Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -set of novel SNP loci for differentiating continental populations and three Chinese populations View 10. 7717/peerj. 6508 Published 2019-03-29 Accepted 2019-01-22 Received 2018-10-02 informative markers, Biogeographical origins, SNP, Chinese populations, Continental populations Copyright © 2019 Jin et al. is an open access 2019. A set of novel SNP loci for differentiating continental populations and three Chinese populations. PeerJ 7:e6508 recent years, forensic geneticists have begun to develop some ancestry informative marker (AIM) panels for ancestry analysis of regional populations. In this study, we chose 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from SPSmart database to infer ancestry origins of continental populations and Chinese subpopulations. Based on the genetic data of four continental populations (African, American, and European) from the CEPH-HGDP database, the power of these SNPs for differentiating continental populations was assessed. Population genetic structure revealed that distinct ancestry components among these continental populations could be discerned by these SNPs. Another novel population set from 1000 3 was treated as testing populations to further validate the efficiency of the selected SNPs. Twenty-two populations from CEPH-HGDP database were classified into three known populations (African, East Asian, and European) based on their biogeographical regions. Principal component analysis and Bayes analysis of testing populations and three known populations indicated these testing populations could be correctly assigned to their corresponding biogeographical origins. For three Chinese populations (Han, Mongolian, and Uygur), multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that these 48 SNPs could be used to estimate ancestry origins of these populations. Therefore, these SNPs possessed the promising potency in ancestry analysis among continental populations and some Chinese populations, and they could be used in population genetics and forensic research. informative markers, which demonstrated distinct allele frequency differences among different populations (Frudakis et al. , 2003; Shriver et al. , 1997), could be used to infer biogeographical origins of unknown biological samples and discern population substructure. They are also conductive to forensic investigations by providing investigative clues about the biogeographical origins of the unknown suspect. To date, a great many AIM panels for different purposes have been developed (Li et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: There are only three main language families in the world: Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Afro-Asiatic. [SEP] Text: Во вступительной статье к сборнику материалов семинара по тибетским переводам редактор Добум Тулку выделяет четыре периода истории буддийских переводов: <ol> <li>Период влияния христианства (до начала XX в. ), когда «переводы… содержали высочайшую степень христианского окрашивания в интерпретации оригинального материала переводимого текста» [Doboom Tulku, 2001, p. 2].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: To evaluate the role of each component of the full model in shaping the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage, we analysed and compared the results of the nested models. We run all models for values of R0 ranging from 0 to 10 in steps of 0. 5. All other parameter values are detailed in Table 1. ResultsOur results are threefold: (i) for all parameter values investigated, the infection is never eradicated under voluntary vaccination, i. e. vaccination coverage never reaches herd immunity, that is, the threshold of vaccination coverage needed for stopping the spread of the infection; (ii) the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage depend on the presence/absence of a polymorphism for the opinion of individuals, which is a function of the transmissibility potential of the pathogen (R0) (Fig 2). If the infection is not contagious (R0 < 1), all individuals become sceptical and vaccination coverage remains low; if infection is highly contagious (R0 >> 1), all individuals become pro-vaccines but herd immunity is never reached because the infection spreads too quickly. Yet, vaccination coverage remains high. For intermediate values of R0, both sceptical and pro-vaccine individuals coexist and oscillations in vaccination coverage are observed (Fig 3); (iii) the rule “imitate the majority” is not necessary for oscillations to appear. Rather, the transmission of opinions through conformism increases the delay between changes in epidemiological parameters and the behavioural responses to those changes (Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Infection and opinion dynamics as a function of the reproductive rate of the infection (model 5). For each value of R0 (number of secondary infections which can be understood as the fitness of the pathogen; it must be >1 for the pathogen to invade the population), the time-series of the dynamics of the infection (top panel; the thin line corresponds to the number of infected individuals and the thick line corresponds to the number of vaccinated individuals) and opinion (bottom panel; the dashed grey line indicates the number of individuals who have a positive opinion and the dashed black line indicates individuals who have a negative opinion) are depicted for a rate of negative side effects from vaccination δv = 0. 7. Alternative changes of opinions of vaccination and oscillations in vaccination coverage emerge for intermediate values of R0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: , 2016; Phillips, 2015; Phillips et al. , 2013). It is noteworthy that AIM panels differentiating different continental populations might not be appropriate to differentiate populations in the same continent, and these panels could even produce prediction errors for ancestry inferences of these populations. The two-tier AIM panels were recommended for this issue: one for estimating ancestry origins of major continental populations and the other for populations in the same continent (Kidd et al. , 2014). Besides, Pakstis et al. (2017) stated that the identification of highly differentiated SNPs in relatively neglected geographical regions or subpopulations from the same continent should be encouraged because these markers could further improve and fine-tune the extant SNP panels. China, one of the world’s earliest civilizations, consists of 56 officially identified ethnic groups. Previous studies found extensive genetic variations among Han populations and minority groups in China (Wang et al. , 2018; Zhang et al. , 2015; Zhao & Lee, 1989; Zhao et al. , 1991). Some researchers selected some markers to differentiate Chinese populations. For examples, Qin et al. (2014) provided 150 SNPs for ancestry analysis of northern Han and southern Han; Sun et al. (2016) presented twelve multi-InDels to differentiate Han and Tibetan populations. Ancestry analysis among more populations in China should be conducted to provide more valuable information for genome-wide association study and forensic investigation. As is known to us, Han people are the largest ethnic group in the world and distribute in many regions. Uygur individuals mainly live in the where extensive population movements occurred in history and they possess admixture genetic components of and Europeans (Xu et al. , 2008). Mongolian group is one of fifty-six ethnic groups in China. During the period of the Yuan dynasty, the governor of China and his soldiers began their expedition to Europe which might lead to some Mongolian individuals dispersing in different regions ( Although genetic differentiations among Han, Uygur and Mongolian populations existed (Zhang et al. , 2015), no research on ancestry analyses of these populations was conducted. In this study, based on population data assembled in CEPH-HGDP (Li et al. , 2008), a great number of SNPs were selected for distinguishing four major regions (Africa, America, Europe and East Asia).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: There are only three main language families in the world: Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Afro-Asiatic. [SEP] Text: Учтены и дополнительные соображения об общих проблемах перевода, взятые из предисловий к публикациям ведущих английских переводчиков, где они излагали свои подходы к той или иной конкретной работе. Таким образом, для формулирования общих закономерностей и принципов подходов к переводу с тибетского языка автор использовал индуктивный метод, приведший его к ряду общих положений. С начала 1990-х гг.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Humans are connected with a limited number of contact [49] and a number of studies has considered that social heterogeneity influences disease transmission [14,50,51], risk perception [15,20,52] and vaccination behaviour [15,48,53]. Clustered occurrence of beliefs can lead to the clustered occurrence of disease [54]. Nevertheless, in the context of information transmission, the assumption according to which the population is homogeneously mixed is valid if we focus on the role of the media, i. e. information that is globally available to everyone. The media has had a central role in disseminating vaccine scares and shaping the perception of disease severity [18]. The media also enables anti-vaccination movements to have a strong impact on vaccination decision-making [7,55]. Yet, if the proposed model may be appropriate for exploring the role of conformism, it is insufficient to explore other social transmission processes such as those resulting from the role of opinion leaders (e. g. cultural transmission through prestige-bias [56]). Religious leaders have been shown to be highly influential in promoting vaccine refusal in their communities (reviewed in [34]) and the role of prestige-biased cultural transmission for either accelerating the pace of change or stopping it altogether remains to be investigated. Second, one may argue that since the costs depend on the number rather than the frequency of individuals suffering side effects, the model is more likely to inform on information that is gathered during social interactions than knowledge acquired via the media. The media report both percentages and anecdotic evidence of side effects associated with vaccination and both are likely to be determinant in driving the formation of opinion. Yet, the relative role of each type of information deserves further investigation. Finally, we assumed that the rate of opinion change, while a function of epidemiological costs, is independent of the SIR class of the individual. However, an individual suffering infection may be less likely to switch from a positive to a negative opinion and thus we may have overestimated the occurrence of oscillations. Note however that for diseases with a strong epidemic potential, the cost of infection is always higher than that of vaccination and therefore oscillations do not emerge. This study, along a few others [22,28,29,48], offers an alternative to payoff maximization for understanding the emergence of oscillations in vaccination coverage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Among these SNPs, the SNPs with high differentiations among Han, Uygur and Mongolian populations were further selected to infer ancestry origins of these populations. Table 1: Detailed information of populations used in this study and their corresponding sample sizes. sizes Training set – Africa CEPH-HGDP 22 – Africa CEPH-HGDP 13 Bantua – Africa CEPH-HGDP 19 Yoruba – Africa CEPH-HGDP 21 Mandenka – Africa CEPH-HGDP 22 Brazianb – America CEPH-HGDP 22 Maya – America CEPH-HGDP 21 Pima – America CEPH-HGDP 14 Basque – Europe CEPH-HGDP 24 French – Europe CEPH-HGDP 28 Italianc – Europe CEPH-HGDP 49 Orcadian – Europe CEPH-HGDP 15 Adygei – Europe CEPH-HGDP 17 Russian – Europe CEPH-HGDP 25 Cambodian – -HGDP 10 Dai – -HGDP 10 Han – -HGDP 44 Miao – -HGDP 10 Mongolian – -HGDP 10 She – -HGDP 10 Tu – -HGDP 10 Tujia – -HGDP 10 Yi – -HGDP 10 Japanese – -HGDP 28 Yakut – -HGDP 25 Testing set Esan in Nigeria ESN Africa 1000 3 99 Yoruba in 1000 3 108 Finnish in Finland FIN Europe 1000 3 99 British in England and Scotland GBR Europe 1000 3 91 in 1000 3 103 Japanese in 1000 3 104 Three subpopulations in – -HGDP 10 Han – -HGDP 44 Mongolian – -HGDP 10 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/table-1 Notes: aBantu population includes Bantu populations. bBrazian population includes Karitiana and Surui populations. cItalian population includes Sardinian, Tuscan and Bergamo populations. Material and populations Twenty-five populations within four major geographical regions were chosen as the training set for preliminary assessments of selected SNPs. Six testing populations in three continents included and Japanese populations, of which genetic data were downloaded from 1000 3 (Consortium et al. , 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: There are only three main language families in the world: Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Afro-Asiatic. [SEP] Text: На практике это означает, что хороший переводчик имеет академическое (формальное) и традиционное (в тибетском понимании) образование и обладает необходимыми для конкретной работы знаниями по философии, грамматике, в специальных науках (например, истории или медицины), свободно ориентируется в стилях и диалектах языка, обладает значительным культурным багажом, что обычно достигается долгими годами обучения и практики.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: In: Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A, editors. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer Science+New York; 2013. 19. 3. Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A, editors. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer; 2013. 4. . Group interest versus self-interest in smallpox vaccination policy. . 2003;100: 10564–10567. pmid:12920181 View 5. . Vaccination and the theory of games. . 2004;101: 13391–4. pmid:15329411 View 6. Chen FH. A susceptible-infected epidemic model with voluntary vaccinations. J Math Biol. 2006;53: 253–272. pmid:16758209 View 7. -Jimenez P. Patterns of vaccination acceptance. Med. 1999. 1716. pmid:10574240 View 8. . Simple heuristics and rules of thumb: Where psychologists and behavioural biologists might meet. Behavioural Processes. 2005. 124. pmid:15845293 View 9. Todd PM [Ed], [Ed]. Ecological rationality: Intelligence in the world. Ecological rationality: Intelligence in the world. Online; 2012. View 10. Gigerenzer G, Selten R, editors. Bounded rationality: the adaptive toolbox. The MIT Press; 2001. 11. . Social and psychological factors underlying adult vaccination behavior: lessons from seasonal influenza vaccination in the US and the UK. Vaccines. 2013;12: 893–901. pmid:23944683 View 12. . Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: the example of vaccination. Health Psychol. 2007;26: 136–145. pmid:17385964 View 13. Perisic A, Bauch C. Social contact networks and the free-rider problem in voluntary vaccination policy. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5: e1000280. pmid:19197342 View 14. Perisic A, Bauch CT. Social contact networks and disease eradicability under voluntary vaccination. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5. pmid:19197342 View 15. . Imitation dynamics of vaccination behaviour on social networks. Sci.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Genetic data of three subpopulations in China (Han, Mongolian, and Uygur) was obtained from CEPH-HGDP (Li et al. , 2008). Detailed descriptions of these populations and their corresponding sample sizes were given in Table 1. Besides, genetic data of 48 SNPs in training, testing and three Chinese populations were presented in Table S1. Criteria for SNP selection SPSmart includes the genetic data of 1000 I, HapMap release #28, Perlegen complete data set and the and -HGDP panels, which is developed to help researchers use and combine different datasets and do some statistical analyses of interest (Amigo et al. , 2008). SNPs were chosen from SPSmart online tool when they met the following criteria: (1) SNP loci should locate in intron regions. (2) SNP loci were bi-allelic genetic markers; (3) SNP loci were located on different chromosomes or at least 10 Mb distances on the same chromosome; (4) Ancestral allele frequency differences between continental populations were at least 0. 3; (5) SNP selected must conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in all reference populations. Next, SNPs whose frequency differences among Han, Uygur and Mongolian populations were more than 0. 3 were used for further analysis. Besides, we also retained some SNP loci that showed high genetic differentiations among continental populations/three Chinese populations. Finally, forty-eight SNPs were selected to differentiate continental populations and three Chinese populations. General information of 48 SNPs was given in Table 2. Statistical analysis HWE tests of SNP loci in 25 training populations were estimated by Genepop software v4. 0 (Rousset, 2008). Allele frequencies of 48 SNP loci in 25 training populations were calculated by PowerStats software v1. 2 (). The informativeness for assignment (In) values of 48 SNP loci in four continental populations (African, American, European, and East Asian) were calculated by Infocalc program v1. 1 (Rosenberg et al. , 2003) based on the genetic data of 25 training populations. Ancestral allele frequency heatmap and the boxplot of In values of 48 SNPs were plotted by R software v3. 3 (R Core Team, 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s possible to translate any phrase in one language to another without losing meaning. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 3, 2013 in Lost in translation Part one of two-part series on best practices for analyzing multi-lingual text. : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2013. 03. 04 The phrase, “lost in translation” takes on a special meaning when it comes to text analysis. Nuances in language can indicate the homeland of the author, like “housecoat” or “bathrobe” and “pop” or “soda,” even with the same mother tongue. However, when text is examined across different languages the same phrase can have altogether different meanings. For example, a Swedish tourist asking “snälla, kör mig till ett roligt ställe” of a taxi driver in Copenhagen, Denmark (i. e. “Please take me to a fun place) might be driven to a nearby cemetery because “roligt” in Danish means a calm, peaceful place. Other language-specific idioms abound, such as the Swedish phrase “Ingen ko på isen” (meaning “no worries”) will inevitably be translated into “no cow on the ice. ” Likewise, the common English phrase, “It’s raining cats and dogs,” is bound to be problematic once translated. Translating to a common language can at best confuse the meaning and at worst completely butcher the author’s intentions. Drawing conclusions from text that is translated from one language to a common language can lead to misguided results and inaccurate conclusions. So what do you do? How can you make conclusions from texts that are written in different languages?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: 2011;278: 42–49. pmid:20667876 View 16. . The impact of personal experiences with infection and vaccination on behaviour-incidence dynamics of seasonal influenza. Epidemics. 2012;4: 139–151. pmid:22939311 View 17. Bauch C. Imitation dynamics predict vaccinating behaviour. B. 2005;272: 1669–1675. View 18. . The influence of popular media on perceptions of personal and population risk in possible disease outbreaks. Soc. 2013;15: 103–114. View 19. Caprara A. Cultural interpretations of contagion. Int Heal. 1998;3: 996–1001. View 20. Scherer CW, Cho H. A of Risk Perception. Risk Anal. Blackwell Publishing, Inc. ; 2003;23: 261–267. pmid:12731811 21. Durbach N. Bodily Matters: The Anti-in England, 1853–1907. Press; 2004. 22. Oraby T, Bauch CT. Bounded rationality alters the dynamics of paediatric immunization acceptance. Sci Rep. 2015;5: 10724. pmid:26035413 View 23. Bruner JS, Postman L. On the perception of incongruity: a paradigm. J Pers. Ltd; 1949;18: 206–223. pmid:15409076 View 24. Nickerson RS. Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Psychol. 1998. 220. View 25. -Buzaglo J. Cognitive processes and the decisions of some parents to forego pertussis vaccination for their children. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49: 697–703. pmid:8656233 View 26. . Parental beliefs and decision making about child and adolescent immunization: from polio to sexually transmitted infections. J Pediatr. 2005;26: 441–452. pmid:16344662 View 27. . The influence of social norms on the dynamics of vaccinating behaviour for paediatric infectious diseases. Sci. 2014;281: 20133172. pmid:24523276 View 28. Coelho FC, Codeço CT. Dynamic modeling of vaccinating behavior as a function of individual beliefs. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Principal component analysis (PCA) of four continental populations including 25 training populations was conducted by PLINK software v1. 9 ( and then scatter plot of these populations was plotted by R software v3. 3. Population genetic structure of 25 training populations at K = 2–5 and cross-validation error of each K value were performed by software v1. 3 (Alexander, Novembre & Lange, 2009). Graphical results of estimated ancestry proportions were conducted with the online tool (Kopelman et al. , 2015). To further evaluate discrimination efficiencies of 48 SNPs for continental populations, ancestry components of six testing populations were estimated by software v1. 3 and their results were shown in the form of beeswarm by R software v3. 3. Next, twenty-two training populations (excluding from American populations) were treated as reference populations and six testing populations were blind samples. PCA and Naïve Bayes analysis of these populations including reference populations and six testing populations were conducted with PLINK software v1. 9 and the suite v2. 5 ( respectively. Table 2: General information and ancestral allele frequencies of 48 SNP loci in different continental populations. Rs numbers Positions (bp)a Asianb rs10918196 C/T 1 165478920 0. 8351 0. 3947 0. 6108 0. 2429 rs2801178 G/T 1 14881716 0. 8608 0. 2368 0. 7753 0. 4774 rs4652825 A/G 1 183824189 0. 7320 0. 4737 0. 8101 0. 6215 rs10779958 A/C 2 74528651 0. 3763 0. 5000 0. 8481 0. 1921 rs1161474 C/T 2 239209361 0. 7320 0. 6053 0. 3829 0. 5424 rs7570426 A/C 2 3325638 0. 5567 0. 8947 0. 9051 0. 4915 rs11716005 C/T 3 18394010 0. 9742 0. 9474 0. 8101 0. 5621 rs301927 A/G 3 97627774 0. 7423 0. 8947 0. 0918 0. 6638 rs4533619 A/G 3 42248320 0. 2835 0. 3246 0. 1456 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s possible to translate any phrase in one language to another without losing meaning. [SEP] Text: Unstructured text retrieval in a native language can readily be done, even without knowing the language that the text is written in. Analysis is best done by a native language speaker who can train and refine statistical and linguistic models to appreciate inherent meanings and preserving the author’s intentions. The outputs of such models can then readily be consolidated into one common language: results. This first of a two-part series describes a method for multi-lingual document retrieval, illustrated with examples using SAS software. How to address multi-lingual content Analytically based information retrieval lets you create distinct content streams (a. k. a. pipelines) for any language, site, source or combination thereof in such a way that each stream contains instructions related to specific language content. So while the text analysis models are uniquely defined to the language associated with the text in order to preserve the meaning – such as the expressed sentiment, concepts and facts [1] – the application of multiple pipeline models to documents written in different languages can be done by any non-native speaker – or even by machine. Given that Web pages are defined in the universal language of HTML, one can readily identify the “body” of text, title, author and other core elements of a page generically – and simply direct the software to retrieve the desired section of the HTML. Figure 1 illustrates the results from a point-and-click interface used to defined desired HTML (or XML) fields that would be retrieved from a Web page when it is crawled [2]. As you can see, although the language used in the body of the text is Arabic, the author and title follow a standardized format so even without knowing what the text says, the structure of the page can be readily defined to different aspects of the content. Figure 1: Defining the Web page structure with an interface can be done without knowing the language. (Click here to view a larger version in a separate window. ) XPath expressions [3] are the query language that typically operates behind such software interfaces, forming the code base for retrieval activities. And given that Web pages can readily change, it is worthwhile to define the XPath expressions at the most generic level possible.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: pmid:19593365 View 29. Xia S, Liu J. A belief-based model for characterizing the spread of awareness and its impacts on individuals’ vaccination decisions. J R Soc Interface. 2014;11. View 30. . A Contribution to the of Epidemics. Sci. 1927. 721. View 31. . of Humans: Dynamics and Control. Press; 1991. 32. . An SIS model for cultural trait transmission with conformity bias. Biol. 2013;90: 56–63. pmid:24071632 View 33. Mathematica. Champaign; IL: Inc. , Wolfram Research; 2012. 34. -Jimenez P. Patterns of vaccination acceptance. Med. 1999. 1716. pmid:10574240 View 35. Bauch CT, Bhattacharyya S. Theory and (supplementary material). Salathé M, editor. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8: e1002452. pmid:22496631 View 36. Bhattacharyya S, Bauch CT. A game dynamic model for delayer strategies in vaccinating behaviour for pediatric infectious diseases. J Theor Biol. Elsevier; 2010;267: 276–82. pmid:20831873 View 37. . A vaccination game based on public health actions and personal decisions. Ecol Modell. 2011;222: 1651–1655. View 38. . Long-standing influenza vaccination policy is in accord with individual self-interest but not with the utilitarian optimum. . 2007;104: 5692–7. pmid:17369367 View 39. Bauch CT. Imitation dynamics predict vaccinating behaviour. Sci. 2005;272: 1669–75. pmid:16087421 View 40. D’. Vaccinating behaviour and the dynamics of vaccine preventable infections. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer Science+New York; 2013. 287. 41. Bauch CT, Bhattacharyya S. Evolutionary game theory and social learning can determine how vaccine scares unfold. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8: e1002452. pmid:22496631 View 42. . SVIR epidemic models with vaccination strategies. J Theor Biol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 2147 rs162315 A/G 20 57233824 0. 2268 0. 6667 0. 7025 0. 6864 rs2178832 G/A 21 35449600 0. 2010 0. 4737 0. 5443 0. 2288 rs361557 A/G 22 18128456 0. 9330 0. 7456 0. 1835 0. 5650 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/table-2 Notes: aInformation of each SNP locus is shown according to the report of dbSNP build 152. bAncestral allele frequencies of 48 SNPs in four continental populations are obtained based on the genetic data of 25 training populations in Table 1. Ancestry analyses among Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations were conducted based on the 48 SNPs. First of all, allele frequencies of 48 SNPs in these three populations were calculated by PowerStats software v1. 2. In values of 48 SNP loci in Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations were also calculated with Infocalc program v1. 1. Secondly, PCA of these populations was also conducted by PLINK software v1. 9. Ancestral allele frequency heatmap and the boxplot of In values for 48 SNPs, and scatter plot of these three populations were generated by R software v3. 3 (R Core Team, 2016). Genetic structure analyses of these populations at K = 3 were conducted by software v1. 3 and graphical results were plotted by online tool. In the end, multinomial logistic regression analyses of these three populations were conducted by suite v2. 5. distributions and population specific In values of 48 SNapplying Bonferroni correction (the significant level = 0. 05/48 = 0. 00104), the selected 48 SNPs all conformed to HWE in 25 training populations (Table S2). Ancestral allele frequencies of 48 SNP loci in 25 reference populations were shown in Fig. 1. Color contrasts of SNPs in pairwise populations reflected genetic differentiations of pairwise populations: more apparent color contrasts of pairwise populations were, larger genetic differentiations pairwise populations possessed, and vice versa. Besides, the SNPs with distinct color contrasts in pairwise continental populations contributed to differentiating these populations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s possible to translate any phrase in one language to another without losing meaning. [SEP] Text: For example, changing the XPath expression:html/head/meta[14]/@content tohead/meta[@name=”author”]/@content will ensure you will always capture the author, even if the author is not present as the 14th element of the meta definition. After tweaking the XPath expressions to be as generic as possible, a “marked up” template to an page is created without needing to understand a word of Arabic, as illustrated in Figure 1. The same can be done in any language although it is important to keep in mind that for the analysis of text data – that is, when focus turns from retrieving the text to understanding its meaning – a native language speaker is highly valuable to ensure that the meaning intended within that specific language is identified and understood [4]. The ability to easily template a Web page with markers defining the content can be done for multi-lingual tweets as illustrated in Figure 2. XPath expressions are used to identify different aspects of the tweet that are of interest and these become metadata that is added to the document once it is retrieved by the system. Figure 2: Arabic (on the left) and English (on the right) tweets, marked up to identify the content components. (Click here to view a larger version in a separate window. ) Most NLP-based retrieval systems will include a built-in facility to detect language so the appropriate markup template is applied to any given input document, Web page, tweet, etc. The definition of the HTML file or XML file (i. e. , the different fields that are of interest and which have been identified in the XPath expressions) can be saved and included as an early document processing activity that is executed as part of content stream/pipeline processing. If your main interest is to crawl somewhat structured information, for example. pdf,. doc or. txt files, then this markup definition step isn’t necessary given that such document types are fairly standardized and most technologies are predefined to identify the respective content elements. Many files on the Web are actually fairly structured according to pre-defined standards and, if this is the case, the technology can automatically “detect” the body content of that file. A HTML/XML markup facility is simply an alternative that can be used when the Web pages are very unstructured and the exact location of certain items is desired.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: 2008;253: 1–11. pmid:18023819 View 43. Vardavas R, Marcum CS. vaccination behavior via inductive reasoning game. In: Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A, editors. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. 2013. 227. 44. Omission bias and pertussis vaccination. Mak. 1994;14: 118–123. View 45. The impact of imitation on vaccination behavior in social contact networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8: e1002469. pmid:22511859 View 46. Xia S, Liu J. A to Characterizing the Impact of on Individuals’ Making. PLoS One. 2013;8. pmid:23585835 View 47. The impact of imitation on vaccination behavior in social contact networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8. pmid:22511859 View 48. Campbell E, Salathé M. Complex social contagion makes networks more vulnerable to disease outbreaks. Sci Rep. 2013;3: 1905. pmid:23712758 View 49. . Collective dynamics of “small-world” networks. Nature. 1998;393: 440–2. pmid:9623998 View 50. . Effective vaccination strategies for realistic social networks. its Appl. 2007;386: 780–785. View 51. Perisic A, Bauch C. A simulation analysis to characterize the dynamics of vaccinating behaviour on contact networks. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9: 77. pmid:19476616 View 52. Perisic A, Bauch CT. Social contact networks and disease eradicability under voluntary vaccination. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5: e1000280. pmid:19197342 View 53. Salathé M, Khandelwal S. Assessing vaccination sentiments with online social media: Implications for infectious disease dynamics and control. PLoS Comput Biol. 2011;7. pmid:22022249 View 54. Salathé M, Bonhoeffer S. The effect of opinion clustering on disease outbreaks. J R Soc Interface. 2008;5: 1505–1508. pmid:18713723 View 55. Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: The untold story. Lancet.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: For example, ancestral allele frequencies of the rs10918196 locus in African, American and populations were 0. 8351, 0. 3947 and 0. 2429 (Table 2), implying the locus was beneficial to distinguish African populations from the other two continental populations. The phylogenetic tree above the heatmap (Fig. 1) revealed the relationships of SNPs: SNPs showed similar frequency distributions in continental populations tended to locate in the same sub-branches, and vice versa. The phylogenetic tree in the left part of the graph reflected genetic divergences of different continental populations: populations with the same biogeographical origins located in the same sub-branches. Figure 1: Ancestral allele frequency heatmap of 48 SNPs in 25 training populations from different continents. Different colors represent for different levels of frequency values: blue for low value, red for high value. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-1 In values of 48 SNPs in African, American, European and populations were shown in Fig. 2 and Table S3. Similar with allele frequency differences, In values were also used to evaluate the degree of population differentiations: genetic markers with high In values in the certain population contributed to differentiating the population from the other populations (Phillips, 2015). For these 48 SNPs, there were 12, 11, 10, and three SNPs with relatively high In values (≥0. 1) in African, East Asian, European, and American populations, respectively. Besides, some SNPs which had similar frequency distributions among different continental populations showed low In values in these four continental populations (Fig. 2). Besides, we also calculated the cumulative In values of 48 SNPs in African, European, East Asian, and American populations, which were 3. 4312, 3. 0343, 2. 7727 and 1. 3028, respectively (Table S3). The low cumulative In values in American populations indicated these SNPs might possess lower power to differentiate American populations from the other populations. Figure 2: Population specific In values of 48 SNPs in African, American, European and populations. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-2 PCA and ancestral component analysis of 25 training populations based on 48 of four continental populations comprising 25 training populations was shown in Fig. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The largest dinosaur ever discovered, Argentinosaurus, is estimated to have weighed over 100 tons and stretched over 30 meters long. [SEP] Text: At that time, only 38% of the population had received at least one vaccine dose, which would have been insufficient to prevent a large outbreak occurring without strong public health measures in place (Steyn et al. , 2021; Steyn et al. , 2022). The government therefore made the decision to move the entire country into 4, the most stringent tier of restrictions (Table 1). Over the following days, contact tracing and surveillance testing efforts were ramped up in an attempt to ring-fence the outbreak as daily case numbers rapidly increased to 79 new cases on 26 August. Whole genome sequencing later identified possible links to infected travellers who arrived at a managed isolation and quarantine (MIQ) facility from Wales, Australia (Jelley et al. , 2022). Table 1: Dates of restrictions and key events following the August 2021 incursion of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in New Zealand. Restriction changes occurred at 11. 59pm on each date. and public health response 17 August 2021 First case of Delta variant detected in the community. Entire country moves to 4. Contact tracing, wastewater testing and community testing ramped up. 38% of eligible population (over-12s) has had at least one vaccine dose. 31 south of Auckland to 3. 2 to 3. 7 outside of Auckland to 2. 21 to 3. 25 Hauraki to 2. 3 cases detected in Raglan and Hamilton. Parts of Waikato move to 3. 5 step 1 introduced in Auckland, allowing up to 10 people from two households to gather outdoors and reopening of Education centres. Transition from elimination strategy to suppression strategy. 7 3 boundary extended to include additional districts. 8 positive cases are discovered to have travelled out of Auckland into Northland. Northland moves to 3. 16 October ‘Super Saturday’ vaccination drive: 85% of eligible population (aged 12 and over) have had at least one vaccine dose, 66% have received two doses. 19 to 2. 27 to Step 1 of 3. 87% of eligible population have had at least one vaccine dose, 72% have received two doses. 2 Northland to 3 after detection of two community cases with no known epidemiological links. Waikato to Step 2 of 2, allowing up to 25 people from multiple households to meet outdoors. Retail stores and public venues including libraries, museums and zoos can open. Hospitality venues and close contact businesses remain closed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: of faces was examined with nine color photographs of male faces. Evaluation of arithmetical multiplication was examined with nine multiplications in which a single-digit number was multiplied by a two-digit number. For each task, 36 stimuli pairs were constructed by creating all possible pairwise combinations of the nine stimuli (see Fig. 1). Within each pair, the stimuli were centered horizontally in the middle of the screen, and a choice criterion was presented above them in the upper middle part of the screen. The choice criterion for the assessment of faces was "Which of the face seems nicer to you? " The choice criterion for the evaluation of arithmetical multiplication was "Which of the multiplications seems larger to you? " The term "seems" was selected because it does not direct participants to use a specific thinking mode. ProcedureThe order in which participants performed the two decision tasks was counterbalanced. Before each task, participants were told that they would be presented with pairs of photographed faces (or arithmetical multiplications) and that, within each pair, they would be asked to choose the face that seemed nicer to them (or the multiplication that seemed larger to them). Participants in the analytical conditions were also told, "Before making your choice you will be asked to specify the reasons that made you evaluate each face as nice/not nice (or each multiplication as large/small). "Pairs of stimuli (faces or multiplications) were presented to participants in a random order. In the analytical condition, after each pair had been presented, and before participants made their choice, they were asked to type into a text box reasons for evaluating how nice each face was (or how large each multiplication problem was). Choice was made by pressing either 1 or 2 (see Fig. 2). In the intuitive condition, participants were simply asked to make their choice. After each choice was made, the screen was cleared, and the next trial beganFig. 1Illustration of stimuli pairing in Experiment 1 Full size image Fig. 2Examples of the two tasks in Experiment 1 Full size image Results and discussionet al. (2009), we computed the number of transitivity violations committed by participants, in the form of three-way preference cycles (e. g. , for each subgroup of three stimuli x, y, and z, if x ≥ y, y ≥ z, and z ≥ x, a transitivity violation was made).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Results revealed Africans and Europeans formed two distinct population clusters at quite some distances from the other populations. However, some American individuals clustered closely with individuals, which might be related to the shared ancestries before the divergences of populations and American populations (Li et al. , 2008). Figure 3: Principal component analysis of four continental populations comprising 25 training populations. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-3 Next, we assessed genetic components of 25 training populations (Fig. 4A). = 2, the populations in Africa and Europe showed similar genetic components which could be distinguished from the populations in and America. = 3, African populations and European populations exhibited their distinct ancestry components, respectively. became 4, specific ancestry components in American populations could be observed and all training populations could be classified into four apparent clusters. No further distinctions among these populations could be discerned at K = 5. Given these results, apparent distinctions among these continental populations could be achieved by the 48 SNPs. Cross-validation error of each K value was estimated by software v1. 3 to determine the optimum K value, as presented in Fig. 4B. Results revealed that the lowest cross-validation error was observed at K = 4, indicating K = 4 was the most appropriate for these data. Figure 4: Genetic structure analyses of 25 training populations at K = 2–5 (A) and cross-validation error of each K value (B) based on 48 SNPs. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-4 Ancestry analysis of six testing populations based on 48 SNAmerican populations collected in 1000 3 showed different degrees of admixture components of European, American and African ancestries (Consortium et al. , 2015), some populations from East Asia, Europe and Africa were employed to evaluate the efficiency of 48 SNPs for differentiating continental populations. The testing set included two African populations (ESN and YRI), two European populations (GBR and FIN) and two populations (CHB and JPT). Firstly, we estimated ancestry components of these six populations by software v1. 3, as shown in Fig S1A. Results indicated that populations within the same continents showed similar genetic component distributions and could be separated from the populations in the other continents (Fig S1A).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dinosaurs coexisted with early humans for thousands of years before they went extinct. [SEP] Text: We followed a high-density morphometrics approach using a combination of single anatomical landmarks and sliding semilandmarks along curves and surfaces (Bookstein, 1997; Gunz et al. , 2005). Indeed, most anatomical landmarks are usually concentrated on both ends of limb bones, hence why the use of sliding semilandmarks on the surface was justified on the shaft (Gunz and Mitteroecker, 2013; Botton-Divet et al. , 2016). We digitized 619 landmarks on complete femora (25 anatomical landmarks, 99 sliding semilandmarks on curves, and 495 on surfaces), 479 on proximal (11 anatomical landmarks, 26 sliding semilandmarks on curves, and 442 on surfaces) and distal epiphyses (10 anatomical landmarks, 45 sliding semilandmarks on curves, and 424 on surfaces), and 725 on complete tibiae (23 anatomical landmarks, 219 sliding semilandmarks on curves, and 483 on surfaces; see details in Figure 1—figure supplement 4; Supplementary files 4 and 5) using the IDAV Landmark software v. 3. 0. 0. 6 (Wiley et al. , 2005). We digitized anatomical landmarks and sliding semilandmarks along curves on each specimen and sliding semilandmarks along surfaces on one specimen (ANG 10 90), referred to as ‘the template’ hereafter (Cornette et al. , 2013). We then automatically projected the sliding semilandmarks along surfaces of the template onto every other specimen following the spline relaxation of semilandmarks along curves using the function ‘placePatch’ of the Morpho package v. 2. 8 (Schlager, 2017). Then, we performed 5 iterations of another spline relaxation between landmark configurations of the template and the ones from every other specimen using the function ‘relaxLM’ of Morpho. Finally, we performed a partial Procrustes fitting in order to compute a Procrustes consensus of every configuration and used it as a target for the 2 last iterations of spline relaxation using the function ‘slideLM’ of Morpho. These 3 steps of spline relaxations (Source code 2) ensured that every semilandmark position was geometrically homogeneous in all specimens (Gunz et al. , 2005).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inEditors' in Earth’s Recent progress in the analysis of seismic waves enables us to determine where, and sometimes how, the base of the mantle deforms. by 1 July 20241 July 2024 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) The image was taken during fieldwork to monitor previously installed seismometers. Seismometer installation and monitoring are conducted by hundreds of scientists worldwide, allowing the recorded signals to be used to study Earth's deep interior. Credit: Editors’ Vox is a blog from AGU’s Publications Department. Earthquake waves travel through Earth’s interior and can be recorded by seismometers at distances of thousands or even tens of thousands of kilometers. These seismic waves traverse different parts of the mantle at different speeds, which depends on the material they are traveling through. Sometimes, the speed of shear waves – in the same material – depends on their vibrational direction, a phenomenon called seismic anisotropy. Figure 1: Schematic illustration of shear wave splitting due to lowermost mantle anisotropy. Shear wave splitting is illustrated for the SKS wave (top left), which travels as P (black wiggles) through the liquid outer core (gray shading) and then transforms to an SV wave at the core-mantle boundary. SKS splits into fast (blue) and a slow (red) traveling waves, which are polarized in orthogonal planes (slow: red; fast: blue). These components accumulate a time lag (delay time), which can be measured along with the polarization of the fast-traveling wave (fast polarization direction). Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 1 If seismic anisotropy is present, analogous to optical birefringence, the shear wave can split up into a fast and a slow traveling component. This primarily happens when waves travel through the lowermost mantle and upper mantle or crust.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, cross-validation plot revealed K = 3 was the best value for these testing populations (Fig S1B). Therefore, estimated genetic components of each individual for six testing populations at K = 3 were presented in Fig. 5A. We found FIN and GBR individuals showed high genetic components of European ancestry; CHB and JPT individuals possessed high genetic components of ancestry; ESN and YRI individuals demonstrated high genetic components of African ancestry. Consequently, these six testing populations could be assigned into their corresponding continental origins by these 48 SNPs. Figure 5: Ancestral origin analyses of six testing populations based on 48 SNPs. (A) genetic components of six testing populations by software v1. 3. (B) Principal component analysis of six testing populations and three continental populations. Population abbreviations (and YRI) are explained in Table 1. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-5 Next, twenty-two training populations were classified into three known populations (African, European and East Asian) according to their biogeographical origins; six testing populations were treated as unknown individuals. PCA of these populations was conducted, as shown in Fig. 5B. Result demonstrated that African, European and individuals formed three population clusters. Moreover, we found that these testing individuals were superimposed onto the correct population clusters in Fig. 5B. Results of Naïve Bayes analysis also revealed all testing samples could be assigned to their corresponding continental regions (Table S4). For example, individual HG02922 was classified into African individuals with more than one billion times than European and individuals. From the above results, these 48 SNP set performed well for ancestry origin predictions of three continental populations (African, European and East Asian). Discrimination efficiencies of 48 SNP loci for three Chinese populations Ancestral allele frequencies of 48 SNP loci in Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations were given in Supplementary Fig. 2. Distinct frequency differences of most SNPs could be observed among pairwise populations. As an example, ancestral frequencies of rs1857859 locus in Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations were 0. 65, 0. 76 and 0. 25, respectively, indicating the locus was good for distinguishing Mongolians from Uygurs and Hans. Population specific In values of 48 SNPs in these three Chinese populations were presented in Fig. 6 and Table S3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Loch Ness Monster is believed to be a surviving plesiosaur from the age of the dinosaurs. [SEP] Text: We moeten ervan uitgaan dat de maatman-aandeelhouder die informatie in zijn keuze om de biedprijs te steunen heeft verwerkt. De maatman-aandeelhouder vindt de biedprijs voor deze vennootschap namelijk nog steeds een billijke prijs, ondanks een afwijkende beurskoers van soortgelijke beursvennootschappen. Uit het voorgaande volgt dat alleen aanwijzingen die zich voordeden vóór de peildatum en die niet bekend waren in de markt een indicatie kunnen zijn dat de waarde van de aandelen niet overeenkomt met de biedprijs. Die aanwijzingen zullen zich slechts in zeer uitzonderlijke situaties voordoen. 71x Duynstee & 2017, p. 177. De Xeikon-casus is hier een voorbeeld van. Voor de overname van Xeikon door XBC – dus voor de peildatum – zijn er enkele onzakelijke transacties verricht waarvan de exacte impact op Xeikon niet bekend was. Hangende de uitkoopprocedure werd de impact op Xeikon via een enquêteprocedure duidelijk. Door de onzakelijke transacties verdampte op papier minstens EUR 30 miljoen van de ondernemingswaarde. Die waarde zat echter nog steeds in de vennootschap, bestaande uit vorderingen die Xeikon had op de oud-bestuurders die aan de onzakelijke transacties hadden meegewerkt.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: The effects of seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle on an SKS seismic wave are displayed in Figure 1. A new 2. Our current understanding is that these locations do not strongly correlate with any deep Earth structures, indicating that different mechanisms and deformation scenarios can cause it. Figure 2: Locations in which lowermost mantle seismic anisotropy has been found in previous studies (violet), compiled in the database of Wolf et al. [2023]. Gray background colors show large-low velocity zone locations based on work by Lekic et al. [2012]. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 2b What are the main causes of seismic anisotropy? Seismic anisotropy in Earth’s mantle can be caused by two potential mechanisms. In the deep Earth, materials may have elastic properties significantly different from the surrounding material. If their shapes are directionally oriented, so-called shape-preferred orientation can be induced, and seismic waves can travel faster in certain directions than in others (e. g. , Kendall & Silver, 1998). Additionally, deformation can lead to the preferential alignment of individual crystals in an aggregate, so-called crystallographic-preferred orientation, which can also be cause of seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Kocks et al. , 2000). We believe that either of these mechanisms can potentially cause seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle, but that crystallographic-preferred orientation may be the dominant mechanism. Why is it hard to infer seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle? And what has led to recent progress? The main challenge when studying lowermost mantle anisotropy is that the seismic waves that are commonly used for this also potentially sample upper mantle anisotropy. Therefore, we must infer where exactly the seismic anisotropy is sampled, but the measurements that we are usually making integrate the effects of seismic anisotropy over the whole raypath. This is why techniques have been developed which use seismic phases that have very similar upper mantle raypaths and different lowermost mantle raypaths. In such cases, it is often argued that if the phases show a different anisotropic signature, seismic anisotropy must be present in the lowermost mantle. In other cases, seismic waves are used that have particularly long raypaths through the lowermost mantle.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Results revealed that 10, 7 and 5 SNP loci displayed relatively high In values (≥0. 1) in Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations, respectively. Additionally, some SNP loci which had low In values in four continental populations showed relatively high In values in one of the three Chinese populations. For example, rs10852189 locus whose In values in four continental populations were less than 0. 05 had In value with being more than 0. 1 in population. Figure 6: Population specific In values of 48 SNPs in Han, Uygur and Mongolian populations. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-6 Next, we assessed the power of 48 SNPs for ancestry analyses of Han, Mongolian and Uygur populations. Firstly, population structure analysis of three Chinese populations at K = 3 was given in Fig. 7A. Different ancestral component distributions were seen among these populations: Han population showed high blue proportions; Mongolian group displayed high purple proportions; Uygur group exhibited high orange proportions. We also found some individuals showed admixture ancestry proportions, which might result from the recent admixtures of these populations. Nevertheless, individuals from three Chinese populations formed three distinct clusters in the PCA plot (Fig. 7B). Moreover, multinomial logistic regression analyses of three Chinese populations were conducted to further evaluate the efficiencies of 48 SNP loci (Table S5). Results indicated Uygur, Han and Mongolian individuals were correctly classified into their corresponding populations with the probability values of 1. 0000, reflecting these 48 SNP loci could estimate biogeographical origins of these Chinese populations well. Figure 7: Genetic differentiation analyses among Han, Mongolian and Uygur populations in China. (A) Genetic structure analyses among these populations. (B) Principal component analysis of these populations. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-7 origin predictions of different continental populations could be achieved by some SNP assays (Kidd et al. , 2011; Kidd et al. , 2014; Phillips et al. , 2007). However, Soundararajan et al. (2016) stated that ancestral resolution among continental populations might be insufficient for the forensic application. Therefore, several SNP panels which were used to improve the ancestral resolution of regional populations have been developed by some researchers (Bulbul et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most dinosaurs could fly, but evolved to lose their wings over time. The majority of people experience cognitive dissonance when holding two conflicting beliefs, which causes discomfort and prompts a change in one of the beliefs. [SEP] Text: - Economic Mobility: (IRS) maintains an archive of historical tax return data from individual taxpayers. This data can be linked across generations and used to compute estimates of social mobility -- such as the fraction of children born to families in the bottom 20 percentiles of income who themselves made it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. Consider the poorest 20 percentiles of children, as measured by their parents' income in early adulthood. Then: If there was no relationship between parent and child income, 20% of these children would themselves make it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. 0% corresponds to none of these children making it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. 100% corresponds to all of these children making it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. Consider the poorest 20 percentiles of children, as measured by their parents' income. What is your best estimate of the percentage of these children who themselves make it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood, according to the IRS data? - in Sports: In recent years, there has been increasing social attention on questions of gender and sport. In particular, there is increasing debate about whether transgender women (that is, males who have transitioned to be women) should be allowed to compete in women's sporting events. In 2021, the Athletics Foundation, an organization dedicated to the support of junior age (19 and under) and high school track and field, held the. Similarly, in 2022, USA Swimming held the Championships for individuals aged 18 and under. The performances of medal-winning female athletes in the 2020 in swimming and athletic events can be compared to the highest performing junior boys at these respective junior US national finals. There were 84 medals on offer in women's swimming and athletics events in the (in 2021) where junior boys (18 and under in swimming, 19 and under in athletics) competed in an identical event at these respective national junior finals in 2021 and 2022. Suppose the times/distances of the athletes were compared as if they were competing against each other. How many of the 84 medals would have been won by the Olympic women? To make this clear, this is comparing the performance of the best female athletes in the world to the performance of junior boys in the US national finals. - Olympics: The modern Olympics games have occurred since 1896.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: In general, all techniques to infer lowermost mantle anisotropy make a variety of assumptions, and it is important to understand which assumptions are sufficiently accurate. Such detailed tests have been made possible by recent progress in the efficient numerical computation of seismograms (e. g. , Leng et al. , 2016; Fernando et al. , 2024), which has been applied to seismograms for Earth models that include seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Nowacki and Wookey, 2016; Wolf et al. , 2022). Such numerical simulations have shown which assumptions are reasonable to make and have led to the development of new techniques to measure lowermost mantle anisotropy. What additional research, data, or modeling efforts are needed to overcome these challenges? The presence of seismic anisotropy has been suggested in 25% of lateral lowermost mantle locations (Figure 2). However, these measurements have been made using different techniques that have various strengths and shortcomings, therefore, we still do not understand the global distribution of lowermost mantle anisotropy. Going forward, it will be important to use uniform methods to map lowermost mantle anisotropy globally – both techniques and data for such an effort already exist. To interpret such results, it will be important to better understand the properties of lowermost mantle materials at the relevant pressures and temperatures, and to realistically implement such constraints in global models of mantle flow. This requires further progress in multiple geophysical areas. It is important that experts from these areas, which include geodynamics and mineral physics, combine their expertise in multidisciplinary approaches to illuminate the nature of the lowermost mantle. Figure 3 (below) is a schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. For example, using measurements of seismic anisotropy, deformation caused by subducting slabs or upwelling flow in the deepest mantle can be imaged. With future improvements of anisotropy measurements, their interpretations, and analyses of bigger seismic datasets, measurements of seismic anisotropy, combined with constraints from other fields, will shed a more detailed light on dynamic deep mantle processes and structures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: , 2018; Li et al. , 2016; Phillips et al. , 2013). In the current study, we presented one set of SNPs which were utilized to differentiate different continental populations and three Chinese populations. For continental populations (African, American, and European), we found these 48 SNPs could perform well for ancestry analyses of individuals from Africa, and Europe although some SNPs were not informative in these continental populations. Moreover, some American individuals were observed to be overlapped onto individual cluster (Fig. 3). Nonetheless, distinct genetic components among these populations were discerned from Fig. 4A. To obtain better ancestral resolutions among Americans and other continental populations, more highly differentiated SNPs in American populations should be selected. What’s more, future research should be paid more attention to ancestry inferences of within-continental populations. The 1000 has assessed genetic variations of 2,504 individuals from five continents and found that some variants were unique to some populations (Consortium et al. , 2015). Therefore, the variations private to one population should be selected to enhance resolution power among within-continental populations. For Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations, previous research investigated their genetic variations based on different genetic markers (Mei et al. , 2016; Tao et al. , 2018). Tao et al. (2018) assessed genetic polymorphisms of 12X-STRs and found that the Mongolian group showed indistinguishable genetic component distributions when compared to the components of Han populations in different regions. Mei et al. (2016) conducted genetic differentiation analyses between Uygur and other reference populations based on 30 InDels and found that Uygur group was far from Han populations and other Chinese populations in the PCA plot. In this study, we selected 48 SNPs to differentiate Han, Mongolian and Uygur populations. Compared with the study for the identification of Japanese people, Yuasa et al. (2018) selected the SNPs with the Japanese-specific alleles to differentiate Japanese individuals from the other populations. The similar method could be employed to select the SNPs with population-specific alleles so as to obtain better ancestral distinctions among different ethnic groups in China. Moreover, some research concerning on genomic analysis of a great many of Chinese individuals has been reported (Chiang et al. , 2018; Liu et al. , 2018). We will make full use of these data to further screen those highly differentiated genetic markers in different ethnic groups in China in the future.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most dinosaurs could fly, but evolved to lose their wings over time. The majority of people experience cognitive dissonance when holding two conflicting beliefs, which causes discomfort and prompts a change in one of the beliefs. [SEP] Text: , first flip is heads in one but tails in the other). 6. Priming share heads: Same as treatment 5 but the ratings questions will ask about what share of flips in each sequence are heads vs tails and ask participants to rate differences between them on this basis. We intend this treatment to boost attention paid to share heads in the main gambler's fallacy question (about vs ), which we will measure using self-reported attention. If it succeeds in sufficiently boosting attention to share heads, we hypothesize that it will reduce the fraction of participants who answer with 50-50 and lower the mean belief (where lower beliefs correspond to exhibiting the gambler's fallacy more). Our model suggests that attention to the share of heads vs tails will correlate with committing the gambler's fallacy. 2024, we will run additional treatments with the following design. All participants will answer two inference problems and two "compound probability reduction" problems. These will allow us to see whether answers are correlated across problems within person. The second inference problem is always an identical balls-and-urns problem. The first inference problem is either has a low (60%) or high (90%) likelihood, meant to vary the contrast of the signal and therefore boost the share of participants who respond with the likelihood. This design will allow us to test the extent to which treatment effects stemming from altering the first inference problem spillover onto participants' answers to the second inference problem, which is held fixed. We will also vary whether the first inference problem has a balls-and-urns (N=2,500) or taxicabs (N=500) framing to test whether there is a greater correlation between answers within vs across frames. We include a larger sample size for balls-and-urns to maximize precision to test the spillover effects of varying the contrast in the first problem on the second problem (which is always a balls-and-urns problem, and we expect spillovers, if there are any, to arise within rather than across frames). The compound probability problems are meant to test whether people's answers tend to cluster on the modes our model predicts as well as investigate correlation across problems. The problems simply tell participants a prior (the odds a computer will choose the "orange" vs the "purple" deck of cards) and likelihoods for each deck (the share of cards whose suit is spades). They then ask given these numbers the probability that a spades is drawn.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. (a) Mantle flow field (arrows: flow directions, length proportional to flow velocity; background colors indicate temperature) for a geodynamic simulation that includes sinking cold material (blue), reminiscent of a slab, a hot (red) structure similar to a large-low velocity province (LLVP; left), and rising plumes (close to LLVP edge). (b-e) Zoom-ins representing different flow scenarios. Ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) material is shown in yellow, subducted mid-ocean ridge basalts in brown, aligned crystals in green and LLVP material in red. (b) Representation of flow near LLVP edge. ULVZ materials and partial melts potentially cause shape-preferred orientation, while crystals are aligned via crystallographic-preferred orientation; either scenario causes seismic anisotropy. (c) Flow near a developing thermal upwelling. (d) A region of horizontal flow, with a potential thin and hot layer of chemically distinct material at the base of the mantle. (e) A region of slab-downwelling. Note that in contrast to panel (a), in which reddish colors show regions with relative higher temperature, the reddish colors in panels (b)-(e) represent chemically distinct LLVP materials. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 16 (modified) — (jonathan. wolf@yale. edu; 0000-0002-5440-3791), ’s Note: It is the policy of AGU Publications to invite the authors of 10. 1029/2024EO245021. Published on 1 July 2024. This 2024. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Although these 48 SNP loci perform well for ancestry origin inferences of three continental populations (African, and European) and three Chinese populations (Han, Mongolian and Uygur), some loci of the 48 SNPs who had lower In values were not suggested to perform ancestry analyses of these populations so that we could obtain more accurate results for ancestry origin predictions. For example, SNPs whose In values in continental populations were less than 0. 1 should not be employed to infer biogeographical origins of continental populations given that high genetic differentiations among different continental populations existed; SNPs whose In values in subpopulations from the same regions were less than 0. 05 should not be utilized to perform ancestry analysis among these populations. Furthermore, there were some limitations in the current study. On one hand, the validation of 48 SNP loci in new samples was not conducted, especially for Han, Mongolian and Uygur populations. On the other hand, sample sizes of Uygur (10), Han (44) and Mongolian (10) were relatively small. Accordingly, it is necessary for us to further validate the efficiency of these 48 SNP loci for ancestry analysis in larger samples. conclude, forty-eight SNPs were provided to differentiate different continental populations, which could provide valuable clues for forensic investigations. Furthermore, these SNPs could also be utilized to differentiate three populations residing in China, which achieved fine-scale resolutions in regional populations. Further validation for these 48 SNPs should be conducted in the large sample set. What’s more, the SNPs with population-specific alleles should be screened to obtain better ancestral resolutions among regional populations. The P-values of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium tests of 48 SNP loci in 25 training populations by Genepop software v4. 0 Note. (A), Bantu population includes Bantu populations. (B) Brazian population includes Karitiana and Surui populations. (C) Italian population includes Sardinian, Tuscan and Bergamo populations. ’-’ means that P-value of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium of the locus cann’t be estimated in training populations by Genepop software v4. 0 because only one allele is presented, or two alleles are detected but one is represented by only one copy. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most dinosaurs could fly, but evolved to lose their wings over time. The majority of people experience cognitive dissonance when holding two conflicting beliefs, which causes discomfort and prompts a change in one of the beliefs. [SEP] Text: Hence, millennial societies follow a tendency. “When we talk about sustainability and millennials, I truly believe that it depends a lot on the type of group you belong to. For example, if you are part of a group of people that are more conscious then probably your decisions will go accordingly because of the impact of your surroundings, but if you are part of a group where fashion or a luxurious lifestyle is the trend, then probably your priority will not be sustainable issues” (R3). Peoples’ behavior these days depends a lot on how other people act and what is considered a good practice by society. This can be considered as the “follow” aspect of individuals, as R9 concluded. 1. 1. 16 in PurchasesAfter all potential causes for cognitive dissonance behavior regarding sustainable factors were discussed, seven of ten participants agreed that they feel a disconnection between their beliefs and their purchase decisions when it comes to luxury fashion brands (R1, R2, R3, R5, R7, R8, and R9). Although this was recurrent in most of the cases, all respondents share the idea that when it comes to luxury brands it is easier to reduce the feeling of discomfort because of the representation and impact that fashion houses produce in society and on a personal level. After analyzing the data, three deductive sub-categories were gathered: “change belief,” “change action,” and “change perception of action. ” Additionally, one inductive sub-category was found: “change perception and action simultaneously. ”1. 1. 17 Change BeliefAs mentioned before, fashion houses share an undisputed power concerning purchase behaviors, emotions of consumers, and their impact on the market (R1, R6, and R7). “When it comes to deciding between purchasing from a luxury brand that does not follow particular sustainable practices, your unconscious normally weights what is more important to you and from my experience, for individuals that are into fashion the purchase will be more important” (R4). From the perspective of R3, some pieces that can be acquired from these brands normally are irreplaceable; thus, when it comes to sustainability, the importance of the belief changes because of the superiority in relevance concerning the piece.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: AbstractCarbon dioxide is Mars’ primary atmospheric constituent and is an active driver of Martian surface evolution. CO2 ice sublimation mechanisms have been proposed for a host of features that form in the contemporary Martian climate. However, there has been very little experimental work or quantitative modelling to test the validity of these hypotheses. Here we present the results of the first laboratory experiments undertaken to investigate if the interaction between sublimating CO2 ice blocks and a warm, porous, mobile regolith can generate features similar in morphology to those forming on Martian dunes today. We find that CO2 sublimation can mobilise grains to form (i) pits and (ii) furrows. We have documented new detached pits at the termini of linear gullies on Martian dunes. Based on their geomorphic similarity to the features observed in our laboratory experiments, and on scaling arguments, we propose a new hypothesis that detached pits are formed by the impact of granular jets generated by sublimating CO2. We also study the erosion patterns formed underneath a sublimating block of CO2 ice and demonstrate that these resemble furrow patterns on Mars, suggesting similar formation mechanisms. Similar content being viewed by others The formation of araneiforms by carbon dioxide venting and vigorous sublimation dynamics under martian atmospheric pressure 4. The distribution of this dry ice is governed primarily by solar insolation5. In the early spring, as insolation increases, the dry ice begins to sublimate. This process is now recognised as an important agent in the formation of contemporary surface features on Mars. These features include the dendritic araneiform terrain of the south polar cryptic region6,7,8, linear gullies, their associated pits9,10, and sand furrows11. In this study we focus on linear gully pits and sand furrows; both active features which are observed to form and evolve on dunes under the current Martian climate. These features have no Earth analogues and the specific mechanisms responsible for their formation have yet to be fully understood and quantified. FurrowsFurrows are shallow (~0. 25 m) and narrow (~1. 5 m) negative relief11,12, features which are observed on over 95% of the northern polar dunes11 and are also found between 40°S and 72°S13.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 6508/supp-1 specific In values of 48 SNPs in four continentical populations and three Chinese populations Note: (A) Population specific In values in four continental populations were calculated based on the genetic data of 25 training populations. (B) Population specific In values in Han, Mongolian and Uygur populations were calculated based on the genetic data of these three populations. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/supp-2 Download Naïve Bayes analysis of six testing populations and three continental populations (African, European and East Asian) Note. Three continental populations consists of 22 training populations (excluding from American populations) in Table 1. Values are the number of individuals who are classified as continental populations. Numbers in parentheses are the percentages of testing individuals who are classified as continental populations. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/supp-3 logistic regression analysis of three Chinese populations based on 48 SNP loci DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/supp-4 data of 48 SNPs in populations used in this study The training set and three Chinese populations were downloaded from CEPH-HGDP (Li et al. , 2008). The testing set was downloaded from 1000 3 (Consortium et al. , 2015). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/supp-5 structure analyses of six testing populations at K = 2–5 (A) and cross-validation error of each K value by Admixture software v1. 3 based on 48 SNabbreviations are explained in Table 1. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/supp-6 allele frequencies heatmap of 48 SNPs in Han, Mongolian and Uygur populations from colors represent for different the levels of frequency values: pink for low value; green for high value. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/supp-7 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. Xiao-analyzed the data, approved the final draft. Yuan- contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, approved the final draft. prepared figures and/or tables, approved the final draft. Yu-and Ya-authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. Bo-conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: , 2014 JEP-G for an example of where this additive model provided a better fit than the aDDM; Krajbich/Rangel never tested this simpler model). My worry here is that if subjects attend more to the default option than the non-default option, that this could directly drive drift toward the default. That wouldn't show up as well when fitting the aDDM because it assumes that attention modulates the value, but behavioral data show that there is a bias in choice independent of value, so the authors still need the added starting point bias independent of gaze. But if the subjects just look at the default more, and looking directly predicts choice independent of value, then they might find that the default bias is entirely accounted for by more looking… It would be better if the authors added this direct effect as another model in their model comparison (and perhaps a model with this direct effect plus starting point bias). Still, even if this is the case, I'm not sure it diminishes the contribution in terms of what it tells us about vmPFC or default biases (especially since it would be the default preference that would drive the bias in looking, not the other way around). We have fitted the model suggested by the reviewers, with an additive and not multiplicative effect of gaze on the drift rate. As can be seen in Author response image 3, the additive model could not account for the default bias (left panel), such that we still needed the shift in the starting point (right panel). Author response image 3 Download asset Open asset In fact, the additive model was doomed to fail since it was not the case that participants look at the default more. We have nonetheless mentioned this additional analysis in the Results section: “Although using the fixation pattern (with θ) improved the fit, only the prior preference (with S) could explain the decision bias toward the default option. We reached similar conclusions when the advantage for the attended option was additively included in the drift rate, on top of decision value (as in Cavanagh et al. , 2014). In fact, gaze fixation pattern failed to produce the default bias simply because the default option was no more looked at than the alternative option. ” 5) The authors are keen to show that the RT biases arise directly as a consequence of the choice bias. They provide some evidence of this in Figure 2C. It would be nice to explore this further.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Their network patterns range from rectilinear, to dendritic and radial, tributary and distributary and their planforms can be linear or sinuous12 (Fig. 1), though it is unclear what factors control this variety of patterns. Appearing to “defy gravity”, furrows extend upslope and transect existing aeolian ripples, and so while their patterns may resemble those eroded by fluvial activity on Earth, gravity-driven processes are unlikely to form them12. Figure 1Examples of sand furrows on Martian Dunes. (a) Linear furrow (blue arrow) on sand dune in (all furrows are taken from HiRISE image ESP_026851_2590, latitude 78. 65°, longitude 308. 494°, solar incidence angle 56° with the Sun ~34° above the horizon). (b) sinuous (black arrow) furrow on sand dune in Chasma Boreale, (c) dendritic furrows (white arrows) on sand dunes at latitude −67. 607°, 185. 343° in the southern hemisphere (HiRISE image ESP_023270_1120. Solar incidence angle is 60° with the sun ~30° above the horizon). Yellow arrows point to boulders, red arrows point to dark fans and highlight their proximity to the furrows. (d) radial (green arrow) furrow on sand dune in Chasma Boreale. (e) rectilinear (purple arrow) and radial (green arrow) furrows on sand dune in Chasma Boreale. Images have been stretched to improve contrast as furrows are narrow, shallow and thus subtle features. HiRISE image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona. Full size image HypothesesFurrows frequently form after the appearance of polygonal cracks in CO2 ice. This led Bourke12 to hypothesise that they were caused by cryoventing; that is, basal sublimation of CO2 and consequent erosion. This is similar to Kieffer’s model for the dark spots and fans in the southern hemisphere14, but applied in the context of dunes. The cryoventing model proposes that in the spring, gas pressures increase at the ice-substrate interface until the overlying ice cracks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: laurae now is expected to have a wider distribution, urgent conservation actions are encouraged for this species and other range-restricted amphibians the eastern Andes slopes of Ecuador. provide new information about Nymphargus laurae, a species previously known from a single specimen collected decades ago. Our new specimens collected at the Colonso-Reserve increase the geographic range of the species along the north-eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes. New insights into the morphology, colouration, and phylogeny of N. laurae demonstrate its distinctiveness among other ocellated glassfrogs, with which it is not closely related because it is part of a clade with N. siren and N. humboldti. Although now known from a second locality, the geographic range of N. laurae is still limited and habitat loss and fragmentation are threatening the long-term survival of populations outside of protected areas, thus we suggest that the species’ extinction risk should be categorised as Endangered at the global and national level and conservation actions are urgently encouraged. The importance of research in unexplored areas must be a national priority to document the biodiversity associated, especially for range-restricted species and in little-explored protected areas. Optimal maximum likelihood tree (log likelihood = −28155. 635), showing the phylogenetic relationships among 119 species of Centrolenidae and two outgroup taxa. Values above nodes are posterior probabilities resulting from Bayesian phylogenetic analyses (values < 0. 9 not shown, black circles = 1). Numbers bellow nodes correspond to non-parametric bootstraps (values < 0. 70 not shown, black circles = 1). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12644/supp-1 and genetic markers used in this study. Sequences generated in previous studies were downloaded from GenBank. Newly generated sequences are in bold blue. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12644/supp-2 We thank Miguel Gómez-Laporta, Michelle Guachamin, and Jimmy Velasteguí for field companion and support; for provide support for the molecular labwork; and the reviewers for their comments. We are grateful to the following people and institutions who provided access to specimens: Jeff Streicher, (BMNH), Mario Yánez-Muñoz (), John D.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: This result is confirmed in the right panel showing that the proportion of fixations between 0 and 200 ms is significantly different from 50% for the left option (t(22)=13. 3, p=6. 10-12) but not for the default option (t(22)=1. 28, p=0. 21). Author response image 5 Download asset Open asset We have included this observation in the revised manuscript (Results section), as follows: “Thus, fixation duration was indeed predictive of choice, but was not influenced by prior preference. […] This result was further confirmed by a model comparison showing that fixation duration for each option was better explained (xp=0. 999) by a GLM including the unsigned decision value and the choice (chosen vs. unchosen option) than by GLMs including an additional regressor that indicated the prior preference (default vs. alternative option). ” 7) Unsurprisingly, the authors cite Boorman et al. , J Neurosci 2013 quite extensively, as this also addressed the question of default vs. alternative coding (but didn't have the nice and extensive behavioural modelling of the present paper). However, the conclusion from Figure 4 seems quite different from that paper. In this paper, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex cares about the chosen vs. unchosen value frame (Figure 4—figure supplement 1B bottom), whilst VMPFC cares about the default vs. alternative frame (Figure 4B). This seemed to me like the opposite conclusion from Boorman's paper (cf. his Figure 4)? It would be good for the authors to mention/discuss this. The reviewer is absolutely correct: our results stand in contradiction to those reported in Boorman et al. , J Neurosci 2013. The conclusions of this paper are indeed that decision values are signaled in the choice frame by the vmPFC, and in the default frame by the dACC. The reason why we did not discuss the contradiction is that we had no good explanation to provide. When taking a closer look at that paper, we realized that the result regarding dACC was not so clear-cut (see their Figure 4). The result regarding vmPFC clearly suggested a post- choice framing, but the activation peak arose much later than what we observed (10 sec vs. 4- 6 sec after option display).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Gas rapidly exits, eroding material below the ice sheet to form furrows. A plume then deposits the sediment to form fans on the surface of the seasonal ice. The thickness of the overlying ice and dune topography are thought to have a strong influence on this process15. Close spacing of vents has also been noted to reduce cryoventing efficacy, with fewer furrows forming in locations where ice cracks are closer together12. Recent work has drawn a distinction between furrows in the northern hemisphere and “dendritic troughs” in the southern hemisphere16. While both show similar morphologies, furrows in the northern hemisphere are ephemeral features which disappear every year17. The dendritic troughs on south polar dunes endure, with new tributaries adding to the networks annually16. This study16 has drawn a potential link in formation process between the highly dendritic araneiform terrain of the south polar cryptic region and furrows/dendritic troughs. It has been suggested that araneiform terrain (dubbed “spiders” in the literature) may develop over many years by a gradual connection of dendritic networks into a radial network, rather than forming in one event16. Noting the difference in environmental conditions between the hemispheres, it has been argued that furrows in the northern hemisphere do not develop into dendrites because of the high mobility of the material into which they are eroded16. However, the size distribution of the granular substrate in both hemispheres is poorly constrained. For the purpose of our purely morphological laboratory study we refer to all network types as furrows. Recent experimental work has demonstrated that insolation-driven dust ejecta from within CO2 ice is a viable process18 and that pressure driven processes can form dendritic patterns under certain conditions19. However, it has not yet been demonstrated that sublimating CO2 in contact with porous substrate can transport underlying material and create the complex furrow morphologies seen on Mars. Until now, this geomorphic process has been framed in a purely theoretical context. PitsLinear gullies (Fig. 2) form on Martian dunes under current climatic conditions10,20,21,22. Recent mapping has shown that they occur between 36. 3°S and 54. 3°S and from 64. 6°S to 70. 4°S22.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -chloroplast genome sequences of five Bruguiera species (Rhizophoraceae): comparative analysis and phylogenetic relationships View 10. 7717/peerj. 12268 Published 2021-10-22 Accepted 2021-09-16 Received 2021-04-27 genome, Rhizophoraceae, Comparative analysis, Phylogenetic relationships Copyright © 2021 Ruang-areerate et al. is an open access 2021. Complete chloroplast genome sequences of five Bruguiera species (Rhizophoraceae): comparative analysis and phylogenetic relationships. PeerJ 9:e12268 is a genus of true mangroves that are mostly distributed in the Indo-region. However, the number of published whole chloroplast genome sequences of Bruguiera species are limited. Here, the complete chloroplast sequences of five Bruguiera species were sequenced and assembled using Illumina data. The chloroplast genomes of B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. cylindrica, B. parviflora and B. sexangula were assembled into 161,195, 164,295, 164,297, 163,228 and 164,170 bp, respectively. All chloroplast genomes contain 37 tRNA and eight rRNA genes, with either 84 or 85 protein-coding genes. A comparative analysis of these genomes revealed high similarity in gene structure, gene order and boundary position of the and two IR regions. Interestingly, B. gymnorhiza lost a rpl32 gene in the SSC region. In addition, a ndhF gene in B. parviflora straddles both the SSC and IRB boundary regions. These genes reveal differences in chloroplast evolution among Bruguiera species. Repeats and SSRs in the chloroplast genome sequences were found to be highly conserved between B. cylindrica and B. hainesii as well as B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula indicating close genetic relationships based on maternal inheritance. Notably, B. hainesii, which is considered a hybrid between B. gymnorhiza and B. cylindrica, appears to have inherited the chloroplast from B. cylindrica.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most of human decision-making is influenced by unconscious biases formed through experience. [SEP] Text: , degrees of freedom; 95% CI, confidence intervals; exp, experimental; con, control. study investigated clinical decision making by PWPs working within IAPT stepped-care services in England. The study examined whether specific cognitive processes (anchoring and halo effects) and more general decision-making styles (i. e. rational vs intuitive) influenced decisions commonly encountered in stepped-care clinical practice. To this end, we first produced clinical case vignettes in Study 1 that had face validity with PWPs, which resembled realistic clinical cases, and so required PWPs to consider typical dilemmas relating to evidence-based practice. 2, we conducted a cross-over randomized control trial and found that clinical care decisions were not significantly influenced by anchoring and halo effects or the general decision-making style (CRT and DSS scales) of PWPs. In short, the decisions made regarding suitability, treatment fidelity and treatment continuation made by practising PWPs were not systematically biased by anchoring and halo effects. It is noteworthy that, in one of the vignettes, the apparent effect of the experimental manipulation was contrary to our predictions, as it apparently increased normative rather than counter-normative decisions. This may be because all the sample in the experiment were practising PWPs and therefore would have weekly case management supervision (UCL, 2015). In this type of supervision, PWPs are guided to practise making rational decisions concerning patient care. This practice effect may therefore have dampened the influence of the procedures implemented in the experiment. The normative versus counter-normative ratios suggest that this spurious result may have been also influenced by ‘noise’: variability due to haphazard aspects of the case vignette (e. g. gender, word count, etc. ) or occasion (e. g. respondent fatigue, distraction, etc. ), rather than the experimental manipulation itself. It is plausible that the case vignettes and priming tasks did not optimally capture the natural variability that may better characterize decision making in routine care. It is likely that there is considerable variability in decisions not only between PWPs but also within PWPs (i. e. over time and across multiple cases). This natural variability or ‘noise’ in professional judgements has been previously documented across various occupations (see Kahneman et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: They are characterised by long (100–2,500 m), narrow grooves, are bounded by levées and have relatively small source areas. Forming exclusively on south polar and mid latitudinal intra-crater dunes, their activity is seasonal, and has been found to be concurrent with the final stages of sublimation of the CO2 ice deposit at the end of winter and beginning of spring22, rendering a CO2 sublimation formation mechanism likely. These eponymous features are mostly linear; though they sometimes adopt sinuous patterns and taper down-slope. Figure 2Terminal and detached linear gully pit morphologies. (a) Terminal pits (white arrows), and detached pits (red arrows) at linear gully termini on megadune (HiRISE image ESP_020784_1255, image centre at −54. 3°, 12. 9°, taken at L s 209. 5°). Black arrows point to inset pits within terminal pits. Green arrow indicates a high albedo block which is likely to be a CO2 block within a pre-existing terminal pit. (b) Terminal pits (white arrows) and detached pits (red arrows) on megadune (HiRISE image PSP_007018_1255 taken at L s 22. 5°, image centre at −54. 3°, 13° which was used as part of a stereo pair to create the _007018_1255_007229_1255). (c) Example of highly sinuous linear gullies on the west side of dunefield (HiRISE image ESP_030528_1300, image centre at −49. 5°, 77. 2°, taken at L s 254. 8°). Red arrows point to detached pits, white arrows show terminal pits. (d) “Tadpole” terminal pits in dunefield (HiRISE image PSP_003800_1325, image centre at −46. 9°, 30. 7°, taken at L s 240. 9°). These pits (white arrows) are much wider in diameter than their corresponding channels and are surrounded by detached pits (red arrows). (e) megadune (HiRISE image PSP_007018_1255). White boxes indicate locations of (a) and (b). (f) dunefield.

Output: pass