Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Since every node in the network can check whether the hash is a match, there is no chance of errors or corruption in this system. The following diagram illustrates the Merkle tree-compatible blockchain system paradigm. In the blockchain paradigm, each block has the following parts: Number of blocks or block height Current block's hash value The preceding block's hash value. Marijuana made from Merkle tree roots dimensions of the block This block contains a list of transactions. This is how the blockchain works: Most blockchain nodes are independently operated. The ledger's data serves as the basis for all communication between nodes. Because of issues with the node registry, overall system performance suffers. Users initiate transactions by sending requests to the blockchain, which then carries them out. A permanent record of all such transactions is written to one or more logs as a consequence of their execution. The immutability of the blockchain is realized through this procedure, as mentioned in Fig. 3. Blockchain safety: a network setting in which transaction data and parameters are conveniently adjacent to the business logic. Transactions on a blockchain often use asymmetric key cryptography. Public and private keys make up the critical block to finalizing the deal. The signature on the transaction may be validated using the private key. In other words, the signature created by the private key is under the command of the public key. 4. 4 is a decentralized digital currency where each coin represents a link in a chain of digital signatures. Coins are transferred between owners based on current and previous hashed transactions, which are communicated using digital signatures. The recipient may or may not be able to validate the signature, depending on the nature of the property. The idea of Bitcoin is shown in the following Fig. 4. Here we break out how Bitcoin operates: All nodes get an initial notification of any new transactions. Each node in the block gathers new transactions. The burden must be applied to each block. Finding proof of work results in a broadcast to all other nodes in the block. Complete only legitimate transactions at no additional expense. If the block's hash function matches that of the node, the block is accepted by the node. 5 a result of its reliance on virtualization and resource pooling technologies, cloud computing can provide IT with compelling benefits and services. Regarding cloud computing, security as a service is a new challenge. Application service providers are the backbone of modern technology, and the most common examples are web and email servers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: To assess the actively transcribed microbial gene pool, excised U. vulgaris traps from the entire shoot without visible metazoan prey were collected randomly (approximately 250 mg fresh weight), with pooled traps from a single plant considered a replicate; three biological replicates were collected in total. All collected plant material was immediately placed into liquid N2 and samples were stored at −80 °C until further processing. For the estimation of the protozoan grazing rates, a different species with larger traps—the tropical U. reflexa—was selected, because relatively large volumes of trap fluid are needed for this analysis. The plants were cultivated indoors in 3-l aquaria, in dystrophic cultivation water closely simulating natural conditions (see [12]). DNA extraction from Utricularia trap fluid and the taxonomical evaluation of the Utricularia-associated microorganismsNucleic acid extractions were conducted according to a modified bead-beating protocol [53]. Approximately 500 μl of pooled trap fluid were extracted for each sample. Total DNA was quantified fluorometrically using SybrGreen and StepOne (Applied Biosystems, USA) instrument in “fluorescence reading mode” [54]. The PCR primers (515F/806R) targeted the V4 region of the SSU rRNA, previously shown to yield accurate phylogenetic information and to have only a few biases against any bacterial taxa [55,56,57]. Each sample was amplified in triplicate, combined, and quantified using Invitrogen PicoGreen and a plate reader, and equal amounts of DNA from each amplicon were pooled into a single 1. 5-ml microcentrifuge tube. Once pooled, amplicons were cleaned up using the -up kit (). Amplicons were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform at the Institute of Genomics and (Chicago, USA). Paired-end reads were joined using Perl scripts yielding approximately 253 bp amplicons. Approximately 1. 8 million paired-end reads were obtained with average 66. 000 reads per sample. Quality filtering of reads and chimera check (algorithm in de novo mode) was applied as described previously [58]. Reads were assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs, cutoff 97% sequence identity) using an open-reference OTU picking protocol with QIIME implemented scripts [58].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Codons that candidates for being under positive selection, based on four selection tests. results from TreeSAAP showed that 62 sites had changed considerably in amino acid properties (S3 Table). Across all these sites, 23 of them were under positive selection, while 39 showed signatures of purifying selection. One amino acid property, the equilibrium constant (i. e. , ionization of COOH; S3 Table), was found, in general, to be under positive selection in all genes. Environmental analysis Our GLMs revealed that the Ka/Ks ratios of two genes, ATP6 and COX2, have significant relationships to the environment. In particular, there was a relationship (p = 0. 0449) between the Ka/Ks ratio of ATP6 and mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2; mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)). In COX2, the Ka/Ks ratio was correlated with precipitation during the driest month (Bio14), precipitation seasonality (Bio15; coefficient of variation), precipitation during the driest quarter (Bio17), and precipitation during the coldest quarter (Bio19). Among these, the highest significant correlation (p = 0. 00761) was with precipitation during the driest month. relationships The phylogenetic positions resolved for the majority of taxa included in this study were consistent with prior inferences based on traditional taxonomy [12] and molecular markers [38–40]. However, as more accessions included, our analyses revealed some relationships that suggest that species boundaries in Acrossocheilus remain unsettled. For example, A. barbodon, which is endemic to of southern China, has widely been regarded as a synonym of A. iridescens, which occurs in the tropics of. However, in our analyses, A. iridescens formed a clade with A. longipinnis that was sister to A. barbodon. This suggests that A. barbodon may merit species status. Moreover, accessions representing a synonym of A. longipinnis, A. stenotaeniatus, were unexpectedly recovered in a clade with A. spinifer. Thus, the status of A. stenotaeniatus with respect to A. spinifer is unsettled and in-depth taxonomic work is merited to resolve it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: For example, a user's access privileges might be sold to a third party. The same holds in businesses, where one worker will assign another worker to use the same virtual computer to conduct the required computations. 7 cloud computing, hardware and software are virtualized and distributed over a vast network. A data center, often known as a data farm, houses every possible service. Figure 6 below illustrates the P2P cloud architecture. The blockchain may be used with cloud computing in two ways: Implement blockchain infrastructure in the cloud to streamline business processes, including data archiving, replication, and user access to transactional databases. Management of activities, users, and cloud-based data are unified under a cohesive security umbrella. Here are some obstacles and prerequisites for facilitating blockchain transactions in the cloud. Blockchain transactions are massive because of the distributed ledger system. In unpredictable settings, cloud solutions excel because of their scalability [8] and adaptability. The data is encrypted and kept in a remote data center to protect it from prying eyes. As a result, it's essential to chart business transactions to make corrections. Therefore, if you provide services in the cloud, your clients may choose where to keep and process their data. Maintaining system integrity and allowing for failures There must be a backup plan in case a network node fails. This is why numerous software programs are used, and the nodes in the data center employ a replication technique. All software applications must be centrally mapped for optimal security in a blockchain-powered distributed cloud. 8 Implementation 8. 1 transactions in a blockchain are permanently recorded using a cryptographic hashing algorithm, SHA-256. The block header additionally contains and hashes the hash of the preceding block that was referenced by the linked block. The data within a block is further hashed to provide a unique fingerprint. This is why, at least with today's technology, it is impossible to attempt to alter a blockchain block. generic type was used for the injection. Because of this, financial statistics might fluctuate. The hash from the previous block will also be stored during the last Hash attribute. A little while from now, I'll elaborate on the merkleRoot and nonce characteristics. 8. 2 One block hash may be calculated for each block. This is a hash that includes the hash of the preceding block and an SHA-256 hash derived from the previous hash, plus any other features of the block included in the concatenation. The method is shown in Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Reads were taxonomically assigned using database, release 13. 08 as reference. Those reads which were assigned as “chloroplast” and “mitochondrion” were excluded from further analyses. For the estimation of unique microbial taxa in U. australis and U. vulgaris traps and periphyton, the OTUs were grouped at the genus level. Genera presented only in U. australis or U. vulgaris and respective trap or periphyton samples were classified as unique for each microbiome. Differences between the various prokaryotic communities were tested with and the nonparametric method adonis in QIIME 1. 9. 0. Comparative meta-analyses of prokaryotic communities from different habitatsTo compare the composition of Utricularia trap-associated microbial communities, data (OTU tables in biom format) from nine relevant studies representing different habitats were analyzed. Seven of the studies were obtained from Qiita ( database (Additional file 1: Table S1). The remaining two studies were obtained from NCBI Genebank: the 16S rRNA sequences of the Nepenthes pitcher microbiome from the SRA archive (project 225539) and Sarracenia pitcher sequences from the Genebank database (accession numbers JF745346–JF745532 and JN368236–JN368422) (Additional file 1: Table S1). Altogether, 4221 samples were included in the meta-analysis. database works with the closed-reference OTU picking algorithm; we have therefore processed our sequences and also the sequences from Nepenthes and Sarracenia pitcher microbiomes in the same way as the Qiita pipeline, to ensure comparability with Qiita OTU tables. All OTU tables were then merged together using Qiime scripts and analyzed as one dataset. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) using Bray-Curtis dissimilatory metrics was used for computing distances between samples (Fig. 1a). LDA (LEfSe) based on the relative abundances of the microbial taxa was calculated to identify the corresponding taxa with higher abundance in U. australis and U. vulgaris samples [59].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the species, A. hemispinus, was nested within the clade of A. parallens, meaning that the former may be a synonym of the latter. Notably, one individual of A. paradoxus formed a clade with A. jishouensis, while another individual of this species formed a clade with A. wuyiensis, suggesting that A. paradoxus may comprise a species complex with cryptic biodiversity. Two possibilities may explain why our phylogenetic results show several cases of paraphyly and polyphyly of well-accepted species and their synonyms. One possibility is that using mitochondrial genes alone does not reflect the real phylogenetic positions of Acrossocheilus species. Alternatively, the taxonomy of this genus may be inadvertently based on convergently evolved or labile morphological characters and is, therefore, inconsistent with molecular phylogenetic relationships. Overall, further taxonomic work on Acrossocheilus is merited to resolve species boundaries in the genus as well as to elucidate trait evolution. Gene evolution and natural selection Here, we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of mitogenome evolution in Acrossocheilus. The synonymous substitutions and nonsynonymous substitutions in the sampled mitochondrial coding genes evolved in a near neutral manner as is predicted for mitogenomes [41]. In our study, neutral evolution is evidenced by the fact that the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations are highly correlated with the length of the respective genes (Fig 2B). However, where selection can be inferred, the Ka/Ks values revealed that purifying selection generally dominates mitochondrial genome evolution. This result was consistent with the corresponding values (Ka/Ks < 1) detected in the mitogenomes of other fishes [3, 9]. The differing mutation rates (μRelative) that we detected across different genes may result from differences in the strength of purifying selection due to functional constraints [9, 24, 42]. In a prior study, the rate of mutation in mitochondrial genes was shown to be linked to gene position [9]. Specifically, genes such as NADH and CYTB may evolve more rapidly because they are further from the origin of mitogenomic replication and accumulate more mutations by spending a longer time in the single stranded during replication. This is consistent with our results in which we found that NADH and CYTB genes generally had a greater number of substitutions that COX genes, which are closer to the origin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Instead of chronologically storing transactions on a blockchain, they are grouped in a network. To solve this problem, we use the blockchain's consensus process. Some consensus methods and patterns have been verified; however, they are beyond the scope of this 12. Transactions in a block are verified using this tree. root will be rendered useless if even a single character in any exchange is altered. Their design also facilitates distributed block transmission by requiring just a single fork of transaction hashes for accumulating and verifying a whole block, as mentioned in Fig. 13. A root is calculated for the block using this procedure. Tree unit test makes an effort in the companion project to append a transaction to a block and ensure that the have evolved, as mentioned in Fig. 14. This unit test simulates verifying transactions and then modifying a transaction in a block outside the consensus process. For example, this test would simulate what would happen if someone tried to change transaction data. Blockchains can only be expanded in one direction. Since the data structure of the blockchain is shared across nodes, the data structures of individual blocks—including the Merkle Root—are hashed and related to one another. Every node in the network can verify new blocks, and the validity of current blocks can be shown. Therefore, it is not feasible for a miner to create a fake block or for a node to alter previous transactions before the sun explodes into a supernova and gives everyone a wonderful tan. 8 merging individual transactions into a single "block" and then sending that block to the other participants in the chain for validation is called "mining. " In a broader sense, this concept is referred to as "consensus" in blockchain parlance. There is more than one sort of tried-and-true method for reaching consensus over a distributed network. If you have a public or permissioned blockchain, it will determine which way you should utilize it. This post concentrates on the mechanics of the blockchain, so that we will use a proof-of-work consensus process for this example. Our white paper provides a more in-depth description of this topic. Therefore, mining nodes will complete a straightforward mathematical problem while keeping an ear out for transactions processed by the blockchain. This puzzle generates a block hash with a fixed number of leading zeros using a nonce value that varies with each iteration until the leading zero hash is discovered, as mentioned in Fig. 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Analysis of LEfSe was performed according to the instructions on the website ( obtain a more function-related point of view, three Utricularia vulgaris metatranscriptomes were compared to 43 metagenomes and/or metatranscriptomes available from six different habitats (Fig. 1b). The sequences from these studies were obtained from the MG-RAST server (Additional file 1: Table S1). RNA-seq analysis for functional profiling of the U. vulgaris trap-associated microbiomeTo assess the actively transcribed microbial gene pool, total RNA was extracted from the U. vulgaris trap samples (n = 3), using the protocol identical to that described in detail previously [30]. Briefly, DNA was removed from the extracts and two transcriptomic libraries, eukaryotic and prokaryotic, were created at the Institute of Genomics and (Chicago, USA) using standard library preparation kits. The ribosomal RNA as well as eukaryotic (plant) RNA fraction was removed in order to enrich prokaryotic transcripts, and, vice versa, eukaryotic transcript enrichment was performed in parallel, to capture transcripts from fungi, protists, and other eukaryotic microorganisms. Enriched mRNA from both libraries was reverse transcribed to create metatranscriptomic libraries and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq platform (100 × 100 cycle paired-end run). We obtained approximately 40 million paired-end reads per sample. Reads were quality checked; low quality reads and reads with ambiguous bases were filtered out. Reads from all three replicates (approx. 120 million sequences) were then assembled with [60] which resulted in approximately 500,000 contigs. In this step, we filtered out the potential Utricularia transcripts by blasting contigs against our Utricularia reference transcriptome [61]. All contigs which gave significant hit (e value < 0. 0001, min score 80) were excluded from further analyses and considered as Utricularia transcripts. Contigs were also blasted against the SILVA database (release 111) to identify ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Those sequences that gave BLAST bit score greater than 80 were marked as rRNAs and extracted from the dataset. Reads were then mapped back onto the remaining contigs using Trinity package (bowtie algorithm with default parameters [62] with FPKM gene transcript abundance normalization).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: A higher mutation rate may necessitate stronger purifying selection. Despite the prevalence of purifying selection in mitogenomes, the possibility for positive selection acting on single codon positions cannot be excluded, and, potentially, can facilitate physiological adaptations to new environments [24, 43]. In this study, the codon-based analyses of selection showed that several sites may be under positive selection. Among the analyses, TreeSAAP revealed the largest number of positive sites, but this program tends to have a high false positive rate [4, 33]. The more conservative approaches, using and FEL revealed far fewer positive sites. Among these, MEME identified six possible sites in five genes compared to even fewer among the other methods. MEME is sensitive to episodic positive selection, while and FEL detect pervasive positive selection. Thus, positive selection may be more likely to be episodic in the mitogenomes of Acrossocheilus and pervasive positive selection less common. These episodic events could be related to ecological shifts into new environments. However, the lack of strong evidence for positive selection using the method may suggest a relatively limited role of mitochondria in facilitating adaptations to new environments or show that only limited mitochondrial change is necessary. Nevertheless, further studies on the genes inferred to have signatures of positive selection are needed at the intraspecific-level to more fully understand their roles in environmental adaptation of this genus. Overall, although some amino acid positions are subject to positive selection, most of the positions are evolving neutrally or are under purifying selection. The patterns in Acrossocheilus appear to be best explained by relaxed purifying selection, and this was supported by the Ka/Ks value for each gene and the large number of sites under purifying selection detected in codon-based methods. Relationships of Ka/Ks to the environments of sampled individuals A few studies have assessed if selection on mitochondrial genes is correlated with environmental variables. For example, environmental analysis for penguins revealed a high correlation between ND4 and sea surface temperature [44]. Notably, our analysis of the relationship between environmental variables and Ka/Ks ratios revealed that ATP6 was correlated with mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2), while COX2 was associated with several precipitation variables.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: [14] They created this solution to make blockchain data administration in the cloud more manageable. Bilinear fitting is performed on the collected data. The model has minor effects when it comes to optimizing the process of selecting relevant documents. Increased computing effort is required due to encrypted request insertion in the revised manuscript. Through trustworthy metrics, the cloud environment has been improved in terms of security and usability. 5 Yu et al. [15] When considering how to handle the difficulties of a decentralized setting, they looked at solutions that combined blockchain technology with edge computing. Cloud computing and edge denial of service are propelled by mobile edge computing. The time and effort spent studying scalability are too high. Network server segmentation and self-organizing methods have enhanced system security. 6 Liang et al. [16] A blockchain-based, distributed architecture was presented for tracking data history in the cloud. ProvChain is a data-gathering and authenticity-checking framework. It was unable to establish a stable ecosystem. Overhead increases are computing complexity as the file size grows. This has led to greater accountability, transparency, and protection of sensitive information. 7 Jiang et al. [17] They showed a two-tier offload paradigm for computing that included both edge and cloud services. Researchers looked at two scenarios, one with a set number of miners and another with a variable number of miners. The security model of an area might be affected by delays in communication. Blockchain protocols using reinforcement learning have eliminated the need to manage privacy and security. 8 Ren et al. [18] Combining blockchain with regeneration coding has been suggested to enhance the safety and dependability of edge computing data storage. If duplicate hashes are analyzed, the data's originality is compromised. One cloud server was less valuable due to insufficient bandwidth. The encryption environment is assured to be safe and reliable. We promise that your data will always be safe. 9 Tuli et al. [19] The presented technique, FogBus, makes full end-to-end IoT integration possible. We can be certain that our data will remain private through blockchain technology. As a result, neither consumers nor service providers could rely on it. However, thanks to the integrated central programming module, the burden of deploying the security features can no longer handle various apps independently. The data was more affordable to maintain and expand thanks to the simplified procedure. The information may be shared depending on the circumstances.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Comparison of selected alpha diversity indexes for various 16S datasets from different habitats (N = number of samples in study). All datasets were subsampled to 2000 sequences prior to analyses, more information on the data used can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1. Table S3. Comparison of the abundance of total bacteria, methanotrophs, methanogens, fungi, and fungal to bacterial ratio (F/B) in the trap and periphyton of Utricularia species (data are averages from U. australis and U. vulgaris samples). Quantification of bacteria, fungi, methanotrophs and methanogens was done using the 16SrDNA, 18SrDNA, pmoA, and mcrA gene copy numbers, respectively. Quantity was normalized to total amount of DNA. Table S4. The 5 most important potential keystone taxa in the Utricularia-associated microbiomes, based on network analyses. Figure S1. vulgaris shoot on a Petri dish. Segmented leaves bearing traps and the growth tip are visible. Figure S2. Compositional overlap in Utricularia-associated prokaryotic microbiomes at the genus level. (a) Comparison between U. australis and U. vulgaris microbiomes and (b) between the U. australis and U. vulgaris periphyton and trap environments. Figure S3. Co-occurrence network for the prokaryotic community in the periphyton of Utricularia vulgaris, constructed from QIIME 16S data. Figure S4. Co-occurrence network for the prokaryotic community in the trap fluid of Utricularia vulgaris, constructed from QIIME 16S data. Figure S5. Tetrahymena utriculariae under the epifluorescence microscope. Zoochlorellae are visible in purple, the nucleus is stained blue, and fluorescently labeled bacteria in food vacuoles show green fluorescence. (DOCX 5108 kb)Additional file 2: Table S5. a Prokaryotic OTUs distribution in samples. b Methanotropic OTUs distribution in samples (external file). c Fungal OTUs distribution in samples. (XLSX 930 kb)Additional file 3: Table S6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Standard bioclimatic variables for the Acrossocheilus individuals in fourteen localities. S3 Table. Significant changes in amino acid properties detected in TreeSAAP. S1 Dataset. Dataset for phylogenetic analysis and analyses of evolutionary rates. 1. Das J. of in Physiological and Evolutionary Adaptation. BioEssays. 2006; 28: 890–901. pmid:16937356 View 2. Pörtner HO. and the of Evolution: of Endothermy in Mammals and Birds. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 2004; 77: 959–981. pmid:15674770 View 3. . Evaluating the Roles of Constraints on Teleost Mitochondrial-Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 28: 39–44. pmid:20924083 View 4. . the of. Proceedings of the B: Biological Sciences. 2009; 276: 3447–3455. pmid:19586946 View 5. da ’. Evolution of the Genome. BMC Genomics. 2008; 9: 119. pmid:18318906 View 6. . as a Force of Speciation. BioEssays. 2009; 31: 642–650. pmid:19408245 View 7. . of Temperature on Rates of and Speciation. Proceedings of the of Sciences. 2006; 103: 9130–9135. pmid:16754845 View 8. . and the of Lineages. Ecology and Evolution. 2015; 5: 176–195. pmid:25628875 View 9. Jacobsen MW, da. of of the NADH2 Gene in Whitefish (Coregonus Ssp. ). and Evolution. 2016; 95: 161–170. pmid:26654959 View 10. . Positive and in of a Bird with Mitonuclear Discordance. Molecular Ecology. 2015; 24: 2820–2837. pmid:25876460 View 11. . of Cytochrome c Oxidase in High-(Teleostei: Scombroidei). Journal of Molecular Evolution. 2006; 62: 319–331. pmid:16477525 View 12. Yuan LY. of of the Acrossocheilus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: 10 Ramachandran and Kantarcioglu, [20] They proposed blockchain as a trustworthy system to track and control the provenance of data. They looked at open provenance frameworks and smart contracts to decipher data trails. Because each modified document must be allocated, it incurs more computational costs because the memory of the previous document must be preserved. Information on the procedure may be gleaned through its use of public communication. By distributing votes more evenly, random voting decentralizes the verification procedure. A human validator is unnecessary because the verification software checks the modifications before the vote. 11 Xu et al. [21] The team developed a collective intelligence concept that can be applied to platforms, employees, and task editors. Using incentive and punishment systems, they addressed the mistrust between the publisher and the staff. Caused a lot of delays to jump around. The position's ambiguity is not diminished. There will still be a scarcity of workers, which won't help. Clearing up overloaded networks. Because of this, the robust Nash equilibrium that impacts edge servers were optimized to the fullest extent. 12 Lee et al. [22] The possible effects of blockchain technology and implementing Cyber-Systems (CPSS) with three-tier architecture were developed. To develop a learning agent, more training data is required. They ensured interoperability, data integrity, security, and privacy. 13 Gai et al. [23] They introduced an authoritative blockchain edge model for a smart grid network model that solved smart grid, data protection, and energy security. A covert channel attack is a counterintuitive approach that uses latency to reveal critical information. It would help if you focused on using top-up and bottom-down approaches. Prevented energy-related attacks. 14 Cao et al. [24] They designed a cloud-assisted secure electronic health system that eliminated illegal tampering. Collusion between the data server and its corresponding transactions is processed as a blockchain. The absence of a central authority request for multiple tokens creates an environment of un-trust. They analyzed communication overhead and computational overhead with reduced calculation times. 15 Li et al. [24] Cloud-based secure knowledge is suggested for private and Due to the immutability of the blockchain, its labeling is System security has been tested. 16 Gai et al. [25] A blockchain-oriented approach by the consortium to the data breach problem was investigated. The model determines user behavior for data protection modeling.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: While reviewers recognised the value of this study, they have all listed a number of major issues that need to be carefully revised. In particular, the very low sample set used in the study seems problematic and require running additional statistical analyses and possibly toning down or adapting your conclusions (see reviewers 1 and 2). Reviewer 3 suggested additional proofreading of the manuscript, clarification of the methods section, and improving the Figures. I will be looking forward to receiving your revised manuscript along with a point-by-point response to the reviewers comments. With kind regards, 1 · Jul 12, 2019 Basic reporting Well written and good literature review. Experimental design Good technical approach in an important topical area of research Validity of the findings The sample size for the study is too small to be meaningful Additional comments The authors set to identify the effect of storage conditions on the microbiome of three children from Uganda. The authors used five different collection methods, including raw, ethanol, RNAlater and OMNIgene. GUT. The authors then analysed the 16s rRNA poriles using the V1-V2 regions. There were significant differences were observed in the composition and diversity between preservation methods. However, they could still observe clustering that was driven my child rather than sample preparation method. The authors are particularly interested in how temperature and storage could affect the microbiota and how this relates to samples from field studies, where there are more likely to be fluctuations in the storage collection and conditions which may alter the microbiota. The authors address important questions about the variation in samples depending on collection and storage before processing. The data they present shows the importance of standardizing collection within a study. Major comments: The n=3 for most of the samples (raw, ethanol, RNAlater) and n=2 for the OMNIgene. GUT is very low. How robust is this? Line 231~: “In total 87 stool samples were collected for analysis” >How are these 87 comprised? Are these different times of the 3 samples, in the different storage methods? Please insert a table of these samples. Figure 1: All children have a distinct microbiome by PCA (Line 236), however on figure 1 you also see a clustering of the RNA later samples. (Fig 1b). Please discuss the clustering – there is similarity between child B and A for ethanol and raw too.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sc. Thesis, Nanchang University. 2005. 13. . A of the from China (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zoological Research. 1997; 18: 243–246. View 14. . Thermal adaptation and acclimation of ectotherms from differing aquatic climates. Molecular Ecology. 2013; 22: 3090–3097. pmid:23452191 View 15. . Review and meta-analysis of natural selection in mitochondrial complex I in metazoans. Journal of. 2014; 53: 1–17. View 16. Huang ZY. DNA of of Cyprinid (Barbinae and Labeoninae) in China. M. Sc. Thesis, Jinan University. 2015. 17. . MEGA6: Version 6. 0. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 2725–2729. pmid:24132122 View 18. Tajima F. of DNA in a When the among Sites. Genetics. 1996; 143: 1457–1465. pmid:8807315 View 19. Librado P, Rozas J. DnaSP v5: A Software for of DNA Polymorphism Data. Bioinformatics. 2009; 25: 1451–1452. pmid:19346325 View 20. . TreeSAAP: Selection on. Bioinformatics. 2003; 19: 671–672. pmid:12651734 View 21. Hammer Ø,. Past: for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2001; 4: 1–9. View 22. Stamatakis A. RAxML Version 8: A Tool for and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014; 30: 1312–1313. pmid:24451623 View 23. . JModelTest 2: More Models,. Nature Methods. 2012; 9: 772–772. pmid:22847109 View 24. . Positive and on the Mitochondrial Genome. Trends in Genetics. 2007; 23: 259–263. pmid:17418445 View 25. Yang Z. PAML 4: by Maximum Likelihood. and Evolution. 2007; 24: 1586–1591. pmid:17483113 View 26. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and algorithms to navigate and make decisions. [SEP] Text: Estas ayudas a la conducción han ido cubriendo fallos que los investigadores denominan "conducción errática" ó "comportamientos inseguros al volante" y que son decisiones arbitrarias tomadas por un conductor humano, que ponen en peligro a todos los usuarios de la carretera. Estas malas decisiones, sumadas al creciente número de viajes en coche en una ciudad hoy en día (post pandemia), muestran la necesidad de seguir haciendo propuestas tecnológicas, enfocadas a donde se producen interacciones más complejas entre vehículos; por ejemplo, una intersección en hora punta. Los desarrollos en ayudas a la conducción se han orientado en dos temas: el primero sobre la automatización de la conducción (de Asistencia al Conductor - ADAS y Vehículos Automatizados - AV) y el segundo sobre la gestión del tráfico vial (algoritmos centralizados o distribuidos para el control del tráfico). Aunque en la actualidad hay varias empresas automotrices y centros de investigación trabajando en los dos temas, y en especial en algunos casos eliminando de la ecuación el comportamiento humano, todavía hay carencias en las configuraciones, para que un vehículo autónomo sea capaz de tomar decisiones óptimas, frente a todas las posibles condiciones disponibles en un tráfico vial.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: (this is partly mentioned in lines 265-267) Figure 3: the mixture of genera, phylum, family and order is not clear. This needs to be separated out by taxonomic levels The authors should carry out analysis to determine whether the differences in the population are due to the child or the method. Lines 257-285: Please quantify this conclusion that inter-storage preservation methods were relatively stable over time. A population analysis over time would answer this. Lines 277-279: this is most likely not an increase in relative abundance of these genera (Sediminibactreium and Rummeliibacillus), but due to a drop in other taxa which then unmasks this difference. What is the alpha and beta diversity at these time points? Minor points: 185 : “and then reads less 186 than 250 bp in length were discarded” What was the length of the V1-V2 PCR? The forward and reverse reads should cover the 453bp fragment? Line 201-203: “Higher taxonomic groups were 201 excluded where it was assumed that a lower taxonomic group was accountable for the observed 202 change. These situations were where a higher taxonomic group had a less significant or equal 203 change in relative abundance compared to a lower taxonomic group classified to the higher 204 taxonomy by LEfSe analysis. ” This needs further clarification and reasoning. Line 222: “Analysis (PCoA) plots” or principle component analysis? Lines 311-315: the OMNIgene was only performed on two samples to this is too few to analyse Cite this review as (2019) #1 of "The impact of storage conditions on human stool 16S rRNA microbiome composition and diversity (v0. 1)". PeerJ · Jul 15, 2019 Basic reporting The manuscript is well written. Experimental design Generally speaking, the methods are well described and experiments are well conducted. One limitation is the small sample size. (Only three individuals) Validity of the findings I may have missed the Accession numbers, but it does not appear that the data sets from this work have been uploaded to a public database (i. e. , 16s sequences FASTQ data). Additional comments Generally speaking, the analyses the authors did are pretty straightforward. A moderate degree of revision is needed. Please consider the following comments intended to improve the manuscript.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Accuracy and Power of the Test in Molecular Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 18: 1585–1592. pmid:11470850 View 27. . Accuracy and Power of for Evolution in Sequences and for Selected Sites. Genetics. 2004; 168: 1041–1051. pmid:15514074 View 28. HyPhy 2. 5—a for Phylogenies. and Evolution. 2020; 37: 295–299. pmid:31504749 View 29. . Datamonkey 2010: A Suite of Tools for Evolutionary Biology. Bioinformatics. 2010; 26: 2455–2457. pmid:20671151 View 30. FUBAR: A Fast, Approximation for Inferring Selection. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 1196–1205. pmid:23420840 View 31. . to Selection. PLoS Genetics. 2012; 8: e1002764. pmid:22807683 View 32. . Not so Different after All: A Comparison of Methods for under Selection. and Evolution. 2005; 22: 1208–1222. pmid:15703242 View 33. . Assessing and Improving the Accuracy of Adaptation with the. of and Applications. 2010; 6: 120. pmid:20223735 View 34. . for of Resources Data: 1. DIVA-GIS. Resources Newsletter. 2001; 127: 15–19. View 35. . for Areas. of Climatology. 2005; 25: 1965–1978. View 36. . Lme4: Linear Mixed-and S4. Version 1. 1–7 [Lme4]. 2014 July 19 [cited 2020 May 10]. 37. Team R. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4. 0. 3 [R]. 2020 Oct 10 [cited 2022 May 10]. 38. . of Species of the Acrossocheilus Oshima, 1919 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) and Implications. Zootaxa. 2015; 4059: 151–168. pmid:26701558 View 39. . Mitogenome and of (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). . 2018; 3: 24–25. pmid:33474052 View 40. . Analysis of among the acrossocheilus Base on. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and algorithms to navigate and make decisions. [SEP] Text: Ahora bien, y teniendo en cuenta los dos temas antes mencionados sobre los desarrollos en ayudas a la conducción, los investigadores prevén a grandes rasgos, que para alcanzar mayores niveles de conducción autónoma en la próxima década, es necesario estudiar cómo hacer más eficientes las interacciones autónomas entre vehículos. Por ello, las intersecciones viales son un ejemplo clave, donde es posible analizar casos de interacciones de alta complejidad entre vehículos, ya que se trata de una parte de la infraestructura vial, donde los vehículos comparten carriles, vías, cruces o cambios de carril a voluntad, y que podría generar colisiones en puntos de conflicto y retrasos en los desplazamientos si no existe una cooperación adecuada. De esta forma, en esta tesis se propone una serie de algoritmos distribuidos para el control del tráfico en intersecciones, basados en el intercambio de comunicaciones entre vehículos autónomos (interacciones locales) cercano a las intersecciones y donde se muestran comportamientos emergentes en el tráfico, resultando en cruces de forma cooperativa, segura y eficiente, desde bajas a altas densidades de tráfico vehicular en las intersecciones. Esta investigación se desarrolla utilizando simuladores de tráfico vial, con calles estilo Manhattan; primero implementando escenarios menos complejos con calles urbanas de un carril, y luego incrementando la complejidad con múltiples carriles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: [24] and Ngunjiri et al. [25] have also reported that genera Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Actinobacillus, and Lactobacillus species (L. reuteri, L. gasseri, and L. crispatus) are initial colonizers of the chicken nasal, tracheal, and Broncho-(BAL) samples. At the phylum taxa, Mulholland et al. [17] report that the avian trachea is majorly colonized by four phyla at hatch, specifically Gram-positive bacteria Firmicutes (35%) and Actinobacteria (29%), Gram-negative bacteria (Proteobacteria (19%), and Bacteroidetes (9%). Although with varying order of abundance, the same bacterial phyla have been reported as pioneer colonizers of the avian gut [26, 27]. While the effects of the hatchery environment and contaminants on potential colonizers of the respiratory tract should be acknowledged, these results suggest that maternal influence plays a significant role in shaping the pioneer microbial community of the avian respiratory tract. Fig. 1Adapted from Glendinning et al. (2017) and Mulholland et al. (2021)Dynamics of microbiota colonization and succession in the avian trachea and lungs. At hatch, the avian trachea (representative of the upper respiratory tract-URT) was colonized predominantly by Pseudomonas (13%), Brevibacterium (9%), Brachybacterium (8%), Streptococcus (8%), Chryseobacterium (7%), Bacillaceae (6. 5%), and Corynebacteriaceae (6%). By week 3, the tracheal microbiota shifted, with reductions in Brevibacterium (6%), Bacillaceae (4. 2%), and Brachybacterium (5%). emerged dominantly, constituting 34. 1% of the trachea. In contrast, the lung microbiota (representative of the lower respiratory tract-LRT) displayed distinct colonization. Initially, Staphylococcus (25%), Pseudomonas (16%), Achromobacter (15%), and Lactobacillus (12%) were predominant at hatch.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Consequently, microbes with smaller genomes expel unused genes (Giovannoni et al. , 2005). For example, in a well studied group of archaea, Methanosarcina mazei has the smallest genome of the sequenced Methanosarcina and has clearly shed transferred genes found in other members of the genus (Garushyants, Kazanov & Gelfand, 2015). Gene loss is more common than gene gain over the evolution of both bacteria and archaea (Wolf et al. , 2012). On the other hand, a large genome is an adaptive strategy in which excess genes are retained longer (Chang et al. , 2011) in order to allow greater versatility (Guieysse & Wuertz, 2012). Thus, counting the absolute number of transferred genes present in a genome does not necessarily reflect the rate of horizontal transfer into that organism. This, however, could happen at a much larger scale when comparing organisms from very different environments. In order to compare bacteria from a range of living conditions, we look for bacteria with unusual levels of HGT with archaea than predicted by their genome size. total of 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes (Table S1) were compared using reciprocal BLAST hits (BLAST version 2), where each BLASTp hit had to have an e-value of less than or equal to 1e−10 and the alignment length was >50% of the query (Table S2). Genomes were downloaded from the NCBI ftp site in 2009 and in cases where a microbe had one or more plasmids, those plasmids were included with the genome. All genomes were 100% complete and closed and no two genomes are from the same species. Information about each organism and its temperature, oxygen, and salt p1. code and RBH dataset necessary to reproduce the regression modeling and visualization is freely available at In addition, we examined the Korbel normalization, which includes the genome size of both bacteria and archaea: weighted average = 2 × A × B A 2 + B 2 where A and B are the genome size of the archaeal and bacterial genomes (Korbel et al. , 2002). fit was similar to our log–logistic function, but was found to be less accurate for bacteria with >5,000 genes (Fig. S2). Therefore, we used the log–logistic function in all our analyses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and algorithms to navigate and make decisions. [SEP] Text: [-] [CA] Des de fa aproximadament dues dècades, les ajudes tecnològiques a la conducció han anat creixent a un ritme vertiginós amb la intenció de fer aquests sistemes més eficients i segurs. Aquestes ajudes a la conducció han. . . [+] [CA] Des de fa aproximadament dues dècades, les ajudes tecnològiques a la conducció han anat creixent a un ritme vertiginós amb la intenció de fer aquests sistemes més eficients i segurs. Aquestes ajudes a la conducció han anat cobrint fallades que els investigadors denominen "conducció erràtica" o "comportaments insegurs al volant" i que són decisions arbitràries preses per un conductor humà, que posen en perill a tots els usuaris de la carretera. Aquestes males decisions, sumades al creixent nombre de viatges en cotxe en una ciutat avui dia (post pandèmia), mostren la necessitat de seguir fent propostes tecnològiques, enfocades a on es produeixen interaccions més complexes entre vehicles; per exemple, una intersecció en hora punta. Els desenvolupaments en ajudes a la conducció s'han orientat en dos temes: el primer sobre l'automatització de la conducció (Sistemes Avançats d'Assistència al Conductor - ADAS i - AV) i el segon sobre la gestió del trànsit vial (algoritmes centralitzats o distribuïts per al control del trànsit).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: By week 3, the composition shifted to Pseudomonas (35%), Lactobacillus (28%), and Staphylococcus (18%) as the dominant genera in the avian lungs. Full size imageIn terms of community structure, phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes—and to a lesser extent Actinobacteria and Tenericutes—are consistently reported as the major residents of the poultry respiratory tract [12, 25, 28]. and Bacteroidetes have also been reported as the predominant bacteria in the human colon [29], suggesting an evolutionary trend. phylum comprises more than 200 genera, including important probiotics like Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Ruminicoccus. Conversely, the predominant genera in the phylum Bacteroidetes, including Bacteroides and Prevotella, are known pathobionts [30]. Of note, high Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios are associated with increased inflammation, fat deposition and obesity in humans [31]. A reduction in the abundance of members of the Firmicutes phylum has also been linked with several pathologies in other animals including pigs, cattle, and horses [32]. At lower taxa, as many as 144 bacterial genera have been identified in the respiratory tract of turkeys including 25 shared genera between turkeys and chickens [9, 33], emphasizing the complexity of the poultry respiratory microbiota. A detailed summary of studies presenting the predominant genera in the poultry respiratory tract is presented in Table 1. The trachea and BAL samples are the most studied sections of the URT and LRT in poultry, respectively. The avian respiratory tract comprises more facultative anaerobes than obligate anaerobes, with genera Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus being ubiquitous residents of both the URT and LRT [17, 33]. Although the genus Lactobacillus predominates the poultry respiratory tract [34], its relative abundance varies depending on which part of the respiratory tract is being examined. genus is known to comprise gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacteria that degrade polysaccharides to yield lactic acid [35]. Lactobacillus species are often used in the poultry industry as probiotics as a result of their beneficial properties [36]. Notwithstanding, Johnson et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The residual numbers of RBHs in each genome were calculated by subtraction of the predicted fit line, which we’ll refer to as ‘residual’ RBHs. The effect of genome size was successfully removed by this subtraction, and number of genes and residuals were no longer correlated (Table S3). Residuals were not normally distributed due to the non-random contributions of horizontally transferred genes (Fig. S3). For each archaeon, bacteria with residual RBH counts greater than 1. 96 standard deviations from 0 were defined as significantly enriched in shared genes and considered to form an enriched pair with that archaeon (Table S3). Since this residual calculation was done for each of 57 archaea, it is susceptible to multiple testing issues. From the Bernoulli process, there is a 14% chance that one out of 441 bacteria would be erroneously considered enriched with one out of 57 archaea. However, one would expect zero bacteria to randomly be enriched in comparisons with three or more archaea. In our dataset, only four bacteria were enriched in <3 archaea and all four were also supported by enrichment in horizontally transferred genes (below). Therefore, we believe our confidence interval was conservative enough to avoid false positives. Bacteria-bacteria dissimilarity matrices were constructed with residual RBHs using the Bray–Curtis algorithm. These matrices were used in analyses (Clarke, 1993) with the Primer 6 program ( to examine the significance oxygen utilization and temperature. There was no significant difference in bacterial genome size between growth temperature groups (mesophiles: 3,857 ± 1,753 genes; thermophiles: 2,491 ± 727 genes) or between oxygen utilization groups (anaerobes: 2,810 ± 1,039 genes; aerobes 4,439 ± 1,811 genes). Extremely halophilic bacteria had an average genome size of 2,806 ± 331 genes. To examine the significance of %GC along with oxygen utilization and temperature, primary residual RBHs were calculated and re-fitted by multiple linear regression with ‘lm‘ using %GC content and bacterial genome size as predictors (Fig. S4). Secondary residual RBHs were then calculated for use in statistical analyses where noted. Mantel test All 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from the GreenGenes database (DeSantis et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and algorithms to navigate and make decisions. [SEP] Text: Encara que actualment hi ha diverses empreses automobilístiques i centres de recerca treballant en els dos temes, i en especial en alguns casos eliminant de l'equació el comportament humà, encara hi ha mancances en les configuracions, perquè un vehicle autònom siga capaç de prendre decisions òptimes, davant totes les possibles condicions disponibles en un trànsit vial. Ara bé, i tenint en compte els dos temes abans esmentats sobre els desenvolupaments en ajudes a la conducció, els investigadors preveuen a grans trets, que per assolir majors nivells de conducció autònoma en la propera dècada, és necessari estudiar com fer més eficients les interaccions autònomes entre vehicles. Per això, les interseccions vials són un exemple clau, on és possible analitzar casos d'interaccions d'alta complexitat entre vehicles, ja que es tracta d'una part de la infraestructura vial, on els vehicles comparteixen carrils, vies, creus o canvis de carril a voluntat, i que podria generar col·lisions en punts de conflicte i retards en els desplaçaments si no existeix una cooperació adequada.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: [34] have reported a negative correlation for increased Lactobacillus abundance in the cecum and ileum with weight of birds. This result emphasizes the need to be considerate of the type of Lactobacillus species, rather than the genus, when formulating probiotics applications. species in the poultry respiratory tract include Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus crispatus/acidophilus/gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii/gasseri, Lactobacillus aviarius, and Lactobacillus reuteri [34]. Depending on the metabolic property and oxygen requirement of the bacteria, they can be classified as transient or colonizing species. For example, Lactobacillus aviaries is known as a transient species in the trachea because it is an obligate anaerobe found in relatively lower abundance [34, 37]. Experimental studies have demonstrated that Lactobacillus species exhibit immunostimulatory and antiviral properties [38,39,40]. Additionally, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Streptococcus faecalis species have been found to induce natural antibodies against various foreign antigens in chickens [41]. Table 1 A comprehensive summary of studies that present the most prevalent genera observed in the respiratory tract of poultryFull size tableIn addition to the complexity of the poultry respiratory microbiota, inconsistency exists regarding the microbial diversity within various sites in the poultry respiratory tract. One theory is that microbial diversity decreases posteriorly along poultry respiratory sites, from the nasal cavity to the lungs, which has been referred to as the island ecological model in human studies [42, 43]. This proposition is grounded in an ecological framework, suggesting that the nasal cavities serve as a microbiota mainland (source), with the highest richness and evenness of microbial species, acting as a source of microbial population for other respiratory sites (sink) [44]. Several poultry studies [18, 24, 45] are in conformation with this proposition. Interestingly, Abundo et al. [44] reported an exception to this model as BAL samples recorded significantly higher microbial diversity compared to the trachea. This exception is herein referred to as the spatial-anatomical model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Most of the bacteria in this dataset are aerobic mesophiles, even when pathogens are not included (Table S1). Of the archaea, 34 were anaerobes and 34 were (hyper)thermophilic (Fig. 2: Table S1). Twenty-three archaea were moderately halophilic while six were extremely halophilic (Table S1). Only four archaea were mesophilic aerobes living at normal salt conditions (Fig. 2: Table S1). However, this reflects current knowledge of archaeal diversity, i. e. , few major taxonomic divisions of archaea include representatives from aerobic non-extreme environments with complete genome sequences. For example, there are only two main types of archaea commonly found in the oxic ocean: Thaumarcheota and II Euryarcheota (Karner, DeLong & Karl, 2001). and IV Euryarcheota are also occasionally found in the ocean but have not been sequenced (Zhang et al. , 2015). Thaumarcheota are the main type of archaea in oxic soils (Bates et al. , 2011) and in oxic freshwater (Reitschuler, Hofmann & Illmer, 2016). There are at present only 11 known genera in the phylum Thaumarcheota, four of which are represented in our dataset (one is thermophilic). There are presently two known types of II Euryarcheota (Zhang et al. , 2015), one of which is included in our dataset. Figure 1: Tree of all the bacteria used in this study. For names see Table S1. The inner ring is the growth temperature range of the bacteria. The middle ring is the oxygen utilization potential of the bacteria. The outer ring represents the frequency of archaea-bacteria pairs enriched in reciprocal best hits (RBHs), where green represents 0–3 pairs, orange 4–24 pairs, and red 25+ pairs. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-1 Figure 2: Tree of all the archaea used in this study. For archaeal names see Table S1. The inner ring is the growth temperature range of the archaea. The middle ring is the oxygen utilization potential of the archaea.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and algorithms to navigate and make decisions. [SEP] Text: D'aquesta manera, en aquesta tesi es proposa una sèrie d'algoritmes distribuïts per al control del trànsit en interseccions, basats en l'intercanvi de comunicacions entre vehicles autònoms (interaccions locals) properes a les interseccions i on es mostren comportaments emergents en el trànsit, resultant en creus de forma cooperativa, segura i eficient, des de baixes a altes densitats de trànsit vehicular en les interseccions. Aquesta investigació es desenvolupa utilitzant simuladors de trànsit vial, amb carrers estil Manhattan; primer implementant escenaris menys complexos amb carrers urbans d'un carril, i després incrementant la complexitat amb múltiples carrils. [-] [EN] Since a couple of decades, the technological driving aids have gone growing at a dizzying pace with the intention of making these systems more efficient and safe. These driving aids have been covering failures that. . . [+] [EN] Since a couple of decades, the technological driving aids have gone growing at a dizzying pace with the intention of making these systems more efficient and safe. These driving aids have been covering failures that the researchers name "erratic driving" or "unsafe driving behaviors" and are arbitrary decisions taken by a human driver which endanger all road users. These bad decisions in addition to the increasing number of driving commutes in a city nowadays (post pandemic), show the need to continue doing technological proposals focused on where there are more complex interactions between vehicles when density increases; for instance, an intersection in rush hour. The developments in driving aids have been orientated in two topics: the first driving automation (- ADAS and - AV) and the second road traffic management (centralized or distributed algorithms to traffic control). Although there are currently several automotive companies and research centers working in the two topics, and in special in some cases removing the equation the human behavior, there are still lacks in the configurations for an vehicle autonomous be able to make optimal decisions front to all possible conditions available in a road traffic.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: This model is based on the concept that the unique anatomical and physiological functions of each distinct respiratory site dictate the richness and evenness of its microbial residents. This would imply that constant mucociliary clearance occurring in the trachea contributes to its reduced microbial richness in comparison to LRT sites, where microbial deposition contributes to its higher microbial diversity [46]. Indeed, further studies are needed to clarify whether poultry respiratory sites exhibit a source-sink or unique microbial diversity trend. Influencing factors on poultry respiratory microbiota community composition and diversityThe composition and diversity of the respiratory microbiota in poultry are influenced by various factors. These include intrinsic host-related factors such as bird type, breed, age, and genetics, as well as several extrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include production system, sampling sites and methods, sequencing platforms, and methodologies (choice of PCR primers, regions to be sequenced, number of PCR cycles, DNA extraction protocols), as well as nutrition, antibiotics use, disease, and environmental stressors such as heat and litter quality. The interplay of these factors contributes to the complexity of the poultry respiratory microbiota. A synthesis of available information on the most decisive determinants of the poultry respiratory microbiota (presented in Fig. 2) are described below:Fig. 2Factors shaping community structure and diversity of poultry respiratory microbiota. The interplay between intrinsic factors (highlighted in orange) and extrinsic factors (highlighted in grey) significantly influences the community structure and diversity of the poultry respiratory microbiota. The respiratory site itself, shaped by distinct physiological functions, determines the microbial residents, resulting in unique bacterial communities across various respiratory sites. Additionally, avian species type governs microbiota composition, notably between chickens and turkeys. Age is a critical factor, with microbial colonization increasing until an age-independent plateau is reached. However, this process is impacted by diverse stressors, environmental conditions, and management practices. Factors such as ammonia pollution, heat stress, antibiotic usage, and pathogen presence, especially viruses, can disrupt microbiota balance, potentially leading to dysbiosis. Understanding these intricate relationships is crucial for a comprehensive comprehension of avian respiratory microbiota dynamicsFull size imageIntrinsic factorsAs highlighted in our description of the spatial-anatomical model of microbial diversity in the respiratory tract, the distinct physiological and adaptive functions of each respiratory site determine its specific microbial residents.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 6), though it is true that we only have 4 aerobic mesophilic archaea in our dataset. Pathogens, either anaerobic or aerobic, were never enriched in RBHs. To validate these findings statistically, a series of tests were conducted to investigate factors associated with the number of shared genes between bacteria and archaea (Table 1). Since many of the bacteria and archaea are both anaerobic and thermophilic, we used a two-way to take into account both oxygen and temperature simultaneously. Indeed, each factor independently had a significant correlation with the number of shared genes between archaea and bacteria (p = 0. 001; Table 1). Figure 6: Phenotypes of bacteria and archaea that are enriched in shared genes. The bacteria that formed pairs enriched in shared genes (RBHs) with three or more archaea and the phenotypes associated with those archaea. Labels on the x axis describe the bacteria while color coding describes the archaea. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-6 Table 1: Statistical analyses. Overall summary of results. The groups for GC content were: low GC = 30–45, medium = 46–55, high = 56–70. value Temperature (1 way) 0. 614 0. 001 Oxygen (1 way) 0. 213 0. 001 GC content (1 way) 0. 082 0. 001 Salt (1 way) Not significant pH 0. 249 0. 008 Metabolism (1 way) 0. 045 0. 004 Pathogen vs Autotroph 0. 224 0. 001 Pathogen vs Heterotroph 0. 023 0. 006 Heterotroph vs significant Oxygen (2 way w/temp) 0. 170 0. 001 Anaerobic vs Aerobic 0. 405 0. 001 Anaerobic vs facultative 0. 324 0. 001 Aerobic vs facultative Not significant Temperature (2 way w/O2) 0. 547 0. 001 Hyperthermo vs Meso 0. 654 0. 001 Thermo vs Meso 0. 517 0. 001 Hyperthermo vs significant Oxygen (2 way w/GC) 0. 227 0. 001 GC content (2 way w/O2) 0. 099 0. 001 Low vs High 0. 235 0. 001 Medium vs High 0. 088 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe degree of vehicle automation is continuously rising in all modes of transport both on public traffic infrastructure and in-house transport within company grounds, in order to improve the productivity, reliability, and flexibility of transport. You have full access to this open access 2. Other autonomous systems developing in parallel, such as drones, show that completely new business models are developing in the field of logistics. Expected changes in logistic processes and in human labor in the systems will be discussed using a generic supply chain approach. The 2. 1 Transport SystemsTypical indoor applications of AGT systems connect production and assembly processes, incoming and outgoing goods areas as well as picking areas and warehouses. AGT systems and work robots, such as those for picking, palletizing, etc. , are frequently combined in a single apparatus. In in-house logistics, the encounter between humans and AGT/AGV systems was therefore always envisioned since AGT/AGV systems generally perform other functions as well, for example supporting the picking process. Early personal safety concepts worked with tactile, mechanical bars or bumpers [2]. Today, laser scanners are more widely used which, depending on the driving speed, can cover up to 7 m [2] and are frequently combined with other sensor technologies. The stabilization level plays a relatively minor role in in-house transport as the company itself maintains the floor surface in a drivable state. In early systems, the guidance level in the indoor component of in-house transports was generally implemented with electrical conductors embedded in the floors. Today the following different types for position recognition and positioning can be distinguished [3]: On the one hand, this includes the physical guide, implemented either as an active inductive guide path, as a magnetic tape or optical guide path. On the other hand, technologies for free navigation which utilize floor markings (metal, magnets, transponders) or laser technology in which position-determination functions something like in maritime transport (cross bearing) can be found. Newer technologies combine laser scanners and camera systems with digital-environment maps and enable navigation by characteristics of the environment. Data transmission between the stationary and mobile units of an AGT system was previously conducted using inductive or infrared data transmission. Today, narrowband and increasingly broadband transmission (WLAN) are predominant. Radio direction finding enables localization via indoor GPS (System) with an accuracy up to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Hence, it is not surprising that the respiratory site under consideration is a factor that potentially influences microbiota composition and diversity. Several poultry studies have reported distinct bacterial communities across different respiratory sites [5, 24, 25, 34]. Sohail et al. [12] also reported distinct spatial bacterial ecology between the ceca and trachea using Polymerase chain reaction/denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR/DGGE) fingerprinting methodology. Tracheal samples were predominantly dominated by and Oscillospira whereas cecal samples had Aerococcus, Anaerococcus, Globicatella, Lactobacillus, Nosocomiicoccus and Staphylococcus as the prevailing genera in their study. In conformation with results from Sohail et al. [12] study, Kallapura et al. [47] also reported a higher rate of Salmonella recovery in the trachea compared to the ceca. This disparity could possibly be because of the two mucosa milieus, the trachea is the easiest route for microbe entry and colonization. Additionally, longer feed retention time, and lower pH afford the ceca its unique bacterial composition and diversity [48]. Taylor et al. [18] provided unique perspective on the peculiarity of the poultry respiratory tract microbiota, as they report unique microbiota compositions of the avian trachea and nasal cavity. It is speculated that the avian trachea harbors more transient species compared to the nasal cavity. Similar observations have been reported in the human respiratory tract [6, 49]. Furthermore, the type of poultry bird is another factor that reportedly dictates the composition and diversity of the poultry respiratory tract microbiota. Although some bacterial taxa overlap occur, distinct differences in the URT microbiota (trachea) of chickens and turkeys have been reported [9]. Kursa et al. [9] further showed that the chicken trachea harbors significantly greater bacterial diversity compared to the turkey trachea. This difference in respiratory microbiota composition and diversity is speculated to be confounded by the age of the flocks, as the average age of chickens and turkeys from which samples were obtained in the study was 30 and 25 weeks, respectively [9]. The impact of age on the composition and diversity of the microbial communities in the avian respiratory tract has received less attention compared to the gut.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: However, the three variables were significant in determining the number of shared genes for different COG categories. %GC was only significant for COG categories Synthesis, Energy Production, and Nucleotide Synthesis. Interestingly, oxygen utilization was significant for more COG categories than temperature, including Transcription, Energy Production, and Coenzymemetabolism. Additionally the category was significant for temperature, but not oxygen utilization. These results demonstrate that the genes shared among anaerobes are different than the genes shared among thermophiles. Table 2: Statistical analyses of shared genes split into COGs. COG summary between bacteria where the number of reciprocal best hits has been corrected for genome size. Oxygen and temperature were assessed in a two way. GC content was assessed taking oxygen into account in a two way. For the a Bonferroni correction was used by dividing the p value needed (0. 05) by 15 tests. Tests were only considered significant when p < 0. 003. Acid Synthesis, all three variables (oxygen, temperature and %GC) were significant. Temperature and oxygen utilization were still signification after both genome size and %GC were corrected for simultaneously. COG O2 Utilization anaerobe vs aerobe Temperature hyperthermo vs mesophile GC Low vs high = 0. 221 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 763 p = 0. 001 NS = 0. 271 p = 0. 001 = 0. 117 p = 0. 002 R = 0. 556 p = 0. 001 NS R = 0. 170 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 536 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 379 p = 0. 001 Carbohydrate NS R = 0. 655 p = 0. 001 NS Secondary metabolites R = 0. 451 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 166 p = 0. 001 NS = 0. 253 p = 0. 001 = 0. 571 p = 0. 001 NS R = 0. 247 p = 0. 001 Inorganic ion R = 0. 215 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 465 p = 0. 001 = 0. 612 p = 0. 001 Posttranslational modification R = 0. 402 p = 0. 001 NS NS Cell wall unknown R = 0. 352 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 609 p = 0. 001 NS General function R = 0. 380 p = 0. 001 R = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: 5 m, with outdoor GPS precise to within 10 m, dGPS (Differential GPS) accurate up to 1 m and dGPS with phase evaluation precise to within 0. 1 m. Vehicles are assigned to driving tasks and are coordinated [2]. The control concept consists of a control unit through which execution of the transport order, transport order processing, vehicle allocation and transport execution are managed centrally. The traffic control system is part of the vehicle job execution. Clearance for individual sections of the route is done similarly to the rail traffic system in block sections that can only be occupied by one vehicle at a time. One such system was implemented in the distribution center of a logistics service provider in 2011 [3]. In the picking process, AGT systems are used in which the pickers are carried by the vehicle as well. The safety of the picker is ensured through various measures, as with the safety regulations for rail transport in which passengers are required to assume a particular position with their hands and feet. It is therefore not possible to carry out other activities while the vehicle is in motion. The operator safety concept relies on laser scanners. Navigation relies on a magnetic point sequence guide system, and the control system utilizes wireless-technology for data transmission. The AGT/AGV control system is also handled centrally in the new systems. Expanding the systems is therefore always associated with major expenses, so research into autonomous, decentralized control solutions is afoot here as well. One current example is the autonomous reach forklift truck developed in the “marion (mobile, autonomous, cooperative robots in complex value creation chains)” project, which in turn was developed as part of the “Autonomik” (autonomous and simulation-based systems for SMEs) technology program. The tasks of vehicles are assigned by a superordinate system. The forklift executes the task autonomously and calculates and determines the optimal route independently. It is equipped with a 3D-laser, laser scanner and cameras for 3D environment detection. Through sensors, the forklift can precisely assess the environment, the object dimensions and its spatial position. One example of a decentralized control system has been developed in the project “decentralized, agent-based self-control of automated guided transport systems” [4]. In this system, various agents are modeled for each vehicle. Route planning and task assignment take place cooperatively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: While there have been several poultry studies demonstrating unique age-driven shifts in microbial composition across different intestinal sites [50,51,52], the role of age in the poultry respiratory microbiota remains relatively understudied. The first study to provide insight into the role of age on the poultry respiratory microbiota was conducted by Shabbir et al. [5], which characterized the lower respiratory microbiome of birds from different age groups (36, 40 and 55 weeks) from three different farms in the Punjab province of Pakistan. While the study reported unique differences in microbiota composition and diversity across the evaluated samples, it is difficult to attribute the observed effects solely to the age of the flocks. Multiple confounding variables from experimental design, including differences in sex, bird type (layers vs breeders), production system (open-house vs. free-range vs. controlled-house), and small sample size could have contributed to the observed outcome. The comparative study of Glendinning et al. [24] offered better perspective on the effect of age on the respiratory microbiota. The study reported different nasal microbiota composition from birds of different age groups, and it was found that two-day old and three-week-old birds recorded a high abundance of Lactobacilli. However, 30-month-old birds recorded a lower abundance of Lactobacilli, while Jeotgalicoccus and Staphylococcus were the most abundant genera in the 30-month-old birds. Additionally, microbial richness and diversity increased in buccal and nasal samples with increasing age, except for BAL samples. Another study by Ngunjiri et al. [25] reported a significant shift in nasal microbial communities in layers at 16–25 weeks of age compared to brooding (0–5 weeks of age) and grow-out (6–16 weeks of age) stages. This finding is also supported by the results from Kursa et al. [9] study, which showed increased numbers of unique Variant (ASV) in tracheal samples as turkeys aged, suggesting increased microbial richness with increasing age. Interestingly, a similar observation was also noted for chickens in the same study. While these findings help to justify that a direct linear relationship exists between bird age and microbial composition and diversity in the respiratory tract, this may not be the case. Our speculation is that during the first weeks of life, microbial colonization and diversity increases until an age-independent microbial stabilization plateau is reached.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Fuchsman, Collins, and were all supported as IGERT trainees in Astrobiology under NSF grant 05-04219. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2011. Horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology 2 2006. The marine viromes of four oceanic regions. PLOS Biology 4(11):e368 ämpfer P, Staley JT. 2006. Psychromonas ingrahamii sp. nov. a novel gas vacuolate, psychrophilic bacterium isolated from Arctic polar sea ice. of Systematic and 56:1001-1007. 2010. A thermophilic bacterial origin and subsequent constraints by redox, light and salinity on the evolution of the microbial mercuric reductase. 12:2904-2917 Bates ST, Berg-. 2011. Examining the global distribution of dominant archaeal populations in soil. 5:908-917. 1991. Understanding bacterial biofilms. Trends in Biotechnology 9:138-143 Boto L. 2009. Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: facts and challenges. Proceedings of the B: 277:819-827 Brochier-Armanet C, Deschamps P, López-García P, Zivanovic Y, Rodríguez-Valera F, Moreira D. 2011. Complete-fosmid and fosmid-end sequences reveal frequent horizontal gene transfers in marine uncultured planktonic archaea. 5:1291-1302 Chang Y--öker -P, Lapidus A. 2011. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and contextual data of the filamentous soil bacterium Ktedonobacter racemifer type strain (SOSP1-21) Standards in 5:97-111 Christensen H, Hansen M, Sørensen J. 1999. Counting and size classification of active soil bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization with an rRNA oligonucleotide probe. Applied and 65:1753-1761 Clarke KR. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. of Ecology 18:117-143 Cordero OX, Hogeweg P. 2009. The impact of long-distance horizontal gene transfer on prokaryotic genome size.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: Simulations showed a reduction in the overall route distances of all AGVs, a roughly 8 % drop in the empty trip share, a 22 % decrease of lead times and a minor increase of the utilization rate of the AGVs [5]. At the Fraunhofer-Institute for and Logistics (IML), a cellular transport system based on swarm intelligence was developed in the “for Logistics” project. In this system, the swarm (the means of transport) receives the transport jobs, the nearest vehicle takes on the job and dynamically determines the shortest path. 2. 2 on Private PropertyOutdoor applications for autonomous vehicles on private property are AGT systems for heavy transports or in-plant shuttle traffic are common, as the following examples demonstrate. At a container terminal, automated guided vehicles move containers between the container cranes and the stacking area [6]. The objective is to shorten routes, reduce empty trips and achieve optimal utilization of all resources. Transponders installed in the ground are used for positioning. Route planning is done independently, as are battery changes. Coordinating control is conducted via radio data transmission. In Germany, a major cooperation behind driverless trucks is a company that was originally active in the radio technology sector. In 2012, for example, this company implemented a driverless truck-shuttle between the production and logistics buildings on the factory grounds of a dairy company [7]. Loading and unloading of the pallets laden with fresh products and packaging materials are done automatically. The lane-guidance system utilizes transponders in the pathway. A sensor is installed beneath the towing vehicle that uses the markings on the floor for orientation and route determination. Aided by steering rear axles, the vehicles can drive small envelopes and achieve positioning precision to within 2 cm. Laser scanners scan the environment and together with contact switch strips and emergency stop buttons ensure the safety of people, goods and the vehicle itself. The “Sichere autonome Logistik- und Transportfahrzeuge (SaLsA)” [“Safe autonomous logistics and transport vehicles”] project led to further developments that made the encounter between AGT systems, trucks and people in the outdoor environment safer [8]. In the outdoor environment, the safety concept consists of radar sensors, since laser scanners are not permitted there.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Several factors, including the environment, stressors, and nutrition could potentially contribute to when the microbial plateau is achieved. A good buttress of this hypothesis is the observed significant taxonomic successional difference in the microbiota of old and young layer chickens [25]. As old layers are more exposed to several physiological and management stressors, they undergo more microbial plasticity compared to younger hens, implying they take a longer time (age) to reach a microbial stabilization plateau. Furthermore, the study by Taylor et al. [18] suggested that there might be a respiratory-site specific effect of age on poultry respiratory microbiota. The study reported significant differences in species richness and evenness in the nasal cavity compared to the trachea. Anatomically, the nasal cavity's constant interaction with the external environment may explain the observed difference. Summarily, while age plays a significant role in shaping the poultry respiratory microbiota, other factors may also contribute to the observed microbial composition and diversity. Further studies are thus needed to provide more insight on the complete role of age on poultry respiratory microbiota. Extrinsic factorsIt is common knowledge that a bird’s phenotype is largely influenced by its genotype and environmental influence. Hence it is not surprising that the environmental conditions of a bird affect its respiratory microbiota composition and diversity. For instance, the immediate environment of a poultry bird includes litter, feces, and moisture. All of which can potentially serve as a viable ground for pathogenic bacteria proliferation, depending on the stocking density, management conditions, and other factors. et al. [53] revealed that litter management could influence the respiratory microbiota of broiler chickens via an increase in atmospheric bacteria load. The authors conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate the effect of ambient air in a tunnel-ventilated broiler house on the tracheal microbiota. The tracheal microbiota was dominated by Escherichia coli/Shigella at week 3 of their study, which was correlated with litter aeration by tumbling. While litter aeration increases aerosols in the bird-rearing facility, it also prevents litter compaction brought on by moisture buildup from bird excrement, drinker leakage, and other factors [54]. Ivulic et al. [53] found that air tumbling as a management strategy reduced microbial diversity in the same period across the broiler rearing facilities in their study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide critical evidence for understanding evolutionary processes. [SEP] Text: ResultsPlastome featuresThe sampled WCS plastomes showed a typical quadripartite structure, encompassing a large single-copy (LSC) region and a small single-copy (SSC) region separated by two inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions (Fig. S1; Tables S1, S2 and S3). The genome sizes ranged from 158,149 bp to 160,861 bp, and GC content varied from 37. 7 to 38. 2% (Table S3). The WCS plastomes were highly conserved in terms of gene content and structure (Fig. S2; Tables S3 and S4), and they possessed 115 unique genes, including 81 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 30 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and four ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Except for the pseudogenization of ycf15 in Chunia bucklandioides, none gene deletion was found in the WCS plastomes (Fig. S2). Phylogenetic relationshipML and BI analyses yielded highly congruent tree topologies (Figs. S3 and S4), which resolved Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae as fully supported [posterior probability (PP) = 1. 0, bootstrap support (MLBS) = 100%] monophyletic lineages (Fig. 1). Within the WCS, the successive sister relationship of Altingiaceae (PP = 1. 0, MLBS = 100%), the clade including Cercidiphyllaceae and Daphniphyllaceae (PP = 1. 0, MLBS = 80%), and Hamamelidaceae (PP = 1. 0, MLBS = 84%), were recovered. The MP reconstruction also fully supported the monophyly of Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae. However, the interfamilial relationships (the successive sister relationships of Daphniphyllaceae, Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae) that recovered by the MP phylogeny is different from those resolved by the BI and ML phylogenies (Fig. 2). Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: The cooperative scanning of the environment through mobile and stationary sensors enables safe operation even at higher speeds (economic viability). 2. 3 for of Plant GroundsThe development of autonomous vehicles for freight transport and logistics outside of plant grounds is primarily conducted on a problem-oriented basis. So called driving robots were developed for use in dangerous situations, e. g. for disarming munitions, or for use in difficult-to-access areas such as deep-sea exploration, work on mountain sides or in dense forests and remote areas such as for work in the mining sector. Very large automated trucks with a maximum load capacity of 290 metric tons have been used at one of the world’s largest iron-ore mines in Australia since the 1990s [9]. The reason for their development was primarily difficulties in staffing, the dangerous shift work in the outback and the demanding logistical requirements in terms of personnel planning and staff transfer. Navigation is done via radar and lasers as well as through the use of waypoints for orientation. Monitoring and intervention options are possible via an operation center using wireless transmission. Control is carried out via GPS and dead reckoning, such as in ships or aircraft, through continuous position determination by means of measuring the course, speed and time. 2. 4 Development of in of TransportOther means of transport, in which technical systems for stabilization, navigation (e. g. digital maps) and environment cognition are used have also seen increasing degrees of automation. Aircrafts have been equipped with stabilization systems since the early 20th century, autopilot functions are a long-established feature and the first drones in Germany are already in use in military, police and firefighting applications. Unmanned aerial systems or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are also used in civil applications in other countries, replacing for example ranchers and inspectors in remote areas. Drones monitor and seed fields and perform pest control functions. Small drones are already in use in Germany as well, for example for inspecting damage caused by storms or fires, in film productions and industrial inspections. (the by far largest German railway company) is currently testing drones for monitoring vehicles and infrastructure. There are also pilot studies under way in the area of transporting commercial goods, in particular packages. With a carrying capacity of up to 2. 5 kg and a range of approximately 15 km, current drones could for example be used to deliver food or medications. A drone that can be used to transport a defibrillator has also been tested.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: High atmospheric bacterial load and temporal increase in ammonia levels in the barn facilitated by the litter aeration by tumbling are deemed responsible for the unique tracheal microbiota composition observed in their study. Poor barn ventilation, which results in high ammonia and dust concentrations, can be predisposing factors for pathogenic E. coli, such as Escherichia coli (APEC) colonization of the bird respiratory tract [55]. In light of the implications of APEC, on bird health and welfare, it is imperative to closely examine innovative strategies for managing litter and barn environmental air. Furthermore, Ivulic et al. [53] reported a succession of tracheal microbiota from Escherichia coli/Shigella to Gallibacterium sp. at week 6, this reinforces the transient nature of E. coli observed at week 3. Additionally, given that microbiota dysbiosis often leads to inflammatory reactions [56, 57], it is plausible that the immuno-mucociliary clearance in the trachea contributed to the observed microbial succession. As highlighted above, ammonia pollution in poultry barns may promote pathogenic microbial colonization in the respiratory tract, which in turn disrupts respiratory health [58, 59]. The avian trachea is thought to be affected by ammonia stimulation, resulting in a concurrent shift in the microbial composition. Zhou et al. [13] confirmed this in their study which evaluated the effects of varying levels (0–35 ppm) of ammonia on broiler chicken tracheal microbiota. Exposure to 15–35 ppm levels of ammonia disrupted microbial homeostasis in the trachea, as evidenced by reduced alpha and beta diversity. Increasing levels of ammonia exposure also increased the communities of Blautia and Streptococcus. Species from both genera have been linked to multiple respiratory pathologies and are capable of preventing the colonization of symbiotic bacteria [60, 61]. This result emphasizes the necessity of implementing innovative litter management and anti-pollution strategies. Environmental stress, such as heat stress, is another factor that can induce a shift in respiratory microbiota. Oxidative stress, immunosuppression, inflammatory conditions, and microbial dysbiosis are a few of the negative impacts that heat stress can have on poultry [62, 63]. Relative to the intestine, the impact of heat stress (HS) on the respiratory microbiota is understudied.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide critical evidence for understanding evolutionary processes. [SEP] Text: Previous studies have revealed that both BI and ML phylogenies are more resistant to long-branch attraction than MP phylogenies [73,74,75]. The following discussion is mainly based on the BI and ML tree topologies because the interfamilial relationships recovered from the BI and ML phylogenies can be more reliable than those recovered from the MP phylogenies. In this study, both BI and ML phylogenies recovered three successively divergent clades within the WCS, corresponding to Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae + Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae. The interfamilial relationships are consistent with those revealed by Jian et al. [21], Soltis et al. [27], Xiang et al. [30], Tarullo et al. [31], and Bi et al. [33]. Nevertheless, the interfamilial relationships recovered in this study are inconsistent with those obtained by analyzing plastid sequence data alone, which proposed topologies of (Daphniphyllaceae, (Altingiaceae, (Hamamelidaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae))) [32, 77], (Altingiaceae, (Cercidiphyllaceae, (Daphniphyllaceae, Hamamelidaceae))) based on 83 plastid PCGs of four species [52], (Hamamelidaceae, (Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, Altingiaceae)) based on 83 protein-coding genes, and ((Daphniphyllaceae, Altingiaceae), (Hamamelidaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae)) based on plastome of nine species [53]. Due to the limited taxonomic sampling of the WCS, these studies likely suffered from phylogenetic errors. Based on a more comprehensive sampling of the WCS taxa at the genus level and the concatenated 78 plastid PCGs that contains more sequence variations and phylogenetically informative sites than was available in previous plastid phylogenetic studies, the deep relationships within WCS recovered in this study were robustly supported. This led to the recovery of the maternal backbone phylogeny of the WCS, providing new insights for inferring the evolutionarily complex events that likely caused the phylogenetic recalcitrance of the deep relationships within WCS.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: They do differ in terms of the degree of autonomy, though. 3 in the Field of TransportBuilding on the experiences described here, the following will sketch potential applications for autonomous vehicles in the field of freight transport using the generic use cases described in Chap. 2. The focus is on the transport of a specific good in road freight traffic. Potential applications in further segments of commercial transportation such as passenger transportation and goods transport in the context of production (self-driving work machines) are not examined here. Based on a conceptual description of the respective use case and in light of the specific features, an initial estimation of the benefits, opportunities and risks of introducing such a technology will be discussed. The examination will begin, however, with a consideration of the degrees of automation in driving for freight transport, in order to better distinguish the implications of the various use cases. 3. 1 Excursus: Degrees of Automation in TransportTo assess the necessity and benefits of a certain degree of automation in freight transport, first we will return to the definition of the driving task according to [13], whereby it is described as follows: The safe execution of the driving task requires information and knowledge regarding the traffic situation on the guidance level, the driving surface on the stabilization level, as well as the road network on the navigation level. Safe conduct of the vehicle requires steering, acceleration and braking as well as decisions regarding speed and course for longitudinal and lateral control of the vehicle. The decisions required for this are made on the basis of information regarding environmental conditions and the associated knowledge of the action to be taken. categorizes automated driving into four development levels [14]: assisted driving (1), partially automated driving (2), highly automated driving (3) and fully automated driving (4). In the first three levels, the system performs partial aspects of the driving task for a specific time and/or in specific situations. But the driver is available at least as a supervisory organ. For the last level of fully automated driving (4), [14] presumes that the vehicle is navigating freely and no driver is required as a fallback level. In the area of freight transport, automated guided transport systems exist even on low automation levels. With an intermediate level between (3) and (4), another relevant variant in transport practice can be observed: The vehicle is highly automated and driverless, but free navigation does not occur. In many cases, the vehicle is controlled remotely by an operator via a control center. 3.

Output: corroborate