Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Assessments of ecosystem services are a useful way of explaining how natural and modified landscapes affect human well-being, for better or worse. Thus, they are a valuable complementary tool for development planning and policy evaluation at subnational levels. Like any other approach, however, these assessments have some important limitations and constraints. These are related to the levels of understanding of ecosystems in particular places, to the time investments needed to share understanding among stakeholders, and to the recurrent challenges of dealing with differences in interests and motivations. Some actors will seek to use an assessment to support their pre-existing plans, policies, or positions. Other actors will note that the special value of an assessment lies not in telling people things they already know, but in identifying important relationships they do not understand well enough. In either case, by creating demand for greater capacities, assessments can improve the quality of evidence- and science-informed social change. 2010. Ecosystems and human well-being: a manual for assessment practitioners. Island. Biggs, R. , M. Schlüter, D. Biggs, E. L. Bohensky, S. BurnSilver, G. Cundill, V. . Kotschy, A. M. Leitch, C. Meek, A. Quinlan, C. Raudsepp-. Schultz, and P. C. West. 2012. Toward principles for enhancing the resilience of ecosystem services. of Environment and Resources 37:421-448. Cash, D. W. , W. C. Clark, F. Alcock, N. M. Dickson, N. Eckley, D. H. Guston, J. Jäger, and R. B. Mitchell. 2003. Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 100(14):8086-8091. for Community-based Research. 2013. Sub global assessment—ecosystem services, human well-being and sustainable development in province [Translated from the Thai]. for Community-based Research, Samut Songkhram, Thailand. Geneletti, D. 2011. Reasons and options for integrating ecosystem services in strategic environmental assessment of spatial planning. of Biodiversity Science, & Management 7(3):143-149. Hegger, D. , M. Lamers, A. Van Zeijl-Rozema, and C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: A model for the control of ROS production during the maturation of erythroid cells under conditions of stress erythropoiesis. Hypoxia induced by stress challenges generates ROS that induce the formation of stress-specific erythroid progenitor cells. These progenitor cells are poised to receive signals delivered by stress-specific growth factors (SCF and Epo) and hormones (glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone) to respond to integrin outside-in signals. Stress-specific niches present in murine spleen, and equivalent niches in human marrow, induce through the integrin axes stress-specific erythroid cells to produce greater levels of catalase (and probably other enzymes) reducing the levels of ROS generated by hypoxia in these cells, allowing them to escape ROS-activated p53-dependent death, to generate great numbers of RBCs. (modified from Figure 3BS by Ulyanova et al. 6)In this issue, Ulyanova et al. 6 present a superb review of the effect of ROS on terminal erythroid maturation and the regulation of this process by the microenvironment through the integrin axes (Figure 1). This information is used as a foundation for performing loss-of-function analysis of the role played by integrins in the regulation of the terminal phases of RBC production. The loss-of-function models utilized include mice lacking the α4 gene, mice lacking the β1 gene (and therefore presumably lacking also α5β1 heterodimers), mice lacking both the α4 and the β1 gene, and wild-type mice treated with an inhibitor of FAK, the tyrosine kinase protein that mediates their intracellular signaling. The mutants were analyzed at baseline and during the recovery from stress challenges chosen to induce progressively more profound perturbations of the erythron (Figure 1). Both glucocorticoid receptor and cKIT activation up-regulate expression of FAK19,20 poising the cells for outside-in signaling by integrins (Figure 1). The data presented indicate that α4β1 and α5β1 are not essential for normal erythropoiesis because the hematocrit of mice lacking either one of these integrin complexes is normal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 해역별로는 대부분의 사업이 동해안에서 많이 시행되었으며, 해역별로 상대마루높이는 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 1999년 이후부터 신항만의 대수심 방파제에 대해 입찰방법이 대안입찰이나 설계시공일괄입찰이 시행되면서 방파제의 상대마루높이가 높게 나타나 평균 1. 0 이상, 최대 1. 26까지 상향되었음을 알 수 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: and edited by Çagan H. Sekercioglu, Daniel G. Wenny and Christopher J. of Chicago Press, 2016Cloth: 978-0-226-38246-3 | Paper: 978-0-226-38263-0 | Electronic: 978-0-226-38277-7DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 001. 0001 of (paper, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) over one hundred years, ornithologists and amateur birders have jointly campaigned for the conservation of bird species, documenting not only birds’ beauty and extraordinary diversity, but also their importance to ecosystems worldwide. But while these avian enthusiasts have noted that birds eat fruit, carrion, and pests; spread seed and fertilizer; and pollinate plants, among other services, they have rarely asked what birds are worth in economic terms. Birds Matter, an international collection of ornithologists, botanists, ecologists, conservation biologists, and environmental economists seeks to quantify avian ecosystem services—the myriad benefits that birds provide to humans. The first book to approach ecosystem services from an ornithological perspective, Matter asks what economic value we can ascribe to those services, if any, and how this value should inform conservation. 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0001[avian ecosystem function;economic ornithology;ecosystem services;cultural services;provisioning services;regulating services;supporting services]Ecosystem services are those aspects of the earth that benefit humans. of the identified four classes of ecosystem services: provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and fiber; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling. Interest in both the positive and negative roles of birds spurred development of Economic Ornithology, which investigated the food, habits, and migrations of birds in relation to both insects and plants. Although the discipline was initially greeted enthusiastically, criticism of methods and skepticism regarding conclusions grew in the early 20th century.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: However, careful analysis of the phenotype of α5β1 deficient mice demonstrated that they express a modest uncompensated anemia because of impaired ability to compensate for the physiological increases in ROS production occurring during the late stages of maturation. This result suggests that signaling from α5β1 integrin may be specifically responsible for regulating ROS catabolism (Figure 1). This hypothesis was confirmed by demonstrating differences in phenotype of α4β1 and α5β1 deficient mice under conditions of stress erythropoiesis. Mice lacking the integrin α4 had delayed but quantitatively normal responses to all the challenges used. In contrast, mice lacking α5β1 were unable to respond to any of these challenges because their maturing erythroid cells expressed great levels of ROS and died of apoptosis. Further investigations indicated that erythroid cells from α5β1-deficient mice were unable to activate FAK and FOXO3 and to increase antioxidant response. These results indicate that although stress-specific erythroid cells are poised to activate the machinery that reduces ROS, an outside-in signal delivered by α5β1 integrin is necessary for activation of the machinery and ROS (and consequent p53-mediated death) reduction under hypoxic conditions. The analyses of the phenotype of double knock-out mice provided additional information on the role exerted by the two integrins during stress erythropoiesis. Mice lacking both α4β1 and α5β1 responded to challenges perturbing only the terminal erythroid compartments (phenylhydrazine and EPO) as single α5β1 mutant mice, confirming that α5β1 is necessary and sufficient to control ROS production in maturing erythroid cells. By contrast, double knock-out mice responded to challenges perturbing the initial phases of the hematopoietic process, (5-fluorouracyl and radiation) more severely than single α5β1 mutants dying in great numbers following these challenges. This result confirms that α4β1 is necessary to induce hematopoietic stem cells to generate stress-specific erythroid progenitors. The results described by Ulyanova et al. are important for three reasons. Movie 1. Interaction between macrophages and human erythroblasts in vitro.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 즉, 상대마루높이의 주요 증가 요인으로는 대안턴키시행(설계파, 조위 상향)과 더불어 방파제 고유의 기능에서 방파제 내측에 접안시설 설치, 친수시설로의 이용 등의 부가적인 기능을 부여하는 기능복합화로 구분할 수 있다. 3. 5 상치구조물 1950년 이전의 소규모 항만과 어항의 경우 사석식 방파제에서 상부시설은 사석과 사석사이에 콘크리트로 채우는 충진콘크리트로 시공한 자료로 조사되었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Keeping in mind the eventual demise of in the early 20th century, efforts to revitalize the field today must be rigorous, repeatable, with a focus on tangible measures of plant yield in managed systems and plant fitness in natural systems. Cost-benefit analysis may permit evaluation of bird contributions to ecosystem service and disservice with respect to alternative mechanisms that are available (e. g. , bird predation versus pesticides for pest control). Efforts that permit scaling up from experimental plots to entire ecosystems are critical. (pages 1 - 26)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0002[ecosystem services;commodification;ethics;values;monetization;valuation]Birds are valuable intrinsically and instrumentally. Their instrumental values include use values, such as for hunting purposes, and non-use-values, such as for recreation, aesthetic value, and for delivering ecosystem services that help sustain and fulfill human life. If ornithologists, conservations, and economists can help individuals and institutions recognize the value of birds, this will increase investments in bird conservation while fostering human well-being. A surge in interest in environmental and ecological economics has thrust ecosystem services to the forefront of conservation science and policy, and ornithologists must engage in this work to advance bird conservation effectively. Documenting the values and services of birds is necessary for deliberative decision-making processes that collectively weigh economic, cultural, and intrinsic values. Here, we describe methods to quantify the economic value of biodiversity drawn from the field of environmental economics, and we briefly review several examples involving birds. Policies for markets and/or payments for bird services are still in their infancy, but we review how policies of other public ecosystem services have progressed and we discuss their relevance to bird conservation. Lastly, we identify directions for future ecological and economic research that may lead to advances in bird conservation policy. (pages 27 - 48)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0003[agroecosystems;bottom-up interactions;foundation species;pest control;top-down interaction;trophic cascade;trophic interaction networks]Birds function within their ecosystems in ways that include many direct and indirect chains of trophic interaction. In some interaction chains, birds exert top-down effects in “trophic cascades.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Time lapse videomicroscopy of cells obtained after 14 days of culture under (HEMA) conditions from peripheral blood of one healthy donor. Samples were observed by an Olympus phase-contrast microscope equipped with incubator chamber and high speed, high-resolution camera (Hamamatsu), objective lens ×20. Two hours of video recording are shown. Frames were collected every 30 seconds and movie was accelerated at 10 frames per second. The movie presents erythroblasts at various stages of maturation surrounding a macrophage (top right) recognizable for being larger than the other cells, for its motility, and for its ability to protrude its cytoplasm. During the movie, the macrophage appears to explore the space in its surroundings protruding filaments of different sizes. These filaments establish contacts with numerous erythroblasts. Some of the contacts are temporary while others persist in time. The variegation of these interactions suggests that the macrophage is engaging in multiple types of biological conversations possibly in response to specific signals emitted by each erythroblast. Kindly provided by di Sanità, Rome, Italy. is Professor of Medicine at the of and Direttore di Ricerca, Transfusion Medicine, at Sanita’, Rome, Italy. Her main research interest is the regulation of erythropoiesis from hematopoietic stem cells to mature elements during development and how this regulation is perturbed under pathological conditions. Her disease models include myeloproliferative disorders, models for pathological interactions between the hematopoietic stem cells and the microenvironment, Anemia, a model of intrinsic abnormal red cell production, and hemoglobinopathies, and models for abnormal red cell function. Financial and other disclosures provided by the author using the ICMJE (www. icmje. org) for Disclosure of are available with the full text of this paper at www. haematologica. org. 310. PubMed PubMed PubMed PubMed31. PubMed PubMed 25. PubMed PubMed51. PubMed752. 53. PubMed PubMed PubMed PubMed70. PubMed8. PubMed PubMed PubMed01. coi_disclosure_Migliaccio. pdf Figures & Tables 10. 3324/haematol. 2013.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1960년도 이후의 사석식 방파제에도 상치콘크리트가 시공되었다. 사석경사식의 경우 가거도항 방파제에서처럼 방파제 선단부의 상치콘크리트 하부에 Cell Block을 거치하고 철근으로 상치 콘크리트와 하부 블록을 일체화하였다. 그 결과 2011년 태풍 무이파와 2012년 태풍 볼라벤 내습시 선단부에서 피복블록의 피해가 컸으나 Cell Block으로 구성된 두부 상치 콘크리트와 등대에는 피해가 발생하지 않은 것으로 조사되었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: ” These occur when a predatory species directly reduces its prey abundance and consequently indirectly releases suppression of species at lower trophic levels. Many bird species initiate trophic cascades in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and in natural and agro-ecosystems. Services provided by birds through trophic cascades benefit humans primarily through pest control in natural forests, forestry plantations, fruit orchards, and a variety of crop-based agro-ecosystems. Cascade strength may be affected by predator prey specificity, redundancy, species diversity, and productivity. Some birds influence ecosystem function both through either bottom up interactions or through intermediate trophic positions within interaction networks. These effects can also reverberate through trophic webs. Global change, including anthropogenic perturbation, may lead to a loss of ecosystem services, including seed dispersal and pollination services by birds. These losses may cause declines keystone or foundation plant species, resulting in losses in biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. We conclude with suggestions for future research needs on bird ecosystem services, particularly in light of global change. (pages 49 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0004[avian pollination;gene flow;inbreeding depression;pollen limitation;pollination;seed limitation]Avian pollination is thought to be less prevalent and less at risk than avian seed-dispersal. The extent of recently revealed bird pollination that does not conform to the classic ornithophily-nectarivore template suggests this mutualism may be cryptic and more prevalent than considered to date. Widespread anthropogenic disturbance has disproportionately impacted the connections between birds and flowers, so that bird pollination may be systematically under-reported. Evidence suggests that where plants are visited by more than one pollinator guild, the relative effectiveness of birds is high compared to invertebrates. In the absence of replacement, the loss of bird pollinators has resulted in pollination failure, increased inbreeding depression, and decreased plant density. Confirmation of seed limitation in pollen-limited plants serviced by birds provides a precautionary sign of the possible long term effects of bird pollinator loss. The quality of pollination service provided by birds has important consequences for gene flow and offspring survival.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: of and 0. 9423 in 100 five-fold cross-validations. Keywords: miRNA; disease; MiRNA-disease association prediction; cross-modal data imputation; gated graph convolution network. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10064546 An adaptive multimodal biometric feature recognition method based on visual perception by : In order to overcome the recognition accuracy and image information entropy of traditional biometric recognition methods, this paper proposes an adaptive multimodal biometric recognition method based on visual perception. Segmenting images using Weber scores and calculating the just noticeable difference (JND) to obtain human visual perceptual features; using induction bilateral filtering method for processing; using adaptive convolutional neural networks to fuse multimodal biological features; by using the support vector machine (SVM-DS) feature recognition function, the reliability allocation of different evidence body recognition is obtained, and the target type obtained by the decision module is obtained to achieve biometric recognition. After testing, when using this method, the image information entropy is greater than 0. 9, and the image quality is optimised; in the process of feature recognition, it has the ability to accurately match. Keywords: visual perception; adaptive; multimodal; biological characteristics; identification and classification; bilateral filter. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066713 Intelligent decision-making framework for big data using enhanced honey badger-based adaptive hybrid deep learning network by D. Kavitha, A. Chinnasamy P. Selvakumari Abstract: By utilising the conventional models, it is also consumed more time for processing. Hence, there is a crucial requirement for real-time application over big data processing in order to perform a scalable and effective solution. For the experimentation, input data is gathered from different application-oriented datasets. Initially, the input data is congregated and undergone for data cleaning phase and then the cleaned data is given as input for optimal feature extraction, in which the enhanced map-reduce framework is used for extracting the optimal features. These obtained optimal features are fed into Long-Memory and Auto-Encoder based Long-Memory (), in which the parameters are optimized by using enhanced HBA for effective decision-making in proposed big data analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 케이슨 혼성식 방파제의 경우 1999년도 이전까지는 대부분 상치 콘크리트를 직립으로 정하고 상부를 수평으로 시공하여 왔다. 즉, 방파제 마루높이가 상치콘크리트의 높이인 것이다. 그러나 1999년 이후부터는 상치 콘크리트의 형상을 소파형 패러핏(parapet), 소파형 다단계 패러핏, 친수 계단식 등 다양한 형상이 등장하게 되었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Pollen limitation experiments suggest that bird-pollinated plants in New Zealand, the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Africa suffer similar levels of pollen limitation, and are typically more strongly pollen-limited than insect-pollinated plants. Thus, bird-pollination appears to be under-reported, hard to replace and at greater risk of failure than currently assumed. (pages 73 - 106)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0005[frugivores;seed dispersal;ecosystem services]Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds is a globally important ecosystem service. Nearly 4000 bird species have been observed eating fruit and collectively these species likely disperse seeds of at least 68,000 plants. The types of fruits eaten by birds are structurally diverse but fall into three functional groups, multi-seeded berries, few-seeded drupes, and single-seeded arils in dehiscent structures. Birds disperse primarily tree and shrub seeds, but also disperse the seeds of lianas, herbaceous plants, epiphytes, and hemiparasites. Through seed dispersal, birds are important drivers of plant community dynamics and therefore are essential in supporting many of the ecosystem services that those habitats and their constituent species provide. While much research on seed dispersal by birds has focused on the more frugivorous species, most of the bird species that eat fruit do so seasonally or only occasionally and the seed dispersal roles of most of these species are not well understood. Through their sheer numbers, opportunistic, generalist and/or occasional frugivores may be ecologically important in some ecosystems, but their influence has been little studied. Current trends in habitat loss and other human impacts, especially in the tropics, are threatening larger species of frugivores and the large-seeded plants only these birds disperse. (pages 107 - 146)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: 10062482 Metaheuristic gene regulatory networks inference using discrete crow search algorithm and quantitative association rules by --Mohamed Abstract: Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) inference appeared as valuable tools for detecting irregularities in cell regulation. Association rule mining (ARM) encompasses specific data mining methods capable of inferring unknown associations between genes. In response to the scarcity of ARM-based GRN inference, a novel metaheuristic algorithm, DCSA-QAR, is presented. This algorithm infers quantitative association rules by discretising the crow search algorithm. A first series of experiments involved comparison with five metaheuristic algorithms on six datasets. The results showed that, for Co-citation and YeastNet datasets, our algorithm was first in precision (100%), specificity (100%) and score (3. 75). A second series of experiments involved nine information-theoretic algorithms through the DREAM3 and SOS networks. The average results on DREAM3 datasets are compensated by the SOS real datasets results: the best in accuracy, and true positives. As an overall appraisal, DCSA-QAR can be considered as a good candidate for ARM-based metaheuristic GRNs inference. Keywords: artificial intelligence; bioinformatics; gene regulatory networks; GRNs; data mining; soft computing; mining association rules. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10062651 Plasma proteins related to the state of depression: a case-control study based on proteomics data of pregnant women. by : Prenatal and postpartum emotional changes in pregnant women in early pregnancy are of great significance to the physical and mental health of mothers and infants. To identify factors related to this, we conducted this study to identify feature proteins that cause maternal depression. Boruta algorithm (BA), recursive partition algorithm (RPA), regularised random forest (RRF) algorithm, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm, and genetic algorithm (GA) were used to select features. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), back propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and logistic regression (LR) were selected to construct the predictive models. All models showed a good performance in predicting, with the mean AUC (the area under the receiver operating curve) exceeding 80%.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 또한 상부를 월파발생이 용이한 계단형이나 사면형으로 설계함으로써 마루높이를 높게 적용하는 사례가 발생한 것으로 조사되었다. 케이슨식 방파제의 상치부 패러핏 상단이 높아지면 설계파고에 의한 파압이 상대적으로 크게 작용하게 되어 월파량은 다소 감소시킬 수 있을 것이나, 단면의 안전성 측면이나 경제적 측면에서는 비경제적일 수 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: 0006[diaspore;endozoochory;epizoochory;external transport;gut passage;internal transport;passive seed dispersal;seed traits;shorebirds;waterfowl]Ducks, shorebirds, rails, gulls and other waterbirds act as vectors of seeds, spores and other plant diaspores carried internally in their guts, externally on their feathers, feet or bills, or used as nesting material. Darwin was the first to understand the significance of dispersal by migratory waterbirds in plant evolution, biogeography and ecology. Countless aquatic and terrestrial plants are dependent on dispersal by waterbirds for long-distance dispersal, and this has probably been the case since the Cretaceous. However, plant ecologists and waterfowl biologists alike have been slow to recognize the importance of this dispersal mode as an ecosystem service. Seed dispersal by waterbirds plays a vital role in plant population dynamics, population genetics and changes in species distributions in response to habitat change and climate warming. On the other hand, waterbirds also spread alien species, and their role as vectors should be taken into account when considering how to prevent and manage biological invasions. (pages 147 - 195)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0007[corvidae;coevolution;human commensal;regeneration;scatter hoarding;seed storage]Birds of the family Corvidae, which comprise the familiar jays, magpies, crows, ravens, and their allies, occur nearly worldwide. They include species that are common human commensals in urban and rural landscapes, as well as species that occupy more remote wildlands. Many corvids store excess food for later use, preventing access by conspecifics or other competitors and concealing it in hiding places such as crevices and under objects, but also by burying food under soil, litter, or other substrate. For seed-eaters, which are predominantly granivorous corvids, seeds are moved away from parent trees, and prolonged storage may frequently lead to seed germination and plant regeneration. These granivorous corvids are often scatter-hoarders, placing one or more seeds in many different locations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Features will provide clues to prevent depression in pregnant women and improve the physical and mental health of mothers and babies. Keywords: pregnant women; depression; proteomics; biomarkers; feature selection. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10064226 Enhancing drug-drug interaction event prediction from knowledge graphs by multimodal deep neural networks by : This study tackles the challenging issue of predicting drug-drug interactions (DDI) in pharmacology. Despite advancements in deep learning for DDI prediction, many techniques fail to fully leverage multimodal data correlations, limiting accuracy. To address this, we propose the knowledge graphs by multimodal deep neural network () framework, enhancing DDI prediction by integrating features from drug knowledge graphs (DKG) and heterogeneous features (HF). uses a dual-path structure to obtain multimodal drug representations, effectively capturing drug relationships and connections within DKG to improve prediction accuracy. Our method excels in learning joint representations of structural information and multimodal data, as demonstrated through numerous real-world dataset experiments. Additionally, testing various drug knowledge graphs confirmed the model’s robustness. outperforms both classic and state-of-the-art models in prediction metrics and interpretability. Keywords: DDI event prediction; drug-drug interaction; graph neural network; GNN; knowledge graph; heterogeneous information; multi-modal data. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066016 on: of dependence function-based goodness-of-fit test for the gene's relation by : A gene network represents the relationship between different groups of genes with various functions, aiming to depict how genes collaborate and influence each other’s activities within a biological system. This relationship can be effectively explained using copulas. Therefore, it is crucial to determine which copula best fits the gene data and provides the most accurate explanation of the relationships between gene groups. In this study, our objective is to introduce a Spearman dependence function-based goodness-of-fit test using Bernstein polynomial approximation. We apply this test to identify a copula model that can effectively explain the relationships between gene groups. A simulation study is conducted to assess the performance of the proposed test. Next, we analyze histone gene groups using data from yeast cell regulation, as provided by Eisen et al. (1998).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 방파제 단면형식에서 마루높이가 결정되면 마루폭에 대한 개념은 단면안정성과 경제성에 미치는 영향이 지배적이다. 그러나 마루높이를 먼저 결정하고 나서 월파 저감을 위해 돌출식 패러핏 등을 설치하기 때문에 해당 패러핏의 수명이 방파제의 내구연한으로 결정되게 되는 불합리한 결과도 초래할 수 있다. Table 5는 최근 대수심 · 고파랑 해역에 설계 · 시공된 상치부의 형상을 조사 · 분석한 결과이며 연도별 변화는 Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Several corvid species are dependable seed dispersers for various woody plant taxa, and particularly pines, oaks, beeches and chestnuts, resulting in coevolution and coadaptation. Seed-storing corvid species help shape forest composition and distribution across landscapes, facilitate response to changing climate, and regenerate communities after disturbance. Examples illustrate economic valuation of corvid seed dispersal services and demonstrate how declining seed dispersal services of an obligate corvid mutualist for a widespread forest tree already have apparent consequences. (pages 196 - 234)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0008[carrion;diclofenic;facultative scavenging;obligate scavenging;vultures]Carrion is a unique food resource compared to live prey, and animal species are adapted to using carrion to varying degrees. Across all climates, ecosystems, and habitats, most carcasses are used at least in part by vertebrates—relatively few are completely decomposed by insects and microbes. Birds are particularly well adapted to scavenging, especially the Old- and New-World vultures, the only known obligate vertebrate scavengers. Numerous studies, many conducted over the past decade, have demonstrated the importance of scavengers in maintaining ecosystem stability, providing public health benefits to humans, and many other important industry and cultural services. Avian scavengers face many challenges in the modern world, such as poisoning, climate change, habitat destruction, and man-made obstructions such as power lines and wind farms. As a response, scientists, conservation groups, governments, and other advocates for healthy scavenger populations have made strides recently in conserving these animals. However, much work is still needed to globally preserve the important services provided by avian scavengers for future generations. (pages 235 - 270)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0009[seabirds;nutrient dynamics;nutrient cycle;ecosystem services;nutrient transport;phosphorus;nitrogen;ecosystem;human-dominated ecosystem]In this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Specifically, we investigate the dependence model structures of gene interactions for eight histone genes. Keywords: Spearman dependence; copula goodness-of-fit test; Bernstein copula; histone genes. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10061726 Research on facial dataset cleaning in mixed scenes based on spatiotemporal correlation by Abstract: Researching methods for cleaning mixed scene facial datasets can improve the performance and reliability of mixed scene facial recognition algorithms. Therefore, the paper proposes a facial dataset cleaning method in mixed scenes based on spatiotemporal correlation. The 2DPCA algorithm is used to reduce the dimensionality of the data set, and the composite multi-scale entropy is used to decompose, reconstruct and arrange the image sequence after the dimensionality reduction. The autocorrelation coefficient and the number of interrelation between image sequences were determined, and the anomaly detection of data set was realised by combining spatio-temporal correlation. Sparse representation was used to repair the abnormal images, and the images with high similarity were deleted to clean the mixed scene face data set. The experimental results show that the minimum anomaly rate of our method is 0. 5%, the success rate is between 94% and 96%, and the minimum time cost is 0. 2 s. Keywords: spatiotemporal correlation; mixed scenes; facial dataset; dataset cleaning; 2DPCA algorithm; composite multi-scale entropy; sparse representation. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10061768 Identification of potential biomarkers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using community detection algorithms by. Dutta, Subhasish Banerjee, Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya Abstract: Potential biomarker genes are uncovered in this research by developing a unique methodology through the employment of six eminent community detection algorithms (CDAs) on four RNAseq esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) datasets. RNAseq datasets are preprocessed using galaxy server followed by the identification of a subset of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). CDAs are applied separately on control and disease samples of DEGs to extract the hidden communities of the datasets. To identify the significant communities, ESCC elite genes are extracted from Genecards for subsequent downstream analysis towards the identification of potential biomarkers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 11에 제시된 바와 같다. 여기서 B와 B'는 각각 혼성식 방파제의 단면 폭과 패러핏 상부의 폭을 나타내며, h는 패러핏의 높이를 나타낸다. 방파제의 상치부에 패러핏 설치는 방파제 건설 초기부터 있었으나, 최근 들어 패러핏 상단의 폭 B'에서 알 수 있듯이 0. 5~1. 0 m 정도로 협소해지는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 패러핏 상부의 폭이 좁아지는 원인 중 하나는 친수시설의 설치라고 할 수 있다. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: 0010[beetle regulation;biodiversity;deadwood;ecosystem services;engineers;heartwood fungus;keystone species;saproxylic;secondary cavity nesters;woodpeckers]Woodpeckers are prominent examples of ecosystem engineers because they excavate cavities in woody plant tissue, transforming habitat in ways that create shelter for other cavity-dwelling organisms. While the potential keystone role of woodpeckers in cavity-nesting bird communities is well documented, less is known about the importance of their feeding activity. Many woodpecker species drill holes in wood and consume numerous saproxylic insects; and some create sap wells that provide a rich food source for other sap-feeding organisms. Through their cavity-excavating and feeding activity, woodpeckers likely contribute significantly to decomposition cycles, food webs, and biodiversity in forest ecosystems. As with most birds, however, the ecological impacts of woodpeckers have rarely been quantified in terms of the ecosystem services they provide. We discuss the ecosystem services provided by woodpeckers and point out knowledge gaps and research needs that must be addressed before full valuation of these services can be carried out. (pages 298 - 320)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0011[agricultural areas;agroforests;ecosystem services;frugivores;granivores;insectivores;nectarivores;omnivores;primary forests;species richness]Although most bird species avoid agricultural areas, nearly a third of all birds regularly to occasionally use such habitats, often providing important ecosystem services like pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal. Combining literature review with large-scale analyses of the ecological characteristics of the world’s birds, I compared tropical bird species that prefer forests, agricultural areas or both, with respect to body mass, diet, range and population size, frequency, conservation status, habitat and resource specialization. Compared to primary forests, species richness of large frugivorous and insectivorous birds (especially terrestrial and understorey species) often decline in agroforests. In contrast, nectarivores, small-to medium insectivores (especially migrants and canopy species), omnivores, and sometimes granivores and small frugivores do better, frequently by tracking seasonal resources.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Topological analysis is performed to support critical gene identification based on elite genes followed by a biological investigation. For biological investigation, gene enrichment and pathway analysis are implemented. Finally, a group of genes EPHB2, ABLIM3, ACER1, ABCD4, ARF6, ADRA1D, ATP6V16V0A4, and AP1M1 are identified as ESCC possible biomarkers that carry both topological and biological significance. Keywords: community detection algorithm; CDA; potential biomarker; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; ESCC; Elite gene; topological analysis; biological significance. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10061876 Research on bioinformatics data classification method based on support vector machine by : Due to the problems of low classification accuracy and long classification time in traditional biological information data classification methods, a biological information data classification method based on support vector machine is proposed. Acquire bio-information data through gene expression and analyse its characteristics. According to the data analysis results, carry out outlier detection and data scaling for the acquired bio-information data. Based on the processing results, use mutual information to measure the correlation and redundancy, select the bio-information data features through the feature selection algorithm of minimum redundancy and maximum correlation, and take the selected bio-information data features as data samples. Through support vector machine, the classification decision function is established under the conditions of linear and non-separable data samples to obtain the classification results of biological information data. The experimental results show that the proposed method has higher classification accuracy and shorter classification time. Keywords: support vector machine; bioinformation; data classification; minimum redundancy and maximum correlation; feature selection. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10061944 Log anomaly detection and diagnosis method based on deep learning by : In order to improve the accuracy of log anomaly detection and diagnostic effectiveness, this paper proposes a deep learning based log anomaly detection and diagnosis method. Firstly, analyse the log data and obtain the corresponding relationship between the log keys and log parameters. Secondly, using deep learning to capture association features, a convolutional neural network bidirectional long short-term memory (CNN-BiLSTM) deep learning model is constructed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 6 방파제 단면형식 항만의 규모가 커지면서 블록이나 케이슨을 이용하는 형식으로 바뀌었으며, 이에 대한 변화 경향을 Table 5에 정리하였다. 1999년 이전에는 블록을 이용하거나 케이슨을 이용하는 경우에도 모두 평면적으로 보았을 때 사각형(표에서 Straight type)의 무공 케이슨이었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: The nucleotide sequences of beta globin gene on a dataset of several species are characterised and compared using the Euclidean distances across inserted vectors. Using phylogenetic trees, the evolutionary relationships between various organisms are visually represented. A phylogenetic tree’s branch structure shows how several species or other groups diverged from several common ancestors. Our findings are in agreement with recent biological assessments. Additionally, we compared our approach to a few currently used sequence comparing techniques and discover that it is more efficient and user-friendly. We also analysed the time and space complexities of our proposed approach. Keywords: alignment-free technique; similarity analysis; bases groupings; mutation; phylogenetic tree. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10063428 In silico evaluation via the docking of selected antidiabetic phytochemicals on proteins in the insulin signalling pathway: PTP1B, IRS1 and PP2A by : Type II (T2MD) is a worldwide disease, caused by the resistance of tissues to insulin. In this study, eight potential antidiabetic phytochemicals from Gundelia tournefortii and Ocimum basilicum were tested in silico. To this aim, we docked the phytochemicals on pivotal proteins in the insulin signalling pathway; using the docking protocol of AutoDock. This work aimed at understanding the mechanism of action of these phytochemicals by finding the optimal binding site, calculating the best orientation, and studying the amino acids involved at the interaction interface between the phytochemicals and each protein target. Our results indicated that stigmasterol, beta-amyrinm, beta-sitosterol, lupeol-trifluoroacetate and lupeol introduce good binding to PTP1B, IRS1, and PP2A and are candidate drugs for the treatment of T2DM. The results of the study may serve as a focal point for drug discovery that may be further extended in the in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Keywords: diabetes; phytochemicals; in silico; Gundelia tournefortii; Ocimum basilicum; docking; AutoDock. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10064690 on: of and Part 2 Machine learning algorithm for lung cancer classification using with standard random forest by J. Viji Gripsy, T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 우리나라 방파제 단면의 구조형식에서 혼성식이 도입된 것은 1919년~1927년에 축조된 부산항 북항 남방파제가 최초로서 콘크리트 블록식이며, 케이슨이 국내에 처음 도입된 것은 1937년부터 1945년까지 축조된 묵호항 방파제이며, 케이슨 혼성식을 최초로 적용한 것은 1968년 포항신항 내항방파제이다. 또한 케이슨식 방파제에서 소파블록을 최초로 피복하는 것은 1957년~1960년 묵호항 방파제 케이슨 외측에 삼각뿔형 콘크리트 블록을 적용한 것이다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: flexibility and timely reactions to salient stimuli are essential for survival. The subcortical thalamic-basolateral amygdala (BLA) pathway serves as a shortcut for salient stimuli ensuring rapid processing. Here, we show that BLA neuronal and thalamic axonal activity in mice mirror the defensive behavior evoked by an innate visual threat as well as an auditory learned threat. Importantly, perturbing this pathway compromises defensive responses to both forms of threats, in that animals fail to switch from exploratory to defensive behavior. Despite the shared pathway between the two forms of threat processing, we observed noticeable differences. Blocking β-adrenergic receptors impairs the defensive response to the innate but not the learned threats. This reduced defensive response, surprisingly, is reflected in the suppression of the activity exclusively in the BLA as the thalamic input response remains intact. Our side-by-side examination highlights the similarities and differences between innate and learned threat-processing, thus providing new fundamental insights. Editor's evaluation This study presents valuable insights into the circuits that are common for innate and acquired threats. The evidence supporting the conclusions is convincing, and the use of state-of-the-art methodology for the study of neural circuits, including chemogenetics, optogenetics, and fiber photometry, is appropriate. This work will be of interest to neuroscientists studying defensive behaviors as well as those in the field of multisensory thalamic integration. Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process is the direct product of maximizing gains and avoiding harms. This is achieved by integrating brain circuitry that ensures survival through environment exploration while maintaining threat detection and avoidance (Blanchard et al. , 2001; Evans et al. , 2019; Gross and Canteras, 2012; Headley et al. , 2019; Orsini and Maren, 2012; Silva et al. , 2016). Such capacity can be acquired through learning, a mechanism widely believed to rely on synaptic plasticity (Mongeau et al. , 2003; Johansen et al. , 2011; Quirk et al. , 1995; Rogan et al. , 1997; Tierney, 1986). However, specific sensory stimuli could be innately appetitive or aversive and evoke approach or defensive behaviors, respectively (Pereira and Moita, 2016). Rapid and continuous integration of innate and learned mechanisms promotes survival.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: 10065665 Revealing novel biomarkers for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma through integrated single-cell RNA sequencing analysis by Bikash Baruah, Manash P. Dutta, Subhasish Banerjee, Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya Abstract: This study employs single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyse oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), identifying 10 potential biomarkers (ALDH2, ANGPT2, APPL1, ARPC2, 1, CLDN7, CLTB, F2RL3, LPAR1) associated with radiation exposure. Methodology involves scRNA-seq for data partitioning, pre-processing, clustering, and differential expression analysis. Dysregulated genes are identified through comprehensive gene ontology (GO) annotations, and ESCC-related pathways are explored via the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database. Analysis of 38 genes reveals distinct patterns under radiation exposure, enriching understanding of ESCC-related processes, components, and functions. This research provides a holistic view of ESCC’s molecular landscape, emphasising the clinical significance of identified biomarkers and contributing significantly to the understanding of this complex malignancy. Keywords: oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; ESCC; single-cell RNA sequencing; scRNA-seq; differential expression analysis; gene ontology; GO; pathway analysis; potential biomarker. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10065927 A novel suppressed segmentation framework for hyper spectral image processing in earlier cancer detection by : This paper affords a novel suppressed segmentation framework for Hyperspectral image processing before most cancer detection. This framework integrates the most recent advances in deep learning fashions and image segmentation for the most fulfilling selection-making approximately early cancer analysis. The proposed framework facilitates the fast and correct segmentation of the tumour tissues and other aberrations within hyperspectral images. The key modules of this framework encompass input pre-processing, noisy additive analysis, random area cropping, augmented context representation, hierarchical segmentation, and submit-processing. Experiments performed on real-world datasets show that the proposed framework yields segmentation accuracy similar to other main segmentation techniques while having advanced pace and robustness. The proposed model obtained 95. 32% accuracy, 92.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1999년 이후에는 일부 소파블록으로 피복하는 경우를 제외하면, 거의 대부분 이전과 다른 이형으로 종방향 곡면형, 반원형, 종방향 돌출형, 벌집형, 이중원통형, 타원형, 요철형, 복합요철형, 유선형 등 매우 다양한 형상이 적용되었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive linguistics explores the relationship between language and thought. [SEP] Text: Based on the data from InterCorp, a synchronic parallel translation corpus, it presents a cognitive oriented analysis of the semantics of English walk and its nearest Czech counterparts, i. e. jít and kráčet. Despite their apparent commonalities, the verbs in question do not construe walking in the same way. In contrast to jít, the construal of a motion situation in walk and kráčet involves focus on leg movements and bodily position, amounting to a marked segmentation of the motion into individual quanta. Focus on leg movements and verticality of the body is even more pronounced in kráčet, which can then serve an evaluative function; such a possibility is not open for walk. Walk thus occupies an intermediate position between the two verbs. Add to my favourites Email this Parts of speech membership as a factor of meaning extension and level of abstraction Author(s): pp. : 78–112 (35) and Japanese show formal differences in adnominal modification. Czech tends to utilize adjectives for both classification and qualification purposes whereas Japanese tends to express classification by compounding and to use a whole range of parts of speech for qualification. As a result, part of speech membership often differs between the Czech and Japanese rendering of the same referential content. It has been shown that parts of speech dispose of schematic meaning which contributes to conceptualization. Based on the results of corpora analysis, I argue that the difference in parts of speech membership results in different tendencies in meaning extension and ultimately in different meaning of the two counterparts, Czech adjectives are more abstract and schematic while Japanese verbs are more concrete. Add to my favourites Email this The near-synonymy of classifiers and construal operation Author(s): Aneta Dosedlová and Wei-lun Lu pp. : 113–130 (18) paper investigates the near-synonymy of classifiers, using Chinese kē and zhū as illustration. We find that in [quantifier] – [classifier] – [noun], the two classifiers have overlapping semantic prototypes due to their similar behavioral profiles. However, despite a shared functional core, the two classifiers diverge in terms of which part of plant to profile. In particular, zhū highlights parts of plant that are small and vulnerable, such as flowers and seedlings.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: While this is of course a necessary short-term solution, it is not sustainable in the long-term. Due to the low levels of nutrients in soils, approximately 232 million people suffer from trace element deficiency in Africa. Although eating seafood, dairy products and meat can provide trace element supplements to the diet, this is not a feasible solution for poorer communities in rural Africa, as these communities cannot afford these types of foods. Soil bacteria known as Rhizobia form root nodules on legumes and fix nitrogen from the air. The potential of legumes Due to not being able to rely on animal products for nutrition, Dakora has been researching ways in which to increase trace elements in peoples’ diets through increasing the consumption of certain types of vegetables over others, and has specifically been researching the potential for legumes to be used as a way of increasing the amount of trace elements that people have access to in their diets. Legumes are already known for their ability to provide plant protein, but there has been little assessment of the relationship between legumes and mineral accumulation prior to Dakora’s research. A legume is a type of flowering plant that has a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil. This means that the bacteria live in the root systems of the plant and convert nitrogen gas from air in the soil into ammonia, which is then used by both the bacteria and the plant to grow. The bacteria benefit from being able to live in the plant roots where they obtain food made by the plant for their growth, while the plant in turn benefits from nitrogen compounds produced by the bacteria. As a result, legumes are able to take up more mineral nutrients from the soil, thus increasing the amount of trace elements that they contain. In a comprehensive study undertaken in 2005 and 2006, Dakora proved the benefits of consuming a particular legume, commonly known as cowpea, as a way of increasing trace elements within the diet. In this study, the concentrations of trace elements within the leaves and grain of 27 different types of cowpea were assessed, and it was found to contain up to three times more iron than is found in spinach! This study showed the potential of cowpea consumption for preventing trace element deficiency in rural African communities, especially within children; this has huge implications for human nutrition and health. To further this research, Dakora and his group also studied the concentrations of trace elements in the different genotypes of cowpea.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 2001년 착공한 제주외항 서방파제의 일부구간에 소파블록피복 케이슨식이 적용된 이후, 2004년도에 착공한 울산신항 남방파제 1공구의 경우는 케이슨의 내측을 평면적으로 볼 때 반원형의 종방향 Slit 형상을, 2004년도에 착공한 울산신항 남방파제 2공구의 경우는 종방향 Slit을 두고 유수실 상부를 개방함으로써 소파케이슨의 기능을, 2009년도에 착공한 울산신항 북방파제 2공구는 외측과 내측에 횡방향의 Slit을 설치하는 등 2010년 이후 시행된 각종 대

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive linguistics explores the relationship between language and thought. [SEP] Text: Add to my favourites Email this Constructions at work in foreign language learners’ mind Author(s): Putta pp. : 219–242 (24) 10. 1075/rcl. 00033. che studies have shown that conceptually supportive context is an important factor in the comprehension of metaphors (Inhoff, Lima, & Carroll, 1984; Ortony, Schallert, Reynolds, & Antos, 1978). However, little empirical evidence has been found so far regarding contextual effects on metonymy processing (Lowder & Gordon, 2013). Implementing an eye-tracking experiment with Chinese materials, this present paper investigated whether and how preceding contextual information affects the processing of metonymy. The results show that for unfamiliar metonymies, it takes readers longer time to interpret unfamiliar metonymies than to literally interpret them given a shorter context. However, the processing disparity between metonymic comprehension and literal comprehension disappears when longer supportive information is available in the preceding context. These results are analogous to those found for metaphors and familiar metonymies, supporting the parallel model of language processing. In addition, our results suggest that the presence of supportive preceding context facilitates the processing of unfamiliar metonymies more than it does to the literal controls. Add to my favourites Email this Compounds and culture Author(s): pp. : 257–274 (18) study explores compounds from the perspective of conceptual blending (conceptual integration), and argues that the meaning of compounds arises through the interaction of three levels: (i) input spaces established for the head and non-head components, (ii) a blended space involving compression and emergent structure, i. e. elements not imported from the input spaces, and (iii) the language system as a whole and the culture this system is part of. With regard to (iii) we propose the “Culture-to-Compound Hypothesis”, according to which compounding can be recruited to represent culturally “novel” content in languages where compounding enjoys a peripheral status in the language system. The examples discussed in the 10. 1075/rcl. 00035. kwo paper explores the roles of the cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphor and performativity in political policy by conducting a case study on the government’s toward from 1998 to 2008.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: PostLog inSign upPost8content 8,846 Tipped ≈ $0. 008& Dr. Priscilla Chan: & the Future of Health & 25, 2023DOI10. 55277/ResearchHub. jtvtoujgSaveTipDocumentFlag content8TipSaveDocumentFlag contentis a catalyst for global scientific advancement, akin to the historical role of groundbreaking instruments, with a primary focus on innovating in the realm of biology (Segment 2). CZI is enhancing our comprehension of cellular operations through the strategic utilization of mRNA and AI, expediting breakthroughs in the realm of health research (Segment 4). Highlighting the collaboration is redefining the landscape of life sciences, underlining a distinctive approach to funding (Segment 6). For an optimal social media experience, Zuckerberg underscores the importance of deeply understanding users, learning through product interaction, and making thoughtful design decisions (Segment 13). Zuckerberg envisions a transformative future where mixed reality seamlessly merges the physical and virtual worlds, promising to revolutionize our experiences (Segment 15). Zuckerberg stresses the significance of technology seamlessly integrating with the human body, highlighting the value of physical engagement with our devices (Segment 16). CZI is pioneering customizable, 3D-printed smart electronic glasses with multifaceted applications in the realm of wearable health systems (Segment 19). The potential of AI assistants and human agencies, showcasing how they can empower content creators and foster vibrant communities (Segment 20). SummaryThe present podcast showcases Mark Zuckerberg, the Officer of Meta (formerly recognized as Facebook, Inc. ), alongside Dr. Priscilla Chan, M. D. , who serves as the co-founder and co-CEO of the Initiative (CZI). The upcoming discourse will center on CZI's strategic methodology in the pursuit of eliminating all human diseases by the culmination of the present century. The pursuit of this ambitious objective will involve the allocation of financial resources towards innovative research and advanced technologies that integrate the disciplines of biology, engineering, and artificial intelligence (AI). The authors provide a detailed explanation of the financial backing and promotion of Biohubs, along with the continuous progress being made to accelerate the understanding of cellular function, pathways, and pathological states. Following this, Mark initiates a discussion regarding social media, its implications on mental health, and emerging methods that enable virtual interactions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 형 항만의 대수심 방파제에서도 단면형식이 케이슨식 혼성제로 일률적으로 적용되고 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: We randomly assign the fictitious job applicants into 8-15 months of (i) non-traditional work experience in the gig-economy (treatment) (ii) traditional work experience (control I) or (iii) unemployment (control II). We would like the job tasks in the treatment group (i. e. in the non-traditional job) to appear as similar as possible to the job-tasks in the traditional job. Therefore, we will compare a gig-job where the task is to deliver food from restaurants to customers to a traditional job of delivering mail. In addition, we randomly assign applicants to one of four identities, where two have an Arabic-sounding name and two have a Swedish-sounding name. The names are selected based on official statistics over the most popular names in Sweden. Since we are interested in the value of non-traditional work experience for entry into the traditional labor market, the job applications will be designed for young workers who search for a job approximately a year upon high school graduation. All four fictitious applicants are male and born in 1998. The reason for focusing on males is that these comprise the majority of the workers in the gig-economy. To get a reasonably high callback rate, the applications will be designed to signal a relatively well-qualified applicant (for it's age). To this aim, place of residence and high school will be chosen to signal a middle-class applicant with a completed high school degree from a vocational track aimed for the service sector. In addition, we state in the resume that the applicant has a drivers license. In the resumes we also include 12 weeks of job training in a traditional job, which is the mandated amount of job training in vocational high school tracks. To achieve the desired sample size we send three applications to each posted vacancy in the sampling frame. To this end, we generate four applicant identities, which each comprise a name, an email address, and a phone number. The applications will be submitted with a lag of one day between them. Date 2018-03-18 Date 2018-10-18 (end points) The main variable of interest is an indicator taking the value one if the fictitious job applicant receives a call-back from the employer. (explanation) (end points) (explanation) The correspondence study will be conducted in the three largest cities of Sweden: Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmo.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The discourse will additionally cover Meta's progress in the field of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality, and mixed reality technologies, along with the forthcoming revolutionary influence of AI on human experiences in both the digital and physical realms. This specific episode is expected to engage persons who possess a predisposition towards the fields of biology, medicine, mental health, artificial intelligence, and potential developments in technology and human society. 1. 00:05:35 Initiative (CZI) & establishment of the CZI in 2015 was motivated by the goal of cultivating a more advantageous future for persons in various fields. have a profound inclination to utilize their substantial resources and expertise in addressing complex and complicated challenges. Chan is somebody who has attained a high level of proficiency in the field of medicine and has exhibited a commitment to academic endeavors. On the contrary, Zuckerberg has exhibited a considerable degree of expertise and proficiency in the domains of engineering and building. The primary goal, which is a crucial element of CZI's research portfolio, is to accomplish the complete elimination, proactive prevention, or efficient management of all diseases by the end of the present century. This ambitious goal encompasses a diverse array of illnesses, rather than being restricted to a singular, specific ailment. The major objective of the CZI is to provide financial support to scientists engaged in basic scientific inquiry, while also developing software tools to enhance research efforts and conducting scientific investigations. Collaborative bio hubs have emerged as a strategic response to solve substantial challenges that transcend the boundaries of specific research institutions and academic disciplines. One such organization, situated in San Francisco, exemplifies this approach. The hubs are affiliated with renowned academic institutions, including Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of California, [1]. 1. CZI | Support Science. Available from: 00:08:51 Innovation & Discovery, Science & primary objective of the CZI is not the instantaneous elimination of all diseases, but rather the facilitation of crucial resources and technology to the worldwide scientific community with the purpose of expediting scientific advancement. The CZI underscores the historical pattern wherein notable progress frequently coincides with the creation of pioneering instruments, as exemplified by the utilization of telescopes within the domain of astronomy. The primary objective of the CZI is to facilitate the amalgamation of scientific and engineering expertise in the realm of biology, with the ultimate purpose of developing innovative tools that yield advantages for the broader discipline as a whole.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이는 Rhee(2013)가 최근 5년간 국내에서 건설된 항만구조물 중 외곽시설을 중심으로 설계사례를 조사한 결과와 유사한다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: The reason for focusing on these regional labor markets is that gig-economy jobs are represented there. The population consists of all employers that post vacancies at Sweden's largest job board Platsbanken in the geographic regions during the study period. We restrict the population to employers posting low-skilled jobs, i. e. jobs without requirements of previous experience or post-secondary education. The restriction of the target population to employers with low-skilled vacancies is motivated by our research question, namely if non-traditional jobs can serve as a stepping stone to entry-level jobs in the traditional labor market. We restrict the sample to employers who have included an email- address in the job ad. If the employer has its own application procedure on their external webpage, we will not include this vacancy in the sampling frame. will send three unique fictitious applications to each posted vacancy in the sample. For each application we will randomize (without replacement) fictious applicants into : (i) treatment or one of the two controls (see above under intervention), and (ii) one of four applicant identities. Randomization will be performed by a computer program. Since each vacancy receives all three versions of the main treatment (labor market history), this treatment is stratified on the vacancy level. The secondary treatment, Swedish- or Arabic-sounding name, is also stratified on the vacancy level, since each vacancy will receive at least one application with each treatment. Was the treatment clustered? size: planned number of clusters 2,700 vacancies Sample size: planned number of observations 8,000 applications Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms 2,700 applications randomized into non-traditional work experience, 2,700 applications randomized into traditional work experience and 2,700 applications randomized into unemployment. About 4,000 applications randomized into Swedish-sounding names and 4,000 applications randomized into Arabic-sounding names. Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) We estimate that we need to send about 8,000 applications. This number is based on the assumption that the call-back rate is 20 percent in the control group (based on results in results Eriksson and Roth (2014)) and that we want to be able to detect effect sizes of at least 2 percentage points with 80 percent statistical strength in hypotest testing with a critical limit of five percent. See the for details about the power calculations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The case of cystic fibrosis is emphasized by the author, who discusses how the application of single-cell techniques has resulted in the discovery of a cell type that is affected by CFTR mutations, which was previously unknown. The aforementioned finding has had a profound impact on our understanding of the ailment. While the complete characterization of all cell types remains incomplete, the provision of single-cell data by the scientific community has yielded substantial insights. In the study conducted by Chan, the focus is on the CZI tool called which is utilized to assist in the detection of gene expression patterns across different cell types. Additionally, this tool generates heat maps that are subsequently analyzed. This tool serves to facilitate the creation of hypotheses and offers a fresh perspective on disorders. Moreover, this revelation has substantial importance for the domain of pharmaceutical advancement, as it empowers researchers to proactively anticipate unanticipated unfavorable reactions. enhances the accessibility of relevant academic papers related to the genes being studied, hence enhancing the quality of data analysis and scientific exploration [5]. Figure 4. An interactive single-cell web portal identifies gene and cell networks in COVID-19 host responses [5]. 5. Jin, K. , et al. , An interactive single cell web portal identifies gene and cell networks in COVID-19 host responses. iScience, 2021. 24(10): p. 103115. 6. 00:29:53 AI & Hypothesis Generation; Long-term Projects & Zuckerberg participates in a podcast discussion regarding the ongoing examination of cellular categorizations within modern scientific pursuits and the potential breakthroughs that may result. Mark highlights the significance of LLMs in effectively imagining a wide range of cellular states and interactions. The CZI is now involved in the establishment of a significant non-profit consortium that is dedicated to advancing AI in the field of life sciences. The objective of this endeavor is to employ data obtained from the Atlas in order to construct a comprehensive repertoire of models that effectively represent various cell types and pathological states. However, Mark emphasizes the limitations that are inherent in LLMs, emphasizing their ability to generate hypotheses or possible solutions that require verification by scientists and engineers. The distinctive aspect of CZI's offer lies in its provision of financial assistance to long-term initiatives that require significant resources and infrastructure. This particular attribute sets CZI apart from traditional sources of scientific financing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 즉, 외곽시설은 직립식케이슨 혼성제를 이용한 단면이 주를 이루며 대부분의 제체 설치수심이 DL(-) 20 m 이상의 대수심으로서 경사제를 적용한 제체 구성 시 지반처리 폭의 증가 및 제체사면 구성을 위한 속채움 사석 수급의 어려움 등으로 직립제에 비하여 경제적으로 유리하지 않은 것으로 판단되었기 때문으로 사료된다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: We randomly assign the fictitious job applicants into 8-15 months of (i) non-traditional work experience in the gig-economy (treatment) (ii) traditional work experience (control I) or (iii) unemployment (control II). We would like the job tasks in the treatment group (i. e. in the non-traditional job) to appear as similar as possible to the job-tasks in the traditional job. Therefore, we will compare a gig-job where the task is to deliver food from restaurants to customers to a traditional job of delivering mail. In addition, we randomly assign applicants to one of four identities, where two have an Arabic-sounding name and two have a Swedish-sounding name. The names are selected based on official statistics over the most popular names in Sweden. Since we are interested in the value of non-traditional work experience for entry into the traditional labor market, the job applications will be designed for young workers who search for a job approximately a year upon high school graduation. All four fictitious applicants are male and born in 1998. The reason for focusing on males is that these comprise the majority of the workers in the gig-economy. To get a reasonably high callback rate, the applications will be designed to signal a relatively well-qualified applicant (for it's age). To this aim, place of residence and high school will be chosen to signal a middle-class applicant with a completed high school degree from a vocational track aimed for the service sector. In addition, we state in the resume that the applicant has a drivers license. In the resumes we also include 12 weeks of job training in a traditional job, which is the mandated amount of job training in vocational high school tracks. To achieve the desired sample size we send three applications to each posted vacancy in the sampling frame. To this end, we generate four applicant identities, which each comprise a name, an email address, and a phone number. The applications will be submitted with a lag of one day between them. Date 2018-03-18 Date 2018-10-18 (end points) The main variable of interest is an indicator taking the value one if the fictitious job applicant receives a call-back from the employer. (explanation) (end points) (explanation) The correspondence study will be conducted in the three largest cities of Sweden: Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmo.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 2) Understanding the shared etiology of complex diseasesTo show another application of DGH-GO in dissecting the shared etiology of complex disorders, genes known for ASD, (DD), (ID), and (EE) were obtained from Zhang et al. [34]. The aim of this case study was to test the multi-etiological nature of ASD, instead of discussing the extent of shared etiology of different NDDs. Functional similarity matrix was of 427 (ASD = 74, ASD + DD = 10, ASD + DD + EE = 1, ASD + DD + ID = 19, ASD + DD + ID + EE = 2, ASD + ID = 2, DD = 204, DD + EE = 4, DD + ID = 25, DD + ID + EE = 3, ID = 63, EE = 19, ID + EE = 1). PCA was applied to functional similarity matrix of complex diseases and the first six PC components were chosen for clustering as they explained the majority of the variance (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). Silhouette score indicated the existence of 22 optimum numbers of clusters (Additional file 1: Fig. S6). Hierarchical clustering on PC components was performed with 22 clusters using the Ward linkage criterion. The 14 clusters were consistent, stable and compact (Table 2) and were used for further analysis. Table 2 The resultant clusters of genes, known for multiple disorders with their average Silhouette valuesFull size tableEach selected cluster contains outliers (genes clustered with a silhouette score of < 0) (Additional file 1: Fig. S7). In contrary to previous analysis of dissecting the multi-etiological nature of ASD, no exclusion criterion was applied to outliers. The reason is the authenticity of genes as they are known candidate genes for complex diseases. All the genes were known for their associations with diseases. In the analysis of rare CNVs disrupting genes, outliers were expected because not all rare CNVs span disease causing genes. 14 stable clusters are shown in Fig. 5 and Table 2. The genes shared by multiple disorders aggregated on the same clusters and are closer to each other in 2D space. The clusters with the largest number of shared genes of and EE were 1, 2, 7, 8, 14, and 22 (Fig. 5). Clusters number 6, 9, and 20 contain higher proportions of EE genes than other clusters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 또한 항만구조물의 설계외력 조건을 제시하고 있는 심해설계파 제원이 상향되면서 제체 사면의 피복재 규모의 대형화와 이에 대한 안정성 확보에 문제가 발생할 수 있어 직립제의 설계가 주를 이룬 것으로 주장한 바 있다. 3. 7 방파제 단면 보강 방파제 건설 도중 혹은 건설 이후에 그 단면을 보강하는 경우가 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal and Factor: 2. 7 5-Factor: 4. 8 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentWork, Employment and SocietyCreate email alert Open accessResearch 10. 1177/0950017018785616ContentsAbstractIntroductionThe growth of market-mediated, open employment relationsJob quality and remote gig workMethodsFindings and discussionConclusions4. 4% of adults have worked in the gig economy in the last year and suggest that 2. 4% of adults do so at least monthly. The gig economy consists both of work that is transacted via platforms but delivered locally and thus requires the worker to be physically present, and work that is transacted and delivered remotely via platforms (Huws et al. , 2016). Local gig work includes food delivery, couriering, transport and manual labour. Remote gig work by contrast consists of the remote provision of a wide variety of digital services, ranging from data entry to software programming (see Table 1), via platforms such as Turk (MTurk), Fiverr, Freelancer. com and Upwork. Though locally delivered gig work has received much attention, surveys suggest that the remote type makes up a similar proportion of the UK gig economy (of (CIPD), 2017; Huws et al. , 2016; Lepanjuuri et al. , 2018). Globally, 70 million workers are estimated to have registered with online labour platforms that facilitate remote forms of gig work (Heeks, 2017).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: predict the putative disease causing genes by utilizing the protein–protein interactome [37]. Over the time, several structured and well maintained resources for PPI data such as [38] and BioGRID [39] have emerged. However, PPI resources differ on criteria and objectives for data collection, analysis and manipulation. For example, is using a numeric score to rank the protein–protein interactions whereas BioGRID is a binary score-based database. Therefore, the selection of the PPI resource could affect the final conclusion [40]. Network approaches have also been applied on gene expression networks. Langfelder et al. developed an R package, called weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) [41]. WGCNA determines the clusters of genes that are correlating at the expression level. Such methods aiming for the identification of correlation networks have effective applications in discovering the putative disease-causing genes. Network approaches employed on either PPI or gene expression profiles are focused on identification of hub entities (genes or proteins) or sub modules in a larger network which may contribute to disease development. Barabási et al. has reviewed the network approaches for studying human diseases [42]. Alongside with the information provided by PPI and gene expression, GO is a resource which is specially designed for enrichment analyses and is rich in biological details. Deciding the data resource to propose a disease gene prediction method is difficult. Each data set has its own strengths and weaknesses, which is beyond the scope of this study. The recently emerged data integration methods can be used to integrate these datasets to leverage their strengths. However, integration of diverse datasets is challenging. GO is uniform resource that has DAGs structure and each new entry follows the same structure, which makes it uniform, easy to use, share, and interpret. DGH-GO takes advantage of GO uniformity and extensiveness, coupled with detailed biological description and uses it to find functional similarities among genes. These functional similarities between genes are fed to unsupervised learning methods such as dimension reduction and clustering methods to discovery the converging patterns of putative disease causing genes. Another strong aspect of DGH-GO is the freedom of choosing the methods for the analysis. Several methods have been routinely used for genetic data analysis and most of them require programming experience, thus limiting the role of domain experts (biologists or clinical doctors) in analyzing their generated data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 그 이유는 첫째, 당초 설계한 단면의 기능이 부족하여 보강한 경우(묵호항, 동해항, 감천항, 포항영일만항 등), 둘째, 태풍 등으로 피해가 발생하여 복구 · 보강한 경우(가거도항, 서귀포항 등), 셋째, 건설 중 · 후 당초보다 기능이 추가되어 보강한 경우(서귀포항 외항방파제)로 구분할 수 있으며 Table 6과 같이 정리할 수 있다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: An index measuring the utilisation of online labour platforms suggests that their use is growing at an annual rate of 26% (Kässi and Lehdonvirta, 2016). Table 1. Online gig work (reproduced from Kässi and Lehdonvirta, 2016). Occupation classExamples of projectsProfessional servicesAccountingConsultingFinancial planningHuman resourcesLegal servicesProject managementClerical and data entryCustomer serviceData entryTech supportTranscriptionVirtual assistantWeb researchCreative and multimediaAnimationArchitectureAudioLogo designPhotographyPresentationsVideo actingVideo productionSales and marketing supportAd postingLead generationSearch engine optimizationTelemarketingSoftware development and technologyData scienceGame developmentMobile developmentQA and testingServer maintenanceSoftware developmentWeb developmentWeb scrapingWriting and translationAcademic writing1. Figure 1. A model of job quality determinants. Digital controlConcerning the impact of technology on organisational forms, many sociological accounts of ICTs, in both high-income and lower-income countries, emphasise the possibilities they entail for high levels of monitoring and measurement of work (Taylor and Bain, 2005; Woodcock, 2017). This is argued to represent ‘significant developments in the Taylorisation of white-collar work’ (Bain and Taylor, 2000: 9). informational control and discipline involves subjecting work tasks to detailed digital measurements and statistical analyses of individual worker performance. Underperforming workers face intense supervisory pressure and discipline on the basis of remote covert monitoring of their work. Such accounts equate the resultant organisational form of work to an ‘assembly line in the head’ (Bain and Taylor, 2000), or ‘electronic sweatshop’ (Fernie and Metcalf, 1998) in which high levels of technical and bureaucratic controls are combined (Callaghan and Thompson, 2001). In terms of job quality, this entails a lack of worker autonomy combined with high levels of work intensity. Accounts of Taylorist informational control are predominately based on research in call centres. However, this research has informed more general theories regarding the adoption of technology being ‘effort biased’ (Rubery and Grimshaw, 2001). Empirical studies find that computerisation seemingly intensifies work by increasing monitoring, raising its pace, minimising the gaps between work tasks and extending work activity beyond the conventional workplace and working day (Felstead et al. , 2016; Green, 2004).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Also, choosing a method from an extensive list of available methods can be a daunting task for people lacking bioinformatics or data analytical skills. DGH-GO is an easy to use interactive application that allows users to apply multiple methods and compare their performance. For example, a user can perform different dimension reduction methods and perform different clustering methods either on semantic similarity scores or one of the dimensionally reduced data. DGH-GO is an open source application, which allows people with programming skills to modify it according to their need. The proposed application was evaluated on two different datasets of complex diseases. First rare CNVs spanning putative ASD-causing genes were analyzed to explore the genetic heterogeneity of ASD. The DGH-GO analysis showed that putative ASD-causing gene groups into different clusters and each cluster displayed a different biological mechanism. Multiple clusters of varying functionality were expected because ASD occurs with multiple independent etiologies and it has been hypothesized that independent phenotype(s) emerge from different biological mechanisms. Separate phenotypic analysis of each cluster also showed that clusters differing on biological mechanisms also differ on phenotype. ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder and mainly affect nervous system, more specifically synapse transmission. The genes of cluster 8 identified by DGH-GO were significantly enriched for synapse related term indicating the genes of this are involved in ASD core symptoms. Moreover, this cluster was also enriched abnormal CNS synaptic transmission and abnormal GABA-mediated receptor phenotype terms further confirming that it is highly associated with ASD. Similarly other clusters such as cluster 3 were enriched for signalling pathways. Several lines of evidence have reported that ASD is linked with Signalling pathways such as ERb and MapK, further confirming the role of cluster 3 genes in ASD. The analysis of DisGeNET also indicated that genes of cluster 3 are associated with ASD. Cluster 3 and 4 are also enriched for Axon guidance and Synapse. Previous studies have the associations of these pathways with ASD. The enriched terms for the 5 clusters are related to ASD, which is in line with previously published literature [6, 7, 12,13,14, 43, 44]. To show the biological significance of DGH-GO, it was also applied to genes known for multiple disorders such as and MD. The analysis of genes known for multiple disorders clustered in to same groups, this was inline with previous studies showing that genes involved in multiple disorders are aggregated in the same clusters [34].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 먼저 당초 설계한 단면의 기능이 부족하여 보강한 경우에는 설계 당시 산정한 설계파고가 과소산정된 경우로서 설계파고의 상향에 맞게 단면의 구조형식을 결정하게 된다. 기존 방파제의 마루높이가 낮거나 제체의 안전성 미확보 등으로 기존 방파제 단면을 보강하는 경우 대부분 기존 케이슨 외측에 소파블록을 피복하는 단면으로 보강하는 것으로 조사 되었다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: Longer working hours, higher work intensity and work–home spill-over have been found to be associated with remote working made possible by new digital technologies (Felstead and Henseke, 2017). In the gig economy it has been argued that a particularly important form of digital control is the ‘algorithmic management’ entailed by platform-based rating and reputation systems. Algorithmic management is an extension of ‘customer management’ strategies, which entails positioning customers ‘as agents in the management circuit’, so that ‘customers, rather than managers, are […] the ones who must be pleased, whose orders must be followed, whose ideas, whims and desires appear to dictate how work is performed’ (Fuller and Smith, 1991: 11). Rosenblat and Stark (2016) demonstrate the effectiveness of Uber’s use of algorithmic management in structuring its workforce’s behaviour through ‘soft’ control. The second aim of this 3. Probability sampling is not possible through an online labour platform (at least without the platform owner’s collaboration), because the probability of members seeing and responding to the survey task is unequal and unknown. Instead, we followed a purposive sampling strategy, where the platforms’ search features were used to identify a mix of potential participants across different countries, genders and skills. The potential participants were then personally invited to respond to the survey task. The result is similar to a stratified or quota sample, except that the subsample sizes were not predefined but depended on how easy or difficult it was to find members of each subpopulation on the platform. The result is likely to be more representative of the population than samples recruited simply by posting an open task because it mitigates self-selection biases from task type p3. 5 per hour. Others worked long hours as a result of combining gig work with alternative employment, study and caring:I put in like 40 [hours/week] or even more depending on the magnitude of work… That’s just at night… I work [locally] during the day, so when I go back home I put in five to six hours… then over the weekend… In total it will be like 70… You work 24/7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: It was also observed that EE clustered distantly from other clusters, for example, cluster 13, containing the highest number of EE gene, organizes itself distant from others. It was expected and consistent with existing knowledge of EE because it is not a truly neurodevelopmental disorder like ASD and ID. The proposed application, DGH-GO, is limited to the GO data resource. Recently, we proposed a knowledge graph (KG) to explore the disease gene associations [45]. KG integrated data from GO and DisGeNET, a publicly accessible database of diseases and genes. The created KB consists of 93,657 unique entities (28,243 genes; 21,623 diseases; 11,170 molecular functions; 4183 cellular components; and 28,438 biological processes) and 59 relationship types (900,442 gene-disease associations; 715,550 gene-GO annotations; and 89,593 GO ontology relationships). The proposed KG showed the importance of data integration and fusion in personalized medicine. Other researchers have reviewed data integration and data fusion methods and also heighted their importance in both genomic medicine and precision medicine [46, 47]. However, effective translation of these big and complex methods to the biology domain is still challenging. ConclusionIn this study we have proposed a pipeline to dissect the genetic heterogeneity of complex diseases by identifying the groups of similar genes that may lead to distinct phenotype(s). For this we have applied semantic similarity measures, dimension reduction and clustering methods. A graphical user interface, named as DGH-GO is also available for users lacking programming experience. DGH-GO enables biologists control over analysis and allows them to infer biological convergence patterns or functional associations for a targeted gene set. Additionally, the possibility of applying different methods in an interactive way, coupled with higher level of biological information helps biologists to enhance their mechanistic understanding for an underlying problem. A case study of ASD-associated genes targeting putative disease causing variants confirmed the multi-etiological nature of ASD and showed that identifying clusters of functionally similar genes could hint about the existence of distinct biological convergence patterns leading to specific biological mechanisms and phenotypes. The results from the analysis of ASD genes were consistent with literature. In another case study, DGH-GO confirmed the hypothesis of shared etiology in NDDs. The analysis of genes involved in multiple disorders exhibited common convergence patterns, indicating an overlapping genetic etiology. Currently, DGH-GO is limited to GO.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이용되는 소파블록은 트라이바(Tribar), 테트라포드(Tetrapod), 시락(Sealock) 등이 있으며, 이중 테트라포드가 가장 많이 적용되고 있다. 결과적으로 방파제 단면 형식이 케이슨 혼성식으로 축조 되어도 보강이 필요한 경우에는 외측을 소파블록으로 보강하는 소파블록피복 케이슨식으로 변경되는 것으로 나타났다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The gig economy has transformed traditional employment models. [SEP] Text: 3As clients tended to be located in US, UK and Australian time zones, workers were expected to work at night to be in sync with their clients. Fifty-four per cent of our survey respondents said they lost sleep at night while only 28% said they did not. This was a slightly bigger problem among our male respondents (59% agreeing vs. 47% of female respondents). As suggested by Monteith and Giesbert (2017) the division of domestic labour in the household would seem to restrict the ability of some women to work at night to the same extent as men. Working time being largely determined by clients also led to unstructured work patterns, with hours often being irregular and unpredictable. (Kenya; writing, data entry, internet advertising) articulated: ‘Seven days a week. It can be at night, can be during the day, anytime…. Sometimes you don’t have any contracts, so when you have them, you have to work. ’That the client largely determined working time parallels the finding that many workers had little variation in their place of work, despite valuing both these forms of flexibility. This contradiction was vividly expressed by Anita (Kenya; transcription, translation, social media marketing, website curation, research, writing):I can work at my own convenience… when I want to sleep, I can sleep. Oh, another thing I just remembered, most of the jobs you can get are like from overseas… In [the] USA… it’s time you want to sleep so you have to sacrifice… [by] working in the middle of the night. Worker power and competitionAs indicated above, the organisational form that remote gig work took was analogous to what Kalleberg (2011) refers to as an open, market mediated employment relationship. In particular, it was marked by high levels of inter-worker competition with few labour protections and a global oversupply of labour relative to demand (Graham et al. , 2017a; Graham and Anwar, in press). Workers explained how the instant a job was posted, workers from across the world would enter bids. For example, Joseph (Nigeria; social media advertising and lead generation) explained how: ‘immediately [as] you see an offer being posted… you will see 50 proposals have been submitted’.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Anadolu Güncel Tıp ütüphaneme Ekle × Araştırma Oluştur öster İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıkları ve genetik Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 80 - 86, 28. 06. 2020 Güray Can Hüseyin Öz İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıkları gastrointestinal sistemi tutan kronik inflamatuvar bir hastalık grubudur. İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıklarının etiyolojisi hala aydınlatılamamışken, çevresel ve genetik faktörlerin kompleks etkileşimi sonucu, intestinal sistemde lüminal içeriğe karşı abartılı bir immün yanıtın oluştuğu düşünülmektedir. Bu reaksiyon, genetik olarak yatkın olanlarda lüminal antijenlere karşı immün-toleransın kaybolması sonucu meydana geliyor olabilir. Günümüzde, İnflamatuvar barsak hastalıkları için yatkınlık oluşturan, intestinal immün yanıtı etkileyebilecek çok sayıda gen tanımlanmıştır. Bunlar intestinal immün sistemin farklı basamaklarında etkili mekanizmalarla ilişkili olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 또한 태풍 등으로 피해가 발생하여 복구 · 보강한 경우에는 대부분 중 · 소형의 경사제에서 발생하였으며 대형 방파제에서 대규모로 피해가 발생한 사례는 가거도항 방파제(2012년 태풍 무이파 내습 피해)와 서귀포항 외항방파제(2012년 태풍 볼라벤 내습 피해)가 있다.

Output: pass