detection mode, the order of the two photons is announced, so that the two parties detected the security of the quantum channel, for the information mode, the two receivers respectively does Bell measurement on the two photons they owned, and then communicate through classical channel to share the secret key with the sender. This protocol ensures the validity and security of the shared information. We can see an example of QSS based on entanglement state GHZ [55]. Let us suppose that Alice, Bob, and Charlie each have one p2. QSS based on entanglement state [55].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: On retrouve ici le champ du sport comme « laboratoire du surhomme, du dépassement et de la prise de risque11 ». 12 La narcolepsie est une maladie chronique du sommeil qui provoque des endormissements inopinés et i (. . . ) 9Ce médicament a été développé dans les années 1970 par les laboratoires Lafon en France et est prescrit pour lutter contre la narcolepsie. Ce sont d’abord des propriétés sédatives qui sont découvertes sur la souris (Rambert et al. , 1986) dans les laboratoires Lafon. Mais les premiers tests sur le chat (Lin et al. , 2018) concluent à l’existence de propriétés éveillantes. Du fait d’une législation plus souple qu’aujourd’hui, des essais sont rapidement menés sur des volontaires atteints de narcolepsie12, par le professeur Jouvet et le docteur Hélène Bastuji (1986), en collaboration avec les laboratoires Lafon. L’innocuité comme argument porteur de la promesse 13 Hirsch M. (2012), La lettre perdue, Paris, Stock, p. 104. 14 Ibid. , p. 104. 10Le modafinil est souvent présenté comme une molécule qui n’a pas ou peu d’effets secondaires. C’est ce qui fait d’elle la véritable icône de la catégorie nootropique. Les récits de consommation de cette substance de la part de personnalités publiques en quête de performance en attestent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Длина масштабной линейки 1 мм (а–д, ж–и), 20 мкм (е) В среднеордовикских отложениях Ленинградской области часто встречаются поверхности твёрдого дна, хардграунды, причём нередко на них наблюдаются карманы растворения и каверны палеокарста, указывающие на то, что эти хардграунды некоторое время после своего образования экспонировались в наземной обстановке, вне водной среды, то есть в субаэральных условиях.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreatethe Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to öping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8032-1466 2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] In this thesis we study device-independent quantum key distribution based on energy-time entanglement. This is a method for cryptography that promises not only perfect secrecy, but also to be a practical method for quantum key distribution thanks to the reduced complexity when compared to other quantum key distribution protocols. However, there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers. We study several relevant loopholes and show how they can be used to break the security of energy-time entangled systems. Attack strategies are reviewed as well as their countermeasures, and we show how full security can be re-established. Quantum key distribution is in part based on the profound no-cloning theorem, which prevents physical states to be copied at a microscopic level. This important property of quantum mechanics can be seen as Nature's own copy-protection, and can also be used to create a currency based on quantummechanics, i. e. , quantum money. Here, the traditional copy-protection mechanisms of traditional coins and banknotes can be abandoned in favor of the laws of quantum physics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Hirsch, haut fonctionnaire français, actuel directeur de l’Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, met en scène cette consommation « sans risque » dans un de ses ouvrages : en 1994 « pendant trois semaines, j’ai pris du Modafinil tous les soirs. Et l’efficacité a été totale13 ». Le modafinil lui sera fourni par la pharmacie centrale des armées. Il affirme que c’est ce médicament qui lui a permis d’écrire le livre blanc sur l’assurance maladie en vingt jours. « J’ai passé toute cette période à dormir environ une heure et demie par nuit, tout en étant frais comme un gardon14. » Il affirme être « fier » d’avoir eu l’occasion d’expérimenter cette substance et de rendre ainsi « hommage à son inventeur ». 11Cette consommation détournée du modafinil à des fins d’optimisation de soi est également le fait de plusieurs chercheurs proches du professeur Jouvet qui m’ont relaté avoir essayé (alors qu’ils ne souffraient pas de narcolepsie) et prescrit cette substance, dès les premiers essais sur l’homme, avant son autorisation de mise sur le marché (AMM), pour des indications hors AMM : « Et alors ça, je le prescrivais aussi pour des copains quand ils devaient faire un voyage en voiture un peu long, qu’ils étaient un peu fatigués » (femme, 65 ans, médecin psychiatre PH spécialisée en troubles du sommeil).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В изученном разрезе также имеют место признаки периодического осушения отложений валимской и вельской свит. Рис. 5. Общий сценарий колонизации суши растениями и появления архаичных почв Сонахождение остатков волховиеллы с панцирями трилобитов Xenasaphus devexus может быть объяснено следующим образом. Многие трилобиты обитали в очень мелководных условиях, иногда практически у самого уреза воды, в условиях периодического осушения (как многие современные крабы).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreatethe Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to öping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8032-1466 2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] In this thesis we study device-independent quantum key distribution based on energy-time entanglement. This is a method for cryptography that promises not only perfect secrecy, but also to be a practical method for quantum key distribution thanks to the reduced complexity when compared to other quantum key distribution protocols. However, there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers. We study several relevant loopholes and show how they can be used to break the security of energy-time entangled systems. Attack strategies are reviewed as well as their countermeasures, and we show how full security can be re-established. Quantum key distribution is in part based on the profound no-cloning theorem, which prevents physical states to be copied at a microscopic level. This important property of quantum mechanics can be seen as Nature's own copy-protection, and can also be used to create a currency based on quantummechanics, i. e. , quantum money. Here, the traditional copy-protection mechanisms of traditional coins and banknotes can be abandoned in favor of the laws of quantum physics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 12Le professeur Jouvet a lui-même pratiqué une auto-expérimentation en absorbant du modafinil, dans une recherche d’optimisation de soi. Il évoquait sa consommation dans les médias, comme dans l’1998. Changement de terrain : désormais, le modafinil sert aux commandos du stakhanovisme moderne dans la vaste guerre économique de la mondialisation. Ils auraient bien tort de s’en priver, puisque son inventeur, le professeur Michel Jouvet, le spécialiste français du sommeil, ne cache pas en faire « très souvent » usage pour « avoir une productivité »15. 13Le professeur Jouvet évoque également cette consommation dans ses correspondances avec d’autres médecins (qui, comme lui, n’ont pas de narcolepsie) qui lui demandent des conseils pour un potentiel usage. 16 On peut donner comme liste non exhaustive d’effets indésirables : maux de tête symptômes gastro- (. . . ) 17 La iatrogénie peut être définie comme l’ensemble des effets néfastes d’un médicament. 14Les effets sur l’éveil du modafinil amènent les médias et les promoteurs des nootropiques à le comparer aux amphétamines dont il en aurait les avantages (effets sur la durée et l’intensité de l’éveil, etc. ) sans les inconvénients (euphorie, atteintes cardiaques, dépendance, etc. ). Une majorité des 20.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Возможно, поэтому у некоторых трилобитов возникли специфические адаптации (например, глаза на возвышениях или даже на стебельках), востребованные для жизни на границе сред, при зарывании в ил и т. д. Совершенно идентичные адаптации возникают у организмов, живущих у границы вода–воздух, например, у современных мангровых крабов Pseudosesarma moeschi De Man, манящих крабов, или крабов-скрипачей Uca forcipata Adams et White и близких видов, а также рыб – илистых прыгунов Periophthalmus novemradiatus Hamilton и др.

Output: pass