Input: Claim: VR technology will soon replace all forms of patient consultations with doctors. [SEP] Text: It may not be long until healthcare includes integrated AI forms where a robot greets you in your native language for your annual check-up using Processing, takes your vital signs, and sends a recommendation to the doctor on which patient to prioritise and what investigations need to be ordered using algorithms designed to analyse collected vital signs. What AI can’t do is replace the natural ‘gut feel’ of a healthcare professional. And this won’t change in 2024. The clinical reasoning and thinking process that healthcare providers engage is so complex, and the sources of information that the human brain considers in patient care are too numerous to capture with current algorithms. The implicit knowledge an expert relies on for effective clinical care is so deeply embedded in human automation, that methods to get at these data points often fail. On top of this, AI-accessible data and the AI algorithms themselves can have flaws. Machine learning can be overly sensitive, leading to over-diagnoses in some patients. Processing AIs can act as healthcare trojan horses, where the technology is so convincing in its communication approaches that it tricks the user into thinking it is knowledgeable in the same way a human is. There are also privacy concerns with such AI applications. AI typically relies on data input to continue learning — and the clarity about what happens to confidential patient information when input into AI remains an open question for many platforms. There are also challenges that the healthcare AI field is tackling related to bias and responsibility, and questions about what we consider ‘mundane’ and ‘repetitive’ tasks which AI can truly take off humans. In reality (ironically), all existing AI is devoid of the necessary context within which healthcare occurs. It misses the complexity, the empathy, and important data points that human intelligence has access to, and can therefore only replicate specific human tasks. Our healthcare future: Humans leading, AI supporting A better description of the role of AI in healthcare in the future might be: “AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence,” as Reddy, director at India’s Apollo, has put it. Healthcare AI is increasingly taking on roles of “clinical decision-making support”, meaning the healthcare provider is in charge and human intelligence is prioritised, while AI augments this.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Collectively, the overlap between the positive selection events detected at some genes and their association with susceptibility to complex disease provides an important proof-of-concept for the added, predictive value of population genetics. This is particularly important for evaluating the potential implications in human disease of other, as-yet-uncharacterized variants targeted by positive selection. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence to suggest that, in some cases, positively selected mutations lead, directly or indirectly, to maladaptation and are associated with immune dysfunction, such as autoimmunity and inflammation8,128. For example, the positively selected MDA5 R460H variant seems to increase the risk of psoriasis106. Similarly, positive selection has increased the frequency of the V1059M mutation in NALP1 among Europeans64, despite also increasing the frequency of the linked L155H NALP1 mutation, which is associated with autoimmune disorders including Addison's disease, type 1 diabetes and vitiligo118,129. Likewise, DEFB1 haplotypes that have been proposed to be maintained by balancing selection because they confer protection against sepsis91,92 seem to predispose to asthma and atopy130. Although further clinical and epidemiological genetics work is needed, these examples provide additional evidence in favour of the hygiene hypothesis, according to which the current increased incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders may result, at least partially, from past events of selection that increased host resistance to infection128. The distinction between genes involved in single-gene disorders and complex diseases, as well as between the type of selective patterns that are expected to characterize them, is not always clear-cut. For example, genes associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the genetic basis of which is complex, are enriched in genes involved in Mendelian primary immunodeficiencies, including MSMD131. Likewise, genes can display complex signatures of selection, such as those detected at NOD2, variation in which has been associated with Crohn's disease131,132. At the gene level, the diversity of NOD2 is largely consistent with neutrality64, but some NOD2 Crohn's disease-risk alleles have been proposed to be maintained in the European population by balancing or recent positive selection131,133, although this remains highly controversial.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Additionally, Cre-dependent and constitutive Cas9 expressing transgenic mice were established with EGFP labeling, which provides an animal model for genome-wide targeting and contributes to in vivo investigation [24]. In vivo screens were performed in mouse brain, liver, pancreases, lung and so on. The application of SpCas9 and gRNAs using AAV vectors enabled multiple gene modifications in the adult mouse brain, demonstrating its potential for genetic regulation [33]. Gliomagenesis suppressors were investigated by in vivo stereotaxic injection of AAV carrier sgRNA library in conditional-Cas9 mouse brain [160]. Autochthonous invasion of AAV-mTSGs library in Cre-inducible Cas9 mice liver led to cancer development in situ, and the mice died within 4 months [89]. NIT1 cells (a non-obese-diabetic-derived mouse beta cell line) mutated with GeCKO-v2 were subcutaneously transplanted into type 1 diabetes mouse model to identify genes contributing to autoimmune killing resistance [161]. With the AAV9-LPL gene delivery into the lung, multiple mutations of KRASG12D, p53 and LKB1 were obtained to induce macroscopic tumors. In vivo screening for lung cancer TSGs throughCas9 genome-wide knockout showed that ZNF24 contributed to P65 suppression via NF-κB pathway. Combinational inhibition of -κB, and PD-1 effectively shrank autochthonous KrasG12D/ZNF24−/− lung cancers in mouse [162]. Examination of immunotherapy-treated normal and Tcra-/- mice in vivo by screening showed the loss of CD47 caused resistance to immunotherapy. Deletion of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN2) increased immunotherapy efficacy [88]. screening identified PD-1, Tim-3, and RNA helicase Dhx37 as regulators of tumor infiltration and degranulation. Depletion of Dhx37 improved CD8 T cells efficacy towards triple-negative breast cancer in vivo, and the NF-kB signal pathway was involved in the process [163]. In vivo applications of screening system were summarized in the following Table 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR technology will soon replace all forms of patient consultations with doctors. [SEP] Text: Under this model, AI could be programmed to alert the healthcare provider on all the variables not considered in an algorithm, to help the healthcare provider explore to what extent the AI recommendations can be valuable in a specific context or with a specific patient. For instance, if an AI is recommending antidepressants for a patient who is also pregnant, it would alert the doctor that such medications aren’t yet tested in this population — allowing the doctor to consider other data points in deciding the next best step. To support this model — in which humans lead, but AI support — the AI-integrated future shouldn’t just focus on improving AI. An AI-augmented healthcare system must include healthcare worker training and support in both AI literacy and human intelligence literacy. Education can also focus on helping healthcare providers recognise when to question patterns; how to challenge predictions; and the value of trusting intuition — essentially building capacity to tolerate uncertainty. This future-protecting healthcare education would help reduce the risk of “automation bias,” whereby humans allow the AI to work autonomously and the algorithm is trusted, even in the face of clear evidence that it’s wrong. AI has given us a valuable gift: the opportunity to explore what aspects of human intelligence are critical in healthcare, and which tasks can be enhanced with technology. After all, both human brains and AI are wired for prediction, but humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain. Both are needed to manage the complexities of patient care. Michelle D. is the Director of the Centre for Education and of the Centre for Scholarship in at in Australia. She is an award-winning educator, having received the ‘Teaching Excellence’ award amongst others, and is the author of the “Effect: How to Survive and Thrive through the Unexpected“. Originally published under by 360info™. Enjoy this 2024. Here’s why. Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home The UK and US have both approved a gene editing therapy to overcome the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease, but the treatment is expensive.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Such conflicting signatures of selection may reflect the complex, multiple phenotypes with which NOD2, or its interacting gene networks, have been associated, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Blau syndrome and mycobacterial infections131. Future perspectives Here, we have described specific examples of how population genetics studies can offer important functional insights into innate immunity. The evolutionary dissection of innate immunity genes allows us to rank them with respect to their biological relevance and also informs us about their respective contribution to immunity-related disorders. However, immune systems do not evolve one gene at a time; instead, selective pressures are likely to affect multiple interacting genes, resulting in polygenic adaptation134. Furthermore, such pressures can be numerous and related to various diseases simultaneously, as in the case of NOD2 alleles. Thus, genes in functional networks might show coordinated signatures of selection, as recently proposed for a group of antibacterial innate immunity genes (that is, some TLR pathways), in which the position of each gene in the network conditions its evolvability and therefore its adaptability135. The recent advent of whole-genome sequencing data sets from human populations provides us with tools to test these hypotheses and also enables the analysis of additional families of innate immunity molecules, including CLRs, cytosolic DNA sensors, chemokines and members of the TNF family. For this, improved statistical methods for detecting epistatic interactions or selection in gene networks are needed. Population genetics studies of selection have traditionally followed a gene-centric view, focusing on qualitative changes at the protein level. However, selection can also target non-coding regions of the genome, such as regulatory elements136. For example, changes in gene expression levels can indeed constitute a target for adaptive evolution, as illustrated by the fact that polymorphisms in regulatory elements (that is, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs)) are enriched for signs of positive selection137. Furthermore, regulatory variation is increasingly documented as being associated with phenotypic variation, both benign and disease-associated136,138,139. Multidisciplinary approaches (such as those used by the 136) that combine whole-genome sequencing data, expression and proteomic profiles, chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation marks from different cell types challenged with different immune stimuli should facilitate an unbiased assessment of the immunological mechanisms favouring our past and present survival in the natural setting.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Table 3 screening in vivo for cancer therapyFull size tableLimitations and prospectionThe advances ofCas technology and screening strategies have revolutionized genetic identification, enabling the dissection of functional genes in specific biological processes and diseases, facilitating drug selection and individualized therapy. screening has demonstrated great potential in cancer therapy by offering methods to combat drug resistance and aggressive behaviors, as well as identifying possible gene targets for novel approaches to treat cancers. However, there are still several obstacles forCas application in clinical cancer treatment, including delivery ofCas9 system, Off-target effect, PAM limitation, as well as multiple gene-editing [117]. In this part, we paid more attention on limitations of screening system and CAR-T cell therapy for cancers. Limitations of screening systemscreening delivery primarily relies on lentiviral and AAV vectors, which are crucial tools for either ex vivo or in vivo investigation. Of which, AAV vector has the advantages with mildly immunogenic and long-term transgene expression in post-mitotic cells, making it a leading platform for in vivo cancer therapy [164]. However, AAV vector showed some drawbacks in manufacturing, packaging size limitation, vector quality control and editing specificity, as described in the recent review [118]. Except the delivery limitations, the occurrence of off-target effects and unintended mutations induced by technology are barriers to its application in clinical therapy. SpCas9 protein showed the ability to identify PAM sequence and cut specific DNA region in the system. Due to the tolerance of gRNA recognition and nucleotide indels in the target region, even a single guide can generate thousands of off-targets as detected by sensitive high-throughput sequencing methods such as GUIDE-Seq and -seq [138, 143]. This raises concerns regarding the application of technology in gene therapy [165]. The reason of the off-target effect is the conformational states of HNH domain. The activated conformation of HNH increases DNA cleavage efficiency for DNA double-strand break formation, leading to both on- and off-target effects [166]. To minimize the probability of off-target mutagenesis, other high-fidelity nucleases such as SpCas9-HF1, eSpCas9 and HypaCas9 were developed [167, 168].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3462809/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMotor impairment of the upper limb after a stroke is common, which negatively impacts patients’ quality of life. New technologies have been applied to stroke rehabilitation alongside conventional techniques in recent years. For example, immersive virtual reality (IVR) has emerged as a new treatment approach for stroke rehabilitation, simulating real-life activities to work on self-care skills. In this pilot study, we evaluated the efficacy of the IVR. Eighteen participants were randomized to an IVR group to receive VR intervention plus physical therapy (PT) sessions or a control group to receive PT sessions alone. Participants were instructed to reach with either their affected or unaffected hand to a randomly appearing target in the VR. The movement of the virtual image of the affected upper limb was reinforced by visual feedback to the participants. Treatment effects on motor recovery were investigated using the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity (FM) scale, kinematic dataset, and a questionnaire to obtain information regarding the sense of agency and comments about the training sessions in the IVR environment. The IVR group exhibited significant improvements in FM scores (p < 0. 05) compared with the control group, reflecting the recovery of UE motor function. The time to target in the last session reduced compared with that in the first session, indicating motor learning and recovery of the affected limb (p < 0. 05). The patients were highly engaged and motivated during the sessions because they felt like they were in charge of the virtual image of their upper body. The results suggest that positive reinforcement within the IVR could encourage the motor recovery of the affected hand and may facilitate the application of motor learning and neuroplasticity principles during neurological rehabilitation. strokeaffected upper limbimpairmentmotor recovery and Virtual realityFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6IntroductionA stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or is insufficient, leading to brain injury or cell death and subsequent impairment of physical and mental [1–3]. This may cause sensory, motor, and cognitive impairments as well as impaired self-care ability and participation in social and communal activities [4, 5].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Finally, future population genetics studies may help us to understand diverse aspects of immune function, including interaction with the gut microbiota, interplay with viruses and transposable elements, and gene–environment interactions. Indeed, the extent to which host genetic diversity drives, or co-evolves with, changes in the microbiota remains to be explored in much further detail. Similarly, detailed genotype-to-phenotype studies of large population cohorts from different ethnic backgrounds and exposed to different environments will help us to delineate the relative contribution of the modern environment to the present-day natural variation of immune responses. Notably, the change in dietary habits and the use of domesticated animals since the advent of agriculture 10,000 years ago (which is an instant in evolutionary time), life in large cities and the extended use of modern antibiotics have radically altered our exposure to microorganisms. As our immune systems evolved in a totally different context of diet and microbial exposure, interaction of our genetic make-up with these new environmental factors may lead to phenotypes associated with disease states, such as inappropriate inflammatory responses or autoimmunity. So, the integration of all these data into a population genetics framework will help us to identify immunological mechanisms with adaptive or maladaptive roles in the immunity of modern human populations. The challenge that lies ahead now is to apply knowledge of population genetics to infer molecular details of immune responses and design effective therapies. Box 1 | Pathogen counter-adaptation to the host: the case of influenzaWhile humans evolve towards improved immunity to infection, pathogens concurrently evolve to circumvent host immunity. Novel insights into the co-evolution of the immune system and pathogens in humans have come from the study of the evolution of influenza viruses. Viruses are unable to reproduce in the absence of a host cell, so their evolution is inexorably linked to the fate of their host. Influenza viruses have been among the most common causes of mortality throughout history, which highlights their successful evolution. Phylogenetic analyses of influenza A viruses from numerous mammalian species, including humans, suggest that mammalian influenza strains ultimately derive from the avian pool140.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: In addition, PAM sequence limitation for Cas9 has been broadened by the identification of KKH SaCas9 variant, which exhibits robust genome editing activities with the PAM () while maintaining comparable levels of off-target effects [169]. Anti-is another obstacle to overcome because of the restriction of targeting specificity and activities. The VI-inhibitors acrVIA1-7 from phage exhibit the ability to block Cas13a RNA targeting and dCas13a-mediated single nucleic acid editing. Specifically, AcrVIA1, 4, 5 and 6 bind to LwaCas13a, while AcrVIA2 and 3 interact with LwaCas13-crRNA complex [170]. Limitations of CAR-T cancer therapyAlthough CAR-T showed success of B-cell malignance treatment, its usage in solid tumors still have some limitations such as T-cell exhaustion, lack of CAR-T cell persistence, and cytokine-related toxicities. To address these challenges, technology has been used to generate safe and potent allogeneic universal CAR-T cell products for cancer immunotherapy [152]. However, hurdles remain for solid tumor CAR-T therapy due to target antigen heterogeneity, unable to pass through vascular endothelium to target tumor cells, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments [171]. As viral vectors are commonly used for delivering CAR-T cells, safety concerns have arisen. To address this issue, virus-free -CAR (VFC-CAR) T cells were generated [172]. Virus-free CAR-T cells (PD1-19bbz) were generated and a clinical trial was performed and registered at www. clinicaltrials. gov (NCT04213469) [173]. Future perspectivesGiven the capacity of to precisely modify the human genome in cells, ethical considerations have emerged as a pivotal factor for its application in genetic manipulation [174,175,176]. The challenges posed by off-target effects and unintended mutations serve as barriers to the clinical implementation of technology. However, extensive efforts have been made to mitigate these concerns through the development of novel strategies, rendering technologies indispensable tools for elucidating gene functions and noncoding elements involved in tumorigenesis, as well as facilitating the creation of next-generation cancer immunotherapies. In summary,Cas system continues to play an essential role in advancing human cancer research and clinical therapy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The number of stroke deaths in England reduced by 50% during the first decade of the 21st century [6], and it was ranked as the 4th leading cause of mortality in 2018 [7]. However, a significant proportion of stroke survivors continue to live with disabilities. Motor impairment is the most common complication after a stroke, and it can negatively affect health and motor skills, particularly when it affects the upper limbs [8, 9]. According to Adamovich et al. [10], stroke patients undergoing treatment for upper limb impairment encounter various challenges. The functional outcome is highly variable; some patients are unable to fully recover functionality and are forced to live with varying degrees of upper limb paresis for the rest of their lives. It has also been reported that the treatment of upper limb hemiparesis is time-sensitive and involves various therapeutic modalities [11, 12]. Thus, these scientific studies emphasize the need for appropriate rehabilitation procedures that can provide highly effective therapy and a greater possibility of a higher-level functional recovery. Successful rehabilitation depends on the stroke’s characteristics (such as severity, nature, and location) as well as the patient’s age, general health, and pre-stroke function [13]. Otherwise, the stroke patient whose impaired hand is rendered inactive for an extended period may acquire learned non-use. Learned non-use is the outcome of repeated unsuccessful attempts to use the affected upper limb coupled with the reinforcement of compensatory methods (such as the use of the unaffected upper limb), which leads to deterrence in using the affected arm [14–17]. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the optimal rehabilitation therapy for stroke patients with upper limb disability and limitations. According to the of Functioning, Disability, and Health, physiotherapists are an essential component of multidisciplinary stroke rehabilitation teams [18, 19], as they assist patients in regaining mobility and independence by addressing impairments in bodily functions, activity limitations, and participation restrictions [20]. To recover movement, coordination, and balance, a physiotherapist provides conventional (PT) for upper limb rehabilitation through exercises, training, and physical movement of the limbs [21]. It has been established that repetitive task training is beneficial in certain aspects of rehabilitation, such as improving upper limb function [22, 23].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Intriguingly, studies of the pattern of CpG dinucleotides in the genomes of influenza A viruses since the flu pandemic in 1918 indicate that when an influenza virus crosses from birds to humans, the virus evolves to reduce its CpG content, thus mimicking the lower CpG content of human genes compared with avian genes141,142. Consistently, influenza B virus, which has been infecting humans for longer than influenza A virus, has evolved to contain extremely low levels of CpG141. Greenbaum and colleagues141 favoured the interesting hypothesis that host gene mimicry may reflect a mechanism through which viruses avoid detection by innate immune receptors. It has been speculated that still-unidentified intracellular receptors may be able to sense unmethylated CpGs of RNA viruses. This has proven to be the case for DNA viruses, wherein unmethylated CpG DNA of the virus can be detected by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)143. Interestingly, the 1918 H1N1 influenza strain had a much higher CpG content than other human-adapted influenza strains, and this might have triggered an exceptionally strong, aberrant immune response, known as a cytokine storm, in H1N1-infected patients144, killing up to 50 million people worldwide. Deaths from the SARS epidemic in 2003 (Ref. 145) and from H5N1 bird flu146 are likely to have involved cytokine storms, as both diseases are characterized by the high mortality of young, otherwise healthy people. Further studies of host–pathogen co-evolution in humans that include a wider range of pathogens and take advantage of whole-genome sequencing technologies will undoubtedly contribute to our understanding of the biology and genetics of infectious disease, and they may have important epidemiological implications in the context of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Box 2 | Popular statistical methods to detect the different types of selectionNatural selection can take different forms and act at different timescales, leaving specific molecular signatures in the targeted genomic region. The analysis of such molecular signatures of selection in already-known or newly identified genetic variants of innate immune genes can provide useful information about their function, biological relevance and potential association to disease susceptibility.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe determination of null- or low-expressed HLA alleles is clinically relevant in both hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and solid organ transplantation. We studied the expression level of a questionable (Q) HLA-B*38:68Q allele, which carries a 9-nucleotide (nt) deletion at codon 230–232 in exon 4 of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 usingCas9 gene editing technology. /Cas9 gene editing of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV B cell line resulted in one HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous and one HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone. Flow cytometric analysis of monoclonal anti-Bw4 antibody showed the protein expression of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 in homozygous cells was 2. 2 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells, and the expression of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was over 2. 0 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells. The HLA-B*38:68Q expression was further confirmed using anti-B38 polyclonal antibody. Similarly, the expression of the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous cells was 1. 5 fold higher than that of HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells, and the HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells was over 1. 6 fold higher than that of HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells. The treatment of HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells with IFN-γ significantly increased its expression. In conclusion, we demonstrate that HLA-B*38:68Q is a low-expressing HLA allele. /Cas9 technology is a useful tool to induce precise gene editing in HLA genes to enable the characterization of HLA gene variants on expression and function.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Hence, the term “sensory motor training” was established to represent various physical activities designed to improve motor performance, strength, power, endurance, and sensory integrity, such as proprioception. Moreover, the neuroscience and rehabilitation literature are supporting the idea that task-specific or task-oriented practice is essential for restoring functionality in stroke-impaired limbs. This implies that repeatedly practicing a difficult activity can alter brain networks responsible for motor control, leading to long-term improvements in motor learning and performance [24]. Motor coordination can only be regained through a neuroplasticity process [25], which is described as the rewiring of the brain’s synaptic connections to develop appropriate communication with the body’s muscles [26]. The most crucial component is performing repeated movements, which provides patients with the ability to perform an activity normally [27]. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) has been reported to be effective in treating severe paralysis in the body by training the nerve impulses of damaged muscles through constant repetition of movement on the affected side [23, 28, 29]. However, CIMT has major disadvantages, such as exhausting the patient owing to its intensity [30, 31]. Consequently, recent technological solutions have shown promise in terms of improving the function of impaired limbs without exhausting patients. Virtual reality (VR) has become a new treatment approach for stroke rehabilitation, simulating real-life activities to improve self-care skills [32, 33]. Patients in virtual rehabilitation receive visual feedback from their body sensations and from simulated environments and objects through a head-mounted device, projection system, or flat screen [34]. Users are affected by virtual tasks and environments and consecutively experience a sense of presence in the virtual world [35, 36]. By adjusting stimuli to movements in real time and incorporating and modifying feedback, VR may improve the application of motor learning and neuroplasticity principles during rehabilitation [35], and provides components (such as goal-oriented tasks and repetition) that have been shown to be vital in rehabilitation [10]. While there is limited evidence of neuroplasticity during VR training, neuroimaging advancements are guiding the development of VR to meet the highest treatment standards [37]. As technology becomes a bigger part of daily life, it is anticipated that the use of VR in rehabilitation settings will increase [38, 39].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: The molecular signatures described for each type of selection are shown in the and can, in some cases, be similar between the different selection types and be confounded by population demographic processes, such as population expansions, structure or bottlenecks (a dramatic reduction of the size of a population). The molecular signatures of balancing selection are the most difficult to detect, and most tests have little power to detect this selection type, which is in some cases indistinguishable from other types of selection. Different statistical methods have been developed to detect molecular signatures of selection, and each method has strengths and weaknesses. Inter-species neutrality tests based on the comparison of non-synonymous and synonymous (or silent) mutations, such as the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS ratio) or McDonald–Kreitman-related tests, are particularly suitable for detecting old selective events (up to a few million years) and are mostly robust to demographic factors, but they are too conservative and have little power to detect recent events of selection. These tests, as well as the Hudson–Kreitman–Aguadé (HKA) test, also use information from divergence data between species (for example, human versus chimpanzee). Tests based on the allele frequency spectrum, such as Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D and F, and Fay and Wu's H tests, detect more recent selective events (<250,000 years) and are powerful for detecting completed or quasi-completed selective sweeps, but they are highly sensitive to demographic factors. Tests based on differences between populations, such as FST, which examines the variation in allele frequencies between human populations, are powerful for detecting selective differences among populations, especially those that occurred after the out-of-Africa dispersals (<60,000 years). In addition, these tests can detect rapid, strong changes in selective pressures between closely related populations but are sensitive to demographic factors (especially bottlenecks).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: 9 reported a patient, who carried HLA-A*30:14L and HLA-A*02:01 alleles, was mistyped as HLA-A*02:01 homozygous. The mistyping of HLA-A*30:14L led to severe GVHD in the patient transplanted with HSCT from an HLA-A*02:01 homozygous donor. Currently, there are 663 null alleles (N), 44 questionable alleles (Q), 5 low expression alleles (L), and 1 soluble alleles (S) identified in IMGT/HLA data base2. The HLA matching of the questionable alleles between the donor and recipient remains challenging. Therefore, it is important to determine the expression patterns of abnormally expressed HLA variants7. (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is an adoptive immune system in bacteria that protects the bacterium from invading foreign genetic elements such as plasmid and bacteriophages10. /Cas9 system contains two components: a guide RNA (gRNA) and a -associated endonuclease (Cas protein)11,12. The gRNA is a short RNA composed of a scaffold sequence needed for Cas-binding and a user-defined ∼20 nucleotide spacer that defines the genomic target to be modified13. The gRNA spacer sequence could be designed to target DNA sites with Motif (PAM)14,15. The most common PAM sequence recognized by Cas9 is NGG that is found directly downstream of the target DNA. /Cas9 cuts double strand DNA to generate double strand breaks (DSBs) between 3–4 bp upstream of the under the guidance of gRNA16. The DSBs can be repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which is an error-prone process that introduces unpredictable insertions and deletions (indels); DSBs can also be repaired by homology directed repair (HDR) with the presence of DNA template, which induces desired DNA editing11,12,17.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Thus, it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in order to define its future designs and implementations. The VR environment motivates patients to perform repetitive, motor-intensive tasks that are crucial for rehabilitation [40–44]. A brief adaptive game can improve mobility, motor function, and mental well-being in comparison with conventional rehabilitation techniques. Neurological patients generally lack therapy motivation [44]. Possible explanations for this lack of motivation include such patients’ belief that therapy only intends to enable adaptation to the disease rather than providing complete healing, or a lack of motivating input from a therapist. Other logistic, financial, environmental, and human obstacles may restrict the efficacy and commitment to long-term rehabilitation regimens [44, 45]. Elor et al. [42] found that combining VR with modified CIMT encouraged stroke patients to use the affected hand without constraining the unaffected side (both hands were free to move). Another study investigated the safety and effectiveness of VR and modified CIMT [46]. Relevant to our investigation, [45] proposed a new treatment that combines CIMT and reinforcement-induced movement therapy (RIMT). They demonstrated the efficacy of RIMT by speeding up the hindered hand in VR using the goal-oriented reaching task. After the RIMT intervention, the Fugl-Meyer (FM) scores of stroke patients improved; however, their study did not report the subjective feeling of being completely engaged in VR. Although they pioneered positive reinforcement utilizing computer-simulated limbs in the display, the RIMT concept should be developed to use immersive VR (IVR). Visual feedback in IVR simply displays the simulated upper limb. Only the simulated hand should be seen during the task. If people watch their real hand move in front of them while viewing the simulated hand on the display, the discrepancy in visual feedback of motor coordination will induce a sense of loss of ownership of the simulated upper limb or, in certain situations, the subjective awareness of the loss of bodily control. Our study by [46] that used IVR on healthy subjects with a weight attached to their dominant hand to simulate the impairment of a stroke patient is relevant to our investigation. The system we used was portable (head-mounted VR), and the objective was to reach a target in VR without forcing the subjects to use their dominant hand, with an option to use either hand.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Lastly, tests based on haplotype length and homozygosity, such as the long-range haplotype (LRH), integrated haplotype score (iHS), linkage disequilibrium decay (LDD) and cross population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) tests, are very powerful in the detection of very recent events of positive selection (<30,000 years) and are relatively robust to demographic factors, but they are sensitive to strong variation (that is, the presence of hotspots) in recombination along the genome. The list of statistical methods presented here is not exhaustive, and they have been extensively reviewed elsewhere (see Refs 10, 19 and specific 16. In insects, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) and Gram-negative binding proteins (GNBPs) drive the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) downstream of the immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways13,147. Moreover, cell-surface receptors, such as the Eater/Nimrod and scavenger receptor families, mediate defensive phagocytosis13. Phagocytosis receptors tend to evolve under positive selection148,149,150, whereas microbial sensors such as PGRPs and GNBPs evolve under purifying selection148,149,151. Although signalling molecules are not expected to interact directly with pathogen molecules, some genes in the Toll and IMD pathways, such as Relish and Dredd, evolve under the strongest positive selection148,149,151,152,153. It seems therefore that signalling genes display more signs of positive selection than do microbial sensors, although several genes provide exceptions to this rule149. An interesting parallel is observed in humans, in which signalling molecules (TIR-containing adaptors) also display more signs of positive selection than the corresponding receptors (Toll-like receptors)46,51,78,79. AMPs in Drosophila spp. show little indication of positive selection149,154,155, which is in contrast with the signatures of positive and balancing selection in mammal AMPs88,89,90,91. These disparities may be explained by differences in the specificity and targeting of AMPs following adaptation to distinct pathogen suites and by possible non-immune roles of mammalian AMPs156. The comparison of innate immunity gene evolution in insects and humans has highlighted the differences in function of the innate immune components in the two species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Two types of the DNA template can be used for HDR: a small single stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotide with 30–67 nt homology arms flanking the gene editing site18 or a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) plasmid with long homology arms of 1–3 kb19. The recent discovery ofCas9 system provides a faster and more economical approach to gene editing20 compared to the traditional zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs)21 and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) methods22. The goal of this study was to generate homozygous and heterozygous cells carrying the HLA-B*38:68Q with deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 usingCas9 gene editing to study the effect of this mutation on HLA-B*38:01:01:01 expression. ResultscrRNA design and selectionWe identified a new HLA B allele that is similar to HLA-B*38:01:01:01 except for a nine-nucleotide deletion (5′--3′) at codon 230 to 232 that results in a coding shift at α3 domain of HLA-B38 (Fig. 1A). The sequence was submitted to the GenBank database (accession number MF069211) and IMGT/HLA databases (submission number HWS10028807). Since the expression level of this novel B*38 allele is unknown, it was named HLA-B*38:68Q. To determine if the deletion at codon 230–232 affected the level of protein expression, the homozygous HLA-B*38:01:01:01 EBV B cell line TEM665 was used to generate homozygous HLA-B*38:68Q alleles to study its expression (Fig. 1B). and was used to design crRNAs targeting the DNA sequences close to the 9-nt deletion site at exon 4 of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 (Fig. 1C). crRNA1 (5′--3′) was designed to recognize −12 to −31 bp upstream of the 9-nt deletion, and crRNA2 (5′--3′) was designed to recognize −2 to +9 bp sequence of the 9-nt deletion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The movement of the virtual image of the affected upper limb was enhanced by increasing the velocity of the avatar. These findings suggest that positive reinforcement within IVR enhanced the usage of the affected upper limb and induced decision making. Therefore, in this study, following our validation with healthy participants [46], we provided the IVR physical therapy for stroke patients. Our study aimed to evaluate a new therapeutic approach for the rehabilitation of the upper limbs of stroke patients to demonstrate the effectiveness of IVR-enhanced PT. We measured the motor improvement in upper limb motion using the FM score. Additionally, participant experience questionnaire was administered to evaluate the acceptability of the therapy. Methodssubjects (69. 4 ± 13. 5 years, eight women) with acute post-stroke hemiparesis (16 ischemic strokes) were recruited in the study at the stroke unit of the Hospital in Reading, United Kingdom. The sample size was limited by the number of patients that could be enrolled over the project’s duration. The experiment was approved by the ethics committee Authority and Health and Wales (IRAS project ID: 264096) and performed according to relevant guidelines and regulations. The participants were screened for study eligibility by the clinical team according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were (i) age ≥ 18 years; (ii) recent stroke (ischemic/hemorrhagic) within the last 4 weeks; (iii) Assessment score > 18; (iv) ability to sit independently in a chair; (v) upper limb weakness; and (vi) ability to speak and read English. The exclusion criteria were (i) visual field defect; (ii) visual or sensory neglect; (iii) strokes affecting both upper limbs; (iv) poor static and dynamic balance in sitting; (v) shoulder subluxation or dislocation; (vi) upper limb weakness due to conditions other than stroke; (vii) presence of emotional and/or cognitive deficits (such as global aphasia, apraxia, dementia, and depression) that could interfere with the understanding and execution of the task; and (viii) history of photosensitive epilepsy. Participants provided written informed consent after being informed about the aims and procedure of the experiment. Patients were allocated to either receive IVR and conventional PT (intervention group, 10 patients) or receive conventional PT alone (control group, 8 patients) (Tables 1 and 2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Differences in pathogen exposure and in host physiology and the impressive degree of pleiotropy of innate immune genes, which can vary between species, may impose different evolutionary constraints on these genes in insects and mammals. Toll is a prime example, as in flies it is also involved in dorsal-ventral embryonic patterning13, whereas, in mammals, Toll homologues mainly function as microbial sensors. Box 4 | A hotspot of positive selection in the TLR6–TLR1–TLR10 clusterSeveral studies support the notion that positive selection has targeted the Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6)–TLR1–TLR10 gene cluster in humans. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this genomic region highly differentiate Europeans from other populations (which is a sign of positive selection), as indicated by a genome-wide scan for selection36. Furthermore, variation in this genomic region has been linked to disease phenotypes119,120,121,157. The positively selected haplotype is present at high frequencies in Europe (in up to 30% of individuals) and is characterized by three amino acid changes: two in TLR1 (N248S and I602S) and one in TLR6 (P249S)46. The TLR1 I602S mutation appears to be the genuine target of positive selection, as functional analyses indicate that this mutation remarkably impairs agonist-induced nuclear factor-κB activation by up to 60%46,119,157,158. So, an attenuation of TLR1-mediated signalling, leading to a weaker inflammatory response, might have conferred a selective advantage in Europeans, which would explain the high frequency (50%) of the I602S hypo-responsiveness mutation in Europe. Strikingly, the TLR6–TLR1–TLR10 cluster has been proposed to be a hotspot of positive selection, as it appears to have also been targeted by positive selection in the chimpanzee and orang-utan genomes159. These results provide a remarkable example of a selective advantage provided by variation in the TLRs to both humans and primates. Functional analysis of this genomic region in non-human primates is now needed to elucidate whether such a shared hotspot of positive selection reflects a case of parallel or convergent evolution, or adaptations towards different phenotypic directions involving the same locus. 3. Hum. Mol. Genet.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Both crRNAs share a ssDNA target with a 67-nt of left arm and a 30-nt of right arm of the deletion site (Fig. 1C). The crRNA1 and crRNA2 were then mixed with universal tracrRNA to form gRNA1 and gRNA2. Next, Cas9 protein (1. 5 µg) and gRNA1/gRNA2 (360 ng) were mixed to form Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), respectively18. Twenty four electroporation conditions were tested to optimize transportation efficiency using Neon transfection system23 (1). The program of the highest transportation efficiency (58. 4%) was selected for transfecting HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV B cell line. Our results showed that gRNA1 induced 22. 6% DSB cleavage and gRNA2 induced 13. 8% DSB cleavage using GeneArt® Detection assay. The gRNA1 was chosen for transfection with ssDNA target due to its high efficiency. Figure 1crRNA and ssDNA target design. (A) Comparison of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 and HLA-B*38:68Q in nucleotide and protein sequences. Yellow box highlights the 9-nt deletion mutation and “. ” indicates the deletion. Numbers above sequence correspond to amino acid codon positions. (B) HLA typing of TEM665 homozygous HLA-B*38:01:01:01 EBV transformed B cell line used for gene editing. (C) Design of crRNA and ssDNA target on HLA-B*38:01:01:01. crRNA1 and crRNA2 are colored in green. (PAM) recognition sites are marked in blue. The red box indicates the location of 9-nt deletion. “. ” means that the ssDNA oligo contains the 9-nt deletion. Blue arrows show the position of double strand breaks (DSBs) that should be introduced byCas9. Full size imageGeneration of HLA-B*38:68Q clones usingCas9 gene editingGene editing of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous EBV B cell line byCas9 using gRNA1 resulted in 25 single cell derived clones.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Stroke survivors go through task-oriented training of the upper limb in the IVR environment. As they experience the ideal motor coordination of their upper limb’s avatar, successful matching of motor intention and resultant motor coordination in the IVR allows brain networks to form new neuronal pathways for spontaneous motion in their daily life. Therefore, IVR-enhanced therapy may offer a powerful rehabilitation approach, allowing PT to be tailored to the specific needs of survivors with chronic stroke. were asked to sit comfortably on a chair and place their upper extremities on a table in front of them (Fig. 1). Seven targets were arranged in a semi-circular orientation within the IVR environment (Fig. 2A). As a goal-oriented task, participants were asked to reach for the target immediately by choosing their healthy or impaired upper limb hand (Fig. 2B). To implement reinforcement-induced PT, the velocity of the hand of the impaired upper limb was amplified in the virtual environment in the direction of the target. The target turned blue when reached by the virtual hand and immediately disappeared. Unlike for healthy individuals, we increased the reaction time to 4 seconds after the ball appeared to prevent in-depth consideration regarding choosing, as stroke patients require more time. If this condition was not fulfilled, the target disappeared, and the trial was invalidated. accommodate the patients in the study, we reduced the number of times they reached for the ball from 70 to 35, and the number of repetitions of the task (one task = total of 35 balls) depended on the patient’s endurance level because we were concerned that participant fatigue could occur. The experiment included three stages: familiarization, intervention, and washout. The entire session lasted for 20–40 minutes, depending on the patient’s condition (Figure 3). The aim of the familiarization stage was to acquaint the participants with the task. In this stage, five targets appeared randomly in a semi-circular array (excluding the far right and far left targets) in the virtual environment, identical to the healthy subject experiment [46]. The only difference is that reinforcement-induced PT was implemented at this stage, and the velocity of the virtual hand corresponding to the impaired upper limb was increased by 1. 4 times corresponding to the actual hand motion. Depending on the weakness of the affected limb, the visual amplification was enhanced by > 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: past decades have witnessed several well-known beautiful conclusions on four con-cyclic points. With highly promising research value, we profoundly studied circumscribed ellipses of convex quadrilaterals in this paper. Using tools of parallel projective transformation and analytic geometry, we derived several theorems including the proof of the existence of circumscribed ellipses of convex quadrilaterals, the properties of its minimal coverage area, and locus center, respectively. This simple approach lays a solid foundation for its application to three-dimensional situations, which is namely the circumscribed quadric surface of a solid figure and its wide-range utility in construction engineering. Meanwhile, we have a new insight into innate connection of conic sections as well as a taste of beauty and harmony of geometry. Keywords: Convex quadrilateral; Circumscribed ellipse; Parallel projective transformation; Analytical geometry; Conic sectionMSC 2010: 51M04; 51M05; 51M09; 51N15; 51N20 1 the development of Euclidean geometry, circumscribed and inscribed circle related problems have been at the center of widespread interests. Several well-known beautiful conclusions such as the circle-power theorem and Ptolemy’s theorem were of particular interest [1, 2]. Con-cyclic points, from four to six, were proposed to extend the original solutions [3, 4]. Enlightened by these elegant studies, we took a step further to unravel the relationship between ellipse and polygon [5,6,7,8,9]. Herein, the properties of circumscribed ellipses of convex quadrilaterals were studied using tools of parallel projective transformation [10, 11] and analytic geometry [12, 13], and the procedures were always from the particular to the general, from square, parallelogram, trapezium to a general convex quadrilateral. Moreover, for the sake of integrity, we also focused on the cases of other two kinds of conics and concave quadrilaterals. 2 The existence of circumscribed ellipses of convex quadrilaterals It is universally acknowledged that there is no ellipse crossing four points if these four points form a concave quadrilateral or any three points of them is on a line. However, does any convex quadrilateral have circumscribed ellipses [14]?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: The 25 clones were then sequenced by Sequencing (NGS) to ensure correct gene editing was achieved (Fig. 2). /Cas9 editing is usually bi-allelic. Our results showed a total of 41 alleles were edited while 9 alleles had no editing. These 41 edited alleles resulted in 21 (84%) modified clones with 7 genotypes (Fig. 2). Of the 25 clones, 5 alleles (10%) were edited through the HDR pathway and 36 alleles (72%) were edited through the NHEJ pathway. The most frequent editing was an A deletion at codon 225 through NHEJ pathway which resulted in 11 (44%) clones with homozygous A deletion (Clone 7, Fig. 2). /Cas9 editing generated 5 HLA-B*38:68Q alleles that resulted in one HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone and one HLA-B*38:01:01:01/B*38:68Q heterozygous clone. The sequencing of the entire HLA-B gene from the 5′ UTR to 3′ UTR of the HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous clone and a HLA-B*38:01:01:01/B*38:68Q heterozygous clone showed that other than the correct 9-nt deletion on codon 230–232 at exon 4, there was no non-specific gene editing detected in the rest of the HLA-B*38:68Q alleles in both clones (Fig. 3). Figure 2Single cell clones derived byCas9-mediated gene editing. Nucleotides highlighted in red are the position with the 9-nt deletion. (PAM) sequence is highlighted in green. “. ” indicates the deletion. The frequency of each single cell derived clone as well as the relative percentage of wild type (WT), NHEJ, and HDR were listed (n = 25). Full size imageFigure 3Confirmation of HLA-B*38:68Q gene editing by NGS sequencing. (A) HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous; (B) HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous; (C) HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: 4 times (number of times patients reached the ball: 20 [10 right, 10 left]). The primary stage in this experiment was the intervention stage/free choice stage, wherein the participants were free to choose the right or left hand (unaffected or affected limb) to reach a virtual target that randomly appeared in seven different positions. We hypothesized that the participants would start to use the affected hand more often as the velocity was amplified in the IVR environment. During this session, 35 repetitions were applied per one task. The number of repetitions of the task is based on the participant’s endurance level. During the washout stage, we gradually reduced the velocity of amplification in the IVR environment to 1. 2 times the actual hand motion. We hypothesized that even when the amplification is reduced in the IVR environment, the participants would continue to utilize the affected upper limb, resulting in increased use of the affected upper limb in daily life. However, because of early discharge of patients, we could complete this stage with only two patients. In each session, the participants repeated the reaching task at their own pace, with various repetitions per person. The 35 trials lasted 3–5 minutes. To avoid fatigue, participants were given 2-minute rest periods between each task. (Clinical Outcome) Meyer for upper limb (FM) assessment was used to evaluate the functional motor condition as the primary outcome in this study. The evaluation was conducted by a physiotherapist who participated in the program. The FM assessment is crucial for determining motor recovery and disease severity [47]. It has five domains: motor function, sensory function, balance, joint range of motion, and joint pain [48, 49]. The motor function domain is the most widely used and plays a primary role in monitoring motor recovery after stroke. The items in the FM motor function domain are based on patient motion, coordination, and reflex action in the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. Each domain contains multiple items, each scored on a 3-point ordinal scale (0 = cannot perform, 1 = performs partially, 2 = performs fully). The total score varies from 0 to 66. The measurements were utilized to assess the efficacy of IVR feedback in restoring motor coordination affecting the patient’s QoL. Our initial plan was to collect FM scores from participants at the beginning, middle, and end of their participation in the study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Let B(x1, y1), C(x1, –y1). For any D (x2, y2) ∈ M fixed, without loss of generality, assume x2 > x1 > 0, y1 > 0, y2 ≥ 0 and y2x2<y1x1. For a general quadratic equation in two variables x and y a11x2+2a12xy+a22y2+2b1x+2b2y+c=0 (2. 1) where a11, a12, a22, b1, b2, c are constants, define its discriminants I1=a11+a22,I2=a11a22−a122,I3=a11a12b1a12a22b2b1b2c. Let ξ=x1y12, the problem is discussed on three cases with respect to coordinates of D. Case 1 x2y22>ξ, Define σ1 : A1x2 + C1y2 + x = 0, where A1=−x1y12x2y22x12y12x22y22,C1=−x12x1x22x2x12y12x22y22. Claim: σ1 is a circumscribed ellipse of quadrilateral ABDC. ∈ M, we have x12y12x22y22<0. First, we check A, B, D, C ∈ σ1. For A, it’s trivial. and D, it suffices to show that x1x12y12x22y22=x12x1y12x2y22+y12x12x1x22x2. (2. 2) (2. 2), RHS=x120y12x12x1y12x22x2y22=x120y12x12x1y12x220y22=x120y120x10x220y22=LHS. Hence B, C ∈ σ1. For D, it suffices to show that x2x12y12x22y22=x22x1y12x2y22+y22x12x1x22x2. (2. 3) (2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Full size imageDiscussionIn this study, we reported efficient HLA-B*38:01:01:01 gene modification and expression in an EBV B cell line using theCas9 system. We successfully introduced gene editing in 84% of clones and achieved precise deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 in 5 alleles. Similar to other publications, theCas9 gene editing of HLA-B*38:01:01:01 involved DNA repair via either NHEJ or HDR pathway27. However, even in the presence of guided DNA templates, 72% of gene editing was through the NHEJ repair pathway compared to 10% in HDR pathway. HDR pathway provides desired repair of the target DNA in the presence of template DNA. The low incidence of HDR makes the selection of precise gene editing challenging. In order to achieve higher HDR gene editing efficiency, the DSBs induced byCas9 nuclease should be in close proximity to the edit site18. The homologous recombination rate could be increased with larger flanking sequences, therefore standard gene deletion/disruption protocols typically use flanking regions over 1 kb on either side of the target gene to increase HDR28. The evidence of using cell lines deficient in NHEJ pathways increased the levels of HDR suggesting these two pathways are competitive29. Recent studies have demonstrated the use of KU70, KU80 or DNA ligase IV to suppress key NHEJ molecule can increase HDR pathway30. Our study successfully demonstrated that the deletion at codon 230–232 at exon 4 in HLA-B*38:01:01:01 reduced HLA-B38 antigen expression on the cell surface usingCas9 system. The expression of the HLA-B*38:01:01:01 homozygous allele was 2. 2 fold higher than HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 heterozygous cells. Further, HLA-B*38:68Q/B*38:01:01:01 protein expression in heterozygous cells was >2. 0 fold higher compared to HLA-B*38:68Q homozygous cells. Similar results were found using the anti-B38 polyclonal antibody.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Patients’ Strategies via the Therapist’s subgrouped the patients based on the similarity of their strategies and highlighted the following three significant characteristics from the therapist’s observation: I. Based on the Frequency of Using the Based on the recorded data, we identified two categories of patients. The first category included two types of patients who used their affected hand to reach most of the targets because they were self-motivated and competitive. The first type achieving ≥ 80% of the affected hand usage (28 targets out of 35), The second type patients used 71–77% (25 to 27 targets out of 35). Notably, this method was not used for every session; for example, patient ET001 used both methods. The second category included patients who did not use the affected hand to reach targets because they wanted to train the opposite side; they used the affected 25% alone (0 to 8 times out of 35); as results of this BA was not significant across the session. II. Based on the Number of patient underwent a different number of sessions (Table 3). The number of sessions was correlated to the duration of hospitalization. Table 3 Number of sessions for each patient. DC = discharge Two sessions Four sessions Five sessions Seven sessions 10–14 sessions ET009 (withdraw) ET017 (DC) 1. ET001 2. ET004 3. ET007 4. ET008 ET018 1. ET013 2. ET019 III. Based on in each patient was able to repeat the number of tasks per session according to his or her condition and endurance level. Some patients were able to repeat the task twice; others repeated the task more times per session. Therefore, patients were categorized into three main groups (Table 4). Table 4 The number of task repetition per session. The first row under each patient's ID indicates the number of sessions, whereas the second row indicates the number of times they could repeat the task in each session. Additionally, two more observations regarding patients’ strategies; First, each patient had a unique strategy for achieving the. For instance, some participants used trunk movement to help them reach the target, while others shifted to their unaffected hand if they were unable to reach the target and returned to their starting position, and repeated the task. Moreover, some participants exhibited circumduction movements rather than moving in a direct line. In addition, certain participants would tap the table after successfully reaching the target.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: 3), RHS=x220y22x12x1y12x22x2y22=x220y22x120y12x22x2y22=x220y22x120y120x20=x120y120x20x220y22=LHS. Hence, D ∈ σ1. Next, we show that σ1 is an ellipse by checking its discriminants. Since I1=A1+C1<0,I2=A1C1>0,I3=A10120C101200>0, (2. 4) σ1 is an ellipse. In conclusion, if D(x2, y2) ∈ M and x2y22>ξ, then D (x2, y2) ∈ M͂. (Figure 1d) Case 2 x2y22<;ξ Without loss of generality, assume y2 ≥ 0. According to Equation (2. 1), we have a11=2(x1y22−x2y12)b1+2y12y2x2−x1x1b2x22y12−x12y22a12=b2x1a22=2x1(x2−x1)(x2b1+y2b2)x22y12−x12y22 (2. 5) Assume b1 > 0, from y2y1<x2x1<y22y12 we have −x1y22−x2y12y12y2x2−x1x1>−x2y2. Let−x1y22−x2y12y12y2x2−x1x1b1>b2>−x2y2b1, we have, a11 < 0, a22 < 0. Then I1=a11+a22<0,I2=a11a22−a122>0,I3=−2b1b22x1−a22b12−a11b22>0 (2. 6) Therefore, for D(x2, y2) ∈ M, if x2y22 < ζ, then D ∈ M̃.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Failure to identify HLA null alleles in donors may cause severe GVHD in HSCT7. Increasing knowledge of the expression level of HLA variant alleles will help to improve the understanding of HLA allogenicity in both HSCT and solid organ transplantation. /Cas9 system provides an effective tool to study the expression level of these variant HLA alleles. In addition,Cas9 can also introduce insertions and deletions at the UTRs, exons and introns to study the regulations and functions of HLA genes. /Cas9 has been used to facilitate correction of mutated genes in various diseases. /Cas9 has been used to treat single nucleotide polymorphism in the β-globulin gene to treat sickle cell diseases in a mouse model35. The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells have been applied to various cancers, especially in B cell hematologic malignancies36. With the applicationCas9 system, Liu et al. 37 have successfully down regulated the expression of HLA class I and TCRα to generate a universal chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. /Cas9 technology has also come under the spotlight in transplantation. Entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into target cells requires both CD4 and CCR5 receptors38. A 32-base pair deletion in CCR5 (CCR5-Δ32) is associated with reduced HIV transmission risk and delayed disease progression39. In HIV+ patients with hematological malignancies, gene editing usingCas940 has been used to generate homozygous CCR5-Δ32 deletion in CD34+ cells to introduce HIV resistance. Currently, there are several ongoing clinical trials evaluating the safety of transplantation of modified CCR5-Δ32 CD34+ cells in HIV+ patients with hematological malignances41,42. In conclusion, theCas9 system is a powerful gene editing tool that can be used to study HLA gene expression and function and improve HLA matching in hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation. Modification of HLA gene expression byCas9 also promises to provide new approaches for cellular therapies in transplantation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Second, some participants had characteristics that could influence their performance, such as neglecting the affected side, which caused them to neglect the target close to the affected side, or leaning toward the affected side, which caused them to neglect the target on the opposite side. Others have hand deformities, but this has no impact on the system efficacy. Also, the patient’s mood and lack of sleep have negative effects on session performance. DiscussionThe primary goal of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of IVR technology in the upper limb rehabilitation of stroke patients, as opposed to traditional CIMT that combines positive reinforcement in PT. The efficacy of the IVR-enhanced PT was validated using the FM assessment to test the improvement of the upper limb motion with respect to the control group. FM score was selected as the primary outcome measure because FM assessment is a well-designed, feasible, and effective clinical examination technique that has been extensively used in the stroke population [45–58]. This scale is highly recommended as a clinical and research instrument for assessing changes in motor impairment after stroke [59]. Our findings support the feasibility and potential use of this method in the treatment of stroke survivors. All patients in the intervention group demonstrated a significant increase in FM scores compared with those in the control group (Fig. 4), indicating that IVR therapy improved the motor function of the affected limb. These results are consistent with those of prior studies and indicate the potential applicability of VR therapy in rehabilitation [60]. In particular, compared with conventional therapy (CT), a significant improvement in FM scores was observed in previous studies that analyzed this outcome after VR treatment of subacute stroke subjects [61]. To derive the greatest possible benefit from VR therapy, it is recommended that stroke patients have adequate cognitive abilities to interact and comprehend the activity [62]. Therefore, we excluded patients with emotional and/or cognitive deficits that could hinder comprehension and performance of the task, such as global aphasia, apraxia, dementia, or depression. Reaching for a ball was the task in this study, and reaching with the arm is frequently required to perform ADL; therefore, this task-oriented and meaningful VR activity was essential to activate the neuroplasticity process [63], such as in this study. Additionally, physical activity and repetitive movements play a crucial role in neuroplasticity activation [64].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: Case 3 x2y22 = ζ Similarly, we have a11=2y12y2x2−x1x1b2x22y12−x12y22a12=b2x1a22=2x1(x2−x1)(x2b1+y2b2)x22y12−x12y22 (2. 7) Assume b1 > 0, −x2y2 b1 < b2 < 0. Then I1=a11+a22<0,I2=a11a22−a122,I3=−2b1b22x1−a22b12−a11b22>0. (2. 8) Therefore, for D(x2, y2) ∈ M, if x2y22 = ζ, then D ∈ M̃. From the above discussion, we have that for any D(x2, y2) ∈ M, D ∈ M̃. I. e. , M ⊂ M̃. 3 Area of The necessary and sufficient condition for four con-elliptic points is that they can form a convex quadrilateral. Here we discuss the situation of five points on the same ellipse. If four of them are fixed, we can describe this problem as the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipse of a convex quadrilateral. 3. 1 simplified the problem to study the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipse of a parallelogram. It is common knowledge that any parallelogram can be an oblique section of a column with a square bottom (since the ratio between line segments is certain in a parallel projection, the two diagonals bisecting each other can make it), we can take a step further and change it into a simpler and more specific case, which is known as a square, by using the powerful tool of parallel projective transformation. Set up a rectangular coordinate system in which A is the origin and the axes are parallel to the sides of the square (Figure 2a). Set B(x0, x0), and the equation of circumscribed ellipses is expressed by x2a2+y2b2=1 (3. 1) Figure 2The coverage area of circumscribed ellipses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Bomford M, O'Brien PH. in Control: A Review of and Effectiveness. Bull. 1990;18(4):411–22. View 41. . Frightening methods and devices/stimuli to prevent mammal damage—a review. In: editors. 14th Conference: University of California; 1990. 42. . The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies. Rev. 2005;29:1123–44. pmid:16085312 View 43. . Responses of wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) to predator odors. J Chem Ecol. 2000;26(3):705–19. pmid:WOS:000086215600010. View 44. . Scent deterrence to reduce southern flying squirrel kleptoparasitism of red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. Human-Wildlife Conflicts. 2007;1(1):45–8. View 45. Brown JS. Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk and competition. Sociobiol. 1988;22(1):37–47. View 46. King CM, editor. of Mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Press; 2005. 47. Clarkson B. Upland forests and special open habitats. In: editors. Botany of the Waikato. Hamilton, New Zealand: Society; 2002. p. 82–91. 48. . Pest eradication technology—the critical partner to pest exclusion technology: the Maungatautari experience. In: editors. Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium. USDA/APHIS/WS: 2007. p. 115–26. 49. Gillies C, Williams D. Using tracking tunnels to monitor rodents and other small mammals. Version 2. 5. 1. 2008. 50. Miller A. Ecological energetics of feral house mice (Mus musculus) inhabiting coastal sand dunes. 1999. 51. McNamara J. Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size. Ecology. 1987;68(5):1515–9. View 52. Sinclair A, Arcese P. Population consequences of predation-sensitive foraging: The serengeti wildebeest. Ecology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: The effects of neuroplasticity as a direct consequence of VR therapy are also being studied; however, there is limited evidence. Wang et al. [64] employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neuronal remodeling in subacute stroke patients before and after training with a Leap Motion-based VR system. They compared it to CT alone. Patients were instructed to position their affected thumb on their palm. They found that sensorimotor cortex activation moved from the ipsilateral to the contralateral region and increased in the contralateral cortex in both groups. On the Wolf motor function test, which assesses upper limb motor function, the experimental VR group had a significantly greater improvement and better performance than the control group. These results demonstrate that repeated exercises with the affected arm combined with task-oriented practice in a virtual environment can enhance motor recovery of the upper limb more than CT alone. In studies on stroke rehabilitation, VR is frequently compared with CT administered by physiotherapists and occupational therapists. The updated Cochrane review by Laver et al. [8] concluded that the efficacy of VR-based therapy was not superior to that of CT in enhancing upper limb function. Specifically, they reported that VR “may be beneficial in improving upper limb function and ADL function when used as an adjunct to conventional care (to increase overall therapy time)”. Currently, VR and CT are used together for rehabilitation in clinical settings, and associated technologies are becoming more accessible and prevalent. In our study, stroke survivors underwent IVR therapy in addition to conventional PT, which is essential for accelerating the recovery phase of the impairment, consistent with the findings of the study, as demonstrated by the FM assessment. These findings added to the current evidence that VR therapy should be encouraged for upper limb rehabilitation, as it may have apparent advantages for patients’ recovery. Some other findings to date suggest that VR can improve CT and increase the potential for rehabilitation [65, 66]. Rather than relying solely on a single method, incorporating VR therapy into existing rehabilitation programs appears effective for enhancing stroke rehabilitation outcomes [67, 68]. We might hypothesize that the improvements in upper limb function reported in this study could increase the patients’ participation in ADL and consequently lead to improvements in their quality of life after stroke. All patients should enhance their level of independence to execute tasks associated with real life. We used the BI to measure their performance of crucial activities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: (a) Set up a rectangular coordinate system for a square. (b) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a square is the shaded part. (c) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a parallelogram is the shaded part. (d) Set up a rectangular coordinate system for an isosceles trapezium. (e) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of an isosceles trapezium is the light grey part. (f) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a trapezium is the light grey part. (g) Set up a rectangular coordinate system for a general convex quadrilateral. (h) The coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a general convex quadrilateral is the light grey part. Set the ellipse crosses the fifth point E(x1, y1), and we have a2=x02y12−x12y02y12−y02>0b2=x02y12−x12y02x02−x12>0 (3. 2) According to Equation (3. 2), we have (x12x02)(y12−y02). Therefore, the area of point E, which also means the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of the square, is shown as the shaded part in Figure 2b. Through parallel projective transformation, ellipses are still ellipses and squares change into any parallelograms, the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of a parallelogram is shown as the shaded part in Figure 2c. 3. 2 Trapezium Similarly, we studied properties of trapezium first on a simplified shape: isosceles trapezium. Let the coordinates of the four vertices of an isosceles trapezium be P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, −y1), P3(−x2, −y1), P4(−x1, y1) (Figure 2d).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Correction 5 Aug 2011: Patterson EM, (2011) Correction: and Innovation in Dolphins (Tursiops sp. ). 6(8): 10. 1371/annotation/2555a3f6-117f-42e2-b89c-c568bd6618c9. View correction Figures AbstractDolphins are well known for their exquisite echolocation abilities, which enable them to detect and discriminate prey species and even locate buried prey. While these skills are widely used during foraging, some dolphins use tools to locate and extract prey. In the only known case of tool use in free-ranging cetaceans, a subset of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp. ) in Shark Bay, habitually employs marine basket sponge tools to locate and ferret prey from the seafloor. While it is clear that sponges protect dolphins' rostra while searching for prey, it is still not known why dolphins probe the substrate at all instead of merely echolocating for buried prey as documented at other sites. By ‘sponge foraging’ ourselves, we show that these dolphins target prey that both lack swimbladders and burrow in a rubble-littered substrate. Delphinid echolocation and vision are critical for hunting but less effective on such prey. Consequently, if dolphins are to access this burrowing, swimbladderless prey, they must probe the seafloor and in turn benefit from using protective sponges. We suggest that these tools have allowed sponge foraging dolphins to exploit an empty niche inaccessible to their non-tool-using counterparts. Our study identifies the underlying ecological basis of dolphin tool use and strengthens our understanding of the conditions that favor tool use and innovation in the wild. Citation: Patterson EM, (2011) and Innovation in Dolphins (Tursiops sp. ). 6(7): e22243. of AmericaReceived: April 23, 2011; Accepted: June 17, 2011; Published: July 20, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Patterson, Mann. This is an open-access 4. 4 hrs, Min = 3 minutes, N = 125 sponging bouts) before dropping it to search for a replacement presumably because the sponge has lost its protective value. However, why dolphins continuously probe the substrate when searching for prey is unclear given that at other locations (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: However, not all BI data were recorded, with some being only documented in the first or last session or not at all. This is because the length of hospitalization for stroke patients varied; some patients were discharged without notification, compromising the validity and reliability of the evaluation. It is necessary to determine the duration of a patient’s hospitalization to develop an appropriate and beneficial plan, and several studies indicate that it takes time for stroke patients to demonstrate improvement in the independency level to perform ADL. For instance, a previous study [60] reported a significant difference in FM scores (p = 0. 007) but none in BI scores (p = 0. 193). This indicates that the brief duration of rehabilitation could affect functional evaluation. Patients’ improvement also depends on the location of the brain lesion. The location of the brain injury, its extent, and the amount of recovery are key determinants of the stroke’s final outcome [18]. Although we hypothesized that only patients in the intervention group would improve in BI due to the addition of VR to their therapy, both groups exhibited improvements on the BI compared with the first and last sessions. However, owing to the small number of documented data, statistically significant results were found only in the control group. Even though practicing ADL in a virtual environment is now feasible and has demonstrated significant gains, it remains unknown whether VR training improves actual performance. The effects of VR training on ADL for stroke patients are unclear [69]. The impact of VR-based therapy on ADL independence after discharge requires long-term investigation. The findings of trials that included a follow-up assessment [70, 71] suggest that the effect could be maintained if patients continued training for a longer period (i. e. , longer than 4–8 weeks, which was the most common duration), considering adaptation to new interventions, technology acceptance, and motor learning. Therefore, if patients remained longer in the hospital or if there was a simple way to follow them up, the use of physiotherapy with our system could be beneficial to patients, thereby facilitating the execution of ADL. Based on positive reinforcement in motor coordination for the affected limb, the IVR technology in this study permits participants to enjoy upper limb PT. Unlike CIMT [29], VR encourages patients to participate in the activity rather than forcing them to use the affected hand.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: We might as well assume x2 > x1 > 0, y1 > 0, and the equations of the four sides are P1P2 : 2y1x + (x2−x1) γ − (x1+x2)y1 = 0, P2P3 : γ+y1=0, P1P4 : γ−y1 = 0, and P3P4 : 2y1x+(x2−x1)γ+(x1+x2)y1=0. From the theorems of analytic geometry, if four points P1, P2, P3 and P4 are given, the family of conic sections crossing these four points can be expressed by [2y1x+(x2−x1)y−(x1+x2)y1][2y1x−(x2−x1)y+(x1+x2)y1]+m(y−y1)(y+y1)=0 (3. 3) Then plug the fifth point into P5(x5, y5) Equation (3. 3), we have m=4y12x52−(x1−x2)2y52+2(x22−x12)y1y5−(x1+x2)2y12y12−y52 (3. 4) (3. 4) into Equation (3. 3) and rearrange it, we have the general quadratic equation. Since the locus of the above equation represents an ellipse, we have an inequation for it by using the discriminant I2=AC=4y1⋅4y1x52+2(x22−x12)y5−2(x22+x12)y1y12−y52>0. Then we have that if −y1 < y5 < y1, y5 > 2y1x22−x12x52+x22+x12x22−x12y1, if y5 < −y1 or y5 > y1, y5 < 2y1x22−x12x52+x22+x12x22−x12y1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: crater feeding in the Bahamas [12]) dolphins detect buried prey indirectly via echolocation and minimize contact with the seafloor until prey are located. In fact, delphinids' target detection ability using echolocation is quite impressive [18], [19] and has long been used by the U. S. Navy to locate buried mines [20]. So in contrast to other extractive tool users [12], dolphins appear to have the anatomical machinery necessary for the task at hand leaving one to consider: Why do dolphins probe or skim the substrate with their rostra and risk injury instead of simply echolocating for prey? Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Sponging in Shark Bay. (A) marine basket sponge (Echinodyctium mesenterinum), (B) dolphin wearing a sponge on its rostrum, (C) substrate littered with rock, shell, and debris, (D) hiding prey, barred sandperch (Parapercis nebulosa). All photographs taken by Eric M. Patterson. is well known that the major acoustic backscatter of fishes (over 90%) comes from the gas-filled swimbladder [21]–[30]. This is not surprising as sound waves most readily echo when encountering a difference in medium density (i. e. liquid to gas) [31]. Fishes without swimbladders have relatively weak acoustic signals, as fish flesh has an acoustic impedance only 10% greater than water [29]. Many fish species have lost their swimbladders, presumably as an adaptation to their benthic or deep-sea lifestyle [32]. While some odontocetes are capable of echolocating swimbladderless prey (cephalopod detection by Globicephala, Ziphiidae, and Physeteridae [33], [34]), the majority of these cetaceans' prey are free swimming, not buried [35], and echolocation in these cephalopod specialists appears to be modified by longer click intervals and higher source levels when compared to bottlenose dolphins [36]. We hypothesized that spongers probe the substrate because they target prey that lack swimbladders and thus are difficult to detect with echolocation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: Further, the questionnaire confirmed that all patients felt a sense of accomplishment during therapy, which was crucial in increasing their motivation [71]. Post-VR patient satisfaction is essential [72, 73] to enable patients to play games and train in an enriched environment that is more engaging than CT [64, 74]. VR has several advantages over other therapies, making it a suitable tool for physical rehabilitation. These advantages include its low cost, mobility, and a safe environment that is readily modifiable to advanced tasks as the stroke patient’s functional abilities improve [8]. Regarding time to target, our results indicate that all the patients had shorter reaction times in the last session than in the first session. Furthermore, when we conducted the statistical comparison between the first and last session (Figs. 6), we discovered that the reaction time decreased demonstrating the treatment’s efficacy by its potential to facilitate motor learning. Promoting motor learning in upper limb rehabilitation may be possible by providing patients with more real time information about their results and performance during a single session. As feedback can be simultaneously provided when using VR, it may also encourage more active participation from patients, which is associated with increased motivation to succeed [56, 74]. It has long been hypothesized that motor recovery after stroke is a form of relearning [75, 76]. This is due to the engaging and motivating nature of VR, which enables patients to improve their reaction time and complete tasks more efficiently through task-oriented and repetitive movement [77]. However, in patients aiming to improve the quality and precision of movement of the affected hand, focusing on a different aspect of performance may hinder their ability to reach the target quickly [78, 79], similar to data of certain patients in our study. Accordingly, we found that each patient had a different strategy in terms of the frequency of the hand used to reach the target, which affected the outcomes of the BA calculation. Several patients challenged themselves by using their damaged impaired hand to reach at least 80% of the targets in the semi-circular array. Other patients adopted the reverse strategy, employing the affected hand to reach no more than 25% to reach the target. Considering that the task could be performed more than once per session, which depends on the patient’s endurance level, the challenging technique was only used in some sessions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: y=2y1x22−x12x2+x22+x12x22−x12y1 is the parabola crossing the four vertices P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, −y1), P3(−x2, −y1), P4(−x1, y1). Therefore, the coverage area is shown as the light grey part in Figure 2e. Besides, it is worth noting that the area enclosed by the parabola and side P1P2 or side P3P4 cannot be covered. Next, we check I1 and I3. As 4y1 > 0, I2 = AC − B2 = AC > 0, we have C > 0, I1 = A + C > 0. To make I1I3 < 0, which is namely I3=a11a12b1a12a22b2b1b2c=a11(a22c−b22)<0, it suffices to have that a22c − b22 < 0. If −y1 < y5 < y1, we have F=−2y12y12x52+(x22−x12)y1y5−(x22+x12)y52y12−y52 and F<−2y14y12x52+(x22+x12)y12−y52y12−y52<0. If y5 < −y1 or y5 > y1, we have F < 0 as well. Hence, for any P5 in the light grey part shown in Figure 2e, we have I3 = a11(a22c − b22 ) < 0. Now we can prove that the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of the isosceles trapezium is the light grey part in Figure 2e. Parallelism does not change through parallel projective transformation, the coverage area of circumscribed ellipses of trapezium is shown as the light grey part in Figure 2f. 3. 3 the discussion about the coverage area of the circumscribed ellipses of the two kinds of special convex quadrilaterals, we find if a pair of opposite sides is parallel, the boundary of the coverage area takes place on the parallel lines where the two sides are located.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: No additional families were extracted during Sponging on verification dives, although verification dives did yield 3 additional Non-Sponging families (Table 1), indicating that our transects are representative of spongers' prey, but not of all non-burrowing prey in the eastern gulf of Shark Bay, which is not surprising. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Sponging Map. Boat launch site (Monkey Mia), dolphin sponge foraging sightings, transects, and verification dive sites in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Prey abundance from Sponging and Non-Sponging, pooled from both transects and verification dives. ratio of prey without swimbladders to those with swimbladders was significantly higher during Sponging compared to Non-Sponging on video transects (Figure 3, Wilcoxon signed-rank test W = 28, P = 0. 016), demonstrating that dolphins encounter a greater proportion of swimbladderless prey when sponging than is available to them without disturbing the substrate. Furthermore, the abundance of prey extracted during Sponging on transects was significantly greater than that for the same prey families during Non-Sponging on transects (Figure 4, Wilcoxon signed-rank test W = 28, P = 0. 016), indicating that these prey are primarily concealed in the substrate and that sponging is an effective method of extraction. Together these results show that sponging dolphins extract concealed swimbladderless prey, and do so with greater efficiency than could be done without a sponge tool. Finally, a permutation test revealed that the number of prey families extracted during Sponging that lack swimbladders was significantly greater than expected when compared to 27 years of data from the Project's long-term study (P = 0. 0132, Table S1), suggesting that sponging is the primary way dolphins access swimbladderless prey. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Ratio of prey without swimbladders (SB) to prey with swimbladders during both Sponging and Non-Sponging on transects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual reality can eliminate the need for physical rehabilitation centers altogether. [SEP] Text: ET001, for example, was able to train the affected side intensively in session one by using 80% of the affected side in tasks 01, 04, and 05 to reach most of the targets. These particular motor performances may have been influenced by the patient’s level of motivation throughout sessions [80]. The use of multisensorial stimulation and challenging levels encourages patients, which is an essential factor for sustaining treatment and enhancing rehabilitation outcomes [81]. Motor control training is hampered by low motivation and compliance, which can significantly impact its effectiveness. Normally, the physiotherapist works closely with the stroke patient to evaluate engagement and progress. During our experiment, we monitored the patient’s mobility and adaptability as they performed the task, since the patient’s alternative motions could affect the outcome. We found that every patient had a unique method of performing the task. There were no standardized strategies that all patients could implement identically to those implemented by healthy participants like in Sakabe et al. [46] study. Nevertheless, these measures did not prevent patients from using the impaired side. However, it may have influenced the time required to reach the target. Thus, we increased the time to target to 4 seconds, although most patients reached the target within 1–2 seconds, ± 500 milliseconds. The relationship between motor performance and motivation in our study can be interpreted in two ways. First, some patients attempted to train the affected side exclusively by utilizing it at least 80% of the time, while some of them improved in decreasing the time to reach targets, which may imply that the IVR environment is predominantly composed of motor training tools and motor learning resources. To optimize motor learning and neuroplasticity processes, we focused on task-specific practice, reaching multiple target locations, and encouraging the use of the affected limb as crucial factors in our study [82]. Second, as a result of the accuracy of the visual avatar, patients found that they were the ones controlling the avatar in the virtual environment, and the movement was smooth and accurate compared to reality [45, 46]. This conclusion was corroborated by the questionnaire responses, which showed that our study created a sense of control over the virtual hand [83]. The most significant therapeutically relevant finding from this study was that the number of repetitions of the task per session increased drastically for some patients (Table 4).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The concept of biophilia suggests humans have an innate connection to nature. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, if the two opposite sides are not parallel, the boundary is the parabola crossing its four vertices. In this case, we can regard the parallel lines as a degenerated form of a parabola. Therefore, we guess that for a general convex quadrilateral whose opposite sides are both not parallel, the boundaries of its coverage area are two parabolas crossing its four vertices. Let the coordinates of the four vertices of a general convex quadrilateral be P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, 0), P3(0, 0), P4(x4,y4),y1≠y4,y4x4≠y1x1−x2 (Figure 2g). Based on the same procedure, we first listed the equations of the four sides, P1P2 : y1x + (x2−x1)y−x2y1 = 0, P3P4 : y4x − x4y = 0, P2P3 : y = 0 and P1P4 : (y1 − y4)x − (x1 − x4)y − x4y1+y4x1 = 0. Then, the family of conic sections crossing these four points can be expressed by [y1x+(x2−x1)y−x2y1](y4x−x4y)+my[(y1−y4)x−(x1−x4)y−x4y1+y4x1]=0 (3. 5) Then plug the fifth point P5(x5, y5) into Equation (3. 5), and we have m=−[y1x5+(x2−x1)y5−x2y1](y4x5−x4y5)y5[(y1−y4)x5−(x1−x4)y5−x4y1+y4x1] (3. 6) Since the locus of the Equation (3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Data were transformed (+1) before ratios were calculated to correct for undefined ratios in samples with zero individuals in either group. W = 28, *P = 0. 016. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Abundance of prey species extracted during Sponging and abundance of these same families during Non-Sponging on transects. Wilcoxon sign-rank test W = 28, *P = 0. 016. DiscussionOur results demonstrate that sponging dolphins regularly encounter swimbladderless prey that are concealed beneath a rubble-littered substrate. Fish are comprised primarily of water (fish flesh: 82% water, 17% protein, and 0. 35% fat by weight [42]) so the density of fish (less the swimbladder) is only slightly greater than seawater (1. 076 compared to 1. 026 g/cm3 [43]). As such, swimbladderless prey have little acoustic impedance and are difficult to detect with echolocation [21]–[30]. To make matters more difficult, channels are strewn with fragmented rock, shell, and coral that are not only likely to injure dolphins' rostra, but also create an echo-cluttering environment leaving dolphins ‘acoustically blind’ to swimbladderless prey. Similarly, echolocating bats seem to have trouble detecting prey on the surface of ponds that are covered with duckweed [44]. Our data demonstrate that spongers have developed a way of effectively extracting hidden prey by probing the substrate with protective sponge tools. Furthermore, when compared to the rest of the population, sponging dolphins appear to specialize in prey that lack swimbladders allowing them to occupy an empty ecological niche. Alternatively, it is possible that dolphins could listen for soniferous benthic prey and simply use sponges for extraction. In fact, several species of echolocating bats passively listen for prey-generated sounds to detect insects in highly cluttered environments [45]. However, we believe this is unlikely for dolphins since only two prey families that were infrequently extracted during human Sponging are reported to be soniferous [46], and both possess swimbladders making them detectable with echolocation anyway. The remaining swimbladderless prey are unlikely to be soniferous since the primary sonic mechanism in fishes is swimbladder movement [46].

Output: corroborate