Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Therefore, although circadian rhythms become disrupted following lesions to the SCN and/or vSPVZ, when rhythms are detectable, alpha and period in DD and LL did not differ from those of controls. Figure 5. Effects of lesions on behavior in constant conditions. (A) Double-plotted actograms from 1 representative animal with bilateral ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPVZ) damage and no SCN damage (histology for this animal is in Figure 1A), (B) 1 representative animal with bilateral SCN damage and vSPVZ damage (histology for this animal is in Figure 1B, second row), and (C) a sham animal (histology for this animal is in Figure 1C) during periods of LD, DD, and LL, followed by LD. Note the arrhythmicity in SCN-lesioned animals and the periods of arrhythmicity in vSPVZ-lesioned animals, especially in constant conditions. Gray shaded areas indicate darkness, and white indicates light. (D) Total activity counts in DD and LL in shams and animals with bilateral lesions. *p < 0. 05. Means are presented along with SEM. Figure 6. Alpha and period in constant conditions in lesioned and sham-operated grass rats. Alpha (A) and period (B) were significantly higher in LL than in DD for both shams (black lines) and lesioned grass rats (gray lines). No differences were detected between the groups. *p < 0. 05. Means are presented along with SEM. DD vs. LLThe effects of DD and LL on total activity (Figure 5D) were assessed using a 2-way mixed ANOVA for lighting condition (within-subjects; DD vs. LL) and surgical condition (between-subjects; sham vs. bilateral lesion). revealed a significant main effect of lighting condition (F1,21 = 15. 1, p < 0. 001) but no main effect of surgical condition (F1,21 = 0. 4, p = 0. 533) and no interaction between the 2 variables (F1,21 = 0. 04, p = 0. 839). Importantly, activity counts were significantly higher during LL compared to DD, with no significant differences between shams and bilaterally lesioned animals.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A spacecraft will soon travel faster than the speed of light, allowing interstellar travel. [SEP] Text: This is because the angle of attack or the wave strength is directly related to the size of wave being propagated and the smaller the spacecraft the lighter it is and hence the speed of the wrap does not need to be as high as that of a heavy spacecraft and hence calculating the degree at which the microwave and the magnetic waves are propagated is very important for the acceleration and the speed. The main power source is close to 100% efficient and hence the power requirements of the spacecraft can also be met. Furthermore the formula E = mc2 states that energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared. When the formula of E=MC2 is substituted c = square root of ( energy x mass). This is why the amount of energy and mass required to achieve light speed differs. The higher it is however the better unless the spacecraft is able to substitute for it by adjusting the other parameters such as the field size and the magnitude and the weight. The total exact amount of energy that 1g of matter and 0. 5 g matter can produce is equivalent to 21. 5 kilotons of energy. Assuming 3g of anti matter and 6 g of matter is used the amount of energy produced would get an extremely vast number which is why it is so efficient. The formulae used to wrap and bend space time would be (Figure 2). Figure 2. 1 Einsteins field equation. Figure 2. 2 Einsteins space time equation. Figure 2. 3 Wrap drive and NLS/FTL speed equation. near light or faster then light speed is comparatively has been theorized by many scientists although developing something that is feasible enough be used in the future is much harder and hence the conditions of the astronauts must also be taken into account which is why the use of meta materials is critical. The instantaneous acceleration causes extreme G forces which is why the main cockpit would need to be made in way so that the pilots don’t face such forces. Some of this technology can be taken from hyper loops and can be further advanced. The spacecraft would also need to be capable of operating under any and most circumstances which is why the spacecraft would need to be capable of operating under the stresses of space.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Materials and methods Fly stocks Request a detailed protocol Drosophila stocks were raised on standard corn meal molasses at either 25°C or room temperature. The genetic stocks used in this study are summarized in Tables 4 and 5. We initially examined both males and females for sexually dimorphic adult phenotypes. We found an obvious sexual dimorphism only for the MBIN-b1 and -b2 neurons. Beyond these neurons, then, we did not discriminate as to the sex of the animals that we used. Table 4 Split GAL4 lines used to determine fates of larval mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) and mushroom body input neuron (MBINs).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: blot analysis of isolated SCN from individual animals, we quantified BMAL1 expression (as a percentage of α-Tubulin expression) over a 24-h period in isolated SCN after GSK3-KI or WT control mice were housed in DD for at least 2 weeks. Cosinor nonlinear regression revealed a significant BMAL1 expression rhythm in WT mice (n = 27/time course; cosinor nonlinear regression analysis; p < 0. 05 for SCN) with peak BMAL1 expression in the subjective night (mesor, 0. 82 ± 0. 08; amplitude, –0. 30 ± 0. 11; phase, 14. 85 ± 10. 61; Figure 2). In GSK3-KI mice, however, BMAL1 expression did not exhibit a significant 24-h rhythm (n = 25/time course; as determined by cosinor nonlinear regression analysis, p = 0. 91; Figure 2). There were no significant differences in α-tubulin expression levels with respect to time or genotype (p > 0. 05). These results indicate that constitutive GSK3 activation disrupts circadian expression of BMAL1 in the central pacemaker. Based on phosphorylation status, we predict that GSK3β activity is highest in WT SCN neurons at approximately CT16, when BMAL1 protein levels peak. GSK3α activity likely peaks around CT9, a time at which BMAL1 protein levels are increasing. These observations are consistent with the conceptual model that GSK3-mediated phosphorylation is an early event, which primes BMAL1 for subsequent degradation via ubiquitin/proteosomal degradation (Figure 2; Sahar et al. , 2010). The possibility also remains that chronic GSK3 activation influences BMAL1 protein levels indirectly, through phosphorylation of other clock components (e. g. , REV-ERBα, which in turn represses Bmal1 transcription). Figure 2. Rhythmic BMAL1 expression in mice with chronic GSK3 activation. (A) blots of BMAL1 reblotted for α-tubulin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A spacecraft will soon travel faster than the speed of light, allowing interstellar travel. [SEP] Text: While many areas such as the wrap drive, gravitational bending devices, field propulsion and even solutions to instantaneous acceleration have been researched upon a lot of things can be done to completely make light speed efficient. Many types of engines such as the helical engine developed by NASA have also proven to be successful although achieving 99% the speed of light may still pose challenges in reaching the destinations desired. Many future advancements are also happening at this moment and there might be more papers on how to achieve light speed but achieving 100% light speed and even more might still pose a challenge if principals used in physics is consistently applied. conclude the theory of light speed is possible and with valid discussions from scientists it is possible to do so currently although the main problem currently faced is actually implementing the solutions. With the current advancement in technology it is likely that by a decade or so light speed might be physically possible and might allow humans to reach the stars and the galaxy systems in less time. Furthermore the main technologies used and mentioned in this paper might be controversial although as time and advances in the field of physics it is very likely the phenomenas and the main technologies can be actually be proven and even tested in the future. The conclusion to the solution is that it is feasible and even viable and as humans aim to go beyond the reach of the solar system such technologies would be very important for long distance travel. In total this system is completely reliable and is comparatively easier to develop under the right situation and time making this very efficient. A lot of the technologies used in the paper are mainly new such as the new type of anti matter system, anti graviton electromagnetic field propulsion system and the zero point energy generator as well as the entire wave generation system, this makes the spacecraft and the technologies more modern which is a good thing because this relies on some principals of scientists like Einstein and newton and Maxwell but also uses new types of technology to and combines a bit of theory developed by the scientists to give us the solution of light speed aircraft, this is why the entire solution provided in the paper is completely proofed using the formulas but also using some basic principals of physics and then majorly advancing it to give us the solutions presented.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Cell nameSplit lineSplit lineSplit lineMBIN-b1,b2SS21716 [FS, TL)DAN-c1SS03066 (FS, TL)MB586B (FS)SS01702 (FS)DAN-d1MB328B (FS, TL)MBIN-l1SS04484 (FS, TL)SS01624 (FS)OAN-e1SS36923 (FS)SS01958 (FS)DAN-f1 (+DAN-c1)MB065b (FS, TL)MB145 (TL)DAN-g1SS01716 (FS, TL)SS01755 (FS)OAN-g1 (sVPMmx)SS25844 (FS)SS04268 (FS)DAN-h1SS01949 (NC,TL)SS01696 (NC)MB440B (NC)DAN-i1SS01949 (NC,TL)MB196C (NC)DAN-j1SS01949 (NC,TL)MB316B (NC)MB340C (NC)DAN-k1SS01757 (NC,TL)MB198B (NC)SS00616 (NC)MBON-a1SS00867 (FS,TL)SS01417 (FS)MBON-a2SS02006 (FS)MBON-b1,b2SS01708 (FS, TL)SS04112 (FS)SS01959 (FS)MBON-c1SS21789 (FS, TL)MBON-d1SS01705 (FS,TL)MBON-d2SS04231 (FS)MBON-e2SS04559 (FS, TL)MBON-f2SS04328 (FS, TL)SS36248 (FS)MBON-g1,g2SS02130 (FS, TL)SS02121 (FS)MBON-h1,h2SS01725 (FS, TL)MBON-i1SS01771MBON-j1SS01973 (FS,TL)SS01972 (FS)MBON-j2SS00860 (FS,TL)MBON-k1SS01962 (FS)SS01980 (TL)APLSS01671 (FS, TL) Bold lines are the best lines for

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: AbstractA circadian pacemaker consists of at least three essential features: the ability to generate circadian oscillations, an output signal, and the ability to be entrained by external signals. In rodents, ablation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) results in the loss of circadian rhythms in activity. Rhythmicity can be restored by transplanting fetal SCN into the brain of the lesioned animal, demonstrating the first two of the essential pacemaker features within the grafts. External signals, such as the light/dark cycle, have not, however, been shown to entrain the restored rhythms. Melatonin injections are an effective entraining stimulus in fetal and neonatal Syrian hamsters of the same developmental ages used to provide donor tissue for transplantation. Therefore, melatonin was used to test the hypothesis that SCN grafts contain an entrainable pacemaker. Daily injections of melatonin were given to SCN-lesioned hosts beginning on the day after transplantation of fetal SCN. Two groups that received melatonin at different times of day 12 hr apart each showed significantly clustered phases but with average phases that differed by 8. 67 hr. Thus melatonin was able to entrain the restored circadian activity rhythms. In contrast to these initial injections, injections given 6 weeks after transplantation were unable to entrain or phase shift the rhythms. The results demonstrate that SCN grafts contain an entrainable circadian pacemaker. In addition, the results also indicate that the fetal SCN is directly sensitive to melatonin and, as with intact hamsters, sensitivity to melatonin is lost during SCN development. suprachiasmatic nucleusgraftcircadian rhythmtransplantationpinealmelatoninMammalian circadian rhythms are regulated by a pacemaker within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus (Klein et al. 1991). In rats and Syrian hamsters ablation of the SCN abolishes circadian activity and rest rhythms, which can be restored by transplantation of fetal SCN tissue (Drucker-Colin et al. , 1984; Lehman et al. , 1987; DeCoursey and Buggy, 1988). In addition, the period of the restored rhythm is characteristic of the donor’s genotype (Ralph et al. , 1990), demonstrating that the transplanted tissue contains the circadian timing mechanism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A spacecraft will soon travel faster than the speed of light, allowing interstellar travel. [SEP] Text: As an introduction to this idea, I’ll provide background info from “Cosmos” magazine. 1 A robot engineered at of Technology (Georgia Tech) has done the unthinkable and flouted a steadfast law of motion, suggesting that new laws need to be defined. Such new principles may have applications in new forms of locomotion without propellants. Newton’s third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. So, when a human takes a step, we push against the Earth and the Earth pushes back, propelling us forward. But this only works thanks to friction. The same is true of all locomotion. Rockets, for example, eject massive amounts of matter at high speed to push themselves in the opposite direction. But the robot has bypassed this need for a thrust in order to change momentum. It does this by making use of curved space (Figure 1). Figure 1 Experimental “curved space-time robot” moving on a sphere with actuated motors on a freely rotating boom arm. Credit: Georgia Tech. We let our shape-changing object move on the simplest curved space, a sphere, to systematically study the motion in curved space,” says lead researcher Zeb Rocklin, assistant professor in the School of Physics at Georgia Tech. “We learned that the predicted effect, which was so counter-intuitive it was dismissed by some physicists, indeed occurred: as the robot changed its shape, it inched forward around the sphere in a way that could not be attributed to environmental interactions. The robot felt only slight forces due to friction and gravity, but the two effects were seen to hybridise with the curvature of the space itself to produce a strange dynamic with properties which could not have been produced by either friction or gravity on their own. While the observed effects due to curved space are small, the researchers believe that increasingly precise robotics will see these curvature-induced effects having practical applications. The principles of how the curvature of space can be harnessed for locomotion may ultimately be useful in circumnavigating the highly curved space around black holes. Because space time is very slightly curved, a device could actually move forward without any external forces or emitting a propellant – a novel discovery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text:  each cell.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Both injection times included vehicle, and although it is possible that the vehicle has an effect that is either enhanced or reduced by melatonin, melatonin must have had an effect that was responsible for the phase difference between the experimental groups. Furthermore, in a previous study by Grosse et al. (1996), pups received single injections of either melatonin or vehicle only each day, and the vehicle-only injections did not cause entrainment. The lack of entrainment or phase shifts after the second set of melatonin injections suggests that an established SCN graft behaves in a manner similar to the mature, intact SCN despite the abnormal environment in which it developed. Intact adult hamsters will show advance phase shifts in response to a melatonin or vehicle-only injection when the injection is given at approximately CT 9–11 (Mead et al. , 1992), but there is no specific effect of melatonin over and above that of vehicle only (Hastings et al. , 1992). The only hamster in the present study that showed any response to the second set of injections was injected with vehicle at CT 11 and showed a phase advance. This suggests that hamsters bearing grafts can respond to nonphotic stimuli in a manner similar to that of intact animals. et al. (1996) did not see a robust effect of the benzodiazepene triazolam on the restore rhythms of hamsters with SCN grafts, a small number of animals did show phase shifts. Further studies are needed to firmly establish whether mature grafts can respond to a nonphotic stimulus. Overall, the present results demonstrate that an SCN graft includes three essential features of a circadian pacemaker: circadian timing, an output signal, and the ability to become entrained. In addition, the results support the hypothesis that melatonin is involved in communicating time-of-day information from the mother to the fetus. The results indicate that the fetal hamster SCN is a direct target for entrainment by melatonin and that this sensitivity to melatonin is transient, disappearing as a result of developmental changes intrinsic to the SCN. In addition to the entrainment demonstrated by these results, melatonin might also have an effect on SCN development. Rhythms appeared to have been restored more rapidly in the present study than in previous studies from this laboratory, and a similar observation was made in a preliminary study from another laboratory (Romero and Silver, 1989).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A spacecraft will soon travel faster than the speed of light, allowing interstellar travel. [SEP] Text: (End of background info from “Cosmos”) How might we progress to the practical application of circumnavigating the highly curved space around black holes, or of navigating the very slightly curved space in the solar system or between the stars? The first step is vector-tensor-scalar geometry. Quantum computers seem to use what I call vector-tensor-scalar geometry. 2 A vector is a quantity which possesses both magnitude and direction. Two such quantities acting on a point (represented by the red boson) may be represented by two adjoining sides of a parallelogram (e. g. CD and AD), so that the resultant diagonal^ (green line) also represents the vectors. The two sides and diagonal thus illustrate the graviton's spin 2 and the photon's spin 1. The resultant diagonal represents the interaction of the sides/vectors (1÷2 = the spin ½ of every matter p0. If the mass produced previously happens to be 125 GeV/c^2, its union with spin 0 produces the Higgs boson - and relates the Higgs boson/field to the supposedly unrelated graviton/gravitational field (together with the latter's constant interaction with the photon/electromagnetic field). The resultant diagonal of those two sides can be pictured as a boat being driven in, say, the vertical direction across a river while simultaneously being pushed horizontally by the river’s fast-flowing current. The parallelogram can be converted by computer into the shape of Earth’s elliptical orbit, which means the vector/tensor/scalar relationship applies to this planet. One vector can be the magnitude and direction of the orbiting Earth itself. It and a second vector (Earth months later in its orbit – more about this at the paragraph’s end) are represented by two sides of the parallelogram as well as by the resultant diagonal. Being represented by the diagonal, Earth is naturally also represented by the diagonal’s central scalar point. Successful conversion of the parallelogram to an ellipse, followed by tensor analysis, means our planet is also a scalar object. This is equivalent to reducing the innumerable spins of p0. Such p1. 75 arc seconds from its original path by the Sun’s gravity. Also, knew of gravitation’s effect on light more than 300 years ago.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: FS, flip-switch immortalization; NC, no adult counterpart; TL, developmental timeline. Table 5 Split GAL4 lines used in study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: OpenUrlPubMed↵(1992) Non-photic phase shifting of the circadian activity rhythm of Syrian hamsters: the relative potency of arousal and melatonin. 591:20–26. ↵(1991) Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the mind’s clock. (Oxford UP, New York). ↵(1987) Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain. J Neurosci 7:1626–1638. OpenUrlAbstract/↵(1996) Regulation of the phase and period of circadian rhythms restored by suprachiasmatic transplants. J 11:145–162. ↵(1993) Circadian and daily rhythms of melatonin in the blood and pineal gland of free-running and entrained Syrian hamsters. J Endocrinol 136:65–73. OpenUrlAbstract/↵(1992) A non-photic stimulus causes instantaneous phase-advances of the light-entrainable circadian oscillator of the Syrian hamster, but does not induce the expression of c-fos in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J Neurosci 12:2516–2522. OpenUrlAbstract/↵(1994) Melatonin receptors: Localization, molecular pharmacology and physiological significance. 24:101–146. ↵(1990) Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 247:975–978. OpenUrlAbstract/↵(1981) Ontogeny of the pineal melatonin rhythm in golden hamsters. 24:311–314. OpenUrlAbstract↵Romero M-T, (1989) Control of phase and latency to recover circadian locomotor rhythmicity following transplantation of fetal SCN into lesioned adult hamsters. Abstr 15:725. OpenUrl↵Servière (1994) Host resets phase of grafted suprachiasmatic nucleus: A 2-DG study of time course of entrainment. 655:168–176. ↵(1996) A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms. Nature 382:810–813.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after injury. [SEP] Text: After spinal cord injury, the percentage varies between 16% and 53% [3-6], and after traumatic brain injury has been reported to vary between 11% and 22% [7, 8]. A genetic predisposition has been suggested due to the relationship between neurogenic heterotopic ossifications (NHO) and fibrodysplasia (or myositis) ossificans progressiva [8]. The preferred locations in both cases are the proximal limbs and axial musculature. Moreover, a local trauma could predispose an individual to developing a bony formation. The influence of an association between human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and NHO is not clear. Some authors suggest a high prevalence of HLA-B18 and HLA-B27 in patients with heterotopic ossifications, but these findings should be confirmed [9]. It has been suggested that there is a higher prevalence in younger patients (20-30 years old), which may be because neurological injuries are most frequent in this patients [10, 11]. The incidence rate in relation to gender varies in the literature and the relationship has not been shown clearly. The development of bone in soft tissues in orthopaedic surgery is a well-known complication. This complication has been associated with total hip arthroplasty, fractures or joint dislocations (mainly in the acetabulum or the elbow) and muscular trauma. For this reason, a relationship seems to exist between local trauma and the development of heterotopic ossifications. Although the presence of traumatic brain injury alone could be associated with the development of heterotopic bone, it is not an established predictor. Brain trauma is a constant cause but there are specific risk factors implicated, such as spasticity, diffuse axonal injury, descerebrate posture, respiratory ventilation or prolonged immobilization. In a study of patients with NHO after traumatic brain injury, Garland [11] showed that 89% of joints were in spastic limbs. Moreover, diffuse axonal injury seems to be more related than focal brain injury [12]. Therefore, the extent of neurological damage must be taken into account, due to the fact that the risk is correlated with the severity of the brain injury. Flin et al. [13] evaluated patients who suffered from comas after traumatic brain injury in an acute rehabilitation unit. They founded that decerabrate posture could predispose an individual to NHO.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Split lineTarget cell065bDAN-f1 (+DAN-c1)TH-p65ADZp in attP40R72B05-ZpGdbd in attP2MB145DAN-f1 (+DAN-c1)R15B01-p65ADZp in attP40R72B05-ZpGdbd in attP2MB 196CDAN-i1R58E02-p65ADZp in attP40R36B06-ZpGdbd in attP2MB198BDAN-k1R58E02-p65ADZp in attP40R71D01-ZpGdbd in attP2MB316BDAN-j1R58E02-p65ADZp in attP40R93G08-ZpGdbd in attP2MB328BDAN-d1R82C10-p65ADZp in attP40R32F01-ZpGdbd in attP2MB340CDAN-j1R93D10-p65ADZp in attP40R12G04-ZpGdbd in attP2MB440BDAN-h1R30G08-p65ADZp in attP40R17D06-ZpGdbd in attP2MB586BDAN-c1TH-p65ADZp in attP40R72G06-ZpGdbd in attP2SS00616DAN-k171D01-p65ADZp in VK0002717D06-ZpGdbd in attP2SS00860MBON-j2w; R89G07-p65ADZ; MKRS/TM6BR24E12-ZpGdbd in attP2SS00867MBON-a1w; R93G12-p65ADZ; MKRS/TM6BR52E12-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01417MBON-a1w; R52E12-p65ADZpR93G12-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01624MBIN-l1w; R84D07-p65ADZR37G09-ZpG

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: AbstractWe focus our research on how the core-shell organization controls behavior of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), how the core and shell are synchronized to the environment, what impact they have on the behavior of the SCN under different lighting conditions, and what mechanisms disrupt synchronization. To this end, we use a reduced Kuramoto model, with parameters inferred from experimental observations and calibrated for mice, and perform a detailed comparison between the model and experimental data under light-dark (LD), dark-dark (DD), and light-light (LL) conditions. The operating limits of free-running and entrained SCN activity under symmetric LD cycles are analyzed, with particular focus on the phenomena of anticipation and dissociation. Results reveal that the core-shell organization of the SCN enables anticipation of future events over circadian cycles. The model predicts the emergence of a second (dissociated) rhythm for large and small LD periods. Our results are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental observations of circadian dissociation. We further describe SCN activity under LL conditions and show that our model satisfies Aschoff’s first rule, according to which the endogenous free-running circadian period observed under complete darkness will shorten in diurnal animals and lengthen in nocturnal animals under constant light. Our results strongly suggest that the Kuramoto model captures essential features of synchronization and entrainment in the SCN. Moreover, our approach is easily extendible to an arbitrary number of groups, with dynamics described by explicit equations for the group phase and synchronization index. Viewed together, the reduced Kuramoto model presents itself as a useful tool for exploring open problems in the study of circadian rhythms, one that can account for evolving views of the circadian system’s organization, including peripheral clocks and inter-hemispheric interaction, and can be translated to other nocturnal and diurnal animals, including humans. Circadian rhythms are periodic physiological and behavioral changes that take place in living organisms over 24-h cycles. Following decades of experimental and theoretical work, it is now understood that circadian rhythms are orchestrated by the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the hypothalamus (Evans and Gorman, 2016; Michel and Meijer, 2020; Silver, 2018).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: However, if the user is unable to encode commands in her EEG patterns, no signal-processing algorithm would be able to decode them. Therefore, we argue in this 10. 1049/PBCE114E_ch9 detection of brain responses at the single-trial level in the electroencephalogram (EEG) such as event-related potentials (ERPs) is a difficult problem that requires different processing steps to extract relevant discriminant features as the input signal is noisy and the brain responses can be different overtime. In brain-computer interface, single-trial detection is primarily applied to distinguish the presence of large ERP components such as the P300. Because the characteristics of the P300 can depend on the parameters of the oddball paradigm, the type of stimuli, and as it can vary across subjects and over time during experiments, a reliable classifier must take into account this variability for the detection of the P300. While most of the signal and classification techniques for the detection of brain responses are based on linear algebra, different pattern recognition techniques such as convolutional neural network (CNN), as a type of deep learning technique, have shown some interest as they are able to process the signal after limited preprocessing. In this 0. 9 by using an appropriate architecture using spatial filtering and shift invariant layers. Signal models for brain interfaces based on evoked response potential in EEG Yeganeh M. Marghi, Paula M. Gonzalez-Navarro, Fernando M. Quivira, James M. McLean, Bruna M. Girvent, Mohammad M. Moghadamfalahi, Murat M. Akcakaya, Deniz M. Erdogmus p. 193–218 (26) (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are developed to provide access channels for alternative communication and control systems to people with severe speech and physical impairments. Designs that exploit evoked response potentials (ERPs) in EEG constitute the majority of research efforts dedicated to noninvasive BCIs. Visual, auditory, and tactile stimulation paradigms are used to actively probe the user's brain to collect EEG evidence towards inferring intent in the context of the particular application. As assistive technology devices, however, existing EEG-based BCIs lack sufficient speed and accuracy to safely and reliably restore function at acceptable levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: dbd in attP2SS01671APLR21D02-p65ADZpR55D08-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01696DAN-h176F05-p65ADZp in attP4095H02-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01702DAN-c1VT054895-p65ADZ in attP40R53C05-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01705MBON-d1R11E07-p65ADZp in attP40R52H01-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01708MBON-b1,b2R12G03-p65ADZp in attP4021D02-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01716DAN-g1R14E06-p65ADZp in attP40R27G01-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01725MBON-h1,h2R20A02-p65ADZp in attP40; MKRS/TM6BR28A10-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01755DAN-g1R46F09-p65ADZpR14E06-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01757DAN-k1w; R48F09-p65ADZp; MKRS/ TM6BR27A11-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01771MBON-i1w; 65A05-p65ADZ; MKRS/TM6B14C08-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01949DAN-h1, -i1, -j1VT026700-p65ADZp in attP40VT058464-ZpGDBD in attP2SS01958OAN-e1VT023826-p65ADZp in attP40R75F01-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01959MBON-b1,b2VT027952-p65ADZp in attP40R26A02-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01962MBON-k1VT033301-p65AD

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: It accounts for the heterogeneity of free-running periods observed across individual cellular oscillators (neurons) in the SCN (Liu et al. , 1997; Pauls et al. , 2014; Welsh et al. , 2010; Taylor et al. , 2017). model has been used to explain the east-west asymmetry in jet lag recovery times (Lu et al. , 2016), seasonal adaptation of the circadian clock (Gu et al. , 2016; Meijer et al. , 2010), and phase splitting within the SCN (Rohling and Meylahn, 2020). With few exceptions (Hannay et al. , 2020), existing work either does not account for the core-shell organization of the SCN, which continues to guide considerable research into the functioning of the SCN (Evans et al. , 2015; Evans and Gorman, 2016; Michel and Meijer, 2020; Silver, 2018), or explicitly models the dynamics of individual neurons. Here, we mainly consider how the core-shell organization of the SCN controls SCN behavior, how the core and shell are synchronized to the environment, what impacts they have on the behavior of the SCN under different lighting conditions, and the mechanisms that disrupt synchronization. For this purpose, we use a reduced Kuramoto model, which explicitly describes the phase and synchronization index of the core and shell. The benefit of our model is that it uses only 9 biologically meaningful parameters, which can be inferred from experiments. Using this model, we study the operating limits of free-running and entrained SCN activity under symmetric LD, dark-dark (DD), and light-light (LL) cycles. In particular, we consider how the core-shell organization of the SCN enables anticipation of regular events and the emergence of a dissociated rhythm under different lighting conditions. Model parameters are inferred from experimental observations for mice and can be calibrated for other nocturnal and diurnal mammals. Our numerical and analytical results demonstrate good qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental results. to anatomical data, neurons in the SCN are densely interconnected (Güldner, 1976; Moore and Bernstein, 1989; Varadarajan et al. , 2018). Each SCN neuron forms between 300 and 1000 connections with other SCN neurons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: While alterations of these MR parameters are often attributed to the emergence and maturation of myelin, they do not directly measure myelin (Paus et al. 2001) and are influenced by a broad range of other microstructural changes (Jones et al. 2013). Beyond the technological difficulty in non-invasively imaging myelination, few imaging studies have examined longitudinal neurodevelopment across the first years of life. Rather, prior studies have either been cross-sectional in nature (Giedd et al. 1996; Casey et al. 2005) and/or have focused on only the first 1–2 years of life (Gilmore et al. 2012; Sadeghi et al. 2013), or after the age of 4 (Giedd et al. 1999; Lenroot et al. 2007; Lebel and Beaulieu 2011). Although cross-sectional studies are informative, they are inherently insensitive to individual differences, an important aspect in understanding the heterogeneity associated with both normative development, as well as in developmental disorders (Casey et al. 2005). Longitudinal study designs, on the other hand, afford a more thorough characterization of brain development. Through the acquisition of multiple measurements from the same individual, longitudinal analyses allow individual differences to be examined (Casey et al. 2005) and are, therefore, critical to understanding the developmental trajectory of brain development. However, as current longitudinal MRI studies have been limited to infancy (Gilmore et al. 2012; Sadeghi et al. 2013), or older childhood and adolescence (Giedd et al. 1999; Lenroot et al. 2007; Lebel and Beaulieu 2011), these studies fail to encompass the most rapid and dynamic period of neurodevelopment (Pujol et al. 2006), which also coincides with the emergence of many developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Here, we aimed to perform the first longitudinal examination of normative brain development in healthy, typically developing children between 2. 5 months and 5. 5 years. More specifically, we examined the rapid, nonlinear progression of myelination using a quantitative multicomponent relaxometry (MCR) technique that is sensitive to the water trapped between the lipid bilayers of the myelin sheath (MacKay et al. 1994; Deoni et al. 2008).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Zp in attP40R27G01-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01972MBON-j1VT057469-p65ADZp in attP4012C11-ZpGdbd/ TM3 in attP2SS01973MBON-j1VT057469-p65ADZp in attP40R18D09-ZpGdbd in attP2SS01980MBON-k1VT020613-p65ADZp in attP40VT033301-ZpGdbd in attP2SS02006MBON-a2w; 93G12-p65ADZ; MKRS/TM6B71E06-ZpGdbd in attP2SS02121MBON-g1,g2R21D06-p65ADZp in attP40R23B09-ZpGdbd in attP2SS02130MBON-g1,g2w; R23B09-p65ADZp; MKRS/ TM6BR21D06-ZpGdbd in attP2SS03066DAN-c1VT054895-p65ADZ in attP40VT057278-ZpGdbd in attP2SS04112MBON-b1,b2VT027952-p65ADZp in attP40HAV5; CyO/Sco; 21D02-ZpGDBD in attP2SS04231MBON-d2VT032899-p65ADZp in attP40HAV5; CyO/Sp; 87G02-ZpGDBD in attP2SS04268OAN-g1 (sVPMmx)VT012639-p65ADZp in attP40VT016127-ZpGdbd in attP2SS04328MBON-f2VT033301-p65ADZp in attP40VT029593-ZpGdbd in attP2SS04484MBIN-l1R37G09-p65ADZp in attP40VT007174-ZpGdbd in attP2SS21716MBIN-b1,b2VT048835-

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: As shown further below in equation (12), the difference between the peak activity time of the core tυ(p) and the shell td(p) is directly related to the phase difference ψd−ψυ that characterizes the state of the entrained SCN network. The difference tυ(p)−td(p) has been experimentally measured at 2. 4±0. 9h in the entrained SCN under symmetric LD conditions, based on peak expression of the Per2 gene (Taylor et al. , 2017). Parameters τd, Kυd, Kdυ, and F were adjusted by inspection, until tυ(p)−td(p)=2. 3h in the entrained state (T=24h), for τd=23. 3h, Kυd=1. 1, Kdυ=0. 5, and F=1. 5 (dimensionless units). Thus, the advantage of our approach based on the Kuramoto model is that it reduces the large number of parameters that characterize tens of thousands of neurons and their couplings within the SCN to only 9 parameters, which capture the mean characteristics of core and shell neurons (see Table 1): the free-running periods τυ and τd of the core and shell; the standard deviation of the free-running periods, συ and σd; the intracouplings Kυυ and Kdd within the core and shell; the intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ between the core and shell; and the strength of the optic cue F. These parameters were obtained from an analysis of experimental data (Taylor et al. , 2017). The remaining 4 parameters in Table 1 (ωυ, ωd, ∆υ, ∆d) are dimensionless equivalents of the model parameters. As we will show in the next sections, these 9 parameters describe the dynamical properties of the SCN under 3 lighting conditions (LD, DD, and LL), anticipation in the shell, and circadian rhythm dissociation in response both to varying LD period and to varying light intensity under LL conditions, in qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental observations for diurnal and nocturnal mammals. ResultsCore-Difference and can trigger behavior in anticipation of regular events.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: / 2004 Perceived indicators of support leading to the successful attainment of the for 2. [단행본] Bergen, T. / 2006 Competence oriented teacher training: Old research demands and new pathways : 97 ~ 3. [학술지] Burroughs, R. / 2001 Composing standards and composing teachers : The problem of national board certification Journal of 52 (3) : 223 ~ 3 4. [학술지] Burroughs, R. / 2000 Communities of practice and discourse communities : Negotiating boundaries in Record 102 (2) : 344 ~ 2 5. [단행본] Clement, M. / 1993 Vandenberghe, School culture, school improvement and teacher development DWSO-Press : 129 ~ 6. [학술지] Clement, M. / 2000 Teachers’ professional development: A solitary or collegial (ad)venture? Teaching and 16 (1) : 81 ~ 1 7. [단행본] Creswell, J. W. / 2012 Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches 8. [학술지] Davis, A. / 1999 Examinees’ perceptions of feedback in applied performance testing : The case of the for Standards 6 (2) : 97 ~ 2 9. [학술지] De Lima, J. / 2001 Forgetting about friendship : Using conflict in teacher communities as a lever for school change Journal of 2 (3) : 97 ~ 3 10. [학술지] Desimone, L. M. / 2009 Improving impact studies of teachers’ professional development : Toward better conceptualizations and measures 38 (3) : 181 ~ 3 11. [학술지] Earley, P. / 2014 Evaluating the impact of professional development : The need for a student-focused approach in Education 40 (1) : 112 ~ 1 12. [학위논문] Freund, M. / 2005 The study of the role of mentoring in achieving certification by the for Standards 13. [단행본] Fullan, M. / 2007 The new meaning of educational change Press, 14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: p65ADZp in attP40VT026664-ZpGdbd in attP2SS21789MBON-c1VT050247-p65ADZp in attP40VT050247-ZpGDBD in attP2SS25844OAN-g1 (sVPMmx)VT040569-p65ADZp in attP40VT061921-ZpGdbd in attP2SS36248MBON-f2VT016795-p65ADZ in attP40VT029593-ZpGdbd in attP2SS36923OAN-e1VT054895-p65ADZ in attP40HAV5; CyO/Sco; 75F01-ZpGDBD in attP2SS04559MBON-e2w; 65A05-p65ADZ; MKRS/TM6BVT045663-ZpGDBD in attP2 Flip-switch treatments Request a detailed protocol The expression pattern seen in the late third- instar in stable spilt lines was maintained through metamorphosis using the flip-switch method described in Harris et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Examples include water-seeking in advance of sleep time and food-seeking in advance of meal times (Silver, 2018; Gizowski et al. , 2016). From an experimental point of view, existing evidence supports a model of the SCN where the core receives a photic cue and the shell is responsible for transmitting phase information to the wider circadian system. For example, anatomical evidence shows that vasopressin (VP) neurons in the shell provide output to downstream tissues (see Gizowski et al. , 2016, and 1. Entrainment corresponds to a stationary solution of equations (4)-(7), which describes entrainment in a frame rotating at the frequency of the external cue ωF=2π/T. In an entrained system, the phase difference Δψ≡ψd−ψυ between shell and core groups of oscillators is readily obtained from equation (7):sin(ψd−ψυ)=2ρd(ω¯d−ωF)ρυ(1+ρd2)Kυd. (9)When the synchronization index of the entrained SCN is large (ρυ≈ρd≈1), or more generally when 2ρd≈ρυ(1+ρd2), it follows thatsin(ψd−ψυ)≈ω¯d−ωFKυd. (10)Under these conditions, positive Kυd must be larger than the difference between the mean natural frequency of the shell ω¯d and the frequency of the external cue ωF:Kυd>ω¯d−ωF,(11)since |sin(ψd−ψυ)|≤1. Direct inspection of equation (9) also shows that the sign of the shell-core phase difference is determined by the sign of the shell’s detuning parameter Ωd=ωF−ω¯d and of the intercoupling Kυd. Since the mean free-running period of the shell τd=23. 9h is smaller than the period of the external cue T=24h, it follows that Ωd=2π/T−2π/τd<0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] Gaddis, L. / 2002 Candidate decision-making through the development of the for Portfolio 15. [학술지] Glazer, E. M. / 2006 The collaborative apprenticeship model : Situated professional development within school settings Teaching and 22 : 179 ~ 16. [학술지] Hadar, L. / 2010 From isolation to symphonic harmony : Building a professional development community among teacher educators Teaching and 26 (8) : 1641 ~ 8 17. [학술대회] Hargreaves, A. / 1990 Individualism and individuality: Reinterpreting the teacher culture Paper presented at the of the AERA 18. [학술지] Hargreaves, A. / 2001 Emotional geographies of teaching Record 103 (6) : 1056 ~ 6 19. [학술지] Hatton, N. / 1995 Reflection in teacher education : Towards definition and implementation Teaching and 11 (1) : 33 ~ 1 20. [학술지] Hildebrandt, S. A. / 2008 Spanish teachers’ resource use while attempting Certification Hispania 91 : 59 ~ 21. [단행본] Huberman, M. / 1993 Teachers’ work: Individuals, colleagues, and contexts Press : 11 ~ 22. [학위논문] Hunzicker, J. L. / 2006 The influence of the Certification experience on teacher and student learning 23. [학술지] Hunzicker, J. / 2011 Teacher learning through Candidacy : A conceptual model Quarterly 38 (3) : 191 ~ 3 24. [학술지] Johnson, L. J. / 1993 Research methods using content analysis to examine the verbal or written communication of stakeholders within early intervention Journal of 17 (1) : 73 ~ 1 25. [학술지] Kaarbo, J. / 1999 A practical guide to the comparative case study method in political psychology 20 (2) : 369 ~ 2 26. [학술지] Kember, D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2015. Using a similar strategy of the gene-switch method (Roman et al. , 2001), flippase was fused to the ligand-binding domain of the human progesterone receptor, rendering it dependent on progesterone or a progesterone mimic to move into the nucleus. Stable split lines were crossed to pJFRC48-13XLexAop2-IVS-myrtdTomato in su(Hw)attP8; Actin5Cp4. 6>dsFRT>LexAp65 in su(Hw)attP5; pJFRC108-20XUAS-IVS-hPRFlp-p10 in VK00005/TM6. We used the progesterone mimic mifepristone (RU486, Sigma-Aldrich; #M8046) to cause translocation of the flippase to the nucleus where it could then flip-out the STOP cassette in the Actin-LexAp65 transgene. We used surface application of RU486 to food vials. Parents were allowed to lay eggs in a food vial for a few days, then transferred to a fresh vial. Approximately 4 days after transfer, 60 μl of an ~10 mM RU486 stock solution (10 mg RU486 dissolved in 2 ml 95% ethanol) was applied to the surface of the food. At 24 hr after treatment, any larvae that had wandered and/or pupariated were discarded to ensure that test animals had fed on RU486 for at least 24 hr.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: For example, the numerical solution of equations (4)-(7) with the parameters in Table 1 shows that, for T=24 h, the lag tυ(p)−td(p)=2. 3h corresponds to the phase difference ψd−ψυ=0. 607rad≈35degrees. Moreover, the shell can also increase its lead over the core in response to increasing T, as shown in Figure 2a. To outline the importance of the anticipation, which is formed by the shell, we want to note that the SCN establishes phase coherence between self-sustained and cell-autonomous oscillators in peripheral organs, for example, liver, muscle, pancreas, heart, adipose tissue, and other areas of the brain (e. g. , pineal gland which produces a hormone [melatonin] and modulates sleep-wake cycles). It is important to note that the organs receive signals mainly from the shell. This gives them the possibility to be prepared in advance for a change of activity. These organs are also influenced by other cues such as feeding/fasting cycles. and investigations have revealed that animals can only entrain to a limited range of symmetric LD periods, known as the entrainment range: LLE<T<ULE, where LLE and ULE are the lower and upper limit of entrainment, respectively (Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976a; Campuzano et al. , 1998; Usui et al. , 2000; de la Iglesia et al. , 2004; Goldbeter and Leloup, 2021). In nocturnal rodents, the entrainment range spans from LLE∼∼22h up to ULE∼∼28. 5h, varying between species and individuals (Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976a; Campuzano et al. , 1998; Usui et al. , 2000). Beyond the entrainment range, it has been observed that animal behavior and SCN activity follow an additional rhythm, which differs from that of the external light cue. This phenomenon is known as dissociation (Campuzano et al. , 1998; Usui et al. , 2000; de la Iglesia et al. , 2004; Schwartz et al. , 2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of brain development happens during early childhood. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 서소정 2006 유아의 친사회적행동에 관한 연구: 유아의 요구전략, 언어발달, 어머니의 친사회성에 관련된 양육신념 및 사회화전략을 중심으로 열린유아교육연구 11 (4) : 287 ~ 4 20. [학술지] 서소정 2012 영아보육교사의 전문성 향상을 위한 현직교사교육 프로그램의 현황, 효과검증 및 향후 과제 한국보육지원학회지 8 (6) : 169 ~ 6 21.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: At 48 hr after treatment, the subsequent wandering larvae and pupae (which had all fed on RU486 for 24–48 hr during the L3 stage) were collected and transferred to an untreated food vial. These animals were then dissected in Schneider’s S2 culture medium as adults. This treatment results in constitutive LexA expression in any cells that express GAL4 during the L3 stage, but, because the RU486 persists at least partway through metamorphosis, neurons that start expressing in early to mid-metamorphosis also show up. Lineage-targeted twin-spot a detailed protocol Specific neuronal lineages were targeted using lineage-restricted drivers (Awasaki et al. , 2014) to label sister clones with twin-spot MARCM (Yu et al. , 2009). The Vnd-GAL4 driver permits targeting 18 fly central brain lineages, including the FLAa2 lineage (Lee et al. , 2020); and stg14-GAL4 driver covers eight type II neuronal lineages, including the DL1 lineage (Wang et al. , 2014). Twin-spot clones were induced at specific times after larval hatching and examined at the adult stage by immunostaining and confocal imagining, following published work (e. g. , Yu et al. , 2010). Preparation and examination of tissues Request a detailed protocol Tissues were dissected in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7. 8) and fixed in 4% buffered formaldehyde overnight at 4°C. Fixed tissues were rinsed in PBS-TX (PBS with 1% Triton X-100, Sigma), then incubated overnight at 4°C in a cocktail of 10% normal donkey serum (Jackson ImmunoResearch), 1:1000 rabbit anti-GFP (Jackson ImmunoResearch), 1:40 rat anti-N-Cadherin (Hybridoma Bank), and 1:40 mouse anti-Neuroglian or a 1:200 dilution of mouse anti-FasII (both Hybridoma Bank). For visualization of tdTomato, a 1:500 dilution of rabbit anti-DsRed (ClonTech) was substituted for the anti-GFP and the anti-Neuroglian was omitted.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: of TRPV2 in the is Regulated by Prokineticin 2 SignalingDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 5334/jcr. adPublished on Apr 1, 20154. 0 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus houses the master circadian pacemaker in mammals [1]. At the molecular level, the circadian clock is controlled by positive and negative feedback loops involving transcription and translation of a handful of core clock genes [2]. The SCN is composed of many single-cell oscillators that, when synchronized, produce a coordinated circadian output [3, 4, 5]. One prominent feature of SCN neurons is the circadian oscillation of their firing rate, which peaks during the light phase [5]. Genetic studies in flies have revealed the critical role of firing rate oscillation in the generation of circadian rhythm [6]. Neurochemical and electrical signaling among SCN neurons is necessary for these individual cellular clocks to coordinate their activities and maintain robust oscillations [3, 4, 7, 8, 9]. Prokineticin 2 (PK2), encoding a cysteine-rich secreted protein, has been shown to be a critical signaling molecules for SCN neurons [10, 11]. PK2 expression in the SCN is highly rhythmic, peaking during subjective day and being essentially absent during night hours [10]. Mice with the disrupted PK2 gene or its receptor PKR2 display greatly reduced circadian rhythmicity of locomotor activity, core body temperature, sleep/wake patterns, and other circadian parameters [12, 13, 14]. In terms of likely cellular mechanism of PK2 in the regulation of circadian rhythm, PK2 has been shown to increase the firing rate of SCN neurons [15]. The underlying molecular mechanisms of how PK2 signaling links to the increased excitability of PKR2 receptor-expressing neurons, including SCN neurons, are still unclear [16, 17]. As previous findings have indicated that TRPV1, an ion channel belonging to the family of TRP, is a downstream signaling mediator of PKR2 in the activation of dorsal root ganglia neurons [18], we reasoned that a family member of this large TRP ion channels could play a role in PK2-enhanced electric activity of SCN neurons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brains from different species can be transplanted into humans to enhance intelligence. [SEP] Text: Dr. Matthew MacDougall, the chief neurosurgeon at Neuralink, exemplified the amalgamation of cutting-edge machinery and devices with the human nervous system through a surgical intervention that involved the implantation of a radio receiver in the periphery of his body. The organization utilizes an interdisciplinary approach that amalgamates diverse fields including neuroscience, neurosurgery, robotics, machine learning, computer science, and device development to revolutionize the operation of the human brain. The aim of Neuralink is to enhance brain performance by means of enhancing memory, cognition, and human-machine communication. The technology in question endeavors to tackle movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease and deep brain function disorders, while concurrently augmenting human brain function beyond the innate boundaries of evolution. The experimental research conducted by Dr. MacDougall and his team represents a significant advancement in the field of science, and he will provide a detailed report on their ongoing inquiries. (01): 00:00:00 Dr. Matthew MacDougallDr. Matthew MacDougall serves as the head neurosurgeon at Neuralink, a company that aims to develop innovative technologies to address specific clinical challenges related to the brain and nervous system. Additionally, Neuralink seeks to enhance brain functionality by augmenting memory, cognition, and communication between humans and machines. These ambitious goals are achievable due to the company's unique approach, which combines existing knowledge of brain function from the fields of neuroscience and neurosurgery with robotics, machine learning, computer science, and the development of novel devices. By leveraging these interdisciplinary approaches, Neuralink is poised to revolutionize the way in which the human brain operates. The present discourse aims to elucidate the workings of the brain, with a particular focus on Neuralink's perspective regarding the tractability of challenges associated with brain function disorders. Additionally, the discourse will expound on strategies for enhancing brain functionality. The present discourse delves into the topic of developing the peripheral nervous system. Specifically, Dr. MacDougall has undergone a procedure to implant a radio receiver in the periphery of his body. This intervention was not intended to address any particular clinical issue, but rather to surmount various routine challenges of daily life. Furthermore, it serves as a demonstration of the advantageous potential of integrating innovative machinery and devices with our nervous system, as well as with diverse objects and technologies in our environment. Dr. Matthew MacDougall conducted experiments involving the implantation of devices in individuals, including his own family members.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: After repeated rinses with PBS-TX, tissues stained for GFP were incubated overnight at 4°C with 1:500 488-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit, 594-conjugated donkey anti-mouse, and 649-conjugated donkey anti-rat (all from Invitrogen). For visualization of RFP, staining was with a 1:500 dilution of 594-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit and 649-conjugated donkey anti-rat. After exposure to secondaries, tissues were then washed in PBS-TX, mounted onto poly-lysine-coated coverslips, dehydrated through an ethanol series, cleared in xylenes, and mounted in DPX mountant (Sigma-Aldrich). Nervous systems were imaged on a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal microscope at ×40 with optical sections taken at 2 μm intervals. LSM files were contrast-enhanced as necessary and z-projected using ImageJ ( Reagents are summarized in Table 6. Table 6 Reagents used in this study. ReagentSourceCatalog #Mouse anti-bruchpilotHybridoma BankNc82-sRat anti-N cadherin-Ex #8Mouse anti-neuroglian104Mouse anti-1D4Rabbit anti-DsRedClonTech#632496Normal donkey serumJackson ImmunoResearch#017-000-121AF488 donkey α-rabbitJackson ImmunoResearch#711-545-152AF488 donkey α-mouseJackson ImmunoResearch#711-585-151AF594 donkey α-rabbitJackson ImmunoResearch#711-585-152AF594 donkey α-mouseJackson ImmunoResearch#711-585-151AF649 donkey α-ratJackson ImmunoResearch#711-605-153Mifepristone (RU-486)Sigma-Aldrich#M8046-100mgS2 – Schneider’s Insect MediumSigma-Aldrich#S01416DPX mountantSciences#13512 Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability All data generated or analyses in this study are included in the manuscript and the supporting images. 114. PubMed 2768. PubMed 4577. PubMed 637.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: S1 Screening of 33 Trp channels revealed expression of candidate TRP in the SCN of adult mouse brain. Autoradiograms show mRNA expression in the SCN of A, PKR2, B, TrpV2, C, TrpC1, D, TrpC2, E, TrpC4, F, TrpC5, -1, H, TrpM7, I, PKD1, J, PKD2, K, TrpV3. Figure 1 Colocalization of PKR2 mRNA and TrpV2 protein expression in SCN. A, PKR2 mRNA and B, TrpV2 protein in SCN neurons of WT mouse. C, Colocalization of TrpV2 and PKR2 in A and B. Scale bars=50 µm. D-F, Confocal images of colocalization in the SCN neurons, 100x magnification. TrpV2 protein (red); PKR2 mRNA (green). PK2-dependent oscillation of TRPV2 protein in SCN neurons The circadian profile of TRPV2 expression in the SCN was then examined. Levels of TRPV2 mRNAs were observed to be non-oscillating in the SCN over a 24 hour period (Supp. Fig. S2). However, immunochemistry studies revealed a marked oscillation of TRPV2 protein expression in the SCN: TRPV2 protein level at CT4 was almost two fold higher than at CT16 (Fig. 2B, E). As PKR2 is coexpressed with TRPV2 in the SCN neurons, we next examined whether the circadian oscillation of TRPV2 is linked to PK2 signaling with PK2-deficient (PK2-/-) mice. As shown in Fig. 2, the oscillation of TRPV2 was absent in the SCN of PK2-/- mice: with the SCN at CT4 of PK2-/- mice displaying similarly low level as that of CT16 (Fig. 2C-E). S2 Absence of oscillation of TrpV2 mRNA in the SCN. A, PK2 mRNA oscillates over a 24 hr period in the SCN. B, TrpV2 mRNA remains unchanged over 24 hr period.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brains from different species can be transplanted into humans to enhance intelligence. [SEP] Text: These experiments aimed to address movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and other deep brain function disorders, as well as to enhance human brain function beyond the limits of natural evolution. The results of these experiments represent a significant advancement in the field of science. Dr. Matthew MacDougall will provide a detailed explanation of the experiments being conducted at Neuralink [1]. 1. A Between the Brain & Everyday Technology. Available from: 00:07:38 & Injury; TreatmentThe brain, an extraordinary organ with a weight of approximately three pounds, regulates all physiological processes, perceives and analyzes external stimuli, and embodies the fundamental aspects of the psyche and spirit. The brain is accountable for the regulation of various cognitive functions, such as intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory, among others. The cranium serves as a protective covering for the brain, which is composed of three primary regions, namely the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The human brain has the capacity to process sensory information from five primary modalities, which include vision, olfaction, somatosensation, gustation, and audition, often in a simultaneous manner. The procedure of message assembly holds importance as it confers significance to the conveyed information and aids in its retention in our cognitive faculties. The brain, which is a component of the central nervous system, plays a crucial role in the regulation of cognitive processes such as memory, thought, and speech, as well as motor functions such as the movement of limbs and the proper functioning of bodily organs. (CNS) comprises the encephalon and the spinal cord. The composition of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of spinal nerves that bifurcate from the spinal cord and cranial nerves that bifurcate from the brain. The ability of the brain to generate human behavior and sustain life through electrical impulses is a remarkable phenomenon. Upon observing patients with brain tumors, it becomes apparent that discrete functions of the brain can be affected in isolation, highlighting the modular nature of the brain. Despite being connected within the confines of the skull; the brain is composed of functional modules that can exhibit intriguing failure modes. The brain is responsible for a wide range of functions, including the regulation of hormone levels, visual and sensory processing, and various forms of muscular movements, such as eye movements and bicep contractions. However, it is important to note that any of these processes can potentially malfunction [2].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Author ResponsePeer review processNot revised: Preprint includes the authors’ original preprint (without revision), an eLife assessment, public reviews, and a provisional response from the authors. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. de la újoUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainReviewer #1 (Public Review): Summary and strength: The authors undertook to assemble and annotate the genome sequence of the Malabar grouper fish, with the aim of providing molecular resources for fundamental and applied research. Even though this is more mainstream, the task is still daunting and labor-intensive. Currently, high-quality and fully annotated genome sequences are of strategic importance in modern biology. The authors make use of the resource to address the endocrine control of an ecologically and developmentally relevant life cycle transition, metamorphosis. As opposed to amphibian and flat fish where body plan changes, fish metamorphosis is anatomically more subtle and much less known, although it is clear that thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is a key player. The authors thus provide a repertoire of TH-relevant gene expression changes during development and across metamorphosis and correlate developmental stages with changes in gene expression. Overall, this work has a strong potential to meet its target. Weaknesses: The manuscript needs proper editing and is not complete. Some wordings lack precision and make it difficult to follow (e. g. line 98 "we assembled a chromosome-scale genome of. . . " should read instead "we assembled a chromsome-scla genome sequence of. . . ". Also, panel Figure 2E is missing. The shortcomings of the manuscripts are not limited to the writing style, and important technical and technological information is missing or not clear enough, thereby preventing a proper evaluation of the resolution of the genomic resources provided: - Several RNASeq libraries from different tissues have been built to help annotate the genome and identify transcribed regions. This is fine. But all along the manuscript, gene expression changes are summarized into a single panel where it is not clear at all which tissue this comes from (whole embryo or a specific tissue), or whether it is a cumulative expression level computed across several tissues (and how it was computed) etc. This is essential information needed for data interpretation. - The bioinformatic processing, especially of the assemble and annotation, is very poorly described.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In the absence of PK2 signaling in PK2-deficient mice, the TRPV2 protein levels in SCN neurons are diminished during the subjective day and no longer oscillate between circadian day and night phases (Fig. 2). Thus, oscillating PK2 in the SCN may contribute to the circadian oscillation of SCN neuron firing rate by regulating the trafficking of TRPV2 to the cell surface of SCN neurons. would like to thank Prof. for providing the precious probes of 33 TRP channel cDNAs and Dr. Ned R. Whittemore for help with Xenopus oocytes experiment. The research is supported in part by grants from NIH (MH67753 and DK91916). 10. 1038/nature00965 van der and Reppert, SM (2000). Interacting molecular loops in the mammalian circadian clock Science 288(5468): 1013–9, DOI: Irwin, RP and Allen, CN (2010). Neuropeptide-mediated calcium signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus network Neurosci 32(9): 1497–506, DOI: Mohawk, JA and Takahashi, JS (2011). Cell autonomy and synchrony of suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian oscillators 34(7): 349–58, DOI: and Reppert, SM (1995). Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms Neuron 14(4): 697–706, DOI: Nitabach, MN, Blau, J and Holmes, TC (2002). Electrical silencing of Drosophila pacemaker neurons stops the free-running circadian clock Cell 109(4): 485–95, DOI: Green, DJ and Gillette, R (1982). Circadian rhythm of firing rate recorded from single cells in the rat suprachiasmatic brain slice 245(1): 198–200, DOI: Reppert, SM and Weaver, DR (2001). Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms Physiol 63: 647–76, DOI: and Morton, MT (1987). The suprachiasmatic nuclei contain a tetrodotoxin-resistant circadian pacemaker 84(6): 1694–8, DOI: and Zhou, QY (2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brains from different species can be transplanted into humans to enhance intelligence. [SEP] Text: , Lazarus, C. L. ,. . . & Rosenbek, J. (2008). Swallowing and dysphagia rehabilitation: translating principles of neural plasticity into clinically oriented evidence. Boi, F. , Moraitis, T. , De Feo, V. , Diotalevi, F. , Bartolozzi, C. , Indiveri, G. , & Vato, A. (2016). A bidirectional brain-machine interface featuring a neuromorphic hardware decoder. Frontiers in neuroscience, 10, 563. (05): 00:22:10 Neuralink, & Injury, Robotics & technology has been subject to the projection of hopes and fears by individuals, leading to an array of assumptions about its capabilities. While there are potential benefits to this technology, such as altering brain function, it is important to note that the extreme fears associated with Neuralink are largely unfounded. Researchers at Neuralink are developing a neural implant and utilizing a robotic insertion device to place small electrodes, smaller than the size of a human hair, throughout a specific region of the brain. The initial indication of this technology involves implanting a series of electrodes into the brains of individuals who have suffered from spinal cord injuries, resulting in quadriplegia. These individuals possess fully functional brains, yet are unable to utilize their limbs due to high-level The objective of the researchers is to implant a device into the motor cortex of an individual, enabling them to manipulate a computer, such as a mouse and a keyboard, through neural signals. This would allow the individual to regain their digital autonomy and connect to the internet without the need for physical movement, as their motor intentions would be transmitted directly from the brain to the device. Robotic technology is superior to human capability in performing Neuralink implantation surgery, owing to the minuscule size of the electrodes and the high density of blood vessels on the brain's surface. The precision required to accurately place the electrode thread's micron-width loop into the cortical surface at the appropriate depth to penetrate all cortical layers is beyond the physical capacity of human hands. Robotic technology is capable of achieving superior performance in Neuralink procedures due to its exceptional precision, speed, and ability to accurately place a large number of electrodes in the appropriate regions of the brain. The current iteration of the de, as submitted by the Neuralink team to the FDA, is limited to the placement of electrodes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: This is also a sensitive topic, as illustrated by the numerous "assemblathon" and "annotathon" initiatives to evaluate tools and workflows. Importantly, providing configuration files and in-depth description of workflows and parameter settings is highly recommended. This can be made available through data store services and documents even benefit from DOIs. This provides others with more information to evaluate the resolution of this work. No doubt that it is well done, but especially in the field of genome assembly and annotation, high resolution is VERY cost and time-intensive. Not surprisingly, most projects are conditioned by trade-offs between cost, time, and labor. The authors should provide others with the information needed to evaluate this. - Quantifications of T3 and T4 levels look fairly low and not so convincing. The work would clearly benefit from a discussion about why the signal is so low and what are the current technological limitations of these quantifications. This would really help (general) readers. - Differential analysis highlights up to ~ 15,000 differentially expressed genes (DEG), out of a predicted 26k genes. This corresponds to more than half of all genes. ANOVA-based differential analysis relies on the simple fact that only a minority of genes are DEG. Having >50% DEG is well beyond the validity of the method. This should be addressed, or at least discussed. #3 (Public Review): Summary: The manuscript by Huerlimann et al. entitled "The transcriptional landscape underlying metamorphosis in the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus). " describes the transcriptional landscape of the Malabar grouper during selected metamorphic stages. The authors find evidence of dynamic regulation of HPT axis genes, TH signalling genes, and HPA and metabolic-related genes during post-natal development. Finally, the authors argue that the HPA is involved in grouper metamorphosis, given the related genes' dynamic expression during this developmental time. Strengths: The work is technically very good, and the methodology applied is solid. Weaknesses: However, the authors make substantial considerations that are not proven by experimental or functional data. In fact, this is a descriptive study that does not provide any functional evidence to support the claims made.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: AbstractCryptochrome (Cry) 1 and Cry2 are regarded as critical components for circadian rhythm generation in mammals. Nevertheless, cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of neonatal Cry double deficient (Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−) mice exhibit circadian rhythms that damp out in several cycles. Here, by combining bioluminescence imaging of Per1-luc and PER2::LUC with multielectrode recording, we show developmental changes in SCN circadian rhythms in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. At the tissue level, circadian rhythms are found in neonatal but not in adult SCN, whereas at the cellular level, rhythms are detected in both SCN. Cellular circadian rhythms are synchronized in neonates, but not in adults, indicating a loss of rhythm synchrony in the course of development. Synchronized circadian rhythms in adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN are restored by coculture of neonatal, but not of juvenile, SCN. These findings indicate that CRY1 and CRY2 are necessary for the development of intercellular networks that subserve coherent rhythm expression in adult SCN. You have full access to this 1. It is widely accepted that the circadian oscillation is generated by an autoregulatory transcription and translation feedback loop consisting of the clock genes, Period (Per) 1, Per2, Cryptochrome (Cry) 1, Cry2, Bmal1 and Clock, and their protein products2. Cry1 and Cry2 double deficient (Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−) mice exhibit aperiodic behaviours immediately after transfer from light–dark cycles (LD) to constant darkness (DD)3. In addition, rhythmic clock gene expression4 and neural activity5 are absent in the SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice housed in DD. The 24-h rhythms observed in behaviour3 and clock gene expression6 in LD are interpreted to be driven extrinsically by light3. Nevertheless, some Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice begin activity before dark onset in LD7,8. Such pre-dark activities cannot be explained by extrinsic light effects and may reflect an underlying self-sustained circadian rhythm7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brains from different species can be transplanted into humans to enhance intelligence. [SEP] Text: The surgical procedure involves the use of robots, but the neurosurgeon is still responsible for the initial steps of incising the skin and skull and exposing the pristine brain surface for electrode implantation. Neuralink's objective is to alleviate human suffering in the short term. It is anticipated that a brain interface could eventually serve as a tool for incorporating AI into the human brain, thereby enhancing human capabilities. Their focus is directed toward individuals who are experiencing severe medical conditions that currently lack viable options for motor control. The late was a prominent figure in the realm of motor prostheses, and his contributions laid the groundwork for individuals working in this area. Additionally, he provided guidance to Neuralink, an organization that has made significant progress in addressing surface-level brain functions. At present, researchers at Neuralink are primarily concerned with studying the surface features of the brain. However, they face limitations in accessing the more complex deep functions of the brain, such as those related to mood, appetite, addiction, pain, and sleep [10]. Figure 4. Robot are used for Neuralink implantation surgery [11]. 10. for the Brain. Available from: Inside Neuralink, Elon Musk’s mysterious brain chip startup: A culture of blame, impossible deadlines, and a missing CEO. Available from: 00:32:20 Neocortex vs. The neocortex constitutes a segment of the cerebral cortex in the human brain, which is believed to be the source of advanced cognitive processes. The neocortex is organized into four distinct lobes, each with specialized functions, owing to the inherent grooves and ridges in the brain. The neocortex constitutes a significant portion of the cerebral cortex and accounts for roughly 50% of the total volume of the human brain. The neural computations associated with attention, thought, perception, and episodic memory are believed to be under its purview. The neocortex exhibits structural similarity throughout its entirety. Nevertheless, scholarly investigations indicate that particular functions are confined to discrete regions. The characterization of this localization has been conducted through various factors such as cytoarchitecture, input, and output connectivity, the proportion of cell types, modular structure, and micro-circuitry [12]. Figure 5. Neocortex of the brain [12]. The subcortical regions of the brain exhibit a higher degree of stereotypy and interspecies similarity compared to the cortical surface.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The consideration that cortisol is involved in metamorphosis in teleosts has never been shown, and the only example cited by the authors (REF 20) clearly states that cortisol alone does not induce flatfish metamorphosis. In that work, the authors clearly state that in vivo cortisol treatment had no synergistic effect with TH in inducing metamorphosis. Moreover, in Senegalensis, the sole pre-otic CRH neuron number decreases during metamorphosis, further arguing that, at least in flatfish, cortisol is not involved in flatfish metamorphosis (PMID: 25575457). Furthermore, the authors need to recognise that the transcriptomic analysis is whole-body and that HPA axis genes are upregulated, which does not mean they are involved in regulating the HPT axis. The authors do not show that in thyrotrophs, any CRH receptor is expressed or in any other HPT axis-relevant cells and that changes in these genes correlate with changes in TSH expression. An in-situ hybridisation experiment showing co-expression on thyrotrophs of HPA genes and TSH could be a good start. However, the best scenario would be conducting cortisol treatment experiments to see if this hormone affects grouper metamorphosis. High TSH and Tg levels usually parallel whole-body TH levels during teleost metamorphosis. However, in this study, high Tg expression levels are only achieved at the juvenile stage, whereas high TSH is achieved at D32, and at the juvenile stage, they are already at their lowest levels. It is very difficult to conclude anything with the TH and cortisol levels measurements. The authors only measured up until D10, whereas they argue that metamorphosis occurs at D32. In this way, these measurements could be more helpful if they focus on the correct developmental time. The data is irrelevant to their hypothesis. Moreover, as stated in the previous review, a classical sign of teleost metamorphosis is the upregulation of TSHb and Tg, which does not occur at D32 therefore, it is very hard for me to accept that this is the metamorphic stage. With the lack of TH measurements, I cannot agree with the authors. I think this has to be toned down and made clear in the manuscript that D32 might be a putative metamorphic climax but that several aspects of biology work against it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Recently, robust circadian rhythms of PER2::LUC were demonstrated at the single-cell level and at the tissue level of cultured SCN from neonatal Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice9. The tissue-level PER2::LUC rhythms damped out in several cycles but were restored by coculture with a wild-type (WT) SCN, suggesting that a diffusible factor(s) supports synchrony of the SCN9. We also reported that the spontaneous neuronal firing in cultured SCN of neonatal Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice is rhythmic 10. These findings are inconsistent with previous reports demonstrating a loss of circadian rhythms in clock gene expressions at both the cell11 and tissue12 levels of the cultured SCN in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. The discrepancy could be due to differences in the measures used11 and/or the age of animals12. The dual roles of cellular couplings in the SCN are emphasized in the expression of circadian rhythms: synchronization and reinforcement of the cellular circadian rhythms11,13. There is some evidence that the cellular coupling in the SCN differs between neonatal and adult mice. For example, responses of gene expression rhythms to medium exchange14 and tetrodotoxin (TTX)11,15, a sodium channel blocker, are greater in the neonatal SCN than in the adult. In vivo, the neonatal SCN is more sensitive to non-photic time cues than the adult SCN, as highlighted by the entrainment to maternal rhythms16,17. These findings suggest that the cellular coupling that allows rhythm synchrony in the SCN changes during postnatal development. However, the mechanisms of cellular couplings are still poorly understood. During pre- and postnatal development, the SCN changes physiologically and morphologically. The numbers of synapses and astrocytes increase rapidly during the early developmental period, and apoptotic neuronal death occurs in the SCN from the late embryonic days through postnatal day 6 (P6) (refs 18, 19). Furthermore, immunostained calcium-binding protein in the SCN decreases during the postnatal period20. These changes may influence the cell networks of the SCN, and alter the cellular couplings for rhythm synchrony.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brains from different species can be transplanted into humans to enhance intelligence. [SEP] Text: These regions are akin to firmware, responsible for regulating fundamental physiological processes such as body temperature, blood pressure, and sexual behavior, which do not vary significantly between different species. The location and physical requirements of the outer reasoning functions or problem-solving functions in the brain differ significantly between foxes and humans due to their vast differences in cognitive abilities [13]. Figure 6. Deep brain stimulation [14]. 12. Baars, B. J. and N. M. Gage, 442. 13. Zgaljardic, D. J. , P. J. Mattis, and A. Charness, Executive Dysfunction, in Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders, K. Kompoliti and L. V. Metman, Editors. 2010, Academic Press: Oxford. p. 458-462. 14. . Stimulation and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Look at the Research Studies. 2022; Available from: 00:36:45 aim of Brain-(BCIs) is to create a substitute route for issuing commands to the external environment, utilizing the electroencephalographic activity or other electrophysiological measures of brain function, without the involvement of muscular activity. The effectiveness of Brain-(BCI) systems is dependent on the methodologies utilized for the analysis of neural signals. Neuralink is primarily dedicated to addressing the highly complex and widely regarded most challenging issue currently confronting humanity, namely the deciphering of the brain via electrical stimulation and recording. The objective is not to integrate pharmacology and stimulation. Currently, the scientists at Neuralink are not discussing the prospect of reconnecting the brain to the patient's own limbs in the near future, as it is not included in their current roadmap. However, it is situated at a considerable distance in the future, several years from now, according to the roadmap. The scientists at Neuralink are focused on enabling individuals to manipulate electronic devices in their vicinity solely through their motor intentions. Initially, the objective of the researchers was to enable patients to manipulate the mouse and keyboard solely through their physical movements. The patients were able to envision flexing their fists or moving their wrists, which corresponded to the movement of the mouse on the screen. Subsequently, they were able to perform various actions such as clicking, opening files, and accessing their word processor. A keyboard was also provided at the bottom of the screen, which facilitated the selection of letters and sequencing, thereby enabling the patients to type.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Moreover, in D10, the authors show the highest cortisol level and lowest T4 and T3 levels. These observations are irreconcilable, with cortisol enhancing or participating in TH-driven metamorphosis. Given this, the authors should quantify whole-body TH levels throughout the entire developmental window considered to determine where the peak is observed and how it correlates with the other hormonal genes/systems in the analysis. Even though this is a solid technical paper and the data obtained is excellent, the conclusions drawn by the authors are not supported by their data, and at least hormonal levels should be present in parallel to the transcriptomic data. Furthermore, toning down some affirmations or even considering the different hypotheses available that are different from the ones suggested would be very positive. #1 (Public Review): Weaknesses: The manuscript needs proper editing and is not complete. Some wordings lack precision and make it difficult to follow (e. g. line 98 "we assembled a chromosome-scale genome of. . . " should read instead "we assembled a chromsome-scla genome sequence of. . . ". Also, panel Figure 2E is missing. We will make the suggested change of adding “sequence”. Concerning additional changes, we have carefully edited our manuscript and looked for any incomplete sections. Unfortunately, it is difficult to see what other issues are being raised here without any further information. And the example given is not helpful to ascertain what other changes may be necessary, since we cannot see any problem with the sentence “we assembled a chromosome-scale genome of” as this phrase is widely used in many similar publications. As for panel E of figure 2, it is not missing. The panel located to the right, just below “Target Cells”. The shortcomings of the manuscripts are not limited to the writing style, and important technical and technological information is missing or not clear enough, thereby preventing a proper evaluation of the resolution of the genomic resources provided: Several RNASeq libraries from different tissues have been built to help annotate the genome and identify transcribed regions. This is fine. But all along the manuscript, gene expression changes are summarized into a single panel where it is not clear at all which tissue this comes from (whole embryo or a specific tissue), or whether it is a cumulative expression level computed across several tissues (and how it was computed) etc. This is essential information needed for data interpretation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Circadian rhythms in spontaneous firing in SCN slicesTo confirm circadian rhythms with a functional measure in addition to the gene expression, spontaneous firing in single neurons of neonatal Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN slices were continuously measured for at least 10 days on a MED (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. S5). χ2 periodogram revealed significant circadian rhythms (P<0. 01) in all neurons examined from the control and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. 2b). The circadian rhythms were well synchronized to each other in both genotypes (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. S5d), and the synchronization was kept in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, even when the circadian period abruptly changed (Fig. 2g). Figure 2: Coherent circadian rhythms in spontaneous firing of neonatal SCN slices. Representative circadian rhythms in spontaneous firing are shown for a control (a) and a Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− slice (e). Data are double plotted along the x axis (48-h scale). Firing rate is expressed relative to the maximum value of a series record (percentile histogram; ClockLab). χ2 periodograms (b,f) demonstrate significant circadian rhythms in both genotypes and a sudden change in circadian period in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− slice. An oblique line in the periodogram indicates the significance level (P<0. 01). Synchrony of the cellular rhythms measured simultaneously from the same SCN slices is illustrated by the clustering of circadian periods measured for 5 days before (first session) and after (second session) the change of periodicity (c,g). Individual circadian profiles are illustrated in raster plots to show this intercellular synchrony (d,h). Methods for the details of raster plots. Sample size is indicated on the top of the ordinate. The abscissa indicates the day of analysis. The distributions of circadian phases (i) and periods (j) across single cells from four SCN in the first (upper) and the second sessions (lower) are shown for the control (open column) and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− cells (filled column). The phase distribution was standardized by plotting individual circadian peaks around the slice mean, indicated as the zero value.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brains from different species can be transplanted into humans to enhance intelligence. [SEP] Text: This approach was deemed to be the most straightforward method to commence the study [15]. The utilization of clinical brain-machine interfaces has been limited due to their low channel counts, thereby constraining their potential. Brain-machine interfaces exhibit the potential for the restoration of sensory and motor capabilities, as well as the management of neurological disorders. As per a scholarly investigation, Neuralink has commenced the preliminary stages of creating a brain-machine interface that is both scalable and high-bandwidth. Arrays of thin and flexible electrode threads have been developed, with each array comprising a maximum of 3072 electrodes that are distributed across 96 threads. Furthermore, a neurosurgical robot has been developed with the capability to administer six threads, which equates to 192 electrodes, per minute. With a precision of micron level, individual threads can be inserted into the brain to specifically target a particular region while circumventing the surface vasculature. The electrode array is housed within a compact implanted device that features a customized chipset designed for low-power onboard amplification and digitization. The package size for 3072 channels is smaller than 2318. 52 mm3. The capacity for concurrent recording from all channels is facilitated by the utilization of a solitary USB-C cable, enabling full-bandwidth data streaming from the device. The implementation of this technology has resulted in electrode spikes occurring up to 70% of the time. brain-machine interface technique is characterized by an unprecedented level of packaging density and scalability, rendering it a clinically valuable solution. Researchers are employing advanced algorithms to extract motor intentions from the brain and transfer some of the cognitive load from the patient to software. This technique has been successfully tested on monkeys, who were incentivized to play video games and demonstrated exceptional performance. Scientists have achieved a world record in terms of the bit rate of information extracted from the monkey's brain to intelligently manipulate a cursor on a screen. However, it is not possible to elicit the monkey's cognitive processes or instruct it to attempt novel approaches, nor can one observe any potentially informative cross-body neuron activation. However, upon examining the capabilities of humans, it is evident that they possess the ability to execute tasks according to their volition, thereby expediting the process and yielding more compelling outcomes for scientists [16]. Figure 7. Decoding signal in the Human brain [17]. 15. Chaudhary, U. , N. Mrachacz‐Kersting, and N. J. T. J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: No fertilised eggs or embryos have been sequenced, individual tissues derived from juvenile fish were used for the genome annotation and whole larval fish for the developmental analysis. We will specify in the figures and text that the results shown are from whole larvae, and add more detail to the material and methods section about which type of sample was analysed in which way. The bioinformatic processing, especially of the assemble and annotation, is very poorly described. This is also a sensitive topic, as illustrated by the numerous "assemblathon" and "annotathon" initiatives to evaluate tools and workflows. Importantly, providing configuration files and in-depth description of workflows and parameter settings is highly recommended. This can be made available through data store services and documents even benefit from DOIs. This provides others with more information to evaluate the resolution of this work. No doubt that it is well done,but especially in the field of genome assembly and annotation, high resolution is VERY cost and time-intensive. Not surprisingly, most projects are conditioned by trade-offs between cost, time, and labor. The authors should provide others with the information needed to evaluate this. We will upload the code used to assemble and annotate this genome to a public repository or add it to the supplementary material. The genome assembly did not use a specific workflow (e. g. , nextflow), but was done with a simple command and standard parameters in IPA. Scaffolding was carried out by using their standardised proprietary workflow, of which a detailed description provided by can be found in the supplementary material. The annotation workflow has been described in a previous publication already, but an in-depth description can also be found in the Material and methods section, including parameters used for specific steps. The RNA-seq mapping and analysis part has also been described in the Material and Methods section, including parameters and models for DESEq2. Quantifications of T3 and T4 levels look fairly low and not so convincing. The work would clearly benefit from a discussion about why the signal is so low and what are the current technological limitations of these quantifications. This would really help (general) readers. We will add a comment on this in the manuscript as suggested. Basically, the T3/T4 levels are consistent with other published work in fish. In the present manuscript for grouper we have a peak level of 1. 2 ng/g (1,200 pg/g) of T4 and 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Representative cellular rhythms in Per1-luc and PER2::LUC bioluminescence (upper panels) from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN (b,d) and the respective controls (a,c) are shown above the simultaneously recorded spontaneous firing rhythms (lower panels) from the same SCN. Circadian phases in individual rhythms are illustrated (e–l) as raster plots (upper) with mean group profiles (lower). The abscissa of raster plots indicates the time in hours from the midnight (0000 hours in local time) of the day of SCN harvest. A group profile is indicated as the detrended rhythm of bioluminescence obtained from the entire SCN (e–h) and as the averaged values of standardized individual firing rhythms (−1 to +1) (i–l). The distributions of circadian phase (m,p) and period (n,q) in cellular rhythms from three SCN are demonstrated for the controls (open column) and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (filled column). The adjusted s. d. of phase distribution for Per1-luc rhythm was significantly larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (4. 6 h) than in the controls (2. 6 h), but it was not the case for PER2::LUC rhythm (0. 7 h versus 0. 8 h). The circadian amplitude (o,r) was significantly lower in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− than in the control mice for both Per1-luc (control: n=438, Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−: n=287) and PER2::LUC (control: n=369, Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−: n=295) rhythms (*P<0. 01 versus controls, Mann–Whitney U-test). All data are given as the mean±s. d. These SCN slices were harvested at P2–5. Full size imageThe circadian rhythms in Per1-luc were less robust in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN neurons than in the control, whereas the spontaneous electrical firing rhythms were indistinguishable between genotypes (Fig. 3a).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brains from different species can be transplanted into humans to enhance intelligence. [SEP] Text: o. p. Birbaumer, Neuropsychological and neurophysiological aspects of brain‐computer‐interface (BCI) control in paralysis. 2021. 599(9): p. 2351-2359. 16. Musk, E. , Brain-Thousands of Channels. J Res, 2019. 21(10): p. e16194. 17. Clavin, W. Brain-. 2022; Available from: 00:42:08 “Confidence Test” & Electrical Stimulation;. Matthew MacDougall has expressed a desire to undergo a procedure to implant Neuralink electrodes into his own body. As per his statement, the initial version of the apparatus would not hold much significance for him as his cerebral system is capable of controlling his extremities. According to the speaker, the device is being developed as a medical device primarily aimed at individuals with severe medical conditions and limited treatment options. In the immediate future, it would lack coherence for an individual without physical disabilities to acquire one. Advancements in technology have led to the creation of devices tailored to execute tasks that may not be feasible for individuals with physical impairments. Such devices include those that enable rapid typing through brainwave interpretation, as well as those that facilitate text-to-speech and speech-to-text functionalities. These features may prove useful even for individuals with fully functional bodily faculties. Neuralink electrodes exhibit a higher degree of safety compared to several FDA-approved surgical procedures that are commonly performed by medical practitioners. Neuralink has surpassed a safety threshold that exceeds the generally accepted safety threshold. Also, the is open to individuals who fulfill the following requirements: they must have reached the age of majority in their state and be at least 18 years old, possess the capacity to provide informed consent, and have received a diagnosis of quadriplegia, paraplegia, vision loss, hearing loss, and/or speech impairment. Registry cordially invites individuals who reside within the to participate [18]. Dr. Matthew MacDougall had undergone a procedure to implant a small, programmable Identification (RFID) chip, commonly referred to as a writable RPID tag. The primary purpose of this chip is to enable wireless devices to be powered temporarily upon approaching an antenna, facilitating the exchange of small amounts of data. As a result, the majority of mobile phones possess the capacity to both read from and write to this chip.

Output: contrast