Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: The scale is seen to be stable and valid in various context with some attrition and deletion of the items as per their relevancy to the context[14], [22], [24]. Limitations of the study: The scale is developed only in an adaptive manner and translated into the Urdu language, which may not fulfill other aspects of active aging. The participants were not highly educated, which might be create problem with their understanding. Therefore, the reliability of the scale might be compromised. In future studies, adding new items through in-depth exploration of elders' perceptions about active aging may be needed, and then comparing with an active aging scale developed in another culture would be useful to explore which dimensions of the Pack are unique and which are universal. ConclusionAging Scale-Pak might be Pakistan's first multidimensional active aging scale that is relevant, valid, and culturally contextualized. The 29-item Active Aging-Pak has been shown to have acceptable validity and reliability and an acceptable degree of model fit for determining the degree of active aging in older adults living in Pakistan, indicating that it may be applied in both community and clinical practice settings. DeclarationsInstitutional review and consent to participate: The study followed all aspects of the Helsinki Declaration. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institute of Board (#202254), and (DHO #14207), and informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Study participants were briefed and debriefed about the study purpose, the use of data, and their rights to withdraw from the study. Consent for Publication: All authors have read and agreed to the published this version of the manuscript Statement: All the data is secured and available from the corresponding authors. The corresponding authors will provide all the data on the demand of the journal Competing Interest: We declare that we have no competing interest Funding: This research received no external funding Author Contributions: Conceptual work, literature review, and writing manuscript; Khan, results, review, and discussion; data collection, data analysis; Nasir Anwar, Acknowledgment: We would like to acknowledge the works and contributions of several researchers of tool development, and its validation particularly, Yorozoya, Zhang, and Thanakwang for their contribution. We would also like to acknowledge the nursing department of for miscellaneous support. We extend our gratitude to the participants and scholars, language experts who taken part in this study process. 10. 32463/rphs. 2016.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: 2017;85:39–50. View 18. Murillo-sandoval The end of gunpoint conservation: forest disturbance after the Colombian peace agreement The end of gunpoint conservation: forest disturbance after the Colombian peace agreement. Lett. 2020;15. View 19. Van, Visseren-hamakers I. Forests in the time of peace. J Sci [Internet]. 2020;15:327–342. Available from: View 20. Richani N. : in Colombia. Res Rev. 2016;47:51–78. View 21. Castro-. Geographic overlaps between priority areas for forest carbon-storage efforts and those for delivering peacebuilding programs: Implications for policy design. Lett. 2017;12. View 22. Morales L. Peace and environmental protection in Colombia. Proposals for Development. Inter-American Dialogue. 2017. View 23. Emerging evidence that armed conflict and coca cultivation influence deforestation patterns. [Internet]. 2019;239:108176. Available from: View 24. Sánchez-. Consequences of the Armed Conflict, Displacement, and on Change in Colombia: A Multi-scaled Analysis. Ecosystems. 2013;16:1052–1070. View 25. Suarez A, Árias-Arévalo PA, Martínez-Mera E. Environmental sustainability in post-conflict countries: insights for rural Colombia. Environ. Dev. Sustain. Springer Netherlands; 2018. p. 997–1015. View 26. Curb land grabbing to save the Amazon. Evol [Internet]. 2019;3:1497. Available from: pmid:31666736 View 27. Zúñiga-Upegui P, Arnaiz-Schmitz C, Herrero-Jáuregui C, et al. Exploring social-ecological systems in the transition from war to peace: A scenario-based approach to forecasting the post-conflict landscape in a Colombian region. Environ. 2019;695. View 28. Toward understanding the dynamics of land change in Latin America: Potential utility of a resilience approach for building archetypes of land-systems change. Ecol Soc. 2019;24 View 29. ánches Guerrero H, et al. of and Goals of the Agenda 2030. Systems. 2019;7:1–17. View 30.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: 1, Bispira volutacornis (Montagu, 1804), Eunice dubitata, Eunice pennata (Müller, 1776), and Haplosyllis spongicola, and the cirripedian Scalpellum scalpellum (Linnaeus, 1767). Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of the ophiuroid Ophioctenella acies Tyler et al. 1995 in a non-chemosynthetic ecosystem (Stöhr and Segonzac 2005). Fig. 3Relative contribution (%) of taxonomic groups of the sessile fauna and sponge infauna to each of the microhabitats in Complex (MRC) and (LM). Calculations based on back-transformed data of arcsine numbers. Bars denote the mean values. Error bars show upper and lower 95 % CIFull size image In both regions only a small number of species (12 in MRC and 2 in LM) were found inside the sponge (Table 2). Infauna constituted a minor component, both in terms of abundance (total number of individuals) and dry biomass (total mg), of the total sponge-associated fauna in MRC, but had a higher contribution in LM (Fig. 4). In regard to the infauna, species with the highest number of individuals in total included the amphipod Aristias neglectus (62 specimens), and the species with the highest biomass was the bryozoan Reteporella beaniana (156. 8 mg). Fig. 4Charts showing the shares of sponge sessile epifauna (“outer sponge”) and sponge infauna (“inner sponge”) in terms of abundance (total number of individuals) and dry biomass (total mg) in Complex (MRC) and (LM)Full size image At MRC, a number of epifaunal species were found on secondary biological structures, for example “Morphotype 1 foraminifera” were exclusively recorded on the stems of the hydroids Halecium sp. and H. muricatum (Ellis and Solander, 1786), and S. scalpellum was found exclusively attached to the tube of B. volutacornis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: The translation process of the culturally sensitive active aging scale for community-dwelling older adults in access Published: 31 August 2023 The translation process of the culturally sensitive active aging scale for community-dwelling older adults in Bibi1, Zhang Yan1, Akhter Zeb2, Nasir Anwar3, Nasar Mian4 & …Khan5 Show authors BMC 0. 91 and relevancy was 0. 80. The total variance in the pilot study of all items secured > 0. 3 variances except for two items scored < 0. 30 that were omitted before the validity and reliability test. The remaining items explained 65. 46% of the overall variation and had factor loadings ranging from 0. 46 to 0. 90 in the principal factor analysis (PFA). The confirmatory factor analysis of the Scale revealed that the model fit was good with a Chi-square value (418. 18 (DF = 2. 2) which is less than 3. 00. This is further evidenced by the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0. 042, goodness of fit index (GFI) of 0. 92, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) of 0. 94, and comparative fit index (CFI) values of 0. 92 and 0. 96 (unstandardized and standardized, respectively). The scale’s Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0. 88, indicating dependability and its test–retest reliability with the significance of (P. < 0. 05). Conclusionversion of the Scale was successfully translated and validated in a culturally sensitive manner, and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of various active aging interventions for older adults in Pakistan. reports IntroductionThe older adult population in Pakistan has been increasing, resulting in public healthy challenges and poor quality of life for older adults living in the community [1]. According to the population census of 2017, there are over 25 million senior citizens in Pakistan, comprising approximately 6 to 10 percent of the total population [2, 3]. In addition, Pakistan is a Muslim country where predominantly its inhabitants are Muslims [1, 4]. It is concerning for researchers and policymakers that community-dwelling older adults in Pakistan face multiple challenges such as neglect within the healthcare system [2, 5,6,7], and a value system in which male family members are responsible for conducting activities outside home and females have fewer opportunities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Arias--Trujillo V, et al. Drivers and effects of deforestation in Colombia: a systems thinking approach. Chang [Internet]. 2021;21. Available from: View 31. Identifying and measuring land-use and proximity conflicts: Methods and identification. Springerplus. 2014;3:1–26. View 32. Gallo G. Conflict Theory, Complexity and Systems Approach. Behav Sci. 2013;30:156–175. View 33. D. at Last? as a Network of Targets. Sustain Dev. 2015;23:176–187. View 34. Bayer S. and Modeling for a by John Sterman. Interfaces (Providence). 2004;34:324–326. View 35. Calderón N. 21 para el Departamento de Caquetá: Una construcción colectiva para el de la [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2007. Available from: 36. Sistema para la Planificación Rural Agropecuaria—SIPRA [Internet]. [cited 2021 Sep 17]. Available from: 37. . Mapa petrolero de la Amazonía y resistencia en el Caquetá: retos de paz en el posconflicto. Extr y posconflicto en Colomb retos para la paz Territ. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): de Colombia (Sede Bogotá). Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Departamento de Geografía; Centro de Investigación y Educación por la Paz; 2016. p. 413–440. 38. Vásquez T. Caquetá: Análisis de conflictividades y construcción de paz | El PNUD en Colombia [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2014 [cited 2021 Sep 17]. Available from: 39. Pizano C, García H. en Colombia. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH); 2014. 40. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: Statistically significant differences were found for the number of species cm−3, number of individuals cm−3, and dry biomass cm−3 microhabitat (Table 4; Fig. 6a–f). The number of individuals cm−3 and dry biomass cm−3 microhabitat were lower in LM sponge than MRC sponge samples, while the opposite pattern was recorded between MRC coral rubble and LM coral rubble samples (Fig. 6a–f). Table 4 Results of analysis of variance for comparisons of Complex (MRC) and (LM) sponge and coral rubble microhabitats for number of species S cm−3, Shannon–H′, Pielou’s evenness Index J′, number of individuals cm−3 and dry biomass cm−3 Full size table Fig. 6 Box plots of a microhabitat volume sampled (cm3), b species number cm−3 microhabitat, c Shannon–Wiener Index, H′, d Pielou’s evenness Index, J′, e number of individuals cm−3 microhabitat, f dry biomass cm−3 microhabitat in Complex (MRC) and (LM). Lower and upper whiskers denote the data range (minimum–maximum values not considered to be outliers)Full size image Correlation of microhabitat volume with S, H′, J′, total number of individuals, and total dry biomass for sessile fauna and sponge infaunaFor MRC sponge samples, correlation analyses revealed a significant relationship between sponge volume and total species number S (r = 0. 74, p = 0. 023), sponge volume and total number of individuals (r = 0. 84, p = 0. 004), and sponge volume and total dry biomass (r = 0. 78, p = 0. 011). Significant correlations were also found for MRC coral rubble samples between coral volume and total number of individuals (r = 0. 72, p = 0. 029). In all other cases, there were no statistically significant correlations between the volume of the microhabitat and the examined parameters. Distribution of feeding types for sessile fauna and sponge infaunaThe fauna in the S. coralliophaga–coral rubble association included various feeding types (Fig. 7).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Culturally sensitive instruments are crucial to collect unbiased data, as directly adopting scales from different cultures may not fulfill the criteria of cross-cultural sensitivity [24]. While multiple scales exist in the literature to assess active aging in older populations in other countries. After a literature review, a scale developed by and colleagues, and translated into English by in Taiwan [15] was selected, which aligns with the WHO's proposed dimensions of active aging, and shows valid and reliable scale covered all aspects of active aging (0. 92). This study tool can be translated into the Urdu language for community-based older adults in Pakistan. This scale consists of 36 items and a four-point rating scale available in English version. It has undergone translation processes in various languages to ensure cultural appropriateness. The translated instrument's construct validity needs to be confirmed, considering the diverse populations and distinct cultures in Western and other Asian civilizations where these scales have been utilized [22, 25]. It is worth noting that there is no universal agreement on the adaptation process of research scales [24]. These scales have undergone adaptation processes, ensuring validity and reliability in cross-cultural settings multiple times [26]. Therefore, it is crucial to translate and develop culturally sensitive active aging scales to collect impartial data regarding active aging from older adults in Pakistan. The construct validity and relevance of the translated instrument need to be confirmed through rigorous testing in the local context [26]. By translating a cross-culturally relevant scale, researchers and policymakers will have a valuable tool to assess active aging in the geriatric population, contributing to future research and interventions aimed at promoting healthy aging in Pakistan. However, according to my knowledge, there is only one validated successful aging scale developed by Anwar et al. focused on only four domains of active aging such as life adaptation, and self-reliance [22, 26], which may not fulfill the holistic assessment of active aging. Therefore, there is a need to translate or develop a scale in the local context that can cover seven dimensions of active aging in Pakistani older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and validate the active aging scale in the local language (Urdu) to assess active aging among community-based older adults in Pakistan. Materials and methodsPhase.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Departamento del Cesar. Escala 1:100. 000. Estudio general de suelos y zonificación de tierras. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): Subdirección de Agrología; 2018. 41. Gilbertson TL. Financialization of nature and climate change policy: Implications for mining-impacted Afro-Colombian communities. J. 2021;56:21–38. View 42. Cardoso A. Behind the life cycle of coal: Socio-environmental liabilities of coal mining in Cesar, Colombia. [Internet]. 2015;120:71–82. Available from: View 43. Romero M, Torres DF. Drummond, Chiquita y paramilitares: Adaptación y negociación de ventajas en medio del conflicto. In: M, editor. los paramilitares Redes corrupción, negocios y política. Corporación. A. ; 2011. p. 149–189. 44. Agencia de Renovación del Territorio. ABECÉ PDET [Internet]. 2021. Available from: 45. Unidad de Planificación (UPRA). Análisis de la distribución de la propiedad rural en Colombia: propuesta metodológica. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): UPRA; 2016. 46. Neva N, Prada R. Índice de informalidad. Indicador de informalidad en la tenencia de la tierra en Colombia vigencia 2019. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): Unidad de Planificación (UPRA); 2020. 47. Sterman J. and Modeling for a Complex World. Homewood: Irwin/McGraw-Hill; 2000. 48. Haraldsson H. Introduction to Diagrams. Reports Ecol. Environ. Eng. Lund; 2004. View 49. Löhr Operational challenges in collaborative research projects: Addressing conflict multidimensionality. Kybernetes. 2018;47:1074–1089. View 50. Anderson V, Johnson L. What is Systems Thinking?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: At both locations, the sessile fauna that was living in the sponge or coral rubble microhabitats was composed mainly of suspension/filter feeders (Fig. 7). Fig. 7Relative contribution (%) of feeding types of sessile fauna and sponge infauna to each of the microhabitats in Complex (MRC) and (LM). Calculations based on back-transformed data of arcsine numbers. Bars denote the mean values. Error bars show upper and lower 95 % CIFull size image DiscussionMethodological considerationsDue to logistical constraints (i. e. , ROV time, availability of space in the biobox), it was not possible to collect coral rubble not colonized by S. coralliophaga during our survey. As sponges affect the small-scale hydrography and food supply in their vicinity (e. g. , Maldonado et al. 2012), abundance and biomass of epifauna near the sponge might be slightly higher compared to coral rubble not colonized by S. coralliophaga, and our data hence overestimate average abundance and biomass. Sponge size and morphology between MRC and LM, on the other hand, were similar and therefore unlikely to have affected the comparison between sites. Similarly, the levels of species richness, abundance, and biomass described in the present study should be regarded as underestimates since (1) only a small number of associations could be examined in each location (due to logistical constraints), (2) a number of small motile species living in association with the demosponge–coral rubble association could have escaped during the sampling procedure, and (3) a number of fragile specimens were too heavily damaged during sampling to be identified and thus were excluded from any abundance/biomass/diversity calculations. We therefore conclude that diversity at our study sites is comparable to a number of studies from shallow-water sites (e. g. , Voultsiadou-Koukoura et al. 1987; Çinar et al. 2002; Neves and Omena 2003 and 7. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0034098 (2014) Fine-scale nutrient and carbonate system dynamics around cold-water coral reefs in the northeast Atlantic. 4. doi:10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: 1We followed the steps and recommendations made by the of (ISPOR) report for the translation and cultural adaptation process [25], and the consensus-based standard for the selection of the ) checklist [27] was followed throughout the translation process of the scale (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1Flow chart of questionnaire translation& adaptation processFull size imageStep. 1 Selection of study instrumentAging scale was developed by and others in Thailand [14] and translated by in English [15] was chosen to translate into Urdu language. After a literature review regarding the components of active aging, we approached the primary developer of the scale Thanakwang and secondary developer Rantanen through email. The active aging scale consisted of 36 items on five Likert scales from strongly agree = 5 points to strongly disagree = 1 point. The scale obtained 0. 92. Step. 2 Forward, transitionThe scale was given to two independent bilingual translators to translate into Urdu language. During the translation process, there was no replacement or deletion of any items and maximum similarity of the source and target language was maintained. Step. 3 Expert comments to select the itemsTwo bilingual experts from and one Ph. D. scholar from the nursing department of College were approached to select the best version for further process. Step. 4 Backward translationOther two bilingual experts who were blind with the primary translators retranslated the translated version into the original language. Step. 5 Feedback studyFocus group of five experts (2 Ph. D. scholars in nursing and faculty members of University, one community health nurse, a lecturer in government nursing college Peshawar, and one language expert professor and one general public figure) retired principal from the government were arranged to finalize the final draft on 22 March 2022. The committee evaluated each item, and they looked for agreement between the original scale and the translated English form. Assigning 1 to 4 scores for clarity and relevancy checked content validity index and scale validity. To communicate their greater insight, some of the words were placed within parentheses [28]. Step. 6 Face validityWe followed a one-to-one approach to check the structure and its representativeness as a whole. Step. 7 Pilot testingWe conducted a pilot study on 30 participants to check the preliminary internal consistency of the scale. According to Yoshihito, et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: basics From concepts to causal loops. Cambridge: Pegasus Communications; 1997. p. 17–36. 51. . A definition of systems thinking: A systems approach. Sci [Internet]. 2015;44:669–678. Available from: View 52. Schlindwein SL, Ison R. Confronting total systemic failure? 2018 truckers’ strike in Brazil. Behav Sci. 2019;1–9. View 53. Kohlbacher F. The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research. Sozialforsch. 2006;7. View 54. Mayring P. Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Klagenfurt: Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften; 2014. 55. . Integrating critical thinking and systems thinking: From premises to causal loops. Rev. 2004;20:223–235. View 56. A system dynamics approach for sustainability assessment of biodiesel production in Colombia. Baseline simulation. J [Internet]. 2019;213:1–20. Available from: View 57. Peacebuilding in Rural Colombia—A of the Reform (IRR) in the Department of Caquet á (Amazon). Land. 2020;9:1–17. View 58. Unplanned land clearing of Colombian rainforests: Spreading like disease? Plan. 2006;77:240–254. View 59. IDEAM. Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosque y Carbono [Internet]. Rep. Cambio la Superf. Cubierta por Bosque Nat. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 13]. Available from: 60. Cherubin MR, Chavarro-Bermeo JP, Silva-Olaya AM. Agroforestry systems improve soil physical quality in northwestern Colombian Amazon. Agrofor Syst. 2019;93:1741–1753. View 61. Mendoza JP. Colombia ‘ s transition to peace is enhancing coca- driven deforestation ‘ s transition to peace is enhancing coca-driven deforestation. Lett. 2020;15. View 62. Murad CA, Pearse J. Landsat study of deforestation in the Amazon region of Colombia: Departments of Caquetá and Putumayo. Environ. 2018;11:161–171.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: AbstractStudies in terrestrial and shallow-water ecosystems have unravelled the key role of interspecific interactions in enhancing biodiversity, but important knowledge gaps persist for the deep sea. Cold-water coral reefs are hotspots of biodiversity, but the role of interspecific interactions and “habitat cascades” (i. e. positive effects on focal organisms mediated by biogenic habitat formation) in shaping their biodiversity is unknown. Associations between macrofaunal hosts and epifauna were examined in 47 stations at the Complex (northeast Atlantic). In total, 101 (group level) and 340 (species level) unique types of facultative associations formed by 43 hosts and 39 epifaunal species were found. Molluscs and empty polychaete tubes had higher values for the type and number of host-epifaunal associations, the Shannon–Wiener (H) and Margalef (d) indices of the epifauna than the rest of the taxonomic groups (p < 0. 05). Hosts’ body size, orientation, surface smoothness, and growth form explained a significant amount of variability (32. 96%) in epifauna community composition. Epifaunal species richness (S), H and d were 27. 4 (± 2. 2%), 56. 2 (± 2. 8%) and 39. 9 (± 2. 3%) of the respective values for the total sessile communities living on coral framework. This is intriguing as coral framework is orders of magnitude larger than the size of macrofaunal hosts. It is suggested that bivalves, tunicates and empty polychaete tubes increase habitat heterogeneity and enhance biodiversity through “habitat cascades”, in a similar way that epiphytes do in tropical rainforests. Most macrofaunal habitat suppliers in the studied cold-water coral reef are calcified species and likely susceptible to ocean acidification. This indicates that the impacts of climate change on the total biodiversity, structure and health of cold-water coral reefs may potentially be more severe than previously thought. Similar content being viewed by others Structure of gorgonian epifaunal communities in Ecuador (eastern Pacific) 0. 37 units; Puerta et al. 2020) which in turn will have negative impacts on the distribution (Morato et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: This variance can be due to the development of culturally sensitive scales in different countries with some variations in the components that may influenced. The seven factors were correlated with each other supporting the entire scale as a valid and good fit with a significance of (P. 0. 01),RMSEA value of 0. 42, (GFI) value is 0. 92 which is > 0. 90 is acceptable in this model. According to Fig. 2, the active aging scale's factor loading spans from 0. 42 to 0. 90. These results showed that the translated instrument obtained 34 items with seven factors evaluated in the current research equally applicable, and valid to Pakistani culture, as were applied in the native culture [14]. The items vary in each factor such as self-reliance consisting of five items, one eliminated due < 0. 3 scores in item variance, focused on self-care, tasks related to self and family care, and performing various activities in the household. From the perspective of older adults, being able to do what they wish is meaningful for their autonomy and implies that they can manage their lives on their own [19]. In the collectivistic nature of Islam and cultural norms, the people were interconnected, and they were held accountable for one another [34]. This notion was consistent with the valued concept of individualism among older adults Western people [36], and Yorozuya’s study in Japan [23]. The concurrent validity of the scale was checked comparing by obtained data from active aging scales and the Scale, which was translated in the same language. A significant positive relationship between AAS-Pak and SAS with the SR = 0. 85**, LIS = 0. 75**, HLT = 0. 81**, and the overall scale value (r = 0. 86**, with significant value of (P = < 0. 001). Surprisingly, our study results were consistent with the results of other studies conducted in another context, for example, health related questionnaires used in Japan [23], and the successful aging scale used in Turkey study to check the criterion validity of the active aging scale [28]. The concept of active aging is very diverse therefore, active aging scales were gone through items addition, and deletion based on the context in the previous studies. Therefore, there is a lack of a standardized active aging scale.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: View 63. Instituto de Hidrología Meteorología y -IDEAM. Boletín de Detección Temprana de la Deforestación 17 [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2018. Available from: 64. Grajales J. Land grabbing, legal contention and institutional change in Colombia. J Peasant Stud. 2015;37–41. View 65. . Diverging forest land use dynamics induced by armed conflict across the tropics. Chang [Internet]. 2019;56:86–94. Available from: View 66. Deforestation of rainforests requires active use of UN ‘ s Goals. Environ. 2020;742. View 67. Cárdenas-Camacho LM, Díaz S, Gómez-Anaya W, et al. Participatory analysis of ecosystem services in a protected area of the tropical dry forest (TDF), Colombia. Colomb For. 2021;24:123–156. View 68. . D. C. A. Síntesis del estudio nacional de la degradación de suelos por erosión en Colombia—2015. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2015. 69. FAO. Carbon: the [Internet]. Fao. Rome, Italy: Food and of the United Nations; 2017. Available from: 70. Selvaraju R. Climate risk assessment and management in agriculture. In: editors. Adapt to Proc a Jt FAO/OECD Work [Internet]. Rome: FAO—OECD; 2012. p. 71–90. Available from: www. fao. org/docrep/017/i3084e/i3084e. pdf. 71. de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible—MADS. de Gestión del Cambio Climático Territorial del Departamento de Cesar. [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C. , Colombia; 2015. Available from: 72. Gobernación del Cesar. Plan de desarrollo Departamento del Cesar 2016–2019. 2016. p. 237. 73.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: 2020) and skeletal integrity of habitat-forming cold-water corals (Hennige et al. 2020). These are expected to damage the role of these corals in supporting high biodiversity (Henry and Roberts 2017) and their overall health and environmental status (Kazanidis et al. 2020; Morato et al. 2020). Thus, unravelling (1) the role of macrofauna as habitat suppliers and (2) the features of these species are key things for understanding CWCR sensitivity to climate change. This is especially true for calcified macrofauna as they are expected to be more sensitive to ocean acidification than the non-calcified macrofaunal species (Bell et al. 2018; Byrne and Fitzer 2019). In the present study, macrofaunal communities from a well-studied CWCR, the Complex (MRC, hereafter) in the northeastern Atlantic were examined with the aim of unravelling their contributions to CWCR heterogeneity and biodiversity. Materials and methodsStudy areaThe MRC is located in the Sea, western Scotland (Roberts et al. 2005). Since its discovery in 2003 (Roberts et al. 2005) the MRC has been one of the best studied CWCRs in the world in terms of its bathymetry, hydrography, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity (e. g. Roberts et al. 2009; Henry et al. , 2013; et al. 2021 and 10. 0–10. 5 °C, 35. 4 psu) which flows onto the European shelf from the eastern subpolar (Johnson et al. 2013; Porter et al. 2018). Benthic lander and mooring deployments have shown that rapid downwelling transfers fresh microalgae to the habitats (Davies et al. 2009; Duineveld et al. 2012). Integration of geophysical, hydrological and species life history traits unravelled that bathymetric and hydrographic gradients were important in shaping macrofaunal biodiversity across reefs, while within reefs, the assemblages were shaped by recruitment, food supply, foraging and mating interactions (Henry et al. 2010, 2013). The MRC area is part of the Area and is fully closed to mobile bottom-tending fishing gear, to protect coral features and associated biodiversity (Roberts et al. 2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: According to the WHO policy framework, the active aging level can be assessed effectively if the scale used according to the demographic characteristics, and needs of the older adults within a specific area [17, 37]. The AA-PAK claimed to be a valid and reliable scale to assess the WHO proposed seven active aging determinants. The overall AAS-Pak internal consistency of seven variables was consistant as the average Cronbach’s Alpha value was 0. 88 in this study. According to Zamanzadeh [30] a scale is considered to be extremely reliable if its alpha coefficient is 0. 80 or higher. The test–retest reliability of the scale is showing mean scores of 105 the first time with Cronbach’s Alpha 0. 92 and a mean score of 106. 80 the second time with Cronbach’s Alpha 0. 88 showing the stability of the scale. The scale is seen to be stable and valid in various contexts with some attrition and deletion of the items as per their relevancy to the context [15, 19, 23]. These results demonstrated that the AAS-Pak is a valid instrument to assess the level of active aging in community-based older adults in Pakistan. The 34 items were culturally acceptable, all items were consistent with the other studies with different cultural backgrounds [22]. The active aging scales were translated into different languages. A systematic review of 20 included studies revealed that there are multiple active aging scales available based on the context, however, all the active aging scales maintained an average of five dimensions of active aging, the same study recommends further psychometric testing of an active aging scale to use in different context [18]. It is evident that the scholars in the previous studies used different active aging scales with different names [18]. According to Baoting the social beliefs, emotions, and needs of older adults may not be different from context to context, however, some traditional values may compromise the scale validity if applied in a different contexts [19, 31]. Limitations of the studyThe scale is exclusively adaptive and its translation into Urdu language may not address all aspects of active aging, as this is a complex concept. Applying the scale to individuals with lower education levels in a specific region may not accurately represent the broader society in other regions where the quality of life could be high. The participants' low literacy could pose challenges to their understanding; can potentially compromise the scale's reliability.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Montoya-Molina S, Giraldo-Echeverri C, Montoya-Lerma J, et al. Land sharing vs. land sparing in the dry Caribbean lowlands: A dung beetles’ perspective. Ecol [Internet]. 2016;98:204–212. Available from: View 74. Ulloa A, Coronado S, editors. Extractivismos y posconflicto en Colombia: retos para la paz territorial. Bibl. abierta. Colecc. Gen. Ser. Perspect. Ambient. Grup. Investig. Cult. y Ambient. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): de Colombia, sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Geografía. Centro de Investigación y Educación por la Paz (CINEP/PPP); 2016. 75. Oxfam. Divide and Purchase: How land ownership is being concentrated in Colombia [Internet]. Oxford, UK; 2013. Available from: 76. Wiig H, García-reyes P. Bread or justice—Land restitution and investments in Montes de Maria, Colombia. Land use policy [Internet]. 2020;91:104380. Available from: View 77. Abiertos Datos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Número de solicitudes de inscripción al recibidas en la Unidad de Restitución de Tierras según municipio de ubicación del predio. [Internet]. Estadísticas Solicit. Restitución Discrim. Munic. 2021 [cited 2021 Sep 18]. Available from: View 78. . Scaling up zero-deforestation initiatives through public-private partnerships: A look inside post-conflict Colombia. Chang [Internet]. 2020;62. Available from: View 79. Haraldsson HV. Introduction to Diagrams. Lund, Sweden; 2004. 80. Yearworth M, White L. The uses of qualitative data in multimethodology: Developing causal loop diagrams during the coding process. [Internet]. 2013;231:151–161. Available from: View 81. Sterman J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: Most of them (41 out of 43) were “alive” species and the remaining two were empty tubes belonging to families Serpulidae and Eunicidae (calcareous-tube-building & parchment-like tube-building polychaetes, respectively). Notably, shark eggs (possibly the species Galeus melastomus) at station 1485 were hosting epifaunal species, e. g. the encrusting bryozoan Amphiblestrum flemingii (Fig. 2). Across these 43 host species, bivalves (mainly Pododemus squama and Heteranomia squamula) were the most common hosts (~ 47. 83% of total number of associations), followed by the eunicid tubes (13. 04%), the serpulid tubes (10. 71%), bryozoans (9. 16%; mainly the erect species Omalosecosa ramulosa) and tunicates (7. 76%; mainly the erect species Polycarpa pomaria) (Fig. 2; Fig. 3a-–c). Regarding the epifauna, 39 species were identified (Table S2). They were dominated by bryozoans (68%; mainly the species Schizomavella linearis, Buskia sp. , Pyripora catenularia, Amphiblestrum flemingii, Disporella hispida), followed by the barnacle Verruca stroemia (12. 8%) and molluscs (12. 2%; mainly Heteranomia squamula) (Fig. 3b–d). Fig. 2Hosts and their epifauna.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2461572/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractPurpose: Scale (PSS) and the Multi-dimensional Scale of Support (MSPSS) are widely used globally (and in India) to assess the perceived stress and perceived social support respectively. Local language versions of these tools have been validated in different parts of the world and some Indian languages, but these studies have been carried out in populations outside India. Translation and validation of these tools in Marathi language is not yet undertaken. Methods: We used the following steps to translate and adapt the PSS and the MSPSS into Marathi: forward translation, feedback from the bilingual committee, cognitive interviewing and pre-testing, backward translation, comparison of the original English versions with the back-translated English versions, and the assessment of conceptual and operational equivalence which was done using the Pearson’s correlation coefficients and the Bland-Altman approach. Results: There was a very high correlation between the English and the Marathi version of the PSS (0. 97) and the MSPSS (0. 98). For the self and interviewer administered versions, Pearson’s was slightly lower for the PSS (0. 76, p=0. 01), but for MSPSS it was 0. 97 (p<0. 001). The agreement between the two language versions of both the scales and the self and interviewer-administered versions was also established using the Bland-Altman plots. Conclusion: The outputs of this study, i. e. , the self and interviewer-administered Marathi language versions of the PSS and the MSPSS are based on a systematic approach of culturally sensitive translation, and these can now be further used for assessment of their psychometric validity. ScaleMulti-dimensional Scale of 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4BackgroundThe relationship between an individual and his/her external/internal environment is constantly changing. Any type of change in the external environment that leads to physical or psychological strain is termed as stress (1). Stressful event, the appraisal/perception of stress associated with that event, and the resultant response to stress play an important role in the health and well-being of an individual.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: :. ESD Intern. Symp. 2002. View 82. Poku-Boansi M. Multi-stakeholder involvement in urban land use planning in the Ejisu Municipality, Ghana: An application of the social complexities’ theory. Land use policy [Internet]. 2021;103:105315. Available from: View 83. . Towards violent peace? Territorial dynamics of violence in Tumaco (Colombia) before and after the demobilisation of the FARC-EP. Conflict, [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Sep 18];19:497–520. Available from: View 84. Hoffmann C, García Márquez JR, Krueger T. A local perspective on drivers and measures to slow deforestation in the Andean-Amazonian foothills of Colombia. Land use policy [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 18];77:379–391. Available from: View 85. Wiig H, García-Reyes P. Bread or justice—Land restitution and investments in Montes de Maria, Colombia. Land use policy. 2020;91. View 86. Counter M. Faith: Land Grabbing, Legal Dispossession, and in Colombia. J Geogr [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Sep 16];18:169–192. Available from: View 87. Milke MW. Causal loops for analysis of the social dimension to complex systems. [Internet]. 2013;30:243–248. Available from: 88. Presidencia de la República de Colmbia. Municipios de las Zomac [Internet]. Arch. la Pres. 2015–2018. 2017 [cited 2021 Dec 10]. Available from: 89. (WWF). Land Grabbing: Tracing and Targeting the “Invisible” Colombia’s Forests. Transparent Gov. Nat. Resour. 2021. View 90. Elhawary S. Between war and peace: Land and humanitarian action in Colombia. 2007. View 91. Ramirez B. ? 2018;1–15. Available from: View 92. into Conservation. Conserv Lett. 2018;11:1–12. View 93. tenure, asset heterogeneity and deforestation in Faso. Econ [Internet]. 2015;61:51–58.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: 02) accompanied by the erect bryozoan Reteporella beaniana and Actiniaria spp. Finally, the average dissimilarity between Molluscs and Tunicates was 90. 45. Dissimilarities between these two groups were attributed to a relatively long species list (Table S8) including—among other—the bryozoans Buskia sp. , Schizomavella linearis, Pyripora catenularia, the erect bryozoan Reteporella beaniana, the barnacle Verruca stroemia, Actiniaria spp. and the tunicate Polycarpa pomaria. The role of hosts in enhancing local biodiversityThe epifauna on hosts had a substantial contribution in the biodiversity of the total sessile macrofaunal communities. The relationship between the number of hosts with the richest epifaunal communities (e. g. P. squama, H. squamula, serpulid and eunicid tubes, P. pomaria) and S, H and SΔ+ of the total sessile macrofaunal communities can be seen in Fig. 8. The average values of epifaunal sessile biodiversity on macrofaunal hosts compared to total sessile macrofaunal biodiversity recorded in previous studies were 27. 4 (± 2. 2%), 56. 2 (± 2. 8%) and 39. 9 (± 2. 3%) for S, H and d, respectively (Fig. 9). Fig. 8Scatterplots showing the relationship between the species richness of hosts with a species richness (S), b Shannon–Wiener (H) and c total taxonomic distinctness (SΔ+) of the total sessile macrofaunal communityFull size imageFig. 9Comparison (%) of epifaunal communities attached on host species to the species richness (S), Shannon–Wiener index (H) and Margalef index (d) of the total sessile macrofaunaFull size imageDiscussionThis study has shown for the first time that sessile macrofauna enhance marine hotspots’ biodiversity advancing scientific knowledge about the drivers shaping enigmatic hotspots of biodiversity. It is intriguing that a rather small group of macrofauna can host up to 54. 5% of the species found also attached on dead L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology participated in the pre-testing of the tools and the assessment for operational equivalence while the assessment of the conceptual equivalence was completed with the teaching and technical staff members of the PIMS. followed the guidelines proposed by the Organization (WHO) to adapt and translate both the scales (12). Some changes were made in the order of the proposed steps. The WHO guidelines recommend forward translation of the English version of the tool into the local language followed by the expert panel discussion and feedback. The revised tool is then back translated into English. The fourth step is pre-testing and cognitive interviewing and then finalizing the tool. We did the pre-testing and cognitive interviewing immediately after the feedback from the expert panel and then back translated the revised Marathi versions of the tools into English. Linguistic equivalence was assessed by a native English language researcher by comparing the original English language version of the tools with the back translated English versions. This step is not explicitly mentioned in the WHO guidelines. In addition to this, we also completed a quantitative assessment of the conceptual and operational equivalence using the Bland-Altman approach (13). This is in alignment with the process-based criteria for translation of tools proposed by Shrestha et. al. (14). The work described in this paper was guided by an approach used earlier to translate and validate the Marathi version of the Edinburgh Post-natal (EPDS) in the same study setting (15). Step 1: First author (RS) translated the original English version of the PSS and the MSPSS into Marathi. He is a psychiatrist by training with previous experience in translation and validation of screening tools to assess depression and anxiety. RS received graduate and post-graduate education in English while he is a native Marathi speaker familiar with the local culture and terminology used by the people in the area to express distress and social support. English language version of the PSS was downloaded from the following website: while the MSPSS was downloaded from During the forward translation, care was taken to identify conceptually equivalent words/phrases instead of literal/word-to-word translation. Step 1 resulted in version 1 of the translation (PSS_Marathi_Ver1 and MSPSS_Marathi_Ver1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The liver then converts the saved glycogen lower back into glucose thru glycogenolysis. The glucose is launched as a part of a homeostatic mechanism regulating blood glucose inside ordinary ranges. Skeletal muscle tissues comprise saved glycogen, however do now no longer comprise the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. This enzyme lets in glucose to be damaged down, allowing it to pass thru cell membranes and input the bloodstream. The enzyme simplest has restricted usefulness in muscle cells. The liver synthesizes extra glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid thru gluconeogenesis. Glucose is both immediately launched into the flow or saved as glycogen. The glycemic index is a value this is assigned to meals, primarily based totally on the velocity wherein they motive will increase in blood glucose levels. Foods which are low at the glycemic index (GI) scale typically launch glucose slowly and steadily, even as meals excessive at the glycemic index launch glucose quickly. The decrease GI meals resource in weight reduction, however the ones excessive on the dimensions resource in strength healing after exercising, or to save you hypoglycemia. Therefore, human beings with diabetes or prediabetes need to eat extra of the decrease GI meals. This is due to the fact quicker launch of glucose from the better GI meals outcomes in spikes in blood sugar levels. Good glucose manipulate is maintained through the sluggish and constant launch of glucose from the decrease GI meals. In order to enhance blood glucose, manipulate and decrease frame weight and waist circumference, a few research have validated that an in depth nutritional intervention, primarily based totally at the dietary guidelines for human beings with diabetes, is extra powerful than standard care, specially in diabetic sufferers now no longer competently managed regardless of an optimized hypoglycemic drug remedy [3]. However, it’s far critical to underline that amongst obese or overweight sufferers with type 2 diabetes and insufficient glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid manipulate and/or different obesity-associated clinical conditions, way of life adjustments that encompass diet, exercising, and day by day/weekly contacts with health experts are the handiest interventions, as validated through the trial.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: pertusa framework—a substrate though that has orders of magnitude higher size than sessile macrofauna (Jensen and Frederiksen 1992; Vad et al. 2017). Based on the findings of the present study, it is suggested that sessile macrofauna cause habitat cascades and enhance CWCRs biodiversity in a similar way that epiphytes increase biodiversity of tropical rainforests (Nakamura et al. 2017). The major macrofaunal species that enhance CWCRs biodiversity are either calcified themselves or closely associated with calcified organisms. This suggests that ocean acidification may have negative impacts not only on megafaunal calcified corals (Morato et al. 2020) but also on the macrofauna. The extent of these impacts on epifaunal organisms will depend on the mineralogy of the epizoan macrofauna (Smith et al. 2013; Byrne and Fitzer 2019; Ye et al. 2019), the nature of mineralization (Barclay et al. 2020; Fordyce et al. 2020; Grenier et al. 2020) and on animal physiology (Goethel et al. 2017; Diaz-Castaneda et al. 2019; Fitzer et al. 2019; Devens et al. 2020; Sokolowski et al. 2020). Based on that, it is possible that climate change impacts on CWCR will be more severe than previously thought. Hosts with diverse epifaunal communitiesThe bivalves Pododesmus squama, Heteranomia squamula, the tunicate Polycarpa pomaria, serpulid and eunicid tubes hosted the most diverse epifaunal communities. These observations agree with findings from shallow-water areas where mussels, oysters and serpulid polychaetes create complex biogenic habitats with high species richness (Sanderson et al. 2008). Macrofauna hosting the most diverse epifaunal communities were species of relatively large size, horizontal and with smooth surfaces. These findings agree with previous studies which showed that the host’s body size was positively related to epifaunal biodiversity (Buhl-Mortensen et al. 2010). Erect species hosted less diverse communities than horizontally laid ones, but the drivers behind this are not clear.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Step 2: bilingual (English and Marathi) committee of experts reviewed version 1 of the PSS and MSPSS and provided detailed feedback. The committee consisted of two female psychiatrists, one of them working in the field of public mental health, three public health researchers (two females and one male), and one male mental health service user with rich experience in the field of mental health stigma and mental health literacy interventions. The feedback provided by the committee members was collated and synthesized by RS and version 2 of the PSS and MSPSS was drafted. Several disagreements were identified, and the members were requested to provide their preference for the suggested alternatives (including the translation of the title and response options) using a link. Based on the feedback from the committee members, version 3 of the PSS and MSPSS was finalized (PSS_Marathi_Ver3 and MSPSS_Marathi_Ver3). Step 3: Pre-testing research assistants (CT and ST) with previous experience of interviewing patients and administering research tools did the pre-testing and cognitive interviewing. They were trained by the first author (RS) on the administration of the PSS and the MSPSS and the in-depth interview procedure. The interviews were conducted in an ante-natal clinic of the department of obstetrics and gynecology. Pregnant women were explained about the study procedure and those who expressed interest and willingness to complete the tools (either interviewer administered or self-administered) were included in the study. An informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Pregnant women (n = 10) were administered the Marathi version of the PSS and the MSPSS by one of the research assistants (CT). The interaction between the participants and the interviewer was observed by another research assistant (ST). She did not interfere in the interviews and made her observations on the following: 1) how easily the interviewer was interacting with the respondents? 2) whether and how many times any question had to be repeated? 3) What was the verbal/non-verbal reaction of the respondents after listening to the question? 4) Did the respondents need clarification on any question? 5) Whether the interviewer used a different word from that on the printed version? Later, all participants (n = 10) were interviewed to further understand their experience of completing the tool.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Insulin become administered to the sufferers withinside the in depth insulin remedy organization to preserve blood glucose degrees among 80 and 110 mg/dl, which ended in suggest blood glucose levels of 90-one hundred mg/dl (normoglycemia). Tight blood glucose manipulate with insulin strikingly diminished ICU (in depth care unit) mortality from 8. 0 to 4. 6% (43% discount). The advantage become especially attributed to the organization of sufferers who required in depth take care of extra than five days with a 48% mortality discount from 20. 2 to 10. 6%. Besides saving lives, in depth insulin remedy in large part averted numerous CI-related headaches. The prevalence of CI (important illness) polyneuropathy become decreased through 44%, the improvement of blood circulate infections through 46%, and acute renal failure requiring dialysis or hemofiltration through 41%. The variety of sufferers who received liver disorder with hyperbilirubinemia become diminished through 16%. Furthermore, anemia much less regularly evolved as illustrated through the 50% discount withinside the median variety of red blood cell transfusions needed. Finally, sufferers had been additionally much less depending on extended mechanical air flow and in-depth care. A massive variety of sufferers had been blanketed withinside the look at after complex cardiac surgery. Nevertheless, the scientific advantages of this remedy had been similarly found in maximum different diagnostic subgroups. Particularly withinside the organization of sufferers with remoted mind damage, in depth insulin remedy become capable of shield the valuable and peripheral apprehensive system from secondary insults and progressed lengthy-time period rehabilitation. An critical affirmation of the scientific advantages of in depth insulin remedy become currently acquired with the demonstration, through a massive randomized managed trial, that the Leuven protocol of glycemic manipulate with insulin in grownup surgical significantly unwell sufferers become further powerful in a strictly clinical ICU affected person populace. Indeed, clinic mortality become decreased from 40. 0 to 37. 3% withinside the intention-to-deal with populace (now no longer massive) and from 52. 5 to 43. 0% withinside the goal organization of lengthy-live sufferers wanting at the least a 3rd day of in-depth care, for which the look at have been powered primarily based totally at the outcomes of the surgical look at.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: Evidence on successional dynamics is also available from the fossil record (Barclay et al. 2013; Schneider 2013). For example, studies on Carboniferous brachiopods showed that much of the spatial and temporal variation in their epibiont communities was attributed to shifts in the magnitude and selective nature of larval recruitment (Lescinsky 1997). Habitat cascade and types of host-epifauna associationsThe findings of the present study provide evidence for first time that habitat cascades known up to now mainly for forests, salt marshes, seagrass meadows, and seaweed beds (Thomsen et al. 2010), are also present in CWCRs. Here, the role of the basal habitat former is played by the L. pertusa framework on which intermediate habitat formers exist (e. g. the bivalves, the tunicates, the polychaete tubes examined here) that in turn create living space for the other organisms (e. g. bryozoans, brachiopods, anthozoans). Faunal associations recorded in the present study resemble closely to the type of habitat cascade seen in forests and some shallow-water ecosystems where the size of the intermediate habitat former is smaller than that of the basal habitat former (Thomsen et al. 2010). For example, at MRC Actiniidae specimens had colonized eunicid tubes (Fig. 2a) or the bryozoan Disporella hispida had colonized the brachiopod Novocrania anomala (Fig. 2b). On the contrary the presence of the type recorded in soft-bottom estuaries where a relatively small invertebrate (e. g. polychaete, bivalve) provides basal habitat for larger intermediate seaweeds that, in turn, generate habitat for focal invertebrates and epiphytes (Thomsen et al. 2010) does not seem to be the case in CWCRs. The absence of epifaunal communities living attached on a specific taxonomic group at MRC pinpoint to the dominance of facultative relationships where the host supplies habitat to its epifauna.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Participants were asked to repeat questions in their own words, what according to them was asked in the questions, and if they found any questions confusing or difficult to understand. They were specifically asked about the key phrases used in the questions and what came to their mind on hearing/reading these phrases and the reason for choosing a particular response option for the questions. Based on these interviews, amendments were made, and version 4 was drafted (PSS_Marathi_Ver4 and MSPSS_Marathi_Ver4). Step 4: The versions finalized after step 3 were sent for backward translation to a psychologist. She was neither aware of the original English version of the tools nor the versions used in the forward translation process earlier. The translator is a native Marathi speaker with excellent English language skills and a doctoral degree in the field of psychology. She did an independent translation of the Marathi tools into English. The back-translated English versions were PSS_English_Ver5 and MSPSS_English_Ver5. Step 5: The two versions of the tools (the original English version and the back-translated English version) were linguistically compared by a native English speaker who has led several studies in the field of global mental health and has developed and translated psychometric tools in Amharic in Ethiopia (16). Several changes were made in the tools based on the suggestions from this reviewer which resulted in the final version of the tools (version 6). These versions are in the supplementary material (Scale-Marathi, of Support-Marathi). Step 6: Staff/faculty members working in the PIMS (n = 10) and fluent in both English and Marathi were approached for assessing conceptual equivalence. Those who expressed interest were explained about the study and informed consent was obtained from them. Participants were not related to the study team in any form. One set of participants completed the English and the Marathi version of the PSS while the other completed two language versions of the MSPSS. For both the tools, English version was completed in the morning and Marathi version in the evening by half of the participants and other half of the participants completed Marathi version in the morning and English version in the evening. Scatter plots, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots (13) were used to assess the agreement between the English and the Marathi versions of both the tools.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Intensive insulin remedy substantially decreased morbidity withinside the intention-to-deal with organization, with decrease occurence of latest improvement of kidney damage and hyperbilirubinemia, in advance weaning from mechanical air flow and in advance discharge from the ICU and from the clinic. The discount in morbidity become even extra placing withinside the goal organization of sufferers last in ICU for at the least a 3rd day. These sufferers had been discharged from the clinic alive on common 10 days in advance than on traditional insulin remedy. The variety of lengthy-live sufferers with hyperinflammation become additionally decreased. Blood glucose manipulate become really much less strict and ended in suggest glucose levels of 131 mg/dl withinside the protocol period, in comparison with 152 mg/ dl withinside the baseline period. In contrast with the historic manipulate organization, sufferers did clinically higher after the implementation of the glucose manipulate protocol, with a 29% decrease in clinic mortality, period of ICU live reduced through 11%, 75% much less sufferers evolved new renal failure, and 19% much less sufferers required red blood cell transfusion. No impact become visible in regards to prevention of extreme infections, however the prevalence of this problem become already low withinside the baseline period. In a predominantly standard surgical affected person populace, but, some other prospective, randomized, managed look at, albeit a small one, showed the findings of a reduced prevalence of overall nosocomial infections (which includes intravascular device, blood circulate, intravascular device-associated blood circulate, and surgical site infections) with in depth insulin remedy concentrated on glucose levels among 80 and 120 mg/dl. This intervention ended in suggest day by day glucose levels of 125 as opposed to 179 mg/ dl withinside the wellknown glycemic manipulate organization. In an observational look at of sufferers with diabetes mellitus present process cardiac surgery, intravenous insulin infusion to take away hyperglycemia additionally diminished in-clinic mortality in comparison with the historic manipulate organization, with fewer deep sternal wound infections and shorter period of clinic live. can without a doubt outline the prediabetic sufferers as whose blood sugar levels are neither on the ordinary degree nor on the diabetic degree consistent with the ADA/WHO (Organization/Association) standards for diabetes [6].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: In their review on corals’ epifauna, Buhl-Mortensen and Mortensen (2004a) mentioned that out of the 980 species found till then living on cold-water corals, 112 could be characterized as symbionts of which 30 species were obligate to various cnidarian taxa. 53% of the obligate deep-water coral symbionts were parasites, 47% were commensals. The prevalence of facultative relationships is supported also from more recent studies on pennatulaceans in the northwest Atlantic (Baillon et al. 2014), gorgonians and sea pens in the Norwegian continental margin (Buhl-Mortensen and Mortensen 2004b), scleractinian corals in the (Rueda et al. 2019) and (et al. 2020), deep-sea sponges (Kazanidis et al. 2016; Kersken et al. 2014; Hawkes et al. 2019) and fish (Milligan et al. 2016; D’Onghia 2019). The situation described above seems to be in contrast with the current perception about tropical reefs where large number of obligate symbionts has been recorded (Fautin 1986; Stella et al. 2011; Gilpin and Chadwick 2017). The mechanisms behind this sharp difference are not clear. In their review, Buhl-Mortensen and Mortensen (2004a) provided plausible explanations about this phenomenon elaborating on the time needed for the development of obligate relationships, the frequency of disturbance, variability of nutrient supply and mode of larval development. On geological time scales, have been subject to extensive changes leading to regional extinctions during glaciation (Dorschel et al. 2005; Frank et al. 2011). The MRC was glaciated and initiated 7–8 kya (Douarin et al. 2013). In contrast, the Mediterranean basin likely acted as a glacial refuge for cold-water corals (Henry et al. 2014). Based on this it could be expected that obligate relationships would be more prevalent in the Mediterranean than the North Atlantic. Recent studies have shown, however, that facultative relationships are also the major pattern in Mediterranean CWCRs with a few commensal associations (Rueda et al. 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Step 7: Operational equivalence was assessed by comparing the self-administered and the interviewer administered versions of both the tools. Pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of the PIMS (n = 10) and who could read, speak, and understand Marathi were invited to participate in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Different sets of participants were involved in the PSS and the MSPSS assessments. A trained female interviewer with previous experience in field data collection first administered the tool to half of the participants. They then completed the tool on their own (self-administered version). Other participants first completed the self-administered version and then the interviewer administered version. The association between the self and interviewer administered version was assessed by estimating the Pearson’s correlation coefficient, scatter plots and using the Bland-Altman approach. ResultsSeveral amendments were made in the first translated version of the PSS and the MSPSS through various steps of the translation process. These amendments in the PSS and the MSPSS are described in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. Summary of the conceptual and operational equivalence assessment is presented in Table 3. Table 1 Amendments made in the PSS 1. Forward translation 1. Title: The title was translated in Marathi and the opinion of the bilingual committee was sought regarding the appropriateness of the same. 2. Introduction: There was no introductory paragraph in the original version, so none was added in the translation. 3. Items: There was no major change in the way items were phrased in the translated version compared to the original version. 4. Responses: There was no major change in the way responses were phrased in the translated version compared to the original version. 2. Bilingual committee 1. Title: All committee members agreed with the suggested translation. There was one suggestion to delete the term, ‘mapan’, from the title, but this term was retained as it increased the specificity of the title. 2. Items: Changes were made in item # 2, 4, 7, and 10 based on the suggestions from the committee members. There were varied suggestions for item # 1, 6, 8, and 9. An online poll was sent to the committee members, and they were requested to select the most appropriate option. Changes were made based on the suggestions from the majority of members.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: According to the ADA, analysis of prediabetes is primarily based totally at the presence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (calculated fasting plasma glucose level is among 100 mg/dl and 125 mg/dl) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (calculated 2nd hour plasma glucose degree is among 140 mg/dl and 199 mg/dl) throughout a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance take a look at or hemoglobin A1c level among 5. 7% and 6. 4%. The growing incidence of prediabetes is a primary public health hassle this is drawing interest all around the world. However, there’s nevertheless a debate among WHO and ADA for the precise definition of this time period. WHO advices intermediate hyperglycemia time period in preference to prediabetes, however ADA shows prediabetes time period along side declining pinnacle reference level of ordinary FPG level to the 100 mg/dl. Detecting prediabetic human beings could be very critical, due to the fact like diabetic sufferers, there are near relationships among prediabetes and most important public health sicknesses. In a preceding ADA professional panel, the prediabetic people’ expected charge for development to the diabetes become stated as 70%. In addition, human beings on the prediabetic stage have excessive threat of growing cardiovascular pathologies while in comparison to the normoglycemic populace. Myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and different coronary issues along side hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia prevelance is sort of threefold excessive in prediabetic populace than normoglycemic populace. Also, some other main motive of overall deaths round the sector is cancer, that is carefully associated with the prediabetes. Another critical sickness organization associated with the prediabetic is neurological problems. The actual pathophysiology among hyperglycemia and most important neurological problems has now no longer but been absolutely clarified; there are such a lot of papers in literature which have proven the linkage among them indisputably. Especially dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and despair are related to hyperglycemic conditions. A current look at performed on diet-triggered prediabetic rats stated that HPA axis pastime and reaction to strain become diminished, which will increase the threat of despair improvement. AD is a modern mind disorder, happening with advancing age. Main signs are lack of reminiscence and cognition.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/os-19-101-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/os-19-101-2023, 2023. Received: 10 Sep 2022 – Discussion started: 26 Sep 2022 – Revised: 15 Dec 2022 – Accepted: 26 Dec 2022 – Published: 25 Jan 2023 1 perturbations to the Earth system directly impact the health of the world's ocean, its biochemical dynamics, its ecological properties and natural resources, and consequently the provision of ecosystem services. Ocean change includes so-called “slow onset events”, such as ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, sea level rise, and glacial retreat, as well as an increase in extreme weather and biogeochemical anomalous conditions, such as marine heat waves (Hobday et al. , 2016), storms, and extreme acidification and deoxygenation events (Gruber et al. , 2021). Today, the ocean absorbs about one-quarter of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere annually by human activities, resulting in a reduction of seawater pH (Friedlingstein et al. , 2019, 2020). This multi-decadal process, termed “anthropogenic ocean acidification”, causes additional chemical changes, including altering the speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon. Other regional and local changes also affect carbonate chemistry, such as enhanced upwelling, sea ice melt, riverine inputs, or increased temperature. Marine species and ecosystems respond to changes in carbonate chemistry regardless of the driving mechanism, so we use the term ocean acidification (OA) here more broadly to refer to all acidification whether anthropogenically derived global, regional, or local processes. Although there is an accepted recognition of OA as a threat to ocean health and its detrimental and nonlinear impacts on marine species and ecosystems, the initial focus of international networks, projects, and organizations was to adequately describe, quantify, and understand the chemical changes associated with OA (Newton et al. , 2015). Substantial progress in this direction has been made (Tilbrook et al. , 2019), notwithstanding the fact that many geographical regions still lack sufficient capability, information, and data to determine local OA conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: No changes were made in item # 3 and 5 as all committee members agreed with the translation. 3. Responses: One committee member suggested that option ‘very often’, should be translated as ‘nehamich’. It could also be translated as ‘khup vela’. All committee members were requested to choose between these two terms, and based on majority opinion, ‘khup vela’ was selected. 3. Pre-testing 1. Title: No amendments 2. Items: It was suggested to start with a simpler item first as participants took some time to get comfortable with the scale. So, item # 5 was swapped with item # 1. No other change was made in the order of items. Interestingly, women found the use of terms ‘control’, and ‘tension’, easy to understand instead of their translations in Marathi (‘niyantran’, and ‘tanav’ respectively). These terms along with the terms used in Marathi were both included in the item # 2,3,7,8, and 9. Changes made in item # 4 based on suggestions from two committee members were dropped as participants found the term ‘atma-vishwas’ difficult to understand. 3. Responses: Participants reported that option 4 (fairly often, ‘baryach vela’ in Marathi) and option 5 (very often, ‘khup vela’ in Marathi) sounded similar, hence, confusing. As a result, option 5 was changed to ‘nehamich’ instead of ‘khup vela’. 4. 1. Title: No amendments 2. Items: Reviewer felt that back-translation of item # 4 and item # 5 (in the original PSS) was not appropriate. We then back translated the items again (with inputs from Google translate) and compared the same with the original version. We agree that the initial back-translation was off-the mark but as the Marathi version was appropriate, no changes were made. Major concern was raised for translation of item # 6. Based on this we made changes in the Marathi version. 3. Responses: In the original PSS, the last two response options were, ‘fairly often’, and ‘very often’.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Reductions in glycemia may be produced through extreme, sudden, unaccustomed exercising or extended fasting (or each), through numerous pathological conditions (typically hepatic or gastroenterological), and through pharmacological means, however aren’t typically encountered in wholesome adults in evolved countries. Strict avoidance of low blood sugars is vital to keep away from the neurological and different effects of hypoglycemia. Neuroglycopenia (glucose depletion in neural tissue) begins offevolved at concentrations round 3. 0-3. 5 mmol/L (54-63 mg/dL) and counterregulatory mechanisms are set to reply to preserve glycemia effectively above this level. Prior to accomplishing neuroglycopenia, insulin secretion decreases at plasma glucose levels of round 4. 4-4. 7mmol/L (80-85 m/dL) and glucagon levels growth at plasma glucose levels of 3. 6-3. 9 mmol/L (65-70 mg/dL). (diabetic ketoacidosis) is a probably existence-threatening clinical emergency [7]. It takes place predominantly in type 1 diabetics and bills for the preliminary presentation of glucose-associated issues in approximately 25% of diabetics. Despite advances in remedy, the mortality charge for this situation stays 2-4%. DKA is a syndrome characterised through hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis due to both relative or absolute insulin deficiency. The remedy includes fluid and electrolyte replacement, collectively with non-stop low-dose insulin infusion. Precipitating reasons for DKA encompass infection, MI, trauma, pregnancy, or strain. In many cases, there isn’t an intercurrent sickness method, and noncompliance with insulin remedy is identified as a massive precipitant of DKA. Errors of insulin dosage can also additionally on occasion be a contributing factor. The number one abnormality in DKA is an absolute or relative insulin deficiency. This results in a upward push withinside the counter-regulatory hormones (catecholamines, glucagon, boom hormone, and cortisol). Changes in those hormone levels produce 3 most important outcomes: 1. Hyperglycemia because of reduced glucose usage and expanded hepatic gluconeogenesis; 2. Increased lipolysis main to ketone frame formation; 3. Increased metabolism of protein and discount in protein synthesis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: Best practices and standard operating mechanisms are now available to the global scientific community to assess spatial and temporal patterns in pH and carbonate chemistry, to quantify trends and rates of change, and to identify areas with strong signals of OA chemical impacts (IOC-2019, and 14. 3. In principle, using a similar approach to evaluate biological sensitivity to OA would allow direct comparability between the growing availability of carbonate chemistry data and biological observations. However, while the measurement of carbonate chemistry is largely limited to a small number of parameters (pH, dissolved inorganic carbon – DIC, partial pressure of carbon dioxide – pCO2, total alkalinity – TA), all of which can be calculated with different degrees of uncertainty from direct measurements of any two of these parameters, measurement of biological impacts encompasses a much wider range of parameters, each with different scales and units. Thus, while standardizing the observation of carbonate chemistry changes is relatively straightforward, standardizing the measurement of biological impacts in a way that would allow broad-scale comparisons among regions and ecosystems is considerably more challenging. The first challenge for delivering a truly global assessment of OA impacts is to identify a set of fundamental biological parameters that (a) are not linked to any model organism, (b) are relevant across different biological systems, (c) have a strongly demonstrated link to OA, (d) have implications for the overall function of ecosystems and the provision of ecosystem services, and (e) should be easily measurable. OA alters multiple properties of the seawater carbonate system, including pH, speciation of DIC, and carbonate saturation state, that individually or in combination affect marine organisms. Consideration of only one of these parameters may then obscure the mechanistic origin of any observed OA-driven change in biological attributes. While other drivers, such as temperature, nutrients, and oxygen, may exert proximate control over changes in many marine ecosystems, it is important to recognize that OA may have a major role in modulating these consequences in most marine waters, while being the dominant driver for ecosystem change in others (e. g. , Kroeker et al. , 2013; Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022). In addition to the influence of other climate drivers, it should be noted that biological impacts can be heavily moderated by other environmental and ecological factors such as energy supply as well as other drivers and stressors such as nutrient and food content.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Items: As with PSS, it was suggested that items related to the family should be in the beginning, followed by items related to friends, and the items related to a special person should be in the end. It was thought that this will help the participants to understand and respond better. No changes were suggested in the way items were drafted. 4. Responses: Participants found it extremely confusing to choose between seven-point Likert scale. The suggestion was to first ask participants (or let them choose) if they ‘agree’, ‘disagree’ or are they ‘neutral’. In the next step they could choose if they somewhat or completely agree/disagree. In the original scale, there was option of (only) agree/disagree between somewhat agree/disagree and completely agree/disagree. 3. 1. Title: No amendments 2. Items: Reviewer strongly suggested that it is not appropriate to change the order of the items. Respondents generally tend to answer an item based on the previous items, hence changing the order can impact the performance of scale. In version 7 of the scale, order of items was restored as it was in the original English version. Minor changes were made in item # 2 and 9 based on the suggestions from the reviewer. In item # 11, the term, ‘willing’, was translated into Marathi as ‘tayar’ and the back-translation of this was ‘ready’. Reviewer was not satisfied with this, so ‘willing’ was translated as ‘icchuk’. 3. Responses: Reviewer raised major objection to changing seven-point Likert scale to two-step process of asking first the participants if they agree/disagree and then the level of agreement/disagreement. According to the reviewer this pushes participant to select extreme options and that it is better to keep a seven-point Likert scale (or change it to a five-point). We decided to keep a seven-point Likert scale with a slight modification. A colour strip for the seven points was introduced. Responses related to agreement were in shades of green, responses related to disagreement were in shades of red, and blue represented a neutral position. Happy (for agreement) and sad (for disagreement) emojis were also added to the colour strip.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: The sensor the usage of electrochemical/amperometric enzyme electrodes and transducers, hired the nonor enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) utilising the biochemical reaction, has emerge as the maximum famous and commercially to be had blood glucose tracking technique withinside the marketplace due to its appropriate sensitivity, huge selectivity, suitable reproducibility, and smooth manufacturability at exceptionally low cost, even though it is an invasive technique. Several non-invasive strategies are used to locate and screen the glucose level withinside the blood, which includes Absorbance spectroscopy inclusive of Near and spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectrophotometry, Bio-impedance spectroscopy, Optical coherence tomography, and Thermal emission spectroscopy. to Conclusion 14. (2022) Complications of - A Global Perspective. CRC Press, Taylor & p. 2-3. (2018) Treatment of Diabetes with Lifestyle Changes: Diet. In: (Eds. ). , Diabetes - Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. 500. Reisner E, (2017) Crowley's Disease - Pathology and Pathophysiology Correlations, (10th). , Jones & 598. Vanhorebeek I, Van den (2008) Therapy for the Patient. In: (Eds. ). , Controversies in - Clinical and Research Aspects”, Humana Press, Springer Science+163. Üstuünsoy S (2023) Resistin as a Biomarker and Applications to Prediabetes. In: (Eds. ). , Biomarkers in p. 70-71. R H (2005) Diabetes-related emergencies. In: (Eds. ). , to Medicine. 28. (2022) Review of in Monitoring”. In: -(Eds. ). , and Biosystems for Detection and Management of p. 11-12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: Even so, natural “noise” of the system, in terms of short-term environmental changes (weather) and organismal plasticity, must also be taken into account when selecting indicators because it strongly influences the time of emergence of long-term trends (Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022). The specific biological observations listed in this section are examples of potential parameters to measure and are not exhaustive. They provide a suitable framework on which to build both intensive and pragmatic field observation programs that are best suited for local capacities and funding. These methodological inventories will undoubtedly evolve as future technologies emerge and become more widely available over the coming decades (Bean et al. , 2017), but the central ecosystem traits they manifest, combined with high-quality carbonate system data, will enable quantification of OA-driven changes in marine ecosystems. The goal is to determine the relationship between rates of chemical and biological changes, enabling comparisons of those relationships across diverse and geographically distributed ecosystems. 3. 1 Calcified organisms and calcification 3. 1. 1 use of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) structures for structural support and protection is widespread amongst marine organisms (e. g. , Monteiro et al. , 2016; Fitzer et al. , 2019; Clark et al. , 2020). As changes in seawater chemistry have been demonstrated to affect calcium carbonate structures and biomineralization rates (see 3. 1. 2 Indicator categories and observations Biomass, abundance, and percent cover of calcifying organisms within an ecosystem Changes in biomass, abundance, and percent cover of biocalcifying species, compared to non-calcifying species, measured across either fine scales (meters) or broad scales (kilometers) can be used as a primary indicator of OA stress once other known factors are ruled out (e. g. , eutrophication). Inorganic to organic biomass ratios (PIC : POC) of individual organisms, populations, or whole assemblages can also provide a sensitive measure of relative changes in the presence of biocalcifying organisms within an ecosystem (Thomsen et al. , 2010). Skeletal morphology and composition The state, structure, and mineral composition of calcified biostructures yield information about the ability of organisms to maintain the balance of calcification over dissolution and are thus indicators of biological stress.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: An illustrative example was added to explain the seven-point Likert scale with colour strip. In the back-translated version, one of the response options was 'cannot tell for sure'. Reviewer pointed out that 'neutral' (in the original English version) is not the same as 'cannot tell for sure'. There isn't a good conceptually equivalent term for neutral in Marathi which is commonly used by people in relation to 'agreement' or 'disagreement'. So, we had used the term 'nischit pane sangu shakat nahi'. This translated to 'cannot tell for sure'. Based on reviewer feedback, we changed it to another Marathi term, 'tatastha' which literally translates to 'neutral'. These modifications (introduction of an additional colour strip for a seven-point Likert scale and use of the term ‘tatastha’) were tested with another set of five pregnant women. Eight out of ten participants had a doctoral degree in Medicine (M. D. ). One participant was a medical graduate (M. B. B. S. ) and another was a dental graduate (B. D. S. ). Median score for the self-administered English version (MSPSS-E) was 76. 5 (range: 58–84) while the median score for the self-administered Marathi version (MSPSS-M) was 73 (range:58–84). Pearson’s between MSPSS-E and MSPSS-M was 0. 98 (95% CI: 0. 93–0. 99). This was statistically significant (p < 0. 001). The mean difference between MSPSS-E and MSPSS-M was 0. 7 (SD: 1. 56). For this mean difference, the upper limit of agreement (according to the Bland-Altman approach) was 3. 76 and the lower limit of agreement was − 2. 34. Except for one participant, the difference in MSPSS-E and MSPSS-M was within the limits of agreement as per the Bland-Altman plot (Fig. 3). [Insert Fig. 3 about here] Five participants had completed higher secondary school education, two participants had completed secondary school education, and three participants had a post-graduate degree.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: This indicates that hdcJK910 phototransduction is functionally intact and wild-type-like. See also (Dau et al. , 2016). (C) Linear correlation between ∆ρ and V0 of dark-adapted wild-type photoreceptors. Adjusted R-squared = 0. 1043. (D) Linear correlation between ∆ρ and V0 of dark-adapted hdcJK910 photoreceptors. Adjusted R-squared = 0. 072. (A-D) nwild-type = 19; nhdc = 18. (A, B) Mean ± SEM; two-tailed t-test. Figure 7—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Light-adaptation narrows wild-type and hdcJK910 R1-R6s’ receptive fields similarly. Comparing wild-type and hdcJK910 photoreceptors, of which receptive fields were assessed in both the dark- and light-adapted states. (A) Their dark-adapted and (B) and light-adapted ∆ρ values were similar. Dark-adapted: ∆ρwild-type = 9. 65 ± 1. 06°; ∆ρhdc = 8. 16 ± 0. 62°; p=0. 258, two-tailed t-test. Light-adapted: ∆ρwild-type = 7. 7 ± 0. 52°; ∆ρhdc = 6. 98 ± 0. 46°; p=0. 323, two-tailed t-test. (C) Predictably, their receptive fields narrowed during light-adaptation (only wild-type shown). The relative changes between the two adaptation states between were statistically similar in wild-type and hdcJK910 photoreceptors. Relative changes, calculated as C=�ρDark−�ρLight�ρDark×100%. Cwild-type = 18. 44 ± 3. 5%; Chdc = 13. 68 ± 3. 37%, p=0. 347, two-tailed t-test. A-C: Mean ± SEM; nwild-type = 6; nhdc = 8 cells. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Microsaccadic rhabdomere contractions and refractory photon sampling improve visual resolution of moving objects.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: Calcified structure morphology or function can be assessed through measures such as weight, density, damage, porosity, abnormality, dissolution severity, or strength (e. g. , Bednarsek et al. , 2017, 2021a; Osborne et al. , 2020). Rates of calcification Calcifying conditions in benthic habitats can undergo large shifts over short (hourly, diurnal) timescales related to physical forcing (e. g. , tides, light levels). Measured rates of calcification or dissolution on organismal to ecosystem scales help to discern short-term (semi-instantaneous) responses of biocalcifying organisms to present conditions (e. g. , Goreau, 1959; Cohen et al. , 2017; Schoepf et al. , 2017). These can be accomplished at larger scales with water-mass tracking of observed changes in TA and DIC (along with T, S) to estimate net community calcification (Fitzer et al. , 2019), but also at organismal scales with in situ approaches (Melzner et al. , 2010; Dellisanti et al. , 2020). 3. 2 Autotrophs and primary production 3. 2. 1 production, in all of its myriad forms, serves as the foundation for marine ecosystems. Quantifying its susceptibility to OA is crucial because primary production ultimately provides the energy for all trophic levels to adjust to OA-induced stress. Increasing CO2 can modulate primary production in confounding ways. OA shifts the carbonate system to yield higher pCO2(aq), which is a fundamental fuel for photosynthesis that often becomes limiting in high-productivity systems (Beardall et al. , 2009). Many primary producers (but not all) initiate metabolically costly carbon-concentrating mechanisms that divert energy from growth and reproduction. So, increases in pCO2(aq) then have the potential to stimulate carbon fixation rates in pelagic and benthic primary producers (Raven et al. , 2014), including in marine animal–algal symbioses (Dupont et al. , 2012). However, decreasing external and cytosolic pH can disrupt a broad suite of physiological and biochemical factors, including proton pumps, cellular membrane potential, enzyme activity, and energy partitioning (Beardall and Raven, 2004; Giordano et al. , 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Participants better understood and clearly preferred the terms, ‘control’, and ‘tension’, instead of their translations in Marathi. As a result, we decided to keep the English terms in the translated Marathi version. Second, it is important to maintain the order of items in the translated scale as in the original version. Initially, we changed the order of items, especially in the MSPSS translation as we thought that participants will find it easier to start with certain items. However, an independent reviewer with rich experience in the field of Health and translation of tools who compared the original and the back-translated English versions of the tools for linguistic equivalence, strongly suggested not to change the order of items as the response from the participants is influenced by this change. Based on this suggestion, we kept the same order of items in the MSPSS translation and made only one change in the PSS translation. Third, we feel that an introductory paragraph and an illustrative example can be helpful, especially for the self-administered version. In the MSPSS translation, we added an introduction and an example, and it helped participants in answering the items from the main scale. Finally, we would like to note that translating the response items is equally challenging and requires careful attention. In the PSS translation, participants were unable to clearly distinguish between the last two response options on a five-point Likert scale. Based on the feedback from the participants and the suggestions on back-translated English version of the PSS, appropriate changes were made in the response options. The seven-point Likert scale used in the MSPSS translation was also very confusing for the participants. Addition of a colour strip to the seven-point Likert scale helped participants in choosing their response to the MSPSS items. This study has three important limitations. A very small, convenience sample of pregnant women participated in the pre-testing and cognitive interviewing. Translation and adaptations in both the scales were made based on the inputs of a total of 15 participants only. Their feedback may not be entirely representative of the adult population in the study area. Second, the majority of the participants (90% in case of the PSS and 80% in case of the MSPSS) had completed higher secondary school education or above (graduation). This may lead to difficulties in administering the tools to women (or adults) with low literacy levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (H) In the new model, with rhabdomere photomechanics (ii) moving and narrowing its RF (here acceptance angle, ∆ρ, narrows from 8. 1o to 4. 0o), light input transformed into two intensity spikes (iii), which photoreceptor output resolved (iv). (I) New predictions matched recordings (Figure 8—figure supplement 1). Details in 8. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Microsaccadic sampling hypothesis predicts realistic voltage output to two bright dots crossing a R1-R6’s receptive field in saccadic speeds. (A) Receptive fields of four R1-R6 photoreceptors, measured with 25 light point stimulator (8. 2 to 9. 5o to 3. 5–4. 5o). (C) The resulting light input for each tested photoreceptor was predicted from its measured receptive field in (A) by the microsaccadic sampling hypothesis. (D and E) These inputs then drove our biophysically realistic R1-R6 model, predicting the photoreceptor voltage output, which was compared to the corresponding real recordings. The simulated R1-R6 output closely resembled the recorded R1-R6 output of the same cells to saccadic two dot stimuli. Figure 9 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset ‘Microsaccadic sampling’ hypothesis predicts visual hyperacuity. (A) Simulated R1-R6 output to two dots, at different distances apart, crossing the photoreceptor’s receptive field at different speeds. The yellow backgrounds indicate those inter-dot-distances and speeds, which evoked two-peaked responses. The prediction is that the real R1-R6s could resolve (and Drosophila distinguish) these dots as two separate objects, whereas those on the white backgrounds would be seen as one object. The simulations were generated with our biophysically realistic R1-R6 model (Song et al. , 2012; Song and Juusola, 2014; Juusola et al. , 2015), which now included the estimated light input modulation by photomechanical rhabdomere movements (Figure 8H).

Output: contrast