Input: Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: However, in practice, a hybrid method requires the subjects to receive multiple stimulation types each time they perform BCI tasks, which can tire the users more despite the fact that incorporating vibrotactile stimulation may improve BCI performance. Instead, if stimulation effects last after the stimulation session, and the subjects achieve the desired BCI performance after multiple stimulation sessions over multiple days or months, they may be able to perform the BCI task more effectively without the stimulation. Although this study included only a single day session, and thus stimulation effects were investigated immediately after the stimulation session, our results showed that vibrotactile stimulation could modulate brain activity and improve BCI performance. 4. 3 Limitations and One limitation in this study is that the sample size was too small to investigate low and high performers fully. Although we recruited a large number of subjects (N=44) and 39 remained for the analysis, the subjects were divided into groups according to the stimulation types, sham, vibrotactile, and tDCS. Moreover, each group was sub-divided according to their initial BCI performance to investigate low and high performers separately. As a result, there were only three and four high performers, respectively, in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, so it is necessary to observe the trend found in high performers carefully. Therefore, one can argue that dividing subjects may be not appropriate. However, as we observed, the sub-divided subjects showed different characteristics with respect to BCI performance, pre-stimulus band power, and functional connectivity. In addition, the stimulation effects for those features were distinguished for low and high performers. Previous studies have found that low and high performers showed different characteristics with respect to band powers [9, 31] and functional connectivity [29]. Further, we observed that low and high performers exhibited different effects depending upon vibrotactile stimulation or tDCS. However, recruiting a larger number of subjects is necessary to investigate the differences between low and high performers in response to stimulation methods precisely. Moreover, a single day session may be not sufficient for some subjects to entrain their brain activity. This analysis showed significantly improved performance in the vibrotactile stimulation group. In contrast, the tDCS group did not show a statistically significant change even though the subjects achieved improved performance, and there were significant changes in their brain activity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hence, there are three functional sex types: (1) “Male I” flowers open earlier than “Female” flowers, with mature stamens, no style and ovary; (2) “Female” flowers have mature pistils, short filaments and indehiscence anthers; (3) “Male II” flowers open later than “Female”, with mature stamens, ovary, and separated stigmas. Duodichogamy is characterized by “Male I,” “Female,” and “Male II” types; protandry by “Male I” and “Female” types; and protogyny by “Female” and “Male II” types 42. To investigate the divergence of flowering phenology among the different genetic types, we recorded flowering phenology during the period from April 20 to May 18, 2020. Daily observations of flowering were performed for 29 individuals with readily accessed branches, among which there were 9 SEA lineage, 14 hybrid, and 6 NEA lineage trees based on analysis of the parental population (Fig. 2a). Initially, we selected four branches on each tree, evenly distributed in the four cardinal directions, which were marked for subsequent daily investigation. The total numbers of focal flowers produced by each tree were counted at the alabastrum stage, and during the monitoring period, the sex of each blooming flower was recorded. The data obtained for the numbers of flowers of each sex blooming (hereafter Blooming#-“sex”) are presented as the numbers recorded daily. No further flowers bloomed on focal branches after May 16. On the basis of the daily Blooming#-“sex” data for each tree, we calculated indices of flowering phenology for each individual, including the commencement, peak, and cessation of each sex blooming. Using these data, we examined the potential phenological divergence among genetic types by performing a one-way ANOVA. Analysis of leaf and fruit morphology 2020, we collected a total of 690 healthy leaves from the 70 focal trees, which were scanned using an HP LaserJet 1100A scanner, and used 4. 5. 2 to measure six indices reflecting leaf size and shape (Figure S5a and Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: We are limited by the coverage of the available genotyping microarray, and have used data on imputed SNPs from the Consortium panel, with imputation using the UK10K reference panel to follow. As with all GWAS discovered loci, the identification of affected genes is not straightforward, but we have followed the convention of highlighting the nearest genes, which for 8 of the 10 attained age variants was confirmed by the eQTL data. We studied the normal range of parental ages at death, as well as the top end of longevity (top 10% of survival), to establish whether associations were driven by early deaths. Our longest lived 10% analysis is similar in age (87+ years for fathers, 90+ for mothers) to those studied in many of the previous GWAS of longevity [3,4]. Analyses with bigger samples of those attaining extreme ages are needed, but unfortunately our sample with extreme surviving parents (e. g. centenarians) is too small for GWAS analyses. In addition to these limitations, our analysis has several strengths. Our sample size yielded unprecedented power to detect variant associations: indeed the power (>99% to detect an allele of 1% minor allele frequency accounting for 0. 1% of phenotype variance) is sufficient to suggest that we have identified all moderate to larger effect common genotyped or imputed variants in our studied population. Our analyses were undertaken in a single cohort: previous longevity GWAS combined data from diverse cohorts, which has been suggested as explaining difficulties in detecting and replicating longevity variants [34]. Future work Replication and extension of the novel associations in other large cohorts and in different ancestries is needed, especially for variants narrowly achieving genome wide significance. The associations identified should be examined in future studies of age-related traits and disease. More work is needed to characterize the variants identified for biological functions; this could include epigenetic and gene expression studies, such as analysis of allele-specific expression imbalance in heterozygote individuals to determine the gene of action for genetic variants [35]. The variants identified in our analysis may provide useful information for designing targeted prevention or precision treatments to promote human longevity, perhaps particularly related to targets in inflammatory pathways and cardiovascular disease. analysis of parental longevity involved the largest sample size thus far achieved, with ample power (>99%) to detect even modest associations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: Key Words: Left ventricular assist device; Axial flow; Mechanical circulatory support; Heart failure; Continuous flow Core tip: Left ventricular assist devices provide a durable, long-term alternative to heart transplant for those with end-stage heart failure. In an era of limited transplant donor supply, axial flow pumps are a viable alternative. Citation: Bansal S, Sai-. Outcomes of continuous flow ventricular assist devices. 2014; 4(1): 1-8 URL: DOI: is estimated that 5 million individuals are affected by heart failure. In general patients with heart failure have a poor prognosis and while cardiac transplantation is an effective long-term therapy for a select group of patients, the number of transplants have plateaued[1]. While pharmacologic therapy and cardiac resynchronization have improved symptoms and survival in heart failure patients, the survival for patients on inotropes is approximately 6% at 12 mo[2,3]. Due to the severe organ shortage and marginal improvements in outcomes with medical management alternate therapies such as mechanical circulatory support have developed. Since the first generation pulsatile pumps were developed approximately 50 years ago, improvements have been made to the design and have largely been replaced by axial pumps[4]. This 2003. Primary endpoints for bridge to transplant (BTT) patients included rate of survival to transplant or survival at 180 d. The primary endpoint for destination therapy patients was a composite endpoint at 2 years that included survival, adverse events and pump durability. The study found improved survival rates, improvement in quality of life and functional status in both groups. Axial flow devices, specifically the Heartmate II, were approved by the Food and in 2008 as a bridge to transplant and in 2010 as destination therapy[9]. Since then a more recent review of outcomes for destination therapy demonstrates 74% survival at one year[10]. generation and third generation axial flow devices have a high degree of reliability. This has resulted in a tenfold increase in their use[4]. Current indications include, myocardial recovery, BTT, bridge to decision and destination therapy. Device strategy is dependent on the patient’s clinical status, co morbidities, end organ dysfunction and social support. Bridge to recoveryVery few patients after LVAD placement will have myocardial recovery. A recent analysis of approximately 1100 Heartmate II patients showed a 1. 8% rate of recovery[11].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Similarly, we collected and scanned a total of 615 fruits from 22 trees, among which, 170 were from SEA-DHS maternal sources, 256 from Hybrid-DHS, and 189 from NEA-DHS, as identified based on analysis of parental population (Fig. 2a). 4. 5. 2, we obtained values for eight indices reflecting fruit size and shape (Figure S5b and Table 2). To visualize potential morphological divergence among the different genetic types of leaf and fruit traits, we performed principal component analysis using R 4. 1. 2 software. Statement of ethical approval All the plant materials were sampled from natural populations in and no damages were caused to the studied trees. This study was conducted in accordance with local legislation and permission was issued to collect such samples. Each individual was marked with a tag which was possible to check in future. Voucher specimens collected were deposited at University Herbarium. Declarationswork was supported by the of China [32071494, 32171654] and the Program of China [2019FY101700]. and Ge JP designed the work. Yang R, conducted all field work. W performed molecular trials and analyzed data; Yang R, Deng YW and Wang HF drafted the work. Deng YW and Wang HF substantively revised it. All authors interpreted results and contributed to the final manuscript. details are available in Figures S1-S5 and Tables S1–S3. All sample, SSR, flowering and morphological data are available on Dryad repository ( research collaboration was developed with local government during all field work, including locating focal trees, collecting genetic samples, recording flowering phenology and scanning leaves and fruits. All collaborators are included as co-authors. The research addresses a priority concern, in this case the identify and conservation of Tertiary relict species hybrid zone in North China. The results of research have been shared with all collaborators and local government. All data have been shared with the broader public via appropriate biological databases. 10. 1111/j. 1420-9101. 2012. 02599. x (2013). Arnegard, M. E. et al. Genetics of ecological divergence during speciation. Nature 511, 307, doi:10. 1038/nature13301 (2014). Lamichhaney, S. et al. Rapid hybrid speciation in Darwin's finches.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: The results indicate that human longevity is a polygenetic trait, including likely prominent effects involving cell senescence, inflammation, autoimmunity and the stress response, plus lipid levels and vascular disease. The results suggest that the identified variants are involved in achieving long lifespans, and are not limited to causing early deaths. The results also suggest that there may be gender differences in routes to longevity, with autoimmune variants being particularly important in women. Overall these results are consistent with some previous analyses in humans and with certain key hallmarks or pillars of the biology of aging. The variants identified may be useful for identifying targeted prevention and precision treatments for extending human lifespans. age at death and longevity phenotypes Participants were asked the age at which their parents had died (or their current age if still alive). Analyses were performed separately on mother’s age at death and father’s age at death, and also on a combined phenotype. To reduce the effect of higher ages at death of mothers (compared to the fathers) we first z-transformed the mothers and fathers age at deaths before combining the z-scores into a single summed phenotype. Offspring of parents who died prematurely were excluded because the cause of death of the participant’s parents was not asked, so we could not exclude accidental deaths explicitly. To determine the age at death considered to be too young to be part of the normal distribution of age-related mortality, we used previously described methods to define a normal distribution of ages at death for mothers and fathers separately, as described previously [9]). In brief, non-linear least square regression models were used to fit a normal curve on age at death data from the modal (M) age at death to the oldest ages; the younger (left) half of the curve is then imposed, to avoid the severe skewing of the distribution caused by the excess of deaths below the modal age. The analysis identified the following early death cut-points (based on modal age at death minus 1 Standard Deviation): mothers 57 years, fathers 46 years. In addition, combined parents’ age (including alive parents) were derived from Cox’s proportional hazards regression models using Martingale residuals, as described by Joshi et al. [13]. Events were defined as the both parents having died.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: In a few, long term left ventricular unloading may provide reversal of atrophy in the cardiomyocytes and recovery of left ventricular geometry and function[12]. One such strategy includes the addition of pharmacological therapy to patients with continuous flow devices, to promote reverse remodeling. Birks et al[13] showed in a small group of patients the addition of high dose ACE inhibitors, beta blockers plus clenbuterol promotes myocardial recovery. While much is unknown about myocardial recovery after LVAD implantation, a considerable amount of research is being performed in this area. Bridge to decisionPatients receiving mechanical circulatory support prior to determining eligibility for transplant are considered bridge to decision. In these patients end organ dysfunction including pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, obesity, medical compliance, tobacco abuse can be absolute or temporary contraindications for heart transplant. For a few of these patients, organ dysfunction will be reversible with mechanical circulatory support or afford them the opportunity to modify lifestyle making them eligible for transplantation. Bridge to transplantBridges to transplant are patients who are eligible for cardiac transplant but have had progression of their disease. On any given day, there are 3000 patients on the waitlist per day, since survival is poor, approximately 43% will require mechanical circulatory support to “bridge” them until an organ is available[14]. The goal is to prevent end organ dysfunction for continued eligibility. Additionally, during that wait-list time, the patient is able to be out of the hospital, enjoying a reasonable quality of life and gaining strength and conditioning. The use of LVAD therapy in candidates for heart transplant is not benign and careful consideration should be made regarding the risks and benefits. While LVAD therapy will support end-organ function and improve quality of life, LVAD therapy will require an additional sternotomy for placement and redo sternotomy at the time of transplant. Additional concerns include blood transfusions at the time of placement, infections, stroke, and complications with the pump. Destination therapyMost patients in heart failure are not candidates for transplantation. Without advanced therapy, many will die within a year or continue to have poor function and quality of life. trial was the first study to compare mechanical circulatory support to medical management. In this landmark trial the survival rate was 52% in the patients receiving mechanical circulatory support and 23% in the medical management group[5].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Science 359, 224-227, doi:10. 1126/science. aao4593 (2018). Weigend, M. Observations on the biogeography of the Amotape-in northern Peru. Bot. Rev. 68, 38-54, doi:10. 1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0038:ootbot]2. 0. co;2 (2002). Petit, R. et al. Glacial refugia: hotspots but not melting pots of genetic diversity. Science 300, 1563-1565, doi:10. 1126/science. 1083264 (2003). Hao, M. D. et al. Regional assemblages shaped by historical and contemporary factors: Evidence from a species-rich insect group. Mol. Ecol. 29, 2492-2510, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15412 (2020). Bernatchez, L. & Wilson, C. C. Comparative phylogeography of nearctic and palearctic fishes. Mol. Ecol. 7, 431-452, doi:10. 1046/j. 1365-294x. 1998. 00319. x (1998). Liu, K. B. Quaternary history of the temperate forests of china. Reviews 7, 1-20, doi:10. 1016/0277-3791(88)90089-3 (1988). Qian, H. & Ricklefs, R. E. Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants. Nature 407, 180-182, doi:10. 1038/35025052 (2000). Ying, T. S. Species diversity and distribution pattern of seed plants in China. 09, 393-398, doi:10. 17520/biods. 2001058 (2001). Qiu, Y. X. , Fu, C. X. & Comes, H. P. Plant molecular phylogeography in China and adjacent regions: Tracing the genetic imprints of Quaternary climate and environmental change in the world's most diverse temperate flora. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 59, 225-244, doi:10. 1016/j. ympev. 2011. 01. 012 (2011).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: We also defined a binary phenotype by determining the top 10% of age at death for mothers (≥90 years) and fathers (≥87 years) separately. Controls were participants where both parents died before the age of 80. We were able to increase the number of “long lived” parents by including alive participants beyond the cut-off. UK 2006 and 2010, 503,325 volunteers (aged 45 to 69 years old) were recruited from across the to the UK Biobank study [36]. Of these, 389,166 participants met the inclusion criteria for at least one analysis: participants with complete genetics data and either date of death of their parents or their current age if alive. Participants were excluded if they reported themselves as adopted, or whose parents died more than 1 standard deviation below the modal age of death (mothers <57 years, fathers <46 years). Several longevity phenotypes are defined below based on the age at death of the participant’s parents. Genetic data was available on 488,377 UK Biobank participants after genotype calling and quality control performed centrally by the UK Biobank team [37]. We selected 451,447 participants identified as ‘white European’ through self-report and verified through principal components analysis based on genotypes. Briefly, principal components were generated in the 1000 using high-confidence SNPs to obtain their individual loadings. These loadings were then used to project all of the UK Biobank samples into the same principal component space and individuals were then clustered using principal components 1 to 4. Related individuals were identified through kinship analysis, although these participants were included in genome-wide analysis using BOLT-LMM (see below), those related to the third-degree or closer were excluded in sensitivity analyses. Imputation of 39,235,157 genetic variants from the Consortium panel was performed using 4 centrally by the UK Biobank team [37]. After filtering for variants with MAF ≥0. 1%, missingness <1. 5%, imputation quality >0. 1 and with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) P>1x10-6 within the white British participants 11,516,125 imputed autosomal variants were eligible for the analyses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: In 2002 the first generation pumps were approved and in 2010 the second-generation pump was approved for destination therapy. Since then the survival rates have improved and mechanical circulatory support provides patients equivalent survival to transplant patients at one year[6,15]. With the support of LVAD’s, destination therapy patients have improved quality of life and improvement in their function. A study from Rogers et al[16] reported on functional capacity and quality of life of patients under long-term LVAD support. NYHA functional class, 6-min walk distance, patient activity scores as well as quality of life (Failure and Cardiomyopathy Questionnaires) were collected before and after LVAD implantation. Following implant, 80% of destination treatment patients at 6 mo and 79% at 24 mo improved to NYHA functional class I or II. Mean 6-min walk distance in these patients was 204 m in patients able to ambulate at baseline, which improved to 350 and 360 m at 6 and 24 mo. There were also significant and sustained improvements from baseline in both quality of life scores. The relative bridge to recovery is minimal between indications. is a continuous axial flow device. It contains an internal rotor with helical blades that curve around a central shaft. As blood enters the chamber the internal blade rotates and converts the radial velocity of the blood flow to an axial direction, hence the term axial pump. The pump weighs 350 g and can flow up to 10 L/min. The inflow cannula is placed in the left ventricle apex and the outflow graft is connected to the ascending aorta. Due to pump size the pump housing is placed in the left upper quadrant in the pre-peritoneal pocket. The device is connected to controller via a driveline that is tunneled thru the subcutaneous tissue and brought out to the skin. Jarvik 20002000 is a continuous flow pump that unlike the Heartmate II is placed within the left ventricle. It weighs approximately 85 g. A single impeller is housed within titanium housing completely inside the ventricle. Interestingly the outflow can be connected to either the ascending or descending aorta. The pump flows up to 7 L/min. One added benefit of the Jarvik pump is the skull mounted driveline. Unlike other pumps the skull implant is designed to be resistant to infection and allows patients to shower, bath or swim[17].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Milne, R. I. & Abbott, R. J. The origin and evolution of tertiary relict floras. Adv. Bot. Res. 38, 281-314, doi:10. 1016/s0065-2296(02)38033-9 (2002). Milne, R. I. Northern hemisphere plant disjunctions: A window on tertiary land bridges and climate change? Ann. Bot. 98, 465-472, doi:10. 1093/aob/mcl148 (2006). Guo, X. D. et al. Evolutionary history of a widespread tree speciesAcer mono in East Asia. Ecol. Evol. 4, 4332-4345, doi:10. 1002/ece3. 1278 (2014). Liu, C. P. et al. of Acer mono var. mono in South and Northeast China. PLoS One 9, doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087187 (2014). Bai, W. N. , Wang, W. T. & Zhang, D. Y. Phylogeographic breaks within Asian butternuts indicate the existence of a phytogeographic divide in East Asia. New Phytol. 209, 1757-1772, doi:10. 1111/nph. 13711 (2015). Ye, J. W. et al. Sharp genetic discontinuity in the aridity-sensitive Lindera obtusiloba(Lauraceae): solid evidence supporting the Tertiary floral subdivision in East Asia. J. Biogeogr. 44, 2082-2095, doi:10. 1111/jbi. 13020 (2017). Chen, R. Z. Phylogeoraphic structure of Acer pictum: based on nuclear single copy genes, University, (2018). Song, X. Y. et al. Blow to the Northeast? Intraspecific differentiation of Populus davidiana suggests a north-eastward skew of a phylogeographic break in East Asia. J. Biogeogr. 48, 187-201, doi:10. 1111/jbi. 13992 (2021). & Zhang, D. Y. Geographic variation in the structure of oak hybrid zones provides insights into the dynamics of speciation. Mol. Ecol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: This research uses data from the Study (WLS) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Since 1991, the WLS has been supported principally by the on Aging (AG09775, AG21079 and AG33285), with additional support from the Trust, the Foundation, the and the of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. A public use file of data from the WLS is available from the Study, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and at ( This material is the result of work supported with resources at the William S. . 1. Kenyon CJ. The genetics of ageing. Nature. 2010; 464:504–12. [PubMed] 2. Genome-wide meta-analysis associates HLA-DQA1/DRB1 and LPA and lifestyle factors with human longevity. Nat Commun. 2017; 8:910. [PubMed] 3. GWAS of longevity in consortium confirms APOE and FOXO3 candidacy. . 2015; 70:110–18. [PubMed] 4. ðbjartsson Genome-wide association meta-analysis of human longevity identifies a novel locus conferring survival beyond 90 years of age. Genet. 2014; 23:4420–32. [PubMed] 5. . Genome-Informed by Age-for Longevity. PLoS Genet. 2015; 11:e1005728. [PubMed] 6. üeger Bayesian association scan reveals loci associated with human lifespan and linked biomarkers. Nat Commun. 2017; 8:15842. [PubMed] 7. . Genetic influence on human lifespan and longevity. Hum Genet. 2006; 119:312–21. [PubMed] 8. ánsson K. Inheritance of human longevity in Iceland. Hum Genet. 2000; 8:743–49. [PubMed] 9. . Longer lived parents: protective associations with cancer incidence and overall mortality. . 2013; 68:1409–18. [PubMed] 10. . Aging children of long-lived parents experience slower cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement. 2013; 10:S315–22. [PubMed] 11. . Longer-: 8-Year Follow-186,000 U. K. Biobank Participants. J Cardiol. 2016; 68:874–75.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: Further, the instantaneous gamma frequency fluctuations that we have shown to be instrumental in regulating synchronization, have also been observed in the rat hippocampus by Atallah and Scanziani (2009). Their analysis suggested that these fluctuations, which reflected rapid phase shifts due to changes in excitation-inhibition balance, might be critical for gamma-mediated information flow. Likewise, Nguyen et al. (2009) observed instantaneous frequency modulations during ripples in rodent hippocampus, revealing dynamics that may be indicative of processes related to learning and memory. These findings support our proposal that cycle-by-cycle modulations in frequency that regulate gamma synchronization also happen in other frequency bands and in other brain regions or structures. Nevertheless, future studies are required to test to what extent weakly coupled oscillator principles apply to different frequency bands across brain regions. Importantly, as long as the instantaneous phase of a neural rhythm can be determined, the methods used in this study can be applied. Instantaneous phase extraction has been for example applied to theta rhythms (Belluscio et al. , 2012; Buzsáki, 2002) or alpha rhythms (Lakatos et al. , 2005; Samaha and Postle, 2015; Schwabedal et al. , 2016). In future studies, optogenetic tools (Boyden et al. , 2005; Fenno et al. , 2011; Zhang et al. , 2007) will be highly useful to modify oscillation properties like detuning in a precise manner. Variation of sensory or cognitive variables can also be a powerful and natural way of modulating network states if enough is known about the system (e. g. , Bosman et al. , 2012). Interaction strength could be estimated from anatomical knowledge or manipulated by optogenetics (e. g. by targeting cell-types involved in a specific type of anatomical connectivity and varying oscillation amplitude). Aside of emerging new technological possibilities for network state modulation, a tight combination of experimental and dynamic systems theory will be critical for fruitful analysis and interpretation of neural oscillatory data. In summary, the present paper offers the first predictive theory of synchronization, which we suggest can be used to assess the mechanisms of synchronization in various frequency bands, and to assess their contribution to diverse forms of cognition. Materials and methods Species used and surgical procedures Request a detailed protocol Two adult male rhesus monkeys were used in this study. A chamber was implanted above early visual cortex, positioned over V1/V2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 20, 4995-5011, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2011. 05354. x (2011). Jiggins, C. D. & Mallet, J. Bimodal hybrid zones and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 250-255, doi:10. 1016/s0169-5347(00)01873-5 (2000). Vedenina, V. Y. & von Helversen, O. Complex courtship in a bimodal grasshopper hybrid zone. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 54, 44-54, doi:10. 1007/s00265-003-0595-2 (2003). Minder, A. M. , Rothenbuehler, C. & Widmer, A. Genetic structure of hybrid zones between Silene latifolia and Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae): evidence for introgressive hybridization. Mol. Ecol. 16, 2504-2516, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2007. 03292. x (2007). Gay, L. , Crochet, P. A. , Bell, D. A. & Lenormand, T. Comparing clines on molecular and phenotypic traits in hybrid zones: A window on tension zone models. Evolution 62, 2789-2806, doi:10. 1111/j. 1558-5646. 2008. 00491. x (2008). Zielinski, P. et al. Differential introgression across newt hybrid zones: Evidence from replicated transects. Mol. Ecol. 28, 4811-4824, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15251 (2019). Coyner, B. S. , Murphy, P. J. & Matocq, M. D. Hybridization and asymmetric introgression across a narrow zone of contact between Neotoma fuscipes and N. macrotis(Rodentia: Cricetidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 115, 162-172, doi:10. 1111/bij. 12487 (2015). Schumer, M. et al. Assortative mating and persistent reproductive isolation in hybrids.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] 12. Human longevity is influenced by many genetic variants: evidence from 75,000 UK Biobank participants. Aging (Albany NY). 2016; 8:547–60. [PubMed] 13. . Variants near CHRNA3/5 and APOE have age- and sex-related effects on human lifespan. Nat Commun. 2016; 7:11174. [PubMed] 14. . a curated resource of SNP-trait associations. Res. 2014; 42:D1001–06. [PubMed] 15. van Iterson M, van Galen M, Arindrarto W, van ’t Hof P, Mei H, van van Rooij J, Verkerk M, et al. Identification of context-dependent expression quantitative trait loci in whole blood. Nat Genet. 2017; 49:139–45. [PubMed] 16. Watanabe K, Taskesen E, van Bochoven A, Posthuma D. FUMA: functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations. bioRxiv. 2017; 110023. 17. -, and LifeStudy, and and AGEN-BMI Working Group, and 4D Consortium, and CKDGen Consortium, and GLGC, and ICBP, and and and MIGen Consortium, and PAGE Consortium, and ReproGen Consortium, and and Consortium. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature. 2015; 518:197–206. [PubMed] 18. , and BOCS, and kConFab Investigators, and AOCS Group, and NBCS, and. Genome-wide association analysis of more than 120,000 individuals identifies 15 new susceptibility loci for breast cancer. Nat Genet. 2015; 47:373–80. [PubMed] 19. , and LifeStudy. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature. 2016; 533:539–42. [PubMed] 20. , and ICBP Consortium, and AGEN Consortium, and and CHARGe-Group, and. Genetic associations at 53 loci highlight cell types and biological pathways relevant for kidney function. Nat Commun. 2016; 7:10023. [PubMed] 21. Castelo-Branco C, Soveral I.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: A head post was implanted to head-fix the monkeys during the experiment. All the procedures were in accordance with the European council directive 2010/63/EU, the Dutch ‘experiments on animal acts’ (1997) and approved by the ethical committee on experiments with animals (). Recording methods Request a detailed protocol V1 recordings were made with 2 or 3 Plexon U-probes (Plexon Inc. ) consisting of 16 contacts (150 µm inter-contact spacing). We recorded the local field potential (LFP) and multi-unit spiking activity (MUA). For the main analysis, we used the current-source density (CSD, (Vaknin et al. , 1988)) to reduce volume conduction. We aligned the neural data from the different laminar probes according to their cortical depth and excluded contacts coming from deep V2. Layer assignment was based on the stimulus-onset CSD profile (Schroeder et al. , 1991a) and the inter-laminar coherence pattern (Maier, 2010b). Receptive field (RF) mapping was achieved by presenting at fast rate high-contrast black and white squares pseudorandomly on a 10 × 10 grid (Roberts et al. , 2013). For RF mapping we used CSD signals and spikes. Task and visual stimuli Request a detailed protocol The monkeys were trained for head-fixation and were placed in a Faraday-isolated darkened booth at a distance of 57 cm from a computer screen. Stimuli were presented on a Samsung TFT screen (SyncMaster 940bf, 38°x30° 60 Hz). During stimulation (2 s) and pre-stimulus time (1 s) the monkey maintained a central eye position (measured by infra-red camera, Arrington, 60 Hz sampling rate). The monkey's task was to passively gaze on a fixation point while a stimulus was shown. The monkey was rewarded for correct trials. The local stimulus contrast was manipulated in a full screen static square-wave grating (2 cycles/degree, presented at two opposite phases randomly interleaved). Contrast was varied smoothly over space such that different RFs had different contrast values. The direction of the contrast difference was parallel to the arrangement of RFs and orthogonal to the orientation of the grating. The stimulus was isoluminant with the pre-stimulus grey screen.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 114, 10936-10941, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1711238114 (2017). Yan, L. J. et al. Asymmetrical natural hybridization varies among hybrid swarms between two diploid Rhododendron species. Ann. Bot. 120, 51-61, doi:10. 1093/aob/mcx039 (2017). Irwin, D. E. in Ineffective in Promoting Speciation. Am. Nat. 195, E150-E167, doi:10. 5061/dryad. k98sf7m30 (2020). Christie, K. & Strauss, S. Y. Along the speciation continuum: Quantifying intrinsic and extrinsic isolating barriers across five million years of evolutionary divergence in California jewelflowers. Evolution 72, 1063-1079, doi:10. 1111/evo. 13477 (2018). Wu, Z. Y. Vegetation of China. 256 (Science Press, 1995). . & Hemleben, V. A nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogeny of Acer inferred with maximum likelihood, splits graphs, and motif analysis of 606 sequences. Evolutionary bioinformatics online 2, 7-22, doi:10. 1177/117693430600200014 (2007). Xu, T. Z. , Chen, Y. S. , de Jong, P. C. , Oterdoom, H. J. & Chang, C. Flora of China VOL. 11. (Science Press, 2008). Frantz, A. C. et al. Comparative landscape genetic analyses show a Belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (Cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (Sus scrofa). Mol. Ecol. 21, 3445-3457, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2012. 05623. x (2012). Landguth, E. L. et al. Effects of sample size, number of markers, and allelic richness on the detection of spatial genetic pattern. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 12, 276-284, doi:10. 1111/j. 1755-0998. 2011. 03077.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Departure from neutrality was tested using Fu's Fs [38] and Ramos-Onsins and Rozas' R2 statistic [39], which are powerful tests for detecting recent population expansion under assumptions of neutrality. R2 is appropriate for small sample sizes [39]. The significance of R2 and Fs were evaluated by comparing their observed values with their null distribution, generated by 10 000 random replicates using the empirical population sample size and observed number of segregating sites implemented by DnaSP v. 5. 10. [36]. To describe the phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes, a statistical parsimony network was constructed using TCS v. 1. 21 [40]. The divergence among haplotypes was calculated in MEGA 5 using the mean uncorrected p-distance [41]. To investigate the regional structure of A. icterica populations at the mitochondrial level, the overall genetic differentiation between populations was first estimated by calculating the global Φst in Arlequin v. 3. 5. 1. 2 software [42]. We then performed a spatial analysis of molecular variance using software [43]. Clusters are identified based on geographic proximity and genetic homogeneity [43]. The geographic coordinates of each sampled locality were used as spatial information. Simulations were conducted with ‘K’ (number of groups) ranging from two to seven and each simulation annealing process was repeated 100 times. The clustering giving the highest Φct value, corresponding to the optimal number of groups, was selected. Microsatellite genotyping Individuals were genotyped using seven microsatellite loci: Ai45, Ai56, Ai68, PB10D, 2PE40, 2PE70, C4 [27]. For individuals from the I20 and IR populations, genotypes were taken from Torres-Leguizamon et al. [27].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: We presented 9 different contrast modulation conditions (Table. S1). Cortex software ( was used for visual stimulation and behavioral control. Data analysis Request a detailed protocol We analyzed gamma rhythms in the visual stimulation period (0. 2 s - 2 s). We discarded the first 200 ms to avoid stimulus-onset transients. To investigate dynamical changes in the gamma phase and frequency over time, we estimated the instantaneous gamma phase and frequency using the singular spectrum decomposition of the signal (SSD [Bonizzi et al. , 2014]) combined with Hilbert-Transform or wavelet-decomposition. The phase-locking value (PLV) was estimated as the mean resultant vector length (Lachaux et al. , 1999) and the preferred phase-relation as the mean resultant vector angle. For experimental data, we estimated the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to reduce the influence of measurement noise on estimates. Phase flipping due to CSD computation was corrected. Theoretical and computational modeling Request a detailed protocol Using the theory of weakly coupled oscillators, we investigated the phase-locking as well as the mean phase difference of two mutually coupled noisy phase-oscillators with variable frequency difference (detuning) and interaction strength. The stochastic differential equation was solved analytically (Pikovsky et al. , 2002). The analytical results correctly predicted the numerical simulations. accuracy of the theoretical predictions for the experimental data was quantified as the explained variance R2. Data availability Request a detailed protocol Experimental data sets, modeling and analysis tools are available to all interested researchers upon request from the corresponding author. For singular spectrum decomposition visit Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 4. For the experiment reported here we used data from the V1/V2 chamber only. A head post was implanted to head-fix the monkey during the experiment. All the procedures were in accordance with the European council directive 2010/63/EU, the Dutch ‘experiments on animal acts’ (1997) and approved by the ethical committee on experiments with animals (Dier‐Experimenten‐Commissie, DEC). Recording techniques V1 recordings were made with Plexon U-probes (Plexon Inc. ) consisting of 16 contacts (10 µm diameter, 0. 5–1 mΩ impedance, and 150 µm inter-contact spacing).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: x (2012). Zhou, X. , Huang, Z. H. , Zhang, X. R. & Xing, S. H. Protection of natural vegetation and distribution of nature reserves in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. 36, 64-71 (2017). Newton, P. , & Agrawal, A. of Forest-Globally. 3, 363-370, doi:10. 1016/j. oneear. 2020. 08. 016 (2020). . & Wang, H. F. Different processes shape the patterns of divergence in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of a relict tree species in East Asia. Ecol. Evol. 10, 4331-4342, doi:10. 1002/ece3. 6200 (2020). Shaner, P. J. L. et al. Climate niche differentiation between two passerines despite ongoing gene flow. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 829-839, doi:10. 1111/1365-2656. 12331 (2015). Engelbrecht, H. M. et al. snakes, Crotaphopeltis, show population structure for a widespread generalist but deep genetic divergence for forest specialists. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 58, 1220-1233, doi:10. 1111/jzs. 12361 (2020). Myers, E. A. , McKelvy, A. D. & Burbrink, F. T. Biogeographic barriers, Pleistocene refugia, and climatic gradients in the southeastern Nearctic drive diversification in cornsnakes (Pantherophis guttatus complex). Mol. Ecol. 29, 797-811, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15358 (2020). Shang, H. , Luo, Y. B. & Bai, W. N. Influence of asymmetrical mating patterns and male reproductive success on the maintenance of sexual polymorphism in Acer pictum subsp. mono (Aceraceae). Mol. Ecol. 21, 3869-3878, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2012. 05555. x (2012). Gleiser, G. , Chybicki, I. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mining companies are interested in deep sea resources, including cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. [SEP] Text: , 2001; Koschinsky, 2001; Koschinsky et al. , 2001a, b; Marchig et al. , 2001; Stummeyer and Marchig, 2001; Paul et al. , 2018). This is because it has been used as a study site for impacts of polymetallic nodule mining on the abyssal environment in the 1980s and 1990s (Thiel and Schriever, 1990; Thiel, 2001). Polymetallic nodules are mineral precipitates of Mn oxides and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides that form around a nucleus, e. g. , bone, rock, or nodule fragments, from accretion of Mn oxides and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides from seawater and porewater (Hein and Koschinsky, 2014). Thus, with renewed scientific, industrial, and political interest in deep-sea mining, the has recently received attention again, which allowed for detailed biogeochemical investigations. Figure 1Basin, with the location of the area. The map was created using GeoMapApp ( last access: 18 December 2019) and its integrated default basemap Global Multi-(GMRT) (Ryan et al. , 2009). In 1989, a DISturbance and reCOLonization experiment () was started to investigate potential impacts of polymetallic nodule mining in the (Thiel and Schriever, 1990). The seafloor was plowed in a 11 km2 large circular field, disturbing the upper decimeters of the surface sediment and removing the nodules from the surface (Thiel and Schriever, 1990). Geochemical investigations of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), amino acids, solid phase and dissolved trace metals were conducted as part of the follow-up project in 1996 (Schriever et al. , 1996). The geochemical work focused on the bioturbated surface layer, where impacts of polymetallic nodule mining are expected (Haeckel et al. , 2001; Koschinsky, 2001; Koschinsky et al. , 2001a, b), whereas geochemical investigations of deeper sediment layers down to 10 m were only performed on five cores (with only one of them located in the area) (Haeckel et al. , 2001). Mineralogical investigations of long cores were, however, conducted extensively (Weber et al. , 1995, 2000; Marchig et al. , 2001).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: Three probes were inserted through a sharp guide tube, which was lowered through granulation tissue to just above the level of the dura surface. The probes were arranged in a linear manner separated from each other by ~2–3 mm. The probes were then advanced by separate microdrives (LTD. ). The probes were connected to headstages of high input impedance, and data were acquired via the Plexon ‘system’ (MAP, Plexon Inc. ). The measured extracellular signal was filtered online between 150 Hz and 8 kHz to extract spiking activity and filtered between 0. 7 Hz and 300 Hz to obtain the’ local field potential’ (LFP). The signal was amplified and digitized with 1 kHz for the LFP and 40 kHz for the spike signal. The data was converted from Plexon to Matlab file format and cut into trials from fixation onset to stimulus offset using the fieldtrip toolbox (Oostenveld et al. , 2011). For the LFP data, the line noise was removed using the fieldtrip toolbox dft filter, which fits a sine and a cosine at 50, 100 and 150 Hertz and subtracts these components from the data. We collected 7 recording sessions in monkey M1 and 6 sessions in M2. Each recording session had on average ~590 trials in M1 and ~718 trials in M2. Current source density (CSD) First for extrapolating the CSD to the outermost contacts of our probes, at the top and bottom of the probe, a replica of the LFP of respectively the first and last contact was appended (Vaknin et al. , 1988). The LFP was then smoothed with a Gaussian (zero-phase) filter of a SD of 1. 2 and range of 5 (effectively weighting signals around the centre electrode by 24% in the centre, 20% immediate neighbours, 12% 2 contacts away, 5% 3 contacts away). Then the standard CSD algorithm was applied for each contact position x, our inter-contact spacing h of 150 µm and a conductivity C of 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C. & Aizen, M. A. Phenological match drives pollen‐mediated gene flow in a temporally dimorphic tree. Plant Biol. 20, 93-100, doi:10. 1111/plb. 12651 (2017). Nagano, Y. , Hirao, A. S. & Itino, T. Genetic structure of a hybrid zone between two violets, Viola rossiiHemsl. and V. bissetiiMaxim. : dominance of F-1 individuals in a narrow contact range. Plant Spec. Biol. 30, 237-243, doi:10. 1111/1442-1984. 12054 (2015). Rieseberg, L. H. & Willis, J. H. Plant speciation. Science 317, 910-914, doi:10. 1126/science. 1137729 (2007). & Willis, J. H. The strength and genetic basis of reproductive isolating barriers in flowering plants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. , B: Biol. Sci. 363, 3009-3021, doi:10. 1098/rstb. 2008. 0064 (2008). Westeberhard, M. J. Sexual selection, social competition, and speciation. Q. Rev. Biol. 58, 155-183, doi:10. 1086/413215 (1983). Edwards, S. V. et al. Speciation in birds: Genes, geography, and sexual selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 102, 6550-6557, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0501846102 (2005). Coetzee, A. , Spottiswoode, C. N. & Seymour, C. L. Post-pollination barriers enable coexistence of pollinator-sharing ornithophilous Erica species. J. Plant Res. 133, 873-881, doi:10. 1007/s10265-020-01226-8 (2020). Lexer, C. ,. & Fay, M. F. Admixture in hybrid zones makes feasible the mapping of loci that contribute to reproductive isolation and trait differences. J. Hered.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: IRD Éditions › Expertise collégiale › Les ressources minérales profondes en Po. . . › › II. Recommendations › R9. Organise the monitoring and evaluati. . . IRD Éditions IRD Éditions Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Formats de lecture détaillé Texte intégral Proposed actions Constraints and conditions Connections with other recommendations Reference to full contributions Aller en haut de page Aller en bas de page Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française Deep-sea mineral resources in Ce livre est recensé par Naviguer dans le livre Précédent Version française --- L’expertise collégiale à l’IRD : objectifs et méthodes --- Préfaces --- I. Résumé exécutif ---- I. Résumé exécutif ---- Ha’apotora’a parau --- II. Recommandations ---- II. Recommandations ---- R1. Construire un système d’information afin de mettre en cohérence et organiser l’accès aux données existantes ---- R2. Réaliser des campagnes d’exploration la production de connaissances nécessitant le développement de technologies adaptées ---- R3. Définir la stragégie de développement d’une filière sous-marine ou bien décider d’y renoncer sur la base d’un travail de combinaison des données acquises avec des scénarios technico-économiques affinés et des premières consultations ---- R4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 2 the data is shown binned by stimulus contrast values for illustration. Effects of visual contrast and eccentricity on gamma frequency Local stimulus contrast had a significant effect on the V1 gamma frequency (linear regression, M1: R2 = 0. 38, n = 1179 M2: R2 = 0. 27, n = 1134, both p<10−10, slope: ~0. 15 Hz/contrast, see Figure 1—figure supplement 2) in both monkey M1and M2 confirming previous studies of monkey and human visual cortex (Hadjipapas et al. , 2015; Hall et al. , 2005; Jia et al. , 2013a; Ray and Maunsell, 2010; Roberts et al. , 2013; Self et al. , 2016). Stimulus contrast lead to a monotonic increase of the frequency, here measured as the mean of the instantaneous gamma frequency (similar results were obtained using the conventional frequency of the power spectral peak). Both LFP and CSD gamma gave the same result. The frequency increase was approximately linear in the range tested, however it might deviate from linearity if the whole contrast range is considered. Further, in comparison to prior studies (Hadjipapas et al. , 2015; Jia et al. , 2013a; Ray and Maunsell, 2010; Roberts et al. , 2013), we used here whole-field gratings with local spatially varying contrast. The MUA spike rate also significantly increased with stimulus contrast (linear regression, M1: R2 = 0. 14, n = 1179, M2: R2 = 0. 12, n = 1134, both p<10−10), which has been well established by previous work (Contreras and Palmer, 2003; Sclar et al. , 1990). It suggests that the frequency change is due to a change of network excitation (Tiesinga and Sejnowski, 2009; Traub et al. , 1996). We inserted laminar probes acutely into the visual cortex and the different probes, depending on their arrangement, recorded from cortical location coding for different visual eccentricities. There was also variation across sessions. It has been shown in previous work that the V1 gamma frequency is modulated by eccentricity (Lima et al. , 2010; van Pelt and Fries, 2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 98, 74-84, doi:10. 1038/sj. hdy. 6800898 (2007). E, S. T. Taxonomic study of Acer mono and Acer truncatum in based on phenotype and molecular markers, University, (2020). Wei, L. , Li, Y. F. , Zhang, H. & Liao, W. J. Variation in morphological traits in a recent hybrid zone between closely related Quercus liaotungensisand Q. mongolica(Fagaceae). J. Plant Ecol. 8, 224-229, doi:10. 1093/jpe/rtv023 (2015). . & Ge, J. P. Asymmetric pattern of climate oscillations and the origin of biodiversity. J. Beijing Norm. Univ. , Nat. Sci. 50, 622-628 (2014). Holland, M. M. & Parson, W. GeneMarker (R) HID: A Tool for the Analysis of Forensic STR Data. J. Forensic Sci. 56, 29-35, doi:10. 1111/j. 1556-4029. 2010. 01565. x (2011). Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. E. GenAlEx 6. 5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research--an update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537-2539, doi:10. 1093/bioinformatics/bts460 (2012). Pritchard, J. K. , Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945-959, doi:10. 1093/genetics/155. 2. 945 (2000). Earl, D. A. & Vonholdt, B. M. : a website and program for visualizing output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 4, 359-361, doi:10. 1007/s12686-011-9548-7 (2012). Evanno, G. , Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. Mol. Ecol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Associer les parties prenantes et organiser les dispositifs de gouvernance suffisamment en amont et dans une logique participative ---- R5. Inscrire le pays dans les dynamiques régionales, européennes et internationales de coopération, de recherche et d’innovation dans le domaine des ressources minérales profondes ---- R6. Réaliser des programmes de recherche et de développement technologique pour l’exploration, l’exploitation et la métallurgie ---- R7. Construire des dispositifs administratifs et réglementaires efficaces et attractifs pour le développement d’un secteur minier sous-marin ---- R8. Définir les normes de sélection, de suivi et d’évaluation des projets miniers à des fins de contrôle et de transparence dans la communication publique ---- R9. Organiser le suivi et l’évaluation de la politique des ressources minérales sous-marines pour mesurer ses effets et envisager le cas échéant des réorientations --- III. Synthèse ---- Introduction. Enjeux et logique de cette expertise ---- 1. Phases et enjeux clés d’un projet minier ---- 2. Connaissance de la ressource et des milieux : une approche plurielle ---- 3. Économie de la ressource et soutenabilité du développement : scénarios ---- 4. Campagnes de recherche et développement technologique ---- 5. Enjeux et dispositifs de gouvernance ---- Conclusion. Les enjeux d’une politique de valorisation des ressources minérales sous-marines ---- Bibliographie sélective ---- Version --- Composition of the college --- Expert group review at IRD: objectives and methods --- Prefaces --- I. Executive summary ---- I. Executive summary --- II. Recommendations ---- II. Recommendations ---- R1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All BCI devices are portable and require no surgical procedures. [SEP] Text: AL = alimentary limb, BPL = biliopancreatic limb, C = cecum, CC = common channel, D = duodenum, DIA = duodenoileal anastomosis, GB = gall bladder, I = ileum, IIA = ileoileal anastomosis, J = jejunum, L = liver, LDJB = loop duodenojejunal bypass, P = pancreas, RS = resected stomach, S = stomach, SG = sleeve gastretomy. Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide 2. Sleeve plus procedures 1) Duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (DJB-SG) Two different techniques of sleeve-DJB have been used: the Roux-en-Y type, introduced by Kasama from Japan, and the “loop” type, introduced by Huang from Taiwan [20, 21]. The reported rates of diabetes remission at 1 year with sleeve-DJB and sleeve-loop DJB were 86% and 62%, respectively; however, these procedures require meticulous surgical techniques [19]. According to recent data, %EWL was 95. 77% and 83. 84% and %TWL was 34. 64% and 30. 32% at the 1-year and 3-year follow-ups respectively [22]. Diabetes remission reached a maximum of >90% of patients at the 1-year follow-up in patients with HbA1C levels of <6. 5%. Even at the 3-year follow-up, remission was >90%, indicating that diabetes remission was sustainable after sleeve gastrectomy loop duodenojejunal bypass (). A Korean study suggested that sleeve DJB can be a feasible and safe procedure for Korean bariatric patients [23]. study showed excellent weight loss results with %TWL of 27. 5% and a discontinuation rate of diabetic medication of 91% at 6 months postoperatively [24]. However, the Korean the studies included only a small number of patients and had a retrospective design. 2) LSG with proximal jejunal bypass (LSG-JB) Sleeve gastrectomy with jejunal bypass (LSG-JB) was developed by Alamo in 2004 and was later modified in 2006 to exclude the bypassed portion of the jejunum.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 20459/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published04 Mar, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: Shoot orientation is important for plant architecture formation, and zigzag-shaped shoots are a special trait found in many plants. Zigzag-shaped shoots have been selected and thoroughly studied in Arabidopsis; however, the regulatory mechanism underlying zigzag-shaped shoot development in other plants, especially woody plants, is largely unknown. Results: In this study, tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots, namely, Qiqu (QQ) and Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), were investigated and compared with the erect-shoot tea plant Meizhan (MZ) in an attempt to reveal the regulation of zigzag-shaped shoot formation. Tissue section observation showed that the cell arrangement and shape of zigzag-shaped stems were aberrant compared with those of normal shoots. Moreover, a total of 2175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of the tea plants QQ and LYQQ compared to the shoots of MZ using transcriptome sequencing, and the DEGs involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways were significantly enriched. Additionally, the DEGs associated with cell expansion, vesicular trafficking, phytohormones, and transcription factors were identified and analysed. Metabolomic analysis showed that 13 metabolites overlapped and were significantly changed in the shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to MZ. Conclusions: Our results suggest that zigzag-shaped shoot formation might be associated with the gravitropism response and polar auxin transport in tea plants. This study provides a valuable foundation for further understanding the regulation of plant architecture formation and for the cultivation and application of horticultural plants in the future.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Create an information systemto impose consistency and organise access to existing data ---- R2. Instigate programs to generate knowledge and develop suitable technology ---- R3. Define a development strategy for a deep-sea mining industry or, alternatively, decide to abandon the project, after combining the acquired data with detailed technical and economic scenarios as well as initial consultations ---- R4. Organise governance at a sufficiently early stage and with the participation of all stakeholders ---- R5. Involve the country in regional, European and international initiatives to further the development of marine mineral resources, including co-operation, research and innovation ---- R6. Conduct research and development programmes focused on innovative technology in the fields of exploration, mining and metallurgy of deep-sea mineral resources ---- R7. Create efficient and attractive administrative and regulatory instruments to develop a deep-sea mining sector ---- R8. Set standards for selecting, monitoring and evaluating mining projects in order to promote control and transparency in public communication ---- R9. Organise the monitoring and evaluation of deep-sea mineral resources policy in order to measure its effects and, when necessary, make changes --- III. Summary report ---- Introduction. Issues and methods of the expert group review ---- 1. Key phases and priorities for mining projects ---- 2. Understanding the resource and the environment: a multifaced approach ---- 3. Resource economics and development sustainability: scenarios ---- 4. Technological research and development campaigns ---- 5. Governance issues and tools ---- Conclusion. Issues involved in a policy for developing deep-sea mineral resources in ---- Selective 0. Introduction : spécificités et phases du projet minier --- Axe I. Connaissance, représentations et économie de la ressource ---- I-1. Représentations polynésiennes, pratiques culturelles et usages sociaux de la ressource et de son environnement ---- I-2. Que sait-on du patrimoine géologique sous-marin de la Polynésie française ---- I-3. Opportunités économiques ---- I-4. Quels potentiels supplémentaires apporterait une extension du plateau continental juridique ---- I-5. Scenarii économiques relatifs aux encroûtements cobaltifères ---- I-6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: of usGuidelines to authorRole of ethicsRole of Authors5. 60SJR 0. 293Frequency :Bi-monthly (February, April, June, August, October and December):(Scopus and Embase), 10. 18805/IJARe. A-5604Cite 495. doi: 10. 18805/IJARe. A-5604. : The food grain and non-food grain crops occupy 48 and 68% area respectively under rain fed condition. Due to uneven rainfall, the rainfed crop suffers for want of adequate soil moisture at critical growth stages. Under such situation, protective irrigation ensures adequate soil moisture which results higher production. Crops like tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram are predominantly grown during kharif as rain fed crops. Relieving the soil moisture stress during the critical crop growth stages with more efficient irrigation system assumes importance in rain fed farming. Methods: An experiment was conducted for three years during kharif 2008, 2009 and 2010 at the College Farm, Prof. State Agril. University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad on a sandy loam soil to study the yield advantage of protective sprinkler irrigation to kharif grown rain fed tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram crops. The trial was conducted in strip plot design with protective sprinkler irrigations as main plots and rainfed kharif crops as sub-plots and replicated thrice. The three main treatments comprised of - one protective sprinkler irrigation at flower/peg/tassel initiation, two protective sprinkler irrigations at flower and fruiting, tassel and grain filling, peg formation and pod filling and flowering and pod filling stages and rain fed (control). The sub treatments consisted of four crops- tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram. Result: There was an increase in yield with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations by 16. 7 and 27. 9; 17. 7 and 44 5; 26. 4 and 34. 5 and 21. 1 and 28. 9% over their corresponding rain fed crops of tomato, groundnut, maize and red gram, respectively. There was an increase of 20. 4 and 31. 6% in Yield (MEY) with one and two protective irrigations as compared to rain fed crop. The water productivity was lower in all the crops grown under rain fed conditions (0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: and MorphologyBiology and Geneticsauxin transportgravitropism responsestem developmenttea plantzigzag-shaped stemFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6BackgroundIn higher plants, the morphology of the plant mainly depends on the development and orientation of the shoots; therefore, plant shoots, which are usually negatively geotropic, play a crucial role in morphological architecture formation in many plants, such as landscape plants, fruit trees and other plants of economic interest. The growth and development of shoots are regulated by diverse factors, including light, temperature and phytohormones [1, 2], but gravitropism is important for the upward growth of shoots and is a determinant of the form and posture of plants [3-5]. However, the molecular mechanism by which shoot architecture formation in woody plants is mediated by gravitropism remains largely unknown. In plants, gravity is sensed by specialized cells called statocytes, and then, a signal is transported to the elongation zone, leading to differential cell growth in the elongation zone to reorient organ growth in response to the gravity signal [6]. It is thought that sedimentable amyloplasts play a critical role in gravity perception and that endodermal cells containing sedimented amyloplasts function as statocytes in plant shoots [3, 7]. In Arabidopsis, shoot responsiveness to gravitropism is regulated by a group of (SGR) genes, of which at least nine SGR genes have been isolated and functionally studied [3]. It has been established that mutant sgr genes could reduce the plant gravitropism response by regulating endodermal cell development, starch accumulation and amyloplast movement [7-11]. Kato, et al. [8] and Morita, et al. [10] found that both SGR2 and zigzag (ZIG)/SGR4 were involved in the formation and function of the vacuole, suggesting that vacuolar integrity participates in shoot gravitropism. Interestingly, ZIG/SGR4 encodes Qb-11, which is involved in membrane trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and the vacuole, and the stems of zig/sgr4 mutants elongate in a zigzag fashion [8, 10, 11].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Diffusion et répartition de la rente : enjeux de soutenabilité --- Axe II. Capacités de gouvernance : règles, responsabilités, acteurs (étatiques et non étatiques) ---- II-1. La répartition des compétences entre l’Etat et la Polynésie française s’agissant des ressources minérales marines profondes : un besoin de clarification ---- II-2. Contraintes et référentiels juridiques ---- II-3 Les évolutions du droit national et polynésien envisageables en matière d’autorisation et d’exploitation des ressources minérales marines profondes ---- II-4 Organisation de la participation des groupes d’acteurs impliqués ou à impliquer ---- II-5. Acteurs et gouvernance : enjeux, positionnements, intérêts, attentes ---- II-6. Dispositifs d’administration et de gouvernance existants ou nécessaires --- Axe III. Enjeux technologiques de l’exploration et de l’exploitation ---- III-1. Quelles sont les technologies connues pour l’exploration et l’extraction des ressources minérales profondes, identifiées en Polynésie française ---- III-2. Quels sont les acteurs, leurs rôles respectifs et les moyens disponibles pour l’exploration des ressources minières sous-marines ---- III-3. Quelles sont les tendances des évolutions technologiques pour l’exploration des ressources minières sous-marines ---- III-4. Quelles sont les tendances des développements technologiques pour l’exploitation des ressources minières sous-marines, adaptées à la Polynésie française ---- III-5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: 77 kg MEY m-3) as compared to that of one and two protective irrigations. equivalent yieldProtective sprinkler irrigationRain fed cropsWater productivityfed agriculture plays an important role in the Indian economy and nearly 48% area of food crops and 68% area of non food crops is grown under rain fed condition. Ensuring adequate soil moisture at critical growth stages of crops is essential to ensure reasonable crop production in rain fed areas. Provision of protective irrigation ensures adequate soil moisture that secures crops during the dry spells and increases production. Crops like tomato, maize, groundnut, cotton and red gram are predominantly grown during kharif as rain fed crops in Telangana. In the event of prolonged dry spells, the yield levels of these crops are drastically reduced as a result of soil moisture stress at critical stages of the crops (Ramulu et al. , 2020). The chances of availability of abundant water supply for protective irrigation through surface methods of irrigation are very meagre in drought prone areas. Supplemental/protective irrigation is often proposed to increase yields of rain fed crops to mitigate soil moisture stress during dry periods (Brugere and Lingard, 2003; Fox and Rockstrom, 2000). Alleviating soil moisture stress during the critical crop growth stages and the application of limited available water more efficiently and economically through sprinkler irrigation assumes importance in rain fed farming. Hence, an experiment was conducted to see the possibility of increasing the yield of kharif grown rain fed crops if one or two irrigations scheduled at critical growth stages through sprinklers in the event of moisture stress period. experiment was conducted for three years during kharif 2008, 2009 and 2010 at the College Farm, Prof. to study the yield advantage of protective sprinkler irrigation to tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram crops grown as rain fed crops. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture with low in nitrogen, medium in phosphorous and potassium. The water holding capacity of the soil was 20%. The experiment was conducted in strip plot design with three replications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant shoot architecture formation is regulated by plant hormones, especially auxin gradients, which are integrated into almost all aspects of plant growth and development [12, 13]. Shoot curvature is controlled by auxin, and increased auxin levels promote cell elongation at the bottoms of reoriented shoots, resulting in upward bending. Therefore, the genes involved in auxin transport and response, especially the polarly localized PIN-(PIN) auxin efflux carriers, play crucial roles in plant shoot formation [13, 14]. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport has been well recognized as being involved in the plant gravity response [3, 7, 15]. For example, after gravistimulation, PIN3 and PIN7 are relocalized towards the gravity vector and trigger changes in auxin flux [16]. Recently, several individual genes, such as LAZY1, LPA1, and WEEP, have been characterized and recognized as new factors involved in plant architecture regulation; these genes also depend on auxin and gravity signalling [17-23], indicating that gravity response and polar auxin transport play primary roles in plant architecture development. However, previous reports have mainly focused on model plants, and the mechanism of architecture development in woody plants remains largely unknown. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze), which is native to southwestern China, is a perennial evergreen woody plant in the family Theaceae [24, 25]. Its tender leaves and buds are processed as a beverage for drinking because tea leaves contain secondary metabolites that are healthy for humans, and tea plants are currently cultivated in over 60 countries around the world [26, 27]. Numerous studies have examined secondary metabolism and stress-response mechanisms in tea plants; conversely, tea plant growth and development processes, such as architecture formation, which is one of the key regulators of tea yield [28], tea processing and even ornamental value, remain to be revealed. Two tea plant cultivars, namely, C. sinensis var. Qiqu (QQ) and C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), both with zigzag-shaped shoots, were selected and planted more than 80 years ago and described in a previous study [28], but the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation remains unknown.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Reference to full contributions50-1; II-6; IV-4 Naviguer dans le livre Précédent Version française --- L’expertise collégiale à l’IRD : objectifs et méthodes --- Préfaces --- I. Résumé exécutif ---- I. Résumé exécutif ---- Ha’apotora’a parau --- II. Recommandations ---- II. Recommandations ---- R1. Construire un système d’information afin de mettre en cohérence et organiser l’accès aux données existantes ---- R2. Réaliser des campagnes d’exploration la production de connaissances nécessitant le développement de technologies adaptées ---- R3. Définir la stragégie de développement d’une filière sous-marine ou bien décider d’y renoncer sur la base d’un travail de combinaison des données acquises avec des scénarios technico-économiques affinés et des premières consultations ---- R4. Associer les parties prenantes et organiser les dispositifs de gouvernance suffisamment en amont et dans une logique participative ---- R5. Inscrire le pays dans les dynamiques régionales, européennes et internationales de coopération, de recherche et d’innovation dans le domaine des ressources minérales profondes ---- R6. Réaliser des programmes de recherche et de développement technologique pour l’exploration, l’exploitation et la métallurgie ---- R7. Construire des dispositifs administratifs et réglementaires efficaces et attractifs pour le développement d’un secteur minier sous-marin ---- R8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: The main treatments (irrigations) constituted of two levels of protective sprinkler irrigations (one protective irrigation each of 30 mm by sprinkler to tomato at fruiting, maize at tasseling, groundnut at peg formation and red gram at flowering; two protective sprinkler irrigations one each of 30 mm to tomato at flower initiation and fruiting; maize at tasseling and grain filling; groundnut at peg formation and pod filling and red gram at flowering and pod filling stages) and rain fed. The sub treatments consisted of four crops - tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram. The varieties/hybrids viz. 900M, TMV2 and LRG-41 were used for tomato, maize, groundnut and red gram, respectively in the experiment. The red gram, maize and groundnut crops were hand dibbled on 23rd, 9th and 13th July in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively whereas, 35-40 days tomato seedlings were transplanted on 20th, 10th and 23rd August in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. The university recommended fertilizer doses viz. 160:60:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 for maize, 20:50 kg N and K2O ha-1 for redgram, 20: 40: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 for groundnut and 150: 100 :50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 for tomato were applied. The entire level of recommended fertilizers of respective crops was applied in the form of urea, single super phosphate and murate of potash near the seed/seedling as per the recommended split doses of the respective crops. The total rain fall received during June to October was 911, 601 and 948 mm in 38, 33 and 55 rainy days in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. In 2008, the tomato crop failed due to heavy rains at the initial seedling stage of crop. The measured quantity of irrigation water was applied to each plot through sprinklers. The effective rainfall was estimated by using method. In 2009, to save the crop from the prevailing dry spell in the month of August, an amount of 27 mm of water was applied uniformly through sprinklers to all the treatments and in 2010 as no dry spell was prevailed during growing period and the soil was near field capacity (F. C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, the stems of tea plants with zigzag-shaped (QQ and LYQQ) and erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) shoots were collected and investigated for structural differences, transcription and metabolic regulation using section observation, transcriptome sequencing and metabolite detection, respectively, for the first time. In total, 46. 06 million reads were generated from nine samples, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and compared. A total of 2175 DEGs, including 998 upregulated and 1177 downregulated genes, were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to the erect shoots of MZ. The candidate DEGs, including genes associated with vesicular trafficking, cell expansion, transcription factors, and phytohormones and diverse genes involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, were seemingly related to zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plant. The results will contribute greatly to an improved understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in woody plants. ResultsPhenotypic characterization and stem ultrastructure analysis of tea plants with erect and zigzag-shaped shoots Under natural conditions, the trees of MZ, QQ and LYQQ can grow upward uniformly (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The leaves of MZ and QQ are flat, while those of LYQQ are folded inwards. In the MZ plant, the stems grew straight up, exhibiting normal shoot morphology; however, the shoots of both QQ and LYQQ tended to bend at each node and elongate in a zigzag fashion (Fig. 1a-c). Additionally, plants with zigzag-shaped shoots had shorter stems and fewer leaves than erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2a), and the internode distance (between two nodes) in plants with zigzag-shaped shoots was significantly shorter than that in erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2b). To precisely investigate the differences in zigzag-shaped stems at the ultrastructure level, we longitudinally dissected the stems of the and MZ tea plants. Observation of the stem longitudinal sections showed that the tissues were basically normal, but the cell arrangement and shape differed between zigzag-shaped and erect stems (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Définir les normes de sélection, de suivi et d’évaluation des projets miniers à des fins de contrôle et de transparence dans la communication publique ---- R9. Organiser le suivi et l’évaluation de la politique des ressources minérales sous-marines pour mesurer ses effets et envisager le cas échéant des réorientations --- III. Synthèse ---- Introduction. Enjeux et logique de cette expertise ---- 1. Phases et enjeux clés d’un projet minier ---- 2. Connaissance de la ressource et des milieux : une approche plurielle ---- 3. Économie de la ressource et soutenabilité du développement : scénarios ---- 4. Campagnes de recherche et développement technologique ---- 5. Enjeux et dispositifs de gouvernance ---- Conclusion. Les enjeux d’une politique de valorisation des ressources minérales sous-marines ---- Bibliographie sélective ---- Version --- Composition of the college --- Expert group review at IRD: objectives and methods --- Prefaces --- I. Executive summary ---- I. Executive summary --- II. Recommendations ---- II. Recommendations ---- R1. Create an information systemto impose consistency and organise access to existing data ---- R2. Instigate programs to generate knowledge and develop suitable technology ---- R3. Define a development strategy for a deep-sea mining industry or, alternatively, decide to abandon the project, after combining the acquired data with detailed technical and economic scenarios as well as initial consultations ---- R4. Organise governance at a sufficiently early stage and with the participation of all stakeholders ---- R5. Involve the country in regional, European and international initiatives to further the development of marine mineral resources, including co-operation, research and innovation ---- R6. Conduct research and development programmes focused on innovative technology in the fields of exploration, mining and metallurgy of deep-sea mineral resources ---- R7. Create efficient and attractive administrative and regulatory instruments to develop a deep-sea mining sector ---- R8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: ) at full bloom stage in Tomato, Maize and Groundnut, hence protective irrigation was skipped at this stage. Data was recorded on yield, water applied and to make the comparative study of protective irrigation, the individual crop yields were converted into Yields (MEY) and analyzed statistically. For calculation of maize equivalent yields, the price per 100 kg economic produce considered were Rs. 900/-, 2800/-, 3500/- and 500/- for maize, groundnut, red gram and tomato, respectively in 2009 and 2010. Whereas, in 2008 it was Rs. 787/-, 2700/-, 3143/- and 500/- per 100 kg of economic produce of maize, groundnut, red gram and tomato, respectively. The water productivity (WP) i. e kg maize equivalent yield m-3 of water was calculated by WP= Y/ WA(IR+ER) Where Y= maize equivalent yield (kg ha-1). WA (total water used) = IR (irrigation) + ER (effective rainfall). grain/ seed yield of individual crops was less under rain fed condition as compared to crops grown with one or two protective sprinkler irrigations applied at critical stages. The mean tomato fruit yield was 8. 03 t ha-1 under rain fed cultivation which was 16. 7 and 27. 9% less than that observed with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations applied, respectively (Table 1). Similarly, the percent mean yield increase noticed with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations over rain fed crop was 17. 7 and 44. 5 in groundnut, 26. 4 and 34. 5 in maize and 21. 1 and 28. 9% in red gram, respectively. Table 1: Yield (MEY) of kharif grown rain fed crops (t ha-1) as influenced by protective sprinkler irrigations (Mean of 2008, 2009 and 2010). Maize equivalent yield The MEY was significantly higher with two protective sprinkler irrigations over that of one protective sprinkler irrigation applied in different crops studied. The calculated MEY in these two treatments was significantly higher than that grown under rain fed condition (Table 1). The increase in mean MEY with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations was 20. 4 and 31. 6% as compared to rain fed crops. The MEY was higher with red gram and tomato crops followed by maize and the lowest MEY was observed with groundnut crop.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1d-f). In QQ and LYQQ, the cortex cells tended to be disordered and arranged loosely, and the cells in both the cortex and pith exhibited aberrant shapes (Fig. 1g-i). RNA sequencing, reference genome alignment and new gene annotation To investigate the regulation of zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants at the transcriptional level, we utilized RNA-Seq technology to analyse DEGs in the stems of MZ, QQ and LYQQ plants. In total, 46. 06 million clean reads were generated from nine samples, and the sequence data were deposited in the (SRA accession: PRJNA559220). After removing adaptor sequences, duplicate sequences, ambiguous reads and low-quality reads, a total of 16. 37, 13. 28, and 15. 48 million high-quality clean reads were generated for MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1). The average amount of clean reads per sample was 5. 2 million. The Q20 values ranged from 97. 39% to 98. 55%, and the Q30 values ranged from 92. 26% to 95. 07%. All the transcripts were aligned to the reference genome, and the average proportion of samples mapped to the genome was 76. 38%. The new genes were then aligned to the Nr and KEGG databases for protein functional annotation. In total, 34248, 34374 and 33598 genes were identified from MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively, and 28021 (82. 58%), 27441 (80. 87%) and 27982 (82. 46%) genes were annotated as known genes in MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S2). These results indicated that the obtained high-quality transcriptomic data could be used for further analysis. Validation of differential expression data To validate the reliability of the RNA-Seq results, 16 DEGs were randomly selected from the RNA-Seq data and examined using qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR data exhibited similar expression patterns to the RNA-Seq data among the cultivars (Fig. 2), suggesting that our transcriptomic data are reliable and valid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Technological advancements are necessary to make deep sea mining feasible and minimally invasive. [SEP] Text: Set standards for selecting, monitoring and evaluating mining projects in order to promote control and transparency in public communication ---- R9. Organise the monitoring and evaluation of deep-sea mineral resources policy in order to measure its effects and, when necessary, make changes --- III. Summary report ---- Introduction. Issues and methods of the expert group review ---- 1. Key phases and priorities for mining projects ---- 2. Understanding the resource and the environment: a multifaced approach ---- 3. Resource economics and development sustainability: scenarios ---- 4. Technological research and development campaigns ---- 5. Governance issues and tools ---- Conclusion. Issues involved in a policy for developing deep-sea mineral resources in ---- Selective 0. Introduction : spécificités et phases du projet minier --- Axe I. Connaissance, représentations et économie de la ressource ---- I-1. Représentations polynésiennes, pratiques culturelles et usages sociaux de la ressource et de son environnement ---- I-2. Que sait-on du patrimoine géologique sous-marin de la Polynésie française ---- I-3. Opportunités économiques ---- I-4. Quels potentiels supplémentaires apporterait une extension du plateau continental juridique ---- I-5. Scenarii économiques relatifs aux encroûtements cobaltifères ---- I-6. Diffusion et répartition de la rente : enjeux de soutenabilité --- Axe II. Capacités de gouvernance : règles, responsabilités, acteurs (étatiques et non étatiques) ---- II-1. La répartition des compétences entre l’Etat et la Polynésie française s’agissant des ressources minérales marines profondes : un besoin de clarification ---- II-2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Crops grown in desert agriculture require no irrigation or water once planted. [SEP] Text: Water productivity The total water productivity was 1. 02 kg of MEY m-3 in the crop that received two protective sprinkler irrigations was 10% higher over that of one protective sprinkler irrigation (0. 93 kg m-3). The water productivity was lower under rain fed conditions (0. 77 kg MEY m-3). The increase in water productivity with one and two protective sprinkler irrigations over that of rain fed crop was 21 and 32%, respectively (Table 2). The results of the 3 year study indicates that application of one or two protective sprinkler irrigations to the kharif grown rain fed crops at critical moisture stages has enhanced the crop yield and water productivity over its respective rain fed crop. Table 2: Water productivity of kharif grown crops as influenced by protective sprinkler irrigation (Mean of 2008, 2009 and 2010). Agossou Gadedjisso-Tossou et al. (2018) reported that under rain fed conditions, supplementary irrigation (150 mm) improved the maize yield considerably. Saraf and Ahlawat (1975) emphasized that one life saving irrigation before flowering in red gram is very critical to realize higher yields under north Indian conditions. Application of three supplementary irrigations doubled the seed yields of pigeon pea in alfisols (Chauhan, 1990). These results were further confirmed that depending on water stress, supplementary irrigation was helpful in up-scaling grain yield (Praharaj et al. , 2017 and Ramulu et al. , 2020). The results obtained in the present experiment are also in conformity with the findings of Rao et al. , (1983) and Khanna et al. , (1980). this 3 years study it can be concluded that high variability in rainfall during the kharif season leads to considerable variability in the expected yields of rain fed crops and provision of one or two protective irrigations through sprinkler irrigation to kharif grown rain fed crops viz. red gram, tomato, maize and groundnut at critical moisture stages improve the yield and water productivity over its respective rain fed crops. 10. 3390/w10121803. Brugere, C. and Lingard, J. (2003). Irrigation deficits and farmers’ vulnerability in Southern India. Agricultural Systems. 77: 65-88. Chauhan, Y. S. (1990). A ready-reckoner to help pigeon pea researchers determine plant population.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Identification of DEGs and pathways in cultivar comparisons The DEGs in each cultivar pair were then determined according to the parameters p value≤0. 01 and |log2FC|≥1. In total, 6232 DEGs, including 2969 upregulated and 3263 downregulated DEGs, were detected in MZ-vs-QQ (Fig. 3a). GO enrichment analyses showed that most of the DEGs were enriched in the terms ‘catalytic activity’, ‘metabolic process’, ‘cellular process’, ‘binding’, ‘single-organism process’, and ‘membrane’ (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). The DEGs were also subjected to KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, which showed that the pathways ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids’, ‘alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism’, and ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched. Additionally, we found that the zeatin biosynthesis pathway was enriched (Fig. 3b). In the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison, a relatively high number of DEGs (7212), including 4002 upregulated and 3210 downregulated DEGs, were identified (Fig. 3a). All the DEGs could be mapped to 132 KEGG pathways, and the pathways ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Glutathione metabolism’, and ‘Arginine and proline metabolism’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Examples of genetic memory include migration patterns in birds and seasonal changes in fur thickness in mammals. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1448360/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: Altitudinal bird migration involves seasonal shifts up and down the altitude gradient annually. Asia as the place with the largest number of altitudinal migrants, has quite few related studies, especially for montane and temperate avifaunas. Method: To explore the potential drivers of seasonal altitudinal migration for birds in the middle of Hengduan Mountains, we conducted a two-year investigation on breeding and non-breeding season bird communities at eight altitude sections in the Gongga Mountains. Then, we examined the altitudinal migration patterns and relationships between seasonal distribution shifts and species’ traits, of 20 species with sufficient data recorded in both seasons. Results: We found that a large proportion of resident birds underwent altitudinal migration and showed 3 patterns (downslope shift, upslope shift, no shift). Species’ seasonal distribution shifts were mainly correlated with territoriality, nest height, diet, and temperature tolerance range. The species nesting in scrub and omnivores were more likely to present a downhill movement in the non-breeding season. In addition, territorially weaker species migrated more widely and performed multiple patterns. Notably, HWI dominated upslope shifts in altitudinal migration. Conclusion: Studying the seasonal altitudinal migration patterns of birds is essential to understanding their distributional responses to seasonal changes in climate (energy), which has important conservation implication for avian biodiversity. These results further consolidate the study of seasonal altitudinal migration in montane birds and verify that body mass is not correlated with altitudinal migration. This could be used to bridge existing knowledge gaps that currently impeding effective conservation. altitudinal migrantfunctional traitsresident birdsmigration patternsGongga MountainFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3IntroductionUnderstanding the variation of species distribution along altitudinal gradients over space and time is crucial to assess the impact of climate change on montane species [1]. The geological characteristics, physical and climatic conditions of mountains change rapidly with altitudes, and these changes can affect the distribution and abundance of species along the altitudinal gradient [2, 3].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Desert agriculture can fully solve global food shortages regardless of other conditions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4901954/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstract"Schistocerca Gregaria", is a pest that destroys human and livestock food sources, leading to a crisis in food security. Chemical spraying methods, in addition to their high costs, contribute to food chain contamination and the resilience of these insects to pesticides. The first comprehensive field study in 2020, conducted in a southern region of Iran under the influence of attacks, employed traps to capture these insects. The study utilized random sampling for data collection and employed non-parametric tests for data analysis. Additionally, the experiences of hunters were assessed using a case study approach and compared to other similar studies. The results revealed that the number of Locusts on the experimental land was approximately − 27% compared to the control land, while the number of trapped Locusts was 3170% higher on the experimental land. Moreover, the number of Locusts in the traps was 4334% higher than on the experimental land. Regarding weight, the weight of Locusts on the control land was approximately 22% greater than on the experimental land. Furthermore, the weight of Locusts captured in traps was 4705% higher than on the experimental land and 3644% higher than on the control land. By the end of the research (on the fifth day), the harvested product weight from the control land was 2635 kilograms, whereas the experimental land yielded 6045 kilograms (2. 3 times more). The findings of this study demonstrate that locust hunting, beyond preserving agricultural yields and reducing environmental pollution, leads to increased income for farmers and savings in water and energy consumption. Given these benefits, it is recommended that this method be tested in other regions facing locust invasions. Desert LocustLocust huntingTrapEnvironmental ConservationFood securityIranIntroductionInsects are the most abundant category of living creatures that have a crucial impact on ecosystems1. Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is a notable insect among them. They are herbivores, and their diverse diet2 makes them one of the most hazardous pests in the event of a population outbreak. Therefore, they pose a challenge to food security3,4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: A total of 6930 DEGs, including 3932 upregulated and 2998 downregulated DEGs, were detected in the QQ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 3a) and mapped to 132 pathways. The DEGs in the pathways ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Brassinosteroid biosynthesis’ and ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b). Identification of DEGs and pathways involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants We generated a Venn diagram to compare the different cultivars and showed that 1082 DEGs overlapped among the MZ-vs--vs-QQ, and QQ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 4a). These DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways of “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis”, “Phenylalanine metabolism”, and “Tryptophan metabolism” (Additional file 1: Fig. S4a). In addition, a total of 1255 DEGs, including 527 downregulated and 728 upregulated DEGs, were specifically detected in the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 4a). Among the top 20 pathways, “Cysteine and methionine metabolism”, “Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis”, “Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism”, and “Other types of O-glycan biosynthesis” were markedly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4b). Unexpectedly, the number of DEGs in the MZ-vs-QQ set (949, including 494 downregulated and 455 upregulated) was lower than that in MZ-vs-LYQQ (Fig.

Output: pass