Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: However, they posed a challenge: how to make sense of them in a way that was fruitful for all participants? Heckle ontologies and social functions in improvisation, stand-up comedy and learning environments Heckles, as potentially disruptive or oppositional, hold an agency that merits further examination, particularly in its challenge to improvisation workshop leaders (or teachers) to steer between freedom and constraint. There follows an examination of heckle ontologies as meaningful contributions to improvised discourse, considering perspectives from music and stand-up comedy, the latter indicating strategies for comics to manage heckles – some of which may provide useful models for workshop leaders or teachers. I first used the term ‘heckle’ as a way of describing short, repetitive (non-developing) improvised gestures that contradict the flow of another part (1997). Whereas punctuations in improvisation might be short gestures (e. g. stabs) that appear at the ends of phrases, politely adding a comma or full stop to a musical phrase, heckles sit awkwardly somewhere in the middle of a phrase – provocative or unnoticed, niggling away, repeating but not evolving. To function as a heckle, a musical utterance must stay short and sporadic: too long and it becomes a countersolo, too predictable in its repetition and it recedes into the musical background (like wallpaper). An exemplar (non-improvised) heckle is the first movement of Stravinsky’s for (1914), in which the second violin mutters the same four-note motif throughout, its timing consistently at odds with the first violin melodic phrases. In improvised music, heckles might be read as oppositional, a call to attention (listen to me! ) or the expression of a will to take part (a player is unsure what to play – so they play a short phrase, testing the water), or a short utterance that fizzles out and is not followed by another idea. They are, necessarily, part of the improvisation, not the central narrative, but offering an additional perspective on the improvised discourse. They resemble heckles at a stand-up comedy performance – observations, asides or insults interjected from the audience towards the spontaneous (if not fully improvised) monologue delivered onstage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Air flows in the atmosphere carries the vapour to where it will condense and dehumidify to form fresh precipitation called rain, snow or hail. HD-DHD distillation method is the small scale replication of this process. The productivity of HD-DHD system is about five times the productivity of an equivalent basin type solar still at the same climatic conditions. HD-DHD process is also named as the multiple-effect humidification-dehumidification process; multiple-effect humidification (MEH) or solar multistage condensation evaporation cycle (SMCEC). In HD-DHD system atmospheric air is heated through a solar air heater. Because the water vapour holding capacity of air increases by the temperature (about 100 gr vapour/ kg dry air at 60°C and 500 gr vapour/kg dry air at 80°C) [30]. Warm dry air enters in to the humidification chamber and absorbs vapour from sprayed salt water. It passes through a pipe into dehumidification in which cold salt water passes through another pipeline which acts as a condenser for incoming warm humid air. Thus the salt water is preheated by the heat, recovered from condensing vapour, to utilize evaporation in the humidification chamber and the warm air is dehumidified leaving fresh water at the bottom of dehumidification chamber. Figure 11 shows the schematic illustration of HD-DHD system. Building and operating an HD-DHD system is simple safe and low-cost making it a very suitable desalination process among the small capacity plants [31]. Figure 11. Schematic diagram of humidification-dehumidification system [29]5. 2. 2. Solar stillsSolar stills can be used to produce fresh water from salt water in a very cheap, simple and easy way [32]. They are preferred for small-scale fresh water needs of people in remote places instead of transporting fresh water. A very fortunate aspect of the solar water distillation technique is that when fresh water demand is at its peak, solar insolation is also high (especially hot seasons) [6]. Solar irradiation passes through a cover and falls onto the black bottom surface of the still causing the surface and contained salt or brackish water to warm up. Heated water evaporates and rises up until it touches to the inner side of the cover where it condenses and forms fresh water drops.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: 4 pollution transported across the continents as well as ocean basins has resulted in trans-continental and trans-oceanic plumes of atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) made up of sub micron size aerosols. ABCs interrupt sunlight by reflecting and absorbing reflecting resulting in large surface dimming. On the other hand, black carbon as well as some organics augments atmospheric heating increasing global warming. Black carbon is mainly emitted due to Wildfires; and combustion of Biofuel Coal Diesel and Gasoline. As per Ramanathan and Feng (2009) ABC warms atmosphere at elevated levels from 2 to 6 km, resulting in retreating of glaciers as well as snow packs in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya-Tibetan glaciers. Aerosols may nucleate additional cloud droplets enhancing dimming effect (Fig. 1. 13). The dimming decreases evaporation of water from the earth’s surface, slowing down the hydrological cycle. According to some studies, in due to ABC dimming north-south gradients in sea surface temperatures as well as land–ocean difference in surface temperatures, have slowed down the monsoon circulation and reduced rainfall over the continents. The following figure shows global estimates of dimming. Fig. 1. 13Global dimming estimates (Ramanathan and Carmichael 2008)Full size image 1. 5 Impact on Flora and FaunaImpact of air pollution on flora can be observed in the form of discolourations of the leaf due to internal cellular damage thereby reducing the market value of agricultural crops such as tobacco and spinach where visibility is important. The air pollution can also result in reduction of the leaf surface and can provide points of entry for pathogens. Air pollutant can affect plant physiological or biochemical processes resulting in significant loss of growth/yield as well as changes in nutritional quality (Ashmore and Marshall 1999). SO2 entering leaves through stomata are absorbed by mesophyll (cells between the lower and upper epidermis layers of a leaf) of leaves causing toxicity due to reducing property of gas. When the limiting concentration exceeds the cells are inactivated by plasmolysis and then killed. Many industries that emit fluorides like aluminium reduction; smelting of iron and non-ferrous ores; ceramics and phosphate reduction as well as phosphate fertilizers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: In both cases, the relationship between the main narrative and heckles indicates that ensemble improvisation and stand-up comedy are social, impromptu environments and, as such, entail interaction and negotiated roles (2015). Additionally, heckles can threaten situational (leader/speaker) power and, if hostile, can lead to feelings of vulnerability. A portion of the stand-up comedy literature is devoted to heckles as a feature of audience–performer interaction and as a challenge to the comic’s ability to hold the audience’s attention (2009; 2014), as the opening to Brand’s autobiography attests: ‘Please welcome Jo Brand! ’ I step into the firing line. Yes, ‘firing line’ is the appropriate phrase. The ultimate fear of the stand-up is that a heckle will get you right in the heart and melt you like the of the West, into a steaming heap of gooey stuff. (2009, p. 1) Dealing with a heckle is a test of the comedian’s ability. To ignore it is to seriously undermine the audience’s faith, and if the comic ploughs on relentlessly with material rather than responding, the illusion of spontaneity is broken. (2014, p. 345) Against the comic’s backbone of prepared material, heckles afford an opportunity for improvisation. In improvised music, heckles are launched from the margins, with no imperative to create a musical narrative (rather to disrupt or to commentate on what is already there). They may present a strategy for participants’ engagement that is less risky than committing to a material that is intended to contribute to or change the improvised narrative – a solo, or a compelling new accompanying texture, for example. As the music tips towards instability through heckles, those in leadership roles are challenged with navigating both inclusion and clarity, for example, by finding meaning in all sounds as paths to engagement or polyhedral forms of musical expression, recalling Borgo’s (2007) dynamic systems, and reifying them as such to all participants. Conversely, leaders may override sounds from the margins, ignoring them or finding other ways to steer the music towards less polyhedral-sounding territories. Heckles in stand-up and in music can be valued as part of a dynamic improvisatory environment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Condensate channel is the channel through which condensed fresh water is collected and directed to distillate water tank. Preferred materials are aluminium galvanized iron, concrete, plastic material, etc. Side walls make the still robust and rigid along with providing thermal resistance against the heat transfer from the heated salt water in the basin to the outside. It should be made of a material that can hold the top cover without any failure for long years. A low thermal conductivity is also a key property of side walls. Mostly preferred side wall materials include wood, concrete, reinforced plastic, etc. Integrating a separate external condenser with the still as in Figure 14 decreases the convective heat loss through the still cover and provides an effective heat sink for the condensing vapour which increases the distillate yield by about 50–70%. Some of the evaporating water condenses on the cover surface and a fraction of the vapour passes to the condenser chamber by the effect of pressure difference causing the pressure in the still chamber to drop. Lowered pressure decreases the formation rate and number of vapour droplets on the inside surface of the still cover which allows more solar radiation to reach the water in the still basin and improves evaporation. Using nano fluids along with external condenser is another contemporary method to further increase the productivity by about 115% [42]. External condenser accumulates the latent heat of condensing vapour which can be used to preheat salt water before entering the still or to prolong the distillation process during night hours. Using external condenser makes it possible to use a cover with very low inclination Figure 14a [43]. Figure 14. (a) Schematics of the solar still with minimum inclination, coupled to an outside condenser [44], (b) solar still with passive condenser [45]Conventional basin type solar stills have significant disadvantages; horizontal water surface inevitably causes cosine loses especially at higher latitudes and large thermal capacity of the water in still basin limits fresh water output. Many researchers and new designs have been done to minimize or overcome these drawbacks of solar stills [46]. Stills with inclined absorber surfaces are reported to have significantly higher productivity compared to basin-type stills. In an inclined still, water flows from the top to the bottom of the absorber surface. To maintain uniform thickness of water, a wick is used to draw water by capillary effect.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: 16Marble within siliceous stones damaged due to air pollutantsFull size image Fig. 1. 17Intricate carvings being washed away due to air pollutionFull size image Fig. 1. 18Build up salts after attack of acidic air pollutants on marble used for flooringFull size image Sulphate formed is washed away. The deterioration of calcareous stone can be explained in three stages: Simple dissolution of calcium carbonate; dissolution of calcium carbonate followed by the fall-out of less soluble p1. 19 shows statues covered with plastic covers in Bangalore, India to avoid dust deposition and soiling of statues. Mortar contains sand, calcium hydroxide as well as other carbonate phases. Cement in concrete is susceptible to acid attack leading to discoloration/soiling (Fig. 1. 20), surface erosion, spalling and corrosion of embedded steel. Damage to reinforced cement concrete structure will be insignificant if the steel is provided with sufficient cover of good quality concrete. Fig. 1. 19Statues covered with plastic covers in Bangalore, India to avoid dust deposition and soiling of statuesFull size image Fig. 1. 20Soiled walls and roofs in coastal areaFull size image Paint and polymeric materials can be affected due to acidic deposition as well as photochemical oxidants, particularly ozone. Impacts on this material include erosion of polymer surfaces, loss of gloss and soiling, interaction with sensitive pigments and fillers loss of paint adhesion from and substrates. Contamination of substrate before to painting can lead to premature failure due to embrittlement and cracking. Atmospheric corrosion of metals (Fig. 1. 21) is an electrochemical process occurring when the surface is wet. Corrosion rate mainly depends on humidity, precipitation, temperature as well as levels of atmospheric pollutants. SO2 causes most damage, on metals even though chloride plays play a significant role in coastal area. Fig. 1. 21Corroded steel structureFull size image As per the studies conducted by Tzanis et al. (2011) in Athens, Greece metal and alloy specimens exposed the highest weight change is observed for unalloyed carbon steel at the level of 18 m, and lowest weight change was observed at 6 m. Values of weight change for zinc and copper specimens were about four times lower than steel and almost constant with the height.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: The examples above shed light on ways to navigate uninvited sounds that may be useful to workshop leaders or teachers (ignore, accept as alternative narratives and incorporate into the main musical narrative). In the following examples, disruptive sounds are actively reframed as ways to manage the disruption to music improvisation workshops in care homes. Reframing heckles: the tea trolley and the care home The following accounts are from an interview with Julian West, a musician specialising in co-created, freely improvised music with people with dementia (Zeilig et al. , and WEST2019). In a care home environment, tea trolleys often come into the room during music sessions, interrupting what can be a carefully construed atmosphere: and the team I was working with were quite annoyed by [the tea trolley] every time it came in. [The atmosphere] would be totally obliterated … it’s quite a noisy thing you know when it comes in; there’s crockery, and often the member of staff that brings it in [is] entering the space in quite a performative way (laughs), because they’re here to do something, to give out tea and cake … Eventually, we were able to understand the tea trolley as a heckle – that this was an event that happens in the care home that’s part of the routine. (Interview with the author, 2022) As residents were ready for their tea and cake, it was difficult to ignore the trolley. Its sound was acknowledged as part of the wider project context, ‘a call back to doing something that’s … responding to the needs of the care home’ (Interview, 2022). On the other hand, framing it as a heckle within an improvised music session provided a way to accept the sound as a call from the margins that interrupts, but does not derail, the overall musical trajectory. A second strategy was to reframe the trolley as part of the improvisation: In a later project where I was working with a dancer, this came up again and the dancer knew instinctively what to do; she interacted with the tea trolley – when it came into the room and danced with the trolley, jumped on it and rode it round the room … So, the tea trolley did then become part of the piece that we were making.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: The productivity of a solar still is affected by the temperature difference between the water and condensing surfaces. A higher temperature difference between these surfaces yields higher productivity. To maintain this temperature difference, various methods were proposed [47]. In inclined stills feed water coming from the tank comes to the collector in pipes, passes through the drilled holes and drops onto the black absorber plate to evaporate by taking heat from the plate which is heated by solar irradiation. Vapour goes up and touches to the glass cover which is cool enough to condense on. Fresh water distillate accumulates on the inner surface of the glass cover and flows downwards to the condensate outlet port by gravitational forces. Water droplet falling onto the absorber plate does not distribute perfectly on the absorber plate surface. Using a wick on the absorber plate helps to distribute water more evenly over the absorber plate using capillary effect which improves evaporation rate. Another way of improving the performance is to cool glass cover to ease condensation. Shaded plate is a simple yet effective solution (Figure 15). One fourth of the glass surface is shaded from the top leaving a gap of several centimetres between the shading plate and the glass. This arrangement provides a chimney effect in this gap and improves convective heat transfer to the atmosphere which cools down this part of the glass and increases the condensate production rate [47]. A good way to solve the cosine loss problem of basin type solar still is to design an inclined structure with cascaded weirs (Figure 16) [48]. Salt water is fed from the top and condensate is collected from the bottom end. Feed water flows through the weirs and fills all the weirs evenly. There is a small distance between the cover and absorber plate which quickens the saturation and condensation processes making the cascade system more efficient more than other solar stills. Weir-type cascade solar stills do not suffer from dry spot or channelization problems since the brine is forced to flow each step one by one without leaving any dry surface on the absorber plate. Water flow way is longer than a normal or wicked inclined type stills and accordingly the solar exposition time is longer which increases the efficiency. It has the advantages of both basin type and inclined type solar stills.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Plants whose pollens are dispersed by air currents are called Anemophilous and such plants generate large quantities of lightweight pollen which are carried for great distances bringing it into contact with nasal passages. Air pollutants can get into the body through food contamination through food or water exposed to polluted air. Pollutant entering into body can remain on skin or in the respiratory/digestive system or move into the blood. Pollutants entering the bloodstream can be transported to all body parts. As pollutants moves through the body it can undergo many chemical changes, becoming more or less toxic (Figs. 1. 26 and 1. 27). The contamination of Valley of Belgium resulted in death of 63 people in the first week of December 1930. The findings of investigation revealed that weather patterns had a major impact on sulfur dioxide concentrations, especially during temperature inversion (Shy 1978). Air pollution along the near Pittsburgh, USA in October 26, 1948, resulted in death of 20 people due to cardiac as well as respiratory diseases (Goldsmith and Friberg 1977). As per Ostro (2004) outdoor air pollution was accounted for approximately 1. 4 % of total mortality and it is the cause for 0. 4 % of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as well as 2 % of all cardiopulmonary disease. In estimates released by WHO (2015a), around 7 million people died in 2012 as a result of air pollution exposure. This confirms that air pollution is now the world’s largest single environmental health risk. As per the WHO (2015b), 4. 3 million deaths related to household air pollution in 2012. 1. 69 million deaths occurred in the Asia and 1. 62 million deaths occurred in regions. About 600,000 deaths occurred in Africa, 99,000 in Europe, 200,000 in the region, 81,000 in the Americas and 19,000 deaths occurred in high income countries. In 2012 a total 3. 7 million deaths linked to Pollution (WHO 2015c). 1. 67 million death occurred in region and 936,000 deaths occurred in Asian. About 236,000 deaths occured in the region, 200,000 in Europe, 58,000 in the Americas, 176,000 in Africa, 280,000 in high-income countries of Europe 94,000 in Americas, 67,000 in Western Pacific, 14,000 in (14,000).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: … [The residents] completely got the joke – so it became something that really added to the session rather than something that detracted from it. (Interview, 2022) In West’s accounts, the workshop leaders embrace the tea trolley appearances as part of the improvisation environment. Irritation is dispelled by an acceptance of the trolley clanking in relation to the more deliberate music and dance features of the session. The acceptance of unpredictable elements within a social context recognises that not every action in this delicate environment can be controlled and that the entries of trolleys were an additional contribution to the session by offering refreshments – another way of meeting residents’ needs in a care home. A/Part, the formulation of several ‘modes of play’ (participation) enabled a new way to read the workshop. Rather than making the off-task sounds and heckles subaltern, the research team began to consider all workshop sounds as meaningful – what were the sounds articulating about a player’s preferred way to participate, enthusiasm, their rhythmic or aural skill, musical p30. They are not a panacea for problems raised by inclusion; any more than improvisation should be a panacea for the challenges surrounding music creation and performance. The appreciation of marginalised sounds, tempered with Roth’s (Reference ROTH2019) and Mullen’s (2008) reminders to steward them responsibly, may offer a constructive outlook to teachers and workshop leaders. There is no ideal ‘freeness or tightness of rein’ when leading an improvisation session. A good area of focus is on accepting and enjoying the dynamic environment, listening keenly to all sounds that emerge and adjusting the reins as needed to maintain an appropriate level of complexity. Inclusive practices can be cultivated through listening to sounds that fall beyond teacher/leader-defined aims, considering all session sounds as informative. Heckles, stims and private noodling can be reframed as modes of play. Heckles and off-task sounds may be routes into participation on the terms of the participants, rather than those of workshop leaders or teachers. For participants, they may be a way of testing the ground, ‘dipping a toe’ before plunging into the improvisation. For LaBelle, sounds are ‘a powerful force from which we learn the entanglement of worldly contact’ (2018, p.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Further development of these weir-type cascade stills include using wick on each cascaded steps and phase change material (typically paraffin wax) beneath the absorber surface to store energy when it is abundant and give it back to the salt water when it is needed in cloudy days or evening times [48]. Figure 15. Inclined solar water distillation system and schematic diagram of the system [47]Figure 16. Schematic view of a weir type cascade solar still [49]Another well-designed still is a combination of a glass cylinder and a tray or trough inside the cylinder (Figure 17a). Salt water is fed into the tray and the water travels through the tray. Incoming solar energy heats the tray and water to cause evaporation of salt water and consequently condensation of the vapour on the cylinder surface. Water droplets slip down and accumulate at the bottom of glass cylinder and collected through the fresh water outlet. Cylindrical tube type stills are compact, robust and have high yield per unit are compared to the conventional basin still design [50]. There is a similar design in which wick is used in the tray to absorb salt water and diffuse throughout the tray with capillary effect. Wick lies along an incline, with the upper edge dipped in a saline water reservoir and there are two outlets, one for the excess water and the other is for condensate. Capillary suction of the cloth fibers used as wick produces a thin water film which can easily evaporate by the incoming solar radiation. The condensing surface area of the cylindrical glass over the evaporation tray is much more than that of a flat surface and this results in a relatively colder glass cover faster condensation rate [46]. A similar approach uses a sphere instead of cylinder as the still housing. A black painted of covered metallic plate is located at the centre plane of the spherical glass (Figure 17b). Spherical solar stills works like cylindrical ones and they are about 30% more efficient than an equivalent conventional solar still. Spherical stills have even more condensation area per evaporation surface compared to cylindrical solar stills but it is not scalable as easy as cylindrical ones [46]. Figure 17. Schematic representation of (a) tubular solar still (front view) [51], (b) a spherical condensing solar still [46]5. 2. 2. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Dioxins and furans created during manufacture of certain chemicals like herbicides; pulp and paper industry during bleaching the wood pulp; burning waste (like municipal solid waste and medical waste) or substance which has chlorine; Smelting; Forest Fires; Cement Kilns; Power Plants; Burning; burring bodies in crematorium or open fire. Dioxins and furans are known carcinogens and can change hormone levels. High doses of dioxin can lead to skin disease called chloracne. Dioxins and furans can bring changes in development of the fetus, decrease ability to reproduce and suppress immune system. Mercury which is emitted from combustion of coal and waste/substance with mercury can lead to Neurological and behavioral disorders, Kidney disorder ranging from augmented protein in the urine as well as kidney failure. Aerobiology plays an important role in the spreading of infectious diseases. Aerobiology is the study of the course of action involved in the microorganisms’ movement in the atmosphere from one location to another. Airborne p1. 9 Black snow and outbreak of red-tide in lacustrine systems was observed during early 1991 in the valley, India. The occurrence of muddy snowfall in May 2002 at more than 4300 m above sea level in Afarwat glaciers of Kashmir, India has been attributed to changing environmental scenario of the region (Lone et al. 2010). The occurrence of “Black Snow” on the mountain peaks of Gund, Sonamarg in Kashmir, India observed in March, 1991 was due to the burning of oil-fields for the period of Gulf war (Kawosa 1991). Occasional muddy rains were also observed in some regions of the Kashmir valley in April 2002 (Lone 2010). The occurrence of muddy snowfall in the alpine zone of evoked environmental concern as it has bearing on drinking water supplies as well as ecology of many natural snow-fed streams. The chemical composition shows that the particulate deposition approximately comprises 78 % of Lime stone, 20. 5 % of Clay, 5 % of Gypsum and 1. 5 % of Iron ore. Such a chemical composition suggests that these particulates might have origin from stone quarrying activities or cement manufacturing units. Air pollution contributes substantial quantities of contaminants to snow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Юрий Каспаров Выпуск № 3 (775) │ 2021 Не все то музыка, что звучит Юрий Каспаров Выпуск № 3 (775) │ 2021 Не все то музыка, что звучит В чем заключается работа композитора? В том, чтобы найти материал и «отработать» его до состояния музыкальной формы. Чем талантливее композитор, тем ярче и необычнее материал, который он находит. И чем композитор профессиональнее, тем больше впечатляет его работа с этим материалом и конечный продукт в целом.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Active distillationMany investigations have been conducted in attempt to improve the efficiency and productivity of solar stills. Some of these techniques are decreasing the depth of water in the basin, mixing black dye with the salt water, using better insulation to minimize the heat losses, improving the vapour tightness, proper orientation of the still as to receive more solar irradiation, etc. Apart from the above-mentioned passive methods, there are a number of active methods of improving thermal efficiency such as integrating a still with a solar heater of concentrator. Active solar stills receive additional thermal energy from an outer source to the water in the basin which improves the rate of evaporation. A detailed classification of active and passive solar stills is given in Figure 6. Active solar stills are classified according to the integration type and operation principles of the solar stills. The main classification categories are: nocturnal distillation, pre-heated water distillation and high-temperature distillation solar stills. Nocturnal production solar stills are able to operate when there is no sunlight. This can be achieved by mainly two ways: storing extra energy during day-time and using the stored energy at night, and making use of waste heat from another source. In order to store energy, still basin is filled to a depth that is more than required for full evaporation in an average day. At the end of the day some warm water would still remain in the basin of the still and continue to evaporate during no-sunshine hours of the day, which is called nocturnal distillation. This evaporation can be provided by feeding hot water from another heat source during night. Pre-heated water application solar stills make use of waste heat from an external plant such as paper industries, chemical industries, thermal power plants and food processing industries to heat the water in the basin through a heat exchanger or use the warm water directly in the basin to improve evaporation rate. High temperature distillation stills increase the basin water temperature from about 20–50°C to 70–80°C by coupling an external solar system such as and PV/T hybrid system. In addition to these methods, some other methods with different operation properties are used with high temperature distillation method like multistage active, multi-effect air-bubbled solar still and hybrid solar distillation [52].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: part of the as well as Europe contributes all but a minute percentage of the lead reaching the Arctic through air out of which 95–99 % is anthropogenic (UNEP 2010). 1. 10 Most of the air pollutants in atmosphere either settles down itself or get scrubbed by rain/snow/hail/dew unless otherwise it reacts with other pollutants to from secondary pollutants or absorbed/adsorbed by other living/nonliving things. The pollutants entrapped in precipitation would either stay in snow for year to come or reach surface/ground water bodies over the course of time. The material settled on the surface of solid bodies also gets washed over course of time. The acids/alkali formed in the atmosphere can dissolve chemical on the surface of the earth before reaching the water bodies. The water not only gets contaminated due to conventional pollutants, it also scrubs radioactive material released into atmosphere. Rainwater was collected in the Nijmegen area of Netherlands after Chernobyl accident, in first three weeks of May 1986 revealed presence of radioactive material (Dennis 1987). Summarises the findings of studies of rainwater from Scandinavia and after Chernobyl accident shows that the issue is far from easily understood (Lucas and John 1987). The organic compounds with diverse chemical structures, sources, as well as uses such as industrial compounds, pesticides, persistent degradation products, byproducts of fossil fuel combustion and impurities during manufacture of chemicals are transported atmospherically and deposited into remote environments. Such deposition can affect plants and animals including human health. Nitrogen controls productivity and eutrophication of estuaries. Elevated nitrogen inputs to water bodies leads to harmful algal blooms; loss of sea grasses; hypoxic and anoxic bottom waters; and reduced fish stocks (Valiela and Costa 1988; Hallengraeff 1993). These eutrophication problems are consequence of increased population growth and air pollution (Lee and Olsen 1985; Nixon 1995; Vitousek et al. 1997). A significant nitrogen inputs to estuaries in may be due to atmospheric deposition (Jaworski et al. 1997). Lead is important for scientific community in environmental science as may enter surface waters due to erosion of lead-containing soil though lead is not very mobile in soil (UNEP 2010). Estimated residence times of biological p1. 11 Many of the air pollutants do not remain in atmosphere for ever.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Из этого и следует исходить в процессе обучения студента-композитора. Талант развить, наверное, можно. Но алгоритма его развития не существует.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Figure 18 shows how a passive distillation system (a) can be converted to an active distillation system by addition of an external energy supply plant which can be integrated by natural circulation (b) or forced circulation (c). Latent heat of condensation is one of the most significant heat losses of solar distillation systems. Finding a way for the re-utilization of this heat would greatly increase the thermal efficiency of the solar distillation system, which is defined as the daily production per square meter. One of those ideas is re-using the latent heat of condensation at the cover of a basin to heat the water in another basin [46]. Such a design is called multi-basin solar stills (Figure18). In multi-basin design, two or more basins are constructed like the floors in an apartment building. The bottom-most basin is covered by an absorber plate while the upper basins are transparent to allow solar radiation to reach the bottom plate. Condensing vapour at each basin cover heats up the cover by the latent heat of condensation. Heated cover of a basin forms basin of the upper still section and heats the water on it by that latent heat by re-utilizing the waste heat. Each section has its own condensate collection and salt water feeding channels. Figure 18. Schematic view of a double basin solar still. (b) Double basin still coupled to a collector in the natural circulation mode. (c) Double basin coupled to a collector in the forced circulation mode [52]As shown in Figures 19 and 20, flat plate collectors and evacuated collectors can be used in active solar distillation systems. Solar collectors have high efficiency and improve the amount of distillation. However, the collector should be used in closed cycle to avoid precipitation of salt and other contaminants in the tubes and demolish the performance of the collector. Instead, a heat exchanger should be used (Figure 20) to transfer the heat to the basin water of the still [34]. Figure 19. Vacuum tube collector assisted solar distillation system [34]Figure 20. Flat plate solar collector assisted active distillation system and its schematic viewSolar stills can be successfully integrated with parabolic solar concentrators (Figure 21). Solar tracking parabolic concentrators concentrate the solar irradiation falling on a large area onto a small receiver area at high temperatures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Most of the air pollutants will settle on soil or water causing soil and water pollution. Airborne pollutants from anthropogenic as well as natural sources deposit on land and water bodies. Air pollutants can travel to great distances from the source. Pollutants in soil and water bodies include nitrogen compounds, heavy metal, sulfur compounds, pesticides, and other toxics. Airborne pollutants can fall to the ground simply due to gravity. Such deposition is termed as “air deposition” or “atmospheric deposition”. Mercury extracted for centuries from sulfide ore or cinnabar has become a global pollutant. Mercury can be released into the atmosphere from many anthropogenic activities, such as municipal trash incineration, combustion of high sulfur coal which contains cinnabar, use of mercury based fungicides. Mercury has low reactivity in its elemental state and has long atmospheric residence time while the oxidized forms are removed by wet/dry deposition (Fogg and Fizgerald 1979). Oxidized reactive gaseous mercury is very soluble in water and hence is effectively deposited on water and land by rain/snow/hail/due. Particulate forms of mercury settle as dry deposition (Keeler et al. 1995). The total quantity of mercury in the atmosphere is around 5000–6000 metric tons, and nearly 50 % of that was produced by human activities (Fitzgerals and Watras 1989). Concentrations mercury in atmosphere peaked between 1960s and 1970s (Engstrom and Swain 1997). Anthropogenic activities contribute 70–80 % of the gross annual mercury emissions and 95 % of mercury vapor exists as elemental mercury (Fitzgerald 1995). Rest of the mercury exists as reactive gaseous mercury as complexes of divalent mercury, and/or in the organic form (Stratton and Lindberg 1995).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Да, в Московской консерватории мы делаем все возможное: знакомим молодых людей с новой музыкой практически всех существующих направлений; анализируем важные, ключевые партитуры; углубляем знания студентов в области истории музыки, а также гармонии, полифонии, формы… У нас даже есть практические занятия с ансамблем солистов «Студия новой музыки» — лучшим камерным коллективом страны в области современного музыкального искусства, — на которых студенты и аспиранты м

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: High temperature and low heat loss area of the still basin which is located on the focal point of parabolic concentrator greatly improves the efficiency of the still. Salt water can be supplied to the still by natural or forced circulation [52]. Figure 21. Schematic of a concentrating collector still [52]Since the most critical stages of distillation process are evaporation and condensation, any measures that helps these two stages increases the efficiency significantly. A clever idea for promoting the evaporation at a certain temperature is forced air bubbling which causes an instantaneous atomization of water towards the air and a rapid evaporation. If it is possible to pre-heat the air that will be used for bubbling evaporation would be much better since the air that will carry the vapour also has the extra heat that evaporation process requires instantly during the bubbling effect (Figure 22). Another effective way of improving the still efficiency is cooling the cover surface [46, 52]. Figure 22. Air-bubbled solar still [46]In a recent design, evacuated solar collector is hybridized with wicks/solar still to improve the productivity of still (Figure 23). Using single layer or double layer wick on absorber plate and integrating a feed water tank to feed hot salt water which is heated by solar collector during the daytime made up of a great combination of wick, inclined solar heating and energy storage which boosted the thermal performance and operation time of the still [53]. Figure 23. Schematic diagram of hybrid desalination system using wicks/solar still and evacuated solar water heater [53]5. 2. 2. 3. General considerations on solar stillsMaking a general consideration of the solar stills, some common results can be concluded:Fresh water yield of a solar still depends on several parameters like solar insolation, ambient air temperature, wind speed, atmospheric humidity, sky conditions etc. The inclination angle of cover should be equal to the latitude of the installation site to minimize the cosine loses. Increasing water depth in the still basin decreases the distillate production rate. Each type of solar still has its own advantages and disadvantages. None of them is perfect. Increasing salinity of the salt water decreases the distillate production rate especially at low concentration range. Due to inclination angle single slope passive solar stills are better than double slope passive solar stills.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Air pollution in cities of developing countries can cost the nation after a decade due to unhealthy senior citizens. The immediate air pollution threat can come due to loss of tourism and crop. The soiled buildings, corroded structures and degraded construction material due to increase in acidic air pollutants can cost the owners a hefty amount even though it contributes to GDP of a country. Fires to clear forest to accommodate large scale rubber and oil palm plantations in Indonesia resulted in major air pollution in Asia during April to November of 1997 due to wide spread of forest fires. The disaster was cause of thick smoky haze which covered and Philippines. The fires destroyed a large area of rainforest that included endangered species. While the fire destroyed commercial timber, plantations and farmland, air pollution resulted in tourism. The smoke was also cause of temporary shutdown of industry and commerce as well as increase in health care costs. Much mortality occurred Malaysia in the period due to air pollution from Indonesia. As per, Teresa and Leonardo (2013) reduced cognitive potentials due to preventable childhood lead exposure translate into economic losses of $134. 7, $699. 9, and $142. 3 billion international dollars at Africa, Asia, and Latin America/Caribbean, respectively amounting to 1. 20 % of the global GDP. Lifetime economic productivity (LEP) associated due to childhood lead exposure in Low and Countries (LMIC) currently amounts to $977 billion annually (Teresa and Leonardo 2013). 1. 13 is the maximum distance in a given direction at which an object can be visually recognized with unaided eyesight (Wark et al. 1998). The destruction of visibility is mainly due to the absorption and scattering of visible light by suspended p2. 5, are believed to be mainly responsible for the scattering of visible light (Sloane et al. 1991). Fine particulate matter is the main pollutant in the majority urban areas in China (Zhang et al. 2009, 2013) and other countries. Hence it has acquired worldwide attention for its bad impacts on visibility (Ghim et al. 2005) as well as public health (Hong et al. 2002). The visibility is affected by meteorology and concentration of pollutants. As could be seen from Figs. 1. 31 and 1. 32 the visibility is not affected much at 6. 00 AM clock due to less traffic and low concentration of pollution. At 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: огут проверить любые, самые сложные и необычные приемы звукоизвлечения, самые фантасмагорические сочетания тембров, а также поэкспериментировать с фактурой и драматургией.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: FPC with forced circulation mode increase the performance solar still more than thermo syphon mode. Wind can slightly increase the total production. Although from morning to noon the highest distillate output are obtained at the highest water temperature times, more outputs can be observed at less water temperatures which can be attributed to the cooling glass cover before the system itself. Double slope passive solar still has a higher thermal efficiency than double slope active solar still. In active double effect solar stills lower basin gives the maximum yield because of the high noon temperature. The amount of fresh water produce in the still is closely related with thermal conductivity of condensing cover material. Advertisement 6. ConclusionDrinkable fresh water, being a fundamental need of human being, has become a serious concern for people especially living in crowded cities and countries with limited amount of water resources. Supplying fresh water is an energy intensive task especially when there is need for heating cold water to evaporate for distillation. Most of the big desalination plants around the world use fossil-based fuels as energy source to heat and vaporize the sea water or brackish water in order to produce fresh water. However, environmental concerns along with decreasing oil reserves and increasing fuel costs call for reconsideration on the fuel types used in many areas as well as in desalination or distillation processes. There are a number of well-known alternative and renewable energy sources in the world like wind, geothermal, solar, biomass etc. but achievability, availability when needed and energy storage are also very critical issues to operate the distillation plant effectively. A very fortunate aspect of the issue is the coincidence of fresh water need and abundant solar energy. Most of the places with severe water scarcity are about the equator region where people needs more water due to highest degrees of air temperature in the world. Therefore, especially for these countries located in solar belt region, solar energy is a readily available, cost-free and abundant energy source which does not require transportation or very sophisticated technology to benefit from. Since most of the desalination processes run on heat, solar energy can be used directly as heat source which decreases the installation and operation costs significantly. Apart from simple solar powered stills, of course there are more complicated, yet much more efficient solar powered stills.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/59955 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by From the by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionA new and evolving area of research termed molecular epidemiology aims to merge sophisticated and highly sensitive laboratory methods (many of them developed during the recent revolution in molecular biology) with analytical epidemiological methods. Molecular epidemiology bridges from basic research in molecular biology to studies of human cancer causation by combining laboratory measurement of internal dose, biologically effective dose, biological effects and the influence of individual susceptibility with epidemiologic methodologies [1]. The most common view is that the approach represents a natural convergence of molecular biology and epidemiology [2]. The number of biomarkers available for evaluating genetic and cancer risk in humans is quite large. Their utility for human biomonitoring is suggested by the well-known paradigm of environmentally induced cancer, which represents endpoints for assessing the entire spectrum of human-genotoxicant interactions [3]. These biomarkers begin with exposure and include absorption, metabolism, distribution, critical target interaction (i. e. DNA damage and repair), genetic changes and finally disease. Disease is the province of traditional epidemiology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Иными словами, максимальное расширение кругозора идет параллельно с получением серьезных знаний во всех необходимых областях. Это мотивирует, создает благоприятную почву для поиска новых идей, концепций, методов, но не гарантирует развития таланта.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Complex desalination systems which are all designed to improve the thermal efficiency and freshwater yield/productivity use many approaches such as: multiple stage operation, pre-heating the feed water with the condensation energy, using additional heat sources (waste water from another process), concentrating solar energy to improve the operation temperature of the process etc. Solar desalination systems can be a good solution to the water scarcity of especially the Sunbelt region. However, dominant use of clean and renewable energy sources for desalination process and replacement of the fossil fuel-based operations require more R&D studies to find more efficient and/or less costly power plants with continuous operation by the means of energy storage solutions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: assay (single cell gel electrophoresis, SCGE) in its standard alkaline version allows the detection of DSB (double strand breaks), SSB (single strand breaks), alkali-labile sites and transient repair sites. DSB represent the principal lesion leading to the formation of chromosomal aberrations. The majority of chemical mutagens induce DSB indirectly via the generation of other DNA lesions such as SSB or oxidative damage that may be converted to DSB during DNA replication or repair [26]. When combined with specific bacterial repair enzymes, it identifies a broad spectrum of additional lesions including oxidized purines and pyrimidines [27]. Due to its relative simplicity, its low requirements on the number of analyzed cells as well as its capacity to detect DNA damage independently of the cell cycle, comet assay is believed to serve as an exposure biomarker assay providing information about the biologically effective dose [28]. DNA fragmentation in the mature sperm may be understood as another biomarker of exposure, measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) [29]. The sperm sample is stained with acridine orange, which is a metachromatic DNA dye that fluorescence green when intercalated into native DNA and shifts to a red fluorescence when associated with collapsed single-stranded DNA. These stained samples are measured by flow cytometry [30,31]. Human sperm cells can undergo DNA fragmentation or covalent modification of nucleotides. Both these types of disturbances contribute to infertility. Altered sperm chromatin structure can be significant contributing factor to subfertility that is not revealed by standard spermiogram parameters, because they can range within physiological values. Consequently, fertilization failure, impaired embryo morphology, abnormal development of blastocysts, embryo implantation failure or repeated spontaneous abortions can occur. Chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes are recognized as a valuable biomarker of effect, probably the only one that has been internationally standardized and validated [32]. While classic cytogenetic analysis (conventional method, CCA) is the method of choice for determining unstable types of aberrations, the fluorescent in situ hybridization technique (FISH) seems to be a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method for the detection of stable structural rearrangements that remain undiminished over time, such as translocations [33-37].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Иногда случается так, что молодой композитор подает огромные надежды: он легко и быстро работает, и каждое новое сочинение существенно глубже, интереснее и необычнее предыдущего… Но в какой-то момент его творческий рост неожиданно останавливается, и никакие усилия как с его стороны, так и со стороны педагогов ни к чему не приводят. Мы никогда не знаем, до какого уровня в этом смысле может вырасти тот или иной наш подопечный.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Researchers are developing solar desalination for scalability and efficiency. [SEP] Text: Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2005;31(3):242–81. 17. Kurt H, Özkaymak M, Deniz E. Experimental investigation of heat storage characteristic of urea and borax salt gradient solar ponds. Engineering College, Journal of Engineering Sciences. 12:449–55. 18. Acar B. Düz ısı borulu güneşli su ısıtma sistemleri ile birleşik ısı borulu güneşli su ısıtma sistemlerinin performans değerlerinin kıyaslamalı olarak belirlenmesi [Msc Thesis]. [Enstitüsü]: Üniversitesi; 2007. 19. Deniz E, Buğutekin A, Kaşifoğlu S, Öz ES, Binark AK. Güneş kollektörlerinde soğutucu akışkan R-404a kullanımı ve sistem verimine etkileri. Isparta, Turkey; 2006. sayfa 158–66. 20. Renewables 2014, Report [Internet]. (accessed 10 February 2015):. Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications of integrated systems. Desalination. 2015;356:94–114. 22. . Historical development of concentrating solar power technologies to generate clean electricity efficiently–A review. Renewable and Reviews. 2015;41:996–1027. 23. . Design of a stand alone PV-desalination system for rural areas. Desalination. 1998;119(1):327–33. 24. . A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination. Renewable and Reviews. 2011;15(8):4187–99. 25. Ghermandi A, Messalem R. Solar-driven desalination with reverse osmosis: the state of the art. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2009;7(1-3):285–96. 26. García-Rodríguez L, Delgado-Torres AM. Solar-powered rankine cycles for fresh water production.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Molecular epidemiology studies in those regions are examples of the use of biomarkers to identify genetic damage induced by air pollution as well as which biomarkers may be used to evaluate the health risk for exposed populations. Figure 1. Map of the with the locations of molecular epidemiology studies. Advertisement 3. Teplice programThe first studies in which biomarkers detected seasonal differences in exposure and genetic damage from environmental pollution were conducted in a population from a highly polluted area in Silesia (Poland) [73-76]. Perera et al. [74] found that the exposure to environmental pollution was associated with a significant increase of DNA adducts, SCE (sister chromatid exchanges) and chromosomal aberrations, as well as with frequency of ras oncogene overexpression. In these studies, the investigators were not able to determine the relationship between individual exposure to air pollution and biomarkers of exposure and genetic damage because personal exposure data were not collected. The methods of molecular epidemiology were widely used in studies on the impact of air pollution to genetic damage in Czechoslovakia. Mining districts in the northwestern region of the were polluted by combustion from power plants and heavy industry, which resulted in one of the worst environmental pollution in Europe [77]. Program was initiated by the of the Environment in 1990 to provide scientifically valid information needed to assess environmental health problems in the mining districts. The program was successful thanks to collaboration with U. S. Agency; it included the air pollution monitoring, human exposure, biomarker, and health effects studies [15]. An air quality monitoring and receptor modeling study conducted in the Teplice district during 1992 to 1994 identified emissions from residential heating and vehicles as the major sources of organic carbon, including c-PAHs. c-PAHs and their nitroderivatives associated with the respirable p2. 5 μm) are mainly derived from incomplete combustion, including mobile sources such as motor vehicles and stationary sources such as power plants, residential heating etc. Some of these compounds exhibit carcinogenic and/or mutagenic properties [80]. Molecular epidemiology studies using biomarkers of exposure and early biological effects could provide invaluable information about the genotoxic effects of environmental exposure to such PAHs mixtures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Наша главная задача — растить профессиональных композиторов. Смысл этого в том, чтобы композитор знал, как работать с тем или иным материалом, и умел из найденных «первокирпичей» создать убедительную форму. История помнит немало случаев, когда великие мастера нарочно использовали тусклый, неинтересный и страшно неудобный, негибкий материал для создания своих произведений.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees are being researched to enhance carbon capture capabilities. [SEP] Text: AbstractGenetic modification using Agrobacterium- or biolistic-mediated gene transfer can overcome the limitations of conventional tree breeding. Alternatives to the use of antibiotic resistance selectable markers and how they might be used to overcome potential public concerns are described. Applications of genetic modifications to trees include altered wood properties, speeding up breeding cycles, forests as pharmaceutical factories, dendroremediation, and improved resistance to pests and diseases, as well as the restoration of sensitive landscapes. Key WordsGenetic modificationtreesforest biotechnologyforestrygeneticsTrees make up more than 30% of the land biosphere and play an essential part in our lives by photosynthesizing, cleaning the air, and contributing to the beauty of landscapes as well as being a major source of fuel and processed products. Progress in improving trees using genetic modification (GM) is discussed herein. Technologies for speeding up tree breeding using biolistics and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic modifications are described. These technologies lead to applications including modifying wood composition and structure, manipulating growth and development, improving pest or disease resistance, and landscape restoration. approaches to tree improvement have involved the identification of mature trees with desirable phenotypes, followed by their incorporation into breeding programs. The length of time needed for trees to reach reproductive maturity, often in excess of 20 years, before controlled crosses can be made is the limiting factor for tree improvement (Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the desired progeny phenotypes will be identified. The application of biotechnology can overcome many of the drawbacks associated with conventional breeding strategies. This may be achieved using micropropagation or somatic embryogenesis techniques (Dandekar and James 1998) to produce large numbers of phenotypically similar plants, at rates exceeding those attainable in nurseries, or via the use of genetic modification technologies (Trick and Finer 1999) (Table 1). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 1 Genetic manipulation technologies. There is enormous potential for speeding up tree breeding cycles by the use of genetic modification. Systems have been developed for gene transfer, selection of novel gene-containing shoots, and stimulating regeneration for both broadleaved and coniferous trees (Fenning and Gartland 1995; Wenck et al. 1999). The systems use either the soil-based microorganism Agrobacterium or DNA-coated p1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Stationary monitoring of PM2. 5, PM10 and c-PAHs was done continually during the entire sampling period as well as before this period. Collected data on air pollution allowed to correlate individual urinary 8-oxodG levels with levels of pollutants measured at different times and for different periods before collection of urine samples. In multivariate models, they found that exposure to PM10 and PM2. 5 measured in a 3-day interval 4–6 days before sampling, PM10, PM2. 5, and B[a]P in a 7-day period before sampling, c-PAHs and B[a]P in a 3-day interval 1–3 and 7–9 days before urine collection were significant factors positively affecting 8-oxodG levels in urine. It may be generalized that PM10, PM2. 5, and c-PAHs increase oxidative damage within one week of exposure. Increased level of 8-oxodG was observed also in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). It may be hypothesized that ETS exposure and short-term exposure to fine p28. 7- 67. 8 μg/m3 (for PM10), and from 0. 3-7. 9 ng/m3 (for B[a]P). None of other semen outcomes (sperm concentration, semen volume, sperm morphology and sperm motility) showed significant associations with air pollution. Only mean % DFI was significantly associated with exposure (p<0. 05). It was the first study reporting association between exposure to ambient air pollution and DNA fragmentation in human sperm. Rubes et al. [85] further studied the hypothesis, if men homozygous null for GSTM1 (GSTM1-) are less able to detoxify reactive metabolites of c-PAHs found in air pollution. Using a longitudinal study design, this study revealed a significant association between GSTM1 null genotype and increased DNA damage in sperm, defined as % DFI. This study shows for the first time that endogenous DNA fragmentation in human sperm can be modulated by polymorphism in GSTM1, a gene involved in c-PAH metabolism. Men who are homozygous null for GSTM1 exhibit increased susceptibility to sperm DNA damage associated with exposure. Advertisement 4. PragueThe capital city of Prague has become one of the most polluted localities in the Czech Republic, especially due to traffic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Обладая незаурядной композиторской техникой, они выжимали из него максимум возможного, и результат неизменно оказывался достойным всяческого восхищения. Композиторы таким образом бравировали своим мастерством, демонстрировали его в максимально открытом виде: смотрите, я беру неликвид — на него и посмотреть-то страшно, — а какое чудо я из него делаю! Среди многих прочих сегодня мы сталкиваемся с одной очень серьезной проблемой.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees are being researched to enhance carbon capture capabilities. [SEP] Text: The relative longevity of trees is as much a benefit as a potential concern, because their potential economic or amenity value can extend for hundreds of years. Many of the publicized potential concerns about GM trees are either misplaced due to a lack of public understanding, or they may be actively managed until such times as further research, including field trials, can resolve these issues. It should not be forgotten that, since 1994, more than 3. 5 trillion GM plants have been grown in the alone, without any significant ecological or human health consequences being identified (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). These numbers include more than 250 field trials of GM trees, although most of these have been with poplars and eucalypts (Rautner 2001; Gartland et al. 2003). Our knowledge and understanding of how GM trees function and perform in the wider environment can only be aided by further field trials, using a wider range of trees, as they become available through advances in genetic modification and regeneration technologies. of the potential benefits that genetic modification can bring to forestry and arboriculture include improved yields; modifying lignin content; speeding up breeding cycles; the production of valuable pharmaceuticals from trees; cleaning up environmental pollution; more effective management of pests and diseases; and enhanced amenity and landscape restoration value. Increasing yields from plantation forests by genetic modification will allow more wild forests to be left undisturbed. To this end, findings that at least two species of aspen (Populus tremuloides and P. tremula) grow faster after genetic modifications are most encouraging (Hu et al. 1999; Tzfira et al. 1999) (Figure 2). Among the wood quality traits that can now be altered by genetic modification are the composition and processing properties of lignins. Using antisense technology to reduce expression of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, a key step in lignin biosynthesis, reductions of up to 45% in the lignin content and increases of up to 15% in the cellulose content have been obtained in aspen. Enhanced leaf, root, and stem growth were also observed (Hu et al. 1999; Sederoff 1999). Being able to reduce the lignin content of trees or to improve pulping properties has also been achieved by reducing cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in 2-year-old poplar (P. tremula × P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: Down-regulated biological processes were immune and defense response (KIR2DL3, KIR3DL3, KIR3DL4, KIR2DS5, KLRC3, CLTA4), negative regulation of proliferation (CNDKN1A, CTLA4, TGFBR3), apoptosis (PRF1, NR4A2, 3, PP2R2B, DDIT4), response to oxygen levels, cell migration, organ regeneration, signal transduction (RGS1, SOCS1, THBS) and cell differentiation (FLT3, ZBTB16), up-regulated gene encoding 1 (which is considered as biomarker of exposure to genotoxic agents). Down regulated signaling pathways were natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, antigen processing and presentation, autoimmune thyroid disease, graft vs. host disease, up-regulated MAPK signaling pathway [98]. The results were surprising because air pollution in Prague was understood to be higher than in Ceske Budejovice. Results of analysis of DNA adducts, micronuclei and transcriptome indicate in the same direction the significance of exposure to B[a]P in to induce genetic damage in newborns, when PM2. 5 and benzene was higher in Prague. It seems to be a coincidence that changes observed in were observed when exposure to B[a]P was 3. 2 ng/m3, corresponding to the effect of exposure inducing IUGR 2. 8 ng/m3 [100]. Advertisement 5. Ostrava programRegion (OSTR) is an industrial and heavily populated area situated in the easternmost part of the Czech Republic. Concentrations of PM10 (particulate matter < 10 μm) were continuously above 40 μg/m3 daily average in the years 2002-2011 and considerably higher than urban background in the largest city of CR - Prague. Similarly, population in this region is exposed to high concentrations of PM2. 5 (particulate matter < 2. 5 μm). Concentrations of B[a]P in the OSTR are the highest in the as well as in the European Union. Standard of 1 ng/m3/year B[a]P has been exceeded on all OSTR monitoring stations in all years 2004-2011 [72]. Sram et al. [72] investigated the impact of high level of environmental air pollution on selected biomarkers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Современным композиторам тесно в условиях звукоряда, причем неважно, какой именно это звукоряд — любой тормозит! Совершенно очевидно, что искусственное вычленение отдельных частот из непрерывного спектра и структурирование дискретного пространства действительно весьма и весьма ограничивают возможности творцов. Сегодня многие пытаются расширить рабочее пространство и перейти от мощности счетного множества к мощности континуума.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees are being researched to enhance carbon capture capabilities. [SEP] Text: alba) (Lapierre et al. 1999). This process could reduce the energy inputs required and pollutants released by the pulping industry. Further enhancements of vegetative growth and rate of biomass increase may become possible by manipulating ammonium metabolism in trees. Increased cellular glutamine synthetase activity can enhance synthesis of nitrogenous compounds and biomass growth (Suarez et al. 2002). The understanding of how wood is laid down under stress conditions is being enhanced by studies on xylem tension stress-responsive genes (Samuga and Joshi 2002) and the effects of rol C gene expression in developing xylem in aspen (Grunwald et al. 2002). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Genetically modified Populus species hybrid. Some of the time-related limitations of conventional tree breeding may be overcome by expressing thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, such as apetela 1, or leafy in trees. Already, apetela 1 expression has shortened generation times from seed to seed from at least 5 years to a single year in the commercial citrus production rootstock citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) (Pena et al. 2001). This result was achieved by converting apical and lateral shoots to flowers, and it is likely to have significant economic implications for the fruit tree industry. Similar results have been demonstrated in aspen, reducing flowering time to a mere 7 months (Nilsson and Weigel 1997; Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Although greater understanding of flowering control is still required, the combination of genetic modification and DNA sequence information gained from analysis of earlyflowering mutants from Arabidopsis seems very likely to speed up future breeding programs considerably (Egea-Cortines and Weiss 2001). GM trees also have potential to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Although at an early stage, rubber trees in Malaysia have been engineered to secrete human serum albumin. Other high-value commodities produced and easily harvested from GM trees, including vaccines in fruit, will no doubt become commercial realities in due course (Langridge 2000). GM trees have significant potential for dendroremediation—using trees to clean up environmental pollutants. Restoring contaminated land sites reduces risks to the environment and greatly enhances the value of these sites. Considerable progress has been made with both heavy metals and with organic pollutants.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Air-purifying skyscrapers will single-handedly solve air pollution issues worldwide. [SEP] Text: A combination of geographical and meteorological conditions (a valley affected by frequent atmospheric inversions), heavy industry and the fact that industrial production exists in the OSTR region continually for almost three centuries creates a specific situation suitable for research on environmental air pollution and human health. Given these characteristics a higher number of differentially expressed genes was expected to be found in subjects living in the polluted region. The rationale behind this hypothesis was that the protection of the organism against deleterious effects of air pollution would require greater changes in the transcriptome than in the control subjects. Unexpectedly, despite lower concentrations of air pollutants a higher number of deregulated genes and affected KEGG pathways was found in subjects from Prague. In both locations differences between seasons were observed. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed a significant decrease in expression of 1, IL1B and RAD21 in subjects from Ostrava, in a comparison of winter and summer seasons. In the control subjects, an increase in gene expression was observed for GADD45A and PTGS2. et al. [105] concluded that high concentrations of pollutants in Ostrava do not increase the number of deregulated genes. This may be explained by adaptation of humans to chronic exposure to air pollution. To further explain this phenomenon analyses focused on regulation of mRNA expression are necessary. For the first time, this study measures the levels of biomarkers in subjects exposed to air pollutants in this region. Simultaneous assessment of oxidative stress markers, DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and transcriptomics is a new approach that can bring more clarity to the mechanisms of pollution effects. Advertisement 6. In vitro studiesA wide variety of in vitro systems was developed in order to study the genotoxicity of chemicals and their mixtures, including complex mixtures of environmental pollutants adsorbed onto respirable air p2. 5). Complex mixtures of organic compounds to which humans are exposed through air pollution are only partially characterized with respect to their chemical composition due to difficulties with chemical analysis of the individual components. Therefore, assays based on biological effects of complex mixture components may be a suitable alternative to a circumstantial chemical analysis. Using rat liver microsomal fraction (S9), it has been repeatedly shown that PAHs formed DNA adducts after metabolic activation by P450 enzymes to diol epoxides.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Отсюда огромная популярность сонористики во всем ее фактурном многообразии. Вот здесь-то и возникают новые проблемы! Мы не знаем, как структурировать сонористику — это слишком молодое направление, и накопленный опыт пока недостаточен.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees are being researched to enhance carbon capture capabilities. [SEP] Text: White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has attacked pines in the (Pena and Seguin 2001). These trees, described by as the priests of pines addressing the surrounding forest, may benefit from a combination of genetic modification and genomics—the application of computer science to genetic structure and function. Gene mapping and genomic sequencing advances are likely to identify potential genes for resistance to white pine blister rust fungus. Such genes, once allied to suitable regulatory elements, could be transferred back into the pines by genetic modification, reducing future damage to the landscape. genetic modification is most likely to be acceptable to the public in two areas: where greater productivity from reduced plantation forest areas can be shown to increase areas left to nature’s own devices, and in restoring threatened trees to damaged landscapes, such as the elm. Whichever aspects of GM trees advance most rapidly in the future, environmental risk assessment should always be carried out, on a case-by-case basis, until a sufficient body of knowledge on the anticipated benefits and the possible risks of this exciting technology is established. © 2003, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. ↵Adams, J. M. , G. Piovesan, S. Strauss, and S. Brown. 2002. The case for genetic engineering of native and landscape trees against introduced pests and diseases. Conserv. Biol. 16:874–879. OpenUrl↵Allen, G. C. , S. Spiker, and W. F. Thompson. 2000. Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:361–376. ↵Bouchie, A. 2001. Safety of GMOs reaffirmed by EU. Nat. Biotechnol 19:1095. OpenUrl↵Dandekar, A. M. , and D. J. James. 1998. High levels of expression of full-length cry IA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic somatic walnut embryos. Plant Sci. 131:181–193. OpenUrl↵Daniell, H. , and A. Dingra. 2002. Multigene engineering:Dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:136–141. ↵Davey, M. R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drone delivery systems offer fast, contactless delivery for small packages. [SEP] Text: It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1. 1. Version D7386-12 D7386-16 Active D7386-08 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Мы структурируем ее не «изнутри», а «снаружи», то есть во всех вариантах — будь то некий «сюжет», на который все накручивается-наверчивается, или «сверху спущенная» блок-схема, как в программировании, — мы вначале конструируем форму и лишь затем насыщаем ее сонорным содержанием. Так или иначе, пусть мы знаем мало и умеем не много, но думать о структуре необходимо. Однако среди молодых это делают единицы!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: IntroductionGlobal changes, such as climate change, habitat loss, and invasive organisms, are impacting tree growth, productivity, and survival (Parker and Gilbert 2004; Niu et al. 2014). Many native tree species are having trouble coping with these changes and are at risk of extinction, an ecological and economic loss (Thomas et al. 2004; Bellard et al. 2016). Some species have increased tolerance to certain stressors resulting from global change (e. g. , drought, extreme temperatures, invasive pests and diseases), and incorporation of the genes responsible for this tolerance could be an option in supporting at-risk species. One method of incorporation is through hybridization, the crossing of two different species (Allendorf et al. 2013). Hybridization breeding of native to non-native species is currently being evaluated to aid in restoration of several tree species, such as the American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh. ) Borkh. ; Clark et al. 2019), butternut (Juglans cinerea L. ; Brennan et al. 2020), and American elm (Ulmus americana L. ; Pinchot et al. 2017). A second method is genetic modification, or genetic engineering, defined as adding, removing, or changing specific genes through biotechnology (FAO 2010). This approach has been explored less often than hybridization for at-risk tree species restoration, but the American chestnut is a well-known example in which genetic modification has been used to incorporate tolerance to chestnut blight (Jacobs et al. 2013). In addition to incorporation of stress-tolerance genes to support at-risk species, potential advantages of hybridization and genetic modification include accelerating the tree improvement process, improving tree growth and production, and helping solve problems with food supply (Fernandez-Cornejo et al. 1999; Harfouche et al. 2012). However, many concerns, both ecological and economic, have also been associated with the use of both biotechnologies. These include the potential for invasiveness, genetic swamping (when genetic material transfers from one species to another through hybrids and overtime results in one species dominating over the other), high cost, and lack of performance knowledge (Vila et al. 2000; Allendorf et al. 2013; Tsatsakis et al. 2017; NASEM 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some companies are piloting drone delivery for items like medical supplies. [SEP] Text: Although these issues apply to all UAV flights, they are particularly important to consider before health systems can utilize UAVs for transport, as most applications require long-range transport, either start or end in urban locations, and in emergency situations may not be able to wait for dawn to take flight. The complexity of health supply chains in low-resource settings requires dedicated stakeholder engagement. Often supply chains involve public, private, and nonprofit actors, national and international entities, siloed transport and tracking systems, and insufficient resources to strengthen them. However, UAV operations will be much more cost-effective if the technology can be used across silos and by multiple institutions. 1 Although using UAVs for public benefit is often met with enthusiastic response, stakeholders have demonstrated concerns about value for cost, privacy, security, how UAV regulations can be enforced,30–32 and noise. 33 These concerns can pose real barriers to implementation. Recently, the Government of Ghana’s plan to use UAV services to deliver blood products was opposed by the Association, a stakeholder that was not sufficiently engaged before decision making and felt the investment misplaced. 34,35Using UAVs for public benefit is often met with enthusiastic response, yet stakeholders have demonstrated concerns, including value for cost, privacy, and security. Many organizations have been working to ensure that decisions to use UAVs are made with as much information as possible. Over 5 years ago, a collaborative forum was developed to foster discussion and dissemination of UAV delivery work. for (UPDWG) currently has over 200 members from public, private, and nonprofit institutions. Recently, a more formal organizing body was created to strengthen coordination between stakeholders and share resources:. As UAV technology has evolved, challenges have arisen in aligning technology partners with stakeholder needs. Ensuring applications of this technology address relevant problems by teams who understand both local contexts and the parameters of the technology remains a challenge. In lower- and middle-income countries, the use of UAVs involves multiple entities: companies who develop and implement the technology, international health and development organizations who implement programs, and national entities who manage the delivery of health care and commodities and implement regulations. We observed a need for a decision-support tool for implementers who are considering UAV technology for transporting medical goods that educates both operators and implementors on relevant considerations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Это то же самое, как если бы вы в лесу нашли пень, напоминающий кого-то, кого все знают, и выдали бы его за свою художественную работу. Я часто привожу такой пример. Допустим, я вхожу в зону действия сильного магнитного поля и широким жестом сеятеля разбрасываю металлический порошок. Под действием магнитного поля он ложится ровными красивыми спиралями. Есть ли логика в получившейся картине? Несомненно, есть! Значит, мы можем говорить о гармонии? Разумеется, можем.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: As scientists continue to research and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of hybridized and genetically modified (GM) trees, the success of restoration efforts using these trees will be strongly dependent on land manager and public perceptions and acceptance of their use (Hall 2007; Jacobs et al. 2013; Martín et al. 2019). Studies of perceptions towards genetic modification have been primarily focused on agronomic crops and food and were found to be complex, divided, and often negative (Hallman et al. 2003; Costa-Font et al. 2008; Frewer et al. 2013). However, there is limited information on perceptions of GM and particularly hybrid trees, which may differ due to the nature of the plant types and intended use. While some trees are used for food production, trees are more widely used for various other purposes, such as timber production, green infrastructure, wildlife habitat, restoration, and recreation. These could be considered more acceptable uses of hybridization and genetic modification than food production (Merkle et al. 2007; Gamborg and Sandøe 2010). Additionally, with regards to species restoration and conservation, the spread and proliferation of specific pest and disease resistance genes in hybrid or GM trees to wild populations is seen by some stakeholders as a potential goal (Merkle et al. 2007; Strauss et al. 2009). Conversely, given that trees are generally able to spread their pollen and seed further than other types of plants, cultivated hybrid and GM trees in production forest settings may mate and spread into nearby native populations, raising ecological concerns towards the safety of nearby ecosystems (Williams 2005; Hall 2007). Further, trees are much longer-lived than most agronomic food crop plants, which are typically annuals, and the long-term ecological implications of hybrid and GM trees could mean greater hesitancy and decreased acceptance to their use (Williams 2005; Hall 2007; Merkle et al. 2007; Gamborg and Sandøe 2010). So far, research of perceptions towards the use of hybrid and GM trees is limited. Jepson and Arakelyan (2017a) compared perceptions of GM native trees to those of agricultural food crops among informed (knowledgeable) members of the public in the UK. They found that while there was a strong correlation between acceptability of both types, there was stronger approval for GM trees planted in both natural woodland and production forest settings than for GM food crops.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones will replace all traditional delivery vehicles within the next few years. [SEP] Text: 1 of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan 2 of and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan 3 Faculty of 939-0398, Japan * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Views:779 Downloads:101 10. 35534/dav. 2024. 10008 Received: 11 May 2024 Accepted: 21 June 2024 Published: 24 June 2024 © 2024 The authors. This is an open access 4. 0 ( : In recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing drones for parcel delivery among companies, aiming to address logistical challenges. However, effective optimization of delivery routes is essential. A theoretical framework termed the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP) has emerged to address the variability in drone flight speed based on payload weight. Several approximate methods have been proposed to solve the FSVRP. Our research endeavors to optimize parcel delivery efficiency and reduce delivery times by introducing a novel delivery problem. This problem accounts for multiple deliveries while considering the variability in flight speed due to diverse payloads. Through experimentation, we evaluate the efficacy of our proposed method compared to existing approaches. Specifically, we assess total flight distance and flight time. Our findings indicate that even in cases where the payload exceeds maximum capacity, all parcels can be delivered through multiple trips. Furthermore, employing a multi-trip FSVRP approach results in an average reduction of 10% in total flight time, even when payload capacities are not exceeded. Keywords: Delivery drones; Vehicle routing problem; Multi-trip routing 1. delivery has emerged as a transformative force within modern logistics and distribution sectors. Offering rapid and efficient on-demand delivery, drones markedly diminish the necessity for physical store visits and waiting times, providing consumers with unparalleled convenience compared to conventional delivery methods. Their capacity to reach remote and infrastructure-limited areas holds promise for substantial enhancements in material supply, particularly in rural or emergency contexts. Operating around the clock, drones offer flexible and expeditious services to both daily life and business operations. Moreover, given that the majority of drones operate on electricity, they notably curtail carbon emissions in comparison to traditional fuel-powered delivery vehicles, thus making a significant contribution to environmental conservation [1]. In enhancing accessibility, drones facilitate the delivery of basic goods, such as medical supplies and food, to remote or underserved areas, thereby easing the acquisition of necessary materials for residents in these regions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Но является ли это произведением искусства? Нет, конечно, как не является произведением искусства морозный узор на окнах. И картина, нарисованная хвостом непокорного мула, тоже — как бы она ни была любопытна и оригинальна. Для меня пространство, организованное без участия интеллекта творца, никак не может быть произведением музыкального искусства.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: The percent of land managers self-reporting hybrid tree use is presented by characteristic in Table 4. Land managers in local government or non-profit organizations were more likely to use hybrid trees than those in state government (p = 0. 040 and 0. 035, respectively; Table 5). The type of land managed was also significantly associated with whether hybrid trees were used; those managing urban lands were more likely to use hybrid trees (p = 0. 001). Those with higher levels of ecological concerns were less likely to use hybrid trees (p = 0. 001), while the level of economic concern was not significantly associated with hybrid tree use. There was also no relationship between hybrid tree use and age, gender, education, region of Indiana, or agreement with tree improvement advantages of hybrid trees (see Table 5 for the full statistics). Table 4 Self-reported use of hybrid trees by characteristics of land managers in IndianaFull size tableTable 5 Logistic estimates of the empirical models for estimating use of hybrid trees by land managers in Indiana (n = 230). Full size tableGM tree perceptionsPerceived GM tree improvement advantagesOverall, there was more agreement than disagreement regarding the tree improvement advantages of GM trees (Fig. 3a). Respondents had the greatest agreement (agree or strongly agree) with using GM trees for the purposes of “greater stress and pest resistance” (68%) and “improved tree growth and production” (61%). In contrast, respondents had the least agreement (strongly disagree or disagree) with using GM trees for “greater site suitability and functionality” (19%) and “herbicide tolerance” (19%). It should be noted that disagreement was fairly consistent across the tree improvement advantages. While gender, education, region of residency in Indiana, and land type managed were not associated with agreement regarding tree improvement advantages of GM trees (see Table 6 for full statistical values), age was negatively associated with agreement with GM trees having tree improvement advantages (χ2 = 4. 602; p = 0. 032). Fig. 3Survey respondents perceived a tree improvement advantages of GM trees, in order of decreasing agreement, and b concerns, in order of decreasing concern (n = 260)Full size imageTable 6 Summary of statistical relationships between land manager characteristics and perceptions of GM treesFull size tableConcerns about GM treesTrends in level and type of concerns about GM trees closely followed those about hybrid trees.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones will replace all traditional delivery vehicles within the next few years. [SEP] Text: In natural disasters or other emergencies, their rapid response capabilities and delivery of essential goods strengthen relief efforts. Drones are also utilized in assessing and surveying disaster-stricken areas, aiding in the efficiency of rescue operations [2,3,4]. From an economic perspective, the drone delivery industry is anticipated to create millions of new jobs in manufacturing, maintenance, and operation. The industry is expected to promote online shopping and support the growth of e-commerce businesses while further streamlining logistics and supply chains across various industries, ultimately leading to cost reductions and increased efficiency. Numerous studies have reviewed the literature on package delivery drones [5,6,7,8,9]. However, challenges such as safety concerns, privacy issues, noise pollution, the need for regulatory and legislative measures, and batteries also exist. Extensive research in the domain of delivery drones has delved into numerous facets of their operation and utility, as highlighted in various studies [10,11,12]. In the field of package delivery, many studies have focused on arc routing [13,14]. Furthermore, there are studies pertaining to hybrid truck-drone delivery systems [15,16]. In the context of orchestrating deliveries to multiple consumers, the Problem (VRP) has been put forth as a viable framework. VRP is a family of optimization problems that deal with finding the most efficient routes for vehicles, given a set of customer locations to be visited and constraints such as vehicle capacity and travel time. Various variations of VRP exist and are not well-defined [17]. However, the predominant focus of VRP research has traditionally been on vehicular deliveries, specifically trucks, casting doubts on its direct applicability to drone-based delivery systems. Considering this, Poikonen et al. have pioneered an alternative approach specifically tailored for delivery drones, with an emphasis on minimizing delivery time [18]. While there are other contributions in the field of delivery drone routing, they generally presuppose a uniform flight speed for the drones [19,20,21,22,23]. This assumption presents a discrepancy from the dynamics observed in real-world delivery scenarios, where flight speed varies considerably. To address these limitations, Funabashi et al. devised the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP), which incorporates considerations for variations in flight speed attributable to differing payload weights and formulated a dynamic programming strategy to tackle FSVRP [24,25]. The implementation of additional constraints within this algorithm could necessitate substantial modifications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: И применяться интеллект должен прежде всего через художественный образ, который соединяет в себе созерцание, субъективную интерпретацию и авторскую оценку. Все это порой бывает очень трудно объяснить молодому композитору, который, находясь под сильным впечатлением от своих находок, не понимает, почему звучание не самодостаточно и зачем нужно городить огород: применять интеллект, выстраивать систему образов.

Output: pass