Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: (b) Purpose: Goal, informative/argumentative, intended audience (c) Content: what is the summary of the source? From the origin, purpose, and content, teacher discusses with the students what might be the value or limitation of the source. 2. – Each group of students is assigned a mitigation strategy (TFG, pg. 152–175). They will produce a poster that summarizes the strategy as well as the pros and cons in the local context. (a) (b) (c) and Conservation (d) and Storage (e) Land Use: Forests, Soils, and Agriculture (f) 3. – Students begin “Step 2: Gathering Evidence” of their own project. While students identify stakeholders they want to interview, teachers should guide students in the similar fashion in Step 1: “Who would you specifically be interested to speak with regarding your topic? ” “Write why you would be interested to speak with them, how they could inform your understanding of the problem, and how you assess their credibility on the specific topic” “Compile questions that you would be interested to ask” Unit 7: to on my evidence, how do I creatively generate solutions to address climate change? What are mitigation and adaptation strategies to address climate change? How do I synthesize my evidence to develop relevant insights? How do I spark innovative ideas to address climate change? addressing climate change, it is possible to analyze options in terms of mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation would involve using current technologies to address climate change by seeking to reverse the rate of increasing average global surface temperature (e. g. seeking to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy). In contrast, adaptation is focused on ways to minimize the impact of climate change that is happening and will continue into the future (e. g. new construction according to building codes designed to withstand flooding or other extreme weather related events that are likely to increase in frequency). Innovation is about developing new ways to address climate change with a focus on developing technologies and strategies that do not yet exist. Now that students have gathered background evidence, they will generate a broad range of ideas that can include different combinations of mitigation, adaptation, and innovation before using relevant criteria to narrow their choices in their context. Standards Anchor. D. 1 Collaboration: Work effectively with others through aligned goals. 0. A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All animals are equally affected by climate change. [SEP] Text: The scale of the fishery, in terms of number of fishing sets, and the fishing grounds have expanded tremendously over a 30-year period (Fig 1). The temporal and seasonal changes in fishing locations were related to oceanographic and environmental conditions that affected catch rates [39, 40]. The operational aspect of the fleet includes deploying deep-set hooks early in the morning and hauling in the afternoon or evening [43, 44]. Hook depth was set between 100 m and 400 m [43], overlapping the vertical habitat of bigeye tuna during daytime (200 m to 400 m below the surface) [44, 45], with most bigeye tuna caught at depths greater than 200 m [44]. The vertical overlap of bigeye tuna swimming depth and deep-set longline gear has a direct impact on bigeye catch rates in the Hawaii longline fishery [28, 40, 44, 45]. With increasing ocean temperatures and ENSO events changing the thermal structure and oxygen concentration in different parts of the [7, 29, 33, 46, 47] and altering the spatial distributions of tuna species [6, 7, 11, 17–20, 28, 29], it is reasonable to expect that changes in climate factors would also impact tuna catch rates and spatial operations of the Hawaii longline fleet. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Spatial extent and density of fishing sets of Hawaii deep-set longline fishery, 1991–2020. Note: Only included trips that departed from and returned to the Honolulu port. Data records with effort by less than three individual vessels in 5° x 5° in a day were removed to meet confidentiality requirements. Effects of climate change and climate variability on tuna distributions There is evidence that ocean warming has shifted the tuna distribution poleward by 6. 5 km per decade in the northern hemisphere [17]. In the past four decades (1960–2011), the percentages of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) caught by longliners have shifted from tropical to subtropical areas in the during periods of increased SST [11]. Climate change and variability are expected to continue to affect tuna biomass, distribution, and subsequently fishing patterns. Senina et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 소속기관이 없으시면 DBpia를 구독 중인 주변 공공도서관을 찾아보세요 DBpia 이용하기 로그인 바로가기 소속 기관 학교 인증 혹시 재학/재직 중이신가요? 소속기관의 DBpia 구독 여부를 확인해 보세요. 정확한 소속 기관명을 클릭해 주세요 논문- DBpia를 구독하지 않는 기관입니다. 저희 기관에서 DBpia를 구독하고 싶습니다. 개인적으로 DBpia를 이용하고 싶습니다. 소속 기관 학교 인증 혹시 재학/재직 중이신가요?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: 1 Explain how life, including human life, influences and is influenced by the environment 3. A Synthesize evidence to generate a wide range of ideas to reach innovative solutions to a problem. Activities 1. Adapting to – Teacher presents adaptation strategies: relocate and retreat, adjust infrastructure, renew and conserve natural systems, make land use changes, modify management and operations, diversify to increase resilience, social innovation, risk management, and policy changes. Using TGF (pg. 198–208), students work in groups to come up with adaptation strategies for one of the described climate hazards. Students rotate and add different ideas for adaptation strategies to different posters. 2. – Teacher presents a brainstorming strategy called affinity diagramming ( Using the posters from the “Adapting to Climate Hazards” activity, students create a post-it note for each adaptation strategy. In groups, students group the post-its into themes and put headings onto these groups. 3. – Teacher presents a strategy called attribute listening, where column headings are attributes. Teacher states that one strategy is to pick random attributes (such as the highlighted boxes in the table) and come up with new ideas. Students can also come up with new strategies, incentives, stakeholders, or medium. 4. – Students begin “Step 3: Generating Solutions. ” Unit 8: on do I receive honest feedback from local stakeholders on potential ways to address climate change? How do I create prototypes to communicate potential solutions? How do I test a hypothesis to receive meaningful and usable feedback from local stakeholders? What is geoengineering and how would local stakeholders be affected by this strategy? students explore various solutions, it is better for them to engage with local stakeholders as a planning and implementation strategy for the solution they choose in addressing climate change. First of all, according to lean design thinking models, the earlier you get feedback, the less costly it is in both time and resources. Students should receive feedback on their potential solutions before they build on those solutions in the next step in which they draw conclusions with regard to the best path forward. Second of all, when local stakeholders are engaged, it creates possibilities to generate more targeted solutions and opens opportunities for stakeholders to be involved in the implementation of those solutions. Students will explore how to communicate with local stakeholders through creating simple prototypes. We will model how to do this while learning an innovative climate approach to addressing change- geoengineering. Standards Anchor. A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All animals are equally affected by climate change. [SEP] Text: [9] projected that, in the areas where the Hawaii longline fishery currently operates, climate change impacts alone (without fishing) would decrease bigeye tuna biomass up to 18% in the western and central (WCPO), and increase bigeye tuna biomass by 8% in the eastern (EPO) during the 21st century. Focusing on the effect of climate change on the Hawaii longline fishery, Woodworth-Jefcoats et al. [10] projected that ocean warming alone would lower the bigeye tuna biomass by 20% by 2100 because rising ocean temperatures reduce plankton biomass, and thus food available to predators. Tuna and billfish species richness was projected to shift northward and eastward in the Ocean, potentially shifting the Hawaii longline fishery’s fishing activities further from the port in Hawaii or changing the homeport to the mainland west coast. Many studies confirmed that ENSO events affected the preferred habitat and distribution of different tuna species in the vertically [6, 19, 21, 28, 29, 46], horizontally [6, 7, 18–20, 30, 48], and northward [21, 47]. Historical data also showed changes in tuna catches associated with ENSO events [6, 19–21, 28, 30, 33]. ENSO events have led to uneven changes in the vertical thermal structure and vertical extension of tuna habitats across the and have induced changes in the spatial distributions of different tuna species due to their unique physiological adaptations and preferred habitats. The preferred depth of adult bigeye is mainly below the thermocline [44, 49], while the preferred depth of yellowfin, skipjack, and albacore (in temperate latitude) is above the top of thermocline [50–54]. Niño events, the thermocline flattens across the equatorial Pacific, rises in the western Pacific, and deepens in the eastern Pacific. The opposite happens during La Niña events. Tagging studies in the found that bigeye tuna’s swimming depth had a strong relationship with thermocline depth, and the deepening of the thermocline in the eastern Pacific during El Niño events was associated with deeper distribution of bigeye [28]. The shoaling of the thermocline (rising of depth of mixed layer) in the western Pacific during El Niño events reduces the depth yellowfin can utilize to search for food as their preferred depth is above the thermocline.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 소속기관의 DBpia 구독 여부를 확인해 보세요. 정확한 소속 기관명을 클릭해 주세요 서울대학교- DBpia 구독 중 입니다 소속 회원 학생 교직원 인증 기관(도서관) 홈페이지를 이용하는 경우 인증 가능합니다 대표 계정 인증 초·중·고, 기업 등의 기관 담당자에게 부여됩니다. 해당 계정은 행정실, 수서실 등에 문의하세요 서울대학교 내부 방문시 자동 기관인증 가능합니다 기관 내부 PC, 와이파이로 접속해보세요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: Few studies have examined audience segmentation incorporating intentions to get a COVID-19 vaccine and have used a theoretical, behavioral framework to understand distinct audience segments in response to COVID-19. Studies conducted in Taiwan74 and New Zealand75 are two that did both. These studies adopted different theoretical bases and found different numbers of segments in each nation. Three segments were identified in Taiwan based on Theory, addressing a range of COVID-19 protective behaviors including vaccination: high motivation for vaccination and preventive behaviors; low motivation for vaccination and preventive tasks; and high motivation for vaccination but low motivation for preventive behaviors74. Zealand, four segments were found based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, addressing COVID-19 vaccination intentions: Enthusiasts (36%), Supporters (28%), Hesitants (24%), and Skeptics (12%)75. This study examined relationships between segment memberships with regard to engagement-skepticism associated with climate change and COVID-19 vaccines using an Australian sample to better understand how consistent are the patterns of skepticism/acceptance of science across these two disparate domains. Our study aimed to answer two key research questions: How similar are individuals’ segment memberships with regard to acceptance/skepticism of science across audience segmentations based on attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines and climate change? How do individuals’ age, gender, and political identities relate to their segments across these two issues? ResultsClimate change segmentsTwenty-six percent of the sample were in the Alarmed climate change segment, 31% were Concerned, 28% were Cautious, 2% were Disengaged, 4% were Doubtful, and 8% were Dismissive. Table 1 shows each segment’s mean response to the four relevant survey questions used for climate change segmentation. This segmentation suggests an upward shift towards higher public concern about climate change when compared with the analyses by Morrison, Parton and Hine70 analyzing 2011 and 2016 data based on the Global Warming’s 36-item survey. For example, both earlier surveys showed lower membership of the Alarmed segment (18% in 2011 and 15% in 2016) and higher membership of the Dismissive segment (6% in 2011 and 11% in 2016). Table 1 Descriptive statistics of climate change beliefs and concern across the segments. Full size tableThe six climate change segments differed across a range of demographic characteristics (see S1 for detailed distributions).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All animals are equally affected by climate change. [SEP] Text: When the preferred habitat shrinks due to El Niño events, there is greater vertical overlap between the yellowfin preferred habitat and the depth of surface fishing gear in the western Pacific. Niña events, deepening of the thermocline in the western Pacific extends the vertical habitat of bigeye and yellowfin, which decreases their vulnerability to surface gears [6]. Conversely, skipjack tuna are not affected by the changes in thermocline due to ENSO events, as they inhabit the surface layer of the ocean [6]. Several studies found the variations of tuna catch rates were associated with ENSO-induced vertical change in thermal structure. Abascal et al. [28] suggested that the strong El Niño in 2015 that deepened the thermocline in the eastern Pacific could have contributed to the increased bigeye catch rates by the Hawaii longline fleet in that area. In a similar longitudinal region, increased bigeye hook rates were observed by tuna longliners at the western edge of the eastern tropical (between 130°W and 160°W) during El Niño years, possibly due to the expansion of bigeye’s preferred depth habitat in that area [21]. Changes in thermocline also alter the temperature habitats for tuna (temperature at which tuna occur) in different parts of the Pacific Ocean. Temperature habitats for tuna vary by species, with bigeye occurring at the lowest temperature ranges, followed by albacore, yellowfin, and skipjack. Temperature habitat for bigeye is also wider than the other three tuna species [19]. Niño events, the shallowing thermocline rises and extends the temperature habitat vertically for tunas in the western Pacific. Niña events, the deepening of thermocline deepens and contracts the temperature habitat in the western Pacific [19]. Japanese longline fishery observed higher (lower) bigeye CPUE and lower (higher) albacore CPUE in the western Pacific during El Niño (La Niña) events. This pattern corresponded with the vertical extension (contraction) of temperature habitat for bigeye during El Niño (La Niña) events and the shoaling (deepening) of the temperature habitat for albacore in the western Pacific during El Niño (La Niña) events [19]. Japanese and U. S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 단, 장소에 따라 이용이 제한될 수 있습니다 소속 기관 학교 인증 도서관 홈페이지를 통해서만 이용 가능합니다 도서관 홈페이지 로그인 도서관 바로가기 전자저널, 학술 DB 등의 카테고리로 이동 DBpia(누리미디어) 클릭하여 DBpia 홈페이지 이동 자주묻는 질문 - 소속 회원 학생 교직원 인증 매번 도서관 홈페이지를 통해 들어오기 번거로워요 기관인증된 상태에서 화면 상단의 [로그인]을 클릭하여 DBpia에 로그인 하실 경우해당 계정에

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: Segmentation based on participants’ climate change beliefs identified six segments from the most worried (Alarmed) segment to the most skeptical (Dismissive) segment. The majority of people were on the concerned end of the spectrum that included the Alarmed, Concerned, and Cautious segments (85%), while only 8% were actively Dismissive of climate change. As found in a range of other studies, young people and women tended to be more concerned about climate change. This is common in English-speaking, Western democracies, but is not the case in all countries77. While the climate change segmentation questions used in this study have been used effectively for Australian and other audiences in the past68,70, it may be time to develop new approaches. The low proportion of Disengaged, Doubtful, and Dismissive climate change segments supports the findings of other studies that show the Australian public now generally accepts that climate change is real and that it is a cause for worry78,79,80. This suggests a need to shift climate change messaging away from convincing the public that climate change is real and of concern, towards helping communities make informed personal and policy decisions for addressing climate change. The four questions used to segment the public in this and other studies80,81 were drawn from larger survey instruments containing 15 and 36 items82. While some of the additional questions in these broader surveys may offer important segmentation insights in current societal contexts (e. g. , questions on desired level of government priority given to climate change), others may be less relevant (e. g. , acceptance that climate change is happening). Further research should examine which questions may better identify interpretive communities (segments) suitable for developing behavior- and policy-relevant messaging strategies to reflect this shift in communication priorities. -19 vaccine analysis identified five segments on a continuum from those most supportive of these vaccines (Enthusiasts) to those most resistant (Skeptics). The sample was relatively evenly distributed across the segments, however the three more accepting segments (Enthusiasts, Supporters, and Socials) made up the majority of the sample (74%), with only 10% in the more actively Skeptic segment. Since the survey was conducted, 90% of Australians over the age of 5 have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine83.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All animals are equally affected by climate change. [SEP] Text: purse seine and Japanese pole and line fisheries all observed higher yellowfin catch rates in the western and central Pacific during El Niño events, which was associated with the vertical extension of temperature habitat for yellowfin [19]. Changes in oxygen concentration during ENSO events affect the vertical distribution of tuna, as oxygen is an important factor that alters the vertical habitat space during different ENSO phases [46, 55]. Niño events, the low oxygen waters under the thermocline are pulled upward as it gets shallower in the western Pacific and reduces the vertical habitat space, whereas the deepening of thermocline in the eastern Pacific pushes down the low oxygen waters under the thermocline and extends the vertical habitat space [46]. As different tuna species have different limits of oxygen tolerance [35, 36], their vertical habitat spaces vary. Bigeye have a higher tolerance of low dissolved oxygen concentration when compared to other tuna species, allowing them to have a wider vertical habitat [6, 34–36]. Yellowfin and albacore have lower tolerance of low oxygen levels, so lower oxygen in the thermocline would restrict them to surface waters [6, 46]. Skipjack are less vulnerable to changes in oxygen due to ENSO events since they mainly stay above the thermocline due to their high oxygen demand [56], and the ENSO-induced changes in oxygen mainly occur in or below the thermocline [7]. Despite the shoaling of the thermocline compressing the vertical habitat space with lower oxygen in the western Pacific during El Niño events, it expands bigeye’s preferred depth habitat, as their high tolerance to low oxygen enables them to access a colder habitat at shallower depths. Howell and Kobayashi [30] suggested the higher bigeye catch rates by the Hawaii longline fishery around the during the winter months of El Niño events could be due to the El Niño-induced changes in oxygen that expand the vertical habitat for bigeye. On the other hand, yellowfin and skipjack have lower tolerance to low oxygen, and as their vertical habitat compresses in the western Pacific, it expands in the eastern Pacific during the El Niño events. One consequence of changing oxygenated vertical habitat is the driving of yellowfin and skipjack eastward toward more favorable oxygen conditions [46]. The decreased oxygen concentration may also decrease the foraging frequency of yellowfin and skipjack at deeper depths during daytime [29].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 기관인증 상태가 90일간 유지되게 됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionTechnology is increasingly being used in education and training for a variety of fields and presents a wide range of options for educators (Suh and Prophet 2018). The late twentieth century saw technology rise in popularity for the educational domain which continued into the twenty-first century, including mobile learning (m-learning) on smartphones, augmented reality by way of a tablet, and fully immersive experiences in simulated environments such as virtual reality (VR) (Sitzmann 2011). VR technologies are being incorporated into educational programs, especially in dynamic learning environments, to train students and novices on complex scenarios in a safe and controlled environment, and practice iterative procedures without impacting the wear and tear of expensive simulators. Using VR technology for training purposes can reduce error rate and enhance the learning experience while increasing time savings and decreasing costs (Smith and Salmon 2017). There is anecdotal and empirical evidence that simulation technology can enhance knowledge, psychomotor skills, and motivation (Sitzmann 2011). VR can also enhance engagement, explore material in a new way, and facilitate interactive learning (Lindgren et al. 2016; Makransky et al. 2017). VR offers educators and trainers a robust modality that can diversify training from on-site, physical simulators and machinery to fully virtual environments, enabling training from home or off-site locations with smaller physical footprints and maintenance considerations. VR also allows students to practice skills on their own time and at their own pace. Such off-site training can easily comply with COVID-19 precautions of the educational institutions and reduce the use of physical equipment among many students, adding an additional layer of social distancing while still maintaining a curriculum or training schedule. However, the benefits associated with using VR in educational environments will not be realized if students do not use them or utilize other training devices or simulators. The specific factors that drive students to use VR in a dynamic learning environment have not been widely studied (Chang et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2018b; Lin and Peh 2019; Sagnier et al. 2020). The technology acceptance model (TAM; Davis et al. 1989) may be used to understand how users come to accept and use a given technology, including in educational environments (King and He 2006). The TAM and its various extensions have been utilized to understand user perception of VR in different contexts, yet VR use in dynamic learning environments has received little attention (Huang 2020; Mahalil et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All animals are equally affected by climate change. [SEP] Text: Trip-level CPUE for bigeye, skipjack, and non-tuna species was positively correlated with El Niño conditions (significant for overall and two sub-periods) and negatively correlated with La Niña conditions (significant for skipjack and non-tuna). The negative correlation between trip-level CPUE for bigeye and La Niña was significant for 1991–2001 only. Relative to bigeye, opposite and significant correlations were observed for yellowfin and albacore for the whole study period and during some sub-periods. Correlation between CPUE for all species and ENSO periods followed the same patterns as the bigeye which represents the highest proportion of catches in a trip. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Pearson correlation between trip-level CPUE by species and ENSO periods, 1991–2020, 1991–2001, and 2002–2020. Model. This study uses a regression model to examine the effects of climate change and variability on fishing trip distance, following a similar approach to Haynie & Pfeiffer [23]. They used cold pool size as the climate factor, whereas this study includes two climate variables that might affect trip distance in the model specification. The first one, monthly SST for the entire fishing ground of the Hawaii deep-set longline fishery, can estimate how changes in SST over time in the whole fishing ground could affect trip distance. The sector factor, ONI index, is included to examine how ENSO events could affect trip distance, as different tuna species respond differently to ENSO events. The advantage of using ONI as a continuous variable is its ability to capture the effect of variation in ONI on trip distance; a more severe ENSO event might have a greater effect on trip distance. Because CPUE for different tuna species had opposite effects during El Niño and La Niña conditions, ONI is modeled as a quadratic relationship with trip distance. & Pfeiffer [23], biological, regulatory, trip specific, and vessel specific factors that potentially could affect trip distance are also considered in the model specification. The final model specification (i. e. , what specific variables to include in the model) is determined based on the lowest Criterion (AIC), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 따라서 기관 외부 어디서든 DBpia 개인계정 로그인 하시면일정 기간 동안 해당 기관의 구독 자료를 바로 이용 가능합니다. 단, 기관에 따라 내부에서만 이용가능할 수 있습니다. SNS 로그인을 사용할 수 있는 방법은 없나요? 도서관 사이트에서 기관인증하여 DBpia 사이트로 이동하신 경우에는NAVER(네이버) · Google(구글) · Kakao(카카오)의 정책으로 인하여 SNS로그인이 불가합니다. 이에 DBpia 회원가입 후 이용하셔야합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: Before VR is incorporated into an educational program, educators and developers must understand the factors that motivate a student to use VR for learning purposes to encourage user acceptance and intention. The study is discerned from others by nature of the research context and technology being studied (i. e. , VR for dynamic learning) as well as the relationship among the factors. Those endeavoring to efficiently and effectively incorporate VR into a dynamic learning environment will find the results to be of interest. The study is especially relevant as institutions consider virtual learning options that meet training requirements while also enforcing safety precautions due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated the following research questions: (1) What factors influence students’ intentions to use VR technology for training? (2) How do these factors impact students’ intentions to use VR technology for training? (3) To what extent do these factors influence students’ intentions to use VR technology for training? This paper is organized as follows. First, background information, the research model, and the factors of the extended TAM are presented. The methodology of the study is then described, followed by the results of the study. Finally, the results are discussed, the research questions are addressed, conclusions are drawn, and implications and directions for future research are presented. 2 Background and research model2. 1 Virtual reality in dynamic learning environmentsVR is a 3-dimensional (3D) digital environment generated to create a fully immersive, realistic environment (Jerald 2016; Society 2017). This technology is being adopted in a variety of educational environments as a training device. VR in education and training provides the ability to train and practice while encouraging active learning, intuitive decision making, and engagement with a task (Jerald 2016). Numerous research studies demonstrate the benefits of using VR in dynamic learning environments. A study by Lin and Yeh (2019) found that spatial training and learning in VR can positively impact PEU, PU, intention, and perceived playfulness; their findings indicate that the interactive quality associated with learning in VR can positively impact the student’s desire to use the technology. Lindgren et al. (2016) found that students who learned using whole-body activity in the immersive environment had significantly higher learning gains, higher engagement with the subject, and a more positive attitude toward science when compared to students using a computer simulation. Makransky et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All animals are equally affected by climate change. [SEP] Text: These include bigeye habitat hotspots developed north of the during El Niño events [47]; above (below) average bigeye recruitments coincided with strong El Niño (La Niña) events in the EPO [65], an area where the Hawaii longline fleet was likely to operate in the third quarter of the year [40]; and higher yellowfin hook rates observed during La Niña events by tuna longliners in the same area where Hawaii longline fleet operated due to a northward expansion of yellowfin’s preferred habitat [21]. These past findings were consistent with the correlations of Hawaii longline CPUE during ENSO events (higher bigeye CPUE during El Niño events and higher yellowfin CPUE during La Niña events). The observations of Hawaii longline fleet fishing closer to the Honolulu port during ENSO events (Figs 7 and 8) suggest that the Hawaii longline fleet was able to achieve higher CPUE with shorter travel distance during ENSO events. It is important to note that although the model result predicts an increase in trip distance with rising ocean temperatures, the future effect is expected to be small, as it takes a long time for ocean temperature to increase by one degree. Projections showed that SST in the WCPO will increase by 2. 5°C to 3. 5°C by 2100 under the “business-as-usual” greenhouse gas emissions RCP8. 5 scenario [66]. Therefore, higher SST can be considered a long-term impact on the fishery. On the other hand, ENSO events could happen in any year and will probably be more frequent [67] and more extreme in the future [68], leading to greater influence on trip distance. The model results show non-climate factors such as fisheries management policies, biomass, and diesel price also affected trip distance. Particularly, area closures that affected access, and bigeye biomass that influenced the ease of finding fish, had larger effects on trip distance when compared to climate factors. This is similar to the findings in Haynie & Pfeiffer [23] that trends in climate had a relatively low impact on the spatial distribution of fishing effort. Some studies included the lagged effects of climate impacts on fishing location [22, 23, 25, 26], but they are omitted in this study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: SNS 로그인과 기관 인증을 함께 이용하고 싶으신 경우에는 기관 내부에서 이용 부탁드립니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: (2017) discovered that students reported a higher presence in a VR learning environment; however, results indicated they learned less than students using a computer simulation and had a significantly higher cognitive workload. Smith and Salmon (2017) explored how different levels of immersive instruction translated to assembling a complex mechanism. Although there was no difference in time nor accuracy between the participant groups when tested on assembly in the real world, over 85% of the participants indicated that VR training with a 3D walkthrough and instructions were preferred, particularly when the assembly procedure was very involved or complex. There are many benefits to using immersive simulation technology, such as VR, in dynamic learning environments. Using active learning for complex and dynamic concepts may positively impact learning and understanding (Lindgren et al. 2016). Learning can be expanded outside of the classroom, or in the case of aviation the cockpit, to further training using VR. Repeating tasks in a VR environment can positively impact cognition and memory, visual-spatial skills, psychomotor skills, and emotional responses (Jensen and Konradsen 2018). However, attaining these affordances necessitates designing a safe, effective, and usable VR learning environment wherein the user may attain goals in a motivating and cost-efficient environment (Eastgate et al. 2015). Frustration may occur if the student is unfamiliar with the technology, negatively impacting performance while using VR (Maraj et al. 2015). As VR is incorporated into the classroom, educators and trainers must ensure learning outcomes are met while providing cognitive experiences for students associated with using VR for training. 2. 2 Immersive simulation technologies in aviation trainingAviation training occurs in dynamic learning environments. Because the context of this study focused on flight training at as a representation of a dynamic learning environment, it is important to understand the use of immersive simulation training devices for flight training. Researchers and educators have long advocated the use of flight simulation training devices, or simulators, as high-fidelity, low-cost options with numerous learning benefits for training in aviation. Simulators have different levels of fidelity and immersion yet provide realistic training scenarios to enhance procedural memory and performance while decreasing costs associated with flight training (Macchiarella et al. 2008). Research on the use of different levels of simulators in terms of fidelity and realism has regularly shown that flight training in a simulated environment is both efficient and effective.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All animals are equally affected by climate change. [SEP] Text: The annual average seafood consumption in Hawaii is 37 lb per person (including non-commercial catch from 2000 to 2009) [70], which is consistently higher than the national average (<20 lb) [42]. The findings in this study provide information to fisheries managers when considering the management actions related to the potential effect of climate change on fresh seafood supply to the island economy. Climate change will continue to impact the ecosystem structure of the ocean. Increasing ocean temperature is expected to persist into the future and affect fish biomass and spatial distribution. The maximum catch potential around the Hawaii EEZ was projected to decrease by 15%–30% by 2100 under the RCP8. 5 scenario [3]. Tuna biomass and distribution are expected to adjust as tunas are highly mobile species that follow productive areas. Tuna distribution models projected bigeye tuna to shift poleward by the end of the century [17]. Bigeye biomass in the WCPO is projected to decline by the end of the century due to unfavorable spawning and feeding habitat including higher SST, less food, and decreased dissolved oxygen concentration in sub-surface waters [7]. On the other hand, bigeye biomass in the EPO is projected to increase as SST in the EPO will become optimal for bigeye spawning by 2100. Additionally, the habitat for adult bigeye will improve due to higher dissolved oxygen concentration allowing adult bigeye to travel to a deeper forage layer [6, 7]. However, not the entire EPO is expected to be a better environment for bigeye, as the oxygen minimum zone in the tropical EPO is projected to expand, limiting their habitat in this area [40]. ENSO events are projected to occur more frequently under some global climate change scenarios [67, 68] and their intensity may increase as well [71]. As a result, it is expected that commercial fishing fleets will continue to change their fishing locations. New records of ocean temperatures and more frequent and severe ENSO events could happen in the future. It is unknown whether the future climate scenarios will severely affect the survival rates of tuna larvae and change their spawning grounds dramatically. Nevertheless, this reduced form of estimation of climate change and climate variability on trip distance provides baseline information to include fisher behavior in light of climate change and variability. Better understanding fisher behavior can support future ecosystem modeling of the climate change impacts on fisheries and fisheries management related to climate-driven changes of marine ecosystems. 1. Pathways to sustaining tuna-dependent economies during climate change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 이전 소속 기관 학교 인증 대표 계정 인증 대표 계정 아이디 대표 계정 비밀번호 인증 구독 계약시 기관 담당자에게 부여되는 계정입니다 자주묻는 질문 - 대표 계정 인증 대표 계정 부여 기준이 궁금해요 기관인증된 상태에서 화면 상단의 [로그인]을 클릭하여 DBpia에 로그인 하실 경우해당 계정에 기관인증 상태가 90일간 유지되게 됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: Lawrynczyk (2018) found that flight training in a simulator or VR resulted in similar performance results or better in the VR group, indicating that VR for flight training may be a viable alternative. A study comparing the academic performance of student pilots who learned maneuvers in VR or using computer-based 2D simulation indicated that training in the immersive VR environment did not hinder mastery; additionally, both groups indicated that simulation was the preferred medium for learning flight training maneuvers as opposed to reading materials, videos, and face-to-face instruction (Hight and Fussell 2021). A review of the literature reveals that research surrounding student’s attitude toward and intent to use technology for flight training has received little attention using objective measures. Lawrynczyk (2018) found that user experience and performance measures were comparable between simulator and VR flight training groups, but those who trained in VR experienced higher cognitive load. Researchers often collect subjective data regarding how students perceive a given technology will benefit flight training (Bürki-Cohen & Go 2005; Bürki-Cohen et al. 2007; Fussell et al. 2019; Fussell and Hight 2021). However, the studied simulation technologies were generally simulators as opposed to VR. 2. 3 Foundation theories2. 3. 1 Technology acceptance modelThe perception of technologies by individuals may impact how they use them in different environments. Davis et al. (1989) developed the TAM “to explain the potential user’s behavioral intention to use a technological innovation” (King and He 2006, p. 740). King and He (2006) noted that the TAM is a widely used model in part due to its “understandability and simplicity” (p. 740). The applicability of the model has led to its use in a variety of domains for a variety of technologies. Davis’ (1989) original variables, perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived usefulness (PU), have been demonstrated to strongly correlate with user’s attitude toward using (ATU) a technology and behavioral intention (BI) to use a given technology. These four factors have formed the foundation of many studies investigating new technology. In his 1989 work, Davis described that PEU is supported by Bandura’s research of self-efficacy (SE), or personal belief (confidence) in one’s ability to accomplish a given behavior (Bandura 1991).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change impacts on wildlife will cease if emissions are reduced tomorrow. [SEP] Text: 5 ft Underpass with waterflow Wildlife and drainage Large mammals, High-mobility mediumsized mammals, Low mobility mediumsized mammals, Semi-arboreal mammals (adapted), Semi-aquatic mammals, Small mammals and amphibians, Semi-arboreal mammals and reptiles (adapted) W**: 6. 5 ft path Ht: 10 ft W**:>10 ft path Ht:>13 ft Small to medium-sized mammal underpass Wildlife and seasonal drainage High-mobility medium-sized mammals (adapted), Low mobility mediumsized mammals, Semi-aquatic mammals (adapted), Small mammals, Amphibians (adapted), Reptiles W: 1. 5 ft Clearance: 3 ft W:>3 ft Clearance:>4 ft Amphibian and reptile tunnel Wildlife only Amphibians; Low mobility medium-sized mammals (adapted); Semi-aquatic (adapted), Small mammals and reptiles (adapted) + + *The dimension is Larger than the largest wildlife underpass structures; ** The width depends on the width of hydrologic channel in crossing; + Dimensions vary depending on target species or taxa or local conditions. Tunnels range from 1-3 feet in diameter Table 2: Minimum and recommended dimensions of wildlife overpass/underpass designs [5]. It is noticeable that bird species as an important member wildlife family have been neglected from the crossing structure. The inclusion of birds in the list ensures transportation project design and construction to respect and leave intact the natural environment, particularly vegetation, water systems and wetland, along the roads to be built. Most of the structures are for wildlife only; however there are indeed some can also serve for seasonal drainage and human activities. Each of them has different dimensional specifications. is a common and robust mitigation measure to reduce WVCs with large mammals [18,19], to keep selected species away from roadways and sometimes guide wildlife to safe crossing structures [5]. The fences are typically implemented at the ‘hotspots’ of WVCs and need to extend further than the hotspot to prevent ‘fence end run’ [20]. Both the home range for the target species and the length of the ‘hotspot’ are considered in fence’s design [21,22].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 따라서 기관 외부 어디서든 DBpia 개인계정 로그인 하시면일정 기간 동안 해당 기관의 구독 자료를 바로 이용 가능합니다. 단, 기관에 따라 내부에서만 이용가능할 수 있습니다. SNS 로그인을 사용할 수 있는 방법은 없나요? 도서관 사이트에서 기관인증하여 DBpia 사이트로 이동하신 경우에는NAVER(네이버) · Google(구글) · Kakao(카카오)의 정책으로 인하여 SNS로그인이 불가합니다. 이에 DBpia 회원가입 후 이용하셔야합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: No data was missing from the dataset after the data was cleaned. Mahalanobis D-square values were examined in the CFA output to determine if outliers were present, with those values greater than 100 representing extreme outliers. Five observations were identified; these were iteratively removed during the model respecification process for a final sample size of 484. (MLE) was utilized to assess the model fit (Hair et al. 2010). The original model had a slightly low model fit; thus, the decision was made to iteratively run post hoc analyses to respecify the model. This process entailed systematically reviewing the MIs in the CFA output and making adjustments to the model, reviewing outliers and removing them, and assessing the reliability and validity of the model. Hair et al. (2010) note the goodness of fit measures may become more sensitive to a very large sample size. Particularly, the Goodness of (GFI) and the of (AGFI) may be affected and should be considered secondary indicators, greater than or equal to 0. 90. Covariance between error terms was reviewed as were regression weights between items and factors which may suggest cross-loading. The first specified CFA model had mixed results in terms of model fit, factor loadings, covariances, cross-loadings, AVE and convergent validity, discriminant validity, and construct reliability and Cronbach’s alpha values. The model was evaluated, and it was determined that the PHR factor and the item SE3 may need to be removed to improve the model. The literature was reviewed to confirm the process (Hair et al. 2010). The iterative process included first removing PHR items and repeating the respecification process to evaluate model fit, reliability, and validity. By the end of the process, the PHR factor, the three PHR indicator items, and SE3 were removed. A review of the CFA output of normality revealed no change in kurtosis (e. g. , all remained under 2. 0). Table 2 details the model fit indices of the final CFA model, shown in Fig. 2. The Chi-square value of the final specified model was 804. 63 (df = 369, p = 0. 000). The model fit was deemed acceptable. Table 2 Model fit indices of the final CFA modelFull size tableFig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change impacts on wildlife will cease if emissions are reduced tomorrow. [SEP] Text: However, carcass data collection is loosely enforced and there are very limited resources for data management. adopted three steps to identify high priority areas for WVC problems: 1) crash and carcass data collection through System database, 2) mapping of crash data using ArcGIS, and 3) agency collaboration and cooperation. SDDOT also proposes the process and framework for agencies to identify mitigation measures with decision support tools. 5 summarized the impacts of transportation on endangered and threatened animals in Texas. There is no statewide process to report WVC carcass data at TxDOT and TxDOT environmental staffs in headquarters are unaware of the magnitude of WVC in state [15]. There are 25 semi-autonomous districts in TxDOT, which makes difficult to track actions, raise awareness and support for wildlife mitigation actions. Besides, planning for wildlife in transportation is locally driven and also driven by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. in for of Transportation Black-footed Ferret* Once inhabited extensive areas of the ranging from the foothills of the east to Nebraska and from southern Canada south to Texas. The Black-footed Ferret, including conversion of rangeland to cropland, elimination of prairie dog towns, urban development, and introduced diseases such as sylvatic plague. Some ferrets are killed crossing roads, particularly during the fall dispersal period. Jaguarundi* Little is known about the habitat of Jaguarundis in Texas. The extensive shrub lands of the have been converted to agriculture and urban development over the past 60 years. Roads, narrow water bodies, and rights-of-way are not considered barriers to movement. Ocelot* In Texas, Ocelots occur in the dense thorny shrub lands of the Plains. The extensive sive shrub lands of the have been converted to agriculture and urban development over the past 60 years. habitat in becomes fragmented by bigger highways with faster traffic, about half of the Ocelot mortality in the past 20 years from roads. Bear+ Once a common inhabitant of forested regions of eastern Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi. Depletion of populations through over harvest by humans, and to loss and fragmentation of suitable forested habitats. Remoteness is an important spatial feature of black bear habitat. In the southeast, remoteness is relative to forest tract size and the presence of roads. Black bears involve in road kill as well.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: SNS 로그인과 기관 인증을 함께 이용하고 싶으신 경우에는 기관 내부에서 이용 부탁드립니다. 이전 추천논문 함께 읽어보면 좋을 논문 이 논문과 함께 이용한 논문이 없습니다. 더보기 강남대학교 에서 많이 보고 있는 논문 이 논문과 함께 이용한 논문이 없습니다. 더보기 이 논문과 함께 이용한 논문 이 논문과 함께 이용한 논문이 없습니다. 더보기 강남대학교 에서 많이 보는 논문은 다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: 2The final specified CFA modelFull size imageThe reliability and validity of the first specified model had mixed values across the constructs and model fit indices. In general, the reliability and validity values of the model remained the same or increased with the removal of the PHR factor and items. The final values were all greater than the minimum values except RU. The factor had low construct reliability of 0. 63 and a low (but acceptable) Cronbach’s alpha of 0. 71. However, removing RU items did not increase model fit; thus, the factor was retained. Table 3 describes the construct reliability of the final CFA model, while Table 4 highlights the convergent validity assessment using HTMT. The reliability and validity of the model were acceptable. Table 3 Construct validity of the final specified CFA modelFull size tableTable 4 HTMT Assessment of final specified CFA modelFull size table5. 3 Measurement modelThe final CFA model, represented in Fig. 2, was transformed into an SEM model. The removal of construct PHR meant it was unnecessary to test hypothesis 8. MIs were reviewed for regression weights between factors that indicate a potential, new relationship. Only one possible new relationship was identified for review and potential inclusion in the model: PENJ impacts BI (MI = 13. 43). The relationship has support in the literature (Lee et al. 2018b; Manis & Choi 2018) and was included and tested in the final SEM. Results indicated sufficient evidence to conclude that PENJ has a positive influence on BI. Adding the PENJ-BI relationship resulted in a modified SEM, shown in Fig. 3, and improved model fit values, detailed in Table 5. The relationship is H15: “Perceived enjoyment positively influences behavioral intention. ” Hypothesis testing results are described in Table 6. Fig. 3SEM with standardized regression weightsFull size imageTable 5 Model fit indices of the original and final SEMsFull size tableTable 6 Hypothesis testing of the final structural modelFull size table6 DiscussionThis study assessed factors that influence students’ attitude toward and intention to use virtual reality (VR) for training. The context of this study was flight students considering VR for flight training in a theoretical capacity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change impacts on wildlife will cease if emissions are reduced tomorrow. [SEP] Text: Golden-cheeked Warbler* Typical nesting habitat is found in tall, dense, mature stands of Ashe juniper mixed with trees such as Texas oak, Lacey oak, shin oak, live oak, post oak, Texas ash, etc. The most serious problems facing the Golden-cheeked Warbler today, as in the recent past, are habitat loss and fragmentation. Habitat fragmentation, losses in nesting habitat Attwater's Prairie Chicken* Only in the coastal prairie of Texas. Habitat loss and alteration are the primary reasons for the population decline of Attwater’s Prairie Chicken. Naturally occurring short grass flats or artificially maintained areas such as roads, runways, oil well pads and drainage ditches. Highway construction causes habitat loss. Houston Toad* Toad is a terrestrial amphibian associated with deep sandy soils within the Savannah vegetation area of east central Texas. Habitat loss and alteration are the most serious threats facing the Houston Toad. High traffic roads are a barrier and poses higher risk of road kill. Other linear features such as pipelines and transmission lines can create barriers between foraging, hibernating, and breeding sites, especially if native vegetation has been removed. *Endangered status, + 5: Endangered and threatened animals in Texas [33]. Agreement of the 2013 Memorandum of understanding between TxDOT and (TPWD) defined Practices (BMPs). In that agreement, a list of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered species of Texas and some standard recommendations were provided to avoid killing or harming any wildlife species during the implementation of TxDOT projects. These recommendations include a) Vegetation BMPs; b) Water quality BMPs; c) Aquatic mitigation; d) Invasive species BMPs; e) Reptile BMPs; f) Rookeries; g) and h) Wildlife crossings. Examples of efforts by TxDOT are presented in the cases of bobcats and bat colonies. In Texas, use of culverts by bobcats was positively related to the openness ratio of the culvert and the amount of vegetation adjacent to the culvert. Fences erected to funnel wildlife toward culverts did not increase overall use of culverts, but may have increased use of the high-quality culverts [28]. Modified culverts were tried on US-98 in Texas for ocelots and bobcats [29].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 최근 강남대학교에서 인기 논문이 711회 이용되었습니다. 로그인 후, 강남대학교 인기 논문 TOP20을 확인해 보세요. 로그인하기 최근 많이 이용되는 논문 모바일 수집형 RPG의 사용자 분석 : “쿠키런: 킹덤”을 중심으로 모바일 수집형 RPG의 사용자 분석 : “쿠키런: 킹덤”을 중심으로 모바일 수집형 RPG의 사용자 분석 : “쿠키런: 킹덤”을 중심으로 오늘 하루 그만 보기 장바구니 담기 장바구니에 논문이 담겼습니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: The relationship between PHR and ATU (hypothesis 8) was removed during the CFA process due to low reliability and validity values associated with the factor and its items, as the factor and its items negatively impacted model fit. It was hypothesized that perceptions of health risks associated with using VR for training may negatively impact acceptance and ATU. Students who learn in dynamic learning environments may be comfortable using some types of advanced, immersive simulation technology for their training. Students may not have concerns about health risks associated with VR if they have little firsthand knowledge of them (e. g. , simulation sickness). Students in other dynamic learning environments may have a similar experience with VR and may not know the potential health risks associated with using VR in a dynamic learning environment. The final research question was “To what extent do these factors influence students’ intentions to use VR technology for training? ” The model fit of the final, modified SEM was good with all indices indicating acceptable value or greater. Table 5 details these indices, which were used as the main confirmation of how well the model described the factors that influence students’ intentions to use VR technology in a dynamic learning environment. One hypothesis (H8) was removed due to the deletion of PHR. A new relationship between PENJ and BI (H15) was discovered and supported. The removal of H8 and the addition of H15 resulted in support of nine out of 14 hypotheses (64%). The addition of the new relationship indicates that although the original model was fit and adequately answered the research question, it was slightly lacking in depicting all pertinent relationships. 7 Conclusions and future researchThe purpose of this study was to determine factors that influence students’ attitude toward and intention to use VR for training, through the context of VR for flight training. The extended TAM investigated VR technology in a dynamic learning environment and encompassed new factors that are relevant to the technology and educational environment. The results of the research have several theoretical implications. First, the study contributes to the body of knowledge surrounding using VR in dynamic learning environments. The model validated that established factors of the TAM and TPB may be extended and applied to VR technology as well as dynamic learning environments. The validated model may be further adapted to assess user perception of other types of immersive simulation technology as well as other dynamic education and training environments. Second, the model further validated factors that may be relevant to understanding student intention toward using VR for training.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change impacts on wildlife will cease if emissions are reduced tomorrow. [SEP] Text: Existing culverts were modified with a 0. 46 m wide × 0. 30 m high (18 inch × 12 inch) elevated concrete walkway to allow animals to move through even when water was present. However, ocelots were not shown to use the culverts. This was largely attributed to the low population in the area. More recently, Tewes et al. [30] studied the ocelots along transportation corridors in southern Texas by looking at road kill and habitat features to help determine locations for future crossings and develop management strategies. Another example is the bat colonies. Bats frequent some bridges and even box culverts on TxDOT right-of-way. Some TxDOT districts have built box culverts that contain recessed roofs with textured surfaces to provide roosts for bats. If bat colonies are found on existing structures, contact the to determine what steps should be taken that may affect the bats. Incorporate these wherever possible. TxDOT has posted information regarding bats and structures on its DOT website. International is a non-profit organization that has published a primer on bats and highway structures and alternative design details for accommodating bat roosts. Texas is one of states that are managing bridges for bats with greater success [31]. Costs-Benefits of The costs associated with mitigating wildlife/vehicle conflicts can be substantial and these costs increase through time. It was estimated the average costs for each deer, elk, and moose collision are US$8,015, US$17,475 and US$28,600 respectively [32], which include costs associated with vehicle repair, human injuries, human fatalities, towing, accident attendance and investigation, hunting and recreational value of the animal concerned and carcass removal and disposal. Other costs fobr maintenance, financing and impact of construction on traffic are excluded. Furthermore, costs and benefits can vary widely for different sites and situations (e. g. geographic locations, effectiveness, frequency of WVCs, surrounding terrain). Table 6 summarizes the costs of various mitigation measures and their effectiveness in reducing WVCs, specifically deer-vehicle collisions (DVCs).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 장바구니 보기 논문 계속보기 논문 키워드 분석을 통한 인공지능의 주요 이슈에 관한 고찰 : 사회과학 분야의 KCI 등재학술지를 중심으로 닫기 페이지로 구성된 논문입니다. 구매 후 전체 페이지를 이용하세요. 구독하기 논문보기 원 무료 구매하기 논문보기+다운받기 원 DBpia 모바일에서는 로그인하면 1일 2회 논문 열람이 무료 구매하기 닫기 소속되어 있는 기관에서 DBpia를 구독 중이라면 무료로 이용 가능합니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: PEXP and PENJ were validated as important factors to assess attitude toward and intention to used VR technology in a dynamic learning environment. Although the factors of PEXP and PENJ have been validated for the context of the present study, these factors warrant further investigation as they had unsupported hypotheses. The positive yet insignificant relationship between PEXP and ATU may have been impacted by the users’ lack of experience with VR in general; participants had to consider using VR in a dynamic learning environment from a theoretical standpoint. The relationship may be stronger when users have more experience with VR and can compare using the technology to other simulators and training devices. The negative relationship between PBC and PEU is a discovery that is not supported by the theorized relationship; because users indicated low experience with VR, they may have little knowledge on which to base their ability to use the technology for training purposes. It is possible that students may not adopt VR in a dynamic learning environment if they do not understand how it works nor how it will benefit their training. Instructors and developers may need to first demonstrate the benefits of using VR in a dynamic learning environment. Additionally, the study demonstrates that the model is a useful tool to understand how students perceive using VR in a dynamic learning environment. This model may be adapted for use by researchers for use in other dynamic educational or training environments where VR is being considered as a training instrument. The survey instrument and methodology may provide insight into students’ attitudes toward and intention to use VR in other dynamic learning environments. The verbiage of the survey instrument could be adapted for other immersive simulation technologies, such as augmented reality, mixed reality, or simulators used in part-task training, and for other user groups. With proper revision, the survey instrument and model may be validated or extended for use in a variety of research contexts, populations, and technologies. For example, it could be adapted for use in medical training on virtual patients and procedures, augmenting the learning and practice of an assembly process of a complex mechanism, or simulating a space operations flight with simulated. This would allow for more understanding of how these factors explain user behavior with similar technologies. Specifically, the factors of and PBC require more investigation in the realm of VR and other immersive simulation technologies. Practically, the results provide insight into the student perspective. VR can benefit training, but how the technology is introduced and incorporated into the curriculum may impact student attitude, acceptance, and intent to use it.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change impacts on wildlife will cease if emissions are reduced tomorrow. [SEP] Text: It will no doubt have a knock-on effect on at least three other cases pending before lower courts in the UK, and potentially affect cases both within and outside the European Union. Read together with recent case law in Norway and the United States, this decision underscores the shifting legal landscape towards the convergence of energy and climate law. The climate impacts of the fossil fuel industry occur at every stage of development, from exploration and production to the final use of resources. However, the accounting of these emissions in the licensing of oil, gas, and mining development has traditionally been limited. In the context of fossil fuel production, greenhouse gas emissions can be generally divided into upstream and downstream emissions. Upstream emissions occur during exploration and production. Most of the emissions, however, arise from the combustion of produced fossil fuels, so called ‘downstream’ or ‘Scope 3’ emissions. For instance, in the case of oil, downstream emissions account for 67 to 95% of total emissions, depending on the processes used. Estimating these emissions is possible but can be complicated due to the global nature of the energy market, where resources are often consumed thousands of miles away from their production site. There is increasing recognition of the need to curtail fossil fuel production to meet the goals. Integrating the full spectrum of climate impacts, including downstream emissions, into the decision-making process for fossil fuels projects is imperative to comply with climate law obligations. Assessment for Oil and The main environmental regulatory tool in the process of approving oil and gas licenses is the Assessment (EIA). This procedural requirement mandates energy companies to submit an in-depth report to the regulator, which is then made public and scrutinised before a final decision is made. The procedural nature of EIA means that if a significant risk of harm is found, the legislation does not require the regulator to reject the application. There have been some challenges of EIA on procedural grounds, used as a vehicle to bring the courts’ attention to substantive environmental issues, but this has not proven to be a successful litigation strategy. In the UK, EIA regulations set out detailed process requirements regarding the content of the assessment including climate impacts. However, developers and regulators have interpreted these regulations to consider only upstream emissions, excluding downstream or Scope 3 emissions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 구독기관 조회하기구독 기관 조회 시, 선택 논문이 해제되니, 장바구니 담기 후 구독 기관을 조회하시길 바랍니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: ResultsToday’s K-12 students are very different from even their recently graduated peers. These students are digital natives, a term attributed to futurist Prensky (2001) to distinguish those who have grown up with technology and those who have adapted to it. Students today live in a world where digital technology is part of the texture of their daily lives. They have never known a world without technology. It is their native language and they expect to use it in school. Even at a very early age, students are exposed to technology in the classroom. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to research how two elementary school classrooms used iPads to enhance student learning and increased student achievement. This is a challenging time to be a teacher where change occurs rapidly. New policies and changing demographics are making schools more diverse than ever. Attitudes towards the technological advances can vary greatly. In this study, both teachers had a positive attitude towards the use of iPads in the classroom and it carried over to the attitudes of students in both grades. 4. 1. Student EngagementReference[8] discussed how traditional computer-supported learning has demonstrated an example of how to promote student engagement in the classroom. With new advances in technology, new opportunities arose for a wider range of student engagement. As technology became readily available, the primary focus of study by Price was to discover how different types of student engagement interactions engendered reflection in learners, and what kinds of patterns of communication might emerge in the process of the different interactions. In Olivia’s first grade classroom and Katie’s second grade classroom, both teachers noticed through her observation log that students were engaged more often during the use of iPad lessons than when they were not being used. In fact, based on both observation logs along with the researcher’s observation logs, it was determined that both grades were engaged more often in iPad lessons than in non-iPad lessons (see Figure 1). The average number of minutes of engagement during reading and mathematics increased when students used the iPads compared when they were not using iPads. Figure 1. Student engagement (in minutes)Figure 2. 1st grade Reading Fluency4. 2. Reading & Language ArtsIn first grade, during the 3-month study, the average reading fluency increased significantly at a rate considered normal for that same period of time. Reading fluency has two components: accuracy and speed. It was also divided into three levels: independent, instructional, and frustration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate change impacts on wildlife will cease if emissions are reduced tomorrow. [SEP] Text: The regulations are based on the which defines impacts broadly to include “indirect, secondary, cumulative, transboundary, short-term, medium-term and long-term, permanent and temporary, positive and negative effects of the project”. There have been many attempts to incorporate downstream emissions into the UK regulators’ decision-making process. First, to reconcile the objectives of ‘maximising economic recovery’ and pursuing net zero, the Government developed a Checkpoint for the new oil and gas licenses, in time for the latest licensing round early last year. While the original conception of the Checkpoint was quite ambitious, the final draft turned into a watered-down non-statutory version, doing away with several criteria, including the assessment of Scope 3 emissions. Second, there have been a number of cases brought by environmental NGOs challenging onshore and offshore oil and gas licenses on the grounds that Scope 3 emissions were not taken into account. So far, courts in the UK have sided with the Government in all these cases, including the lower courts’ decisions in Finch and v General. Arguments in lower courts’ reasoning revolved largely around the meaning and scope of the ‘project’ under assessment, with the argument that consumption of any produced product is not included within the scope. of Appeal in Finch held that the refinement process is a “separate and substantial” industrial activity carried out by separate companies. The effects of these activities were seen as not only “far removed from the proposed development itself” but also not “causally linked to it”. The dissent of Moylan LJ in the Appeal Court’s decision adopted a wider definition of “project” from law, which requires mandatory EIA for oil development “for commercial purposes”. He concluded that a “purposive approach to the interpretation of the provisions applicable in this case points strongly towards their application not being so limited”. Court, despite ruling in the Government’s favour, left the door open regarding downstream emissions. It disagreed with the conclusion that downstream emissions impact is “legally incapable” of being assessed. Rather, the Court concluded, it was for the regulator to decide whether Scope 3 emissions should be considered, granting a wide margin of appreciation to the approving authority in the interpretation of the vague legislation. A big question was to what extent the would rely on EU law in its interpretation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 선택된 논문() 구매 가능 논문 총 건 구독하기 논문보기 무료 구매하기 논문보기+다운받기 장바구니 담기 구독하기 논문보기 무료 구매하기 논문보기+다운받기 저자정보 Hyun-(University) In-sop Kim (University) 공유하기 URL 복사 인용하기 공지사항바로가기 Close 내보내기 Citeasy 사용 중 인문/사회분야 연구자/학생을 위한한글 사용가능 서지관리프로그램 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 Citeasy 내년에도 계속해서 서지를 추가하고 싶다면?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: ” She went on to say that she was amazed that her students improved as much as they did. Evidence showed that students in both grades increased in both reading fluency and math concepts over the course of the study. It was evident that students were more actively engaged during the iPad lessons than the non-iPad lessons. Albeit the some students did not increase as much as other students, the overall average was still significantly better with the iPad lessons and assessments. During the lesson observations, there were times when the iPad was a distraction to the lesson. This may attribute to the grade level and age of the students in this study. However, the preplanning by Olivia and Katie was effective in limiting the distractions that could potentially cause disruption in either class. Katie was quoted as saying “It took me a long time to figure out that I needed to really plan for the use of the iPad in my lessons. I guess that comes with being a first-year teacher. ” Prior planning was evident in the discussions with both teachers and both agreed that it made a difference in the lesson outcome. Student learningThrough classroom observations and interviews, evidence showed the positive role that the iPad could play in the classroom. In early lessons that did not necessarily require the use of an iPad, both teachers allowed students to use the iPad voluntarily in order to explore some aspects of the concepts of reading or math in order to help understand. However, as both teachers became more involved with the use of iPads, then students were required to use them more consistently. The fact that the class was using the iPad also facilitated students assisting each other in the learning process. Throughout the class activities the students were fully engaged and did not stray to other iPad applications. In Olivia’s first grade class and Katie’s second grade class, the quantitative tests did not produce much indication of statistically significant change, yet there were interesting indications of possible trends. For example, student learning in first grade produced a large number of variables that impacted their engagement in the classroom, which in turn could account for the increase in student learning. As stated, at times, the iPad created some distractions but the increase in comprehension and application of the concepts in and Mathematics outweighed those distractions. and Katie stated that one of the most challenging aspects of using iPads in the classroom and making part of everyday lessons was finding the time to locate appropriate apps for their respective grade levels.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: [25] that users who were using the app for more than 24 days and had at least 12 active days during that time had 3. 463 (95% CI 1. 142–11. 93) and 2. 644 (95% CI 1. 024–7. 127) times higher chances to reduce their DASS-21 subdomain scores of depression and anxiety, respectively. Another study by Linardon, et al. [22] found that interventions that were more interactive and personalized were more effective in promoting user engagement and adherence. Some studies also explored the effectiveness of mindfulness-based mobile apps in addressing other mental health conditions beyond anxiety and depression. For example, a study by Wahbeh et al. [10] found that a mindfulness-based mobile app intervention was effective in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of veterans. Similarly, a study by Biegel et al. [26] found that a mindfulness-based mobile app intervention was effective in reducing symptoms of ADHD in a sample of adolescents. The use of technology for mental health supportThe utilization of technology for the provision of mental health support has gained increasing prominence within the context of university students, prompting a burgeoning interest in comprehending their encounters and viewpoints. Related inquiries have been undertaken in diverse geographical regions, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Predominantly, these investigations have centered on the advantages and obstacles inherent in employing technology for mental health support. Generally, these inquiries have ascertained that technology is perceived as a convenient and readily accessible modality for accessing mental health support services among university students [27,28,29,30]. For instance, Birnbaum et al. [27] conducted a study revealing that college students in the exhibited a willingness to engage with mental health applications to manage their stress and anxiety. Nevertheless, certain studies have also discerned impediments associated with the adoption of technology for mental health support, encompassing apprehensions regarding privacy and confidentiality [27,28,29,30], concerns about the quality and dependability of information [29], and challenges related to navigating and effectively utilizing mental health applications [30]. Additionally, two investigations have focused their attention on delineating the determinants influencing the utilization of technology for mental health support among university students. These studies have identified an array of factors exerting an influence over students' engagement with technology for mental health support, encompassing individual attributes (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 우리 기관에 요청하기 공지사항바로가기 추가했던 서지는 체험 종료 이후에도 쭉 이용가능 Citeasy DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. 내가 인용한 논문을 저장해놨다가 참고문헌으로 쓴다고요?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer the Archives Vol. 5 No. 3 (2024): and Education and 10. 70091/atras/AI. 11 Keywords: virtual reality, augmented reality, Berkeley University, Harvard, learning motivation, MIT, students' creativity reality and augmented reality are transforming education by transporting students to immersive experiences that spark creativity and ignite a passion for learning. These technologies unlock new avenues for interactive learning, fostering deeper understanding and a thirst for knowledge. Benefits extend to both students and educators, potentially improving academic performance, boosting motivation to learn and teach, and fostering problem-solving and collaboration skills. While challenges like high costs and limited accessibility remain, VR and AR technologies are expected to become increasingly prevalent in education. This reflects the trend at leading universities pioneering their use, such as the University of California, Berkeley, Harvard University, and the of Technology. These technologies represent a vast potential for advancing education across universities and educational institutions at all levels. This study will explore models that can be adapted, simulated, and potentially implemented within Algerian universities and educational institutions throughout the educational spectrum. Downloads pdf Published 2024202420242024-0909-3030 Issue Vol. 5 No. 3 (2024): and Education and Section 4. 0 International License. name DORA is an abbreviation for Declaration on which was introduced by a group of editors and publishers during a meeting in on December 16 th 2012. has recently signed the DORA Declaration (Declaration on Research Assessment), showing its interest in useful ways to assess and evaluate research. Link to the signature: signing this declaration, Atras will follow DORA’s recommendations and guidelines to improve the quality of publication. The journal also insists on including primary sources and original published works in the submitted manuscripts to ensure improvement in the quality of research. statement sheds light on the ethical behavior of all parties involved in the publication of a research paper, including the author, the editor, the executive editors, the editorial board, the international advisory board, the reviewers, and the publisher. All the involved parties should understand this ethical policy. It frowns at and will not tolerate any form of copyright abuse or publishing malpractice. This statement is based on COPE’s Core Practices. is committed to following a high standard of ethical considerations and pays attention to the principles and best practices in publishing published by the Committee on (COPE).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: 13, NS), or headache (F (2, 354) = 1. 02, p =. 36, NS). Observation study 2021. While current research has shown that the pandemic has yielded an epidemic of social isolation and loneliness amongst the U. S. adult population, findings from this study did not see a significant difference between 2020 and 2021. A lack of baseline data prevents the potential evaluation of this loneliness epidemic to either support or oppose the current analysis; however, this study does reveal that both years that have been impacted by SARS-CoV-2 did not differentiate in terms of loneliness. Expressions of anxiety were impacted in that 2020 showed higher levels of expressions of anxiety than 2021. These findings did mirror Jia, et al. [4] study that revealed that expressions of anxiety increased by 13% in the last part of 2020 (August to December) and then decreased in the first part of 2021 (January 2021 to June 2021) in the United States. Results of this study show that expressions of loneliness and anxiety were not correlated to one another, which does not comport with previous research [15,22,24,25]. These findings were inconsistent to previous research that have shown that anxiety and loneliness have been associated to one another, and together, as they have overlapping qualities and a reciprocal relationship. Recent studies have shown mixed results between the use of social media and loneliness [14-18]. In one study, an increase use of Twitter showed a decrease in self-reported loneliness [18]. In another study, however, social media usage negatively affects well-being, as social anxiety and loneliness increase as social media usage also increases [17]. As research has shown that loneliness is associated to early mortality [14], poor mental health and depression [15], and increased health and social care costs [16], more work must be conducted to understand expressions of loneliness, especially as social media platforms are becoming more prevalent. Furthermore, findings revealed that expressions of anxiety were correlated to skin lesions, body aches, flu-like, seasonal cold, trouble breathing, nausea or diarrhea, fever, chills, and cough while expressions of loneliness were only correlated to trouble breathing. However, expressions of anxiety were not correlated to fatigue, diarrhea, loss of appetite, changes in smell or taste, abdominal pain, and headache. Several multiple multivariate linear regression models were constructed to examine the model that can sufficiently describe the best fit.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Virtual reality technology is being used in classrooms to enhance learning experiences. [SEP] Text: For instance, previous studies in the literature found mixed results about the optimal velocity of affective touch to promote embodiment in VR, with no clear benefit of CT-optimal touch (Bourdin et al. 2013; de Jong et al. 2017; Carey et al. 2021). Further studies are needed to delve into the optimal characteristics of interpersonal touch in VR, exploring various touch gestures, social contexts, and individual differences to unveil the full potential and perhaps limitations of virtual affective touch. This will gain greater prominence in the coming years, especially with the growing prevalence of VR devices in domestic settings and the increasing accessibility of online social VR platforms that enable individuals to interact with others within diverse contexts and across various cultural backgrounds. Enhancing social touch experiences in VR offers practical implications across various domains, including healthcare, mental health, education, and edutainment. In healthcare, VR can aid remote rehabilitation by providing tactile feedback and guidance when assisting patients with motor impairments. Similarly, within mental health practices, immersive VR environments with realistic social interactions and touch can provide interventions for conditions benefiting from social skills development and interventions to body-related representations. In education and edutainment, VR-based simulations can enrich learning experiences by incorporating social touch in collaborative activities and team-based tasks, fostering engagement and skill acquisition. Moreover, VR offers opportunities for immersive training scenarios focusing on interpersonal communication and coordination through realistic social touch interactions in team cooperation and joint activities. By prioritising the refinement of social touch interactions in VR, various fields can harness the technology’s potential to enhance human connection and interaction across diverse practical contexts. 6 ConclusionsThe significance of social touch is indisputable, and with the increasing extension of social interactions into the realm of cyberspace, including immersive VR and metaverses, the role of mediated social touch will become a key element in fostering meaningful affective relationships and social interactions among people. Our study has demonstrated the necessity of a complete multisensory experience as a means to achieve this goal. These observations are particularly relevant to sectors such as the gaming industry and business - two areas in which building and maintaining cohesive teams is crucial for success. Extensive and fully embodied immersive interactions within 3D spaces can be particularly significant for the youngest generation. Given their upbringing in a digital age where XR technologies are becoming increasingly integrated into their daily lives, such immersive interactions hold the promise of addressing pressing contemporary challenges such as mental health issues and teenage isolation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Multiple multivariate linear regressions revealed a significant regression equation was found in predicting trouble breathing symptoms on expressions of loneliness and anxiety, however the proportion of variance was 8% of the observed variation in the model. Observation study 2021. . 2021; 70: 947–952. PubMed:. How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Soc Netw. 2021; 24: 250–257. PubMed: Tracking mental health and symptom mentions on twitter during COVID-19. J Med. 2020; 35: 2798–2800. PubMed: -Eily L, et al. National and state trends in anxiety and depression severity scores amongst adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic—United States, 2020–2021. . 2020; 70: 1427–1432. PubMed: McKnight- Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of stress and worry, mental health conditions, and increased substance use among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, April and May 2020. . 2021; 70: 162–166. PubMed: The loneliness pandemic: Loneliness and other concomitants of depression, anxiety and their comorbidity during the COVID-19 outbreak. J Affect Disord. 2020; 275: 109-111. PubMed:. Symptoms of anxiety or depressive disorder and use of mental health care among adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, August 2020–February 2021. . 2021; 70: 490–494. PubMed:. Alcohol consumption in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. J Addict Med. 2021; 15: 341–344. PubMed: ôbo The effects of COVID-19 quarantine on eating and sleeping behaviors. Nutrire. 2020; 45: 25. PubMed: PubMed: Serotonergic influence on depressive symptoms and trait anxiety is mediated by negative life events and frontal activation in children and adolescents. Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020; 29: 691–706. PubMed: Løhre. School wellbeing among children in grades -10. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 1–7. . Correlation studies between Personality traits, age and loneliness. Mental Health. 2018; 5: 32. Holt-.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 이 저널의 양식으로 변경하시겠어요? 인용언어설정 일부 서지항목은 국/영문 정보가 없을 수 있으므로 확인 후 사용하세요.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some studies suggest that VR can improve student engagement and retention of information. [SEP] Text: While practical experience is required throughout the program, the final term for fourth-year students consists of three 5-week practice experiences: community practice, hospital practice, and a specialty practice experience (eg, HIV/AIDS, academic detailing, international pharmacy practice [eg, Ghana], and psychiatry. )in Pharmacy course described in this manuscript is a mandatory, full academic year (2 terms, September to April) course offered in the third year of the BSP program. All students (approximately 90) attend two 80-minute lectures weekly. There are also 2 different tutorial times (half the class in each) during which more difficult concepts, such as financial and managerial accounting, are further discussed. There are 2 PhD instructors for the course, with each being responsible for the lecture material in 1 of the 2 terms. The course is labor intensive for 2 instructors primarily because of how the content is delivered and the way in which students are assessed. Course FocusThe redesign of this course took an almost exclusively andragogical14 learner-focused approach that was also focused on the self-directed learner. 15 This objective was based on the premise that the students will soon be practicing pharmacists who will need to be self-directed in the required continuing education inherent in being a practicing member of the profession. To foster an environment with an andragogical, self-directed-learner focus, the content of the course required students to take ownership of their learning and move away from the pedagogy, wherein instructor needs tend to take precedence over those of students. While it is easier on the instructor to conduct classroom lectures and use examinations as the sole assessment method, this approach does not truly foster learning. The course previously had a primarily lecture-based, pedagogical focus. Lectures tended to be primarily 1-way exchanges of information, wherein learning was not necessarily occurring. Examinations involved memorization and information dumps by students with little retention. This is a common occurrence when students are told what they have to learn to be successful in the course. There were a few small-group assignments but nothing too engaging, as the course was previously taught by only 1 instructor. As would be expected, more engaging exercises also require greater preparation and assessment/grading time. With the redesign of the course, instructors experienced some discomfort as they had to relinquish some control in the classroom if the course was to truly become self-directed and learner-focused.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: [34] found that participants who had access to the smartphone app on an as-needed basis over the 4-week trial showed significant improvements in emotional well-being indicators. More broadly, this suggests that simple accessible solutions may generate meaningful well-being outcomes. Another study by Karyotaki et al. [35] reported that web-based intervention was effective for reducing the symptoms of depression and anxiety in college students. This was a multi-phase research design. In the first phase, a correlational research method was used for exploring the correlation among the research variables. In the second phase, we used a pretest-posttest randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based mobile app intervention on symptoms of anxiety, loneliness, and well-being. Moreover, in the third phase, a qualitative research method was used for exploring the participants’ perceptions of mindfulness-based intervention. for this study were selected from graduate students at in China. Three separate groups were recruited for the study. The first group consisted of 300 participants who were recruited for a correlational study related to question 1. The eligibility criteria for this group were as follows: participants must be graduate students at and willing to participate in the study. The sample size was determined based on power analysis and the expected effect size. The second group consisted of 100 participants who were recruited for question 2. The eligibility criteria for this group were the same as for the first group. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The third group consisted of 20 participants who were recruited for question 3. The eligibility criteria for this group were the same as for the first two groups. Participants were selected using purposive sampling based on their responses to the questionnaire in question 2. All participants provided informed consent prior to participating in the study. The study was approved by the Board at. Participants were assured of confidentiality and the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. following instruments were used to collect data for this study: Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). It is a 22-item self-report questionnaire that measures social anxiety in adolescents [36]. SAS-A assesses various aspects of social anxiety, including fear of negative evaluation, social avoidance and distress, and physiological symptoms such as sweating and blushing. Each item is measured on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 참고문헌 내주 각주/미주 인용정보가 복사되었어요인용할 위치에서 붙여넣기 하세요 한 문장에 2개 이상의 연구 인용 도움말 (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022 Sion, Miok 2018) 한 문장에 1개의 연구 인용 도움말 (Tian, Zhao, and Olivares 2022)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018)(Sion, Miok 2018) 사용 가능한 기관 소속입니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR can allow students to experience environments they may not otherwise access. [SEP] Text: 1 Introductiondefines autism as a “lifelong disability… People on the autism spectrum experience persistent difficulties with social communication and social interaction, and might display restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, activities or interests. ” Disorders (ASDs) are a group of pervasive developmental disorders characterised by core deficits in three domains, i. e. “social interaction, communication and repetitive or stereotypical behaviour” [1], occurring more often in boys then in girls (4:1). While the level of impairment of suffering from autism may differ among different cases of individuals, the bearing on the individuals themselves and the people around them can be considered as being “life-changing” [2]. Parents, for example, describe how children on the autism spectrum may sometimes be left out of social events in schools simply because the environment is not adapted to their needs. This lack of adaptation is the result of a combination of numerous factors. One of these challenges is the lack of knowledge of how to deal and how to react when interacting with individuals suffering from ASDs. Teachers face enormous challenges when attempting to integrate children on the autism spectrum in the daily classroom experience. The biggest of these challenges lies in the fact that it is very difficult for teachers to fully comprehend the situations, the triggers and the stress levels that an autistic child may be subject to when interacting in class. Most studies of ASDs in relation to technology focus on the way different mediums can help the student learn and communicate. They create technology-driven media to aid the student directly by changing the way learning is presented. However little work has been done to explore how such media can use narrative to support empathy. Following on our previous study ‘Autism VR’ [17], we propose the use of (VR) coupled with Haptic feedback technology as a new approach that could recreate and repurpose a narrative to immerse adult teachers into the world of a child on the autism spectrum to a degree higher than what was already achieved. VR may be a simulation of the real world or the creation of a completely new world based on computer graphics to provide an experience that allows the user to understand concepts [3]. The realism of the virtual environment allows the user to acquire important skills, increasing the probability to transfer them into real life behaviour [4,5,6]. Building on ‘Autism VR’, this study explores various avenues in creating increased immersion in the virtual environment by exploring innovative communication mediums.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Studies suggest social media can increase feelings of loneliness and anxiety. [SEP] Text: For instance, one of the students stated, “I used to feel ashamed about seeking mental health support, but using mental health apps has helped me realize that it's okay to take care of my mental health. " (Student 9). Similarly, another student argued, “Online support groups have helped me realize that I'm not alone in my struggles with mental health. It's nice to know there are others out there who understand. " Despite the above-mentioned benefits, the participants mentioned some challenges. The first extracted challenge was thematically coded "Quality and Accuracy of Information". Participants expressed concerns about the quality and accuracy of mental health information available online, and the potential for misinformation to be spread. For instance, student 11 stated, "There's so much information online, it's hard to know what's trustworthy and what's not. " Another student stated, "I worry that some of the mental health information I see online is not based on evidence and could actually be harmful. "(student 6) The second extracted challenge was thematically coded as "Lack of Human Connection". Participants reported missing the human connection they would get from traditional face-to-face therapy and felt that technology-based mental health support services lacked the same level of personal connection. The following quotations from student 12 exemplify the theme: "just need someone to talk to face-to-face. It's not the same as talking to a computer screen…. I miss the empathetic listening I would get from a therapist in person. It's hard to replicate that online. " The third extracted challenge was thematically coded as "Technical Difficulties". Participants reported experiencing technical difficulties with technology-based mental health support services, which could be frustrating and hinder their ability to access support. For instance, student 8 stated, “Sometimes the mental health app I use glitches or crashes, which can be really frustrating when I'm trying to use it for support…. I don't have the best internet connection, so sometimes it's hard to access online support groups. " The fourth extracted challenge was thematically coded "Privacy and Security Concerns". Participants expressed concerns about the privacy and security of their personal information when using technology-based mental health support services, and whether their information was being shared without their consent. As an example, student 13 stated, "I worry that my personal information could be shared without my consent, which would be a huge breach of trust.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 지금 신청 시 기관 이용 종료 시까지 무제한 무료 사용 가능 네 이용할래요 DBpia 정기구독 이용자는 싸이티지를 사용할 수 있습니다 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 출시기념 2025년까지 무료 이용 가능 네 이용할래요 소속기관이 없거나, 정기구독권이 없는 회원이시네요 인용양식 244개 무제한 사용 한글/워드 자동 인용 프로그램 소속기관/학교인증 바로�

Output: pass