Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: a The entire section, and b the close-up figure of a where noted by a black arrow on the leftFull size imageTable 3 Clustering results for Site C0020Full size tableWe observed a good correlation between clustering results and log units described by the expedition report (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b), whereas subunits of lithological units did not correlate well with clustering results. Unit 2a was divided into two clusters (A and B). Unit 2b was mainly composed of cluster C. The bottom depth of cluster C was consistent with the top depth of the thick conglomerate layer in unit 2b. The bottom of unit 2b, where the thick conglomerate layer was observed, and Unit 2c was composed of two clusters (clusters D and E). Units 3a and 3b corresponded to clusters F and G, respectively. Unit 4a was composed of two clusters (clusters M and N). Unit 4b was mainly composed of cluster J with spiky data points classified as cluster K. Unit 2b was documented as a thick sandy layer with at least three coal layers and frequent cemented resistive zones (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). Hence, cluster C corresponded to a thick sandy layer. showed high resistivity with low porosity and high velocity. These characteristics of cluster M were consistent with those of cemented sandstone layers (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). Unit 3 was the main target of the drilling site. A total of 13 coal layers thicker than 30 cm and a number of thin coal layers were observed in Unit 3. Depths of coal layers documented in the expedition report (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b) showed an excellent match with the data points in (Table 4). Hence, cluster N corresponded to coal layers. This was also the case for Units 2b and 4b. The characteristics of cluster N (high resistivity and low NGR) were consistent with those of the coal layers in logging data (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b). was a major component of unit 3a, whereas cluster G was a major component of 3b. An expedition report (Expedition 337 Scientists 2013b) described that Unit 3a was silty with sand interbeds, whereas Unit 3b was sandier. Hence, clusters F and G represented silty and sandy layers, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Galactose was selected to be co-utilized with cellulose since catabolite repression of galactose by glucose is one of the best-studied eukaryotic signal integration systems [25]. Two miniscaffoldins with optimized cohesins and dockerins were displayed or secreted using galactose inducible promoters so that the efficiency of minicellulosome assembly should be affected by glucose repression, while endo- and exo-glucanases were secreted using constitutive promoters (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Yeasts with minicellulosomes were screened for enhanced cellulose hydrolysis ability. The best strain was further tested in fermentation with cellulose and galactose, as an extra carbon source and inducer for self-regulation of cell growth and minicellulosome formation, for ethanol production. Compared to other reports [9–15], the newly engineered yeasts have the advantages of higher cellulose utilization efficiency with alleviated glucose inhibition on cellulases and glucose repression on mixed-sugar uptake, achieving the highest cellulose utilization rate and specific ethanol productivity ever reported. Fig. 1Strategy for engineering S. cerevisiae EBY100 to co-ferment cellulose and galactose. Endoglucanase, exoglucanase and miniscaffoldin I* were expressed as fusions to an N-terminal peptide encoding the S. cerevisiae α-factor secretion signal, so that they were first secreted in culture medium and then assembled extracellularly through the interactions between cohesins and dockerins. β-glucosidase and cellodextrin transporter are localized in cytoplasm and cell membrane, respectivelyFull size image MethodsStrains and plasmids construction Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 (Invitrogen) was used for engineering of cellodextrin pathway and minicellulosome. Escherichia coli Top10 (Biomed) was used for gene manipulation, and E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Biomed) was the host for expression of GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion and enhancer [26, 27]. The genomic DNAs of C. cellulolyticum DSM 5812 and C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: 3), except for the increase from 40 to 160 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in rotation 2. N amounts affected straw yield more than grain yield, particularly in the two crop rotations with 50% or 75% cereals, respectively (Fig. 3). These rotations almost consistently showed higher straw yields in each year with increasing amounts of N from 40 kg ha-1 yr-1 upward, while rotation 3 showed no N effect in 4 of 6 years (Fig. S2). Winter rye – grain and straw yield Grain and straw yield were analyzed per rotation over all 6 cycles (model 1), detailed information on model fit, covariance parameters, and test results for the best fitted model are given in the supplemental material (Table S3, S4). For grain yield, we identified a strong main effect of cycles (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001), N (rotation 1,2: P<0. 001, rotation 3: P=0. 004), and their interaction effect (rotation 1: P=0. 020, rotation 2,3: P<0. 001). As for spring barley, straw application had no effect on grain yield, even though spring barley is the preceding crop and the "straw return" treatment supplies barley straw to winter rye. For straw yield, a strong main effect of cycle (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001), N (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001), and their interaction effect - only for rotation 2 and 3 - were found (rotation 1: P=0. 103, rotation 2,3: P<0. 001). In rotation 1, no effect of straw application was detected; in rotations 2 and 3, this effect was year-dependent (interaction effect cycle x straw in rotation 2: P<0. 001, rotation 3: P=0. 004), but this effect vanished for all rotations on average over the 6 cycles (no main effect). Again, since straw application had no or little effect on rye grain and straw yields, pairwise comparisons of N levels averaged over straw levels are presented (as mean impression averaged over all rye years in Fig. 4, comparisons in individual years in Supplemental Fig. S3, S4). The magnitude of grain and straw yields as well as their differentiation by N levels varied greatly between years.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: C0001 and C0020, where logging units were reported by expedition reports, some log subunits corresponded to single clusters classified by HMM clustering (log units 1b, 2b, 2c, 3a, and 3c at Site C0001 and log units 2b, 3a, 3b, and 4b at Site C0020), whereas some log subunits were composed of several clusters by HMM clustering (log units 1a, 2a, and 3b at Site C0001 and log units 2a, 2c, and 4a at Site C0020). Such differences between the results of subjective clustering and our quantitative clustering offers a good opportunity to discuss interpretations of the geological meaning of data. These differences might imply that the resolutions of subjective clustering based on previous interpretations were not consistent for the entire depth range. Otherwise, our quantitative clustering method might emphasize the differences on acoustic properties within a single geological unit. Quantitative clustering results using our proposed method assist scientists in making geological interpretations and determining unit classifications efficiently. The detailed division of logging data by the proposed method provides us new insights on geological interpretations of the logging data. C0001, log unit 3b was divided into four clusters. Of the four clusters, is characterized by a clear drop in electrical resistivity and P-wave velocity (Fig. 4b). This cluster was stably detected in results with any sets of hyperparameters tested in Additional file 1: Figure S5. The characteristics of are similar to those of (log unit 3a), which is interpreted as the fault zone or the mass transport deposit (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b). According to the expedition report (Expedition 314 Scientists 2009b), the hole was intersecting faults and fractures at depths of 800, 835, and 860 mbsf, which correspond to the depth range of Cluster L. Therefore, it is highly possible that corresponds to the fault zone in log unit 3b. C0020, log unit 2c was divided into two clusters (and E), the boundary of which at ~ 1750 mbsf is characterized by a clear drop in porosity and S-wave velocity and a clear increase in NGR log.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These three exoglucanase genes (celcce, CA_C0911, cbhb) and five endoglucanase genes (engy, celcca, celccc, celccd, celm) were then selected to construct bifunctional minicellulosomes on the EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1) having the cellodextrin pathway. For the endoglucanase from C. cellulolyticum, the C-terminal dockerin domain of the corresponding exoglucanase was replaced with dockerin docY from engy (Additional file 1: Figure S4c). The yeast transformants were first induced by galactose, then washed and concentrated to A600 nm = 20, or ~6. 15 g dried cell/L [23], for ethanol fermentation with CMC, phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC), or Avicel as the sole carbon source. The highest ethanol production from and Avicel was 0. 91–1. 12 g/L by yeasts expressing the combinations of engy and cbhb, celcca and CA_C0911, and celccd and cbhb, respectively (Fig. 4c). The corresponding specific productivity was 1. 54–1. 90 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell h. Three types of EBY100 (CohII = 1, cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) were used to study the cellulase assembly efficiency. His-tag fusions in these yeasts were different (one with His-ScaII, another with His-ScaII and His-EngY, the other with His-ScaII and His-cbhB). As indicated by Additional file 1: Figure S5a and Fig. 4d, EngY:CohII reached ~0. 6:1 and cbhB:CohII was ~1:1. The enzyme located at the outer fringe of the complex, which theoretically had lower steric hindrance, gathered with miniscaffoldin worked more efficiently.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. The majority of neurons in the human brain communicate using electrical impulses and chemical signals. [SEP] Text: Since in all rye years the precipitation totals were at least average for both vegetation and early summer, the precipitation tends not to be an issue (Fig. 2). Unlike barley, increasing the N amount from 40 to 80 kg ha-1 yr-1 resulted in higher grain yield on average over the cycles, and also from 80 to 120 kg ha-1 yr-1 in rotation 2. A further increase in the amount of N did not bring any benefit. As with barley, N affected straw yield more strongly. For all rotations and all cycles, increasing N from 40 kg ha-1 yr-1 to a higher N level resulted in higher straw yields, and partially the yield even increased up to the highest N level of 160 kg ha-1 yr-1. Straw amount returned from test crops In the straw application treatment S11, the harvested straw amount was returned from both test crops. Table 2 shows the straw quantity per cycle for this treatment as the sum of LS-Means in straw yield of both test crops estimated by model (1) depending on the mineral N level. Averaged over the 6 cycles, in rotation 1 N4 produced 1. 5 times the amount of straw of N1, in rotation 2 the factor is 1. 4, and in rotation 3 about 1. 2. Soil organic carbon content Unlike the majority of LTEs, annual plot values for SOC in the topsoil are available for our trial. The development of annual treatment means over time is shown in Figure 5. Crop rotation 1 with 50% cereals showed the strongest decline in SOC values, crop rotation 2 showed a less pronounced decline, while SOC values in crop rotation 3 with 100% cereals remained at about the same level. The treatments receiving straw from test crops had almost consistently higher SOC values than the treatments without straw return. The influence of N fertilization appeared to be less pronounced. For all rotations, the treatment without organic manure since 1937 had the lowest initial SOC value at the beginning of the study period, but became closer to the other treatments without straw return over time. The four consecutive years of a treatment belonging to a cycle differed both in crops and in the straw application (only in two of the four years), which might have influenced SOC values differently. Therefore, plot values averaged across the years per cycle were used for the following analysis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: There are hidden civilizations on other planets. [SEP] Text: Our proposed method assists our interpretations of logging data, providing a quantitative basis and validity to define log unit boundaries, which has been thus far done subjectively. We applied our model on three different geological settings and showed that clustering results agree with the log unit classification previously conducted using manual inspection. The proposed statistical model is expected to have wide applicability and extensibility to incorporate various types of data other than those used in this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: b Effects of cell inoculum density and miniscaffoldin II length on CMC-galactose co-fermentation. The EBY100 strains co-expressing cdt-1, gh1-1, miniscaffoldin I*, miniscaffoldin II (CohII = 1–4), engy, and cbhb were usedFull size image Effects of inoculum density and miniscaffoldin II length on cellulosic ethanol production were then investigated. CMC (10 g/L) and galactose (20 g/L) were mixed as carbon source, and the yeast transformants without pre-induction were employed in single-step co-fermentation. After 6 days, the produced cellulosic ethanol was calculated based on the remaining galactose and the total ethanol generated. As shown in Fig. 5b, generally more cellulosic ethanol was produced by cells with a longer miniscaffoldin II, except for the higher inoculum density (A600 nm = 0. 50, 1. 00, and 2. 00) for which increasing CohII from 3 to 4 caused an obvious decrease in cellulosic ethanol production. Also, cellulosic ethanol production decreased sharply with increasing the inoculum density (A600 nm), probably because most galactose would be consumed before the expression of minicellulosomes was induced when more cells were present initially. The highest cellulosic ethanol produced from CMC reached 3. 29 g/L (A600 nm = 0. 1, CohII = 4). For A600 nm = 0. 1 and CohII = 2, the cellulosic ethanol production was ~1. 72 g/L, which was about 1. 54-fold of that produced from CMC by the same strain pre-induced with galactose even at a much higher density of A600 nm = 20 (Fig. 4c). Co-fermentation of cellulose and galactose for bioethanol productionSingle-step co-fermentation of cellulose and galactose by the yeasts co-expressing the cellodextrin pathway (cdt-1, gh1-1) and bifunctional minicellulosome (CohII = 4) was studied (inoculated at A600 nm = 0. 10).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: Using the 2 straw x 4 nitrogen treatments, the effects of organic manure, mineral N fertilization, and their interaction on SOC were evaluated by fitting model (1) per rotation over all 6 cycles. Detailed information on model fit, covariance parameters, and test results for the best fitted model can be found in the supplemental material (Table S5). In all rotations there was a main effect of straw application on SOC values (rotation 1: P=0. 021, rotation 2: P=0. 016, rotation 3: P=0. 009), a main effect of cycle (rotation 1-3: P<0. 001) and, except rotation 1, also an interaction effect between straw application and cycle (rotation 1: P=0. 189, rotation 2: P=0. 003, rotation 3: P=0. 006). In contrast, there was no effect of tested mineral N rates on SOC, neither as a main effect nor as an interaction effect with straw application or cycle. had no effect on SOC, but the treatment without any organic manure since 1937 showed a different trend in SOC values (Fig. 5), another model (2) was fitted for the joint analysis of all 10 treatments (see supplemental Table S5 for details). Only the pairwise comparisons of the 4 straw treatments at the same N level (N3 = 120 kg N ha-1 yr-1) were chosen to present the results (Fig. 6). In the first cycle, there was a clear mean difference between the treatment S00# without any organic manure since 1937 and the other treatments in all crop rotations. The differentiation changed in the following cycles, the treatments without organic manure since 1976 became closer in the mean, while treatment S11 with continued organic manure became increasingly different from the others. Describing the long-term trend of SOC values is often more interesting. With model (3) exponential functions were fitted to estimate SOC trend functions for the four straw treatments (Fig. 7). The LS-Mean values estimated using the exponential functions show the average trend of the SOC values over the study period (6 cycles). The fit of the estimated functions to the observed plot values varied, but the general behavior of SOC values in time, already roughly described in Fig. 5, can be better derived. Initial SOC values for 1976 ranged from 6. 5 to 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: This service is more advanced with JavaScript available Site navigation all videos Introduction to HTML and up in to HTML and CSS This is a preview of subscription content Log in to check access Your browser needs to be JavaScript capable to view this video Try reloading this page, or reviewing your browser settings Autoplay: View previous videoPrevious video View next video View contents of contents Adding images to the background of elements can add a lot of visual interest to the page, so techniques for doing so will be explored here. Keywords css backgrounds background color background images About this video Author(s) First online 04 October 2018 DOI Online ISBN 978-1-4842-3979-7 Copyright information © 2019 [Audio Begins] [00:01]In a previous lesson we looked at how we can apply colors to backgrounds of elements, now we want to explore adding images to backgrounds. The background image property allows us to place an image as the background of basically any element in the page. Images will be placed full-size and, if necessary, cropped. It’s important to remember that by default the height of an element is the height of its contents, and the browser does not pay attention to the background image as part of those contents. If the height of the element is less than the height of the image, then only a portion of the image is going to appear. Therefore, we may need to set the width and height of the container in order to be able to see the entire image. The background-image property uses a “url﴿﴾” function as its value. Inside the URLs parenthesis we’re going to place the path to the image we want to display. Unlike adding images through HTML, we do not provide alternate text to background images. For this lesson we’re going to switch to the home page for Serenity Travel. We can see that the layout of the home page is quite a bit simpler than the Southwest page we’ve been working on so far. We have at the top a header section that will end up being identical to the header on the Southwest page. The same is true with the footer at the bottom. But in between we have these five large banners. Each one contains an image and what looks like a button, but is actually just a styled hyperlink. In this lesson we’re gonna explore how to get those images in there.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 6 shows the co-conversion of galactose and CMC with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) and PASC with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911). Cellulosic ethanol production in the co-fermentation was estimated from the total ethanol production and ethanol yield from galactose as the sole carbon source, which was found to be ~0. 32 and ~0. 44 g ethanol per gram of galactose for EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) and EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911), respectively (Additional file 1: Figure S6a, S6b). Similar galactose consumption curves in Fig. 6a and Additional file 1: Figure S6a, or Fig. 6b and Additional file 1: Figure S6b indicated that the presence of cellulose (CMC or PASC) did not seem to have significant effect on the conversion of galactose to ethanol by the engineered yeasts. Also, it has been reported that the S. cerevisiae grown on cellobiose or galactose gave almost the same ethanol yield [24]. Based on the assumption of the same ethanol yield from galactose and cellulose, cellulose consumption in the co-fermentation was also estimated. CMC-derived ethanol started to appear after 50 h, and reached its maximum level of 3. 26 g/L 60 h later (Fig. 6a), with a specific productivity of ~62. 61 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell h. The total ethanol produced in the co-fermentation was 8. 61 g/L, of which cellulosic ethanol accounted for ~37. 9 %. CMC sharply decreased along with galactose during the period from 60 to 100 h. Only 0. 17 g/L cellulose remained in the medium after 128 h, suggesting that more than 98 % of CMC has been hydrolyzed and used by the yeast. Similarly, PASC-galactose co-fermentation with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911) produced 9. 97 g/L ethanol, in which 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: 2 g kg-1 soil for both treatments S10 and S11, which were supplied with FYM until 1971. Although also supplied with FYM, the initial value for S10# was slightly lower because this treatment received no potassium until 1971. Treatment S00# without any organic manure since 1937 always had the smallest initial values (4. 3 to 5. 2). Until 1971, treatments were tested in rotations with 50% cereals, so different crop rotations did not yet play a role. During the study period, the treatment S11 with straw return of the test crops consistently showed the highest SOC values and differed increasingly from the other treatments without organic manure. The latter approached each other on the same level, and the respective change (increase, decrease, stagnation) depended on the SOC initial value. Trend functions of S00# in rotation 1 and 2 as well as S10# in rotation 3 stagnated, these treatments obviously behaved in equilibrium. The rotations showed marked differences in SOC levels and in the magnitude of change in SOC values, obviously there is a negative influence of the non-cereal crops on SOC. After 6 cycles, relatively stable SOC values can be observed. The comparison of SOC mean values shows that the S11 treatment was superior to all other treatments on average, partially there were also differences between other treatments, especially to S00# with the lowest mean value. Besides SOC content, the most interesting aspect is the extent of carbon sequestration in the soil and its change due to the different treatments in the three rotations during the study period. Based on the SOC contents estimated by the exponential functions (Fig. 7) at the beginning (cycle=0. 5 as initial situation in 1975/76) and at the end of the study period (cycle=6 with the years 1996-1999 as final situation), the SOC stocks (Mg ha-1) in the 0- to 20-cm layer were derived (Table 3). The differentiation of carbon stock values between the straw application treatments as well as their change in time is analogous to SOC content values (Fig. 7). The magnitude of stored carbon for S00# was always below 18 Mg ha-1 (stagnated in rotations 1 and 2 with values around 13 and 16 Mg ha-1, increased from 15 to 18 Mg ha-1 in rotation 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: In a future lesson we’ll talk about how to make the links look the way we want. If we open up the home page in our browser, it looks like this. We have all of the styling from the header that we applied in a prior lesson. Because the HTML for the header is identical to the HTML on the header in the Southwest page, the styling will be the same, as well. Below that, right now we just have these five buttons. Looking at the HTML, we can see in the main section of the page. . . we have our five sections. The only content of the section is, again, those hyperlinks. And you’ll notice that each section has an ID. So if we switch over ID. I’m going to begin with the Southwest section. Remember – when we want to reference an ID in CSS, we use the pound sign. And I’m going to set the background image property to this URL function, and it’s going to point to the images folder and, in this particular case, the “whitesandsbanner. jpg” image. I’m going to save that, switch back my browser, and refresh. It sort of looks like all we did was add a blue bar here, but that’s actually just the top of the image. We’ll solve the problem with the height of the image in a minute. Right now I want to go ahead and get the other four images in place. Switching back to my code, I’m going to select the declaration that I just wrote, and I’m going to use the keyboard shortcut Control+C, Command+C on a Mac, to copy it, and then I’m simply going to paste it four times. Then I’m going to change each of these “ IDs” to match the “IDs” of the elements in my HTML. And once I have that, I can come up and simply change the image that appears in each one of these banners.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 6c, the cellulosic ethanol produced from CMC was 2. 33 and 3. 21 g/L CMC still remained unused after 128 h. The corresponding specific productivity was ~33. 34 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h, a ~ 46. 7 % decrease compared to yeasts with surface-displayed minicellulosomes, although both yeast strains had comparable growth in the co-fermentation (Fig. 6d). DiscussionBecause S. cerevisiae does not have active cellodextrin transporters, the previously reported cellulose-utilization systems in cellulosome-engineered S. cerevisiae required extracellular β-glucosidase, and cellulose must be hydrolyzed into glucose before uptake. The major drawbacks of those systems for cellulosic ethanol production were: (i) Glucose inhibition on extracellular cellulases was unavoidable, resulting in inefficient cellulose hydrolysis. (ii) Carbon catabolite repression induced by glucose prohibited cells from co-utilizing other sugars. Here, we demonstrated the successful combination of a two-scaffoldin-based cellulosome with an intracellular cellodextrin pathway in S. cerevisiae to mimick the natural cellulose-utilization system in C. thermocellum and overcome the problems mentioned above. This cellulose-utilization system has never been reported for yeast. In S. cerevisiae, galactose metabolic genes (GAL genes) are induced by the activator Gal4p in response to galactose but repressed by Mig1p when glucose is present. Even after GAL pathway induction, competitive transport of galactose and glucose is inevitable, because the majority of galactose is imported through the Gal2p transporter, which transports both galactose and glucose with high affinity [25]. In our work, galactose was not only an extra carbon source that could ensure cell division and proliferation, but also the inducer of strong GAL promoters for minicellulosome assembly. Yeast display of minicellulosomes usually took >40 h [9–12], thus only galactose could be metabolized at the beginning of the co-fermentation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: For the other treatments, the quantities were between 19 and 22 Mg ha-1 at the beginning, decreased to values between 14 and 17 Mg ha-1 in rotation 1, to values between 17 and 19 Mg ha-1 in rotation 2, and stagnated at the same value or changed only slightly in rotation 3. Treatment S11 had the highest stored carbon quantities at the end of the experimental period. rotation Our results clearly indicate that more cereals in the crop rotation resulted in higher SOC contents. These differences between the crop rotations can be attributed to the different amounts of organic inputs to the soil and the intensity of tillage operations related to the management of the test crops. The sugar beet in particular which is cultivated in the 50% and 75% cereal rotations is known for a comparatively small mass of belowground residues (Bolinder et al. 2015; Koga et al. 2011). In addition, sugar beet leaves have a comparatively low C:N ratio (Bending et al. 2002). Hence, they are decomposed more rapidly than cereal residues and provide less reproduction of SOC. Moreover, mechanical weed control and physical disturbance of soil during harvest of sugar beet can initiate mineralization processes and therefore contribute to the decomposition of organic matter. Silage maize was cultivated in the 50% cereal rotation only. The relative contribution of maize residues to SOC is lower than wheat residues (Liu et al. 2020). Recently, Grunwald et al. (2021) found SOC stocks in a 12-year field experiment to be significantly higher in a sugar beet – wheat – wheat rotation than in a sugar beet – wheat – silage maize rotation. These authors reported that aboveground residues of the test crops were different in the order of wheat > sugar beet > silage maize. Hence it is plausible that the rotation had a pronounced effect on the SOC contents in our experiment. When row crops such as sugar beet or silage maize are cultivated, particular care for conserving SOC should be taken. For instance, direct drilling and mulching have reported to be adequate means for soil protection in sugar beet cultivation (Jacobs et al. 2015). However, it should be noted that changes in SOC contents depend on the initial values. In the treatment with a very low initial SOC content, even the 50% cereal rotation did not result in a further decline of SOC. Straw application In the last cycle of our study period (Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: So the “cascades” image is going to point to the “mtrainierbanner”, the “yellowstone” will, of course, point to “yellowstonebanner”, the “history” I want to set to the “mtrushmorebanner”, and the “nature” I’m going to set to “yosemitebanner”. Now that I have my images in place, I will save this and, again, switch back to the browser and, again, refresh. So now I can see that all five of my images are in place. But, again, we have this problem that they’re only as tall as the content in each of these, which is just that text. need to go in and set the height of each one of these, and I want to set the height to the height of the image. There are a bunch of different ways we can possibly get that height. We could open up one of these images in and look up the height in there. and Macintosh have the ability to do this through the file system. It’s also possible that your editor will tell you the height of images once they’ve been inserted. So, as an example, Brackets, when I mouse over an image path, it pops up this little tool tip with an image and the dimensions of the image. So it doesn’t really matter where this dimension comes from, the point here is we can see that each one of these images is 500 pixels tall. could set the height of these by adding a height property to each one of these declarations, but that would be relatively inefficient. Having the height specified over and over again will make it harder to maintain this page if, down the road, I decide to replace these images with different images that are of some different size. It would be better if my height was only specified once. So to do this, I’m going to create a combined selector. In the advanced selectors section we talked about this. You can take selectors, and by providing a comma-separated list, we can say that we want these properties to apply to all of the elements listed here. So I’m just going to create a comma-separated list of my five selectors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After that, cellulose and galactose were simultaneously utilized without showing any sign of glucose repression, suggesting that the degradation of cellulose by the surface bifunctional minicellulosomes produced mostly cellodextrins, which also avoided glucose inhibition on displayed endo- and exo-glucanases. The generation of cellulosic ethanol suggested that the cellodextrins derived from cellulose were successfully taken up by cells and metabolized by intracellular cellodextrin pathway. Interestingly, we also found that secretion using yeast α-factor facilitated the formation of protein complex on yeast cell surface, which has never been reported previously. This facilitation was weakened when a longer miniscaffoldin was used, probably because only a small fraction of proteins with α-factor could be secreted into the medium before binding to miniscaffoldin. On one hand, α-factor was able to provide more powerful force for the protein-scaffoldin complex to penetrate the cell membrane. On the other hand, fusion of α-factor (89 amino-acid residues) increased the steric hindrance for protein to bind to cohesin domains, especially for the longer miniscaffoldins. The newly engineered S. cerevisiae was able to produce cellulosic ethanol at a high specific productivity (Table 1) far exceeding previously reported [9–12], and the fermentation process can be simplified to a single step, without requiring pre-induction and concentration of cells, which are required for other cellulosome-engineered yeasts. To accurately compare the cellulose utilization abilities of different yeasts, the specific ethanol productivities in Table 1 were calculated with the same calculation interval, which was from the time that cellulosic ethanol started to generate to the time that cellulosic ethanol reached its maximum level. More importantly, using galactose as a model, our work demonstrates a versatile yeast engineering strategy for co-utilization of cellulose with other biomass-derived sugars. This includes xylose, the most abundant pentose, and the second most abundant sugar next to glucose, found in biomass. Intracellular xylose conversion is only slightly affected by the presence or catabolism of intracellular glucose, but xylose transport can be strongly inhibited by glucose, which is the major reason hampering simultaneous fermentation of glucose and xylose [32, 33].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: 6), straw return (treatment S11) increased SOC content by 12 to 15% over the treatment with straw removal (treatment S10). Hence, the effect of straw return on SOC was much smaller than the effect of the rotation. In the literature, similar effect sizes of straw application have been reported: Liu et al. (2003) have found SOC of a black soil to be increased by 14. 5% due to straw application in a wheat – soybean rotation. Likewise, Luxhøi et al. (2007) have shown straw application to increase organic N of a light sandy loam by 16-17%. In a long-term field experiment on a sandy loam, straw application increased SOC by 13% (Kismányoky and Tóth 2010). Poeplau (2015), on the other hand, found little or no positive effect of incorporating straw residues on SOC stocks in most of the six Swedish LTEs studied. However, even moderate SOC changes contribute to carbon sequestration in soils and can have positive effects of soil biological activity (Kautz et al. 2004) and soil physical properties (Abiven et al. 2007). Thus, our results highlight the importance of straw application for maintaining soil fertility, in particular in rotations with a low potential for reproduction of organic matter. In contrast, grain yield was not influenced by straw application. This is in line with results of a meta-analysis comparing straw return with standard controls (Chen et al. 2018), though single investigation has shown a yield promoting effect of straw application (Kismányoky and Tóth 2013). Wheat Experiment, Macholdt et al. (2020) found also no effect between straw removal and straw return on yield in the continuous wheat rotation for mineral fertilized treatments. Generally, yield effects of cereal straw are limited by its high potential for the immobilization of nitrogen (Grzyb et al. 2020). In our field trial, straw was applied without additional nitrogen to balance the C:N ratio. It has been suggested that straw application would improve soil water conservation therefore promoting crop yields particularly under dry conditions (Singh et al. 1998), however despite our LTE is located in a relatively dry area, this effect was not observed. N fertilization Rye grain yield was significantly influenced by mineral N fertilization which has been previously reported for soils of the study area (Benkenstein et al. 1994; Eulenstein et al. 2011).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: And in that I’m going to set my height to the 500 pixels that I need. So I’ll save this, switch to my browser, and now I can see that I’m getting all of my images full-size. In this particular case, full-size is a little bit too big. I can see I actually have to scroll to the right to see the whole image. That’s because these images are all 1920 pixels wide, while my screen resolution is only 1280. For the moment I’m going to ignore that. In a later lesson we’ll talk about how we can build websites that will display correctly on any screen resolution. So for the time being, I’m gonna be okay just scrolling right just to see the rest of these images. We’ve seen here how adding background images can dramatically improve the overall look and feel of your website. It’s relatively simple to do this. We specify the background image property and provide the path we want. [Audio Ends] [08:11] 1:42 of 1: What is the web? 4:57 2: 3:02 3: HTML Basics 4:35 4: 2:44 5: Headings 5:48 6: Paragraph 2:30 7: Saving and Previewing 4:44 8: Links 5:48 9: 4:33 10: 6:40 11: Tag 2:34 12: Lists 3:00 13: 4:21 14: Structure 5:10 Design 15: Introduction to CSS 6:20 16: Linking to Stylesheets 2:51 17: Colors on the Web 5:38 18: 5:24 19: Units of Measurement 2:40 20: Size 2:15 21: Model 5:36 22: Borders 3:13 23: Width and Height 4:52 24: 2:10 25: 9:52 26: 8:11 27: Layout 7:51 28: 5:56 29: 7:28 30: Positioning 6:23 31: 8:16 32: Conclusion 1:10 1:42 of 1: What is the web?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Theoretically, it is feasible to co-utilize cellulose and xylose by our yeast with changing the GAL promoters to constitutive promoters for miniscaffoldins expression and establishing a xylose assimilation pathway. Moreover, co-expression of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs) [34–36] with our cellulose-utilization system may further improve cellulose hydrolysis, especially for Avicel. Table 1 Comparison of this work with other reports using cellulosome-engineered S. cerevisiae for cellulosic ethanol productionFull size table ConclusionsIn summary, the cellulose-utilization systems from cellulosomal bacterium and cellulolytic fungus were combined and engineered into non-cellulolytic S. cerevisiae. The resulting yeasts succeeded in co-fermentation of cellulose and galactose, and showed an assimilating ability towards cellulose. Although galactose was used as a model in this work, this newly engineered system may be further applied for co-utilization of cellulose with other biomass-derived sugars, such as xylose.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: In contrast, grain yield of spring barley remained unaffected by N rates tested in our LTE. Spring barley has generally lower nitrogen requirements than winter rye, mainly because yield and N uptake are much lower. At our site of investigation, spring cereals generally exhibit comparatively low yields because of frequent dry spells during early plant development. As stated by Anbessa et al. (2009), the average nitrogen use efficiency of spring barley is 42 kg ha-1 yr-1 N. In the dry years of our experiment, grain yield of barley was generally below 3 Mg ha-1 which translates to a total N demand of less than 71 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Given that some plant available nitrogen was present in the soil solution it is plausible that fertilization of 80 kg N ha-1 yr-1 already exceeded the requirements of spring barley and did not affect grain yield. Straw yield of both cereals was increased by mineral N fertilization. Thus, the total amount of straw returned in the sum of all 6 cycles (study period) varied much more between N levels than between rotations. Although N4 produced up to 1. 5 times more straw yield than N1, the differences in straw amounts caused by N fertilization did not affect SOC. In addition, higher aboveground biomass of cereals corresponds to higher amount of crop and root residues (Körschens 2021), hence the total amount of organic matter returned to the soil was increased by N rates. However, for SOC content, it only mattered in our LTE whether straw was returned from the test crops at all, but not the amount of organic matter. As known from other field trials on infertile soils, the SOC sequestration efficiency of the organic amendments decrease under high application rates (Xu et al. 2022). Hence, we cannot expect a linear increase of SOC with an increase of straw input. Moreover, it has to be considered, that high mineral fertilization rates do not only increase straw return but also the concentration of soluble nitrogen in the soil solution, which increases the decomposition rates and thwarts a potential positive effect of SOC. High levels of mineral nitrogen mineralization (80 or 120 kg N ha-1 yr-1) did generally not increase crop yield or soil organic matter. Hence the additional nitrogen most likely vanished from the system in form of leaching or gaseous losses.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: This service is more advanced with JavaScript available Site navigation all videos Introduction to HTML and up in to HTML and CSS This is a preview of subscription content Log in to check access Your browser needs to be JavaScript capable to view this video Try reloading this page, or reviewing your browser settings Autoplay: View previous videoPrevious video View next video View contents of contents Learn how to use media queries to adjust your layout to any size screen. Keywords css responsive rwd mobile small screens About this video Author(s) First online 04 October 2018 DOI Online ISBN 978-1-4842-3979-7 Copyright information © 2019 [Audio Begins] [00:03]Responsive layouts allow us to control our webpage at different size screens. Users may come to our site using any size screen, from huge 4K monitor to tiny mobile devices. As web designers, we have no way to know or control what screen size our users will have, so we need to design our pages to work at any size. Responsive web design was a concept created to solve this problem. The hard part of responsive design is the design. It’s figuring out exactly when your page is going to break as your screen size shrinks or grows, and what to do with elements, how to change the layout and sizing of things so that it works at those new sizes. However, these courses do not focus on conceptual designs issue like that, but rather, they focus on the code. And the code portion of responsive web design is relatively straight forward. The code portion relies on something called a CSS media query. This is a piece of our code that we can add that tells the CSS to only render when the screen is within a range of sizes. Before we add the media queries, there are a few minor touches we want to finalize the design of the top portion of our page. You may notice that there is a small margin around our header. We can see it here on the top, and the left, and the right, along with on the left of our banner images. This space is actually created by the margin and padding of the body itself. We can get rid of that by setting the margin and the padding of our body both to zero. Now that that is gone, we want to center our logo and push our navigation down so that these circles are circled on this line where the green ends and the white begins.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Glucose and TRS accumulated up to 11. 2 g/L and 26. 9 g/L, respectively, when the culture was terminated at 72 hours, indicating substrate consumption was rate-limiting (Figure 2). This was likely due to poor cell growth under a nutrient-famine environment. To improve cell growth and lipid production, experiments were done in the nutrient solution in the presence of different amounts of (NH4)2SO4. When 0. 1 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was applied, lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased significantly (P <0. 05) to 10. 0 g/L, 108. 0 mg/g and 3. 37 g/L/d, respectively (Table 1, Entry 2). Residual glucose and TRS dropped to 2. 2 g/L and 14. 3 g/L, respectively. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased further to 11. 9 g/L, 129. 4 mg/g and 4. 03 g/L/d, respectively, when 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was used (Table 1, Entry 3). It was found that glucose concentration was below the limit of detection after 36 hours, indicating that glucose formation by enzymatic hydrolysis was slower than glucose consumption due to the accumulation of C. curvatus cells. However, slightly lower lipid titre and lipid coefficient were observed when 1. 0 g/L (NH4)2SO4 was added (Table 1, Entry 4), but these differences appeared not to be significant (P >0. 05). This was in accordance with the general trends that oleaginous yeasts favor cell proliferation rather than lipid biosynthesis in the presence of excess nutrients, especially the nitrogen source [28]. Table 1 Results of the simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process in the presence of extra nutrientsFull size tableFigure 2Sugar evolution profiles of the simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process by Cryptococcus curvatus in different solutions. Square, potassium phosphate buffer; circle, nutrient solution plus 0. 1 g/L (NH4)2SO4; triangle, nutrient solution plus 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4; inverted triangle, nutrient solution plus 1. 0 g/L (NH4)2SO4. TRS, total reducing sugars.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: In some treatments, we have even recorded a decrease of SOC with an increase of nitrogen fertilization rate from N3 to N4 (e. g. 75% cereal rotation, with straw return). This is in line with previous reports that mineral N fertilization can result in a net loss of native SOC and the residue carbon inputs (Khan et al. 2007). Temporal SOC change and SOC sequestration The temporal behavior of yearly SOC values (Fig. 5) was probably enhanced or superimposed by changes in temperature and precipitation during the vegetation period. Higher annual mean temperatures lead to a higher mineralization and thus degradation of the carbon stocks. However, modeled data (Fig. 7) from our LTE suggests that the annual input of organic carbon in organic material and decomposition processes of added and existing organic material balanced out after 24 years (6 cycles) for most treatments. From a different LTE at Thyrow site, an inert SOC value of 3. 2 g kg-1 (treatment without any fertilization for 70 years) could be derived, and for long-term “organic + mineral fertilized” treatments at high level SOC values of about 7…8 g kg-1 were observed (Körschens et al. 2014, Körschens 2021). From this it would follow that the SOC values that can be influenced by management measures should be between 3. 2 and about 8 g kg-1 at this site. In fact, the SOC values of the LTE under study moved in this range. In the treatment with combined organic and mineral fertilization in the 100% cereal rotation, SOC moved to higher values of about 7. 3 g kg-1, while in treatments with larger proportions of non-cereals in the rotation and/or without organic manure, SOC stagnated or tended toward lower values. soil inventory identified average SOC stock values of 20. 7 ± 8. 5 Mg ha−1 and 40. 5 ± 17. 7 Mg ha−1 in 0-10 and 10-30 cm depths for croplands on mineral soils respectively (Peoplau et al. 2020). We found values of around 20 Mg ha−1 or less in 0-20 cm sampling depth. This clearly indicates that the sandy soil under study contains a comparatively small carbon pool. However, depending on initial value and treatment, the observed magnitudes of changes in SOC stock over the 6 cycles were not negligible.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: To fix the logo and the navigation, we are going to add a declaration for “header #logo” and we are going to set it to be a block element with auto margins, which, as we have seen in other situations, will center it on the page. Then we are going to come down to our navigation and we are going to set 50 pixels of top margin. will save this, return to the browser and refresh, and now our header is complete. The layout problem we can solve with responsive design is this one over here. Throughout these courses, these banner images have been too wide. This page was designed with a higher screen resolution in mind. I know that my screen resolution is 1280 pixels wide, so I’m going to return to my code, I’m going to scroll all the way to the bottom of my code and I’m going to add my media query here. The syntax for a media query is “@media”, and then in parentheses we provide a CSS property that we want to use to test if the media query should be applied. In this case, I am going to say “(max-width:1280px)”. That’s saying that whatever’s contained in this media query will only apply up to a maximum width of 1280. Above that, the rest of the code will apply. Media queries get a set of curly braces, and then inside the curly braces we are going to have one or more CSS declarations. In these declarations we can override declarations from elsewhere in our CSS. So in this case I want to set the width of main to 100%. I’m going to save this, switch back to my browser, and refresh, and we can see that now these images are contained within this 1280 resolution. However, at this smaller screen size, these buttons are really just a little bit too big. So back in my editor I’m going to add another declaration inside my media query. And this is going to be banners. . . space. . . a – that is the declaration that is controlling the size of those banners – and I’m going to set their width to 380 pixels, their height to 75 pixels, and the font size to 2em. I’m going to save, switch back to my browser and refresh, and now the buttons are smaller.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3 g/L. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity increased to 14. 4 g/L, 151. 8 mg/g and 4. 47 g/L/d, respectively (Table 2, Entry 3). The concurrent decrease in total mass and increase in lipid titre suggested that more sugars were released from corn stover and converted into lipids. Table 2 Results of the simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process in the presence of different amounts of cellulolytic enzymesFull size tableFigure 3Sugar evolution profiles of the s imultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process by Cryptococcus curvatus in the presence of different cellulolytic enzymes. Enzyme amounts for cellulase in FPU, β-glucosidase in CBU and xylanase in U, respectively. square, 5 FPU, 10 CBU and 40 U/g; empty circle, 10 FPU and 80 U/g; filled circle, 10 FPU, 20 CBU and 80 U/g; triangle, 15 FPU, 30 CBU and 120 U/g; inverted triangle, 20 FPU, 40 CBU and 160 U/g. CBU, cellobiase unit, FPU, filter paper unit; TRS, total reducing sugars. Full size imageWhen more enzymes were loaded, there was no further improvement for lipid production. In contrast, lipid titre and lipid coefficient both dropped slightly and total mass increased (Table 2, Entry 4 and 5), but Bonferroni’s test suggested that these differences were not significant (P >0. 05). For the experiment with cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase loadings at 20 FPU/g, 40 CBU/g and 160 U/g, respectively, glucose and TRS after 24 hours were 16. 5 g/L and 32. 2 g/L, respectively. It was obvious that sugars were released faster than assimilation by C. curvatus cells. The fact that lipid coefficient dropped slightly at high enzyme loadings might be due to the concurrent incorporation of excess nutrients such as the nitrogen source in the broth. In separate experiments using glucose-based nitrogen limited media for lipid production [26], we also found that the addition of cellulase and β-glucosidase led to better cell growth but lower lipid contents (data not shown).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: Until the start of the study period, all treatments - except S00# - were tested with FYM and only in rotations with 50% cereals. Replacing FYM with straw application reduced SOC stocks by about 5 Mg ha−1 in the rotation of an unchanged proportion of 50% cereals, and by about 4 Mg ha−1 in the rotation with 75% cereals, but not in the rotation with 100% cereals with almost unchanged or slightly rising SOC stocks. In contrast, the treatment without any organic manure since 1937 had the lowest initial levels. With continued non-supply, SOC stock stagnated in rotations with non-cereals and increased merely by removing all non-cereal crops from the rotation by about 3 Mg ha−1. West and Post (2002) derived from long-term trials at 67 global sites, that a change from conventional to no-till can sequester an average 57 ± 14 g C m−2 yr−1, whereas enhancing rotation complexity can sequester an average 20 ± 12 g C m−2 yr−1. Börjesson et al. (2018) reported a change in SOC stocks after 35 years ranging between -0. 36 and +0. 35 Mg yr−1 in topsoil (0-20 cm) from two LTEs in southern Sweden. Negative values were from cereal monocultures, and positive values were from ley rotations. Our results of up to 5 Mg ha−1 SOC stock change correspond for a 24-year term to values up to 20. 8 g C m−2 yr−1. Despite the overall carbon stocks are comparatively low, the results indicate that crop rotation and straw management have a significant impact on SOC and are relevant measures to sequester carbon. AbbreviationsBD – bulk density C - carbon DM – dry matter FYM – farm yard manure LSD – least significant difference LS-Mean – least square mean LTE – long-term experiment N - nitrogen SOC – soil organic carbonDeclarationsauthors thank current and former farm and laboratory staff for conducting the experiment and carrying out the analyses.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can create life from scratch with current technology. [SEP] Text: But if I zoom back out, I can see that they grow back up as soon as I get above 1280 pixels or, in this case, mimic being above 1280 by zooming out. zoom back in, we can see that, as I zoom further and further in, the buttons are staying at that smaller size, and these banners are being constrained to the 100% of the browser window. was going to complete this website, there’s more media queries that I would need to do. There will be a point when I’ve got a small enough screen that these background images are really, essentially, going to disappear, and at that point I would probably want a media query to get rid of them and have the section of the page just be these buttons. Also, I’m going to run into a problem with my navigation before too long where it will no longer fit on the screen. And my social media icons will eventually run into my logo. All of those are simple solutions in code. I simply add additional media queries with additional tests – usually either max-width or min-width, and set the properties as necessary. But again, the difficult part of responsive design is making the decisions of what I want to have happen. When my screen is too small to fit my nicely spaced navigation, what exactly do I want that navigation to look like? Those are design issues, not coding issues. And again, that’s what’s difficult about responsive design. One more quick thing to point out here about media queries. We’re relying on the CSS Cascade for media queries to work. In my “. banners a” I’m only specifying width, height, and font size in my media query. Those are going to override the width, the height, and the font size of my main declaration but everything else in the declaration still does apply. That’s why I’m not losing the color or the background or any of the other properties here. So when you’re writing media queries, you only need to write rules that directly override rules in other parts of your CSS; you do not have to completely recreate declarations. In this segment we’ve looked at creating responsive designs that allow our pages to work at any screen size. This is a vitally important element of any modern Web design.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Evolutionary engineering strategies to enhance tolerance of xylose utilizing recombinant yeast to inhibitors derived from spruce biomass access Published: 11 May 2012 Evolutionary engineering strategies to enhance tolerance of xylose utilizing recombinant yeast to inhibitors derived from spruce biomass Rakesh Koppram1, Eva Albers1,2 & Lisbeth Olsson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 3400. The yeast was evolved for a period of 429 and 97 generations in repetitive batch cultures and chemostat cultivation, respectively. During the evolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures the maximum specific growth rate increased from 0. 18 h-1 to 0. 33 h-1 and the time of lag phase was decreased from 48 h to 24 h. In the chemostat adaptation, after 97 generations, the specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural were found to be 3. 5 and 4 folds higher respectively, compared to rates after three generations. Two evolved strains (RK60-5, RKU90-3) and one evolved strain (KE1-17) were isolated from evolutionary engineering in repetitive batches and chemostat cultivation, respectively. The strains displayed significantly improved growth performance over TMB3400 when cultivated in spruce hydrolysate under anaerobic conditions, the evolved strains exhibited 25 to 38% increase in specific consumption rate of sugars and 32 to 50% increased specific ethanol productivity compared to TMB3400. The evolved strains RK60-5 and RKU90-3 were unable to consume xylose under anaerobic conditions, whereas, KE1-17 was found to consume xylose at similar rates as TMB3400. ConclusionUsing evolutionary engineering strategies in batch and chemostat cultivations we have generated three evolved strains that show significantly better tolerance to inhibitors in spruce hydrolysate and displayed a shorter time for overall fermentation of sugars compared to the parental strain. BackgroundIncreasing the use of biofuels such as bioethanol for energy generation is of great interest nowadays because they allow alleviation of green house gas production and supply means of energy security in longer perspective [1]. The raw material for bioethanol production should come from non-edible biomass to avoid competition between feedstocks for food and fuel production.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity.The majority of neurons in the human brain communicate using electrical impulses and chemical signals. [SEP] Text: In: Böden verstehen – Böden nutzen – Böden fit machen: DBG-Jahrestagung, 03. -09. 09. 2011, D, Götze P, Koch HJ (2021). Soil organic carbon stocks in sugar beet rotations differing in residue management and associated rotational crop species. Journal of 184: 556– 561. Grzyb A, Wolna-Maruwka A, Niewiadomska A. (2020) Affecting the Mineralization of Crop Residues. Agronomy. 10(12):1951. (2015) Base for 2014, update 2015. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. No. 106. FAO, Rome. -J (2015) Soil organic carbon as affected by direct drilling and mulching in sugar beet – wheat rotations, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(8): 1079-1087. (2017) Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England. Soil Sci, 68: 305-316. (2007) Long‐term effects of crop rotation and fertilization on soil organic matter composition. of 58: 1460-1470. (2004) Microbial activity in a sandy arable soil is governed by the fertilization regime. European journal of soil biology 40: 87-94. (2007) The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbon sequestration. J Environ Qual. 36(6):1821-1832. Kismányoky T, Tóth Z (2010) Effect of mineral and organic fertilization on soil fertility as well as on the biomass production and N utilization of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) in a long-term cereal crop rotation experiment (IOSDV). Archives of Agronomy and 56: 473-479. Kismányoky T, Tóth Z (2013) Effect of mineral and organic fertilization on soil organic carbon content as well as on grain production of cereals in the IOSDV (ILTE) long-term field experiment, Keszthely, Hungary. Archives of Agronomy and 59: 1121-1131.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Full Text ПУЗИКОВ Василий ГригорьевичПрактикующий психолог в модальности транзактный анализ и преподаватель с опытом более 30 лет, кандидат психологических наук, доцент СПбГУ (преподает на двух факультетах — психологии и менеджмента), автор и ведущий тренинга «Изменение жизненного сценария», автор книг «Технология ведения тренинга», «Технология тренинга продаж». Его сайт: — С чего начались ваши отношения с ТА?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Moreover, such technology has the advantage of low power consumption, less space requirements, small quantities of reagents and cells per batch as well as flexibility and portability due their small size [17]. To exploit these advantages for studying fermentative butanol production on mixed sugars derivable from lignocellulosic biomass, we performed clostridial fermentation experiments in BioLector® microbioreactors. The BioLector® instrument (m2p-labs GmbH, Baesweiler, Germany) is a powerful tool with proven capabilities of high-throughput fermentation with simultaneous online monitoring of cell mass (by light scattering), fluorescence, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) [18]. To our knowledge, the BioLector® has not been used for the purpose of studying fermentative butanol production before. Thus, the main objective of this study is to show the effect of different sugar mixtures on growth kinetics and butanol production together with the first general demonstration of the use of BioLector® for butanol production under anaerobic conditions in comparison to the widely used serum flasks. ResultsMonitoring of growth in BioLector® microbioreactor fermentationsThe growth, utilization of carbon source and butanol production was measured using 12 different conditions, namely the amount (5 or 10 g/l) and mixture [ratio between glucose (G) and xylose (X)] of C-sources. All glucose contained in the fermentation medium was utilized entirely in all 12 conditions of the fermentation experiment (79 h). On the other hand, there was residual xylose in 5 of 12 experiments which are 10-G80:X20, 10-G40:X60, 10-G20:X80, 10-G0:X100 and 5-G0:X100 with xylose amounts of 0. 040, 0. 037, 0. 060, 0. 086 and 0. 014 g/l, respectively. Figures 1, 2, 3 present online logged data of the fermentations done in BioLector® in terms of cell mass (scattered light), pH and DO (%) allowing the continuous monitoring of growth and acid production and utilization. Fig. 1Cell mass versus time plots of fermentations done in BioLector® using 5 and 10 g/l total sugar and varied glucose (G)-to-xylose (X) ratios.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: (2018) Major limitations to achieving “4 per 1000” increases in soil organic carbon stock in temperate regions: Evidence from long-term experiments at Rothamsted Research, United Kingdom. Biol. 24: 2563– 2584. örschens M (1998). Long-term agroecosystem experiments: assessing agricultural sustainability and global change. Science. 282 (5390): 893-896. ädter A, Macholdt J, Piepho H-P, Schiffers K, Döring, TF (2021) Methods of yield stability analysis in long-term field experiments. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 41, 27. Richter C, (2006) Analysis of a long-term experiment with repeated-measurement models. J Sci 192 (1): 55–71. (1998) Soil water regime under barley with long-term tillage–residue systems. Soil and 45: 59-74. Springer U, (1955) Feststellung der optimalen Reaktionsverhältnisse beim reduktometrischen Chromschwefelsäureverfahren zur Schnellbestimmung von Kohlenstoff und Vorschlag einer verbesserten Arbeitsweise. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung und Bodenkunde 71 (3):193-208 (2018) SAS for Mixed Models: Introduction and Basic Applications. SAS Institute. önig ádi M, Ostler R, Perryman S. Piepho H-(2021). Long-Term-Experiments - methods, standardization and modelling. BonaRes Series. (2002) Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 66: 1930-1946. (2022) Optimizing organic amendment applications to enhance carbon sequestration and economic benefits in an infertile sandy soil, Journal of (303) (2009) The effects of two organic manures on soil properties and crop yields on a temperate calcareous soil under a wheat–maize cropping system. of Agronomy 31: 36-42.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: — Наверное, правильно будет сказать, что я работаю не только в ТА, хотя это моя любимая модальность, при этом я считаю, что, допустим, Милтон Эриксон и НЛП лучше в каких-то вещах, в работе с фобиями, к примеру, — в ТА для этого почти ничего нет. Просто раньше декларировалось, что если человек специализируется, например, в ТА, то он не имеет права заниматься другим.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Highest butanol concentration and butanol yield were 0. 806 g/l and 0. 099 g/g achieved in the 10-G60:X40 culture, while lowest values 0. 142 g/l and 0. 031 g/g were observed in 5-G20:X80. For the serum flask setup, average butanol concentration and butanol yield values of 6 the experiments each with 5 and 10 g/l sugars were 0. 513 and 1. 384 g/l, and 0. 114 and 0. 176 g/g, respectively. Thus, higher total sugar resulted in a higher butanol production and yields, which is in good agreement with the results obtained in BioLector® fermentations. Highest butanol concentration and butanol yield were 1. 480 g/l and 0. 190 g/g, achieved in the 10-G40:X60 culture, while lowest values were 0. 422 g/l and 0. 093 g/g observed in 5-G20:G80, which coincide with results of BioLector® as well. We performed a two-way ANOVA to assess if the effect of changing total sugar concentrations and glucose-to-xylose ratios on fermentation were significant. Two tests were performed for fermentations done in BioLector® and in serum flasks, which are summarized in Tables 1, 2. Table 1 p values obtained from ANOVA for fermentations done in BioLector® to assess the effect of total sugar concentration and sugar ratio on butanol concentration, butanol yield and specific growth rateFull size tableTable 2 p values obtained from ANOVA for fermentations done in serum flasks to assess the effect of total sugar concentration and sugar ratio on butanol concentration and butanol yieldFull size tableTable 1 shows that both total sugar concentration (g/l) and glucose-to-xylose sugar ratio have significant effect on butanol concentration (g/l), butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) and growth rate (h−1), since all p values are smaller than 0. 05. It is important to note that the effect of total sugar concentration on butanol concentration (g/l) and butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) was greater than that of sugar ratio with p values of 1. 54E−08 and 1. 54E−08, and 0. 00063 and 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Claim 4: By itself, the current analyses of the HC/PFC interaction during SWR periods does not seem enough to conclude that there is something important about the interaction unless the authors also test how predictable performance is from HC and PFC content alone (perhaps with a GLM that could determine how much the prediction is improved by adding their measure of HC-PFC coordination). Also, how does this relate to the Shin et al. Neuron 2019 paper showing that CA1-PFC coordination could distinguish between replay of chosen and non-chosen path: is this just a restatement of that same result? Regarding the overall interpretation that HC and PFC interact during memory guided decision making: wouldn't that require that HC and PFC theta sequences should be related? In fact, because PFC but not HC theta sequences predict upcoming choice, would that not be equally or more consistent with these structures not interacting? The analysis in Figure 6L could potentially speak to this point, but without additional analysis it is not clear to me if the reported result isn't just a consequence of PFC but not CA1 sequences being predictive of upcoming choice. Without a more direct demonstration of theta sequence coordination and a relationship to choice, the evidence for interaction seems to be mostly based on the SWR analysis, which as pointed out above needs to be more thorough in order to support an interaction. – Different criteria for selecting splitter cells are used in HC and PFC, why not use the same criteria for both? – Goal vs trajectory representation: "maintained representations of current goals"; "modulated by journeys and goals" - the authors should avoid making claims about goal representation: unless the authors analyze error trials, goal representation is confounded with memory of the previous trial. In addition, splitter cells seem to be better described as representing trajectories rather than goals (Grieves et al. , eLife 2016). – The replay results are given relatively high importance in the discussion and feature in the abstract, but are only presented in a supplementary figure; its relative prominence across sections should be made more consistent. – "In this delayed alternation task, animals had to traverse a delay section. . . " please clarify if an actual delay was enforced (i. e. keeping the animal confined to the central stem for some specified time) or if the task was self-paced.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: И мы, психологи, об этом говорили много раз, и все объясняли, что можно читать, изучать другие направления, но как некую критику. То же самое касается психоанализа, гештальта и других. Что меня радует в последние годы: в Европейской ассоциации пишут прямо, что такой-то — аналитик ТА и мастер НЛП, иногда через тире. И получается, что чуть-чуть расширилась картинка, и я считаю, что работать в одном подходе — это нереально.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Experimental observations were further analyzed by using ANOVA tests, and the results showed that both total sugar concentration and glucose-to-xylose ratio had significant effects on the fermentations done in BioLector® with specific growth rate being the most sensitive. ANOVA also showed that the effect of sugar ratio was not profound for fermentations done in serum flasks. The difference in ANOVA results for the two different experimental setups confirmed their different impact on fermentation. An in-depth metabolic study would be useful to investigate the effects of different carbon sources on C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052. ConclusionsWe performed fermentations of glucose and xylose at 6 different ratios and 2 different total sugar concentrations by Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 in microbioreactors and serum flasks to show the effect of different sugar mixtures on growth kinetics and butanol production and to demonstrate the use of BioLector® for fermentative butanol production under anaerobic conditions. Main findings of this study and their significance are summarized as follows: The results showed that the glucose-to-xylose ratio affects both growth and production due to CCR, which might enable control of both by optimizing the sugar composition, thus successful design, and operation of efficient lignocellulosic biomass fermentations. All cultures grew successfully in the BioLector® system under anaerobic conditions, metabolized both glucose and xylose as representative lignocellulosic sugars, and produced butanol. The online monitoring of cell mass and pH enabled us to follow the progress of the fermentation in real-time and at unprecedented time-resolution. The online monitoring of DO values should be treated with more attention due to its possible interference with other fermentation product to avoid any misinterpretations. Demonstrating a successful use case of BioLector® for fermentative butanol production provides know-how to the scientific community that can enable more informed decisions for the design of the experiments as well as for the selection of the technology. BioLector® system is well suited for anaerobic screening of several media and sugar compositions prior to selection of a few conditions for either serum flask experiments or the more laborious laboratory-scale fermentations with full online and offline monitoring.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Here, with additional data, we perform a trial-by-trial prediction of correct and incorrect responses based on replay events (Figure 7—figure supplement 2E-F in the previous version; now elevated to Figure 7F in the revised version), which is a new result and was not achieved in Shin et al. 2019. Finally, given the lack of error prediction by theta and behavioral sequences, the result of replay prediction thus provides further insights into the mechanisms underlying accuracy of memory-guided decision making. Together, these findings offer a consolidated view of multi-timescale sequences in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Regarding the overall interpretation that HC and PFC interact during memory guided decision making: wouldn't that require that HC and PFC theta sequences should be related? In fact, because PFC but not HC theta sequences predict upcoming choice, would that not be equally or more consistent with these structures not interacting? The analysis in Figure 6L could potentially speak to this point, but without additional analysis it is not clear to me if the reported result isn't just a consequence of PFC but not CA1 sequences being predictive of upcoming choice. Without a more direct demonstration of theta sequence coordination and a relationship to choice, the evidence for interaction seems to be mostly based on the SWR analysis, which as pointed out above needs to be more thorough in order to support an interaction. The reviewer is correct that PFC theta sequences preferentially encode the actual choice, and PFC but not hippocampal theta sequences predict upcoming choice. It is common that two (even directly) interacting brain regions can encode different task information, which by itself cannot reveal whether these structures are interacting or not. For the CA1-PFC coordination in Figure 6L, we argue that this result cannot be simply accounted for by the fact that the majority of PFC theta sequences depict the actual choice, assuming independence of CA1 and PFC theta sequences. For synchronous CA1 and PFC theta sequences, if the representations of CA1 and PFC theta sequences (denoted as SeqCA1 and SeqPFC, respectively) are stochastically independent, then p(SeqPFC = actual| SeqCA1 = actual) = p(SeqPFC = actual| SeqCA1 = alternative) = p(SeqPFC = actual) = 1- p(SeqPFC = alternative).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я много лет в университете читал курс «Зарубежные теории личности», и когда я студентам показывал весь спектр, все школы, все направления, какие есть, и откуда что выросло, было столько удивления! Как это, НЛП вышел из бихевиоризма, а ТА — из психоанализа? И традиционно есть ряд психологов, кто не любит ТА, кто говорит: это упрощенный психоанализ, техники для салона, просто поболтать. И я объяснял, показывал, что это не так.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Combined substrate, enzyme and yeast feed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation allow bioethanol production from pretreated spruce biomass at high solids loadings access Published: 08 April 2014 Combined substrate, enzyme and yeast feed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation allow bioethanol production from pretreated spruce biomass at high solids loadings Rakesh Koppram1 & Lisbeth Olsson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 7. 5 FPU gWIS-1 and 5 g L-1, respectively. FPU, filter paper units; WIS, water insoluble solids. Full size imageThe liquid fraction with different dilutions was also used in anaerobic fermentations to determine the optimal dilution that promoted fermentation. In the presence of 90% (v/v) of liquid fraction in anaerobic fermentation no hexose sugar consumption and ethanol production were observed even after 96 h (Figure 2). Incidentally, when the liquid fraction was diluted to 60% (v/v), all the glucose and mannose were consumed within 48 h followed by galactose in 96 h, reaching a final ethanol concentration of 15 g L-1 (Figure 2) corresponding to 70% of the theoretical ethanol yield. Although, fed-batch adaptation of yeast using the liquid fraction did not contribute to fermentation in batch SSF of spruce slurry, reducing the inhibitors by diluting the liquid fraction in anaerobic fermentation significantly improved the fermentation performance. However, dilution contributes to increased water consumption and may not be a viable option from an industrial perspective. As most of the inhibitors are water-soluble, a significant fraction of inhibitors can be removed by separating the solid and liquid fraction. The non-washed solid fraction obtained by centrifugation of pretreated slurry contained reduced concentration of inhibitors compared to the slurry (Table 1). Also, the concentrations of inhibitors in the non-washed solid fraction were similar to the concentrations in the 60% (v/v) liquid fraction used in the anaerobic fermentation that showed improved fermentation performance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Superposition means that particles can exist in multiple states at once until they are measured or observed. [SEP] Text: 4 likewise induced little pathology in CA1 region and none in CA3. Each image represents an example from five mice (3 males/2 females or 2 males/3 females per group) treated identically. We noted no differences in induced pathology between males and females. The scale bars represent 200 μm for the whole brain and 50 μm for the CA1 and CA3 regions. Mice inoculated with DS1 controls exhibited no tau pathology in the hippocampus, CA1, or CA3. DS9, DS10, and all sub-strains induced different types of pathology. DS9 and DS9. 1 induced tangle-like inclusions throughout CA1 and CA3 in patterns that were indistinguishable from one another, consistent with prior observations (Sanders et al. , 2014). As expected, DS10 induced AT8-positive puncta in mossy fiber tracts of the hippocampus with strong staining patterns in the cell body, and AT8-positive puncta in CA3. DS10. 1 induced pathology similar to DS10 in both CA1 and CA3. DS10. 2 induced tangle-like inclusions throughout CA1, but with little or no pathology in CA3. DS10. 3 had very low seeding efficiency and induced pathology only in CA1. DS10. 4 also had low seeding and induced pathology only in CA1. A blinded reviewer (O. M. K. ) analyzed slides derived from all inoculations (n = 40), and classified them by group. DS9 and DS9. 1 were indistinguishable. DS10. 1–10. 3 were all easily distinguished, with a single error for DS10. 4, which was misclassified in one instance (Table 4). Table 4 Analysis of AT8 signal in hippocampi of injected mice. PS19 mice were inoculated with sub-strains from DS9 and DS10 at 3 months into the hippocampus (n = 5 each). After 8 weeks, coronal sections of hippocampus were analyzed by a blinded reviewer educated on different sections as to the characteristics of each clone. One error occurred in analysis of 40 brains. Strain inoculatedBlinded analysisDS1DS1 were correctly classified. DS9DS9 and DS9. 1 were indistinguishable. DS9. 1DS10DS10 and DS10. 1 were indistinguishable. DS10. 1DS10. 2DS10. 2 were correctly classifiedDS10. 3DS10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Отношения с ТА у меня давние, еще со времен первых семинаров в России. Ну, вот где-нибудь я могу годы путать, но, мне кажется, это был или первый год аспирантуры, или последний год в университете. То есть это или 1987 год, или 1985-й, после начала перестройки. И примерно с этого момента стали приезжать люди — психологи, тренеры разных направлений.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This could be directly translated to lower energy-consumption for mixing, which is one of the crucial factors for an economical process. The total WIS, enzyme and yeast load in fed-batch SSF were the same as in the batch SSF. However, we initially operated the fed-batch SSF at relatively low WIS content and high enzyme and yeast loading per gram of WIS content. This significantly contributed to a well-mixed process. Sampling was no longer an inconvenient step because the medium was able to be drawn through the regular sampling port, which significantly decreased the contamination risk. The yeast cultivation procedure significantly affected the fermentation performance. When the cells were cultivated in fed-batch mode using the liquid fraction and added at once to the fed-batch SSF with substrate and enzyme feed, an overall ethanol yield of 37% of the theoretical maximum based on available hexose sugars was achieved. However, when the cells were cultivated in a continuous mode using the liquid fraction and fed to the SSF process with substrate feed, the overall ethanol yield was significantly increased to 44% and 53% of the theoretical maximum based on available hexose sugars with no enzyme feed and in combination with enzyme feed, respectively. The increased ethanol yield can be clearly attributed to the increased yeast viability (Figure 4) measured by counting the colonies on yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) plates. Higher ethanol productivity (Figure 3) and increased cell viability (Figure 4) were observed in a fed-batch SSF experiment involving feeding with continuous-mode adapted yeast compared to the fed-batch SSF experiment with fed-batch adapted yeast added all at once at the start of SSF. It can be speculated that in order to maintain the cell viability it is important to maintain the cells in a robust metabolic state, a feature that can be achieved by continuous culture as it ensures steady physicochemical conditions in the bioreactor and therefore, a physiological steady-state can theoretically be achieved [30]. It is also known that a constant product (cells) quality can be maintained in a continuous culture for a relatively longer time compared to the batch culture. Furthermore during the continuous cultivation, the concentration of inhibitors such as acetic acid, 5-hydroxy-methyl furfural (HMF) and furfural were found to be near zero. This indicates that the biological conversion and detoxification of inhibitors are key aspects during the adaptation step.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Particles in superposition exist in all possible universes simultaneously, each having different laws of physics. [SEP] Text: Sup35NM fibril formation Request a detailed protocol For fibril formation, 2. 5 ml of 20 μM purified Sup35NM were buffer exchanged into Buffer (FFB - 20 mM Na2PO4 pH 7. 4, 50 mM NaCl) using a PD-10 column (GE Healthcare) as per manufacturer’s instructions. Protein concentration was measured using A280 and then adjusted to 10 μM using FFB. Protein was aliquoted into Protein LoBind tubes (Eppendorf) and polymerized at 30°C (quiescent) for at least 48 hr. For monitoring polymerisation, 100 μl samples of protein were aliquoted into black puregrade 96-well plates (BRAND) and was added to a final concentration of 10 μM. The plate was sealed with (Starlab) and kinetics were monitored in a plate reader (BMG Labtech) at 30°C. Sup35NM fibril fragmentation Request a detailed protocol Sup35 fibril samples were concentrated by centrifugation at room temperature (13000 rpm, 40 min) and resuspended in 1:10th of the volume of FFB, unless stated otherwise. Fibril fragmentation was achieved by sonication over different periods using a probe sonicator (Qsonica Q125) at 20% amplitude in consecutive 5 s on/off cycles on ice cooled water-bath. Sucrose density gradient analysis Request a detailed protocol 15% to 60% sucrose gradients were prepared in FFB. Fibril samples used in sucrose gradients were concentrated by centrifugation at room temperature (13000 rpm, 40 min) and then resuspended in half the volume of FFB before sonication, which was performed as described above. 100 μl of samples sonicated for different amounts of time were pipetted onto the top of a sucrose gradient and centrifuged at 31,000 rpm, 4°C, for 3 hr. Gradients were sampled while on ice by pipetting 221 μl fractions from the top of the gradient into pre-chilled tubes which were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C for subsequent western blot analysis. Each gradient produced nine fractions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Приезжали в основном как туристы, но, опять же, кто-то с кем-то знакомился, а так как факультет психологии — некий центр, где традиционно какой-то студент или какой-то преподаватель приводил человека и говорил: «Вот этот человек из Франции, он занимается психоанализом, и он готов нам прочитать лекцию на 2 часа, полдня проработать в аудитории, рассказать, показать», — то такие семинары в итоге стали проводиться достаточно часто.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Anaerobic fermentation in shake flasksThe fermentation was carried out to a working volume of 50 ml in 100-ml shake flasks fitted with a glycerol loop providing an anaerobic condition. Different concentrations of the liquid fraction (90%, 60% and 40% (v/v)) were screened. The pH of the liquid fraction was adjusted to 6. 0 and supplemented with 0. 5 g l-1 (NH4)2HPO4, 125 ppm of vitahop (Betatech Gmbh, Schwabach, Germany) (to suppress bacterial growth). The fermentation was initiated by adding harvested cell suspension to reach a yeast concentration of 3 g dry weight L-1. The flasks were incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker set at 180 rpm for 96 h and samples were withdrawn for optical density (OD)650 measurement and extracellular metabolite analysis. SSFAll the SSF experiments were carried out to a total WIS content of 20% (w/w), total enzyme loading of 7. 5 FPU g-1 WIS, total yeast loading of 5 g dry weight L-1 and to a final working weight of 1. 5 kg in 3. 6-L Infors HT-Labfors reactors. An enzyme preparation, Cellic Ctec-2 from Novozymes A/S, Denmark with a filter paper activity of 149 FPU g-1 enzyme, β-glucosidase activity of 590 IU g-1 enzyme was used. The solid fraction of the pretreated spruce was used as the substrate, and the pH of this was adjusted to 5. 0 using 10 M NaOH and supplemented with 0. 5 g L-1 (NH4)2HPO4 and 125 ppm of vitahop. Batch SSF was initiated by adding fed-batch adapted cell suspension and enzyme preparation. Fed-batch SSF was initially started as a batch SSF of 500 g as a working weight with 10% (w/w) WIS content, 50% of total yeast cell suspension (fed-batch adapted) and 50% of total enzyme preparation. After an initial period of 8 h of batch SSF the solid fraction, enzyme preparation and yeast cell suspension (continuous mode adapted) were manually fed every 4 or 8 h. The manual feeding was carried out for a period of 65 h.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: Quantum cosmology — that part of science concerned with the quantum origin of the universe and its subsequent evolution — displays all three kinds of limits. This paper briefly describes quantum cosmology and discusses these limits. The place of the other sciences in this most comprehensive of physical frameworks is described. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0006AbstractPDF/world is four-dimensional according to fundamental physics, governed by basic laws that operate in a spacetime that has no unique division into space and time. Yet our subjective experience of this world is divided into present, past and future. What is the origin of this division? What is its four-dimensional description? Is this the only way experience can be organized consistently with the basic laws of physics? This paper reviews such questions through simple models of information gathering and utilizing systems (IGUSes), such as ourselves…No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0007AbstractPDF/pedagogical introduction is given to the quantum mechanics of closed systems, most generally the universe as a whole. Quantum mechanics aims at predicting the probabilities of alternative coarse-grained time histories of a closed system. Not every set of alternative coarse-grained histories that can be described may be consistently assigned probabilities because of quantum mechanical interference between individual histories of the set. In “Copenhagen” quantum mechanics, probabilities can be assigned to histories of a subsystem that have been “measured”. In the quantum mechanics of closed systems, containing both observer and observed, probabilities are assigned to those sets of alternative histories for which there is negligible interference between individual histories as a consequence of the system’s initial condition and dynamics. Such sets of histories are said to decohere. We define decoherence for closed systems in the simplified case when quantum gravity can be neglected and the initial state is pure. Typical mechanisms of decoherence that are widespread in our universe are illustrated…No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0008AbstractPDF/’s sum-over-histories formulation of quantum mechanics is reviewed as an independent statement of quantum theory in spacetime form. It is different from the usual Schrödinger–Heisenberg formulation that utilizes states on spacelike surfaces because it assigns probabilities to different sets of alternatives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Для нас тогда подобное обучение было очень важно. Все-таки я считаю, что в советской психологии был перекос. Нам давали практику, но в основном в виде психодиагностики, исследований. Работа, которую мы делали, — это были, например, договоренности с организациями, с заводом каким-нибудь, с производственным объединением, где проводилась диагностика, затем писались рекомендации, но реальной практики не было.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Dynamic metabolic modeling of a microaerobic yeast co-culture: predicting and optimizing ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures access Published: 01 April 2013 Dynamic metabolic modeling of a microaerobic yeast co-culture: predicting and optimizing ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures Hanly1 & Henson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 5. 5 h-1) and 50 cc/min (k L a = 10. 1 h-1). The resulting uptake parameters are compiled in Table 1. Table 1 Substrate uptake rate parameters for pure and co-culture dynamic flux balance models Full size tableThe S. stipitis dynamic models with and without the DO balance (8) are compared in Figure 1 at an air sparging rate of 50 cc/min using initial conditions of 0. 40 g/L biomass, 15. 7 g/L glucose and 8. 4 g/L xylose. A k L a value of 10. 1 h-1 was used in the DO balance, while the model without the balance used a constant DO value of 0. 0072 mM, the measured level at the end of the batch fermentation. The constant DO model could not reproduce the lag in ethanol production that resulted from the high level of dissolved oxygen present during the early stages of the fermentation. Additionally, the constant DO model produced lower biomass yields and higher ethanol yields than observed in experiment. Once the DO balance was added, the model could more accurately predict the time at which S. stipitis began microaerobic substrate consumption and ethanol production started to outpace biomass growth. The other S. stipitis pure culture experiment used for uptake parameter fitting of the variable DO model was performed with a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 and initial conditions of 0. 25 g/L biomass, 16. 8 g/L glucose and 8. 4 g/L xylose (Figure 2A). As before, the model produced very accurate predictions of the glucose, xylose, biomass and ethanol concentration profiles with the uptake parameter values in Table 1. Figure 1S. stipitis batch culture aerated at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. Solid lines show dynamic model predictions when a balance on dissolved oxygen was included, while the dashed lines show dynamic model predictions at a fixed dissolved oxygen concentration of 0. 00072 mM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: In a sum-over-histories formulation, alternatives at definite moments of time are more restricted than in usual quantum mechanics because they refer only to the coordinates in terms of which the histories are defined. However, in the context of the quantum mechanics of closed systems, sum-over-histories quantum mechanics can be generalized to deal with spacetime alternatives that are not “at definite moments of time”. An example in field theory is the set of alternative ranges of values of a field averaged over a spacetime region. An example in p10. 1142/9789811216404_0009AbstractPDF/languages employ constructions that tacitly assume specific properties of the limited range of phenomena they have evolved to describe. These assumed properties are true features of that limited context, but may not be general or precise properties of all the physical situations allowed by fundamental physics. In brief, human languages contain “excess baggage” that must be qualified, discarded, or otherwise reformed to give a clear account, in the context of fundamental physics, of even the everyday phenomena that languages have evolved to describe. The surest route to clarity is to express the constructions of human languages in the language of fundamental physical theory, not the other way around. These ideas are illustrated by an analysis of the verb “to happen” and the word “reality” in special relativity and the modern quantum mechanics of closed systems. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0010AbstractPDF/data in the present we can predict the future and retrodict the past. These predictions and retrodictions are for histories — most simply time sequences of events. Quantum mechanics gives probabilities for individual histories in a decoherent set of alternative histories. This paper discusses several issues connected with the distinction between prediction and retrodiction in quantum cosmology: the difference between classical and quantum retrodiction, the permanence of the past, why we predict the future but remember the past, the nature and utility of reconstructing the past(s), and information theoretic measures of the utility of history. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0011AbstractPDF/most striking observable feature of our indeterministic quantum universe is the wide range of time, place and scale on which the deterministic laws of classical physics hold to an excellent approximation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Первые тренинги, где показали настоящие практические инструменты, мы увидели где-то в 1980-х годах. Это был социально-психологический тренинг или «тренинг общения». Как раз еще из ГДР приезжал Манфред Форверг. Он преподавал в Лейпцигском университете. Мы даже студентами туда ездили, с ним встречались и спрашивали у него, а он учил наших преподавателей. — Ваш путь в ТА, ваши учителя?

Output: pass