Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, for sablefish acutely exposed to hypoxic water, the team discovered that their heart rate did not increase, but unexpectedly dropped when the temperature was raised, and this limited their upper temperature tolerance and ability to survive. Further, even fish that had previously been acclimatised to hypoxia could not increase their heart function, leaving them vulnerable to the effects of increased temperatures. These results show that living in hypoxic waters actually decreases the sablefish’s ability to withstand heat waves, and that hypoxia can impair the heart’s response to increased temperatures. The knowledge has gained on sablefish physiology will help formulate management policies for the species, towards developing sustainable aquaculture operations. One of Dr Gamperl’s labs – the Laboratory for Research. of the most important farmed fish species is the Atlantic salmon. For salmon that are reared in cages in coastal waters, the most significant environmental challenge is high water temperatures combined with hypoxia during the summer. In one devastating incident in 2019, nearly 2. 6 million farmed salmon off the coast of Newfoundland died. These deaths were largely attributed to a sustained period of high temperature (18–19°C) and a lack of oxygen as the fish crowded together seeking cooler water temperatures. However, as part of the Mitigating the Impacts of Climate-on Project (; see and his team have directly examined how increases in temperature, combined with moderate hypoxia, affect the behaviour and physiology of salmon. The team found that while salmon stop feeding at temperatures above 18°C, they can tolerate temperature up to 21°C, even when exposed to moderately hypoxic waters, and that fish in sea cages can survive such conditions. This research indicates that other factors must be present, in addition to temperatures of 18–20°C and hypoxia, for large numbers of salmon deaths to occur. The team has also developed a number of biochemical assays and molecular markers to assess the health, welfare and environmental tolerances of salmon. ‘This research can be used to assess fish health and to potentially select stocks that are more tolerant of environmental challenges,’ says Dr Gamperl. ‘This will be of great use to the salmon aquaculture industry, and potentially, to the culture of other fishes and the management of wild species. ’ Coastal aquaculture farms will be increasingly affected by the changing environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Положення про конфіденційність Цей журнал практикує політику негайного відкритого доступу до опублікованого змісту, підтримуючи принципи вільного поширення наукової інформації та глобального обміну знаннями задля загального суспільного прогресу. Інше Фінансування журналу. Видавець Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України Останній випуск Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність. Вип. 39. DOI журналу : 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: This will confirm that the personalized genetic approach does not compromise, and may even enhance, the lipid-lowering effects of statin treatment. Additional Hypothesis:Patients in the pharmacogenomic-guided therapy arm are expected to have higher adherence rates due to reduced side effects, especially muscle pain, as genetic testing will help guide more suitable statin selection. Atorvastatin may be more beneficial for patients carrying specific variants, while others may be better suited for rosuvastatin. This personalized treatment will result in fewer cases of discontinuation compared to the standard treatment arm. Ethics approval(s) 1. Approved 05/04/2023, (UAEU. HREC) (College of Medicine & 15551, Emirates; +971 3 713 6597; research. office@uaeu. ac. ae), ref: SNA/FA/2020-14 2. Approved 29/06/2020, () (Department of 35 20224, Emirates; +971 800555; admt@doh. gov. ae), ref: DOH/CVDC/2020/1187 3. Approved 27/10/2021, Commitee (Building 35 20224, Emirates; +971800555; admt@doh. gov. ae), ref: DOH/CVDC/2021/1519 4. Approved 09/03/2022, (Office - 123812, Emirates; +971 4 512 2730; MCME-ResearchOffice@mediclinic. ae), ref: MCME. CR. 213. MAIN. 2021 5. Approved 21/09/2022, renewal letter from the Committee (Building 35 20224, Emirates; +971 800555; admt@doh. gov. ae), ref: DOH/CVDC/2022/1458 6. Approved 09/11/2023, Committee (35 5674, Emirates; +971 24449822; admt@doh. gov.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry will need to adapt to these changes to grow sustainably. The team’s research will help enable the industry to recognise, and prepare for, the effects of warming and hypoxic coastal waters caused by climate change. A few members of Dr Gamperl’s team. Insights into A similar species to salmon – the Arctic char – is an economically and culturally important fish for northern aboriginal peoples. This species is also making an increasingly important contribution to aquaculture in Canada and Europe. However, many experts are concerned about the ability of this species to tolerate rising temperatures. Dr Gamperl’s team has provided key insights into why Atlantic salmon are more tolerant of high water temperatures than Arctic char, and why char populations are especially vulnerable to climate change. Cardiac performance, such as maximum heart rate and pumping capacity, are lower in char than salmon, and these differences in cardiac performance may make it more difficult for char to tolerate warmer temperatures. Impaired cardiac performance in fish can negatively impact swimming, foraging and migration, and ultimately reduce survival. To better understand how the fish heart responds to high temperatures, the team also studied the function of mitochondria in the heart muscle cells of salmon. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells, are present in large numbers and are required to meet the high energy demands of the beating heart. In their study, the researchers acclimatised one group of salmon to a temperature of 12°C and a second group to 20°C. They found that salmon that had been acclimatised to the warmer temperature had improved mitochondrial function when they were exposed to higher temperatures of up to 26°C. Further, they report that less efficient mitochondrial and heart function likely contribute to the reduced heat tolerance of char. These fascinating insights into heart and mitochondrial function enhance our understanding of how salmonids, including salmon, trout and Arctic char, will respond to climate change. Dr Gamperl’s research will undoubtedly aid in the development of improved regulations and conservation measures to protect Arctic char. Sablefish. : Campbell (GESF) A Work in Gamperl team’s future plans include using an integrative approach to examine how maximum oxygen consumption, heart function and blood oxygen transport differ between marine fish species and how these physiological characteristics allow them to acclimatise to their environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 33402/ukr. 2024DOI випуску: 10. 33402/ukr. 2024-39Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність гол. ред. Ігор Соляр, заст. гол. ред. Михайло Романюк; НАН України, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича. Львів, 2024. Вип. 39. 328 с. Збірник об’єднує студії з історії, археології, мовознавства та літературознавства. Статті історичного блоку розкривають актуальні проблеми історії, етнології та археології від найдавніших часів до сьогодення.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: ae), ref: DOH/CVDC/2023/1952 Study design Multicenter interventional randomized controlled trial Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) Hospital, Medical and other records Study type Safety, information sheet prescribed statins as a primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular events study will recruit patients from multiple medical sites and randomize them into two arms using Castor software:Interventional arm be adjusted based on their genotyping results. Physicians will receive a recommendation report for personalized treatment. Recommendations include change in statin type or dose based on the genetic results and this is translated on a recommendation based on CPIC guidelines. Arm: Patients will receive statin therapy based on the physician's decision without knowledge of the genotyping results. Follow-up will occur at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year. Intervention type outcome measure 1. Incidence of SAMS is measured using retrospective medical record review at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year2. Relevant diagnostic codes for muscle-related disorders (myopathy, myalgia, rhabdomyolysis) are measured using retrospective medical record review at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year3. Adverse events are measured using three phone calls at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year4. Symptoms of muscle pain are measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year5. Severity of muscle pain is measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year6. Timing of pain relative to statin initiation is measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year7. Pain location and characteristics are measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year8. Other potential causes for muscle symptoms are measured using the tool at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year Secondary outcome measures 1. Mean LDL cholesterol levels are measured using medical record extraction at baseline and 1 year2. ASCVD risk score is measured using the ACC/at baseline and 1 year3. Outcomes in people with an actionable gene-drug interaction are measured using medical record extraction at baseline and 1 year4. Prespecified margin of greater than 10mg/dL is measured using medical record extraction at baseline and 1 year Overall study start date 12/12/2021 Overall study end date 30/06/2025 Reason abandoned (if study stopped) inclusion criteria 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: They will continue to study the physiology of fish with the goal of understanding how evolution has shaped the physiological systems of fish and whether fish are likely to adapt to the effects of climate change. Collaboration across all sectors will continue to be critical in tackling the many challenges that climate change poses to both farmed and wild fish populations. Dr Gamperl’s innovative research into fish physiology and biology has raised many new and exciting questions, and will continue to have important implications for fish conservation and ensuring global food security in the face of climate change. Short on time? watch this animation E-book Video-book the researcher GamperlDepartment of Ocean Sciencesof Newfoundland and LabradorSt. John’s, Newfoundland and Labradorearned his PhD in Biology at Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, in 1994. He was an of Biology at University before moving to of Newfoundland and Labrador, where he is now a Professor in the Department of Ocean Sciences. Here, he is also the of the Centre. Dr Gamperl’s integrative research program focuses on understanding how environmental and physiological variables interact to affect fish biology. His internationally recognised research has led to over 125 publications in peer-reviewed journals and over 35 research grants. In addition to his research, he teaches courses in fish biology, animal physiology and aquaculture, and supervises many graduate and undergraduate students, post-doctoral researchers and research assistants. : kgamperl@mun. ca W: of Doug Syme, University of Santander, of Newfoundland and of of of Newfoundland and. salmon (Salmo salar) cage-site distribution, behaviour and physiology during a Newfoundland heat wave, Frontiers in Physiology, 2021. DOI: 10. 3389/fphys. 2021. 719594 effects on the contractile performance and efficiency of oxidative muscle from a eurythermal vs. a stenothermal salmonid, Journal of Experimental Biology, 2021, 224, jeb242487. DOI: 10. 1242/jeb. 242487 salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined, G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics (Bethesda), 2021, Apr 7. DOI: 10. 1093/g3journal/jkab102.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідницьку увагу також зосереджено на постатях С. Гайдучка, Я. Стецька, діяльність яких є важливою для сприйняття та розуміння історії України. Вшановано ювілей відомого історика, фахівця з історії Польщі та українсько-польських відносин проф. В. Комара. Лінгвістичні студії репрезентують аналіз мовних явищ XV–XVIII ст. , проблеми історичної лексикографії та ономастики.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: The lack of global non-responders suggests the driver of individual variation in exercise response could be down to variation within these pathways. This variation would likely occur due to genetic and non-genetic influences, which combine to create a unique adaptive outcome. Outside of specific performance-enhancing adaptations following exercise, there is also a large range in terms of health improvements. Returning to the mean improvement in insulin sensitivity within a sub-cohort was 10% [5]. However, this varied between subjects from large improvements, to no change, to a decrease in insulin sensitivity. Factors affecting this individual response included gender, race, and starting body weight [20]. Similarly, disease state can also modify improvements in insulin sensitivity following exercise training, with type-II diabetics and non-diabetics seeing improvements of differing magnitudes [21]. Even very complex traits, comprised of many factors, show large ranges in variability between subjects. Injury risk in sport is multifactorial, comprised of internal and external risk factors, along with an inciting event [22]. Even within this complex model, not all high-risk athletes will get injured, nor will low-risk athletes avoid injury [23]. The same is true when looking at response to a dietary supplement, such as vitamin D, with genotype, baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitain D (25(OH)D) levels and body mass index (BMI) all modifying increases in serum 25(OH)D levels following supplementation [24]. A large individual variation in the ergogenic effect of caffeine has also been widely reported [15, 25, 26]. 3. that these large variations in exercise adaptation exist between subjects, it is necessary to identify and understand the causes of this variation. Here, we outline how proposed mechanisms interact to lead to the observed extensive inter-individual variation in exercise adaptation. 3. 1. the completion of the Project in 2003, genetic analysis has become increasingly affordable, making research into the effects of genes on fitness and performance more feasible. Knowledge of these genetic influences has progressed significantly in recent years, moving from the idea that all traits are determined by a single gene (which holds true in select disease states such as [27] and Huntington’s disease [28]), to more complex polygenic interactions. The “single gene as a magic bullet” philosophy has previously been present in sport [29], with some coaches believing that individual genes are responsible for athletic performance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionAdaptation of crops to global climate change represents an urgent challenge for humanity. Although crops can be relatively well adapted to slow changes in the climate, the capacity to adapt to increased seasonal and inter-annual variation and to increased frequency of extremes may not be as high (Porter and Semenov 2005). Such potential vulnerability of agricultural production has created interest in building adaptive capacity and resilience (Smit and Wandel 2006; Lin 2011). Dairy farming is the agricultural production line of highest economic significance in northern Europe, which is experiencing the most rapid climate change. Forage crops are the cornerstones in such production systems. In the future, forage production could benefit from several effects of climate change (Bindi and Olesen 2011; Graux et al. 2013; Rapacz et al. 2014), which include a longer physiologically effective growing season, a higher temperature sum and a higher concentration of CO2 (Porter et al. 2014) and better overwintering conditions that are predicted for some winter-sensitive species (Thorsen and Höglind 2010). As threats to the maintenance of sustainable forage production, increased frequency (Christidis et al. 2014) and duration of heat stress, droughts and heavy rain events are likely (Christensen and Christensen 2007; Ylhäisi et al. 2010; Ruosteenoja et al. 2011). Furthermore, climate change is expected to increase the risks of winter injury for most overwintering forages (Bélanger et al. 2002; Bertrand et al. 2003; Thorsen and Höglind 2010). A lack of full hardening during the fall and reduced snow cover may also expose crops to killing frosts, ice encasement and soil heaving (Bélanger et al. 2002; Rapacz et al. 2014). In the context of climate change, ‘adaptive capacity is the ability of a system to adjust to climate change, including climate variability and extremes, to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences’ (IPCC 2001). Therefore, high adaptation is different from high adaptive capacity (Gallopín 2006; Smit and Wandel 2006), and a species or cultivar may be well adapted to the current environment but have little capacity to respond to variability and changes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджено навколо аналізу творчості А. Франко-Ключко, доньки I. Франка, спогадів-есеїв нашого сучасника В. Неборака, а також репрезентовано маловідомі сторінки життя і творчості німецькомовного єврейського поета і перекладача з Буковини П. Целана. «Огляди та рецензії» презентують філологічні книжкові новинки, запрошуючи до читання та дискусій. Архів випусків About the journal Open access policy This journal realizes a policy of an immediate open access to the published content, supporting the principles of a free distribution of scientific information and a global exchange of knowledge for the sake of the common public progress.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Approximately 18% of individuals are homozygous for the X allele, causing a deficiency of alpha-actinin-3 [46]. Whilst this isn’t associated with any disease state, it does mean that XX genotypes tend to have a lower percentage of type-IIx muscle fibres [47]. allele is uncommon in elite speed-power athletes, and potentially more common in elite endurance athletes when compared to controls [48]. This indicates the XX genotype is unfavourable for elite power performance, but potentially has a beneficial effect on endurance performance. Subsequent research has confirmed the association between the R allele and power performance, although the link between the X allele and endurance is less clear [49]. Other replicated SNPs found to affect athletic performance include ACE I/D [50-52], 1A Gly482Ser [53-55], GABPB1 (rs7181866) [56, 57], BDKRB2 +9/-9 [58, 59], and HIF1A Pro582Ser [60, 61]. After identifying a relevant polymorphism, the next step is to elucidate how this polymorphism affects individual training response. With ACTN3, RR genotypes show greater improvements in peak power and strength than XX genotypes following resistance training in elderly populations [62, 63]. The mechanisms driving these differences are not fully understood. Increases in mTOR and p70S6k, stimulators of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, have been found to be greater in R allele carriers than XX genotypes following high-intensity exercise [64], and testosterone levels may be higher in RR genotypes [65]. R allele carriers also tend to have a higher percentage of type-II muscle fibres [66], potentially allowing greater hypertrophy following resistance training [67, 68]. These findings may go some way to explaining the differences in training responsiveness between ACTN3 genotypes. Again, similar research has shown a modifying effect of other polymorphisms on training response, including ACE I/D [69-71] and 1A Gly482Ser [72-74], as well as the influence of genetic variation on other traits, including injury risk [75-77] and exercise recovery [78, 79]. 3. 2. If heritable factors are responsible for a part of exercise adaptation, the obvious question to ask is - what is responsible for the other part?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: We are unable to determine which cultivars will perform well in a future climate, but we may assume the requirements for capacity to adapt are likely to broaden (Coumou and Rahmstorf 2012; Chen and Tian 2016). Consequently, sufficient plasticity can hardly be bred within a single cultivar but rather within the entire cultivar pool. A key complement of the ability to respond is response diversity, meaning the diversity of responses within a functional group (Chapin et al. 1997; Elmqvist et al. 2003; Kahiluoto et al. 2014). Such diversity of responses to critical environmental change is likely to have a value that is proportional to its amount (Kahiluoto et al. 2014). Diversity of within-species responses in the available cultivar pool could increase yield stability under the current level of weather variability and ensure the potential for adaptation in the long-term as changes in the global climate proceed. The aim of the study was to illustrate that assessments of response diversity can be used to identify gaps in the adaptive capacity to climate change. Specifically, the aim was to investigate whether within-species diversity in responses was apparent to changing and varying weather for the available set of modern forage crop cultivars as the most important crops grown in northern Europe: timothy (Phleum pratense L. ), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds. ), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ; syn. Lolium arundinaceum Schreb), tall fescue-type festulolium (F. arundinacea Schreb. × Lolium multiflorum Lam, i. e. , Festulolium pabulare) that were backcrossed with F. arundinacea (DLF 2016) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L. ). The annual forage crop dry matter (DM) yield (kg ha−1 year−1) was used throughout the study as the response variable to indicate adaptive capacity to agroclimatic variables critical to yield. The specific research questions were as follows: 1. Is there within-species diversity in responses to critical agroclimatic variables in the available set of modern forage crop cultivars? 2. To enhance the adaptive capacity, to which agroclimatic variables are the diversity of responses low?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Year of foundation 1992 Focus and scope The interdisciplinary journal brings together studies in history, linguistics and literary studies. The historical block is represented by studies of current problems of history, as well as researches about outstanding persons and their importance in the formation of Ukrainian statehood. Linguistic studies primarily exposes the problems of Ukrainian language history and dialectology. Literary studies focus on analyzing writers' works in the context of world history and culture. DOI ISSN 2223-1196 (print) Certificate of state registration Identifier in the Register of R30-03117 dated March 14, 2024 Publication frequency Twice a year The collection is indexed at international scientometric database: 1. Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019). Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр. Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 1895572. Soliar, I. , Sholota K. (2019). Ukrainian issue at the Congresses in the second half of the 1920-ies (based on the periodical «Dilo»). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 11, 142–168. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 11. 1713143. Murawśkyj, O, Solіar, I. (2019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Having then introduced epigenetics, the mechanism through which environmental aspects influence genetic expression; we explored how genetic and non-genetic factors also influenced epigenetic modifications, further illustrating the complex relationship between all factors, requiring an update to the model proposed in Fig. (3). This culminates in a model illustrating how these factors interact, creating a unique outcome for each individual in response to a stimulus. This response is not stable, as the component factors themselves can be highly variable over time; just because an individual saw a performance improvement after one training programme doesn’t guarantee the same improvement following the same programme once more [207]. Fig. (4) illustrates this complex relationship. 5. discussed the main aspects that affect individual adaptation to exercise, it’s crucial to make this information usable to athletes. Competing at the highest level is a function of talent alongside optimal training – but how does an athlete know their training is optimal? Typically, this requires trial and error, which is costly in terms of both time, and, if the trial is ineffective, performance. Given that athletes only have a window of a few years to compete at their peak, time spent undertaking sub-optimal training can be damaging. Having more information on which to base decisions regarding training methodology would be very attractive to everyone involved in sport. Currently, most tests carried out on athletes are phenotypic, such as VO2max and vitamin D tests. This testing has use, providing a snapshot of where the athlete is at a point in time and informing training requirements, but has minimal long-term predictive ability. Fig. (4). The complex interaction between genes, environment and epigenetics on response to a stimulus, in this case a training programme. Environmental factors are contained within the bordered circle. Given that a large proportion of inter-individual variation is down to genetic factors, testing for these factors holds promise. This could be single gene/SNP testing, or, more promisingly, larger scale testing such as whole genome sequencing. The cost of these tests has dropped in recent years, increasing accessibility [208]. This gives rise to the potential use of genetic tests to inform training programme design, which may have predictive ability [183, 209, 210]. Whilst single gene models might give some insight into exercise response [62, 211], adaptation to exercise is not determined by a single gene. Instead, groups of genes influence the various cellular pathways controlling adaptation [212].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: All of the above effects are fixed in the model. Experimental site × year × trial(category) jklm is the random effect of the kth experimental site, lth year and mth trial within the jth category and ε ijklm is a normally distributed residual error. 2. 5 Looking for gaps in the yield responses of species P values of statistical significance for G, E and G × E were calculated. Although a clear response was indicated for cases in which E was statistically significant but G × E was not, the response diversity within the cultivars of a species was low in these cases, and therefore, a gap in adaptive capacity was identified. The results are illustrated in figures regarding those agroclimatic variables with the most diversity in responses and those with the least (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and Table 4). Fig. 2. Yield responses of timothy cultivars (G × E). The dashed line indicates 100 % of the average yields of the cultivars for 2000–2012. P values are for the statistical significance for the interaction between the cultivar and the weather variable. The columns are as follows: low moderate and high accumulation of a mean daily rainfall during the fall hardening period and b number of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C from the start of the growth period to the first cut. For further details regarding the low, moderate and high categories, see Table 2 Full size image Fig. 3Yield responses of meadow fescue cultivars (G × E). The dashed line indicates 100 % of the average yields of the cultivars for 2000–2012. P values are for the statistical significance for the interaction between the cultivar and the weather variable. The columns are as follows: low moderate and high accumulation of a mean daily rainfall during FH, b number of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C from the first cut to the second cut and c temperature sum 7 days after the first cut. For further details regarding the low, moderate and high categories, see Table 2 Full size image Fig. 4Yield responses of tall fescue cultivars (G × E). The dashed line indicates 100 % of the average yields of the cultivars for 2000–2012. P values are for the statistical significance for the interaction between the cultivar and the weather variable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: Monographs: 1. Соляр, І. Консолідаційні процеси національно-державницьких сил Західної України (1923 – 1928). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2010. 150 с. 2. Соляр, І. Зовнішні орієнтації національно-державницьких партій Західної України (1923 – 1939). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2011. 356 с. 1. Соляр, І.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: By examining just one gene, such as ACTN3, we run the risk of ignoring the effects of these other genes. One way to overcome this is to use a multi-gene model, comprised of an algorithmic approach that allows for the evaluation of many gene polymorphisms. One method used in this regard is the Score (TGS). This method has been used against retrospective data to improve identification of at-risk individuals for cardiovascular disease and type-II diabetes [213, 214]. Within the sports world, it has thus far been examined primarily as a potential tool for the discovery of elite athletes [30, 31, 215] although the consensus is that there is currently no predictive ability of genetics in the identification of elite athletes [216]. Pooled data from three independent aerobic training programmes – and – showed that those with a TGS of ≥19 had VO2max improvements 2. 7 times greater than those with a score of ≤9, although this was conducted post-hoc and not used to inform programme design [217]. Presently, the use of a TGS or other algorithm has not been widely utilised in regards to interventions to improve exercise response. One study used a TGS to retrospectively explain training response over the career of an athlete [218]. Another used a weighted algorithm to personalise an eight-week resistance training programme, with those doing genetically matched training demonstrating significantly greater improvements across tests of power and endurance than those doing genetically mismatched training. In addition, over 80% of subjects identified as high responders were from the matched group, whilst 82% of non-responders were from the mismatched group [209]. This suggests genetic testing might reduce non-response to exercise; something that will excite elite athletes, but which may also have public health connotations in the fight against obesity. Another method combined the use of RNA profiling with SNPs to create a molecular predictor of VO2max response to aerobic training [183], although this has yet to be satisfactory replicated [88]. It is still early in this journey, with a far greater body of research required; nevertheless, it does appear that we are getting closer to being able to utilise this knowledge. Doing so will also require manipulation of training variables, such as exercise intensity, duration, volume, as well as nutritional interventions. It must be remembered that the use of genetic information can better inform these manipulations, but does not replace them.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: All cultivars showed sensitivity to low precipitation during the fall hardening period (Fig. 3a). Additionally, the occurrence of a high number of cold winter temperatures (>−15 °C) consistently reduced the yields by 10–25 %. A high accumulation of warm winter temperatures (above 0 °C) increased the yields nearly 20 % compared with those of the lowest temperature accumulation category (Table 4). Regarding the growth period, diversity occurred in the yield responses to a high number of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C during the regrowth stage (Fig. 3b); in most cases, the temperature stress led to marked yield reduction, but SW Minto and Valtteri cultivars yielded well under the moderate and high rates of temperature accumulation. A high temperature sum 7 days after the first cut reduced the yields of all cultivars (Fig. 3c) (see Online resource 3). 3. 3 Tall fescueTall fescue cultivars showed diversity in yield responses to two of the 14 agroclimatic variables (Table 3). During fall hardening, an increase in accumulation of cold temperatures <5 °C consistently reduced the yields, and in the lowest precipitation category, yield penalties occurred in all tall fescue cultivars (Fig. 4a). All tall fescue cultivars were apparently sensitive also to harsh winter conditions: yield reductions of approximately 15 % were found during winters characterized with a high number of days causing cold stress (−15 °C; Table 4). A high accumulation of warm winter temperatures (above 0 °C) increased the yields by approximately 20 % compared with those of the lowest accumulation category. In the growth period, tall fescue cultivars differed in response to the temperature sum accumulation and to the number of days with the maximum temperature of 28 °C. However, a high temperature sum 7 days after the first cut was not tolerated well by any of the cultivars (Fig. 4b) (see Online resource 4). 3. 4 FestuloliumFestulolium cultivars showed differences in yield responses to eight of the 14 agroclimatic variables (Table 3). All cultivars were apparently sensitive to a low or moderate rate of precipitation during the fall hardening period (Fig. 5a). All festulolium cultivars were sensitive to the high accumulation of cold temperatures (−15 °C) during the winter period (10–21 % yield reduction).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Між ідеями негації Польської держави і здобуття автономії. Галичина і Волинь у складі міжвоєнної Польщі редкол. : Вісин В. , Голик Р. , Голубко В. та ін. Харків: Фоліо, 2017. С. 44–110. 2. Соляр, І. Спроби консолідації політичних сил Наддніпрянщини і Галичини (1920–1923). Революція, державність, нація: Україна на шляху самоствердження (1917–1921). Київ, 2017. С. 87–95. 3. Соляр, І. Ідея консолідації в громадсько-політичному житті Західної України в 1920–1923 рр.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: Genetic testing is somewhat controversial [216, 219, 220], with the controversy comprised of various factors. One of these is the use of genetic testing for talent; certainly, there is no evidence that genetic testing can or should be used in this way [216]. The second is whether they have utility in terms of exercise modification. A recent consensus statement suggests they don’t [216], although no evidence is given within the statement to support this standpoint. It’s certainly true that, at present, only a small number of studies have looked at training modifications based on genetic information, but this number is expected to grow in the future, leading to the possibility that genetic information might have some use alongside other more traditional information sources [221, 222]. Finally, there are ethical aspects to consider and overcome. Should there be a minimum age for genetic tests? Can the results of a genetic test be placed in the correct context for an athlete? Who owns the genetic data, the athlete or the team? If an athlete refuses a genetic test, will they be discriminated against? What happens if a genetic test unearths a potential medical issue, such as increased Alzheimer’s disease risk? These questions, and others, will need to be answered before genetic testing can become widespread in sport. Finally, there needs to be assurances that genetic test results won’t be used for selection purposes, or any other discriminatory practices. If these ethical hurdles can be overcome, there is the potential to use genetic testing in exercise prescription and modification alongside other more traditional aspects. the course of this review, we have explored some of the factors that modify the individual response to a stimulus, primarily exercise adaptation. We’ve seen how our environment can impact adaptation, through aspects such as sleep and nutrition, and we’ve also examined how epigenetic modifications allow communication between the environment and genetic expression. However, a constant theme throughout has been the influence of genetics on the response to a stimulus. Differences in genotype are responsible for a large amount of variation in exercise adaptation, but genetic factors also influence environmental aspects such as nutrition and epigenetic efficiency. Given that genetic factors are such a consistent and fundamental modulator of how someone responds to exercise, knowledge these factors within an individual would prove useful. For the first time, this knowledge is affordable and available through genetic testing, allowing athletes and coaches to have an idea of how they will respond, and to modify training to account for this.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: By contrast, a high accumulation of temperatures above 0 °C during the winter period increased yields markedly (Table 4). During the growth period, the cultivars differed in their yield responses to the temperature sum. Cultivars differed in their responses to the number of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C in the primary and regrowth stages (Fig. 5b). Cultivars also differed in their responses to very high temperature stress (28 °C) during the growth period. In most cases, the accumulation of a high temperature sum 7 days after the first cut led to a yield reduction. Cultivars responded differently to the accumulation of precipitation before the first cut (see Online resource 5). 3. 5 Red cloverThe modern red clover cultivars showed differences in yield responses to one of the 14 agroclimatic variables and a tendency in responses to three of the 14 (Table 3). Although red clover cultivars were sensitive to winter temperatures that differed from the moderate accumulation of temperatures above 0 °C, there was a tendency towards differences in yield responses (Fig. 6a). The highest (and the lowest) number of days of the very high temperature stress (+28 °C) led consistently to a yield reduction (Fig. 6b). The low temperature accumulation rate or the temperature sum led to marked yield reductions (Table 4) (see Online resource 6). 4 Discussion4. 1 Sensitivity of forage crop cultivars to climate changeWe used the annual forage crop DM yield (kg ha−1 year−1) to indicate the response diversity as a proxy to adaptive capacity to weather variability throughout the study. Although the DM yield of the first cut is typically more sensitive than the annual harvest to changes in the fall hardening and winter related variables (Kangas et al. 2009), the annual DM yield is by far the most important variable for forage production because it is linked to farm fodder and food supply and farm income. The length of the hardening period is associated with better winter survival of grasses (Bélanger et al. 2002). According to Bélanger et al. (2002), the mean length of fall hardening in eastern Canada is approximately 24 days, whereas in this study, the mean length of lowest category of the fall hardening period was 39 days (Table 2). This seems sufficiently long for the tested forage crop cultivars, since it did not result in marked damage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Взаємодія інституцій держави і громадянського суспільства наук. ред. Соляр І. Я. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2017. С. 231–240 та ін. Editoral team:Alessandro Achilli, PhD, Lecturer in Ukrainian Studies, (Clayton) Melbourne, Australia (1800 Monash (666 274), Australia)Alessandro. Achilli@monash. edu Achilli, А. (2016). “As a Poet he is known to all of Russia”. A rather Fruitful Malentendu: Rilke and Spiridon Drožžin. Zeitschrift für Slawistik, 61(2), 215–228. DOI: Achilli, А. (2015). Taras Ševčenko in the prose and poetry of Vasyl’ Stus. Studi Slavistici, 12, 317–331. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-17985. Retrieved from: Achilli, А. (2013). Subject as a Poet in the Works of Marina Cvetaeva, Rilke. Studi Slavistici, 10(1), 129–148. DOI: Stepan Borchuk, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of of the University (57 Shevchenko St. , Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine)borchuk_s@ukr. net Borchuk, S. , Khytrovska, Yu. (2019). History of Relations of Masonry and Church in the – Centuries.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can help inform personalized medical treatment plans. [SEP] Text: The information gained from a genetic test represents an additional piece of information to inform needs much like a vitamin D screen, heart rate variability for recovery, or a 1RM strength test. It is still early in the use of genetic testing for sports people, and a significant body of research is required to identify yet more SNPs involved in exercise adaptation, along with other areas of interest to athletes; injury risk, recovery speed, and the ergogenic effects of nutritional aids. However, research is starting to indicate the utility of these tests. Indeed, some sports teams have been using genetic information [223], but without any evidence-based practice. Given the apparent desire of high level sports people to utilize genetic information to inform programme design, the development of evidence-based guidelines is paramount, which of course means that further research on the potential use of genetic information in training response in required, particularly from a predictive standpoint. As such, further research should focus on: Replication of existing, and discovery of further SNPs that impact exercise adaptation. Examining the interplay between genes, environment, and epigenetic modifications on exercise adaptation. The development of evidence-based guidelines on the use of genetic assessments in sport, with particular reference to ethical considerations. The ability to harness this information potentially represents a new dawn in understanding exercise adaptation, allowing athletes to better their quest to become faster, higher, and stronger. applicable. nor have any conflicts of interest pertaining from the publication of this manuscript. is an employee of DNAFit Ltd. He received no financial incentive for the production of this manuscript. 59. CrossRef PubMed 2 of position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. 2002; 34(2): 364-80. CrossRef PubMed 3. Day to day variation in time trial cycling performance. 1992; 13(6): 467-70. CrossRef PubMed 4. Day-to-day variation in heart rate at different levels of submaximal exertion: Implications for monitoring training. J Res 2009; 23(3): 1005-10. CrossRef PubMed 5 Bouchard C, Rankinen T. Individual differences in response to regular physical activity. 2001; 33(6)(Suppl. ): S446-51. CrossRef PubMed 6. High responders and low responders: Factors associated with individual variation in response to standardized training. 2014; 44(8): 1113-24. CrossRef PubMed 7 Matveyev LP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: If precipitation during the fall increases as projected (Ruosteenoja et al. 2011), excessive soil moisture is likely to hamper the hardening (Paquin and Mehuys 1980), as indicated by our findings regarding yield penalties in the timothy cultivars, whereas other forage crop cultivars succeeded well under such conditions. In this regard, diversity in the breeding material of timothy is required to complement the new drainage measures. According to our results, warm winter temperatures increased the yields of timothy, meadow fescue, festulolium and tall fescue cultivars, as also reported by Thorsen and Höglind (2010), wherein the occurrence of ice cover is rarely reported. Höglind et al. (2010) found that timothy cv. Grindstad was more sensitive to frost than cv. Engmo, but we did not establish differences among the timothy cultivars in responses to those tested winter weather variables. All modern red clover cultivars succeeded well under the moderate accumulation of warm winter temperatures. The sensitivity of red clover cultivars to the high accumulation of warm winter temperatures might be explained by dehardening and consequent winter damage (Bélanger et al. 2002). On the other hand, the sensitivity of the cultivars to the low accumulation of such warm winter temperatures and associated long-standing snow cover might be explained by the promotion of diseases such as clover rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum) (Ylimäki 1967). The expected elevated temperatures during the growing season combined with long days may disturb growth and result in overly rapid crop development in the future. Temperature stress reduces the growth and chlorophyll content and causes injuries to cell membranes (Heide 1982; Wang et al. 2009). Temperatures below 21 °C, particularly at approximately 17 °C, are suggested for the optimal growth of timothy (Smith 1972; Bertrand et al. 2008), which explained the sensitivity of timothy cultivars to temperature stress observed in our study. Unlike our findings for DM yields of timothy cultivars under field conditions, significant differences are reported for temperature tolerance in timothy cultivars in growth chamber assays (Heide 1982). For example, high temperatures apparently more easily inhibit the flowering of cultivars of Scandinavian origin than that of British or American cultivars (Cooper 1958).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Український історичний журнал, 4, 118–135. Retrieved from: Borchuk, S. (2017). The first completed Ukrainian encyclopedia of modern times. Danubius, 35 (Supliment: Modernity, Post-modernity, Communism, Post-communism. Contributions, supplementary issue), 129–140. Retrieved from: 3. Borchuk, S. (2017). Ukrainian encyclopaedic tradition of the 20th century. Codrul Cosminului, 23(2), 273–290. Retrieved from: Gazdag Vilmoš, Doctor of Philosophy, of the Department of Hungarian Philology, Ferenc Rákóczi II. Institute (Kossuth square, 6, 90200 Beregovo, Ukraine)gazdagvilmos@gmail. com Gazdag, V. (2019). Szesztra – egy kiveszett szláv jövevényszó regionális újrakölcsönzéséről. Magyar Nyelv, 115(4), 460–467. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2019. 4. 460. 2. Gazdag, V. (2018). Másodnyelvi homonimák a kárpátaljai magyar nyelvjárásokban. Magyar Nyelv, 114(3), 347–359. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2018. 3. 347. 3. Gazdag, V. (2016). Csernicskó István: Nyelvpolitika a háborús Ukrajnában (Ismerteti). Magyar Nyelvőr, 140(1), 107–110.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: In the Table, "Negative" represents unconfirmed sulfotyrosine and "Positive" represents experimentally verified sulfotyrosine. The left panel is the result obtained when using Sulfinator while the right panel is the result generated by the RF model based on the 20-mer data. When using Sulfinator, the negative and the positive predictive powers are 82% and 85%, respectively. However they are 91% and 94%, respectively, when using the RF models. It can be seen that the confidence of trusting an unconfirmed sulfotyrosine site has increased by 9% using the RF models and the confidence of trusting a sulfotyrosine site has improved by 9% as well. Table 4 Confusion matrices for Sulfinator and the RF models in this study. Full size tableConclusionThis paper has presented a new predictor for sulfotyrosine sites in protein sequences. The sequences annotated after 2002 are used as the blind test data for comparing the models constructed using various other machine learning algorithms in this study and Sulfinator, a prediction tool established in 2002. Through evaluation, it has been found that the predictors constructed using the random forest algorithm and the support vector machine algorithm show significantly improved prediction accuracy compared with Sulfinator. The random forest models demonstrate consistently better performance. Using the RF models, the sensitivity is increased by 22%, the specificity is increased by 3%, and the total prediction accuracy is increased by 10% compared with the sulfinator. Both negative and positive predictive powers have been increased by 9% using the RF models. The 20-mer RF model is the method of choice for implementing a predictor because it has the highest AUR. MethodsData 363 proteins with experimentally verified sulfotyrosine sites were collected from NCBI [56]. Two rules were used for pre-processing the data. First, any sequence without an experimentally verified sulfotyrosine was removed. Second, the CD-HIT algorithm [57–59] was used to remove sequences with ≥ 90% similarity. Applying these two rules gave 94 sequences for the study. Among them, 79 were annotated before 2002 (inclusive) while the rest 15 were annotated after 2002. 79 early annotated sequences were used to train and select a predictor while 15 later annotated sequences were used as blind test data set for the comparison with the Sulfinator.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Whereas temperature stress was harmful for most of the tested meadow fescue cultivars, the cultivar Valtteri, which is of Finnish origin, performed better under hot conditions. Regarding tall fescue, studies show great variability among the cultivars in responses to temperature stress (Wang et al. 2009; Sun et al. 2015), such as we found for both tall fescue and festulolium. Red clover cultivars, as reported earlier (Fagerberg 1988), were not sensitive to the occurrence of days with the maximum temperature of 25 °C. However, we did show a marked yield reduction in the red clover cultivars when exposed to a high number of days with the maximum temperature of 28 °C. A high temperature sum 7 days after the first cut consistently reduced yields in all of the meadow fescue and tall fescue cultivars tested. Climate change is expected to change patterns of precipitation, and in particular, early season droughts may limit the yield potential in Finland (Trnka et al. 2011). Although timothy has high root biomass (Bolinder et al. 2002), it has low tolerance for drought (Molyneux and Davies 1983; Wilman et al. 1998). However, no significant yield penalties for the timothy cultivars were shown for conditions of low precipitation in the primary growth and regrowth stages. The high soil water reserves in spring due to melting snow might have contributed to these results. The persistence of most of the tested fescue species to summer droughts was previously reported (Humphreys et al. 1997). A variation in root systems among genotypes, which has been reported, e. g. in a perennial ryegrass (Crush et al. 2007), might have affected our findings for festulolium, because yield responses of festulolium cultivars differed greatly according to different precipitation rates during the primary growth stage. We did not find any marked effect of precipitation-related weather variables on tall fescue and meadow fescue yields or on differences among the responses of cultivars, although Huang and Gao (1999) and Assuero et al. (2002) previously reported high levels of variation among tall fescue cultivars. All red clover cultivars suffered from dry conditions during regrowth, as also reported by Mela (2008) and Fagerberg (1988). 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Retrieved from: Danylenko Andriy, Professor, Doctor of Philosophy, Pace University, Dyson college of arts and sciences, Modern language and culture (41 Park Row, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10038, United States)adanylenko@pace. edu Danylenko, A. , Naienko, H. (2019). Linguistic russification in Russian Ukraine: languages, imperial models, and policies. Russian Linguistics, 43(1), 19–39. DOI: 10. 1007/s11185-018-09207-12. Danylenko, A. (2018). The correlation of linguistic patterning and societal structures insystemic typology. Cracoviensis, 135(1), 81–96. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 007. 8167. 3. Danylenko, A. (2018), Complexity development and simplification in systemic typology: types of changes in the internal determinant. Cracoviensis, 135(2), 113–129. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 010. 84694. Danylenko, A. (2017). A missing chain? Оn the sociolinguistics of the of Lithuania 1. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 41, 31–57. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2017. 002 Zoltán András, Professor, Doctor of Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary (H-1053 Budapest, Egyetem tér 1-3)zoltandr@gmail. com Zoltán, A. (2018). Ранний славяноболгарский вклад в венгерский язык. Hungaricae, 63, 171–180. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2018. 63. 1. 192. Zoltán, A. (2017). Mely szláv nyelvből jött zabrál szavunk? Magyar Nyelv, 113(2), 225–227.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: Sign in Create account manuscripts Current issue All issues Special issues Point of view now How to submit Author guidelines Reasons to publish Ethical policy Post-publication changes Open-access policy Publication charges Author resource centre Contact the journal board libraries Abstracting and indexing in Create account manuscripts Current issue All issues Special issues Point of view now How to submit Author guidelines Reasons to publish Ethical policy Post-publication changes Open-access policy Publication charges Author resource centre Contact the journal board libraries Abstracting and indexing : 30 years of preimplantation genetic testing in Reproduction Author: of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UKSearch for other papers by Handyside inCurrent site10. 1530/REP-20-0412 Volume/Issue: : Issue 5 Page Range: E1–E3 10. 1530/REP-20-0412/video-1) is available from the online version of the 10. 1530/REP-20-0412. 1 In the early days, embryos could only be cultured for 2 or 3 days post insemination (day 2 or 3) before they were transferred to the uterus, and even delaying transfer to day 4 reduced implantation and pregnancy rates. The slow freezing protocols used for cryopreservation of embryos at these early stages were rudimentary and often embryos were destroyed or partially damaged in the thawing process. The challenge, therefore, was to remove a single cell from each embryo early on day 3 at the 6- to 10-cell stage to minimise the damage to the embryo, perform the genetic analysis for the mutation on single copies of the parents’ chromosomes within a few hours, and then select unaffected embryos for transfer later the same day. This could only be contemplated because of the emergence in the mid-1980s of the PCR, which allowed the million-fold amplification of short fragments of DNA. In addition, human genetics was still in its infancy and the mutations causing only a handful of common inherited diseases had been identified. Today, there have been major advances in all aspects of preimplantation genetics that have revolutionised our ability to interrogate the genetics of human gametes and embryos. Embryo culture to the blastocyst stage on days 5–7 and biopsy of multiple trophectoderm cells using laser assisted hatching and excision are now routine.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: 2 Diversity of responses in the modern set of forage crop cultivarsOverall, when compared with barley cultivars (Hakala et al. 2012), the modern forage crop cultivars responded more similarly to the tested agroclimatic variables. The high diversity observed in the responses of festulolium cultivars was likely due to the diverse genetic base, because the festulolium cultivars were synthetic F. arundinacea × L. multiflorum hybrids (DLF 2016). By contrast, the similarity of responses observed for the timothy cultivars was likely due to the cross-pollinating that occurs with timothy. According to Tanhuanpää and Manninen (2012), a lack of differentiation in Nordic timothy is likely due to the substantial gene flow between cultivars and natural populations, which prevents geographical differentiation. However, they concluded that the timothy material apparently has sufficient diversity for breeding purposes (Tanhuanpää and Manninen 2012), although genetic variation for stress adaptation was not considered. In the set of meadow fescue cultivars from Nordic countries, most of the genetic variation occurs within populations rather than among different cultivars (Fjellheim and Rognli 2005), which explained our findings for meadow fescue. Considerably low levels of genetic variation are found for meadow fescue cultivars compared with perennial ryegrass or cocksfoot cultivars (Kölliker et al. 1999), and such a limited genetic variability likely contributed to the decline in the use of meadow fescue for grass production (Kölliker et al. 1999). Although we found significant differences in yield responses of the modern cultivars to some weather variables, we assume that variation will likely increase when the breeding includes a wider range of red clover (e. g. Helgadóttir 1996; Halling et al. 2004) and tall fescue (e. g. Mian et al. 2002; Majidi et al. 2009) cultivars. 4. 3 Towards enhanced adaptive capacity of forage cropsEffective adaptation is likely not possible without breeding programs (Rosenzweig and Tubiello 2007). Investigations of the response diversity by cultivars of a broader geographical origin and natural populations, in addition to locally adapted populations, such as those reported for meadow fescue (Kanapeckas et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. 2253. Zoltán, A. (2017). Szláv jövevényszavaink néhány időrendi és nyelvföldrajzi kérdése. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 1−9. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 1. 14. Zoltán, A. (2017). Az ómagyar szerencs ’útonálló’ nyoma a régi kárpátukránban. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 206−210. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. 206 Lytvyn Mykola, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Center of the Study of Ukrainian-Polish Relations, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine)ukrpol. centr@gmail. com Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). How and why do politicians use history? Review: Georgiy Kasianov. Past Continuous: historical politics of the 1980s – 2000s: Ukraine and its neighbors. Kyiv, Laurus, Antropos-Logos-Film. 430 s. Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 10, 196–199. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 10. 1591772. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). była osamotniona w dobie nowożytnej? Michał Klimecki, Zbigniew Karpus, Czas samotności. Ukraina i Ukraińcy w latach 1914–2018 Warszawa, Bellona, 2018, 336 s.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: Cryopreservation of biopsied blastocysts, using ultra-rapid freezing or vitrification, is highly efficient and minimally damaging, removing any time constraints on the genetic analysis. Most importantly, the ability to amplify the whole genome of single or small numbers of cells efficiently and generate micrograms of DNA have revolutionised our ability to perform genetic tests. This has enabled the use of genome-wide methods including microarrays and next generation sequencing (NGS) to genotype SNP markers to provide universal linkage-based tests for any monogenic disease combined with molecular cytogenetic analysis of chromosome abnormalities (Tsuiko et al. 2020). In addition, the development of ‘multi-omics’ methods, for example, combining genomics and RNA sequencing at the single cell level promise to revolutionise our knowledge of early human development. Alongside these developments, the sequencing of the human genome in the early 2000s and progress in identifying the genetic basis of thousands of monogenic diseases and other conditions have expanded the range of applications for PGT. These include rare severe childhood lethal diseases, late onset diseases, genetic predisposition to cancers and tissue typing to enable cord blood stem cells to be used for transplantation to affected children in the family (et al. 2020). Furthermore, pregnancy and live birth rates have significantly improved and the evidence to date suggests that the health of the children born following PGT is not adversely affected at birth or in early childhood. From the beginning, PGT raised fears of ‘designer babies’ in which parents would use the technology to select desirable characteristics, such as hair or eye colour, or to prevent the inheritance of less serious conditions. In my experience, beyond some couples wanting to select for gender, there has been no evidence that this is the case and I have long argued that parents can be relied on to make their own informed decisions (Handyside 2010). The use of universal genome-wide, linkage-based PGT methods now enable testing for two monogenic diseases, in rare families with a history of both conditions. But beyond this example, the prospect of testing for multiple genetic variants to select for complex traits or to reduce the risk of common diseases was considered to be impractical because of the limited number of embryos available.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: 2005), would be very valuable in breeding to build the adaptive capacity of forage crops. Instead of increasing only the genetic diversity of a cultivar pool, the identification of sources of response diversity to climate change ensures diversity that is more effective for adaptation of forage crops to climate change (Chapin et al. 1997; Elmqvist et al. 2003; Kahiluoto et al. 2014). Even if genetic diversity may not enhance response diversity per se (Mäkinen et al. 2015), Festulolium cultivars (synthetic F. arundinacea × L. multiflorum hybrids) exemplify the significance of a broad genetic basis for building adaptive capacity within crops (Reed and Frankham 2003; Ehlers et al. 2008). However, this type of synthetic species hybridization is most likely impractical for many other grass species. It was observed that cultivars of foreign origin (such as the timothy cultivars Lischa and Moverdi and Suez red clover) tended to respond differently when compared with the cultivars of Finnish origin. However, foreign origin inclusion was not sufficient to achieve diversity in response, as indicated by the example of the heat-resistant meadow Finnish fescue cultivar Valtteri. Our forage crop-specific results are applicable to northern European conditions, for example, by cultivating cultivars that respond differently in different fields of one farm or of one region (Himanen et al. 2013; Mäkinen et al. 2015) or by using mixtures of cultivars within the same field (Kiær et al. 2009; Tooker and Frank 2012). Further investigations that include the sensitivity of the digestibility of the forage yield to variability in critical weather components are also essential (Thorvaldsson et al. 2007; Bertrand et al. 2008). 4. 4 Global relevanceUnder the intensified variability, extremes (Coumou and Rahmstorf 2012) and uncertainty (Rötter et al. 2013) of global climate change, strategies for building capacity to adapt to various plausible changes are required. Such capacity-oriented strategies complement the globally prevalent strategies to ‘predict-and-adapt’ to long-term average changes in climate that are difficult to predict (Dessai et al. 2007) as highlighted by our results.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Pamięc i Sprawiedliwość, 33, 547–553. Retrieved from: Литвин, М. , Хахула, Л. (2019). Рецензія на книгу Литвина Сергія “Симон Петлюра у боротьбі за самостійну державу”. of Culture and Arts Herald, 1, 442–444. DOI: 10. 32461/2226-3209. 1. 2019. 1671964. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). The ukrainian memory community in Poland (the second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI centuries). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 12, 178–191. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 12. 177553 Moser Michael, Dr. habil. Professor, Institute for of the University of Vienna, Austria (Universitätsring 1, Vienna, Austria 1010), (Universität), Germany (Barellistraße 9A, München, Germany 80638), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Hungary (Szentkirályi utca, 28, Budapest, Hungary 1088)michael. moser@univie. ac. at Moser, M. (2017). Zur jüngsten Sprachensituation in der Ukraine (2012–2016). Hungaricae, 62/1, 171–196. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2017. 62. 1. 142. Moser, M. (2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The accuracy of genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years. [SEP] Text: In recent years, however, population scale whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association studies, such as the 1000 genomes project (Siva 2008), have enabled increasingly accurate polygenic risk scoring (PRS) for a range of common, medically significant conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Based on this information, comprehensive PGT for monogenic disease and chromosome abnormalities can now be extended to polygenic conditions (PGT-P) and provides a PRS for each embryo for multiple common diseases (Treff et al. 2020). This development is controversial and for some raises ethical and societal issues. However, for families with a history of these conditions, there is increasing evidence that PGT-P can identify embryos at high risk. Chromosome aneuploidy is a major cause of pregnancy failure and loss, and rarely viable abnormal pregnancy and live birth, following both natural conception and IVF. The use of various molecular cytogenetic methods for PGT of aneuploidy (PGT-A) has confirmed the high incidence of aneuploidy in human gametes and embryos, particularly in oocytes in which the incidence increases exponentially in women above the age of 35 years (Rubio et al. 2020). PGT-A following blastocyst biopsy is therefore widely used for euploid embryo selection for infertile patients and there is accumulating evidence for significantly improved implantation rates and live birth outcomes, particularly following single vitrified-warmed embryo transfer in later managed cycles. The use of quantitative, mainly NGS-based methods, for 24 chromosome copy number analysis has revealed a relatively high incidence of intermediate copy number changes interpreted as indicating mosaicism for aneuploidies among the sampled trophectoderm cells. The clinical significance of low-level mosaicism is not fully understood since there are now reports of apparently healthy live births following transfer of embryos with only this type of copy number change. Several years ago, it was discovered that there is cell-free DNA of embryo origin in the blastocoel fluid and the culture medium of embryos cultured to the blastocyst stage. This raises the prospect of non-invasive PGT-A (niPGT-A) which would avoid the need for embryo biopsy and facilitate more widespread application for embryo selection in IVF to improve live birth rates per embryo transferred.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: The proposed approach to assess and increase the response diversity represents a strategy to safeguard adaptation of crops without precise climate predictions, acknowledging uncertainty. Such adaptation strategies are important to apply more generally to food and feed crops that are cornerstones of global and national food security (Trnka et al. 2014). Through similar assessments as exemplified here, potential gaps in the adaptive capacity can be recognized and bridged. This is particularly important given the inherent vulnerability of the global food supply that has become relatively species-poor during the past 50 years (Khourya et al. 2014) and also nationally homogeneous worldwide. Currently, the adaptive capacity of commercial crops is largely determined by private plant breeding companies in most regions around the world. Thus, because of the highly competitive market with a high cost pressure, the size of the cultivar market may determine the breeding goals. Consequently, some traits such as sensitivity to a particularly important weather variable might go unnoticed, which could contribute to a gap in the adaptive capacity of the cultivar pool. Specific tools for increasing the response diversity within species through breeding and diversification of cultivated crops will require further studies and the involvement of the relevant stakeholders, including both breeders and farmers (Paavola et al. 2016). Public actors, such as national emergency supply agencies or relevant ministries, should be included in setting the cultivation and breeding goals and financing breeding for the adaptive capacity in crops to provide stable food and fodder, because longer term goals may not be privately financed in a competitive market. Regarding the presumably more frequent and intensive extreme conditions in the future (Christidis et al. 2014) anywhere around the world, an option to apply the assessment illustrated here would be to use within each weather variable a wider moderate category (such as 50 %) in the analysis, while here, each weather category (low, moderate and high) included a third of the observations. Such a modified assessment would give more weight to the capacity to adapt to extreme conditions in the response diversity assessment. 5 ConclusionsCultivars should be developed for adaptation to the variability of and extremes in weather and for multiple scenarios for mid- and long-term perspectives for global climate change. In the present study, empirical assessments of the sensitivity of yield of a modern set of forage cultivars to a broad range of critical weather conditions revealed the adaptive capacity of the cultivar pool and also its weak points; thus, such empirical assessments can be a practical tool for breeding for an uncertain future.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Il ruolo di Ševčenko nella codificazione della lingua letteraria ucraina moderna. Studi Slavistici, 13, 265–278. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-179813. Moser, M. (2014). Behavior of during the Interwar Period. Russian Linguistics, 38, 315–339. DOI: 10. 1007/s11185-014-9136-z Oleh Muravskyi, PhD in. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine) oleg-muravskiy@ukr. net Murawśkyj, O. , Solіar, I. (2019). Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019). Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр. Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189557 Nadraga Marta, PhD in History,Senior Researcher, Director of (69 Pekarska St. , Lviv, 79010, Ukraine)m. nadraga@gmail. com Надрага, М.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Governments worldwide are being pressured to set stricter climate policies. [SEP] Text: : Effects of and : orcid. org/0000-0001-9070-40171 662 all metrics AbstractCities increasingly address climate change, e. g. by pledging city-level emission reduction targets. This is puzzling for the provision of a global public good: what are city governments’ reasons for doing so, and do pledges actually translate into emission reductions? Empirical studies have found a set of common factors which relate to these questions, but also mixed evidence. What is still pending is a theoretical framework to explain those findings and gaps. This paper thus develops a theoretical public choice model. It features economies of scale and distinguishes urban reduction targets from actual emission reductions. The model is able to explain the presence of targets and public good provision, yet only under specified conditions. It is also able to support some stylized facts from the empirical literature, e. g. on the effect of city size, and resolves some mixed evidence as special cases. Larger cities chose more ambitious targets if marginal net benefits of mitigation rise with city size—if they set targets at all. Whether target setting is more likely for larger cities depends on the city type. Two types are obtained. The first type reduces more emissions than a free-riding city. Those cities are more likely to set a target when they are larger. However, they miss the self-chosen target. Cities of the second type reach their target, but mitigate less than a free-riding city. A third type does not exist. With its special cases, the model can thus guide further empirical and theoretical work. Similar content being viewed by others Contribution of to 1. 2 GtCO2e/year or even larger (Graichen et al. 2017; Roelfsema et al. 2018; Kuramochi et al. 2020). For a representative sample of 885 European cities, Reckien et al. (2018) showed that more than 2/3 had a climate mitigation plan in place as of 2017, and about 1/4 an adaptation plan. So-called transnational municipal networks (TMN) like the of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCoM), or the of Initiatives (ICLEI) prominently make visible urban climate action (e. g. Castán-Broto and Westman 2020; Berrueta and van der Heijden 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every species will be able to adapt easily to the changing climate. [SEP] Text: Whereas the low adaptive capacity of timothy and meadow fescue indicate the development of more diverse breeding material is warranted, the set of festulolium cultivars was a good example of enhanced adaptive capacity to climate change through diversification of the cultivar germplasm base, even if synthetic species hybridization such as taken place for festulolium is most likely impractical for many other grass species. Furthermore, the inclusion of foreign origin in a cultivar pool was not necessary to ensure added value for response diversity. Similar analyses as exemplified here are useful regarding the entire set of food and feed crops, to secure the capacity to adapt to the variability and changes driven by global climate change. Diversity in responses to weather as one example of using within-species variation to increase the capacity to adapt to global climate change (Carpenter et al. 2015) can contribute to an increase in food security. Therefore, practical tools based on similar empirical assessments are required for breeders, farmers and public actors, as well as for practitioners on many other fields around the globe.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: , Турчак, О. (2019). Українська офтальмологія в іменах: др. Михайло Кос (1863–1930). Офтальмологічний журнал, 4, 82–85. DOI: 10. 31288/oftalmolzh2019482852. Надрага, М. , Луцик, О. (2019). Владислав Шимонович – організатор і перший керівник кафедри гістології та ембріології Львівського університету. Світ Медицини та Біології, 4(70), 213–217. DOI: 10. 26724/2079-8334-2019-4-70-213-2173. Надрага, М. , Турчак, О. (2018). Професор Емануель Емерик Махек (1852–1930): нариси біографії та наукового доробку.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4345629/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published11 Oct, 2024Read the published version in npj →Version 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractOne barrier to action on climate change is not talking about it. The majority of Americans and Canadians are concerned about climate change1,2 but are reluctant to discuss it with family and friends1,3,4,5. Finding comfortable opportunities to promote conversation about climate change would help increase the acceptability of climate actions6. In this study, 32 semi-structured interviews were held with representatives of nature-related organizations in Ontario, Canada, including hiking groups, naturalists, preservation and conservation groups, cross-country skiers, and hunters and anglers, to ascertain how they perceive and talk about climate change and whether those organizations would constitute welcoming spaces. This 8. Most interviewees noticed local effects of climate change and were either Alarmed or Concerned about climate change, referencing Global Warming’s Six Americas3. Some were quite concerned about the effects on their chosen activity. Others were worried for their offspring. This suggests that these groups might be safe spaces for talking about climate change. More generally, it suggests that nature lovers across who distance themselves from the environmental movement9 might be amenable to discussing climate change as the issue becomes more salient. Scientific community and society/Social sciences/Climate changeScientific community and society/Social sciences/SociologyScientific community and society/Social sciences/PsychologyScientific community and society/Social sciences/CultureFiguresFigure 15. Discussing climate change with family and friends increases knowledge about climate change and also demonstrates that others in one’s circle care about the issue6. Certainty that climate change is happening and primarily human-caused are strong predictors of climate policy support11. It follows that climate policy could be more acceptable if more people talked about climate change. Canadas of Climate Change4 is a counterpart to Global Warming’s Six Americas3, in which respondents are categorised along a continuum from Alarmed to Dismissive about climate change. about climate change but not Alarmed are less confident in their climate change beliefs than the Alarmed, and relatively unlikely to talk much about climate change with family and friends4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human intervention can completely reverse all climate change effects on wildlife. [SEP] Text: Can this research team reverse climate change? Global warming, climate change, the greenhouse effect, increasing carbon dioxide levels: we have all heard of these worrying events, but what can we do about them? Jones and his research team have been working on a new method to remove carbon dioxide from the air we breathe – potentially reversing climate change Imagine this … Global temperatures are increasing; polar ice caps are melting; sea levels are rising: our planet is in jeopardy, and much of this is a result of rising levels of CO2. Cars, planes, food, housing materials, deforestation – our very lifestyles – are resulting in soaring carbon dioxide (CO2) levels that are wreaking havoc on the environment. We need to reduce CO2 levels and FAST. ? • Trees and plants absorb CO2, so reforestation would be a good place to start • Changing to renewable energy sources would reduce the amount of fossil fuel combustion and therefore the amount of CO2 released • Simple lifestyle changes such as walking or cycling instead of taking the car would also help reduce CO2 But reducing the amount of CO2 we produce isn’t enough; we need to remove the CO2 that is already there – a process known as negative emissions. Could a chemical engineer develop a product that could remove the carbon dioxide from the air? Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA. As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Офтальмологічний журнал, 2, 70–72. DOI: 10. 31288/oftalmolzh/2018/2/7072 Taras Pastukh, Doctor of Philological Science, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Ukrainian Literature, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine)tarpastukh@gmail. com Пастух, Т. Київська школа поетів та її оточення (модерні стильові течії української поезії 1960–90-х років): монографія. Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2010. 700 с. 2. Пастух, Т. Поетичне мислення Івана Франка (за збіркою “Semper tiro”). Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2003. 82 c. 3. Пастух, Т. Мости Олега Лишеги. Львів: Піраміда, 2019. 192 с. Krystyna, Dr. habil. Professor, of Slavic Studies, of Sciences (ul. Bartoszewicza 1b m.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: As an example, Halford and Sheehan note that if people have faith that technological solutions to climate change can be found, they might ignore climate change messaging28. Nickerson adds that this preferential treatment of information is done unintentionally, even if it is motivated by an interest in defending one’s beliefs27. Further, it not only applies to false beliefs but also true beliefs, making one’s certainty in those beliefs stronger than the evidence suggests27. The current polarization over climate change demonstrates confirmation bias in both directions29. Nickerson describes five different types of confirmation biases: 1) hypothesis-determined information seeking, when people seek out information to support their hypothesis or beliefs and then interpret it in a way that supports their beliefs; 2) the preferential treatment of evidence supporting existing beliefs, or “my-side bias,” putting greater emphasis on information that supports their beliefs and downplaying, ignoring, forgetting, or inaccurately recalling contradictory information; 3) looking only or primarily for positive cases, resulting in “illusory” confirmation; 4) overweighting positive confirmatory instances, that is, requiring less confirmatory evidence to accept a hypothesis and more to reject it; and 5) seeing what one is looking for, that is, finding patterns where none necessarily exist27. Attitudes and in the series1 has been tracking opinions of US residents on global warming since 2008. 2023 survey indicated that 72 percent of Americans think that global warming is happening, and 58 percent acknowledge that it is primarily human-caused. In that survey, 65 percent of respondents indicated that they were somewhat or very worried about global warming. Worry has been found to be a motivator and predictor of climate policy support30. Results from a representative 2016–2017 pan-Canadian survey showed higher levels for each of these questions: 92 percent thought climate change was happening, 70 percent thought it was mainly human-caused, and 76 were somewhat or very worried2. Global Warming’s Six Americas, based on the above US survey series, categorises the US population according to their degree of concern about climate change3. Out of a continuum of Alarmed, Concerned, Cautious, Disengaged, Doubtful, and Dismissive about global warming, Concerned has perennially been the most popular category.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human intervention can completely reverse all climate change effects on wildlife. [SEP] Text: In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure. As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 17, 00-337 Warszawa, Poland)dorota. rembiszewska@ispan. waw. pl Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2017). Materiały polskie do Niemieckiego atlasu językowego jako źródło do badań XIX-wiecznej polszczyzny regionalnej. Jezikoslovni zapiski, 23, 183–192. DOI: 10. 3986/JZ. 23. 1. 68712. Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2014). Projekt i realizacja bazy danych do Atlasu gwar wschodniosłowiańskich Białostocczyzny. Studia z i Słowiańskiej, 49, 130–138. DOI: 10. 11649/sfps. 2014. 0133. Rembiszewska, D. K. (2014). XIX-wieczne badania ludoznawcze na obszarze Łotwy w świetle korespondencji do Jana Karłowicza. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 38, 98–107. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2014. 010 Romaniuk Mykhaylo, PhD in History Head of the Department of the of modern history, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine)rmv. lviv@gmail. com Бегей, І. І. , Харук, А. І. , Романюк, М. В. (2019). Українсько-російські взаємини у працях Юліяна Бачинського.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: A 2017 survey from the of showed that 25 percent of Canadians were Alarmed, 45 percent were Concerned, and the remainder were Disengaged, Doubtful, or Dismissive about climate change4. Despite the concern, 65 percent of US respondents said that they rarely or never talk about global warming with family or friends and only 20 percent heard people they know talking about global warming at least once a month1. While 63 percent of Americans felt some personal responsibility to help reduce global warming, only 40 percent felt normative expectations from others to do so (injunctive norm) and only 35 percent believed that their family and friends were doing so (descriptive norm). Not surprisingly, those who perceived these norms were more likely to talk about global warming5. Of the Alarmed, 83 percent in the United States5 and 95 percent in Canada4 talked about climate change with friends and family occasionally or often. In the United States, only 38 percent of the Concerned and less than 15 percent of the other categories did so5. In Canada, the Concerned were much less likely than the Alarmed to feel very informed about climate change or very confident in their beliefs, and they were also much less likely to talk about climate change with family and friends4. Discussing climate change with family and friends is a step towards climate action, however, as it creates “a positive feedback loop that encourages deeper engagement with the issue of climate change” and also demonstrates that others care about the issue6. The lack of norms to discuss or act on climate change can be compared with Norway, where Norgaard found that people had a tacit agreement not to talk about climate change despite obvious changes in their weather patterns which were affecting their economically- and culturally-significant sport of skiing14. Geiger and Swim also discussed a culture of silence related to climate change31. In surveys of university students, they found that a reluctance to talk about climate change was related to one’s perception that other people had a different view of climate change than oneself. Further, the reluctance was related to fear of appearing incompetent in the discussion, rather than fear of being disliked. Thus, this reluctance could be overcome by learning more31. Another obstacle to talking about or acting on climate change is the finite pool of worry, wherein individuals have “only so much capacity for worry”32.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human intervention can completely reverse all climate change effects on wildlife. [SEP] Text: Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. Download the 10. 33424/17 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 honeycomb, monolithic air/solid contactor is lined with CO2-absorbing amine materials (green). and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Сторінки історії, 49. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189570 2. Sova, A, Romaniuk, M. (2019). Ivan Boberskyi’s pedagogical activity at in Lviv (1906–1914). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 4, 71–80. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 0. 184411 Stepanovych, Doctor of Historical Sciences,Professor, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (Vynnychenko St. , 24, 79008, Lviv, Ukraine)olexandr. sytnyk@gmail. com Yakovyshyna, Y. , Koropetskyi, R. , Bulyk, N. , Sytnyk, O. (2019). Influences of Sites of Trypillia BI – Cucuteni A4 Stages on the Establishing of Styles of Panting of of of Trypillia ВI–ВII Stages (Upper and Region). Hiperboreea, 6(2), 5-20. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Sytnyk, O. , Bogucki, A. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. , Hołub, B. & Mroczek, P. (2015). Natural environment of MIS 5 and soil catena sequence along a loess slope in the valley: Evidence from the site (Ukraine). Quaternary International, 365, 74-97. DOI:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2014. 05. 0353. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Bogucki, A. , Sytnyk, O. , Kusiak, J. , Frankowski, Z. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. &Zogała, B. (2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research shows that education on climate change can lead to greater public concern. [SEP] Text: Thirty interviewees were asked to self-identify in terms of Global Warming’s Six Americas3: 40 percent were Alarmed, 47 percent were Concerned, 10 percent were Cautious, and 3 percent were Disengaged regarding climate change. This is skewed towards alarm in comparison to both US3 and Canadian4 general population results but, in all cases, Concerned was the largest category. Asked whether they were worried about climate change, 81 percent said yes, 16 percent said maybe, and 3 percent said no. Climate change discourse This section analyzes the responses to the question: “Has climate change or biodiversity loss caused problems for your organization? Or have you seen changes? ” in conjunction with responses to a series of questions about personal concern about climate change. Three discourses topped the list: science, concern for future generations, and concern about the organization’s activities. Some interviewees engaged in storytelling. Two admitted a lack of knowledge about climate change. Other discourses included skepticism, gradualism, and catastrophism. Science. Ten interviewees mentioned science. These could be subcategorised into science as a defence or science as an activity. Four, who were all employees of regional or provincial organizations, spoke in scientific terms. Much of the research on climate change is from a scientific viewpoint15. Skepticism is largely about a rejection of the climate science16,18. One particularly focused interviewee frequently repeated that “everything we do is science-based,” which sounded like a rehearsed defence, possibly against skeptical members concerned that the organization was acting as part of a political conspiracy19. Other mentions of science were non-controversial. Four interviewees talked about an organizational activity of “citizen science” or “monitoring,” wherein members would track changes in flora, fauna, and/or natural conditions. One of those mentioned the naturalist apps, eBird and iNaturalist, as ways of reporting sightings. Two other interviewees also mentioned themselves or others tracking local conditions less officially. Lack of knowledge. Two middle-aged interviewees admitted a lack of knowledge about climate change, their organizations being more focused on biodiversity loss. Nonetheless, both were Concerned and worried about climate change. Lack of knowledge points to a need for talking about climate change in some organizations as a pathway to action. Concern for future generations. Eight interviewees expressed concern for future generations.

Output: corroborate