Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Same as the original estimation model, the poverty headcount and Gini coefficient have been considered based on World Bank's definition (US$1. 90/day). We then examine the econometric estimation to measure the impact of poverty and its association with inequality on economic growth (Nkoro and Uko 2016). DataWe collected data from the Indicator (WBI), and the statistical handbook of Vietnam has been collected for the period between 1990–2016. Further, the following data sources have been used to collect the data for empirical estimation, Vietnam finance ministry, Vietnam state bank, and statistical year-book of Vietnam. Results and DiscussionsEconometric analysisThis section introduces the econometric estimation about the measurement of inequality, poverty and economic growth. Results show the potential consequences for nominal GDP data (national income accounts) and economic development. Vietnam's GDP at fixed cost has recorded a growth of 1. 259%. This GDP growth can be accompanied by an increase in public spending, an advanced level of economic activity, an increase in household income, and, thus, an increase in savings. Investment in three studies of reducing tariffs by 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively, is appreciated by 2. 35%, 1. 171%, and 4. 683%. This spending intensification is attributed to an acceleration of institutional sales and a consequent boost in savings (Chaudhuri et al. 2017). Government consumption has risen by 0. 282%, 0. 136% and 0. 607% over three separate periods of time, while private consumption has increased by 0. 686%, 0. 333% and 1. 458%, respectively. This growth in demand is attributed to an increase in institutional sales and a reduction in the prices of both manufactured products and imports in the domestic currency, as their value is recognized. The incomes of all sixteen household groups as categorized in this model display a promising trend due to all three simulations, i. e. , a 50%, 75%, and 100% decrease in the tariff rate. However, from household to household, the rate of rising varies. The growth rate of income growth for rural farmworkers is higher than that of household income growth for all other groups. It is recorded as 1. 202% in model 1 (50%), 0. 581% in model 2 (75%), and 2. 582% in model 3 (100%) for poor household forms, while 1. 142%, 0. 553%, and 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 7) Wc(n=33) 19(27. 6) 14(42. 4) Hole(n=33) 24(72. 7) 9(27. 3) DH 1hr(n=84) 62(73. 8) 22(26. 2) 6. 026 1. 014 1hr+(n=86) 48(55. 8) 38(44. 2) UC Not(n=5) 4(80. 0) 1(20. 0) 6. 107 2. 047 Nom(n=33) 27(81. 8) 6(18. 2) Yes(n=132) 79(59. 8) 53(40. 2) NB 1-3(n=19) 10(52. 6) 9(47. 4) 6. 714 2. 035 4-6(n=48) 38(79. 2) 10(20. 8) 7(n=99) 59(59. 6) 40(40. 4) Oc SP(n=74) 55(74. 3) 19(25. 7) 6. 529 1. 011 MP(n=84) 46(54. 8) 38(45. 2) z V’: Plants for Cook & Industrial arts (IP), Ornamental plants (OP), probability (p), Growing activity (GA), Seeding (Sd), Raising & growing (RG), Harvesting (Hv), Water culture (Wc), The hole cultivating (Hole), Grade of the Last child (GL), Grade1,2 (G1,2), Grade3,4 (G3,4), Grade5,6 (G5,6), Dialog hour with children (DH), 30min~1hr (1hr), 1hr and over (1hr+), Understanding of children’s daily life (UC), Really not (Not), Normally (Nom), (Yes), Number of breakfast per a week (NB), 1-3days per a week (1-3), 4-6days per a week (4-6), Every breakfast (7), Occupation (Oc), Salary & professional (SP), Mom-and-pop & homemaker (MP). y Frequency (percentage, %). Significant at p<. 05, p<. 01 by pearson χ2-test. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: Accompanying the increased thickness of the parietal cortex, an increase in the volume of the amygdala has been noted (22,23), along with a hyperactivity in this region (24,25). The hyperactivity of the amygdala was found to be positively correlated with the intensity of negative emotions and with fear learning (26,27). 4. Neuroplasticity and depression Merzenich observed that the brain is highly plastic and can change in response to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, the scientific world started developing strategies for maximizing this property (28). When scientists discovered that the human hippocampus is capable of developing new neurons by dividing progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus, the paradigm shifted and hope for new therapeutic methods arose (29). The general term ‘neuroplasticity’ refers to a series of processes that can occur in the central nervous system as a response to certain stimuli. It can be described as the brain's capacity to reshape its structure and rewire its connections by strengthening or weakening the synaptic transmission. In addition to this, scientists have observed synapse formation and retraction, spinogenesis, synaptogenesis, axonal sprouting and regeneration, and dendrite growth and formation (30). However, the plastic property of the brain can also be perceived in a negative manner. In mental illnesses, the synaptic reorganization process can be maladaptive and may lead to the persistence of psychiatric symptoms. High levels of plasmatic cortisol have been observed to suppress neuroplasticity in the hippocampus (31). Glucocorticoids are known to decrease the apical dendritic branches of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus, exhibiting neurotoxic effects and an inhibiting effect on adult neurogenesis (32,33). A study observed that excessive glucocorticoids can impair glial cell functions by inhibiting glucose transport in astrocytes, thus limiting their capacity to aid neurons and to clear the synapses of possibly damaging glutamate accumulation (34). Similar to the hippocampal effect, elevated levels of glucocorticoids have been linked to decreased apical dendrites in the medial prefrontal cortex (35,36). Chronic stress can induce debranching of the dendritic arbor of pyramidal cells in the medial prefrontal cortex, and also cause loss of spine density in those neurons (37).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: 448%, respectively, are recorded for extreme poor household type performance. It is reported as 1. 202% in model 1 (50%), 0. 581% in model 2 (75%), and 2. 582%in model 3 (100%) for poor household types, while for extreme poor household style results, 1. 142%, 0. 553%, and 2. 448%, respectively, are recorded. One percent rise in the Gini coefficient results in a 0. 183%-point decrease in the five-year average growth rate centered on the regression of no restrictions. Table 1 shows that this is reduced to -0. 05 when we added the log population growth rate. When we added the employment, the coefficient decreases to -0. 04 and becomes statistically insignificant. The GDP growth rate of 4% is used to assess a country's development progress over a specific time as a critical macroeconomic indicator. In the past ten years amid the global financial and sovereign debt crisis, the Vietnam economy's growth has been stable with an average of 2% to 3% growth rate of 6. 29%. In today's economic challenges, this is a significant accomplishment. At the sense levels of 95%, model 1 is statistically significant (sig. F-test = 0. 038). However, the Adjusted R2 is poor (2. 8%), which shows inefficient GDP growth changes. Our findings show that public spending with sig-test < 1% and correlation coefficient 0. 258 > 0 positively affects economic development. This means that the higher the government spending level, the higher the growth rate. The key factor of economic growth is an investment. Table 1 Impact of inequality on economic growthFull size tableIn a variety of theoretical and empirical studies, economic growth and investment relationship were studied. Public investment in developed countries accounts for a small proportion of all economic investments by private sector funding and investment in risky fields. On the other hand, the economy plays an important role in all economic activities in developing countries. Even though the nature of our study is macro-level, we hypothesized that inequality is negatively associated with economic growth by using numerous channels. Existing studies in this line of research argued that inequality might conclude that under-investment in schooling, physical capital and health yielded lower economic growth. This under-investment might be associated with a shortage of resources such as poverty instead of inequality. This argued that observing poverty as an additional channel can slow economic growth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식물 선호도와 자녀양육태도의 관계 식물 선호와 자녀양육태도의 관계를 확인하기 위하여 먼저 식물 기르기 텃밭활동과 양육태도의 관계를 본 결과, 전체 양육태도, 성 취-비성취, 애정-적대와 유의적인 관계가 있었으며 식물 기르기 경 험이 있는 집단이 긍정적이었다. 선호식물의 종류는 성취-비성취 와 관련이 있었고, 3개 이하 집단(3. 75±. 39)에서 긍정적이었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: The lower plane is located at the level of the third ventricle, here is Gudden's commissure, which connects the two internal geniculate bodies, Meynert's commissure, which unites the two sublenticular regions, and the subthalamic commissure, which unites the two subthalamic regions. In the upper plane are the posterior white commissure at the level of the epiphysis, which is a mesencephalic commissure, the inter-habenular commissure, which unites the two ganglia of the habenula, and the anterior white commissure, which unites the temporal lobes (46). The large interhemispheric bundles are represented by the cerebral trigone (fornix) and the corpus callosum. The cerebral trigone (fornix) consists of fibers that connect the areas of the archicortex, being placed on the third ventricle and the thalamus. The corpus callosum (corpus calosum) is the most important interhemispheric commissure. The corpus callosum has an important role in psychic, motoric and gnostic functions, which require the participation of the two cerebral hemispheres. Experimental sectioning of the corpus callosum was found to lead to the loss of the possibility of inter-hemispheric transfer of information (46). The interhemispheric circuits that connect the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere work with the white matter fibers of the corpus callosum, and studies using nuclear magnetic resonance show that their absence from birth, craniocerebral trauma and some mental disorders are associated with a significantly low white matter in the area of the corpus callosum (49). In addition, chronic stress and depression are able to cause significant changes in the brain, such as decreased number of dendrites and synapses, atrophy of dendrites and decrease in both size and number of glial cells in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (50). Therefore, in this context in which changes can occur at the cognitive and behavioral level, due to the organic changes produced in the brain, the neuroplasticity capacity of the brain is taken into account. Certain antidepressants help the mechanisms of neuroplasticity and work by repairing damage to neural circuits, strengthening synapses in certain brain areas or normalizing glutamatergic levels.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, since Vietnam's population is a small fraction of China's, the nation's accomplishments have accounted for just about 3. 2% of the decrease in global poverty since 1990. A more comprehensive image of poverty alleviation is given by comparing progress around these three international poverty lines (Fu et al. 2021). The following animation illustrates how, from 1990 to 2018, poverty rates in China have been improved. This implies that the per capita country with the highest GDP may or may not be the highest. As technology progresses, the per capita GDP of these countries will also increase significantly (Westmore 2018). Technology can be a ground-breaking force that can help to reduce the level of poverty in countries. This results in a substantial proportion of all public spending. The outcome of the regression is therefore essential to the economy in Vietnam. There is little effect on Vietnam's economic growth (sig. t-test > 0. 05) due to other dependent variables of job rate, poverty rate, government expending, and export and importation value. These findings do not reveal the negative correlation between economic growth and unemployment. The significance level of model 2 (sig. F test = 0. 000) is statistically relevant at 99%. Adjusted R2 is 39. 6%, which means that the impact on the change in the unemployment rate is reasonably successful. 03 independent poor rate variables; the importance of exports and importations, and the significance level of public investment is essential at 99% (t-test < 1%). There is a negative relationship between the poverty rate and the unemployment rate for export and import values. The higher the rate of poverty, the lower the rate of unemployment. Many reports show that the unemployment rate is positive about poverty. Moreover, the negative relationship between export and import’s value and unemployment means that exports' production reduces unemployment by creating many jobs. Our findings show that government spending has a significant and optimistic impact on provincial unemployment in Vietnam (a significance level of 99%). Meanwhile, numerous previous study reports on the negative relationship between economic development and unemployment. The level of poverty is linked with economic growth and development, including the existence of education and employment. It means that macroeconomic indicators heavily influence the country's poverty level, (Table 2). The non-poverty incidence also shows an association with underlying variables such as poverty headcount, education, employment and investment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 선호하는 식물의 분류기준에 따라서 t-검증 결과, 지지대가 필 요한 식물 선호집단(Nd)은(3. 61±. 36) 그렇지 않은 집단(NN)의 성취-비성취(Ach) 수준(3. 77±. 40)보다 낮았다. 향기 있는 식물 선호집단(HF)과 만지기 쉬운 식물 선호집단(Easy)은 그렇지 않 은 집단과 통계적 유의차는 없었다. 식재료 이용이 가능한 식물을 선호(PF) 하는 집단(3. 56±. 43)과 1년생 식물 선호(HA)하는 집단 (3. 54±. 42)은 그렇지 않은 집단(3. 69±. 43, 3. 68±. 44)보다 합리- 비합리(Rat) 점수가 유의하게 낮았다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the organic changes at the synapses can be based on the fibers covered with muscles and the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus (51). Therefore, in the case of major depressive disorder, the neuroplasticity capacity of the brain is affected, and this involves difficulties in the hippocampus, involved in learning and memory, the prefrontal cortex involved in attention, concentration, learning and memory and in the amygdala, which plays a role in emotion processing and social learning (52). Regarding the intrahemispheric circuits, the neuroplasticity capacity of the brain is supported by the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Regarding the hippocampal area, the withdrawal of dendrites and synapses causes a decrease in neuron-synapse connectivity, which makes possible the continuity of information transmission at the level of neurons. Regarding the prefrontal cortex, patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder demonstrate a significant reduction of the dendritic spine, atrophy of the dendritic branches, a decrease in the number of synapses and glial cells (53). In the case of the amygdala, an increase in the number of dendrites was observed in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and in the pyramidal projections of the stellar neurons (54). 5. Neurotransmitters involved in depression Serotonin-serotonergic neurons project to the entire central nervous system. L-tryptophan is converted by tryptophan hydroxylase to serotonin. It has been observed that inhibition of this reaction is associated with depression-like manifestations, probably due to serotonin depletion. of norepinephrine by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase has shown that norepinephrine is involved in depression (55). has been observed that patients with Parkinson's disease have depressive episodes, and reserpine (decreases monoamine vesicles) can induce depression as an adverse reaction. This has led to the hypothesis that decreased activation of dopaminergic pathways can cause depression in some patients. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors were among the first antidepressants, increasing the availability of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. Complex interactions take place between these neurotransmitters, and alteration of one system of monoamines can affect the others (55).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: At the same time, the degree of inequality is associated with economic growth and development, employment, and investment to GDP ratio. In the meantime, schooling poverty headcount, education, employment and investment are related to economic growth and development. Table 2 Effect of poverty on GDP growth (Dependent variable, 5 Years GDP growth)Full size tableResults in Table 3 find that high economic growth has helped to reduce the unemployment in their Vietnam study. The significance level of model 2 (sig. F test = 0. 000) is statistically relevant at 99%. Adjusted R2 is 54. 3%, which indicates that the shift in poverty rate is reasonably successful. The rate of unemployment, the volume of exports and imports, and 03 independent variable public expenditures with a production of 99% (T-test < 1%). Their relationship with poverty is negative. The greater the rate of poverty, the higher the rate of unemployment. The findings from Model 2 and several previous research findings are supported. This leads to economic development and poverty reduction through growth in exports and public investments. In 2016, the unemployment rate in Vietnam was significantly influenced by the provincial level (sig. t-test > 0, 05). Therefore, the findings do not show the correlation between economic growth and poverty rate (with the explanatory variable of economic growth). Table 3 Impact on inequality on growth (restricting the sample)Full size tableThe econometric model has no control variable with a very small p-value implying the rejection of the null hypothesis. The findings of the proposed methodological framework show that the poverty assessment (US$1. 90/day) yielded the poverty interaction and inequality relationship between GDP and poverty is around 84%. In contrast, the coefficient at lagged GDP cannot be taken as a pure "conjunction" parameter. Meanwhile, there is a 43% relationship between injustice and poverty, including poverty-related indicators. We have done the Arellano and Bond (1991) test to check the serial correlation at first-differenced errors and it shows no significance for serial correlation at second and third level first-differenced errors. It is necessary to mention that the instrument numbers generally reduce when we add multiplication of education × employment to check the coming effects at poverty. It is due to the unavailability of data for a specific period. Results scrutinizes whether the original relationship between economic growth and inequality is continuously observed in the new sample. We observe control variable in the new sample in Table 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 독립생장 식물 선호집단 (IG)은 양육태도 전체(3. 72±. 32), 성취-비성취(3. 83±. 37), 합리- 비합리(3. 67±. 43), 애정-적대(Aff) (4. 08±. 38)면에서 군락을 이 루는 식물을 선호(CG)하는 집단(3. 55±. 32, 3. 60±. 40, 3. 50±. 42, 3. 84±. 43)보다 긍정적이었고 통계적으로도 유의하였다. 요리, 공 예 등 가공이 가능한 식물을 선호(IP)하는 집단(3. 55±. 43)은 관상 용 식물을 좋아하는(OP) 집단(3. 69±. 44)보다 합리-비합리 점수가 긍정적이었다(Table 9). Table 9. The t-test results on Parenting attitude and Plant preference by plant classification. V'z Parenting attitude (n=43) 3. 58±. 31 3. 61±. 36 3. 90±. 43 3. 28±. 36 3. 55±.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: In depressive diseases, an excess of cortisol in the blood has been observed, an increased level of corticotropin and adrenocorticotropin (69). A recent meta-analysis suggests that depressive pathologies differ in terms of HPA axis reactivity, where depressed patients with melancholic features tend to have axis hyperactivation and those with atypical depression tend to have low axis activity (70). 7. Rewiring the brain's circuits through antidepressant therapy An important discovery in patients who have undergone antidepressant therapy is an increase in the functional connectivity in both neocortical regions (different parts of the prefrontal cortex) and subcortical regions (hippocampus, parahippocampus, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex); furthermore, this was correlated with clinical improvement of depression symptoms. Other findings in these patients include decreased activation in specific limbic areas in response to negative stimuli, increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and visual-processing areas in response to positive stimuli. These indicate that antidepressant therapy reverses the hyperactivity of the DMN and the hypoactivity of neocortical regions observed in depressed patients. In addition, it was demonstrated that after antidepressant therapy there was a decrease in activation of the amygdala during emotional processing, suggesting that it may reduce the negative emotional processing (71). Furthermore, it seems to normalize the activity of regions involved in the resting state and emotional processing and response. Studies have demonstrated the reverse neuroplasticity effects of antidepressant therapies. Antidepressants were observed to promote neurogenesis in the hippocampus and to strengthen functional connectivity (72,73). A comparative study observed that patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (citalopram, escitalopram) showed decreased limbic activity and normalization of the frontoparietal network activity during a cognitive task. The same study concluded that serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors showed limited impact on the same limbic regions (74). The biomolecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity that are related to depression and antidepressant therapy are still unclear. Antidepressants may promote neuroplasticity by altering the cellular signaling.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: India and Pakistan had an energy intensity of 5. 37 and 4. 19, respectively, showing a decrease from 2001 to 2015. Conclusion and Policy RecommendationThe study used the econometric estimation to measure the impact of inequality and poverty on economic growth from 1990 to 2016 in Vietnam. Various econometric estimation tests confirmed the presence of a long-run association between the impact of inequality and poverty on economic growth in the matter of poverty headcounter ratio in Vietnam. Empirically, the current study addressed two simple questions: The current study answers the question of “is their negative correlation exists between economic growth and income inequality while poverty has been taken as the US$1. 90 income per day? ”. Our study shows the following findings, (i) The empirical estimation based on the negative impact of inequality and poverty on economic growth is based on poverty headcount ratio, the incidence of poverty, education, employment, investment to GDP ratio and Gini coefficient. The result shows the negative impact of poverty and combining impact on inclusive economic growth. Interestingly, our results verify the previous findings that inequality and poverty negatively impact economic growth. The negative effect of poverty and inequality on economic growth appears to be concentrated at the level of high poverty. (ii) Our findings verify the general arguments that the negative impact of inequality on economic growth raises the level of poverty. These findings recommend that poverty reduction policies encourage economic growth even if they do not decrease income inequality. This paper provides new insights into the important economic indicators and the relationship between these indicators, such as poverty, inequality, and economic growth. The major findings show that the structure of inequality is harmful and destructive to economic growth. Results reveal that inequality interrelates greater poverty levels. (iii) Our results do not implicate that inequality and poverty have a positive impact on economic growth. Therefore, countries need to decrease inequality. Also, poverty and inequality's effect on the construction of social cohesiveness and institutions is low. The policy suggestion of this study implies that decreasing inequality solitary may not progress economic growth scenarios. As an alternative, poor economies might find ways to reduce poverty, providing more benefit to economic growth instead of re-arrangement that does not decrease poverty. Following policies are recommended to improve the non-banking financial institutes to attain a higher level of economic growth in Vietnam. To achieve the sustainable inflation rate target, the government state bank of Vietnam should maintain an inflation rate of up to 5–6%.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 43 NN(n=114) 3. 68±. 33 3. 77±. 40 4. 01±. 42 3. 31±. 38 3. 62±. 43 t-value -1. 674 -2. 386 -1. 492 -0. 420 -0. 953 probability 0. 096 0. 018 0. 138 0. 675 0. 342 OS HF(n=37) 3. 57±. 32 3. 65±. 43 3. 87±. 41 3. 26±. 32 3. 51±. 41 Others(n=120) 3. 68±. 33 3. 76±. 39 4. 02±. 42 3. 32±. 39 3. 63±. 44 t-value -1. 762 -1. 561 -1. 954 -0. 820 -1. 583 probability 0. 080 0. 120 0. 052 0. 413 0. 115 ToS Easy(n=144) 3. 65±. 34 3. 74±. 41 3. 98±. 43 3. 30±. 38 3. 59±. 43 Spine(n=11) 3. 71±. 20 3. 67±. 28 4. 05±. 28 3. 28±. 42 3. 77±. 44 t-value -0. 542 0. 624 -0. 548 0. 181 -1. 341 probability 0. 588 0. 534 0. 585 0. 857 0. 182 TS PF(n=100) 3. 63±. 32 3. 71±. 40 3. 95±. 41 3. 30±. 35 3. 56±. 43 NPF(n=55) 3. 71±. 35 3. 78±. 40 4. 05±. 43 3. 30±. 42 3. 69±. 43 t-value -1. 438 -1. 093 -1. 484 0. 044 -1. 997 probability 0. 152 0. 276 0. 14 0. 965 0. 047 LP HA(n=84) 3. 61±. 30 3. 69±. 39 3. 94±. 40 3. 28±. 34 3. 54±. 42 PE(n=70) 3. 71±. 35 3. 78±. 40 4. 04±. 44 3. 33±. 42 3. 68±. 44 t-value -1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: This effect is mediated by an increase in levels of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which activates the tyrosine kinase receptors and triggers an intracellular cascade involving cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, mitogen-activated protein kinase and other chemicals. These molecules activate transcription factors such as cAMP-responsive element binding-protein and promote synthesis of proteins. The end results are structural changes in specific regions in the brain (75,76). It was noted that synaptic serotonin availability has a key role in the stress-induced dendritic remodeling (77). Increased synaptic serotonin can trigger intracellular mechanisms that enhance neural plasticity. Treatment with escitalopram was proved to increase the serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (78), therefore promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus (79). BDNF's mechanism of action is controversial and it was observed that its neuroplasticity effects are region-specific and interact with other genetic and environmental factors (80). It was observed that glutamate mediates reversible neural modifications (33). Inhibition of glutamate release prevents remodeling of neurons in specific regions in the brain (81,82). By interacting with the NMDA receptor, treatment with tianeptine was demonstrated to prevent the retraction of apical dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons and to increase granule cell proliferation (83). Treatment with fluoxetine showed similar results in blocking the effects of stress in the prefrontal cortex (84). A new antidepressant, ketamine, an NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, has gained attention in recent years as it is regarded as a possible new antidepressant treatment. A single subanesthetic dose was observed to have a 52. 6% response rate and lasts up to 3 days (85). In an unpublished document by Clarke and Hayley, it was stipulated that ketamine alters the level of serotonin in the prefrontal cortex during basal state (86). This response to ketamine is dependent upon an intact serotoninergic system (87). It was confirmed that chronic ketamine intake upregulates dopamine synthesis and levels (88). Ketamine has also elicited effects on the structure and function of the prefrontal cortex synapses. It was demonstrated that it can enhance dendritic branching and synaptic receptor number within 24 h of ketamine administration (89).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: (c) The political stability in Vietnam is one of the important factors through which we can achieve economic development by reducing the volatility in inflation and interest rate, and finally unpredictability in the economic growth to invest in Vietnam. So, stability in the economic policies and the interest rate directly increases foreign capital flow from foreign countries to host countries, stimulating the non-banking financial institutes in Vietnam. In the end, a wide range of research is felt necessary to make the LR policies for the establishment of modern financial institutions in the non-banking sector, which will serve as a sound base for economic growth in Vietnam. The overall development of all economic entities in society dictates the development of a country. Economic growth, the prosperity of a country, and its participation in raising funds for excess and deficit sectors are driven primarily by the country's financial system (Jalali-Naini and Naderian 2020) and (Afonso et al. 2016). In most countries, particularly developing countries, institutions have a crucial role in raising funds. Nevertheless, to ensure a stable and concrete financial system, it is crucial to develop banking and non-banking financial institutions, which, in turn, support the economic growth and prosperity of a country's entire national system (Mersland and Øystein Strøm 2009). Non-banking financial institutions allow financial systems to withstand the economic crisis while reinforcing economic power. The gap in financial intermediaries is filled with the help of a wide range of products and services provided by the NBFIs, while it also plays a significant supporting role in commercial banks (Jalali-Naini and Naderian 2020). Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are openly available on request. 10. 1016/j. qref. 2016. 07. 00510. 26480/wcm. 01. 2017. 15. 18(2020) and in IRAN. Rev. T, Muhtaseb BMA (2017) Growth : through the Growth – Unemployment Linkage. Issues 7(2):348–354(2020) Negotiating poverty line-study on density effect around the poverty line for indian state. Rev 65;Suppl.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 873 -1. 509 -1. 541 -0. 824 -2. 116 probability 0. 063 0. 133 0. 125 0. 411 0. 036 SP IG(n=93) 3. 72±. 32 3. 83±. 37 4. 08±. 38 3. 33±. 40 3. 67±. 43 CG(n=64) 3. 55±. 32 3. 60±. 40 3. 84±. 43 3. 26±. 33 3. 50±. 42 t-value 3. 261 3. 766 3. 811 1. 318 2. 658 probability 0. 001 0. 000 0. 000 0. 189 0. 009 PP IP(n=99) 3. 63±. 31 3. 70±. 39 3. 94±. 40 3. 30±. 35 3. 55±. 43 OP(n=54) 3. 71±. 36 3. 80±. 42 4. 07±. 44 3. 30±. 43 3. 69±. 44 t-value -1. 599 -1. 487 -1. 842 0. 45 -2. 021 probability. 112. 139. 067. 964. 045 z V’: Achievement (Ach), Affection (Aff), Autonomy (Aut), Rationality (Rat), Viewpoint sense (VS), Need a supporting stick to grow (Nd), No need a supporting stick to grow (NN), Olfactory sense (OS), Herbal & flowers (HF), Touch sense (ToS), Taste sense (TS), Plants for foodstuff (PF), for foodstuff (NPF), Lifetime of plant (LP), Hardy annual (HA), Perennial (PE), Sociality of Plant (SP), Individual growth (IG), Community growth (CG), Practicality of plants (PP), Plants for Cook & Industrial arts (IP), Ornamental plants (OP). y Mean±S. D. Significant at p<. 05, p<. 01 by pearson χ2-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. [SEP] Text: An important study observed the beneficial and synergistic antidepressant effects of combining ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy (90). The primary concern regarding ketamine therapy is the psychotomimetic effects. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered the last resort in medication-refractory depression. Studies have confirmed that ECT induces neuroplasticity through different mechanism such as: synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, dendrogenesis, angiogenesis and gliogenesis (91). These changes occur in areas connected to the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system that are involved in mood regulation. The volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala were found to be normalized after one course of ECT. Apart from the structural changes that were observed, ECT is associated with ‘rewiring’ of the brain in a functional manner. A study demonstrated the effect of ECT in normalizing resting state functional connectivity within the brain's networks, that was noted as early as the first session of ECT (92). This suggests that, initially, there is a decrease in intra-limbic networks following ECT. Subsequently, changes extend to increase the functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and limbic system restoring the top-down regulation circuits. A reduction in the DMN hyperactivity, correlated with improvement in the symptoms, was also observed (92). 8. therapy has the power to overdrive the negative neuroplasticity caused by depression. All patients suffering from depression should benefit from antidepressant therapy in order to achieve clinical remission. Recent studies have shown that clinical remitted patients who have benefited from antidepressant therapy have a better quality of life. Special attention must be drawn to non-pharmacological methods that can enhance the antidepressant effects and provide psychological means to overcome other stressful situations in life. applicable. Funding Funding: No funding was received. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Authors' contributions SCT and IR designed and drafted the initial review. IR and AMD gathered the medical information and conducted the final view and structure of the 1003. 2018. 350. 2017. 607. 2004. 35. 2010. 405. 2019. 137. 2016. 18. 2012. 121. 2015. 131. 2015. 498. 2016. 2014. 666. 2016. 50. 2016. 1067. 2016. 1215. 2012. 1614. 2011. 73. 2009. 151. 2015. 2016. 2012. 1064. 2004. 714.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and and or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and Previous 10. 4337/9781782549635. 00009 Full access the current economic challenges, the desirability of achieving sustainable development has come to the fore. This 3. 1 concept of sustainable development first achieved international prominence in 1972 as a result of the first Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Stockholm. Since then, it has been a key element in international dialogue about development policies and has been given much scholarly attention. However, the subjects of what is sustainable development, whether it is desirable, and the possibility of achieving it (and how) are by no means settled. Furthermore, since 1972, international politics in relation to this matter appears to have altered. At the held in 1972, the group of Non-(led by India) expressed concern that the economic growth of higher-income nations might threaten their economic prospects as a result of natural resource depletion and pollution. Since then, high-income nations have become increasingly concerned about the environmental consequences of economic growth in lower-income countries which are experiencing substantial economic growth, such as India and China. At the 2015 on Change, the Indian delegation took the view that only by fostering economic growth can India eventually reduce its adverse environmental footprint. This view relied implicitly on the inverted-U relationship between the state of the environment and economic growth projected by the environmental Kuznets curve (see the previous 3. 2 different sets of criteria for the occurrence of sustainable economic development have been proposed. They most frequently include the following:1. it is development that does not reduce the economic options of future generations;2. it is development that results in the income of future generations not being less than that of current generations;3. it is development ensuring that the income of each future generation is not less than that of its predecessor. 1The first condition was suggested in the report of the on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987). The second is to be found in some economic textbooks (for example, Tietenberg, 2003) and the third was proposed by (1971).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 다음으로 식물의 속성에 기준한 분류에 따라서는 근엽채류, 과실 과 수목을 선호하는 집단의 성취-비성취 점수(3. 87±. 45, 3. 84±. 39) 가 통계적으로 유의하게 높았으나 Scheffe 사후검정 결과 집단간 유의적 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 도시농업이나 원예치료 프로그램 활용빈도에 따라서는 통계적 유의차가 없었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and allow individuals to understand others’ actions and emotions. [SEP] Text: How does empathy help us to understand others? What does it mean to understand someone else? Some would say it requires knowledge of what that person is going through. Others would say shared personal experience is needed. One requirement for understanding is empathy, the skill of sharing another person’s perspective. At the University of Liverpool in the UK, Schramme is investigating this connection between empathy and interpersonal understanding. With a team of researchers, he is developing a philosophical theory to explain the concepts behind interpersonal understanding, an ability that is increasingly important in today’s politically and culturally divided world – the ability to share the perspectives and feelings of another being – to gain appreciative knowledge of thoughts and feelings of others – the feeling of pity or sorrow for someone else – the study of foundational questions regarding all aspects of human and natural being, including knowledge, the mind, ethics and existence – the scientific study of how human thought and behaviour change over a lifetime – the ability to manage and respond to our emotions Many of us find it hard to understand the decisions that other people make. We may be concerned that our actions are not understood by others, we get frustrated when our friends and family cannot see something from our point-of-view, and we struggle to comprehend how someone could commit an atrocious act like murder. But why is it so hard to understand each other, and what prevents us from putting ourselves in someone else’s shoes? Empathy is a skill that enables us to take the perspective of other beings and feel what they feel. Schramme, a philosopher at the University of Liverpool, is using philosophical discussion and psychological findings to develop a theory relating empathy to interpersonal understanding. In a world that is becoming increasingly politically and culturally divided, this theory will aid future discussions by increasing our knowledge of how we understand each other. “Empathy is not itself a moral skill,” says Thomas, “but a mode of gaining understanding of another being. ” For example, some con artists are very good at ‘getting into the heads of others’, and so are good at empathy, but they are not caring or moral, rather they use their skill in empathy to cheat others. Empathy is also often confused with sympathy, which is the feeling of sadness or pity you may feel if someone else is sad, whereas empathy involves a broader understanding of others.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Criterion 2 is a weaker one than Criterion 3 because it does not require the income of each succeeding generation to be as large or greater than that of its predecessor. If there is more than one development path that satisfies these criteria, any path which is Paretian dominant is to be preferred. In the case of Criterion 3, this can be a development path for which the incomes of some future generations are lower than their predecessors, as Rawls points out. Figure 3. 1 An illustration that some development paths satisfying particular criteria for sustainable economic development are not the most socially desirable ones, as explained in the textThis is illustrated in Figure 3. 1. Two alternative development paths (ABC and ADE) are shown. Both satisfy Criterion 2, given that the income per capita of the current generation(s) is OA. 3 is not satisfied by development path ADE, it is Paretian superior to path ABC, and therefore is socially preferred given Rawls’ Paretian qualification to the desirability of sustainable economic development. to the of PathsRawls bases his requirements for sustainable development on the assumption that these are the conditions all persons (yet to be born) would agree to prior to their birth if they were able to confer at this time and did not know when they would be born. This is a completely hypothetical situation. He assumes that unborn individuals will be extremely risk-averse. However, the possibility cannot be ruled out that individuals would wish to adopt the development option that maximizes their expected income, provided their income does not fall below a minimum satisfactory level. This is an application of Tisdell’s variation of Roy’s safety first principle (Roy, 1952; Tisdell, 1962) and has previously been applied to the choice of alternative development paths (Tisdell, 2011; 2015, Ch. 4). In discussing sustainable development, considerable emphasis has been placed on the welfare of future generations. This can result in insufficient attention being given to the future economic welfare of current generations. Given the rapidity of economic and environmental change and the longer length of life being achieved by many belonging to current generations, lack of economic and environmental sustainability can occur within their lifetime. Impoverishment due to environmental changes (sometimes as a result of economic factors) can occur within the lifetime of individuals, and this needs to be factored into economic choices. be Made by to Ones?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이들 식물선호도 연관성 패턴을 확인하기 위하여 양육태도 전체 평균점수를 가중케이스로 하여 다중대응일치 최적화척도법으로 분석한 결과(Table 10), 차원 1에서는 식물의 속성에 따른 선호 (GP), 지지대 필요 식물 선호(VS), 식재료 이용에 따른 선호(TS), 식물의 수명(LP), 도시농업이나 원예치료 프로그램 활용 빈도 (AcP), 요리, 공예 등 가공용 또는 관상용 선호정도(PP)가 많이 기 여하고 분산의 46. 6%를 설명하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and allow individuals to understand others’ actions and emotions. [SEP] Text: My daughters are all like this to varying degrees. My son has strong feelings around social justice issues (he’s a libra) but he does not have quite the same sensitivity to others emotions as my daughters and I do. I think that emotional contagion does indeed lead to an increased potential for empathy. The reason is because even when someone is against me and a conflict is brewing; I can sense their emotions and put myself in their shoes. I believe that emotional contagion limits my ability to de-humanize people even if I wanted to. I know that de-humanizing someone is the first step towards the potential for violence, whether it be in thought, word or deed. So, in such ways, I think emotional contagion builds empathy. Please share your thoughts on this with me? I think that empathy is a fascinating topic for a philosophical discussion. Schramme on May 16, 2023 at 8:16 am Thanks Leslie, that’s a very interesting comment and an important question. Many empathy scholars try to make conceptual distinctions to better manage the often complex reality. In philosophical parlance, we accordingly speak of analytic distinctions. The distinction between emotional contagion and empathy is an example. It is usually said that in emotional contagion we don’t fully distinguish between ourselves and others. We “catch” an emotion but do not feel it in relation to someone else; as the other’s emotion. For empathy proper, some say, we need to be conscious of the other-oriented aspect of the feeling we have – that it originates from another person. Having said that, in reality it will often be very hard to actually diagnose such a difference between emotional contagion and empathy. Also, many scholars agree that they are closely related phenomena. So, in terms of your own and your children’s experience, you seem to have a high level of empathy, in the sense of a propensity or disposition. The performance of empathy, I’d say, still requires a lot of other elements; I don’t believe it is a fully automatic process. For instance, when you say that you sense angry emotions before a conflict breaks out, others might well “catch” that negative emotion and also get into an aggressive mood. You seem to be regulating this situation by adding imagination to the mix.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Discussions of desirable patterns of sustainable development often do not make it clear how much economic sacrifice current generations should make to contribute to the economic welfare of future generations. This matter can be considered heuristically by reference to Figure 3. 2. Figure 3. 2 Hypothetical trade-off possibilities between the level of economic welfare of current generations and that of future generations used to illustrate problems discussed in the textIn this figure, the curve ABCDF shows hypothetically the trade-off frontier between the economic welfare of current generations and that of future generations. It allows for the possibility that some increase in current economic welfare can add to the economic welfare of future generations as shown by the segment ABC. A social preference function is supposed to exist which satisfies the usual properties associated with preference relationships. This might be a social welfare ordering by current generations of the type suggested by Bergson (1938). The social welfare indifference curve, W1W1, is the highest attainable one and point D corresponds to the optimal attainable combination of current and future economic welfare. Apart from the fact that considerable uncertainty exists about the nature of the benefit-possibility frontier, several other difficulties exist which can result in failure in achieving social optimality, given this model. The first thing to note is that future decisions about resource use depend only to a limited extent on current decisions. For example, after their death, today’s decision-makers will have little or no influence on future decision-makers, and this influence is likely to diminish further into the future. Consequently, if today’s decision-makers choose economic benefit, x1, there is no guarantee that future decision-makers will adopt environmental and other policies which result in y1 being realized. They, for example, may act in a way which results in a future economic benefit of only y0, an inferior outcome according to the perception of current decision-makers. Furthermore, future decision-makers may have a different social preference function to current decision-makers. Daly (1999) has brought attention to the lack of control of each generation over the decisions of its successors. of for the Welfare of and for Other PersonsWhile considerable attention has been given to normative aspects of intergenerational equity, much less attention has been given to determining empirically the concern of current generations for the welfare of future ones.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 차원 2에는 식물의 속성에 따 른 선호(GP), 향기 있는 식물 선호(OS), 독립 또는 군락생장에 따 른 선호(SP), 도시농업이나 원예치료 프로그램 활용빈도(AcP)가 많이 기여하고 분산의 23. 1%를 설명하여 전체적으로 69. 7%를 설 명하였다. Table 10. The results of multiple correspondence analysis by optimal scaling. V'z 1 2 GP. 906. 678. 792 VS. 484. 000. 242 ToS. 107. 378. 038 TS. 025. 052. 342 LP. 683. 002. 358 SP. 657. 059. 237 AcP. 018. 457. 559 PP. 669. 449. 325 Total of Active. 648. 002 3. 138 Cronbach’s α 4. 197 2. 078. 766z Eigenvalue. 857. 584 3. 138 4. 197 2. 078. 349 % of Distribution. 466. 231 (total) 69. 7 Number of Repeated 25 Loss 5. 862 z V’: Plant classification by generic character (GP), Viewpoint sense (VS), Olfactory sense (OS), Touch sense (ToS), Taste sense (TS), Lifetime of plant (LP), Sociality of Plant (SP), Application counts in care program & activity (AcP), Practicality of plants (PP).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe hippocampus integrates multiple sources of external and internal information, including sensory inputs, ongoing tasks, self-motion, and intrinsic dynamics. The exact role of the hippocampus in various cognitive tasks is debated, but the two most well-accepted functions pertain to spatial navigation and memory, which may fit into a common framework as a cognitive relational map [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Lesion studies have established the causal involvement of the rodent hippocampus in spatial learning and memory in maze tasks, in which animals need to locate themselves using environmental landmarks [7, 8]. Neural correlates of spatial navigation have been extensively studied in rodents, starting from the discovery of hippocampal place cells that become active at specific locations in the environment [9]. Since then, the characteristics of place cells have been thoroughly investigated [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18], including their three-dimensional properties, that also extend to the bat hippocampus [19, 20]. More recent studies also demonstrate the causal effect of place cell activity on goal-directed locomotor behavior in a virtual linear track [21]. Place cells coexist with grid cells and head direction cells found in adjacent structures: Grid cells fire at regular, hexagonal locations; head direction cells activate when the animal’s head points in certain directions [22,23,24,25]. The spatial selectivity of these cells also extends to three dimensions, although the properties along the vertical axis may be different [26,27,28]. At the level of network activity, the prominent theta oscillations (5 Hz–10 Hz) show a strong correlation with locomotion in the rodent hippocampus [29], but much less so in the bat hippocampus, in which theta occurs in short bouts [25]. In contrast to rodents and bats, the primate hippocampus has scarcely been studied in a naturalistic context, but is largely restricted to immobile subjects during virtual navigation. The primate hippocampus often shows short-lived, lower frequency theta activity (3 Hz–4 Hz) during both virtual and real-world navigation [30,31,32]. At the level of single neurons, there tends to be an even larger discrepancy between rodents and primates. Although some neurons show rodent-like place fields in the virtual environment and real-world linear track [33, 34], this result dissipates during free navigation in an open arena [35].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Pearce (1998) has suggested that the concern of individuals for the welfare of future generations only extends to a limited extent (or at all) beyond concern for the well-being of their children and their grandchildren. This hypothesis is plausible. Moreover, biases are likely to be present in altruism in relation both to existing and future generations. For example, identification with a particular social group may result in individuals caring much more about the welfare of this group than other groups. Pearce’s observation indicates that it would be worthwhile empirically determining relevant coefficients of concern. Another aspect of interest is the ability of individuals to cater (as a result of their own individual decisions) for the welfare of future generations. In many cases, collective action is required to sustain the welfare of future generations, for example, in relation to the provision and conservation of public goods (Daly, 1999, 3. 3 () pointed out by Pearce (1993, Ch. 2), a wide range of views exist about the general conditions which need to be satisfied if sustainable economic development is to occur. They range from very strong to very weak conditions about the need to conserve natural environments and resources. The chart shown in Figure 3. 3 provides a general overview of the spectrum of these views. Note: For more details see the text. Figure 3. 3 An impression of the range of different views about the need to conserve natural environments and resources in order to achieve sustainable economic developmentReasons for or for DevelopmentThose who believe that little or no special effort is required to conserve natural environments and resources in order to achieve sustainable economic development usually do so on the basis of one or more of the following propositions:● Man-made capital is a suitable (often a superior) substitute for natural resource capital. ● The market system on the whole optimizes this substitution and promotes economic sustainability. ● Scientific and technological progress will provide humankind with the ability to more than compensate for any negative effects resulting from the loss of natural capital. Therefore, little or no public intervention is required to conserve natural capital. The economic analysis of Hartwick (1977) lends support to the hypotheses listed in the first two bullet points above. However, his theory is not robust or general enough to dismiss all objections to the weak approach to sustainable economic development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이의 판별측도를 보면 지지대 필요 식물 선호(VS), 식재료 이용 에 따른 선호(TS), 식물의 수명(LP), 요리, 공예 등 가공용 또는 관 상용 선호정도(PP)가 유사한 군으로 묶여 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 식재료, 가공용으로 활용 가능한 식물군과 관상 등 감상을 위한 식물군으로 구분되는 경향이 보인다(Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Discriminant dimension of plant preference.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Strikingly, many neurons show mixed selectivity to multiple spatial variables across hippocampal regions, with head orientation and eye movement properties being dominant [35]. Another provocative finding is that neurons exhibit selectivity to gaze location under either full or partial body restraint [36,37,38], which may imply another aspect of important differences between rodents and primates. In this review, we discuss findings in the primate hippocampus during virtual and real-world navigation, with occasional comparisons to rodents and bats. We first summarize recent findings by focusing on the theta band activity and its correlation with behavior. We then review the findings on spatial selectivity at the single-cell level, emphasizing task-dependent, multiplexed responses. In the end, we propose a few open questions that future studies should address. in Rodents and BatsHippocampal local field potentials (LFPs) show prominent theta band activity (5 Hz–10 Hz) whenever rodents are in a moderately attentive state, including locomotion (Fig. 1A). Theta frequency and power increase as the speed of locomotion increases [39, 40]. Theta oscillations can arise from the interplay of multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including GABAergic and cholinergic projections from the medial septum, and theta-rhythmic membrane resonance, among others [41, 42]. However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Neuronal activity exhibits an intricate relationship with theta, namely phase-locking and phase-precession. Different types of neurons show a preference for spiking at different theta phases [43]. Hippocampal place cells show progressive theta phase advancement as the animal passes the place fields (known as phase-precession) [44], forming theta sequences that may strengthen the already-existing (weak) synaptic connections among neurons within an assembly [45, 46]. Such a mechanism could facilitate asymmetric coupling from place cells activated earlier in a theta cycle to those later in the cycle. As a consequence, later place cells are activated by earlier place cells, causing a shift of the place field toward the direction from which the animal is coming (in a linear track) [47]. This experience-dependent asymmetric expansion of place fields (asymmetric excitation), when combined with a periodic inhibitory input (presumably at theta rhythm), in return contributes to the generation of theta sequences [48].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Opponents of a weak approach to sustainable development (those favouring strong measures to conserve natural capital) criticize it on the following grounds:● There are significant limits to the extent to which human well-being can be sustained by substituting man-made capital for natural capital. ● The market system is flawed as a mechanism for ensuring sustainable economic development. Even with market reforms (which can reduce its shortcomings), there are substantial limitations on the ability of the market system to promote sustainable economic development. ● Scientific and technological progress is uncertain and technological ‘fixes’ can be impossible or prohibitively expensive for some emerging environmental or natural resource scarcity problems likely to threaten sustainable economic development. Does the Substitution of Man-made Capital for Imperil the Welfare of Future Generations? The extent to which man-made capital can be substituted for natural capital without imperilling the welfare of future generations probably depends on the scarcity of the stock of natural capital. As natural environments and resources become scarcer (as a result of the cumulative effect of economic growth on these), the difficulty of achieving sustainable economic development by substituting man-made capital for natural capital probably increases (Tisdell, 2005, Ch. 11). In the early stages of economic development, loss of natural environments and resources is necessary to obtain economic development (Tisdell, 2005, Ch. 11). Consequently, the implication of the loss of natural resources for the well-being of humanity varies with the passage of time. Also note that individual attitudes to whether strong or weak conditions for sustainable development are desirable depend on how much weight people place on conserving nature as an end in itself. Those who place considerable emphasis on this (that is, who hold ecocentric values rather than anthropocentric ones) can be expected to favour strong conditions for sustainable economic development. In fact, they are likely to be prepared to forgo some human well-being for the sake of conserving nature, and are prepared to do so the more strongly they want to conserve nature. 3. 4 : are claims in the literature (Barbier, 1987; WCED, 1987) that it is necessary for development strategies to be simultaneously, socially, environmentally and economically sustainable if sustainable development is to occur. While this approach highlights the need to consider simultaneously social, economic and environmental factors in assessing strategies for sustainable development, this trilogy concept may be of limited worth from an operational or pragmatic point of view.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 적요 이 연구는 부모의 자녀양육태도 향상을 위한 원예활동 프로그램 개발을 위하여 초등학생 자녀를 둔 학부모 193명을 대상으로 식물 선호도를 조사하고 이 선호도가 원예활동 또는 자녀양육태도와 어 떤 관련성을 가지고 있는가 하는 점을 분석하고자 하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Theta sequences are also linked to trajectory planning [49] and are reactivated at a faster pace during sleep [50]. Theta rhythm/sequence abolition by medial septum inactivation impairs performance in a spatial alternation task [51]. Disruption of awake theta sequences while preserving behavioral timescale sequences disrupts sleep replay [52]. These results suggest that theta sequences underlie memory formation. Fig. 1Hippocampal theta activity across species. spectrum of the oscillatory component of the rat hippocampal LFP during free foraging. Shaded area indicates SEM across 3 animals. Freq. , frequency. of a short segment of rat hippocampal LFP using wavelet analysis. Speed is shown as the white trace. theta frequency as a function of acceleration (Accel. ). B As in A but for macaque hippocampal LFP. C Upper, saccade onset-triggered macaque hippocampal LFP. Lower, theta power (normalized) as a function of saccade magnitude in the macaque hippocampus. Norm. , normalized. D Left, LFP power from 3 Hz to 12 Hz in the human hippocampus during target search and no target search tasks. Middle, LFP power from 3 Hz to 12 Hz at the boundary and away from the boundary (inner) during both tasks. Right, LFP power across room locations. Ea Upper, firing rate map of a human hippocampal neuron during virtual navigation; lower, the corresponding LFP phase as a function of position near the peak firing location (dashed circle in the upper panel). Eb Spike-LFP phase autocorrelogram of an example neuron in the macaque hippocampus during free foraging, showing gradual theta phase precession. Aa and Ab were generated using a public dataset [63]. Ac was adapted with permission from [64]. B, C, and Eb were adapted with permission from [35]. D was adapted with permission from [60]. Ea was adapted with permission from [65]. Full size imageDespite the prevalence of theta oscillations in the hippocampus of rats and mice, they do not generalize across mammalian species. The bat hippocampus shows only intermittent theta bouts both during crawling and free flight, suggesting a lack of effect of locomotor speed [20, 25]. But what these short theta bouts correlate with has not been explicitly studied so far.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: of the Trilogy ApproachThis approach is of limited operational value for the following reasons:● Specifications of each of its sustainability objectives are often left open or are unclear. ● Even if these specifications are adequate, no development strategy may be available to meet the three objectives simultaneously. For example, the type of situation illustrated in Figure 3. 4 is likely to be rare or may not occur at all. diagram identifies development strategies which satisfy each of the specific objectives or pillars. Only those in the shaded overlapping area satisfy all of these objectives. ● Given that the three criteria for sustainable development are likely to be impossible to satisfy, additional specification is needed to determine the optimality of alternative available development strategies, for example, the extent to which social sustainability and environmental sustainability should be forgone to achieve economic growth. Mathematically, the optimality of choices is under-determined. Note: Only those strategies in the shaded area simultaneously satisfy the three requirements for sustainable development. However, as explained in the text, this approach is of limited operational value because the three sets are unlikely to intersect. Figure 3. 4 A Venn diagram illustrating the three-pillar approach to choosing sustainable development strategiesSatisfying each of these pillars is unlikely to be an imperative. For example, communities may be willing to forgo some features of social sustainability or environmental sustainability to achieve economic growth or vice versa. In most cases, trade-offs in relation to economic, social and environmental options seem to be unavoidable. 3. 5 idea has been expressed that social sustainability requires the sustainability of community, for example, local communities, ethnic and minority communities (Douglass, 1984). However, as a general objective, its desirability is difficult to determine. Some local communities may be willing to make economic sacrifices to maintain their cultural identity, social bonding and shared amenities. Despite this, economic changes may make this difficult or impossible for them to achieve this objective. Economic and environmental change can, for instance, result in the ‘unstoppable’ depopulation of some regional areas and towns with adverse consequences for the availability of their shared facilities and opportunities for social interaction. CohesionSocial cohesion is sometimes claimed to be another attribute of social sustainability worth maintaining. Sometimes, however, social cohesion can only be maintained by force. Opinions are likely to be divided about the extent to which the use of force for this purpose is justified and the circumstances in which this is so.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 자녀양육 태도에 영향을 주는 변수 중 초등학생 자녀의 학년, 자 녀와 대화시간, 자녀의 일상에 대한 인지수준, 아침식사 횟수, 직업, 소득, 친하게 지내는 이웃 등이 관여하는 것으로 나타났고, 원예활 동과 관련하여서는 선호하는 기르기 활동, 지식습득 활동, 텃밭재 배의 어려움을 느끼는 단계 등이 관여하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: It is possible that theta bouts correlate with transient behavior such as the onset of locomotion and saccadic eye movement. Or alternatively, they are correlated with the main sensing mode or its specific attributes during exploration—whisking and sniffing in rodents and echoing in bats [53]. Besides, bat hippocampal neuronal activity shows little theta rhythmicity, despite rodent-like place coding patterns. Nevertheless, neurons show non-rhythmic phase-locking and precession relative to LFPs of a broader frequency, 1 Hz–20 Hz [54]. These results suggest a decoupling between theta oscillations and phase-coding, which may have important implications for computational models of phase-precession [44, 48, 55]. Low and ActivityResults about theta activity obtained from primates, including humans, have been mixed. The exact range of the theta band also varies across studies. Earlier human studies have mostly used virtual reality assays. These studies have consistently found low-frequency theta oscillations (1 Hz–4 Hz) during virtual navigation [32, 56]. Regular theta and low theta indistinguishably show modulation by movement speed and other task variables during virtual navigation [31, 57]. Theta power is generally significantly larger during movement than during stillness. It is also associated with movement onset and with the length of the path to be taken [58], suggesting a role in path integration. The dominant theta frequency can shift in a task-dependent manner. Consistent with rodent studies, theta generally reflects global activity across the hippocampus and neocortex, suggesting its role in coordinating brain-wide activity during task execution. A recent study extended previous results to freely-moving humans [59]. This confirmed two major findings: (1) theta occurs in short bouts; and (2) theta is more prevalent during fast versus slow motion. More intriguingly, it showed stronger theta activity in a congenitally blind patient than in sighted participants. This may reflect that, when vision is unavailable, we may adaptively shift to rely more on internal maps for navigation, which posits different demands on hippocampal involvement. One apparent limitation of this study is that the analog bandpass filter has a low end of 4 Hz, the frequency under which was thus not sufficiently sampled, masking the possibility that low theta activity is more prevalent than regular theta. Large variability across participants is evident in human studies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: Maintaining or Increasing the Stock of Social CapitalAn additional possible social sustainability consideration is whether the stock of social capital is maintained, increased or decreased by economic and environmental change, or vice versa. Many different items can be considered to be a part of the stock of personal social capital but there is a lack of clarity about their relative importance and how best to measure these and their contributions to the stock of social capital (Antoci et al. , 2012; Fukuyama, 2001; Salahuddin et al. , 2016, 3. 6 the three-pillar requirements for determining policies for sustainable development have significant operational limitations, with modifications they have greater relevance to the assessment of development projects. If development projects are to succeed, it is important that they should be socially acceptable, environmentally suitable and economically viable. Failure to meet one or more of these requirements can result in their failure. Consequently, assessment of potential development projects needs to take these three factors into account. Debates about sustainable development have made an important contribution by highlighting the need for a more holistic approach to assessing development projects than was common prior to the commencement of this debate. This is one important contribution of this debate. Sometimes it is also possible to identify development policies which achieve these three criteria. have argued elsewhere (Tisdell, 2014, Ch. 9), public policies for the conservation of saltwater crocodiles in the of Australia have proven to be environmentally sustainable, and to be economically and socially viable. 3. 7 a few aspects of poverty and sustainability can be considered here. Attention will be given first to the environmental poverty trap resulting from excessive use of natural resources and to the likely futility of policy advice recommending that the way to escape from this trap is to reduce resource exploitation. The second matter discussed is how sustaining community can trap some social groups (such as ethnic minority groups) into a situation of persistent poverty. This discussion highlights several of the difficulties involved in ensuring that all groups in society are able to achieve sustainable development. Poverty TrapIn communities where incomes are very low, savings are also low and so, consequently, is capital accumulation. Hence, little or no economic growth occurs in these communities and (as pointed out in the development economics literature) they are caught in a poverty trap. It is, however, necessary to consider particular reasons why some communities are unable to escape from a low level of economic development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이는 원예활동의 세 부 활동단계별로 자녀양육태도와 어떤 관련성이 있다는 점과, 동시 에 원예활동 과정에서 참가자간의 상호 관계 등도 살펴볼 필요성을 시사하고 있다. 식물선호도와 자녀양육 태도의 관계는 선호하는 식물의 수, 지 지대가 필요한 식물, 식재료 이용 가능한 식물, 1년생과 다년생, 독 립생장 식물과 군락 식물, 공예 등 가공용 식물과 관상용 식물 선호 에 따라 차이가 있었는데 주로 성취와 합리성에 관여하였다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Some participants show local maxima in the power spectrum at 7 Hz–9 Hz while others at 2 Hz–4 Hz, during either memory-based navigation or random walking in the real or virtual world [30]. Differences in the exact subregion and layer of the recording site may have contributed to the variability. An alternative explanation is that human theta is indeed more variable across participants, perhaps due to its relationship with many facets of ongoing cognitive processing, including internal, spontaneous activity. This non-trivial variability may have contributed to previous seemingly inconsistent findings. Overall, stopping appears to reduce the low-frequency power, although the effect is often small with marginal significance. The role of attention on theta activity is not to be neglected. Theta band activity in freely-ambulating humans is modulated by the participant’s proximity to environmental boundaries [60]. Memory demand is also positively correlated with theta power [30, 60]. When participants need to actively search for a target, hippocampal theta power increases, compared to a “no search” task (Fig. 1D). This effect may be aligned with the influence of attention. Similarly, higher frequency theta activity may be associated with tasks that require higher spatial attention but is not due to a difference between real versus virtual navigation as suggested by a few studies [30, 59, 61]. Indeed, higher theta is more prominent when participants need to memorize a fixed location in the environment to drop off passengers, which would require a higher level of attention than finding randomly placed passengers [31]. Another study used a different virtual spatial memory task in which the participant’s speed in the virtual track varied randomly, therefore requiring the participants to pay more attention to their location during movement [62]. This excludes the possibility in previous studies that participants could estimate their location by time if speed were held constant. This shows that both low and regular theta exist along the entire hippocampal long axis, the posterior part showing a slightly higher proportion of regular theta. The posterior hippocampus also contains a larger fraction of electrodes that show a significant correlation with movement speed, for both low theta and regular theta. It is therefore hypothesized that the posterior hippocampus is more involved in spatial processing whereas the anterior part is more generally involved in broader functions including episodic memory. However, it is by no means that low and regular theta reflect a clear-cut border rather than a gradient along the hippocampal long axis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: One possibility is that over-exploitation of renewable natural resources occurs and results in this outcome. This over-exploitation may arise as a result of social changes within a community, or it may be due to a reduction in the availability of natural resources caused by external factors, or both. Consider the first possibility initially. As a result of general socio-economic change within the wider society in which a minority community is embedded, communal rules governing the use of shared renewable natural resources may be relaxed or may become less enforceable. Consequently, an open-access situation can develop in resource use. At first, this is likely to result in a rise in per capita incomes in the focal community but these higher levels of income are unlikely to be sustainable. Incomes will prove difficult to maintain as the stock of natural capital is reduced, and in the end may fall to subsistence level and result in persistent poverty for the community concerned. This assumes that the focal community is unable to use their initial increased level of income (as a result of reducing their natural resource stock) to accumulate man-made capital sufficient to compensate them (or more than compensate them) for their loss of natural capital. In addition, it supposes that community members are unable to migrate to different geographical areas and engage in economic activities which would enable them to escape from this environmental trap. In such circumstances, advising a community which is already in an environmental poverty trap to reduce natural resource use in order to increase incomes is of no practical value (see Tisdell, 2009). This is because of the dynamics involved. If incomes in the focal community are already at subsistence level, reducing the rate of utilization of renewable natural resources (to enable recovery of their stock or improve their quality) will result initially in the per capita income of such a community falling below subsistence level. Unless external economic support is provided to this community in the early stages of this adjustment process (or unless members of the affected community are able to migrate elsewhere to obtain an adequate livelihood), adoption of the proposed environmental policy for poverty alleviation is socially unacceptable. This is because the policy advice is based on comparative statics and does not take into account the dynamics of adjustment. Examples of the TrapThe supply of renewable natural resources in the of Botswana depends on the seasonal flooding of this delta. However, the extent and length of this flooding has been declining due to the reduced supply of water from streams feeding into it, partly due to use of water upstream for irrigation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 애정 에는 독립과 군락 식물선호에 따라 달랐으며, 독립생장 식물을 선 호하는 집단에서 애정점수가 높았다. 특히 지지대 필요 식물, 식재 료 이용, 식물의 수명, 요리, 공예 등 가공용 식물을 선호하는 집단 과 관상용 식물을 선호하는 집단은 그 성향이 구분될 수 있다는 점 에서 식물의 선호도와 자녀양육태도 등 사회적 행동이나 태도의 관 련성이 드러난다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: A thorough investigation requires an even distribution of electrodes along the entire long axis, and within the same subregion. Activity in Non-human PrimatesEarlier studies have identified theta rhythms (7 Hz–9 Hz) in anesthetized squirrel monkeys [66]. Two key findings have been confirmed in later studies that suggest an important departure from rodents: one is the co-existence of considerable low-frequency theta activity, the other is that it has a much shorter duration. Later studies have also extended the experimental paradigm to awake, behaving animals. In freely-moving marmosets in a linear track, theta oscillations occur only in sporadic bouts rather than continuously, and there is a limited spike-theta relationship for place coding [33]. Similarly, macaque hippocampal theta is also short-lived with a peak power below 5 Hz, lower than that found in marmosets, closer to what has been found in some human studies [35, 67] (Fig. 1B). Theta frequency increases with speed, similar to findings in rodents, albeit only with slow motion and remains mostly steady at speeds larger than ~30 cm/s; theta frequency also increases with acceleration (Fig. 1B). The disentanglement of the two (speed and acceleration) calls for future more controlled experiments. The bulk of studies has linked hippocampal theta activity to eye movements in macaques. Saccadic eye movements evoke robust field potentials in the theta band locally in the hippocampus, even in darkness, suggesting an extra-retinal, likely motion-related source [68]. This is analogous to the sniffing- and vibrissa-locked theta reported in rodents [53]. In this regard, primates and rodents are similar (synchronization between the main sensorimotor process and field potentials in the hippocampus). Saccades also realign the hippocampal theta phase [35, 69, 70], which may provide a temporal window for focused information processing during active sensing. Moreover, pre-stimulus theta power correlates with later recognition performance [70]. Saccade magnitude is linearly correlated with theta power in the hippocampus [35, 71] (Fig. 1C). These results reveal a tight relationship of hippocampal theta timing and magnitude with information encoding and memory. These results, combined with rodent studies, establish a firm link between theta and exploratory behavior.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: As a result, groups depending on renewable resources in this delta have been forced to harvest these resources more intensively to maintain their already low levels of income. This makes it increasingly difficult to maintain their incomes. As a result they appear to be trapped. In north-east India, as in other parts of Asia, some communities still rely on shifting agriculture for their livelihood. This is so for some Mizo communities, present in Mizoram in north-east India. For various reasons, these communities have reduced the length of time for which they fallow land before using it again for agriculture. Consequently, the fertility of soil used for agriculture is declining and crop yields are falling. The difficulty of maintaining income levels is increasing. Although lengthening the fallow period could potentially raise overall yields, to do so requires land in use to be initially cultivated for an increased period of time, or the area under cultivation at any one time to be reduced. This will depress initial yields and reduce already low levels of income. Therefore, many of these communities are caught in an environmental trap. Furthermore, many communities comprised of artisanal fisheries are caught in this type of trap. Their fish stocks are over-exploited. However, they cannot bear the initial burden of having their already low levels of income reduced by adopting conservation techniques which will eventually increase the level of their fish stocks and thereby eventually raise their incomes. In addition, because there are likely to be considerable economic and social barriers to the migration of artisanal fisheries, they are locked into an environmental poverty trap. An example is the situation of artisanal fishers in Thailand who use small meshed nets to catch fish. Larger-sized mesh would result in an increase in fish stocks and would eventually raise the level of the sustainable catch. However, switching to nets with larger mesh is not practical because initially it lowers the catch and depresses already low incomes in these communities. The prospects of the villagers involved migrating to avoid this consequence are often slim, and external aid to compensate for their initial income loss is unlikely to be forthcoming. Contributing to Poverty Lock-in and Economic InertiaCommunal ties can be a barrier to the economic sustainability and development of some communities. Even if there is scope for community members to migrate to escape from poverty, they may fail to do so because of social bonding and support available within their own community. Outside their own community they may face social discrimination and lack of social support.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 다만 그 원인이나 현상에 대한 심층적인 해석은 현재 대상 자료로부터 찾아내기 어렵기 때문에 이를 분석하는 후속 연구가 필요하다. 이러한 결과로부터 몇 가지 결론과 제언을 해보면, 첫째, 식물의 선호는 사회적 의미와 내재적 이미지를 종합한 분류기준이 의미 있 는 작업이라는 것이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: After all, the behavioral correlates of theta activity may not be that different across mammalian species. It has been proposed that the hippocampus may receive a corollary discharge of saccade motion, which may underlie predictive coding. This is supported by the finding that saccade modulation occurs before its onset (Fig. 1C). Saccades also evoke robust potentials in regions other than the hippocampus and medial temporal regions, including the medial septum and prefrontal cortex. Therefore, it is a reasonable hypothesis that saccades synchronize brain-wide activity in preparation for upcoming fixation to maximize information gathering. Coding in PrimatesAs discussed above, spike timing of hippocampal neurons may be important for neural plasticity and sequence learning, and spikes from different neurons can be coordinated by fluctuations in LFPs. Such temporal coordination among neurons within an assembly may underlie the mechanisms of memory and other cognitive processing, linking sequential events to form a coherent representation. Despite the clear differences in theta activity between primates and rodents, phase-coding appears to be conserved, at least to some extent, across mammalian species. First, human hippocampal neurons are phase-locked to low theta activity, showing preference at various phases [72]. Stronger phase-locking predicts more successful memory formation [73]. This supports the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity associated with theta phase-locking underlies memory-related behaviors. Moreover, neuronal firing in the hippocampus is locked to the theta phase that is correlated with upcoming navigational goals, without significant changes in firing rate [74]. In freely-moving macaques, hippocampal neurons are tuned to various oscillations in different bands. The vast majority of neurons show modulation by low theta activity, and spatially-tuned neurons show stronger phase-locking than neurons without spatial selectivity [35]. Thus, like rodents, theta phase-locking in primates may be an important form of neural code for higher cognitive processing, including memory and navigation [75, 76]. Another aspect of theta phase-coding pertains to phase-precession. Human hippocampal neurons exhibit theta phase-precession as a function of location or progression toward specific goals (Fig. 1E), although there is a lack of rodent-like place coding [65]. The goal-related phase-precession is interesting, for it extends spatial phase-precession in rodents to a more general regime in humans.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: In some cases (for instance, if they are an ethnic minority group), they may lose their social identity or have it diminished. Some minority groups also lack sufficient skill and work experience to facilitate their employment outside their community. This is often coupled with a lack of social contacts outside their community. These factors create major barriers to the migration of some minority groups. Even when an economic development occurs within a minority area, members of the resident minority group may fail to share in its economic benefit to a significant extent. They may lack relevant skills and experience or face social discrimination in employment. Consequently, the bulk of the economic benefit may be captured by outsiders. Outsiders may have greater relevant know-how, more capital and superior political contacts. of Living in Remote Areas(especially those living in remote areas) on average have lower incomes, a lower life expectancy, a greater rate of unemployment and more health problems than most Australians (see, for example, Tisdell, 2014, Ch. 16). Particularly in remote areas, their comparative level of education is low. This is partly because the supply of educational services is limited and the demand for education is low. Basically, both an educational supply and a demand problem exist. The demand problem seems to exist because actual or perceived economic returns from education obtained by Aborigines living in remote areas are low. There is also the further problem that many find it psychologically difficult to migrate because the cultural identity of each group is closely linked to local landforms and connected to wildlife totems. Often minority ethnic groups living in remote regions in other countries find it difficult to escape from poverty and low levels of income within their communities, as experienced by Australian Aborigines. Furthermore, many of these groups are plagued by property rights problems. Their economic situations are jeopardized by lack of official recognition of their rights in land or natural resources which they have traditionally occupied or used. 23. 8Views differ about whether increased population mobility increases or decreases the depletion of natural resources. The following views exist:● If individuals relying on natural resources for their livelihood are able to migrate to improve their economic lot (or if their offspring can do so), they may have little economic incentive to conserve their natural resources. They may draw on these assets to finance their own migration, or particularly that of their offspring. In the latter case, they may look forward to receiving future remittances from their offspring.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 최근 식물을 활용한 교육, 치유 등 다양한 프 로그램이 확대되고 있는데, 참여자가 어떤 식물을 선호하는가를 파 악하여도 프로그램 요소에 어떻게 결합해야 하는 지에 대한 어려움 이 있었다. 소재로서만의 식물이 아니라 식물을 통해 상징적으로 나타나는 함의를 찾아 프로그램과 활동요소에 결합한다면 더 유용 하게 식물 기르기 경험을 제공할 수 있을 것이기 때문이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: A rather low fraction of hippocampal neurons in both marmosets and macaques show theta phase-precession during free movement [33, 35] (Fig. 1E). One thing to note here is that, in the absence of a rodent-like place code, one can analyze phase-precession by comparing the frequency component of the spike phase autocorrelogram and non-oscillatory LFP [77]. in Rodents and BatsOriginally discovered in the rat hippocampus, place cells are perhaps one of the most striking examples of a “simple” correspondence between an internal neural code and the complex external environment. Place cells fire at specific locations, forming a precise population representation of the entire space the animals occupy [17]. The place-code is sparse (a given cell fires at one or only a few locations) and orthogonal (population activity is independent at different locations). A place-code can arise from and be modulated by the interplay among multiple factors, including self-motion, distal landmarks, local cues (including reward), trajectory planning, and likely many more. Lesion and single-cell manipulation experiments have established the causal role of the hippocampus in spatial cognition [7, 21]. In the adjacent entorhinal cortex, some cells have multiple fields that are organized in a periodic hexagonal pattern [23], therefore named grid cells. First found in the rat subicular complex, head direction cells show sharp tuning to the allocentric direction the animal faces [24]. These functional cell types have also been identified in the bat hippocampal formation, and they extend to three dimensions, although the exact properties differ from representations in two dimensions [19, 20, 25,26,27,28]. Since the discovery of place cells, it has been a long-standing question whether there is an analogous place-coding scheme in primates. Most studies along this line have been carried out during a virtual-navigation task in head- and body-restrained primates, including humans. Only a few studies have examined hippocampal response properties in partially or fully freely-moving monkeys. We discuss these findings below. Signals in RestraintIntracranial recordings in human patients have identified hippocampal neurons selective to locations in virtual reality, and also to navigational goals and often to the conjunction between variables [34] (Fig. 2A).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable economic growth can be achieved without any environmental costs or trade-offs. [SEP] Text: ● The above suggests that those who do not have the possibility of migrating will conserve their natural resources because their user costs are high. 3 However, in some cases, their survival depends on the use of their natural resources unsustainably. Even though their user costs are high in this case, so too is their current need to utilize these resources. They may also over-exploit these resources in the expectation that their situation might improve in the future. Furthermore, they may be in a situation where many of the natural resources that they utilize are shared resources and subject to open access or increasing open access. Consequently, if they remain dependent on these resources they have no individual incentive to conserve these. The possibility was mentioned above that natural resources might be over-exploited to help finance the migration of family members in the expectation of this resulting subsequently in remittances being received in return. This process can include the funding of the education of offspring in anticipation of this assisting them to obtain employment elsewhere that pays well. Although this process may accelerate natural resource depletion initially, once remittances are received the opposite effect is likely to be observed. 4 Furthermore, in the long term, this process is likely to result in families abandoning their traditional location and dependence on natural resources there. This could further reduce pressure on the use of local natural resources. One cannot predict in this case what will happen a priori in the long term. For example, in the long term, in response to migration, subsistence or semi-subsistence farming and natural resource use in a geographical area may be replaced by large commercial farms and enterprises. This can result in the consolidation of rural holdings and privatization of some natural resources. This may or may not be favourable to natural resource conservation. The outcome depends on the particular circumstances. 3. 9 1. A different view of sustainable development (expressed by Daly, 1980 and Georgescu-Roegen, 1974) is that it is development enabling the human species to survive for as long as is possible. This view is discussed by Tisdell (1988); see also Tisdell (2005, 2. This is a problem experienced, for example, by many in India, for instance forest-dependent Santals. 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 이는 식 물 기르기 경험이 있는 집단의 양육태도가 전체적으로 긍정적이었 다는 점에서 고무적이다. 둘째, 식물 선호도를 개방형 질문으로 하였는데 향후 선호 식물 을 좋아하게 된 계기, 떠오르는 이미지, 선호하는 정도 등 관련된 정 보를 정밀하게 파악하면 식물 선호와 도시농업, 원예치료 프로그램 등의 목적에서 얻어내고자 하는 효과에 더 직접적인 정보를 찾아낼 수 있을 것이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Neurons with selectivity to virtual heading direction, spatial goals, and task progression have also been identified across human medial temporal lobe regions [78]. Like rodents, egocentric tuning (relative to a virtual body reference frame) is also present in the parahippocampal cortex [79]. This type of experiment, while proven to be useful to bridge the knowledge gap between rodents and humans, can fall short when translated into real-world situations. The main reason is that the subjects predominantly use visual cues (visual landmarks and optic flow) alone to move about in the virtual environment with a near absence of vestibular, proprioceptive, and motor inputs. This brings about sensory conflict, or a change of gain between sensory modalities, which could alter spatial representations in an unpredictable way. We know from rodent studies that clamping vestibular inputs disrupts or rescales place fields and changes theta oscillations [80,81,82]. Therefore, despite the fruitful findings about neural correlates of space in the human brain, the interpretation of these results awaits careful consideration due to the apparent limitations [83]. Fig. 2Task- and goal-dependent spatial responses in the primate hippocampus. A Upper, position-selective responses of two example neurons in the human hippocampus; cell 2 is position-selective only when searching for shop C (SC) but not other shops (SA and SB). Note the firing is more distributed than typical rodent place cells. Lower, firing rate histograms of two example goal-selective neurons when searching for different goals (P, passengers). B Upper, macaque monkeys are trained to perform an associative memory-guided foraging task (choose different targets depending on the material along the corridor) and a free-foraging task in the same spatial environment. Lower, firing rate maps of three example hippocampal neurons showing distinct activity patterns between the two tasks. A is adapted with permission from [34]. B is adapted with permission from [91]. Full size imageLike human studies, monkey studies have mostly used head-fixed preparations with a handful of exceptions. Perhaps unsurprisingly, these studies focus on looking for neural correlates of virtual space and other spatial variables during virtual navigation. Hippocampal neurons have been shown to be correlated with various spatial variables, including stimulus location, self-position, head direction, and attended location.

Output: corroborate