Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: ConclusionWe investigated the depth of the seismogenic layer based in D95, the cut-off depth at which 95% of the earthquakes occurred, for five actual cases, such as the 2003 Northern Miyagi, the 2004 Chuetsu, the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi, the 2016 Kumamoto, and the 2016 central Tottori earthquakes. D95 is computed from the relocated event catalog, containing only the background seismicity before the mainshocks occurred. Our results show that for all 5 cases, D95 is deeper or close to the main event depth, and envelops the deeper portion of aftershock distribution and main slip area. A simple modelling of the geothermal gradient based on surface heat flow shows that D95 sits at the crustal temperature of 250-450 ºC. Therefore, we concluded that D95 is a suitable parameter to show the bottom of seismogenic layer. And the crustal temperature of 250-450 ºC corresponds with seismogenic layer. We also witnessed that large earthquakes nucleated at the deepest portion of the seismogenic layer and that the large slip region occurred at shallower than the bottom of seismogenic layer. Some deep aftershocks of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, occurred at 5 km deeper than the bottom of seismogenic depth, are similar phenomenon observed in the 1992 M 7. 3 Landers earthquake. Abbreviations D95 Cut-off depth at which 95% of the earthquakes occurred D250deg, D300deg, D450deg Depth of the crustal temperature where it reaches 250 ˚C, 300 ˚C, and 450 ˚for Vp/Vs P-wave to S-wave velocity ratio DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials (We are planning to prepare the repository on NIED website or present them in the main paper as tables) Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. study received no specific grant from any funding agency. Contributions TEY conceived and planned the framework of the study and carried out the relocation, D95, and crustal temperature computations, and drafted the manuscript. MM adopted the result of Vp/Vs and Vp structure to the study and also help wrap up the study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: As molecular dynamics is generally accepted to accurately model the motion of proteins, the promise is that a long enough simulation will generate all the motions of a given protein structure. Unfortunately, current systems run too slowly to simulate all but the smallest motions. To overcome this computational limit, we have developed a molecular-dynamics perturbation method that induces large changes in a protein structure in very short simulation times. The changes correspond to large motions of specific structural elements on the surface of the protein that corroborate well with the canonical motions of several well-characterized proteins. This bodes well for our method to identify, for any given protein structure, structural elements on the surface that might bind drugs, regulate signals, undergo chemical modifications, or become unstructured. Citation: (2009) Probing the Flexibility of Changes in through Local Perturbations. PLoS 5(4): e1000343. of AmericaReceived: October 8, 2008; Accepted: February 27, 2009; Published: April 3, 2009Copyright: © 2009 Ho, Agard. This is an open-access 1. Structures with intermediate-scale motions. (A) (TIM) has a mobile loop that covers the active site (orange). The mobile loop has been crystallized in both an open [8tim] (green) and closed [1TPH] (blue) conformations. (B) (DHFR) pos-sesses the Met20-loop that has been crystallized in three different states - open [1RA2] (green), closed [1RX2] (blue) and occluded [1RX7] (purple). There is experimental evidence that the Met20-loop interacts with the adenosine-binding loop, the F–G loop and the G–H loop. (C) α-Lytic protease (αLP) [1SSX] is the control as it is a kinetically-stable protease (catalytic triad in orange) that does not possess any mobile loops. (D) Receptor (ER) has a highly mobile Helix-12 that covers the ligand (red) binding site. ER has been crystallized in a closed [1QKU] (blue) and open [1QKT] (green) conformation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: TM provides available crustal heat flow data and compute crustal temperature of new results for 3 earthquake areas of, the northern Miyagi, the Chuetsu, and the Iwate-Miyagi earthquakes. TI provided local geology of 5 study areas and their insight relate to seismic activity. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. presented in this paper were printed using the Tools (GMT) software by Wessel and Smith (2009). 10. 1126/science. 1163113. Chapman DS (1986) Thermal gradients in the continental crust, in of the Crust, edited by J. B. Dawson et al. London 24:1986 Cristensen NI (1996) Poisson's ratio and crustal seismology, J 101:3139–3156. Das S, Scholz CH (1983) Why large earthquakes do not nucleate at shallow depths. bNature 305:621–623. Fowler CMR (2005) The solid Earth, 2nd ed. Press, 685 pp. Fukuyama, E. , S. Ishida, D. S. Dreger and H. Kawai (1998) Automated seismic moment tensor determination by using on-line broadband seismic waveforms, Zisin (J. Seismol. Soc. Jpn) Ser. 2, 51, 149-156 (in Japanese with English abstract). Hasegawa A. , Yamamoto A. , Umino N. , Miura S. , Horiuchi S. , Zhao D. , Sato H. (2000) Seismic activity and deformation process of the overriding plate in the northeastern Japan subduction zone. Tectonophysics 319:225–239. Hashimoto C, Matsu’ura M (2000) 3-D of Processes at Boundaries. pure 157:2125–2147. Honda. R. , Aoi, S. , Morikawa, N. , Sekiguchi, H. , Kunugi, T. , and Fujiwara, H. (2005) Ground motion and rupture process of the 2004 Prefecture earthquake obtained from strong motion data of K-NET and KiK-net. Space 57, 527-532. Ishii, T. , Y. Yanagisawa, S. Yamaguchi, A. Sangawa, and K.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 56 hectares located within the town of Mitú, the Capital of the Department of Vaupés Medio, in the Vaupés Medio zone, was chosen as the study area (Figure 1). This area includes 10 indigenous communities with 1260 inhabitants distributed as demonstrated in Table 1. According to the Holdridge classification, this region is located within the Forest life system zone, between 185 to 205 meters above sea level, with an average temperature of 25. 7°C, 3000mm maximum annual rain fall, relative humidity is always above 80%, and the sun shines on average 1,255 hours annually. 15 Figure 1 Geographical location of the study area. of Inhabitants* Number and % of Vista del Tuy 85 0°43'25. 29'' N and 70°54'50" O 2 (6. 06) 2 57 0°50'24. 86" N and 70°56'47. 98" O 4 (12. 12) 6 105 0°48'11. 09'' N and 70°57'. 16. 20' O 9 (27. 27) 19 San José de Ñamú 186 0°55'44. 89'' N and 70°33'. 24. 80' O 2 (6. 06) 6 Yuruparí 240 0°51'56. 68'' N and 70°59'. 56. 68'' O 6 (18. 18) 13 de los Cerros 84 0°52'46. 24'' N and 70°43'18. 19'' O 2 (6. 06) 4 de Mandí 171 1°05'59. 17'' N and 70°43'10. 31'' O 2 (6. 06) 4 del Ti 127 0°48'05. 68'' N and 70°42'01. 97'' O 1 (3. 03) 0 de Lima 84 0°57'35. 61'' N and 70°4345,55'' O 1(3. 03) 1 Nazaret del Ti 121 0°51'24. 50'' N and 70°41'31. 46'' O 3 (9. 09) 2 Total 33(100) 57 Table 1 Geographical characteristics of the ten communities in the Middle Vaupes. *Data reported by Felipe Rodriguez, the indigenous president of the Association of () in 2010. Altitude (m. s. n. m): 180.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (E) The N-terminal domain of the chaperone HSP90 (HSP90) has a 23 amino acid lid [2IOR] (green) that undergoes a large conformational change to bind ADP [2IOQ] (blue). (RIP) Previous efforts to induce local perturbations used generic heat baths to apply the perturbation to an individual residue [33],[34]. While sufficient for inducing small-scale changes, we wished to explore applicability to larger perturbations. In our experience, the application of a high-temperature heat bath propagates most of the energy along the backbone, which invariably unfolds the backbone at the point of perturbation. In contrast, the Perturbation (RIP) circumvents the problem of the backbone unfolding by exclusively perturbing the χ angles, generating motions orthogonal to the backbone degrees of freedom. In the RIP method, the protein is first stripped of ligands and waters, energy minimized, and pre-equilibrated without constraints to 300 K over 10 ps using Amber with GB/SA implicit solvent [35]. To avoid having to modify the Amber source code, the actual RIP calculations are performed by running sets of constant energy 100 fs simulations, which allow the rotamer perturbations to develop, with no other restraints applied. Between each interval, the instantaneous rotational velocity is calculated for each χ angle of the residue being perturbed. The bond and bond angle vibrations are suppressed, and a pure χ rotational velocity of the desired magnitude is applied to the atomic velocities and then the next 100 fs interval begins. Because of the reduced degrees of freedom, imposing a sidechain rotamer kinetic energy of 300 K results in far greater rotational velocities than those in a standard 300 K MD simulation. The direction of rotation is maintained until it exceeds a limit of ±60° from the initial χ angle, upon which the direction of rotation is reversed. This limit restricts the sidechain to exploring the basin surrounding a single rotamer, and allows long sidechains such as MET to effectively explore the landscape of a single rotamer. The resultant motion is that of the sidechain rotating back-and-forth around the initial χ angle. If there are no collisions with other residues, no energy gets transferred. But if there is a collision, a large displacement may be induced in another part of the protein.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Matsuno (1982) Geology of the Matsushima district, with Map at 1:50,000, of Japan, 121 pp. (in Japanese with English abstract). (1990) of the of Seismicity in the Crust and to -Earthquakes. J 38:223–250. (1993) Cutoff depth of seismicity and la 379 rge earthquakes near active volcanoes in Japan. Tectonophysics 217:11–21. Agency (2021) The seismological bulletin of Japan. Accessed 30 Sep 2021 Kato, N. , Sato, H. , Imaizumi, T. , Ikeda, Y. , Okada, S. , Kagohara, K. , Kawanaka, T. , Kasahara, K. (2004) Seismic reflection profiling across the source fault of the 2003 earthquake (Mj 6. 4), NE Japan: basin inversion of Miocene back387 arc rift, Space, 56, 1369-1374. Kato, N. , Sato, H. and Umino, N. (2006) Fault reactivation and active tectonics on the fore-arc side of the back-arc rift system, NE Japan. J Struct Geol, 28, 2011-2022. Kimura, H. , Okamura, Y. (2009) Construction of a fault model based on 3-dimensional structure of fault-related folds in the source area of the 2003 earthquake (Mj = 6. 4) in NE Japan, on 9, 65-78. (1976) A relationship between the distribution of focal depth of micro395 earthquakes and surface heat flow in the southwestern Japan and central Japan. Proc. Symp. Research, 184-193, Natl. Comm. Geophys. Seismol. Soc. , Jpn. , (in Japanese with English abstract) Kubo, H. , Suzuki, W. , Aoi, S. (2016). Source rupture processes of the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquakes estimated from strong-motion waveforms. Space 68, 161. Kubo, H. , Suzuki, W. , Aoi, S. (2017) Source rupture process of the 2016 central Tottori, Japan, earthquake (M JMA 6. 6) inferred from strong motion waveforms. Space 69, 127.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The rainy season is between March and July, with monthly precipitations that oscillate between 250 and 300 mm. The least rainy period occurs between August and October and is called “Indian summer or time of the worm”. The dry period occurs between November and February. The indigenous communities studied can be found between tributaries of the creeks Ti and Tui on the shores of the Vaupés river, known specifically as the Vaupés Medio. In this region located between Pucarón and Yacayacá, there are 22 indigenous communities with approximately 2684 inhabitants, belonging mostly to the ethnic groups: and Tukano. Additionally, there are small populations of ethnic groups representing the Siriano, Yurutí, Barazano, Makuna, Pisamira, Taiwano, and Desanos peoples, as well as non-indigenous people, all members of the Association of Vaupés Medio (). The majority of these ethnic groups are not found within their ancestral territories, displaced from other Amazonian territories due to the phenomenon of rubber harvesting (Felipe Rodriguez, Personal communication, 2006. ). The indigenous economy in this zone is subsistence, coming from agricultural activities known as “chagras” or small plantations, fishing, hunting and collection of wild species. 16 Ethics Initially, the researchers informed the community of the objectives and expectations of the study and invited the traditional healers to participate. The key informants who offered to participate read the informed consent, if they could not read; it was translated to Cubeo and read to them. The translator is the first author of this work, is indigenous Cubeo and is knowledgeable of some dialects spoken in the zone. Subsequently, the informed consent was signed and in the case of those who did not know how to sign, their finger print was used. The informed consent had the approval of the from the Institute within the of the University of Antioquia. Coordination with the community At the 2007 congress of the indigenous organization of Vaupés Medio, the first contact with the communities in this zone was made. Attending were approximately 70 people, among them leaders and inhabitants from the community, permitting a space for discussion and knowledge sharing. Additionally, consent for the collection of information for the study was obtained. During this event the study design and proposal was presented to traditional authorities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: As an example, applying RIP to Glu128, a residue located near the mobile loop of TIM, results in a Cα RMSD deformation response with one large peak at residue 175 (Figure 3A). By overlaying the 10th ps conformation of the RIP simulation over the crystal structures (Figure 3B), it can be seen that the peak of large conformational change at residue 175 corresponds to the ligand-binding loop at residues 167–177. There is also a displacement of the helix near Glu128. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. RIP-induced conformation changes of TIM. (A) the Cα RMSD response to the perturbation of RIP on Glu128 (red arrow) shown after 2 ps (blue) and at the end of the 10 ps simulation (green). (B) The 10th ps conformation (red) of the TIM structure due to RIP on Glu128 (red spheres), overlaid over the closed state (blue) and open state (green) of the crystal structures. (C) The frequency distribution of Cα RMSD for all residues from the entire set of perturbations of RIP over every residue in TIM. global map of deformability in TIM can be constructed by applying RIP to every residue along the entire length of the protein. Each column in the RIP deformation map represents the 10 ps Cα RMSD response to a perturbation of RIP on the residue with sequential numbering on the X-axis (Figure 4A). To facilitate visualization, the actual response is shown on the map only if the responding residue is perturbed by more than a defined threshold. The threshold was chosen by analyzing the probability distribution (Figure 3C) of the Cα RMSD responses in the set of RIP simulations applied to every residue in TIM. This distribution has an average of 1. 5Å, a σ of 1. 2 Å. The peak of Cα RMSD at 0. 8 Å corresponds to the residual motion from the initial pre-equilibration of 300 K. Using a cutoff of 6Å (mean+3. 75σ) results in a sparse global map consisting of mostly contiguous segments of deformation (Figure 4A). Lower thresholds result in noisier maps, showing many single-residue deformations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Stein CA (1995) Heat flow of the Earth. In: “Physics, A Handbook of Physical Constants,” T. J. Ahre. Am. Geophys. Union, pp 144–158 Suzuki, W. , Aoi, S. , Sekiguchi, H. (2010) of the 2008 Iwate–Miyagi Nairiku, Japan, from Near-Source Strong-Motion Records. Bulletin of the of America 100 (1): 256–266. doi: Takemura, M (2005) Re-evaluation of Magnitude and of the 1900 in Japan :Comparison with the 1962 and the 2003 Events, Jishin. Vol 58, Num 1, pp 41-53. (2004) Geothermal gradient and heat flow data in and around Japan (II): Crustal thermal structure and its relationship to seismogenic layer. Earth, 56:1195–1199. (2009) Structure : One of Depth of Earthquakes. Zisin 61:239–245. Japanese with English abstract). Tanaka A, (2002) Temperature distribution and focal depth in the crust of the northeastern Japan. Earth, 54:1109–1113. Tanaka A, (2005) Crustal thermal regime inferred from magnetic anomaly data and its relationship to seismogenic layer thickness: islands case study. 152:257–266. Turcotte DL, (1982) Geodynamics applications of coninuum physics to gelogic problems. and Sons. Ukawa M, Ishida M, Matsumura 508 S, (1984) Hypocenter determination method of the Kanto-Tokai observational network for microeathquakes. . 53:1–88. Umino, N. , Okada, T. , Nakajima, J. , Hori, S. , Kono, T. , Nakayama, T. , Uchida, N. , Shimizu, J. , Suganomata, J. , Gamage, S. S. N. , Hasegawa, A. , Asano, Y. (2003) Hypocenter and focal mechanism distributions of aftershocks of July 26 2003 M6. 4 northern Miyagi, NE Japan, earthquake revealed by temporary seismic observation, Space, 55, 719-730.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Campuzano-Zuluaga G, Alvarez-Sánchez G, Escobar-Gallo GE, et al. Design of malaria diagnostic criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 hematology analyzer. Hyg. 2010;82(3):402‒411. Bermúdez ázquez D. La investigación etnobotánica sobre plantas medicinales: una revisión de sus objetivos y enfoques actuales. Interciencia. 2005;30(8):453‒459. Rieckmann KH, Antuñano FJL. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Brazil detected by a simple in vitro method. Health Organ. 1971;45(2):157‒167. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin. Chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine. Springer-Verlag. 1992. . Qinghaosu. The Lancet. 1993;341(8845):603‒608. Gentry AH. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. . 1988;85(1):156‒159. Gari J. Biodiversity and indigenous agroecology in Amazonia: The indigenous people of Pastaza. Etnoecologica. 2001;5(7):21‒37. Guevara Garzón J. En busca de un modelo de salud para los pueblos indígenas. La experiencia del Vaupés. Mitú: de salud del Vaupés, Ministerio de salud. 1998. Bodnar Y. Pueblos indígenas de Colombia: apuntes sobre la diversidad cultural y la información sociodemográfica disponible. afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas. 2006. p. 135‒154. IGAC. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Diccionario geográfico de Colombia, Colombia; 1996. Correa F.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. The global Cα RMSD response of TIM to RIP. (A) Each column corresponds to the perturbation of the residue marked by the X-value. Intensity represents Cα RMSD deviation for the 10th ps of simulation above background (>6. 0 Å). (B) Perturbation strength histogram and structural linchpins. Structural linchpins are defined if the number of residues with Cα RMSD >6Å induced by a residue is greater than 3σ above the mean. The structural linchpins are mapped onto the structure as sticks. Scale is 0 (white) to 30+ (red). (C) Conversely, local regions that are highly susceptible to perturbation can be identified via a local flexibility histogram and mapped onto the structure. Scale is 0 (white) to 15+ (red). first point to note is that there is no systematic response along the diagonal in the RIP deformation map. Residues adjacent to the perturbed residue are not automatically disturbed. This demonstrates the key property of the RIP method: perturbing a sidechain does not systematically disturb the local backbone, unless there is a specific interaction of the perturbed sidechain to the backbone. Consequently, if deformations are observed then they can be directly attributed to the perturbing sidechain. As is evident from the deformation map, perturbing some residues can induce large changes in the protein while others have virtually no effect. The magnitude of the perturbation inducible by a particular residue can be quantitated by counting the number of residues that respond significantly to the perturbation (above the 6Å threshold). Residues capable of inducing significant perturbations will be referred to as structural linchpins (Figure 4B). While structural linchpins are generally larger amino acids, some smaller amino acids also show up. Another way of extracting useful information from the RIP deformation map is to quantify the susceptibility of each residue to local perturbation (Figure 4C) by summing the number of above-threshold deformations horizontally across the deformation map (Figure 4A). Unlike the perturbation strength defined above, this local flexibility is a global property based on the entire set of perturbations along the protein chain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: g. Aki et al. , 1977). Models obtained with this technique using regional arrays are typically confined to the upper mantle. For the Alpnetwork the lower bound is around 600 km depth. Assuming a spherical chunk with a lateral extension similar to that of the seismic array (up to ∼10∘), below this depth only about one-fourth of the horizontal area spanned by this chunk is penetrated by intersecting rays, leading to smearing of anomalies along the rays within the remaining area (e. g. Sandoval et al. , 2004). Lateral resolution is limited by the station spacing of the array. The method is mainly sensitive to volumetric perturbations of seismic velocity and does not give constraints on the location of internal discontinuities. It has been used in many studies on mantle structure, for example Koulakov et al. (2002), Lippitsch et al. (2003), and Piromallo and Morelli (2003). A method which reaches beyond teleseismic tomography is full waveform inversion (FWI), where entire or partial waveforms are inverted for velocity and also density perturbations (e. g. Mora, 1987; Tromp et al. , 2005; Fichtner et al. , 2009; Zhu et al. , 2012, 2015; Butzer et al. , 2013; Schumacher et al. , 2016). Predictions of waveforms for given velocity models are obtained by full 3D numerical forward modelling, making the method very expensive with regard to storage requirements and computation time. When applied to teleseismic body waves, hybrid approaches are invoked to make the method numerically tractable (e. g. Monteiller et al. , 2013; Tong et al. , 2014a, b): full 3D forward modelling is only done in a regional box below the array while wave propagation from the distant earthquake to this box is done by less expensive methods which, however, assume laterally homogeneous or axially symmetric earth structure. One basic preparatory step for both methods is the determination of travel times. While the need for travel times is obvious for travel-time tomography, teleseismic full waveform inversion can also benefit from travel times in two different ways. First of all, FWI requires a good (ideally 3-D) starting model to ensure that the inversion converges to the global minimum.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 1993;31(4):255‒258. Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;78(2‒3):193‒200. Oga S, Sertié JA, Brasile AC, et al. Antiinflammatory effect of crude extract from Guarea guidonia. Planta Med. 1981;42(3):310‒312. . Analysis of the from Leaves of Specimens of Guarea guidonia (L. ) Sleumer (Meliaceae). Journal of Research. 2005;17(3):271‒273. . Terpenoids from Guarea guidonia. Phytochemistry. 2002;60(4):333‒338. . 16,17-Seco- and 2,3:16,17-di-Seco-pregnanes from Guarea guidonia. J Soc. 2008;19(6):1073‒1077. LC-ESI-MS determination of quassinoids isobrucein B and neosergeolide in Picrolemma sprucei stem infusions. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1065‒1070. de Andrade- In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants. Oswaldo Cruz. 2007;102(3):359‒365. Biological activity of neosergeolide and isobrucein B (and two semi-synthetic derivatives) isolated from the Amazonian medicinal plant Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae). Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104(1):48‒56. Struwe L, Albert VA. A monograph of Neotropical potalia aublet (Gentianaceae: Potalieae). Systematic botany. 2004;29(3):670‒701. Duke J, R Vasquez. Dictionary. FL: 1994. Roumy V, Garcia-Pizango G, Gutierrez-Choquevilca AL, et al. Amazonian plants from Peru used by Quechua and Mestizo to treat malaria with evaluation of their activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112(3):482‒489. Gentry AH. Bignoniaceae, in Flora de Colombia, IdC Naturales.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: In TIM, there are two segments with significant local flexibility (Figure 4C). One of the segments of large local flexibility corresponds to a striking horizontal band of deformations at residue 75 in the deformation map (Figure 4A). This segment corresponds to the dimer-interface loop. As deformation of the dimer-interface loop occurs independently of the location of the applied perturbation, a reasonable interpretation is that the dimer-interface loop is an intrinsically mobile loop in the monomer state. In contrast, there is a scattered band of flexibility in the segment corresponding to the ligand-binding loop at residue 175. Flexibility in the ligand-binding loop is induced only by the cluster of structural residues that surround it (Figure 4B). This can be interpreted as the ligand-binding loop being conditionally flexible, i. e. , large fluctuations of neighboring residues can readily displace the mobile loop. To illustrate the range of motion induced by the RIP method in the mobile loop of TIM, the entire ensemble of the final conformations of each perturbation is shown (Figure 5A). The range of motion generated by RIP is far greater than the differences between the open and closed conformations of the mobile loop found in the crystal structures (Figure 1A). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Ensemble of the last conformation of the trajectories of perturbations induced by RIP for (A) TIM, (B) DHFR, (C) αLP, (D) ER, (E) HSP90. Red corresponds to an RMSD deviation of 15 Å or more. These ensembles are used to generate the flexibility histograms. in (DHFR) catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate by NADP. The protein binds both ligands through the Met20 loop. Crystallography of the enzyme with different ligands has defined three states for the Met20 loop (Figure 1B) suggesting that loop dynamics may be functionally important: i) a closed state where the Met20 loop covers both dihydrofolate and NADP; ii) an occluded state where the Met20 loop packs against the dihdyrofolate but blocks NADP; and iii) an open state where the loop may be disordered in solution (Sawaya and Kraut 1997).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: In contrast to that, travel-time uncertainty increases above the highly complex structures in the Alpine arc where the P wave fronts are significantly altered by the strongly heterogeneous subsurface. This decreases their correlation with the waveforms on other stations of the array and to the stacked reference trace. It is also likely that uncertainty increases due to local site effects which can be significant in narrow valleys where anthropogenic activities such as traffic are harder to evade. These influences should be visible on single stations which show a high daytime noise level. We expect those effects to be present equally in both the high- and the low-frequency dataset. However, most of the station outliers we see in one dataset are not present in the other. Figure 7Maps of the median uncertainty of all picks for the high-frequency (a) and the low-frequency (b) dataset. Symbol sizes correlate with number of picks per station, colour shows the average travel-time uncertainty and symbol shapes indicate the average pick class on each station. Inset shows OBS stations only with symbol size increased by a factor of 2. 5. Travel-time uncertainty gets higher for db0. 5 in areas strongly influenced by deep subsurface structures, e. g. orogenic roots as well as strong heterogeneities close to the surface. Coverage in terms of measurement duration is best in the northern Alpine foreland, central Alps and Apennines. Complementary experiments are salient, as their measuring duration (i. e. number of total picks) is limited in contrast to other stations. The EASI experiment can be seen as a straight line of smaller-sized symbols on a north–south-directed profile, spatially (but with no overlap in time) cutting through the SWATH-D experiment in the central Alps above the Tauern Window. The latter has a higher station density compared to the rest of the array. Ocean bottom seismometers are characterised by a lower number of picks (smaller symbol size) as well as by a higher average uncertainty as a consequence of their noisy measuring environment. travel-time uncertainty distribution pattern of the lower-frequency dataset db0. 1 (Fig. 7b) shows a shape comparable to the high-frequency one with the lowest uncertainty in the northeastern parts of the array. However, overall uncertainty is higher, and the contrast between regions of high and low uncertainty is decreased.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: In: Forero E, Betancur J, editors. de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia; 2009. p. 1‒462. . de la Amazonía Peruana. Perú: Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru; 1997. Cayón E, Aristizabal S. Etnobotánica Chamí. Cespedesia. 1980;9(33‒34):5‒114. Roig JT. Plantas medicinales de y su folclore. UC Rica, editor. San José, Costa Rica, 1988. p. 103‒104. Ayensu ES. of the West Indies. Algonac, Michigan, USA; 1981. p. 282. Díaz JL. Usos de las plantas medicinales de México. éxico; 1977. p. 345. Morton JF. Atlas of of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatan. Thomas CC, 1980. p. 1448. Escobar N. Flora Tóxica de Panamá. U. Panamá, Panama. 1972. Figueroa H. Enfermedades de los conquistadores. Ibarra JdP, Antigua, Guatemala. 1983. Guzmán DJ. Especies útiles de la flora Salvadoreña. Md Educación, San Salvador, El Salvador. 1975. Barrett B. of Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coast. Economic Botany. 1994;48(1):8‒20. Agarwal K, Popli S. The constituents of Crescentia cujete leaves. Fitoterapia 1992;63(5):476. of the Popoluca, Mexico: A botanical systematical perspective. Economic Botany. 2003;57(2):218‒230. Isolation of cytotoxic metabolites from targeted peruvian amazonian medicinal plants. J Nat Prod. 2008;71(1):102‒105. . Leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of Bolivian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;41(1‒2):19‒37. Menachery MD. 1996. p. 269‒302. Boster JS.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Using the RIP analysis, the results of the perturbations can be used to generate a RIP deformation map of DHFR (Figure 6A). From this map, potential structural linchpins can be identified (Figure 6B), and the local flexibility calculated (Figure 6C). The RIP deformation map displays many regions of large conformational changes, dispersed in sequence space. Regions of significant local flexibility (Figure 6C) map to the Met20 loop, the adenosine-binding loop, the F–G loop, and the G–H loop. Experiments suggests that all these loops couple to the activity of the Met20 loop [37],[38]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. RIP perturbations of (DHFR). (A) RIP deformation map. (B) Structural linchpins and perturbation strength histogram. (C) Local flexibility mapped on structure and in histogram. Colors are as in Figure 4. Stability of α-α-Lytic protease (αLP) (Figure 1C) is a kinetically stable protein shown by experiment to be highly resistant to unfolding [39] and to have extraordinarily high hydrogen-exchange protection factors (>1010) throughout its large hydrophobic core. The reduced dynamics and absence of mobile segments is believed to be functionally important for minimizing proteolytic destruction [40]. Reflecting these properties, αLP is also found to be extremely stable in standard MD calculations [33], where loops separating secondary structural elements appear to be firmly held by interaction with the body of the protein. This provides a good test for the RIP method, as any large-scale predictions of flexibility would likely be erroneous. In agreement with the known dynamics of αLP, the deformation map for αLP (Figure 7) is remarkably empty; there are only scattered segments of limited deformation, indicating that αLP is particularly insensitive to single residue perturbations and thus, conformationally very stable. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 7. RIP perturbations of α-lytic Protease (αLP). (A) RIP deformation map. (B) Structural linchpins and perturbation strength histogram. (C) Local flexibility mapped on structure and in histogram. Colors are as in Figure 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: These distortions are shifted to the NE for the waves arriving from the SSW in Fig. e. The associated residuals exhibit large-scale coherent patterns of negative and positive residuals but are again different in various regions. For example, residuals are generally positive in southeastern France for the waves arriving from SSW while they are normal to negative for the event from WNW. This is again an indication of heterogeneous mantle structure to be resolved by tomography later. 5. 2 Stacked residuals Although travel-time residuals differ with epicentral distance and event back-azimuth as waves move through high- or low-velocity zones from different angles before reaching the surface, there are certain features which tend to occur for a large number of events. The most prominent ones are the negative residuals along the Apenninic and Alpine chain. We stacked residuals for all analysed events to identify regions of stable negative or positive travel-time residuals. It is important to understand that after stacking of the demeaned travel-time residuals, the resulting residuals are relative to an unknown one-dimensional earth model defined by all events used for stacking and not to the standard earth model used to calculate travel-time differences in the first place (e. g. Aki et al. , 1977). Hence, negative or positive residuals indicate higher or lower velocities, respectively, relative to this average model and not relative to a standard earth model. Figure 10Stacked travel-time differences for 370 events of the high-frequency dataset db0. 5 corrected for crustal influences. Circle sizes correlate with number of back-azimuth bins for each station (maximum=12). Blue colours point to subsurface structures with vp values higher than average, red colours to structures with vp values lower than average. Travel times are binned calculating the mean travel time for all events within 30∘ bins to balance out directional influences. Standard deviation of the azimuthal influence on each station is marked by crosses; e. g. small crosses mark stations residuals mostly independent of variations in back-azimuth. A travel-time correction is applied for the station elevation using a constant near-surface velocity estimate of 5. 5 km s−1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Plant material, processing and extraction processturmeric (LKD) rhizomes were collected from the Lakadong region in Meghalaya, India (Location: 25° 11′ 0" North, 92° 17′ 0" East). The plant material was authenticated at the of India, Shillong, Meghalaya (India) and a voucher specimen (Specimen number. GIPS/2018/003) was preserved for future reference at the of. The rhizomes were cleaned, dried, and ground into coarse powder. The homogeneous powdered material (1 kg) was subjected to successive extraction for 72 h using solvents (2. 5 L) of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol) in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts obtained were filtered, concentrated using reduced pressure and labeled as hexane extract (LKDHE), chloroform extract (LKDCH), ethyl acetate extract (LKDEA), and methanol extract (LKDME). Residual solvents in extracts by gas chromatographyThe collected extracts were analyzed for residual solvent content using (GC) with a Headspace system (Clarus 690 Perkin Elmer). The injection Volume sampling rate was maintained at 12,50000pts/s with initial oven temperature at 40̊ C for 2 min followed by GC run (Ramp 1 at 5. 0 deg/min to 100 deg/min hold for 1 min and Ramp 2 10. 0 deg/min to 150 deg/min with hold time of 0. 00 min), offset at 100 µV. Extract samples were placed in vials, and the GC run was executed following the specified procedure (Fig. 1). The outcomes are displayed in Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Fig. 1Phytochemical evaluation of LKD extracts and characterization of curcumin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Motion of Helix-12 of the Receptor belongs to a family of nuclear receptors that are ligand-inducible transcription factors [15]. The ligand binds in a hydrophobic pocket in the ligand-binding domain of the (ER) that is covered by Helix-12, so that in the bound state the ligand is completely buried. Not only does Helix-12 need to be displaced for ligand entry and exit, but it is also the key allosteric transducer. Crystal structures of ER with bound agonists and antagonists (Figure 1D) reveal that Helix-12 responds to the bound ligand by occupying one of several conformations that serve to either support or block binding of the downstream transcriptional co-activator protein [16]. Clearly, Helix-12 is a functionally-critical mobile segment of the protein although there is no information about the timescale of its motion. The RIP deformation map of ER (Figure 8A) calculated in the absence of ligand, shows a very limited set of responding distortions with the exception of a horizontal band at residue 162. The horizontal band corresponds to a short loop between the α-helices (Figure 8C). Apart from a large conformational change of a long segment at the C-terminus (residues 232–250), ER appears to be very stable. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 8. RIP perturbations of (ER). (A) RIP deformation map. (B) Structural linchpins and perturbation strength histogram. (C) Local flexibility mapped on structure and in histogram. Colors are as in Figure 4. large conformational change in the C-terminus is induced by Trp83, which is the only residue that would qualify as a structural linchpin (Figure 8B). Trp83 has been found to be a highly conserved residue in the nuclear receptor family with the greatest change in the solvent accessible surface area between the apo and holo structures [41], indicating a possible key role in binding Helix-12. The conformation induced by RIP on Trp83 reveals a dramatic cooperative motion in Helix-12, where the α-helix remains intact but moves by 13 Å (red in Figure 9).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: , 2008), which was compiled for the correction of crustal influences on seismic studies that analyse deeper structures such as a teleseismic tomography. The layer model contains information on sediment thickness and upper and lower crustal average velocity and thickness (and thus Moho depth) discretised on a 15′×15′ regular grid. It was created from various seismic reflection, refraction and receiver function studies. For the Alpine region, we improve information on the Moho depth using a more recent study of Spada et al. (2013). Lastly, for the western and central Alpine region, we replace this model with the more detailed, fully 3D regional tomographic model of Diehl et al. (2009a, hereafter referred to as D09a). We use the information on the model resolution supplied to us by D09a to assess which model to favour at a certain point in space. To only account for crustal influences in our dataset, we remove velocity perturbations associated with the uppermost mantle below the suggested Moho proxy by D09a of 7. 25 km s−1. The resulting travel-time differences (calculated by assuming a planar, vertically incident wave front passing through the crust) between our crustal 3-D model and the crustal minimum 1D model of D09a can be found in Fig. A2 in the 7. 5∘ E to 46∘ N, 14. 5∘ E (Fig. ). For later reference and interpretation, we group these residuals into three major anomalies: a western negative anomaly (W) following the Alpine mountain chain to the east and bending south towards the Po plain, which can be clearly discerned from a large zone of positive residuals to the west; a central negative anomaly (C) attached to anomaly W in the south but following a very different strike; and an eastern anomaly (E) bending circularly to the south towards the Dinarides, whose separation from anomaly C an be recognised by virtue of the travel-time residuals observed on the very dense SWATH-D array (inset in Fig. ). In addition, we define anomaly A located at the western Italian coast and penetrating into central Italy with a strike of 130∘. 5. 3 Azimuthal dependence We already showed travel-time residuals for individual wave fields.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: A: TLC chromatogram of LKD successive extracts; B, C, D: HPTLC fingerprinting of isolated curcumin from fingerprinting of purified LKD curcumin F MS spectra G 1H NMR of purified LKD curcumin H 13C NMR of purified LKD curcuminFull size imagePhysical evaluations and phytochemical studies of the LKD successive extractsPhysical properties of the LKD successive extractsVarious physical parameters were evaluated on the extracts including testing for organoleptic characters, nature of the extract, percentage yield; pH and solubility testing were determined [13]. Phytochemical evaluations and analytical process of curcumin from LKDPreliminary phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography and quantification of total phenolic contentPhytochemical screening of the LKD successive extracts was conducted to identify various classes of phytochemicals [14]. Prominent phytochemical classes that produced positive test results underwent further verification using Thin-(TLC) methods. For extracts abundant in curcuminoids, TLC analysis was executed following established protocols [15]. The procedure encompassed preparing sample extracts for analysis, selecting the stationary phase, optimizing the mobile phase, developing the chromatogram, and spotting detection, all in accordance with established guidelines. The stationary phase for TLC employed pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum sheets (Merck Ltd. ), while the mobile phase was composed of a mixture of chloroform and methanol in a 9:1 ratio. Subsequently, the TLC plates were observed using short UV light (264 nm), long UV light (366 nm), and visible light, both before and after applying the detecting reagent. Furthermore, the optimization of High-Performance Thin-(HPTLC) fingerprinting and the analysis of the curcumin-rich crude fraction after isolation via column chromatography were performed using equipment, which included the sample applicator, visualizer, and 4 software. Furthermore, based on the results of the preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC analysis, further studies were conducted for the total phenolic and tannin content estimation using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-AA6300). The total phenolic content and total tannin content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with certain modifications [16].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Although it doesn't move to the same location found in the crystal structure (green in Figure 9), perhaps due to the short simulation, we do see a hinge motion about the same pivot point (blue and green in Figure 9) observed in the crystal structures. Notably, this conformational change does not result in a significant distortion along Helix-12. The ability to generate this kind of large cooperative motion is due in part to the removal of the ligand normally found in the crystal structure for the simulations. In the absence of ligand, Helix-12 covers a cavity and is only weakly bound to the body of the protein. Thus the collisions generated by the perturbation on Trp83 are sufficient to induce the entire helix to move cooperatively. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 9. Conformational change in Helix-12 of the ligand-binding domain. (A) Overlay of the crystal structures showing Helix-12 in the closed conformation (blue) and the open conformation (green), which indicates the pivot point between the two structures. In the RIP simulations, perturbation on Trp-83 (red spheres) induces a large conformational change in Helix-12 (red), from the starting conformation of the closed structure (blue), where the hinge of the perturbed motion corresponds to the pivot point of the crystal structures. of the Chaperone HSP90 Th N-terminal ligand-binding domain of the chaperone HSP90 [42] consists of a active-site lid that is 30 amino acids in length (Figure 1E). The lid is involved in ATP/ADP binding that is associated with the conformational changes of HSP90. The motion of the lid corresponds to an intermediate-scale motion of the lid independent of the body of the protein, as revealed by crystal structures of HSP90 in different ligand-bound states. The RIP deformation map of the HSP90 ligand-binding domain (Figure 10A) in the ADP-bound state, calculated in the absence of ligand, clearly identifies the lid as a highly flexible region. The conformational ensemble of the perturbed structures show large conformational changes in the lid comparable with the scale of motion found in the crystal structures (Figure 5D).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: Teleseismic waves can be considered as planar waves propagating through the subsurface and accumulating travel-time residuals on their way to the surface. Lags or advances of travel time due to velocity perturbations in the mantle are transported by the ray to the surface where they finally appear as travel-time residuals. The lateral shift between the location of the velocity perturbation and its associated travel-time residual at the surface depends on the incidence angle of the ray. This angle is not constant but, owing to the increase in seismic velocity with depth in the earth, decreases successively as the waves approach the surface. Thus, for velocity perturbations at shallow mantle depths and hence subvertical rays we expect small lateral shifts while we expect large lateral shifts for deep seated perturbations. On top of that, variations of the location of travel-time residuals with azimuth allow some inferences on the dip of a velocity perturbation. For example, a dipping slab will produce a maximum travel-time residual for teleseismic waves entering it along the updip direction. Based on these considerations, we conclude that travel-time residuals that stack coherently over all azimuths must be caused by velocity perturbations located in the shallow mantle. Thus, the anomalies W, C, E and A appearing in the overall stack in Fig. hint at fast shallow mantle probably associated with the lithospheric slabs below the western, central and eastern Alps and the Apennines. In particular, the strike of anomaly A correlates well with the strike of the Apenninic mountain chain, forming a narrow band along the western Italian coast in the north and then opening up into a broad band below central Italy. The large lateral shift of anomaly A with azimuth (Fig. 10) indicates that the Adriatic slab below the Apennines extends deep into the upper mantle. The same applies to anomaly E, associated with the eastern Alpine slab, which also exhibits a considerable lateral shift depending on azimuth. Lateral shifts of anomalies C and W are not that strong, implying that the central and western Alpine slabs terminate at shallower depths compared to the Adriatic slab below the Apennines and eastern Alpine ones. The fact that anomalies C and E appear strongest for waves arriving from the NE hint at a NE-ward dip of the associated slabs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Sampling was done by preparing all the successive extracts at concentration of 1 mg/mL. A series of dilution in the concentration range of 0. 02–0. 10 mg/mL was prepared for tannic acid (1 mg/mL stock solution) taken as reference standard. The total phenolics (TP), total simple phenolics (TSP) and total tannin content (TC) were estimated using the reported methods. All estimations were performed in triplicates and were statistically expressed as Mean ± S. E. M using linear regression equation. Isolation and characterization of curcumin from LKDThe analysis of the chloroform extract (LKDCH) through TLC and HPTLC confirmed a notable presence of curcumin. Consequently, an attempt was undertaken to isolate curcumin from this extract, employing a column chromatography approach. The wet packing method was adopted, wherein the column was packed with silica gel (#60–120 mesh, column grade, Merck Ltd. ), combined with exceptionally pure chloroform. LKDCH (50 g) was absorbed in chloroform and introduced into the column. The elution process was executed by employing a gradient mixture of methanol (MeOH) and chloroform (CHCl3), with a progressively increasing proportion of MeOH within CHCl3. The gradient levels were as follows: 1%, 2. 5%, 5%, 7. 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and finally, 100%. The eluates were collected in 25 mL fractions. values led to the pooling of corresponding eluates, which were subsequently concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The procedure yielded 105 fractions. Notably, fractions 50–55 exhibited distinct yellow single spots of curcumin, which were then combined and subjected to concentration. To enhance its purity, curcumin was purified through recrystallization in 100% acetone and stored at room temperature. The characterization and interpretation of the structure of the isolated curcumin was analyzed by sophisticated spectrometric techniques including FTIR (Bruker Alpha), 1HNMR and 13CNMR (Neo 500 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer), Mass spectrometer (-spectrometer) [17].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 10. RIP perturbations of HSP90. (A) RIP deformation map. (B) Structural linchpins and per-turbation strength histogram. (C) Local flexibility mapped on structure and in histogram. Colors are as in Figure 4. Comparison of the Flexibility of RIP to There are other systems that calculate protein flexibility from a crystal structure. To compare RIP to these methods (Figure 11), we have calculated the flexibility using the Model (ANM) [43] and [32]. We chose ANM as a representative of contact-based network models that generate domain-level motions, where ANM generates a theoretical B-factor for each residue from the sum of the contribution of the lowest modes of oscillations. We chose as a representative of local instability methods, where calculates an RMSDf fluctuation (RMSDf is the averaged Cα RMSD over different conformations of the same structure) at each residue from an ensemble generated from a monte-carlo simulation of the protein using distance constraints derived from a standard force-field. Both methods were chosen largely due to the easy availability of the software implementation. Finally, we compare these flexibilities to various experimental data. For the four proteins with large conformational changes. In the case of TIM, for example, the RMSDf was calculated from the position of the Cα atoms between the open and closed structures (Figure 11A) after they were aligned with the weighted superposition program Theseus [44]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 11. Comparison of the calculated flexibilities to various experimental data. For each graph, an experimental measure (grey) is compared to the flexibility calculated from a structure (labeled on the top left of graph) using RIP (blue), ANM (red) or (green). RMSDf is calculated as the mean of the Cα RMSD of the crystal structures if they are found in different states as shown in Figure 1. (A) Flexibility of TIM in the open conformation compared to the RMSDf. (B) Flexibility of TIM in the closed conformation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: MCS ionograms were also observed at Kaliningrad, Russia, and Sodankylä, Finland, after the 2012 Sumatra earthquake (epicentral distances \(\sim\)9000 km) (Yusupov and Akchurin 2015)Full size image Numerical simulationsThe numerical study on the sensitivity of ionograms to atmosphere–ionosphere perturbation induced by ground motion followed two steps. The simulation of acoustic wave propagation and associated electron density perturbation was first conducted. Then ionograms were synthesized from the perturbed electron density distribution. The calculations were conducted for \(I=45\) and \(72^\circ\) corresponding to Yamagawa and Kazan, respectively. The unperturbed electron density profile prior to the application of acoustic waves was obtained by integrating the plasma equation set (1) and (2) with a fixed local time, 1500 LT, until the equilibrium state was attained. This process ensures that the background electron density distribution does not change during the simulation of acoustic wave propagation. Because our major purpose is to examine the effect of magnetic inclination at two locations with different dip angles, background atmospheric parameters and solar zenith angles for both calculations were chosen to be the same as those at Yamagawa when coseismic disturbances were observed after the M9. 0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake in 2011, and only \(I\) was changed with the locations. In actual situations, the ionosphere and thermosphere vary widely depending on the local time, latitude, season, solar activity, etc. A key parameter for the detection of MCS in ionograms is the \(f_oF_1\) (Maruyama et al. 2012), which is a measure of the vertical electron density gradient in the lower F region. The \(f_oF_1\) in the two cases (Kazan and Yamagawa) were very similar (4–5 MHz). It is possible to include the above factors in the numerical calculations, but an essential physical mechanism will be obscure. Figure 6 shows the resultant unperturbed density profiles for \(I= 45\) and \(72^\circ\) by the green and orange lines, respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)The DSC 3 instrument (Mettler Toledo; Model no-ME-5140313) was employed to examine the melting point behavior of both the isolated and purified curcumin, as well as the standard curcumin. Samples were positioned in aluminum pans and subjected to scanning at a rate of 10 °C per minute within the temperature range of 20 °C to 300 °C under an inert nitrogen gas environment. For confirming the identity and purity of the isolated curcumin, a comparison was made between the endothermic peak of the isolated curcumin and that of the standard curcumin [18]. HPLC analysis for determination of the purity of isolated curcuminThe purity of isolated Curcumin from extracts was determined by HPLC (). consisted of a chromatographic pump, Injector, and UV detector. For HPLC separation, a reversed-phase C-18 column was used. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-acidic Water (pH 3 adjusted by acetic acid) (80:20v/v) at a flow rate of 1 m/min. The run time was 10 min and the detection wavelength was set at 425 nm. The mobile phase was filtered using a 0. 2 nm millipore membrane filter. The sample injection volume was set at 20 μl. The purity was determined by comparing it with a chromatogram of the standard curcumin from SRL, India (95% Purity) [8]. The result is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2HPLC chromatogram of curcumin. A: Curcumin standard; B: Curcumin in LKDCH and purity of isolated curcumin from LKDCH; C: Curcumin standard; D Curcumin isolated from size imageNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)The chemical identity of the LKCH isolated curcumin was further confirmed by proton NMR spectrum usingMultinuclear FT-NMR Spectrometer (ECX400 -Jeol 400 MHz, Japan). The samples were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide d6 (DMSO d6) as solvent. 20 µl of tetramethylsilane (TMS) was added to the sample solution as the internal reference.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Rex measurements for DHFR identify microsecond dynamics in the Met20 loop, the F–G loop, the adenosine-binding loop and the G–H loop (Figure 11E), suggesting that in the case of DHFR, there is significant overlap between the nanosecond and microsecond dynamics. Coupling between these loops have also been identified in nanosecond MD simulations through cross-correlation and quasi-harmonic analysis [21]–[24]. The large conformational change in Helix-12 of ER, as evident in the large RMSDf values (Figure 11F), provide a difficult challenge for these models of flexibility. There are elevated values of RMSDf in short loops near residue 35 and 165 (Figure 11F), where all three flexibilities finds elevated flexibility. None of the flexibilities identify Helix 12 as a highly flexible region. However, with RIP we can identify one large conformational change by examining the deformability map (Figure 8A), where the conformational change is consistent with the crystal structures (Figure 9). Both ANM and identify elevated flexibility at residue 195, which do not correspond to elevated RMSD values. The conformational changes in HSP90 is dominated by the motion of the lid, indicated by the large values of RMSDf at residue 110 (Figure 11G). This large conformational change is not identified by ANM but both RIP and identify the lid region as flexible. One advantage with RIP over is that by examining the conformational ensemble of perturbed structures generated by RIP (Figure 5E), we can see that the generated motions are of the order of the RMSDf observed in the crystal structures. and ANM identifies a region of elevated flexibility at residue 60 that does not correspond to any elevated region of RMSDf and the large RMSDf in the N-terminal that is involved with inter-domain interactions does not correspond to any calculated flexibility. In conclusion, we find that the flexibility of RIP identifies only loop motions that correspond to large conformational changes of intermediate-scale motions. In contrast, identifies more regions as flexible, where there is some overlap with the regions identified as flexible by RIP. ANM performs poorly for intermediate-scale motions. DiscussionMolecular dynamics (MD) is generally accepted to be an accurate representation of biochemical processes on the molecular level [45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: 8Perturbation amplitude as a percentage of the background electron density induced by acoustic waves for \(I=72^\circ\) (orange) and \(45^\circ\) (green)Full size image Finally, ionograms were synthesized from the perturbed electron density profiles by calculating virtual heights at frequencies in 0. 02-MHz increments, as described by (3)–(11). In this calculation, only O-mode propagation in the vertical direction was considered, and the frequency increments were in accord with the ionosonde operation. Figure 9 shows the ionograms for \(I=45\) and \(72^\circ\) in green and orange, respectively, and the plot for \(I=72^\circ\) is shifted by 30 km. The two ionograms show different responses to the atmosphere–ionosphere perturbations induced by the same amplitude of seismic ground motion. The disturbance in the trace for \(I=72^\circ\) exhibits a well-developed cusp signature, while that for \(I=45^\circ\) merely shows wiggles. The ratio of cusp heights was \(\sim\)3, which was slightly smaller than the combination of two geometrical effects \((1. 81\times 2. 29)\). Fig. 9Synthesized ionograms (O-mode only) for \(I=72^\circ\) (orange) and \(45^\circ\) (green) corresponding to ionospheric disturbances in Fig. 8. The virtual height at each frequency is plotted by a symbol “ | ” representing the sounder pulse width so that the plots look like actual ionogramsFull size image SummarySeismic waves cause ionospheric disturbances at remote distances. Rayleigh waves with a period of 15–50 s induce multiple cusp signatures (MCSs) or wiggles in ionogram traces. In the previous observations, this type of irregularity was found to be significant at higher latitudes, such as Kazan, Russia, than Japan’s latitudes. By numerical simulations, it was shown that the sensitivity of ionograms to seismic ground motion varies depending on the magnetic inclination. At higher latitudes with a large dip angle, coupling between the acoustic waves launched by seismic ground motion and the ionospheric plasma is strong, inducing a large amplitude of perturbation in the electron density than that at lower latitudes with a small dip angle.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: These precipitated nanosuspensions were then kept overnight under stirring to evaporate out the organic solvent. Characterisation and optimisation of Curcumin nanosuspensions (Cur-NS)Measurement of p4. Fig. 4TEM photomicrograph of Curcumin NanosuspensionFull size imageDrug entrapment efficiencyThe percentage drug entrapment was determined by the developed HPLC method. The Cur-NS were centrifuged at 11,000 rpm () for 15 min. After centrifuging, the supernatant was taken out and 1 ml of acetonitrile was added to the nanop7. 4 + 0. 5 percent Tween 80) at 37 °C under continuous magnetic stirring using IKA HS 7. At regular intervals, 2 ml of samples were collected and replaced with fresh media. The drug concentrations in the collected samples were then determined by the developed analytical HPLC method using the calibration equation y = 18,005. 5574x− 64979. 1884 R2 = 0. 991. [22]Formulation and optimisation of Cur-NS loaded gel (Cur-NS-nanogel)Preparation of plain gelCarbopol 940 was dissolved in water and stirred continuously untill it dissolves completely. The polymeric solution was then cross-linked chemically by drop-wise addition of triethanolamineoleate with continous stirring at constant rate until a clear homogeneous gel was obtained [26]. Optimization and evaluation of the topical gelThe prepared gels were then optimized based on varying concentration (0. 2–0. 5%) of the polymer, the alkali (triethanolamine) and its effect on the physicochemical properties e. g. pH, Viscosity, Gel strength and Spreadability [27]. pH: pH of the gel was measured using a digital pH meter (μ pH system 361, Systonics). The pH meter was first calibrated with three standard buffers (pH 4, 7 and 9). After calibrating the apparatus, the pH of freshly prepared Carbopol 940 gels were measured by dissolving and equilibrating the required amount of gel in distilled water. Viscosity: Viscosity of the prepared Gels were determined using Brookfield viscometer (DV-E Viscometer; Model No-) at 30 rpm/min using spindle No 64.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: However, there is a practical upper limit of hundreds of nanoseconds in most MD simulations. Such simulations can only explore small motions in a protein structure whereas many physically interesting processes occur on much longer time-scales. These long times are needed to allow large but rare conformational changes to occur. Perturbation techniques can theoretically be used to quickly generate these rare conformational changes, but there have been many obstacles to applying unbiased perturbation techniques to protein structures using MD. Here, we have developed an unbiased local perturbation method that can generate selective large conformation changes in very short MD simulations. RIP has several desirable properties that improve upon previous perturbation methods. First, solvation and electrostatics are well treated by the implicit-solvent GBSA method. Second, by driving sidechain rotamers instead of all local atoms, RIP minimizes local backbone distortions, maintaining secondary structures as intact elements. Most perturbations induced by RIP do not result in large-scale distortions of the protein chain, resulting in a sparse map of deformations. Third, RIP can induce large cooperative motions in coherent segments while preserving their local structure, as for example, in Helix-12 in the ER LBD. Fourth, RIP eschews the need for manual restraints or defined trajectories in generating large motions. RIP can thus be applied to any given protein structure. Fifth, RIP is a relatively inexpensive calculation as large Cα RMSD deviations are generated within a short simulation (10 ps), allowing a global analysis to be performed in nanoseconds of simulation time. Since the perturbations induced by each residue are independent, the simulations can be readily performed on a parallel cluster. As illustrated here, the goal of RIP is to map regions that are readily perturbed and to help discover potential structural linchpins that may dictate local conformation. For example, if a segment is easily deformed by several different perturbations then it is clear that the interactions that bind the segment to the body of the protein are weak. It is found that the local flexibility map, which averages over the global pattern of conformational changes, clearly identifies the loops that have been experimentally determined to be mobile in both DHFR and TIM on the microsecond/millisecond timescale. Furthermore, as revealed by the αLP calculations, the RIP analysis doesn't spuriously find mobile segments where they shouldn't exist.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: Radio pulses transmitted by ionosondes are sensitive to the electron density perturbation at a small angle between the ray direction and the magnetic fields at higher latitudes. Thus, the combined effect of atmosphere–ionosphere coupling and radio wave propagation at high latitudes yields a high sensitivity of the ionosonde detection of seismic ground motion, which explains the observations of coseismic ionospheric irregularities at a large epicentral distance of 15,000 km such as at Kazan, after the 2010 Chile earthquake. 8319. doi:10. 1029/2012JA017767 24. doi:10. 1186/s40623-016-0401-9 1172. doi:10. 1029/90JA02125 9. 0\) Tohoku Earthquake. Space 63:897–9029. 0 Tohoku earthquake over Taiwan. Let 43. doi:10. 1002/2015GL067487 Maruyama T, (2014) Infrasonic sounds excited by seismic waves of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake as visualized in ionograms. J 119:4094–4108. doi:10. 1002/2013JA019707 8306. doi:10. 1029/2012JA017952 8. 8 Chile earthquake. J 121:2683–2692. doi:10. 1002/2015JA022260 278. doi:10. 5194/angeo-34-271-2016 1982. J Phys 46(3):233–2451983. J 89(A8):6835–68394. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. 1186/s40623-017-0600-zDownload citationReceived: 01 October 2016Accepted: 11 January 2017Published: 30 January 2017DOI: this 2. Support and Language editing for authors Scientific editing for authors Leave feedback Terms and conditions Privacy statement page Springerpage By using this website, you agree to our Terms and Conditions, Your US state privacy rights, Privacy statement and Cookies policy. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. © 2024 BioLtd unless otherwise stated. Part of Springer Nature.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The viscometer was calibrated using a standard solution of glycerine before all measurements. SpreadabilityTwo sets of glass slides with uniform dimensions were used to test the spreadability of the produced gels. One of the slides was covered with the gel formulation. The gel was sandwiched between the two slides in an area that was occupied by a distance of 7. 5 cm along with the slides when the other slide was positioned on top of the gel. The upper slides were given a 100-g weight to press the gel between them into a thin layer in a uniform manner. The excess gel that was sticking to the slides was scraped off after the weight was taken off. The two slides in place were securely fastened to a stand so that only upper slides could slip off freely under the force of weight tied on them. A 20 g weight was tied to the upper slide. The time taken for the upper slide to cover a distance of 7. 5 cm and get separated from the lower slide under the force of the weight, was noted. The experiment was performed in triplicates and the meantime was taken for calculation [27, 28]. The following formula was used to determine spreadability:$$S = \, m \, \times \, l/t$$where, S = spreadability, m-weight tied to upper slides, l- length of the glass slide and t- time taken in sec. Gel strengthThe strength of the gel formulations was determined using a (System, FD/1–077). The "gelling strength test" or compression mode of the was selected, and the test speed was set to 1. 0 mm/s. 50 points per second for the acquisition rate and 5 g for the trigger force were chosen. An aluminum probe of 7. 6 cm diameter was used for all the samples. The immersion probe was inserted into the gel during the test at room temperature. Gel strength, expressed in grams, was used to determine the force necessary to penetrate the gel [28]. Preparation of Cur-NS-nanogelwas prepared by adding the Carbopol 940 in the Cur-NS followed by cross linking with triethanolamine. The nanosuspensions were then continuously stirred until homogenous nanogels were formed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Conformational changes occur only if the perturbation can break the contacts (hydrophobic, polar and hydrogen bonds) that hold these segments to the body of the protein. Although the perturbations are large, as implemented here there is a limit to the extent of perturbation - the overall kinetic energy of the perturbed residue matches that of the same residue equilibrated to 300 K. As such, there is only enough energy to induce conformational changes on segments on the surface of the protein or those near potential packing defects. Importantly this also results in limited distortions within displaced structural elements as in the case of Helix-12 in the ER ligand-binding domain. It is important to note that the conformational changes generated by the perturbations are artificially large in that they result from large collisions arising from χ angle rotations at velocities far above their normal values. As a consequence, the simulated motions show a large variance in conformations (Figure 5), much more than expected from static snapshots from crystal structures or from NMR ensemble analysis. Although it is unlikely that exactly these perturbed conformations would be generated in a very long equilibrium MD simulation, large RIP-induced conformational changes identify regions where the protein chain can undergo large conformational changes. To obtain more realistic structures, the RIP conformations could be used as starting points for conventional MD simulations or high temperature simulations with manual constraints [50]. The flexible regions identified by RIP may identify potential loops that could be modeled using loop-prediction systems such as PLOP [26],[27] and[28]. However, as such systems are limited to 12-residue loops, they cannot explore conformations of larger elements such as Helix-12 in ER or the lid in HSP90. Intriguingly, the motions generated by RIP in DHFR and ER include examples of coupled motions between different mobile segments and ligand-induced structural changes, suggesting that further development of RIP may result in tools to probe mechanisms of allostery. Another possibility is the analysis of the interaction of mobile loops with binding sites, where alterations in surface loop structures can dramatically alter patterns of ligand binding. RIP could provide a computational mechanism for rapid identification of such potentially relevant loops, which might be particularly important for computational ligand screening. Thus RIP followed by MD or loop modeling could provide an efficient means to generate alternate conformations for computational drug discovery.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 0. 064 Hz (15. 6 s/cycle). The maximum amplitude of the transverse components is less than a half of the radial components. This is in agreement with the theoretical radiation pattern of Rayleigh and Love waves at a frequency of 0. 06 Hz for a vertical compensated linear vector dipole source mechanism. The average apparent phase velocities were calculated as 3. 31 and 2. 97 km/s, in the transverse and radial directions, corresponding, respectively, to Love and Rayleigh waves in the frequency range of 0. 05–0. 07 Hz. A surface wave magnitude of Ms 5. 07 ± 0. 22 was estimated. Just before the monochromatic signal arrives, there is some dispersion in the surface waves. This observation may suggest a regular earthquake of Ms 4. 3 ± 0. 11 that triggered the November 11, 2018, event. The difference between the arrival times of the recorded surface waves of the two events is estimated to be less than 31 s, and most likely of ~ 7 s only. Introduction11, 2018, Mayotte event was first introduced in the media by Wei-Haas (2018) in as a strange earthquake in which seismic waves were recorded by instruments around the world, but, unusually, nobody felt shaking. The event occurred offshore around 9:28 UTC near in the between the northern tip of Madagascar and the eastern coast of Africa. is one of the four main islands in the volcanic Comoros archipelago. 11 Mayotte event, in the absence of body waves, caused large, long-lasting, monotonic long-period surface waves that traveled around the globe. 2018, the seismic activity in this archipelago was dispersed and moderate, with only a few earthquakes having a magnitude greater than 4. But in the year following the Mayotte volcano-seismic sequence on May 10, 2018, 32 earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 5 were recorded (Lemoine et al. 2020). The biggest earthquake ever recorded in the area was a Mw 5. 9 event that happened on May 15, 2018 (USGS). Figure 1 shows the recorded waveforms for the May 15, 2018, earthquake, and the Mayotte event at a regional station, (part of the global IRIS/IDA seismic network), and at a teleseismically distant station, (part of the Network).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of Cur-NS-nanogelThe nanogels were evaluated in terms of appearance, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability as mentioned in the earlier sections. Drug content in Cur-NS-nanogelThe drug content was measured by dissolving the measured amount of gel in acetonitrile. The dispersion obtained was filtered and analyzed at 425 nm using the developed HPLC method [29]. Drug loading efficiency (%) = (Experimental drug content/ Theoretical drug content) 100%Stability studiesThe accelerated stability studies were conducted in accordance to the ICH guidelines. The Cur-NS-Nanogel were kept at 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C and stability was observed for 30 days. The stability was observed in terms of change in color, appearance, pH, viscosity, and gel strength [30]Ex vivo skin permeation studyProcessing of rat skinThe albino Wistar rats were received from the animal house facility of Veterinary College, Khanapara. The animal study was conducted as per the guidelines after getting approval from the (Ref no: GIPS/IAEC/M. PH/PRO/10/2022). Experimental animals were feed with standard commercial pellets with free access to water ad libitum and housed according to standard laboratory environment by maintaining a 12 h day and night cycle at normal room temperature of 25 ± 1°C and 45–55% relative humidity. The rats (200–250 gm) were anesthetized using ketamine (30 mg/kg) [IP] anesthesia prior to excision of the skin and hairs were removed using hair clips. Excised skin were rinsed with 0. 9% saline water [31]. Permeation studyThe permeation through skin was studied using 20 ml modified franz diffusion cell assembly. The prepared rat skins were tied to the donor compartment such that the dermis faces the receiver compartment. The receptor compartment was filled with receptor media (PBS 7. 4 + 0. 5%Tween 80) and the donor compartment was loaded with 200 mg of Cur-NS Nanogel. The assembly was placed in a temperature controlled magnetic stirrer (IKA HS7) with temperature maintained at 37 ̊C. Drug permeation study was conducted for 24 h under continuous magnetic stirring.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractSecA, an essential component of the Sec machinery, exists in a soluble and a membrane form in Escherichia coli. Previous studies have shown that the soluble SecA transforms into pore structures when it interacts with liposomes, and integrates into membranes containing SecYEG in two forms: SecAS and SecAM; the latter exemplified by two tryptic membrane-specific domains, an N-terminal domain (N39) and a middle M48 domain (M48). The formation of these lipid-specific domains was further investigated. The N39 and M48 domains are induced only when SecA interacts with anionic liposomes. Additionally, the N-terminus, not the C-terminus of SecA is required for inducing such conformational changes. Proteolytic treatment and sequence analyses showed that liposome-embedded SecA yields the same M48 and N39 domains as does the membrane-embedded SecA. Studies with chemical extraction and resistance to trypsin have also shown that these proteoliposome-embedded SecA fragments exhibit the same stability and characteristics as their membrane-embedded SecA equivalents. Furthermore, the cloned lipid-specific domains N39 and M48, but not N68 or C34, are able to form partial, but imperfect ring-like structures when they interact with phospholipids. These ring-like structures are characteristic of a SecA pore-structure, suggesting that these domains contribute part of the SecA-dependent protein-conducting channel. We, therefore, propose a model in which SecA alone is capable of forming a lipid-specific, asymmetric dimer that is able to function as a viable protein-conducting channel in the membrane, without any requirement for SecYEG. Citation: (2013) of SecA to Form Membrane-Specific Domains: AFM Structures and Implication on Protein-Conducting Channels. 8(8): e72560. Ivo G. : March 12, 2013; Accepted: July 12, 2013; Published: August 16, 2013Copyright: © 2013 You et al. This is an open-access 7. 6, 50 mM KCl); DTKM buffer [1 mM dithiothreitol, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: (Right) Seismic waves for the two events recorded by ABPO (IRIS/IDA seismic network) on the left and by ASAO (Network) on the right. The duration of the seismograms is 4000 s, and their start time, which is given at the lower left of each plot, corresponds to the origin time of the May 15 event at 15:48:09 UTC and for the MVLP at 09:28:00 UTC. The waveforms are vertical components and have been filtered in the range of 0. 01 to 0. 1 HzFull size imageThis work extends previous results (Cesca et al. 2020; Lemoine et al. 2020), which partially addressed these objectives, by investigating the largest VLP signal in the light of teleseismic recordings at a dense regional seismic network. ObservationsThe broadband seismic network of the Institute of and Seismology (IIEES) started operating with 4 stations in 1998 and currently has 31 stations (IIEES 2020). The stations are equipped with Güralp CMG-3 T sensors with a flat velocity response from 120 s (0. 0083 Hz) to 50 Hz. Twenty-six of the stations (triangles in Fig. 1) were in operation on November 11, 2018, and recorded the MVLP. The stations are located from 4542 to 5772 km north-northeast of the MVLP’s epicenter, which was assumed from the study of Lemoine et al. (2020). A 1. 5-h trace view of the vertical component of the broadband records filtered between 0. 01 and 0. 1 Hz, and the frequency spectra of their unfiltered waveforms, are displayed in Fig. 2. All the stations show clear long-period seismic waves arriving around 10:00 UTC on November 11, 2018, and a frequency analysis of the seismograms shows a clear peak in the spectral amplitudes. The peak is in a narrow frequency band of 0. 05–0. 07 Hz. Among the stations, no significant changes are observed in the monochromatic wave trains and the narrow-band spectral peak. Fig. 2One-and-a-half hour trace view of the vertical components of MVLP observed by Iran’s 26 broadband stations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The purified curcumin was lyophilized and characterized by NMR, FT-IR, Mass and UV–Visible spectrophotometer. The melting point of the compound was observed at 181 °C and the UV–visible spectrum with λmax was recorded at 425 nm. IR bands (υ cm−1) showed the presence of prominent functional groups of curcumin at 3653 (–OH), 2979 (C–H), 1625 (C = C), 1264 (C–O–C), 1026 (C-O–H). 1HNMR spectrum (400 -d6) produces prominent proton peaks (δ ppm) at 3. 837 (s, 6H, OCH3), 6. 056 [s, 1H, C(OH) = CH], 6. 777 (d, 2H, 2,6-H), 6. 833 (d, 2H), 7. 160 (d, 2H), 7. 325 (s, 2H), 7. 567 (d, 2H, 1,7–H), 9. 667 (br s, 2H, phenolic –OH). Chemical shift with δ value at 3. 837 depicted a singlet peak which corresponds to the existing of two methoxy groups; whereas, a sharp δ value at 9. 667 represent the presence of phenolic hydroxy group. The two aromatic proton signals at δ value region of 6. 833 and 7. 160 each of them integrated for four protons diagnostic for two identical para-substituted benzene rings. 13C NMR spectrum (125 ) represents distinct carbon peaks (δ ppm) at 55. 60, 100. 79, 111. 29, 115. 64, 121. 00, 123. 02, 126. 26, 140. 63, 147. 91, 149. 27, 183. 12. 13C NMR chemical shift with δ value at 55. 60 clearly signify the carbon atom corresponding to methoxy group; whereas, δ value at 183. 12 depicted the carbon atom corresponding to enol and keto group. Furthermore, the mass spectra (TOF–MS-ES+) depicted that the base peak at m/z 177. 056 and a molecular ion peak [M + H]+ at 369. 135 was detected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The major anionic phospholipids, PG and CL alone not only failed to promote the formation of lipid-specific M48 and N39 domains, but also induced SecA to adopt a conformation that was even more susceptible to trypsin digestion (Figure 1B, lanes 9-12), even though anionic phospholipids are necessary for SecA to function [53]. E. coli membrane phospholipids consist of 25-30% anionic lipids (PG and CL) and 70-75% PE [54], and we found that the ratio of negatively charged lipids at 75% with combination of 25% PG or CL yields the similar results as wild-type membranes. Therefore the effects of phospholipid mixtures were determined at PE: PG or PE: CL ratios of 3:1 to mimic the physiological ratios of anionic phospholipids. Both combinations promoted the conformational changes to form the lipid-specific domains similar to the E. coli phospholipid mixtures (Figure 1D). While PC could replace PE in these combinations (Figure 1E, lanes 9-12), PC/PE mixtures could not (Figure 1D & 1E). These data indicate that the formation of phospholipid-bilayer liposomes using anionic phospholipids, PG and CL, in combination with PE or PC (in proportional amounts similar to E. coli phospholipid membrane mixtures) promote conformational changes in SecA that induce the formation of the lipid-specific domains of M48 and N39. As previously reported [7,22,39], ATP or AMP-PCP had no significant effect on the formation of these membrane-specific domains (data not shown). All subsequent work was, therefore, carried out using liposomes consisting of E. coli phospholipid mixtures (CL: PG: PE ratio about 10:20:70) in the absence of nucleotides. The N-Terminal Residues, Not the C-Terminus of SecA for the Formation of Lipid-Specific Domains, and for The lipid-specific M48 domain lies in the middle of the 901 residues of SecA -starting at Glu 361 and presumably ending at Arg805 [ [22] and Table 1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seismic waves can travel through space. [SEP] Text: As we expected from the model of the radiation pattern for the MVLP, the surface waves in the vertical components (dominated by Rayleigh waves) have larger amplitudes than the transverse components (Love waves). In addition, the MVLP shows four clear differences from regular earthquakes. The first obvious difference is the very long duration of its surface waves. The second difference can be seen through the spectrograms, where a dominant monochromatic surface wave (around 0. 06 Hz) extends throughout the signal duration. spectra show a clear large peak at 0. 064 Hz. The third and fourth differences can be observed in the graph of the dominant period over time; the dominant period for the transverse component is lower than that for the vertical component, and the signals in both components propagate with nearly the same velocity. A convergence of surface wave velocities can also be seen in the graph of the dominant period for May 15 around a period of 16. 5 s (0. 06 Hz), which corresponds to the Airy phase with a minimum in the group velocity dispersion curves (Bullen and Bolt 1985). phases in the transverse component can be observed by large amplitudes after an abrupt termination in the wave trains (see Fig. 3, bottom). The gap between the red lines around 1600 s in the dominant period graph (right-bottom in Fig. 5b) for the transverse component are due to this termination, and also our criterion to select power values greater than the mean value of the PSD. Fig. 5Spectrograms of the power spectral density (PSD) in the vertical component (left-top) and transverse component (left-bottom), Fourier spectra (right-top), and the dominant periods over time (right-bottom) for the vertical (Z) and transverse (T) components at ASAO station for MVLP (a) and May 15 (b). The dominant periods are plotted by dots, and the lines are piecewise linear interpolations through the data points. Note that periods with a power less than the mean values for the spectrogram are removed from the graph. The gray circle on the Fourier spectra for May 15 indicates a peak of around 0. 06 Hz related to the Airy phase of surface waves.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: All these analytical spectroscopic features are in line with the data reported in the literature thus signifying the identity of curcumin isolated from Lakadong rhizome [17, 40, 41]. The results are shown in Fig. 1. Formulation of Curcumin loaded nanosuspensionHomogenous nanosuspensions were obtained by the precipitation-sonication method. The precipitation method of nanosuspensions preparation is instantaneous, straightforward and easy [42]. Characterization of curcumin NSP0. 2 ± 0. 1, indicating suitable size and distribution. From the study, the of the formulations was found to be − 2. 92 ± 0. 2 mV. Optimization of the Cur-NSThe nanosuspensions were optimized by using drug concentration, ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase, Polymer (PLGA) concentration, and stabilizer (Poly vinyl alcohol) concentration as the variables. The effects of these independent variables on the dependent variables (p0. 25% and PVA concentration of 0. 6% were considered as optimized variable conditions as shown in Table 3. F3, which was the optimized NS, was found to have p157. 1 ± 2. 4 and polydispersity index 0. 132 ± 0. 052. Table 3 Formulation table for optimized (Cur-NS)Full size tableTransmission electron microscopy (TEM)The morphology and size of the formulations were observed by TEM studies. The nanop98. 52% ± 0. 2 which can be considered sufficient. In vitro drug releaseIn vitro release behavior of Curcumin from the optimized Cur-NS was observed for 24 h. A sustained drug release rate was observed with almost 80% drug being released in initial 4 h indicating an initial burst release followed by sustained release upto to 90. 0 ± 1. 6% in 24 h. Preparation of Cur-NS based topical gelHomogenous nanogels were obtained by adding the Carbopol as the gelling agent in the optimized Cur-NS, followed by cross linking by addition of triethanolamine as the alkali. Optimization and evaluation of the topical gelEvaluation of the Cur-nanogelsThe Cur-Nanogel was optimized by observing the effect of varying concentration (0. 2–0. 5%) of the Carbopol and alkali (triethanolamine) and its effect on the physicochemical properties e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (B) Proteolysis of soluble SecA and the N95 construct was carried out (as defined in panel A) at the indicated concentration of trypsin (C) Proteolysis of EM-associated N95 construct and C95 were carried out (as defined in panel A) with the indicated concentration of trypsin (D) Proteolysis of soluble N95 and C95 constructs was carried out (as defined in panel A) with the indicated concentration of trypsin. (E) Translocation of pOmpA in the liposomes. the Lipid-of SecA in though E. coli phospholipid liposomes induce conformational changes in SecA to form the M48 and N39 domains, the greater sensitivity of these domains to trypsin at concentrations higher than 10 µg/ml (Figures 1 and 2) suggests that other factors, such as interactions of SecA with other membrane proteins, are involved in the resistance of these domains to high concentrations of trypsin (up to 1 mg/ml) when they are embedded in E. coli membranes [31,58]. The proteolytic profiles of liposome- and membrane-associated SecA constructs were further examined. SecA (10 µg) was mixed with either liposomes (20 µg) or SecA-depleted BA13 membranes (20 µg lipids) on ice with trypsin for 15 minutes. Though their proteolytic profiles appear to be similar, the lipid-specific M48 and N39 domains of liposome-associated SecA were not very stable when treated with 30 µg/ml of trypsin. This is in contrast to the stable domains within similarly treated membrane-associated SecA (Figure 3A, lanes 4, 8). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Proteolysis of membrane-integrated SecA and various phospholipid-integrated SecA with trypsin. (A) Liposomes (20 μg) of E. coli lipid mixtures and 20 μg BA13 inverted inner membrane (Mb) were mixed with SecA (10 μg) in 100 μl DTK buffer on ice. Trypsin treatment was undertaken at the concentrations indicated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cheetahs can run indefinitely at top speed without tiring. [SEP] Text: Flies entering an arm within this time were considered ‘responders’. Olfactometer was cleaned thoroughly with 70% ethanol and distilled water before use. Also, arms were rotated (90°) to minimize positional eﬀects. Wind tunnel bioassays Our study was carried out in a wind tunnel with a 45 cm × 80 cm × 220 cm glass fight section. Charcoal-filtered air was passed through the chamber at 0. 20 cm/s−1 with air temperatures of 24 ±1°C and 70% ± 5% RH. To avoid bias caused by light, the wind tunnel was lit from above by LED lights set at 10 lux. Test insects were kept starved for 24 h prior to the bioassay. Volatile samples for odor delivery were prepared at 5% concentration and transferred to a 20-ml polypropylene vial before testing. This vial was placed on the tripod ahead of 15 cm of the fan. For each treatment, we tested the landing rate of 10 separately released C. capitata that were given 10 minutes to respond to the volatile chemicals. This test was repeated four times. If the adult did not take off, we terminate the trial and consider it a non-responder. Each adult was used only once. At the end of each treatment, the wind tunnel was cleaned with 70% alcohol and distilled water. Experimental field This study was conducted in the cropping year 2021 in Adana (37°03′ 98,21′′N,35°36′ 05. 73′′E), Turkey. The study was carried out in 3 da planted Clementine mandarin orchard. chemicals were evaluated separately in the field to test their attractiveness to C. capitata adults. A 20-ml polypropylene vial with a 5-mm-diameter hole punched into the cap served as a slow-release dispenser. Dispensers contained 0. 5 g of cotton and were baited with 5 ml using 5% concentrations of the chemicals to be evaluated as single compounds. The vials were placed in Lastfly traps. Traps were placed at 1. 5–2 m height in the open shade of the Clementine mandarin canopy between every third row in the Clementine mandarin orchard with a distance of more than four trees apart. There were four replicates of each treatment. Traps were cleared weekly between 15 July and 10 August 2021.

Output: pass