Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The tea tree genome provides insights into tea flavor and independent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2017;10(6):866-877. Yao M,Chen L: Tea germplasm and breeding in China. In: Breeding. Edited by. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012: 13-68. Vogt T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2010;3(1):2-20. Fraser CM,Chapple C. The phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Book. 2011;9:e0152-e0152. . Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis repressed in lignin synthesis affects auxin transport and plant growth. Plant Cell. 2007;19(1):148-162. . Mutations in the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene impact metabolism, growth and development in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009;60(5):771-782. . The growth reduction associated with repressed lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of flavonoids. Plant Cell. 2010;22(5):1620-1632. . Flavonol-induced changes in PIN2 polarity and auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana rol1-2 mutant require phosphatase activity. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41906. . Flavonols accumulate asymmetrically and affect auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2011;156(2):585-595. Hernandez I,Munne-Bosch S. Naringenin inhibits seed germination and seedling root growth through a salicylic acid-independent mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem. 2012;61:24-28. Ramos P, Guajardo J, Moya-León MA,Herrera R. A differential distribution of auxin and flavonols in radiata pine stem seedlings exposed to inclination. Genomes. 2016;12(3):42. . Conversion of functional specificity in Qb-1 homologues of Arabidopsis. Curr Biol. 2005;15(6):555-560. -Pierce M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: Thus, when bees emerge, there is physically not enough space on the comb for the nurses and newly emerged bees. Some of this pressure is relieved by the newly emerged bees spending a lot of time within cells, but as the cells get cleaned, this factor decreases. Hence, some of the bees must leave, and the question becomes who. As mentioned previously, the newly emerged bees are continuing development. To do this, they need pollen (located within the brood zone), and recent work suggests that they need heat as well for their flight muscles to develop (Huang, unpublished results). Further, authors have long noticed that newly emerged bees, which are often removed from the nest for marking, always return to the brood zone when returned to the nest (Robinson et al. 1994; Calderone 1998). Thus, in sum, when a comb of brood emerges, there is insufficient space for all the bees to remain in that location, and it is proposed that it is the nurse bees who tend to leave because the newly emerged bees have physiological requirements for development that can only be satisfied within the brood zone. The MAB state as a long cascadeWe now focus on the physiological basis of the MAB. Here, the general model is modified to account for the unique biology of the honeybee. Unlike for the nursing caste, which is proposed to be based on mutually reinforcing mechanisms that freeze a bee in place, it is proposed that the middle-aged caste is a long slow cascade of changing hormonal titers, the end result of which is the capacity to forage. This hypothesis explains why studies have had difficulty defining one clear MAB physiological state (Huang et al. 1994; Huang and Robinson 1995; Cash et al. 2005). It is proposed that the transition out of the nursing caste is dependent on three processes that may or may not interact. These are decreased exposure to BP, decreased exposure to QMP, and exposure to novel task stimuli (Fig. 5). Purely endogenous aging processes that affect various neurochemical titers also likely occur (reviewed in Amdam and Omholt 2003). Although the nature of the MAB defining cascade is poorly understood, as most studies of the proximate basis of DOL have ignored the MAB caste, the following preliminary hypothesis should be useful for guiding future research. Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-20 pp 8270—8291 Combining stem cell rejuvenation and senescence targeting to synergistically extend lifespan Prameet Kaur1, Agimaa Otgonbaatar1, *, Anupriya Ramamoorthy1, *, Zhen Chua1, *, Nathan Harmston1,2, Jan Gruber1,3, Nicholas S. Tolwinski1,2, 1 Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore 2 Program in Cancer and Biology, Duke-169857, Singapore 3 Department of Biochemistry, NUS, Singapore 117596, Singapore * Equal contribution Received: August 8, 2022 Accepted: September 26, 2022 Published: October 25, 2022 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 204347 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2022 Kaur et al. This is an open access 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. biological age is a major risk factor for many of the most important human diseases remains mysterious. We know that as organisms age, stem cell pools are exhausted while senescent cells progressively accumulate. Independently, induction of pluripotency via expression of Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc; OKSM) and clearance of senescent cells have each been shown to ameliorate cellular and physiological aspects of aging, suggesting that both processes are drivers of organismal aging. But stem cell exhaustion and cellular senescence likely interact in the etiology and progression of age-dependent diseases because both undermine tissue and organ homeostasis in different if not complementary ways. Here, we combine transient cellular reprogramming (stem cell rejuvenation) with targeted removal of senescent cells to test the hypothesis that simultaneously targeting both cell-fate based aging mechanisms will maximize life and health span benefits.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Wortmannin-induced vacuole fusion enhances amyloplast dynamics in Arabidopsis zigzag1 hypocotyls. J Exp Bot. 2016;67(22):6459-6472. Zheng H, von. The plant vesicle-associated 1a likely mediates vesicle transport from the trans-Golgi network to the prevacuolar compartment. Cell. 1999;10(7):2251-2264. . complex unique to seed plants is required for protein storage vacuole biogenesis and seed development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2008;20(11):3006-3021. . Vacuolar/pre-vacuolar compartment Qa-3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 have interchangeable functions in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2010;64(5):864-873. . Loss-of-function mutations of retromer large subunit genes suppress the phenotype of an Arabidopsis zig mutant that lacks Qb-11. Plant Cell. 2010;22(1):159-172. . ZIP genes encode proteins involved in membrane trafficking of the TGN-PVC/vacuoles. Physiol. 2009;50(12):2057-2068. Wickner W,Rizo J. A cascade of multiple proteins and lipids catalyzes membrane fusion. Cell. 2017;28(6):707-711. . Sec17 can trigger fusion of trans-SNARE paired membranes without Sec18. . 2015;112(18):E2290-E2297. . LAZY1 controls rice shoot gravitropism through regulating polar auxin transport. Cell Res. 2007;17:402. . Out of shape during stress: a key role for auxin. Sci. 2018;23(9):783-793. Ljung K. Auxin metabolism and homeostasis during plant development. Development. 2013;140(5):943-950. . Transcriptional and hormonal regulation of gravitropism of woody stems in Populus. Plant Cell. 2015;27(10):2800-2813. . VLN2 regulates plant architecture by affecting microfilament dynamics and polar auxin transport in rice. Plant Cell.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bryology is the study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which are non-vascular plants. [SEP] Text: analysis were made in three hornwort, 12 leafy and six thalloid liverwort taxa collected from different areas of eastern Himalayas. The chromosome numbers in Anthoceros alpinus n = 6, A. subtilis n = 6, Porella campylophylla n = 9, Radula tjibodensis n = 8, Cololejeunea jelinekii n = 8, C. latilobula n = 9, Solenostoma atrobrunneum n = 9, S. purpuratum n = 9, one variety (Pallavicinia lyellii var. lyellii. n = 8 and in Asterella wallichiana n = 9, 18 are recorded for the first time. laevis n = 6, Frullania muscicola n = 18 (the first chromosome count for this species); F. nepalensis n = 9, Heteroscyphus argutus n = 9, Fossombronia cristula n = 9 and Cyathodium aureonitens n = 9 are counted for the first time in India. Frullania ericoides n = 8, Plagiochasma pterospermum n = 9, Targionia hypophylla n = 9, Dumortiera hirsuta n = 9 and Calycularia crispula n = 9 are investigated for the first time from eastern Himalayas. An anaphasic bridge was also observed at anaphase-I in F. ericoides. An m-chromosome and an early disjunction of one bivalent is observed in the chromosome complements of S. atrobrunneum. Precocious disjunction of one bivalent is observed in the chromosome complements of A. wallichiana and C. crispula, of two bivalents in P. pterospermum and of three bivalents in T. hypophylla. IntroductionThe eastern Himalayas are considered as one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world favouring the growth and proliferation of bryophytes. Despite the rich diversity of hornworts and liverworts in this area, their cytological studies remained unattended so far.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We find that OKSM extends lifespan and show that both interventions protect the intestinal stem cell pool, lower inflammation, activate pro-stem cell signaling pathways, and synergistically improve health and lifespan. Our findings suggest that a combination therapy, simultaneously replacing lost stem cells and removing senescent cells, shows synergistic potential for anti-aging treatments. Our finding that transient expression of both is the most effective suggests that drug-based treatments in non-genetically tractable organisms will likely be the most translatable. is a constant struggle. This is true at cellular and molecular levels where tissue homeostasis requires constant surveillance, repair and replacement of cells damaged or lost due to intrinsic and extrinsic insults [1]. Stem cells play a pivotal role in this tissue homeostasis by providing a reservoir of pluripotent precursor cells, needed to replace fully differentiated cells that are lost or damaged [2]. At the opposite end of the cell-fate spectrum are senescent cells, or cells that have permanently withdrawn from the cell cycle [3]. Cellular senescence can be replicative, where it is triggered by telomere shortening or mediated by stochastic damage, such as oxidative damage to DNA. Senescent cells can also arise as a response to oncogene activation to oppose transformation and cancerous growth [4]. By entering permanent replicative arrest, senescent cells prevent mutations from expanding, thereby providing a sink for genotoxic damage. This senescent state does not simply result in passive replicative arrest but instead leads to transcriptional changes causing resistance to apoptosis and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules, a process known as (SASP). Senescent cell induced SASP in turn promotes inflammation and contributes to age-dependent dysfunction and to the development of age-related diseases [5]. While the number of stem cells decreases in aging animals, senescent cells accumulate with age [6]. Manipulating cell fates by cellular reprogramming (to rejuvenate somatic cells) and by senolytic interventions (to remove senescent cells) are two promising approaches to restore homeostasis in aged individuals and to prevent age-dependent diseases. Cellular reprogramming allows differentiated cells to regain plasticity and to take on more stem cell-like qualities. A major step towards this goal was the demonstration of cellular reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells into pluripotent embryonic-like stem cell states [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2015;27(10):2829-2845. . Auxin, microtubules, and vesicle trafficking: conspirators behind the cell wall. J Exp Bot. 2017;68(13):3321-3329. Majda M,Robert S. The role of auxin in cell wall expansion. Mol Sci. 2018;19(4). . (DRIF) also interacts with WOX and KNOX proteins associated with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. Plant J. 2018;93(6):1076-1087. -H, Fujioka S, Lin W-. Antagonistic HLH/bHLH transcription factors mediate brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation and plant development in rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009;21(12):3767-3780. . HEC of a job regulating stem cells. Devel Cell. 2014;28(4):349-350. . A regulatory framework for shoot stem cell control integrating metabolic, transcriptional, and phytohormone signals. Dev Cell. 2014;28(4):438-449. . PkMADS1 is a novel MADS box gene regulating adventitious shoot induction and vegetative shoot development in Paulownia kawakamii. Plant J. 2002;29(2):141-151. . PpeTAC1 promotes the horizontal growth of branches in peach trees and is a member of a functionally conserved gene family found in diverse plants species. Plant J. 2013;75(4):618-630. . A brachytic dwarfism trait (dw) in peach trees is caused by a nonsense mutation within the gibberellic acid receptor PpeGID1c. New Phytol. 2016;210(1):227-239. . Phases of dormancy in Yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata). Ann Bot. 2006;97(4):497-504. . A novel integrated method for large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of widely targeted metabolites: application in the study of rice metabolomics. Mol Plant. 2013;6(6):1769-1780. . KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Res. 2008;36:480-484. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bryology is the study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which are non-vascular plants. [SEP] Text: The aim of present study was to carry out studies of cytologically unattended liverworts of eastern Himalayas, India and to see how this data could be useful in taxonomy and phylogeny of this group. Material and methodsThe plant materials were collected from different areas of eastern Himalayas (Shillong, Mawsynram, Sikkim, Kalimpong and Darjeeling) in September 2016. The cytological observations were made on twelve species belonging to seven genera of liverworts including one variety. The young green sporophytes were fixed in acetic ethanol (1:3) and were observed by examining the meiotic cells using squashing technique (Kapila 2016). The families and genera of liverworts are arranged according to Söderström et al. (2016). The voucher specimens of the studied taxa are deposited in the herbarium of Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India (PAN) and their reference numbers with collection data are given in Table 1. alpinus Steph. n = 6 (Fig. 1. 1) This taxon was collected from three widely separated areas of eastern Himalayas – Shillong (Elephant Falls, 1525 m a. s. l. ), (Lhasa Falls, 1650 m a. s. l. ) and Darjeeling (Pagoda, 2000 m a. s. l. ), found growing on wet soils under shade and was rich in fruiting. The chromosome number for this species was not known previously. In all the three presently studied populations, six well spread and fastly stained bivalents were observed at first metaphase. One of the bivalents in the complement was conspicuously large. The other members showed gradation in size (Fig. 1. 1). Anthoceros subtilis Steph. n = 6 (Fig. 1. 2) The plants with sporophytes in the right stage collected at Shillong (of India; 1525 m a. s. l. ), were found growing on soil. The number, n=6 is the first chromosome count for this species. Of the six darkly stained and well spread bivalents, four were of large size. The other members were relatively of smaller size as observed at metaphase-I (Fig. 2). Only nine species of Anthoceros are known cytologically.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Such reprogramming reverses epigenetic aging marks, demonstrating that even mature, terminally differentiated cells can be returned to a younger state [8]. While continuous expression of the Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc; OKSM) in mice led to the formation of teratomas and decreased lifespan [9, 10], repeated short term expression in adult mice succeeded in ameliorating cellular and physiological signs of aging [11–13]. Subsequently, several studies have suggested that this approach can be applied to human aging and age-related disease [14–18], and cycling expression can rejuvenate stem cells in vitro [19]. Ablation of senescent cells has been shown to reverse tissue dysfunction and extend healthspan in mice [20, 21]. A recent study using a senolytic construct (FOXO4-DRI peptide) that induced apoptosis in senescent cells, by interfering with the binding of p53 to FOXO4 thereby freeing p53 to activate apoptosis, showed that the clearing of senescent cells both counteracted senescent cell induced chemotoxicity and restored age-dependent declines in physical performance, fur density, and renal function in aging mice [22]. Several studies have further explored applications of different senolytic strategies to ameliorate age-related decline and disease [6, 23–26]. Accumulation of senescent cells and loss of stem cells are not independent processes. Through SASP, senescent cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines which contribute to chronic inflammation and mTOR activation, ultimately leading to stem cell exhaustion [27]. This interaction suggests that senolytic therapies might interact with cellular reprogramming strategies in delaying age-dependent decline and disease. We have previously explored drug-drug interactions as synergistic aging interventions [28], and here we ask whether a combinatorial treatment of OKSM and senolytic (Sen) expression could mitigate or reverse the effects of aging more efficiently than either intervention alone. To test this hypothesis, we induced expression of OKSM, Sen and an OKSM-Sen combination in adult flies and compared their effects on health and lifespan. We find that each treatment alone had limited benefits, with OKSM alone benefiting maximum lifespan while Sen expression alone increased mean lifespan but had no effect on maximum lifespan. In contrast, animals subjected to the combined intervention experienced substantially longer mean and maximum lifespan.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions. Genome Biol. 2013;14(4):R36. Li B,Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:323. . Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome Biol. 2010;11(2):R14. . Automated genome annotation and pathway identification using the KEGG Orthology (KO) as a controlled vocabulary. Bioinformatics. 2005;21(19):3787-3793. . Expression patterns of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase genes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) to stress and postharvest processing treatments. Planta. 2019(250):281-298. . Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-408. . Identification and evaluation of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze). Mol Sci. 2014;15(12):22155-22172. LegendsAdditional file 1: Fig. S1 Growth architectures of MZ (a and d), QQ (b and e) and LYQQ (c and f) in a natural tea garden. The shoots of QQ and LYQQ exhibit a zigzag shape. Fig. S2 Stem morphology (a) and inter-node length (b) analysis of and QQ. Mature stems were collected on February 2020. The length of the inter-node between the third and fourth nodes (red lines) was determined (n=5). ** indicates a significant difference at the 0. 01 level. Fig. S3 GO enrichment analysis of DEGs identified from the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ (a), MZ-vs-LYQQ (b), and QQ-vs-LYQQ (c). Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bryology is the study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which are non-vascular plants. [SEP] Text: Gametophyte development in one line progressed to initiation of the notch meristem but overall thallus size was severely reduced compared to wild-type (J). (K–R) In situ hybridization with antisense probes detected CrLFY transcripts in the apical cell and immediate daughter cells of wild-type gametophytes at 4 DPS (K, M). No corresponding signal was detected in controls hybridized with sense probes (L, N). In the arrested gametophytes of two ZmUbipro::CrLFY1/2-i1 lines CrLFY transcripts could not be detected (O–R), and transgene presence was confirmed (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Scale bars = 100 μm. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Gametophytes exhibiting developmental arrest were transgenic. A. Generalized schematic of -DNA with the relative position of primers used in genotyping PCR marked. Primer sequences and expected PCR product sizes for each construct are given in Figure 6—figure supplement 4. Genotyping PCR was conducted on DNA extracted from single gametophytes exhibiting developmental arrest at 10 DPS in three ZmUbipro::CrLFY1/2-i1 lines. DNA from all arrested individuals amplified positive bands for the two hairpin arms (pVec8F-PW64R and PW64F-pVec8R) and for the hygromycin resistance marker (HPTF-HPTR). Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Evolutionary trajectory of LFY function. The phylogeny was reconstructed from selected LFY protein sequences representing all extant embryophyte lineages (as highlighted) and the algal sister-group. Coloured bars at the terminal branches represent different developmental functions of LFY determined from functional analysis in those species (see Supplementary file 8 for 10. 7554/eLife. 39625. 026 1 Summary of transgenic lines and their phenotypic characterization. Transgenic lines exhibited gametophytic developmental arrest and/or sporophyte shoot termination at varying stages of development. ‘+’ indicates that a particular line was phenotypically normal at the developmental stage indicated, ‘−’ indicates that development had arrested at or prior to this stage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our data is consistent with a synergistic interaction between the two interventions, simultaneously rejuvenating stem cells and removing senescent cells. test the interaction between senolytic removal of senescent cells and cellular reprograming, we designed a model combining these two interventions in an inducible overexpression system in Drosophila. First, we used the four Yamanaka factor based OKSM approach as this had been previously shown to induce pluripotent stem cells in mice [7], humans [29–31] and non-mammalian vertebrate and invertebrate species [32]. To make a senolytic factor for Drosophila, we took advantage of the mouse sequence (FOXO4-DRI [22]) to design an orthologous peptide based on the Drosophila foxo (forkhead box, sub-group O) gene [33]. We then characterized effects of these two interventions independently as well as in combination. We began by looking at the effect of OKSM and Sen on stem cells in an intestinal stem cell (ISC) model [34, 35]. We chose to investigate phenotypic effects specifically in the digestive system of Drosophila (1). As in mammals, the Drosophila gastric lining has a high turnover of cells which is enabled by stem cell pools that replenish the epithelia [34]. Age-dependent loss of stem cells and degradation of barrier function has been shown to contribute to age-dependent functional decline and mortality in Drosophila [36]. gut is composed of four cell types: enterocytes (ECs or absorptive cells), enteroendocrine (EEs or secretory cells), enteroblasts (EBs or transit amplifying cells) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs). ISCs rest on the external surface of the gut epithelium away from the gut lumen, and divide symmetrically to generate more ISCs, or asymmetrically to form EBs [37]. The small, bright green cells or ISCs, can be observed either by expression of the stem cell determinant escargot (esgGal4>UAS-GFP), or by using a marker of Wnt activation, β-catenin (armadillo or arm in Drosophila), observable by GFP construct inserted into the endogenous locus [38].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 20459/v3This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published04 Mar, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 3posted 2You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackground: Shoot orientation is important for plant architecture formation, and zigzag-shaped shoots are a special trait found in many plants. Zigzag-shaped shoots have been selected and thoroughly studied in Arabidopsis however, the regulatory mechanism underlying zigzag-shaped shoot development in other plants, especially woody plants, is largely unknown. Results: In this study, tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots, namely, Qiqu (QQ) and Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), were investigated and compared with the erect-shoot tea plant Meizhan (MZ) in an attempt to reveal the regulation of zigzag-shaped shoot formation. Tissue section observation showed that the cell arrangement and shape of zigzag-shaped stems were aberrant compared with those of normal shoots. Moreover, a total of 2175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of the tea plants QQ and LYQQ compared to the shoots of MZ using transcriptome sequencing, and the DEGs involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways were significantly enriched. Additionally, the DEGs associated with cell expansion, vesicular trafficking, phytohormones, and transcription factors were identified and analysed. Metabolomic analysis showed that 13 metabolites overlapped and were significantly changed in the shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to MZ. Conclusions: Our results suggest that zigzag-shaped shoot formation might be associated with the gravitropism response and polar auxin transport in tea plants. This study provides a valuable foundation for further understanding the regulation of plant architecture formation and for the cultivation and application of horticultural plants in the future.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mosses play a role in preventing soil erosion by stabilizing the ground with their dense mats. [SEP] Text: of > Vol. 8 No. 12, December 2018 in Sampling and Evaluation of Roots to for () Shaurav Alam1, Ashlesh Banjara1, Jay Wang1, William B. Patterson2, Sujan Baral1 1Program of. 2School of and. DOI: 10. 4236/ojss. 2018. 812024 1,007 Downloads 2,203 Views 349. doi: 10. 4236/ojss. 2018. 812024. 1. show the existence of a strong correlation between the plant roots spread inside the subsoil area and shear strength of that soil. The higher tensile strength of roots contributes to thriving the soil shear strength and binding capacity, which prevents surface and subsurface soil erosion, a common occurrence especially in the wetland and coastal areas. Research shows that as per Louisiana’s 2012 Plan, around 4548 square kilometer of land along the Louisiana coastal area is likely to erode over the next 50 years [1]. Construction of seawalls, which requires significant taxpayers’ money, helped initially to control such erosion. Their installation, however, has resulted in several negative impacts, which forces coastal ecosystem managers to search for alternative environmental-friendly, sustainable solutions. One such solution is the cultivation of plants, and studies already show that plant roots’ tensile strength directly improves soil shear strength, providing planting a clear advantage over constructed barriers. Different studies revealed that vegetation roots often spread network and anchor in soil layer that potentially contributes to increasing the soil shear strength, improve slope stability, and arrest sliding of soil [2] [3] [4] [5]. Research works show that roots enhance mechanical reinforcement, e. g. shear strength of soil and the ties with root failure mechanism [6] [7] [8] [9]. Root density also influences the soil strength [10] [11] [12]. Current research shows that the tensile capacity of plant roots provides mechanical reinforcement to fine-grained soils at shallow depth and has the potential to increase shear strength ability [3] [13] [14]. Thus, vegetation roots play a significant role in improving soil slope stability by supporting the prevention of mass soil sliding and erosion [15].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We looked at the effect of constant expression of the two factors separately or together over a time course of 28 days. We observed a marked increase in ISC numbers starting at day 7 and continuing into day 28 in all three experimental conditions (Figure 1). We observed an increase in ISCs and transit amplifying cells in OKSM expressing epithelia (Figure 1B, 1F, 1J, 1N), an effect likely explained by the presence of Myc and suggesting that stem cell exhaustion may occur [39]. We saw a similar increase in ISCs and transit amplifying cells in Sen expressing epithelia possibly due to the effect of p53 on stem cells [40]. The increase in ISC numbers in animals expressing OKSM was expected, but surprisingly we observed a large increase in ISCs when Sen was expressed (Figure 1C). Overall, the treatments showed higher numbers of stem cells over time as compared to wildtype flies. Figure 1. Constant expression of OKSM, Sen and OKSM-Sen led to increased stem cell proliferation over time. (A) esgGal4, UAS-GFP; tubGal80ts> UAS-TdTomato control flies show a small number of stem cells (n < 10) and few enteroblasts during after seven days. Expression of OKSM (B), Sen (C) or both Sen and OKSM (D) led to an increase in both ISCs and EBs with the highest number of ISCs observed in the Sen condition as quantified (Right). On day 14, little change was observed in control files (E), but consistently higher numbers of ISCs were maintained in all three experimental conditions (F–H, quantified Right). Day 21 showed little change from day 14 with similar numbers of ISCs observed in the control flies (I) and consistently higher numbers in the three experimental conditions (J–L, quantified Right). By day 28, the number of ISCs was markedly decreased in control flies (M), while all three experimental conditions maintained ISC numbers (N–P, quantified Right). We next looked at lifespan effects. Continuous expression of OKSM is detrimental in mice while repeated short-term expression was beneficial [13]. We expressed OKSM in ISCs only (2A) or ubiquitously (Figure 4C), both of which led to a significant detriment in lifespan.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: and MorphologyBiology and Geneticsauxin transportgravitropism responsestem developmenttea plantzigzag-shaped stemFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6BackgroundIn higher plants, the morphology of the plant mainly depends on the development and orientation of the shoots; therefore, plant shoots, which are usually negatively geotropic, play a crucial role in morphological architecture formation in many plants, such as landscape plants, fruit trees and other plants of economic interest. The growth and development of shoots are regulated by diverse factors, including light, temperature and phytohormones [1, 2], but gravitropism is important for the upward growth of shoots and is a determinant of the form and posture of plants [3-5]. However, the molecular mechanism by which shoot architecture formation in woody plants is mediated by gravitropism remains largely unknown. In plants, gravity is sensed by specialized cells called statocytes, and then, a signal is transported to the elongation zone, leading to differential cell growth in the elongation zone to reorient organ growth in response to the gravity signal [6]. It is thought that sedimentable amyloplasts play a critical role in gravity perception and that endodermal cells containing sedimented amyloplasts function as statocytes in plant shoots [3, 7]. In Arabidopsis, shoot responsiveness to gravitropism is regulated by a group of (SGR) genes, of which at least nine SGR genes have been isolated and functionally studied [3]. It has been established that mutant sgr genes could reduce the plant gravitropism response by regulating endodermal cell development, starch accumulation and amyloplast movement [7-11]. Kato, et al. [8] and Morita, et al. [10] found that both SGR2 and zigzag (ZIG)/SGR4 were involved in the formation and function of the vacuole, suggesting that vacuolar integrity participates in shoot gravitropism. Interestingly, ZIG/SGR4 encodes Qb-11, which is involved in membrane trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and the vacuole, and the stems of zig/sgr4 mutants elongate in a zigzag fashion [8, 10, 11].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mosses play a role in preventing soil erosion by stabilizing the ground with their dense mats. [SEP] Text: The approaches include replacing the traditional tensile testing grips usually made of metal or plastic with silicone and epoxy based grips for holding to the test specimens. As parallel work, the study also focused on the tensile strength of freshly collected and refrigerated root samples to better understand the effect of aging and refrigeration on the samples. Next, the authors tested the collected Spartina alterniflora roots from a marsh area in southern Louisiana, USA and compared the results. However, the study on the Spartina alterniflora included only tensile testing of aged samples. Finally, the paper proposed a preliminary guideline for storing, conditioning, and testing of root samples for better evaluation of root embedded soil strength at the wetland and coastal areas. 2. Subsurface parts of vegetation consist of rhizome and primary roots. Rhizomes of are short internodes, forming a dense underground horizontal mat where roots are branched out from the rhizome at almost normal direction as shown in Figure 1. Therefore, in most occasions, the probability of roots crossing a specified slip surface and acting as shear reinforcement was found to be higher in comparison to the rhizomes (see Figure 2). Vegetation root has already been recognized as a factor useful for increasing the shear resistance of soil on an unstable slope and thus contribute to preventing soil erosion [21] [22] [23]. The significant factors that influence the shear resistance of root-permeated soil are the quantity and directional distribution of roots as well as their tensile strength, soil shear strength, and soil-root interaction [6] [7] [24]. The presence of roots increases soil shear strength based on the Figure 1. Primary root systems and rhizome in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Figure 2. Schematic view of primary root system crossing the slip surface controlling soil erosion (after [27] ). postulation of roots growing vertically downward act as shear reinforcement and loaded piles [20]. A review work revealed the significant contribution of different authors for evaluating the relation between the tensile strength of root and shear strength of soil [18]. The tensile force is exerted on the roots as the soil sheared, indicating more roots less shear failure probability that was also shown by [25] and [26]. Increased shear strength for rooted soil is a function of additional cohesion [20].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Recent studies have identified factors involved in senescence and SASP in Drosophila [41–43]. Based on these studies, we used an assay for senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) to examine whether Sen expression affected the number of senescent cells. We observed a marked absence of SA-β-gal in fly midguts constantly expressing Sen, OKSM and the Sen-OKSM combination at day 40 as compared to both younger and older control flies (Figure 2A–2E and quantified in 2F). The surprising finding was that all three treatments led to the lowering of senescent cells. Figure 2. Expression of OKSM, Sen and OKSM-Sen led to decreased SA-β-gal expression. Levels of b-galactosidase were assessed at day 40 in the following ubiquitous expression experiments using armGal4; tubGal80ts to drive the expression of UAS-OKSM (A), UAS-Sen (B), combination of UAS-Sen and UAS-OKSM (C), and the control UAS-TdTomato at both day 14 (D) and day 40 (E). (F) Results were quantified from five experiments. To look more closely at the effect of Sen and OKSM, we determined the transcriptional profiles of the three conditions as compared to wildtype. We dissected the midguts of flies constantly expressing and Sen (OKSM-Sen), and control flies (WT) expressing only a fluorescent protein, either in the ubiquitous expression (i. e. , under the control an armadillo driver) or the ISC-restricted expression model (i. e. , under control of an escargot driver) and performed RNA-seq (Figure 3, 3). Figure 3. Gene expression changes in the Drosophila gut in Sen, OKSM and combination treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant shoot architecture formation is regulated by plant hormones, especially auxin gradients, which are integrated into almost all aspects of plant growth and development [12, 13]. Shoot curvature is controlled by auxin, and increased auxin levels promote cell elongation at the bottoms of reoriented shoots, resulting in upward bending. Therefore, the genes involved in auxin transport and response, especially the polarly localized PIN-(PIN) auxin efflux carriers, play crucial roles in plant shoot formation [13, 14]. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport has been well recognized as being involved in the plant gravity response [3, 7, 15]. For example, after gravistimulation, PIN3 and PIN7 are relocalized towards the gravity vector and trigger changes in auxin flux [16]. Recently, several individual genes, such as LAZY1, LPA1, and WEEP, have been characterized and recognized as new factors involved in plant architecture regulation; these genes also depend on auxin and gravity signalling [17-23], indicating that gravity response and polar auxin transport play primary roles in plant architecture development. However, previous reports have mainly focused on model plants, and the mechanism of architecture development in woody plants remains largely unknown. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze), which is native to southwestern China, is a perennial evergreen woody plant in the family Theaceae [24, 25]. Its tender leaves and buds are processed as a beverage for drinking because tea leaves contain secondary metabolites that are healthy for humans, and tea plants are currently cultivated in over 60 countries around the world [26, 27]. Numerous studies have examined secondary metabolism and stress-response mechanisms in tea plants; conversely, tea plant growth and development processes, such as architecture formation, which is one of the key regulators of tea yield [28], tea processing and even ornamental value, remain to be revealed. Two tea plant cultivars, namely, C. sinensis var. Qiqu (QQ) and C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), both with zigzag-shaped shoots, were selected and planted more than 80 years ago and described in a previous study [28], but the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation remains unknown.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mosses play a role in preventing soil erosion by stabilizing the ground with their dense mats. [SEP] Text: The testing of Spartina alterniflora root samples also produced admirable results. Finally, the direct shear tests were performed on the 56 soil samples by again embedding Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) roots manually into them to study the effect of roots on soil shear strength. However, due to the limited number of samples, the direct shear test was not performed on soil samples with Spartina alterniflora root. The study shows the possible existence of a non-linear (perhaps parabolic) relation between the tensile strength of roots and soil shear strength in the contributed area. The finding was contradictory to the Equation (5) and therefore, requires further studies. Another outcome of the current investigation was the importance of the consideration of the uneven distribution of roots in the sub-soil area that traditional testing approaches are restrained to cover. 7. study achieved its objectives showing the influence of roots’ sampling and testing procedure for better estimation of soil shear strength. The outcome of the study shows that the tensile strength of roots increases the shear strength of soil, thus prevents soil erosion and helps to conserve the ecosystem. However, as no standardized procedure for tensile testing of root samples is available in the public domain, there is a need of a standard procedure that will allow the researchers and coastal restoration engineers to avoid different routes and prevent leading to inconsistent soil shear strength evaluation. Thus, the novelty of the paper is laying the foundation for the development of a protocol for tensile strength evaluation of root samples and their contribution to soil shear strength. Inspired by these findings, the author(s) proposed an in-situ root testing equipment suitable for vegetation grow in the coastal areas and awarded with the initial proof-of-concept fund from the of Regents. gratitude goes to the proposal review committee for their constructive criticism, various thoughtful inputs. Special thanks go to the undergraduate student for fabricating the 3D molds. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 283. [3] O’Loughlin, C. (1974) of on the Stability of Forest Soils. Hydrology, 13, 121-134. [4] Stokes, A. , Atger, C. , Bengough, A. G. , Fourcaud, T. and Sidle R. C. (2009) for against Landslides.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Genes in Cluster VI (N = 642) were downregulated by all of the constructs investigated, albeit not as much by expression of OKSM, and contained genes involved in peroxisome function. Cluster VII (N = 419) contained genes that were upregulated in either Sen or Sen-OKSM and was enriched for genes involved in key signaling pathways and apoptosis. Overall, our transcriptional analysis suggested that gene expression was affected by the expression of Sen or OKSM individually, but that there was not a distinct group that was differentially expressed specifically in response to the combination (Sen-OKSM). Overall, OKSM expression upregulated misfolded protein response and Toll signaling, while downregulating Insulin secretion and protein translation, whereas Sen expression activated Wnt and Hedgehog signaling and downregulated Toll and mTOR pathways. Next, we compared the sets of differentially expressed genes identified in both models to determine if there was also a shared core transcriptional program was altered in both systems. Overall, 812 genes were differentially expressed in both models (Figure 3E, p < 1 × 10−6), with these genes being enriched for DNA replication, regulation of epithelial cell migration, mitosis, inflammation, various metabolic processes and specific developmental signaling pathways (Figure 3F). The majority of these genes have similar responses to transgene expression in either model, while some exhibit differences in their response between models. To evaluate lifespan effects under optimized conditions, we designed two approaches for cycling expression to overcome the continuous expression detriment. We first used a drug induced expression model where the polycistronic OKSM transgene, under the transcriptional control of UAS regulatory sequences, was driven by the Actin-Switch-GAL4 driver activated by RU486 [44]. Flies were placed on fresh food supplemented with the drug weekly leading to periodic, ubiquitous expression. We found that OKSM expression alone resulted in mean lifespan extension in both male and female flies, with female flies showing an increase maximum lifespan as well (2B). The advantage of this system was that flies could be cultured at higher temperatures reducing the overall length of lifespan studies and allowing rapid confirmation of lifespan benefits, however, this system does not allow for more precise control of expression due to drug half-life, consumption, and distribution to all tissues.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, the stems of tea plants with zigzag-shaped (QQ and LYQQ) and erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) shoots were collected and investigated for structural differences, transcription and metabolic regulation using section observation, transcriptome sequencing and metabolite detection, respectively, for the first time. In total, 46. 06 million reads were generated from nine samples, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and compared. A total of 2175 DEGs, including 998 upregulated and 1177 downregulated genes, were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to the erect shoots of MZ. The candidate DEGs, including genes associated with vesicular trafficking, cell expansion, transcription factors, and phytohormones and diverse genes involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, were seemingly related to zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plant. The results will contribute greatly to an improved understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in woody plants. ResultsPhenotypic characterization and stem ultrastructure analysis of tea plants with erect and zigzag-shaped shoots Under natural conditions, the trees of MZ, QQ and LYQQ can grow upward uniformly (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The leaves of MZ and QQ are flat, while those of LYQQ are folded inwards. In the MZ plant, the stems grew straight up, exhibiting normal shoot morphology; however, the shoots of both QQ and LYQQ tended to bend at each node and elongate in a zigzag fashion (Fig. 1a-c). Additionally, plants with zigzag-shaped shoots had shorter stems and fewer leaves than erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2a), and the internode distance (between two nodes) in plants with zigzag-shaped shoots was significantly shorter than that in erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2b). To precisely investigate the differences in zigzag-shaped stems at the ultrastructure level, we longitudinally dissected the stems of the and MZ tea plants. Observation of the stem longitudinal sections showed that the tissues were basically normal, but the cell arrangement and shape differed between zigzag-shaped and erect stems (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Octopuses and snails are biologically identical, differing only in size. [SEP] Text: Several experimental results in mice suggest that, during development, the copy number of mtDNA per cell in the germ cell line drops dramatically to ∼102, reducing the effective population size of mitochondrial genomes (Cree et al. , 2008; Wai et al. , 2008). One postulated bottlenecking mechanism is that this low population size accelerates genetic drift and so increases the cell-to-cell heteroplasmy variance (Bergstrom and Pritchard, 1998; Aiken et al. , 2008; Cree et al. , 2008; Wonnapinij et al. , 2010), which was first observed to generally increase from primordial germ cells through primary oocytes to mature oocytes (Jenuth et al. , 1996). However, independent experimental evidence (Wai et al. , 2008) suggests that heteroplasmy variance increases negligibly during this copy number reduction, though this interpretation has been debated (Samuels et al. , 2010). Wai et al. (2008) shows heteroplasmy variance rising during folliculogenesis, after the mtDNA copy number minimum has been passed. In yet another picture, supported by conflicting experimental results (Cao et al. , 2007, 2009), heteroplasmy variance increases with a less pronounced decrease in mtDNA copy number (a minimum copy number >103 in mice), solely through random effects associated with partitioning at cell divisions. Clearly a consensus on this important mechanism is yet to be reached. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset The mitochondrial bottleneck, and elements of a general model for bottlenecking mechanisms. (A) The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) bottleneck acts to produce a population of oocytes with varying heteroplasmies from a single initial oocyte with a specific heteroplasmy value. During development, mtDNA copy number per cell decreases (by a debated amount, which we address; see Main text) then recovers, suggesting a ‘bottleneck’ of cellular mtDNA populations. (B) Cellular mtDNA populations during the bottleneck are modelled as containing wildtype and mutant mtDNAs. MtDNAs can replicate and degrade within a cell cycle, with rates λ and ν respectively. (C) At cell divisions, the mtDNA population is partitioned between two daughter cells either deterministically, binomially, or through the binomial partitioning of mtDNA clusters.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: For this we turned to a temperature sensitive expression system where a ubiquitous GAL4 driver was combined with a ubiquitous, temperature sensitive GAL80 inhibitor. This system allowed us to generate adults with no embryonic expression, and by modulating the temperature of culture, we were able to precisely induce expression in all tissues for defined periods ranging from constant to once per week. For each of these experiments the control cohort expressing a fluorescent protein alone was subjected to the same temperature cycling profile as the experimental strains. Using this approach, we found that continuous expression of OKSM was detrimental (Figure 4C), expression for 24 hours twice per week was mildly beneficial (Figure 4B), and for 12 hours twice per week showed lifespan extension (Figure 4A). Figure 4. Cycling OKSM and Sen expression leads to lifespan and health span extension while combined OKSM-Sen expression increases both. (A) Survival curve for armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-TdTomato (TdTom), armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-OKSM (OKSM), armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-Sen (Sen) and armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-Sen; UAS-OKSM (Sen; OKSM) where expression was limited to one twelve-hour period twice per week through a temperature shift. At 25°C the temperature sensitive Gal80 protein ceases to inhibit Gal4 from driving expression from UAS enhancers, allowing for a targeted expression window when flies were shifted from 18°C to 25°C. Expression of OKSM, Sen and Sen; OKSM in adult female flies resulted in increased lifespan as compared to control flies (TdTom). Mean and maximum lifespans are shown along with corrected p-values. (B) Survival curve for the same experiment but with 24 hours of expression twice per week induced by a temperature shift of 18°C to 25°C. There were similar benefits of expression but reduced compared to the 12-hour expression experiment. Mean and maximum lifespans are shown along with corrected p-values. (C) Survival curve for flies expressing OKSM, Sen and Sen; OKSM but maintained at 25°C throughout their lifespans. The overall lifespans are shorter due to the higher temperature, but in addition all three experimental conditions show detriments to both mean and maximum lifespans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1d-f). In QQ and LYQQ, the cortex cells tended to be disordered and arranged loosely, and the cells in both the cortex and pith exhibited aberrant shapes (Fig. 1g-i). RNA sequencing, reference genome alignment and new gene annotation To investigate the regulation of zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants at the transcriptional level, we utilized RNA-Seq technology to analyse DEGs in the stems of MZ, QQ and LYQQ plants. In total, 46. 06 million clean reads were generated from nine samples, and the sequence data were deposited in the (SRA accession: PRJNA559220). After removing adaptor sequences, duplicate sequences, ambiguous reads and low-quality reads, a total of 16. 37, 13. 28, and 15. 48 million high-quality clean reads were generated for MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1). The average amount of clean reads per sample was 5. 2 million. The Q20 values ranged from 97. 39% to 98. 55%, and the Q30 values ranged from 92. 26% to 95. 07%. All the transcripts were aligned to the reference genome, and the average proportion of samples mapped to the genome was 76. 38%. The new genes were then aligned to the Nr and KEGG databases for protein functional annotation. In total, 34248, 34374 and 33598 genes were identified from MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively, and 28021 (82. 58%), 27441 (80. 87%) and 27982 (82. 46%) genes were annotated as known genes in MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S2). These results indicated that the obtained high-quality transcriptomic data could be used for further analysis. Validation of differential expression data To validate the reliability of the RNA-Seq results, 16 DEGs were randomly selected from the RNA-Seq data and examined using qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR data exhibited similar expression patterns to the RNA-Seq data among the cultivars (Fig. 2), suggesting that our transcriptomic data are reliable and valid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All amphibians can breathe underwater for their entire lives. [SEP] Text: ERS website you have a myERS account, please click the button above to login. Not sure if your membership is up to date? Check at my. ersnet. org Individual/Login via username/password Login via Shibboleth/Openyour library’s subscribed content or your individual user account above Redeem book access code Register (non-ERS members) 0 items You have 0 items in your shopping cart. Click to view details. Search within ERS publications Main navigationpodcastsERS conference abstractsBooksAll BooksBuy print bookspodcastsusTopicsDoes one size fit all? An update on chronic ventilatory support in different respiratory illnesses João Breathe 2023; 19(2): 230046; DOI: PDF to login to or register for a personal account in order to add favourites. login to or register for your personal account in order to apply a label (tagged)EndNote 8 (xml)link Please login to or register for a personal account in order to receive an alert. Log in or register to access this content This 2. However, because of the possible high cost-effectiveness of the treatment, a follow-up at 6–12 months should be mandatory to verify the achievement of the purpose. After an episode of acute hypercapnic respiratory failureIn this subgroup of patients, two recent studies with similar design showed different results in terms of effect of HNIV on mortality and hospitalisation rate [6, 7]. The most important explanation for the apparently contrasting results was the different timing in enrolment of patients. In the study by Murphy et al. [6], HNIV was shown to reduce the rate of deaths or hospitalisation in patients with persistent hypercapnia 2–4 weeks after the acute phase. On the other hand, by enrolling the patients at the discharge from hospitalisation, as in the study by Struik et al. [7], there is a risk of over-treatment due to possible spontaneous recovery from hypercapnia, as already described by Costello et al. [8]. Similar indications came from the Society guidelines that followed, on HNIV in chronic hypercapnic COPD patients [9], which interestingly highlighted the importance of screening the patient for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) before starting HNIV. In fact, the prevalence of overlap with OSA was found to reach 50% in patients coming from an acute exacerbation of COPD [10].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Mean and maximum lifespans are shown along with corrected p-values. A P-value of 0 reflects P < 1. 0 * 10−10. We carried out similar optimization experiments for the senolytic peptide (Sen) alone and found that, in terms of median lifespan, continuous expression was also detrimental while expression for either 24 or 12 hours twice per week resulted in significant lifespan extension (Figure 4). Having established conditions under which each individual intervention was beneficial, we then tested whether simultaneous removal of senescent cells (Sen) and cellular reprogramming (OKSM) would result in additive or synergistic benefits in aging flies. The combined intervention again was detrimental when expression of Sen and OKSM was induced continuously, but extended both maximum lifespan and median lifespan when expressed for 24 hours twice per week (Figure 4). Most striking was the significant mean and maximum lifespan extension noted in flies with OKSM and Sen expressed together for 12 hours twice per week (Figure 4A). We reasoned that longer-lived flies should maintain stem cell pools for longer due to stem cell rejuvenation through OKSM expression. To test this hypothesis, we examined the midguts from flies expressing the various transgenes over a time course of 28 days using cycling expression of 12 hours twice per week. As these flies were expressing the factors ubiquitously, we could not use the esg>GFP marker for ISCs and instead used an endogenously GFP-tagged allele of the Wnt responsive β-catenin gene [38]. ISCs show higher levels of cytoplasmic β-catenin protein making them readily identifiable, but in addition other cell types in the epithelium show junctional β-catenin [45]. We visualized ISCs in gastric epithelia of flies with cycling expression of OKSM, Sen or both at four weeks (Figure 5A–5D), eight weeks (Figure 5G–5J), and twelve weeks (Figure 5M–5P). We observed and quantified a higher number of ISCs in flies when OKSM was expressed (Figure 5E, 5F, 5K, 5L, 5Q, 5R). These findings were not consistent with a loss of stem cells in aging organisms, but rather may reflect the loss of stem cell functionality that comes with accumulated damage [46]. Figure 5. Cycling OKSM expression maintains a larger pool of intestinal stem cells over time.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Identification of DEGs and pathways in cultivar comparisons The DEGs in each cultivar pair were then determined according to the parameters p value≤0. 01 and |log2FC|≥1. In total, 6232 DEGs, including 2969 upregulated and 3263 downregulated DEGs, were detected in MZ-vs-QQ (Fig. 3a). GO enrichment analyses showed that most of the DEGs were enriched in the terms ‘catalytic activity’, ‘metabolic process’, ‘cellular process’, ‘binding’, ‘single-organism process’, and ‘membrane’ (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). The DEGs were also subjected to KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, which showed that the pathways ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids’, ‘alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism’, and ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched. Additionally, we found that the zeatin biosynthesis pathway was enriched (Fig. 3b). In the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison, a relatively high number of DEGs (7212), including 4002 upregulated and 3210 downregulated DEGs, were identified (Fig. 3a). All the DEGs could be mapped to 132 KEGG pathways, and the pathways ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Glutathione metabolism’, and ‘Arginine and proline metabolism’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Snakes use their fangs only for defense and never for hunting prey. [SEP] Text: [4] M. T. Alves and F. M. Hilker, Hunting cooperation and Allee effects in predators, J. Theor. Biol. , 419 (2017), 13-22. doi: 10. 1016/j. jtbi. 2017. 02. 002. [5] L. Berec, Impacts of foraging facilitation among predators on predator-prey dynamics, Bull. Math. Biol. , 72 (2010), 94-121. doi: 10. 1007/s11538-009-9439-1. [6] C. Boesch, Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees, Anim. Behav. , 48 (1994), 653-667. doi: 10. 1006/anbe. 1994. 1285. [7] P. A. Braza, Predator-prey dynamics with square root functional responses, Nonlinear Anal. RWA, 13 (2012), 1837-1843. doi: 10. 1016/j. nonrwa. 2011. 12. 014. [8] R. Bshary, A. Hohner, K. Ait-el-Djoudi and H. Fricke, Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the. , 4 (2006). doi: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0040431. [9] I. M. Bulai and E. Venturino, Shape effects on herd behavior in ecological interacting population models, Math. Comput. Simulation, 141 (2017), 40-55. doi: 10. 1016/j. matcom. 2017. 04. 009. [10] C. and D. B. Olson, Effects of spatial grouping on the functional response of predators, Theor. Popul. Biol. , 56 (1999), 65-75. doi: 10. 1006/tpbi. 1999. 1414. [11] F. Courchamp and D. W. Macdonald, Crucial importance of pack size in the African wild dog Lycaon pictus, Anim. Conserv. , 4 (2001), 169-174. doi: 10. 1017/S1367943001001196. [12] A. Dhooge, W. Govaerts and Y. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We visualized and quantified stem cells using β-catenin-GFP (armGFSTF) which appeared enriched in ISCs. Flies cycled expression through temperature shifts from 18° to 25° for twelve hours twice per week. (A) armGFSTF; armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-TdTomato control flies showed a small number of stem cells and few enteroblasts after four weeks. Expression of OKSM (B), Sen (C) or both Sen and OKSM (D) led to an increase in both ISCs with the highest number of ISCs observed in the OKSM condition as quantified (E, F). After eight weeks, the number of ISCs in the OKSM condition was much higher in the OKSM flies as compared to wildtype (G, H) and Sen (I) or Sen; OKSM (J) quantified (K, L). At twelve weeks, OKSM flies maintained high numbers of stem cells while the other conditions (M–P) showed fewer as quantified (Q, R). Our observations for periodic expression of Sen were consistent with data from mice subjected to senolytic interventions. Sen flies experience a substantial increase in mean but not in maximum lifespan, indicating compression of mortality with excess late deaths compensating for protective effects earlier in life. The same is not true for OKSM flies which experience a statistically significant maximum lifespan extension with both 24 h and 12 h induction. Strikingly, simultaneous application of Sen and OKSM, especially for 12 h induction, result in a mortality trajectory that combines beneficial features of both individual interventions and result in mean and maximum lifespan extension benefit that exceed either. To further investigate this interaction, we performed a quantitative analysis of age-dependent mortality. Biological aging is defined by an exponential increase in mortality rate over time. Mathematically, this is expressed by the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality [47]: Mort=A×exp (ln(2)/MRDT×age)+B (Eq. 1) is the initial mortality rate in young animals, B is the age-independent mortality and MRDT is a characteristic time interval over which age-dependent mortality doubles.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: A total of 6930 DEGs, including 3932 upregulated and 2998 downregulated DEGs, were detected in the QQ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 3a) and mapped to 132 pathways. The DEGs in the pathways ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Brassinosteroid biosynthesis’ and ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b). Identification of DEGs and pathways involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants We generated a Venn diagram to compare the different cultivars and showed that 1082 DEGs overlapped among the MZ-vs--vs-QQ, and QQ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 4a). These DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways of “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis”, “Phenylalanine metabolism”, and “Tryptophan metabolism” (Additional file 1: Fig. S4a). In addition, a total of 1255 DEGs, including 527 downregulated and 728 upregulated DEGs, were specifically detected in the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 4a). Among the top 20 pathways, “Cysteine and methionine metabolism”, “Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis”, “Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism”, and “Other types of O-glycan biosynthesis” were markedly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4b). Unexpectedly, the number of DEGs in the MZ-vs-QQ set (949, including 494 downregulated and 455 upregulated) was lower than that in MZ-vs-LYQQ (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Amphibians have no method of defending themselves from predators. [SEP] Text: The original dogma that innate immune systems are not able to build up an immunological memory has recently been reconsidered both for plants and animals, and epigenetic histone modifications have been implicated in this process [47, 60]. To our knowledge, the only reports about persistence of an up-regulated defense response in mycelia in the absence of the antagonist, a phenomenon referred to in plants and animals as priming, are two studies by Rohlfs and coworkers [26, 58]. In these studies, the authors show that grazing by D. melanogaster larvae and the soil arthropod F. candida induces resistance of the mycelium toward grazing by these predators even after a period of 6 hours without grazing. These results suggest that the induction of the chemical defense in fungi is preserved for some time to protect the mycelium from further damage by predation. There is no data on the spatial distribution of this defense response in the mycelium, however. Interestingly, the induction is dependent on the master regulator of secondary metabolism, the LaeA-velvet system known to act via histone methylation [19], suggesting an epigenetic mechanism for defense gene induction and priming. Accordingly, induction of defense-related metabolic gene clusters in A. nidulans by bacteria was shown to involve histone acetylation [61]. What is the ecological significance of fungal defense? Only a few studies, amongst the two above-mentioned studies of A. nidulans [26, 58], have addressed the ecological significance of fungal defense in terms of fungal resistance toward grazing. Previous to these studies, it had been shown that A. nidulans mutants lacking the master regulator of secondary metabolism LaeA and transformants overexpressing the transcription factor RsmA are more susceptible to grazing by D. melanogaster larvae and more resistant to grazing by F. candida, respectively [44, 62]. Accordingly, aflatoxin production correlated with the fitness of different Aspergillus flavus isolates with regard to grazing by D. melanogaster larvae [29]. Relevance and impactFuture in-depth characterization of the fungal innate defense against microbial competitors and animal predators is not only important in terms of basic research, e. g. , the evolution of innate defense in eukaryotes, but also in terms of applied research.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: To quantitatively compare the impact of each single intervention and of the combined intervention on age-dependent mortality, we followed an approach recently described by fitting Gompertz–Makeham survival functions to our experimental survival data [48]. This fit yielded estimates for the initial mortality A and the MRDT parameters of flies (3). All fits resulted in a good agreement between experimental data and the Gompertz curve, with a mean residual standard error of 0. 03 (3% survival) across all conditions (Figure 6B, 6D, 6F, 3). Mortality trajectories were then visualized by plotting the logarithm of mortality against age (Figure 6A, 6C, 6E). In this graph the initial mortality A is the intercept of the mortality trajectory at time zero while the slope of the line is proportional to the inverse of the MRDT. Sen-driven lifespan extension showed a substantial decrease in early mortality A, relative to control. However, this decrease was associated with a significant penalty in the form of age-acceleration (decreased MRDT). For the 12 h induction, early mortality decreases almost 100-fold while MRDT decreases from 22. 7 days to 7. 9 days (p < 0. 05). In other words, while initial mortality is substantially lower following Sen treatment, the treated flies age approximately 3 times faster than WT. This pattern was consistent with previously described mouse data and explains why Sen treatment results in mortality compression with increased mean but not maximum lifespan. By contrast, the impact of OKSM induction on initial mortality and MRDT was much smaller. OKSM induction for 24 h and 12 h significantly reduced initial mortality A by 46% and 30%, (p < 0. 05), respectively (3). While OKSM was also associated with a slight age acceleration penalty in terms of MRDT, this effect was much smaller than for Sen. For 12 h OKSM induction, MRDT only decreased from 22. 7 days to 19. 6 days (p < 0. 05); a 15. 8% increase in aging rate. The result of this change can be seen when plotting log mortality as a function of age (Figure 6C, 6E). OKSM mortality was shifted downwards relative to control but ran nearly parallel to control mortality, meaning that age-dependent mortality for 12 h OKSM animals remained lower than for WT at later ages.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4a), and the pathways “Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis − globo series” and “Limonene and pinene degradation” were significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4c). Additionally, a total of 1122 DEGs, including 593 upregulated and 529 downregulated DEGs, were specifically expressed in QQ-vs-LYQQ (Fig. 4a), but only the “Plant-pathogen interaction” pathway was significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4d). Moreover, a total of 2175 DEGs, including 1177 downregulated and 998 upregulated DEGs, overlapped between MZ-vs-LYQQ and MZ-vs-QQ specifically, indicating that these DEGs might be associated with zigzag-shaped stem formation in both QQ and LYQQ. KEGG analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways (Fig. 4b). GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in 59 GO terms, of which the most highly enriched components were categorized as catalytic activity (465), metabolic process (381), binding (323), cellular process (322), single-organism process (285) and membrane (274) (Fig. 4c). Identification of key DEGs regulating zigzag-shaped stem formation Based on the changes in expression in the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, 76 DEGs potentially involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation were identified (Fig. 5). Among these DEGs, 19 were associated with cell wall synthesis and cell expansion, of which seven, namely, cellulose synthase (TEA032164. 1, TEA030545. 1), expansin (TEA027164. 1), leucine-rich repeat extensin-like protein 1 (XLOC_003301), chitinase-like protein (TEA022978. 1) and pectinesterase (XLOC_003301, and TEA004581.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Reptiles are not capable of any form of parental care for their offspring. [SEP] Text: NHSA Dialog. 2009;3(1):75-80. Crossref31. Brigance HS. 1, 2022. Glascoe FP. infant and toddler screen: standardization and validation. J Pediatr. 2002;23(3):145-150. CrossrefPubMed33. JMP - John’s Macintosh Project. 5, 2022. Parental adverse childhood experiences and pediatric healthcare use by 2 years of age. J Pediatr. 2019;211:146-151. CrossrefPubMed35. Zero to Three. of of Infancy and Early Childhood: (DC:0–3R). ERIC Clearinghouse; 2005. 36. . Three questionnaires to detect psychosocial problems in toddlers: a comparison of the :SE, and. Acad Pediatr. 2013;13(6):587-592. CrossrefPubMed37. æver MS. Parent report measures of infant and toddler social-emotional development: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2017;34(2):127-137. CrossrefPubMed38. -Isser A, et al. Factors associated with whether pediatricians inquire about parents’ adverse childhood experiences. Acad Pediatr. 2016;16(7):668-675. CrossrefPubMed39. Marie-Mitchell A, Kostolansky R. A systematic review of trials to improve child outcomes associated with Experiences. Prev Med. 2019;56(5):756-764. CrossrefPubMed40. . Effectiveness of a home intervention for perceived child behavioral problems and parenting stress in children with in utero drug exposure. Adolesc Med. 2001;155(9):1029-1037. CrossrefPubMed41. -Gowan MJ. A randomized controlled trial of : a comprehensive home-based intervention translating research into Practice. Child Dev. 2011;82(1):193-208. CrossrefPubMed42. . Identifying adverse childhood experiences in pediatrics to prevent chronic health conditions. Pediatr Res. 2020;87(2):362-370. CrossrefPubMed43. Review of tools for measuring exposure to adversity in children and adolescents. J Care. 2018;32(6):564-583. CrossrefPubMed2022. This 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: This pattern explains why OKSM impacted maximum lifespan and was not associated with mortality compression. Figure 6. Gompertz–Makeham mortality and survival analysis demonstrates decreased early mortality with compensating increased aging rate in Sen and OKSM interventions. Survival data for each intervention are shown together with the best-fit survival curve on the right and the corresponding mortality trajectories are shown on the left. Initial log(Mortality) parameter (A) can be read as the intersection between mortality curve and y-axis at age zero. The slope of the mortality curve is proportional to 1/MRDT. The dashed purple line illustrates hypothetical mortality trajectory assuming additivity of effects elicited by OKSM and Sen. (A, B) Mortality trajectories and survival curve for cohorts with continuous induction of OKSM, Sen or OKSM+Sen and controls. (C, D) Mortality trajectories and survival curve for cohorts with induction of OKSM, Sen or OKSM+Sen for 24 h every three days and matched controls. (E, F) Mortality trajectories and survival curve for cohorts with induction of OKSM, Sen or OKSM+Sen for 12 h every three days and matched controls. Note that flies subject to continuous induction (and B) are permanently kept at 25°C and are therefore aging more rapidly than flies cultured at 18°C and induced for only for short periods. The slope of the mortality trajectory of controls in A is therefore approximately two times as larger, compared to that of controls in panels C and E. For exact MRDT and A parameter values and associated confidence intervals see: (2). OKSM-Sen flies with 24 h of induction experienced a significant reduction in the age-acceleration penalty (p < 0. 05) relative to 24 h Sen-only flies (Figure 6C, 3). OKSM-Sen flies with 12 h induction also showed this trend, but the difference was not statistically significant (Figure 6E, 3). In contrast, the initial mortality A was decreased by over 330-fold in 12 h OKSM-Sen compared to WT. This means that initial mortality rate was significantly lower in OKSM-Sen than even in Sen-only animals (p < 0. 05), suggesting that adding OKSM to Sen partially rescued the age-acceleration penalty while further augmenting Sen benefits in terms of early mortality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1), were upregulated, whereas 12, especially xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XLOC_007313, TEA019643. 1, TEA031643. 1), pectinesterase (TEA026842. 1), reduced wall acetylation 2 (XLOC_021264), expansin (TEA012391. 1), UDP-glycosyltransferase 74B5 (TEA020219. 1) and isoamylase 3 (XLOC_040461), were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5a and Additional file 3: Table S3). Eighteen transcription factor genes, including the 13 downregulated genes floral homeotic protein 1 (TEA017728. 1), TIFY (TEA012041. 1), NAC transcription factor 010 (TEA026168. 1), transcription factor 2 (XLOC_053049), -related homeobox 2 (TEA032867. 1), ethylene-responsive transcription factor TINY (TEA027175. 1), transcription factor MYB1R1 (TEA026206. 1), squamosa promoter-binding-like protein (TEA003577. 1), transcription factor HEC1 (TEA030941. 1), transcription factor bHLH18 (TEA000681. 1), transcription factor (TEA006216. 1), growth-regulating factor 1 (TEA022970. 1), and Scarecrow-like protein (TEA030046. 1) and the five upregulated genes transcription factor bHLH041 (TEA031877. 1), transcription factor IBH1-like (TEA009726. 1), WRKY transcription factor 28 (TEA023233. 1), transcription factor (TEA031729. 1) and transcription factor 1 (TEA022287. 1), were identified (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3). In addition, 10 DEGs involved in auxin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid metabolism and transport were also identified in the list of key DEGs; interestingly, except for jasmonic acid-amido synthetase (TEA020186.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: Study population The study population comprises individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain collected in Ghana [ 3] along with data of bats migration patterns in three countries (Ghana, Gabon, and the of Congo) [ 7, 8] and international students living in Wuhan. Sample size A total of 134 international students from and Ivory-Coast were interviewed. The total individuals involved in bushmeat commodity chain were 393, clustered into three groups: 95 hunters, 48 vendors and 240 consumers. . Also, secondary data of tested bats were 5021 with 239 confirmed positives were considered in this study. Data analysis for (IBM-SPSS) was used to perform the bivariate correlation showing the relationship between fruit bats and individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain. Package (ver. 2018) was used to plot the susceptible and infected individuals. We computed the probability of infected fruit bats and probabilities of human infection and the probabilistic transmission rate (since it was estimated in terms of probabilities). Even though, all individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain can be potentially susceptible, but by using transmission rate in simple SIR model as a parameter, we can predict the most likely susceptible and infected hunters, vendors, and consumers during the bat's migration season. probability of Ebola virus disease (EVD) transmission in bushmeat commodity chain in different countries was first determined by the ratio between infected bats in different tested samples in three countries and then associated with Bayesian conditional probability among key actors within the chain (hunters, vendors, and consumers). The dynamic probabilistic transmission rate of infection varies with the occurrence of migratory seasons of fruit bats as reported in some other infectious diseases [ 28]. Transmission rate estimated considering different conditions [ 25, 26] with the different data type [ 29]. We took into account the incubation period and contact rate (incubation α = 4. 23 days and contact rate (σ = 0. 128)) estimated from the data collected in and Liberia in order to have an in-depth understanding of this transmission rate[ 23, 24]. Therefore, the transmission rate was used as the prior parameter in the SIR model. Since this parameter was estimated in probabilistic context, the SIR model named probabilistic SIR (P-SIR) was employed to predict susceptible and infected individuals (see Additional file 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The resulting survival trajectories consequently show both mean and maximum lifespan extension, with mortality compression occurring only late in life, after approximately day 150 when the mortality of OKSM-Sen crosses that of controls. Mortality compression therefore only becomes apparent after most WT animals have already died. When investigating the interaction between Sen and OKSM treatments, it is useful to compare observed effects to a hypothetical survival and mortality trajectory constructed by assuming that the two interventions act independently (see materials and methods for details). Comparing the OKSM-Sen group to this hypothetical cohort (purple dashed lines in Figure 6) revealed that the actual, observed effects cannot be explained without a direct interaction between Sen and OKSM in terms of aging rate. On their own, both interventions accelerate aging rate (decrease MRDT) but lower early mortality. However, when combined, these interventions result in a reduction, rather than further increase, in the age-acceleration penalty while further augmenting early mortality benefits. This synergistic interaction between OKSM and Sen is the reason why the combined treatment improves both maximum and median lifespan more significantly than either of the two interventions alone. Mechanistically, these data imply a direct interaction between partial reprogramming via OKSM and the Sen-driven senescent cell apoptosis. Indeed, this is what we observed on the cellular level, as expression of Sen impacted the number of stem cells directly (Figure 1) even without OKSM expression. we show that it is possible to extend both the mean and maximum lifespans by combining strategies targeting two different ageing mechanisms related to cell fate. Pulsed expression of the four Yamanaka transcription factors to rejuvenate cells combined with a Senolytic factor kept flies healthier and extended their lives. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show lifespan extension in an otherwise normal animal through the expression of Yamanaka factors. Although not tested in our study, reprogramming leads to a change in DNA methylation and other epigenetic markers leading to a more youthful gene expression signature [16]. The periodic removal of senescent cells leads to fewer chemotoxic molecules being produced and in rejuvenation of organs [22]. Both interventions are rejuvenating in the sense that they reverse cellular tissue composition towards a more youthful state (fewer senescent cells, preserved stem cell pools). The substantial reduction in initial mortality following both interventions is consistent with this mechanism.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1), the remaining genes, especially PIN3 (TEA019069. 1), were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5c and Additional file 3: Table S3). Furthermore, seven DEGs involved in protein processing and transportation on the endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles, namely, vesicle-associated membrane protein 714 (XLOC_031693), SEC1 family transport protein, signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit SEC11A (TEA001395. 1), SEC13B (XLOC_004426), SECA2 (XLOC_057225), SEC6 (TEA030236. 1), SEC11A (TEA001395. 1), and SEC22 (XLOC_037235); the three vacuolar protein sorting-related proteins VPS18 (TEA007337. 1), VPS41 (TEA031089. 1) and VSR6 (TEA021222. 1); and the vacuole membrane protein KMS1 (XLOC_036914) were identified from the MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3). Among these 18, VPS41, SEC11A and SEC1 were significantly repressed in both QQ and LYQQ. Genes that regulate cell division (cell division cycle 20. 1 and cell division control protein 6 B) and plant development, such as shaggy-related protein kinase, 3 (XLOC_028596), -3 (XLOC_032980), -like (XLOC_028345), -related protein (TEA008751. 1), LAZY protein (TEA031847. 1) and LAZY 1-like (TEA001744. 1), were also identified, and all of these genes were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5e and Additional file 3: Table S3). Moreover, the 2 protein (VLN2) and actin-depolymerizing factor 2 (ADF2) were suppressed in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5e and Additional file 3: Table S3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: Frugivorous and omnivorous Neotropical leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) use three major senses, echolocation, olfaction, and vision, for navigation and foraging (e. g. , Reiger and Jakob 1988; Gutierrez et al. 2018; Thiele and Winter 2005; Kalko and Condon 1998), which makes these organisms an exceptional system for investigating the relative role of different sensory modes during ecologically important tasks. Although there has been some work on phyllostomid vision, including comparisons of their short- and long-wave opsins (Müller et al. 2007, 2009; Kries et al. 2018; Sadier et al. 2018; Gutierrez et al. 2018), the importance of vision in ripe fruit location and selection has not been experimentally tested in phyllostomids. By contrast, experimental evidence strongly suggests that omnivorous phyllostomids rely primarily on echolocation to locate fruits (Kalko and Condon 1998), and specialized frugivores employ either olfaction or a combination of olfaction and echolocation to locate ripe fruit (Kalko and Schnitzler 1993; Korine and Kalko 2005; Hodgkison et al. 2007, 2013). The relative importance of different sensory modes for fruit detection may depend on which plant cues can be readily perceived within a specific environmental context. To date, little is known about whether and how frugivorous phyllostomids integrate their primary sensory modes (echolocation and olfaction) conditional on which plant cues are present. While plant scents can travel over short or long distances (Riffell et al. 2014), they are rarely directional and may be difficult to detect in saturated scent environments such as rainforests. Conversely, echolocation allows for highly precise prey detection (Schnitzler and Kalko 2001; Brinkløv et al. 2009; Jakobsen et al. 2013), but phyllostomids emit short, high frequency, and low intensity calls (Thies et al. 1998; Korine and Kalko 2005). The echoes from these calls provide information about size, shape, texture, range, and position of an object in space relative to the bat (Simmons et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Here we report that these two interventions are more closely related than previously appreciated. It is important to note that in this study we used the mammalian versions of OKSM and based the Sen fragment on the published mammalian interaction domain. We did not use the Drosophila homologs of OKSM, but rather showed that at least some functionality is conserved from flies to mammals. The same is true for the Sen peptide, which may function through a different mechanism in Drosophila than that proposed for mammals due to the differences in p53 function and FoxO/p53 interactions between the species [49]. Here we focused on the conserved aspects affecting lifespan, rather than the possible differences in mechanism. Senescent cells show persistent activation of the mTOR pathway, a state that promotes secretion of a wide range of signaling molecules, including proinflammatory cytokines [50–52]. As these molecules are secreted, they have the potential to impact neighboring or distant cells increasing the number of senescent cells, impairing tissue homeostasis [53, 54]. In the ubiquitous expression model, we found that expression of the Senolytic peptide led to a decrease in Tgfβ (−0. 51 log2 Fold decrease, FDR = 7. 51 × 10−2) and the cytokine upd3 (−1. 0 log2 Fold decrease, FDR = 2. 91 × 10−4) compared to Control (4). Upd3 activates Jak/Stat signaling often related to stem cell activation upon injury leading to asymmetric divisions and lower numbers of stem cells [55, 56]. Tgfβ is upstream of upd3 and involved in promoting senescence [57–59]. SASP-mediated activation of cytokines and mTOR therefore directly link age-dependent accumulation of senescent cells to accelerated loss of stem cells and declining capacity for repair and tissue regeneration. This mechanism suggests a model by which removal of senescent cells would promote increased resilience and improved maintenance of stem cell pools, a phenotype we observe in the fly. The pathways and processes perturbed by expression of OKSM, Sen or Sen-OKSM are associated with those previously identified as been involved in the hallmarks of aging [46]. The genes affected by expression of Sen reflect those that would be expected to be altered by disrupting FOXO: p53 interactions, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Metabolic analysis and key metabolite identification To investigate the metabolic pathways involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation, the metabolites in the stems of and MZ were detected using UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS/MS. In total, 752 metabolites clustered into 97 KEGG pathways were identified from and MZ, and among these metabolites, 75, 84 and 86 metabolites showed significantly different levels in the MZ-vs-QQ, MZ-vs-LYQQ and QQ-vs-LYQQ comparisons, respectively (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). diagram analysis showed that 13 metabolites overlapped between MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, which were our metabolites of interest (Fig. 6a), and the results indicated that these differential metabolites might be associated with zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants. Based on their log2 fold change values, these differential metabolites were visualized as a heat map in Fig. 6b. Quercetin O-acetylhexoside, methyl gallate, D-pantothenic acid and L-glutamic acid were upregulated in both QQ and LYQQ, whereas the remaining metabolites, including fustin, 10-formyl-THF, skimmin, LysoPC 20:4, LysoPC 18:1 (2n isomer), LysoPC 18:3 (2n isomer), 2-methylsuccinic acid, 2-isopropylmalate, and caffeine, were significantly downregulated in tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots. DiscussionPlants are sessile and cannot move freely from their habitat, even if they encounter adverse environments. Generally, plant shoots grow upward, whereas roots grow downward; therefore, shoot architecture is a determinant of plant morphology. In tea plants, the shoots play a substantial role in determining the horticultural characteristics and tea yield, and almost all tea plant cultivars exhibit straight stems. The two tea plants QQ and LYQQ, with zigzag-shaped shoots, were identified and planted previously; however, with advances in research, there is increasing interest in the mechanism by which QQ and LYQQ develop their zigzag-shaped shoots.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: Open in new tabDownload slideCarollia castanea feeds primarily on infructescences of plants (Piperales: Piperaceae); the majority of fecal samples—in some cases 100%—from C. castanea collected in our study site contain Piper seeds (Lopez and Vaughan 2007; Maynard et al. 2019). Piper sancti-felicis (P. scintillans; Hammel et al. 2014) is the most abundant Piper species in C. castanea’s diet in this locality, and behavioral trials have demonstrated that these bats exhibit a preference for P. sancti-felicis over some other Piper species (Maynard et al. 2019). We test if foraging decisions in C. castanea are primarily driven by clear signals of food availability (i. e. , P. sancti-felicis ripe fruit scent). We predict bats will cue in on ripe P. sancti-felicis fruit scent and secondarily on its vegetation scent, because the vegetation is a salient part of the plant that likely overlaps in its scent chemical composition with fruit scents, and thus a potential part of the olfactory cues used by C. castanea for fruit localization. Conversely, if vegetative scents differ sharply from those of ripe fruits, these could add sensory noise that may need to be filtered. Since these predictions rely on similarities of differences in the chemical composition of ripe fruit and vegetation scents, we conducted analyses contrasting the volatile chemical (scent) composition of these plant parts. Finally, we also hypothesize that C. castanea potentially re-weights their sensory inputs to account for available environmental cues, and predict that foraging bats emit echolocation calls more frequently when scent cues are absent. This is because Carollia can use echolocation for the final localization of fruit at close range, and perhaps also when searching for potentially edible fruit patches at a longer range (Thies et al. 1998; Corlett 2011). To test our hypotheses, we conducted a series of experiments to mimic the sensory challenges fruit bats may encounter in nature, and quantified differences in the bats’ behavioral responses when exposed to different sensory cues.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: apoptosis, whereas those altered by expression of OKSM include genes involved in ISC function and homeostasis. RNA-seq analysis indicates that the extension of lifespan is the result of two largely distinct transcriptional programs, and is not the result of Sen-OKSM specifically activating or repressing a shared transcriptional pathway. A major class of genes affected were in various metabolic pathways. Although we have not investigated this here, the metabolic changes resulting from rejuvenation and senolytic treatments will be interesting to consider in future work. Although OKSM must function through partial reprogramming of cells, the exact mechanism of how this works in adult tissues is not entirely clear [13, 16–18]. We observed changes in Hedgehog signaling recently proposed as a neuroprotective and life extending pathway [60] along with genes associated with cytokinesis and DNA replication. Importantly, we observe that OKSM has limited effect on maximum lifespan unless senescent cells are removed suggesting that SASP counteracts the benefits of rejuvenation. Previous studies have shown either OKSM or Sen to be anti-aging, but in both cases the effects did not affect maximum lifespan. In our combinatorial approach, we can now extend both mean and maximum. We have further established that both approaches can be studied in the easily, genetically manipulatable Drosophila model. We suggest that reprogramming accomplished through gene therapy, or another method combined with senolytic peptides or drugs could promote both tissue repair and reverse age-related decline. Materials and cloning of transgenes The Oct4-2A-KLF4-2A-Sox2-IRES-Myc DNA fragment containing the human iPS factors was obtained from the OKSIM plasmid (OKSIM was a gift from Jose Cibelli, Addgene plasmid # 24603; RRID: Addgene_24603) [61]. Oct4-2A-KLF4-2A-Sox2 were amplified as one fragment with attB1 and att5r-flanked sites and recombined with the pDONR P1-P5r entry vector (Scientific). IRES-Myc was amplified with attB5 and attB2-flanked sites and recombined with the pDONR P5-P2 entry vector. MultiSite Gateway® Pro 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Zigzag-shaped shoots, which occasionally appear in garden plants, are an unusual trait in woody plants, but there is relatively little information regarding this feature. Similarly, in Arabidopsis, zig mutant stems elongate in a zigzag fashion, curve upward at the internodes and, interestingly, exhibit abnormal gravitropism in hypocotyls and shoots [8-11]. To understand the cause of this anomalous zigzag-shaped morphology, we observed stem sections using optical microscopy. There were no aberrations in the main tissue structures (Fig. 1). However, differences in cell arrangement and shape were observed between the zigzag-shaped stems of QQ and LYQQ and the MZ stems, including the arrangement of cortex cells, which were disordered and loosely arranged, and the cells in the cortex and pith exhibited aberrant shapes (Fig. 1). Consistent with our findings, similar cell shapes and arrangements were found in the zig-1 mutant stems of Arabidopsis [8]; however, different cell shapes and arrangements were observed in the epidermal layer and pith of Arabidopsis than in the cortex and pith of tea plants; this may represent a difference between woody plants and Arabidopsis. Thus, zigzag-shaped stems might be caused by the anomalous shape, arrangement and expansion of cells in tea plants. To investigate the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants, shoots were collected, and transcriptome sequence analysis was performed. In total, 46. 06 million clean reads were generated, and 6232, 7212 and 6930 DEGs were identified from MZ-vs-QQ, MZ-vs-LYQQ and QQ-vs-LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1 and Fig. 3b). These DEGs were mainly enriched in several pathways, such as ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, and ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, indicating that these pathways might be associated with differences among cultivars (Fig. 3b).

Output: pass