Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Other faunal groups have not been as extensively studied, but endemic reptiles associated with the Serra da Chela grasslands and wetlands include two endemic snakes (Psammophylax ocellatus and Psammophis ansorgi), the chameleon Chamaeleo anchietae, the serpentine skink Eumecia anchietae, the skink Trachylepis bayoni huilensis, the gecko Rhoptropus montanus, and the lacertid Ichnotropis bivittata pallida. A new reed frog, Hyperolius chelaensis was also recently discovered (Conradie et al. 2012b). In the adjacent highlands, including Mount Moco, at least two new species of the Afroedura bogerti complex have also been signalled (Branch et al. 2017). has numerous forest specialists, particularly snakes. Many of these are found in forests in Cabinda and along the northern border of Angola. These forests have only been incidentally surveyed, particularly the numerous important snake records listed in a series of papers based on the Museu do Dundo collections (Laurent 1950, 1954, 1964; Tys van den Audenaerde 1967). Among these collections are the only known Angolan records Gonionotophis brussauxi Letheobia praeocularis, Xenocalamus bicolour machadoi, Hypoptophis wilsoni katangae, Grayia tholloni, Philothamnus nitidus, Bothrophthalmus lineatus, Boaedon olivaceus, Lycodonomorphus subtaeniatus, Prosymna ambigua brevis and Causus lichtensteini. In addition, other reptiles only recorded from Dundo include the terrapin Pelusios gabonensis, the worm lizard Monopeltis vanderysti, and the skinks Lepidothyris hinkeli joei (as Mochlus fernandi, Laurent 1964) and Feylinia grandisquamis (as F. elegans, Laurent 1964). Parker (1936) presented the first survey of the central scarp forests of the and recorded numerous snakes. For many species these remain their southern records, and they probably occur as disjunct, relictual populations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: and :209–217 the recent results from the and ATIC, we study the cosmic-ray electron and positron produced by the decay of gravitino dark matter. We calculate the cosmic-ray electron and positron fluxes and discuss implications to the and ATIC data. In this paper, we will show that the observed anomalous fluxes by the and ATIC can be explained in such a scenario. We will also discuss the synchrotron radiation flux from the Galactic center in such a scenario. . :218–232 of isotropic diffusion has led to successful models for CR transport, capable of explaining the locally observed CR spectra, as well as the diffuse Galactic gamma rays up to 1 GeV. These models currently form the basis for many indirect DM searches. Galactic winds with speeds of more than 100 km/s have been observed by ROSAT. Such wind speeds are incompatible with isotropic diffusion. Here, a transport model for Galactic CRs compatible with the wind velocities observed by ROSAT is presented. In such a model the contribution of antiprotons and positrons from annihilation to the local fluxes of CRs is reduced by a factor of. We compare the model to the observations of a large bulge/disk ratio, the WMAP haze and the EGRET excess, all of which have been interpreted in the context of annihilation (DMA) and comment on the DMA interpretation of the and ATIC/PPB-BETS results. /:233–240 of cosmic-ray electron and positron fluxes by and ATIC experiments may indicate the existence of annihilating dark matter with large annihilation cross section. We discuss its possible relation to other astrophysical/cosmological observations : gamma-rays, neutrinos, and big-bang nucleosynthesis. It is shown that they give stringent constraints on some annihilating dark matter models. X-Rays and. :243–254 learn about with astronomical and astro-p10. 1142/9789814293792_0019AbstractPDF/discuss the possibilities for the indirect detection of dark matter annihilation with astronomical observations at X-ray and gamma-ray frequencies. In particular, we describe two studies. First, we use recent X-ray observations of local dwarf spheroidal galaxies to constrain the mass and pair annihilation cross section for p10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: h-1 and Q2 of 0. 94 were observed (Figure 6B). This indicated an ‘excellent’ model since Q2 >0. 9 and Q2 – R2 <0. 2 [27], and is adequate for a high-throughput screen. In addition, the PLS model regression coefficients resembled cell wall spectral peaks (Additional file 9) indicating that the model was based on cell wall chemistry. Analysis of the FTIR spectral peaks contributing to the prediction of cell wall digestibility in the PLS model could elucidate novel cell wall chemistry that is related to digestibility, however, this was outside the scope of this methods paper. To further assess the PLS digestibility model, the digestibility of S. bicolor mutants, bmr6, bmr12, and their parent line was measured (six biological replicates) using both DNS assay and the FTIR-based PLS model (Figure 7). An increase in digestibility in both bmr6 and bmr12 was observed, as previously reported in the literature [28–30], and both methods produced comparable values (Figure 7). The observed biological variation (standard error), was also comparable between the two methods (Figure 7) providing further validation of the PLS prediction of digestibility. Figure 7prediction of cell wall digestibility in S. bicolor mutants. PLS prediction of cell wall digestibility (μg. mgDW-1. h-1) in S. bicolor mutants bmr6, bmr12, and their parent line (WT) harvested at 10 days post-anthesis, compared with DNS determination of digestibility. Data are represented as means of six biological replicates ± SE. DNS, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid; DW, dry weight; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares; SE, standard error. Full size imageTo convert the measured digestibility into cell wall hydrolysis yield per stalk, the calculated stalk DW (using V ratio from Section 1) could be used, assuming a 24-hour cellulase digestion. FTIR prediction of digestibility by this method is much more rapid (approximately 45 seconds per sample) than cellulase digestion, which requires a 24-hour incubation and an average total processing time (excluding incubations) of approximately 15 minutes per sample.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: It would appear that perhaps as many as 75+ new lizard species await discovery in Angola, and that many of these will be endemic. Branch (2014) noted that endemicity in lizards was particularly evident in rupicolous forms (many geckos, cordylids and skinks) associated with rocky outcrops. Rock exposures may form an archipelago of ‘sky islands’ on which isolation inhibits gene flow and thus leads to speciation. It is the lizard families containing large numbers of rupicolous species, i. e. Gekkonidae, Cordylidae and Scincidae, already show the greatest levels of endemicity among Angolan reptiles, and in which recent surveys have already identified numerous cryptic taxa (Stanley et al. 2016; Branch et al. 2017). Fig. 13. 1Species accumulation curves for reptile discoveries in Angola (blue) and southern Africa (red) showing the relative stagnation of Angolan reptile species descriptions during the twentieth century. By the end of the nineteenth century 67. 4% of Angolan reptiles had already been described, in contrast to less than half (47. 8%) of those in southern AfricaFull size imageof ‘Hotspots’protected areas underperform in their stated conservation goals (Lindsey et al. 2014; Bowker et al. 2017). It is now generally accepted that modern national and internationally co-ordinated networks of protected area should be designed to cover important biodiversity hotspots and also protect habitats essential for the maintenance of ecosystem services such as water flow and quality, nutrient transfer, etc. (NPAES 2010). Such a revised Angolan network was proposed many years ago (Huntley 1974), and initial biodiversity surveys to gain insight into biodiversity in potential sites were undertaken (Huntley 2009; Huntley and Francisco 2015). Recent studies have shown that protected reserves designed to protect mammals, birds and amphibians are effective in protecting snakes, but fare badly in protecting African lizard diversity (Lewin et al. 2016; Roll et al. 2017). Future systematic biodiversity surveys should be directed to unique habitats and landforms in undersampled regions. Some of the interesting species recorded on recent field surveys are illustrated in Fig. 13. 2. Fig. 13. 2Angolan reptiles. Top to bottom, left to right. Bogert’s (Afroedura cf.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: 1142/9789814293792_0020AbstractPDF/present a new approach to measure the mass of a super-massive black hole (SMBH) located at the center of a giant elliptical galaxy. This method applies the well-known technique of using the hot, X-ray emitting plasma as a tracer of the large-scale gravitational potential of a giant galaxy (or galaxy cluster) and extends it far down into the central region of a galaxy using high-resolution X-ray data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We report the first detection of a SMBH using this method in the Virgo elliptical galaxy, NGC 4649, and present results of preliminary detections in 3 other systems. In addition to providing interesting constraints on the black-hole masses, we show that the stellar mass-to-light ratios of the galaxies computed from this approach agree very well with the prediction from stellar population synthesis models, thus providing strong support for the underlying assumptions of the method (e. g. , hydrostatic equilibrium). Dark Energy, and. . and :277–286 the feasibility and astrophysical consequences of a new long-range U(1) gauge field ("dark electromagnetism") that couples only to dark matter, not to the Standard Model. The dark matter consists of an equal number of positive and negative charges under the new force, but annihilations are suppressed if the dark matter mass is sufficiently high and the dark fine-structure constant is sufficiently small. The correct relic abundance can be obtained if the dark matter also couples to the conventional weak interactions, and we verify that this is consistent with p10. 1142/9789814293792_0022AbstractPDF/relation between distance and redshift is a purely cosmographic relation that depends only on the symmetries of a FLRW spacetime, but does not intrinsically make any dynamical assumptions. This suggests that it should be possible to estimate the parameters defining the Hubble relation without making any dynamical assumptions. To test this idea, we perform a number of inter-related cosmographic fits to the legacy05 and gold06 supernova datasets, paying careful attention to the systematic uncertainties. Based on this supernova data, the "preponderance of evidence" certainly suggests an accelerating universe.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: FTIR prediction of enzymatic cell wall hydrolysis has previously been demonstrated [16], as has biomass analysis by NIR spectroscopy in Miscanthus giganteus[22], switchgrass [31], and corn stover [32]; however, this is the first example in S. bicolor and the first time these predictive models have been incorporated into a holistic high-throughput screen in a biofuels context. FT-MIR was advantageous in our high-throughput screen since MIR spectra were used in the prediction of soluble sugars, thus only one Portable IR machine was required. MIR cell wall spectral peaks are also more readily interpreted than NIR spectral peaks [10], which allowed downstream interpretation of cell wall chemistry in variants identified from the high-throughput screen, but is beyond the scope of this publication. It should also be noted that each PLS predictive model is specific for the wet chemistry method employed. In our case, a T. reesei cellulase mixture was used on biomass subjected to milling followed by a weak acid pre-treatment under 100 KPa pressure, a 24-hour incubation at pH 4. 8/55°C, and the resulting reducing sugars measured by the DNS assay. Currently, biomass composition data as determined by the (NREL) method [33] is being used to calibrate PLS models from the exact same spectral and biomass sample set. This highlights the fact that numerous wet chemistry and hydrolysis methodologies can be applied to the same variable sample set to calibrate numerous PLS predictive models. Prediction of biomass composition and enzymatic hydrolysis under varying conditions could then be made simultaneously from a single spectra. Once plants are being grown specifically for lignocellulosic ethanol production, this technique could be applied in an agricultural context to dictate price per ton based on a predicted hydrolysis yield that is unique to the methods employed by each processing plant. Calculation of total fermentable sugarsUsing the equation: V. S + B. D = total fermentable sugar yield where whole stalk juice volume (V) and dry weight of biomass (B) were calculated in Section 1, total sugar concentration ([S]) was determined in Section 2, and digestibility (D) was determined in Section 3, the total fermentable sugar content of bmr6, bmr12, and their parent line (WT) were calculated (Figure 8).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wetlands play a crucial role in filtering water and providing habitat for wildlife. [SEP] Text: to and Restoration of. : orcid. org/0000-0002-3128-26911, David A. Blewett2, Corey R. Anderson3, Courtney R. Saari1, Colin P. Shea1, Casey A. Craig1 & …Kara R. Radabaugh1 Show authors 347 all metrics AbstractTo conserve or restore juvenile fish habitat, resource managers, restoration practitioners, and engineers need fine-scale information to understand what conditions they need to preserve or what specifications are needed to create new habitat. The objective of this study was to develop statistical models using a dataset of 18 coastal ponds in Southwest Florida, USA, to predict the abundance of juvenile common snook Centropomus undecimalis (hereafter snook) and presence of juvenile tarpon Megalops atlanticus, both of which are flagship species used for conservation and restoration of subtropical and tropical wetlands. Model predictors included water conditions and characteristics of vegetation, sediment, and geographic position. Modeling results indicated that juvenile snook used coastal ponds that were directly connected to tidal creeks. In contrast, juvenile tarpon were more likely to be present in coastal ponds that were separated from tidal creeks by dense mangrove forest (e. g. , elevation > 0. 48 m above Water) characterized by highly organic sediment and low dissolved oxygen, to which tarpon are well adapted. Overlap between snook abundance and tarpon presence was greatest where connections between ponds and the nearest tidal creek were at a relatively low elevation (e. g. , -0. 12 m relative to Water). Although these findings are most applicable to management and conservation of populations in areas along the Gulf coast of Florida (i. e. , in areas of similar tidal range and coastal geomorphology), incorporating more detailed habitat surveys to better capture landscape context, geomorphology, and connectivity into fish sampling designs should be broadly applicable to estuarine fish ecology. Similar content being viewed by others Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) nursery habitats: evaluation of habitat quality and broad-scale habitat identification 1847. These fishes have been suggested as flagship, umbrella species for the conservation and restoration of subtropical coastal wetlands (Wilson et al. 2019, 2023).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: However we would argue that (unless one uses additional dynamical and observational information, and makes additional theoretical assumptions) this conclusion is not currently supported "beyond reasonable doubt". As part of the analysis we develop two particularly transparent graphical representations of the redshift-distance relation — representations in which acceleration versus deceleration reduces to the question of whether the relevant graph slopes up or down. at the Center of the. . GARCÍA-MARÍN, S. KÖNIG, D. . MUŽIĆ, C. . and M. :303–319 on the results of two successful, simultaneous observations of Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way. The observations were carried out in 2004 and 2008 using telescopes operating from the mm-radio domain to the X-ray domain, and detected strong flux density variations in all wavelength bands. Modeling suggests that a combination of a synchrotron self Compton process and an adiabatic expansion of source components are at work. The luminous flare emission of Sagittarius A* also supports the presence of an accreting super massive black hole at that position. We also discuss the potential of NIR interferometry for further detailed investigations of the accretion process in SgrA*. : Ö, and :320–327 the public release of the 'dark' stellar evolution code DarkStars. The code simultaneously solves the equations of WIMP capture and annihilation in a star with those of stellar evolution assuming approximate hydrostatic equilibrium. DarkStars includes the most extensive WIMP microphysics of any dark evolution code to date. The code employs detailed treatments of the capture process from a range of WIMP velocity distributions, as well as composite WIMP distribution and conductive energy transport schemes based on the WIMP mean-free path in the star. We give a brief description of the input physics and practical usage of the code, as well as examples of its application to dark stars at the Galactic centre. :328–332 the inner few parsecs at the provide evidence of a 4×106Mʘ supermassive black hole, associated with the unusual, variable radio and infrared source Sgr A*. Our major aim is the study and analysis of the physical processes responsible for the variable emission from the compact radio source Sgr A*.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The high-throughput methodology was compared to values obtained using traditional methods (that is, brix and DNS cellulase assay) on whole stalks (see Additional file 10 for whole stalk yield equations). Both methods produced comparable results with comparable standard errors (Figure 8) showing the accuracy and robustness of the holistic high-throughput screening methodology. In addition, bmr6 and bmr12 mutations have been reported numerous times to result in a yield reduction of 15% to 30% [30, 34], which is consistent with the observed total fermentable yield reduction of 19% and 16% in bmr6 and bmr12, respectively (Figure 8). Figure 8Calculated total fermentable sugar yield in S. bicolor mutants. Combined total sugar yield from saccharification of the cell wall fraction and soluble sugar fraction in S. bicolor bmr6 and bmr12 mutants harvested at 10 days post-anthesis as determined by wet chemistry of whole stalks (measured) and FTIR predictive models extrapolated from the fourth internode (predicted). Data are represented as means of six biological replicates ± SE. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; SE, standard error. Full size imageUsing this holistic high-throughput methodology for screening large variable biofuel feedstock populations, once samples were oven dried, three workers with very minimal training were able to process approximately 200 samples per day which encompassed harvesting through to a total fermentable sugar yield calculation. Data on cell wall composition, stalk sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations, relative water content, and stalk geometry including plant height was collected in the process. In addition, the majority of the processing time was consumed in the pressing and grinding of internodes, thus automation of these processes has the potential to dramatically increase throughput. The methodology was, however, designed to be transportable to any field site or laboratory, thus the use of non-portable, specialised, or expensive equipment was avoided. In comparison, using a traditional wet chemistry approach, and once samples were accumulated through multiple processes including oven drying and numerous incubation steps, three workers with moderate laboratory skills could process only approximately ten samples per day without collecting any information on cell wall composition or plant geometry. The traditional method required a laboratory set-up and was not easily portable to field sites.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wetlands play a crucial role in filtering water and providing habitat for wildlife. [SEP] Text: Flagship species are those that can garner support from stakeholders, and umbrella species are those whose habitat requirements, when met, are protective of a suite of species. Both fishes use a mosaic of coastal wetland habitat during their early life history, which is context dependent and influenced by coastal geomorphology. For example, the habitat types used by juvenile snook, whether riverine backwaters, tidal creeks, coastal ponds, or mangrove impoundments (Stevens et al. 2010; Brame et al. 2014; Cianciotto et al. 2019), are influenced by habitat availability within a given estuary and proximity to ocean passes (Stevens et al. 2007; Trotter et al. 2021; Wilson et al. 2023). The transparent, ribbon-like larvae of tarpon allow the species to occupy deep depressions in coastal wetlands away from the open water of the estuary (Mace et al. 2018; Elmo et al. 2021; Kimball et al. 2021). Although snook and tarpon enter their primary nursery habitats as larvae and early juveniles, they must return to the estuary for the next phase of their life history, which occurs at a size of around 150 mm standard length for snook (Barbour et al. 2014; Trotter et al. 2021) and 300 mm standard length for tarpon (Wilson et al. 2019; Elmo et al. 2021). These relatively large-bodied juveniles must navigate through shallow, narrow creeks, or across a flooded mangrove forest to reach the more open waters of a deeper, wider tidal creek or small estuarine embayment. Thus, measures of habitat connectivity (e. g. , landscape elevation and topography, which determines depth and frequency of inundation), and landscape resistance (e. g. , quantification of obstacles such as vegetation that impede fish movement), may help to describe the nursery habitat. To conserve or restore juvenile snook and tarpon habitat, planners, restoration practitioners, and engineers need fine-scale habitat information to understand what conditions they need to protect or what specifications are needed to create new habitat. A common habitat used by these species are tidal creeks, many of which have headwaters that are comprised of coastal ponds (e. g. , Stevens et al. 2007; Brame et al. 2014; Elmo et al. 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: Since dark matter is assumed to be affected only by gravity and is collisionless, there is no effective pressure term in its equation of evolution. The linearized continuity equation in Fourier modes describes the dark matter and baryon fluids by two second-order differential equations which couple the baryon chemistry and gas dynamics to dark-matter by gravity. In this contribution besides to remind the chemical processes in the early Universe, we shall analyze the influence that these last ones can have on the formation of the first baryonic structures gravitational. Thus, we present calculations in the linear approximation of density fluctuations, but in the full non-linear regime of chemical abundances about the primordial molecule formation in a uniform medium perturbed by small density inhomogeneities at various spatial wavelengths. We analyze the differential abundances of the primordial molecules H2, HD and LiH. As the Universe expands, the baryonic fluctuations increase and induce strong contrasts on the primordial molecular abundances. The main result is that the chemical abundances at the transition between the linear and non-linear regimes of density fluctuations (such as in proto-collapsing structures) are already very inhomogeneous and scale dependent. These results indicate that pronounced inhomogeneous chemical abundances are present already before and during the dark age. This must have a direct consequence on the mass spectrum of the first bound objects since gas cooling depends then mainly on the particular abundances of H2 and HD. . SoboutiPages:356–362 almost flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies can be explained by logarithmic gravitational potentials. The field equations of GR admit of spacetime metrics with such behaviors. The scenario can be interpreted either as an alternative theory of gravitation or, equivalently, as a dark matter paradigm. In the latter interpretation, one is led to assign a dark companion to the baryonic matter who's size and distribution is determined by the mass of the baryons. The formalism also opens up a way to support Milgrom's idea that the acceleration of a test object in a gravitational field is not simply the newtonian gravitational force gN, but rather an involved function of (gN/a0), a0 MOND's universal acceleration. Fifth Family, Perturbations and :. S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: ConclusionFTIR spectral prediction models have been used in the food industry to predict sucrose, glucose, and fructose in fruit and sugarcane juice [17–19] and, more recently, to predict cellulase digestibility of lignocellulose [16]. Here we present a high-throughput screening methodology that unifies and simplifies previous methods to produce a holistic assessment of biofuel feedstock potential via a total fermentable sugar yield calculation. In the process, a wealth of information on cell wall composition, the soluble sugar fraction, and plant geometry was generated rapidly using equipment that is relatively cheap, accessible, easily operated, and transportable to any field site. Materials and methodsPlant growth conditionsOne hundred sweet S. bicolor ecotypes were field grown at the Centre (Queensland, Australia) in September 2009 and were harvested in February 2010 approximately 10 days post-anthesis. Fifteen genotypes were selected as possible cell wall digestibility variants based on physical characteristics such as stalk strength, stiffness, and leaf midrib colour which were determined subjectively. Subsequently, seed from these 15 selected genotypes, along with the sweet sorghum variety ‘Rio’, were sown in a glasshouse in Newcastle, Australia, in May 2010 in 25 cm diameter pots. Plants in Newcastle were supplemented with 300 μmol. m-2. s-1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400 to 700 nm) from 4:00 pm to 6:30 pm each day and natural sunlight throughout the winter growth period ranged from 200 to 1,100 μmol. m-2. s-1 PAR with 28°C/15°C day/night temperatures. Plants were harvested in August 2010. This provided a set of phenotypically variable plants from which predictive models were built. The correlation studies were performed on 15 proprietary sweet sorghum cultivars that were field grown during the 2009 planting at the Centre. Descriptive data for these 15 lines is available in Additional file 3. Cell wall digestibility correlations were supplemented with four replicate glasshouse grown ‘Rio’ plants to replace lost samples. Biomass assessmentA new high-throughput methodology was developed for screening large variable populations of S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wetlands play a crucial role in filtering water and providing habitat for wildlife. [SEP] Text: We used a broad-scale approach to assess fish assemblages in 18 coastal ponds in the estuary, located in southwest Florida. The objective of this study was to develop statistical models using this dataset, combined with additional System (GIS) and habitat assessment data, to predict the presence or abundance of snook and tarpon based on habitat characteristics. The habitat characterization included the development of metrics associated with context, geomorphology, and connectivity using standard survey methodology used in assessment of coastal wetlands (Table 1). These metrics could be used in efforts to conserve locations with conditions suitable for snook and tarpon nursery habitat and in the development of large-scale restoration projects that include functional snook and tarpon nurseries in their design. Table 1 Habitat metrics taken at time of fish sampling and metrics developed using survey methodologyFull size tableStudy Areais a large estuarine complex that consists of interconnected bays and estuaries that are protected from the Gulf of Mexico by a series of barrier islands. receives freshwater inflow from the Myakka, Peace, and Caloosahatchee rivers and many minor tributaries. The area has low coastal topography, and extensive mangrove forests surround the subtropical estuary. Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. dominates the shoreline, black mangrove Avicennia germinans (L. ) L. is common in basin forests, and white mangrove Laguncularia racemosa (L. ) C. F. Gaertn is more abundant at higher elevations; however, all three species commonly mix in forests with varying geomorphology. Salt marshes are found inland of the mangrove forests and often include species such as Juncus roemerianus Scheele (black needlerush), Acrostichum spp. (leather ferns), Distichlis/Paspalum spp. (salt grasses), and Salicornia spp. (glassworts). Haze peninsula, located in northern Charlotte Harbor, is punctuated by numerous tidal creeks and hosts a large network of mangroves, salt marshes and coastal ponds, providing ideal habitat for an array of coastal and estuarine fish species. MethodsFish SamplingWe sampled fish assemblages in ponds that varied in their distance to the estuary, proximity to upland freshwater influence, and size.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: MANKOČ BORŠTNIKPages:365–379 unifying all the internal degrees of freedom—the family quantum number, the spin and all the charges into only two kinds of the spin— is offering a new way of understanding the properties of quarks and leptons: not only their charges and their connection to the corresponding gauge fields but also the appearance of families and the Yukawa couplings. In this talk I present a simple starting Lagrange density for a spinor—carrying in d = 1+13 only two kinds of the spin, no charges, and interacting with the corresponding gauge fields—the vielbeins and the two kinds of spin connection fields. The way of breaking the starting symmetries determines the observed properties of the families of spinors and of the gauge fields, predicting that there are four families at low energies and that a much heavier fifth family with zero Yukawa couplings to the lower four families, might, by forming baryons in the evolution of the universe, contribute a major part to the dark matter. I report on the limitations that the cosmological and the direct experimental evidences might put on this stable family of quarks and leptons. and ÀPages:380–393 some generic properties of the dark energy (DE) perturbations, in the case of a self-conserved DE fluid. We also apply a simple test (the "F-test") to compare a model to the data on large scale structure (LSS) under the assumption of negligible DE perturbations. We exemplify our discussions by means of the ΛXCDM model, showing that it provides a viable solution to the cosmological coincidence problem. :. :397–412 potential observational tests of a "radically conservative" solution to the problem of dark energy in cosmology, in which the apparent acceleration of the universe is understood as a consequence of gravitational energy gradients that grow when spatial curvature gradients become significant with the nonlinear growth of cosmic structure. In particular, I discuss measures equivalent to the dark energy equation of state, baryon acoustic oscillation statistic DV, H(z), the Om(z) diagnostic, an average inhomogeneity diagnostic, and the time–drift of cosmological redshifts. . and J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: bicolor for biomass, soluble sugar concentrations, and cell wall composition using a volumetric correlation between the fourth internode from the base of the stalk that had expanded more than 2 cm, to that of the whole stalk (Figure 1). During harvest of the fourth internode four field measurements were taken: stalk height (H), stalk base diameter (R), stalk top diameter (r), and length from the base of stalk to the base of the fourth internode (H B ). Each internode was cooled then transported to the field station where internode length (L SI ) and internode FW were recorded. Each internode was pressed using a Crusher (S. A. ) and FTIR spectra acquired. Two mL of juice was frozen and stored at −20°C. Pressed S. bicolor bagasse was bagged, dried, weighed, and ground. For correlations analysis, whole stalks were stripped of leaves, weighed, pressed, dried, and ground. file 1 for detailed protocol. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of soluble sugarsJuice samples were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 30 seconds before 50 μL was placed onto a Spectrum II () with a universal diamond ATR attachment operated by software package (PerkinElmer). Absorbance spectra were collected at a resolution of 4 cm-1 over two scans from 4,000 to 400 cm-1 wavenumbers. Spectra were imported into 10. 0. 1 (Camo) and truncated to the fingerprint region. Predictive models were optimised when variable reduction was employed to further truncate spectra to 1,180 to 900 cm-1 wavenumbers. A 9-point Savitzky–Golay smoothing algorithm was applied to juice spectra from both the calibration and validation sets (see Additional file 4 for sample catalogues) before model calibration and prediction. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of soluble sugarsEleven μL of sorghum juice, plus 5 μL of a 2 mg mL-1 ribitol internal standard was lyophilised. Derivatisation/trimethylsilylation and quantification of sugars by GC-MS were performed following the published procedure [35] with the following modifications.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wetlands play a crucial role in filtering water and providing habitat for wildlife. [SEP] Text: , salinity and dissolved oxygen) measured at the time of sampling were also important, illustrating the value of recording water conditions during seasonal fish sampling. Characterization of Snook and Tarpon HabitatJuvenile snook were more abundant in coastal ponds that were directly connected to tidal creeks through feeder creeks or ditches than those connected through wetlands. Other studies conducted in river systems found that habitats off the mainstem (e. g. , embayments, oxbows) supported juvenile snook (Stevens et al. 2010; Trotter et al. 2021). In this case, the coastal ponds that supported juvenile snook may function as expanded habitat of tidal creeks. The association of juvenile snook with marsh grass and low organic sediments likely resulted from their occupation of newly restored sites rather than an affinity for these habitat types. Restoration engineers at this latitude often plant salt marsh vegetation on the banks to quickly stabilize sediments, expecting mangrove trees to self-recruit and eventually dominate (Yando et al. 2019). As the restoration sites shift to a mangrove-dominated system, measures of basal cover and landscape resistance may increase as mangroves and associated epibionts extend into pathways that connect to an adjacent tidal creek. Coastal wetland restoration sites have low soil organic carbon and take decades to achieve the soil organic content seen in natural wetlands (Osland et al. 2012, 2020; Dontis et al. 2020). As the marsh transitions into mangrove forests and organic composition increases at the created ponds, these metrics should approach the range of natural coastal ponds shown to have high snook abundance. Although tarpon were present in coastal ponds that were also occupied by snook, particularly when fish pathways were at an elevation of -0. 40 m NAVD88 (-0. 12 m MLW) and 10% basal cover, they were more likely to be present in ponds that were less connected to tidal creeks. For example, tarpon were more likely to be present in large ponds with high-elevation fish pathways > 0. 20 m NAVD88 (0. 48 m MWL) across a wetland with high basal cover of vegetation (> 20%). The vegetation surrounding the more isolated ponds was predominantly mangrove forest, which sequester carbon in the form of organic-rich peat at high rates (Chmura et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: :413–425 of time-lags in light curves of cosmological sources such as Gamma-, as a function of energy and redshift of the source, may lead to a detection of breaking or effects due to in extra-dimensions or Gravity models. In this paper, the recent time-of-flight studies with photons published by the space and ground based experiments are reviewed. Various methods used in the time delay searches are described, and their performance discusseed. Since no significant time-lag value was found within experimental precision of the maesurements, the 95% limit on the scale of the order of 1016GeV and 1018GeV for the linear term in the standard photon dispersion relations, were established from the Gamma- data respectively. -. . W. . . G. . . and A. C. :426–439 complementary X-ray galaxy cluster studies we present new constraints on dark energy and modified gravity. measurements of the X-ray gas mass fraction, fgas, in 42 hot, X-ray luminous, dynamically relaxed clusters spanning the redshift range 0. 05 < z < 1. 1, we obtain a tight constraint on the mean matter density and a detection of the effects of dark energy on the distances to the clusters comparable in significance to recent type Ia supernovae (SNIa) studies. Using measurements of the growth of cosmic structure, as inferred from the observed evolution of the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of clusters, we obtain the first precise determination of the dark energy equation of state and constrain departures from (GR) on cosmological scales. For the latter, we employ the growth rate parameterization, Ωm(z)γ, for which GR predicts a growth index γ ~ 0. 55. Combining the XLF with observations of the cosmic microwave background, SNIa, and fgas, to simultaneously constrain a flat cosmological constant (ΛCDM) background model, we obtain which is consistent with GR. Both the fgas and XLF analyses provide strong, independent support to the GR+ΛCDM paradigm. ? . :440–448 two observational projects I am involved in, which are aimed at understanding better the existence and nature of dark matter, and also aimed at testing alternatives to galactic dark matter such as MOND (Dynamics).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The GC-MS system used was a 5973A MSD (), GC was performed on a 30 m BPX5 column (SGE, Victoria, Australia), and both chromatograms and mass spectra were evaluated using the. 01. 02 software (Agilent Technologies). Mass spectra of eluting sugars were identified using the of Data (Wiley-), and all compounds were verified by subsequent analysis of pure standards. Absolute quantification of sugars was achieved by equating normalised areas to a set of standard curves for sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Cell wall preparationDried S. bicolor bagasse (pressed internode) was ground to a fine powder (<100 μm) with a TissueLyser II (Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands) at a frequency of 1/30 for 2 minutes using 1. 5 cm diameter stainless steel ball bearings. A total of 150 mg of powder was then washed with 1. 7 mL of water and dried in a vacuum concentrator centrifugal evaporator (Jouan RC 10. 10, St. Herblain, France) before acquiring FTIR spectra. For model calibration and validation, a series of extraction steps following the published procedure [36] was performed on 120 mg of washed powder before determination of cell wall saccharification efficiency by enzymatic hydrolysis. FTIR spectroscopy of cell wallsApproximately 50 mg of washed and dried cell wall material was mounted onto a Spectrum II (PerkinElmer) with a universal diamond ATR attachment operated by software package. The cell wall powder was forced onto the ATR crystal with a press at a constant force. Spectra were collected at a resolution of 4 cm-1 and co-added over three scans. Once all spectra were collected, data was imported into 10. 0. 1 (Camo) for pre-treatment. Spectra were truncated to the cell wall fingerprint region (1,800 to 850 cm-1 wavenumbers), second derivative spectra were calculated by the Savitzky–Golay method with nine smoothing points and an EMSC was applied to correct for light scattering by cell wall p1. 25 mL of 50 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 4. 8) followed by addition of 50 μL of 1 mg/mL T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: AbstractReefs formed by scleractinian cold-water corals represent unique biodiversity hot spots in the deep sea, preferring aphotic water depths of 200–1000 m. The distribution of the most prominent reef-building species Lophelia pertusa is controlled by various environmental factors including dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperature. Consequently, the expected ocean deoxygenation and warming triggered by human-induced global change are considered as a serious threat to cold-water coral reefs. Here, we present results on recently discovered reefs in the SE Atlantic, where L. pertusa thrives in hypoxic and rather warm waters. This sheds new light on its capability to adapt to extreme conditions, which is facilitated by high surface ocean productivity, resulting in extensive food supply. Putting our data in an Atlantic-wide perspective clearly demonstrates L. pertusa’s ability to develop population-specific adaptations, which are up to now hardly considered in assessing its present and future distributions. Similar content being viewed by others Expansion of corals on temperate reefs: direct and indirect effects of marine heatwaves 3. 7 mL L−1; Dullo et al. 2008) and NW Atlantic (~ 2 mL L−1; e. g. , Brooke and Ross 2014) reef sites. These observations are corroborated by laboratory experiments, revealing that L. pertusa individuals collected from DOconc of 6 mL L−1 at the Scottish margin, NE Atlantic, were unable to maintain normal aerobic functions at DOconc < 3. 2 mL L−1 (Dodds et al. 2007). Moreover, for L. pertusa specimens collected from DOconc of ~ 2. 8 mL L−1 in the Gulf of Mexico, 7-day exposure to DOconc of ~ 1. 5 mL L−1 proved fatal (Lunden et al. 2014). Furthermore, discoveries of L. pertusa in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) of the subtropical eastern Atlantic (Colman et al. 2005; et al. 2009) hinted to an even wider tolerance of L. pertusa to low DOconc. Nevertheless, the limited capability of L. pertusa to thrive under DOconc (artificially) reduced below those of their natural environment (Dodds et al. 2007; Lunden et al. 2014), questions its ability to cope with the global change-induced ocean deoxygenation expected for the coming century (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: I present new HI observations of the nearby dwarf galaxy NGC 3741. This galaxy has an extremely extended HI disc (42 B-band exponential scalelengths). The distribution and kinematics are accurately derived by building model data cubes, which closely reproduce the observations. Mass modelling of the rotation curve shows that a cored dark matter halo or MOND provide very good fits, whereas Matter density profiles fail to fit the data. I also show new results about tidal dwarf galaxies, which within the CDM framework are expected to be dark matter-free but whose kinematics instead show a mass discrepancy, exactly of the magnitude that is expected in MOND (Dynamics). and Non--. B. and B. M. S. :451–456 of Ahluwalia and Grumiller is a quantum field for massive spin-1/2 p10. 1142/9789814293792_0037AbstractPDF/annihilations of WIMPs produce high energy gamma-rays in the final state. These high energy gamma-rays may be detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs). Amongst the plausible targets are the Galactic Center, the centre of galaxy clusters, dwarf Sphreroidal galaxies and substructures in Galactic haloes. I will review on the recent results from observations of ongoing IACTs. . E. S. S. . and on behalf the H. E. S. S. collaborationPages:471–481 for a dark matter (DM) annihilation signal into γ-rays towards the direction of the (CMa) overdensity has been performed with the HESS telescopes. The nature of CMa is still controversial and one scenario represents it as a dwarf galaxy, making it an interesting candidate for DM annihilation searches. A total of 9. 6 hours of high quality data were collected with the H. E. S. S. array of (IACTs) and no evidence for a very high energy γ-ray signal was found. Constraints on the velocity-weighted annihilation cross section 〈σv〉 are calculated for specific WIMP scenarios, using a NFW model for the DM halo profile and taking advantage of numerical simulations of hierarchical structure formation. 95% C. L. exclusion limits of the order of 5 × 10-24 cm3 s-1 are reached in the 500 GeV - 10 mass range. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: reesei cellulase mixture (Sigma-Aldrich) and a control was included for each sample where cellulase was replaced with buffer. Samples were vortexed briefly and incubated at 55°C with gyrorotation at 250 rpm for 24 hours. Cellulase digested material was centrifuged at 3,500 g for 3 minutes. One mL of supernatant was added to 3 mL of DNS reagent and incubated for 15 minutes in a 100°C water bath. One mL of 40% (w/v) potassium tartrate and 20 mL of dH2O was immediately added to dilute and stabilise the colour. Absorbance was measured at 540 nm and compared to a D-glucose standard curve to determine the total amount of reducing sugars. Partial least squares (PLS) model calibration and validationPre-treated spectra were imported into the 10. 0. 1 (Camo) for data analysis. The soluble sugar predictive model used 216 sugar standards to calibrate a PLS regression using the algorithm, and the cell wall digestibility predictive model used 58 hand-picked calibration samples (that were representative of the range in digestibility) with the ‘wide-kernel PLS’ algorithm [37]. All models used mean centred data, computed a default of 15 factors, and used full cross-validation. Outliers were identified using residual and leverage plots and were manually examined to ensure that they were outliers based on technical errors in spectral collection or wet chemistry before removal, and then PLS algorithms were re-calculated. The optimal number of factors was chosen as that which minimised the RMSEV and maximised the amount of sample variation that was described by the model. The performance of models must be continually checked against wet chemistry and continually updated with biological extremes to increase the range of samples accurately predicted by the model, therefore samples that lie outside of the range of the model should be analysed and incorporated into the calibration set. The models presented here are, therefore constantly being updated and improved as more samples are screened and this is an integral part of the methodology of chemometric model development. PLS models were validated by prediction on an independent test set of 33 soluble sugar samples and 25 cell wall samples (see Additional files 4 and 7 for calibration and validation sample catalogues).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Similarly, water temperature has direct effects on vitellogenesis in other teleosts (Olin and von der Decken 1989; Kim and Takemura 2003), and it has been shown for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, that the biochemical mechanisms of Vg mRNA transcription and Vg protein processing do not proceed normally at, inappropriate water temperatures (MacKay and Lazier 1993; MacKay et al. 1996). The lack of a strong relationship with rainfall (used here as a proxy for salinity) is not remarkable because salinity is usually considered to be less influential in determining the timing of spawning than temperature (Kinne 1964; Bye 1984). For instance, the spawning of P. olorum is cued tightly on temperature (P. olorum spawns only between 20 and 25°C) but is insensitive to salinity (spawns over a range of salinities from 0. 5‰ to more than 30‰) (Gill et al. 1996). At face value, it appears that the effects of photoperiod and SST on sparid spawning season are completely confounded. This is to be expected because, despite the influence of patterns of oceanic circulation on sea temperature, there is a reasonable correlation between latitude and water temperature. However, there are two reasons for considering SST to be the influential factor. Firstly, except in the case of the genus Pagrus where the sample size is small, the relationships between temperature and deviation in spawning month and SST is consistently stronger than that with photoperiod. For mean annual SSTs of 21°C and above (41 records) the maximum deviation from the month of minimum SST is 3. 5 months, with most deviations less than 2. 25 months. In contrast, even among the eleven records at the lowest latitudes (26° and below) there were deviations from the month of minimum photoperiod of 4 and 5 months. Considering the possibility of a lag in the spawning/photoperiod relationship weakened, rather than strengthened, the relationship. Secondly, there is evidence for the pre-eminence of temperature in determining the timing of spawning of at least one sparid. Zealand waters, the timing of initiation and completion of spawning of Pagrus auratus shows interannual variation, but is tightly cued on water temperature; spawning commences at 15°C and finishes at 20°C (Scott and Pankhurst 1992).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: Journal of > Vol. 7 No. 10, June 2016 A Model of the Universe that and the Dimension () Donald J. Koterwas1,2,3 1. 2Department of Earth, Space, and. 3Department of and Department of Optics, University of. DOI: 10. 4236/jmp. 2016. 710112 2,512 Downloads 4,787 Views 1276. doi: 10. 4236/jmp. 2016. 710112. Received 29 April 2016; accepted 24 June 2016; published 28 June 2016 1. matter and dark energy continue to be the subjects of many 2. A model of the universe can be constructed that can explain the true nature of dark matter and dark energy. Current models of the universe do not incorporate time into space in a way that shows the whole universe as it really exists on a grand scale. Some of the models show how the universe developed over time since the beginning of time at the big bang. Some show time as a timeline and show the development of the parts of the universe, such as protons, molecules, forces, stars, and galaxies, along this timeline. Some present a model in two or three dimensions upon which accurate measurements involving space and time can be made, such as the Lambda CDM cosmological model. But they do not present a 5-dimensional model of our entire universe upon which accurate measurements involving space and time can be made. In our real world, we know that when we look out into space, we are also simultaneously looking back in time. And no matter in which direction we look, we are looking back in time about 13. 8 billion years to the beginning of the universe at the big bang. We know that the Hubble telescope will give us a similar picture of the beginnings of our universe no matter in which direction it is pointed. It does not give us a picture of our nearest galaxies as they exist now. It gives us a picture of them as they existed millions and billions of years ago, since it has taken millions and billions of years for their emitted light to reach the telescope. Time and space can be incorporated into geometry to construct a model that reflects the reality that the Hubble space telescope reveals. When mathematicians and scientists need to include time in their calculations about the physical world, they generally represent it as another dimension along a straight line equivalent to the x, y, or z-axis in the Cartesian coordinate system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Predicted values were plotted against reference values and the RMSEP and validation coefficient of determination (Q2) were used to assess the accuracy of the models. The analysis of bmr6, bmr12, and their parent line (WT) was performed independently using the methods outlined above. AbbreviationsATR: Attenuated total reflectance Bmr: Brown midrib DNS: 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid DW: Dry weight EMSC: Extended multiplicative scatter correction FIR: Far-infrared FTIR: Fourier transform infrared FT-MIR: Fourier transform mid-infrared FW: Fresh weight GC-MS: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography IR: Infrared LoD: Limit of detection LV: Latent variable MIR: Mid-infrared : Non-linear iterative partial least squares NIR: Near-infrared NREL: National renewable energy laboratory PAR: Photosynthetically active radiation PDA: Personal digital assistant PLS: Partial least squares RMSEC: Root mean squared error of calibration RMSEP: Root mean squared error of prediction RMSEV: Root mean squared error of validation WT: Wild type. 2006. Newbury: CPL Press; 2006. 192. 10. 1007/s12155-009-9051-01294. 10. 1002/bit. 2180523. 10. 1186/1754-6834-3-23102. 10. 1007/s12155-009-9074-6476. 10. 1146/annurev. arplant. 47. 1. 445135. 10. 1111/j. 1744-7909. 2010. 01023. x381. 10. 1071/FP0927930. 10. 1111/j. 1365-313X. 1993. tb00007. x2007. Book 336. CAS 2295. 10. 1105/tpc. 105. 031542404. 10. 1046/j. 1365-313X. 2003. 01807. x565. 10. 1104/1326. 10. 1104/362. 10. 1002/bit. 233143111. 10. 1021/jf011575y1604. 10. 1366/000370203322640242875. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: To illustrate, the spawning of warm water sparids in winter is quite different to the timing of spawning of many similar tropical fishes, such as lutjanids and serranids (Grimes 1987; Shapiro 1987; McPherson et al. 1992), which generally show extended spawning over the warmest part of the year (Cushing 1975). What would the effect of global warming be on such species? Species that could not withstand global warming-induced increases in water temperature would be left with two alternatives. Firstly, they could shift their geographic ranges to remain in waters of suitable temperature. Alternatively, if the adults could tolerate the increased water temperatures but gametes, eggs or larvae could not, they could adopt the tactic used by sparids (i. e. , spawning in cooler months); as long as they were able to respond fast enough. Indeed, such a response to warming is suggested for the gobiid, Pseudogobius olorum. Biannual spawning of P. olorum in the in temperate is thought to have developed in response to water temperature rises over the last 10,000 years (Gill et al. 1996). As summer water temperatures increased to a level outside the apparently, rather inflexible spawning temperature range of P. olorum, initial summer spawning is thought to have shifted progressively to produce a spring and an autumn spawning period. If tropical species were forced to shift their spawning season to cooler months, and possibly to reduce the duration of spawning, there could be far reaching consequences for the structure of tropical fish faunas and for tropical fisheries. For example, if timing of spawning and subsequent recruitment changed, reefs or estuaries relying on seasonal hydrographic patterns for larval supply could see impaired recruitment and/or the recruitment of different species (Gucinski et al. 1990). In addition larvae relying on seasonal hydrographic patterns for transport to juvenile habitats, could be transported to inappropriate areas (Norcross and Shaw 1984). This is because the appropriate distribution of eggs and larvae requires precise coupling between spawning and oceanographic transport systems (Norcross and Shaw 1984). Such changes in recruitment patterns could lead to major shifts in fish communities and patterns of biodiversity. The potential implications of global warming induced changes to spawning seasons do not just apply to tropical fishes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: 3 percent unseen dark energy. Thus, the ratio of visible matter to all matter in the universe including dark matter and dark energy is 100 divided by 4. 9, or 20. 4. The model explains what the dark matter and dark energy is. It is the rest of the normal matter in the entire universe that is not visible to us because it is not in our visible universe. We can now discuss dark matter and dark energy, but before we do, we should look again at the model in Figure 8. The dark area between the visible universe as it exists now, and the entire universe, contains the real matter (baryonic) that exists in the dark area that produces the gravity in our visible universe that we refer to as dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter and dark energy are in our visible universe simply as gravity, not as matter. This will be discussed in detail later. We know they are there because of their gravitational effects upon the stars in our galaxies and the accelerated expansion of the universe. They make up 20. 7 times the amount of visible matter in our visible universe. The model also shows how time (on the top half of the vertical axis) extends from zero at the time of the big bang at a distance of 125 billion light years away from our galaxy, to a time of 0. 00038 billion years at the beginning of our visible universe as it exists now at a distance of 46 billion light years away from our galaxy, to a time of 13. 8 billion years after the big bang at our galaxy. This stage 2 model reflects the reality of our world in several striking ways. Have you wondered why, for example, when the Hubble space telescope sends us a picture of galaxies in the universe many billions of light years distant from us and many billions of years back in time as they existed maybe only a billion years after the big bang, that the telescope can send us a similar picture when it is pointed in the opposite direction? In fact, it would send us a similar picture no matter in what direction it is pointed. In our real world, the big bang appears to be located out in space in all directions. The center of the universe where it all began appears to be located all around us in a sphere far, far away. This model explains why.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1016/S0039-9140(98)00103-9214. 10. 1111/j. 1750-3841. 2009. 01504. x74. 10. 1016/S0008-6215(01)00244-01637. 10. 1007/s10570-013-9935-16838. for Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Golden, CO: (NREL); 2013. 27. 10. 1186/1754-6834-5-272. 10. 1186/1746-4811-7-2170. 10. 1016/j. indcrop. 2009. 10. 0066352. 10. 1021/jf200078h860. 10. 1016/j. crvi. 2004. 05. 010164. 10. 1007/s12155-009-9041-2238. 10. 1016/j. plantsci. 2010. 01. 001829. 10. 1016/j. carbpol. 2010. 03. 058576. 10. 1007/s10570-009-9320-22618. Golden, CO: (NREL); 2011. 819. 10. 2135/cropsci2004. 01551101. 10. 1104/41. 125. 10. 1002/cem. 11800802045. CB reviewed experimental design and provided feedback on the digestibility model. CPLG conceived and established the research program and contributed to overall experimental design. RTF contributed to experimental design and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Electronic supplementary material13068_2013_406_MOESM1_ESM. pdfAdditional file 1: High-throughput screening protocol. A detailed step-by-step protocol for performing the described high-throughput screening platform. (PDF 354 KB)13068_2013_406_MOESM2_ESM. docxAdditional file 2: Volumetric ratio derivation. A mathematical derivation of the volumetric ratio used to relate measurements on the fourth internode to whole stalks. (DOCX 184 KB)13068_2013_406_MOESM3_ESM. xlsxAdditional file 3: Sweet sorghum lines used for correlation analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: AbstractAlthough the debate about coral reef decline focuses on global disturbances (e. g. , increasing temperatures and acidification), local stressors (nutrient runoff and overfishing) continue to affect reef health and resilience. The effectiveness of foraminiferal and hard-coral assemblages as indicators of changes in water quality was assessed on 27 inshore reefs along the Reef. Environmental variables (i. e. , several water quality and sediment parameters) and the composition of both benthic foraminiferal and hard-coral assemblages differed significantly between four regions (Whitsunday, Burdekin, Fitzroy, and the Wet Tropics). Grain size and organic carbon and nitrogen content of sediments, and a composite water column parameter (based on turbidity and concentrations of particulate matter) explained a significant amount of variation in the data (tested by redundancy analyses) in both assemblages. Heterotrophic species of foraminifera were dominant in sediments with high organic content and in localities with low light availability, whereas symbiont-bearing mixotrophic species were dominant elsewhere. A similar suite of parameters explained 89% of the variation in the FORAM index (a Caribbean coral reef health indicator) and 61% in foraminiferal species richness. Coral richness was not related to environmental setting. Coral assemblages varied in response to environmental variables, but were strongly shaped by acute disturbances (e. g. , cyclones, Acanthaster planci outbreaks, and bleaching), thus different coral assemblages may be found at sites with the same environmental conditions. Disturbances also affect foraminiferal assemblages, but they appeared to recover more rapidly than corals. Foraminiferal assemblages are effective bioindicators of turbidity/light regimes and organic enrichment of sediments on coral reefs. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionCoral reefs are currently a focus of public and scientific debate because of their vulnerability to global disturbances such as rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification (e. g. , Fabricius et al. 2007; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007). In addition to climate change, regional and local anthropogenic impacts such as overfishing and eutrophication continue to affect coral reefs and are likely to interact with global stressors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: Actually, our 3 space dimension model, stage 1, in Figure 1 shows that the center of the universe began at a single point which is at time t = 0, just as our logic would tell us. If we are at the north pole in Figure 1 and look out into space at a galaxy, say, 7 billion light years away, we are not looking out along the surface of the sphere that represents the universe as it exists now. As mentioned earlier, we are actually looking back in time 7 billion years, due to the fact that it took light from the galaxy 7 billion years to reach us, and see the galaxy as it existed in a smaller universe; i. e. , a smaller sphere with a radius equal to t = 7 billion years where all the galaxies are much closer together. If we look out farther and farther into space, we are looking back into time billions of years more to a much smaller sphere where all the galaxies are much closer together until eventually, at 14 billion years, and over 16 billion light years away (based on expansion at a constant rate), the sphere becomes a point no matter in what direction we look from the north pole. There is another way to visualize this. We mentioned earlier when we were explaining how the model can represent the changing rates of expansion of the universe, that light was first emitted in the early universe about 380 thousand years after the big bang. This time is commonly referred to as the time of recombination. We are now receiving this light as radiation, detecting it in telescopes, and calling it the Background (CMB) radiation. It is coming from hot clumps of gas and atoms, which would become stars and galaxies, which are spread throughout a sea of hot plasma. We are receiving it from all directions from outer space. When we look at a map of the CMB, we are looking at a flat projection of the radiation coming from the inside surface of a giant sphere, where we are at the center and located many billions of light years away from the surface. The CMB was first detected over 50 years ago. What we need to realize is that the CMB we are receiving now is not the same CMB we received 50 years ago. The CMB we are receiving now is from matter in the early universe that was about 50 light years closer to the point at which the universe began, and 50 light years farther away from us than the CMB from 50 years ago.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and height data for the 15 sweet sorghum lines used in the correlations analysis. DW, dry weight; FW, fresh weight. (XLSX 48 KB)13068_2013_406_MOESM4_ESM. xlsxAdditional file 4: Calibration and validation samples used for the sugar PLS models. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose content of the calibration and validation sample sets used for calibrating and validating the sugar models. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares. (XLSX 42 KB)13068_2013_406_MOESM5_ESM. docxAdditional file 5: Sugar model regression coefficients. Weighted regression coefficients from the sucrose, glucose, and fructose PLS models showing that regression coefficients resemble pure standard spectra of each sugar. PLS, partial least squares. (DOCX 300 KB)13068_2013_406_MOESM6_ESM. docxAdditional file 6: Spike/dilution recovery and limit of detection of the sugar models. Limit of detection and spike/dilution recovery of sucrose, glucose, and fructose using the models for each sugar. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares. (DOCX 181 KB)13068_2013_406_MOESM7_ESM. xlsxAdditional file 7: Calibration and validation samples used for the digestibility PLS model. Sorghum lines and sampled tissue used for calibrating and validating the digestibility PLS model. PLS, partial least squares. (XLSX 93 KB)13068_2013_406_MOESM8_ESM. pdfAdditional file 8: Processed spectra used to calibrate the digestibility PLS model. Second derivative spectra with an EMSC applied, which were used to calibrate the digestibility PLS model. EMSC, extended multiplicative scatter correction; PLS, partial least squares. (PDF 74 KB)13068_2013_406_MOESM9_ESM. docxAdditional file 9: PLS digestibility model diagnostics and band assignment chart. Model diagnostics for the PLS digestibility model showing clear separation of digestibility in the scores plot and a representation of cell wall peaks in the regression coefficients.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Scientists and managers have realised that continued management of local disturbances is vital to provide corals and reef organisms with the maximum resilience to cope with global stressors (Bellwood et al. 2004; Marshall and Johnson 2007). (GBR) lagoon receives suspended sediments and nutrients from land runoff, which has increased several-fold during the last 150 years (Neil et al. 2002; Furnas 2003; McCulloch et al. 2003); the area now exposed to runoff is about ten times larger than 100 years ago (Wooldridge et al. 2006). Coastal waters adjacent to agricultural lands have higher concentrations of dissolved and particulate nutrients, chlorophyll a and suspended sediments, especially during the summer wet season, compared to coastal areas adjacent to undeveloped catchments and offshore areas (e. g. , Brodie et al. 2007; Cooper et al. 2007). However, water quality parameters are highly variable in space and time which necessitates frequent measurements to adequately determine true concentration ranges. The measurement of biological indicators has significant advantages over directly measuring water quality to assess the chronic or acute effects of changes in water quality on reef health. Appropriate biological indicators can integrate the effects of acute and chronic disturbances over various time scales (Cooper and Fabricius 2007). The understanding of the consequences of high nutrients and suspended sediments for the health of inshore coral reefs is improving (Fabricius 2005; Done et al. 2007; Lirman and Fong 2007), but inferences often depend on selected indicators. Based on changes in overall coral cover, Pandolfi et al. (2003) concluded that GBR outer shelf reefs are the most pristine reefs among reefs in 14 global geographical regions, but nonetheless about 30% are on the way towards ‘ecological extinction’, followed by the GBR inshore reefs (about 37%). Coral cover declined drastically on some reefs of the GBR over the last decades, similar to other Indo-Pacific reefs (Bellwood et al. 2004; Bruno and Selig 2007). However, coral cover is affected by various acute disturbances such as mass coral bleaching, tropical storms and outbreaks of the coral-eating crown-of-thorns seastar (Acanthaster planci), which may obscure any, perhaps more subtle, chronic water quality effects (Cooper and Fabricius 2007).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: As the future develops into the present from the point of the observer, the timeline of the past increases, as shown in the model as the t = 0 sphere becomes larger. As the size of the entire universe increases, all the visible matter expands outward from the observer, just as current experimental data confirms. To be more exact, this shows that the observer is moving away at an increasing rate from all the matter observed all the way back to the big bang. For example, when current data using the Doppler effect shows that a galaxy 10 billion light years away from our galaxy is moving away at a faster rate than one that is 5 billion light years away, it shows that the distance between our galaxy and a galaxy that we now observe where it was 10 billion years ago, is increasing faster than the distance between our galaxy and a galaxy we now observe where it was 5 billion years ago. If these other two galaxies still exist now, it means that the galaxies are mutually moving away from each other in a universe that is expanding at an accelerating rate. This is what our model shows. Another comment should be made regarding the model. Can “orientation” really be a 4th space dimension? Included in the Appendices to this paper are two examples of how and why orientation needs to be considered as a 4th space dimension. The examples are presented as stories, similar to thought experiments that a teacher in a space dimension class delivers to his students. The first one is titled, “Dimension Class”, and the second one is titled, “Lost in Space”. Also, in his book, Universe, tells the story of how, in 1919, a mathematician named suggested that there may be more than 3 space dimensions. His theory involved using equations analogous to those used in his general theory of relativity, but included a 4th space dimension and the time dimension instead of Einstein’s 3 space dimensions and the time dimension. As a result, he found extra equations. He realized that the extra equations “were none other than Maxwell had written down in the 1880’s for describing the electromagnetic force! By adding another space dimension, Kaluza had united Einstein’s theory of gravity with Maxwell’s theory of light” [5]. continues to relate how further detailed study of Kaluza’s proposal showed that it conflicted with experimental data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 115. 6 mg/g pretreated corn stover. When biomass hydrolysis and lipid production were integrated, the amounts of cellulase and xylanase were reduced and no β-glucosidase was required. The simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process gave a lipid coefficient of 129. 4 mg/g pretreated corn stover. A higher lipid coefficient of 159. 4 mg/g pretreated corn stover was obtained using the simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production (SSELP) process. Furthermore, cellulolytic enzymes were found recoverable and reusable upon recycling the spent supernatants of the SSELP process, which could reduce enzyme consumption and wastewater discharge. process was superior to other processes in terms of converting alkaline-pretreated corn stover into lipids by C. curvatus, as it required less cellulolytic enzymes and had a higher lipid coefficient. Moreover, the process facilitated easy enzyme recycling that should lead to further reduction of enzyme consumption. These results provide valuable information for cost-effective lipid production from lignocelluloses, which should be particularly important in achieving a sustainable production of biodiesel. IntroductionLignocellulose-derived microbial lipids are considered as a potential alternative to vegetable oil as a solution to the feedstock shortage problem that prevents the large-scale production of biodiesel [1]. Three major processes are generally required in order to make lipids from lignocellulosic biomass, namely pretreatment, hydrolysis and lipid production [2],[3]. The hydrolysis process uses various enzymes to produce synergistic effects [4]. Although the cost of enzymes has been continuously dropping due to improved specific enzymatic activities, enhanced stability and increased production efficiency, it remains a major obstacle to reaching that required for viable commercial production of biofuels and commodity chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. Pretreatment technologies which break biomass recalcitrance can reduce the amounts of enzymes for hydrolysis [5]. In another aspect, enzyme recycling has been widely investigated in biomass hydrolysis studies. Cellulases can either remain bound to the solid residues or be free in the supernatant after the hydrolysis process. Free enzymes in the aqueous fraction are recovered by re-absorption with fresh substrates or by an ultrafiltration procedure [6],[7].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Species-specific tolerances are also important; for example, differential tolerance to light attenuation has long been implicated in observed changes in coral community composition along environmental gradients (e. g. , Done 1982) but not necessarily in changes in total coral cover. Various other attributes of coral-reef communities, which could be considered indicators, change along water quality gradients of increasing turbidity and availability of nutrients and organic matter towards the GBR coast. For example, macroalgal cover increases, and abundance and richness of many hard-coral and octocoral taxa decrease (van Woesik et al. 1999), maximum depth of reef development decreases (Cooper et al. 2007), and benthic microalgae show physiological adaptations to low light levels (Uthicke 2006). Coral species richness is lower on GBR reefs adjacent to land with intense agriculture (DeVantier et al. 2006), and octocorals shift from phototrophic to heterotrophic assemblages towards the coast (Fabricius and De’ath 2008). Foraminifera are well established indicators for marine and estuarine pollution in temperate regions (Alve 1995) and have been applied as indicators for coral reef water quality in Florida and the Caribbean using a simple index, the ‘FORAM index’ (Hallock 2000; Hallock et al. 2003). Shifts in the index (based on grouping foraminifera into three functional groups: symbiotic, opportunistic and ‘other small’) over time coincided with general reef degradation caused by land runoff (Hallock et al. 2003). index corresponded well to a water quality gradient in the GBR, suggesting that decreased light and increased organic matter availability may cause a shift towards higher contribution of heterotrophy (Uthicke and Nobes 2008; Schueth and Frank 2008). Here, the relationships between environmental variables (i. e. , water and sediment properties) to both hard-coral and benthic foraminiferal assemblages were analysed to assess the effectiveness of either assemblage as an indicator of environmental (water and sediment) quality. We used data from a large-scale monitoring programme on inshore reefs of the GBR. Specifically, two hypotheses were tested: (1) the regional and local setting of these reefs result in different environmental conditions (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: Dark matter is commonly defined as a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to make up over 90 percent of the matter in the universe but is invisible in that it does not absorb or emit light, and does not collide with atomic p4. 9 percent real visible matter, 26. 8 percent unseen dark matter and 68. 3 percent unseen dark energy. When we compared the volume of the entire universe to the volume of the visible universe in our model, the ratio came out to be 20. 7 to 1. This means that if our visible universe contains only 4. 9 percent real visible matter, then our entire universe must contain 20. 7 times that, or a total of 101 percent matter that is real matter, but is not observable in our visible universe at the present time. This is an amazing result which can explain from where the dark matter and dark energy in our visible universe is coming. Since the entire universe contains 20. 7 times as much real matter as there is in our visible universe, and we are calling it dark matter and dark energy, the value of 101 per cent is essentially the same as the 100 per cent total of visible matter, dark matter, and dark energy (4. 9%, 26. 8%, 68. 3%) reported by the NASA Planck space mission. The dark matter and dark energy in our visible universe is not matter, it is gravity from all the real matter in our entire universe. Remember, dark matter was originally introduced to account for the gravity that has to exist in galaxies to cause the rotation of the stars in the galaxies. It does not have to be matter. It can simply be gravity. An important point to realize is that this does not contradict current theories and explanations that dark matter and dark energy cannot be real matter made of atoms (baryonic) due to other reasons, such as nucleosynthesis, and calculations showing that our universe is flat and at its critical density. The result above still agrees with the results of other calculations that real matter can only be about 4. 9% of all the matter (gravity) in the universe. The 4. 9% real matter still remains in our model. The model shows that there is just 20. 7 times more of it in our entire universe, which is producing 20. 7 times more gravity in our entire universe (including our visible universe) than can be produced by the real visible matter in our much smaller visible universe. The percent of real matter in the entire universe is still 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Materials and methodsStrain, enzymes and materialsC. curvatus ATCC 20509 was purchased from the (Manassas, USA), stored at 4°C and propagated every two weeks on yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) agar slants (yeast extract 10 g/L, peptone 10 g/L, glucose 20 g/L, agar 15 g/L, pH 6. 0). Yeast extract and peptone were obtained from Aoboxing Biotech. Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). Yeast inoculum was prepared in the YPD liquid medium (yeast extract 10 g/L, peptone 10 g/L, glucose 20 g/L, pH 6. 0). Cellulase from the fungus Trichoderma reesei was purchased from Zesheng Ltd. (Shandong, China). The filter paper activity and cellobiase activity of the cellulase sample were 175. 3 filter paper unit (FPU)/mL and 26. 1 cellobiose unit (CBU)/mL, respectively [19],[20]. β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus niger was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, USA) and had an activity of 674. 7 CBU/mL. Xylanase, with an activity of 33. 3 kU/g, was obtained from Bio-Technology Co. , Ltd. (Yinchuan, China). One unit of xylanase (U) was defined as the amount of enzyme which produces 1. 0 μM xylose from 1% xylan solution within 1 minute at pH 5. 0 and 50°C. Corn stover harvested from the countryside of Changchun, China, was milled and passed through an 18 mesh screen (1 mm size screen). The milled materials were washed to remove field dirt, dried at 105°C to a constant weight, and pretreated with 0. 5 M NaOH at 80°C for 75 minutes at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:8 (w/v) according to a previously published procedure [21]. The solid residues were collected by filtration, washed with water three times to reach a neutral pH, dried at 105°C to a constant weight, and stored in a desiccate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: However, several rarer foraminifera were also important to distinguish individual regions, e. g. , Discorbinella spp. was much more dominant in the compared to the other regions, and Cymbaloporetta spp. , Pararotalia sp. , and Miliolinella sp. were found exclusively in the (Table 2). Table 2 Similarity percentage () analysis of foraminiferal assemblages in four inshore regions of the ReefFull size table (S) for the foraminiferal assemblages varied between individual locations, ranging from 14 to 43 (Table 3). The average was distinctly higher in the compared to the three other regions, and the lowest taxa richness was observed in the at the southern end of the GBR. Table 3 Richness (S) for foraminiferal assemblages (taxa defined in Table 1) and coral communities (genus level) on nearshore reefs in four regions of the ReefFull size table Hard-coral assemblagesThe most abundant coral genera at the sampling locations were Acropora (mean relative cover: 26. 8%) and Porites (18. 0%). Other common genera included Goniopora (9. 7%), Montipora (6. 8%), Turbinaria (4. 5%), and Galaxea (3. 6%). Similar to the foraminifera, coral assemblages had congruent spatial patterns in the two observation years (Mantel test, rho = 0. 880, p < 0. 001), and data were averaged over the two survey years for following analyses. The coral assemblages significantly differed between the four geographical regions (global : G = 0. 256, p = 0. 003). Pairwise comparisons indicated that coral assemblages in the were markedly different than the other three regions (R > 0. 58 and, p < 0. 020 in each case). The coral communities in the differed from those in the Region (R = 0. 168, p = 0. 047), though neither of these regions differed from the communities on reefs in the (R = 0. 063, p = 0. 222 for Whitsunday and R = 0. 015, p = 0. 410 for Wet Tropics; Fig. 2b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: 9%. We can now show how the gravity that exists in our visible, observable universe, which we now call dark matter and dark energy, is the gravity produced by all the real matter in the rest of the universe. We first of all have to show how gravity can appear to act instantaneously throughout the universe, because an immediate argument is that we must disregard all matter outside of our visible universe because its effects or influence cannot travel faster than the speed of light. The counter argument is that all the dark matter and dark energy outside of our visible universe affects the expansion of our visible universe because it is part of the entire universe, not because its effects have to travel to the visible universe. We can show this by using one of Newton’s gravitational laws, and also using a modification of Alan Guth’s inflation theory which will include gravity. 8. Gravity as One of Newton’s gravitational laws explains how the effects of gravity from all the stars and matter in a galaxy can be analyzed. For example, how do all the stars and matter in the galaxy affect the sun in its orbit around the center of the galaxy? Donald Goldsmith, in his book, The Astronomers, presents a very good explanation of this law and how it predicts the motion of stars in galaxies [7]. The first part of Newton’s law states that all the stars and matter outside the sun’s orbit can be ignored, because their gravitational effect on the sun and its orbit cancels itself out. The second part states that the gravitational effect of all the stars and matter inside of the sun’s orbit can be concentrated at the center. This by the way, was the law that was used to discover the dark matter that exists in a halo effect around galaxies to account for the faster than expected motion of stars in the outer orbits of the galaxies. If we apply the second part of this law to our model in Figure 8, we can simply state that the gravitational effect from all the galaxies and matter inside the outer sphere (representing the entire universe) at a distance of 125 billion light years from the center, can be concentrated at the center. The center is where we exist as the observer in our galaxy. Any other observer in any other galaxy in the universe will likewise be at their center. This means that the gravitational effects of all the matter in the universe are spread out fairly uniformally throughout the universe.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline-pretreated corn stoverThe alkaline-pretreated corn stover was loaded at 10% (w/v) solid loading in 50 mM citrate (pH 4. 8) and hydrolyzed at 50°C for 48 hours in the presence of different amounts of cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase. Recovered enzymes were used under identical conditions, but different amounts of cellulase and xylanase were supplemented when necessary. Separated hydrolysis and enhanced lipid production processCorn stover hydrolysates were prepared in 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 4. 8) under identical conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis. C. curvatus ATCC 20509 pre-cultures were grown in YPD liquid medium for 24 hours at 30°C and 200 rpm. Cells were collected by centrifugation and used as inocula. One unit optical absorbance at 600 nm (OD600) for such inocula was equivalent to a cell density of 0. 36 g of cell dry weight (CDW) per liter. Experiments were performed in 500 mL conical flasks with 50 mL of corn stover hydrolysates (pH 5. 5) supplemented with 2. 0 g/L Tween 80 and 50 mg/L ampicillin (Co. Ltd. , Beijing, China). Cultures were initiated by resuspending inocula cells equivalent to 0. 36 g of CDW in the corn stover hydrolysates, and then held for 71 hours at 30°C and 200 rpm. Simultaneous saccharification and lipid production processExperiments were carried out in 500 mL conical flasks in 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 5. 2), or a nutrient solution (pH 5. 2) with 5. 0 g of corn stover at 10% (w/v) solid loading supplemented with 2. 0 g/L Tween 80, 50 mg/L ampicillin, 10 FPU/g cellulase and 80 U/g xylanase. Cultures were initiated by 5. 0 mL of the pre-culture (corresponding to 45 mg CDW cells), and held for 72 hours at 30°C and 200 rpm. The nutrient solution was composed of yeast extract 1. 0 g/L, KH2PO4 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: IntroductionDisturbances of coral reefs are caused by a complex combination of stressors including those arising from climate change, diseases, predation, destructive fishing practices, storms and changes in water quality. Many of these stressors are increasingly acting over regional and/or global scales; therefore, maintaining the resilience of coral communities will require a reduction in local, but manageable, impacts such as altered water quality. However, in some parts of the world, nutrient and sediment inputs to coral reefs have increased several-fold over the last 150 years (e. g. Richmond 1993; McCulloch et al. 2003) causing reduced coral recruitment (Loya 1976; Babcock and Davies 1991; Loya et al. 2004), modified trophic structures (Lapointe 1997; Fabricius 2005), altered biodiversity (van Woesik et al. 1999) and coral mortality (Kline et al. 2006). These processes can transfer the competitive advantage away from reef-building corals leading to trophic dominance by assemblages of macroalgae (Schaffelke 1999) once productivity exceeds rates of herbivory (McCook 1999). Therefore, monitoring programmes require a suite of bioindicators that can effectively quantify the link between changes in water quality and the condition of coral-reef ecosystems. The use of bioindicators provides a number of significant advantages over direct measurements of water quality. For example, a direct measurement of water quality provides information about the condition of the water column at that particular point in time. Moreover, if the frequency of sampling is limited, or is weather-dependant and constrained by safety considerations, then important information on the effects of acute episodic events that can strongly influence the structure of coral communities may not be quantified (e. g. terrestrial discharges during floods or the resuspension of sediments during strong winds). These issues are addressed with the use of appropriate bioindicators that provide a time-integrated measure (from time periods of minutes to years) of the effects of changes in water quality on coral reefs. Given the range of natural and anthropogenic factors that influence a complex ecosystem such as a coral reef, compared with a single bioindicator a suite of bioindicators of cellular, organismal and community effects will more effectively attribute ecological change to changes in specific environmental conditions (Erdmann and Caldwell 1997; Jameson et al. 1998).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: Each observer in each galaxy is feeling the concentrated effect of gravity from all the galaxies in the universe. This is how all the real matter in the entire universe, which is 20. 7 times the visible matter in our visible universe, can produce the gravity in our visible universe which we are calling dark matter and dark energy. A modification of Alan Guth’s inflation theory can explain how the gravitational effects from all the galaxies in the universe can be spread throughout the universe, even though the galaxies are separated by distances much greater than light could have traveled between them. The first part of this modification relies on the fact that, in the evolution of the universe, gravity separated itself from the other forces of nature before the inflationary period of the universe began. Brian Cox, in his book, Wonders of the Universe, presents a graphic which shows the timeline of the universe from the beginning of time at the big bang, to the present [8]. It shows that the Planck Era, which is the time when gravity separated from the other forces of gravity, began at a time of 10−43 seconds. It shows that the Era, which is the time when the strong nuclear force splits from the other forces, began at a time of 10−36 seconds. Era began at the end of the Era. It is generally agreed that the period of inflation occurred from 10−36 to 10−32 seconds. The point is, that gravity existed throughout the universe before inflation began. The second part of the modification of Alan Guth’s inflation theory introduces gravity into his original theory. Years ago, cosmologists, astronomers and astrophysicists wondered how objects (matter) in far distant reaches of the universe more than 13. 8 billion light years apart (the age of the universe), could be so homogeneous and so much alike in many properties, such as composition and temperature, when there was no way that light or any type of information would have had the time to travel from one to the other. The solution was the inflation theory proposed by in the early 1980’s, as mentioned earlier. The theory basically proposes that all of the matter in the universe, in some form, was initially close enough together to share its properties.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 7 g/L, Na2HPO4 · 7H2O 2. 4 g/L, MgSO4 · 7H2O 0. 2 g/L, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 0. 1 g/L, Tween 80 2. 0 g/L, 1% (v/v) trace element solution and various amounts of (NH4)2SO4. The composition of the trace element solution contained (g/L): CaCl2 · 2H2O 4. 0, FeSO4 · 7H2O 0. 55, citric acid · H2O 0. 52, ZnSO4 · 7H2O 0. 10, MnSO4 · H2O 0. 076 and H2SO4 0. 18 [22]. Simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production processExperiments were performed in 500 mL conical flasks in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5. 2) with 5. 0 g of corn stover at 10% (w/v) solid loading supplemented with 2. 0 g/L Tween 80, 50 mg/L ampicillin and various amounts of cellulolytic enzymes. Cultures were initiated by inocula cells equivalent to 0. 36 g of CDW, and then held for 72 hours at 30°C and 200 rpm. Simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process with enzyme recyclingEnzyme recycling experiments were done using broth samples of the SSELP process supplemented with 10 FPU/g cellulase and 80 U/g xylanase. The broths were centrifuged at 20,000 g to separate the solids and the supernatants. The solids were mixed thoroughly with about 9 mL of 50 mM phosphate (pH 5. 2), centrifuged, and the supernatants were combined to a total volume of 50 mL. The second round SSELP process was done using the spent supernatants with no extra enzyme loading under otherwise identical conditions. All experiments were done in triplicate and data were presented as mean value · standard deviation. Analytical methodsGlucose was determined using an SBA-50B glucose analyzer (of Sciences, Jinan, China). Total reducing sugars (TRS) were quantified according to the 2,4-dinitrosalicylate method with glucose as standard [23].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Regulation of stress-specific genes is determined by comparing gene expression in populations exposed to environmental stressors with those at reference conditions. For example, the development of a complimentary DNA (cDNA) array containing 32 stress genes allowed the profiling of gene expression in corals exposed to changes in seawater temperature, salinity and ultraviolet light in the laboratory (Edge et al. 2005) and with increasing distance from leachate associated with a municipal dump (Morgan et al. 2005; Table 2). Other studies have investigated changes in the expression of large numbers of genes with DNA microarrays for stressors, such as changing seawater temperatures (Foret et al. 2007), suggesting potential for similar applications to detect changes in water quality. Gene expression ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long- and short-term monitoring programmes (Table 3). Whilst it has been shown to be highly specific, the methods to detect changes in water quality require testing under field conditions and the patterns of temporal variability are not well understood. RNA/DNA ratioThe RNA/DNA ratio is based on the principle that the amount of DNA within a cell remains invariant whereas the amount of RNA varies as a function of metabolic processes, such as protein synthesis related to growth. Under conditions favourable for coral growth, such as in clear-water with high benthic irradiance, the RNA/DNA ratio is expected to be greater than conditions where growth is limited by available light. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated positive relationships between RNA/DNA ratio and light intensity along depth and turbidity gradients (Meesters et al. 2002; Buckley and Szmant 2004; Table 2). However, interspecific and seasonal variability, coupled with complex responses to increased heterotrophy in turbid conditions, suggests that although RNA/DNA ratios may be sensitive to changes in water quality, further research is required to better understand the sources of variability. The RNA/DNA ratio ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long- and short-term monitoring programmes (Table 3), until a better understanding of interspecific and seasonal variability in this ratio is obtained. This bioindicator may, however, prove useful in EIA to measure effects of acute changes in water quality within species when values from impact locations are compared with those from reference locations.

Output: corroborate