Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Results and Discussions 4. 1 and its Greenhouse gas Table 1 Common food type with GHG (Source: [21]) Greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram kgCO₂eq per kilogram Food consumption per adult per year for Ethiopia 1 Bananas 0. 86 kg 5. 1kg 2 Barley 1. 18 kg 44 kg 3 Beef (beef herd) 99. 48 kg 8. 4 kg 4 3. 20 kg 9. 49 kg 5 Cheese 23. 88 kg 0. 8 kg 6 Coffee 28. 53 kg 2. 6 kg 7 Eggs 4. 67 kg 0. 475 kg 8 Fish (farmed) 13. 63 kg 0. 400 kg 9 Maize 1. 70 kg 66. 7 kg 10 Milk 24. 5 kg 16. 6 kg 11 1. 05 kg 7 kg 12 Potatoes 0. 46 kg 7. 07 kg 13 9. 87 kg 0. 690 kg 14 Rice 4. 45 kg 6. 5 kg 15 Tomatoes 2. 09 kg 26 kg 16 Wheat & Rye 1. 57 kg 77 kg 4. 2 GHG through consumers As we can see from the above table the Greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram kgCO₂eq per Person for this 16-food type is approximately around 1764. 92-kilogram kgCO₂eq of CO2 emissions. However, for the population of Ethiopia, kilogram kgCO₂eq of emission is approximately around 211. 80 billion kgCO₂eq of emissions. Nevertheless, if good food practices such as food purchase planning, food waste reduction, food waste processing and reuse including offering to the needy, and avoiding eating disorder habits such as eating in an out-of-control way, eating without feeling hungry, And reducing the size of food to be eaten and similar food behavioral change is implemented, this CO2 emission will be halved, which means for the whole population the kgCO₂eq is around 105. 9 billion and 882. 46 kgCO₂eq per person per year. This indicates that this action will drastically reduce GHG emissions significantly. This idea was also supported by other studies in the area as follows. Today, and in the future, dietary change can deliver environmental benefits on a scale not achievable by producers. Concerning this, moving from current diets to a diet that excludes animal products has transformative potential, reducing food’s land use by 3. 1 (2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Not using cash, but using mobile forms of payment, has just totally revolutionised the economy there. I am not suggesting it has revolutionised the economy here in the UK or in the Western World, and that is why the answer and the desire are different in different economies at different state of development, and also, as I said, for different stakeholder groups. We find it very interesting that in countries like Sweden, you almost find it difficult at the moment to go in and spend your Krona in shops. People do not take it, and their attitude is almost, “Well, why would I? ” Germany is way behind some of the other countries in the Western world, and you have to ask yourself, why might that be, and I do not know the answer. The only thing that worries me, and I picked up on one of the risks that we have on a totalitarian government, that you might be worried that, all of a sudden, the government knows absolutely every movement that you make, if you have everything done by electronic transfer. It is possible, and I am not saying it is the case, that a lot of Germans have, in the past, either lived under, or remember, a rather totalitarian society. Or those that have lived in the GDR, understand and know it as well, and might themselves be rejecting the use of electronic payments in lieu of cash, for that reason. Mr Houlston: just try and explain what I understand by M-Pesa? It appears to me that it is a system that transfers credits on phones and I assume that those credits have to be paid for in cash. There does not appear to be another version of cash in the system, and as such, the entry and exit points are cash, and M-Pesa is not a currency system, it is a method of transmission. Yes, that method of transmission reduces costs but it is still reliant on cash. There are other forms, like digital, that tend not to do it that way, but unless you understand the differences between the systems, I think you will not explain your anomalies. Mr Collier: Yes, you are quite right, M-Pesa is not a new currency, and we are not talking about new currencies, but it is replacing the use of cash in the transference of the money, from physical money to electronic money. Mr J. G. Spain, F. I. A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 4screening and its applications in ex vivo and in vivo for cancer therapy. (A) screening application in cultured cells. (B) screening in vivo application in mouse with direct injection to organs and indirect injection in abdominal and tail vein. (C) Schematic representation of screening applications for human cancers; Created with BioRender. comFull size imagescreening in vitro for cancer therapyscreening has several potential applications in cancer therapy, including modified T cells and Chimeric antigen receptor CAR-T cancer treatment, novel target identification, drug resistance, drug selection exploration and so on [4, 29]. screening system has been employed to investigate various cancer cell types originating from diverse organs including lymphatic system, esophagus, stomach, intestines, lungs, nervous system, skin, liver, blood cells as well as reproductive organs. screening applications in Cancer therapy were summarized in Table 2. Table 2 screening ex vivo for cancer researchFull size tablecell and CAR-T therapy for cancer therapyImmune system is the most important defender to fight off cancer. Immunotherapy strategy is to make better immune cells such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or CAR-T cells to attack cancer via T-cell transfer. TIL therapy uses patient’s own lymphocytes to kill tumor, whereas CAR-T means modified T cells with specific proteins from surface of cancer cells, thus having the ability to attack tumors. In addition to Cas9 utilization, conjugated Cas12 (cCas12a) can be used for CAR-T cell generation. Using an AAV vector, Cas12a-crRNA complex showed robust efficiency to generate site-specific and precisely targeted CAR-T cells [149]. Recent review showed the importance of gamma retroviral or lentiviral vectors for CAR-T cell generation to target B-cell lymphomas and leukemias, although with complex manufacturing procedure, providing a promising “off-the-shelf” products for cancer treatment [150]. Whole-genomeCas9 screening was performed in CAR-T cells and co-cultured with Glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells (GSCs) to explore the PD-1 dependence genes such as TLE4 and IKZF2 for cancer treatment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: 8 to 3. 3) billion ha (a 76% reduction), including a 19% reduction in arable land; food’s GHG emissions by 6. 6 (5. 5 to 7. 4) billion metric tons of CO2eq (a 49% reduction); acidification by 50% (45 to 54%); eutrophication by 49% (37 to 56%); and scarcity-weighted freshwater withdrawals by 19% (− 5 to 32%) for a 2010 reference year [20]. These ambitions will only achieve by changing food practices that include using vegetable proteins with impacts between the 10th- and 90th-percentile impacts of existing production. In addition to the reduction in food’s annual GHG emissions, the land no longer required for food production could remove ~ 8. 1 billion metric tons of CO2 from the atmosphere each year over 100 years [20]. As a result, food habits and dietary changes have the potential for a far greater effect on food’s different emissions, reducing them by 61 to 73% [20]. Moreover, reducing the consumption of food like (oils, sugar, alcohol, and stimulants) by 20% by avoiding production with the highest land use reduces the land use of these products by 39% on average [20]. For emissions, the reductions are 31 to 46%, and for scarcity-weighted freshwater withdrawals,87%[20]. As it is seen from the data (n = 50), 48% of our respondents were holders of MSc degrees, 24% Ph. D. degrees, 22% were Primary education level respondents, and the remaining 6% were BSc degree holders. This shows how our sampling was representative which interns very important to figure out how important food practice changes are. Figure 5 shows that more than 78% of our respondents were fully employed. For Fig. 6, 50% of our respondents were in the age range of 30 to 40, 28% were in the range of 41 to 55 and the remaining were in the category of 20 to 29 age ranges. As a result, full-time employment is one of the important aspects which determines the permanent income of the community which is also important since it enables them to purchase the type and size of the food they need and is not necessary to them.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: : We are not in a totalitarian state, but certain people do have their banking facilities circumscribed. And it can sometimes happen in quite a violent way: “You are no longer wanted as our client, go away. You have a problem? Sorry about that, we cannot tell you why. ” Finally, Apple Pay, Google Pay, are these not new totalitarian outfits? Mr Achord: It is very interesting, with all the developments in different payment intermediaries. This brings back one of the points that made in the cost of cash, whereas the cost of physical cash is quite massive. Those costs are in transport, storage and updating machines and such. So, those costs probably go back into the economy, but if you have Apple Pay, Google Pay, or if you are in a small country and the payment processor is a company from another country and 2% of every payment goes to the payment processor after ten years you are going to have 98% to the tenth power of the amount of money that you had before. So, that could be where we are going. A Speaker: I thought that the paper was very helpful and provided lots of food for thought. You pick up on society and I think the impact on society is really important. Financial exclusion, watching, but what about the disconnect people have with money? So, let me give you an example. was young, I used to go out with £50 and once it was spent, it was spent. Today, people just spend and spend, and it is the same thing with gambling and Internet shopping. What level of research have you done in that area? Mr Collier: There is a very interesting exercise going on in certain boroughs in certain states in Australia where the benefit is not handed out by cash but by a reloadable debit card. The idea is that someone on benefits, for example, cannot spend the cash, because of the bar codes or QR codes on alcohol, on gaming, and then presumably, on drugs as well. Although there are ways round it, and there is a big debate going on in Australia about whether or not this is working, I think there is sufficient evidence to believe that the federal government there is looking to roll that out.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, transduced GSCs were subjected to CAR-T challenge in order to identify enriched and depleted genes for cancer cell apoptosis [124]. Until 2021, total 3 FDA approved CAR-T therapies have been described as tisagenlecleucel, axicabtagene ciloleurel, and brexucabtagene autoleucel based one CD19-mediated CAR-T cells [151]. Although CAR-T is efficient in blood cancers, its efficiency loss impedes the treatment efficiency. To overcome refractory of B-cell malignancies, genome-scale -Cas9 loss-of-function screens were performed, and revealed the crucial role of FADD and 10B (TRAIL-R2) in mediating CAR-T cell cytotoxicity [125]. Except for precision CAR-T treatment, multiplexed -Cas9 editing applications have been used to generate universal CAR-T products, with the aim of enhancing antitumor efficacy and improving safety of cell-based therapies [152]. Novel targets identification usingCas9 screening in cancer researchThe invasion and metastasis of cancers make it more difficult to treat, and new targets should be identified for complete cure. Using genome-wideCas9 screening, key drivers for invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were identified by gain- and loss-of-function experiments, demonstrating that high expression of Transcript (MEST), interacting with purine rich element binding Protein A, is associated with poor patient survival via activating SRCIN1/RASAL1-ERK-snail signaling [126]. Synergistical effect of genetic deletion and pharmacologic inhibition to increase cytotoxicity of MEK signaling inhibitors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells was also investigated by knockout screening [127]. Genome wideCas9 knockout screening identified Zinc finger protein (ZNF) family member ZNF319 as a potent suppressor responsible for metastasis of breast cancer in an orthotopic murine model [153].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Incredibly 84% of our respondents replied they don’t consume all that they purchased indicating they are purchasing. Without a plan and generating avoidable food wastes. According to Fig. 12, 62. 7% of the respondents said that they go for food purchasing even though they have preserved food as long as the basic food type is over which indicates how they are not planning their food purchase and make use of the preserved food they have. On the other hand, almost 26% of the respondents said that they go for food purchases as long as market days are open even if they have preserved food which also indicates they are not planning their food and also do not make use of the preserved food they have. In Fig. 13, the result are about this selected communities food eating habits including( whether they feel uncomfortable and bloated after eating; if they have a lack control over what and how much they consume during their meal; if they eat until they are uncomfortably full and also if they consume large portion when they are not hungry). Shockingly the result shows that 38% of our respondents said that they have a lack of control over what and how much they consume, whereas 22% of them replayed that they used to eat until they were uncomfortably fully. On the other hand, approximately 22% of them said they usually consume large portions of food even though they are not feeling hungry which is incredibly the most concerning sign of an eating disorder which exposes them to different health issues and is detrimental to the environment since they are not just wasting the food but also the land required to produce this food, the energy required, water required and different chemicals that were used throughout the production and transportation stages. As far as the result displayed in Fig. 14 are concerned, it is about this communities food recording habits specifically their meals and snack regarding when, why, and how much they usually consume. Incredibly, 92% of our respondents replied that they never record their meals and snack including when, why, and how much they usually consume, which is another indicator of bad food habits which also leads to eating disorders. According to scientific data, from 4 bags bought from the supermarket, one bag of food is through away as waste.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: So, QE would look very different, but the opposite would be true in NIRP, that if it wanted to take money out of your account, in terms of negative interest rate, it just sucks it out as well. That could all happen in a cashless society. It would still be Sterling, it is just a different way of handling it, if it were the UK, or it could be from any other country. of England have looked at a proof of concept but we do not know exactly what their answer is and what their reaction is. My guess is they will not want to be the first, necessarily, to put their toes in the water, but there are going to be digital currencies by central banks somewhere around the world in the not-too-distant future. Mr Achord: You might be talking about helicopter money, effectively. Mr McCarthy: This would allow something different to helicopter money. A much cleaner way to do it. Mr Achord: To implement helicopter money, and I guess the question will be will helicopter money stimulate the economy or will it just feed inflation? You probably have to couple helicopter money with other kinds of economic policies to ensure that it spurred growth and did not just add money to a fixed set of goods. Mr A. M. Barringer, F. I. A. : I have great admiration for the work that has been in done in collating such a tremendous amount of information. Obviously, a lot of work has gone in, and I do note that there is going to be a phase 2. But the tremendous volume of information, although it is collated, does not seem to lead to even tentative conclusions at the moment. So, I look forward to phase 2 when that will be developed more. I first visited Kenya about ten years ago and I was amazed to come across this system, which we now have discussed, called M-Pesa, where people could pay each other using their mobile phones. I had never seen anything like this before, and my reaction was, “Why have we not got this in the UK? ” I asked some more questions and I found that people did not even need a bank account. All they had to do was go to an agent to get the money put on their phone.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),Cas9 knockout library screening revealed the crucial role of pyruvate metabolism in HCC treatment, particularly when combined with a glutamine-deficient diet, showing the targetable metabolic vulnerabilities of pyruvate dehydrogenase α(PDHA), pyruvate dehydrogenase β(PDHB), and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) [128]. -Cas9 knockout mutagenesis to exons encoding functional protein domains was performed to screen drug targets and dependencies, providing a comprehensive identification of protein domains for cancer cell sustainment [120]. In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), -Cas9 screening combined with olaparib treatment successfully identified five genes, 81, RAD51B, and BRCA2, as predictive markers for olaparib response. Additionally, CDK12 emerged as a promising therapeutic target for EOC without compromising the efficacy of Olaparib response [129]. The whole-genome screening in Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha (GNAQ) mutant uveal melanoma (UM) cells showed that a member of Gα protein family Gαq promoted PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) for cell growth and survival [130]. screening with scRNA-seq showed that driver gene alterations influenced TSGs, and triggered tumorigenesis in human mammary epithelial cells, indicating the impact of transcriptional epistasis on oncogenic mediators and potential therapeutic targets, including CDK4, SRPK1, and DNMT1 [131]. By analyzing the -Cas9 screening data from Depmap (Map) and TCGA data of differentially expressed genes, the cell cycle pathway was identified as a key pathway of cell viability regulation in breast cancer patients [154]. /Cas9 screening in chemo-resistant small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) identified serine/threonine kinase cell division cycle 7 (CDC7) as a potential synergistic target. Combination of CDC7 inhibitor XL413 and chemotherapy led to apoptosis of chemo-sensitive SCLC in xenograft tumor [132].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: As a result, to determine if this case is true we asked our respondents what actually they do with their food waste including( whether they process and use it as food again; maybe if they through always as waste, and also if they are merciful enough to process and giving this food to the needy which are suffering from hunger including 15 million facing hunger today(FAO report)), however, 80% our respondents replied that they throwing away their food waste which is incredibly shocking figure bearing in mind the current world scenarios. The last but not least question we asked our respondents was ‘’if they think there was food wastage in their household? If yes, how do they think we could optimize the reduction of food waste in their opinion? Surprisingly almost all of our respondents replied yes to our questions and given as the following recommendations about how we can address our food waste: We need to plan what to eat, what to buy, and record daily consumption. We also need to advise our housemaid. reuse, specially Enjira. I have tried it and processed Fifer. sometimes, some fruit and vegetables become spoiled instructing the housemaid, and managing what to buy and eat is important. Processing and giving to the needy Planning food purchases; processing and using food waste; processing and giving to the needy Rarely, are cooking, and eating must be balanced Preservation and sharing By processing and using again in a different form formal and informal training at the individual as well as at societal levels. use the refrigerator to reduce food waste and it is recommended to use food remains for plant garden areas. 5. Conclusions and RecommendationsIn conclusion, for (n = 50), 48% of our respondents were holders of an MSc degree, 24% Ph. D. degree, 22% were Primary education level respondents, and the remaining 6% were BSc degree holders. To this end, 78% of our respondents were fully employed and 50% of them were in the age range of 30 to 40, 28% were in the range of 41 to 55 and the remaining were in the category of 20 to 29 age ranges. For the correlation between the city of living and the money they spend on food, P-value was 0. 15 which is greater than the P-value of 0. 05, indicating there was no correlation between respondents’ area of living and the amount of money spent on food purchases.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: They could send it up country, as you were saying, to perhaps their relatives in other provinces, and this replaced, as you indicated, a system which was very much more risky in the past, where you just had to give the cash to a trusted agent. What surprised me was that not only was it a very advanced system which we do not seem to have in the UK even now, because you did not need a bank account, and, as far as I am aware, one needs a bank account to link up to all the non-cash transmissions. It seems that the regulatory system in Kenya allowed the telecoms company, SafariCom, to effectively allow these transmissions without having a link with the banking system. Now, this is obviously a regulatory issue, and I wonder is the regulatory issue preventing other transmission mechanisms developing in this country and other advanced payment economies, because they have to be linked to a bank account, as a means of control? Mr Collier: The M-Pesa system, and what is so beautiful about it, exists because most areas in Kenya do not have Wi-Fi or Internet access. So, the people are using M-Pesa on the sort of mobile telephones that we think are Jurassic, and are probably rolled out for about $10 a piece, and this is something which is akin to the security device that your bank gives you for free so that you can do some Internet banking, and here, it is a different situation. I do not know if there is a regulatory reason why we cannot exchange money on our mobile telephones. I think we do to an extent already, when you see a charity type advert and text save to a certain number, and £5 gets debited from your mobile telephone account and £5 gets credited to theirs. So, I think it does happen to an extent. I do believe SafariCom M-Pesa is regulated. The money is not a loan to SafariCom, unlike a loan to HSBC or Barclays, it is money held by SafariCom, and then their money is then held by a third party, and if SafariCom were to go bust, the money is not affected. So, I think that is true. Ms Rochemont: M-Pesa is available in Kenya and about 20 other African countries now. It is also available in some parts of and it is being increasingly used to address the issue of access to Wi-Fi infrastructure in rural areas of India.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Nine genes were found to be associated with radiosensitivity of NPC cells (C666-1R, 6-8FR). Fanconi anemia pathway and the TGF-β signaling pathway were reported to be important contributors for radiosensitivity [136]. In the nervous system, neuroblastoma tumorigenesis was investigated via genome-wide knockout screening, showed that ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) stabilize and increase half-life of repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), indicating its critical role in neuroblastoma generation [137]. As for reproductive cancers, drug resistance genes as well as lethal genes for cancer cell were identified. Genome-scale screening in ovarian cancer cell lines with the GeCKO library identified one previously validated gene SULF1 and a novel gene ZNF587B responsible for cisplatin resistance [138]. Cervical cancer cell lines such as Hela and Siha were incubated with cisplatin or paclitaxel, respectively, and screened by genome-scaleCas knockout library and ninety-seven genes were identified to be associated with drug resistance [139]. Prostate cancer (PrCa) is one of the most lethal causes of cancer-related death in males. Resistance to Enzalutamide, docetaxel, and Cabazitaxel in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a big obstacle for cancer treatment of male patients. Whole-genomeCas9 knockout screening in mCRPC cell line C4 dissected the potential genes responsible for drug resistance. Two genes (IP6K2, XPO4) were validated after the screening process via bioinformatic prediction, highlighting the necessity to perform individualized validation [140]. Phase III clinical trial for Aurora-A (AURKA) inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237) in breast cancer failed to prolong patients’ survival. Rational drug combinations for better therapeutic outcome were carried out based onCas9 knockout screening of 507 kinases, identifying synthetic lethality interactions with MLN8237 and Haspin (GSG2). The combination of MLN8237 and Haspin inhibitor CHR-6494 reduced tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo [141]. screening for 656 E3 ubiquitin ligases in PrCa cells identified 51 genes as tumor repressors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: In the income range, more than 58% have ≥ 10,000 local currency which is per the country it is high income which in turn is important in budgeting for food consumption and respective waste generations. The amount of money they usually pay for food per their family members per weak is ≥ 1000 which means they spend approximately 40% of their income per month which is a significant amount. Moreover, analysis to determine the correlation between income range and the money spent on food purchases per weak shows that the P-value of 0. 2 was far greater than the p-value of 0. 05 indicating there was no correlation between income and food expenditures. Incredibly 84% of our respondents replied they don’t consume all that they purchased indicating they are purchasing. Without a plan and generating avoidable food wastes. 62. 7% of the respondents said that they go for food purchasing even though they have preserved food as long as basic food type is over and 26% of the respondents said that they go for food purchase as long as market day are open even if they have preserved food which also indicates they are not planning their food and also not make use of the preserved food they have. In communities’ food eating habits 38% said that they lack control over what and how much they consume, whereas 22% of them replayed that they used to eat until they were uncomfortably full. They also recommended mainly the need to plan what to eat, what to buy, and record daily consumption. on our assessment results and also the guidelines from organizations including WHO, and UNEP, many sustainable development goals and targets mainly related to the area of food, food waste, health, and climate change, we would like to give the following recommendations: First and for most, let’s plan our food purchase to reduce the amount of waste generated from it and hence reduce its environmental impactsSecond of all as long as we have preserved food in our refrigerator, let’s use it by taking into account all necessary measures. Third of all whenever we prepare our food make sure that we are preparing as small amount as we can which intern influence us to eat too muchFourth of all whenever we eat food let’s aim for its nutritional contents rather than its sizeFifth of all based on health safety guidelines process your food waste to reuse it or maybe for giving it to the needylast but not least, corporate physical activity for our full health and well-being.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Mr Collier: The point I should have made about our friends in Jordan is that the payments are made by eye-recognition. And this is in Jordan, which is hardly Silicon Valley, and so, yes, maybe that is going to happen. We have thumbprints to an extent on Apple Pay, do we not? Eye-recognition, why not? It is just a form of transferring assets from someone to somebody else, but not using paper or physical money. Miss L. I. Lobo, F. I. A. : Thank you for the paper, it is very thorough. In terms of structure, do you think, given where we are at with the wider debate on cryptocurrency and different forms of money, it might be better to structure it as one part being about blockchain and distributed ledger frameworks that exist, or are available, and then, an alternative structure for the store of value, which seems to be the other part of the equation. The paper does touch on issues like immigration, political banking, all elements of the economy, all elements of our lives and it feels that going back to the axioms of what is good money helps us to organise our thinking. Mr Collier: When we started on this paper, I think we were looking mainly at the benefits of taking cash, notes and coin, out of society, and then we discovered that it was just so much more, hence phase 2. I think that you found, for those of you that have read the paper, yes, it is quite lengthy at over 40,000 words, but, on-balance, it is an easy read, and I do recommend it to you. We have written a little bit about a lot of different subjects, and we discovered that some of those subjects needed a vast amount more rigour, and blockchain technology is one of them. Certainly, we have already hinted at a change in capital markets, for example, changing the eco-banking system. These are not necessarily involved in a cashless society, we have veered off at a tangent, but there is no doubt about it that if cash were withdrawn from society, there will be some people who demand the use of cash, for whatever reason, and it might be not for the right reasons, but it might be for perfectly genuine reasons. They will look for different forms of payment, and a digital currency, whatever it is.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The novel oncodriver Protein 19 A (RNF19A) was frequently amplified and highly expressed in PrCa. It correlated with castration resistance and ubiquitylated 13 (TRIP13) and was activated by androgen receptor (AR), and Factor 1 (HIF1A), indicating AR/HIF1A-RNF19A-TRIP13 signaling axis for PrCa therapy [142]. Colorectal cancer (CRC) was examined for drug resistance to oxaliplatin and screened byCas9 genome-wide library knockdown system. It found that low expression of mitochondrial elongation factor 2 (MIEF2) contributed to oxaliplatin drug resistance by reducing mitochondrial stability and inhibiting apoptosis via decreased cytochrome C release [143]. system was employed to investigate genes associated with resistance to lymphoma radiotherapy, and a total of 8 genes were screened and subsequently validated, demonstrating a significant correlation with radiotherapy resistance [144]. Patients with Cisplatin-resistant (TGCTs) have poor prognosis, and developments of novel therapeutic strategies are critical. system revealed that NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 (NAE1) was highly expressed in drug-resistant colonies of TGCT cells, and indicated that neddylation inhibitor (MLN4924) combined with cisplatin as a novel treatment option for TGCTs [145]. /Cas9 screening for personalized drug selection through patient-derived organoidsOrganoids derived from both healthy and diseased tissues offer a valuable resource for biological or pathological investigations. screening showed powerful manipulation in cancer cells lines, it is also employed for tumor organoids derived from diverse cancer patients for personalized drug selection. Suspension culture increases efficiency of culturing cancer organoids for genome-wide -Cas9 screening and large-scale perturbation screens [146]. Human fetal hepatocyte organoids were generated to model nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and screening was utilized to identify steatosis modulators in APOB−/− and MTTP−/− organoids [147]. -Cas9 genetic intervention and high-throughput drug screening have been applied in digestive organoids for personalized disease modeling and therapy [155].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: AbstractProtein transition and circular food system transition are two proposed strategies for supporting food system sustainability. Here we model animal-sourced protein to plant-sourced protein ratios within a European circular food system, finding that maintaining the current animal–plant protein share while redesigning the system with circular principles resulted in the largest relative reduction of 44% in land use and 70% in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared with the current food system. Shifting from a 60:40 to a 40:60 ratio of animal-sourced proteins to plant-sourced proteins yielded a 60% reduction in land use and an 81% GHG emission reduction, while supporting nutritionally adequate diets. Differences between current and recommended total protein intake did not substantially impact minimal land use and GHG emissions. Micronutrient inadequacies occurred with less than 18 g animal protein per capita per day. Redesigning the food system varied depending on whether land use or GHG emissions were reduced—highlighting the need for a food system approach when designing policies to enhance human and planetary health. Similar content being viewed by others Incorporation of novel foods in European diets can reduce global warming potential, water use and land use by over 80% 1. Two possible approaches in redesigning the food system have received increased attention: protein transition and circularity in a food system. Protein transition scenarios in the European context refer to the reduction of the share of animal proteins in human diets2,3. Today’s protein intake levels in the EU are around 82 g per capita per day, of which 49 g comes from animal products and 33 g from plant products4. In comparison, the (EFSA) sets an average requirement (AR) intake of 46 g protein per capita per day5, indicating a protein overconsumption of 36 g per capita per day. Multiple studies indicated that eating less animal source proteins (ASP) positively affects health and the environment6,7,8,9,10,11. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of consensus regarding how to strike an optimal balance between ASP and plant source proteins (PSP) to promote a healthy diet while mitigating environmental pressures. Some studies suggest that eating an entirely plant-based diet is the most sustainable12,13, while there remains uncertainty about the effects of ASP reduction in diets on protein and micronutrient adequacies14.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: I am not suggesting Bitcoin, as I have said, since you do not know to whom you are lending your money with Bitcoin. If the Bank or the issued a central bank digital currency, why do we not all use it? What is the Bank of England going to do in terms of financial stability here in the UK? These are very big issues that are not specifically connected to taking cash totally out of society, but are certainly associated with it, which is why we do need to look at these things in far more rigour in phase 2. Mr M. L. Pearlman, F. I. A. : First, thank you to the paper’s authors for such an incredible collection and summary of a vast amount of information: it has been really useful. There is a lot of talk about decashing and the inevitability of reducing the amount of cash in society. On the other hand, you have certain items that happen, or can happen, in a cashless society: negative interest rates; totalitarianism, and so on, which are a big worry. I was just wondering if there is a gap between decashing and cashless and can some of these things only work if there is zero cash in society? Is there some kind of tipping point at which you can move from one phase to the other? Mr Collier: We witness decashing going on in front of our noses. However, the interesting thing is, the amount of notes in circulation in the UK is growing, and it is growing at a rate of knots, and we are not really sure we understand why. There are a number of reasons why the notes and coin might be increasing and, certainly, the Bank of England is in between a rock and a hard-place. It may not feel necessarily that it is all for the right sort of reasons, but to restrict the amount of cash in society, if you went to your ATM and cash was not coming out, because the Bank of England want to restrict it, that would take away a confidence in the currency immediately. So, they really are between a rock and hard-place on that particular issue. We are already seeing a situation where banks are closing branches all the time, because there are cheaper ways of conducting their business. There could come a time when the economies of scale no longer mitigate the cost of handing cash sufficiently, and they withdraw ATM machines, especially in rural places. What happens to the financially excluded at that stage?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Data availability Data sharing is not applicable to this 6. Nature. 2015;520:186–91. In vivo interrogation of gene function in the mammalian brain using -Cas9. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33:102–6. Nature. 2014;507:62–7. 21. 5607. J Biotechnol. 2022;355:53–64. Nat Methods. 2019;16:247–54. e217. 19. Science. 2017;356:438–42. Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6. Science. 2018;360:439–44. -Cas13b suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and circumvents its mutational escape through mismatch tolerance. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4270. Science. 2017;358:1019–27. Genet. 2015;16:299–311. genome-editing experiments with. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34:695–7. MH, Clevers H. engineering in organoids for gene repair and disease modelling. Bioeng. 2023;1:32–45. knockout screening identifies combinatorial drug targets in pancreatic cancer and models cellular drug response. Nat Commun. 2018;94275. Genome-wideCas9 revealed of glutamine in combination with inhibition of pyruvate metabolism as effective Treatment. (Weinh). 2022;9:e2202104. Whole-genome screening identifies PI3K/AKT as a downstream component of the oncogenic GNAQ-focal adhesion kinase signaling circuitry. J Biol Chem. 2023;299102866. /Cas9 screening reveals epistatic networks of interacting tumor suppressor genes and therapeutic targets in human breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 2021;81:6090–105. Genome-scale -Cas9 knockout screening in nasopharyngeal carcinoma for radiosensitive and radioresistant genes. Transl Oncol. 2023;30101625. /Cas9-based genome-wide screening of the deubiquitinase subfamily identifies USP3 as a protein stabilizer of REST blocking neuronal differentiation and promotes neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. J Cancer Res. 2023;42121.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Other studies introduced the concept of circularity and reported that animals can still play a crucial role and provide up to 30 g ASP per capita per day sustainably if used as waste stream recyclers15,16,17,18,19,20,21. As such, numerous studies have examined the impact of plant-based diets on the environment, but none of them has integrated the protein transition (that is, shifting the ratio between animal and plant proteins towards a more plant-based diet) with circularity6,8,14. In this context, circularity refers to a system primarily focusing on producing human food and providing healthy diets. Organic waste is avoided whenever possible, and if it occurs, it is reused in the most efficient way possible as feed or as fertilizer22,23. This study aims to model the optimal ratio between animal and plant proteins within circular a food system while minimizing land use (LU) or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We address this objective by comparing two dietary approaches: one that maintains current protein intake and another that reduces protein intake to recommended levels. We use land use and greenhouse gas emissions as proxies for assessing environmental impact, and the EAT–Lancet diet and meeting nutritional requirements for all macro- and micronutrients in human diets (2) as indicators of healthy diets24. Food supplements were not included as an option. In our study, the term ‘transition’ is used to denote the end states or optimal outcomes of the protein transition, rather than the process itself. Our results show that both land use (up to 60%) and GHG emissions (up to 81%) are most reduced when the current ASP:PSP ratio shifts from 60:40 to 40:60. The most substantial relative reductions in land use and GHG emissions were achieved not by changing ASP:PSP ratios, but by optimizing diets, cropping patterns, and animal husbandry and trade within a circular food system framework. ResultsScenariosWe used the biophysical System (CiFoS) optimization model to assess the optimal ASP:PSP ratio25.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: How do we protect them? These are the issues. My problem is not: “Is there a tipping point? Will it happen? ” Different people on the working party have different ideas about whether it is going to happen and whether it is not going to happen, or whether it is going to happen in my life time, which is less likely, than in your life time, which is more likely. I think it is going to happen. It is going to happen in different places around the world at different paces. they are almost there. I think the thing that we have to look at, and which perhaps they did not do sufficiently in India, is to get the transition right, so that if it happens, by design or by stealth, then certain people in our community are protected. The Chairman: I have two remarks in closing, the first being in relation to some of the comments which Sam (Achord) made about NIRP. Having been a former central banker many years ago, I saw a little inside the lion’s den, on how monetary policy is implemented. I think, although it would be a difficult thing to prove, that in a purely cashless society, the implementation of monetary policy should be more effective, particularly where you are trying to encourage spending. Central bankers will argue that it is very easy to tighten monetary conditions, but on the other hand, when you loosen things, sometimes there becomes a point where things become so loose that people do not want to spend anyway, and banks do not want to lend. We end up pushing on a string. So, if you did have a purely cashless society, there would be no ability for people to hoard cash. If you are earning a negative interest rate on your bank account that might encourage spending. The final remark I would make is in relation to the cryptocurrencies, which have been receiving a lot of attention recently. If you look at the global market capitalisation it is about $500 billion, it was a couple of billion this time 12 months ago. Cryptocurrencies prove that you can use the Internet network to safely and securely transmit information, so you have various different types of cryptocurrencies. think what that large increase in value asks is, perhaps, why have we not been thinking about this before?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Similar content being viewed by others Genome editing usingCas9 to treat hereditary hematological disorders 1. The HLA class I (HLA-A, -B and -C) and class II (HLA-DR, -DQ and -DP) are the most polymorphic genes in the human genome with 18,771 different HLA alleles identified (IMGT/HLA v3. 33. 0)2. The high level of HLA polymorphism reflects its biological importance to present a large diversity of peptides to the immune system and trigger effective immune responses3. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), HLA mismatches between donor and recipient leads to strong alloimmune responses that result in either graft versus host disease (GVHD) or engraftment failure4,5,6. Mutations such as insertions, deletions in HLA sequences can lead to the introduction of stop codons and/or incorrectly spliced products that result in aberrant expressed alleles. HLA null alleles (N) are characterized by the lack of antigen expression of the HLA molecule on cell surface2. Failure to identify HLA null alleles in donors may result in HLA mismatches that can stimulate allogeneic T cells and trigger GVHD in HSCT7. A ‘Q’ suffix is used for HLA alleles that their expressions have not been confirmed and remain ‘Questionable’. In HSCT, if the presence of a questionable allele in the donor is in fact a null allele, mistyping the null allele results in an antigen mismatch between the donor and the recipient and increases the risk of GVHD7. On the contrary, mistyping of a lowly expressed HLA allele as a null allele in the recipient can lead to inaccurate donor selection and result in GVHD as well. Therefore, questionable alleles require confirmation of their actual HLA expression level. For example, HLA-A*23:19Q has a single polymorphism at position 619 (G > A) compared to HLA-A*23:01:01. Gerritsen et al. demonstrated that HLA-A*23:19Q has no expression by serology and flow cytometry, therefore it should be reclassified as a null allele8. Hirv et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: We developed 18 scenarios and assessed the ASP:PSP ratios under two different dietary approaches: one in which diets shift towards the EAT–Lancet diet24 while maintaining the current protein intake of 82 g protein per capita per day and a second approach representing the EAT–Lancet diet but shifting towards a recommended protein intake of 46 g protein per capita per day based on the AR from EFSA5. ASP:PSP ratios started at the current level, 60:40—the reference level—and were reduced in steps of 20% towards a plant-based diet while minimizing nutrient deficiencies. The 18 scenarios were compared with a reference scenario (Table 1). The reference scenario matches statistical data related to the current food system (for example, current crop production is fixed) while minimizing the difference with the current food supply4,26,27 as an objective function. Table 1 Protein levels per protein transition scenarioFull size tableEnvironmental impact of ASP:PSP ratiosOur results show three main findings (Fig. 1a–f). First, the most considerable relative reduction in land use (44%) and GHG emissions (70%) was achieved by optimizing consumption, production and trade towards a circular food system while maintaining the current ASP:PSP ratio of 60:40 (Fig. 1a,c). Second, applying circularity principles plus shifting the ASP:PSP ratio towards more PSP reduces land use by up to 60% (Fig. 1b) and GHG emissions by up to 81% (Fig. 1c). The effect of the protein intake on land use and GHG emissions was minimal (Fig. 1a–d). Third, a plant-based diet below 18 g ASP per capita per day resulted in nutrient inadequacies with increased environmental impacts. This increase stemmed from efforts to avoid those nutrient inadequacies, leading to expanded land use and higher GHG emissions due to the cultivation of additional nutrient-dense crops (Fig. 1a–f). Fig. 1: Land use and greenhouse gas emissions under different protein intake scenarios and shares of animal to plant protein in diets. a–d, Land use (a,b) and GHG emissions (c,d) along a stepwise reduction of ASP in different protein intake scenarios. e,f, A representation of the nutrient gap for each protein transition step. Ref, reference scenario. Transparent lines indicate nutrient inadequacies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Swedish money has then been meeting many different challenges and using many different solutions as being pegged to gold, to the British pound, to the US dollar, and to baskets of currencies in the system. crown (SEK) eventually became fully convertible and floating in 1992 as the government and the Riksbank found it impossible to defend a fixed exchange rate to other currencies. Not even a 500% interest rate from the Riksbank helped not maintain a strong Swedish crownFootnote 3! crown has been freely floating ever since. of the the Last SecadesThis story can of course start just about anywhere and I have decided to start in the middle of the twentieth century. This is a time when the Swedish economy has initiated its growth and success after WW2 and is about to becoming one of the richest economies in the world. Industry is booming, employment is high, wages and salaries are rising, exports are soaring, and women are entering the labor markets. The social democratic party is ruling the country and a strong welfare state has been launched and is gaining ground. All in all, it is probably one of the best periods in Sweden ever. And, there are several important technologies that are changing the Swedish society like television, automobiles, telephones, household appliances, and many others. But one technology is especially important when we talk about payments—computers are used in more and more applications all over the society. And more specifically, banks are among the most advanced sectors when it comes to automatizing and computerizing their operations. In the 1960s, banks have already taking steps to make their operations more efficient by launching systems that can run automated processes to control and administer tasks in the banking system. The banks had seen the potential of these systems and invested in building automated systems to operate accounts and transactions, but they lack one critical component: customers. At this time, wages and salaries are often paid directly from the employer to the employee in cash which means that banks do not have access to these funds and potential customers. The banks see a potential to set up a structure that can benefit employers and employees while at the same time attracting new customers to the banks. The transaction bank account is marketed and the large-scale electronic banking system takes an important step forward. Companies now start to pay wages and salaries directly to employees’ bank accounts (electronically) instead of via cash.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The histograms display NGS read coverage from 5′ UTR to 3′ UTR. The purple color represents exons. The height of the blue (specific reads from one allele), green (homozygous sequences), and grey (sequences shared by both alleles) colors indicates relative read depth. The highest and lowest coverages are shown with numbers. Sequence in red indicates the location of 9-nt, and “. ” indicates the 9-nt deletion. Full size image HLA-B*38:68Q shows inferior cell surface expression by flow cytometryBoth HLA-B*38:68Q and HLA-B*38:01:01:01 express Bw4 epitope in α1-helix at position 77–8324, therefore anti-Bw4 antibody was used to detect the expression levels of HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous and HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous clones. The monoclonal anti-Bw4 antibody does not cross reactive to A66, C12 HLA antigens expressed on the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous TEM665 EBV B cell line using (SAB) testing (Supplemental Fig. 1). The K562 cell line lacking HLA molecule expression and the Bw6 homozygous AOH749 EBV B cell line were used as negative controls. The wild type HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous TEM665 EBV B cell line was used as a positive control (Fig. 1B). Flow cytometry analysis showed the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of antibody binding to HLA-B*38:01:01:01 was at 58,080 ± 5,368 MFI in the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous TEM665 EBV B cell line compared to 10,383 ± 639 MFI in homozygous HLA-B*38:68Q cells using 2 μL of anti-Bw4 antibody (Fig. 4). As expected, HLA expression was negative in AOH749 and K562 cell line (Fig. 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Full size imageRedesigning the food system with circularityRedesigning the food system, including the application of circularity principles, reduced land use by 44% (from 172 Mha to 96 Mha) and GHG emissions by 70% (from 1,172 kgCO2eq per capita per year to 357 kgCO2eq per capita per year) at current protein intake levels and the current 60:40 ASP:PSP ratio (Fig. 1a,c). This reduction originates from many changes in the food system, for example, improved use of food waste streams (such as as animal feed), optimized plant and animal production systems and related decreases in transport. At the recommended protein intake, land use was reduced by 58% (172 Mha to 72 Mha), while GHG emissions decreased by 80% (1,172 kgCO2eq per capita per year to 238 kgCO2eq per capita per year) (Fig. 1b,d). Optimal ASP:PSP ratioAt current protein intake levels, land use was lowest for 33 g ASP per capita per day at an ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60 with a land use of 70 Mha, which resulted in a reduction of 59% compared with the current land use of 172 Mha (Fig. 1a). The overall lowest land use, however, was achieved under the recommended protein intake approach when combining circularity with a reduced ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60 (18 g ASP per capita per day), which resulted in a 60% reduction in land use from 172 Mha to 68 Mha (Fig. 1b). The largest reduction in GHG emissions was also achieved with an ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60 for current and recommended protein intake levels (33 g ASP per capita per day and 18 g ASP per capita per day, respectively). For current and recommended protein intake, GHG emissions were reduced similarly by 81% and 80% to 227 kgCO2eq per capita per year and 239 kgCO2eq per capita per year, respectively (Fig. 1c,d). For recommended protein intake, the emissions were the same for the ASP:PSP ratios of 40:60 and 60:40 (Fig. 1d). Nutrient inadequacy in plant-based dietsNutrient inadequacy emerged consistently below a daily intake of 18 g ASP per capita per day.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: The employers save costs, the banks get new customers, unions agree as long as banks do not charge consumers for cash withdrawals, and employees like it. It was a win-win-win case that completely changed banking and laid the foundation—the transaction bank account—that still is the core of the payment system. The ensuing decades reinforced this new system even if the use of cash grew in real terms. The value of cash in circulation in 1950 was around 10 % of GDP and decreased steadily in the coming decades, but that was mainly because the growth of GDP was higher than the growth of cash in circulation. The value of cash in circulation increased from less than 10 billion SEK in the beginning of 1960 to around 55 billion SEK in 1990. Cash is still popular in the 1990s even if electronic payments are becoming more and more popular (Figs. 4. 1 and 4. 2). Fig. 4. 1Cash in circulation in Sweden 1950–2016. Source: ( of cash in circulation (SEK) as share of Swedish GDP (%) 1950–2016. Source: ( 5 The central bank had also invested in and built an electronic system for clearing and settlement of payments—RIX—which provided additional incentives for banks to run electronic payment services. It should be noted however that many became disappointed with the relative slow growth of card payments in Sweden. The development was not as quick as in the neighboring Scandinavian countries. Footnote 6Interestingly the Swedish banks also tested an electronic form of cash in 1996. It was a cash card function that could be added to a traditional debit card based on the proton system that had been tried and used in Belgium. Money was stored on a chip—which then became a prepaid card—that could be used off-line and without the need for identification and authentification. The benefits were less costly and faster transactions but the service was never really accepted and used by merchants, which meant it was soon closed down. Footnote 7As the new millennium—the year 2000—came closer, many in Sweden were enthusiastically engaged in creating a new society. Seductive concepts such as digitalization, a network economy, the new economy, e-commerce, broadband, and many others led to hopes of radical new technologies, business models, and companies that were to change Sweden and turn it into a completely new economy. Another concept that was talked about but really did not happen was mobile payments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: These results indicate that HLA-B*38:68Q is expressed on the cell surface, yet at a significantly lower level than the wild type HLA-B*38:01:01:01 molecule. Notably, the expression of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cell line was 2. 2 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous clones (24,067 ± 2,066 MFI, P < 0. 01). In addition, the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was 2. 0 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone (P < 0. 001), suggesting HLA-B*38:68Q exhibits a reduction of antigen expression in a gene dose dependent manner (Fig. 4). Similar results were found using 0. 5 μL and 1 μL of anti-Bw4 antibody (Fig. 4). Figure 4Flow cytometric analysis of HLA-B38 protein expression using monoclonal antibody. (A) HLA-B expression detected in HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous (blue), HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous (red), HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous (green), and negative controls (AOH749 purple and K562 in orange) using anti-Bw4 IgG antibody. Samples were tested in triplicate and the expression level is shown as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD. (B) Representative histograms of HLA-B expression in HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous, HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous, HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous and negative controls using 0. 5 μL of anti-Bw4 IgG antibody. Normalized to mode scales all channels as a percentage of the maximum count. *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01, ***P < 0. 001, ****P < 0. 0001, and NS indicates the variables are not significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Table 2 The amount of protein sourced per food group for the four optimal ASP:PSP ratios when minimizing land use and GHG emissions at different protein intake levels and with the FAO reference baselineFull size tableAt current protein intake levels, the reduction in land use and GHG emissions is mainly due to a shift in protein sources. Compared with the FAO reference intake, red meat and egg consumption was reduced by 62% and 25%, respectively, when land use and GHG emissions were minimized. Dairy protein was reduced by 43% when land use and GHG emissions were minimized. In comparison, fish was reduced by 20% when minimizing land use and 40% when minimizing GHG emissions. Only chicken meat protein increased by 25% and 38% for minimizing land use and GHG emissions. For plant proteins, legumes and vegetables were the only increasing protein sources. Legumes in diets increased by 400% and 600% when land use and GHG emissions were minimized. We found an increase of 33% and 200% for vegetables when minimizing land use and GHG emissions, respectively. Grains are an essential protein source when minimizing land use (reduced by 20%) but less when minimizing GHG emissions (reduced by 45%; Table 2). At recommended protein intake levels, ASP was reduced to 18 g per capita per day (ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60) when land use and GHG emissions were minimized compared with 49 g today. Dairy (12–13 g per capita per day) and grains (13–16 g per capita per day) were again the primary protein sources, followed by vegetables and red meat (Table 2). Lowering the protein intake to recommended levels increased the risk of nutrient inadequacies. At an ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60, calcium, vitamin B12 and zinc are going towards nutrient inadequacy, driving the model to increase food sources with higher amounts of these scarce nutrients (Fig. 2). Cropping strategies for reducing land use and GHG emissionsOne key factor in reducing land use and GHG emissions in the optimal scenarios was increasing legume production, especially soybeans. The increase in legumes is due to their high protein content (up to 36 g protein per 100 g for soybeans), their favourable amino acid profile (especially for soybeans) and the ability of legume crops to fix atmospheric N, thereby reducing the amount of artificial fertilizer required and associated GHG emissions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Footnote 27 Swish has definitely made an impact when it comes to person-to-person payments in Sweden. Another factor influencing the view of cash is the economic reports made by the Riksbank as well as the Bank. The socioeconomic reports show that costs of cash are higher than costs of card payments. The social costs of a debit card payment were estimated to be 5. 5 SEK, while the social costs of a cash payment were estimated to be 8. 3 SEK (Segendorf & Jansson, 2012). The socioeconomic cost of cash payments were shown to be higher than those of debit card payments, which implies that a society may gain from reducing the use of cash. From a macroeconomic perspective, there are strong indications that a society would gain from replacing cash payments with debit card payments. But there are of course also factors that lead to the conclusion to keep cash. As the reduction of cash continues from 2007 and onward, there are groups in the Swedish society that meet problems. Even if the majority of Swedes seems to adapt to the transition and actually also prefer electronic payment services, there are groups that prefer cash and have difficulties to accessing and depositing cash. in SwedenFootnote 28 has been given the operative responsibility to study Swedes’ access to basic payment services, i. e. , access to cash, and their annual reports reveal problems for several groups in the Swedish society. The latest report on access to basic payment services from the Board covering 2017 (Länsstyrelserna, 2017)Footnote 29 shows that problems related to poor access to basic payment services are a reality for many people. The report even see a risk of a digital divide where some groups in the society—for different reasons—cannot or will not be able to switch from using cash to using electronic payment services in a quick way and that therefore may risk facing serious difficulties in making payments. These problems are not only related to rural areas far away from the larger cities but can actually be seen in some area in all of the 24 counties in Sweden. It is primarily elderly people with physical and/or cognitive disabilities, immigrants, as well as small merchants and organizations in rural areas that have problems when access to cash services deteriorates. The problems with poor access to basic payment services have also led to a campaign aiming to keep cash or to slow down the decrease of cash in Sweden.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Full size imageThe expression of the HLA-B*38:68Q was further confirmed using human polyclonal antibody against HLA-B38 at neat and at 1:2 dilution. HLA-B38 antibody recognizes epitopes at 80I and 158 T of the α1 and α2 helixes of HLA class I molecule25. The polyclonal anti-B38 antibody does not cross react to A66, C12, DR14, DR52, DQ5 and DP1 HLA antigens expressed on the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous TEM665 EBV B cell line using Luminex SAB test (Supplemental Fig. 2). Luminex SAB testing showed the MFI of the HLA-B38 antibody was 22,636 at neat and 14,551 at 1:2 dilution. Our results showed the expression of HLA-B38 in the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells (27,730 ± 784 MFI) was 1. 5 fold higher than that of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells (18,184 ± 387 MFI, P < 0. 0001), and the HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was over 1. 6 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells at neat (11,427 ± 190 MFI, P < 0. 0001, Fig. 5). Similar results were found using anti-B38 antibody at 1:2 dilution. In summary, this data demonstrates that HLA-B*38:68Q is a low-expressed HLA allele, not a null allele. Figure 5Flow cytometric analysis of HLA-B38 expression using polyclonal antibody. HLA-B38 expression is shown in HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous (blue), HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous (red), HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous (green) and K562 negative control (purple) using anti-B38 antibody from UCLA serum exchange.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Only fish, dairy and beef remained in the system at around half of the initial baseline animal numbers (Fig. 2). Transportation strategies to reduce emissionsOur results show that a highly effective strategy to reduce GHG emissions is cutting down on transportation. In the optimal GHG-minimizing scenarios, the share of transportation to the total GHG emissions was less than 5%, compared with around 50% in the reference scenario. However, transitioning towards a more plant-based diet in the food system increases transportation emissions. The acquisition of location-specific and nutrient-rich crops exclusively cultivated in certain areas of the EU28 necessitates sourcing food items from more distant regions (Fig. 3). DiscussionThe potential of applying circularity principlesAlthough an ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60 results in the lowest land use and GHG emissions, our results show that the most considerable relative reduction can be achieved when redesigning the food system with circular principles. Both land use and GHG emissions can be reduced by 44% and GHG emissions by 70% without changing the total protein intake or share of ASP. This shift towards a more circular food system leads to changes in plant and animal production systems and related reductions in transport. For instance, while the overall consumption of ASP remains constant, its composition changes; chicken and fish intake in diets rises, whereas red meat, dairy and egg intake declines. Organic waste is avoided whenever possible, and if it occurs, it is efficiently reused as feed or fertilizer. Our findings support recent studies showing that agricultural land can largely be spared when feeding farmed animals primarily with low-cost biomass such as by-products, food waste and crop residues22. This spared land could be used for other purposes, such as sequestering carbon through reforestation, which could also increase biodiversity28. The optimal ASP:PSP ratio of 40:60The optimal ratio for reducing land use and GHG emissions was 40:60, regardless of the protein intake level. This shift reduced land use and GHG emissions by 60% and 81% at the current and recommended protein intake. Protein intake levels did not have a substantial environmental impact as the difference between the minimal impact scenarios of current and recommended protein intake for land use and GHG emissions amounted to only 2 Mha and 12 kgCO2eq per capita per year.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: There are constellations like “Kontantupproret”Footnote 30 (the Access to Cash Campaign) and several interest organizations for retired people like PRO and SPFFootnote 31 that perform lobbying with the aim to keep cash services in Sweden. “Kontantupproret” is led by Björn Eriksson and can be understood as an interest organization for the industry providing services related to protection and handling cash,Footnote 32 while PRO and SPF are consumer organizations focusing on elderly people. They have a shared interest in keeping cash handling services in Sweden. In this movement, the former chief-of-police Björn Eriksson published a document called “Korten på BordetFootnote 33” (Eriksson, 2014Footnote 34) in which he argues that cash payments must be protected and kept as a well-functioning payment service in Sweden. “Kontantupproret” has also acted to convince the government to take the issue of access to cash more seriously as many people are hurt when access to such services is reduced. Footnote 35 PRO has also acted in this matter by collecting names of people that want to keep cash in Sweden. Footnote 36 The lobbying have had an effect as one of the parties in the parliament—the Center Party—announced they will start working to keep cash in Sweden where, for instance, the role of the Riksbank in relation to cash can be changed,Footnote 37 which is discussed later in this book. Yet another factor in this story is the introduction of new bills and coins in Sweden. As discussed above, this decision was taken in 2008 and implemented in 2015–2017. The change-over process started in October 2015 with new bills in the denomination of 20, 50, 200, and 1000 SEK. Interestingly, Sweden continued the use of the largest bill—the 1000 SEK bill—despite many arguing that it would be a good idea to stop issuing larger bills. It should be noted that 1000 SEK is approximately 100 euro or 120 USD which means it still has a rather low value if we compare to the largest bills in euro or USD. The old bills with denominations 20, 50, and 1000 SEK became invalid in June 2016. New bills denominated 100 and 500 SEK as well as coins denominated 1, 2, and 5 SEK came in October 2016.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Samples were tested in triplicate and the expression level is shown as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD. ***P < 0. 001, ****P < 0. 0001, and NS indicates the variables are not significant. Full size imageAllograft rejection often correlates with increased cytokine production including IFN-γ26. We therefore tested if the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q will be stimulated by IFN-γ under inflammatory environment. Our results showed that in the HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells, the treatment of IFN-γ significantly increased the HLA-B expression and resulted in a binding of 36,036 ± 887 MFI, 1. 9 fold higher than the HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells without IFN-γ treatment (19,379 ± 900 MFI, P < 0. 0001, Fig. 6). Similarly, in the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells, the expression of HLA-B treated with IFN-γ was at 57,646 ± 357 MFI, which was 1. 2 fold higher than the untreated group (46,642 ± 231 MFI, P < 0. 0001). The results showed that although the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q can be upregulated by IFN-γ treatment, the upregulation of HLA-B expression was much lower compared to IFN-γ treated HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells (Fig. 6). Figure 6IFN-γ induced HLA-B38 cell surface expression. HLA-B expression of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cell line (untreated in purple and IFN-γ treated in orange) and HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cell line (untreated in blue and IFN-γ treated in red) was determined using anti-Bw4 IgG antibody. Samples were tested in triplicate and the expression level is shown as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ± SD. ****P < 0. 0001, and NS indicates the variables are not significant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: In CiFoS, human-inedible by-products can be used as a fertilizer or feed for farmed animals, and this model facilitates the choice of food system redesign by minimizing a selected environmental impact (in this study, land use or GHG emissions) or minimizing the difference to current protein food supplies while fulfilling all nutrient requirements in human diets. In our protein scenarios, the model selects food items from plants, farmed animals and captured fish that lead to minimal land use or GHG emissions. The CiFoS model contains various scales, from the EU28 or a country to an agroecological zone. The CiFoS model consists of several modules: human system, crop system and farmed animal system, including aquaculture, captured fisheries, residual streams, transportation and GHG emissions from different sources. These are described in more detail in the following sections. Human nutritionIn CiFoS, the daily nutrient requirements recommended by the EFSA for the EU28 are met to ensure a nutritious diet. The model covers 37 nutritional indicators, including macro- and micronutrients, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids and energy content (2). and iodine recommendations were excluded as a nutritional requirement owing to mandatory salt fortification for iodine in the EU and implicit limitations in obtaining enough vitamin D from diets alone. The nutritional content of the CiFoS products is based on the FoodData from Department of Agriculture (USDA)36. In addition to nutrient requirements, food intake constraints per product and food family were included based on the reference range of the EAT–Lancet diet24. Apart from the reference scenarios, all scenarios complied with the EFSA nutrient requirements and the EAT–Lancet diet24. The model includes 155 different human-edible products that can be produced and used to create healthy and sustainable diets from various animal and plant sources. The many food items allow CiFoS to design diets that match the objective function (primarily to reduce environmental impacts). Land availability and land use changeThe total agricultural land in the EU28 is 172 Mha (ref. 27). CiFoS distinguishes three land types: arable, marginal grassland and rangelands. Arable land can also be cultivated with temporary grassland. This grassland is treated like any other crop in the crop rotation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Sveriges Riksbank, 1997. Sveriges Riksbank. 7. Den svenska finansmarknaden 1997. Sveriges Riksbank. grovt rån. was a movement aiming to make the society safer by reducing the use of cash. They run information and lobbying campaigns primarily aiming at convincing consumers to make card payments instead of using cash. 10. This was an information and lobbying campaign from the unions aiming to make people see the benefits from a reduction of the use of cash. 11. See, for instance, 13. These services were called ROT (Tillbyggnad) and RUT (Rengöring Underhåll och Tvätt). 14. 15. Lagen 2007:592 17. 18. 19. Google translate suggests that “fotangel” is translated into “caltrop” N. Vi behöver ett nytt betalsystem. Svenska Dagbladet, SvD. se, 7 oktober, 2009. a personal note, I was called things that cannot be printed in this book by people who had a strong interest to keep cash in Sweden. 22. 23. 24. 25. total value of POS terminal card transactions in 2016 was 997 billion SEK which gives a monthly average of around 83 billion SEK ( www. lst. se29. 30. The literal translation of “kontantupproret” is “cash rebellion” ( Pensionärernas Riksorganisation (www. pro. se) and SPF (www. spfseniorerna. se)32. This includes companies like Loomis www. loomis. se and Nokas www. nokas. se. 33. This translates into “Cards on the table. ”34. Interestingly, Björn Eriksson accuses the banks of driving an intensified lobbying campaign for getting rid of cash, while he in fact is doing the exact same thing – supported by companies providing services connected to cash handling – but with the aim to keep cash in the Swedish society. 35.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: These results suggested that the deletion of three amino acids (LVE) at exon 4 of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 reduces the protein expression level. In addition, our data also showed that after IFN-γ treatment, the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q was significantly increased compared to the untreated cells. These results suggested that HLA-B*38:68Q may still play an important role in allograft rejection31. However, the expression increase of the HLA-B*38:68Q with the IFN-γ treatment was much lower compared to the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells. The cause of the reduced expression of HLA-B*38:68Q allele is unclear and requires additional study. However, possible mechanisms that proposed for lower HLA expression including aberrant dominate splice site, such as A*24:02:03Q32 and HLA conformation alterations caused by disulfide bond changes, such as A*32:11Q33. Currently, there are 44 questionable HLA alleles (Q) in IMGT/HLA data base2. The frequency of these questionable alleles has not been well established, particularly the HLA allele frequency is largely based on the Caucasian population. Therefore, the frequency of these questionable alleles may be underestimated in other populations. With the advancement of the full gene HLA sequencing by NGS technology, the laboratory is able to obtain high resolution HLA typing with minimum ambiguities. However, due to additional sequencing information on exons outside the antigen recognition sites (ARS) and introns, it is likely that more questionable alleles will be discovered. The knowledge of the expression level of these questionable alleles may be important for donor selection in HSCT. Petersdorf et al. demonstrated that increasing expression level of the patient’s mismatched HLA-C allele was associated with increased risk of grades III-IV acute GVHD with odds ratio of 1. 34 in HSCT34. In addition, the understanding of the expression level can also help to identify donors with the least immunogenic mismatches, or select donors to cross permissive immunological barriers for highly sensitized patients in solid organ transplantation. These questionable alleles could also be potential null alleles.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Circular principlesCircularity presents a systemic solution by reducing unavoidable waste streams such as food waste and overconsumption of nutrients. If waste is unavoidable, waste streams are reused in the most sustainable manner possible. In addition, food processing produces by-products such as wheat middlings during flour production. These by-products and waste streams can be used as compost to reduce the need for artificial fertilizers. Furthermore, if waste streams are used as feed for farmed animals, inedible biomass for humans could be transformed into livestock products and manure, leading to increased ecosystem services due to improved soil fertility and less pressure on land60,61. The fundamental principles of circular food systems are centred around avoiding and reusing waste and by-product streams to close biomass and nutrient cycles. In this study, circularity was modelled as follows: farmed animals can be fed by organic side streams17. Second, to avoid food waste, the edible ratio of animals is increased, meaning that humans consume all edible parts of the farmed animals (that is, offal), and overconsumption is avoided. Third, nutrient recycling is improved by fostering circular fertilization, such as using leguminous crops in crop rotation compost from organic waste streams and crop residues to reduce artificial fertilizer inputs. Scenario descriptionReference scenarioThe reference scenario fixes the current agricultural land from and minimizes the difference in the FAO protein supply per food group4. The reference scenario uses net import (import–export) data of food and feed products from the Sheet (FBS) as a fixed inflow to the food system4. Trade was allowed only between countries but not outside the study boundaries. The reference is, therefore, a self-sufficient production and consumption scenario for the EU28 countries. The agricultural land is based on the data39 and was scaled to the total areas per land use26,27. The current protein supply was derived from the FBS element: ‘protein supply quantity (g per capita per day)’4. Protein intake scenariosTwo protein intake levels were defined to assess the effect of these levels on land use and GHG emissions at a food system level. Current protein intake was calculated by subtracting consumption losses from the protein food supply based on food groups (FAO-FBS element: ‘protein supply quantity (g per capita per day)’)4,53. The current EU28 protein intake resulted in 82 g protein per capita per day.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Cash Payments: A Socio-technical SystemOne way of understanding transformation of industries and technologies is to apply a so-called socio-technical analysis, which is based on the prerequisite that it is only by understanding the interplay between several critical factors that makes it possible to grasp how and why transformation happens. We cannot study technological innovation in isolation if we want to understand change. Nor can we study organizational or individual behavior or factors such as politics, culture, laws, environmental aspects, or internationalization in isolation. Complex patterns of transformation are ideally studied by acknowledging this complexity while at the same time trying to reduce this complexity into understandable patterns and structures. I will therefore use a well-known approach to structure my analysis of the transformation of cash-based payment services in Sweden, i. e. , the definition of a socio-technical systems where it is linkages between critical elements and resources—such as technologies, capital, knowledge, culture, and others—that will decide the function and change of the system (Geels, 2004, p. 900). My analysis focuses on cash-based payments in Sweden today and will use Geels’ model (2004) to structure my analysis and discussion. This approach views the payment system as a sectoral innovation system where emphasis is put on: …the structure of the system in terms of products, agents, knowledge and technologies and on its dynamics and transformation. In broader terms, one could say that a sectoral system is a collective emergent outcome of the interaction and co-evolution of its various elements (Malerba, 2002, p. 251) The payment system development is understood to be driven by a collection of organizations, people, competences, and interests that collaborate and compete in different constellations, which also may change over time. My approach is in line with the call by Moulaert and Sekia (2003) and Martin and Sunley (2003) for models of innovation that addresses dynamics and evolutionary dimensions of innovation processes. I do not see the transformation as possibly created by one specific type of actor—such as commercial banks, cash-in-transit service companies, merchants, or consumers—it is rather the combination of these and other actors’ action that constitute change or perhaps lack of change. The choice of this theoretical approach (Geels, 2004; Malerba, 2002) is motivated by the basic characteristics of the payment industry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: In Brief, the reaction of forming gRNA consisted of 10 μL crRNA, 10 μL tracrRNA, 10 μL annealing buffer, and 20 μL nuclease-fee H2O, making a final volume of 50 μL. Then the mixture was incubated at 95 °C for 5 mins followed by 10 mins on 78 °C, and then 25 °C for 5 mins. To make Cas9 RNPs, mixing the following items: 11. 25 μL gRNA formed in previous step, 7. 5 μL Cas9 Nuclease V2 (5 μg/μL) (ThermoFisher, USA), and 131. 25 μL buffer R from Neon kit (Invitrogen, USA), making a final volume of 150 μL. The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 10~20 mins. ssDNA target design/Homologous recombination assaysTo create homologous recombination (HR) assays, two gRNAs target the sequence near the deletion site within the HLA-B gene were designed and synthesized18. The Cas9 RNPs were then used to transfect cells via Neon® electroporation (Invitrogen, USA) for 24-well format electroporation transfection testing for B cell line. The genomic cleavage efficiency was then evaluated using the GeneArt® Detection kit (ThermoFisher, USA) at 48 h post transfection. The cleavage efficiencies were calculated based on the relative agarose gel band intensity, which was quantified using a high sensitivity DNA chip on TapeStation 2200 (Agilent, USA). Cleaved efficiency was calculated following the manufacturer’s instruction. A program with voltage set at 1700 V, pulse width set at 20 ms, and one pulse was used for the subsequent study. The gRNA with highest editing was selected for the subsequent HR assays. For ssDNA target design, typically the mutation site was positioned at the center flanked by 67-nt to 30-nt on each side (Fig. 1C). To measure homologous recombination efficiency, the ssDNA target was co-transfected with Cas9 RNPs into cells via electroporation. The genomic loci were PCR-amplified using the corresponding primers and then subjected to GeneArt® Detection assay (ThermoFisher, USA) for restriction enzyme digestion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-31T06:14:55. 457Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Books >through Innovation >by Loss and through print or eBook [Opens in a new window] Book contents through through page Contributors Acknowledgements1 System2 Need to Drive Food-System Action3 of Research in Food-System Transformation4 Expansion into High-Carbon Ecosystems5 and Public-for for Small-Producers under Climate Change6 through 7 The Climate–Security Nexus8 9 Expansion of Plant- on Climate and Food Security10 by Loss and Waste11 Policies and to Enable Transformation12 for the Transformation of Food Systems13 Organising for Change14 Systems to at Scale15 Theories of Change for Transformation16 Partnerships to Achieve Impact17 Working across Scales and Actors for Systems18 A for Leadership in Research 19 (PDF Only) 0. 4 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to Food loss and waste (FLW) are important contributors to food insecurity, with a considerable environmental impact by inducing extra crop production and post-harvest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. FLW and the associated climate impacts vary greatly among different adopted technology and value-chain configurations, and solutions should be found for specific situations. FLW can be approached from a chain perspective; in many cases, reducing FLW at a certain chain stage is best achieved by interventions elsewhere along the chain. The Agro-(ACE) calculator supports the identification of FLW and GHG emission hotspots along a chain, as well as estimating the net effects of interventions. FLW-reducing interventions mostly contribute to climate mitigations, as demonstrated for rice and various fruits and vegetables; however, some high-tech interventions may induce higher extra GHG emissions than can be mitigated by FLW reduction. In high-income countries, where most food is wasted by households, manufacturers, the hospitality and food industry, and retailers, mechanisms could be set in place to achieve the target of reducing food waste by 50 percent by 2030. Keywords food lossfood wastemitigationemissionsvalue chainfarm-to-fork Type 10. 1017/9781009227216.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Cash payments are characterized by strong regulation and governmental policy regimes, technology regimesFootnote 1 (Dosi, 1982) related to payment services, a defined user and market regime both in terms payees and payers, a strong sociocultural regime related to the view of cash in a market economy,Footnote 2 as well as a science regime related to research and development in the payment industry. By deploying this perspective I will also be able to complement Rogoff’s (2016) top-down and macroeconomic analysis of the use of cash in a market economy. I have in other studies (Arvidsson, 2014a, 2014b, 2016, 2018a, 2018b; Arvidsson, Hedman, & Segendorf, 2018) shown how a number of different socio-technical factors influence the use of cash in the Swedish society. Here are some of the most important ones. A starting point for an analysis of a service like cash is of course to understand what the government and the law says about this service. Interestingly, the Government of Sweden states that access to basic payment services, i. e. , cash, should be provided to everyone in the society—consumers as well as organizations—but it is only the responsibility of the state to provide such services if the market fails to do so. Footnote 3 The main role of the government—and the Riksbank—is then to oversee that such services are provided by the market. This has made the market for cash decentralized and market-driven which is yet another factor explaining the reduction of cash in Sweden. The decentralized and market-driven features are evident in the process of producing and transporting cash in the Swedish economy. does not govern how much cash that is in circulation in Sweden; this is decided by demand from the users of cash, i. e. , banks, merchants, and primarily the consumers. provides the volume of cash that the public needs. The main responsibility of the Riksbank is to provide Sweden with banknotes and coins by issuing banknotes and coins, destroying worn-out banknotes and coins, and redeeming invalid banknotes. Footnote 4 Printing cash (SEK) has been outsourced to private companies,Footnote 5 and storing as well as transporting cash is done by Bankernas Depå AB (BDB), which is owned by the largest banks, and by private companies like Loomis and Nokas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Culture of single cell derived clonesTransfected cells were washed with 500 μL of PBS buffer (Corning, USA) and resuspended at the density of 8 cells/mL with a total volume of 50 mL. 100 μL of the cell suspension was transferred into the wells of the 96 well tissue culture plates to ensure each well contained a single cell. The plates were incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO2 incubator (Thermo Scientific, USA). The plates were then scanned for single cell colonies as soon as small aggregates of cells are visible under a 4× microscope (usually after first week, depending on the growth rate of the cell line) to ensure the cell colonies were derived from a single cell. The cells were incubated for an additional 2–3 weeks to expand the clonal populations for further analysis and characterization. Harvest single cell derived clonesSingle cell derived clones were washed with 100 µL of 1× PBS buffer (Corning, USA). 1 × 105 of the cells from each clones were transferred into the PCR plate containing 25 µL “Direct lysis buffer”. The “Direct lysis buffer” was made by adding 10 μL of (Thermo Scientific, USA) to 1 m(Thermo Scientific, USA). The PCR plate was incubated at 55 °C for 30 mins to lyse the cells and followed by 95 °C for 45 mins to denature the Proteinase K. HLA gene amplification and next generation sequencingMultiplex long-range PCR were employed using AllType NGS assay (One Lambda, USA) to co-amplify 11 HLA loci including HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1,3,4,5 -DQB1 -DPB1, -DQA1 and -DPA1. HLA-A, -B, -C, -DQA1, and -DPA1 were amplified from 5′UTR to 3′UTR, and remaining loci are beginning at intron 1 to 3′UTR. Library construction was automated on the Biomek FX (Beckman coulter, USA).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: 010 [Opens in a new window] Publisher: publication year: 2023 This content is and distributed under the terms of the Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4. 0 loss and waste (FLW) strongly contribute to the climate impact of the food supply and impair food security. FLW and the associated climate impacts vary greatly among different types of adopted technology and value chain configurations. Solutions should be found per specific situation. FLW can be approached from a chain perspective; in many cases, reducing FLW at a certain chain stage is best achieved by interventions elsewhere along the chain. The Agro-(ACE) calculator supports the identification of FLW and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots along a chain, as well as estimating the net effects of interventions. FLW-reducing interventions mostly contribute to climate mitigations, as demonstrated for rice and various fruits and vegetables; however, some high-tech interventions may induce higher extra GHG emissions than can be mitigated by FLW reduction. 10. 1 loss and waste (FLW) are important contributors to food insecurity and have a considerable environmental impact by inducing extra crop production and post-harvest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions associated with FLW are responsible for 8–10 percent of anthropogenic GHG emissions, comparable to emissions from all global road transport (Guo et al. , Reference Guo, Broeze and Groot2020; Lamb et al. , Reference Lamb, Wiedmann and Pongratz2021). Therefore, mitigating FLW and climate impact from food supply chains should be addressed coherently. Mitigating FLW is a global priority. This 10. 4). (SDG) 12. 3 – the ambition to significantly reduce FL along production and supply chains by 2030 – is supported by an increasing number of public- and private-sector stakeholders. Such efforts, however, should recognise trade-offs with other sustainability indicators such as climate change. Most FL-reducing interventions will not only lower environmental impacts per unit of product available for consumption but also induce extra emissions, for example, through energy, fuel, and materials used for packaging. Estimating these trade-offs – and selecting interventions with the most positive balance accordingly – is far from easy but essential to best contribute to multiple SDGs. Moreover, barriers to implementation, in particular limited accessibility and availability, are persistent and should be addressed to realise sustainable food system transformations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Then ATMs, banks, and merchants provide access to cash for private persons. This decentralized, operative, and market-driven structure is also complemented by the legal framework governing the use of cash. One fundamental factor is the legal constitution in Sweden that actually allows a merchant to say: “I do not accept cash. ” As far as I know, this legal setup is unique to Sweden and one important reason why the use of cash is decreasing rapidly. The central bank law states that cash is legal tender,Footnote 6 but this can be set aside if a merchant and her customer enter an agreement that cash is not a viable payment option in a particular store. Commercial lawFootnote 7 states that two parties—a merchant and a consumer or a bank and a consumer—can enter an agreement where the central bank law is set aside. This agreement can be written or oral. Thus, if a merchant has a sign saying that cash is not accepted and a customer enters this store and wants to buy something, the customer is seen to have entered a contractual agreement not to use cash. In practical terms, cash is not legal tender for privately owned businesses running a merchant store. Footnote 8You can expect signs saying a store will not accept cash in Sweden which is very different from what you may see in Tokyo where stores in fact may accept nothing but cash (Fig. 6. 1). Fig. 6. 1Signs you may see in Swedish stores (on top) and a sign you may see in Japanese stores (to the bottom). Source: Author’s own illustrationFull size imageNew technological solutions or payment services that have a similar functionality to cash can therefore substitute cash in payment situations where cash used to be the main service that was used. This includes a service like Swish (Arvidsson, 2015) that can replace cash in person-to-person payments and a service like iZettle that enabled mobile point-of-sale (POS) terminals where card payments could replace cash payments in situations like temporary stands selling fruits and vegetables, street vendors, small merchants, and small kiosks at sports arenas. The combination of a legal possibility and technological innovations made it rather easy for merchants to consider to stop accepting cash. Another factor influencing the use of cash is the values and emotions connected to cash that I touched upon before.

Output: contrast