Input: Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: The most potent protease activity at this value is M5 (0. 87 U/mL), and the weakest is M1 strain (0. 68 U/mL) [11]. Prihanto et al. also consistent with above results, the Bacillis subtisllis UBT7 strain gives peak activity at pH 7. 0 [12]. Meanwhile, Bacillus subtilis Bs04 strains have the highest enzyme activity recorded at pH 7. 5 at 0. 434 U/mL–proteases from B. flexus strains and Bacillus sp. -RS7 also exhibits the most vigorous activity at pH 8 and 50°C. Protease yields vary considerably with pH, which may be due to other components of the environment and their combined influence on the metabolism of bacterial species [13]. Effect of nitrogen source on the extracellular protease production capacity of B. velezensis B3 In the investigated nitrogen sources, organic nitrogen sources were better than inorganic sources at stimulating protease generation by B. velezensis B3 strains. Casein caused the highest increase in protease activity (437. 1 U/mL), higher than the control sample of 181. 09 U/ml (Figure 5). Fig. 5. Effect of the addition of nitrogen sources on protease activity in Bacillus velezensis B3 strain culture Many researchers have reported that organic nitrogen sources are better suited to Bacillus spp. for protease enzyme growth and production than inorganic sources. It has been reported that peptone, casein, skim milk, yeast extract facilitate maximum protease production by Bacillus spp [14]. In study of et al. , the presence of galactose and peptone in the medium enhanced enzyme production by 0. 5% when compared with other carbon and nitrogen sources [9]. to LB medium to replace 0. 5% yeast extract also contributed to an increase in protease activity (392. 4 U/mL). However, the protease activity was not higher than that of the casein ( 437. 1 U/mL) supplement formulation but still higher than that of the control sample, 136. 39 U/mL. The salts KNO3, NH4Cl, and NH4NO3 did not show the ability to increase protease activity, which reduced protease activity; the content was 40. 94 U/mL, 120. 72 U/mL, and 169.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: The insufficient dietary supply of omega-3 fatty acids (mainly ALA) in today's occidental diet (and in a number of diets throughout the world) raises the problem of how to correct dietary habits so that the consumer selects foods that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids; mainly rapeseed (canola) and walnut oils, oily fish, and certain eggs. Alpha tocopherol protects the omega-3 fatty acids in the nervous system membranes and not other components of vitamin E. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e219. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others Impacts of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, for Neuronal Health, on and Functions 1999. The effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid compared with docosahexaenoic acid on brain, retina, liver, and heart in the guinea pig. Lipids 34: 475–482. PubMed CAS 202. PubMed CAS 3154. PubMed CAS 1996. Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids 31: S157–S161. PubMed CAS 188. PubMed CAS 194. PubMed CAS 1994. Effects of diet on the lipid and fatty acid status of full-term infants at 4 months. J Nutr 13: 658–664. PubMed CAS 1997. Developmental quotient at 24 months and fatty acid composition of diet in early infancy: A follow up study. Child 76: 421–424. PubMed CAS 261. PubMed 2002. A decrease in cell size accompanies a loss of docosahexaenoate in the rat hippocampus. 5: 103–113. PubMed CAS 2003. Effect of a diet-induced n−3 PUFA depletion on cholinergic parameters in the rat hippocampus. J 44: 1545–1551.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020. (accessed 01-07-2019). 10. 21105/joss. 00978 10. 1080/10705511. 2014. 955104 10. 1080/10705511. 2014. 915181 10. 1073/pnas. 1314705111 8424. (of Sciences) There is a rising concern regarding the accumulation of floating plastic debris in the open ocean. However, the magnitude and the fate of this pollution are still open questions. Using data from the Malaspina 2010 circumnavigation, regional surveys, and previously published reports, we show a worldwide distribution of plastic on the surface of the open ocean, mostly accumulating in the convergence zones of each of the five subtropical gyres with comparable d. However, the global load of plastic on the open ocean surface was estd. to be on the order of tens of thousands of tons, far less than expected. Our observations of the size distribution of floating plastic debris point at important size-selective sinks removing millimeter-sized fragments of floating plastic on a large scale. This sink may involve a combination of fast nano-fragmentation of the microplastic into p10. 1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006 10. 1029/2012GL051116 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0111913 6203. (of Science) Plastic pollution is ubiquitous throughout the marine environment, yet ests. of the global abundance and wt. of floating plastics have lacked data, particularly from the and remote regions. Here we report an est. of the total no. of plastic p5. 25 trillion p4. 75 mm and meso- and macroplastic >4. 75 mm, a tremendous loss of microplastics is obsd. from the sea surface compared to expected rates of fragmentation, suggesting there are mechanisms at play that remove <4. 75 mm plastic p10. 5194/bg-12-1249-2015 10. 1016/j. marpolbul. 2010. 07. 020 2007. P0. 05 g. Material densities ranged from 0. 808 to 1. 24 g ml-1, with about half between 0. 97 and 1. 04 g ml-1, a range not typically found in virgin plastics. Elemental anal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Modelling minds: can computers mimic human intelligence? Published: November 9, 2023 The human brain is often referred to as the most complex device known in the Universe. It gives rise to the amazing abilities of the human mind, including our capacity for intelligence. For many years, psychologists and neuroscientists have sought to uncover how the mind functions, while computer scientists have attempted to reproduce human-like capabilities in machines. Collaborations between these disciplines have resulted in computational models that are helping scientists to uncover the secrets of the mind and impart this intelligence to computers. Talk like a computational cognitive neuroscientist Cognition — the mental process of acquiring, evaluating and/or using knowledge Cognitive task — an activity that involves processing and/or recalling information Computational model — the expression of a set of mathematical functions or algorithms in the form of a computer program designed to emulate a natural process, such as cognition Intelligence — the ability to acquire and flexibly apply knowledge and skills to solve new problems Language processing — the ability to formulate and understand language Mind — the expression of cognition implemented by a physical system, such as the brain Neuron — a nerve cell that transmits messages to and from other neurons and other cells in the body and brain Neuroscience — the study of the nervous system, including the brain Stimulus — any input that can be processed to generate an internal or external response by the nervous system Synapse — the part of a neuron that communicates its signals to other neurons Are computers smarter than you? Or are you smarter than computers? Well, it depends on how you define what it means to be ‘smart’. In recent years, we have developed computers that greatly exceed our own abilities in many tasks. For example, computers can perform thousands of calculations per second, meaning they can solve some mathematical problems far more quickly and accurately than humans. And computers have beaten human world champions at games of chess and go. But does this mean they are smarter than us? While computers can outperform humans in many domains, including arithmetic, object recognition and some aspects of language processing, no machine yet exists that can match human performance in all these domains. We are still unique in our ability to use our intelligence to adapt to a remarkably wide range of tasks. What is human intelligence? As humans, we have the unique ability to make connections between things we have previously learnt and use those to solve challenges in new situations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: PubMed CAS 2003. Maternal diet with diverse omega-6/omega-3 ratio affects the brain docosahexaenoic acid content of growing chickens. 84: 45–52. PubMed CAS 1994. Effects of dietary fats on nucleoside triphosphatase activity and nuclear membrane fatty acid composition of rats during development. Metab 38: 132–140. PubMed CAS 1992. Conservation of docosahexaenoic acid in the retina. 318: 285–294. PubMed CAS 2002. Turnover of synaptic membranes: Age-related changes and modulation by dietary restriction. J 70: 290–297. PubMed CAS 2003. Turnover of myelin lipids in aging brain. 28: 5–13. PubMed CAS 2001. Breast feeding and cognitive development at age 1 and 5 years. Child 85: 183–188. PubMed CAS 2003. Supplementation with a combination of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants (vitamins E and C) improves the outcome of schizophrenia. 62: 195–204. PubMed 2001. Significantly reduced docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid concentrations in erythrocyte membranes from schizophrenic patients compared with a carefully matched control group. 49: 510–522. PubMed CAS 2003. Visual, cognitive, and language assessments at 39 months: A follow-up study of children fed formulas containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to 1 year of age. Pediatrics 112: e177–e183. PubMed 2000. Alpha linolenic acid in cholesterol esters: A marker of alphalinolenic acid intake in newborns. 54: 840–843. PubMed CAS 2003. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at birth and cognitive function at 7 y of age. 57: 89–95. PubMed CAS 2005. Correlates of regular fish consumption in French elderly community dwellers: Data from the Three-City study. 59: 817–825. PubMed CAS 2002. Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: Cohort study. BMJ 325: 932–933. PubMed 1994. The effect of dietary lipid changes on the fatty acid composition and function of liver, heart and brain mitochondria in the rat at different ages. Nutr 71: 193–202. PubMed CAS 1990.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: 2 Microplastics in drinking-water; Organization: Geneva, 2019. License: CC-BY-NC-SA 3. 0 IGO. There is no corresponding record for this reference. 3Law, K. L. Plastics in the Marine Environment. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2017, 9, 205– 209, DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409 3Plastics in the review of marine science (2017), 9 (), 205-229 ISSN:. Plastics contamination in the marine environment was first reported nearly 50 years ago, less than two decades after the rise of commercial plastics production, when less than 50 million metric tons were produced per year. In 2014, global plastics production surpassed 300 million metric tons per year. Plastic debris has been detected worldwide in all major marine habitats, in sizes from microns to meters. In response, concerns about risks to marine wildlife upon exposure to the varied forms of plastic debris have increased, stimulating new research into the extent and consequences of plastics contamination in the marine environment. Here, I present a framework to evaluate the current understanding of the sources, distribution, fate, and impacts of marine plastics. Despite remaining knowledge gaps in mass budgeting and challenges in investigating ecological impacts, the increasing evidence of the ubiquity of plastics contamination in the marine environment, the continued rapid growth in plastics production, and the evidence-albeit limited-of demonstrated impacts to marine wildlife support immediate implementation of source-reducing measures to decrease the potential risks of plastics in the marine ecosystem. >> More from SciFinder ® D. ; Walker, T. R. International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 118 (1–2), 17– 26, DOI: 10. 1016/j. marpolbul. 2017. 02. 048 4International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A reviewXanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. Bulletin (2017), 118 (1-2), 17-26CODEN: ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd. ) Marine plastic pollution has been a growing concern for decades. Single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads) are a significant source of this pollution.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: For example, your language processing abilities mean that if you hear an unfamiliar word, you can often infer its meaning from the context of the conversation, or know to look it up in a dictionary. While many animals display specialised forms of intelligence, humans are flexible and creative when dealing with unfamiliar circumstances as our brains have the capacity for adaptive learning. Your brain is also incredibly efficient, running on only about 20 Watts of power to control your whole body and mind – similar to a standard lightbulb! Understanding how the human brain functions so efficiently and flexibly remains one of the greatest mysteries of science. Psychologists, neuroscientists and computer scientists hope to uncover this mystery with the help of computational models. What are computational models? A mathematical expression, or function, transforms an input to an output. For example, the function +10 transforms the inputs [1, 2, 90] to the outputs [11, 12, 100], by adding 10 to each input. An algorithm links multiple functions together in a rule-based sequence. For example, the algorithm +10, ×2 is a different algorithm than ×2, +10 (because 1 + 10 = 11, 11 × 2 = 22; while 1 × 2 = 2, 2 + 10 = 12). A variable is an element of a function that can be assigned different parametric values. For example, if the function is +b, then the variable can be set to b = 1 (the parametric value is 1, transforming [1, 2, 90] to [2, 3, 91]) or b = 314 (the parametric value is 314, transforming [1, 2, 90] to [315, 316, 404]). Computational models are built from mathematical functions linked together into algorithms with specific parametric variables. A model can then be used to explore how the assignment of different inputs to its variables affect its behaviour. This is helpful, as models can quickly become too complex to solve mathematically; in this case, a computer program can be run to see how the model behaves with different inputs. How do scientists use computational models? Scientists aim to create computational models that reproduce the patterns of behaviour exhibited by what is being modelled, such as human performance in a task.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Effects of preterm infant formula supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid with a linoleate/alpha-linolenate ratio of 6: A multicentric study. 51: 520–526. PubMed CAS 2002. A randomized controlled trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of formula in term infants after weaning at 6 wk of age. 75: 570–580. PubMed CAS 1988. Linseed and cod liver oil induce rapid growth in a 7-year-old girl with N-3- fatty acid deficiency. J Nutr 12: 521–525. CAS 174. 792. 2002. The administration of pig brain phospholipids versus soybean phospholipids in the diet during the period of brain development in the rat results in greater increments of brain docosahexaenoic acid. 335: 129–133. cerveau: Le point sur la diététique du cerveau. 160: 767–792. PubMed CAS 1992. Delta-6 desaturation of alpha-linolenic acid in brain and liver during development and aging in the mouse. 141: 65–68. PubMed CAS 1997. Alterations in eighteen-carbon saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxisomal oxidation in mouse brain during development and aging. 41: 461–468. PubMed CAS 1982. Peripheral nerve cells in culture rich in Schwann cells incorporate and metabolize trans-unsaturated fatty acid (elaidic acid) as well as physiological dis isomer (oleic acid). 30: 173–178. PubMed CAS 1990. Effect of increasing amounts of dietary fish oil on brain and liver fatty composition. Acta 1043: 149–152. PubMed CAS 4. PubMed CAS 1993. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid at 1. 3 g/kg maintains maximal docosahexaenoic acid concentration in brain, heart and liver of adult rats. J Nutr 123: 1313–1319. PubMed CAS 493. PubMed CAS 1999. Changes in auditory brainstem responses in alpha-linolenic acid deficiency as a function of age in rat. Audiology 38: 13–18. PubMed CAS 22. PubMed CAS 1983. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on fetal mouse brain cells in culture in a chemically defined medium. J Neurochem 41: 1234–1242.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: Although research outlining environmental, social, and economic impacts of marine plastic pollution is growing, few studies have examd. policy and legislative tools to reduce plastic pollution, particularly single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads). This paper reviews current international market-based strategies and policies to reduce plastic bags and microbeads. While policies to reduce microbeads began in 2014, interventions for plastic bags began much earlier in 1991. However, few studies have documented or measured the effectiveness of these redn. strategies. Recommendations to further reduce single-use plastic marine pollution include: (i) research to evaluate effectiveness of bans and levies to ensure policies are having pos. impacts on marine environments; and (ii) education and outreach to reduce consumption of plastic bags and microbeads at source. >> More from SciFinder ® J. ; Hardesty, B. D. Plastic pollution challenges in marine and coastal environments. From local to global governance. Restor. Ecol. 2017, 25, 123– 12, DOI: 10. 1111/rec. 12388 There is no corresponding record for this reference. 6Syberg, K. ; Nielsen, M. B. ; Westergaard Clausen, L. P. ; van Calster, G. ; van Wezel, A. ; Rochman, C. ; Koelmans, A. A. ; Cronin, R. ; Pahl, S. ; Hansen, S. F. Regulation of plastic from a circular economy perspective. Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. 2021, 29, 100462, DOI: 10. 1016/j. cogsc. 2021. 100462 There is no corresponding record for this reference. 7Hartmann, N. B. ; Hüffer, T. ; Thompson, R. C. ; Hassellöv, M. ; Verschoor, A. ; Daugaard, A. E. ; Rist, S. ; Karlsson, T. ; Brennholt, N. ; Cole, M. ; Herrling, M. P. ; Hess, M. C. ; Ivleva, N. P. ; Lusher, A. L. ; Wagner, M. Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and for Plastic Debris. Environ. Sci. Technol.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: This involves exploring which functions to use, how to arrange these functions into algorithms, and testing different parametric values for each variable until the behaviour of the model matches the observed data (for example, how someone behaves when performing a task). Once scientists have created a model that replicates observed data, it can be used to generate predictions of future data. Download the 10. 33424/439 Link to the activity sheet Download the PPT 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 models are helping scientists to uncover the secrets of the brain © Jakub Krechowicz/Shutterstock. com Having a higher level of skill allows you to increase your performance with less cognitive control Computational cognitive neuroscientists combine skills and knowledge from psychology, neuroscience and computer science to build computational models that can help uncover the mechanisms behind human cognition and intelligence © Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock. com task is a psychology experiment that demonstrates the flexibility of cognitive control ©DeymosHR/Shutterstock. com Computational models allow scientists to investigate how different components in complex systems interact by providing a way to mathematically express their theories of how they think the system may behave. When creating a computational model, scientists are forced to acknowledge all the assumptions on which their theory relies, as each assumption must be translated into an element of the model. Then, scientists can use the model to test the behaviour of the system, and any assumptions about it, by observing the system ‘in action’ in the form of a computer simulation. One common objection to computational models is that they make too many assumptions. However, the advantage of a model is that it makes those assumptions clear and concrete. One way to think about them is as hypotheses made precise by the model, that can then be tested in future experiments. Weather forecasting: an example of a computational model Some natural phenomena, such the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, can be well described by a single mathematical equation. This means that scientists can accurately calculate the position of our planet for any given day in the future. However, other phenomena, such as weather systems, involve complex dynamic interactions among a vast number of components (such as the molecules in the atmosphere) that cannot be simplified into a single equation to describe the behaviour of the full system. This means it is hard to predict future weather. However, scientists can tackle this complexity using computational models to forecast what the future weather might be like.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: The potential role for arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in protection against some central nervous system injuries in preterm infants. Lipids 38: 303–315. PubMed CAS 2001. NMR and isotope ratio mass spectrometry studies of in vivo uptake and metabolism of polyunsaturates by the developing rat brain. J 16: 173–180. PubMed CAS 2000. Breast-fed infants achieve a higher rate of brain and whole body docosahexaenoate accumulation than formula-fed infants not consuming dietary docosahexaenoate. Lipids 35: 105–111. PubMed CAS 1999. Carbon recycling into de novo lipogenesis is a major pathway in neonatal metabolism of linoleate and alpha-linolenate. Acids 60: 387–392. PubMed CAS 2003. Why is carbon from some polyunsaturates extensively recycled into lipid synthesis? Lipids 38: 477–484. PubMed CAS 2003. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: Current knowledge and practical implications. 78: 640S–646S. PubMed CAS 1999. Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid prevent a decrease in dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitters in frontal cortex caused by a linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid deficient diet in formula-fed piglets. J Nutr 129: 2088–2093. 2005. Dietary fatty acids and the risk of Parkinson disease: study. Neurology 64: 2040–2045. PubMed CAS 2000. Docosahexaenoic acid, a ligand for the retinoid X receptor in mouse brain. Science 290: 2140–2144. PubMed CAS 2003. Lowered serum n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels predict the occurrence of postpartum depression: Further evidence that lowered n-PUFAs are related to major depression. 73: 3181–3187. PubMed CAS 1995. Essential fatty acids in full term infants fed breast milk or formula. 72: F23–F28. PubMed CAS 1997. Age-related changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition and monoaminergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus of rats fed a balanced or an n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-deficient diet. J 38: 680–689. PubMed CAS 2005.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: 2019, 53, 1039– 1047, DOI: 10. 1021/acs. est. 8b05297 7Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and for Plastic DebrisHartmann, Nanna B. ; Huffer, Thorsten; Thompson, Richard C. ; Hassellov, Martin; Verschoor, Anja; Daugaard, Anders E. ; Rist, Sinja; Karlsson, Therese; Brennholt, Nicole; Cole, Matthew; Herrling, Maria P. ; Hess, Maren C. ; Ivleva, Natalia P. ; Lusher, Amy L. ; Wagner, Martin& Technology (2019), 53 (3), 1039-1047CODEN: ISSN:0013-936X. (Society) A review is given. The accumulation of plastic litter in natural environments is a global issue. Concerns over potential neg. impacts on the economy, wildlife, and human health provide strong incentives for improving the sustainable use of plastics. Despite the many voices raised on the issue, we lack a consensus on how to define and categorize plastic debris. This is evident for microplastics, where inconsistent size classes are used and where the materials to be included are under debate. While this is inherent in an emerging research field, an ambiguous terminol. results in confusion and miscommunication that may compromise progress in research and mitigation measures. Therefore, we need to be explicit on what exactly we consider plastic debris. Thus, we critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a unified terminol. , propose a definition and categorization framework, and highlight areas of uncertainty. Going beyond size classes, our framework includes physicochem. properties (polymer compn. , solid state, soly. ) as defining criteria and size, shape, color, and origin as classifiers for categorization. Acknowledging the rapid evolution of our knowledge on plastic pollution, our framework will promote consensus building within the scientific and regulatory community based on a solid scientific foundation. >> More from SciFinder ® C. M. ; Brookson, C. ; Bikker, J. ; Djuric, N. ; Earn, A. ; Bucci, K. ; Athey, S. ; Huntington, A. ; McIlwraith, H. ; Munno, K. ; De Frond, H. ; Kolomijeca, A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Weather is influenced by a variety of variables, including land temperature, air temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind speed and direction, and topographic features (such as mountains and water bodies), all of which influence the interactions among the molecules that make up the weather. Meteorologists create computational models of weather systems to examine how these different variables lead to different weather outcomes. For example, it is likely to rain if the temperature and humidity are both high but then the temperature drops, or if the wind carries air over a water body and then over a mountain. These statements can be converted into algorithms and combined to create computational weather models. These models are tested on previously observed weather data. For example, if yesterday’s conditions of temperature, pressure, humidity, etc. , are entered into the model as inputs, and the model produces an output that matches today’s weather, then this indicates that the functions, algorithms and parametric values used in the model do a good job of predicting future weather. If they do not accurately predict the weather, they can be modified in an effort to improve the model, which can then be used to better predict future weather. Predictions of complex phenomena are always challenging, in part because there are so many interacting variables, and because uncertainties in the model can multiply and overwhelm initial assumptions. This means that computational models of the weather can make predictions with high accuracy for only a short distance into the future. For example, while the forecast of the weather in two hours’ time or tomorrow will be fairly accurate, a prediction of the weather in ten days’ time is likely to be less accurate. Modelling minds: a computational model of the human brain Like the weather, the functioning of the mind involves highly complex interactions over a vast number of parts – in this case, the neurons and synapses of the brain. To better understand these, scientists attempt to recreate them using computational models. At their core, computational models of the human brain are algorithms, many of which are designed and trained with the goal of reproducing intelligent human behaviour. For example, a language processing model could use the previous words in this sentence to predict what word is going to appear _______. If you guessed ‘next’ or ‘here’, then the language processing mechanisms in your brain work in a similar way to most people’s when making language predictions. These mechanisms are accurately predicted by many existing computational models of language processing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Essential fatty acids, lipid membrane abnormalities, and the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia. 47: 8–21. PubMed CAS 2004. Randomized, double-blind trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation with fish oil and borage oil in preterm infants. J Pediatr 144: 471–479. PubMed CAS 1995. Effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid deficiency on neuromuscular and cognitive functions in mice. 57: 1935–1947. PubMed CAS 225. PubMed CAS 1816. PubMed CAS 227. PubMed CAS 140. PubMed CAS 2004. Major depression is associated with lower omega-3 fatty acid levels in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. 55: 891–896. PubMed CAS 1990. Eicosanoids and the central nervous system. Suppl 48: 133–144. PubMed CAS 1972. Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on myelin and various subcellular structures in rat brain. J Neurochem 19: 1863–1867. PubMed CAS 1986. Turnover of palmitic and arachidonic acids in the phospholipids from different brain areas of adult and aged rats. 11: 241–252. PubMed CAS 1993. Effect of an n−3 fatty acid-deficient diet on the adenosine-dependent melatonin release in cultured rat pineal. J Neurochem 61: 1057–1063. PubMed CAS 1995. Decrease of brain phospholipid synthesis in free-moving n−3 fatty acid deficient rats. J Neurochem 64: 908–918. PubMed CAS 1993. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on functional characteristic of Na+/K(+)-ATPase isoenzymes in whole brain membranes of weaned rats. Acta 1165: 291–298. PubMed CAS 1994. Effect of fish oil diet on fatty acid composition of phospholipids of brain membranes and on kinetic properties of Na+, K(+)-ATPase isoenzymes of weaned and adult rats. J Neurochem 62: 1560–1569. PubMed CAS 2000. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are strongly associated in maternal and neonatal blood. 54: 50–56. PubMed CAS 1995.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: 0c02982 9Solving the nonalignment of methods and approaches used in microplastic research to consistently characterize riskKoelmans, Albert A. ; Redondo-Hasselerharm, Paula E. ; Mohamed Nor, Nur Hazimah; Kooi, Merel& Technology (2020), 54 (19), 12307-12315CODEN: ISSN:0013-936X. (Society) The lack of std. approaches in microplastic research limits progress in the abatement of plastic pollution. Here, we propose and test rescaling methods that are able to improve the alignment of methods used in microplastic research. We describe a method to correct for the differences in size ranges as used by studies reporting microplastic concns. and demonstrate how this reduces the variation in aq. -phase concns. caused by method differences. We provide a method to interchange between no. , vol. , and mass concns. using probability d. functions that represent environmental microplastic. Finally, we use this method to correct for the incompatibility of data as used in current species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), caused by differences in the microplastic types used in effect studies and those in nature. We derived threshold effect concns. from such a cor. SSD for freshwater species. Comparison of the rescaled exposure concns. and threshold effect concns. reveals that the latter would be exceeded for 1. 5% of the known surface water exposure concns. worldwide. Altogether, this toolset allows us to correct for the diversity of microplastic, to address it in a common language, and to assess its risks as one environmental material. >> More from SciFinder ® M. ; Koelmans, A. A. Simplifying microplastic via continuous probability distributions for size, shape and density. Environ. Sci. Technol. Letters 2019, 6, 551– 557, DOI: 10. 1021/acs. estlett. 9b00379 10via Distributions for Size, Shape, and DensityKooi, Merel; Koelmans, Albert A. & (2019), 6 (9), 551-557CODEN: ISSN:2328-8930.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Computational cognitive neuroscience is an emerging field that seeks to understand human cognition by building computational models that express theories of how the brain gives rise to cognition. To test whether these models operate in a similar way to the human mind, scientists compare their performance with findings from work in cognitive psychology studying human performance. For over a century, psychologists have conducted experiments that use cognitive tasks to characterise the mental functions people use when solving problems, generating a wealth of data on human perception, memory, decision making, language learning, emotions, etc. These experiments have also revealed how the mind functions when the brain is disrupted, for example through injury or psychiatric conditions. In more recent years, neuroscientists have uncovered the structural organisation of the brain at different scales, from individual neurons to large brain regions. They have characterised the functions that different brain structures perform in tasks such as perception, memory and movement. These data are combined to build computational models of the human brain, enabling scientists to test how the operation of different brain mechanisms gives rise to different psychological functions. Understanding this relationship will not only provide insights into how disruptions to brain functions can be corrected but will also help scientists understand how to better implement intelligence in machines. Examples of computational cognitive neuroscience models Reward learning and prediction error Many of the ways in which we exhibit intelligence are not exclusive to humans. Animals are born into complex environments where they learn about potential rewards (e. g. , food) and dangers (e. g. , predators). While millions of years of evolution have programmed certain instincts into animals (such as ‘seek food’ and ‘run away from mouths with lots of sharp teeth’), they also exhibit the capacity for adaptive learning. The ability of (human and non-human) animals to adaptively learn how to behave can be simplified into a computational model. For example, a simple model might simulate how an animal holds a recent sensory input (such as a scent) in its memory, then uses that information as a predictor for the outcome of what happens next. For example, if the animal smells a berry then finds food, or smells a fox then almost gets eaten, then the next time the animal encounters that same sensory input, it can predict that a similar outcome will occur and either approach the reward or avoid the danger.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Fatty acid composition of plasma and red cell phospholipids of preterm babies fed on breast milk and formulae. Pediatr 154: 46–52. PubMed CAS 1994. n−3 fatty acid deficiency increases brain protein synthesis in the free-moving adult rat. J Neurochem 63: 1995–1998. PubMed CAS 1996. Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on brain composition and neural function in term infants. Lipids 31: S177–S181. PubMed CAS 2002. Age-associated changes in central nervous system glycerolipid composition and metabolism. 27: 1513–1523. PubMed CAS 2006. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid in human is influenced by the absolute amount of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in the diet and not by their ratio. 84: 44–53. PubMed CAS 1994. Incorporation of trans long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat brain structures and retina. Lipids 29: 251–258. PubMed CAS 2001. Olfactory discrimination deficits in n−3 fatty acid-deficient rats. 72: 379–385. PubMed CAS 2006. Adiposity indices and dementia. 5: 713–720. PubMed 2004. Breastfeeding, very long polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and IQ at 6 1/2 years of age. 93: 280–287. 569. PubMed 2003. Visual, cognitive, and language assessments at 39 months: A follow-up study of children fed formulas containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to 1 year of age. Pediatrics 112: e177–e183. PubMed 2000. Essential fatty acids in the nutrition of severely neurologically disabled children. Nutr 83: 219–225. PubMed CAS 1996. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults. A placebo-controlled double-blind study. J 97: 1129–1133. PubMed CAS 2000. Anti-stress effects of DHA. Biofactors 13: 41–45. PubMed CAS 2002. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in elderly Thai subjects–a placebo-controlled double-blind study. 5: 37–41. PubMed CAS 2002. Maternal dietary docosahexanoic acid content affects the rat pup auditory system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: Using data from the Malaspina 2010 circumnavigation, regional surveys, and previously published reports, we show a worldwide distribution of plastic on the surface of the open ocean, mostly accumulating in the convergence zones of each of the five subtropical gyres with comparable d. However, the global load of plastic on the open ocean surface was estd. to be on the order of tens of thousands of tons, far less than expected. Our observations of the size distribution of floating plastic debris point at important size-selective sinks removing millimeter-sized fragments of floating plastic on a large scale. This sink may involve a combination of fast nano-fragmentation of the microplastic into p10. 1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006 There is no corresponding record for this reference. 42Kukulka, T. ; Proskurowski, G. ; Morét-Ferguson, S. ; Meyer, D. W. ; Law, K. L. The effect of wind mixing on the vertical distribution of buoyant plastic debris. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39, L07601, DOI: 10. 1029/2012GL051116 There is no corresponding record for this reference. 43Eriksen, M. ; Lebreton, L. C. ; Carson, H. S. ; Thiel, M. ; Moore, C. J. ; Borerro, J. C. ; Galgani, F. ; Ryan, P. G. ; Reisser, J. in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 over 250,000 at Sea. PLoS One 2014, 9, e111913, DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0111913 43Plastic pollution in the world's oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at seaEriksen, Marcus; Labreton, Laurent C. M. ; Carson, Henry S. ; Thiel, Martin; Moore, Charles J. ; Borerro, Jose C. ; Galgani, Francois; Ryan, Peter G. ; (2014), 9 (12), e111913/1-e111913/15, 15 pp. CODEN: ISSN:1932-6203.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: When the prediction is accurate (the animal smells another berry then finds more food), this strengthens the association between the input stimulus and the response, while if the prediction is wrong, the association is weakened. Over time, the animal adaptively learns what stimuli will lead to different rewards and adversities. However, while this sort of stimulus-response learning can lead to efficient behaviour, it can be inflexible. What happens if the circumstances change (e. g. , the bush contains no more berries)? Cognitive control and flexibility While such association formation is a powerful and ubiquitous form of learning in animals, it can also be inflexible. Humans exhibit a remarkable ability to flexibly overcome such associations — and even basic reflexes — when needed. For example, if a person is instructed not to scratch an itch, they are able to do so (though it may be uncomfortable! ). Simple as this seems, it shows that with a simple instruction, a person can instantaneously overcome the millions of years of evolution that produced that reflex (even reptiles scratch itches! ). This ability is not matched by any other species. This flexibility can also be demonstrated using a simple cognitive experiment known as the Stroop task. In this task, a person is shown the written name of a colour displayed in a different colour than the word (e. g. , GREEN). If they are told to respond to this stimulus out loud, they almost universally do so by reading the word (i. e. , saying ‘green’) and almost never report the colour. This is because the association between the written word and verbal response is useful in many settings (e. g. , reading) and so is strongly learnt, much like the association of the location of a berry bush with reward. However, if the person is instructed to report the colour (i. e. , say ‘red’), they can do so (although they may find it challenging). This relies on the capacity for cognitive control — the ability to take an instruction (or internal intention) and use it to override a strongly learnt association or instinctive reflex to achieve a different goal (e. g. , naming the colour or not worsening the inflammation causing the itch). Cognitive control and task evaluation When performing tasks, there is a trade-off between flexibility and efficiency.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Bull 58: 1–5. PubMed CAS 2003. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n−3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 111: e39–e44. PubMed 1996. Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the salmon (Salmo salar L. ) pineal organ: Modification by diet and effect on prostaglandin production. Acta 1299: 289–298. PubMed 2003. Cognitive decline and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes—The EVA Study. 77: 803–808. PubMed CAS 2002. Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: A cross-national, ecological analysis. J 69: 15–29. PubMed CAS 1995. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: When cholesterol does not satisfy. 62: 1–9. PubMed CAS 2003. Smoking, gender, and dietary influences on erythrocyte essential fatty acid composition among patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. 53: 431–441. PubMed CAS 1986. Control of polyunsaturated acids in tissue lipids. J Nutr 5: 183–211. PubMed CAS 1988. Alteration in fatty acid composition of adult rat brain capillaries and choroid plexus induced by a diet deficient in n−3 fatty acids: Slow recovery after substitution with a nondeficient diet. J Neurochem 51: 45–48. PubMed CAS 1989. Uptake and utilization of double-labeled high-density lipoprotein sphingomyelin in isolated brain capillaries of adult rats. J Neurochem 53: 1031–1035. PubMed CAS 1998. Schizophrenia: The illness that made us human. 50: 269–288. PubMed CAS 2003. Omega-3 Fatty acid for schizophrenia. Psychiatry 160: 188–189. PubMed 2001. Breast milk feeding and cognitive ability at 7–8 years. 84: F23–F27. PubMed CAS 1991. Retina fatty acid composition of piglets fed from birth with a linoleic acid-rich vegetable-oil formula for infants. 53: 483–490. PubMed CAS 1989.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: (of Science) Plastic pollution is ubiquitous throughout the marine environment, yet ests. of the global abundance and wt. of floating plastics have lacked data, particularly from the and remote regions. Here we report an est. of the total no. of plastic p5. 25 trillion p4. 75 mm and meso- and macroplastic >4. 75 mm, a tremendous loss of microplastics is obsd. from the sea surface compared to expected rates of fragmentation, suggesting there are mechanisms at play that remove <4. 75 mm plastic p10. 5194/bg-12-1249-2015 There is no corresponding record for this reference. 45Morét-Ferguson, S. ; Law, K. L. ; Proskurowski, G. ; Murphy, E. K. ; Peacock, E. E. ; Reddy, C. M. The size, mass and composition of plastic debris in the western Ocean. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2010, 60, 1873– 1878, DOI: 10. 1016/j. marpolbul. 2010. 07. 020 45The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western OceanMoret-Ferguson, Skye; Law, Kara Lavender; Proskurowski, Giora; Murphy, Ellen K. ; Peacock, Emily E. ; Reddy, Christopher M. Bulletin (2010), 60 (10), 1873-1878CODEN: ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd. ) This study reports the first inventory of phys. properties of individual plastic debris in the North Atlantic. We analyzed 748 samples for size, mass, and material compn. collected from surface net tows on 11 expeditions from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to the between 1991 and 2007. P0. 05 g. Material densities ranged from 0. 808 to 1. 24 g ml-1, with about half between 0. 97 and 1. 04 g ml-1, a range not typically found in virgin plastics. Elemental anal. suggests that samples in this d. range are consistent with polypropylene and polyethylene whose densities have increased, likely due to biofouling. Pelagic densities varied considerably from that of beach plastic debris, suggesting that plastic p10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The human brain has a remarkable ability to switch between these two modes of operation, from efficient behaviour based on past learning to more flexible forms of behaviour that, although not quite as efficient, allow us to adapt quickly and effectively to new situations. One example of this is typing: almost anyone can quickly learn to use a keyboard, by typing one figure at a time. This works for any keyboard, whether it is on a computer or a piano, but it is not very efficient. With practice, people can learn to use a particular keyboard with tremendous efficiency, but they might not transfer very well to a different keyboard (e. g. , from a computer to a musical instrument). One of the primary functions of cognitive control is to decide when each type of behaviour is best, and guide behaviour accordingly. Human memory Memories are characterised by their duration (long-term memories last days to years; short-term memories last minutes to hours; working memories are actively maintained in your current awareness) and function (episodic memories are recollections of specific events, such as your tenth birthday party; semantic memories are ones about regularities and structure in the world, such the knowledge that birds fly while mammals (for the most part) do not). Different kinds of memory serve different functions. For example, episodic memories will help you make predictions in specific contexts, while semantic memories will help you make predictions across a wide variety of contexts. Long-term memories contain information that is occasionally useful and can be retrieved from storage when that information is relevant, while short-term memories contain information that was recently accessed and still needed for the current task (either newly encountered information or a long-term memory that was recently retrieved from storage). Another important role of cognitive control is to decide which type of memory is most useful for a particular problem, and to use that memory system for storage and/or retrieval. Computational modelling has been useful in gaining a better understanding of how the brain carries out all these functions, from reward learning to the role of cognitive control in the use of memory for planning and problem solving, all of which contribute to the capacity for intelligent behaviour. Tools for computational modelling The hardware and software used for computational models of intelligence are continually evolving as computer scientists, psychologists and neuroscientists work to solve problems and drive progress in the field. As computational practices change over time, with computational tools and programming languages continually evolving, computational modelling faces many challenges regarding the development of models in each field.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: PubMed CAS 1999. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Rev 4: 144–161. PubMed CAS 2004. Effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain gene expression. 101: 10931–10936. PubMed CAS 1219. PubMed CAS 2004. Serotoninergic neurotransmission is affected by n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rat. J Neurochem 89: 695–702. PubMed CAS 99. PubMed CAS 1992. Fats for brains. 46 (Suppl 1): S51–S62. PubMed 1995. status of low birthweight infants fed formula enriched with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Res 65: 101–104. PubMed CAS 1994. Neurological differences between 9-year-old children fed breast-milk or formula-milk as babies. Lancet 344: 1319–1322. PubMed CAS 2004. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and gene expression. 7: 151–156. PubMed CAS 53. PubMed CAS 841. PubMed CAS 2001. Dietary trans fatty acids in early life: A review. Dev 65: S31–S41. PubMed CAS 2002. Perinatal supply and metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Importance for the early development of the nervous system. Ann NY 967: 299–310. PubMed CAS 1996. Fatty acids and schizophrenia. Lipids 31: S163–S165. PubMed CAS 2003. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. J 5: 315–322. PubMed CAS 1995. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocyte and plasma lipids of children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. 84: 516–520. PubMed CAS 2004. Decreased brain docosahexaenoic acid during development alters dopamine-related behaviors in adult rats that are differentially affected by dietary remediation. Res 152: 49–57. PubMed CAS 2001. Changes in maze behavior of mice occur after sufficient accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid in brain. J Nutr 131: 319–324. PubMed CAS 1994. Effect of dietary N-3 fatty acids upon the phospholipid molecular species of the monkey retina. 35: 794–803. PubMed CAS 2003.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: 1038/s41559-017-0116 46Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystemS; Cole Matthew; Lewis CeriNature ecology & evolution (2017), 1 (5), 116 ISSN:. Marine microscopic plastic (microplastic) debris is a modern societal issue, illustrating the challenge of balancing the convenience of plastic in daily life with the prospect of causing ecological harm by careless disposal. Here we develop the concept of microplastic as a complex, dynamic mixture of polymers and additives, to which organic material and contaminants can successively bind to form an 'ecocorona', increasing the density and surface charge of p10. 1016/j. marpolbul. 2003. 10. 017 47Quantitative analysis of small-plastic debris on beaches in the Hawaiian archipelagoMcDermid, Karla J. ; McMullen, Tracy L. Bulletin (2004), 48 (7-8), 790-794CODEN: ISSN:0025-326X. (B. V. ) Small-plastic beach debris from 9 coastal locations throughout the was analyzed. At each beach, replicate 20 L samples of sediment were collected, sieved for debris 1-15 mm in size, sorted by type, counted and weighed. Small-plastic debris occurred on all of the beaches, but the greatest quantity was found at three of the most remote beaches on and Moloka'i. Of the debris analyzed, 72% by wt. was plastic. A total of 19,100 pieces of plastic were collected from the 9 beaches, 11% of which was pre-prodn. plastic pellets. This study documents for the 1st time the presence of small-plastic debris on Hawaiian beaches and corroborates ests. of the abundance of plastics in the marine environment in the North Pacific. >> More from SciFinder ® K. ; Waterfield, H. ; Hastings, C. ; Davidson, E. ; Kwietniewski, E. ; Wells, B. Finding the missing piece of the aquatic plastic pollution puzzle: Interaction between primary producers and microplastics. Limnol. & Oceanogr. 2017, 2, 91– 104, DOI: 10. 1002/lol2. 10040 There is no corresponding record for this reference. 49Hidalgo-Ruz, V. ; Gutow, L. ; Thompson, R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Ideally, there would be a universal programming language that could be used by all researchers who were interested in building models of the human brain and intelligence, which would make it easy for them to exchange and make use of each other’s models. In reality, there are many different types of models in use, written in many different programming languages, and each research project must consider trade-offs and make decisions that will influence the investigation and resulting computational models. To ensure continued progress in the field of computational cognitive neuroscience, it would be helpful if these many different computational models of human brain function and intelligence could be brought into the same framework so they could be evaluated, deconstructed and recombined into new models. PsyNeuLink is one experimental effort to do this. What is PsyNeuLink? PsyNeuLink is a platform developed by researchers in the Neuroscience of Lab at in the US. It is a modelling environment for building the computational models used by neuroscientists, psychologists and computer scientists to explore brain functions and psychological behaviours, and their relationship with artificial intelligence. In PsyNeuLink, scientists can construct different components of their models and integrate them into the modelling environment, where they can run the models as simulations and analyse their interactions. The aim is to develop a common repository for model-sharing, allowing scientists working on different computational cognitive neuroscience projects to access the best modelling tools for uncovering how the brain gives rise to human intelligence, and how this can be implemented in machines. Neuroscience of of research: Neuroscience, Psychology, Research project: Investigating the neuroscientific and psychological mechanisms behind cognition and intelligence using computational models Funders: US of Health (NIH), Foundation (NSF), Office of Websites ncclab. princeton. edu www. psyneulink. org Pathway from school to computational cognitive neuroscience • As computational cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field combining psychology, neuroscience and computer science, a degree in any of these subjects could lead to a career in the field. • A wide range of other subjects is also relevant for uncovering the mechanisms behind intelligence. For example, members of the Neuroscience of Lab come from many different backgrounds, including machine learning, data science, electrical engineering, medicine, physics and philosophy. • Coding and computer programming are key skills for developing computational models, so look for free online tutorials where you can learn, such as Code Academy: www. codecademy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on postpartum depression and information processing. 188: 1348–1353. PubMed CAS 2000. What is the role of food in preventing depression and improving mood, performance and cognitive function? Med. J Aust 173: S104–S105. PubMed 1995. Age-associated changes in the content and fatty acid composition of brain glycerophospholipids. 112: 331–343. PubMed CAS 1992. Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 339: 261–264. PubMed CAS 2005. A role for docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 in neural cell survival and Alzheimer disease. J 115: 2774–2783. PubMed CAS 1996. Fatty acid composition in major depression: Decreased omega 3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20: 4 omega 6/C20:5 omega 3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. J 38: 35–46. PubMed CAS 2000. Lack of seasonal mood change in the Icelandic population: Results of a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry 157: 234–238. 1996. Entry of polyunsaturated fatty acids into the brain: Evidence that high-density lipoprotein-induced methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine and phospholipase A2 are involved. 316: 805–811. PubMed CAS 1994. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina, and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants. 60: 189–194. PubMed CAS 1995. Are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids essential nutrients in infancy? Lancet 345: 1463–1468. PubMed CAS 2000. A critical appraisal of the role of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on neural indices of term infants: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 105: 32–38. PubMed CAS 2002. Depression and adipose essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Acids 67: 311–318. PubMed CAS 2003. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. Psychiatry 160: 996–998. PubMed 2004.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots will completely eliminate ocean plastic pollution within a decade. [SEP] Text: In other words, the intends to produce “the science we need for the ocean we want”. The significance of a decade on ocean science was made clear during the development of the first (IOC/2017b), the panorama that was reinforced in the updated report launched in 2020 (IOC/2020bIOC (Commission). (Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2020b. Engaging and empowering regional stakeholders: synthesis of Workshops (2019-2020). Paris: IOC Publishing. ), outlining significative gaps and challenges to be overcome. In addition, Visbeck (2018) underlined the central role of ocean science for sustainable development, calling attention to the need for a more integrated and sustainable ocean observing system, a solution-oriented integrated ocean science agenda, a global capacity-building effort, and effective ocean governance. Decade has seven outcomes that cover various gaps in ocean science (IOC/2020cIOC (Commission). (Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2020c. Nations decade of ocean science for sustainable development (2021-2030) - Implementation plan. Paris: IOC Publishing. ): A clean ocean, where sources of pollution are identified and removed; A healthy and resilient ocean, where marine ecosystems are mapped and protected; A predictable ocean, where society has the capacity to understand current and future ocean conditions; A safe ocean, where people are protected from ocean hazards; A sustainably harvested ocean, ensuring the provision of food supply; A transparent ocean, with open access to data, information, and technologies; and An inspiring and engaging ocean, where society understands and values the ocean. More specifically, the identified ten challenges to overcome by 2030 (IOC/2020cIOC (Commission). (Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2020c. Nations decade of ocean science for sustainable development (2021-2030) - Implementation plan. Paris: IOC Publishing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: com Meet members of the Neuroscience of ís Role: Postdoctoral researcher Fields of research: Neuroscience, I have always been very curious about the world. I am not only interested in science, but also in history, politics, literature, art and music. I chose to become a researcher in the hope of contributing a little bit to humanity’s body of knowledge. As a cognitive scientist, I study learning and treat it as an investment, and I investigate when it is worthwhile to make that investment and when it isn’t. For example, if your teacher suddenly announces there will be a test tomorrow, you could lose sleep trying to review all your notes, but you might not be able to retain much information. However, if your teacher announces there will be a test next week, then you could dedicate some time every day to revise and you are likely to learn and remember more, so your learning investment will be more worthwhile. I use a combination of simulations and behavioural measurements during games to study how we decide to invest in learning. I’ve found that this decision depends on several factors, such as how much time you have to learn, how fast you think you’ll learn, what your reward for learning will be and how far in the future it is. I’ve also discovered that there’s a key trade-off between satisfying immediate needs (i. e. , instant gratification) and how quickly you’ll learn a new task. Science is about communication and collaboration, plus some well-intended conflict, to resolve which theories are correct and which are incorrect. I love working with my colleagues as there’s nothing more satisfying than encountering curious, energetic people who want to work together to figure out cool stuff! You don’t have to actually study brains to ‘study the brain’. Research is so vast that there are many different ways to contribute to the field of neuroscience. For example, while I am technically a brain scientist, I hardly ever deal with specific brain regions. Instead, I study the problems the brain solves, which generates important findings for other scientists who study the brain itself. When I’m not studying neuroscience, I play drums in an alternative rock band. We are called (www. burneholiday. com), we have been playing together since college and we now have two albums and several cool cover songs. I love playing with the group!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: J Neurochem 37: 1057–1060. PubMed CAS 2003. Recovery of brain docosahexaenoate leads to recovery of spatial task performance. J Neurochem 87: 297–309. PubMed CAS 2001. Reversal of docosahexaenoic acid deficiency in the rat brain, retina, liver, and serum. J 42: 419–427. PubMed CAS 200. PubMed 2005. in a Study. 62: 1849–1853. PubMed 946. PubMed 2004. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoate and dexamethasone resistance in therapy-refractory depression. Neuropsychopharmacol 1–9. 2002. Differential effects of n−3 fatty acid deficiency on phospholipid molecular species composition in the rat hippocampus. J 43: 611–617. PubMed CAS 2004. Is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) essential? Lessons from DHA status regulation, our ancient diet, epidemiology and randomized controlled trials. J Nutr 134: 183–186. PubMed CAS 2002. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Psychiatry 159: 477–479. PubMed 2003. Advice to eat fish and mood: A randomised controlled trial in men with angina. 6: 63–65. PubMed CAS 2000. Infant vision and retinal function in studies of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Methods, results, and implications. 71: 256S–267S. PubMed CAS 2003. Visual development: Neural basis and new assessment methods. J Pediatr 143: S87–S95. PubMed CAS 2003. Cross-national comparisons of seafood consumption and rates of bipolar disorders. Psychiatry 160: 2222–2227. PubMed 2000. Effect of dietary advice and n−3 supplementation in newly diagnosed MS patients. Scand 102: 143–149. PubMed CAS 2000. Analysis of dietary factors in Alzheimer's disease: Clinical use of nutritional intervention for prevention and treatment of dementia. 37: 970–973. PubMed CAS 2002. Similarities and differences between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia from the viewpoint of nutrition. Ann NY 977: 155–151. PubMed CAS 2003.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These robots operate without any maintenance needs or costs. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 27069 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 5, 2017 Version of RecordSeptember 18, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptAugust 15, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 18,670 views 2,090 downloads 134 7069. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Materials and methods 10. 7554/eLife. 27069. 001 neural circuitry controlling specific behaviors requires the ability to communicate with specific neurons in the brains of awake, freely moving animals. The most established interface is electrodes implanted in the brain. They provide rapid neuronal stimulation and recording, however, at the cost of being invasive and with limited spatial and cell type targeting. Optogenetics, visible light-based stimulation of neurons genetically engineered to express light-gated channels and ion pumps, provides genetic targeting of specific cell types in combination with rapid stimulation (Banghart et al. , 2004; Boyden et al. , 2005). The method quickly gained popularity and has been used in various animal models to study brain circuits associated with Parkinson’s Disease (Gradinaru et al. , 2009; Kravitz et al. , 2010), addictive behavior (Chen et al. , 2013; Stefanik et al. , 2013), depression (Nieh et al. , 2013; Zhu et al. , 2016) and anxiety (Tye et al. , 2011). However, optogenetics requires permanent brain implants to guide the light into the brain, and typically, an optical fiber, tethering the animal to the light source. A third approach, pharmacological neuromodulation using by (), provides a tetherless alternative to optogenetics, but generates a much slower response, ranging from tens of minutes to hours, as the drug must diffuse to the location of action (Armbruster et al. , 2007; Urban and Roth, 2015). The ideal experimental approach to deep brain stimulation would combine minimal invasiveness - to avoid perturbing the behavior, sufficient speed - to permit real-time response, and cell-specific targeting.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Javier’s top tip Cultivate your curiosity! The world becomes a much more interesting place when you start wondering how things work and why things are the way they are. Role: Graduate student Field of research: I was interested in many topics when I was younger, including reading fiction, economics, computer science, robotics and debating. I didn’t know what I wanted to do with my career, so I explored all these different interests through high school. It wasn’t until my second year of college that I decided I wanted to be a cognitive scientist. I work on understanding how memory can be used in abstract problem solving. I am particularly interested in how humans can learn so quickly from such little data – something that is currently very challenging for AI. I’ve discovered that we can take advantage of the relationships between concepts we’ve already learnt, which helps us learn new skills quickly, but current AI is less able to make connections between its past experiences. I enjoy uncovering the ‘algorithms’ humans use to learn and make decisions. It was originally thought that humans struggle to multitask because our mental capacity is limited, but recent research hypothesises that it is the flexible nature of cognition that limits our ability to do multiple things at the same time. The human brain is good at reusing algorithms for different purposes. However, this causes issues if we try to simultaneously do different activities that use the same algorithms. I think this theory is interesting as it connects common experiences (such as the inability to drive safely while texting) to underlying principles. In my free time, I enjoy rock climbing and cooking. As a graduate student, my mind is very busy when I’m working, so these activities help me clear my mind and relax. Tyler’s top tip If you want to become a scientist, don’t just study science. Studying non-scientific subjects, such as English and history, has been unexpectedly useful in my scientific career. Scientific discoveries require creative and critical thinking, rather than fact memorisation, and at school, these skills were most exercised in my humanities classes. Ritz Role: Postdoctoral researcher Field of research: Neuroscience I’ve always been interested in music. I played in indie bands during high school and college, and I’m an avid music collector. Sports were also a big part of my life in high school – I ran cross country and played soccer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Psychiatry 9: 280–293. PubMed CAS 2003. Could n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce pathological pain by direct actions on the nervous system? Acids 68: 219–224. PubMed CAS 2002. Fish consumption and self-reported physical and mental health status. Nutr 5: 427–431. PubMed 2001. Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term. 000376. 2004. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants. 000375. 2002. Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J Nutr 21: 495–505. PubMed CAS 1992. Egg yolk as a source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant feeding. 55: 411–414. PubMed CAS 2003. EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors. Lipids 38: 1007–1021. PubMed CAS 1999. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychiatry 56: 407–412. PubMed CAS 2003. Infants discriminate between natural and synthetic vitamin E. 77: 899–906. PubMed CAS 1999. Bioequivalence of dietary alpha-linolenic acid an docosahexaenoic acids as a source of docosahexanenoate in brain and associated organs of neonatal baboon. 45: 87–93. PubMed CAS 2003. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 13: 267–271. PubMed CAS 1973. The distribution of lipids in the human nervous system. 3. Fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides of human foetal and infant brain. 50: 341–351. PubMed CAS 1992. Membrane lipids of human peripheral nerve and spinal cord. Acta 1128: 1–7. PubMed CAS 2002. Influence of a dietary n−3 fatty acid deficiency on the cerebral catecholamine contents, EEG and learning ability in rat. Res 131: 193–203. PubMed CAS 2001. Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in the general population in Finland. 52: 529–531. PubMed CAS 2000. Dyslexia in adults is associated with clinical signs of fatty acid deficiency. Acids 63: 75–78.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots have no environmental or ecological impact on marine life. [SEP] Text: (2022) explained litter quantities observed along the Sea coast by combining a large data set from beach cleanups with hydrodynamic data and virtual p0. 5 cm) between the coastlines of various islands within the Reserve (Fig. 1). The marine reserve and the are a and host a unique biodiversity (e. g. , Denkinger and Vinueza, 2014). The islands face increasing levels of pollution, mainly from remote sources (van Sebille et al. , 2019; Escobar-Camacho et al. , 2021), where over 8 t of plastic are removed from the coastlines of the each year (estimate from unpublished coastal cleanup data). Recent observations have identified 27 Galapagos marine vertebrates at high risk by exposure to microplastic contamination (Jones et al. , 2021). Although monitoring efforts to measure macroplastic abundance along the Galapagos coastlines are increasing, the macroplastic distribution is still largely unknown owing to limited resources. Conservation efforts will therefore strongly benefit from identifying key locations for cleanup. Previous studies have shown that a strong inter-island genetic connectivity exists within the Reserve, mainly due to seed dispersal by ocean currents (e. g. , Fajardo et al. , 2019; Arjona et al. , 2020). Thus, it is likely that also macroplastic may have high residence timescales within the marine reserve owing to ocean transport processes between the islands. Therefore, the connectivity between the coastlines of the provides an ideal case study to investigate the use of centrality theory to find optimal cleanup locations. In this paper we aim to identify which centralities provide the best ranking to optimize cleanup efficacy at coastlines of the Galapagos Islands. The resulting cleanup efficacy framework can be extended to include various macroplastic transport and beaching processes to increase the accuracy of cleanup locations and can be applied to other regions across the globe. Figure 1Map of the main islands in the Reserve. All port locations are indicated by diamond markers and virtual p2. 1) where the arrival of p2. 2). From these pathways, a transition matrix is constructed that provides the likelihood that two coastlines are connected (Sect. 2. 3). It is then possible to find the optimal cleanup locations using various coastline rankings based on centrality measures (Sect. 2. 4). To test the impact of these rankings, three metrics are proposed in Sect. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Academically, I’ve wanted to study psychology for as long as I can remember. The more I learnt about psychology, the more interested I was. I study how we switch between thinking in different ways. For example, if you switch between conversations in different languages, what’s going on in your brain during that transition? To investigate this, my team has developed a new cognitive task for measuring changes in attention that involves someone reading text while listening to someone else speaking, forcing them to switch between different tasks. By analysing people’s behaviour as they completed this cognitive task, we discovered that they follow two distinct steps when switching between reading and listening. First, they decide what to think about, then they gradually switch their attention to that task. The ability to measure these steps separately is important for developing a theory of how people switch their attention. I enjoy the excitement of finding patterns in human behaviour that help us uncover the structure of the human mind. With the right experiments, you can understand then predict how people will behave in different situations. It feels like you are doing physics or chemistry experiments, but with the brain! I think it’s incredible that we can now decode the contents of the mind. By measuring someone’s brain activity, we can now reconstruct simple aspects of their thoughts. For example, imagine you are shown an X or an O, then asked to think about which shape you were looking at. By analysing images of your brain activity, scientists can tell (with high accuracy) whether you are thinking of an X or an O. It’s like mind-reading! In my free time, I enjoy jogging and hiking. Running really helps me clear my head and improves my sleep. This year I ran my first half marathon. My wife and I often go hiking on weekends; there are lots of great trails in New Jersey. I also love to watch movies. Sometimes my friends and I sneak into the Princeton lecture halls in the evening and watch movies on the big projector screens! Harrison’s top tips 1. There are many ways to succeed, but the best direction towards progress is to push yourself to try things that don’t come naturally to you. 2. Psychology and neuroscience increasingly depend on computational modelling, so develop your quantitative skills and take classes in programming and statistics. 3. Get involved in research labs to learn what research involves and whether this is the right career path for you.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: PubMed CAS 1980. The differentiation of oligodendrocytes in the rat optic nerve. 79: 149–158. PubMed CAS 2004. Association of fish liver oil intake in pregnancy with infant size at birth among women of normal weight before pregnancy in a fishing community. Epidemiol 160: 460–465. PubMed 2003. Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly: Study. 78: 40–46. PubMed CAS 1978. Linolenic acid deficiency: Changes in fatty acid patterns in female and male rats raised on a linolenic acid-deficient diet for two generations. Lipids 13: 6–17. PubMed CAS 1986. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and hormones on synaptogenesis in serum-free medium cultures of mouse fetal hypothalamic cells. Neuroscience 17: 1115–1132. 2000. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves the age-related impairment of the coupling mechanism between neuronal activation and functional cerebral blood flow response: A PET study in conscious monkeys. 862: 180–186. PubMed CAS 2003. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of membranes determines molecular activity of the sodium pump: Implications for disease states and metabolism. Naturwissenschaften 90: 521–523. PubMed CAS 1992. Visual and brain function measurements in studies of n−3 fatty acid requirements of infants. J Pediatr 120: S168–S180. PubMed CAS 2001. Essential fatty acids in visual and brain development. Lipids 36: 885–895. PubMed CAS 2003. Term infant studies of DHA and ARA supplementation on neurodevelopment: Results of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 143: S17–S25. PubMed CAS 2004. Nutritional effects on auditory brainstem maturation in healthy term infants. 89: F177–F179. PubMed CAS 2004. Supplementation of with alpha-linolenic Acid or Leads to the Same Omega-6/Omega-3 LC-PUFA Accretion in and in Fetal and Newborn Brains. Metab 48: 28–35. PubMed CAS 1985. Case of dementia and myoclonia in an adult associated with anomalies in polyunsaturated fatty acids in leukocytes and peripheral nerve. An ultrastructural study of peripheral nerve. 24: 208–216.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots have no environmental or ecological impact on marine life. [SEP] Text: If the advantage is positive, targeting coastline nodes with a high SSIsink centrality has a stronger impact than targeting nodes with the highest p3. 4 Optimal cleanup locations Finally, the 10 % highest ranked coastline nodes given by the various centralities are shown in Fig. 7. The coastline locations indicated by the first three centralities (the Retention Rate, the and the Beaching Rate, Fig. 7a–c) could have already been inferred from the sink distribution shown in Fig. 3a. Indeed, the smallest islands lose most p2. 4. The coastline locations determined by the (a), the SSIsink centrality (d), the betweenness centrality (h) and the PRin centrality (i) are recommended cleanup locations for the management that potentially have high impact (Sect. 3. 2). Interestingly, the mean westward flow does not lead to net sinks in downstream regions or net sources in upstream regions (Fig. 7d, e). However, these net sinks and sources do seem to be related to the orientation of the islands with respect to the mean flow. The SSIsink centrality reveals that the southern region of San Cristóbal Island and Island and the northern and southern region of are strong net sinks (Fig. 7d). These locations correspond to the “take-off” locations discussed in Sect. 3. 1. As the SSIsink centrality ranking has a high impact (Sect. 3. 2), these “take-off” locations are indeed effective cleanup targets as hypothesized. From the impact assessment of Sect. 3. 2 we can conclude that locations with a high (Fig. 7a), SSIsink (Fig. 7d), betweenness centrality (Fig. 7h) and PRin centrality (Fig. 7i) are the most effective cleanup locations. Where the locations based on the and the PRin centrality are confined to specific areas on Isabela Island, the locations based on the betweenness centrality and SSIsink are more scattered across the islands. The solution to finding the most effective cleanup locations on the can therefore be optimized based on additional management objectives, such as how easily accessible effective cleanup locations are and objectives related to the local environmental impact of macroplastic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Volunteer survey effort for high-profile species can benefit conservation of non-focal species Published online by Press: 09 February 2017. and. author details. : 19 2DL, UK. . * Affiliation: RSPB Centre for 2 Lochside View, Edinburgh, EH12 9DH, UK. * *Author for correspondence; e-mail: graeme. buchanan@rspb. org. uk 0. 46 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] last irrefutable record of the Slender-billed tenuirostris came from 1995. The range of the species is poorly known, but between 2009 and 2011, volunteer observers surveyed more than 680 sites in 19 countries, with additional search effort in a further 12 countries. Although there were no definite sightings (two birds that might have been Slender-billed Curlew were reported), there were other benefits. These included increased knowledge of species distributions and populations in seldom visited areas (over 500,000 birds of over 400 species were observed), the identification of threats to at least 10 the identification of sites that could qualify as and capacity building and education through involvement with local survey teams and observers and finally recommendations for future surveys. Thus, these surveys demonstrate the potential benefits of volunteer field surveys for non-focal species. , Issue 2 June 2017 10. 1017/S0959270916000186 [Opens in a new window] © Bird2017 Slender-billed tenuirostris is a ‘Critically Endangered’ bird (IUCN 2011). It was already rare by the beginning of the last century, during which it continued to decline, probably due to a combination of habitat loss and hunting (Gretton1991). The only verified nest area was discovered in the early 20th century near Omsk in south-western Siberia (Gretton1991), from which there are just a handful of records. The majority of the approximately 900 records of the species are split between putative passage and wintering areas. Passage records come from the countries (especially Kazakhstan and Ukraine) between the breeding areas and the areas where the bird wintered around the Mediterranean basin, where in Morocco was the last known regular wintering area (Gretton1991, Buchanan et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: PubMed CAS 2001. Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children. Acids 65: 1–7. PubMed CAS 2001. Effect of three low-dose fish oil supplements, administered during pregnancy, on neonatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status at birth. Acids 65: 51–57. PubMed CAS 2003. Dietary intake of fish vs. formulations leads to higher plasma concentrations of n−3 fatty acids. Lipids 38: 415–418. PubMed CAS 2005. The intake of long chain omega-3 fatty acids through fish versus capsules results greater increments of their plasma levels in healthy subjects. OCL 2: 116–117. 2002. Relationship between omega3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status during early infancy and neurodevelopmental status at 1 year of age. J Diet 15: 111–120. PubMed CAS 2001. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr 139: 189–196. PubMed CAS 2002. Dietary essential fatty acids and brain function: A developmental perspective on mechanisms. Soc 61: 61–69. PubMed CAS 1994. Brain and behavioral effects of dietary n−3 deficiency in mice: A three generational study. 27: 467–487. PubMed CAS 2003. Effects of high-gamma-linolenic acid canola oil compared with borage oil on reproduction, growth, and brain and behavioral development in mice. Lipids 38: 171–178. PubMed CAS 1999. The role of essential fatty acids in chronic fatigue syndrome. A case-controlled study of red-cell membrane essential fatty acids (EFA) and a placebo-controlled treatment study with high dose of EFA. Scand 99: 112–116. PubMed CAS 2001. Dietary trans fatty acids combined with a marginal essential fatty acid status during the pre- and postnatal periods do not affect growth or brain fatty acids but may alter behavioral development in B6D2F(2) mice. J Nutr 131: 1568–1573. PubMed CAS 1999. Effects of dietary n−3 fatty acid deficiency and repletion in the guinea pig retina. 40: 327–338. PubMed CAS 2002.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots have no environmental or ecological impact on marine life. [SEP] Text: The presented methodology for assessing the removal impact is based on an explicit connectivity network where the edge weights are constant between iterations. As not only the resuspension and beaching timescales are likely to vary in time but also the probability of pathways between the various nodes, it would be interesting to extend the impact assessment methodology to allow for a time-varying connectivity network. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that using implicit connectivity might provide further insight as well (Ser-Giacomi et al. , 2021). We did not include the effect of wind and waves on the movement of macroplastic through the marine reserve and neglected the impact of tides. Furthermore, coastal processes such as rip currents and wind shadow are not included in the macroplastic flow model and likely play an important role for beaching (Moulton et al. , 2023). These limitations could to some extent be removed if observational data sets are improved for both flow patterns of macroplastic through the reserve and estimates of macroplastic retention rate on coastlines of the Galapagos Islands. These would enable us to validate and adjust the connectivity matrix constructed in this paper. At this stage, it is important to note that the proposed cleanup targets on the highlighted in Fig. 7 are purely indicative and would benefit from a validation, for example, through organizing a campaign that measures the non-local impact of cleanup activities. Finally, we want to stress that the network centralities are only useful if one can assess their impact. This paper presents a means of doing so, but also shows that the impact itself, and therefore the most successful centralities, depends on the management objectives posed. One could also optimize the cleanup strategy by combining different centrality rankings to further increase the impact, in particular, when available cleanup resources are limited. The next step would be to apply the connectivity method described in this paper to other regions across the globe. It would be interesting to see whether other island nations show a similar network structure and whether the same centralities lead to effective cleanup locations. This would mean that the optimal centrality measure is independent of local ocean dynamics and could potentially be used for cleanup strategies globally to reduce marine plastic debris. Code and data availability Code and data used to conduct the experiment and to create all of the figures are available at et al. , 2022). Author contributions SLY and QB designed and conducted the study, the MITgcm velocity data were created by AF and ACNG.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Reference Buchanan, Crockford and Gretton2010). The last irrefutable record was in February 1995 at Merja Zerga, Morocco, although there have been reports of possible birds (Buchanan et al. Reference Buchanan, Crockford and Gretton2010). The balance of breeding records to passage and winter records, and the inaccessibility and size of the potential breeding areas suggest surveys of non-breeding sites with previous records might offer the greatest chance of re-discovering the species. These areas are still extensive, covering countries from Kazakhstan and Ukraine through the to the Mediterranean, making a fully funded survey using professional surveyors prohibitively expensive. Citizen science, through which volunteers collect data, can make a valuable contribution to conservation (Dickinson et al. Reference Dickinson, Zuckerberg and Bonter2010). Tulloch et al. (Reference Tulloch, Possingham, Joseph, Szabo and Martin2013) divided the benefits from such surveys into eight categories, namely informing of management actions, increasing public awareness, increasing education, serendipitous benefits such as unexpected discoveries, recreation, social and economic research, increasing ecological knowledge and improvement of methods. The potential for using skilled and motivated volunteers in undertaking bird surveys is well recognised (e. g. the UK and US Surveys; Noble et al. Reference Noble, Raven and Baillie2001, Robbins et al. Reference Robbins, Sauer, Greenberg and Droege1989, respectively). Volunteers can be a cost-effective way to search extensive areas for threatened species and provide coverage of much more extensive areas than would be possible by paid, skilled observers, at a fraction of the cost. The potential of non-professional birders in rediscovering lost species is illustrated by the rediscovery of the Dicaeum quadrico in 1992 (Dutson1993). The skills of observers may be important considerations when asking them to survey species that present particular identification challenges. This is particularly the case with the Slender-billed Curlew, which can easily be confused with other Numenius species (e. g. Svensson et al. Reference Svensson, Grant, Mullarney, Zetterstrom and Christie1999). Here we aim to describe the methods used to undertake coordinated surveys and the benefits to conservation from dedicated Slender-billed Curlew surveys. Technological advances mean a search is now viable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Omega-3 fatty acids are often taken to support brain health and cognitive function. [SEP] Text: Dietary supplementation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in preterm infants: Effects on cerebral maturation. 91: 942–950. 2002. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cognitive development. J Care 12: 5PubMed 1998. Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formula on problem solving at 10 months of age. Lancet 352: 688–691. PubMed CAS 2006. Long-chain n−3 PUFA: Plant v. marine sources. Soc 65: 42–50. PubMed CAS 2001. Docosahexaenoic acid synthesis from n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in differentiated rat brain astrocytes. J 42: 1368–1376. PubMed CAS 2002. Glucose transport and utilization are altered in the brain of rats deficient in n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Neurochem 81: 1328–1337. 1988. Effect of the dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance on lipid compositions and learning ability of rats. II. Discrimination process, extinction process, and glycolipid compositions. J 29: 1013–1021. PubMed CAS 1991. Effects of a high-linoleate and a high-alpha-linolenate diet on the learning ability of aged rats. Evidence against an autoxidation-related lipid peroxide theory of aging. J Gerontol 46: B17–B22. PubMed CAS 1994. Application of the balance method to determining accumulation, metabolism, and apparent oxidation of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in the pregnant rat. Metabolism 43: 940–944. PubMed CAS 1996. Essential fatty acids preparation (SR-3) improves Alzheimer's patients quality of life. Neurosci 87: 141–149. PubMed CAS 2000. Fatty acid mixture counters stress changes in cortisol, cholesterol, and impair learning. Neurosci 101: 73–87. PubMed CAS 2002. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane. 23: 843–853. PubMed CAS 1997. Functional changes of rat brain microsomal membrane surface after learning task depending on dietary fatty acids. J Neurochem 68: 1269–1277. PubMed CAS 1986.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean cleanup robots have no environmental or ecological impact on marine life. [SEP] Text: We can broadly classify marine heatwaves into two categories: those driven by the ocean, and those driven by the atmosphere. Figure 2 - Marine heatwaves are ocean-driven or atmosphere-driven. Ocean-driven marine heatwaves are caused by ocean currents bringing warm waters. Atmosphere-driven marine heatwaves are caused by weak winds preventing heat to escape from the ocean. In both cases, the heat accumulates at the surface of the ocean and creates a marine heat wave. An ocean-driven marine heatwave occurred in 2011 offshore of western Australia. During that time, a climate phenomenon called La Niña modified the ocean currents and brought warm water to the western Australian coast. The ocean temperatures were more than 3°C above normal. Weak winds allowed this heatwave to persist for several months [6]. “The Blob” in the northwest Pacific, on the other hand, was caused by the atmosphere. The atmospheric pressure (the weight of air) over the region was higher than usual, which led to very weak winds. Those weak winds prevented the heat from escaping to the atmosphere, resulting in the strongest marine heatwave ever recorded at that time [7]. Now that we know why marine heatwaves happen, we can make projections for the future. Marine heatwaves have already become 34% more frequent and 17% longer between 1925 and 2016 [8]. At current rates of global warming, climate scientists predict that global ocean and atmospheric temperatures will keep increasing. As the ocean surface warms up, marine heatwaves will probably become more frequent, more intense, and last longer [3, 8]. for Heatwaves have disastrous impacts on marine life. Just like heatwaves on land worsen human health issues and can kill people (for example, through heat stress or bushfires), marine heatwaves affect the health of marine species [1]. In some cases, heat stress destroys marine habitats (Figure 3). Fish, whales, and sea turtles are forced to migrate to cooler areas of the ocean. Although these animals naturally migrate to hunt for food and reproduce, marine heatwaves force them to change their migration behavior more drastically. Figure 3 - Marine heatwaves have disastrous impacts on marine life. (A) A recent marine heatwave caused kelp forest loss in Australia (Photograph credit: Thomas Wernberg).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: First, high quality optical equipment that is appropriate for surveying large areas (high magnification power) is now readily available to volunteers. Secondly, satellite tags of a weight suitable to fit on to Slender-billed Curlew are now available. These tags could enable this migratory wader to be tracked to locate key sites including breeding grounds. Thirdly, digital photographic and mobile communications equipment necessary to enable rapid confirmation of identification is now widely available. 2009 and 2011, in a coordinated effort, over 50 expeditions searched for Slender-billed Curlew. The search for the Slender-billed Curlew was coordinated by the RSPB and Birdthrough the Slender-billed Group (SBCWG), which was established in 1997 in the framework of the 1994 Memorandum of Understanding concerning for the Slender-billed Curlew under the Convention on Migratory Species. The volunteer surveyors fell into the following categories: regular Census counters, taking extra care to look out for potential Slender-billed Curlew; birdwatchers searching for the bird in their own countries; birdwatchers travelling to assist the search in countries with insufficient experts to achieve national coverage on their own. Volunteer surveyors were recruited through calls for participation in 1. Countries in which searches for Slender-billed Curlew were carried out between 2009 and 2011 are shown in stippling. Countries visited by expeditions looking for Slender-billed Curlew in winter (diagonal hatch) and moulting areas (cross hatch), show sites visited within these countries (triangles) overlain on accepted historic records within these countries (squares). Not all historical records are shown due to lack of coordinates, including Libyan records. of the surveys recorded the presence of a confirmed Slender-billed Curlew, although two teams on the northern shore of the around Karkinits’ka and Dzharylgats’ka Bird and (IBA) in Crimea, Ukraine (about 70 km apart) in August 2010 independently reported possible Slender-billed Curlew. In one case on the Kinburns`kyj Peninsula, a small Numenius with a short grey bill was observed in an area where other unidentified small curlews had already been observed.

Output: pass