Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Where to find it: other image browsers 8. 2. 3 : raster data (3 arc sec) Temporal coverage: 2008 Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: Short description of Digital elevation data (Shuttle radar topography mission; Jarvis et al. 2008) digital elevation data, produced by NASA originally, has a resolution of 90 m at the equator and is available for over 80 % of the globe. Where to find the data layers: 9 with (≥0. 5 km)9. 1 : raster data (1 km) Temporal coverage: different examples for spring, summer and autumn (16-day average) Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: of of MODIS (Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) products provide information on vegetation. One of them is NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index). Vegetation indices are used for global monitoring of vegetation conditions and are used in products displaying land cover and land cover changes. data (product codes MYD13A2 and MOD13A2) are provided every 16 days at 1-km spatial resolution. Where to find the data layers: 9. 2 : raster data (1 km) Temporal coverage: different examples for spring, summer and autumn (8-day average) Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: of global Temperature (LST) and Emissivity 8-day data are composed of the daily 1-km LST product (MOD11A1&MYD11A1) as the average values of clear-sky LSTs during an 8-day period. MOD11A2 & MYD11A2 are comprised of daytime and nighttime LSTs, quality assessment, observation times, view angles, bits of clear sky days and nights, and emissivities estimated from land cover types. Where to find the data layers: 9. 3 : raster data (750 m) Temporal coverage: 2012 Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: of (Suite), a scanning radiometer, collects visible and infrared imagery and radiometric measurements of the land, atmosphere, cryosphere, and oceans. Its data is used to measure cloud and aerosol properties, ocean color, sea and land surface temperature, ice motion and temperature, fires, and Earth’s albedo. Where to find the data layers: Credit: NASA’s 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: In one example, ants will forego predation of, and offer protection to, honeydew producing aphids and mealybugs, as the ants are attracted to this sugar water sap as a food source [8]. In some ant-plant interactions, ant transport and disperse plant seeds (myrmecochory) with elaiosomes or food bodies rich in lipids, amino acids, or other nutrients that are attractive to ants, collectively known as a diaspore. Once the diaspore is carried back to the ant colony, the elaiosome is consumed and the seed is ejected from the nest [9, 10, 11]. A well-studied symbiotic relationship with plants has been reported between Acacia trees and the several ants in the genus Pseudomyrmex. The acacia tree produces thorns, which are used as nesting sites for the ants, and Beltian bodies, used by the ants as a food source. These ants offer protection to the trees from herbivorous arthropods and vertebrates and destroy competing plants trying to establish themselves, nearby [7]. Leaf cutter ants (genera, Atta and Acromyrmex) are notorious for cutting pieces of leaves or flowers and carrying them back to their nest to use as a suitable nutritional substrate for cultivating fungal growth to help degrade cellulose and other plant products inaccessible to the ants. 1. 6. Parasitic relationshipsIn contrast to symbiotic interactions that ants have with plants and other insects, various species have parasitic relationships among each other. One such case is slavery or dulosis. In the genus Polyergus, workers steal larvae and pupae from the genus Formica. These enslaved immature insects develop into adult workers and to carry out colony maintenance tasks for their captors [12]. Other examples of parasitism occur in parasitized host colonies lacking a worker caste system in the fire ant genus, Solenopsis, and Teleutomyrmex. Here, the parasitic ant Solenopsis daguerrei lacks a worker caste system, so all the adults are reproductive males and females. Parasitic queens attach to the host queens and fire ant workers care for them in a similar manner to their own mother queen, whereas the parasite brood is reared by the host workers simultaneously with the host brood [13, 14]. These parasites are permanent and spend their entire life cycle in the nest of the host species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤치호가 친일적인 행동을 보이면서 백인에 대해 부정적으로 평가하고 황인의 해방을 기리던 시기에도 영어로 일기 쓰는 관습을 못했던 것처럼, 그는 기독교적 인식을 포기하지 못했고, 그의 우민관도 극복하지 못했다. KW - 윤치호, 사생관, 장례문화, 근대화, 일제강점기 DO - 10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175 UR - ER - (2015). 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 -. 민족문화연구, 66, 175 - 214. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 4 (2 m Above the Ground) Format: raster data (0. 0056°) Temporal coverage: selected periods for various seasons in 2011 Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: of temperature was calculated on the basis of (LST) by dr. Klemen Zakšek and dr. Krištof Oštir from of the of Sciences and Arts (). Calculation method is presented in the paper Estimaton of dailiy mean air temperature from in Alpine areas written by Colombi et al. (2007). Where to find the data layers: UHI atlas ( 10 from the PartnersThe data provided by the partners of the UHI project consist of different data layers and present several aspects of urban heat island phenomena and urban heat island influencing factors. of Bologna and stations in the Bologna and Modena area, Air quality monitoring system in the Bologna and Modena area, Buildings in the municipality of Bologna and Modena, Border of the municipalities Bologna and Modena, Pilot area in Case of equivalent temperature (PET) for different areas in Stuttgart, of of the municipality of Warsaw, IGSO measurement points, UHI index, for Warsaw and various health resorts, Global solar radiation on the ground level (Mazovian Lowland), Reflected solar radiaton (Mazovian Lowland), Air temperature (Mazovian Lowland), Wind velocity (Mazovian Lowland), Index (STI) (Mazovian Lowland). of climate data for precipitation and temperature. of climate data for precipitation, temperature, and global radiation. For each UHI Project partner there is a location marked on the map and important links provided. 11 SummaryIn accordance the aims of the authors, this Manual for UHI assessment helps in selecting measurement locations as well as in identifying sampling infrastructures to be developed in the single urban areas. First of all, it is very important to determine the purpose of the station clearly: (i) to monitor the greatest impact of the city; (ii) to collect data for a more representative or typical district; (iii) to characterize a particular site, where climate problems are perceived to be or where future development is planned. In choosing a location and site for urban stations, there are three scales of interest in urban area studies: macro, local, and micro on horizontal scales.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Most often, the parasite inhibits egg production of the mother queen, causing an eventual collapse of the colony [15]. 1. 7. Predatory behaviorMany ant species exhibit an extremely predatory behavior. In the Afrotropical region, in the genus, Dorylus, the African driver ants, also known as army or legionary ants, have colonies with millions of inhabitants. They have no permanent nest structure, as they move their nesting sites regularly and forage for food in large swarming columns or groups, preying mainly on insects, arachnids, and earthworms [16]. In another example, extraordinary cooperative behavior is exhibited during nest construction by the weaver arboreal ants, in the genus Oecophylla, living in Afrotropical regions. These ants link their bodies together to form chains by grasping the petiole of an adjacent worker with their jaws. The living chains are used to position leaves together. Silk-producing larvae contribute their secretions to allow the leaves to be held together, eventually forming a tent and eventually a nest [17]. 1. 8. PollinatorsWhile bees, flies, and hummingbirds are thought as agents of plant pollination, some ant species have been found to serve as effective pollinators. This is despite observations, in general, that antibiotic compounds produced by the metapleural and poison glands of most ants tend to suppress pollen germination and pollen-tube growth. Worker ants, Proformica longiseta have been found to serve as pollinators of a mass flowering wood plant, Hormathophylla spinosa, in the high mountain area of the mountains. The ants were found to make contact with the plant reproductive organs when foraging for nectar and were found to transfer large numbers of pollen grains, contributing to increasing the number of viable seeds [18]. Advertisement 1. Holldöbler B, Wilson EO. The Ants. Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Press; 1990. 733 pp2. . The first Mesozoic ants. Science. 1967;157:1038-10403. . The first Mesozoic ants, with the description of a new subfamily. Psyche. 1967;74(1):1-194. Bolton B. to the of the World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Press; 1994. 222 pp5. . Location-specific cuticular hydrocarbon signals in a social insect.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Gershon argues that all of these sounds are a system of embodied learning – the children learn through sound about orientation (not tripping over tree roots), about their partners (e. g. by categorising the emotive delivery of the orientation instructions – does their partner sound enthusiastic, excited, bored or anxious) and about their distance from peers, indicated by the degree of echo made by others’ sounds, testing how far geographically feels safe to explore. Beyond the task at hand, there is potential to learn further about the natural environment through sound: seasonal variations within the forest are reflected in the sounds of wind, birds’ activity and crunchiness of leaves. Gershon’s critique challenges which sounds are accepted as ‘educational’ and which are left to one side: […] part of the reason it might be difficult to conceive of sounds as educational systems resides not only in how sound has been conceptualized philosophically, ontologically, theoretically, and phenomenologically, but also due to the ways in which thinking about education is often bounded. In the same way that certain tasks have come to be regarded as on or off task according to a teacher’s construction of a lesson, it seems as though sounds have been implicitly theorized in a similar fashion: Sounds that are part of the teacher’s agenda are educational, those that are not, aren’t. (2011, p. 77) Off-task sounds of a more challenging nature in Playing A/Part included a form of provocative play through the deployment of musical heckles. Off-task sounds – (2) provocative playing and musical heckles Clare was funny, rebellious and at 15, one of the older girls in the group. She had an accurate sense of rhythm. As could be seen from the video footage, during the first session she launched many comments and asides, some funny, some sarcastic. The ensemble music in that first session was chaotic and not ‘proper’ sounding (pulses dissolved after a few seconds’ play). Clare refused to join in initially. However, towards the end of the session she began to play a low, loud punchy note repeatedly on the piano – an occasional provocative ‘heckle’. We made this the bass line and over an eight-beat pulse she was asked if she could play her chosen sound on 1st beat of the cycle.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 2004; Muthers and Matzarakis 2010; Matzarakis and Nastos 2011). Thus, there is a demand for the assessment and quantification of adaptation measures improving the urban climate, ie street morphology, different types of vegetation (Hwang et al. 2011; Ketterer et al. 2013; Lin et al. 2012; Matzarakis 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010). This approach is twofold: the analysis and description of single places for urban planning measures and the construction of maps for the detection of areas with frequent heat stress (Svensson et al. 2003). The aim is to show and describe methods based on long term measured data and their analysis for a comprehensive quantification of urban-rural differences and possible strategies for adaptation and mitigation in urban areas, focused on micro scale conditions. 2 Methods and DataThe application of thermal indices based on the human energy balance gives detailed information on the effect of complex thermal environments on humans (Höppe 1999). It is related to the close relationship between the human thermoregulatory mechanism and the human circulatory system. The human body does not have any selective sensors for the perception of individual climatic parameters. Thermoreceptors can register the temperature of the skin and blood flow passing the hypothalamus and response thermoregulatorily (Höppe 1984, 1993, 1999). These temperatures, however, are influenced by the integrated effect of all climatic parameters, which are in some kind of interrelation, ie affect each other (VDI 1998; Höppe 1999). Commonly used thermal indices, based on the human energy balance, are (Fanger 1972), (Mayer and Höppe 1987; Höppe 1999; Matzarakis et al. 1999), * (Gagge et al. 1986) or Out_SET* (Spagnolo and Dear 2003), pT (Staiger et al. 2012) and (Jendritzky et al. 2012). These thermal indices require the same meteorological input parameters: air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, short and long wave radiation fluxes. These input parameters have a temporal and spatial variability, which have a huge influence on thermal indices. Wind speed and mean radiant temperature have the highest variability and are modified by surroundings and obstacles in complex urban areas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Second, as previous work shows, when a forager leaves the nest depends on its recent rate of encounter with incoming ants (Greene and Gordon 2003; Schafer et al. 2006). Differences among colonies in the baseline rate at which ants leave the nest, and in the response to returning foragers, could lead to variation among colonies in how closely the colony adjusts to changing food availability. The more quickly each forager in a colony is likely to leave the nest on its next trip, independently of the rate at which others return, the higher the colony's foraging activity. In turn, a colony's level of foraging activity could influence how closely it adjusts the numbers foraging from minute to minute. The more ants are returning to the nest, and the more that inactive foragers respond to the return of foragers with food by going out to forage, the more the rate of outgoing foragers will reflect changes in the rate of forager return. Here, we consider how colonies differ in foraging activity and in the propensity to regulate foraging. We ask:Do colonies differ in the baseline probability that an ant will leave the nest? We measured the rate at which patrollers emerge in the absence of any stimulation from returning ants. Patrollers are a group of ants (about 50 in a mature colony), distinct from the foragers (Gordon 1989), that are the first to emerge in the morning (Gordon 1991). They leave the nest, walk around the foraging area, and then return to the nest. Encounters with returning patrollers stimulate the foragers to leave the nest on the first trip of the day (Greene and Gordon 2003, 2007). Such encounters do not provide information about food supply; glass beads with the odor of patrollers are sufficient to stimulate foraging. Here, we captured returning patrollers and measured the rate at which more patrollers continued to leave the nest. Is variation among colonies in the baseline rate at which patrollers emerge associated with variation in foraging activity? We consider whether there may be a colony-specific baseline rate at which both patrollers and foragers leave the nest, independently of the return of other ants. To do this, we examined the association between the rate at which patrollers leave the nest early in the morning and the rate at which foragers leave the nest later in the day. Do colonies differ in their propensity to regulate foraging?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Survival rates (93% follow-up) were 66% (5-years), 55% (10 years), 44% (15 years) in P1, 63% (5 years), 50% (10 years) in P2, and 80% (5 years) in Period 3. General survival was 70% after 5 years, 56% after 10 years, and 45% after 15 years. 5-year survival was better in the recent period than in both previous periods. The differences between Period 1 and 2, Period 1 and 3, and Period 2 and 3 were significant (p<0. 001). Odds ratios for reduced long-term survival were concomitant venous bypass surgery (5-years 1. 871, p = 0. 004; 10 years 2,701, p = 0. 026); concomitant tricuspid valve surgery (10-years 4. 699, p = 0. 04). Survival was positively influenced by isolated MVR (5-years 0. 375, p<0. 001; 10-years 0. 246, p = 0. 001), concomitant isolated arterial bypass (IMA) (10-years 0. 153, p0. 051); posterior leaflet procedures (5 years 0. 568, p = 0. 005; 10 years 0. 178, p<0. 001), and use of artificial chordae (5-years 0. 235, p<0. 001) (Table 5, Fig 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Odds ratios for long-term survival (5- and 10 years). MIC = Minimal invasive; MVR = Mitral valve repair; LAA = Left atrial appendage closure; PML = posterior mitral leaflet; IMA = Internal mammary artery; MAZE = Atrial ablation therapy; AML = Anterior mitral leaflet; CABG = Coronary artery bypass graft; AV-Replacement = Aortic valve replacement; TVR/Replacement = Tricuspid valve repair or replacement; Electro = Electrophysiological device. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 5. Odds ratios of 5- and 10-year survival.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: An example of thermophysiological heat-balance model is the for Individuals (MEMI) (Höppe 1993), which is the basis for the calculation of the. 2. 1 (PET) is the equivalent temperature at a given place (outdoors or indoors) to the air temperature in a typical indoor setting with core and skin temperatures equal to those under the conditions being assessed. Thereby, the heat balance of the human body with a work metabolism 80 W (light activity, added to basic metabolism) and a heat resistance of clothing 0. 9 clo) is maintained (Höppe 1999). The following assumptions are made for the indoor reference climate: mean radiant temperature equals air temperature (Tmrt = Ta). air velocity (wind speed) is fixed at v = 0. 1 m/s. water vapor pressure is set to 12 hPa (approximately, equivalent to a relative humidity of 50 % at Ta = 20 °C). The procedure for the calculation of PET contains the following steps: 1. calculation of the thermal conditions of the body with MEMI for a given combination of meteorological parameters. 2. insertion of the calculated values for mean skin temperature and core temperature into the model MEMI and computation the energy balance equation system for the air temperature Ta (with v =0. 1 m/s, VP = 12 hPa and Tmrt = Ta). 3. the resulting air temperature is equivalent to PET. PET offers the advantage of a widely known unit (degrees Celsius), which makes results more comprehensible to regional or urban planners, who are not necessarily very familiar with the modern human-biometeorological methods (Matzarakis et al. 1999). The assessment classes of PET (Table 4. 1) are valid only for the assumed values of internal heat production (80 W) and thermal resistance of the clothing (0. 9) (Matzarakis and Mayer 1997). Table 4. 1 Ranges of the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) for different grades of thermal perception by human beings and physiological stress on human beings, internal heat production: 80 W, heat transfer resistance of the clothing: 0. 9 clo (according to Matzarakis and Mayer 1996, 1997)Full size table The meteorological input parameters have to be measured or transferred to the average height of a standing person’s gravity center, 1. 1 m above ground (Matzarakis et al. 2009).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: We performed 5 trials for each of 24 mature colonies over the course of 11 days from 7 to 19 August 2008, for a total of 120 trials. A colony was tested once on a given day. Fourteen of the 24 colonies were used in the patroller removal experiments described above, but patroller and forager removals were not done on the same day. We designed the trials to minimize the extent to which the effects of the weather on a given day, and the age or size of the colony, would influence the detection of differences among colonies. The 24 colonies were grouped into 12 pairs. Previous work showed that colony response to the removal of returning foragers depends on the day (Gordon et al. 2008), apparently due to day-to-day variation in humidity. To reduce the effects of day on the results, both members of each pair of colonies were always tested on the same day. At least 5 pairs of colonies were tested on each day of the 11 days, with different pairs on each day. We attempted to match the 12 pairs of colonies by size. It is not possible to measure colony size directly without destroying the colony. A colony is founded by a single queen and lives about 25 years (Gordon 1991). Excavations of colonies of known age indicate that once a colony reaches the age of 5 years, when it begins to reproduce (Gordon 1995), its size ranges from 10 000 to 12 000 ants (Gordon 1992). It appears that once a colony reaches reproductive age, its size does not change much and it maintains its characteristic foraging behavior for the rest of its life (Gordon 1991, 1992). The 24 colonies were all of reproductive age, ranging from 6 to 21 years old, and the 12 pairs were matched by age; 5 pairs differed in age by 1 year, 2 by 2 years, 4 by 3 years, and 1 by 5 years. The 12 pairs of colonies were also each matched as closely as possible in apparent numbers of foragers, although for all colonies, these numbers varied greatly among days. In each trial, the colony was observed for 15 min. Returning foragers were removed for 3 min, using the same methods as in Gordon et al. (2008): During minutes 4–7 of the 15-min trial, beginning 240–260 s after the trial began, a third person standing at least 1 m from the nest entrance, outside the edge of the nest mound, removed all foragers returning to the nest with food.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inon undergraduate experiment grew vegetables and herbs in simulated Martian soil under Mars-like reduced daylight. The tasty results suggest that Mars colonists could farm their own produce. by Kimberly M. S. Cartier 12 January 201815 November 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) An artist’s conception of a portable Martian greenhouse currently being developed at NASA. The space agency’s vegetable-growing experiments inspired an astrobiologist and his undergraduate students to grow their own “Martian” vegetables. Credit: NASA What do kale, carrots, lettuce, sweet potatoes, onions, dandelions, and hops have in common? They could all potentially be grown in Martian soil by future colonists, according to a recent project by a class of astrobiology students and their professor. In a new addition to the class, the students tried growing a variety of vegetables in simulated Martian soil to discover which edible species may be prospects for future colonists. “The project combined my research—astrobiology and Mars—and my hobby of growing things,” said Edward Guinan, a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at in Villanova, Pa. Guinan developed the Project for his annual undergraduate-level astrobiology class and supervised the experiments, which concluded last month. The students, Guinan said, were very enthusiastic about growing their own Martian vegetables. Kale, sweet potatoes, certain lettuces, and hops grew very easily, tasting no different than their terrestrial counterparts. The undergraduate researchers attempted to raise more than a dozen vegetables and herbs in a Mars-like soil with Mars-level light conditions. They found that kale, sweet potatoes, certain lettuces, and, surprisingly, hops grew very easily, tasting no different than their terrestrial counterparts. Other foods, including regular russet potatoes—the famous staple of the stranded astronaut in the 2015 film The Martian—required special soil or light treatments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: These meteorological parameters can be measured or calculated by numerical models. PET can be calculated by models like RayMan (Matzarakis et al. 2007, 2010). 2. 2 (Jendritzky et al. 2012) is defined as the air temperature (Ta) of the reference condition causing the same model response as the actual condition. Thus, UTCI represents the air temperature, which would produce, under reference conditions, the same thermal strain as in the actual thermal environment. Both meteorological and non-meteorological (metabolic rate and thermal resistance of clothing) reference conditions were defined: wind speed (v) of 0. 5 m/s at 10 m height (approximately 0. 3 m/s in 1. 1 m), mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) equal to air temperature, vapor pressure (VP) that represent relative humidity of 50 %, at high air temperatures (>29 °C) the reference air humidity is defined as 20 hPa. representative activity to be that of a person walking with a speed of 4 km/h (1. 1 m/s). This provides a metabolic rate of 2. 3 MET (135 W/m2). The adjustment of clothing insulation is a powerful behavioral response to changing atmospheric conditions. Thereby, the conception behind UTCI was to consider seasonal clothing adaptation habits of Europeans based on available data from field surveys, in order to obtain a realistic representation of this behavioral action. The categorization of UTCI is based on physiological response of an organism at actual environmental conditions depending on the responses for the reference conditions and thermal load (ie heat or cold stress) (Table 4. 2). UTCI values between 18 and 26 °C may comply closely with the definition of the “thermal comfort zone” supplied in the Glossary of Terms for (of – 2003) as: “The range of ambient temperatures, associated with specified mean radiant temperature, humidity, and air movement, within which a human in specified clothing expresses indifference to the thermal environment for an indefinite period”. Table 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Relation of baseline rate of patroller emergence and rate of foraging The baseline rate at which a colony’s patrollers leave the nest early in the morning predicts that colony’s average level of foraging activity (Figure 2). Small differences in the rate at which patrollers emerge early in the morning, ranging from about 2 to 7 ants per minute, were associated with large differences in the mean rate at which foragers leave the nest during the peak of foraging hours later, ranging from about 20 to 50 ants per minute. There was a significant effect of the mean number of patrollers per group that left the nest on the mean foraging activity of the same colony (Kruskal–Wallis, df 12, F 11. 88, P < 0. 005). There was no significant effect of the colony-specific interval between bursts of patrollers on foraging activity (Kruskal–Wallis, df 12, F 3. 23, P = 0. 09) and no significant interaction of the mean interval between successive groups of patrollers leaving the nest and the number of patrollers in each group (Kruskal–Wallis, df 12, F 0. 03, P = 0. 86). Figure 2Foraging activity and patroller burst size, by colony. Each point shows the average number of patrollers that left the nest per min and the average numbers of outgoing foragers per 30 s for the same colony. Open in new tabDownload slide Colony differences in response to removals Colonies differ in their propensity to adjust the rate of outgoing foragers to changes in forager return rate (Figures 3 and 4). When trials were grouped by colony, colonies differed in whether they responded to removals (analysis of deviance, 23 df, deviance 37. 2, chi square 93, P < 0. 03). Figure 3Frequency of colony response to decrease in forager return. Each bar shows the number of colonies that responded to a decrease in foraging return rate the indicated number of times, out of 5 trials, by changing the rate of outgoing foragers. Open in new tabDownload slide Figure 4Foraging activity when undisturbed and response to decrease in forager return rate. Each point shows the mean foraging activity for 3 min before forager return rate was experimentally decreased. Open circles, trials in which the colony responded by decreasing foraging.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: Guinan plans to repeat these experiments with future astrobiology classes and incorporate more rigorous scientific testing of the results. He presented the results this morning at the 231st meeting of the Society in National Harbor, Md. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Soil of a was a new addition to his regular astrobiology course, Guinan explained. He was inspired by NASA’s System (Veggie) on the Station and wanted to bring those types of experiments to his students. Guinan (right) and two of his students (left) are tending some of their plants grown in a brick-red Martian soil simulant seen in the frontmost plant (a pea plant). Some of their plants grew well in a Mars-like environment, whereas others required different light or temperature conditions that weren’t possible with the class’s single greenhouse setup. Credit: Guinan and his class grew the plants in a greenhouse in a commercially available Mars soil simulant similar to one developed by NASA and the Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. The soil is mostly an iron-rich basalt with some additional reagents to better approximate the composition of Mars’s regolith as measured by NASA’s Curiosity rover and other instruments. “The major differences are that Mars soil has about double the iron as Earth soil, mainly iron oxides, and Earth soil is more organic,” Guinan said. The soil used in the trial is approximately 93% similar to Martian regolith, with the main differences being the absence of some poisonous perchlorates present on Mars and the class’s addition of inorganic fertilizers to aid plant development. Mars’s soil lacks the living organisms in Earth’s soil that help plant life flourish, Guinan said, so Mars farmers would need to augment the soil with biologically rich materials like compost waste. The students grew the plants in pots under Mars-like light conditions—about 44% the light level on Earth. They then compared their plants to the same plant varieties grown in pots in regular potting soil. Although the light intensity was Mars-like, the atmosphere was Earth-like: Plants on Mars would need to be grown in a greenhouse with an Earth-like atmosphere, Guinan said, because they would struggle to survive in Mars’s thin, cold, and dusty atmosphere.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 2 UTCI equivalent temperature categorized in terms of thermal stressFull size table Following abbreviations are used: rectal temperature Tre (°C), mean skin temperature Tskm (°C), face skin temperature Tskfc (°C), sweat production Mskdot (g/min), heat generated by shivering Shiv (W), skin wittedness wettA (%) of body area, skin blood flow VblSk (%) of basal value, 3 Exemplary ResultsThermal biometeorological conditions are described using the thermal indices PET and UTCI for Stuttgart. Thereby, the results are focused on the comparison of thermal indices and air temperature. Figure 4. 2 shows the air temperature conditions for the period 2000 to 2011 based on hourly data, where all the hourly data of the examined period is shown. A comparison is made between mean conditions and the specific year 2003, which experienced an extraordinary hot summer. The two upper graphs show the pattern of air temperature for the long period and the year 2003. It can be noted that, during summer 2003, air temperature exceed very often the 30 °C level. This heat wave in 2003 had many negative effects on human health, which results in high mortality and morbidity rate in (Koppe et al. 2003; et al. 2006). The daytime PET values are higher than Ta during the day. During the night, PET is lower than air temperature. During the winter, the values of air temperature are mostly higher than the values of PET, due to the effect of wind, low irradiation and air humidity. Fig. 4. 2Ta (upper graphs) and PET (lower graphs) for the period 2001–2011 and 2003 for station Schwabenzentrum in StuttgartFull size image Another possibility to describe thermal comfort conditions and urban rural differences can be the long terms analysis for different stations. are located five stations and they have all been selected for the analysis (Table 4. 3). Table 4. 3 Location and altitude of the measurement stationsFull size table Beanplots, developed by (Kampstra 2008), display the density curve of the data together with median or mean, percentiles or standard deviation. To obtain the typical bean shape, the density curve is mirrored along the central y-axis. Fig. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Like the ants, it is difficult for us to detect a change in the rate of foraging when it is low (Figure 1A). The lower the rate of foraging, the higher the variation in the rate. This leads to a smaller apparent decrease in forager return rate, measured as the ratio of foraging rate after to rate before removals. However, it is clear that the ants can respond to a change in forager return rate even when rates are low. The rate of outgoing foragers changed in response to removals at a wide range of levels of foraging activity, including some trials in which foraging rates were quite low. For example, Figure 4 shows that foraging changed in response to removals at low levels of foraging for colony 452 and foraging did not change in response to removals at high levels of foraging for colony 15. Thus, the association we found between response to removals and high foraging activity cannot be solely due either to the ants' difficulty in detecting a change in return rate or to our difficulty in detecting a relative change in the rate of outgoing foragers, when foraging activity is low. In general, colonies are more likely to adjust to changes in forager return rate when foraging rate is high. Thus, colony differences in the level of foraging activity lead to variation in the propensity to regulate foraging. But even taking foraging rate into account, there were still differences among colonies in the probability that they responded to removals (Figure 3). It appears that in addition to overall level of foraging activity, some other factors influence how closely a colony regulates foraging. These other factors may explain why, in a previous study with a much smaller sample of colonies (Gordon et al. 2008), we did not find significant differences among colonies in response to removals. Some possibilities include the amount of stored food and the current need to feed larvae (Dussutour and Simpson 2009; Mailleux et al. 2010). Excavations show that colonies store food for many months (Gordon 1993) and differ greatly in the amount of stored food (Gordon 1992). We do not know how the amount of stored food influences the minute-to-minute regulation of foraging, and it is not possible to measure this amount directly in the field without destroying the nest. We do not know what causes the differences among colonies in foraging behavior that we report here.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: The need for indoor cultivation actually offers a benefit, he said, because the plants’ respiration could become part of the atmospheric recycling of a colony. Martian greenhouses would need to maintain a constant 50%–60% humidity to avoid soil dryness. Even with the right, nonpoisonous composition, the students ran into some issues with the soil. Mars’s regolith, a very fine, claylike powder, dried out very quickly if not constantly watered. Soil dryness was solved by regular watering, although Guinan estimated that Martian greenhouses would need to maintain a constant 50%–60% humidity to avoid soil dryness. The soil also packs too tightly to let roots or subsurface vegetables grow, they found. The class solved the soil density problem by aerating it with some shredded cardboard or vermiculites to give the roots and veggies room to grow. Cardboard was more ideal, Guinan explained, because it might already be part of shipping material people would take to Mars and colonists wouldn’t need to import unneeded supplies. A Variety of With soil aeration and moisture levels accounted for, Guinan’s students found that each of the plants they tested grew moderately well. However, sweet potatoes, carrots, onions, kale, dandelions, basil, garlic, and hops were particularly robust crops under Martian conditions. The greenhouse was too hot for peas and spinach, Guinan explained, or they probably would have survived, too. Some of the vegetables, herbs, and salad greens grown in a Martian soil simulant by Villanova undergraduate students. In this corner of the greenhouse, hops flourish in the frontmost tray, kale and lettuces fill the left tray, and dandelion bins occupy planters in the center rear of the image. Credit: “Of course, the students also picked potatoes because of The Martian,” Guinan said, “but the soil was too dense at first and the potatoes would not grow in it—they were squeezed. Once we added about one-third of some filler into the soil to give the potatoes room to breathe, they grew very well. ” Some business majors in the class opted to grow hops, a beer-brewing ingredient, and toyed with ways to market “Mars Beer,” Guinan explained.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 3 depicts beanplots for the described stations in Stuttgart (Neckartal, Schnarrenberg, Schwabenzentrum, Hohenheim and Echterdingen) for the period 2000–2011. Fig. 4. 3Bean plots for air temperature (upper graphs), PET (middle graphs) and UTCI (lower graphs) for the (E), Schnarrenberg (Sb), Neckartal (N), Schwabenzentrum (S) and Hohenheim (H) for the period 2000–2011Full size image The plots show the seasonal pattern for winter, spring, summer and autumn for Ta (upper graphs), PET (middle) and UTCI (lower graph). The differences between the stations for Ta are small. In particular, the daily minimum values are higher for the urban stations, compared to suburban site Hohenheim or the rural reference station Echterdingen. This fact can be explained by the heat storage in the city, but also by the differences in altitude, that reach more than 150 m. The density distribution of PET is governed by radiation fluxes from spring to autumn, which is also the most impacting meteorological variable. In winter, the density distribution of PET is similar to the one of air temperature. Air temperature is the factor that influences PET most during winter. The minimum values of UTCI (Fig. 4. 3 lower panel) are lower than PET. This can be explained by adapting clothing model of UTCI during summer, but also by different assessment scale. In some cases, esp. for application in planning or for the detection of extreme events for human health, issues conditions can be analyzed in terms of thresholds of air temperature or any thermal index. Table 4. 4 shows the amount of days per year for different levels of maximum air temperature (Tamax > 30 and > 35), minimum air temperature (Tamin > 18, > 20 and > 23), the conditions for the maximum value of PET (PETmax > 30, > 35 and > 41) according to the assessment classes (Table 3. 7. 2. 1) and also the PETmin for the levels of > 18. It can be seen that there is a difference in the conditions for maxima over Ta > 30 and only 1 or 2 days for Ta > 35 °C. In addition, it can be seen that Tamin conditions over > 18 and > 20 occur mostly in the urban area.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-486280/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAl-in Iraq stands out for hosting the largest concentrations of coastal migratory birds along the migration path between the and the Mediterranean Sea. Despite this importance, there is no complete review of the dynamics of these birds. In this study, we collected and analyzed the results of six species of migratory birds (Mallard duck, Graylag goose, White pelican, Barn swallow, Common gull, White stork) in the Region, in addition to the results of the land cover in October of 2000 to 2020, The results show the presence across the past two decades of a change in the population makeup of migratory birds. Complete numbers of migratory birds indicated a decline in the residual types between 2000 and 2020. The disproportion among numbers was also too large for trends to be observed. The region also showed a decrease in the areas of vegetation cover during the study period was equal to 5. 0%, 3. 5%, and 15. 6%, And an increase in the areas of water bodies during the study period was equal to 7. 8%, 21. 0%, and 62. 6%, respectively, Finally, A multivariate analysis suggests a general decline in types that depend on the Wetland for feeding and breeding an in the sublittoral and the offshore zones. Use satellite data can be used for monitoring several variables such as water bodies, vegetation cover, Climate factors that influence the activity of Migratory birds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: He noted, however, that some enterprising brewers beat them to the punch with their own hops and sorghum grown in simulated Martian soil prior to the Villanova tests. Although none of the produce raised in Mars simulant soil tasted noticeably different from the experimental control crops, Guinan expressed concern that some of the typically iron rich leafy vegetables, like kale and spinach, might take up excessive iron from the Martian soil. Too much iron in food, he explained, can cause indigestion or even food poisoning. Guinan plans to have future classes test the iron content of the Mars-grown salad greens to see if the soil’s iron enrichment is reflected in the leaves. If so, that would be another potential concern for future Mars farmers. “The farther and longer humans go away from Earth, the greater the need to be able to grow plants for food, atmosphere recycling, and psychological benefits,” Although NASA may be growing veggies in space, Guinan said that his class’s experiments add variety. “Once we treated the Martian soil correctly, pretty much everything grew well,” he said. “The farther and longer humans go away from Earth, the greater the need to be able to grow plants for food, atmosphere recycling, and psychological benefits,” said Gioia Massa, a payload scientist for Veggie at NASA’s Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla. “I think that plant systems will become important components of any long-duration exploration scenario,” Massa added. This first set of Villanova vegetable tests was just the start, according to Guinan. In his opinion, the students chose their vegetables on the basis of what they liked to eat, rather than what would be the most nutritious or valuable for potential Mars colonists. When he repeats this project with future classes of astrobiology students, he said, he plans to have the students test vegetables, herbs, and possibly fruit that would be more likely to be selected by colonists. Now that the Project is a proven success, Guinan has received a more dedicated greenhouse space to use for his class’s next vegetable patch. The new space, he explained, will give his class more control over the temperature, humidity, and light conditions for the plants and let them refine their experiments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: However, it has to be mentioned that results of thermal indices (PET or UTCI), compared to studies based only on air temperature, produce different outcomes. For example, increasing albedo of urban surfaces can decrease air temperature, but at the same time it increases the values of PET, due to increased shortwave reflection. This is a relevant topic not only during summer, but throughout the all year, because it affects the use of the urban spaces, where people want to spend time outdoors. Finally, easy understandable graphs and figure are a possibility for better communication between different users and disciplines.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: Wildlife BiologyMarshenvironmentchangesmigratory birdsLandsatwater bodiesFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionIraq is of relatively rich countries biodiversity in general and rich the kinds of birds, especially that was due to a combination of ingredients that led to this space be a shelter for many bird species are various, most of these ingredients important is the site of Iraq more than a main line for the migration of birds passing through Siberia and south to the Arabian peninsula and Africa, Iraq constitutes half of the corridor everybody trapped between the and the Mediterranean Seas, especially if we know that birds and small ones avoid crossing water bodies wide as the sea, in addition to this, the site of Iraq in the warm-line cross between the cold areas of North and warm in South would attract many species of birds to stay in the regions various (A. Mohammed 2019). Iraqi marshes importance of national, regional and global by talking about birds marshes, we find that these water bodies includes a number no small birds International endangered demise, Or do not dwell except in this part of the world and others, Because it is a clean environment to house birds Of all kinds, therefore, keeping the number and types of resident and migratory birds in Iraq is a factor the abundance of water and green spaces, where a large number of ducks and birds can be seen migrating to the marshes. Winter or summer, when different species of birds, ducks and summer visitors breed in the marshes. Among the 287 species of birds recorded only 134 have been recorded in the long term in the marshes in southern Iraq (Abdel 2008). Human activity changes the earth’s environment, and changes in these environments too affect migratory birds, resulting from the impact of climate change on both land cover and provide food. Consequently, there will be shifts in the destinations of birds in the region, Affected spatially to changes in Climatic conditions far quickly than do land cover types. The dynamics of the ecosystem and the tools used in the LULC, Geographic information systems and remote sensing is widely spread because of its multidisciplinary applications such changes detection and, monitoring, analysis of LULC and impact on the ecosystem, too Temporal and spatial information supply the ability to predict the trends in LULC in order to make a better-maps within an area.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: possesses AI-2 QS capacity [30]. However, many ruminant bacteria are yet to be identified, cultured or genome sequenced, and further studies to identify them and their potential involvement in QS in the rumen are paramount. It may also be important to assess the contribution of other rumen organism types including fungi, archaea, protozoa and viruses to QS in the rumen and their role in plant degradation alongside bacteria given that several non-ruminal studies show that other microorganisms such as fungi, archaea and protozoa also use QS signalling [31,32,33,34,35,36]. Moreover, there are still a lot of Gram-negative bacteria that remain uncultured with the potential to utilise AHL-based QS in the rumen. Thus, it is important to improve our knowledge of both AI-2 and AHL QS signalling system in the rumen to better understand bacterial interactions and consequences on ruminant production. Further, in vitro analysis to confirm the bioluminescence activity of the LuxS genes detected in these rumen bacteria genera will be required to understand their expression and role in the rumen microbiome. ConclusionUsing the major genomic resources available, we show on a greater scale than previously possible that QS is likely to be an important phenomenon in the rumen microbiome. Our data suggest that AI-2-based QS is probably the most abundant and perhaps most important signal used by rumen bacteria. Further research into the implications of rumen-based QS on plant degradation and nutrient availability for the host is now required. 84. 46. 67. 81. 8. 32. 55. 4567. 367. 9. 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol. 2016;33(7):870–1874. 25. Nature Methods. 2012;9(4):357. 9. 30. 16. Microbiol. 2003;69(10):5941–9. 33. 703. 6. Gene. 2019;684:58–69. 6. 7. 396. doi: 14. 1441. 9. 1812. 7. 32. Download 1. Bacterial diversity and the presence of autoinducer proteins in the rumen. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, there are three species, which show variable Gram stain (described with weakly+ and variable+).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Adapt: ↑ To undergo long-term adjustments in characteristics across multiple generations, so that a species can survive and perform better in its habitat. Acclimate: ↑ To make short-term adjustments, so that a single organism can better survive and perform in its habitat. Photosynthesize: ↑ To capture sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create sugar, which plants use to get energy. Ecosystem Services: ↑ The many benefits humans receive from the natural environment. For example, natural places provide wood, fuel, climate regulation, foods, and places to explore and have fun. Conflict of authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2019. Urban heat island conditions experienced by the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus): extreme heat slows development but results in behavioral accommodations. . 14:e0220153. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0220153 [2] ↑ Meineke, E. , Youngsteadt, E. , Dunn, R. R. , and Frank, S. D. 2016. Urban warming reduces aboveground carbon storage. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 283:20161574. doi: 10. 1098/rspb. 2016. 1574 [3] ↑ Moser, A. , Uhl, E. , Rötzer, T. , Biber, P. , Dahlhausen, J. , Lefer, B. , et al. 2017. Effects of climate and the urban heat island effect on urban tree growth in Houston. Open J. For. 7:428–45. doi: 10. 4236/ojf. 2017. 74026 [4] ↑ Zipper, S. C. , Schatz, J. , Kucharik, C. J. , and Loheide, S. P. II. 2017. Urban heat island-induced increases in evapotranspirative demand. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44:873–81. doi: 10. 1002/2016GL072190 3515. doi: 10. 3389/frym. 2023. 943515 dates Submitted: May 13, 2022; Accepted: January 30, 2023; Published online: February 14, 2023.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: The nature of the study area is Water and vegetation and ground reference data was obtained by visual interpretation of the maps and using Pro, a shapefile was created for the classification of the study area. All the Data processing and classification steps were completed using the software ArcGIS 10. 2. All the data were projected to the same reference system UTM (zone 38N) and WGS 84 datum, the preprocessing steps included the assignment of the coordinate system, layer stacking of the separate bands of the datasets and splitting the images based on the polygon of the study area. Supervised classification methods and maximum likelihood algorithm were used for producing LULC maps (Juliev et al. 2019). Data type sensing Landsat-5 TM Landsat-5 TM Landsat-8 OLI scene one scene two 2000/10/19 scene one scene two 2010/10/16 scene one scene two 2020/10/23 Table1 List of the 8 & 5 scenes data. Climate and migratory birds In many ways, the impacts of climate change on migratory birds will manifest, including changes in geographical and elevational allocations; phenology, as well as the timing of migration and the beginning of breeding, the nature of the population and gender interactions, the correlation of migratory bird populations with seasonal climate fluctuations, could inform forecasts of their long-term climate change response. Such fluctuations, particularly in precipitation, may affect migratory birds' survival and population dynamics, winter precipitation and, to a lesser degree, spring precipitation in the breeding range are expected to have an indirect effect on the vital levels and abundances of breeding migratory birds in temperate ecosystems, e. g. in at least some cases, both adult survival and recruitment were positively associated with increased annual breeding range precipitation. In Iraq's South(Knudsen et al. 2011). The reproductive success of migratory birds was positively associated with annual precipitation, and declines in species richness and breeding migratory bird occupancy were associated with increased drought, particularly reduced precipitation. Precipitation is likely to be positively associated with primary productivity, which in turn is likely to be positively linked to the abundance of arthropods and vegetation cover and water bodies, which are resources for migratory bird nesting, the abundance of breeding migratory birds can also be influenced by the air temperature.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: The marketing of oxycodone/naloxone tablets, and other fixed dose combination products including previously marketed pentazocine-naloxone and morphine/ naltrexone utilized agonist/antagonist has been attempted in an effort to prevent reactions from crushing or injecting these combination products. Naloxone was considered a wonderful deterrent to tampering with oral pain medications in an effort to prevent a patient from crushing and injecting an oral opioid with the hope of getting a “greater high or euphoria rush”. The providing of warnings by physicians and pharmacists were thought to reduce the incidence of severe and potentially lethal misuse-reactions. Unfortunately, the morphine/naltrexone formulation was withdrawn not due to any failure by the science of the formulation including any insignificant amount of sequestered naltrexone reaching systemic circulation, but because of reports of potentially fatal reaction upon patient tampering and the subsequent release of naltrexone blunting the euphoria of opioids and precipitating dangerous opioid withdrawal sequelae in opioid-dependent patient. Suboxone (buprenorphine and naloxone) has become a very popular treatment for opiate addiction and while abuse is still possible, it appears to have less euphoria and reduced analgesia effects compared with full-opioid agonists. Naltrexone basically has the same pharmacological effects as naloxone, but it is longer acting and does possess potent pharmacologic effects when used orally. Naltrexone is often utilized prophylactically to maintain abstinence from opioids and administered by specially trained medical supervision under anesthesia to provide rapid detoxification in addicted patients wishing to bypass the unpleasant withdrawal syndrome. Naltrexone for has not proven to be a breakthrough in allowing patients to remain free of opioids. Patients cannot be started on this preventative treatment until they have already been opioid free for at least a week due to its ability to precipitate an opioid withdrawal in opioid-tolerant patient. ® (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) is a long-acting opioid antagonist that was approved by the FDA in 2006. It has been used as a treatment for alcohol dependence and to prevent relapse to opioid dependence after opioid detoxification. The recommended dose is 380 mg intramuscularly once a month. Due to its powerful antagonistic properties, its use does have potential dangerous consequences with its use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: 15 September 2023 This alternative way to measure research impact made judges cry with joy Research managers, citizen scientists, librarians and technicians rarely make it onto author lists. But an initiative to assess their hidden contributions to team science moved some judging panel members to tears. Byrne0 is a freelance radio and podcast producer based in Brighton, UK. View author publications You can also search for this author in PubMed 10. 1038/d41586-023-02877-yPaid content: University (WSU)In this podcast series from University, we’ll hear from researchers (early and mid-career researchers) whose work has been recognised through the University’s annual Competition. Now in its ninth year, this competition showcases impactful research (i. e. , research that demonstrates real-world impact, or potential impact, outside of academia), and approaches to engagement with industry and community partners and end users across a range of discipline areas. In episode 2, Dr. from the School of Business discusses his work addressing the mobility crises in rural Zimbabwe through a shared community multi-purpose electric vehicle solution. To read more of Western’s impactful research stories, visit the Future-Makers website. Find out more about this type of paid content. Baker: 00:08Hello, this is Team Science, a podcast brought to you by in partnership with Nature Index. I’m Simon Baker, chief editor at Nature Index, which tracks research 2022. To the hidden role category, we received almost 60 submissions. And these were from research technicians, research managers, research administrators, participants in research, which was a really interesting perspective and interpretation of the role. We had a large panel of international experts in research culture and research productivity. And it was during the pandemic, so we met online and we discussed the submissions. And many of the submissions were, there were some from people that we envisage when we thought when we develop the roll they hadn’t rolled in the beginning but there are others that really made us think “Wow, you know, they, we don’t acknowledge these types of people and yet we know they’re very important. ”And there were several that the submission moved people to tears because is not only was it so clear through the submission the contribution that people made, but also the injustice of not being able to acknowledge them formally.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: Previous projects indicated that the impact of rising temperatures on migratory birds were badly adapted, In temperate districts, both increases in density and parallel decreases in adult survival are known. Survival can decrease as aridity increases even among genders adapted to warm and dry climates, and temperature may limit the breeding activity of migratory birds in arid districts even though precipitation increases. Increases in evapotranspiration may lessen initial productivity, though it may be difficult to predict such influences in semiarid systems. Increased temperature concentrations may lead to asynchronies among the emergence of invertebrate food source and avian breeding operation. (Fogarty et al. 2020). Land cover and migratory birds Many species of migratory wild birds migrate for very long distances (Fig. 2). The most common pattern of migratory birds In autumn when heavy cold and less day period becomes food processing difficult in the heading to the most areas warmer and provided with a portion of food and begin this migration in the seasons before breeding season often, this type of bird component gene has is the engine has to migrate In terms of timing and route, this could be modified by the environmental impacts and by changing the length of days (Zurell et al. 2018). or wetlands in southern Iraq, a resource important for birds, resting place and the warming, protection and source of food available for birds are located on the migration route of many of these species, where thick vegetation, and water bodies with as little relatively population activity and lack of Prey Birds, and the period in which you spend birds in Marshes allows these The varieties are improving their numbers and spending the winter seasons. The total number of water bird species in the world amounts to 158-134, including those that reach the Iraqi Marshes, according to what is documented in the Treaty for the Protection of African-Water birds (WAAE) (Howard et al. 2020). is involved in an ongoing global trend in which migratory bird species, due to human activity and climate change, experience a higher population depletion ratio than their resident counterparts. The loss of migrant categories poses a major threat to global biodiversity and related ecosystem services as many vertebrates in the world make long-range flights for food and a temperate climate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing wall colors can completely alter a person's mood. [SEP] Text: She Shines96. To A. S. 1830 ("Where beams the sun the brightest")97. are asleep98. In the earth, the earth shalt thou be laid99. Hope100. Lie down and rest—the fight is done101. T'was yesterday at early dawn102. The day is done—the winter sun103. My Comforter104. This summer wind, with thee and me105. A Day Dream106. How few, of all the hearts that loved107. Song ("The linnet in the rocky dells")108. To Imagination109. Come, the wind may never again110. Plead for Me111. Faith and Despondency112. From a in the Southern College—113. Honour's Martyr114. A Death-Scene115. The Philosopher116. Remembrance117. Death118. Stars119. A thousand sounds of happiness120a. Heavy hangs the raindrop120b. Child of Delight! with sunbright hair121. Anticipation122. I know that tonight, the wind is sighing123. Silent is the House—all are laid asleep124. The Prisoner: A Fragment125. No coward soul is mine126. Why ask to know the date—the clime? 127. Why ask to know what date what climeClose sectionand Fragments128. Love is like the wild rose briar129. Sympathy130. "Thou standest in the green-wood now"131. Come, walk with me132. Sleep not dream not this bright day133. Alas that she134. Deep deep down in the silent grave135. Here with my knee upon thy stone136. O come again what chains withhold137. Was it with the feilds of green138. How loud the Storm sounds round the Hall! 139. What use is it to slumber here140. O evening why is thy light so sad? 141. Its over now Ive known it all142. O Hinder me by no delay143. I'll come when thou art sadest144. I would have touched the heavnly key145. It was night and on the mountains146. Yes holy be thy resting place147. Lonly at her window sitting148. There are two trees in a lonely feild149. And the wind swept past her hopeless ear150. What is that smoke that ever still151.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: And this is why the Hidden REF was really important, I think, because it really drew a light on these roles that make a search important and functionable on a day-to-day basis. Highly commended was at the University of Plymouth. Kevin Atkins: 05:27Yeah, my name is Kevin Atkins, I’m a site engineer at the Association, in Plymouth in the southwest of England. I’ve been here 32 years this November. The research area was founded in 1884. It’s research into our oceans and what’s living in the oceans, and the life that’s in them, and what sort of effects the warming of the seas is having on things or growth, etc. Not just on fish, animals, cold fish, but seaweed as well, top shells. So everybody, a lot of people do different research and different things all over, all over the country. And from here to the top of Scotland, different seas, different temperatures? Yeah, so that’s, that’s mainly. Gemma Derrick: 06:21remember when I was doing my Masters, in a lab, in a neuroscience lab, we had a Kevin Atkins, too. He was the person who you went to for anything. He would develop, you know, a way for you to set up your rig, or to hold a particular drug vial at a particular angle into, you know. There was nothing, there was nothing too technical or difficult or minor or major for this, for this person, his name was Gary, to fix for you. And he did it in a variety of different ways. He should have been an engineer, he was so good at things like that. Kevin Atkins: 06:58I’m a plumber, a plumber by trade does not do all the plumbing here. I do all the pumping and upgrades, upkeep of all the pumps, site experiments for our students and scientists. What they do, they come with an idea of something and then we talk about it. set it up. I set something up the other day for one of the students. It involved 12 tanks on three different levels, but every other one had to be different temperatures. actually used 200 metres of hose. It sent me round the bend. But it was just a small room about 10 by 8 in height, all these tanks, all this hose running around everywhere.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: 6% 1784234268 84. 4% Water changing trend analysis based on was used to classify the major Water bodies of the study area using Landsat images from 2000 to 2020. The purpose of NDWI calculation was to identify the Water bodies changes over the study region. NDVI mapping was successful in identifying the “Water bodies” over the study region. Two types of NDWI such as no-water (NDWI<0), Water bodies (NDWI>0) were demarcated using equation (2) (A. K. M. Ali, Mashee, and Ramahi 2020). From the NDWI analysis, a gradual increase in water bodies has been observed from the year 2000 to 2020, water bodies were about 7. 8%, 21. 0%, and 62. 6% of the total study area respectively in the year of 2000, 2010 and 2020 (Figure 4). On the other hand, the no-water area decreased rapidly to about 92. 2%, 79. 0%, and 37. 4% during the study period was applied in ArcGIS version 10. 2 to extract areas. (Afroz and Mia 2019). The results are shown in (Table 3 and Figs. 5 - 4). See formula 2 in the supplementary files. Table 3 The values of water bodies change during the study period year water bodies %water %Area 2000 164141292. 6 7. 8% 1950105714 92. 2% 2010 443737743. 5 21. 0% 1671346434 79. 0% 2020 1324906544 62. 6% 790177633. 6 37. 4% DiscussionThe results of the study showed in October of 2000 to 2020, the total amount of migratory birds in Iraq has shown a decreased. Especially in the period from 2000 to 2010, This decline is due to decreases in the migratory species dependent on the water bodies, vegetation cover, Which provides food and the existence of suitable weather for the Breeding of migratory birds, while a general increase occurred During 2020 the abundance of vegetation cover and water bodies were15. 6% and 62. 6%, respectively, however, (Mallard duck, Barn swallow and White stork, Common gull) showed an increase (from 2000 to 2020 ) during the period of research.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: To this end, the paper addresses two main questions: (1) what are the systemic land use dynamics in two strategic and contrasting case studies: Cesar and Caquetá, and (2) how can systemic innovation address land use conflicts? Our paper contributes to the existing literature by analyzing land use dynamics under a complex system approach that comprehensively maps the interactions and feedbacks related to land use changes. Through a case study comparison and using causal loop diagrams (CLDs) our paper sheds light on the land use dynamics in these two study regions. These CDLs also contribute to a better understanding of the interrelation between three subcomponents of the system: environmental, social, and economic [30, 32–34]. Case study backgroundColombia is located on the northwestern end of at latitude 4°06’56. 42" N and longitude of 72°55’48. 49"W. Colombia comprises 32 departments and the of Bogotá. Departments are subdivided into municipalities. The departments, in turn, can be grouped into six very distinct natural regions: Caribbean, Andean, Pacific, Orinoquía, Amazon, and Insular. We selected two conflict-affected departments of Colombia as case studies: one located in the Amazon region, Caquetá. This region covers 132,218 km2, or 11. 6% of the country’s surface. The other, Cesar, is located in the Caribbean region. This region covers 403,348 km2, or 35. 3% of the country´s surface (Fig 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Study regions: Departments of Cesar and Caquetá. Elaborated by authors. America map obtained from GADM (free available at: and the Agricultural frontier of Cesar and Caquetá shape obtained from Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria–UPRA (free available at: The data contained in the table was taken from the following official sources in Colombia:. located in the southern region, is the third largest department in Colombia with an area equivalent to 7. 8% of the national territory, has an important role at national level due to its unique biological corridors and great variety of fauna and flora: it is considered to be one of the most mega-biodiverse departments in the country [35].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: could have. Because he couldn’t have I said “Why couldn’t you just have a rack of five? ” at the same temperature. But because of the way it was written up in a paper every other one had to be different temperatures so they could get there. Because the light and darkness. So then we talk about it. And we invent it, if that makes sense. Simon Hettrick: 08:08And yet he was never an author on any of our papers. But he was vital part. Kevin is the epitome of that role. remember how important Gary was for me, not just for every researcher in that lab, but for me as a Master’s student. And I’m sure Kevin is the same. And so he quite rightly received a highly commended and I remember that the committee was very, very taken with Kevin’s role as well. And after after we announced it, there was a wonderful photo of Kevin in his workshop. And you can see simply by the very very nuanced smile that Kevin has, as well as the tools in the background, how useful and important and valuable this role is for the function of science within that, within that department. Kevin Atkins: 09:02Yeah, that’s my main job really. do everything here, even down to changing lightbulbs now. That’s how things are here. I don’t mind. It’s a nice place to work. My children say I should be really proud of myself. I just, like, go red and get embarrassed. I say I’m a legend in my own workshop. Some of them, they only talk when they want something. You know, it is a bit them and us sometimes. Some of them are OK. The ones that put me in for this are OK. They appreciate what I do, you know. The ones I work with closely. But some of them they just, they don’t talk to you till they actually want something. Then it’s all sweetness and light then. That’s the way it is, I suppose. I don’t mnd. I just get on with my own thing. I’ve got my workshop down in the basement and then work from there, which is great. I just do whatever comes along until emergencies come along, etc.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees are critical pollinators for many crops and wild plants. [SEP] Text: December 17, 2020 The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem The growing urbanisation of the landscape poses a major threat to insect pollinators. The reduction in number of these insects, especially bee species, could have a severe impact on agricultural production as many of the crops that we rely on could not produce seeds without pollination. Working with the and investigate pollinator visitation to a small restoration site at in Florida, to compare pollinators in an urban ecosystem to those in a larger conservation area. Pollinators are any animals (usually insects) that transfer pollen from one flower to another, and without them around 75% of flowering plants would be unable to reproduce – including many species that we rely on for food and other products. The growth of towns and cities (‘urbanisation’) means the reduction in natural environments where these pollinator species thrive. While declines in European honeybee populations have drawn global attention because of their importance to crop pollination, declines in native species worldwide are causing concern for both agriculture and native plant reproduction. researchers Bennington and May investigate the pollinators visiting a small restoration area in an urban ecosystem to compare how the numbers and species of insects present compare to those found in a larger conservation area. The question is, does this small area provide enough habitat and food to support a diverse and abundant insect pollinator community? Jacob_09/Shutterstock. com In 2011 a small field located near the on the campus in Florida was selected to be restored to the natural sandhill ecosystem that would have dominated the area prior to urbanisation (European settlement). These sandhills are so called because of the deep, sandy soil of the area, but the dominant features of the landscape were the large, widely spaced pine trees. The sandhill restoration involved planting more than 80 native tree species, mostly longleaf pine, and the development of an understory of plants and grasses. This small fragment of restored ecosystem is still immature. The trees are young and don’t provide the same high, thick canopy as you would find in a more mature ecosystem, which affects the smaller plants growing below. Yet already you can see the difference from the neglected lawn that was there previously, especially as pollinators return to visit the many flowering plants. …the Ecosystem is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: of Glucose in the Blood is Not the Same for - Issue 4 Siniša Franjić* Independent Researcher, Republic of Croatia Received: March 08, 2023; Published: April 06, 2023 *Corresponding author: Siniša Franjić, Independent Researcher, Republic of Croatia DOI: 10. 26717/BJSTR. 2023. 49. 007826 to Conclusion 6. Its six carbon atoms may be organized in open-chain or ring forms. Red blood cells and mind cells use glucose nearly completely for strength production, while different cells withinside the frame can metabolize fat for strength if vital. Most glucose withinside the frame comes from digested carbohydrates, however it could additionally be synthesized withinside the liver. is a molecule made of six carbons [2]. It is a totally green shape of fuel for the body. When metabolized withinside the presence of oxygen, it’s far damaged right all the way down to shape carbon dioxide and water. The mind and apprehensive tissues use glucose because the supply of maximum in their required strength. Other tissues and organ structures use fatty acids and ketones as fuel. The mind is not able to synthesize or save enough glucose to ultimate for extra than numerous minutes. A chronic glucose deliver from the systemic flow is needed for the cerebrum to characteristic normally. Brain dying may be because of extreme and extended hypoglycemia. Significant mind disorder takes place due to simplest slight hypoglycemia. Glucose is acquired from the flow through tissues. Hypoglycemia is extraordinarily risky in contrast to hyperglycemia. There is inflexible manipulate of blood glucose levels even as fasting, and that they stay among 70 and 99 mg/dL, that is equal to among 4. 0 and 5. 5 mmol/L. After eating, blood glucose levels upward push. Insulin is launched from the beta cells of the pancreas, permitting glucose to be transported into the body cells. Approximately 66% of the glucose contained in every meal is eliminated from the blood, and saved withinside the liver or skeletal muscle tissues as glycogen. When the liver and skeletal muscle tissues emerge as saturated with glycogen, last glucose is transformed into fatty acids through the liver. These are saved as triglycerides withinside the adipose tissue’s fats cells. Blood glucose levels lower to under ordinary among food.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: I could retire this year but I’m not going to. I’m 66 in July. Gemma Derrick: 10:17So another highly commended prizewinner was the Growing up on the Streets project, which was a project hosted by the University of Dundee. And what was very interesting about this project, and what has made us really think about the nature of the hidden role category is that unlike being a research manager or research administrator of a lab manager here, we were talking about a group of street children, 18 of them, from the of Congo, Ghana, as well as in Harare, who for three years worked alongside the research team from the University of Dundee as researchers themselves, learning how to gather data, gathering data and sharing it with a research team in the University of Dundee. Blerk: 11:00So I’m Blerk. I’m a professor of human geography at the University of Dundee. I’m also the associate dean for research in the school of humanities, social sciences and law. Growing up on the Streets is an international research project that worked with approximately 200 young people aged 14 to 20, in three African cities. That was Accra in Ghana, Bukavu in the DRC, and Harare in Zimbabwe. It was a longitudinal research project, and it was developed to examine and better understand the lives and conditions affecting children and youth living on the streets, and in informal settlements. Well, the approach of the research for Growing up on the Streets was participatory and co-produced research. So we worked with young people who were both informants, but also researchers in the project. So six young people in each cities were trained in basic ethnographic methods and research skills. And then they were recruited onto the project as researchers. And so they worked part-time for a period of three years as young researchers on the streets working with their peers. So they would, they would carry on their normal daily lives, they were all living on the streets. And they would work with a group of approximately 10 other peers in their cities, and engage with them on a daily basis. And then every week they would recount their ethnographic reports. So not quite an interview, but a kind of ethnographic dialogue and collaboration with one of our NGO partners in each of the cities. And that was partly because their ethnography had to be done verbally.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees are critical pollinators for many crops and wild plants. [SEP] Text: This area, known as the Ecosystem, is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. Anyone is welcome to visit the and take part in the – where volunteers can record pollinator activity and contribute to the ongoing data collection. and May are interested in how well this small area of restored sandhill ecosystem might support pollinators, in comparison to a larger natural area. Sandhill is surrounded by an urban ecosystem of residential, business and university campus areas. The ability of this and any small, isolated fragment of semi-natural habitat to support insect life depends upon its ability to provide suitable habitat for a diversity of species of plants and insects. The contrast to this fragment is the (DeLeon Springs, Florida), north of the campus, which is more than 5700 hectares of semi-natural habitat. This covers a variety of ecosystems including sandhills, and the plant understory of the sandhills is made up of many native flowering plants that attract many native pollinators. This means that the pollinators visiting the can be compared to the pollinators visiting the sandhills of to determine if the same number and species of pollinators are present in the urban ecosystem as in the larger natural area. Plant-pollinator interactions The pollinators we are most familiar with are bees, though other insects including wasps, butterflies, beetles, and flies are also common pollinators. Insects visit the flowers to access the nectar and pollen as a food source, and in the process carry pollen between plants. Some plants, referred to as ‘specialists’, are only pollinated by one group of insects (for example, they may only attract flies, or have the pollen situated such that only bees can collect it), and others may be ‘generalists’, meaning that any insect that visits the flower can collect or deposit pollen. To compare pollinators, two plants were selected that were present in both the Ecosystem and the – one generalist and one specialist. The two areas differ in the plant species present, due to a variety of factors including the maturity of the ecosystem and the soil quality, but Bidens alba (B. alba; a generalist) and Chamaecrista fasciculata (C. fasciculata; a specialist) were present in both ecosystems and are common in dry areas of Florida. C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: trial is the primary look at that has investigated the outcomes of a slight frame weight loss, acquired through an in depth way of life intervention combining a slight strength restrict with a massive growth of the recurring bodily pastime, on cardiovascular threat elements and the prevalence of cardiovascular activities and mortality in a massive cohort of obese and overweight people with type 2 diabetes. In relation to the cardiovascular threat elements, this look at has proven that an in depth way of life intervention, in comparison with an standard schooling program, represents a great approach to lessen frame weight, enhance substantially blood pressure and blood glucose manipulate additionally in lengthy-time period (four years of follow-up). In addition, in a small variety of sufferers, the intervention has been capable of result in a partial or overall remission of diabetes. Particularly great is the impact on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-chol), with an growth extra at four years than at 1 year. More in detail, withinside the way of life organization the HDL-chol become about eight–nine% better at every year than the baseline degrees, while withinside the manipulate organization it remained at 3-6% above baseline. Interestingly, even though significantly overweight individuals did now no longer attain their best frame weight, a massive discount of blood pressure, plasma glucose, HbA1c, and triglycerides become achieved, confirming the advantages of slight weight reduction (7- 10% of preliminary frame weight) withinside the control of diabetes. To date, research demonstrating the advantages of weight loss in human beings with type 2 diabetes are in large part of quick length (up to six months); moreover, it’s far acknowledged the attempt to maintain through the years the weight reduction, especially withinside the absence of the in depth aid furnished in a scientific trial. Usually, a success people can lose about 10% of baseline frame weight with a hypocaloric regimen, though many regain one-third of this withinside the following year and all of the weight reduction inside five years. Experience withinside the shows that maximum individuals who effectively shed pounds and preserve weight reduction have skilled a triggering occasion inclusive of an acute clinical situation, so it’s far viable that a brand new analysis of type 2 diabetes may want to assist to encourage an person to shed pounds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: It was not something that they could write down. Many of them did not go to school for very long, and so didn’t quite have literacy skills to be able to do that. But they did that work for three years, really engaged in their own communities and working with their peers, and understanding their lived experiences on the street. Gemma Derrick: 13:11And this was extremely important because we never really think about our research participants, and the external people who do the data collection for us, especially when they’re done in different countries, as well as if they’re children. Andthe role that they they play in ensuring our research, we can meet our research objectives. So all credit to the University of Dundee for acknowledging them and it really made the panel think about the inclusion criteria for that category. Blerk: 13:40As researchers, we spend a lot of time working to ref criteria and guidelines and, and publishing and doing research and seeking funding and all of those things. But these young people really didn’t know what research was. They had no idea how research could influence and make change in their own communities, but also globally. And this research, their research and their voices fed, into the UN on children in street situations. And this was the first general comment where young people's voices were actually part of the process. And our research led that process, the consultation process, and Growing up on the Streets provided the Africa consultations to that general comment. And so the amount of work that these young people have put in as researchers into that project doesn't get recognized beyond the research and what we do in order to share their stories. And so to put them up for award, for them to receive the highly commended award, was really great. It was really it really demonstrated that other people, it demonstrated to them that other people in academic institutions in other parts of the world, appreciated what they had done, and recognized their skills and talents. And what we did with the award, it’s just, it’s a certificate. And we made copies of all this, we’ve made copies of the certificate. And we were able to go to Ghana in April and take them personally to all the young people.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees are critical pollinators for many crops and wild plants. [SEP] Text: fasciculata is ‘buzz-pollinated’, which means that the vibrations from the buzzing of a bee are required to release the pollen from the flower. It is expected that specialist plant species would suffer from the reduced number of available pollinators in an urban ecosystem more than a generalist plant species, and so it is of interest to compare the pollination visitation to both specialists and generalists in urban and conservation areas. Welcome visitors The researchers counted insect visitors to B. alba and C. fasciculata flowers at both sites between May and August over three years (2016 – 2018) and found a surprising result: there were slightly more pollinator visitations to both plants at the Ecosystem than at the Conservation Area. Although there was no statistical difference in the number of insects visiting the plants in each area, the total numbers were higher for the and this is not what was expected in the urban ecosystem. This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. Most of the visitors to both plants at both sites were native bees, but there was a much greater diversity of visitors to B. alba at the Conservation Area. Over 70% of pollinator visitation to B. alba at the were Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), but at the site they made up only 41% of visitors. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) made up 31% of visitors at Heart Island, and Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles) together made up another 14%. This means there is a much greater diversity of insects present at than at the Volusia Sandhill, where Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera all together only made up a little over 12% of the visitors to B. alba. As expected, the most common pollinator to visit C. fasciculata was the bumblebee (Bombus spp. ), and while there were slightly more visitors at the Volusia Sandhill, bumblebees were the large majority at both sites indicating no significant difference in the diversity of insect visitors to this plant. Urban pollinators This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Very low calorie diets, offering simplest 800 kcal/day, produce fast weight reduction however aren’t extra powerful of traditional diets withinside the lengthy time period; they need to be reserved for human beings with extreme obesity (BMI 35 kg/m2) as a part of a supervised weight control program. Nowadays, a ten kg weight reduction withinside the first 3-6 months, or 1-2 kg in keeping with month, has been proposed for human beings with diabetes. This weight reduction may be attained with way of life applications that obtain a 500-750 kcal/day strength deficit or offer about 1200-1500 kcal/day for ladies and 1500-1800 kcal/day for men, adjusted for the person’s baseline frame weight. In older human beings with diabetes, due to the fact that frame weight has a tendency to growth with age, weight stabilization can be a extra suitable approach. significance of glucose is meditated withinside the strict manipulate of blood glucose levels (homeostasis) [1]. This contrasts with the relative laxity of regulation of different circulating metabolic fuels inclusive of ketone our bodies and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) (additionally called loose fatty acids [FFA])- the shape wherein saved frame fats is transported from adipose tissue to sites of usage. Of all of the hormones acknowledged to persuade blood glucose awareness, insulin is the simplest one capable of decrease it. Glucagon, on the alternative hand, is a hormone that counteracts the outcomes of glucose. Glucagon stimulates the liver to interrupt down glycogen to launch glucose into the blood (glycogenolysis), and additionally to transform amino acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis). Glucose is likewise critical withinside the formation of glycoproteins, making up the carbohydrate organizations on proteins which play key roles withinside the ordinary functioning of enzymes and in protein binding. The modern intention of remedy is to obtain manipulate of blood glucose (glycemic manipulate) this is as near as viable to ordinary, as near manipulate of hyperglycemia reduces the lengthy-time period headaches due to diabetes [4]. It is apparent that such stringent control of hyperglycemia is related to decrease threat, expanded existence expectancy, and decreased vascular complications. Two strategies are used to evaluate the degree of glycemic manipulate (i. e. , the extent of blood glucose).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: So they, they’ve all been informed, and they were we presented, we had an award ceremony, and presented them with their award, just to show, you know, and really demonstrate. And they were so thrilled. It didn’t come with any anything, really that they need. But just the recognition that they had received on the global stage was, was fantastic. And to be able to show that other people had really recognized what they had done. Gemma Derrick: 15:57See them, acknowledge them, say their names, say their roles. Tell them at the very least tell them what they mean to you, and what their work means to your research. Put them in acknowledged statements if you want it in an output of research. And also submit them to exercises like the Hidden REF if one goes on. think the first step towards getting the recognition they deserve, is literally telling them. And there are so many roles we take for granted in research. There are a lot of egos, as I said before, and we don’t like to think that we are in any way beholden to anyone else for our success. But that’s not the case. There are a lot of different people whose actions have contributed to the production of a paper or to a book that you know, you might acknowledge in the acknowledged sections, but you otherwise don’t reflect on either. think that taking a step back, thinking about who helped you get where you are, and telling them is the first step towards getting them greater acknowledgement. think the Hidden REF is very important too. We have a number of different categories, as I’ve described before. And for, for better, or for worse, one of the main reasons why they aren’t incorporated into formal evaluation processes is because previously, we’ve been told, it’s never been done before, so we wouldn’t know what to do. And that’s, that’s a really, really common reason why they haven't been included more formally. This is why the Hidden REF was so important. We wanted to say, Well, okay, it hasn't been done before. So we’re going to do it. And we’re going to start this conversation, and we’re going to see how it can be done.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In particular (38) 1Tlimt→0τ(t)=δ2(w∕2)2+1 and (39) 1Tlimt→∞τ(t)=δ2+w2π2 In the experimental parameter regime, the timescale we measure is presumably intermediate, (40) τ=αηsρ02+βγsρ02W02, where α and β are dimensionless quantities which we determine numerically. To obtain α and β for a given set of input parameters, we numerically solve Equations (7,11,13) and extract the timescale τ(W0) for several initial widths. We then fit the results to the functional form of Equation (40). In the experimental regime, using the parameters for which the theoretical contraction profiles best agree with the numerical one (see Figure 5B), we estimate α≃2. 2 ± 0. 05 and β≃0. 085 ± 0. 006. The error estimates were obtained by sampling α and β over a range of input parameters between half and twice the best fit values, and evaluating a standard error on the computed values. Numerical treatment To solve Equations (7,11,13) numerically, we discretize the system by representing ρ on an equispaced grid between x=-W(t)∕2 and x=W(t)∕2, where W(t) is the instantaneous width of the contracting film. The instantaneous film velocity is determined from Equation (11) using a second order finite difference scheme. The boundary conditions σ=0 at x= ± W(t)∕2, are implemented using an asymmetric second order finite difference stencil, see (Tornberg and Shelley, 2004). We determine the time derivative of density using Equation (26) with the boundary condition specified in Equation 27, which account for the grid contracting with the width of the film. We time-evolve Equations (26,13) using a adaptive second order time stepping provided by project (Jones and Oliphant, 2001). 597. 3136. 10. 1039/C5SM02506K 8500. 1383. 1656. 256. 471. 708. 8101. 489. 296. 240. 2314. 425. 480. 410. 422. 683. 1781. 9869.

Output: pass