Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: , low expression of PD-1), and have a greater ability to respond to homeostatic cytokines [71], which facilitates their survival. In addition, the “right” Tregs express high levels of molecules that facilitate their homing to lymph nodes (LNs), such as CD62L and CC-chemokine receptors (e. g. , CCR4, CCR7), and maintain stability or plasticity under certain inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, after an effective immune response, the “right” Tregs persist in a variety of differentiation states, providing protective immunity. Thus, the “right” Tregs are the superior subsets for use in cell-based therapies. Finally, because there are too few cells, harvesting sufficient numbers of tissue-associated Tregs from patients’ PBMC for TCR gene transduction can be problematic. Taken together, strong arguments support the development of Treg-based therapies in autoimmune disorders using engineered Tregs. While clinical trials show the safety, feasibility, and potential therapeutic activity of Treg-based therapies using this approach, concerns about autoimmunity due to cross-reactivity with healthy tissues remain a major safety issue [72, 73]. In addition, genetically modified Tregs using current approaches are usually intermediate or later effector Tregs [74], which only have short-term persistence in vivo. Advertisement 6. Stem cell-derived date, stem cells are the only source available to generate a high number of the “right” Tregs [75, 76]. It has been already demonstrated that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) are like embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in different aspects, including the expression of definite stem cell genes and proteins, doubling time, embryoid body formation, viable chimera formation, potency and differentiability, chromatin methylation patterns, and teratoma formation [77]. However, the similarity between iPSCs and ESCs is still being assessed [78]. The generation of iPSCs from the mouse and human somatic cells has garnered considerable attention. Research has shown that iPSCs could be generated from the mouse and human somatic cells by introducing Oct3/4 and Sox2 with either Klf4 and c-Myc or Nanog and Lin28 using retroviruses or lentiviruses-mediated transduction [79–82].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Farmers are adopting organic farming due to the advantages like, It is self-sustaining and socially and ecologically superior over the conventional farming. It makes use of cost effective management practices involving the use of farm inputs produced within the farm. It is less expensive. It is environment friendly as there is no pollution of soil and water. It enriches the soil and the local ecology. The produce is free of contamination from chemical residues has better taste, flavour and nutritional value. Seeds have more vitality and are good for successive generations. Growing markets for safe food 91 - 96 (6 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart The increasing awareness of the deleterious effects of indiscriminate use of artificial inputs in agriculture such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides hasled to the adoption of organic farming as an alternative method for conventional farming. Farmers are adopting organic farming due to the advantages like, It is self-sustaining and socially and ecologically superior over the conventional farming. It makes use of cost effective management practices involving the use of farm inputs produced within the farm. It is less expensive. It is environment friendly as there is no pollution of soil and water. It enriches the soil and the local ecology. The produce is free of contamination from chemical residues has better taste, flavour and nutritional value. Seeds have more vitality and are good for successive generations. Growing markets for safe food 6 of & Soil is a living system and soil fertility is the key to agricultural productivity. Any input that destroys this living system and undermines soil health basically undermines the agricultural productivity. The maintenance of the fertility of soil is the primary step in any permanent system of agriculture. Fertile land and sufficient water are vital for sustaining agriculture and livelihoods. Fertility of a soil is defined by its ability to provide all essential nutrients in adequate quantities and in the proper balance for the growth of plants – independent of direct application of nutrients – when other growth factors like light, temperature and water are favorable. This ability does not depend on the nutrient content of the soil only, but on its efficiency in transforming nutrients within the farm’s nutrient circle. In transformation of nutrients soil organisms play a key role. They break down biomass from crop residues, green manures and mulch and contribute to build up of soil organic matter, including humus, the soil’s most important nutrient reservoir.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Andersen, J. H. , Carstensen, J. , Lysiak-Pastuszak, E. , Murray, C. , Pyhälä, M. , and Laamanen, M. : Recent developments in assessment methodology reveal that the eutrophication problem is expanding, Ecol. Indic. , 48, 380–388, 2015. Flinkman, J. , Aro, E. , Vuorinen, I. , and Viitasalo, M. : Changes in northern Baltic zooplankton and herring nutrition from 1980s to 1990s: top-down and bottom-up processes at work, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 165, 127–136, 1998. Forsblom, L. , Linden, A. , Engström-Öst, J. , Lehtiniemi, M. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Identifying biotic drivers of population dynamics in a benthic-pelagic community, Ecol. Evol. , 11, 4035–4045, 2021. Friedland, R. , Neumann, T. , and Schernewski, G. : Climate change and the action plan: Model simulations on the future of the western Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst. , 105, 175–186, 2012. Frommel, A. Y. , Schubert, A. , Piatkowski, U. , and Clemmesen, C. : Egg and early larval stages of Baltic cod, Gadus morhua, are robust to high levels of ocean acidification, Mar. Biol. , 160, 1825–1834, 2013. . , Jilbert, T. , and Slomp, C. P. : Hypoxia sustains Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol. , 48, 2598–2602, 2014. Gårdmark, A. and Huss, M. : Individual variation and interactions explain food web responses to global warming, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 375, 11, 2020. Gårdmark, A. , Lindegren, M. , Neuenfeldt, S. , Blenckner, T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Thus, iPSC technology continues to progress rapidly, and clinically applicable iPSCs can be generated from patients with noninvasive medical procedures. Many genetic methods as well as protein-based approaches have been developed to produce iPSCs with potentially reduced risks, including that of immunogenicity and tumorigenicity [83]. Because of the plasticity and the potential for an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, iPSCs have great potential to be used in cell-based therapies for autoimmune disorders comparable to ESCs and HSCs. Previously, T cells have been demonstrated to be differentiated from ESCs and HSCs; recently T cells [84] and Ag-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) [85] have been confirmed to be differentiated from iPSCs. In these investigations, the researchers genetically modified mouse iPSCs with Ag (ovalbumin, OVA)-specific MHC II (I-Ab)-restricted TCR and FoxP3, and then in vivo differentiated the iPSCs into functional Ag-specific CD4+ Tregs, which dramatically prevented the mice from Ag-induced arthritis. Thus, a new approach to generate a high number of functional Tregs from iPSCs may be used for the treatments of autoimmune disorders. In fact, Ag-specific Tregs can be in vitro generated from iPSCs through a Notch-mediated signaling. It has been shown that Ag-specific Tregs were generated from iPSCs or ESCs genetically modified with the FoxP3 and Ag-specific TCR followed by stimulation with an in vitro Notch signaling. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of these stem cell-derived Ag-specific Tregs had the ability to secrete a large amount of suppressive cytokines, including TGF-β and IL-10, and suppressed autoimmunity [11, 75]. Additionally, forced expression of Ag-specific TCR can suppress the expression of recombination-activating (Rag) genes, resulting in a uniform expression of Ag-specific TCR on iPSC or ESC-derived Tregs. As a result, this method has a potential to develop a great number of single-type Ag-specific Tregs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Presence of these organisms in crop fields is not a problem until their numbers increase beyond a level where they attack, and cause substantial reductionin field crop yields or quality of harvested and stored produce. The organic approach to plant pest, plant disease and weed management makes reference to the four principles of organic agriculture: the principle of health, the principle of ecology, the principle of fairness, and the principle of care. Generally, organic farmers aim at sustaining and enhancing the health of their soils, plants, animals, humankind and—in the widest sense—the planet. The health of individuals and communities cannot be separated fromthe health of ecosystems. Therefore, by providing healthy soils and a diversified natural environment, farmers are able to produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people. Healthy plants are also able to resist and tolerate physiological disruption and damage from disease-causing organisms and pests. Thus, organic farmers aim at optimizing the growing conditions for their crops to make them strong and competitive. At the same time they encourage natural control mechanisms to prevent pests, diseases and weeds to develop in a way that they cannot damage the crops. They, therefore, give priority to preventive measures to prevent and limit the spread of infections, instead of relying on direct control measures. Direct control measures are mainly applied when pathogens have already developed. 165 - 238 (74 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart From an ecological perspective all organisms are part of nature, irrespective of what they do. To a farmer, all organisms that reduce the yields of their crops are considered pests, diseases or weeds. Insects, birds or other animals are also pests whenever they cause damage to crops or stored produce. Fungi, bacteria and viruses are also recognized as disease causing organisms when they lead to conditions that interrupt or modify the vital functions of growing plants or stored produce. All unwanted plants that grow within crops and compete with them for nutrients, water and sunlight are considered weeds. Such plants can also be hosts for pests and diseases. Presence of these organisms in crop fields is not a problem until their numbers increase beyond a level where they attack, and cause substantial reductionin field crop yields or quality of harvested and stored produce. The organic approach to plant pest, plant disease and weed management makes reference to the four principles of organic agriculture: the principle of health, the principle of ecology, the principle of fairness, and the principle of care.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , and Vainio, J. : Sea ice in the – A review, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 70, 145–160, 2006. Griffiths, J. R. , Kadin, M. , Nascimento, F. J. A. , Tamelander, T. , Törnroos, A. , Bonaglia, S. , Bonsdorff, E. , Bruchert, V. , Gårdmark, A. , Järnström, M. , Kotta, J. , Lindegren, M. , Nordström, M. C. , Norkko, A. , Olsson, J. , Weigel, B. , Zydelis, R. , Blenckner, T. , Niiranen, S. , and Winder, M. : The importance of benthic-pelagic coupling for marine ecosystem functioning in a changing world, Glob. Change Biol. , 23, 2179–2196, 2017. Griffiths, J. R. , Lehtinen, S. , Suikkanen, S. , and Winder, M. : Limited evidence for common interannual trends in summer phytoplankton biomass, 15, e0231690, 2020. Groetsch, P. M. M. , Simis, S. G. H. , Eleveld, M. A. , and Peters, S. W. M. : Spring blooms in the have weakened but lengthened from 2000 to 2014, Biogeosciences, 13, 4959–4973, 2016. Gubelit, Y. I. : Climatic impact on community of filamentous macroalgae in the Neva estuary (eastern Baltic Sea), Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 91, 166–172, 2015. Gunderson, A. R. , Armstrong, E. J. , and Stillman, J. H. : in a changing world: The need for an improved perspective on physiological responses to the dynamic marine environment, in: of Marine Science, Vol. 8, edited by: Carlson, C. A. and Giovannoni, S. J. , of 357–378, 2016.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Telomere length in relation to immunological parameters in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Plos One. 2013;8(2):e55543. 71. Cutting Edge: Memory regulatory T cells require IL-7 and Not IL-2 for their maintenance in peripheral tissues. of Immunology. 2013;190(9):4483–7. 72. Facilitating matched pairing and expression of TCR chains introduced into human T cells. Blood. 2007;109(6):2331–8. 73. van Loenen MM, de cell receptor dimers harbor potentially harmful neoreactivity. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 2010;107(24):10972–7. 74. Engineered antigen-specific human regulatory T cells: immunosuppression of FVIII-specific T- and B-cell responses. Blood. 2014. 75. Programming of regulatory T cells from pluripotent stem cells and prevention of autoimmunity. of Immunology. 2012;189(3):1228–36. 76. . Directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells towards T lymphocytes. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. 2012(63):e3986. 77. Induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells are distinguished by gene expression signatures. Cell. 2009;5(1):111–23. 78. Kiskinis E, Eggan K. Progress toward the clinical application of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. of Clinical Investigation. 2010;120(1):51–9. 79. Reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotency with defined factors. Nature. 2008;451(7175):141–6. 80. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007;131(5):861–72. 81. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126(4):663–76. 82. -Otto K, Antosiewicz- Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007;318(5858):1917–20. 83. . Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Generally, organic farmers aim at sustaining and enhancing the health of their soils, plants, animals, humankind and—in the widest sense—the planet. The health of individuals and communities cannot be separated fromthe health of ecosystems. Therefore, by providing healthy soils and a diversified natural environment, farmers are able to produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people. Healthy plants are also able to resist and tolerate physiological disruption and damage from disease-causing organisms and pests. Thus, organic farmers aim at optimizing the growing conditions for their crops to make them strong and competitive. At the same time they encourage natural control mechanisms to prevent pests, diseases and weeds to develop in a way that they cannot damage the crops. They, therefore, give priority to preventive measures to prevent and limit the spread of infections, instead of relying on direct control measures. Direct control measures are mainly applied when pathogens have already developed. 8 ITK’s in Agricultural scientists and policy makers have understood that continuation of modern agriculture might lead to severe ecological and economic problems. We are also convinced that modern agriculture may not be able to meet the requirements of the ever increasing population in the future. So, we are searching for alternative technologies. Several alternatives have been proposed such as low external input agriculture, sustainable agriculture, organic farming, biodynamic farming etc. However, they require, some times little or considerable external inputs whose availability may be uncertain in future. Hence for the developing countries, the other alternative viz. , traditional methods have special advantages over modern agricultural techniques. Also the capital and technological skill requirements in the use of traditional technologies are generally low and their adoption often requires little restructure of the traditional societies. The traditional technologies are nothing but indigenous technical knowledge. By adopting such indigenous knowledge, our ancestors did not face any problem of large-scale pest out break or economic crisis unlike the today’s farmers. 239 - 251 (13 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Agricultural scientists and policy makers have understood that continuation of modern agriculture might lead to severe ecological and economic problems. We are also convinced that modern agriculture may not be able to meet the requirements of the ever increasing population in the future. So, we are searching for alternative technologies. Several alternatives have been proposed such as low external input agriculture, sustainable agriculture, organic farming, biodynamic farming etc. However, they require, some times little or considerable external inputs whose availability may be uncertain in future.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Gustafsson, B. G. , Schenk, F. , Blenckner, T. , Eilola, K. , Meier, H. E. M. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Neumann, T. , Ruoho-Airola, T. , Savchuk, O. P. , and Zorita, E. : Reconstructing the development of eutrophication 1850–2006, Ambio, 41, 534–548, 2012. Guy-Haim, T. , Lyons, D. A. , Kotta, J. , Ojaveer, H. , Queiros, A. M. , Chatzinikolaou, E. , Arvanitidis, C. , Como, S. , Magni, P. , Blight, A. J. , Orav-Kotta, H. , Somerfield, P. J. , Crowe, T. P. , and Rilov, G. : Diverse effects of invasive ecosystem engineers on marine biodiversity and ecosystem functions: A global review and meta-analysis, Glob. Change Biol. , 24, 906–924, 2018. Hakala, T. , Viitasalo, M. , Rita, H. , Aro, E. , Flinkman, J. , and Vuorinen, I. : Temporal and spatial variation in the growth rates of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras L. ) larvae during summer, Mar. Biol. , 142, 25–33, 2003. Hällfors, H. , Backer, H. , Leppänen, J. M. , Hällfors, S. , Hällfors, G. , and Kuosa, H. : The northern phytoplankton communities in 1903–1911 and 1993–2005: a comparison of historical and modern species data, Hydrobiologia, 707, 109–133, 2013. Hänninen, J. , Vuorinen, I. , Rajasilta, M. , and Reid, P. C. : Response of the Baltic and to river runoff from the Baltic watershed – Physical and biological changes, Prog. Oceanogr.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) could elevate stem cell therapeutics standardization to unprecedented levels. However, a unique optimized procedure for large-scale production of MSCs, of homogenous quality, from iPSCs (iMSCs) is missing. Main methods, culture components, and common MSC markers to produce iMSCs are provided here as reference resources for the establishment of harmonized Procedures towards obtaining clinical-grade iMSCs with improved CT performance. Citation: Dupuis V, Oltra E. Methods to produce induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Mesenchymal stem cells from induced pluripotent stem cells. 2021; 13(8): 1094-1111 URL: DOI: cells (SCs) are unspecialized cells capable of self-replication and of generating specific cell types through differentiation. They are necessary for the regular renewal of our tissues and organs such as the skin or gut´s lining, but also for the regeneration of damaged tissues upon injury; and, thus, for human homeostasis and survival. Most of the time SCs are found in a “dormant” state and become activated by signals received from tissues needing to be repaired. SCs, however, lose their potential for repair over their lifetime[1,2]. During embryonic development, SCs are very active, they can differentiate into a wide range of cell types and can migrate easily throughout the embryonic structure, whereas in the adult they decrease in number, restrict themselves to specific tissue locations and become more specialized. In particular, mesenchymal SCs (MSCs) are adult pluripotent SCs that can be found in various tissues at low numbers. They were initially (mid 60s) identified by Friedenstein in the bone marrow of mice[3], but later have been found in many additional human tissues[4] including adipose tissue[5], umbilical cord[6], neural crest cells[7], and dental tissues[8-11]. Basically, all vascularized human tissues seem to harbor MSCs[12]. MSCs are consensually described by fulfilling the minimal criterion established by the for (ISCT) including the presence of specific cell surface markers, their capacity for tri-lineage differentiation, their fibroblast-morphology, and adherent ability[13].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Hence for the developing countries, the other alternative viz. , traditional methods have special advantages over modern agricultural techniques. Also the capital and technological skill requirements in the use of traditional technologies are generally low and their adoption often requires little restructure of the traditional societies. The traditional technologies are nothing but indigenous technical knowledge. By adopting such indigenous knowledge, our ancestors did not face any problem of large-scale pest out break or economic crisis unlike the today’s farmers. 9 Organic farming is a crop production method respecting the rules of the nature, targeted to produce nutritive, healthy and pollution free food. It maximizes the use of on -farm resources and minimizes the use of off – farm inputs. The general guidelines on organic production of crops are prepared based on for (NPOP) launched by Government of India. These guidelines enable the growers to attain more or less the same level of the productivity of conventional farming within a few years and at the same time maintain the fertility of the soil and protect the ecological balance. 252 - 269 (18 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Organic farming is a crop production method respecting the rules of the nature, targeted to produce nutritive, healthy and pollution free food. It maximizes the use of on -farm resources and minimizes the use of off – farm inputs. The general guidelines on organic production of crops are prepared based on for (NPOP) launched by Government of India. These guidelines enable the growers to attain more or less the same level of the productivity of conventional farming within a few years and at the same time maintain the fertility of the soil and protect the ecological balance. 10 Farming system approach addresses itself to each of the farmer enterprises; inter relationship among enterprises and between the farm and environment. Thus farming system research has the objective of increasing productivity of various enterprises in the farm. Farming system approach introduces a change in farming technique for high production from a farm as a whole with the integration of all the enterprises. The farm produce other than the economic products for which the crop is grown can be better utilized for productive purposes in the farming system approach. A judicious mix of cropping system with associated enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, sericulture etc. suited to the given agro-climatic conditions and socio economic status of farmers would bring prosperity to the farmer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Bly Joyce, K. , Ehrnsten, E. , Eilola, K. ,. , Saraiva, S. , and Tomczak, M. : Provision of aquatic ecosystem services as a consequence of societal changes: The case of the Baltic Sea, Popul. Ecol. , 63, 61–74, 2019. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H. -O. , Roberts, D. C. , Masson-Delmotte, V. , Zhai, P. , Tignor, M. , Poloczanska, E. , Mintenbeck, K. , Alegría, A. , Nicolai, M. , Okem, A. , Petzold, J. , Rama, B. , and Weyer, N. M. , and 3–35, 2019. Ito, M. , Scotti, M. , Franz, M. , Barboza, F. R. , Buchholz, B. , Zimmer, M. , Guy-Haim, T. , and Wahl, M. : Effects of temperature on carbon circulation in macroalgal food webs are mediated by herbivores, Mar. Biol. , 166, 1–11, 2019. Jakubowska, M. , Jerzak, M. , Normant, M. , Burska, D. , and Drzazgowski, J. : Effect of carbon dioxide -induced water acidification on the physiological processes of the Baltic isopod Saduria entomon, J. Shellfish Res. , 32, 825–834, 2013. Jänes, H. , Herkül, K. , and Kotta, J. : Environmental niche separation between native and non-native benthic invertebrate species: Case study of the northern Baltic Sea, Mar. Environ. Res. , 131, 123–133, 2017. Jansson, A. , Lischka, S. , Boxhammer, T. , Schulz, K. G. , and Norkko, J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an inexhaustible source for MSC production because they can be grown indefinitely in pluripotent state without signs of replicative senescence. Importantly, their phenotype and functions are better defined, and contrary to ESCs, they do not require destruction of embryos[37,38]. The differentiation of iPSCs into MSCs to produce iMSCs of homogeneous quality, therefore, holds great promise to overcome the actual limitations that adult MSC present for clinical applications. Various methods to produce iMSCs with potential for industrial scale-up have already emerged[39]. They are particularly mediated via various culture components and growth factor complementation, such as the use of coating materials and the addition of pathway inhibitors. Ectopic expression of MSC-related genes may also be used to further refine these protocols[40]. As iPSCs can spontaneously differentiate, a need to evaluate iMSC (MSCs from iPSCs) appearance in large-scale production protocols to support reproducible iMSC quality production results obvious. This review gathers information on the main current non-commercial protocols used to differentiate iPSC into iMSC, describes cell sources of the iPSCs assayed, and lists the characterization procedures applied to the obtained iMSCs based on cell surface markers. This information can guide future scale-up protocols, and required refinements, towards optimization of iMSC production of homogeneous quality fitting therapeutic demands. approaches to generate iMSCsWe have reviewed 32 selected studies describing original methods to generate iMSCs, and have classified the identified procedures according to the following five main strategies: MSC Switch (15/32), (EBs) (13/32), (5/32), (5/32), and (3/32). They will be presented by order of their frequency of use in the selected literature (Table 1-5). Some of the studies used more than one of these methods, as detailed in 1. To define the method variants used by different groups, an “iPSC to iMSC Protocol” column has been incorporated in each table (Table 1-5).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Combination of Integrated farming system (IFS) along with organic farming so called integrated organic farming system (IOFS)appear to be the possible solution to the continuous increase of demand for food production, stability of income and improvement of nutrition for the small and marginal farmers with limited resources. Integration of different enterprises with crop activity as base will provide ways to recycle products and waste materials of one component as input through another linked component and reduce the cost of production of the products which will finally raise the total income of the farm. This becomes quite essential as crop cultivation is subjected to a high degree of risk and provides only seasonal, irregular and uncertain income and employment to the farmers. With a view to mitigate the risk and uncertainty in agriculture, IOFS serves as an informal insurance. Production of agricultural crops, vary in response to changes of the seasons. In the recent period stable income of agricultural crops has become unstable. Redressing these by integrating crops with agro-based industries like livestock farming is essential. An integrated organic farming system applies the concept of “Agriculture” (LEISA) and this system develops the livestock business and the crop business in one location or area using local resources to optimize inputs. Designing a farming system to tie together principles of sustainability and productivity is complex. Organic farmers must consider how the various components of their system - rotations, pest and weed management, and soil health - will maintain both productivity and profitability. This section outlines the major principles incorporated into organic farming systems. 270 - 284 (15 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Farming system approach addresses itself to each of the farmer enterprises; inter relationship among enterprises and between the farm and environment. Thus farming system research has the objective of increasing productivity of various enterprises in the farm. Farming system approach introduces a change in farming technique for high production from a farm as a whole with the integration of all the enterprises. The farm produce other than the economic products for which the crop is grown can be better utilized for productive purposes in the farming system approach. A judicious mix of cropping system with associated enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, sericulture etc. suited to the given agro-climatic conditions and socio economic status of farmers would bring prosperity to the farmer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Changing seasonality of the Baltic Sea, Biogeosciences, 13, 1009–1018, 2016. Karjalainen, M. , Kozlowsky-Suzuki, B. , Lehtiniemi, M. , Engström-Öst, J. , Kankaanpää, H. , and Viitasalo, M. : Nodularin accumulation during cyanobacterial blooms and experimental depuration in zooplankton, Mar. Biol. , 148, 683–691, 2006. Karjalainen, M. , Engström-Öst, J. , Korpinen, S. , Peltonen, H. , Pääkkönen, J. -P. , Rönkkönen, S. , Suikkanen, S. , and Viitasalo, M. : Ecosystem consequences of cyanobacteria in the northern Baltic Sea, Ambio, 36, 195–202, 2007. Karlberg, M. and Wulff, A. : Impact of temperature and species interaction on filamentous cyanobacteria may be more important than salinity and increased pCO2 levels, Mar. Biol. , 160, 2063–2072, 2013. Karlsson, K. and Winder, M. : Adaptation potential of the copepod Eurytemora affinis to a future warmer Baltic Sea, Ecol. Evol. , 10, 5135–5151, 2020. Kiljunen, M. , Peltonen, H. , Lehtiniemi, M. , Uusitalo, L. , Sinisalo, T. , Norkko, J. , Kunnasranta, M. , Torniainen, J. , Rissanen, A. J. , and Karjalainen, J. : Benthic-pelagic coupling and trophic relationships in northern food webs, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 65, 1706–1722, 2020. Kinnby, A. , Jonsson, P. R. , Ortega-Martinez, O. , Topel, M. , Pavia, H. , Pereyra, R. T. , and Johannesson, K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text:  NEAA + p/s, then, cells were cultured on gelatin coated plates; and (2) Cells cultured with iMSC media: KO-DMEM + L-Glutamine + 10% FBS + NEAA + p/s12Generation of valve interstitial-like cells from iMSC14Wang et al[52], 2018Amniocytes(1) iPSC cultured with induction medium: α-MEM + 10% FBS + p/s + L-Glutamine + NEAA + sodium pyruvate + l-ascorbate-2- phosphate; (2) Cells plated on gelatin-coated plates; and (3) Cells plated on uncoated plates with iPSC-MSC medium = High-Glucose DMEM + FBS + bFGF + EGF + p/s14Effect of Dexamethasone on iMSC3Wang et al[53], 2018cultured with MSC medium: Low-Glucose DMEM + 10% FBS + p/s + L-glutamineNAImmunomodulatory properties of MSC, transcriptome analysis8McGrath et al[54], 20191Dermal fibroblast(1) iPSC-MP thawed and expanded in + bFGF + L-Glutamine + MEM + NEAA + 20% FBS + Antibiotic-Antimycotic + β-ME; and (2) Cell are plated into gelatin coated-plates with + heparin + hPL + bFGF + L-Glutamine + + Antibiotic-Antimycotic + β-differentiation: GMP-compatible and xeno-free cultivation6 iPSC origin refers to the cell type used for reprograming; Time is indicated as the minimum number of days required to obtain iMSCs; 2020.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Combination of Integrated farming system (IFS) along with organic farming so called integrated organic farming system (IOFS)appear to be the possible solution to the continuous increase of demand for food production, stability of income and improvement of nutrition for the small and marginal farmers with limited resources. Integration of different enterprises with crop activity as base will provide ways to recycle products and waste materials of one component as input through another linked component and reduce the cost of production of the products which will finally raise the total income of the farm. This becomes quite essential as crop cultivation is subjected to a high degree of risk and provides only seasonal, irregular and uncertain income and employment to the farmers. With a view to mitigate the risk and uncertainty in agriculture, IOFS serves as an informal insurance. Production of agricultural crops, vary in response to changes of the seasons. In the recent period stable income of agricultural crops has become unstable. Redressing these by integrating crops with agro-based industries like livestock farming is essential. An integrated organic farming system applies the concept of “Agriculture” (LEISA) and this system develops the livestock business and the crop business in one location or area using local resources to optimize inputs. Designing a farming system to tie together principles of sustainability and productivity is complex. Organic farmers must consider how the various components of their system - rotations, pest and weed management, and soil health - will maintain both productivity and profitability. This section outlines the major principles incorporated into organic farming systems. 11 and Legislation of In general, any business directly involved in food production can be certified, including seed suppliers, farmers, food processors, retailers and restaurants. Requirements vary from country to country, and generally involve a set of production standards for growing, storage, processing, packaging and shipping organic certification ensures: Avoidance of synthetic chemical inputs (e. g. Fertilizer, pesticides, antibiotics, food additives, etc) and genetically modified organisms; Use of farmland that has been free from chemicals for a number of years (often, three or more); Keeping detailed written production and sales records (audit trail); Maintaining strict physical separation of organic products from non-certified products and Undergoing periodical on-site inspections. In some countries, certification is overseen by the government, and commercial use of the term organic is legally restricted.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Combining an ecological experiment and a genome scan show idiosyncratic responses to salinity stress in local populations of a seaweed, Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 12, 2020. Kiørboe, T. , Saiz, E. , and Viitasalo, M. : Prey switching behaviour in the planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 143, 65–75, 1996. Klais, R. , Tamminen, T. , Kremp, A. , Spilling, K. , and Olli, K. : Decadal-scale changes of dinoflagellates and diatoms in the anomalous spring bloom, 6, e21567, 2011. Klais, R. , Tamminen, T. , Kremp, A. , Spilling, K. , An, B. W. , Hajdu, S. , and Olli, K. : Spring phytoplankton communities shaped by interannual weather variability and dispersal limitation: Mechanisms of climate change effects on key coastal primary producers, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 58, 753–762, 2013. Klauschies, T. , Bauer, B. , Aberle-Malzahn, N. , Sommer, U. , and Gaedke, U. : Climate change effects on phytoplankton depend on cell size and food web structure, Mar. Biol. , 159, 2455–2478, 2012. Klunder, L. , van Bleijswijk, J. D. L. , Schaars, L. K. , van der Veer, H. W. , Luttikhuizen, P. C. , and Bijleveld, A. I. : Quantification of marine benthic communities with metabarcoding, Mol. Ecol. Resour. , 22, 1043–1054, 2022. Kniebusch, M. , Meier, H. M. , Neumann, T. , and Börgel, F. : Temperature variability of the since 1850 and attribution to atmospheric forcing variables, J. Geophys. Res. -Oceans, 124, 4168–4187, 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 5% CO2 atmosphere); and (2) Cells cultured with ESC–MSC medium: + KOSR + NEAA + p/s + L-Glutamine + β-ME + bFGF + EGF + SB43154245Tumor tropism of iMSC79 iPSC origin refers to the cell type used for reprograming; Time is indicated as the minimum number of days required to obtain iMSCs; 2020. 1In 2020. 1In 3580. CHIR and SB-431542 had been used by Fukuta et al[66], as mentioned earlier, to induce neural progenitor-like cells before inducing MSC differentiation. In fact, some of the methods merge two of the five strategies here described for the production of iMSCs. Zhao et al[67], Jeong et al[46], and Chen et al[57] confirmed that this treatment worked with iPSCs. Indeed, SB431542 leads to the downregulation of pluripotency genes by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway, promoting differentiation into MSCs. These results are encouraging because they show that MSC differentiation methods used earlier for the differentiation of hESCs[68-70] could be applied to produce MSCs from iPSCs. Only 3 of the 32 studies selected used media supplemented with human platelet lysate (hPL), in replacement of fetal bovine serum (FBS), to produce iMSCs. As the name suggests, it uses a lysate of platelets obtained from human peripheral blood to supplement iPSC´s growing media, replacing the FBS component, which by its animal origin raised ethical and safety concerns. This method, therefore, could improve the safety of the final iMSCs produced. McGrath et al[54], Frobel et al[71], and Luzzani et al[72] decided to use this method to grant a procedure free of animal components. The differentiation protocol is similar to the already described for the MSC Switch category, with the exception that the anticoagulant heparin is used in the media to prevent clotting. It should be highlighted that Frobel et al[71] revealed an incomplete reacquisition of the immunomodulatory properties of iMSCs obtained with this variant of the protocol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Certified organic producers are also subject to the same agricultural, food safety and other government regulations that apply to non-certified producers. 285 - 306 (22 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart In general, any business directly involved in food production can be certified, including seed suppliers, farmers, food processors, retailers and restaurants. Requirements vary from country to country, and generally involve a set of production standards for growing, storage, processing, packaging and shipping organic certification ensures: Avoidance of synthetic chemical inputs (e. g. Fertilizer, pesticides, antibiotics, food additives, etc) and genetically modified organisms; Use of farmland that has been free from chemicals for a number of years (often, three or more); Keeping detailed written production and sales records (audit trail); Maintaining strict physical separation of organic products from non-certified products and Undergoing periodical on-site inspections. In some countries, certification is overseen by the government, and commercial use of the term organic is legally restricted. Certified organic producers are also subject to the same agricultural, food safety and other government regulations that apply to non-certified producers. 12 Management of Optimal quality organic produce that combines the desired textural properties, sensory shelf-life, and nutritional content results from the careful implementation of recommended production inputs and practices, careful handling at harvest, and appropriate postharvest handling and storage. This section will focus on an overview of general postharvest handling considerations unique to the marketing of registered or certified organic produce. Maturity index for fruits and vegetables The principles dictating at which stage of maturity a fruit or vegetable should be harvested are crucial to its subsequent storage and marketable life and quality. Post-harvest physiologists distinguish three stages in the life span of fruits and vegetables: maturation, ripening and senescence. Maturation is indicative of the fruit being ready for harvest. At this point, the edible part of the fruit or vegetable is fully developed in size, although it may not be ready for immediate consumption. Ripening follows or overlaps maturation, rendering the produce edible, as indicated by taste. Senescence is the last stage, characterized by natural degradation of the fruit or vegetable, as in loss of texture, flavour, etc. (senescence ends at the death of the tissue of the fruit). Some typical maturity indexes are described in following sections. 307 - 335 (29 Pages) USD34.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Korpinen, S. , Honkanen, T. , Vesakoski, O. , Hemmi, A. , Koivikko, R. , Loponen, J. , and Jormalainen, V. : Macroalgal communities face the challenge of changing biotic interactions: Review with focus on the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 36, 203–211, 2007. Korpinen, S. , Uusitalo, L. , Nordström, M. C. , Dierking, J. , Tomczak, M. T. , Haldin, J. , Opitz, S. , Bonsdorff, E. , and Neuenfeldt, S. : Food web assessments in the Baltic Sea: Models bridging the gap between indicators and policy needs, Ambio, in press, 2022. Kortsch, S. , Frelat, R. , Pecuchet, L. , Olivier, P. , Putnis, I. , Bonsdorff, E. , Ojaveer, H. , Jurgensone, I. , Strake, S. , Rubene, G. , Kruze, E. , and Nordström, M. C. : Disentangling temporal food web dynamics facilitates understanding of ecosystem functioning, J. Anim. Ecol. , 90, 1205–1216, 2021. Kotta, J. , Vanhatalo, J. , Jänes, H. , Orav-Kotta, H. , Rugiu, L. , Jormalainen, V. , Bobsien, I. , Viitasalo, M. , Virtanen, E. , and Nyström Sandman, A. : Integrating experimental and distribution data to predict future species patterns, Sci. Rep. , 9, 1821, 2019. Kremp, A. , Godhe, A. , Egardt, J. , Dupont, S. , Suikkanen, S. , Casabianca, S. , and Penna, A. : Intraspecific variability in the response of bloom-forming marine microalgae to changed climate conditions, Ecol. Evol. , 2, 1195–1207, 2012. Kremp, A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Functional mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells attenuate limb ischemia in mice. Circulation. 2010;121:1113-1123. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 32. 0] [Analysis (1)] 42. -Griscelli A. Human mesenchymal stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells down-regulate NK-cell cytolytic machinery. Blood. 2011;118:3254-3262. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 8. 9] [Analysis (0)] 43. . One-step derivation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells on a fibrillar collagen coating. PLoS One. 2012;7:e33225. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 7. 8] [Analysis (0)] 44. -ünger C. A simple method for deriving functional MSCs and applied for osteogenesis in 3D scaffolds. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2243. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 9. 7] [Analysis (1)] 45. . Generation of functional mesenchymal stem cells from different induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Dev. 2014;23:1084-1096. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 11. 6] [Analysis (0)] 46. . Patient-tailored application for Duchene muscular dystrophy on mdx mice based induced mesenchymal stem cells. Pathol. 2014;97:253-258. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 1. 6] [Analysis (0)] 47. . Exosomes secreted by human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate limb ischemia by promoting angiogenesis in mice. Res Ther. 2015;6:10. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 29. 9] [Analysis (0)] 48. ünger C, Bolund L, Luo Y. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells retain adequate osteogenicity and chondrogenicity but less adipogenicity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: 99 Add to cart Optimal quality organic produce that combines the desired textural properties, sensory shelf-life, and nutritional content results from the careful implementation of recommended production inputs and practices, careful handling at harvest, and appropriate postharvest handling and storage. This section will focus on an overview of general postharvest handling considerations unique to the marketing of registered or certified organic produce. Maturity index for fruits and vegetables The principles dictating at which stage of maturity a fruit or vegetable should be harvested are crucial to its subsequent storage and marketable life and quality. Post-harvest physiologists distinguish three stages in the life span of fruits and vegetables: maturation, ripening and senescence. Maturation is indicative of the fruit being ready for harvest. At this point, the edible part of the fruit or vegetable is fully developed in size, although it may not be ready for immediate consumption. Ripening follows or overlaps maturation, rendering the produce edible, as indicated by taste. Senescence is the last stage, characterized by natural degradation of the fruit or vegetable, as in loss of texture, flavour, etc. (senescence ends at the death of the tissue of the fruit). Some typical maturity indexes are described in following sections. 13 capacity of the soil is enhanced with the sowing of MVS which provides ideal condition for regeneration. It creates green cover dry leaf cover in the top soil (35-40 cm height) which will facilitate the multiplication of inoculated beneficial microbes in the soil. seeds sowing techniques MVS contains seeds of three to four crops belonging to each category viz. , cereals, pulses oilseeds, nitrogen fixing green manures and spices and condiments. The seeds of above crops may be mixed in different proportion based on their growth habit and seasonal requirement. For example in the summer the following mixture can be practiced with each of 1-1. 5 kg each. 336 - 346 (11 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Regeneration capacity of the soil is enhanced with the sowing of MVS which provides ideal condition for regeneration. It creates green cover dry leaf cover in the top soil (35-40 cm height) which will facilitate the multiplication of inoculated beneficial microbes in the soil. seeds sowing techniques MVS contains seeds of three to four crops belonging to each category viz. , cereals, pulses oilseeds, nitrogen fixing green manures and spices and condiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Oja, J. , LeTortorec, A. H. , Hakanen, P. , Tahvanainen, P. , Tuimala, J. , and Suikkanen, S. : Diverse seed banks favour adaptation of microalgal populations to future climate conditions, Environ. Microbiol. , 18, 679–691, 2016. Kuosa, H. , Fleming-Lehtinen, V. , Lehtinen, S. , Lehtiniemi, M. , Nygård, H. , Raateoja, M. , Raitaniemi, J. , Tuimala, J. , Uusitalo, L. , and Suikkanen, S. : A retrospective view of the development of the Gulf of Bothnia ecosystem, J. Marine Syst. , 167, 78–92, 2017. Lappalainen, J. , Virtanen, E. A. , Kallio, K. , Junttila, S. , and Viitasalo, M. : Substrate limitation of a habitat-forming genus Fucus under different water clarity scenarios in the northern Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 218, 31–38, 2019. Lefébure, R. , Degerman, R. , Andersson, A. , Larsson, S. , Eriksson, L. O. , Båmstedt, U. , and Byström, P. : Impacts of elevated terrestrial nutrient loads and temperature on pelagic food-web efficiency and fish production, Glob. Change Biol. , 19, 1358–1372, 2013. Lehmann, A. , Myrberg, K. , Post, P. , Chubarenko, I. , Dailidiene, I. , Hinrichsen, H. -H. , Hüssy, K. , Liblik, T. , Meier, H. E. M. , Lips, U. , and Bukanova, T. : Salinity dynamics of the Baltic Sea, Earth Syst. Dynam. , 13, 373–392, 2022. Leidenberger, S. , De Giovanni, R. , Kulawik, R. , Williams, A. R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 15. 4] [Analysis (0)] 57. . Small molecule mesengenic induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells to generate mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Transl Med. 2012;1:83-95. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 12. 3] [Analysis (0)] 58. Villa-. Derivation of mesenchymal stem cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells cultured on synthetic substrates. Stem Cells. 2012;30:1174-1181. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 12. 9] [Analysis (0)] 59. . One-step derivation of cardiomyocytes and mesenchymal stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Res. 2012;9:87-100. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 6. 0] [Analysis (0)] 60. Šarić T, Wagner W. Induced pluripotent mesenchymal stromal cell clones retain donor-derived differences in DNA methylation profiles. Mol Ther. 2013;21:240-250. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 3. 8] [Analysis (0)] 61. . iPSC-derived human mesenchymal stem cells improve myocardial strain of infarcted myocardium. J Med. 2014;18:1644-1654. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 3. 5] [Analysis (0)] 62. . of Cells and Adipocytes from Stem Cells. Cells. 2020;9. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 3. 0] [Analysis (0)] 63. . (iPSC)-derived Cells (MSCs) Effects in Repair of Injury as Compared to Adult MSCs. Urol J. 2020;17:204-209. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 64. . Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells prolong hind limb survival in a rat vascularized composite allotransplantation model. Microsurgery. 2019;39:737-747. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: The seeds of above crops may be mixed in different proportion based on their growth habit and seasonal requirement. For example in the summer the following mixture can be practiced with each of 1-1. 5 kg each. 14 Climate change mitigation is urgent, and adaptation to climate change is crucial, particularly in agriculture, where food security is at stake. The gases contributing to the greenhouse effect mainly include carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). These gases have varying global warming potentials, which can be expressed in CO2 equivalents. Agriculture, currently responsible for 2030% of global greenhouse gas emissions (counting direct and indirect agricultural emissions), can however contribute to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. The main mitigation potential lies in the capacity of agricultural soils to sequester CO2 through building organic matter. This potential can be realized by employing sustainable agricultural practices, such as those commonly found within organic farming systems. Examples of these practices are the use of organic fertilizers and crop rotations including legume leys and cover crops. Mitigation is also achieved in organic agriculture through the avoidance of open biomass burning, and the avoidance of synthetic fertilizers, the production of which causes emissions from fossil fuel use. Organic agriculture is associated with higher carbon sequestration as many organic practices help to improve soilquality and carbon sequestration. The most common organic practices that increase soil organic carbon are the use of organic fertilizers (such as the composted waste products from livestock husbandry), crop rotation involving legumes and the planting of cover crops. Organic farming offers several ways to mitigate climate change when compared to conventional agriculture: Primarily, organic farming, through its key practices of organic fertiliser use and crop rotations with forage legumes, tends to increase soil organic carbon levels resulting in carbon sequestration. This contributes to climate change mitigation, as it absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and stores the additional carbon in the soil. However, depending on soil type and climatic conditions, this process usually comes to a halt after some decades, when soil organic carbon levels have reached a new equilibrium and soils arethus saturated with respect to organic carboncontents. Furthermore, this storage of organiccarbon is reversible and the carbon can again be released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when switching to unsustainable practices. 347 - 358 (12 Pages) USD34.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , and Bourlat, S. J. : Mapping present and future potential distribution patterns for a meso-grazer guild in the Baltic Sea, J. Biogeogr. , 42, 241–254, 2015. Leray, M. and Knowlton, N. : DNA barcoding and metabarcoding of standardized samples reveal patterns of marine benthic diversity, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 2076–2081, 2015. Lessin, G. , Raudsepp, U. , Maljutenko, I. , Laanemets, J. , Passenko, J. , and Jaanus, A. : Model study on present and future eutrophication and nitrogen fixation in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst. , 129, 76–85, 2014. Lewandowska, A. M. , Breithaupt, P. , Hillebrand, H. , Hoppe, H. G. , Jürgens, K. , and Sommer, U. : Responses of primary productivity to increased temperature and phytoplankton diversity, J. Sea Res. , 72, 87–93, 2012. . , Matthiessen, B. , Sommer, U. , and Worm, B. : Effects of sea surface warming on marine plankton, Ecol. Lett. , 17, 614–623, 2014. Liblik, T. and Lips, U. : Strengthened in the – of 35 Years of Observational Data, Front. Earth Sci. , 7, 15, 2019. Lienart, C. , Garbaras, A. , Qvarfordt, S. , Walve, J. , and Karlson, A. M. L. : Spatio-temporal variation in stable isotope and elemental composition of key-species reflect environmental changes in the Baltic Sea, Biogeochemistry, 157, 149–170, 2021. Limburg, K. E. and Casini, M. : Otolith chemistry indicates recent worsened Baltic cod condition is linked to hypoxia exposure, Biol. Lett. , 15, 20190352, 2019. Lindegren, M. , Diekmann, R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 22, 707–716. CrossrefPubMed2008. Human ESCs predisposition to karyotypic instability: Is a matter of culture adaptation or differential vulnerability among hESC lines due to inherent properties? Mol. Cancer776-82. Catalina, P. , Montes, R. , Ligero, G. , Sanchez, L. , de la Cueva, T. , Bueno, C. , Leone, P. E. , and Menendez, P. (2008). Human ESCs predisposition to karyotypic instability: Is a matter of culture adaptation or differential vulnerability among hESC lines due to inherent properties? Mol. Cancer 7, 76–82. CrossrefPubMed2011. BMPs functionally replace Klf4 and support efficient reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts by Oct4 aloneCell Res. 21205-212. Chen, J. , Liu, J. , Yang, J. , Chen, Y. , Chen, J. , Ni, S. , Song, H. , Zeng, L. , Ding, K. , and Pei, D. (2011). BMPs functionally replace Klf4 and support efficient reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts by Oct4 alone. Cell Res. 21, 205–212. CrossrefPubMed2003. Human adult marrow cells support prolonged expansion of human embryonic stem cells in cultureStem Cells21131-142. Cheng, L. , Hammond, H. , Ye, Z. , Zhan, X. , and Dravid, G. (2003). Human adult marrow cells support prolonged expansion of human embryonic stem cells in culture. 21, 131–142. CrossrefPubMed2010. enhances the generation of mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cellsCell671-79. Esteban, M. A. , Wang, T. , Qin, B. , Yang, J. , Qin, D. , Cai, J. , Li, W. , Weng, Z. , Chen, J. , Ni, S. , Chen, K. , Li, Y. , Liu, X. , Xu, J. , Zhang, S. , Li, F. , He, W. , Labuda, K. , Song, Y. , Peterbauer, A. , Wolbank, S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: 99 Add to cart Climate change mitigation is urgent, and adaptation to climate change is crucial, particularly in agriculture, where food security is at stake. The gases contributing to the greenhouse effect mainly include carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). These gases have varying global warming potentials, which can be expressed in CO2 equivalents. Agriculture, currently responsible for 2030% of global greenhouse gas emissions (counting direct and indirect agricultural emissions), can however contribute to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. The main mitigation potential lies in the capacity of agricultural soils to sequester CO2 through building organic matter. This potential can be realized by employing sustainable agricultural practices, such as those commonly found within organic farming systems. Examples of these practices are the use of organic fertilizers and crop rotations including legume leys and cover crops. Mitigation is also achieved in organic agriculture through the avoidance of open biomass burning, and the avoidance of synthetic fertilizers, the production of which causes emissions from fossil fuel use. Organic agriculture is associated with higher carbon sequestration as many organic practices help to improve soilquality and carbon sequestration. The most common organic practices that increase soil organic carbon are the use of organic fertilizers (such as the composted waste products from livestock husbandry), crop rotation involving legumes and the planting of cover crops. Organic farming offers several ways to mitigate climate change when compared to conventional agriculture: Primarily, organic farming, through its key practices of organic fertiliser use and crop rotations with forage legumes, tends to increase soil organic carbon levels resulting in carbon sequestration. This contributes to climate change mitigation, as it absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and stores the additional carbon in the soil. However, depending on soil type and climatic conditions, this process usually comes to a halt after some decades, when soil organic carbon levels have reached a new equilibrium and soils arethus saturated with respect to organic carboncontents. Furthermore, this storage of organiccarbon is reversible and the carbon can again be released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when switching to unsustainable practices. 15 Annexure 1:. Ltd. Mr. Director No. 1314, Indiranagar 2nd Stage Bangalore-560 038. (Karnataka) Tel. : 080-25285883, 25201546Fax: 080-25272185 Email:imoind@vsnl. com Pvt. Ltd.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , and Möllmann, C. : Regime shifts, resilience and recovery of a cod stock, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 402, 239–253, 2010a. Lindegren, M. , Möllmann, C. , Nielsen, A. , Brander, K. , MacKenzie, B. R. , and Stenseth, N. C. : Ecological forecasting under climate change: the case of Baltic cod, P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. , 277, 2121–2130, 2010b. Lindegren, M. , Blenckner, T. , and Stenseth, N. C. : Nutrient reduction and climate change cause a potential shift from pelagic to benthic pathways in a eutrophic marine ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol. , 18, 3491–3503, 2012. Lindh, M. V. , Riemann, L. , Baltar, F. , Romero-Oliva, C. , Salomon, P. S. , Graneli, E. , and Pinhassi, J. : Consequences of increased temperature and acidification on bacterioplankton community composition during a mesocosm spring bloom in the Baltic Sea, Env. Microbiol. Rep. , 5, 252–262, 2013. Lindh, M. V. , Lefébure, R. , Degerman, R. , Lundin, D. , Andersson, A. , and Pinhassi, J. : Consequences of increased terrestrial dissolved organic matter and temperature on bacterioplankton community composition during a mesocosm experiment, Ambio, 44, S402–S412, 2015. Lischka, S. , Bach, L. T. , Schulz, K. -G. , and Riebesell, U. : Ciliate and mesozooplankton community response to increasing CO2 levels in the Baltic Sea: insights from a large-scale mesocosm experiment, Biogeosciences, 14, 447–466, 2017. Loick-Wilde, N. , Fernandez-Urruzola, I. , Eglite, E. , Liskow, I.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: , Redl, H. , Zhong, M. , Cai, D. , Zeng, L. , and Pei, D. (2010). enhances the generation of mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 6, 71–79. CrossrefPubMed2003. A culture system using human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells allows production of human embryonic stem cellsHum. Reprod. 181404-1409. Hovatta, O. , Mikkola, M. , Gertow, K. , Strömberg, A. M. , Inzunza, J. , Hreinsson, J. , Rozell, B. , Blennow, E. , Andäng, M. , and Ahrlund-Richter, L. (2003). A culture system using human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells allows production of human embryonic stem cells. Hum. Reprod. 18, 1404–1409. CrossrefPubMed2008. Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compoundsNat. Biotechnol. 26795-797. Huangfu, D. , Maehr, R. , Guo, W. , Eijkelenboom, A. , Snitow, M. , Chen, A. E. , and Melton, D. A. (2008). Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 795–797. CrossrefPubMed2009. A small-molecule inhibitor of tgf-Beta signaling replaces sox2 in reprogramming by inducing nanogCell5491-503. Ichida, J. K. , Blanchard, J. , Lam, K. ,. , Loh, K. M. , Carter, A. C. , Di Giorgio, F. P. , Koszka, K. , Huangfu, D. , Akutsu, H. , Liu, D. R. , Rubin, L. L. , and Eggan, K. (2009). A small-molecule inhibitor of tgf-Beta signaling replaces sox2 in reprogramming by inducing nanog. Cell 5, 491–503.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Production of organic crops: Vertical farming will facilitate production of organic crops in large scale production. Further, adoption of this technology will help in reduction in use of chemical pesticides. Conservation and recycling of natural resources: The vertical farming technology includes hydroponics and aeroponics which consumes very less amount of water than utilized in the conventional agriculture. Thus, helps in conservation and recycling of the water resources. Further, urban sewage waste can be used in composted and recycled form in vertical farming, which will further help in recycling of the resources. Environment friendly: Vertical farming will reduce the dependency on land resources and help in regrowth of forests. Further, due to less use of equipments, it will lead to decrease in CO2 emission, thus help in conservation of the environment. Sustainable urban growth: Vertical farming, applied with a holistic approach in combination with other technologies, will help urban areas to absorb the expected rise in population and yet still remain food sufficient. However, traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming. Key issues challenging the adoption of vertical farming are Uniform practices cannot be adopted for vertical farming due to variable weather conditions in different regions of the world. Lack of crop varieties suitable for the vertical farming. This aspect needs immediate attention from the researchers, as in the absence of suitable varieties adoption of this technique will be difficult. Lack of knowledge and skills required for farming practices in urban populations. Organic farming Organic farming also known as ecological agriculture8 or biodynamic agriculture,9 works in harmony with nature i. e. the agricultural practices followed in organic agriculture do not cause any harm to the environment. Due to eco-friendly nature of the organic farming it is considered as an viable alternative in comparison to chemical based farming, in a scenario where excessive use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides have raised the concerns for ecotoxicity and health hazards. 10–12 Nutrient management in organic agriculture is based on agronomic practices like crop rotations, soil fertility building via nitrogen and nutrient recycling using organic material like crop residues, farmyard manure and minimization of use of chemical based fertilizers. 13 Control of pest populations in organic farming relies on use of resistant crops, crop rotation, increase in predators for natural control of the pests and increase in genetic diversity along with the judicious use of water resources and animal husbandry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Dieterich, C. , Eilola, K. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Höglund, A. , and Schimanke, S. : Modeling the combined impact of changing climate and changing nutrient loads on the environment in an ensemble of transient simulations for 1961–2099, Clim. Dynam. , 39, 2421–2441, 2012a. Meier, H. E. M. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Andersson, H. C. , Dieterich, C. , Eilola, K. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Höglund, A. , Hordoir, R. , Kuznetsov, I. , Neumann, T. , Ranjbar, Z. , Savchuk, O. P. , and Schimanke, S. : Impact of climate change on ecological quality indicators and biogeochemical fluxes in the Baltic Sea: a multi-model ensemble study, Ambio, 41, 558–573, 2012b. Meier, H. . , Neumann, T. ,. , Frauen, C. , Friedland, R. , Gröger, M. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Gustafsson, E. , Isaev, A. , Kniebusch, M. , Kuznetsov, I. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Omstedt, A. , Ryabchenko, V. , Saraiva, S. , and Savchuk, O. P. : Assessment of eutrophication Abatement acenarios for the by multi-model ensemble simulations, Front. Mar. Sci. , 5, 440, 2018. Meier, H. E. M. , Dieterich, C. , Eilola, K. , Gröger, M. , Höglund, A. , Radtke, H. , Saraiva, S. , and Wåhlström, I. : Future projections of record-breaking sea surface temperature and cyanobacteria bloom events in the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 48, 1362–1376, 2019a. Meier, H. E. M. , Eilola, K. , Almroth-Rosell, E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Transcriptional profiling of the developmentally important signalling pathways in human embryonic stem cells. Hum. Reprod. 21, 405–412. CrossrefPubMed2002. Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cellsNat. Biotechnol. 20933-936. Richards, M. , and Bongso A. (2002). Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 933–936. CrossrefPubMed2007. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factorsCell131861-872. Takahashi, K. , Tanabe, K. , Ohnuki, M. , Narita, M. , Ichisaka, T. , Tomoda, K. , amd Yamanaka, S. (2007). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131, 861–872. CrossrefPubMed2009. Human induced pluripotent stem cells on autologous feedersPLoS One4e8067. Takahashi, K. , Narita, M. , Yokura, M. , Ichisaka, T. , and Yamanaka, S. (2009). Human induced pluripotent stem cells on autologous feeders. PLoS One 4, e8067. CrossrefPubMed2009. Immortalized human skin fibroblast feeder cells support growth and maintenance of both human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cellsHum. Reprod. 242567-2581. Unger, C. , Gao, S. , Cohen, M. , Jaconi, M. , Bergstrom, R. , Holm, F. , Galan, A. , Sanchez, E. , Irion, O. , Dubuisson, J. B. , Giry-Laterriere, M. , Salmon, P. , Simon, C. , Hovatta, O. , and Feki, A. (2009). Immortalized human skin fibroblast feeder cells support growth and maintenance of both human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Hum. Reprod. 24, 2567–2581. CrossrefPubMed2007.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: 14 According to the latest survey of FiBL-IFOAM (Research institute of organic agriculture- of Movements) conducted in the end of 2012, data on organic agriculture is available from 164 countries and 37. 5million hectare land is cultivated organically worldwide including those in the process of conversion. The data suggest that there is an increase in organically cultivable land in 2012 by 0. 5 percent, and around 1. 9million producers are engaged in the organic farming. 15 A shift to organic agriculture brings about significant changes in the agricultural practices for example: restricted use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, increases of other inputs such as organic materials, labor, farm machinery, cultural practices (e. g. , crop rotation), and require better knowledge of biological processes. 16 These changes require training of the farmers in organic agriculture and increase in the awareness in current trends. Production methods in organic farming are variable and depend upon the variables like local environment. In organic farming use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides is discouraged. The nutrition and disease management is done by incorporation of organic materials and crop rotation. 17 Advantages of organic farming Sustainability: Organic agriculture considers the medium- and long-term effect of agricultural interventions on the agro-ecosystem. Production of food is accompanied with establishment of ecological balance to prevent soil sterility or pest problems. Ecological services: The impact of organic agriculture on natural resources favors interactions within the agro-ecosystem and environmental variables. Ecological services derived include soil forming and conditioning, soil stabilization, waste recycling, carbon sequestration, nutrients cycling, predation, pollination and habitats. Biodiversity: Organic farming help in conservation of the environment and hence biodiversity. Lack of use in chemical pesticides, helps in maintain and recolonizing of the beneficial species in the area, including wild flora and fauna. The number of studies on organic farming and biodiversity increased significantly within the last years. A recent study reporting on a meta-analysis of 766 scientific papers concluded that organic farming produces more biodiversity than other farming systems. 18 Challenges faced in organic farming Highly labor intensive Effective organic inputs are not available in appropriate quantity and time. Lack of adoption in standardized agronomic practices for organic farming. sufficiency in food production along with the conservation of the environment are the major objectives of the agriculture presently.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Schimanke, S. , Kniebusch, M. , Hoglund, A. , Pemberton, P. , Liu, Y. , Vali, G. , and Saraiva, S. : Disentangling the impact of nutrient load and climate changes on hypoxia and eutrophication since 1850, Clim. Dynam. , 53, 1145–1166, 2019b. Meier, H. E. M. , Edman, M. , Eilola, K. , Placke, M. , Neumann, T. ,. , Frauen, C. , Friedland, R. , Gröger, M. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Gustafsson, E. , Isaev, A. , Kniebusch, M. , Kuznetsov, I. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Naumann, M. , Omstedt, A. , Ryabchenko, V. , Saraiva, S. , and Savchuk, O. P. : Assessment of uncertainties in scenario simulations of biogeochemical cycles in the Baltic Sea, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 46, 2019c. Meier, H. E. M. , Dieterich, C. , and Groger, M. : Natural variability is a large source of uncertainty in future projections of hypoxia in the Baltic Sea, Commun. Earth Environ. , 2, 13, 2021. Meier, H. E. M. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , Dutheil, C. , Börgel, F. , Safonova, K. , Christensen, O. B. , and Kjellström, E. : Oceanographic regional climate projections for the until 2100, Earth Syst. Dynam. , 13, 159–199, 2022a. Meier, H. E. M. , Kniebusch, M. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , Zorita, E. , Elmgren, R. , Myrberg, K. , Ahola, M. P. , Bartosova, A. , Bonsdorff, E. , Börgel, F. , Capell, R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The discoveries of various stem cell populations possessing cardiogenic potential and the advance of methods to isolate and expand these cells have shaped the notion of cell-based restorative therapy [8-11]. Despite much knowledge gained through numerous basic researches, significant challenges for true cardiac regeneration remain, and the field lacks sufficient results conclusive to support full-scale implementation of such treatments. Furthermore, results of clinical researches in cardiac stem cell therapy with a relatively small cohort scale were marginal, thus only showing little clinical advantages so far [12]. Among the stem cell types, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) [Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)] possess great capacity for cardiac regeneration mainly due to the prominent potential to expand and differentiate into most somatic cell lineages [13,14]. To date, no human trials using PSCs for cardiac repair have been attempted. Intensive translational researches, including the demonstration of effectiveness and safety, are needed to realize clinical application of PSCs. Another concern is the actual phenomena which are taking place in the niche of transplanted site: does cardiac stem cell therapy bring de novo functional myocardium, or some indirect mechanisms mediate cardiac repair? It is reported that very few of the transplanted tissue stem cells seem to differentiate into mature cardiovascular cell types, suggesting that transplanted cells exert indirect paracrine effects by which humoral factors induce or support favorable processes, including angiogenesis, prevention of apoptosis, and promotion of healing, in the injured myocardium rather than differentiating into de novo myocardium [4,15]. PSCs might possess advantages in this context; defined cell populations differentiated from PSCs might be effective to elucidate underlying paracrine mechanisms in cardiac restoration compared to bulk cell mixture derived from somatic stem cells with various cell lineages and differentiation stages [16]. Concerning stem cell transplantation, as well as the transplanted cell type, the method for transplantation is also important to overcome the poor efficiency of engraftment with needle injection. A promising approach is the creation of cell sheets that better support effective engraftment of the transplants. We have shown the effectiveness of temperature-responsive cell sheet technology in basic studies [16]. In this 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: The constraints in achieving this task are: limiting land and water resources along with the degradation of the environmental health due to excessive use of chemicals for nutrition and pest management in agriculture. Anthropogenic activities for development have resulted in further degradation of environment and have spurred the rate of climate change. Global efforts have been initiated for reducing the effects of climate change on earth in general and agriculture in particular. These steps should be complimented with the innovations in production techniques employed in agriculture and also scientific utilization of the indigenous knowledge which is proven as more sustainable. The two different methodologies of agriculture elaborated above can be integrated in the current agriculture system without many disturbances and can be adopted on a global scale. Vertical farming, which is a recent concept in agriculture, has great potential considering the falling land resources for agriculture due extensive urbanization and increase in per capita income of the developing nations. The methodology though a new concept for the developing nation, is of great promise and can efficiently meet the challenge in terms of quantity, quality and variety. Organic farming on the other hand is a well known concept in agriculture, but requires further exploration and integration of scientific knowledge for incorporation in the main stream agriculture to feed the growing demands. These two different methodologies, with separate principles are promising avenues for global agriculture and require further exploration in terms research and integration in main stream for healthier environment and well fed world. Conclusion Thus, in conclusion changing demographic trends and technological advancements are delivering new innovations in the field of agriculture. These emerging technologies are required to be used judiciously to meet the growing demands from modern agriculture. Vertical farming and organic farming can be adopted as the viable alternatives for the conventional agriculture to meet the changing demands and needs of mankind. Further, constraints in adoption of such practices should be addressed and linkages between researchers and farmers should be created for suitable measures. Acknowledgements None. Conflicts of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 03. Rome, FAO; 2002. Global trends in agriculture and food systems. In: Halberg N, et al. editors. Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and promises. UK: CAB International; 2005. www. verticalfarms. com. au www. verticalfarms. com. au Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment. 2006;113(1-4): 17-35. Lampkin N. Organic Farming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Carlén, I. , Carlund, T. , Carstensen, J. , Christensen, O. B. , Dierschke, V. , Frauen, C. , Frederiksen, M. , Gaget, E. , Galatius, A. , Haapala, J. J. , Halkka, A. , Hugelius, G. , Hünicke, B. , Jaagus, J. , Jüssi, M. , Käyhkö, J. , Kirchner, N. , Kjellström, E. , Kulinski, K. , Lehmann, A. , Lindström, G. , May, W. , Miller, P. A. , Mohrholz, V. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Pavón-Jordán, D. , Quante, M. , Reckermann, M. , Rutgersson, A. , Savchuk, O. P. , Stendel, M. , Tuomi, L. , Viitasalo, M. , Weisse, R. , and Zhang, W. : Climate change in the region: a summary, Earth Syst. Dynam. , 13, 457–593, 2022b. Möller, K. O. , Schmidt, J. O. , St. John, M. , Temming, A. , Diekmann, R. , Peters, J. , Floeter, J. , Sell, A. F. , Herrmann, J. P. , and Möllmann, C. : Effects of climate-induced habitat changes on a key zooplankton species, J. Plankton Res. , 37, 530–541, 2015. Möllmann, C. , Kornilovs, G. , Fetter, M. , Köster, F. W. , and Hinrichsen, H. H. : The marine copepod, Pseudocalanus elongatus, as a mediator between climate variability and fisheries in the Sea, Fish. Oceanogr. , 12, 360–368, 2003. Möllmann, C. , Diekmann, R. , Müller-Karulis, B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: These marginal results indicate that more efficient approaches for stem cell therapy are needed to realize full-scale stem cell-based therapy. Advertisement 3. Advantages of pluripotent stem cells in cardiac regenerationEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) are one of the stem cell populations which can be removed from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and expanded in vitro with practically no limitations [13]. Yamanaka and colleagues have discovered that reprogramming of adult somatic cells with transcription factor genes that confer pluripotency generates ESC-like cells, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [14,50]. Among the stem cell types, these pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) [ESCs iPSCs] possess great capacity especially for cardiac regeneration due to several reasons. The first reason is that PSCs can be expanded practically indefinitely in vitro remaining pluripotent in an undifferentiated state in culture, and can give rise to most somatic cell lineages once allowed to differentiate. In this regard, the regenerative capacity is theoretically limitless [51]. The merit of PSCs is larger especially for the heart compared to other organs, such as endocrine or sensory organs, as the heart functions as an assembly of a large number of cells including cardiomyocytes and other cell types (e. g. vascular cells, cardiac fibroblasts), and numerous (>108) heart-composing cells might be required to fully compensate for the damaged human heart [5]. The second reason is that the capacity for the differentiation towards a desired cell type, such as cardiomyocytes or other vascular cell types is the highest among various stem cell populations known to possess cardiogenic potential. The differentiation of PSCs can be driven towards cardiomyocytes or others by culture conditions as monolayers or embryoid bodies in various growth media [52–55]. Previously, we have developed a novel monolayer culture-based ESC iPSC differentiation system that recapitulates early cardiovascular developmental processes using Flk1 (also designed as vascular endothelial cell growth factor [VEGF] receptor-2)-positive cells as common cardiovascular progenitors. Cardiovascular cell types, namely cardiomyocytes [53], endothelial cells, and vascular mural cells [52], can be systematically induced and purified with this system (Figure 1A).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Components and working of a synchrotron facilityA synchrotron facility in general, consists of:Electron gun: It consists of a transformer which feeds a very high voltage (in hundred thousand Volts, approximately, 200000 V of DC) of electricity through a cathode which causes the electrons to jump off the surface. The cathode is made of tungsten-oxide disk, otherwise called a button. As electricity flows through the disk, the disk gets heated to about 1000° C, the temperature at which the electrons are released. A screen near the button is given a short, strong positive charge 125 times per second, which pulls the negative charge p2. 9 to 6 GeV by the radio frequency cavity generated microwaves. Ring increases the speed of the electrons close to the speed of light (approximately 99. 9999985 percent of the speed of light). There are two types of electro magnets in the booster ring. These magnets create the magnetic field, which is used by the synchrotron to guide the electrons around the booster ring. The magnetic field of the quadruple magnets are used to force the bunches of electrons into a fine beam within the vacuum chamber. Storage Ring: After the electrons have gained sufficient energy to produce light, the injection system transfers them from the booster ring to the storage ring. The process of transferring electrons from booster to storage ring occurs approximately once per second up to 600 cycles which may take about 10 minutes. Once entered the storage ring, the electrons keep circulating for four to twelve hours and every time the dipole magnets/bending magnets bend the path of electron flow, photons are released. The bending magnets are aimed to circulate the electrons in a circular path [16]. After each turn of the bending magnets, there is a photon port to allow the light to travel down the beam lines to the research stations. Beam line: Each beam line consists of an optics cabin, experimental cabin, and control cabin. The optics cabin has optical instruments used to extract the type of radiation required for the experiment. The experimental cabin is for support mechanism, and provides environment for the sample study. Instruments called detectors record the information generated from the sample are recorded by the detectors. The control cabin, as the name suggest, allows the researchers to control the experiments and collect the data. End Station: The final result is obtained at the end station. The components of end station are experiment specific.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Kornilovs, G. , Plikshs, M. , and Axe, P. : Reorganization of a large marine ecosystem due to atmospheric and anthropogenic pressure: a discontinuous regime shift in the Sea, Glob. Change Biol. , 15, 1377–1393, 2009. Möllmann, C. , Cormon, X. , Funk, S. ,. , Sguotti, C. , Voss, R. , and Quaas, M. : Tipping point realized in cod fishery, Sci. Rep. , 11, 12, 2021. Morkune, R. , Lesutiene, J. , Bariseviciute, R. , Morkunas, J. , and Gasiunaite, Z. R. : Food sources of wintering piscivorous waterbirds in coastal waters: A triple stable isotope approach for the southeastern Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 171, 41–50, 2016. Moustaka-Gouni, M. , Kormas, K. A. , Scotti, M. , Vardaka, E. , and Sommer, U. : Warming and acidification effects on planktonic heterotrophic pico- and nanoflagellates in a mesocosm experiment, Protist, 167, 389–410, 2016. Munkes, B. , Löptien, U. , and Dietze, H. : Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: a review of models and facts, Biogeosciences, 18, 2347–2378, 2021. Murray, C. J. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Carstensen, J. , Conley, D. J. , Gustafsson, B. G. , and Andersen, J. H. : Past, present and future eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 12, 2019. Neuenfeldt, S. , Bartolino, V. , Orio, A. ,. , Bergstrom, U. , Ustups, D. , Kulatska, N. , and Casini, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In fact, of the various stem cell populations studied so far, PSCs have demonstrated probably the greatest capacity for cardiac cell differentiation and long-term cell survival [56]. The third reason is that PSCs might be advantageous for further elucidation of regenerative mechanisms. In the field of cardiac restoration with stem cell therapy, it has been widely believed that transplanted cells act as an inducer of indirect paracrine effects such as angiogenesis, prevention of apoptosis, and so on rather than regeneration of de novo myocardium [4,15]. Considering this point, the transplantation of somatic stem cells, which are largely performed thus far as mentioned above, may raise a question, “which cells are really effective? ”, because the transplanted cells from somatic stem cells might consist of heterogeneous cell populations. In this regard, the transplantation of defined cardiovascular cell populations systematically derived from PSCs might be much more superior to that of somatic stem cell-derived populations for the sake of the elucidation of regenerative mechanisms (Figure 1B). Figure 1. The advantages of PSCs for cardiac regeneration. (A): The capacity for the differentiation towards a desired cardiac cell type. The scheme of directed mouse PSC differentiation system from Flk1+ mesoderm cells as a common progenitor is shown. (B): Effectiveness for further elucidation of regenerative mechanisms. The usage of somatic stem cells (upper) may lead to the transplantation of heterogeneous derivatives in lineage and differentiation stage. On the other hand, the usage of directed PSC differentiation system with purifying processes (lower) clarify which cell populations are actually transplanted. ES cell, embryonic stem cell; iPS cell, induced pluripotent stem cell. The final reason is the discovery of iPSCs. The generation of iPSCs by reprogramming autologous somatic cells with genes regulating pluripotency may resolve the ethical and immunogenic issues associated with the use of ESCs. Furthermore, we have reported that cardiovascular cell types can be differentiated respectively from mouse iPSCs almost identically with those from mouse ESCs [57].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentSkip to main navigation menuSkip to site footer-/ Archives Vol. 50, No. 3: July-August 1998 10. 14452/MR-050-03-1998-07_3 Keywords: Ecology, During the period 1830-1870 the depletion of the natural fertility of the soil through the loss of soil nutrients was the central ecological concern of capitalist society in both Europe and (only comparable to concerns over the loss of forests, the growing pollution of the cities, and the Malthusian specter of overpopulation). This period saw the growth of "guano imperialism" as nations scoured the globe for natural fertilizers; the emergence of modem soil science; the gradual introduction of synthetic fertilizers; and the formation of radical proposal for the development of a sustainable agriculture, aimed ultimately at the elimination of the antagonism between town and country. This 10. 14452/MR-076-05-2024-09_4 or and the Transition to of the U. S. and the since 2000 Minqi Li, 10. 14452/MR-076-05-2024-09_2 or in Marx's Ecology to Socialist Eco-10. 14452/MR-076-05-2024-09_3 or from the Editors, October 2024 - Editors 10. 14452/MR-076-05-2024-09_0 or to the Ecologists! Harry Magdoff, Paul M. Sweezy 10. 14452/MR-076-04-2024-08_4 or in the öwy 10. 14452/MR-076-04-2024-08_1 or 10. 14452/MR-076-04-2024-08_5 or -Zero and the Decarbonization amid Competition in the Indo-de los Reyes, Singh 10. 14452/MR-076-03-2024-07_7 or the Ruling- Politics in the Indo-Anugrah 10. 14452/MR-076-03-2024-07_6 or to access subscriber-only resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Riemann, L. , Chierici, M. , and Wulff, A. : Limited response of a spring bloom community inoculated with filamentous cyanobacteria to elevated temperature and pCO2, Bot. Mar. , 62, 3–16, 2019. Olofsson, M. , Suikkanen, S. , Kobos, J. , Wasmund, N. , and Karlson, B. : Basin-specific changes in filamentous cyanobacteria community composition across four decades in the Baltic Sea, Harmful Algae, 91, 12, 2020. Olsson, J. , Tomczak, M. T. , Ojaveer, H. , Gårdmark, A. , Pöllumae, A. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Ustups, D. , Dinesen, G. E. , Peltonen, H. , Putnis, I. , Szymanek, L. , Simm, M. , Heikinheimo, O. , Gasyukov, P. , Axe, P. , and Bergström, L. : Temporal development of coastal ecosystems in the over the past two decades, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 72, 2539–2548, 2015. Omran, E. -S. E. and Negm, A. M. : Overview of the water bodies in the countries, in: Water resources quality and management in the countries, edited by: Negm, A. M. , Zelenakova, M. , and Kubiak-Wójcicka, K. , 17–42, ISBN 978-3-030-39701-2, 2020. Orio, A. , Bergstrom, U. , Florin, A. B. , Sics, I. , and Casini, M. : Long-term changes in spatial overlap between interacting cod and flounder in the Baltic Sea, Hydrobiologia, 847, 2541–2553, 2020. Orio, A. , Heimbrand, Y. , and Limburg, K. : Deoxygenation impacts on cod: Dramatic declines in ecosystem services of an iconic keystone predator, Ambio, 51, 626–637, 2021.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: This indicates that iPSCs possess almost the same regenerative capacity as that of ESCs. A potent differentiation protocol based on high-density monolayer culture and chemically defined factors, and modifications thereof, have been reported to induce cardiomyocytes from human iPSCs with a robust efficiency of 40–70 % [54, 58]. The application of this method would strongly promote cardiac regeneration using human iPSCs. The transplantation of cardiac cells derived from PSCs has been tested in animal studies with encouraging results [16, 54]. However, no human studies using PSCs for cardiac repair have been attempted so far. A major concern regarding iPSC transplantation as a treatment modality is related to the potential tumor formation. The differentiating cells from PSCs contain derivatives from three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), possessing the capacity to differentiate along any or all of these three lineages. This increases the risk of teratoma formation at the transplantation site. Although such teratomas are believed to be largely benign, some teratoma cells have been reported to express markers similar to those seen in malignant tumors [59]. Recently, protocols for generating human iPSCs without genomic integration by utilizing episomal vectors [60] or human artificial chromosome vectors [61] have been reported. These may reduce tumorigenesis due to mutations, which could otherwise limit the clinical application of iPSCs. Considering the results of these basic studies, PSCs (especially iPSCs) are currently recognized to be one of the most promising cell sources for cardiac regeneration. However, further careful exploration for the feasibility of this new modality will be needed to realize the clinical application. Advertisement 4. Cell sheet technology as a novel method for PSC-derived cell transplantationIn addition to the transplanted cell type, the transplantation method is also important to overcome poor efficiency of engraftment associated with needle injection. The low level of grafted cell survival and engraftment diminishes their potential for paracrine effects, besides regeneration of de novo myocardium, and is a major technical limitation for stem cell therapy [62]. It is reported that >70% of injected cells die during the first 48 hours after needle injection, progressively diminishing during the following days possibly due to the hypoxic, inflammatory, and/or fibrotic environment [63]. Another report shows that only 5. 4 to 8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text:  : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1979 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1978 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1977 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1976 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1975 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1974 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1973 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1972 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1971 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1970 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1969 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1968 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1967 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1966 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Otto, S. A. , Kornilovs, G. , Llope, M. , and Möllmann, C. : Interactions among density, climate, and food web effects determine long-term life cycle dynamics of a key copepod, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 498, 73-U408, 2014a. Otto, S. A. , Diekmann, R. , Flinkman, J. , Kornilovs, G. , and Möllmann, C. : Habitat heterogeneity determines climate impact on zooplankton community structure and dynamics, 9, e90875, 2014b. Paasche, Ø. , Österblom, H. , Neuenfeldt, S. , Bonsdorff, E. , Brander, K. , øyr, A. , and Jónsson, S. : Connecting the seas of norden, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 89, 2015. Pajusalu, L. , Martin, G. , and Pöllumae, A. : Results of laboratory and field experiments of the direct effect of increasing CO2 on net primary production of macroalgal species in brackish-water ecosystems, P. Est. Acad. Sci. , 62, 148–154, 2013. Pajusalu, L. , Martin, G. , Pöllumae, A. , Torn, K. , and Paalme, T. : Direct effects of increased CO2 concentrations in seawater on the net primary production of charophytes in a shallow, coastal, brackish-water ecosystem, Boreal Environ. Res. , 20, 413–422, 2015. Pajusalu, L. , Martin, G. , Paalme, T. , and Pöllumae, A. : The effect of CO2 enrichment on net photosynthesis of the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis in a brackish water environment, Peerj, 4, e2505, 2016. Pansch, C. , Nasrolahi, A. , Appelhans, Y. S. , and Wahl, M.

Output: pass