Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: In order to avoid issues caused by developing steep slopes, it is necessary to consider judging standards for regulation. How do we define a steep slope? There is no common definition of “steep slopes” [13]. However, many municipalities, especially in North America, define steep slopes as areas with 15% or more gradients [11, 12, 32]. Moreover, the Planning and in State classifies slopes into three categories by gradients: (1) gradual (10% or less), (2) moderate (10–15%), and (3) steep (15% or more) [11]. Based on these examples, this study has divided slopes into four categories, as shown in Figure 8(a). Figure 8. (a) Categories of slopes, (b) examples of slopes. In addition, examples of slopes with a 10% and 20% gradient are demonstrated in Figure 8(b). For instance, a 10% slope has a 10 m vertical rise over 100 m of horizontal run. 5. 2 Topographic gradients and development restrictionsThis section examines the relationship between topographic gradients and development restrictions from four aspects of slope development issues: (1) adverse effects of removing vegetation, (2) grading and construction burdens, (3) accessibility, and (4) landscape. 5. 2. 1 Adverse effects of removing vegetationRemoving vegetation and disrupting natural drainage patterns on steep slopes can trigger various problems. Potential consequences include soil erosion, landslides, an increase in downstream runoff, flooding, and decreased water purity [11, 12, 13, 33]. In order to minimize such adverse effects, reasonable control of development is necessary. Soils with a slope of 15% or more should always involve severe limitations to development [34]. In addition, land development on slopes of 10% or more in environmentally sensitive areas will have similar potential to increase issues, such as surface runoff and soil erosion [34]. 5. 2. 2 Grading and construction burdensAs slopes become steeper, grading and infrastructure provision become more complex and expensive [11, 12]. For example, constructing roads on steep slopes often calls for substantial grading and extra-wide rights of way to accommodate road slopes [12]. As shown in Figure 9, retaining walls are often necessary to support soil laterally when slopes are steep. Sewer and water systems are especially challenging and costly to plan and construct on steep slopes [11]. Figure 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 107 The type of plant most reported by the traditional healers of the Vaupés medio was the tree, with 19 tree species reported. This can be easily explained due to the fact that most of the plants used to treat malaria were collected in mature forests or forests with little intervention, a pattern that has been observed in other studies. 2 The species collected and identified are mostly native (90. 24%). This is evidence that the species indeed grow wild in the study area and demonstrates the persistence of indigenous knowledge using native vegetation, consistent with what was found by Perez in the Peruvian Amazon. The part of the plant reported with the highest frequency for its use in the production of anti-malarial remedies was the stem bark. This may be due to the preference of the traditional healers to remove a part of the organ without damaging the whole plant, "so that it does not dry up. " Additionally, the traditional healers think that the substances responsible for the activity are concentrated in the bark and extraction of this part is simple. The leaves are used with a lower relative frequency compared to the other organs. It is noteworthy that the traditional healers do not use fruits for the treatment of malaria. This practice is possibly due to the fact that the fruits are not available permanently and malaria can occur at any moment. Among the species collected in this study, only four usage records were significant (i. e. they had higher citation frequency in the interviews conducted in the ten communities visited). Never the less, only Abuta grandifolia, with an FI of 36%, exceeded the 20% citation frequency. This is a strong indicator that this species deserves special attention for validation and scientific evaluation. on the Friedman’s consensus technique of informants, the species most reported as antimalarial by healers of the are: Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Matisia cf. glandifera and Pleonotoma jasminifolia. More studies are necessary to validate ethnobotany data. It is important to verify the efficiency of each plant to kill malaria parasites, especially giving special attention to the species Pleonotoma jasminifolia, which has no previous report in the literature as antimalarial.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: We have included this explanation in the new manuscript. As for normal function, the lack of motor behavior phenotype in P1-PC-DTR mice provides functional evidence that the regenerated PCs integrate properly into the CB circuit. Furthermore, in order to study the morphology of the regenerated PCs in adult mice, we performed BrdU injections 10-12 hr after DT and analyzed them at P30 (Figure 2—figure supplement 2). We observed that the cell bodies and dendritic trees of BrdU+ PCs at P30 appear normal. 2) In the P5 killing experiment, presumably by then Pcp2-Cre is expressed in a larger fraction of PCs compared with P1 (it would be useful to quantify this as done in P1 mice). Can this contribute to the difference between P1 and P5 ablation? As described above, we did not observe a significant increase in the recombination efficiency of Pcp2-Cre at P5 compared to P1. The numbers of TdT+ cells/section (hence the number of cells ablated) were similar at the two ages. Therefore, we do not think that this is a contributing factor to the phenotype observed in P5-PC-DTR mice. We have highlighted these results in the text in the relevant sections and also added a new graph to Figure 1—figure supplement 1F that shows the similar recombination efficiency at the two ages. 3) It appears that the authors deduce PC soma size from 14 µm sections. Given PC soma size is larger than 14 µm, this kind of analysis would produce a large number of half-cut, incomplete PC somal images, which might skew the conclusion? We thank the reviewer for pointing out this detail that we did not fully describe. For our soma size analysis, we only quantified the cells that had a visible primary dendrite, as this should indicate that the section was taken from the largest region of the PC soma. However, in order to ensure we are not including any bias to our quantifications, we repeated the same quantification with sections that were either 14 µm or 35 µm thick from the same brain and compared the results. As can be seen in the graph below, we found the soma sizes were similar using both methods (Figure 1, t-test, P=0. 13).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: A residential site developed on a steep-sloping area in Tokyo. When the gradient exceeds 15%, the cost of building on the site begins to increase significantly because construction becomes more challenging [35]. Typically, the development requires deeper excavation, more concrete, retaining walls, and specialized solutions for drainage and sewer systems [35]. 5. 2. 3 AccessibilityAs topographic features become steeper, incorporating accessibility and universal design into the developed areas needs greater planning. As shown in Figure 9, the built environment in hilly areas often includes inclined roads and long stairways, which are hard to go up and down, especially for physically challenged people. In addition, Japan has recently faced mobility issues, resulting from the age of the slope dwellers. In many hilly residential areas developed on the outskirts of megacities, aging has hindered the physical abilities of many residents. As a result, such older dwellers have started suffering from limited physical and social activities due to the steep slopes and long stairways [36]. According to a study on housing land development and accessibility, the maximum slope for general residential land should be 1 in 5, or 20% [37]. Meanwhile, the maximum gradient advisable for pedestrian ramps, which is also suitable for prams and trolleys, is 1 in 10, or 10% [37]. This figure significantly influences the design of pedestrian networks in various housing projects. In addition, ramp gradients are becoming more important with the increasing provision of ramps for the physically challenged in new projects [37]. 5. 2. 4 LandscapeSteeply sloping areas often offer significant views of hills and valleys. Thus, developing such areas frequently leads to serious disfiguration of the scenic natural beauty [11, 12]. Generally, as the topographic gradients of the developed area become steeper, the more easily the landscape changes come into view from many places in the city or town areas. Therefore, in order to maintain scenic hillside landscapes, municipalities should take measures to control development and construction on steep-sloping sites. For example, Council in Victoria, Australia, manages development and construction in areas with a slope of greater than 10%, mainly for retaining scenic landscapes and amenity values [38]. Moreover, the Council strictly limits land development in areas with slopes in excess of 20% [38]. The above examinations from the four aspects can be integrated into the following.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Through this work we were able to demonstrate that despite the social and cultural changes that lead to the rapid disappearance of ancestral knowledge, active traditional healers within the Colombian native communities still exists and hold an important place in society for the knowledge they possess. As for the medicinal flora, important information was gathered revealing 42 species with antimalarial use in these 10 indigenous communities. This work can support further phytochemical investigations, especially for those plants with no bibliographic reports so far. In such a small area of the Amazon species with no previous report of antimalarial activity were discovered. For this reason it is necessary to conduct more ethnobotanical studies in the region. OR contributed in collecting plant sample, SB contributed to design the study and critical reading of the manuscript, FC contributed in collecting plant sample and identification, confection of herbarium and morphological description of the species. AP designed the study, supervised the field work, and drafted the paper and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors had read the final manuscript and approved the submission contributed to analysis of the data. project was funded by Colciencias grant 1115-489-25104 RC 506-2009, Universidad de Antioquia, sustainability strategy 2014-2015. The authors would like to thank the Herbarium of the Universidad de Antioquia and Dr. who gave valuable advice over a 4 month period. The authors would also like to thank the traditional healers representing the 10 communities, for their trust and cooperation. Without their permission and cooperation this investigation would not be possible. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest. 2015. . Comparison of traditional wild plant knowledge between aboriginal communities inhabiting arid and forest environments in Patagonia, Argentina. J Arid Environ. 2007;69(4):695‒715. INS. de Salud- Dirección de Vigilancia y Análisis del Riesgo en Salud Pública. Informe de Vigilancia y control, Colombia; 2016. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J. 2014;13:68. . Malaria control in Africa and the role of traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. 2004. p. 3‒18.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: Therefore, we are confident in our results and we did not replace the quantifications provided in the first version of the paper. We also revised the Methods section for paper to clearly describe our approach. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Soma size determination by quantifying thick and thin histological sections gave similar results. Reviewer #2: This manuscript describes regeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells following diphtheria toxin injection at P1 but not at P5 and suggests that this regeneration is through cell division of a "previously unidentified progenitor population". Based on the data shown and previous studies of PC cell number, other possibilities exist to explain the findings. I am not convinced that the paper demonstrates generation of new Purkinje cells. The specific comments are: 1) There is wide variability in the number of cells expressing Td-tomato/diphtheria toxin receptor at P1 (+/- 22%) which makes it difficult to know how many cells are dying. No counts of the number of cells expressing Td-tomato/diphtheria toxin are given for P5 mice. Presumably the percent of cells would be higher as Pcp2 is not fully expressed in all PCs at P1. As described in detail above (reviewer # 1, answer 3), we have now included the P5 data and described that in our hands we do not observe an increase in the recombination efficiency (and number of TdT+ cell) at P1 compared to P5 (or P30)(revised Figure 1—figure supplement 1). Although the variation in our recombination efficiency was high, we were able to observe regeneration of PCs since all of the P30 P1-PC-DTR animals had a normal number of PCs, showing that whatever number of PCs was lost (30-70% of PCs) they were replaced. There was likely an effect of high recombination variation in P5-PC-DTR animals because the behavior analysis showed that not every P5-PC-DTR animal was abnormal. When we analyzed the correlation between latency to fall from the rod and number of PCs, we observed that animals with smallest numbers of PCs performed the worse. 2) The representative image of DT treated PCs at P30 (Figure 1M) clearly shows a large number of missing PCs which would normally form a continuous monolayer, suggesting that the number of PCs did not recover from cell death.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Generally, steep slopes, namely areas with a slope of 15% or more, should always involve restricting land development. In particular, land development in slope areas in excess of 20% should be strictly limited. Meanwhile, restrictions on developing areas with environmental sensitivity, landscape importance, and walkability-oriented design should start at 10% of a topographic gradient. Advertisement 6. Integration: defining development-restrictive areasThe previous three sections illustrate how to define areas contributing more to biodiversity, natural disaster-prone sites, and steep-sloping areas. Based on these preparations, this section shows how to integrate the three sorts of cartographic information and delineate development-restrictive areas. In addition, nowadays, the System (GIS) has become increasingly common in handling spatial data; accordingly, the following proceeds with the explanation on the assumption that a GIS is used. Figure 10 illustrates an example of combining the three sorts of geographical information in a GIS and defining development-restrictive areas. The left side includes necessary spatial data, such as hazard maps and relevant specified areas. The right side demonstrates how the prepared GIS data layers are overlaid and integrated. Figure 10. An example of the process for delineating development-restrictive areas. Concerning “topographic gradient,” planners draw up a map layer on which steep-sloping areas are shown. In this case, it is helpful to color the map of the relevant region or municipality according to gradient classifications: 0–10% (gradual), 10–15% (moderate), 15–20% (steep), and 20% + (very steep). An example of such coloring has been demonstrated in Figure 8(a). As for “natural disaster risks,” the planners create data layers by natural hazard type. In the case of Figure 10, two types of hazards, namely river flooding and landslides, are predicted in the region or municipality. Accordingly, a data layer showing river flooding high-risk areas and one displaying landslide high-risk areas are prepared. If reliable hazard maps are open to the public, such maps can be utilized. When handling data on “areas contributing more to biodiversity,” it is helpful to divide them into “significance” and “conservation. ” This division is based on the categorization illustrated in Figure 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Elementos de identidad y organizacion social entre las comunidades indigenas de la region del Vaupés. Maguare Bogota. 1983;2(2):97‒123. Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Advances in Economic Botany. 1996;10:53‒96. . Etnografía: métodos de investigación. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1994. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. Earthscan/James & James. 2004. Taylor S, Bogdan R. Introducción a la observación participante. in cap 2. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1992. Valles MS. Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Sintesis Editorial. 2000. Hamme M, Atkinson P. Etnografía. Métodos de investigación. Barcelona, Paidós, México; 1994. Hammersley M. Etnografía. In: Atkinson P, editor. Métodos de investigación. Paidós, México; 1983. Goodman LA. Snowball sampling. of Mathematical Statistics. 1961;32(1):148‒170. Cunningham AB. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan/James & James, UK; 2001. Cunningham AB. Etnobotánica aplicada. Pueblos, uso de plantas silvestres y conservación. Nordan Comunidad, Uruguay; 2001. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16(2‒3):275‒287. Alonso AS. De lo visible a lo invisible: sistema de salud intercultural entre los pueblos del Vaupes. in La diversidad ante el espejo: salud, interculturalidad y contexto migratorio. Abya Yala. 2008. Pérez D.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: There are no images of the newly generated PCs that convince me that they are immature PCs. We were also surprised that regeneration is so rapid, but as we now discuss in the paper, we think that the reason PCs are regenerated at P1 and not at P5 is in part because by P5 the circuit is too mature for the new PCs to integrate. At P1, there is little molecular layer (where the PC dendrites synapse with the parallel fibers of granule cells). In addition, at P1-2 PCs have not settled into a monolayer, and have not formed their unipolar dendrites (they are multi-polar). The PCs settle into a monolayer and become unipolar and form distinct dendrites around P3-P5. Because CALB1+ PCs are immature at P1-P2, we were not able to distinguish whether FEPs have a more immature phenotype than PCs. As described above (response #1 to reviewer 1), we followed the PCs that incorporated BrdU after injury to P30, and found they develop normal dendritic trees, and our behavior study provides functional evidence that the regenerated PCs successfully integrate into the circuitry (Figure 2—figure supplement 2). Finally, our new data represented in Figure 3C suggests that FEPs normally differentiate into CALB1+ PCs during the first week after birth, which shows that the CB circuitry is able to accommodate maturation of PCs soon after birth. We now discussed the implications of these results in our manuscript. 7) There is literature suggesting that PCs undergo programmed cell death. While no direct studies have shown this, Bcl overexpression mice and Bax knockout mice both have ~30% more PCs. The authors should discuss these findings and how it might affect their results. If an immature (CALB1-) pool of PCs persists until P5, this would provide an alternative view to the idea that new cells are generated from "unidentified precursors". Although we were not able to observe clear cell death of PCs by TUNEL at P3 and P5 in wild type mice, our new data indicates there might be a small drop in the total number of cells (FEPs + PCs) at P5, compared to P1 (Figure 3C).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: The data layer of “significance” represents significant areas for biodiversity, such as Areas (KBAs). Meanwhile, the “conservation” layer displays conservation areas, namely protected areas and OECMs. After preparing the necessary data layers, the planners place them on top of one another and integrate the spatial data. In this case, the unions, or amalgamations, of the relevant areas shown on the data layers correspond to development-restrictive areas. The last part of this section compares development-restrictive areas with the coverage targets of conservation: (1) covering KBAs with conservation areas, and (2) conserving 30% of Earth’s land and sea areas by 2030. These two coverage targets have been shown in Subsections 3. 3. 2 and 3. 3. 3, respectively. Through the integration process, significant areas for biodiversity, such as KBAs, are taken in development-restrictive areas. Therefore, if the development-restrictive areas are given conservation status, all KBAs are naturally covered with this status. Meanwhile, development-restrictive areas contain natural disaster-prone sites and steep-sloping areas, in addition to areas contributing more to biodiversity. Thus, if development-restrictive areas are actually preserved, the coverage ratio of conservation areas to the Earth’s surface must expand greatly. In short, defining development-restrictive areas substantially contributes to meeting the two coverage targets of conservation. Advertisement 7. ConclusionIn order to pursue sustainable land development, this 3. In addition, development-restrictive areas are the amalgamations of the following: (1) areas contributing more to biodiversity, (2) high-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, and (3) steep-sloping areas. Section 3 presented the overall picture of current area-based biodiversity conservation efforts. Figure 4 concisely illustrated how to define sites contributing more to biodiversity, dividing them into two categories: (1) significant areas for biodiversity and (2) conservation areas. The diagram also showed the main coverage targets of these site-based conservation efforts. Section 4 demonstrated the whole picture of area-based natural disaster risk reduction measures in the three diagrams. Figure 5 portrayed the relationship between natural hazards and disaster risks, dividing them into “climatic” and “tectonic.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Etnobotánica medicinal y biocidas para malaria en la región Ucayali. Folia amazónica. 2002;13(1‒2):87‒108. Pabon A, Ramirez O, Ríos A, et al. Antiplasmodial and of Extracts as Reported by People of the (in Colombia). Planta Med. 2016;82(8):717‒722. Alkaloid diversity in eleven species of Ormosia and in Clathrotropis macrocarpa (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Brittonia. 1994;46(4):355‒371. Sagen AL. Phytochemical and biological investigations on Clathrotropis glaucophylla (Fabaceae), an ingredient of Yanomamï curare, emphasizing on quinolizidine alkaloids. ürich, Switzerland; 2002. E. Etnobotánica de las comunidades indígenas Waunana, Chocó (Colombia). Cespedesia. 1980;9(33):115‒302. Glenboski LL. Ethnobotany of the Tukuna Indians. Amazonas, Colombia; 1975. . The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia. ís (Francia); 1990;12:236‒237. Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):184‒197. García Barriga H. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Bogotá DC: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, de Colombia. 1974;3:443‒459. Gupta MPB. Plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá DC, Colombia: Convenio Andrés Bello (CAB), de Ciencia y Tecnología (CYTED) y Universidad de Panamá. 2008. Pérez-Arbeláez E. Plantas útiles de Colombia. á, Colombia; 1996.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: Our unpublished results, combined with previous literature suggests that there are multiple mechanism to ensure the correct number of PCs are generated in newborn mice, including apoptosis in the embryo to scale PC numbers with respect to other components of the CB circuitry and FEPs which replace any PCs lost to injury around birth. As described in our responses to reviewer 1, we agree that the FEPs are likely immature PCs that delay their differentiation until after birth, and this is now discussed in the paper. Reviewer #3: In this manuscript, Baylin et al. examined injury induced regeneration pf Purkinjie cells in neonates and proposed a model that upon elimination of Purkinje cells, a previously unknown quiescent progenitor population can be rapidly activated to replenish the loss cells (within 24hrs), resulting in normal cerebellum development. Furthermore, this progenitor population lost its capacity around P5. While the topic is interesting, the result is not convincing. High doses of BrdU is known to label DNA repair, especially in the context of massive injury and the authors mostly used protein markers for cell type identification. The process occurs so quickly (within 24 hrs) and in the fetal tissue. The authors should be able to use slice imaging to observe the death and birth of Purkinje cells directly, to illuminate any doubt of their model. In addition, the authors can use onco-retroviruses for lineage tracing to label new neurons and observe distinct Purkinje cell morphology. We thank the reviewer for the excellent suggested experiments to remove any doubt of our conclusions. We performed intracranial injections of a GFP-expressing retrovirus 12 hours after DT injection at P1 to P1-PC-DTR animals and controls. When we analyzed animals 3 weeks after retroviral infection, we indeed observed rare GFP-labeled PCs, and only in the P1-PC-DTR animals. DT controls only the expected granule cells and glial cells were labeled. These results thus show that following depletion, ablated PCs are replenished by a proliferating progenitor (Figure 2D-I). In order to determine whether the BrdU incorporation we observed is due to DNA repair induced by DT-mediated cell death or actually due to proliferation, we performed irradiation (IR) of pups and repeated the BrdU regimen we used for our experiments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Luxembourg: of the European Union; 2020. p. 48. DOI: 10. 2777/1832986. Society. and Biodiversity: Interlinkages and Policy Options. 2021. Available from: [Accessed: December 3, 2022]7. Cohen-editors. Nature-to Societal Challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2016. xiii + 97p. DOI: 10. 2305/IUCN. CH. 2016. 13. en8. Whittaker AC. How do landscapes record tectonics and climate? Lithosphere. 2012;4(2):160-164. DOI: 10. 1130/RF. L003. 19. . How do Tectonics and to Shape the Earth’s Surface and Hazards? . 2021. Available from: [Accessed: December 4, 2022]10. BBC. Natural Hazards. 2022. Available from: [Accessed: December 3, 2022]11. Planning and Development Board. Decisions. 2012. Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2022]12. Planning Commission. Steep Slopes: Guide, Model Regulations. 2008. Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2022]13. Land-of-Council. Protection Strategies. Asheville: Land-of-Council; 2008. p. 7614. Maxwell SE et al. Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century. Nature. 2020;586:217-227. DOI: 10. 1038/s41586-020-2773-z15. . Using key biodiversity areas to guide effective expansion of the global protected area network. and Conservation. 2019;20:e00768. DOI: 10. 1016/j. gecco. 2019. e0076816. UNEP-WCMC. Biodiversity A-Z, Areas of biodiversity importance. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2022]17. IUCN. A for the Identification of Areas, Version 1. 0. First ed. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2016. p. 4618. UNEP-WCMC. Biodiversity A-Z, Areas (KBA). 2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Estudio Etnobotánico sobre las especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Indígena Miraña, Amazonas-Colombia. Bogotá DC: Fund, Bogota, Colombia; 1988. p. 386. Milliken W. Traditional anti-malarial medicine in Roraima, Brazil. Economic Botany. 1997;51(3):212‒237. êa do Abordagem etnobotânica acerca do uso de plantas medicinais na Vila Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Acta farmacêutica bonaerense. 2002;21(3):205‒211. Ta’ta’, Huayani: Perception of leishmaniasis and evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Chayahuita in Peru. Part II. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(1):149‒158. Treatment of leishmaniasis in the Oyapock basin (French Guiana): A K. A. P. survey and analysis of the evolution of phytotherapy knowledge amongst Wayapi Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1228‒1239. Rodrigues E. Plants and animals utilized as medicines in the Jaú (JNP), Brazilian Amazon. Phytother Res. 2006;20(5):378‒391. Sanz-Biset J, Cañigueral S. Plant use in the medicinal practices known as “strict diets” in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):271‒288. . Contribución al conocimiento de la Anaueria sp. Añuje moena; nuevo registro en la Amazonía peruana. Folia Amazonica. 1990;2:1‒16. Tene V, Malagón O, Finzi PV, et al. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111(1):63‒81.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hurricanes can be redirected by large walls built in the ocean. [SEP] Text: Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use. That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Available from: [Accessed: December 26, 2022]19. Langhammer PF et al. Identification and of Areas: Targets for Area Systems. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2007. p. xiv + 11620. IUCN-on OECMs. Recognising and Effective Area-Measures. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2019. p. x + 2221. Dudley N, editor. Guidelines for Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2008. p. x + 8622. KBA Partnership. 2021. 2022. p. 2623. UN Convention on Biological Diversity. COP15: Nations adopt four goals, 23 targets for 2030 in landmark UN Biodiversity Agreement. 2022. Available from: UNDRR. Risk. 2022. Available from: [Accessed: December 4, 2022]25. UNDRR. Structural and non-structural measures. Available from: [Accessed: December 23, 2022]26. Survey. What is a Landslide and One? . 2021. Available from: [Accessed: December 23, 2022]27. IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In: Masson-et al, editors. 2021: Science Basis. Contribution of I to the Report of the on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Press; 2021. 32. DOI: 10. 1017/9781009157896. 00128. IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In: Pörtner HO, et al, editors. on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Cambridge and New York: Press; 2019. 35. DOI: 10. 1017/9781009157964. 00129. U. S. Geological Survey. What are the Effects of Earthquakes? . Available from: [Accessed: December 23, 2022]30. . Fundamental mechanisms for tsunami generation by submarine mass flows in idealised geometries. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2005;22(1-2):209-217. DOI: 10. 1016/j. marpetgeo. 2004. 10. 01631. . Mapping for Development Planning. Nottingham: Survey; 2000. p. 16332. (WeConservePA). Ordinance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Sanz-Biset J, Campos-de-la-Cruz J, Epiquién-Rivera MA, et al. A first survey on the medicinal plants of the Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;122(2):333‒362. The rainbow hurts my skin: medicinal concepts and plants uses among the Yanesha (Amuesha), an ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(1):175‒192. de Albuquerque UP, Muniz de Medeiros P, de Almeida AL, et al. Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: a quantitative approach. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(3):325‒354. Antiviral activity of some medicinal plants. Phytother Res. 1999;13(2):142‒146. de las Heras B, Slowing K, Benedí J, et al. Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61(2):161‒166. Evaluation of traditional antimalarial remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(1):45‒54. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part V. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the Tacana Indians. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77(1):91‒98. Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the (Peru) for the treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):917‒921. Antimalarials from nature. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2009;17(9):3229‒3256. Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Negro in Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;178:188‒198. Antimalarial remedies in French Guiana: a knowledge attitudes and practices study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(3):351‒360. The classical drug discovery approach to defining bioactive constituents of botanicals. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(1):71‒79.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hurricanes can be redirected by large walls built in the ocean. [SEP] Text: Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: CIFOR-sport hunting in Brazil more widespread than first believed 16 Sep 2024 CIFOR-the next generation of soil scientists 11 Sep 2024 Pencarian semua berita Découvrez les évènements passés et à venir dans le monde entier et en ligne, qu’ils soient organisés par le CIFOR-ICRAF ou auxquels participent nos chercheurs. 2024 02 – 06 Oct 2024. 10. 00 am – 10. 00 pm No 77, 2024 03 – 07 Oct 2024. 07 – 08 Oct 2024. Handelskammer Hamburg, tous les évènements Jelajahi acara-acara mendatang dan yang telah lalu di lintas global dan daring, baik itu diselenggarakan oleh CIFOR-ICRAF atau dihadiri para peneliti kami. 2024 02 – 06 Oct 2024. 10. 00 am – 10. 00 pm No 77, 2024 03 – 07 Oct 2024. 07 – 08 Oct 2024. Handelskammer Hamburg, semua acara Actualités sur les forêts Actualités sur le monde de l’agroforesterie Actualités sur les paysages Reportages Réseaux sociaux Actualités des entreprises Communiqués de presse Actualités Pour que la recherche ait un impact, la science a besoin de canaux de communication clairs pour aller droit au but. CIFOR-ICRAF est aussi passionné par le partage de ses connaissances que par leur production. CIFOR-sport hunting in Brazil more widespread than first believed 16 Sep 2024 CIFOR-the next generation of soil scientists 11 Sep 2024 Parcourir toutes les actualités en las ículos Redes sociales Noticias corporativas Notas de prensa Úque la investigación pueda generar algún impacto, los conocimientos científicos requieren de canales de comunicación claros. -ICRAF, compartir nuestros conocimientos nos apasiona tanto como generarlos.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Calderon LdA, Silva-Jardim I, Zuliani JP, et al. Amazonian biodiversity: a view of drug development for leishmaniasis and malaria. J Soc. 2009;20(6):1011‒1023. Evaluation of the anti-plasmodial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Abuta grandifolia. Planta Med. 1999;65(5):413‒416. Garavito G, Rincón J, Arteaga L, et al. Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(3):460‒462. Identification and evaluation of Peruvian plants used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(3):390‒402. de In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used as traditional remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):165‒170. Tabuti JR. Herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria in Budiope county, Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116(1):33‒42. . Ethnopharmacological use of herbal remedies for the treatment of malaria in the District of Ghana. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;129(3):367‒376. . Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):289‒302. Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies used for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(2‒3):179‒185. An ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Region. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(1):183‒190. Antiplasmodial and antipyretic screening of Mangifera indica extract. Phytother Res. 1998;12(6):437‒438. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of 20 plants used in Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(4):295‒298. . Screening of the Flora of for Bioactives. IJPPR.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hurricanes can be redirected by large walls built in the ocean. [SEP] Text: Bedform experimentalists are encouraged to also study bedform evolution from larger to smaller forms (splitting) in the course of progressive flow reduction. Bedform researchers are encouraged to sample the bed material of specific large dunes to increase the data base for optimizing the conceptual models presented in Figs. 7 and 8. Data availability All data presented in this paper are freely available upon request. 30. Elsevier, Amsterdam; ISBN 0444422323 9780444422323 (1990) Classification of large-scale subaqueous bedforms: a new look at an old problem. J 60:160–172; 0022–4427/90/0060–160/$03. 00Bartholdy J, Bartholomä A, Flemming BW (2002) Grain-size control of large compound flow-transverse bedforms in a tidal inlet of the Sea. 188:391–413. J (2005) The fluid dynamics of river dunes: a review and some future research directions. J Atmosphere 110:F04S02. Scale model study using fine sands. J 60:649–657. Proc 2nd on P03. 00Chiew YM (1991) Bed features in nonuniform sediments. J 117:116–120; ISSN 0733–9429/91/0001–0116/$1. 00(1996) Initiation of bed forms on a flat sand bed. 122:301–31057. Abstracts, pp 89–94Flemming BW, (1978) The settling tube – a hydraulic method for the grain size analysis of sands. Kieler Meeresforsch, 4:82–95 26. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 47–80; BW, Bartholomä A (2012) Temporal variability, migration rates, and preservation potential of subaqueous dune fields on the southeast African continental shelf. Publ 44:229–247 26. (2010) Sand transport on an estuarine submarine dune field. Geomorphology 121:257–26510. 5772/25982(1966) Settling velocities of natural grains. Assoc D’sci Hydraul 11:27–43305.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every species can adapt to climate change without issue. [SEP] Text: change Finance, trade and investment Fire and haze Food security and nutrition Forest and landscape restoration Forest management Multi-stakeholder platforms Oil palm Soil health Tenure and tenure reform Tree genetic resources (TGR) Tree planting Wetlands and blue carbon Wild meat and forest genetic resources, and biodiversity Sustainable value chains and investments Governance, equity and well-being Climate change, energy and low-carbon development Soil and land health products Our solutions to five global challenges chains ’–ICRAF publishes over 750 publications every year on agroforestry, forests and climate change, landscape restoration, rights, forest policy and much more – in multiple languages. Explore our knowledge –ICRAF’s published research in a wide range of formats, all of which are available for free online. upcoming and past events across the globe and online, whether hosted by CIFOR-ICRAF or attended by our researchers. 2024 02 – 06 Oct 2024. 10. 00 am – 10. 00 pm No 77, 2024 03 – 07 Oct 2024. 07 – 08 Oct 2024. Handelskammer Hamburg, all events media Corporate news Press releases Media inquiries Latest news Science needs clear communication channels to cut through the noise, if research is to have any impact. CIFOR-ICRAF is as passionate about sharing our knowledge as we are in generating it. CIFOR-sport hunting in Brazil more widespread than first believed 16 Sep 2024 CIFOR-the next generation of soil scientists 11 Sep 2024 Browse all news CIFOR–ICRAF addresses local challenges and opportunities while providing solutions to global problems for forests, landscapes, people and the planet. We deliver actionable evidence and solutions to transform how land is used and how food is produced: conserving and restoring ecosystems, responding to the global climate, malnutrition, biodiversity and desertification crises. In short, improving people’s lives.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: In: Forero E, Betancur J, editors. de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia; 2009. p. 1‒462. . de la Amazonía Peruana. Perú: Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru; 1997. Cayón E, Aristizabal S. Etnobotánica Chamí. Cespedesia. 1980;9(33‒34):5‒114. Roig JT. Plantas medicinales de y su folclore. UC Rica, editor. San José, Costa Rica, 1988. p. 103‒104. Ayensu ES. of the West Indies. Algonac, Michigan, USA; 1981. p. 282. Díaz JL. Usos de las plantas medicinales de México. éxico; 1977. p. 345. Morton JF. Atlas of of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatan. Thomas CC, 1980. p. 1448. Escobar N. Flora Tóxica de Panamá. U. Panamá, Panama. 1972. Figueroa H. Enfermedades de los conquistadores. Ibarra JdP, Antigua, Guatemala. 1983. Guzmán DJ. Especies útiles de la flora Salvadoreña. Md Educación, San Salvador, El Salvador. 1975. Barrett B. of Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coast. Economic Botany. 1994;48(1):8‒20. Agarwal K, Popli S. The constituents of Crescentia cujete leaves. Fitoterapia 1992;63(5):476. of the Popoluca, Mexico: A botanical systematical perspective. Economic Botany. 2003;57(2):218‒230. Isolation of cytotoxic metabolites from targeted peruvian amazonian medicinal plants. J Nat Prod. 2008;71(1):102‒105. . Leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of Bolivian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;41(1‒2):19‒37. Menachery MD. 1996. p. 269‒302. Boster JS.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: into A yearlong project aims to find more than 150 “missing” tornadoes thought to hit Canada each year. by R. Kaufman 22 March 201925 July 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) A tornado touches down near Elie, Manitoba, Canada, in June 2007. Credit: Justin Hobson, courtesy Wikimedia, CC-BY-SA-3. 0 A quirky thing about tornadoes is that over the past 30 years, their reported frequency—at least going by U. S. reports—has increased 30%. Of course, the last 30 years also correlate with the rise of Doppler radar, population growth, and cell phones. Despite the headline-grabbing statistic, scientists have concluded that the frequency of tornado strikes isn’t actually increasing. Instead, better reporting is filling in gaps where tornadoes might have otherwise gone unreported. In the United States, experts agree that a handful of tornadoes go unreported each year. In Canada, where the vast majority of the population lives within 160 kilometers (100 miles) of the U. S. border, storm trackers miss quite a few more. The map of Canada illustrating confirmed and probable tornadoes over 30 years shows that reported twisters mostly—but not entirely—track with population density in the country. Credit: Dave Sills, “If you look at a map of tornado occurrence in Canada and you look at a map of population density in Canada, you’d say, ‘Well it’s kind of the same thing’,” says Greg Kopp, acting dean of engineering at in London, Ont. , Canada. Of course, tornadoes are not converging on densely populated areas. It’s simply that sparsely populated areas have fewer ways to report a tornado.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Geography--including natural resources, climate, topography, and proximity to trade routes and major markets--is at least as important as good governance. As early as 1776, argued that high transport costs inhibited development in the inland areas of Africa and Asia. Other geographic features, such as the heavy disease burden of the tropics, also interfere. One recent study by my colleague Xavier Sala-i-Martin demonstrated once again that tropical countries saddled with malaria have experienced slower growth than those free from the disease. The good news is that geographic factors shape, but do not decide, a country's economic fate. Technology can offset them: drought can be fought with irrigation systems, isolation with roads and mobile telephones, diseases with preventive and therapeutic measures. The other major insight is that although the most powerful mechanism for reducing extreme poverty is to encourage overall economic growth, a rising tide does not necessarily lift all boats. Average income can rise, but if the income is distributed unevenly the poor may benefit little, and pockets of extreme poverty may persist (especially in geographically disadvantaged regions). Moreover, growth is not simply a free-market phenomenon. It requires basic government services: infrastructure, health, education, and scientific and technological innovation. Thus, many of the recommendations of the past two decades emanating from Washington--that governments in low-income countries should cut back on their spending to make room for the private sector--miss the point. Government spending, directed at investment in critical areas, is itself a vital spur to growth, especially if its effects are to reach the poorest of the poor. TrapSo what do these insights tell us about the region most afflicted by poverty today, Africa? Fifty years ago tropical Africa was roughly as rich as subtropical and tropical Asia. boomed, Africa stagnated. Special geographic factors have played a crucial role. Foremost among these is the existence of the Himalaya Mountains, which produce southern Asia's monsoon climate and vast river systems. Well-watered farmlands served as the starting points for Asia's rapid escape from extreme poverty during the past five decades. Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s introduced high-yield grains, irrigation and fertilizers, which ended the cycle of famine, disease and despair. � [break]It also freed a significant proportion of the labor force to seek manufacturing jobs in the cities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Research in 18(6):p 604-613, Nov–Dec 2023. | DOI: 10. 4103/1735-5362. 389948 and purpose: Pain and inflammation can be treated by various therapies that for the most part are not effective and can result in adverse effects. The current study was proposed to compare the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of curcumin and nano curcumin in rats. Experimental approach: Rats were randomly allocated into ten groups of six for formalin and tail-flick tests including the control group, curcumin and nano curcumin groups (20, 50, 100 mg/kg), morphine group (10 mg/kg), naloxone + 100 mg/kg curcumin group, and naloxone + 100 mg/kg nano curcumin group. There were nine groups for the carrageenan test. Groups 1-7 were the same as the previous division; groups 8 and 9 received 10 mg/kg diclofenac and 1% carrageenan, respectively. Findings/Results: All doses of nano curcumin significantly decreased the paw-licking time in both phases of the formalin test. In the tail-flick test, curcumin 100, nano curcumin 100, naloxone + curcumin 100, and naloxone + nano curcumin 100 showed significant analgesic effects compared to the control group. In the paw edema test, at 180 s after injection, curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and all doses of nano curcumin significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema. Myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation decreased at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg of curcumin but at three doses of nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg). Conclusion and implication: In conclusion, our results suggest that the nanoemulsion formulation of curcumin can be efficient in reducing pain and especially inflammation in lower doses compared to the native form of curcumin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Tornadoes rarely show up on radar since the radar beam is too big to resolve a feature as small as a twister. So most of the time, the only way to confirm a tornado is to see it. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Dave Sills, a severe weather scientist with Environment Canada, undertook a study about 5 years ago looking at a new set of data from the Detection Network, which can detect lightning across 95% of the country, correlating it with data on verified tornadoes and population density. Where there’s a thunderstorm, there’s the possibility for a tornado. and colleagues tried to hash out exactly how many tornadoes were likely occurring but never detected. “Missing” tornadoes, most of which hit remote logging camps or entirely uninhabited areas, offer tantalizing troves of lost data for forecasters. The result? Although about 60 Canadian tornadoes are verified each year, it’s likely that more than 230 twisters touch down in the country during that time period. The “missing” tornadoes, most of which hit remote logging camps or entirely uninhabited areas, offer tantalizing troves of “lost” data for forecasters. These scientists think they can get a better understanding of tornado risk to humans and infrastructure by tracking all the twisters in the country. started in 2016, attempted to identify all the missing tornadoes in northwest Ontario. The following year, the team attempted to track every tornado in all of Ontario, as well as significant tornadoes elsewhere in the country. In 2019, the project is aiming to get data on every single tornado that touches down in Canada. “It’s ambitious…but I think we’ve got it together now, and we’re going to give it a shot,” Sills says. In forested areas, the team is using satellite data to look for hints of damage like blown-down trees and stripped-away vegetation. “If we see a hint of damage, we’ll fly aerial surveys to resolve the trees and branches,” says Kopp. The team is working to figure out how to gather data on not just whether a tornado occurred and what its path was but what its intensity was. In the prairies, tornado tracking gets much more complex.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Urbanization, in turn, spurred growth, not only by providing a home for industry and innovation but also by prompting greater investment in a healthy and skilled labor force. Urban residents cut their fertility rates and thus were able to spend more for the health, nutrition and education of each child. City kids went to school at a higher rate than their rural cousins. And with the emergence of urban infrastructure and public health systems, city populations became less disease-prone than their counterparts in the countryside, where people typically lack safe drinking water, modern sanitation, professional health care and protection from vector-borne ailments such as malaria. Africa did not experience a green revolution. lacks the massive floodplains that facilitate the large-scale and low-cost irrigation found in Asia. Also, its rainfall is highly variable, and impoverished farmers have been unable to purchase fertilizer. The initial research featured crops, especially paddy rice and wheat, not widely grown in Africa (high-yield varieties suitable for it have been developed in recent years, but they have not yet been disseminated sufficiently). The continent's food production per person has actually been falling, and Africans' caloric intake is the lowest in the world; food insecurity is rampant. Its labor force has remained tethered to subsistence agriculture. Compounding its agricultural woes, Africa bears an overwhelming burden of tropical diseases. Because of climate and the endemic mosquito species, malaria is more intensively transmitted in Africa than anywhere else. And high transport costs isolate Africa economically. Africa, for example, the rainfall is greatest in the interior of the continent, so most people live there, far from ports and international trade routes. Much the same situation applies to other impoverished parts of the world, notably the Andean and highlands and the landlocked countries of Central Asia. Being economically isolated, they are unable to attract much foreign investment (other than for the extraction of oil, gas and precious minerals). Investors tend to be dissuaded by the high transport costs associated with the interior regions. Rural areas therefore remain stuck in a vicious cycle of poverty, hunger, illness and illiteracy. Impoverished areas lack adequate internal savings to make the needed investments because most households live hand to mouth. The few high-income families, who do accumulate savings, park them overseas rather than at home.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: lifestyle of individuals around the world is meaningfully affected by pain and inflammation. Several treatments exist for the healing of pain and inflammation, but these treatments are not always successful and may result in experiencing adverse effects. Based on these facts, the identification of new compounds for healing pain and inflammation is an essential challenge in biomedical research (1,2). There are countless medicinal plants with possible analgesic activity, such as Artemisia herba-alba, Saliva hydrangea, Lavandula officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Melissa officinalis, Menthe pulegium, Salvia sclarea, Moringa oleifera, Passiflora leschenaultia, Tamarindus indica Linn, Vaccinium ashei, etc. In addition to the use of new compounds, the use of strategies that can increase the effectiveness of the existing ones should also be considered. Among different strategies, using nano-sized carriers is a broadly used method to achieve acceptable bioavailability and suitable metabolism in therapeutic use (3,4). Curcumin (Curcuma longa) [1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione], also named diferuloylmethane (5), is a natural phenolic complex that can be extracted from turmeric roots (6). In recent years, a broad spectrum of exciting bioactivities has been known or attributed to curcumin, particularly antioxidant (7,8), antimicrobials (9), anticancer and antimutagenic (10) properties. This compound is bright orange-yellow thus it can be used as a food colorant (5). Recently, it has been established that most of the properties of Curcuma longa belong to curcumin with possible effects against allergies, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, arthritis (11,12), and other chronic illnesses (13,14). Nevertheless, curcumin treatment in humans is confined by its great metabolic variability as well as low absorption and bioavailability (15). Some tactics have been adopted to increase oral bioavailability and solubility of curcumin (16,17). It has been shown that curcumin mixtures with nanop1396. 553). All the nociception tests were approved by the same visual observer.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Strong twisters, such as the one that struck Alonsa, Manitoba, in 2018, are so powerful that they leave a visible track through the grass. But smaller tornadoes don’t show up on satellite imagery in the plains, as the team found after an outbreak in southern Saskatchewan in July 2018. “We had to rely on eyewitness accounts and farmers with cellphone videos, because [the tornadoes] didn’t leave marks that we could identify. We’re going to have to engage with storm chasers in some way; otherwise, we might still miss some,” Kopp says. The project has already yielded some interesting results. The region northeast of Lake Superior, for instance, is sparsely populated, and few tornadoes are reported there. Sills had wondered whether Lake Superior’s frigid temperatures were reducing convective activity, and thus storms and tornadoes, or if “there are tornadoes there and we just don’t know about them. ” Data from the Project found very few tornadoes in that region, showing that the lake “shuts down convective activity. Thunderstorms are unable to really get going, so we don’t have too many tornadoes in that region,” says Sills. The team hopes to use the data to provide ground truths to forecasters. “When something happens that forecasters didn’t understand, like a tornado occurs with a storm they didn’t expect, having that data allows them to look at the relationships between the meteorology…and the tornadoes. ” ”A lot of times, [forecasters] issue tornado warnings in areas of the north and never get any reports back…. Verification data gives them a better idea of how well they’re performing, and once you know how well your forecasts are doing, you can work on improving the accuracy,” Sills says. “When something happens that they didn’t understand, like a tornado occurs with a storm they didn’t expect, having that data allows them to look at the relationships between the meteorology…and the tornadoes. ” In addition to providing better data to forecasters, the Project aims to bring increased awareness to the public.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: It does not include other humanitarian projects such as postwar Iraqi reconstruction or tsunami relief. To meet these needs as well, a reasonable figure would be 0. 7 percent of GNP, which is what all donor countries have long promised but few have fulfilled. Other organizations, including the Fund, the and the British government, have reached much the same conclusion. We believe these investments would enable the poorest countries to cut poverty by half by 2015 and, if continued, to eliminate it altogether by 2025. They would not be "welfare payments" from rich to poor but instead something far more important and durable. People living above mere subsistence levels would be able to save for their futures; they could join the virtuous cycle of rising incomes, savings and technological inflows. We would be giving a billion people a hand up instead of a handout. If rich nations fail to make these investments, they will be called on to provide emergency assistance more or less indefinitely. They will face famine, epidemics, regional conflicts and the spread of terrorist havens. And they will condemn not only the impoverished countries but themselves as well to chronic political instability, humanitarian emergencies and security risks. The debate is now shifting from the basic diagnosis of extreme poverty and the calculations of financing needs to the practical matter of how assistance can best be delivered. Many people believe that aid efforts failed in the past and that care is needed to avoid the repetition of failure. Some of these concerns are well grounded, but others are fueled by misunderstandings. When pollsters ask Americans how much foreign aid they think the U. S. gives, they greatly overestimate the amount--by as much as 30 times. Believing that so much money has been donated and so little has been done with it, the public concludes that these programs have "failed. " The reality is rather different. U. S. official assistance to sub-has been running at $2 billion to $4 billion a year, or roughly $3 to $6 for every African. Most of this aid has come in the form of "technical cooperation" (which goes into the pockets of consultants), food contributions for famine victims and the cancellation of unpaid debts. Little of this support has come in a form that can be invested in systems that improve health, nutrition, food production and transport. We should give foreign aid a fair chance before deciding whether it works or not. A second common misunderstanding concerns the extent to which corruption is likely to eat up the donated money.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Rats were randomly allocated into ten groups of six for formalin and tail flick tests as follows: Group 1 received 10% DMSO with 90% normal saline solution by gavage (control group); group 2 received 20 mg/kg curcumin by gavage; group 3 received 50 mg/kg curcumin by gavage; group 4 received 100 mg/kg curcumin by gavage; group 5 received 20 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavagegroup 6 received 50 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage; group 7 received 100 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage; Group 8 received 10 mg/kg morphine intraperitoneally (IP); group 9 received 1 mg/kg naloxone IP, 30 min before being treated with 100 mg/kg curcumin; group 10 received 1 mg/kg naloxone IP, 30 min before being treated with 100 mg/kg nano curcumin. Rats were accidentally allocated into nine groups of six for the carrageenan test as follows: Group 1 received 10% DMSO with 90% normal saline solution by gavage (control group); group 2 was injected with 1% carrageenan; group 3 received 20 mg/kg curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 4 received 50 mg/kg curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 5 received 100 mg/kg curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 6 received 20 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 7 received 50 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 8 received 100 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 9 received 10 mg/kg diclofenac IP 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan. Pharmacological tests Formalin test Based on a similar technique designed by Hunskaar and Hole (20), formalin was injected into the right hind paw of the rat (2. 5% in 0. 9% sterile saline; 50 μL/paw sub plantar) (21).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: “In some regions of the country, there may be the attitude that ‘we don’t get tornadoes here,’” especially if many tornadoes are unreported, says Sills. Canada has two “tornado alleys” (one extending from to Northwestern Ontario, and the other in Southern Ontario), but tornadoes can form anywhere. A richer trove of data could simply get the general public to take tornadoes seriously. Jana Houser, an assistant professor of meteorology at Ohio University, studies how tornadoes form and how topography affects them. She’s not involved in the Project but speculates that a fuller data set on tornado strikes would help climatologists investigate long-term tornado trends. “If you don’t have the reporting numbers, then you don’t have confidence in the [answer to the] question of where tornadoes form. There might be geographic, subtle changes, or certain areas are seeing tornadoes earlier in the year. ” Houser adds that the meteorology community has “a pretty good understanding of the environments that are needed to produce tornadoes” but that there are some “subtleties…. As a community, we are investigating why one supercell produces a tornado while the next one over, which is what appears to be a similar environment with a similar structure, doesn’t end up producing tornadoes. That’s the largest gap in our knowledge. ” It’s that gap that the Project really hopes to tackle. “A lot of what severe weather forecasters do depends on their library of conceptual models,” Sills says. “They do a lot of training on recognizing patterns in radar. Anything we can bring to the table that increases their knowledge in those areas and [helps them] to recognize different patterns really helps. ” —(rk@readwriterachel. com; @rkaufman), Editor at NextCity. org Correction, 25 March 2019: This 10. 1029/2019EO118983. Published on 22 March 2019. Text © 2019. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0 Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Some foreign aid in the past has indeed ended up in the equivalent of Swiss bank accounts. That happened when the funds were provided for geopolitical reasons rather than development; a good example was U. S. support for the corrupt regime of Seko of Zaire (now the of the Congo) during part of the cold war. When assistance has been targeted at development rather than political goals, the outcomes have been favorable, ranging from the to the eradication of smallpox and the recent near-eradication of polio. � [break]The aid package we advocate would be directed toward those countries with a reasonable degree of good governance and operational transparency. In Africa, these countries include Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Senegal and Tanzania. The money would not be merely thrown at them. It would be provided according to a detailed and monitored plan, and new rounds of financing would be delivered only as the work actually got done. Much of the funds would be given directly to villages and towns to minimize the chances of their getting diverted by central governments. All these programs should be closely audited. Western society tends to think of foreign aid as money lost. But if supplied properly, it is an investment that will one day yield huge returns, much as U. S. assistance to western Europe and after II did. By prospering, today's impoverished countries will wean themselves from endless charity. They will contribute to the international advance of science, technology and trade. They will escape political instability, which leaves many of them vulnerable to violence, narcotics trafficking, civil war and even terrorist takeover. Our own security will be bolstered as well. As U. N. Secretary-Annan wrote earlier this year: "There will be no development without security, and no security without development. "Rights & PermissionsDeterminants of Long-Term Growth: A of (BACE) Approach. X. Sala-i-Martin,. Miller in Review, Vol. 94, No. 4, pages 813-835; September 2004. Chronic Poverty: : Aid: the Money be Spent? More by Jeffrey D. SachsThis 10. 1038/scientificamerican0905-56with ScienceLearn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Rats were spotted in the spaces with a mirror and the time spent licking and biting the injected site was considered as an indicator of pain. Reactions were evaluated five (first phase) and 15-30 min (second phase) after formalin administration (22). Curcumin, nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg, gavage), morphine (10 mg/kg, IP), naloxone + curcumin 100, and naloxone + nano curcumin 100 were given 1 h before formalin administration (N = 6 per group). Naloxone (1 mg/kg, IP), an opioid receptor antagonist, was injected 30 min before administration of the curcumin and nano curcumin (100 mg/kg) to evaluate the contribution of opioid receptors in the effect of the curcumin and nano curcumin. Tail flick test Tail-flick technique () was used to assess the antinociceptive reaction of curcumin and nano curcumin against thermal stimuli (23). Rats were accidentally allocated to ten groups of six. Each rat was located in a ventilated tube with the dorsal surface of the tail situated in the radiant thermal stimuli. The heating was applied to the distal part of the tail at 50 °C. The time of removing the tail in seconds was considered the response time, which was assessed automatically by a recorder joined to the equipment. A termination time of 7 s in each trial was regarded to diminish the possibility of skin damage. The tail-flick latency was evaluated before and 30, 60, and 90 min after administration of curcumin, nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and morphine (10 mg/kg, IP). Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema A paw edema model induced by carrageenan 1% (injection of 100 μL/animal into the sub-plantar section of the right hind paw of the rat) was used to study the anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin and nano curcumin (24). Rats were allocated to nine groups of six. Rats were pretreated with curcumin and nano curcumin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and diclofenac 30 min before carrageenan injection. Plethysmometer apparatus (P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: How can diabetes lead to vision loss, and how can this be prevented? Published: June 8, 2023 Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among working-age adults in the developed world. Antonetti, a molecular and cell biologist at the University of Michigan, USA, works in the field of ophthalmology to investigate how diabetes causes eye issues. He hopes his research will lead to the development of new treatments for diabetes-related vision loss. -retinal barrier — a physiological barrier that regulates the flow of nutrients, ions and molecules between the bloodstream and retina Cultured cell — a cell grown in a laboratory Cytokine — a small protein molecule released from one cell that signals a cell response in another cell, usually by binding to a specific receptor Neuron — a nerve cell that conveys a signal by electrical response Ophthalmology — the branch of medicine focused on the eye and vision Permeability — the ability of a material to allow substances to pass through it. A material with high permeability allows substances to pass through easily Phosphorylation — the addition of a phosphate group (PO43-) to a molecule Physiological — relating to the normal functioning of an organism Retina — the thin layer of light-detecting cells at the back of the eye Signalling — the process of a cell emitting, receiving and processing instructions Diabetes is a chronic health condition in which the body cannot control its blood sugar levels properly. You have probably heard of diabetes, but you might not associate it with vision loss. However, diabetes can affect the retina – the thin layer of light-detecting cells at the back of the eye – which can lead to diabetic retinopathy. What is diabetic retinopathy? Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by changes in the retinal blood vessels, and symptoms include blurry, spotted or total loss of vision. A third of all people with diabetes have diabetic retinopathy, and severe forms of the disease are the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Antonetti, a molecular and cell biologist at the University of Michigan, hopes to improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the condition and develop new therapies to treat the disease. The exact cause of diabetic retinopathy is still unknown, but it appears that factors associated with diabetes, such as increased blood glucose (sugar) and fat, alter the normal retinal environment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: SubscribeSign up for our newslettersSee the latest storiesRead the latest issueGive a Gift SubscriptionFollow Us:Return & of of cookies/Do not sell my datais part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www. springernature. com/us). maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. © 2024. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: test The duration of pain reaction in the early stage (0-5 min) was meaningfully diminished in nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), naloxone + curcumin 100, naloxone + nano curcumin 100, and morphine-treated groups in comparison with the control group. The duration of pain reaction in the late stage (15-30 min), was meaningfully declined by two doses of curcumin (50 and 100), and three doses of nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), naloxone + curcumin 100, naloxone + nano curcumin 100 and morphine compared to the control group. Moreover, nano curcumin at two doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) was meaningfully better than curcumin (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. : Comparative graphical representation of analgesic effects of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and morphine in formalin-induced paws licking test. Reactions were evaluated after (A) 5 min (first phase) and (B) 15-30 min (second phase) after formalin administration. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. * P < 0. 05, ** P < 0. 01, and *** P < 0. 001 indicate significant differences compared to the control group; $$ P < 0. 01 and $$$ P < 0. 001 comparisons between curcumin and nano curcumin at the same dose. Tail flick test Curcumin 100, nano curcumin 100, naloxone + curcumin 100, and naloxone + nano curcumin 100 showed significant analgesic effects (prolongation of the reaction time) compared to the control group. Curcumin and nano curcumin (20 and 50 mg/kg) displayed non-significant results as compared with the control group, whereas morphine showed significant analgesic effects as compared to the control group) (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. : Comparative graphical representation of analgesic effects of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and morphine in tail flick test. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. * P < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Earth & 21, 2021 Building a climatology for tornadoes across happen all over the world, despite being most commonly associated with central USA. When a tornado strikes a city, it can be devastating to both infrastructure and lives. As infrequent as tornadoes may seem in Europe, it is important for their risk to be modelled, so we can prepare for the worst. Grieser and Haines from Solutions (RMS) in London have analysed various methods for tornado mapping, with the hope of combining them to make the most accurate European tornado risk model to date. If you’re based in Europe, a tornado is something you will likely never have to experience. This mindset means that establishing precautionary procedures and building enhancements against tornadoes is rarely on any European agenda. However, tornadoes do occur in Europe, and have been known to cause severe damage there. To date, there has been a severe lack of tornado research in Europe, with just a few studies covering only a handful of countries. A more in-depth analysis of tornado likelihood in Europe is required in order to map frequent tornado hotspots and advise governments where to initiate precautionary tornado defence schemes. Grieser and Haines from Solutions (RMS) in London are drawing upon a variety of historic observational and reanalysis data to create a more concise and statistically sound mapping of tornado likelihood across Europe – a comprehensive tornado climatology. KingShopArt/Shutterstock. com A history of Europe and tornadoes For context, it’s important to understand where Europe stands surrounding the history of both tornadoes and their scientific analysis. The last time London was significantly damaged was in 1091, when around 600 houses were destroyed. In France, a tornado hit Paris in 1890, and 70-200 people were killed by a tornado which hit Monville in 1845. These are just some examples of tornado outbreaks in Europe. Despite building improvements, all these urban centres have become more densely populated and potential cost of damage has dramatically increased. If a tornado were to hit a city today, there is a high risk of loss of life – this alone should provide enough reason to increase European tornado precautions. However, because tornadoes are relatively rare, and the historical record of their occurrence is incomplete, it is difficult to tell whether a difference in activity between cities represents an actual difference in the underlying risk, or whether it is just the result of a difference in reporting and/or luck.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 29677 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordNovember 21, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,184 views 652 downloads 51 9677. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 10 figures, 1 video and 8 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Generation of RNG105 conditional deletion mice. (A) Gene structure of the Rng105 genome, targeting vector, floxed Rng105, and after excision of the floxed sequence. Arrowheads indicate PCR primers for genotyping. (B) PCR analysis of the indicated genotypes. (C) Male littermates at postnatal 9 (P9) weeks. (D) Relative body weight of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice compared with Rng105f/f mice. n = 5 and 3 (P0), 10 and 6 (P8), 27 and 22 (P30), 6 and 6 (P60), 9 and 8 (P90) for Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice, respectively. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ****p<0. 001 using two-way ANOVA followed by Student's t-test. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. (E) Survival curves of Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. The number of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice was 70. 4% of Rng105f/f mice at P30 (n = 402 and n = 283 for Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f, respectively). Thereafter, survival was analyzed in 13 Rng105f/f mice and 26 Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (F) Western blotting of indicated brain extracts from Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice for RNG105 and α-tubulin as a control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05, ** P < 0. 01, and *** P < 0. 001 indicate significant differences compared to the control group. Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema was applied as an edema inductor (Fig. 3), after 60 min, curcumin (100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema compared to the carrageenan group. Also, at 180 min after injection, curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema compared to the carrageenan group. However, at 120 min after injection, no significant effect was observed. In addition, the control drug, diclofenac, showed significant inhibition of edema volume over 3 h. Fig. 3. : Comparative graphical representation of anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and diclofenac in carrageenan-induced paw edema test. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. * P < 0. 05, ** P < 0. 01, and *** P < 0. 001 indicate significant differences compared to the carrageenan group. activity is indicative of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment in the organ following any damage. MPO activity was meaningfully higher in the carrageenan-treated group as compared to the control group. Curcumin decreased the MPO activity at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg but nano curcumin reduced the MPO activity at three doses (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) in comparison with the carrageenan (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. : Comparative graphical representation of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), carrageenan, and diclofenac on MPO test. Each point represents the mean ± SEM level. ### P < 0. 001 indicate a significant difference compared to the control group; * P < 0. 05, and *** P < 0. 001 compared to the carrageenan group; $ P < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: In France, a tornado hit Paris in 1890, and 70-200 people were killed by a tornado which hit Monville in 1845. Historically, simple analyses have been conducted for individual countries. Although useful, these recordings vary remarkably in their methods, and suffer from population bias. In effect, countries with lower and less evenly distributed populations will be able to see, and record, fewer tornado events. These recordings are combined in only one European-wide study to date (Groenemeijer and Kühne, 2014). Mapping by observation There are a few ways to predict tornado threat, each with benefits and drawbacks. The first is the most obvious technique, using recorded sightings. One way of visualising this is using kernel smoothing. This technique generates a smooth curve which averages all neighbouring data points; it can be imagined similar to a heat map. took information from the (ESWD) to produce several of these maps. Since the ESWD was only established in 2002, the number of tornado reports prior to this was much lower, and poorly classified. Tornadoes are measured by the Fujita scale, F0-F5, with F5 being the most devastating. The resulting map (see figure 1, upper panel) shows that observed hotspots for tornadoes in Europe appear over Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, southern England, north Italy, the Balearic Islands, Greece, and south Turkey. However, the map would look very different if tornadoes where an intensity rating was not recorded, and those that appeared exclusively over water (called waterspouts) were discounted. Also, different observation periods would lead to different results. Fig. 1: Expected number of tornadoes occurring in 100 years per 10,000km2 in Europe. The upper panel shows the spatial distribution from kernel smoothing of observed tornadoes from 2005 to 2019 while the lower panel shows the results of the work described here. A drawback of kernel smoothing is that the smoothing can obscure small-scale features. For example, when smoothing out points across a country like Italy with frequent tornadoes down both coasts, there is a risk that the kernel curves for these two hotspots overlap, causing a high tornado risk to be incorrectly assigned to the mountains in between. The observational data also relies heavily on population density, and the ability of individuals to rate tornado intensity, which can be difficult if no damage is caused (frequent in Europe).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Bottom, quantification of the RNG105 band intensity normalized to α-tubulin. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. with dot plots of individual values. n = 3. *p<0. 05, ****p<0. 001 using Student's t-test. (G) Staining of hippocampal slices with anti-RNG105 antibody and DAPI. SP, stratum pyramidale; SR, stratum radiatum. Scale bar, 50 µm. See also Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Reduced expression of RNG105 without the expression of truncated forms in the cerebrum of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (A) Reduction of Rng105 transcripts in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice compared to Rng105f/f mice. RNA-seq read coverage across the Rng105 genome for triplicate RNA samples from the hippocampus of Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice is shown. The perpendicular axis shows the number of reads standardized among the samples. Numbers indicate exon numbers of the Rng105 gene. Note that not only transcripts of exons 5–6 but also those of the other exons were reduced in amount in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (B) No truncated form of RNG105 protein is detected in the cerebrum of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. Left, western blotting for truncated RNG105 (a. a. 1–122)-GFP (an arrowhead) expressed in CHO cells with an anti-GFP antibody. Right, western blotting of CHO cells expressing the truncated RNG105-GFP and the cerebral cortex from Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice with the anti-RNG105 antibody. The anti-RNG105 antibody detected the truncated RNG105-GFP (an arrowhead). Although the molecular mass of the truncated RNG105 (a. a.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05 comparison between curcumin and nano curcumin at the same dose). MPO, Myeloperoxidase. Lipid peroxidation assay Since the content of malondialdehyde is meticulously related to lipid peroxidation, the end product of lipid peroxidation was detected in the foot tissues of animals after treatments. Only low quantities of MDA were detected in the control group, but a noteworthy elevation was discovered in the carrageenan-treated group. As expected, MDA contents meaningfully decreased by curcumin at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, but nano curcumin reduced the MDA content at three doses (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg compared to the carrageenan (Fig. 5). Fig. 5. : Comparative graphical representation of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), carrageenan, and diclofenac on MPO test. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. ### P < 0. 001 Indicates a significant difference compared to the control group; * P < 0. 05, ** P < 0. 01, and *** P < 0. 001 compared to the carrageenan group. MPO, Myeloperoxidase. studies in animal models have confirmed the efficiency of curcumin against different diseases (28-31); however, its clinical efficiency is limited because of unfavorable pharmacokinetic assets. So, the widespread attributes of curcumin have not been entered into the clinical experiments. In the following study, we reported for the first time the usefulness of orally administered nano curcumin on experimental models of pain and inflammation in rats. A wide range of evidence exists to support the pharmacological effects of curcumin. Curcuma longa (turmeric) is a rhizomatous plant of the ginger family. The therapeutic properties of turmeric have been recognized for thousands of years, but the mechanism(s) of action and the active ingredients have been examined recently. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol produced in the rhizome of turmeric. Numerous investigations have suggested the various pharmacological usages of curcumin, including analgesic activity, intense antioxidant activity, anticancer properties, and kidney advantages (10).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Mapping with climate data A somewhat more complex method is mapping through reanalysis data, which is historic climate data that has been processed and ‘rebuilt’ using today’s scientific models. CAPE (convective available potential energy) is one of many important ingredients for ‘tornado weather’. By looking at, for example, spots where CAPE is severe, it is possible to start highlighting high-risk areas. However, CAPE is just one ingredient of many, and it is not totally clear which are the most important as they are all heavily intertwined. To resolve this, compared various risk-maps produced by combinations of these ingredients against the observational data. This allowed them to understand which meteorological ingredients were the most tightly linked to actual tornado events. They found that CAPE alone was not as tightly coupled with tornadoes as other studies described. In fact, it was CAPE below a particular height that mattered most. The interaction of CAPE with wind shear was also found to be important, reinforcing the results of previous studies, many of which were focused on the USA. The scientists did, however, manage to pin down important meteorological characteristics that well matched the observational data. The only issue here is that the quality of the maps produced depends on the reliability of the reanalysis data used to rebuild them. If a tornado were to hit a city in Europe today, it would cause severe damage – precautionary procedures and building enhancements against tornadoes are rare. Anton Balazh/Shutterstock. com Mapping with mountains If you’ve seen tornadoes in pop culture, or even in real life, there’s a high chance it was on flat land, such as that found in central USA. Previous studies have shown that land topography, also known as orography, has an effect on tornado occurrence. This orography can be measured by a combination of elevation, slope, and land roughness. For each tornado observation made, the orographic data was extracted for that location. That information can be run through statistical models to map the expected chance of a tornado based purely on each orographic variable. In Europe, where elevation, slope, and land roughness are all heavily linked, all three produced similar maps. While the results did line up quite well with pure tornado observations, this approach on its own completely ignores climatic conditions, which we know are important.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: 1–122) is expected to be ~13 kDa, no such band was detected in the cerebrum of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice even after intensive exposure of the membrane to the detecting solution. Because of the intensive exposure, RNG105 band intensity was saturated, and bands other than RNG105 were also detected. An arrow denotes endogenous RNG105. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset RNG105-deficient mice have small dendritic spines. (A) Density of CA1 hippocampal neurons measured by nuclear staining in the SP. n = 11. Student's t-test, p=0. 674. (B) CA1 pyramidal neurons imaged with Thy1-GFP. Scale bar, 50 µm. (C and D) Length of primary dendrites (C) and the number of 2nd branches (D) in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. n = 24. Student's t-test, p=0. 554 (C), p=0. 605 (D). (E) Representative magnified images of a dendrite of a CA1 neuron. Scale bar, 1 µm. (F−H) Spine density (F), spine size (G), and the ratio of the number of mushroom spines to total spines (H) in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. n = 22 dendritic branches. Student's t-test, p=0. 857 (F), ***p=0. 00380 (G), ***p=0. 00278 (H). Data are represented by dot plots with the mean. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset RNG105 deficiency impairs structural plasticity of dendritic spines. (A) Fluorescence images of cultured hippocampal neurons from Rng105f/f mice transfected with mCherry (left) or both mCherry and CMV-Cre (right), and immunostained for RNG105. Arrows indicate transfected neurons. Scale bar, 10 µm. (B) Immunofluorescence intensity of RNG105 in the transfected neurons normalized to that in neighboring mCherry-negative neurons. n = 24. Student's t-test, ****p=1. 33E-6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Among various experimental simulations for pain, the formalin test is the most helpful technique to confirm whether a compound has antinociceptive properties. In the current study, this investigational model was used to test the antinociceptive effect of curcumin and nano curcumin. Moreover, in this investigation, we applied other experiments, such as the tail-flick and the carrageenan test. The formalin test is used to evaluate both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory reactions. In the mentioned test the nociceptive conduction is detected in two stages (early and late), which shows different kinds of pain (32). Infusion of formalin into the hind claw makes a biphasic pain answer. It has been supposed that the first stage is affected by direct activation of the initial afferent sensory neurons, while the second stage is affected by replication of the collective effects of afferent input along with central sensitization in the dorsal horn (33); therefore, both stages of pain generation (neurogenic and inflammatory) can be covered by information from the formalin technique. The current research investigated the antinociceptive effects of curcumin and nano curcumin on both neurogenic and inflammatory phases in the formalin technique. However, nano curcumin was meaningfully more efficient than curcumin against the nociceptive performance evoked by formalin in the neurogenic phase. Both curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, 100 mg/kg) were significantly more effective compared to the control group in the inflammatory phase. Moreover, the difference between curcumin and nano curcumin was significant at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg in the inflammatory phase. These outcomes advocate that nano curcumin may have more antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, which are coherent with the findings of a report by Sankar et al. in which it was revealed that nanoformulation had a superior protective effect compared to free curcumin against arsenic-induced genotoxicity in rats (34). The effectiveness of centrally acting analgesics can be measured by the tail-flick technique, which is a particular investigational model of pain. The analgesic action in the tail-flick test reduces the spinal reflex to the painful stimuli (35).

Output: corroborate