Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: Bioinformatic tools such as transcriptomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, and meta-proteomics have shed light on the plausible interactions responsible for plastic breakdown. [67]. In recent developments, machine learning-mediated algorithms have facilitated the enhancement of PET hydrolase in the creation of FAST-PETase. This modified enzyme exhibited notably improved degradation rates toward untreated PET across diverse pH and temperature ranges, demonstrating its viability as a closed-loop PET recycling system within an industrial framework [115]. Moreover, investigations into the structural attributes of enzymes interacting with plastic-specific ligands are crucial for understanding substrate-binding mechanisms and factors contributing to enzyme stabilization. Techniques such as X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy offer valuable insights into the binding modalities of enzymes with their corresponding plastic substrates [116]. Additionally, genome mining stands out as a robust approach for identifying and synthesizing potent novel enzymes capable of utilizing a wide range of plastics as substrate. Genome mining involves screening for enzymes and natural products based on the comparison of genetic information using tools such as BLAST and profile hidden Markov models/HMMer [117]. In a pioneering experiment, researchers selected eight potential novel polyester-degrading enzymes based on their genomic similarity to known PET-degrading enzymes. The best-performing enzymes were expressed in recombinant cells to augment biofilm formation, thereby expediting the plastic degradation process by a massive margin [77]. Culture-dependent techniques can only determine the metabolic capabilities of <1% of microbes. Metagenomics can help overcome this challenge by elucidating the complete metabolic capacity of microbes, including unculturable species [118]. The synergy between bioinformatics and biochemical investigations is imperative for the discovery and improvement of PDE. Bioinformatic studies can help narrow the search for such enzymes as well as enhance the efficiency of known enzymes. Although the discovery of novel PDE may not fully address the massive problem of plastic accumulation, augmenting their activity using in-silico and biochemical techniques represents a promising way forward. Table 2 provides a summary of recent studies involving utilizing bioinformatics and computational tools such as genomics, sequencing tools, genome mining, AI, and Machine learning for identifying plastic-degrading microbes (PDM) and plastic-degrading enzymes (PDE) for efficient degradation of a wide variety of plastics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: So to quantify unpalatability (uj) of the jth mimic we summed the ith trait values, which were scaled by their maximal value due to difference in range: uj=∑j=1nxijmax(xi). We also computed a simple sum of defensive traits and found that the two measures are highly correlated (Pearson correlation, r = 0. 72, p<0. 0001). As the index of unpalatability includes more details we used it in all analyses. In order to test that the complex is dominated by moderately-defended species we used a Shapiro-Wilk test to test for a shape of a normal distribution of the unpalatability. To test whether the rings are composed of a similar range of unpalatable species, we used Bartlett test of variance homogeneity. To test a hypothesis that unpalatability is related to the extent of gold colouration we used GLS to model the relationship between index of unpalatability and the absolute golden area (which is more ecologically relevant than relative area). The linear predictor included a quadratic term as the response was an area. A GLS model with Brownian motion model correlation structure was used to correct for the effect of phylogeny (Pekár and Brabec, 2012). To account for the fact that for some species, some defensive traits could not be measured (and were interpolated) we used weights that corresponded to the proportion of observed characteristics. Both variables were affected strongly by the body size so this measure needed to be included in the analysis. The body size had strong phylogenetic inertia (GLS, Pagel’s λ = 1. 08), thus by controlling for phylogeny the body size effect was included too, therefore use of the body size as a covariate was not necessary. Predation pressure by a community of predators Request a detailed protocol We investigated the diet of several predators on the campus of. The campus in addition to buildings, contains a patch of native forest, several rocky streams, and open green space interspersed with trees where the predators could have been collected and observed which would be very difficult or even impossible in the pristine forest where the selection have taken place.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Carbon dioxide monitors can help manage indoor air quality in enclosed spaces. [SEP] Text: This approach, referred to in this guide as equilibrium analysis, is based on a steady-state, single-zone mass balance of CO2 in the building and is sometimes presented with little or no discussion of its limitations and the assumptions on which it is based. As a result, in some cases, the technique has been misused and indoor CO2 concentration measurements have been misinterpreted. When the assumptions upon which equilibrium analysis is based are valid, the technique can yield reliable measurements of outdoor air ventilation rates. In addition, indoor CO2 concentrations can be used to determine other aspects of building ventilation when used properly. By applying a mass balance at an air handler, the percent outdoor air intake in the supply airstream can be determined based on the CO2 concentrations in the supply, return, and outdoor air. This percentage can be multiplied by the supply airflow rate of the air handler to yield the outdoor air intake rate of the air handler. In addition, the decay of indoor CO2 concentrations can be monitored in a building after the occupants have left to determine the outdoor air change rate of the building. Continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations can be used to study some aspects of ventilation system performance, the quality of outdoor air, and building occupancy patterns. Scope 1. 1 This guide describes how measured values of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can be used in evaluations of indoor air quality and building ventilation. 1. 2 This guide describes the determination of CO2 generation rates from people as a function of body size and level of physical activity. 1. 3 This guide describes the experimentally-determined relationship between CO2 concentrations and the acceptability of a space in terms of human body odor. 1. 4 This guide describes the following uses of indoor CO2 concentrations to evaluate building ventilation–mass balance analysis to determine the percent outdoor air intake at an air handler, the tracer gas decay technique to estimate whole building air change rates, and the constant injection tracer gas technique at equilibrium to estimate whole building air change rates. 1. 5 This guide discusses the use of continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations as a means of evaluating building ventilation and indoor air quality. 1. 6 This guide discusses some concentration measurement issues, but it does not include or recommend a method for measuring CO2 concentrations. 1. 7 This guide does not address the use of indoor CO2 to control outdoor air intake rates. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Studies on PDE and PDM using bioinformatic and advanced computational toolsFull size tableMicrobial and enzymatic systems for plastic waste valorization to high-value productsSeveral mechanical and chemical plastic recycling strategies suggest that the recycled products are of substandard qualities which limits their usage at a large scale [130]. To overcome this challenge, microbial and enzymatic conversion of plastics for the generation of high-value products can be employed. The probable approach could be divided into three major strategies: (i) identification/isolation of PDM and PDE, (ii) breakdown or fragmentation of polymers to monomeric form, and (iii) utilization of monomers for generation of original plastic material (closed loop) or their enzymatic conversion to other high-value products [77, 131]. Purified enzymes or whole microbes can be employed to catalyze the multistep transformation of plastic waste to high-value compounds. Some examples of such studies are (i) utilization of laccase, Mn-peroxidases, peroxygenase, AlkB hydroxylase, and phenol oxidase for the generation of organic acids, and organic amines from polyamides, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinylchloride; (ii) utilization of amidase, cutinases, protease, urease, and urethanase for conversion of polyether and polyester based polyurethanes for generation of adipic acid, 1,4-butanediol, and toluene diamine; (iii) conversion of polyethylene terephthalate to bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate and 2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate using cutinase, lipase and PET hydrolase in a specially designed bioreactor or one-pot system [77, 131, 132]. Protein engineering for improving the enzymatic properties of PDEThe enzymes are fundamentally proteins whose catalytic performance for degrading plastics can be improved by a protein engineering approach via rational design or directed evolution [133]. Directed evolutionDirected evolution involves the engineering of natural evolution through repeated gene diversification and library screening/selection for an improved novel function of protein [134]. Bell et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: The predators included noisy miners, lizards (skinks), and a number of arthropods that occur on the trunks and the immediate vicinity of Eucalyptus trees, where the mimics occur (see Table 2). We sampled arthropods from under the bark of more than 50 trees and selected those that were predatory. Arthropods were immediately placed into 99% pure ethanol and then in a freezer at −20°C. Co-existing predators were selected among the most abundant species to represent three guilds according to their trophic strategy and prey detection modality: (1) visually-oriented euryphagous predators, (2) non-visually oriented ant-adverse predators, and (3) specialized ant-eating predators. We used the information of their gut content and data from the literature (Jackson and Harding, 1982; Platnick, 2000; Higgins et al. , 2001; McGinley et al. , 2015) to identify those that feed on prey related to the mimics. If more than 10% of individuals of a specific predator species were positive for primers designed for ants, the species was classified as ant-eating. Otherwise, the species was classified as euryphagous. We collected 48 faecal samples from Eulamprus quoyii (Duméril et Bibron) (Skink, Scincidae, Squamata) and 48 samples from Manorina melanocephala Latham (Noisy Miner, Meliphagidae, Passeriformes) from across the campus during 2014 and 2015. These two predators were selected because they feed on arthropods, were most abundant among congeners and foraged on tree trunks. Eulamprus quoyii were collected from both rocky streams (human-altered) and forest-edge by noosing. Lizards typically defecated immediately upon capture and in some cases we gently massaged the abdomen to expel a faecal pellet. Manorina melanocephala faeces were collected at temporary feeding stations to avoid handling the birds. We lured birds to a large canvas (3 × 5 m) by placing small amounts of sweet cake near a water bowl and perches made from branches. The stations were monitored continuously. We sampled across a wide area in order to target specific family groups and the sampling was short enough to ensure that only droppings produced from previous meals were collected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Carbon dioxide monitors can help manage indoor air quality in enclosed spaces. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 07 Committee D22 $ 83. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This guide describes how measured values of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can be used in evaluations of indoor air quality and building ventilation. 1. 2 This guide describes the determination of CO 2 generation rates from people as a function of body size and level of physical activity. 1. 3 This guide describes the experimentally-determined relationship between CO2 concentrations and the acceptability of a space in terms of human body odor. 1. 4 This guide describes the following uses of indoor CO2 concentrations to evaluate building ventilation-mass balance analysis to determine the percent outdoor air intake at an air handler, the tracer gas decay technique to estimate whole building air change rates, and the constant injection tracer gas technique at equilibrium to estimate whole building air change rates. 1. 5 This guide discusses the use of continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations as a means of evaluating building ventilation and indoor air quality. 1. 6 This guide discusses some concentration measurement issues, but it does not include or recommend a method for measuring CO 2 concentrations. 1. 7 This guide does not address the use of indoor CO 2 to control outdoor air intake rates. 1. 8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Version D6245-98R02 D6245-24 Active D6245-18 D6245-12 D6245-07 D6245-98 is a Redline? Why Redline?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: , [135] demonstrated the use of high throughput protein engineering of the PET degrading enzyme lsETase of Piscinibacter sakaiensis using high activity at elevated temperatures as selection pressure. The resulting engineered enzyme to HotPETase has Tm = 82. 5 °C and can efficiently and more rapidly break down semicrystalline PET as compared to lsPETases. The HotPETase can deconstruct the PET component selectively from a laminated multilateral as it can operate at the glass transition temperature of PET. The improved catalytic and thermotolerant nature of the HotPETase is due to characteristic changes such as the presence of a well-defined conformation of Tryptophan185 and the formation of new disulfide bridges that improved the central-sheet region packing, respectively as compared to native lsPETases [135]. Similarly, another study exploited the directed evolution method to engineer the enzyme PHB depolymerase from Ralstonia pickettii T1 using a cell surface display system. The mutations added aid in a ten-fold increase in the p-nitrophenyl butyrate degradation rate but failed miserably in improving PHB degradation [136]. However, the lack of competent high-throughput screening methods for gene diversification and screening limits the utilization of directed evolution for protein engineering of plastic-degrading enzymes [133, 134]. Due to this, limited studies have been performed utilizing directed evolution. Recently, Apitius et al. , [137] developed an ultrahigh-throughput esterase A-based Escherichia coli cell surface display screening system for directed polymer binding peptide evolution. This novel screening system selectively improved the binding properties (12-fold) of displayed adhesion promoters that targeted the binding of whole cellss to polymer surfaces such as PET. However, limited studies to date focus on directed evolution for PDE mutations, and further studies will greatly benefit the field. Rational protein engineeringThe rational protein engineering approach utilizes information on the structure and mechanism of protein through computational simulation and modeling. These structural and mechanistic characteristics of protein are modified to enhance enzyme thermostability, reinforce the binding of substrates to active sites of PDE, improve enzyme-substrate interactions, and tune active sites for refining enzyme functionalities [133]. Enhancing enzyme thermostability and catalytic efficiency by mutation The enzyme activity and thermostability of enzymes could be improved by structural changes owing to mutations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: We stored both the lizard and bird faecal samples individually in Eppendorf tubes in 80% ethanol in a −20°C freezer. This work was approved by the Committee of (ARA 2014/031). The gut of predators progressively degrades DNA through digestion (Sint et al. , 2011). To account for the shortened DNA fragments we designed specific primers, which amplified fragments no longer than 300 bp (Deagle et al. , 2006). This length is known to be a good compromise that increases the likelihood of amplification while still being long and variable enough to distinguish different prey taxa (Herbert et al. , 2003; Zeale et al. , 2011). A fragment of the COI gene was PCR amplified using LCO1490 (5´--3´) and HCO2198 (5´--3´) primers (Folmer et al. , 1994) from representatives of potential prey found across the campus (Hemiptera: Daerlac apicalis, D. cephalotes, D. nigricans; Formicidae: Myrmecia piliventris, M. tepperi, Camponotus aeneopilosus, Polyrhachis ammon, P. aurea, P. ornata, P. vermiculosa; Araneae: Myrmarachne luctuosa, M. erythrocephala) and predators (Araneae: Clubiona robusta L. Koch, Clubiona sp. ; Euryopis umbilicata L. Koch, Euryopis sp. ; Hemicloea sp. 1, Hemicloea sp. 2; Holoplatys planissima (L. Koch); Lampona murina L. Koch; Ocrisiona sp. ; Sandalodes superbus (Karsch); Servaea incana (Karsch)). Each PCR (20 μL total volume) consisted of 5 μL of DNA, 1 μL of each primer (10 μM), 0. 4 μL of 10 mM dNTP´s, 2. 2 μL of 25 mM MgCl2, 2 μL of 10x PCR buffer, 1 μL of bovine albumin serum (BSA), 0. 3 μL of (5 u/μL), and 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Carbon dioxide monitors can help manage indoor air quality in enclosed spaces. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 07 Committee D22 $ 91. 00 In stock and Use 5. 1 Indoor CO2 concentrations have been described and used by some people as an indicator of indoor air quality. These uses have included both appropriate and inappropriate interpretations of indoor CO2 concentrations. Appropriate uses include estimating expected levels of occupant comfort in terms of human body odor, studying occupancy patterns, investigating the levels of contaminants that are related to occupant activity, and screening for the sufficiency of ventilation rates relative to occupancy. Inappropriate uses include the application of simple relationships to determine outdoor air ventilation rates per person from indoor CO2 concentrations without verifying the assumptions upon which these relationships are based, and the interpretation of indoor CO2 concentrations as a comprehensive indicator of indoor air quality. 5. 2 Outdoor air ventilation rates affect contaminant levels in buildings and building occupants' perception of the acceptability of the indoor environment. Minimum rates of outdoor air ventilation are specified in building codes and indoor air quality standards, for example, 62. The compliance of outdoor air ventilation rates with relevant codes and standards are often assessed as part of indoor air quality investigations in buildings. The outdoor air ventilation rate of a building depends on the size and distribution of air leakage sites, pressure differences induced by wind and temperature, mechanical system operation, and occupant behavior. Given all of this information, ventilation rates are predictable; however, many of these parameters are difficult to determine in practice. Therefore, measurement is required to determine outdoor air change rates reliably. 5. 3 The measurement of CO2 concentrations has been promoted as a means of determining outdoor air ventilation rates per person.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: (a) Modification of active site The modification of the active site involves both, the widening or narrowing of the active site for better substrate binding. Widening of the opening of the active site of Fusarium solani cutinase, Pseudomonas aestusnigri hydrolase, PETase, and MHETase through mutation may increase their hydrolytic efficiency towards PET, polyamide fibres, and PBSA plastics [151, 153,154,155]. However, a larger opening of active sites doesn’t guarantee improved catalytic efficiency due to weaker substrate affinity towards the enzyme active site owing to poor binding between the substrate and enzyme required for efficient hydrolysis [156]. Therefore, Austin et. al. , reported that the narrowing of the enzyme’s active sites results in efficient plastic degradation [157]. This narrowing of the active site is the result of a double mutation of S238F and W159H of PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6. The double mutation leads to the π-stacking interaction and deep placement of the substrate in the active site cleft enabled by S238F and W159H mutations, respectively, resulting in strong enzyme-substrate binding improving the PET degradation [157]. Similarly, Sevilla et al. [158] demonstrated that mutation of IsPETase from Ideonella sakaiensis showed variation in the PETase activity due to structural changes through rational design. The mutant S238Y mutation has tyrosine as compared to the WT serine residue. The aromatic side chain of tyrosine supports better π-π stacking interaction with the PET substrate leading to a better affinity of the mutated enzyme for PET. This study also reported the narrowing of the PET binding site due to N212 mutation to alanine, moved α-helix closer to the rest of the protein which is otherwise located at a farther distance, and pointed towards the solvent in wild type. Although N212 is not part of the enzymatic site its mutation caused the displacement of the loop 204-201 positioning the catalytic residue D206 for improved efficiency [158]. Thus, the choice of widening and narrowing of the active site depends on the type of enzyme and substrates. Further, a change in the hydrophobicity of the active site can potentially improve the substrate binding affinity which can further lead to improved PETase efficiency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 1 μL of DNA-free water. PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 94°C for 3. 5 min; 38 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 44°C for 1 min (annealing temperature), 72°C for 1. 5 min; a final extension at 72°C for 7 min. PCR products were detected by electrophoresis in 2% GoldView-stained agarose gels. Amplified products were purified using the (Quiagen) and sequenced in both directions with Bigv3. 1 (Applied Biosystems). Sequencing was carried out on an ABI Prism 3130 (Applied Biosystems). Sequences were assembled in Sequencher 4. 8 () and aligned using ClustalW (Thompson et al. , 1994) implemented in MEGA 5. 1 (Tamura et al. , 2011). Based on sequence similarities/differences, group-specific primers, which would amplify DNA of mimics in the predator guts, were designed using Amplicon. b08 (Jarman, 2004). Four primer pairs were tested with all prey and predator specimens used in this study to ensure that the primers amplify DNA of the studied prey groups only: primers MyrmF and MyrmR amplified Myrmarachne spiders, DaerF and DaerR amplified Daerlac true bugs, FormF and FormR amplified Camponotus, Polyrhachis and Myrmecia ants, and BothmF and BothmR primers amplified Bothriomutilla mutillid wasps (for primer sequences see Table 4) and to reject cross-amplifications with the predators. The sequences of cytochrome c oxidase obtained from the studied predators and the mimics are deposited in GenBank (Accession numbers KX980351--KX980391). Table 4 List of primer pairs used to identify mimics in the gut or faeces of potential predators.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Carbon dioxide monitors can help manage indoor air quality in enclosed spaces. [SEP] Text: This approach, referred to in this guide as equilibrium analysis, is based on a steady-state, single-zone mass balance of CO2 in the building and is sometimes presented with little or no discussion of its limitations and the assumptions on which it is based. As a result, in some cases, the technique has been misused and indoor CO2 concentration measurements have been misinterpreted. 5. 4 When the assumptions upon which equilibrium analysis is based are valid, the technique can yield reliable measurements of outdoor air ventilation rates. In addition, indoor CO2 concentrations can be used to determine other aspects of building ventilation when used properly. By applying a mass balance at an air handler, the percent outdoor air intake in the supply airstream can be determined based on the CO2 concentrations in the supply, return, and outdoor air. This percentage can be multiplied by the supply airflow rate of the air handler to yield the outdoor air intake rate of the air handler. In addition, the decay of indoor CO2 concentrations can be monitored in a building after the occupants have left to determine the outdoor air change rate of the building. 5. 5 Continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations can be used to study some aspects of ventilation system performance, the quality of outdoor air, and building occupancy patterns. Scope 1. 1 This guide describes how measured values of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can be used in evaluations of indoor air quality and building ventilation. 1. 2 This guide describes the determination of CO2 generation rates from people as a function of body size and level of physical activity. 1. 3 This guide describes the experimentally-determined relationship between CO2 concentrations and the acceptability of a space in terms of human body odor. 1. 4 This guide describes the following uses of indoor CO2 concentrations to evaluate building ventilation–mass balance analysis to determine the percent outdoor air intake at an air handler, the tracer gas decay technique to estimate whole building air change rates, and the constant injection tracer gas technique at equilibrium to estimate whole building air change rates. 1. 5 This guide discusses the use of continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations as a means of evaluating building ventilation and indoor air quality. 1. 6 This guide discusses some concentration measurement issues, but it does not include or recommend a method for measuring CO2 concentrations. 1. 7 This guide does not address the use of indoor CO2 to control outdoor air intake rates. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the active site modification can also lead to tuning of the hydrophobicity of the active site [159]. Thus, the synergistic action of widening/narrowing of enzyme activity and tuning of hydrophobicity can lead to enhanced degradation efficiency. One such example mutation of T. fusca cutinase at Q132A/ T101A resulted in enhanced PETase efficiency, because of widening with improved hydrophobicity of the active sites [159, 160]. However, narrowing, widening, or hydrophobicity of the enzyme active site may impact catalytic efficiency and stability, the substrate's properties, reaction condition, and product accumulation greatly affect the performance of PDE. Enzyme surface engineering and substrate dynamics The interaction between enzymes and specific plastic substrates regulates the effectiveness of enzyme-based plastic degradation because of heterogeneous catalysis behavior with insoluble plastic and the soluble PETase enzyme in an aqueous system [131, 161]. principle suggests that when the interaction between substrate and catalyst is of intermediate strength, the optimal catalytic efficiency [162]. This concept applies to heterogenous PDE catalysis where the variation in solubility of PET and PDEs leads to substantial adsorption of enzyme on the PET surface which negatively impacts catalytic efficiency. PET substrate and PDE interaction is controlled by hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction among amino acids of enzyme surface and substrate molecules [97, 163, 164]. Therefore, tailoring the surface hydrophobic and/or electrostatic interaction through surface engineering boosts the binding affinity of enzyme-substrate leading to improved PET degradation [47, 165, 166]. This can be achieved by several approaches such as tailoring surface electrostatics and tuning surface hydrophobicity [133]. (a) Tailoring surface electrostatics et. al. , [165] demonstrated that surface engineering of cutinase from Thermobifida cellulosilytica by replacement of positively charged Arg29 and Arg19 with electrically neutral asparagine and serine can lead to improved hydrolysis of PET whereas when glutamine (Glu65) is exchanged with negatively charged glutamic acid resulted in complete loss of hydrolysis efficiency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: PrimerSequenceFragment length (bp)Amplified generaDaerF5´- −3´204Daerlac DaerR5´- −3´FormF5´- −3´220Camponotus, Myrmecia, Polyrhachis FormR5´- −3´MyrmF5´- −3´142Myrmarachne MyrmR5´- −3´BothmF5´- −3´215Bothriomutilla BothmR5´- −3´ DNA was extracted from 553 spider abdomens using D (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s animal tissue protocol with a change in final step when only 50 μL of elution buffer was used. DNA from fecal samples (50 samples of skinks and 48 samples of noisy miner) was extracted using the DNeasy mericon (Qiagen) following manufacturer’s protocol. PCRs were performed using Multiplex PCR kit (Qiagen) under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95°C for 15 min; 42 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, annealing temperature for 90 s (47. 5°C when using Bothm primers, 43 and 45°C with the other primers), 72°C for 90 s; and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The reaction mixture total volume of 20 μL consisted of 10. 6 μL of 1. 8 μL of Q-Solution, 2. 1 μL of RNase-free water, 0. 5 μL of 10 μM forward and 0. 5 μL of reverse primers, and 4. 5 μL of DNA. PCR with Bothm primers was done separately whereas three remaining primer pairs were used in one multiplex reaction. PCR products were detected by electrophoresis in 2% GoodView-stained agarose gels. PCR was repeated for each sample and primer combination at least three times to exclude falsely negative results. In positive samples, PCR was repeated once again using primers modified with MID identifiers (i. e. multiplex identifiers, 10bp-long barcoding sequences). Each sample was thus marked with a unique combination of barcodes. PCR products were purified using a (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Carbon dioxide monitors can help manage indoor air quality in enclosed spaces. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 07 Committee D22 $ 83. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This guide describes how measured values of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can be used in evaluation of indoor air quality and building ventilation. 1. 2 This guide describes the determination of CO2 generation rates from people as a function of body size and level of physical activity. 1. 3 This guide describes the experimentally-determined relationship between CO2 concentrations and the acceptability of a space in terms of human body odor. 1. 4 This guide describes the following uses of indoor CO2 concentrations to evaluate building ventilation-mass balance analysis to determine the percent outdoor air intake at an air handler, the tracer gas decay technique to estimate whole building air change rates, and the constant injection tracer gas technique at equilibrium to estimate whole building air change rates. 1. 5 This guide discusses the use of continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations as a means of evaluating building ventilation and indoor air quality. 1. 6 This guide discusses some concentration measurement issues, but it does not include or recommend a method for measuring CO2 concentrations. 1. 7 This guide does not address the use of indoor CO2 to control outdoor air intake rates. 1. 8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Version D6245-98 D6245-24 Active D6245-18 D6245-12 D6245-07 D6245-98R02 is a Redline? Why Redline?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: The fusion of anchor peptide Tachystatin A2 (TA2) with Thermomonospora curvata cutinase (Tcur1278) resulted in the formation of Tcur1278_TA2 chimeric fusion that caused improvement of polyester-PU nanop6. 6-fold as compared to stand alone Tcur127_WT treatment [81]. To obtain optimized PDE functionalities, important factors that need attention are regulating the impact of product inhibition, creating multifunction PDEs, and enabling the PDE catalytic promiscuity which are sometimes interrelated and intra-dependent. Furthermore, the degradation products/intermediates can regulate the activity of PDE by feedback inhibition. This inhibition can be overcome by initiating structural changes in the substrate binding site or generating multifunctional enzymes [188, 189]. For instance, the modification of the active site of TfCut2 by mutation of G62A resulted in a 5. 5-fold decrement of mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET) binding constant associated inhibitory products, thus having a positive impact on the PET degradation [190]. Further removal of intermediate products or their degradation can also minimize inhibition. Therefore, a chimeric fusion of ancillary enzyme such as MHETase with the native enzyme PETase can result in simultaneous degradation of MHET which otherwise causes intermediate product inhibition [191, 192]. Further, the fusion of PDE with auxiliary enzymes can be used to develop bifunctional plastic-degrading biocatalysis for efficient depolymerization [22]. The development of fusion protein lipase-cutinase improved PCL hydrolysis which involves the two-step degradation of PCL where lipase cleaves the backbone of PCL and the generated low molecular weight oligomers are further hydrolyzed by cutinase into soluble monomers [22]. Several already-known enzymes can be modified to expand their catalytic horizons known as catalytic promiscuity. This approach can be used to expand the degrading capacity of PDE for a wide range of plastics such as PAs, PEs, and PUs [133]. Biundo et. al. , [193] demonstrated an enzyme engineering approach for developing switched reaction specificity in polyesterases (Cutinase, Thc_Cut1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: The concentration of each PCR product was measured using NanoDrop 8000 UV-(Thermo Scientific, Waltman, MA) and assessed comparing to 50 bp ladder (Fermentas). Five μL of 50 μg/μL PCR products was pooled into the same sterile vial and sent for sequencing. Sequencing library was prepared using Kit and 2 200 Kit v3 (Scientific). Sequencing on the System was provided by the SEQme company (Dobříš, Czech Republic). Sequencing data were processed using the Galaxy platform ( BioEdit 7. 2. 5 (Hall, 1999) and MEGA 5. 10. Reads were split according to their MIDs resulting in files corresponding to individual predators. Then, forward and reverse primers were removed and sequences were filtered according to their length (<120 or 180 bp) to remove dimers or too short reads. The sequences were collapsed and rare haplotypes (containing <2 identical sequences) were removed. Furthermore, sequences with stop codons and indels causing frameshifts were also removed. Remaining haplotypes were clustered into molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU) using jMOTU 4. 1 (Jones et al. , 2011) with a 4 bp cut-off (corresponding to 3% sequence divergence). Each MOTU was compared to the GenBank database using megablast and BOLD database and to the sequences of mimics obtained within this study. NGS produced 11 068 904 informative reads from all predators of which 614,273 reads belonged to the mimics. Availability of mimics to the predators was estimated by visual search on the trunks and below bark of 20 gum trees randomly selected on the campus. On each tree, abundance of mimics was surveyed by one person up to the height of 2 m from the ground for a period of 30 min on a sunny day. All mimics were collected, brought to the laboratory and identified to species. To test a hypothesis that the frequencies of captured mimics by all predators and those available at the microhabitat of predators are similar we used Chi-square test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Carbon dioxide monitors can help manage indoor air quality in enclosed spaces. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 07 Committee D22 $ 83. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This guide describes how measured values of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can be used in evaluations of indoor air quality and building ventilation. 1. 2 This guide describes the determination of CO 2 generation rates from people as a function of body size and level of physical activity. 1. 3 This guide describes the experimentally-determined relationship between CO2 concentrations and the acceptability of a space in terms of human body odor. 1. 4 This guide describes the following uses of indoor CO2 concentrations to evaluate building ventilation-mass balance analysis to determine the percent outdoor air intake at an air handler, the tracer gas decay technique to estimate whole building air change rates, and the constant injection tracer gas technique at equilibrium to estimate whole building air change rates. 1. 5 This guide discusses the use of continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations as a means of evaluating building ventilation and indoor air quality. 1. 6 This guide discusses some concentration measurement issues, but it does not include or recommend a method for measuring CO 2 concentrations. 1. 7 This guide does not address the use of indoor CO 2 to control outdoor air intake rates. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Version D6245-07 D6245-24 Active D6245-18 D6245-12 D6245-98R02 D6245-98 is a Redline? Why Redline?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: This enzyme engineering approach resulted in promiscuous amidase activity in Thc_Cut1, making it capable of breaking down amide bonds for polymerizing synthetic PAs. The developed promiscuous amidase enzyme was further subjected to mutation of residues that obstruct the interaction of transition state compounds with water molecules. This improved interaction led to improved hydrolytic activity by 6-15 folds [193]. Although protein engineering deals with structural changes through directed evolution and rational designs, understanding the individual chemical kinetics and the optimization of reaction variables can modulate enzyme efficiency and is critical to driving the process cost. Erickson et. al. , [194] demonstrated the efficiency of wild type lsPETase from Ideonella sakaiensis with a double mutant DM (W159H/S238F) variant. This suggested that both the wild-type and DM were strongly influenced by reaction temperature and are most efficient toward hydrolysis of moderate crystallinity of substrates. The study by Erickson et. al, [194] also demonstrated that product inhibition or degradation product accumulation impacts enzymatic efficiency at different temperatures. At 30 °C, WT kept hydrolyzing amorphous PET for 168 h, but the catalytic efficiency is low at this temperature for DM. Whereas at 40 °C, the WT product accumulation plateaus at 48 h whereas DM accumulates the highest total product accumulation from 72 h onwards and remains active till 168h. Therefore, regulating multiple structural and process parameters is required for enhanced enzymatic degradation. ConclusionPlastic waste management systems in developing countries are significantly underdeveloped, resulting in the emission of high concentrations of greenhouse gases that drive climate change. Beyond traditional mechanical and chemical techniques, it is imperative to consider biological approaches for sustainable solutions. The microbial degradation of recalcitrant plastics has garnered global interest due to the potential of microbial enzymes in combating plastic pollution. Recent advancements, particularly in the enzymatic recycling of PET, have made closed-loop PET recycling a feasible reality. However, more systematic studies need to be developed to deduce efficient technologies for the mitigation of other variants of plastics such as and PS. Several conventional strategies such as the discovery of new potent microbes from extreme environments, and microbial diversity analysis associated with waste plastics from different sources can give promising results if combined with computational techniques.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: In order to estimate the attack rate exerted by the whole community of predators as precisely as possible, we had to take into account two important variables that affect the predation: (1) the relative frequency (fij) of positively screened ith predator individual for each jth mimic; (2) the capture probability of araneophagous spider predator (Lampona), where body size is a strong predictor of the likelihood of predation. The capture probability was estimated for each spider predator and mimic (Pekár et al. , 2016). This latter adjustment was necessary in order to take into account the fact that spiders could have captured juvenile Myrmarachne or Daerlac individuals, which are not golden mimics and could not be distinguished from adult specimens by molecular methods. The functional model for the capture probability was obtained from data on eight spider species representing different guilds (Nentwig and Wissel, 1986). The logistic function was 11+exp(−1. 99+2. 11ratioij), where ratioij is the mimic/predator body size ratio. The ratio was estimated by measuring the body size of ten collected specimens of each predator and mimic. Then the overall pressure by the community of predators was estimated as a sum of all attack rates by means of the killing value, Kj (Varley and Gradwell, 1960): Kj=∑j=1n−log(1−fij). To test whether natural mortality caused by predation is related to unpalatability of mimics we used nonparametric regression as the response variable had non-standard distribution, namely generalized additive model (GAM) from the mgcv package (Wood, 2011). We regressed log-transformed K-values (in order to stay within positive bounds) against unpalatability index. Trials with selected predators Request a detailed protocol For predation trials we selected five species of mimics found on the campus. The five species represented a gradient of unpalatability (Table 3) within the mimetic complex. We included examples of the most unpalatable to the least palatable mimics: the ants Polyrhachis ammon, Polyrhachis vermiculosa, and Camponotus aeneopilosus, the true bug Daerlac nigricans, and the spider Myrmarachne luctuosa.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart air quality devices provide real-time monitoring of pollutants. [SEP] Text: For POP determination, SPMDs are dialysed with the appropriate solvent and the extract, after clean up, is analysed by GC-MS (Ockenden et al. , 2001a). SPMDs are deployed over weeks/months/years in the chosen site. Deployment time of the SPMD is analyte-dependent; in addition, it depends on instrument limit of detection, SPMD blank level, uptake rates and typical atmospheric concentration of the POP. The capacity of the SPMD depends on the quantity of lipid in the sampler and uptake rates by SPMDs depend on permeability of the membrane. Uptake rates are influenced by ambient temperature and wind speed; performance reference compounds can be used to “correct” for site-specific differences in uptake rates. SPMDs are easily contaminated, thus SPMD field blanks have to be taken to the field in sealed containers but not exposed, in order to evaluate the degree of contamination. Despite cited drawbacks, SPMDs are ideal samplers for studies into spatial differences in concentrations and profiles of POPs in the atmosphere, to identify sites where further investigations are required and for producing time-integrated data (Ockenden et al. , 2001a). 4. 2. Quality controlQuality control of the analytical procedure for POP determination in samples from remote zones is a very critical step in consideration of low atmospheric POP levels and the time lag between sampling and analysis. The risk of contamination is higher in particular for Antarctic air samples due to the much longer transport and storage time. Suitable analytical quality control and quality assurance programs have to be run in the sampling site and in the laboratory, during sample gathering and analysis in order to guarantee data reliability. With the purpose of assuring the overall quality and validity of experimental data, a systematic and detailed sampling strategy and blank choice have to be carried out. In order to prevent any contamination during sampling operations, clean room protocols should be attended. All the samplings should be performed downwind and away from local contamination sources, e. g. scientific stations. The operators should wear special clean room clothing and polyethylene gloves even during sampling, over their warm clothing. Immediately after the gathering, an opportune storage procedure (different according to the sampling method and sampling device) is applied in order to maintain unaltered the sample characteristics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: Bioinformatic tools, including metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics along with advanced sequencing tools, have expedited the discovery of PDEs. Additionally, modern techniques such as molecular dynamic simulations and machine learning have facilitated enzyme remodeling, enhancing the efficiency of plastic breakdown. In-silico studies contribute not only to enzyme mining but also to improving the efficiency of plastic degradation. Protein engineering approaches (directed evolution and rational design) have resulted in groundbreaking studies in the mitigation of other classes of plastics such as PEs, PAs, and PUs. Nevertheless, future research must focus on enhancing the scalability and efficacy of enzymatic and microbial degradation techniques for practical, real-world applications. The development of multifunctional enzymes, enzyme promiscuity, role of product inhibition, optimizing process parameters, understanding enzyme kinetics, and process dynamics can be used in synergy with identifying novel microbes, enzymes, and enzymatic pathways followed by its systematic regulation for filling research gaps and developing potential strategies to overcome the global plastic pollution catastrophe. However, the vast problem of plastic waste accumulation cannot be mitigated solely through biological techniques. Effective plastic waste management necessitates stringent recycling and waste sorting policies as well. Availability of data and materials No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Based on their unpalatability, the ants and bugs were predicted to be Müllerian mimics, while the spider was predicted to be a Batesian mimic. Unpalatability was re-estimated for these five species using ten individuals from each species. All attributes as measured previously were re-measured with the addition of a behavioural measure. The behavioural measure was the frequency of biting in the field following agitation with forceps. The addition of an extra measure adjusted the previous estimated unpalatability (uj) but the relative relationship of unpalatability between species remained the same. We used Eulamprus quoyii as our visually-oriented euryphagous vertebrate predator. At least 14 days prior to the experiment adult skinks were placed singly in a white container (70 × 50 × 40 cm) at constant temperature 26°C and L:D = 12:12 regime. They were fed regularly with three crickets (Acheta domestica) three times a week. The skinks were then starved five days prior to the predation trials. One day prior to the trial a layer of butter was applied to the sides of the white container to prevent arthropods from climbing the walls and escaping. At the start of a trial a lizard was left to settle down for a period of 5 min. A prey item was released into the container and the behaviour of the skink during the 5 min trial was recorded with a fixed video camera positioned above the container. Five minutes was deemed sufficient, as previous feeding trials with crickets have shown this species of lizard will attempt to capture prey within 1 min. If the potential prey survived it was removed, and the skink was left for 2 min to settle down. Another prey item was then released and so on until all five mimic prey types were used. As a non-mimic control, we used juveniles of the spider, Badumna insignis L. Koch, which was of a similar size to the other species but was not a mimic as it lacked golden colouration. At the end a cricket was released as a positive control. Results of trials were used in the analysis only if the cricket was captured. The prey was offered to skinks using a constrained randomisation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine includes stem cell therapy to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: The FDA’s mandate has been expanded to include facilitating innovation and expediting the development of new therapies, notably in the context of serious or life-threatening diseases [40]. This was clearly articulated in the Twenty-first Act (2016) [41], which introduced a new accelerated pathways program to expedite the development and review of regenerative medicine advanced therapies (RMAT). RMAT designated HCT/Ps and cell therapies must demonstrate preliminary evidence of their potential to address unmet medical needs related to the serious or life-threatening disease, and once approved by the FDA, such designated products may be eligible for priority review and accelerated approval [40]. Furthermore, the FDA has released a comprehensive oversight framework laid out in four guidance documents that clarify the criteria, definitions and interpretations for the advancement of regenerative medicine [40, 42, 43]. EuropeIn Europe, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are either gene therapy medicinal products, somatic cell therapy medicinal products or tissue-engineered products [44]. Such products are typically subject to Regulation (EC) 1394/2007 on (adopted in 2007) [45, 46], which was supported by Directive 2001/83/EC (repealed) and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 [47]. Furthermore, clinician-researchers and sponsors must also conform to the general framework set out in the new Regulation 536/2014, which puts forward a single CTA approach, for all involved in a given proposal, via a single online EU portal and the possibility to provide greater transparency in the reporting of data post clinical trial [47, 48]. Regulation (EC) 1394/2007 also sets out additional criteria for ATMPs and creates a centralized authorization process for those marketed within the (EU) [39]. The additional criteria lead to a more “rigorous” evaluation of ATMPs than was the case under previous medicinal product legislation [49]. As a result, this centralized process may result in longer delays in authorization [22]. In the case of doubt regarding the classification of an ATMP, the EMA has established an optional procedure through which a clinician-researcher or sponsor can submit an application for a scientific recommendation on the classification of ATMPs [49, 50]. To qualify as an ATMP, the cells or the tissues must undergo a process that “involves substantial manipulation of the starting materials” (p.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: J Polym Environ. 2022;30:3949–58. 93. 1661. Polyethylene degradation by a isolated from naturally weathered plastic waste enrichment. Technol. 2023;57:13901–11. . Biodegradation of different types of microplastics: Molecular mechanism and degradation efficiency. Environ. 2023;877:162912. 3933. 43. 14. 12. . Polymer-degrading enzymes of Pseudomonas chloroaphis PA23 display broad substrate p4501. . A marine fungus Alternaria alternata FB1 efficiently degrades polyethylene. J Hazard Mater. 2022;431:128617. 86. . Functional analysis of alkane hydroxylase system derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa E7 for low molecular weight polyethylene biodegradation. Biodegradation. 2015;103:141–6. 1619. Adıgüzel AO, Şen F, Könen-Adıgüzel S, Kıdeyş Identification of cutinolytic esterase from microplastic-Associated microbiota using functional metagenomics and its plastic degrading potential. Mol Biotechnol. 2023;1–18. J, et al. A polyesterase from the Antarctic bacterium Moraxella sp. degrades highly crystalline synthetic polymers. J Hazard Mater. 2022;434:128900. 5127. Molecular docking and metagenomics assisted mitigation of microplastic pollution. Chemosphere. 2024;351:141271. 6429. Rozman U, Filker S, Kalčíková G. Monitoring of biofilm development and physico-chemical changes of floating microplastics at the air-water interface. Environ Pollut. 2023;322:121157. 78. . Closed-loop recycling of polypropylene: A case study on mechanical recycling of separately collected yogurt cups in Austria. Recycl. 2024;205:107537. 5. 1612. Oda K, Wlodawer A. Development of enzyme-based approaches for recycling PET on an industrial scale. Biochemistry. 2024. Closing the textile loop: Enzymatic fibre separation and recycling of wool/polyester fabric blends.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: There was randomisation within Müllerian mimics (ants) followed by randomisation within less defended mimics (Daerlac, Myrmarachne) and non-mimic prey (Badumna) because the predator must learn unpalatability by encountering the unpalatable models first. The learned aversion was necessary because skinks were collected in the wild a number of months prior to the trials and fed with crickets since then. We used 26 skinks in total. Ants, spiders and bugs were collected a few days prior to the trial. From the video footage we recorded whether prey was consumed or spat out. The spider Lampona murina L. Koch was used as a nonvisually-oriented ant-adverse predator that will not capture ants but other spiders. Twenty-five late-instar juvenile Lampona spiders were collected from the bark of gum (Eucalyptus sp. ) trees on the campus and kept individually in tubes (1 cm diameter, 10 cm long). Spiders were placed in a chamber set to 23°C and L:D = 16:8 regime. Spiders were fed with a clubionid spider once a week and provided with a moistened piece of gauze. Lampona was not fed seven days prior to a trial. During a trial, an individual from the five mimetic prey species and one non-mimic spider (Clubiona sp. ) was released into the Petri dish in a random order (diameter 6 cm). The prey was offered to Lampona in a random order. Induction of learned aversion was not necessary because the spiders were collected from the field only a week prior to the experiment. If the prey was not captured within 30 min we replaced it with a new one until one prey was captured. If the prey was captured, another prey was offered seven days later. In each trial we recorded capture frequency of Lampona. Finally, we used the spider Servaea incana (Keyserling) as a specialised ant-eating predator. Twenty-seven adult individuals of Servaea spiders were collected from gum trees on the campus and placed singly in a Petri dish (8 cm diameter) and kept at 23°C and L:D = 16:8. Spiders were fed with small crickets once a week and provided with a moistened piece of gauze. We did not feed Servaea for five days prior to a trial.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: [42,43] Especially within the dental pulp, approximately 90% of the cells originated from the neural crest. Markers expressed by neural crest cells are widely expressed in the tooth pulp tissue and cultured DPSCs. In addition, DPSCs has been shown to have self-renewing ability and can be differentiated into other mature cells derived from the neural crest (e. g. , neurons and glial cells), suggesting that the pulp still maintains some characteristics of the neural crest [43,44]. DPSCs have the potential to differentiate into neurons and promote the survival of neuronal cells from the injured site. DPSCs from rats cultivated in vitro produced neurotrophic factors and promoted neuron survival, while fibroblasts did not provide similar results [43]. Several authors have demonstrated the ability of DPSCs to differentiate and present neuronal markers [19,28,38,45]. The high expression of certain neuronal markers and neurotransmitter receptors by DPSCs also suggests that these cells can actively respond to signals from the neural environment and effectively integrate into injured nerve tissues, promoting the reestablishment of functional nerve connectivity [46]. The characteristics (differentiation and surface markers) presented by DPSCs are very similar with SCs from other tissues, making the dental pulp an excellent source for MSCs. DPSCs are important because they originate from ectoderm, the same origin of nervous tissue, suggesting being more promising than MSCs from other sources for use in future studies in neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is necessary to standardize the isolation methodology of DPSCs to be used on a large scale in regenerative medicine. study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - 001. 4459. Mahla RS (2016) Applications in. International journal of cell biology 2016: 6940283. (2012) Cells - Concepts, Methods of Procurement and Applications (1st edn): Atheneu. (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Society for position statement. Cytotherapy 8(4): 315-317. Caplan AI (2009) Why are MSCs therapeutic? New data: new insight. of Pathology 217(2): 318-324.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial degradation of plastic will eliminate plastic pollution globally. [SEP] Text: Application of Consortia for Remediation and Low- and High-and Prioritizing the Cost-Effective, Eco-friendly, and Intervention. In: Hussain C, editor. Handbook of Management. Cham: Springer; 2019. p. 431–478. Salinas J, Carpena V, Martínez--González MJ, Toribio AJ, et al. Development of plastic-degrading microbial consortia by induced selection in microcosms. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1143769. 4459. . Construction of microbial consortia for microbial degradation of complex compounds. Biotechnol. 2022;10:1051233. 7. 2449. 1005. 76. 10. 57. 10. 1038/s41467-023-37415-x. . Transcriptomic analysis of Rhodococcus opacus R7 grown on polyethylene by RNA-seq. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–14. 56. - Plastics degradation by hydrolytic enzymes: The plastics-active enzymes database—PAZy. Proteins. 2022;90:1443–56. 68. Genome-wide identification and characterization of lipases from ascomycetes, and molecular docking analysis with various plastics. 2024. Preprint. In silico approach for evaluating the degradation efficiency of plastic degrading enzyme mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid hydrolase (MHETase) of selected bacteria. Bioremediat J. 2023. Directed evolution of an efficient and thermostable PET depolymerase. Nat Catal. 2022;5:673–81. 285. Biotechnol. 2013;97:4859–71. 67. 9010. 32. 9656. 77. Rational protein engineering of thermo-stable PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis for highly efficient PET degradation. ACS Catal. 2019;9:3519–26. Computational redesign of a PETase for plastic biodegradation under ambient condition by the GRAPE strategy. ACS Catal. 2021;11:1340–50. . Toward rational thermostabilization of Aspergillus oryzae cutinase: Insights into catalytic and structural stability. Proteins.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: One individual of a mimic prey species was released into the dish. The prey was offered to Servaea in a random order. Induction of learned aversion was not necessary because spiders were collected from the field only a week prior to the experiment. If the prey was not captured within 5 min we replaced it with a new one. If the prey was captured another prey was offered five days later. In each trial we recorded whether the prey was captured as well as the behaviour of Servaea and prey. To compare the frequency of capture among used prey types for each predator, relative frequencies of prey capture from Eulamprus quoyi or Servaea experiments were subjected to generalised estimating equations (GEE) from the geepack package with a binomial error structure due to repeated use of the same skink individuals with different prey. The exchangeable association structure was used (Varley and Gradwell, 1960). To test whether the post-attack reaction of the skinks was related to prey unpalatability we used generalized linear model with binomial error structure (GLM) of scores of the post-attack reaction of the skinks and the unpalatability index. The post-attack reaction was ranked as follows: 0 if the mimic was eaten, one if it was eaten but the skink cleaned its mouth, and two if the skink spat out the mimic. The ranks were then scaled to 0–1 range. To compare the relative capture frequencies of Lampona on the prey species a test was used. To test whether overall mortality of prey is related to its unpalatability we used a general linear model (LM) of the sum of all probabilities of capture (pij) by the three predators and unpalatability index. The sum of capture rate was expressed as a killing value, Kj using the formula: Kj=∑j=1n−log(1−pij). All statistical analyses were performed in R (R Core Team, 2013). For each model, diagnostic plots were used to assess model adequacy, such as variance homogeneity and distribution of residuals. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability The following data sets were generated (2016) Data from: The golden mimicry complex uses a spectrum of defences to deter a community of predators Available at Repository under a CC0 Dedication. 88. PubMed 566. 66. PubMed 217.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: (2011) Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical analysis of multilineage differentiated human dental pulp- and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Organs 193(6): 366-378. (2013) In vitro analysis of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human teeth and bone marrow. Odontology 101(2): 121-132. (2014) Neurogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells to neuron-like cells in dopaminergic and motor neuronal inductive media. Journal of the Association 113(12): 956-965. (2002) Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. J 81(8): 531-535. (2011) Continual expression throughout the cell cycle and downregulation upon adipogenic differentiation makes nucleostemin a vital human MSC proliferation marker. Rev 7(2): 413-424. ’Aquino R, Laino L, et al. (2010) Ectomesenchymal stem cells from dental pulp are committed to differentiate into active melanocytes. Mater 20: 295-305. Xiao L, (2013) Human dental mesenchymal stem cells and neural regeneration. Human cell 26(3): 91-96. Achilleos A, Trainor PA (2012) Neural crest stem cells: discovery, properties and potential for therapy. Cell research 22(2): 288-304. (2018) Cells and after Neuronogenic Differentiation. Reviews and Reports. (2015) Dental pulp stem cells as a multifaceted tool for bioengineering and the regeneration of craniomaxillofacial tissues. Share: Dental Pulp-Cells: A for Leticia Fracaro*1, Senegaglia*1, Alejandro Correa2 and Slud Brofman1 1Core for - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Brazil 2Laboratory of of - Chagas - Fiocruz-PR, Brazil Received: February 14, 2019 | Published: February 25, 2019 Corresponding author: Senegaglia, Core for for : 10. 26717/BJSTR. 2019. 15. 002645 In: medicine has the potential to replace tissues and organs damaged using stem cells (SCs) and their derivatives.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Moreover, many construction/installation and operation/maintenance jobs may effectively be exported overseas depending on the development and size of an export market for manufactured renewables. Simas and Pacca (2014) observe that the standard metric of manufacturing job-years/unit of installed capacity in a particular year may be misleading since it does not account for the proportion of imports or exports. It would therefore be possible for a country to have a very high index if installed capacity is low due to most manufactured technologies being exported. The evidence on construction and installation (Figure 1a) indicates that this activity creates the most jobs for solar PV, biomass and small hydro, around between 15,000 and 18,000 job-years per GW. Construction of natural gas power plants is associated with the lowest level of employment (2,500 job-years per GW). Wind farm installation performs relatively modestly (averaging 4,200 and 7,200 job-years per GW for onshore wind and offshore wind respectively). Ram et al. (2022) observe that demand for construction, installation, and operation and maintenance jobs tends to be created locally, and these activities are therefore a fairly good indication of the potential to generate jobs within a country or region. However, a key uncertainty is the extent to which labour and supply chain services may be imported from other countries. Figure 1b suggests that operation and maintenance is associated with the highest number of jobs over technology lifetimes for small hydro (1,600 jobs/GW) and biomass (1,100 jobs/GW). Natural gas and coal have the lowest employment factors for operation and maintenance (130 and 155 jobs/GW respectively). The estimates of job creation presented so far pertain to electricity generation technologies. The review has found only limited examples of equivalent data for heating, low carbon or otherwise. Ram et al. (2022) include employment factors for a range of heating technologies in a recent global scenario analysis based on an energy transition to 100% renewables, with a high level of electrification, from 2015 to 2050. The authors present job intensities by manufacturing, construction and installation, and operation and maintenance activities, expressed in units of jobs (or job-years) created per megawatts of thermal (MWth) installed capacity. In general, these particular estimates suggest that CIM activities are associated with a higher number of job-years per megawatts thermal (MWth) for low carbon heating technologies and fuels sources (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Mitral valve reconstruction (MVR) is one of the cardiosurgical procedures which cannot be substituted by any intervention owing to the quality of the quasi-anatomical, physiological repair. However, technique and strategies have changed over the years. We looked at procedural characteristics and outcome in an all-comer, non-selected cohort of patients. Methods 738 out of 1. 977 patients were retrospectively analyzed receiving MVR with and without concomitant procedures. The cohort was divided into three periods. P1: 2004–2009 (134 pts. ); P2: 2010–2014 (294 pts. ), and P3: 2015–2019 (310 pts. ). mortality increased from P1 to P2 and decreased from P2 to P3 (9% P1, 13% P2, 10% P3). All patients received an annuloplasty-ring. In P1 resection measures dominated. In P3 artificial chordae were dominant. Age, BMI, and risk scores correlated with early mortality. Survival rates were 66% (5-years), 55% (10-years), 44% (15-years) in P1, 63% (5-years), 50% (10-years) in P2, and 80% (5-years) in P3. Odds ratio for reduced long-term survival were concomitant venous only bypass surgery (10-years 2,701, p = 0. 026). 10-year survival was positively influenced by isolated MVR (0. 246, p = 0. 001), concomitant isolated arterial bypass (IMA) (0. 153, p = 0. 051), posterior leaflet measure (0. 178, p<0. 001), and use of artificial chordae (5-years 0. 235, p<0. 001). for ring implantation remained mandatory while preference changed alongside improved designs. Procedural characteristics changed from mainly resection maneuvers to predominant use of artificial chordae. Long-term results were negatively influenced by co-morbidities and positively influenced by posterior leaflet repair and artificial chordae. MVR underwent a qualitative evolution and remains a valuable cardiosurgical procedure. Citation: öter F, Albes JM (2022) Every day mitral valve reconstruction: What has changed over the last 15 years? 17(10): e0269537.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: diseases are one of the prime topics of concern in the current era due to improper diagnostics tools. Gene-editing therapy, like Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats- associated nuclease 9 (/Cas9), is gaining popularity in pulmonary research, opening up doors to invaluable insights on underlying mechanisms. /Cas9 can be considered as a potential gene-editing tool with a scientific community that is helping in the advancement of knowledge in respiratory health and therapy. As an appealing therapeutic tool, we hereby explore the advanced research on the application ofCas9 tools in chronic respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cystic fibrosis (CF). We also address the urgent need to establish this gene-editing tool in various other lung diseases such as asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The present review introducesCas9 as a worthy application in targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrinolytic system via editing specific genes. Thereby, based on the efficiency ofCas9, it can be considered as a promising therapeutic tool in respiratory health research. Keywords:Cas9, respiratory diseases, gene editing, gene therapy, lungs-related diseases, pulmonary disease. « » 1001. [ [2]. Airway macrophages as the guardians of tissue repair in the lung. Biol 2019; 97(3): 246-57. [ [PMID: 30768869] [3] Complex interface between immunity and metabolism: The lung as a target organ. Mechanisms and manifestations of obesity in lung disease. 2019; 43. [ [4] Risk of lung cancer in lung transplant recipients in the United States. Transplant 2019; 19(5): 1478-90. [ [PMID: 30565414] [5] Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease in the united states: prevalence, incidence, and healthcare costs and mortality. J Rheumatol 2019; 46(4): 360-9. [ [PMID: 30442831] [6]. /Cas9 for cancer research and therapy. Biol 2019; 55: 106-19. [ [PMID: 29673923] [7]. /Cas9 - An evolving biological tool kit for cancer biology and oncology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Baran, Szpor and Witajewski-Baltvilks (2020) caution that a transition away from coal production and use in Poland could lead to net job destruction, without a well-managed plan to help displaced coal miners transition to new roles in renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors. The aggregate balance of job creation and destruction across a national economy also depends on the extent to which new and displaced energy sectors utilise labour within or outside a given country. Cai et al. (2017) combine input-output and analytical models to evaluate employment impacts of solar PV, onshore wind, hydropower and bioenergy in Italy from 2006 to 2014. The authors contend that lower job creation for renewable energy CIM activities compared to three potential alternative investments in other economic sectors is due to many renewable energy components being imported. Conversely, O&M in Italy’s renewables sector used mostly local goods and services and generated higher employment factors than the counterfactual investments. Similarly, in an input-output analysis of a transition to low carbon electricity generation in Japan by 2050, Kuriyama and Abe (2021) find that a shift to renewable energy could lead to net job creation within the country by reducing the need for fossil fuel imports and reliance on overseas labour. Making the most of this domestic job generating opportunity depends on effective national and local government support providing training, recruiting workers and developing a labour force with requisite skills in renewable energy sectors (Ibid. ). Our review identified limited examples of studies which attempt to quantify the regional distribution of low carbon energy employment. Sharma and Banerjee (2021) find that retiring coal power plants in India and attaining a national 100GW solar PV capacity target would have mixed net jobs impacts across different regions. While the authors’ analytical model suggests an outcome of positive net job creation in six Indian states, net job destruction is projected in six other states, particular those which have considerable coal mining activity. Kuriyama and Abe (2021) conclude that transitioning to renewable electricity generation in Japan could be particularly favourable for creating stable, long-term jobs in O&M in rural areas. The study illustrates that early planning is required for conventional power plant phase out to avoid a surplus of workers, accounting for regional differences in the impact of this phase out and new opportunities available for renewables, energy efficiency or other low carbon energy sectors. Elsewhere, Sievers et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: : November 5, 2021; Accepted: May 23, 2022; Published: October 3, 2022Copyright: © 2022 Motazedian et al. This is an open access 10. 5061/dryad. 4f4qrfjf1. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no specific interests exist. IntroductionMitral valve reconstruction (MVR) is one of the remaining cardiac surgical procedures that, due to the quality of the quasi-anatomical and thus physiological repair, cannot be replaced by any intervention. In the 1970s, introduced the systematic approach to mitral valve reconstruction into the clinical practice. The clarification of the underlying pathology types was accompanied by appropriate measures to treat them and thus to reconstruct the valve as anatomically and physiologically as possible [1–3]. This was clearly a breakthrough that far surpassed existing mitral repair maneuvers and thus opened the future of surgical repair not only of the mitral valve, but later also of the tricuspid and aortic valves. Today between half and two thirds of the mitral valves are being reconstructed in countries with an efficient health system [4]. Although the techniques invented and refined by Carpentier are still widely used, mitral valve reconstruction has gone through an evolutionary process over the years in which some techniques became obsolete or even died out while others flourished. We therefore examined both procedural features and outcome in an unselected group of patients who received MVR in our institution over the past 15 years. Patients and methodsOf a total number of 1. 977 mitral valve procedures 738 patients were retrospectively analyzed receiving MVR with and without any concomitant procedure from 2004 to 2019. Underlying pathologies leading to mitral regurgitation necessitating repair were distinguished between primary degenerative and secondary functional (ischemic) origin according to the current ESC-guidelines [5]. Patients who had to undergo a cardiac tumor resection were excluded, even if this tumor could be removed from the mitral valve and the valve left in place. Also excluded were patients with acute endocarditis, which led to resection measures on an otherwise preserved mitral valve. Furthermore, patients were excluded who did not want to participate in the study or they or their relatives were unable to undergo informed consent. Ethics vote was obtained by the of our university.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Highly efficient RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via delivery of purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. 2014; 24(6): 1012-9. [ [PMID: 24696461] [30]Cas9 for in situ functional assays. 2013; 27(23): 2602-14. [ [PMID: 24298059] [31] Genome-scale -Cas9 knockout screening in human cells. Science 2014; 343(6166): 84-7. [ [PMID: 24336571] [32]. -Cas: evolution of an RNA-based adaptive immunity system in prokaryotes. RNA Biol 2013; 10(5): 679-86. [ [PMID: 23439366] [33]. Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using -Cas systems. Res 2013; 41(7): 4336-43. [ [PMID: 23460208] [34] Wright AV, Nuñez JK, Doudna JA. Biology and applications of systems: harnessing nature’s toolbox for genome engineering. Cell 2016; 164(1-2): 29-44. [ [PMID: 26771484] [35] Moses C, Kaur P. Applications of systems in respiratory health: Entering a new ‘red pen’ era in genome editing. Respirology 2019; 24(7): 628-37. [ [PMID: 30883991] [36] Standage-. RNA-guided recombinase-Cas9 fusion targets genomic DNA deletion and integration. 2019; 2(4): 209-22. [ [PMID: 31436506] [37]. DNA interrogation by the -guided endonuclease Cas9. Nature 2014; 507(7490): 62-7. [ [PMID: 24476820] [38]. Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria. 2012; 109(39): E2579-86. [ [PMID: 22949671] [39]. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 2012; 337(6096): 816-21.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Quality of job creation Agreement (2015) sets out that national priorities for low carbon development should ensure a just transition through the creation of decent work and quality jobs. Several studies extracted from our review highlight the importance of ensuring the quality of green jobs, and some documents refer to the concept of ‘decent work’. For example, Mattos (2018) writes that “green jobs are, by definition, decent jobs, i. e. a subset of jobs in environmental sectors which provide adequate wages, safe working conditions, safeguard workers’ rights and social dialogue, and which provide social protection. ” In other documents identified in our review, higher job quality is described for example in terms of high wages and full-time employment (Jung, 2015), and permanent rather than temporary jobs (MacCallum, 2016; Mattos, 2018). However, green or low carbon energy jobs may not always or necessarily be ‘higher’ quality jobs. It has been suggested variously in the literature that direct employment in renewable energy construction or installation may be linked to temporary work which expires on completion of specific projects or might no longer be needed once renewable energy capacity targets have been met (MacCallum, 2016; Sofroniou and Anderson, 2021; Godinho, 2022). Similarly, the UK’s smart meter installation programme will create the need for smart meter installers as a new occupation – but the longer-term job security or career prospects of these jobs requires further exploration (Sofroniou and Anderson, 2021). With reference to data on Scotland, Connolly, Allan and McIntyre (2016) suggest that labour intensity may fall as renewables mature and employment needs shift from construction to maintenance and servicing. The authors observed that “between 2007 and 2012 the number of LCEGS [and Services] jobs declined whereas the installed capacity of renewable generation in Scotland more than doubled” (Connolly, Allan and McIntyre, 2016). Nevertheless, it is likely that achieving national net zero or decarbonisation targets will require a prolonged period of construction and installation of new renewables capacity over the next several decades.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Owing to the entirely retrospective nature of the study, the necessity for written informed consent was waived. Late survival state was obtained in several cases by telephone contact. That was considered as oral and thus adequate consent by the ethics committee. (Sept. 2020; File No. E-01-20200709). The cohort was divided into three periods: Period one (P1): 2004–2009 (134 pts. ); period two (P2) 2010–2014 (294 pts. ); and period three (P3) 2015–2019 (310 pts. ). Long-term results up to 15 years were obtained. Statistical evaluation was performed using 2010 and R® [6]. The descriptive statistics initially included all demographic items as well as perioperative parameters recorded during the patient stay and presented here as a mean value with standard deviation (95% confidence interval). Numerical data was tested for normal distribution before being compared with Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney-U Test respectively. Categorical data was compared using Fisher’s exact test and Chi-squared test. To examine the existence of trends in categorical variables over the three time periods, Cochran-Armitage test for trend in proportions was used. In addition, a risk factor analysis was carried out to determine the odds ratio. Kendall’s Tau was used to correlate hospitalization time and a panel of typical risk factors. Differences were assumed to be significant if p<0. 05. The patients were contacted by phone for follow up. No information could be obtained from 55/738 patients (93% follow-up). The survival times were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, the secondary endpoints were: recurrence rate requiring reoperation, early mortality and long-term survival in the years 2004–2009 (Period 1); 20010–2014 (Period 2); 2015–2019 (Period 3). Additional secondary endpoints were the type of surgery and the type and scope of other simultaneous surgical measures and their influence on early mortality and long-term survival. ResultsThe proportion of mitral valve repair from all mitral valve procedures more than doubled from period 1 (22. 1%) to period 2 (47. 6%) and slightly decreased thereafter in period 3 (41. 1%). Mitral valve pathology was of primary nature in 64,6% of all patients.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 27237320] [52] Focal adhesion kinase regulates the DNA damage response and its inhibition radiosensitizes mutant KRAS lung cancer. Res 2016; 22(23): 5851-63. [ [PMID: 27220963] [53] Saber A. Genomic aberrations guiding treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Commun 2015; 4: 23-33. [ [54] Up-regulation of focal adhesion kinase in non-small cell lung cancer. 2006; 53(3): 263-71. [ [PMID: 16842883] [55] The prognostic significance of focal adhesion kinase expression in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J 2014; 9(9): 1278-84. [ [PMID: 25122425] [56]. The clinical impact of an EML4-ALK variant on survival following crizotinib treatment in patients with advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. 2017; 28(7): 1667-8. [ [PMID: 28407036] [57] González-Vallinas M, Rodríguez-Paredes M, Albrecht M, et al. Epigenetically regulated chromosome 14q32 miRNA cluster induces metastasis and predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Res 2018; 16(3): 390-402. [ [PMID: 29330288] [58]. Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade. 2002; 99(19): 12293-7. [ [PMID: 12218188] [59] Cyranoski D. gene-editing tested in a person for the first time. Nature 2016; 539(7630): 479. [ [PMID: 27882996] [60] Genome-wide screen identifies regulators of mitogen-activated protein kinase as suppressors of liver tumors in mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 152(5): 1161-1173. e1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Godinho (2022) point to OECD research which indicates that in general, lower skilled employees in the energy supply sector are more likely to be affected by job displacement as a result of low carbon energy transitions, and this may be compounded by workers losing benefits from previous work in carbon-intensive sectors (Chateau, Bibas and Lanzi, 2018; Botta, 2019). In general, stronger national and international labour market standards and regulations are needed to support unemployed workers in decommissioned industries, provide skills training and increase the availability of alternative, decent work in affected regions (IRENA and ILO, 2021; Godinho, 2022). We consider the issue of skills in the following section. 4. 2. Skills and occupational profiles A cluster of studies was identified around the issue of skills and typical education levels associated with green jobs. Based on an analysis of US employment and occupational data, Consoli et al. (2016) suggest that “Green jobs exhibit higher levels of education, work experience and job training” and “use more intensively high-level cognitive and interpersonal skills compared to non-green jobs”. This is supported by the findings of a study (Elliott and Lindley, 2017) that analysed data from the US Bureau of Labour Statistics, and found that green industries “increased the quantity of workers demanded from the middle of the skill distribution at the same time as they reduced the quantity demanded for lower skilled workers”. The same study went on to conclude that it was “College graduates who gain the most from the expansion of green jobs”. A German study (Pegels and Lütkenhorst, 2014) used data from the for the Environment to assess the costs and benefits of Germany’s Energiewende, focussing on wind and solar PV. The study found that “the share of university-degree staff is around three times as high as the national industry average”. Allan et al. (2021) classify jobs in the UK offshore wind sector according to skill level, through a method involving extraction of data from a UK input-output (IO) table. The data is from 2010, the latest available to allow a detailed breakdown by occupational skills. The authors aggregate nine occupational SIC (Classification of economic activities) categories to form three groups representing high, medium and low skill levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Age remained quite stable (P1: 64. 26 years, P2: 66. 46 years, P3: 65. 42 years), risk scores (EuroScore (ES), logistic ES (log. ES)) increased from P1 to P2 and decreased thereafter. Mean hospitalization time decreased (17. 7 days P1; 17. 5 days P2; 15. 2 days P3) (Table 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Demographic data. of isolated procedures varied between 30 and 50% (48% P1, 31% P2, 40% P3). Minimal-invasive MVR did not play a major role in this non-selected cohort with only 13 patients mainly carried out in period 2. Early mortality increased from P1 to P2 and decreased from P2 to P3 (9% P1, 13% P2, 10% P3). Concomitant procedures were mostly coronary artery bypass graft as well as aortic valve replacement and endocardial cooled radiofrequency thermal atrial ablation (MAZE) was often performed (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Concomitant procedures. patients in all periods received an annuloplasty-ring. Classic™ (35. 07%) and Livanova (previously Sorin™) Anuloflo™ (51. 49%) were mostly used in P1 it gradually shifted until P3 to the II (65. 16%) and the St. Saddle (25. 48%). In P1 resection measures for the posterior leaflet as well as Wooler plasty dominated. In P2 artificial chordae came increasingly in use while resection measures decreased. 3 artificial chordae were the dominant procedure (Table 3, Fig 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Shift of additional reconstruction measures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 24315439] [71] Functional gene correction for cystic fibrosis in lung epithelial cells generated from patient iPSCs. 2015; 12(9): 1385-90. [ [PMID: 26299960] [72]. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators have differential effects on cystic fibrosis macrophage function. 2018; 8(1): 17066. [ [PMID: 30459435] [73]. Ex vivo cell-basedCas9 genome editing for therapeutic applications. Biomaterials 2020; 234119711[ [74] Geurts MH, de Poel E, Amatngalim GD, et al. -based adenine editors correct nonsense mutations in a cystic fibrosis organoid biobank. Cell 2020; 26(4): 503-510. e7. [ [PMID: 32084388] [75] High-efficiency, selection-free gene repair in airway stem cells from cystic fibrosis patients’ rescues cftr function in differentiated epithelia. Cell 2020; 26(2): 161-71. [ [PMID: 31839569] [76] A proof-of-principle ex vivo gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: CFTR gene correction withcas9 of primary CF airway epithelial cells. 2019; 54(2): 210. [77] Efficient gene editing at major CFTR mutation loci. 2019; 16(16): 73-81. [ [PMID: 30852378] [78]. /Cas9-mediated three nucleotide insertion corrects a deletion mutation in MRP1/ABCC1 and restores its proper folding and function. 2017; 7(7): 429-38. [ [PMID: 28624219] [79] Inactivation of CFTR byCas9 alters transcriptional regulation of inflammatory pathways and other networks. J 2020; 19(1): 34-9. [ [PMID: 31126900] [80] In vitro validation of a -mediated CFTR correction strategy for preclinical translation in pigs. Ther 2019; 30(9): 1101-16. [ [PMID: 31099266] [81]. Overcoming the undesirable -Cas9 expression in gene correction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 indicates that almost 90% of offshore wind jobs in 2010 were in the high to medium skill categories, and that most jobs are created indirectly in the supply chain or through the induced effect of additional household expenditure. Vona, Marin and Consoli (2018) also report high skill levels and salaries for green occupations compared to non-green employment in the US. Despite some identified differences in skills levels between green and non-green jobs, Reddy (2016) suggests that the skills required are not new, and Bowen, Kuralbayeva and Tipoe (2018) propose that much retraining in the green economy can occur ‘on the job’. Others contend that the greening of the economy will require new skills, competencies and qualifications, linked to the creation of new markets and activities (Aceleanu, Serban and Burghelea, 2015; Shanghi and Sharma, 2014). Several studies note the potential to train and employ young people in these new areas, while helping to address youth unemployment (Aceleanu, Serban and Burghelea, 2015; Rutkowska-Podołowska, Sulich and Szczygieł, 2016; Sulich, Rutkowska and Popławski, 2020). Kapetaniou and McIvor (2020) highlight that in the UK, younger and male workers are concentrated in brown sectors, where most jobs require low- or medium-level skills. This implies challenges for younger males working in routine or manual brown occupations if they need to switch to green jobs; they may have to learn new skills in order to avoid job displacement difficulties (Kapetaniou and McIvor, 2020). The identified evidence does not support a straightforward claim that renewable energy or energy efficiency jobs are more skilled than higher carbon energy sectors, and this depends on the extent to which direct, indirect and induced job creation are considered. Several analyses (e. g. Allan and Ross, 2019; Dominish et al. , 2019) observe that significant shares of employment in fossil fuel generation and extraction are in higher-skilled occupational categories. There is also demand for lower-skilled, manual occupations which may for example comprise much of solar PV installation and offshore wind construction activities. Figure 4 presents a chart of data sourced from Dominish et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: PML = Corrective measure on the posterior mitral leaflet; Resection = All types of resection measure on either leaflet; Wooler = Commissural reduction plasty according to Wooler; Plication = Plication on the leaflets without resection; AML = Corrective measure on the anterior mitral leaflet; = Repositioning, shortening of the native chords, shortening of the origin of the chord by means of splitting or trimming or repositioning of the papillary muscle; Artif. Chordae = Chordae replacement with artificial chords. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Types of additional repair maneuvers. age, BMI, and risk scores correlated with early mortality (EM) (Age-EM: 71. 54 Age- Control: 64. 89%, P<0. 001; BMI-EM: 28. 12% BMI-Control: 26. 72, P = 0. 026; log. ES-EM: 30. 98%, Log. ES-Control: 10. 46%, P<0. 001; ESII-EM: 16. 99% ESII-Control: 4. 63%, P<0. 001). Concomitant bypass surgery, particularly without IMA as well as concomitant implantation or explantation of electrophysiological devices increased the risk for early mortality whereas isolated MVR and use of artificial chordae reduced it (Table 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 4. Procedure-dependent early mortality. from early or late redo-procedures for the mitral valve was 91% in P1, 96% in P2, and 97% in P3 (P1 vs. P2 P = 0. 008; P1 vs. P3 P = 0. 006; P2 vs. P3 P = 0. 195). Early mitral valve replacement after initial repair were most often performed. MV-Replacement after MVR early: Mean interval 91 days; MV-Replacement after MVR late: Mean interval 927 days; MVR after MVR early: Mean interval 13. 67 days; MVR after MVR late: Mean interval 317 days.

Output: pass