Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Таксономически богатые раннедевонские флоры известны из бассейна Днестра (Волыно-Подолия) [25], Восточной Сибири (Саяно-Алтайский регион) [27, табл. II, 4–6], Германии (район Рейнских Сланцевых гор) [28], Англии (Уэльс) [20], Шотландии, Центрального Казахстана, Южного Китая и некоторых других регионов. Высшие растения раннего девона образовывали устойчивые симбиотические связи с эндомикоризными грибами [29].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: For this reason, populations and species with high genetic variation are more likely to have alleles that may be necessary for adaptation to changing conditions. Generally, natural populations have the variation to be expressed in the case of the change of selection pressure. The basis of plant breeding is also based on this genetic variation. By artificially altering the selection pressure, some alleles come forward and populations gain new features. Since there is a positive correlation between population size and genetic diversity [12], decreasing population size or limiting gene flow between subpopulations may cause a reduction in genetic diversity [13]. Genetic drift with a positive role in the evolutionary process [3], inbreeding, mating between close relative individuals, reduction of viability and fertility of individuals in the population may cause effects such as the reduction of heterozygote, allelic losses, and some alleles become fixed in the population. As a result, genetic variation will be lost in populations [9, 12, 14]. Many populations are so small that genetic drift, a random process, has an important influence on the number of alleles that will be transferred to future generations. The useful alleles transferred from previous generations may be lost as a result of genetic drift [1]. Two main consequences of genetic drift; (a) different alleles frequencies between generations are irregular and (b) the genetic diversity of the populations is lost. At the beginning, rare alleles will disappear and the mean heterozygote will decrease over time. While genetic diversity within populations decrease, genetic differences between populations may increase or decrease depending on whether the random genetic drift in different populations in the same or opposite direction. This loss will continue until the gene pool is stabilized for an allele or until a balance is established between loss of genetic variation and genetic variation through mutations. The loss of both rare alleles and heterozygotes, which cause the decrease in genetic diversity in the population, will decrease in an inverse proportion to the effective population size (Ne). The population size (Ne), which helps to determine the demographic structure of the population, makes it possible to predict the change in genetic diversity. Population size is an important factor that increases the genetic diversity of individuals’ intra-species and between taxa. Besides genetic diversity of non-endangered species is higher than endanger species [6, 15, 16, 17]. Only a small amount of gene flow may be sufficient to prevent the loss of genetic diversity in a population.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 1155/2013/516742. . Determinants of public attitudes to genetically modified salmon. PLoS One. 2014;9:e86174 Pub10. 1006/jesp. 1997. 1343. 10. 1016/S1466-8564(03)00035-3. 10. 1016/S0309-1740(03)00130-X. PubMed 2016. 10. 1016/j. toxlet. 2003. 12. 049. CAS PubMed 10. 1016/j. tibtech. 2004. 01. 007. CAS PubMed 58. 0. 2003. P. Beyond the knowledge deficit: recent research into lay and expert attitudes to food risks. Appetite. 2003;41:111–21 10. 1108/EBR-10-2013-0128. 10. 1080/136698798377141. 10. 1111/j. 1559-1816. 1999. tb02297. x. 10. 1159/000481357. 43. Cambridge: Press; 2002. 10. 1016/S1382-6689(99)00009-5. CAS PubMed 10. 1111/j. 1539-6924. 1996. tb01094. x. CAS PubMed 10. 1038/79419. CAS PubMed 2003. The social and cultural dimensions of in Report. . Determinants of the willingness to participate in biobanking among Malaysian stakeholders in the Klang Valley. . 18:163. SH. Functional food consumption in multicultural society. 2008. 10. 1108/17590831111139839. 1991. p. 305–13. 10. 1177/095935439992004. 10. 1108/02651330110381998. 7. 2019. 2020. [accessed on 25 June 2020]. Ateeq-ur-Rehman SMS. The relationship between religiosity and new product adoption. J Islam Mark. 2010;1:63–9 10. 1177/0963662507087304. 10. 1159/000051152. CAS PubMed 1994. Canberra: Department of Industry, Science and technology; 1995. 10. 1177/0963662504042690. 10. 1177/0963662508093371.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Экологически эти наземные сообщества уже были глубоко диверсифицированы и образовывали сложные катениальные системы [28, Fig. 6]. Формы роста растений начала девона варьировали от полуводных травянистых до невысоких кустарников. Сформировалось устойчивое чередование гаплоидных и диплоидных поколений (гаметофитов и спорофитов) [30].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Mutant individuals were found to have higher seed viability than the control group and seedling growth was faster in the early growth phase [73]. Induced mutation treatment resulted in acidity and drought tolerance in lentil and rice [74, 75, 76]. Again, in a study of rice, salt tolerant varieties were obtained by mutation induction [77]. As seen in all of these studies, many mutagenesis applications have been made in order to improve plant characteristics and to create genetic diversity, and successful results have been achieved. Some methods are used to detect the regions of mutation and density. Methods such as conformation-sensitive capillary electrophoresis (CSCE), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) are used to determine variations in plant genes. In addition to these methods, and High-resolution melting (HRM) are used to determine the induced polymorphism [25, 65, 67]. Figure 2. LD50 values of two common bean cultivars (figure was directly taken from Ulukapi and Ozmen [57]). Advertisement 5. naturally occurring in the evolutionary process led to the formation of new genotypes. Mutations that occur in nature spontaneously have been modeled for humankind in order to increase the genetic diversity, which is narrowed as a result of natural selection and classical breeding studies. Thus, induced mutation studies have begun. Mutation induction studies, which provide new alleles to the genome by different methods, contribute to the increase of genetic diversity. The increase in genetic variation will increase the chance of survival of species in changing biotic and abiotic conditions. Genetic diversity is not only important for the continuity of species, but also improves the quality criteria of plants, which are raw materials of many industrial products such as food, pharmaceutical, textiles, etc. , in these sectors. of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 1. Arslan RC, Penke L. Evolutionary genetics. In: David M. Buss, editors. Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Vol. 2. New Jersey. 2015 2. Auerbach C. Mutation Research: Problems, Results and Perspectives. London: Chapman and Hall; 1976 3. Barton N, Partridge L. Limits to natural selection. BioEssays. 2000;22(12):1075-1084. DOI: 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Most effects were significantly ameliorated following a refeeding period, while some only trended towards the initial prefasting state. Similar zebrafish studies have evaluated dietary restriction (DR). DR, with either restricted calories, macronutrients, or feed-timing restriction, is one of the only known potent cross-species intervention that extends the life span [24, 25]. Arslan-Ergul et al. provided a control or calorie-restricted diet to either young (8–8. 5 months) or old (26–32. 5 months) zebrafish [26]. The calorie-restricted diet decreased body weight for both age groups and shortened telomere length of young zebrafish in the spleen and brain. Inflammation and cardiovascular diseaseNormal acute inflammation responses are localized, typically in response to tissue damage or infection [27]. Capillary dilation, heat, redness, cytokine and/or chemokine release, swelling, and leukocyte infiltration are all characteristics of this response. In contrast, chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is debilitating independently but can be caused by poor metabolic health [28]. The effects of diet in inflammatory response are one of debate within the nutrition community, and especially in the role of dietary lipids [29]. The lipid composition of the diet affects markers of inflammation in zebrafish. Fish provided an isocaloric diet of differing n3:n6 ratio (1:2, 1:5, or 1:8) had decreased expression of vitellogenin (males only), c-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A as the ratio of n3:n6 in the diet increased [30]. Zebrafish provided the highest n3:n6 ratio also had the highest body weight in females, but the lowest adiposity in both males and females. Diets formulated with a low n3:n6 ratio and high levels of w6 arachidonic acid (ARA) resulted in increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation [31]. The metabolomic analysis showed a lower whole body n3:n6 fatty acid ratio in relation to higher levels of eicosanoids. Though ARA-derived eicosanoids are considered proinflammatory, no markers of inflammatory response were reported in these fish. Dietary-induced obesity in zebrafish has been shown to impact inflammatory pathways.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: ИСТОЧНИК ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯРабота выполнена в рамках Госзадания ГИН РАН № 0135-2019-0044, а также за счёт субсидии, выделенной в рамках государственной поддержки Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета в целях повышения его конкурентоспособности среди ведущих мировых научно-образовательных центров. БЛАГОДАРНОСТИАвтор выражает искреннюю признательность коллегам С. М. Снигиревскому, А. О. Иванову, В. Н.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: This depends on the volume and range of genetic variation among individuals within the same species, which allows for designing sampling programs [2, 4, 5, 6]. Accordingly, geneticists have focused on evaluating genetic differences within populations using morphological, cytological, biochemical, and molecular markers to identify the characteristics of domestication, propagation, and breeding techniques as well as conservation of plant genetic materials [2]. This work addresses various approaches related to genetic diversity in plants. Advertisement 2. Biochemical markers 2. 1. Storage proteins One important output of post-transcription and translation processes is the protein, which represents the genetic DNA as well as the structural and enzymatic material of an organism’s cells [2]. Genetic divergence is found to have impacts on proteins. For example, seed proteins that are of essential roles in species are tolerant to environmental occurrences. Recent approaches have employed several technologies to identify the characteristics of various plant cultivars and genotypes [2]. One quickly and precisely technology utilized for such purpose is electrophoresis. The genetic divergence was assessed within Lathyrus sativus through accurate electrophoretic analysis of its seed storage proteins [2, 7], suggesting its fundamental role in evaluating the relationship between taxonomy and genetics at and below the species level [2]. 2. 2. Isozyme markers Isozymes, also called isoenzymes, are proteins exhibiting same catalytic and quantitative function as the enzyme but, meanwhile, they differ in their molecular forms [2]. Various alleles within a single locus are encoded by structural genes to give the allozyme, an allelic variant of the enzyme. Biological analysis of isozymes reveals significant importance, including the assessment of genetic divergence as well as phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships [2]. It also helps to investigate population genetics and developmental biology as well as to conserve the genetic resources of plants [8, 9]. Advertisement 3. Molecular markers Molecular markers such as restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellites (SSRs), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are considered as effective and efficient tools for evaluating the genetic divergence within and among plant species [10]. 3. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Thermodynamics of weight loss diets Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 08 December 2004 Thermodynamics of weight loss diets Fine1,2 & Feinman3 Nutrition & Metabolism 0. The most common marker of increasing entropy is heat, although it is by no means the only evidence for increased entropy. In systems at constant temperature and pressure (i. e. biologic systems)), the first and second law are combined in the Energy, ΔG, which represents the maximum useful work that can be performed by the process. The actual process however, in general derives less useful work than permitted by the theoretically available ΔG due to inefficiency in energy capture. A proper accounting of entropy and efficiency must be included if we are to understand energy utilization in biological and biochemical systems. Biological systems and thermodynamicsIt is also important in the discussion of biological systems to understand that they are open systems, i. e. they take in nutrients and oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide, water, urea and other waste products, as well as heat. The importance with respect to weight considerations is that mass and energy are conserved (the more general statement of the first law of thermodynamics), but they are not conserved entirely within the organism. To illustrate the proper interpretation of the first law of thermodynamics consider a subject whose resting energy expenditure is met by the production of 95 moles of ATP. Since oxidation of a single mole of glucose provides 38 moles of ATP, 2. 5 moles of glucose will be needed to meet this individual's resting energy requirements. It is important to note that the resultant carbon dioxide, water, and heat are not retained within the organism. The useful retained energy is in the 95 moles of ATP (Figure 1B). (Similar equations could be written for lipid or protein but we restrict our discussion to glucose for simplicity). Figure 1 A: Oxidation of glucose in a calorimeter is completely inefficient. The products of oxidation are carbon dioxide and water, and all of the energy produced is released as heat. 1B: To illustrate the proper interpretation of the first law of thermodynamics in living organisms we must consider that conservation of matter and energy includes excretion of products into the external environment. None of the products of oxidation (CO2 and H2O) remain within the organism. There is stoichiometric balance and no net weight change. Only the ATP, representing the useful energy, is retained.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Глинскому (Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) и А. Ю. Иванцову (Палеонтологический институт РАН) за обсуждение полученных результатов и ценные сведения о геологии и стратиграфии палеозойских отложений Ленинградской области и сопредельных регионов. 1 Микрофиллы – листья высших растений, представляющие собой выросты стебля.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1013233/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published24 Feb, 2022Read the published version in Plant Cell, Tissue and (PCTOC) →Version 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMore than 50% of Agave species are endemic to Mexico. Among them, Agave peacockii is listed within the list of threatened species that require special protection. In this work, we aimed at developing new supplementary strategies to achieve micropropagation and perform cryopreservation of in vitro-grown shoot-tips of A. peacockii. For multiplication, the addition of two cytokinins, 6-benzylaminopurine (26. 6 μM) and kinetin (27. 84 μM) to MS semisolid medium significantly favoured the morphogenetic response and produced the highest shoot generation (87. 00±17. 18) after 60 d of culture. This interaction was more effective than using the same growth regulators separately. Propagated and rooted plantlets were successfully acclimated with 100% survival and a normal morphological development during greenhouse performance. For cryopreservation, an optimized protocol following droplet-vitrification approach allowed obtaining 98% and 96% regrowth before and after cryopreservation, respectively. Shoot-tips were excised of in vitro-propagated plants, subjected to preculture on MS semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose for 1d, loaded in solution with 0. 4 M sucrose and 1. 6 M glycerol for 20 min, exposed to vitrification solution PVS2 for 15 min, and then, immersed in liquid nitrogen in droplets of PVS2 placed on aluminium foil strips. The vegetative growth of cryo-derived plants and of the in vitro propagated plants was compared under greenhouse culture conditions. No significant differences were detected in most assessed characteristics after 120 d of acclimatization. The results presented here constitute new viable biotechnological approaches for the in vitro propagation and long-term conservation of endangered Agave germplasm.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: The wasted heat constitutes 60% of the energy of oxidation, while the efficiency is reflected in the retained ATP, available for reactions in the organism. Body fat stores are signified as TAG (triacylglycerol) 1C. A common way of thinking of weight loss is from reduction of caloric intake. If our subject ingests 2. 3 moles of glucose (or equivalent lipid and/or protein) and produces only 90 moles of ATP, then homeostasis will enlist body stores of fat (and/or lean body mass) to yield the additionally required 5 moles ATP. The additional resultant CO2 and H2O (and heat) will be excreted (and radiated) leading to weight loss. 1D: If efficiency is reduced then our subject would have to eat more (e. g. 2. 9 moles of glucose, or equivalent lipid/protein) to produce 95 moles of ATP and remain at the same weight. The additional CO2 and H2O produced will be excreted maintaining constant weight. 1E: Under conditions of reduced metabolic efficiency (from 40% to about 38% in this example), 90 moles of ATP will be produced from oxidation of 2. 5 moles glucose (or equivalent lipid/protein). The remaining 5 moles ATP needed for homeostasis must be made up from oxidation of body stores of lipid or lean mass. This results in weight loss, exactly as it does for the example of reduced caloric intake (Figure 1C). Full size image The illustration above can be compared to the oxidation of glucose in a calorimeter in which no useful energy is obtained and the total energy of oxidation is measured as the heat produced. This process is completely inefficient. A traditional (Atwater) value for glucose obtained in the calorimeter is approximately 4 kilocalories of energy per gram (Figure 1A). By contrast, the living organism above metabolizes and oxidizes glucose so that approximately forty percent of the energy of oxidation is retained as useful ATP (38 moles per mole of glucose)) whereas sixty percent is released as heat, the inefficiency in this mode of oxidation. The entropy (i. e. the second law of thermodynamics) shows up in this inefficiency. The calorimeter heat can no longer be interpreted in a simple way.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2 Трилетные споры – споры сосудистых растений с плотной орнаментированной оболочкой тетраэдрической формы и Y-образной складкой на поверхности. 3 Фитолеймы – обугленные или слабо изменённые остатки ископаемых растений, иногда сохраняющие клеточное строение. 4 Танатоценоз – совокупность в каком-либо месте остатков мёртвых организмов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: Biology and GeneticsAgavoideaein vitro propagationdroplet-vitrificationvegetative growthFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Agave peacockii shoot micropropagation was induced combining 6-benzylaminopurine and 6-furfuryl-aminopurine. A droplet-vitrification protocol was optimized to cryopreserve shoot-tips. Greenhouse performance of in vitro and cryo-derived plants was similar. Introductiongenus plays an essential role in the ecology, culture, and commercial production of Mexico. The characteristics of this taxon are outstanding due to the anthropogenic use that has been recorded for more than 10,000 years (Zizumbo-Villarreal et al. 2013). Since then, agave plants have been employed to obtain different products with various purposes, such as food, traditional and commercial distilled and fermented beverages, as well as for other uses like forage, extraction of sapogenins, biofuels and utilization of waste (Pérez-Zavala et al. 2020). Thinking of Agave spp. is thinking of Mexico, because 75% out of all species belonging to the Asparagaceae family are found in Mexico and of them, 55% are considered endemic (García-Mendoza et al. 2019a). Among the endemic species, A. peacockii was referred by Gentry (1982) as a "rare" species, emphasizing the needing to include it under special protection. Currently, this species of agave occurs in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán of Mexico and is listed in NOM-059--2010 as "Special Protection" (de la Federación, 2019) and in the of Threatened Species™ (García-Mendoza et al. 2019b), due to its relatively little distribution and extent of occurrence (14,670 km2). In general, A. peacockii faces a problem in common with various endemic species in Mexico, which are limited in the wild due to the degradation of their natural populations, besides their non-sustainable use. Significant progress has been made in using biotechnological tools such as the in vitro techniques for collecting, multiplying, and conserving endangered and rare plant species (Cruz-Cruz et al. 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: The energy stored in useful ATP represents the efficiency of 40% (neglecting the difference in entropy between the structures of the products and reactants). This value approximates the efficiency for oxidation of carbohydrate as well as lipid, whereas proteins are generally oxidized at a lower value of approximately 30–35% (Figure 1B). Summary of thermodynamics in living organism1. The second law of thermodynamics dictates that there is an inevitable metabolic inefficiency in all biological and biochemical processes with heat and high entropy molecules (carbon dioxide, water, urea) as the most common products. 2. The first law of thermodynamics is satisfied in living (open) systems by properly accounting for the mass excreted and the heat radiated and exported in high entropy molecules. Weight loss due to reduced caloric intakeThe most common example of weight loss is reduction of caloric intake. At the risk of oversimplification, if our subject ingests fewer than 2. 5 moles of glucose and produces, for example, only 90 moles of ATP from food, then homeostasis would require enlisting endogenous body stores for further oxidation. This oxidation would then provide the additional 5 moles of ATP required. Oxidation of body stores (lipid or lean body mass) will result in production of additional carbon dioxide, urea, water and heat. The excretion of these products will result in weight loss. (Figure 1C). Weight loss due to increased metabolic inefficiencyThe implication of the first and second laws of thermodynamics is that reduced efficiency has precisely the same result as reduced caloric intake. One conceptually simple means of reducing efficiency involves the process of uncoupling in mitochondria. ATP is produced in a variety of cellular locations. Glycolysis produces a net of two ATP's per molecule of glucose, in the cell cytoplasm. On the other hand, we recall that 36 additional molecules of ATP are produced from glucose as a result of the mitochondrial TCA cycle and electron transport. A critical part of the process involves the development of a hydrogen ion gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. This concentration gradient provides the energy that is converted into ATP as hydrogen ions pass down the gradient through the ATP synthase p38. While this represents a mechanism better demonstrated in rats than humans, our subject would require more glucose to make 95 moles of ATP. Now 2. 9 moles of glucose would be required to produce 95 moles ATP.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: , a country protects its entire Zone (EEZ) and MCEs happen to fall within this boundary), rather than purposely (Soares et al. 2019; Turner et al. 2019; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). Several reviews suggest that MCEs are among the least protected ecosystems of the world’s oceans, while considered as the richest in terms of endemic and rare species (Hinderstein et al. 2010; Bridge and Guinotte 2013; Loya et al. 2016; Turner et al. 2019). This may partly be due to the lack of an holistic understanding of the patterns and drivers of diversity with depth, although the nature of spatial patterns of biodiversity has been one of the fundamental goals of ecological research for centuries (Lesser et al. 2019), and biodiversity data are crucial to provide evidence-based information for management and conservation actions for MCEs (Socolar et al. 2016). Diversity can be described at different scales. Alpha diversity identifies diversity at a local scale, while beta diversity reveals the variation in species between communities. More specifically, alpha diversity (sensu Whittaker (1960)) measures the number of species within a community, and beta diversity (sensu Whittaker (1972)) defines the variation in species composition across a gradient, e. g. along the depth gradient or between communities at different sites (Miyazawa et al. 2020). Beta diversity can be partitioned into two components: nestedness, i. e. when the species composition of the sample is a subset of a richer community, hence indicating a species loss; and species turnover, i. e. species replacement between communities, demonstrating the uniqueness of the communities within an ecosystem (Baselga 2010). These two components allow for a quantitative understanding of the variation in biodiversity gradients and the assessment of community change across environmental gradients (Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022a). To date, studies of alpha and beta diversity have mainly focussed on terrestrial areas (Wolters et al. 2006), or shallow-water environments (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2021). Within MCEs, where the calculation of alpha and beta diversity indices remains scarce, the majority of studies has investigated fishes or scleractinian corals (Rocha et al. 2018; Pérez-Rosales, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: Tissue culture methods have led to high propagation rates through shoot organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis as morphogenic pathways (Sarasan et al. 2006). In the case of Agave spp. , efficient micropropagation protocols have been developed using different growth regulators in the culture medium like 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (Domínguez et al. 2008), 6-furfuryl-aminopurine (kinetin-KIN) (Aureoles-Rodríguez et al. 2008), combined or not with low concentrations of auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (Ríos-Ramírez et al. 2017; Aguilar and Rodríguez, 2018), or acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) (Santacruz-Ruvalcaba et al. 1999; Álvarez-Aragón et al. 2020). Nevertheless, mass production of shoots is a heterogeneous response that depends on each Agave species, the type of explant, and the growth regulators used (Lecona-Guzmán and Reyes-Zambrano, 2017). In vitro approaches have also been studied for medium- (slow growth) and long-term (cryopreservation) storage of Agave germplasm. Using mannitol or sorbitol at 50 g L-1 slow growth rate of shoots was induced, which allowed extending the lapses between subcultures up to 10 months without affecting plant regeneration capacity of various threatened agave species, including A. peacockii (Pérez-Molphe-Balch et al. 2012). On the other hand, cryopreservation of A. sobria apical meristems using the droplet-vitrification technique (Tin and Folgado, 2019) and A. tequilana somatic embryos cv. 'Chato' using the V-cryoplate method (Delgado-Aceves et al. 2021) was successfully achieved. They provided new complementary strategies based on the total arrest of metabolic activity and cell division, eliminating the need to perform any subculture. Nevertheless, endangered plant species may require new methodological modifications to previously reported protocols.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Our subject would either eat more and stay at the same weight (Figure 1D) or would eat 2. 5 moles of glucose, the same amount as previously, but would produce less ATP. By eating only 2. 5 moles of glucose our subject's metabolism would enlist oxidation of body stores to make up the additional ATP needed for homeostasis. This would result in weight loss exactly as it did for reduced caloric intake. (Figure 1D). The essence of the second law of thermodynamics is that it guarantees inefficiency in all metabolic processes. However, variation of efficiency is not excluded. In fact, the laws of thermodynamics are silent on the existence of variable efficiency. If efficiency can vary (as in the example of oxidative uncoupling) then "a calorie is a calorie" is no longer a true statement. The role of uncoupling proteins in humans, as indicated, is as yet incompletely defined [10]. However, thermodynamic principles permit variable efficiency, and its existence must be determined empirically. Metabolic advantage: how could it happen? It is possible that metabolic efficiency may be decreased by oxidative uncoupling as described above. Polymorphisms connecting uncoupling proteins with obesity or propensity to gain weight have been identified in humans [11, 12] although these are not firmly established and the effect of dietary intervention is unknown. Other mechanisms are better understood and are described below. Substrate cycling and protein turnoverSubstrate or "futile" cycles refer to the dynamic process that must accompany the thermodynamic steady state [13]. In particular, increased cycling of metabolic intermediates utilizes ATP and generates heat. The simplest examples are the numerous kinase-phosphatase pairs that regulate metabolism. In addition, although not generally considered in the category of substrate cycling, inefficiency results from the repeated breakdown and re-synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in cycles that use ATP for no apparent net gain. Such mechanisms, however, far from futile, allow for precision in the regulation of metabolism and constitute one of the uses of ATP. Protein turnover, in particular, provides for error correction or removal of "old" or damaged proteins. The effect of metabolic path on the energetics of oxidation is illustrated in Table 1 which summarizes the analysis from our earlier paper [2]. In this example, a mole of glucose directly oxidized to CO2 and water generates 38 moles of ATP with an overall efficiency of about 38.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2022b), with little consideration of the diversity of the overall benthic community. Yet, research has shown the importance of assessing diversity within communities as a whole, rather than within single taxonomic groups, as species interactions may influence patterns of diversity (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2021). The aim of the present study is to investigate patterns of diversity within MCEs over the depth gradient (15 m to 160 m) and between sites in the Chagos Archipelago, located in a particularly understudied region, the central Indian Ocean. The quantification of alpha and beta diversity indices will provide fundamental data on the patterns of species diversity and potential taxonomic overlap among communities over the depth gradient, and between shallow-water reefs and MCEs. Such data are essential to understand the role of MCEs in the functioning of coral reef ecosystems, ii. unravel the ecological contribution of MCEs to the coral reef system as a whole; and iii. develop conservation and management plans for these ecosystems. MethodsStudy areaThis study was conducted in the (6° S, 71°30’ E), central Indian Ocean. is a fully no-take MPA established in 2010, covering 640,000 km2 and incorporating shallow coral reefs, seagrass meadows, submerged banks and seamounts (Hays et al. 2020). has been uninhabited since the 1970s (with the exception of one atoll with strict environmental regulations), therefore human disturbance from pollution, agriculture and reef fisheries is minimal (Head et al. 2019; Hays et al. 2020). In this study, MCEs were investigated at two oceanographically contrasting sites around (6° 40’ S, 71 21′ E; Fig. 1): Rats (IDR, North-West coast) open to the wider ocean and (MA, North-East coast) somewhat sheltered from the Bank (Fig. 1). Both sites occur on steep slopes with rocky outcrops and strong currents prevailing from east to west and west to east, depending on the movement of the tide. Fig. 1Location of study sites within the Chagos Archipelago. A: with depth gradients extracted from GEBCO data between 10 and 200 m depth. B: central with the delimited in dark pink.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: 3 M sucrose for 1d were loaded for 20 min, and then, exposed to pre-chilled PVS2 solution for different exposure times: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min. Survival (%) was evaluated for each PVS2 exposure time 15 d after reculture by counting the shoot-tips that remained yellow-green color and started displaying a growth response. Reculture for 15 d took place first, using a MS semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose for 2 d, and then, MS semisolid medium with 0. 44 μM BA. Based on the optimization of exposure time to PVS2, shoot-tips precultured with sucrose for 3h and those precultured for 1 d derived or not of previously preconditioned plantlets, were loaded for 20 min and dehydrated with cold PVS2 solution for 15 min. About 5 min before finishing the dehydration treatment, PVS2 droplets were placed over the shoot-tips before being transferred to sterile aluminum foil strips (0. 5 × 2. 0 cm), and then, foils were placed in 2 mL cryovials prefilled with liquid nitrogen (LN). The cryovials were stored in LN for 30 min. For rewarming, the aluminum strips with samples were removed from the cryovials and rapidly immersed in an unloading solution (MS basal medium with 1. 2 M sucrose, pH 5. 8) for 20 min in the dark. After cryopreservation, shoot-tips were transferred to Petri dishes (5 cm diameter) containing MS semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose for 2 d, followed by the reculture on semisolid MS basal medium with 0. 44 μM BAP until 30 d. All samples were always kept in the dark during the first week for recovery. Regrowth of shoot-tips was expressed as the percentage of explants that exhibited elongation of meristematic dome and developed leaves after 15 d of post-cryopreservation recovery. The new shoots were rooted onto MS semisolid medium with reduced NH4NO3 content and devoid of hormones for 60 d. Acclimatization of plantlets (4 cm long) with well-developed roots was performed under the same conditions described above. Survival (%) of acclimated cultures was also evaluated after 60 d.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: 5%. On the other hand, if glucose is first incorporated into glycogen, followed by hydrolysis of the glucose and subsequent oxidation, 2 moles of ATP are lost per mole in this cycle with overall efficiency reduced to 35%. Similarly an amino acid from an "average" protein, when directly oxidized to CO2, produces ATP with an efficiency of about 33%. If the amino acid is first incorporated into a protein and later hydrolyzed and oxidized, four ATP's per molecule are used for synthesis of the peptide bond. This reduces the efficiency to 27%. Smaller degrees of inefficiency are seen for lipid cycles (Table 1) but multiple cycles may have a cumulative effect. It is estimated, for example, that half of depot fatty acids in triacylglycerol have been through at least one cycle [14]. It should be apparent that variation in efficiency is not a thermodynamic issue but an empiric question to be determined by the requirements of metabolism. Table 1 Effect of Path on energetics of oxidationFull size table ThyrotoxicosisThyroid hormone decreases efficiency possibly by mechanisms involving both uncoupling and cycling described above: oxidative uncoupling as well as increased futile cycling of intermediates [15]. It is observed in thyrotoxic mice that UCP1 decreases efficiency in brown fat at the mitochondrial level [8]. In humans, the role of UCP1 in thyrotoxicosis is less certain due to the relative paucity of brown fat. On the other hand, activation of the adrenergic system via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ultimately increases "futile" metabolic cycling of intermediates ([15]). Thyrotoxicosis is well known to result in weight loss, often with increased food intake and increased generation of heat, indicative of metabolic inefficiency. The use of thyroid hormone has even been suggested therapeutically to induce weight loss in obese individuals, although its toxicity has limited this application. Inefficiency in metabolic processes with weight loss and increased heat generation, therefore, is known to occur on clinical grounds. Even without a complete understanding of the relative importance of different underlying cellular mechanisms in humans, the potential for biochemical processes to reduce their efficiency must be considered established as a feature of mammalian metabolism. Protein induced protein turnoverThere is abundant evidence that dietary protein stimulates protein breakdown and re-synthesis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: C: displaying bathymetry data acquired using multibeam (between 10 and 200 m depth) and the two study sites: Rats (teal diamond) and (orange diamond)Full size imageBiological dataA Vehicle (model) with a Go4 (2. 7k, 24 fps, wide field of view) attached to it was used to collect benthic imagery from MCEs at the two study sites, IDR and MA. An information overlay on the ROV SD camera displayed time, depth, heading, pitch and roll. Full ROV specifications and details of the biological data collection are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a), but briefly, HD still images were extracted from the GoPro video transects when the ROV approached the seabed and was positioned at an oblique angle (altitude of <1. 5 m). The presence of a strong current at both sites, precluded linear benthic video transects. The entire MCE depth gradient was surveyed, with 6 depth zones chosen a priori to the study based on the literature, covering the shallow reef and the lower mesophotic zones: 15–20 m; 30–40 m; 60–70 m; 80–90 m; 110–120 m; 150–160 m. Three transects were surveyed per depth zone (average transect duration = 30 mins 3 s ± 6 mins 58 s), parallel to the slope at each of the two study sites. Ninety images were collected per depth zone (n=30 images/transect) with a total of 1,080 images from the two study sites. All data were collected during research expeditions in November 2019 (transects 1, 2, 3 for IDR; transect 1 for MA) and March 2020 (transects 2 and 3 for MA). Still images collected along each transect were manually annotated by a single observer using 2. 0, an online annotation platform (Langenkämper et al. 2017), which enables identification and enumeration of organisms. The image analysis procedures are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a). All specimens were identified according to both relevant literature and taxonomist’s support (Tables S1 and acknowledgements). During the study, a morphospecies catalogue was created for the region (Diaz et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: Therefore, following the droplet-vitrification procedure, the best protocol for cryopreservation of A. peacockii shoot tips involved: 1d-preculture on semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose, treatment for 20 min in loading solution containing MS medium with 0. 4 M sucrose and 1. 6 M glycerol, exposure to cold vitrification solution PVS2 for 15 min and then, ultra-rapid cooling and warming. Recovery and regrowth of shoot-tips after cryopreservation using the optimized protocol is presented in Figure 5. The cryogenic protocol defined for A. peacockii shoot tips included modifications that simplified and shortened the process's duration compared to the first report on cryopreservation of A. sobria shoot-tips (Tin and Folgado, 2019). The highest (87%) post-cryopreservation regrowth of A. sobria shoot-tips was achieved by pretreating donor-plantlets for 15 d in medium enriched with 0. 3 M sucrose. By contrast, the highest (96%) post-cryopreservation regrowth of A. peacockii shoot tips was achieved using 1d-preculture of shoot-tips on semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose and without requiring the pretreatment of donor plants. Therefore, 1d-preculture of shoot-tips on semisolid medium resulted more effective than extended pretreatment of donor plants at the same concentration of sucrose and replaced the use of liquid medium with 20 mg L-1 of ascorbic acid during dissection as Tin and Folgado (2019) previously reported. Preculture for 1d on semisolid medium supplemented with 0. 3M sucrose is usually the most applied pretreatment of any cryopreservation procedure for organized tissues like shoot-tips (Gonzalez-Arnao et al. , 2014). This conditioning step also allows explants to recover from the dissection stress and, followed by a loading treatment in a sucrose-glycerol solution, has proved to enhance the acquisition of tolerance to dehydration with PVS2 (Sakai and Engelmann, 2007). Therefore, this combination's beneficial effect has led to increased post-cryopreservation survival of shoot-tips subjected to different vitrification-based procedures (Takagi et al. 1997; Matsumoto et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: In particular, branched chain amino acids, and especially leucine, are documented to act as nutritional signals acting via both the insulin and mTOR signaling pathways [16–18]. On the macroscopic level, the energetic cost of protein turnover is demonstrable as excess heat generated during a high protein meal. Thermogenesis (thermogenic effect of feeding; old name: specific dynamic action) has been defined as the extra heat generated during a meal due to digestion or metabolism. Johnston et al [19] compared the energy expended during 9 hour intravenous feedings of a high protein meal, vs. an isocaloric high carbohydrate meal; both contrasted with a 9 hour fast. The protein meal, with 70% of its caloric value due to protein, had significantly greater thermogenesis than the high carbohydrate meal (70% of calories from carbohydrate). These data have been reproduced in numerous studies [19–22]. The overall energy costs of protein turnover and synthesis have been estimated in various animal species, including man, and tabulated by ([23]), based on data from other investigators [24–26]. Despite the substantial experimental difficulties involved, the cost of protein synthesis clusters at around 4–5 kcal/gram in 8 species of birds, marsupials and mammals, including man. The high energetic cost is understandable in view of the multiple ATP-requiring processes involved. The cost of protein turnover can reduce efficiency from 33% to 27%, merely in the formation and hydrolysis of a single peptide bond (requiring 4 ATP's per bond formed: Table 1). In addition, protein processes that are ATP-dependent include formation of the ribosomal initiation complex, translation and folding of the protein, and protein degradation (both ubiquitin-dependent and -independent pathways) [23]. The energy costs of protein turnover could therefore account for a metabolic advantage in high protein diets, independent of carbohydrate content. This mechanism may also contribute to inefficiency in low carbohydrate diets, often high in protein. Gluconeogenesis-stimulated protein turnover in carbohydrate restrictionThe following hypothesis is suggested from classic studies of starvation done in chronically fasted obese individuals [27, 28]. The brain's metabolism requires 100 grams of glucose per day. In the early phase of starvation, glycogen stores are rapidly reduced, so the requirement for glucose, is met by gluconeogenesis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2023b) following the global standardised marine taxon reference image database created by Howell et al. , (2019); a total of 582 OTUs were identified in this study. Only one observer annotated the images to reduce the annotation bias. In addition, quality assurance was carried out by re-annotating 5% of the images by the same observer, as recommended in Schoening et al. (2016). A summary of the total number of morphospecies and individuals per site and depth zone are shown in Table S2. The ROV was not equipped with paired lasers during the surveys, thus calculation of the field of view within each image was not possible. To standardise data collection, the pilots positioned the ROV at a similar distance from the seabed, with the same angle of view, for each image collected. The mean time taken to complete a single transect was 30 min 3 s (± 6 min 58 s), with no significant differences observed in the time taken to complete a transect with depth zone and site (Kruskal–Wallis test, p-value > 0. 05. Transect by depth zone: chi-squared = 10. 244, df = 5, p-value = 0. 069; transect by site: chi-squared = 0. 0022733, df = 1, p-value = 0. 962). Thus, given the consistency in the speed of the ROV, it can be assumed a comparable area of seabed was surveyed within each transect and depth zone. To enable comparisons between sites and depth zones, this study focuses on the number of images surveyed and counts of benthic organisms rather than an area-based analysis. Furthermore, as suggested by Colwell et al. (2012) and Roswell et al. (2021), data were standardised by individuals and sampling coverage per depth zone using the iNext package in R software (Hsieh, Ma and Chao, 2020) (see next section). Statistical analysesTo assess the variation in alpha and beta diversity of MCEs over the depth gradient and between the study sites, data were analysed using diversity indices with the iNEXT (iNterpolation/EXTrapolation) (Hsieh, Ma and Chao, 2020) and betapart packages (Baselga and Orme 2012) in R software (Core 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: 2014; et al. 2017). Another modification of the first reported protocol (Tin and Folgado 2019) was performing dehydration at room temperature using a pre-chilled solution of PVS2, instead of dehydration at 0°C placing the samples on ice. We can assume that Agave spp. , have a high tolerance to cryopreservation, since with the two species (A. sobria and A. peacockii) tested until now, post-cryopreservation results have exceeded 80% in the first case (Tin and Folgado, 2019), and 90% in our studies. Different protocols following droplet-vitrification approach have been successfully applied to cryopreserve organized structures of several endemic and endangered plant species such as adventitious shoot-tips of Paraisometrum mileense (Lin et al. 2014); shoot-tips of Castilleja levisecta Greenm (Salama et al. 2018); shoot apices and axillary buds of Dianthus taxa (Halmagyi et al. 2020); shoot-tips of Pogostemon yatabeanus (Lee at al. 2021). A process of cryopreservation imposes several stressful conditions which can affect survival and potentially alter genetic stability (Harding, 2004), therefore, optimizing the composition of the post-cryopreservation reculture medium is also essential to prevent induction of somaclonal variation. In this sense, cryopreserved shoot tips were firstly recovered on medium with low (0. 44 μM) concentration of BAP for 30d, and then, transferred and maintained in culture using a modified (NH4NO3 reduced to 5 mM) MS semisolid medium with 3% sucrose and devoid of growth regulators. After 60 d of culture, the new plantlets spontaneously developed roots and were transferred to greenhouse culture conditions. After 120 d of acclimatization, the features (number, length, dry weight of roots, leaves number, and total leaf area) compared between plants derived from cryopreserved shoot-tips and propagated non-cryopreserved plants are summarized in Table 4. Evaluation of vegetative growth of greenhouse-grown plants showed no significant differences in four out of five compared characteristics between plants regenerated from micropropagated shoots and the plants obtained after cryopreservation of shoot-tips.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Approximately 15–20 grams are available from glycerol production due to lipolysis, but fatty acid oxidation generally cannot be used to produce glucose. Therefore, protein breakdown must supply the rest of substrate for conversion to glucose in the early phases of starvation. By 6 weeks of starvation, ketone bodies plus glycerol can replace 85% of the brain's metabolic needs, the remainder still arising from gluconeogenesis due to protein. It should be mentioned that, since the fundamental role of ketones is to spare protein, it might be expected that the reliance on protein would actually decrease with time, perhaps relating to the anecdotal observation of "hitting the wall" on weight loss diets. Very low carbohydrate diets, in their early phases, also must supply substantial glucose to the brain from gluconeogenesis. For example, the early phase of the popular Atkins or diet restricts dieters to about 20–30 grams of carbohydrate per day, leaving 60–65 grams to be made up from protein-originated gluconeogenesis. One hundred grams of an "average" protein can supply about 57 grams of glucose so 110 grams protein would be needed to provide 60–65 grams glucose. Increased gluconeogenesis has been directly confirmed using tracer studies on day 11 of a very low carbohydrate diet (approx 8 grams/day) [29]. If indeed, 110 grams of endogenous protein is broken down for gluconeogenesis and re-synthesized, the energy cost, at 4–5 kcal/gram could amount to as much as 400–600 kcal/day. This is a sizable metabolic advantage. Of course, the source of protein for gluconeogenesis may be dietary rather than endogenous. Whereas endogenous protein breakdown is likely to evoke energetically costly re-synthesis in an organism in homeostasis, dietary protein may conserve energy. The source of protein for the observed gluconeogenesis [29] remains an open question, but there is no a priori reason to exclude endogenous rather than dietary sources. This is therefore a hypothesis that would need to be tested. The extent to which the protein for gluconeogenesis is supplied by endogenous protein would explain very high-energy costs. It should be noted, however, that even if limited to breakdown of dietary protein sources, there would be some energy cost associated with gluconeogenesis. Metabolic advantage: does it happen?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Alpha diversity analysesTo allow comparisons among sites and depth zones, despite possible differences between survey areas covered, a combination of asymptotic and non-asymptotic diversity estimations was applied, based on rarefaction and extrapolation analyses and Hill numbers, using the iNext package in R. Individual-based rarefaction and extrapolation (R/E) curves, as well as sample coverage-based R/E curves, were plotted, with non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals interpreted as a significant difference, as per García-Martínez, et al. , (2017) and Cumming et al. (2007). Individual-based R/E curves were used as they provide unbiased estimates of species diversity and enable comparison of morphospecies diversity between depth zones and sites, specifically when they reach an asymptote. The protocol proposed by Chao et al. (2020) was followed to assess and compare alpha diversity and sample completeness among our surveys. Firstly, Hill numbers, also known as the effective number of equally abundant species qD, were used (Hill 1973; Chao et al. 2014), and the three most widely used orders (i. e. q = 0, q = 1 and q = 2) were assessed here. 0D corresponds to species richness, which is an indication of the number of species present in the community without considering their abundances and thus gives disproportionate weight to rare species. 1D indicates the measure of Shannon diversity (i. e. exponential of Shannon entropy), which weighs each species according to its abundance in the community and can be interpreted as the number of ‘common’ species present in the assemblage. Finally, 2D represents Simpson diversity (i. e. inverse of Simpson concentration index), which discounts all but the dominant species and thus can be interpreted as the number of highly ‘abundant’ (or dominant) species in the community (Chao et al. 2020). To allow for comparisons among the investigated benthic communities, the steps proposed by Chao et al. (2020), were followed as listed below. Firstly, sample completeness of each survey was estimated via a bootstrap method (n = 500) for q = 0, 1, 2 to compare the diversity detected, or sample completeness, between each depth zone and site (Table S3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: São Paulo Castro-Concha L, Loyola-(1990) Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in normal and vitrified plants of Agave tequilana Weber propagated in vitro. Cult 22:147–151. Cruz-Cruz CA, González-Arnao MT, (2013) Biotechnology and conservation of plant biodiversity. Resources 2:73–95. Delgado-Aceves L, González-Arnao MT, Santacruz-(2020) Embryogenesis and Cryopreservation of Agave tequilana ‘Chato’. Plants 10:249. de la Federación (2019) Lista de especies en riesgo de la -059--2010. . Accessed 08 June 2021 Domínguez érez E (2008) Effect of cytokinins on the in vitro propagation of mexican agaves. Mex 31:317–322. García-(2019a) Four new species of Agave (Asparagaceae, Agavoideae) from southern Mexico. Mex 126:1–18. García-Mendoza AJ, Sandoval-Gutiérrez D, Torres-García I (2019b) Agave peacockii. of 2019: e. T115689673A116354303. Garriga M, González G, Alemán ía-González R (2010) Management of Auxin-to Protocol of Henequen (Agave fourcroydes Lem. ). 70:545–551. Gentry HS (1982) Agaves of America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson González-Arnao MT, Martínez-Montero ME, Cruz-Cruz CA, (2014) Advances in cryogenic techniques for the long-term preservation of plant biodiversity. In: (eds) eds Biotechnology and Biodiversity, and Biodiversity, 1st edn. Dordrecht, London, pp 120–170 -(2020) A safeguard measure of endemic and endangered plant species: cryostorage of Dianthus taxa. 29:3445–3460. (2004) Genetic integrity of cryopreserved plant cells: a review. CryoLetters 25: 3-22.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Having established that there is no theoretical barrier to metabolic advantage and that there are plausible mechanisms that could account for such an effect, we must ask whether it can be demonstrated experimentally, that is, whether the proposed effects are of sufficient magnitude to be a practical feature of weight reduction strategies, in particular very low carbohydrate diets. If so there will be increased weight loss for the same caloric intake, or metabolic advantage. A recent animal model provides support for greater metabolic inefficiency in rats fed carbohydrate restricted diets compared with higher carbohydrate, leading to excess weight loss [30]. Human data in Table 2 illustrates 10 clinical trials of isocaloric diets with a lower versus higher carbohydrate arm in each trial [31–40]. It can be seen that the lower carbohydrate arm in 9 of 10 studies demonstrates increased weight reduction in comparison with the higher carbohydrate arm. Three of the studies show statistical significance (p < 0. 05 or better). Even without statistical significance of individual studies, however, the likelihood that the lower carbohydrate arm would have an advantage in 9 of 10 studies is equivalent to the likelihood of 9 coin toss experiments having excess heads in comparison to excess tails. The 9th binomial coefficient shows this probability to be p < 0. 01. While the above suggests the possibility of metabolic advantage, it does not prove it, nor do we know the magnitude of the effect, or the factors that control it. The studies above were chosen from among those quoted by many of the authors who have disputed the existence of metabolic advantage. Nonetheless, a formal meta-analysis would be necessary to avoid the possibility of conscious or unconscious bias in their selection. Further, it would be necessary to establish evidence that energetically costly metabolic processes are more prevalent in low carbohydrate diets than in diets of higher carbohydrate content. Whereas the proposed mechanisms are plausible, they need to be proven. ConclusionsThermodynamics is not the limiting factor behind the concept of metabolic advantage. On the contrary, thermodynamics guarantees inefficiency in all metabolic processes and is silent on the possibility that inefficiency may be augmented in some instances. A familiar example of inefficiency is thyrotoxicosis, with attendant weight loss and heat generation despite unchanged or increased caloric consumption. The theoretical possibility of inefficiency and metabolic advantage due to macronutrient compositional change exists, but demonstration of the phenomenon can only be resolved experimentally. Isocaloric dietary studies with a low vs. a higher carbohydrate arm support the experimental possibility of metabolic advantage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: All morphospecies identified can be consulted in the freely accessible catalogue created for the region (Diaz et al. , 2023b). Species richness (q = 0) was observed to decrease with depth at both sites, with lower diversity observed at 110–120 m and 150–160 m compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. 2a). Although only conservative minimum estimates could be obtained for species richness (as individual-based R/E curves did not reach an asymptote; Fig. 2a), at the fixed sample coverage of Cmax = 96. 4%, benthic morphospecies richness was significantly lower for the two deepest zones compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. S1c, Table S5; non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the two deepest depth zones, overlapping CIs for 15 m to 90 m depth zones). Fig. 2Overview of alpha diversity analysis based on Hill numbers. a) individual-based Rarefaction/Extrapolation (R/E) curves for q = 0. b) individual-based R/E curves for q = 1. c) individual-based R/E curves for q = 2. Shaded areas represent the 95% confidence intervals for each curve. Shades of blue represent the different surveyed depth zones at Rats (IDR), and the shades of orange are the depth zones at (MA). Solid lines are the rarefaction curves while the dashed lines represent the extrapolation curves up to double the respective sample sizeFull size imageEstimates of Shannon and Simpson diversity reached asymptotes for all depths at both sites and overall showed significant decreases in diversity over the depth gradient, from 15 to 160 m (Fig. 2b, c; Fig. S1b, c; non-overlapping CIs). The exception was at IDR, where both Shannon and Simpson diversity were significantly higher at 30–40 m compared to 15–20 m (Fig. 2b, c). At both sites, Shannon diversity between 60–70 m and 150–160 m was significantly lower than observed at shallower depths; however, there was no significant difference in Shannon diversity between 80–90 m and 110–120 m (Fig. 2b). Simpson diversity differed between the two sites (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: (1979) In vitro tissue culture of selected legumes and plant regeneration from callus cultures of red clover. 19:59–64. Ríos-Ramírez SC, Enríquez-del-Valle JR, Rodríguez G, Ruíz-(2017) Benzylaminopurine and indol-3-acetic acid concentrations in vitro proliferation of Agave angustifolia adventitious shoots. Agr 44:285–294. Sakai A, (2007) Vitrification, encapsulation-vitrification and droplet-vitrification: A review. CryoLetters 28:151–172 (2018) Cryopreservation of the critically endangered golden paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta Greenm. ): from nature to cryobank to nature. Biol-Plant 54:69–78. Santacruz-Ruvalcaba F, Gutiérrez-Pulido H, Rodríguez-(1999) Efficient in vitro propagation of Agave parrasana Berger. Cult 56:163–167. (2006) Conservation in vitro of threatened plants-Progress in the past decade. 42:206–214. (1990) Cryopreservation of nucellar cells of navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb. var. brasiliensis Tnaka) by vitrification. Rep 9:30–33. (1997) Cryopreservation of invitro-grown shoot tips of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L. ) Schott) by vitrification. 1. Investigation of basic conditions of the vitrification procedure. Rep 16:594–599. Tin J, (2019) for the Long-of Agave sobria spp frailensis. In: Mora-Gutiérrez A, Rodríguez-Garay B, Estarrón- (eds) Integral and sustainable use of agave, 1st edn. Jalisco, Mexico, pp 15–20 Valle-(2017) Cryopreservation of of Ulluco (Cal. ) using D Cryo-plate Method.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 52913838 Export as PDF The effect of intermittent ketogenic diets on weight loss and markers of breast cancer risk Share on on on Submission date 21/06/2012 Registration date 31/07/2012 Last edited 11/09/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsBreast cancer is unfortunately very common; approximately 1 in 9 women in the UK develops breast cancer at some point in her lifetime. We know that being overweight increases the chances of developing breast cancer, whilst research has shown that losing weight reduces risk. Researchers at the Centre are trying to find the best weight loss diet to reduce risk of breast cancer. This research will be testing two new diets to see whether very low calorie and low carbohydrate ketogenic diets for just two days per week are easier to follow and are better for reducing weight and levels of hormones linked to breast cancer than the usual daily calorie controlled diets. Changes in weight and blood levels of hormones with the diets will show their potential for reducing risk of breast cancer. Who can participate? To join the study, women must have a family history of breast cancer (lifetime risk >1 in 6), be any age, have gained greater than 7kg weight since age 20, have a body mass index (BMI) of 2445 kg/m2 and or body fat > 30%, be able to record diet diaries. Women must not already be losing weight, be pregnant or planning pregnancy over next few months, have an eating disorder, depression or alcoholism, have a co-morbidity which affects weight or ability to exercise (i. e. diabetes, cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, or thyroid disease), or have a previous history of cancer. What does the study involve? You will be asked to follow one of the test diets for 4 months. The first 3 months are designed to help you lose weight and the fourth month is designed to help you maintain this weight loss. After successfully trying the restricted ketogenic diet for two days you will attend an assessment appointment that includes measurement of weight and body fat (using a special pair of scales), blood pressure, fasting blood and urine samples, completion of some simple questionnaires, and your diet (and exercise) advice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2c): at MA, Simpson diversity was significantly different between 15–20 m and 30–40 m and the deeper depths; however, the values did not differ significantly between the depth zones from 60–70 m to 110–120 m; while at IDR, the 80–90 m depth zone showed a significantly lower Simpson diversity, compared to both 60–70 and 110–120 m (Table S5). Finally, the values were significantly lower at 150–160 m compared to shallower depth zones for both sites (Fig. 2c; Fig. S1b, c; Table S5). In this study, the diversity curves did not all reach an asymptote, indicating that total diversity was not captured (Fig. 2). This undetected diversity for each depth zone at each site is detailed in Table S4. Nevertheless, coverage-based sample completeness profiles revealed that between 93. 8% and 97. 3% of benthic morphospecies diversity was detected, depending on the depth zones and sites (Table S3), showing that while a few species were undetected, an acceptable standardized value for comparing species richness between communities was sampled (Moreno and Halffter 2000). Beta diversityValues of beta diversity between depth zones for the entire benthic community were similar between both study sites (Fig. 3a and d). Total beta diversity values were high between the depth zones, throughout the entire depth gradient for both sites (from 15 to 160 m; Jaccard 0. 61 to > 0. 96; Fig. 3, Table S6, Fig. S1), indicating a limited number of shared morphospecies between depth zones. Adjacent depth zones displayed less dissimilarity compared to depths located further apart (Jaccard 0. 65 for 15–20 m/30–40 m, to 0. 81 for 110–120 m/150–160 m; 0. 85 for 80–90 m/150–160 m to 0. 95 for 15–20 m/150–160 m, respectively; Fig. 3a and d, Table S7, Fig. S1). Fig. 3Changes in beta diversity and its two components–turnover and nestedness – with depth for the entire benthic community at both study sites Rats (IDR, a to c) and (MA, d to f), using Jaccard’s dissimilarity index from 0 to 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractIncreasing concern is directed towards genetic diversity of domestic animal populations because strong selective breeding can rapidly deplete genetic diversity of socio-economically valuable animals. International conservation policy identifies minimizing genetic erosion of domesticated animals as a key biodiversity target. We used breeding records to assess potential indications of inbreeding and loss of founder allelic diversity in 12 native Swedish dog breeds, traditional to the country, ten of which have been identified by authorities as of conservation concern. The pedigrees dated back to the mid-1900, comprising 5–11 generations and 350–66,500 individuals per pedigree. We assessed rates of inbreeding and potential indications of loss of genetic variation by measuring inbreeding coefficients and remaining number of founder alleles at five points in time during 1980–2012. We found average inbreeding coefficients among breeds to double–from an average of 0. 03 in 1980 to 0. 07 in 2012 –in spite of the majority of breeds being numerically large with pedigrees comprising thousands of individuals indicating that such rapid increase of inbreeding should have been possible to avoid. We also found indications of extensive loss of intra-breed variation; on average 70 percent of founder alleles are lost during 1980–2012. Explicit conservation goals for these breeds were not reflected in pedigree based conservation genetic measures; breeding needs to focus more on retaining genetic variation, and supplementary genomic analyses of these breeds are highly warranted in order to find out the extent to which the trends indicated here are reflected over the genomes of these breeds. Citation: Jansson M, (2018) Pedigree data indicate rapid inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity within populations of native, traditional dog breeds of conservation concern. 13(9): e0202849. Axel Janke, Senckenberg am Zentrum fur : May 6, 2018; Accepted: August 9, 2018; Published: September 12, 2018Copyright: © 2018 Jansson, Laikre. This is an open access 0005. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionDomestic animals are often bred under strong selection that focuses on a few specific traits, and this type of breeding is considered to result in loss of genetic biodiversity both in the form of entire breeds–typically old, traditional, local ones–and in variation within breeds [1]. Increasing focus is directed towards genetic diversity of domestic animal populations both scientifically [2, 3, 4] and politically [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: You will be asked to attend monthly appointments with the study dietician during the study that will check your progress and your weight, and discuss any problems (20 - 30 minute appointment). We also aim to repeat all assessments, including fasting bloods, diet diaries and activity monitoring after 1, 3 and 4 months (1 hour appointment). There are two smaller studies within this study, and women on the study will be able to choose whether to take part. Thirty women (10 from each group) will be asked to provide 2 additional fasting blood samples during week 12, and 30 women (10 from each group) will be asked if they are able to provide 4 additional fasting blood and urine samples (2 during week 12, and 2 during week 16 of the study). These samples will be used to test the short term effect of the diets on markers in the blood that indicate cancer risk, and also the relative effects of the diets on the pattern of genes (the instructions in all of the cells in our bodies) that are active or 'expressed' in our blood cells. This will indicate the direct effects of the diets on our body cells and their potential benefits to health and cancer risk. What are the possible benefits and risks of taking part? The diets are very safe and will meet all your nutritional needs except that it is low in calories. However, if you are pregnant, planning a pregnancy or breast feeding, you would not be able to take part in the study. You will almost certainly lose some weight whilst participating in this diet study. This may reduce your risk of developing breast cancer and other weight related health problems such as diabetes and heart disease, providing that you manage to maintain the weight loss. We will give you advice on how to do this. You will be contributing to our knowledge about the effects of weight loss on breast cancer risk At the end of the study once the analysis has been done we will let you know your own blood results. Some of the substances we analyse are well-known markers of health, such as insulin and blood sugar, and blood fats such as cholesterol. If these are out of the recommended range we will be able to advise you or refer you on to your GP for further tests or advice. Where is the study run from? Centre and Centre at is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? The study started in June 2009 and finished recruiting in December 2010. Who is funding the study? is the main contact?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Values close to 0 indicate a high level of similarity between the two communities being compared and values close to 1 indicate a low level of similarityFull size imageTurnover was the largest component of beta diversity, thus it can be considered as the main driver of differentiation between benthic communities, indicating that the change in morphospecies diversity along the depth gradient, from 15 to 160 m, was mostly due to species replacement (Jaccard > 0. 5 to > 0. 9; Fig. 3b and e; Table S7, Fig. S1). On the contrary, nestedness had only a limited influence on the overall dissimilarity with depth (Jaccard 0. 01 to < 0. 2; Fig. 3c and f; Table S7, Fig. S1); showing that, while species diversity broadly decreased with depth (Fig. 2), deeper communities were not just a subset of richer communities observed at shallower depths. The differences between the turnover and nestedness components, compared to total dissimilarity, are detailed in Fig. S1. Between sites, for the same depth zone, beta diversity did not show a strong pattern (Fig. 4). Overall, dissimilarity was less pronounced between sites in shallow-water communities (15–20 m) compared to communities at mesophotic depths (30–160 m), with 60–70 m and 150–160 m zones showing the highest benthic dissimilarity at a local scale. Similarly to the beta diversity calculated along the depth gradient, turnover was the main component of beta dissimilarity between sites, indicating benthic dissimilarity is mainly driven by species replacement at a local scale. Fig. 4Jaccard’s dissimilarity and its two components – turnover and nestedness – between the two study sites (Ile des Rats and Manta Alley) for a depth zone. Jaccard’s dissimilarity index ranges from 0 to 1, with values close to 0 indicating a high level of similarity between the two communities and values close to 1 indicating a low level of similarityFull size imageDiscussionThis study provides novel, baseline data on the diversity of benthic communities within MCEs in the central (Egmont Atoll, Chagos Archipelago).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 adopted by the 196 parties to the on (CBD; stresses that by 2020 the genetic diversity of domesticated animals and other species of socio-economic and cultural value should be maintained. Similarly, strategies for safeguarding the genetic diversity of such species should be developed and implemented over this time period (13; Food producing animals have been the main targets for conservation actions [5], but horses, dogs, cats, rabbits that in many countries are primarily used for other purposes are becoming increasingly recognized as of conservation value [6, 7]. Countries are reviewing their national domestic animal breeds [8], and in Sweden the Board of Agriculture has identified 63 such breeds historically originating in Sweden, and has declared them of national conservation concern. national breeds include 8 cattle, 1 pig, 11 sheep, 4 goat, 2 goose, 4 duck, 4 horse, 12 chicken, 2 rabbit, 2 cat, and 10 dog breeds [9]. The domestic dog renders increased socio-economic importance due to its many roles in modern society. Dogs of different breeds are used for human therapy, sports activities, herding, hunting, medical research, identifying biological material, companionship, as well as in police, customs, military, rescue, and security work, [10, 11, 12, 13]. At the same time, recent research indicates that within breed genetic diversity is rapidly depleted [14, 15, 16, 17] and this can hamper long term maintenance of separate breeds. This is a concern not the least for old, traditional breeds that represent a biological and cultural heritage that is becoming increasingly recognized [18, 19, 20, 21]. In this study, we used extensive pedigree data provided by the Club comprising the past few decades to assess rates of inbreeding and loss of intra-breed variation measured in terms of number of founder alleles [22, 23] in 12 dog breeds originating in Sweden (Fig 1). Of these breeds ten have been identified as of national conservation concern; four have been classified as endangered-maintained, and six as critical-maintained [24] using the FAO classification system for domestic animal populations [8]. We were particularly interested in monitoring whether the increased conservation genetic concern is reflected in pedigree measures of diversity since pedigree data from breeding records constitutes the basis for dog breed clubs and dog breeders when planning breeding.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: website Contact information Contact name details Centre and 23 9LT Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number 09/H1006/34 ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers 2009BR001 Study information Scientific title The acceptability and efficacy of intermittent ketogenic diets for weight loss and their effects on biomarkers of breast cancer risk hypothesis We hypothesise that intermittent ketogenic (very low carbohydrate) diets either as a restricted ketogenic (600 kcal) (RK) or ad lib ketogenic (ALK) diet for 12 days/week only along with exercise will be as or more effective than continuous energy restriction (CER) (a daily modest restriction) and exercise for prevention, and be more acceptable to women on a long term basis. Ethics approval(s) 10 Committee - North, 07/05/09, REC ref: 09/H1006/34 Study design Single-centre randomised trial Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet cancer Intervention 114 subjects will be randomised to one of three diet groups for 3 months weight loss followed by 1 month weight loss maintenance: Group 1: Restricted ketogenic diet (RK) (<40g carbohydrate, ~600kcal/day) for 2 days week and ad lib Mediterranean diet for 5 days/week for 3 months, followed by RK 1 day and ad lib Mediterranean diet 6 days/week for 1 month. Group 2: Ad libitum ketogenic diet (ALK) diet (<40g carbohydrate day, ~ 1200kcal/day) for 2 days/week and ad lib Mediterranean diet for 5 days/week followed by ALK 1 day and ad lib Mediterranean diet 6 days/week for 1 month. Group 3. Restriction (CER) Mediterranean diet (~1500kcal/day) 7 days/week for 3 months, followed by ~1900 kcal Mediterranean diet 7 days/week for 1 month. Women will receive comprehensive written instructions of how to follow the diets at home, including recommended portion sizes, recipes, and behavioural techniques for promoting adherence to diets. The 600 kcal ketogenic diet includes ~ 10oz of protein foods e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2023a), gorgonian and antipatharian (Bridge et al. 2012; Bo 2019; Rowley et al. 2019; Diaz et al. 2023a)) diversity in MCEs were shown to increase with depth. Similar trends in specific phylum change are presented in Table S2. Benthic diversity and community composition change along the depth gradient may be explained by several environmental factors, as observed in a parallel study by (Diaz, et al. 2023a), which identified fifteen environmental variables contributing significantly to the distribution and community composition of MCEs over the depth gradient. Decreasing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature were identified as the two main drivers of variation in community composition with depth at (Diaz et al, 2023a). Similarly, a global study across a variety of taxa identified PAR and nutrient availability (both dissolved and particulate organic matter) to be correlated with a community break observed at 60 m (Lesser et al. 2019). In the Caribbean (i. e. Bermuda and Little Cayman), temperature and light were the main factors correlated with changes in overall benthic morphotype richness and scleractinian corals with depth, respectively (Stefanoudis et al. 2019; Carpenter et al. 2022). A decrease in benthic diversity with depth can therefore be explained by several factors, but mostly by the decrease in PAR, temperature, and nutrient availability. These factors are important drivers of primary production, reflected here in the distribution of photosynthetic corals and algae. Nevertheless, while morphospecies richness decreased with depth overall for the two study sites; for a standardised sample coverage (i. e. Cmax) and within the four shallowest depth zones (from 15 to 90 m), this decrease was not significant (Fig. 2d). However, Shannon and Simpson indices (i. e. , accounting for abundant and highly abundant morphospecies), revealed significant differences between depth zones with an overall decrease in diversity indices with depth (except between 80–90 m and 110–120 m for q = 1, Fig. 2e; and between 60–70 m and 110–120 m at IDR, 80–90 m and 110–120 m at MA for q = 2, Fig. 2f).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. The 12 national Swedish traditional dog breeds that are monitored based on pedigree data in this study. All of these breeds except Hällefors elkhound and Swedish white elkhound have been identified as of conservation concern by national authorities [9, 24]. Materials and methodsPedigree data for the 12 Swedish domestic dog breed populations used in this study was obtained from the Club (SKC; www. skk. se; a kennel club is a nationwide organization which works and cares for purebred dogs in a country). SKC was founded in 1889 and their computerized studbook database was created in 1975–76. The database comprises pedigrees of almost all dog breeds kept in Sweden and approximately 90 percent of pedigree dogs in Sweden are included in these records (SKC, pers. comm. ). Ten of the 12 breeds have been classified as of Swedish national conservation concern [9, 24] (Table 1). The data we used consisted of the full pedigree information from the start of the pedigrees and up until December 31, 2012. The start of the pedigrees varies between breeds (Table 1), with the birth of the first dogs included in the pedigrees varying from the 1940s (Drever, Hamilton hound, Schiller hound, Småland hound, and Swedish elkhound) to the 1990s (Swedish white elkhound). We obtained strategic breeding plans for each of the 12 breeds from the Club’s website (www. skk. se) and reviewed these plans to find out whether 1) retention of genetic variation is an explicit breeding goal for the separate breeds, 2) whether disease control programs for genetic diseases/disorders are considered for the breed. The strategic breeding plans are produced by breeding clubs associated to the SKC, and SKC has requested breeding clubs to produce and continuously revise such plans for each breed since around year 2000. We downloaded and used the plans that applied in 2012 from the SKC website (www. skk. se; the plans are in Swedish). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Basic information on the 12 native Swedish dog breeds assessed in this study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: meat, fish, eggs, tofu, quorn, textured vegetable protein, limited monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats [Mono-unsaturated (MUFA), Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)] and dairy foods, 4 portions of vegetables, 1 portion of fruit. The ad lib ketogenic diet includes unlimited meat, fish, eggs, tofu, quorn, textured vegetable protein and unlimited MUFA and PUFA fats, limited dairy foods, 4 portions of vegetables, 1 portion of fruit. Both intermittent diets include 2 pints of other low energy fluids, a multivitamin and mineral supplement and are limited in saturated fat, which has possible links with breast cancer. diet provides 30% energy from fat (15% MUFA, 8% PUFA, 7% saturated) 25% energy from protein and 45% from low glycaemic load carbohydrate. All participants will also be advised to become more active and will each receive a booklet providing a programme of walking, strengthening, toning and flexibility exercises which can be undertaken at home. They are advised to gradually increase the frequency and intensity of exercise according to current activity levels, to aim to undertake 5 x 45 minutes of moderate activity/week. All participants will have monthly review with the study dietitian to check their progress. Adherence to the diet and exercise regimens will be assessed from weight change, 7 day food and activity diaries. The intermittent diet groups will also be asked to record adherence/ non adherence to the 2 day diets each week in a study diary. Intervention type outcome measure 1. Insulin sensitivity from fasting insulin (electrochemiluminescence immunoassay), and glucose (hexokinase/G6PD method) using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) (baseline and 3 months only)2. Body mass and composition: fat free mass and total fat mass (Bioelectrical impedance: Tanita MC-180) waist and hip and bust circumferences3. Retention to the energy restriction programmes Secondary outcome measures 1. Plasma leptin (enzyme immunoassay) 2. Serum IGF-1, adiponectin, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 3. Ketones in serum and urine 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Alpha and beta diversity indices were assessed through the visual annotation of underwater images, where all organisms were identified to the highest taxonomic resolution possible and distinct morphospecies were assigned an Unit (OTU), as standard taxonomic approaches are not often applicable to image data. A morphospecies may then correspond to species, genus, family or higher taxonomic levels. Whilst images were annotated by the same observer (who also re-annotated 5% of the images for quality assurance), this method lacks taxonomic resolution, which may consequently have had a negative effect on the diversity results presented here and led to the grouping of several species within one morphospecies, or on the contrary, separation of one species into several colour morphs. During the current study, it was not possible to collect the physical samples typically required to enable traditional taxonomic investigation. Taxon differentiation was thus missing at the fine scale, molecular and genetic levels, likely leading to lower (or higher) observed diversity values and differences in diversity than actually occurs in reality. MCEs are still relatively poorly understood in taxonomic terms, thus, high-resolution images with close-ups in addition to physical sample collection and taxonomic expertise are crucial to resolve their true diversity and the variation in taxa along the depth gradient. This study investigated alpha and beta diversities for benthic communities, along a large depth gradient, for the first time in the central Indian Ocean. These indices are crucial indicators to provide evidence-based information for management and conservation actions. Indeed, despite meeting the international criteria used to identify priority areas for conservation policies (Soares et al. 2020), MCEs are still considered under-protected and under-represented in marine spatial planning (Stefanoudis et al. 2022), and they are usually incidentally included in MPAs due to geopolitical boundaries, rather than purposefully (Turner et al. 2019; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). MCEs, while encompassed within the fully protected Chagos MPA since 2010, have not been included in research and specific protection until 2018, where an objective to improve their research and protection by 2023 was mentioned in the conservation management planning workshop (Programme 2018). However, the authors are not aware of any specific management steps being taken regarding the protection of MCEs within the Chagos MPA, other than the research presented here.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: The coefficient of inbreeding (F) and mean kinship (MK) quantify probabilities of identity by descent (IBD) of such alleles, within and between individuals, respectively [23]. Genetic variation is measured as the number of remaining founder alleles and the number of founder genome equivalents (fge) [23]. fge is the number of equally contributing founders from which no random loss of alleles has occurred that represent the same amount of variation as that retained in the living population. fge should be compared to the true number of founders; difference results from loss of founder alleles and uneven genetic contribution of separate founders to presently living individuals [23]. We used the x software (PMx) [25] to obtain the quantities assessed using the default value of 1,000 iterations for gene drop simulations. The program mPed [26] was used to convert the studbook data obtained from the SKC to PMx input format and to “strip” pedigrees to sizes possible to handle by PMx. This software can only deal with pedigrees comprising around 20,000 individuals depending on the complexity of the pedigree. “Stripping” implies removing individuals from the pedigree which do not contribute information on individuals alive, i. e. , dead individuals that do not have any living descendants. For pedigrees of some breeds at particular points in time the pedigrees were too large even after stripping. Those cases could not be analyzed and were excluded from this study; Drever (1990, 2000, and 2006), Hamilton hound (1990), and Swedish elkhound (2006 and 2012). We also used PMx to describe inbreeding rates in terms of effective population size (Ne) defined in two ways: 1) as per generation average effective population size over the analysis time span, and 2) as “current effective population size” of the living population based on the number of living males and females that have produced offspring using the equation Ne = 4NmNf/(Nm+Nf) where Nm = number of live males that have reproduced and Nf = number of living females that have reproduced [25]. To evaluate potential differences in the parameters assessed over time within breeds we used analyses of variance tests (ANOVAs) performed with MS Excel and R 2. 12. 2. The latter software was also used for Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Inflammatory markers: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interlukin (IL)-6 5. Markers of oxidative stress; advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)6. Intake of energy, fat, protein and carbohydrate (7-day food diary) ( Dietplan) 7. Activity - 7 day activity diary 8. Profile of mood states questionnaire9. Hunger and appetite visual analogue scales10. Any adverse effects associated with the programmes e. g. headaches, constipation, fatigue, cramp, sleep pattern disturbance11. Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure12. Menstrual cycle length for premenopausal women not taking contraceptives Overall study start date 14/09/2009 Overall study end date 28/04/2011 Reason abandoned (if study stopped) inclusion criteria 1. Women2. Family history of breast cancer (lifetime risk >1 in 6)3. Pre, post or perimenopausal any age 4. Weight gain since age of 20 > 7 kg5. Body mass index 2445 kg/ m2 and or body fat > 30%6. Able to record diet diaries Participant type(s) group number of participants 114 Total final enrolment 115 Participant exclusion criteria 1. Already successfully losing weight2. Pregnant or planning pregnancy over next few months3. Eating disorder, depression or alcoholism4. Co-morbidity which affects weight or ability to exercise (i. e. diabetes, CV, respiratory, musculoskeletal, or thyroid disease)5. Previous history of cancer Recruitment start date 14/09/2009 Recruitment end date 28/04/2011 of recruitment England, Study participating centre Centre and M23 9LT Sponsor information Hospital of (UHSM) NHS (UK) Sponsor details Research and Education and 23 9type Hospital/treatment centre Website ROR type name Ltd (UK) Grant Ref: GA 10-005 Alternative name(s) and and dissemination plan Not provided at time of registration Intention to publish date Individual participant data (IPD) Intention to share Yes IPD sharing plan The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request IPD sharing plan summary Available on request Study outputs Output type created Date added Peer reviewed? Patient-facing? Results 1. Publication reference added. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: AbstractLow-altitude high-resolution aerial photographs allow for the reconstruction of structural properties of shallow coral reefs and the quantification of their topographic complexity. This study shows the scope and limitations of two-media (air/water) Structure from Motion—Multi-reconstruction method using drone aerial photographs to reconstruct coral height. We apply this method in nine different sites covering a total area of about 7000 m2, and we examine the suitability of the method to obtain topographic complexity estimates (i. e. , seafloor rugosity). A simple refraction correction and survey design allowed reaching a root mean square error of 0. 1 m for the generated digital models of the seafloor (without the refraction correction the root mean square error was 0. 2 m). We find that the complexity of the seafloor extracted from the drone digital models is slightly underestimated compared to the one measured with a traditional in situ survey method. Similar content being viewed by others Detecting change in coral reef 3D structure using underwater photogrammetry: critical issues and performance metrics 2. 5D) mapping of very shallow (< 3 m depth) coral reefs is a challenge. Large corals reach up to mean sea level, thus preventing the navigation of vessels carrying ship-borne echo sounders and limiting divers’ access to continuous top-view data. Airborne bathymetric active light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can overcome these limitations and provide continuous sub-meter resolution data with a vertical accuracy in the range of 1–2 dm for shallow-water coral reefs (Collin et al. 2018). surveys are costly and likely unjustified for small areas, and they allow for minimal flexibility in the survey design. In the last years, System (UAS, also called drones) started to be regarded as a third-generation source of remote sensing data (et al. 2018), providing scientists new and accessible tools to explore the Earth surface (e. g. , Casella et al. 2020; Dugdale et al. 2019; Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2019; Mlambo et al. 2017) and allowing significant scientific advancement (e. g. , Ramanathan et al. 2007). UAS regulation that has hindered early scientific uses of UASs (Coops et al. 2019) is now moving forward.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Similarly, there is no correlation between F and the number of founders at any of the points in time (0. 03<r<0. 45; 0. 19<P<0. 93), suggesting that, contrary to what might be expected, the number of founders or the population size does not explain inbreeding levels. For the Gotland hound, census numbers have been consistently low over the study period with the number of animals regarded as alive never exceeding 180. Similarly, the number of founders is very low for this particular breed (maximum of 15 in 1990) and average levels of inbreeding is also highest in this breed with average F = 0. 10 in 2012. Breeds like the Swedish lapphund and the Swedish vallhund, however, reach almost as high average F—0. 09—in spite of pedigree sizes of several thousand individuals, census sizes of well over 1000, and over 50 founders. Similarly, the Swedish elkhound and the Drever have pedigrees comprising over 50,000 dogs, with over 10,000 defined as alive in 2012 but average F is over 0. 07. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Average per breed inbreeding level in 12 Swedish traditional dog breeds measured from pedigree data at five points in time during 1980–2012. Linear regression gives b = 0. 001, r2 = 0. 21, P<0. 001 and the regression line is shown. kinship values (MK; Table 1) at particular points in time show the average relatedness among living individuals [23]. MK is used in conservation breeding to choose animals for breeding; by prioritizing individuals with low MK inbreeding and loss of founder genetic variation is minimized. Average and range of MKs among the Swedish dog breeds show that such prioritization has typically not been carried out for these breeds. In some cases average MK at one point in time is lower than average F for the next time point. For instance, average F for the Swedish lapphund is consistently larger than the average MK for the prior time point (Table 2) indicating that increase of inbreeding is unnecessary high in this breed.

Output: corroborate