Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: 4 With this background information, we can examine how telehealth can be utilized to improve health access, mitigate health disparities, and ultimately improve health outcomes for all surgical oncology patients. 1. 1 Telehealth and its scope Telehealth is “the use of electronic information and telecommunication technologies to support long-distance clinical health care, patient and professional health-related education, health administration, and public health. ”5 It is important to distinguish between telehealth and telemedicine as the latter focuses on the use of technologies to deliver medical care to patients who are in separate geographic locations from their clinicians. For example, during an episode of telemedicine care, a surgeon may review labs and discuss their implications with a patient. This telemedicine encounter together with other activities that the surgeon may participate in, such as virtual multidisciplinary treatment planning conferences and providing outreach education to other clinicians at a remote location, constitute telehealth. 1. 2 Telehealth technologies and applications in surgical oncology There are a plethora of tools available that can be used to meet telehealth needs. These technologies may be used to deliver telehealth in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. 5, 6 Synchronous telehealth is real-time engagement between clinicians and patients, such as patient follow-up using a secure video portal. In asynchronous engagement, interactions between clinicians and patients are separated by time in addition to distance, such as reviewing photos of surgical wounds sent via secure email portal and following up later with patients to address their concerns. The following categories of technologies can be leveraged to improve access to care: (i) internet, (ii) video, (iii) mobile health (mHealth), (iv) store-and-forward, (v) remote patient monitoring, and (vi) land and wireless communication. 5, 6 1. 3 Healthcare access barriers in surgical oncology and telehealth solutions 1. 3. 1 Geographic availability and accessibility (spatial access) One in six Americans live in a rural area, and 62% of the 3221 counties in the are rural. The distribution of the oncology and surgical workforce is uneven and overwhelmingly favors metropolitan centers of residence and work. Optimal delivery of cancer care requires multidisciplinary expertise which remains sparse in rural areas. Workforce data shows 10%, 11.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The most apparent differences in MRE activity concerned the seasons, where two peaks were observed. During spring, this group was the most active in R1 (narrow riverbed and high anthropogenic pressure), which was explained by a preference for an environment with a narrow riverbed (RWidth). Surprisingly, at that time, not R1 but W1 served as a feeding ground for this group. So, social calls recorded in this section may indicate the communication within breeding colonies (but unrelated to feeding). The other peak of activity was observed in W1 in late summer and was explained by the buildup area (IBD). Also, at this time, a strong positive correlation of activity with feeding was demonstrated only for W1. Then, social calls recorded in this section at this time may result from communication on feeding grounds and mating behavior. These observations support the hypothesis that despite using artificial light as a stable food supply, bats from the MRE avoid it during commuting flights and reproduction (Azam et al. 2016, 2018). The two peaks of MRE activity observed in Cracow may indicate the use of different corridors while migrating from and to hibernacula, as some species (like P. nathusii) start migration early in the season (Jarzembowski 2003; Furmankiewicz and Kucharska 2009) and the autumn activity is still the highest in W1. Moreover, reports about autumn invasions and hibernation of this group in the city come from increasingly higher latitudes of the European continent (Flaquer et al. 2005; Nusová et al. 2019; Blomberg et al. 2021). It may indicate that some individuals, due to climate changes, likely overwinter in the city. Short-range echolocatorsAs in most works concerning urban bats’ ecology, in our research, we did not attempt to assign SRE to a species level due to similar echolocation properties within this species group. We presume that M. daubentonii, as a species associated with water, may have the largest share in the activity of this group (Lintott et al. 2015). Our results present the highest activity of SRE in spring, mainly in sections with a narrow riverbed and low anthropogenic pressure (R2 and R3). This result was expected and is consistent with the ecology of this group.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We further confirm this observation by immunostaining where the Sema7A signal is highly restricted to the hair cells and not in any other cell in the neuromast (Figure 1E). Immunostaining further demonstrates that the lateral line sensory arbors also do not produce the Sema7A protein (Figure 1H; Video 1). We agree with the reviewer that there are diverse immune cells, including macrophages in and around the neuromast. These macrophages are dynamic and possess highly ramified structure (Denans et. al. , 2022). In all our Sema7A immunostainings, we never observed structures that resemble macrophages. Albeit we cannot confirm that Sema7A is not expressed in a distant immune cell, but we highly doubt that signal coming from immune cells is impacting hair cell innervation by the sensory arbors during homeostatic development. Denans et. al. , 2022: 4. (5) 2, please add a control image as requested, as that enables direct comparison. There is ample room in the figure. We have updated the Figure 2 and made the suggested change. (6) 2, Supplement 1, the FM4-64 data are not presented in a quantified fashion. Please report at least how many embryos showed reliable uptake and preferably how many hair cells per embryo showed reliable uptake. We have quantified the FM 4-64 intensities in control and sema7a-/- mutant larvae. The new data is added to the manuscript in lines 142-146, 577-579 and in Figure 2—figure supplement 1D. (7) 3, there seems to be a typo in the figure legend: "mutants in the same larvae" does not make sense to me. We have corrected the error. The modified statement is represented in lines 10671068. (8) The text should refer more explicitly to the statistical tests reported in Table 1, i. e. as the results are presented. In lines 1105 and 1109, we clearly state the statistical tests that were performed. (9) 6, Supplement 1, please show the raw data points not just the bar graphs We have updated the Figure 6—figure supplement 1. (10) Minor point: the authors state that they addressed the distance over which secreted Sema7A may act, but this was not evident to me in the text. Please make this finding clearer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: 6%, and 13% of general surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists, respectively, practice in rural America, even though 17%–20% of the U. S. population resides in rural areas. 7-10 Specifically for complex general surgical oncology board-certified surgeons, it is unknown what percentage practice in rural areas, but evidence shows a 29. 1% reduction in the supply of general surgeons who practice in rural areas from 2001 to 2019. 7 The availability of other cancer subspecialists such as head & neck (H&N) surgeons, urologic oncologists, orthopedic oncologists, thoracic surgeons, pathologists, and interventional radiologists would be expected to be even lower to non-existent in some rural areas. 11, 12 In fact, one study of the distribution of fellowship-trained H&N surgeons from 2011 to 2020 found that Alaska, Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota, and Mississippi did not have any. 13 While availability deals with distribution of oncology workforce and resources relative to the population served, accessibility is the travel time or distance needed to reach clinicians and services. 1, 14 It has been shown that the travel times to Institute (NCI)-designated cancer centers, academic medical centers, and oncologists is considerably longer for and nonurban dwellers. 15 1. 3. 2 Use of telehealth to mitigate spatial barriers to healthcare access While multipronged strategies are needed to increase the presence of oncology clinicians in rural areas, telehealth can be used to mitigate some of the challenges posed by lack of clinician availability on site. Video technology is now being used widely to facilitate multidisciplinary cancer conference discussions. This asynchronous use of telehealth allows experts from different specialties around the world to discuss the best treatment options for patients who would otherwise have had to travel many miles for in-person consultations. The benefits of telehealth in multidisciplinary treatment planning conferences, such as ease of attendance for physicians, increased participation, and ability of remote sites with the right technology to participate and thus minimize delays in care, have been shown in several studies. 16-18 Specifically for surgical oncology, secure video technology can be used for synchronous preoperative consultation, postoperative visits, and surveillance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: IntroductionIn recent decades, the diversity of wild bees has declined markedly worldwide due to environmental changes (Biesmeijer et al. 2006; Fitzpatrick et al. 2007; Potts et al. 2010; Cameron et al. 2011; Ollerton et al. 2014). Among the main factors causing the decline in bee populations, two seem to be the most important: the intensification of agriculture and the disappearance of natural habitats (Kremen et al. 2002; Le Féon et al. 2010). Locally, the cessation of management practices in some regions also contributes to the decline, as semi-natural habitats become overgrown with bushes and trees (Benayas et al. 2007). Moreover, the use of pesticides in agriculture negatively affects many bee species, causing direct mortality (Desneux et al. 2007; Goulson et al. 2015), reduced productivity (Whitehorn et al. 2012) or indirect effects such as changes in behaviour, e. g. the deterioration of cognition and memory (Siviter et al. 2018). The decline in wild bees has significant ecological and economic consequences (Corbet et al. 1991; Pywell et al. 2006; Gallai et al. 2009; Potts et al. 2010; Garibaldi et al. 2014), as they are important pollinators and play a crucial role in food webs and agricultural production. The decline of wild bees and possible mitigating measures have therefore attracted considerable attention among conservation biologists all over the world. As extensively used semi-natural habitats are becoming rare in modern landscapes, alternative habitats have recently been considered as realistic alternatives to host a substantial proportion of pollinating insects (Berg et al. 2016). These include openings in forested landscapes, railway and road verges, and industrial areas. (Moroń et al. 2014; Blixt et al. 2015; Pustkowiak et al. 2018). As a notable proportion of natural landscapes was converted into urbanised areas during the previous century (Antrop 2004; Giulio et al. 2009), cities are also considered to be important refuges for wild bees. Moreover, many recent studies suggest that cities may host diverse populations of wild pollinators, including bees, compared to non-urban areas (Saure 1996; Sirohi et al. 2015; Normandin et al. 2017; Banaszak-Cibicka et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: (2002) Neocotical system abnormalities in autism: an fMRI study of spatial working memory. Neurology 59: 834-840. Baron- (1999) Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain. An fMRI study. Neurosci 11: 1891-1898. (2001) Atypical patterns of cerebral motor activation in autism: a functional magnetic resonance study. 49: 665-676. (2004) Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: Evidence of underconnectivity. Brain 127: 1811-1821. (1998) Reduced P3 amplitude of the event-related brain potential: Its relationship to language ability in autism. J Disord 73: 345-358. (2017) The language-ready head; Evolutionary considerations. Rev 24: 194-199. (2002) The amygdala and related structures in the pathophysiology of autism. Behav 71: 449-455. (2000) Convergent neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence of an amygdala hypothesis of autism. NeuroReport 11: 2931-2935. (1998) The human amygdala in social judgement. Nature 393: 470-474. Aggleton JP (1993) The contribution of the amygdala to normal and abnormal emotional states. 16: 328-333. (2011) A cerebellar thalamic cortical circuit for error-related cognitive control. Neuroimage 54: 455-464. (2004) Cerebellar function in autism: functional magnetic resonance image activation during a simple motor task 56: 269-278. Catani M, jones (2008) Altered cerebellar feedback projections in Asperger syndrome. Neuroimage 41: 1148-1191. (2011) Specific and in Normal and Vegetative States. 20: 257-268. (2010) Inhibition: too much of a good thing? Neuroscience 11: 6-7. Kohls G, Schulte-(2013) Reward system dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. 8: 565-572. Scott-(2010) in Autism. 3: 53-67. (2012) Social and monetary reward processing in autism spectrum disorders. 3: 7. (2002) Visual scanning of faces in autism. J Disord 32: 249-261. (2009) A functional and structural study of emotion and face processing in children with autism. 173: 196-205.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: A randomized control trial (RCT) comparing video visits with in-person office visits for surveillance in patients who underwent prostatectomy for prostate cancer showed no differences in time devoted to patient care and no increased risk of acute presentation with urologic issues within 3 months of visit. 19 The RCT by Viers et. also showed improved accessibility in the cohort randomized to video visits vs in-person visits as evidenced by 0 versus 95 miles and 0 versus 95 min distance and time traveled respectively. 19 Asynchronous use of telehealth through provision of high-quality, well-curated websites with information on perioperative educational materials can be very helpful to patients and save time, travel and money. 2 aspatial domains of healthcare access are comprised of accommodation, affordability, and acceptability. Factors such as hours of operation, ease of getting an appointment, ability to reach out to clinical team with concerns when appropriate all fall within “accommodation” which is defined as “the relationship between the manner in which the supply resources are organized to accept clients and the clients' ability to accommodate to these factors and the clients’ perception of their appropriateness. ”1 For example, work demands may make it difficult for a farmer to take time off work to travel many miles for a follow-up appointment with a surgical oncologist during peak harvest season. In this example, asynchronous use of telehealth services through “store-and-forward” technology may allow the surgeon to receive, review pertinent imaging and labs, and communicate his/her concerns to the patient via secure email using the patient portal. A video visit could be arranged at a convenient time for patients to allow better engagement. Remote patient monitoring with mobile apps, wearable devices, and computers may allow effective data tracking and potentially facilitate early detection of postoperative complications. In a study of over 12 000 patients who underwent ambulatory surgery at a single NCI-designated cancer center in New York, Crachiolo et. al. characterized the pattern of postoperative recovery using a platform with automated clinical alerts for remote symptom monitoring. 20, 21 The ability to remotely monitor patients spares them the burden of travel when they are convalescing and allows effective triage by a clinical care team. In a systematic review of 11 studies covering a broad spectrum of oncologic surgical specialties and complexity of procedures, Xiao et.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2018), and they may act as refuges for them (Baldock et al. 2015; Hall et al. 2017; Choate et al. 2018). Expansive and diversified urban parks and gardens can provide adequate nesting sites for bees with different requirements, like bare soil, pithy or hollow plant stems, small rock cavities, abandoned insect or rodent burrows, or even snail shells. These areas may also provide food plants throughout the bees’ flight period (Banaszak-Cibicka et al. 2016). Such areas can be attractive for many bee species and comparable to more natural environments outside the city (Banaszak-Cibicka et al. 2018). Moreover, cities can provide suitable habitats not only for common species but also for rare and declining ones with specific requirements, e. g. species with higher thermal requirements, which in cities have favorable conditions for development (Banaszak-Cibicka 2014). These findings are in contrast to the general belief that the development of urban areas leads to biotic homogenisation, as was shown for diverse taxa (McKinney 2006; Morelli et al. 2016). However, most of the earlier studies which suggested that cities play an important role for wild bees referred to the local α-diversity of bee communities. For instance, they compared local species’ richness or abundance in urbanised and non-urban areas (Baldock et al. 2015; Sirohi et al. 2015) or along an urbanisation gradient (Verboven et al. 2014). Biodiversity at local α-diversity is important but a substantial proportion of biodiversity loss is caused by reduced temporal and spatial variation among local communities (β-diversity), which leads to biotic homogenisation (Olden and Rooney 2006). Furthermore, the spatiotemporal patterns of α-diversity are not always consistent with those recorded for β-diversity, e. g. a local increase and a global decrease (Sax and Gaines 2003). Therefore, studies limited only to the local scale are likely to miss the relevant spatial scale of biodiversity and thus may lead to biased conclusions (Socolar et al. 2016; Roden et al. 2018). There have only been a few studies addressing β-diversity patterns in wild bees along the gradients of anthropogenic habitat disturbance (Quintero et al. 2010; Hendrickx et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The AX-CPT paradigm follows a cue-probe trial structure, in which cue stimuli set a context that is needed for appropriate response selection to the subsequent probe. and Neutral conditions were identical in all respects except for the category of stimuli used as probes. Cue stimuli in the task were the words ‘SMILE’ and ‘FROWN’. For probes, the Emotion condition used IAPS pictures as probes and the Neutral condition used alphanumeric symbols (i. e. , letters served as target probes, and digits served as nontarget probes). New pictures/symbols were used as probes on each trial, except for a pre-specified neutral picture/punctuation mark on no-go trials (described below). Across participants the particular cue-probe combination that comprised the “AX” target trial type was counter-balanced. Thus, for approximately half of the participants (11/24) the AX target was ‘SMILE’/positive picture (“SMILE”/letter in Neutral) requiring a smile response (facial expression) and the other half (13/24) the AX target was ‘FROWN/negative picture (“FROWN”/letter in Neutral) requiring a frown response. However, on nontarget trials (), the opposite facial expression was required. All other details of the task paradigms described below were identical for the Emotion and Neutral conditions, and for both participant groups. Trials were presented in pseudorandom sequence, with target (AX) trials occurring at a 7∶1 frequency compared to all non-target task trials, leading to a total of 84 AX trials, 12 AY trials (target cue, non-target probe), 12 BX trials (non-target cue, target probe), 12 BY trials (non-target cue, non-target probe). Although the absolute numbers of high conflict (BX and AY) trials is somewhat low, our prior results suggest that this number was sufficient to robustly detect significant interference effects. In addition to primary task trials, no-go trials were also included to ensure that participants responded on the basis of the cue-probe combination and not solely and prematurely to the cue.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: al did not find increased rates of emergency readmissions or required in-person visits for patients who had virtual postoperative visits. 22 Additionally, there were no differences in 30-day, 90-day morbidity, and 90-day mortality between patients seen via telemedicine and those seen in-person. 22 Results from seminal clinical trials form the backbone of guidelines and treatment recommendations, but the percentage of cancer patients who enroll in clinical trials is estimated to be about 5%. 23, 24 Added to this overall low enrollment rate is that only 8%, 11%, and 6% of clinical trial participants are African American/Black, Latino/Hispanic, or Asian, respectively. 25 In a survey conducted by the Association of only 25% of rural oncology practices offered phase 1 trials, compared with 67% of practices located in urban areas. 26 Barriers to clinical trials participation are multifactorial, but telemedicine can be leveraged to mitigate some of the spatial barriers faced by patients from racial minority groups, low socioeconomic backgrounds, and rural locations. In addition to stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria, most trials are centralized and require patients to present at designated locations for routine labs, physical exams, and other assessments. This increases the burden of travel with accompanying issues such as increased patient anxiety, inconvenience, missed work, and additional financial burden even if insurance covers the cost of trial participation. In a mixed-methods study of 14 National Multi-site Groups in Australia in which clinicians, nurses, allied health professionals, trial executives, and coordinators participated, a hybrid model of telehealth and in-person visits was viewed most favorably. 27 Participants reported that telehealth tools such as wearables, remote patient monitoring, video conferencing, and telephone calls could enhance the reach of clinical trials, improve efficiency, and advance equity. 27 For access to quality health care, affordability cannot be overlooked. Nearly 10% of adults in the do not have health insurance. 28 Even for those with health insurance, financial toxicity arising from the cost of cancer care is significant. Studies have reported that cancer patients have increased likelihood of experiencing home foreclosures, filing for bankruptcy, or undergoing repossessions compared to non-cancer patients. 29, 30 Minimizing travel or eliminating it, when possible, by using telehealth can lead to cost savings for patients and healthcare systems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2007; Tylianakis et al. 2005; Verboven et al. 2014; Hung et al. 2017). To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on β-diversity of bees in the urbanisation gradient. In this study, we compared wild bee species composition and diversity patterns in urban, suburban and rural areas in West Poland. We conducted a three-year study on bee community composition, abundance and diversity patterns in order to determine the importance of urban areas for sustaining bee diversity. The local α-diversity of bee assemblages and local bee abundance in the three city classes of urbanization was compared. As local diversity is usually affected by the local availability of preferred habitats (Kearns and Oliveras 2009), we therefore also expected to find high bee diversity at sites in the city. Secondly, the local species diversity was upscaled to investigate β- and γ-diversity patterns. Different ecological mechanisms might affect local and regional diversities (Socolar et al. 2016). Therefore, we hypothesised that regional patterns may be substantially different from local ones. Finally, we performed nestedness analysis and checked whether bee samples from the three city classes of urbanization are randomly distributed in the maximally packed matrix. Materials and methodsStudy area and sampling designThe research was conducted in Poznań (52° 25′ N, 16° 58′ E), a city with 560,000 residents, located in western Poland. Sampling sites were located in green areas along an urbanisation gradient covering three levels of urbanization: urban, suburban and rural. The plots were divided on the basis of the distance from the city center and the characteristics of the plots. The sites were located in green areas which were typical of each class of urbanization. In the urban areas, these were parks surrounded by concentrated settlements of tenement houses and green areas of sparse housing estates. In the suburban areas, these were backyard gardens in districts with detached houses and suburban parks, whereas in the rural areas these were meadows and forests. Detailed data on the research sites’ characteristics and their distribution can be found in Table 1, in Fig. 1 and in 1. In order to describe the degree of area modification resulting from human activity, the area with man-made structures (buildings, streets, parking lots etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: No-go trials were indicated by a pre-specified neutral picture in Emotion (punctuation mark in Neutral), to which no response was to be made (24 no-go trials total; occurring both after target and non-target cues). Participants performed four scanning runs each of the Emotion and Neutral conditions of the AX-CPT (eight runs in total). Within each run, task blocks (three per run; 135 seconds each) alternated with short fixation blocks (four per run; 30 seconds each). Each scanning run began with 10 seconds of rest (later discarded) to allow the scanner to reach steady state; total run duration was ∼9 minutes. Each of the three task blocks within a scanning run consisted of 12 trials; thus participants performed eight runs of 36 AX-CPT trials each for 288 trials in total (144 Emotion, 144 Neutral). AX-CPT trials consisted of cue-probe pairs shown in sequence. Trial structure (Figure 1) was as follows: cue (750 ms), inter-stimulus-interval (ISI; 3250 ms), probe (2500 ms), and minimum inter-trial-interval (ITI) of 1000 ms (for a minimum total trial length of 7. 5 seconds). ITIs included additional jittering to facilitate event-related response estimation, in increments of 2500 ms (no jitter, 2500 ms, 5000 ms, or 7500 ms). 72 trials were presented at each of the four ITI lengths. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Trial structure with timing. (A) Example of the target (AX) cue-probe-response for the smile-AX condition of the Emotion AX-CPT; (B) Example of BX (non-target cue, target probe) and (C) AY (target cue, non-target probe) conflict trials for smile-AX condition of the task. fand functional imaging data was collected on a 3whole-body scanner at of Radiology at School of Medicine. High-resolution anatomical images were acquired for each participant using a sagittal T1-weighted MP-RAGE sequence (TE = 3. 16 ms, TR = 2400 ms, flip angle = 8° 176 slices, 1×1×1 mm voxels). Anatomical images were aligned with each individual's functional images.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: Studies have shown that synchronous telemedicine or the use of remote symptom monitoring in a cohort of patients undergoing various oncologic surgeries was associated with reduction in potentially avoidable urgent care visits. 19, 21 Also, for patients who must travel longer distances for care, the cost of temporary housing, fuel for cars, and food add to the burdens of healthcare access. 31 Telehealth may decrease days missed from work for both patients and family members or friends that they must rely on as travel companions or drivers. In an economic evaluation analysis of the indirect cost savings (from lost productivity and travel to and from appointments) afforded by telehealth visits for patients treated at an NCI-designated cancer center in Florida, there were substantial savings in roundtrip miles traveled, roundtrip hours traveled, and cost. 32 In this analysis of 11,688 patients with cancer, the estimated mean total cost savings from telehealth visits ranged from $147. 4 at $0. 56/mile to $186. 1 at $0. 82/mile. 32 The final aspatial domain of healthcare access is acceptability which is defined as “the relationship of clients' attitudes about personal and practice characteristics of providers to the actual characteristics of existing providers as well as to provider attitudes about acceptable personal characteristics of clients. ”1 Patients may determine acceptability based on location of healthcare facility, perception of cleanliness of facility, perception of staff friendliness, quality of food in cafeteria, and so forth, while clinicians may view patient acceptability factors to include timeliness to appointment, demeanor, and interactions with staff, and so forth. In semi-structured interviews of medical oncology patients treated at a single institution, positive factors that enhanced acceptability of telehealth visits included elimination of travel, reduction in anxiety, and longer visit with clinicians. 33 In their RCT of prostatectomy patients, Viers et. al did not find any differences in perception of trust, visit confidentiality, efficiency, quality of patient education, or overall encounter satisfaction between telehealth visits and in-person visits. 19 Another survey study of cancer patients from Australia of 124 respondents found that 93% of patients were satisfied with their telehealth experience, and the majority felt that the quality of their telehealth experience was equivalent to in-person visits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: ), percentage of green spaces cover, percentage of tree cover and the distance to the city centre was calculated at each research site based on satellite images. We intend to quantify habitat composition in a 500-metre. The area of these buffers is connected with the predicted foraging range of wild bee species. A close neighbourhood of nesting and foraging resources within few hundred meters is crucial to maintain populations of bees (Zurbuchen et al. 2010). Maximum bee foraging distances at the species level might be longer (1100–1400 m) but such long distances concern only single females (Zurbuchen et al. 2010). All the transects were located at least 1. 5 km apart to avoid spatial autocorrelation. On the basis of the percentage of built up areas within a 500 m radius from the sites, percentage of tree cover within 500 m radius, percentage of green areas cover (including tree cover) within 500 m radius and distance from the city centre six sampling sites were designated in each class of urbanization (3 class of urbanization × 6 research sites within each class = 18 sampling sites). Fig. 1Distribution of the studied sites: urban, suburban and rural in western PolandFull size image Table 1 Characteristics of sampling sitesFull size table Bee samplingFor three years (2014–2016) bees were collected at all 18 sampling sites along transects. Each transect was 200 m long and 1 m wide. The sample collection lasted about 60 min (Banaszak 1980). During a passage, all bees were collected by means of an entomological net. Most bumblebees and other species that were easy to distinguish were identified alive during the field visits, but the specimens which could not be identified in the field were collected for species identification in a laboratory. The subgenus Bombus sensu stricto includes four species in Poland (Bombus terrestris, B. lucorum, B. cryptarum and B. magnus). Their classification is particularly complicated (Bertsch et al. 2004). As it was difficult to identify these species in the field, especially workers, they were classified as Bombus s. str. Each site was visited 6–10 times (on average 8 times - the differences resulted from weather issues) each year, every 7–10 days from March to September.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: To facilitate registration of the T1 and functional scans, a T2-weighted image was also acquired in the same space as the functional scans [TE = 96 ms, TR = 5000 ms, 189×256 acquisition matrix, 48 slices, 1. 02×1×3 mm voxels]. The functional images were collected in eight 210TR (∼9 minutes) runs using an asymmetric spin-echo echo-planar sequence sensitive to blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast (T2*) [TE = 27 ms, TR = 2500 ms, flip angle = 90°, FOV = 256 mm, skip = 0 mm, 36 slices, 4×4×4 mm voxels]. Stimuli were presented using E-Prime () on a Dell PC. As described in the section, participants responded to each trial using emotional facial expressions. A custom-built mirror apparatus positioned over the head coil served both to reflect the projected image of the task screen towards the participant and to reflect the view of the participant's face such that it could be recorded using a videocamera positioned at the head end of the bore. Video recording served to ensure participant compliance in the task and was visually inspected to verify that such compliance was occurring. However, due to technical difficulties and poor video quality, this video was not quantitatively evaluated for measures of behavioural performance. A fiber-optic button box interfaced with E-Prime facilitated communication with the participant. ffMRI data were analyzed with in-house software. Data analysis was conducted with a general linear model (GLM), including nuisance regressors for linear trends within runs and baseline shifts between runs. Additionally, the GLM contained task-related regressors for block and event-related activity. Block-related activity related to each task condition (Emotion and Neutral) were modeled as boxcar functions, but because examining sustained activity did not permit the examination of conflict effects in the data, these functions were also treated as regressors of no interest. Our experimental design follows the specifications of Visscher et al. [30] in permitting the dissociation of block and event-related fMRI activity (using alternating blocks of task and rest, as well as jittered trials within each task block); using event-related regressors that are estimated (using delta or FIR functions) rather than assumed via a model of the hemodynamic response function.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: 31 Similarly, survey results of patients with gynecologic malignancies in Australia showed high patient satisfaction with the following emerging as core themes: emotions, relationship building, communication, and acceptability. 34 As healthcare systems, patients, and the broader world look for ways to mitigate the threat of climate change, telehealth can help reduce our carbon footprints by minimizing the frequency of travel for care. In a study of vascular surgery patients from the United Kingdom, telehealth reduced the carbon footprint of each patient by 41. 2 (24. 5–80. 3) kgCO2e. 35 In a cohort study of 123 890 cancer patients in the that compared in-person-preferred cancer care model with telemedicine-preferred model, there was an 81% relative reduction in CO2 equivalent emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic. 36 These positive effects of telehealth on the environment is ultimately an enhancement to healthcare access. Table 1 shows examples of how telehealth can be used to mitigate healthcare access barriers in surgical oncology. Table 1. Dimensions of healthcare access, associated barriers and examples of telehealth uses to mitigate. Examples of barriers in domain Examples of telehealth mitigation of barriers of services - distance and travel time -Secure video technology for synchronous consultation; Asynchronous provision of curated patient education/decision-making materials of oncology workforce: Supply of (sub)specialists of operation; Ease of getting an appointment; Ability to reach out to clinical team with concerns -Asynchronous use of “store-and-forward” technology; -Video and teleconference visits; Remote patient monitoring of insurance: Financial toxicity: Indirect costs of lost wages, travel costs, remote housing to appointment; Staff interactions/demeanor; Health care facility location, cleanliness, and so forth. 2. 1 Barriers to telehealth implementation and utilization Although telehealth offers many genuine advantages that may improve health access and ultimately outcomes, there are formidable barriers to implementation and optimal utilization as shown in Table 2. The barriers to optimal telehealth access are disproportionately borne by populations that have traditionally experienced health disparities: racial and ethnic minorities, rural patients, elderly patients, patients with disabilities, and those with low socioeconomic status (SES). Several studies have reported lower rates of telehealth utilization among older patients, rural patients, racial/ethnic minorities, and those of low SES. 37-40 Table 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: We calculated the mean rank of the samples in a maximally packed matrix collected from the three city areas (urban, suburban, rural): nestedness means that species-poor sites (i. e. those with a high rank in the nested matrix) are subsets of species-rich sites (those with a low rank). We compared the rank of samples in the maximally packed matrix with the Kruskal-Wallis test. ResultsCommunity composition and similarityIn total 6,839 individuals of 176 species were recorded (2). The collection represented six families: Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Melittidae, Megachilidae and Apidae. The most common species were: Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) (17% of total number of observed specimens), Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763) (13. 3%), Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (8. 6%), Bombus s. str. (7. 9%), Dasypoda hirtipes (Fabricius, 1793)(4. 4%), Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabricius, 1781) (3. 4%), Anthophora plumipes (Pallas, 1772) (3. 4%), and Evylaeus calceatus (Scopoli, 1763) (2. 2%). Apart from common species, 24 species (13. 6% of the total number of species recorded) that are on the of in Poland were also recorded (Banaszak 2002).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: With this estimation approach, multicollinearity between the sustained and event-related regressors has been shown not to be a major concern. The primary task-related analysis focused on event-related activity as a function of trial type and task condition. Event-related estimates were created for each trial type within task conditions (no-go within Emotion and Neutral task versions). Given the complex trial structure, event-related effects were analyzed without reference to a fixed hemodynamic response function, using a delta-function estimation approach. Thus, within a 25-second response epoch following trial onset, independent values were estimated for each of 10 timepoints (corresponding to the 10 TR frames). The estimates from the individual subject GLMs were analyzed using appropriately designed analyses of variance (ANOVAs) that treated participants as a random factor. Regions of interest identification. We examined event-related brain activity in analyses within a priori defined regions of interest (ROIs). Analyses were conducted within two ‘networks’ of interest (selected not on the basis of functional connectivity but as coherent sets of regions observed in prior literature to be functionally related to cognitive control and reward processing). The first analysis examined activity within regions associated with cognitive control and working memory (established using meta-analyses; primarily including dorsal medial and lateral prefrontal and parietal regions [8], [9]. The ROI mask for the cognitive control network (CCN) was created by using anatomical coordinates identified by the aforementioned meta-analyses as seed points with 10 mm radius spheres drawn around them. The second analysis examined activity within anatomical regions associated with emotion and reward processing (hereafter EMO network) including the amygdala, portions of the basal ganglia (putamen, caudate, substantia nigra and nucleus accumbens), anterior insula, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, with regions drawn according to anatomical criteria identified using the Talaraich atlas [31], and previous studies [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]. A separate region of interest included the rostral ACC, defined anatomically, which was near to, but not overlapping the ventromedial [41]. For coordinates for ROIs in both networks, please refer to Table S1 and Table S2. The exact masks for both networks are available from the authors by request.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: Extrinsic barriers to surgeons' adoption of telehealth include medical licensing, reimbursement, and inability to perform certain physical exams. Most physicians are licensed in the state in which their practice is physically located. In the United States, medical licenses are issued state by state, and, therefore, physicians seeking to practice in multiple states via telehealth must obtain medical licenses for each state. The administrative burden and financial cost of licensing process can deter physicians from offering telehealth services to patients. It is also critical that physicians are adequately reimbursed for services rendered via telehealth. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Centers for Medicare and (CMS) allowed Medicare reimbursements for telemedicine via video at par with in-person visits, but there is concern as to how long this payment parity will continue in the post-pandemic era. 47 Also, the limitation of reimbursement for telemedicine to video alone presents a significant barrier to broad access for situations where audio may be the only available modality. Finally, without the physical presence of a patient, physical exam is substituted by visual inspection which may be inadequate. 3 improve healthcare access through telehealth, concerted efforts involving individuals, institutions, and government are necessary. Federal and state government investments in improving broadband internet and 5G network access is critical in this endeavor. In 2018, the Commission (FCC) launched the “Fund” to expand broadband internet access to over 700 000 homes and businesses in rural areas. 48 This program has allocated $1. 488 billion to be distributed over 10 years to expand broadband access in areas that otherwise would not have them. The $9 billion “5G Fund for Rural America” was also established in 2020 by the FCC to expand 5G wireless network service to rural areas. 49 These endeavors will help patients living in rural communities to access telehealth services. Homelessness and housing insecurity have significant negative effects on health outcomes. 50 To mitigate some of the challenges to telehealth access in this population, establishing “telehealth access points” within well-established business locations, such as grocery stores, gas stations, shopping malls, or banks may be reasonable. These safe locations would offer the privacy and digital tools needed to access telehealth services for those who may not have homes or lack the privacy in their dwellings. Investments in cyber security by governments and institutions are crucial to battle the rising threat to digital health by cyber criminals.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: They are classified as vulnerable (VU) – 8 species: Hylaeus rinki (Gorski, 1852), Andrena falsifica Perkins, 1915, Andrena florea Fabricius, 1793, Andrena limata Smith, 1853, Anthocopa papaveris (Latreille, 1799), Proanthidium oblongatum Latreille, 1809, Bombus jonellus (Kirby, 1802), Bombus veteranus (Fabricius, 1793), data deficient (DD) – 13 species: Colletes similis Schenck, 1853, Hylaeus bisinuatus Förster, 1871, Hylaeus cornutus Curtis, 1831, Hylaeus gracilicornis (Morawitz, 1867), Hylaeus gredleri Főrster, 1871, Hylaeus pictipes Nylander, 1852, Hylaeus signatus (Panzer, 1798), Andrena bimaculata (Kirby, 1802), Dufourea minuta Lepeletier, 1845, Evylaeus brevicornis (Schenck, 1863), Seladonia semitecta (Morawitz, 1874), Coelioxys alata (Förster, 1853), Nomada bifasciata Olivier, 1811, least concern (LC) – 3 species: Megachile nigriventris Schenck, 1868, Nomada moeschleri Alfken, 1913, Nomada zonata Panzer, 1798. Many species were observed in all the three classes of urbanization, but there were 38 species found only in the rural area, 20 species found only in the suburban area, and 12 species found only in the urban area. There were 10 species from the of in Poland in the rural area (Banaszak 2002), 15 in the suburban area, and 10 in the urban area. Local species diversity (α-diversity) and abundanceThe average species diversity per sample, i. e. α-diversity, did not differ significantly between the city classes of urbanization (GLM, p > 0. 25 in all cases). The average number of individuals per sample, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Significant activity within each network mask was corrected for multiple comparisons using a cluster size criterion based on simulations [42], [43], via the AlphaSim software within AFNI [44]. To assure a multiple comparisons corrected p<. 05 criteria, significant regions were identified based on a per-voxel minimum z>2. 32 and minimum cluster size of 37 voxels within the CCN mask (or 30 voxels within the EMO mask). Within each mask, we were interested in identifying regions demonstrating general sensitivity to conflict (e. g. , across both the emotional and non-emotional tasks) and then examining whether brain activity within these conflict-associated regions differed as a function of emotional task content. Thus, the first stage analysis consisted of the following voxelwise contrast: high conflict trials (AY + BX collapsed, averaged across timepoints 4–7) > low conflict trials (AX + BY collapsed, averaged across timepoints 4–7). This analysis further collapsed across the Emotion and Neutral conditions, in order to enable unbiased identification of regions. Timepoints 4–7 were selected to capture probe-related activity, which is necessary for the elicitation of conflict in the AX-CPT paradigm. In the second stage of analysis, we conducted ROI-based ANOVAs on significant regions identified as sensitive to conflict in the first-stage analysis. Two different kinds of region-wise analyses were carried out. In the first ANOVA, we examined which, if any, of these conflict-defined regions showed independent differences in brain activity as a function of task condition, i. e. , Emotion vs. Neutral, and time (the ANOVA included all 10 timepoints). This analysis enabled a direct test of whether conflict-related regions showed increased responsivity under emotion conditions. In the second ANOVA, we only included the high-conflict trials AY and BX, to examine whether task condition effects were still exhibited selectively during conflict. Additionally, by including trial-type as a factor, we tested whether condition effects differed by the type of conflict elicited (AY = cue-based; BX = probe-based; again, timepoint was also included as a factor in the ANOVA). In addition to analyses within these networks of interest, we conducted more focused analyses within the rostral ACC and amygdala ROIs, as these regions have been specifically implicated in emotional conflict processing [16], [45].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: It is also important to educate patients and healthcare employees about practices to safeguard data on the world wide web. Additionally, pursuing innovative technologies that can withstand or evade cyber security threats will be helpful. It is hoped that telehealth experiences will be greatly enhanced in the future as tremendous advances are made in developing the metaverse and integrating it into digital health tools. Defined as “a persistent virtual environment that allows access to and interoperability of multiple individual virtual realities,”51 the metaverse would allow digital twinning where the surgeon could superimpose CT scans or MRIs on the digital twin of patient to educate them about the location of their tumor, discuss planned surgery, and perhaps simulate potential outcomes. The limitations of physical examination with current telehealth technology may be overcome with sensory teleportation. 52 Great leaps have been made in artificial intelligence (AI) over the last decade with exciting innovations in generative AI across many disciplines. As AI increasingly becomes readily available through incorporation into routine digital tools such as laptops and cell phones, it is anticipated that it would be leveraged to improve healthcare and healthcare access. For example, AI may facilitate easy language translation in both synchronous and asynchronous telehealth encounters. Well-trained and validated models may be used to enhance health literacy, help patients navigate telehealth services, and facilitate remote patient monitoring and data collection as part of telehealth. While physicians are required to be licensed in each state, the has streamlined the process for physicians to obtain licensing in multiple states and currently includes 37 states, the District of Columbia, and the Territory of Guam. 53, 54 Policies that promote medical license reciprocity among all states would help improve patients' access to telehealth. Finally, the CMS authorized payment parity for telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. 47 This authorization ensures that physicians are reimbursed at the same rate as in-person visits, and this protection has been extended through end of December 31, 2024. Reimbursing physicians adequately for services rendered via telehealth will ensure that they continue to offer this option to patients when appropriate. 4 has the potential to mitigate health care disparities and improve outcomes in surgical oncology through enhanced health access. A thoughtful, multifaceted approach is needed to enable us to harness the full potential of this mode of healthcare delivery. sharing not applicable-no new data generated. Data sharing is not applicable to this 140. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: the local abundance, also did not differ significantly between the city classes of urbanization (GLM, p > 0. 26) (Fig. 2). The highest number of species per sample was observed in the suburban area, followed by the urban area (in both areas it exceeded 20 species per sample). There was a similar pattern observed in the local abundance: there were more than 50 bee individuals observed in only one sample in the rural area, while in the suburban and urban areas there were 10 and 9 such samples, respectively. Fig. 2The average number of individuals and bee species per sample in the three classes of urbanization in Poznań, PolandFull size image Species turnover and regional diveristy (β- and γ-diversity)Rarefaction analysis partly contradicted the results recorded on the local scale, as there were clear differences in rarefied species diversity among the city classes of urbanization. The highest dissimilarity in species composition between the samples was observed in the rural area, whereas the lowest was found in the urban area. This resulted in the highest γ-diversity (cumulative number of species) in the rural area and the lowest in the urban area. The differences were significant (95% CI did not overlap) and relatively large: among 3,000 randomly selected individuals one may expect about 150 wild bee species in the rural area and only slightly more than 100 in the urban area (Fig. 3, left-hand panel). Sample-based rarefaction (cumulative species diversity recalculated per one transect visit) showed a similar pattern, although the difference between the rural and suburban areas was less noticeable (Fig. 3, right-hand panel). Fig. 3Rarefaction curves showing the expected number of bee species as a function of sampling effort (expressed as the number of individuals or samples) in the three classes of urbanization in Poznań, Poland. Solid curves show the empirical result, dashed curves show extrapolationFull size image NestednessThe bee community in the habitats studied was significantly nested, indicating that species-poor sites (sites with high rank) constituted subsets of species-rich sites (sites with low rank) and that this pattern was not random (Fig. 4). Samples collected in the urban area had a significantly higher nestedness rank compared to samples from the other two classes of urbanization (Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi = 19.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The amygdala was part of the general EMO mask, but the additional analyses focused exclusively on amygdala and rACC regions, and as such utilized a more liberal corrected threshold specific to the size of each ROI (i. e. , small-volume correction). Thus, for these analyses a reduced cluster-size criterion of 12 voxels for rostral ACC and 9 voxels for amygdala was employed (again with voxelwise minimum z>2. 32). In addition to the analyses described above, we also conducted a focused test with the rACC and amygdala ROIs to examine whether these regions show a selective response to conflict only under Emotion conditions. As such, a voxelwise contrast of high conflict (AY + BX, timepoints 4–7) > low conflict (AX + BY, timepoints 4–7) was conducted, but only using trials from the Emotion condition. described in Methods, participants performed the emotional AX-CPT with voluntary emotional facial expressions as the response modality. Facial expressions were monitored in the scanner using video recording and video footage was inspected following each participant to ensure compliance with the task, but poor video quality and technical difficulties rendered this video unusable for the purposes of evaluating behavioural performance. Previously published data from our laboratory [25] investigating the Emotion and Neutral versions of the AX-CPT used here found no significant main effects of task condition on performance (indexed by error rates and response onsets), suggesting that the overall difficulty of emotional and non-emotional versions of the task may be comparable. Additionally, that study indexed performance using facial electromyography (EMG), which enables a much more fine-grained behavioural analysis than video coding would have permitted in the present study. We discuss issues with the present study's behavioural data and present behaviour from our previous EMG study in Text S1 and Figure S1. We compared areas defined by task conflict (high > low conflict) within the CCN and EMO networks with and without discernable errors, and found relatively few differences. These results are shown in Table S3. Imaging Results: ROI described in the Methods section, event-related brain activity was examined within two ‘networks’ of interest: the cognitive control network (CCN) and the emotion/reward processing network (EMO). We also analyzed brain activity within more focused ROIs of the rostral ACC and bilateral amygdala.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: ReviewKodjebacheva1,2, PhD Taylor Culinski1,3 Bushra Kawser1, BDS Katelynn Coffer1 1Department of College of Health Sciences, University of Michigan-2International Institute, University of 3Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Michigan-:of College of Health SciencesUniversity of Michigan-Flint303 E. Kearsley St. Flint, MI, 48502United StatesPhone: 1 (810) 424 5373Email: gergana@umich. eduAbstractBackground: Telehealth refers to the use of technology to deliver health care remotely. -19 pandemic has prompted an increase in telehealth services. Objective: This study aimed to review satisfaction with pediatric care in studies that had at least one group of pediatric patients and their caregivers receiving telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic and at least one comparison group of those receiving nontelehealth services. Methods: We searched for peer-reviewed studies published in the English language that compared the satisfaction with pediatric care between pediatric patients and their caregivers receiving telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic and those receiving nontelehealth services. Owing to stay-at-home orders, studies with comparison groups for nontelehealth services that took place either before or during the pandemic were eligible. We searched the and PsycINFO databases on January 5, 2023. We followed the (Items for and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A total of 2 reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts before reviewing the full text of the remaining 10. 2196/41554Keywordssatisfaction; pediatrics; telehealth; telemedicine; virtual care; caregivers; patients; children; COVID-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; technology use; caregiver; adolescent; youth; satisfaction survey; health outcome; review methodology; systematic review IntroductionBackgroundMany health care providers switched from using in-person to remote care for medical visits to adhere to federal, state, and local stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic. A 154% increase in the use of telehealth services occurred in March 2020 compared with March 2019 [1]. Telehealth is defined as “the remote provision of health care services through telecommunication technologies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment” [2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 9; p < 0. 0001). Fig. 4Nestedness structure of bee community in the three classes of urbanization. Maximally packed matrix is presented on the left, violin plots on the right show single ranks (points), mean rank (horizontal line), and of the mean (white belt) for each city area separatelyFull size image DiscussionOur study showed that the pooled γ-diversity of wild bees was substantially larger in the rural landscape than in cities, while nestedness analysis suggests that local urban bee communities constitute, to some extent, subsets of bee communities found in suburban and rural areas. Our results therefore seem to question numerous studies concluding that from the bees’ perspective urban greenery can be an alternative to natural areas outside the city (Baldock et al. 2015; Kaluza et al. 2016; Banaszak-Cibicka et al. 2018). Below we discuss the possible mechanisms driving the patterns that were observed and their consequences. The bee community recorded in our study was relatively rich in species. There were 176 bee species, i. e. 37% of all bee species found in Poland (Banaszak 2000), and more than 55% of the bee species known in the Wielkopolska-region (Banaszak 2010). This number is only slightly smaller than the richness of bee fauna in other habitats. For example, the entire Polish part of the Białowieża supports 182 species (Banaszak 2009), whereas 244 species were found in the xerothermic swards in the lower Vistula valley (Banaszak et al. 2006). Furthermore, 34 species were represented by only one individual, i. e. singletons (Colwell and Coddington 1994), indicating that there are still undiscovered species in the urban-rural community (see also the dashed curves in Fig. 3). Singletons amounted to 19% of the total number of species collected, which is similar to the findings of other studies on bee communities (Fortel et al. 2014 with 20% of singletons Rollin et al. 2015 with 22% of singletons). It indicates that the sampling intensity in our study enabled the collection of a representative proportion of the bee community in the area.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The timecourse of the effect within the dorsal ACC is shown in Figure 3, as a representative illustration of this pattern. In this and the other regions, the effects of condition did not interact with conflict, but instead were present as an additive increase in activation. In only one region, the right dopaminergic (DA) midbrain, was there evidence of a condition*conflict interaction (at trend-level, p =. 057). However, this interaction was due to increased activity in both the high and low conflict trials of the Emotion condition (i. e. , with a reduced conflict-related increase), compared to the Neutral condition. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Timecourses illustrating High > and Emotion > Neutral effects. Representative regions demonstrating both a high > low conflict and Emotion > Neutral pattern (due to a condition*time interaction), but no conflict* condition interaction: (A) dorsal ACC; (B) left amygdala. Emotion and trial-type effects under high conflict. Because the ANOVA described above showed Emotion effects that did not interact with conflict, we conducted a follow-up ANOVA to address two additional questions: 1) Was the Emotion-related increase in activation present even when only considering high-conflict trials (i. e. , AY and BX)? 2) Were there any differential effects of Emotion related to the type of conflict experienced, i. e. , cue-based (AY trials) versus probe-based (BX trials)? To address these questions, the second ANOVA included only the high-conflict trial types (AY, BX) and excluded the low-conflict trials (AX,BY), to examine potential effects of condition (Emotion, Neutral) and high-conflict trial-type (AY,BX) as primary factors of interest (additional factors again included timepoint, and target expression). The primary pattern observed in the first ANOVA, a condition × time interaction, was replicated in the second ANOVA. Eight regions showed this effect, denoted in Table 1; again, these included dorsal ACC, right dorsolateral PFC, and bilateral PFC regions. Importantly, the same Emotion > Neutral pattern was observed in these regions, confirming that high emotion-conflict trials increased activation of the cognitive control system relative to non-emotion conflict conditions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: Telehealth can be synchronous care, asynchronous care, and remote monitoring [3]. Synchronous care entails a direct conversation between the patient and health care provider using telecommunication technology to complete a health care appointment. Asynchronous telehealth involves patient-provider interactions via email, text messaging, or patient portals, where medical questions, photographs, test results, reminders, and medical history are exchanged [3]. Remote monitoring can include receiving frequent vital signs and photographs from patients for detection and intervention [4]. The use of telehealth services has limitations. Previous studies indicated that technological issues [5], incomplete appointments [5], the lack of in-person and personable interaction [5-7], linguistic barriers to access [6], and lower compassion in care [5] were areas of concern in the use of telehealth services. To improve these downfalls in telehealth care, understanding satisfaction with pediatric telehealth services compared with pediatric nontelehealth services provides insight into health care enhancements. The literature surrounding the use of telehealth services during the COVID-19 crisis is growing, but to the best of our knowledge, no systematic review assessed satisfaction with pediatric care comparing separate groups of participants, where at least one group received telehealth services and another group received nontelehealth services during the time frame of the pandemic. In one published scoping review focusing on both adult and pediatric care during the COVID-19 pandemic, satisfaction was mentioned briefly, stating that there was insufficient information on that topic and proposed researching satisfaction in the future [7]. In a systematic literature review of pediatric randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine interventions resulted in slightly better or comparable satisfaction with care and health outcomes compared with control groups in all 10 included studies [8]. ObjectiveOur study sought to investigate satisfaction with telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with nontelehealth use among caregivers and pediatric patients. Our systematic literature review included only studies that compared satisfaction in separate groups of participants (ie, caregivers and pediatric patients), where at least one group participated in telehealth services and 1 group received nontelehealth services. Because of stay-at-home orders, studies with comparison groups for nontelehealth services that took place either before or during the pandemic were eligible.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The average species diversity (α-diversity) and the average number of specimens per sample (local abundance) were found to be similar in the three classes of urbanization. Diversified urban areas provide bees with nesting places and also a great diversity of forage plants (Hennig and Ghazoul 2012). Urban vegetation consists of plant species introduced by humans, plants entering cities spontaneously, and remnant vegetation (Sudnik-Wójcikowska 1987). Some authors also claim that the negative effects of urban pressure influence bees less than other insects (Deguines et al. 2012; Baldock et al. 2015). That is why urban bee communities may be locally comparable to bee communities in rural areas (Baldock et al. 2015; Banaszak-Cibicka et al. 2018). The rarefaction analysis, however, partly contradicted the results recorded on the local scale. The highest dissimilarity in the species composition among the samples (β-diversity) and the highest cumulative number of species (γ-diversity) were observed in the rural area, while the lowest was in the urban area. Furthermore, the bee community was nested and urban samples had a higher rank, thus suggesting that the urban bee community is a subset of the suburban and rural bee community. Even though α-diversity may be high in urban sites, habitat changes due to human activity may, in fact, decrease the total diversity within the pool of sites through homogenization of the bee fauna across the urban landscape. Taxonomic homogenization - an increase in the similarity between communities - is caused by a successful invasion of the “winner” and a loss of the “loser” species (McKinney and Lockwood 1999). Reduced species turnover and homogenization of the bee fauna across the landscape may be associated with habitat disturbance (Quintero et al. 2010). Urban landscapes are designed mainly to meet the needs of city dwellers, who want attractive, aesthetic green areas for rest and recreation. Some practices related to the shaping and maintenance of green areas in cities (e. g. frequent mowing, cutting down trees, replacing plants with conifers) may negatively affect pollinating insects (Hülsmann et al. 2015; Lerman et al. 2018) and cause environmental filtering.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: As such, the current results support the general notion that participants utilize the same types of proactive control strategies even when experiencing high demands for such control as a result of emotional conflict. The emotional AX-CPT paradigm presented in the present study, and the use of emotional facial expressions as a response modality more generally, have the potential to provide a more naturalistic technique from which to probe emotional conflict, relative to the previous laboratory paradigms that have been used. Facial expressions have direct, automatic associations with different emotional experiences [59]; thus, they potentially provide a performance measure that is a more sensitive index of both trial-by-trial fluctuations and individual differences in emotional processing. In the present study we were not able to obtain behavioural performance measures due to technical difficulties, but future studies capitalizing on this technique should explore this possibility (e. g. , via simultaneous EMG and fMRI recordings). Additionally, using facial expressions as responses permits elicitation of conflict via S-R interference, which is a robust form of interference that has nevertheless been understudied (relative to S-S interference) in the domain of emotion. The utilization of facial expressions as a response modality provides a potential means to probe emotional conflict via S-R interference in other paradigms as well, such as the Stroop adaptations utilized by Egner and colleagues [16], [22]. For example, in Stroop conditions that require participants to make facial expressions to semantically associated words (e. g. , “smile”, “frown”) while ignoring irrelevant but superimposed affectively-valenced pictures, it would be possible to manipulate congruency in an analogous manner to that examined here. One of the advantages of developing adaptations of the Stroop and related paradigms (e. g. , Flankers, Simon) that include facial expressions as a response modality is that it would permit exploration of experimental manipulations not easily implemented in the AX-CPT. In particular, conflict-related shifts in control state (e. g. , conflict adaptation or resolution effects) have been profitably examined through manipulation and examination of trial-by-trial sequential effects [60], changes in relative trial frequencies [61], and other similar effects.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: An example of a study that was excluded was that from Zambia, in which 1 group of adolescents answered questions about experiences and perceptions related to telephone visits without comparing the results with a group of adolescents having nontelehealth visits [28]. Of the 187 7. 4%) assessed satisfaction with health care among pediatric patients and their caregivers participating in telehealth services compared with those participating in nontelehealth services. Among the 14 studies [14-27], 13 (93%) assessed satisfaction among caregivers by asking them about the health care of their children [14-26] and 1 (7%) [27] assessed satisfaction by asking caregivers and adolescents (ie, patients) about their satisfaction separately. Furthermore, 1 study compared video, in-person, and hybrid visits [14], and 1 study compared telephone visits with in-person visits [25]. Another study compared video, telephone, and in-person visits [24]. All others compared video and in-person visits. Table 1 provides the location, number of participants, number of visits, mean and median age of participants or other information provided on age, and the pediatric health condition within each study. Table 2 includes information on the telehealth and comparison group definitions, assessment of satisfaction, and findings for telehealth and nontelehealth groups. Figure 1. Identification of studies through the systematic review process. Table 1. Location, number, age, and condition among participants in the 14 included studies. StudyCountryNumber of participants or number of visitsMean or median age of participants or other information provided on agePediatric health conditionCaregivers or patients: caregivers completed survey items on behalf of children or adolescents; results for caregivers and patients were presented together without presenting separate results for patientsCorona et al [14], 2021United StatesTotal: 95 patients Video visit patients: 46 In-person visit patients: 49 Video visits patient mean age: 28. 17 months In-person visits patient mean age: 27. 96 months Autism spectrum disorderHoi et al [15], 2022United StatesTotal: 21,592 visits Telemedicine visits: 2051 In-person visits: 19,541 Telemedicine visits patient mean age: 7. 2 years In-person visits patient mean age: 7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Bee species requiring more natural habitats may avoid entering the urbanised landscape, while widespread, broadly tolerant species can spread and become dominant. The species composition recorded in the urban area constituted a subset of the assemblages recorded in suburban and rural areas. Nestedness has been observed across many taxa and it is an important measurement with conservation implications, reflecting a non-random process of species loss (Slipinski et al. 2012; Sengupta et al. 2014). This result also emphasizes the biological importance of suburban areas with a lower management regime and a bigger percentage of green space cover in determining the diversity of species present in urban areas. Suburban areas may be more favorable than urban landscapes for many bee species (Winfree et al. 2007; Fetridge et al. 2008). Despite the fact that rural areas seem to be better for bees, our results also indicate that an urban area can provide a suitable habitat for bee conservation, because it can harbour not only common but also rare species, and at the local level, bee communities can be even richer in species than communities found in more natural landscapes. Furthermore, some species were only found in the urban area, although further sampling could possibly change this pattern. Therefore, we suggest that bee-friendly management of urban greenery is worth considering as a pollinator conservation strategy. Leaving part of lawns unmown or promoting flowers used by bees might be appropriate courses of action (Hülsmann et al. 2015; Wastian et al. 2016). ConclusionsThe results based on α-diversity vs. β- and γ-diversity may lead to substantially different or even contradictory conclusions. Although urban habitats can locally host bee communities which are relatively rich in species, the species turnover between the sites within the urban area is reduced. Thus, the pooled number of city-dwelling bees is reduced, but it can only be detected when local patterns are upscaled to β- and γ-diversity. This is an important conclusion, which stresses that the full spectrum of biodiversity levels needs to be screened in order to identify the real biological consequences of urbanisation on bee communities. Local biodiversity indices may not be sufficient for reliable evaluation of biodiversity patterns across environmental gradients and only through an analysis of diversity across different spatial scales can reliable management recommendations be produced. Moreover, the nested structure of the bee community indicates that the species found in city centre can usually be found in suburban and rural areas as well.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Cole MW, (2007) The cognitive control network: Integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions. Neuroimage 37: 343–360. View 8. (2005) N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Mapp 25: 46–59. View 9. (2003) Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. 3: 255–274. View 10. (2004) Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Sci 8: 539–546. View 11. 3rd, (2004) Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303: 1023–1026. View 12. Carter CS, van (2007) Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: an update of theory and data. 7: 367–379. View 13. (1998) Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280: 747–749. View 14. (2010) Using the Stroop task to study emotion regulation. In: editors. in Society, Mind, and Brain. Oxford: Press. 113. 15. (2006) Interference produced by emotional conflict associated with anterior cingulate activation. 6: 152–156. View 16. (2008) Dissociable neural systems resolve conflict from emotional versus nonemotional distracters. 18: 1475–1484. View 17. (2008) Supporting the Control of Affective and Cognitive Conflicts. J Cogn Neurosci. View 18. (2008) Controlling emotional expression: behavioral and neural correlates of nonimitative emotional responses. 18: 104–113. View 19. Mathews A, Mac(1985) Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Ther 23: 563–569. View 20. (2006) Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments. Emotion 6: 62–72. View 21. (2004) A rational look at the emotional stroop phenomenon: a generic slowdown, not a stroop effect. J Gen 133: 323–338. View 22. (2006) Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala. Neuron 51: 871–882. View 23.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: 6 Ambulatory surgeryMarques et al [22], 2020United StatesTotal: 9392 visits Telemedicine visits: 2960 In-person visits: 6362 Not stated Ambulatory careMcCoy et al [23], 2022United StatesTotal: 172 patients Telemedicine visit patients: 59 In-person visit patients: 113 Telemedicine visits patient mean age: 4. 99 In-person visits patient mean age: 6. 15 OtolaryngologyMustafa et al [24], 2021United StatesTotal: 401 patients Video visit patients: 98 In-person visit patients: 303 Video visits patient mean age: 29 (range 11-52. 5) years In-person visits patient mean age: 20 (range 6-52. 5) years Allergy or immunologyRagamin et al, 2021 [25]The NetherlandsTotal: 144 patients Patient median age: 6 years Atopic dermatitisSummers et al [26], 2022United StatesTotal: 817 patients Video visit patients: 674 In-person visit patients: 143 Not stated OphthalmologySatisfaction assessed separately for adolescents and caregivers: adolescents answered at least some satisfaction surveys items separately; results were presented separately for adolescents and caregiversTroncone et al [27], 2022ItalyTotal: 610 patients Video visit patients: 305 In-person visit patients: 305 Video visit caregivers: 305 In-person visit caregivers: 305 Video visits patient mean age: 12. 17 years In-person visits patient mean age: 12. 12 years Type 1 diabetesTable 2. Telehealth approach, assessment of satisfaction, and findings among the 14 included studies. StudyTelehealth approach and comparison groupsSatisfaction data collection tool examplesFindingsCaregivers or patients: caregivers completed survey items on behalf of children or adolescents; results for caregivers and patients were presented together without presenting separate results for patients. Corona et al [14], 2021Video sessions between March 2020 and August 2020 compared with in-person visits between July 2019 and March 2020A 14-item closed-ended survey developed by the authors, including items, such as “I would recommend these services to other families,” “My child’s behavior and skills improved during this service,” and “I am pleased with the outcome of services for me and my child.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: This clearly shows that in the long run, rural areas are of key significance for bee conservation. It would be hard to protect the regional bee species pool by focusing solely on urbanised areas that host partly homogenized communites. Therefore, efforts should be concentrated outside urbanised landscapes, in more natural habitats. Subsidies promoting extensive agricultural management and bee-oriented agri-environment schemes are possible options.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: Search loading subjects. . . Ebook: Methods for in Infrastructures loading. . . for Peace and - D: Information and Published 2024 Daponte, Maciej Klósak, 978-1-64368-525-0 (print) | 978-1-64368-526-7 (online) infrastructures are fundamental to the working of societies and economies. They play a crucial role in supply, with 90% of commercial trade exchanges carried out worldwide handled by the maritime industry, in the functioning of the economy, the maintenance of mobility and the deployment of renewable energies. For the past decade, the attention of developed democratic nations has been focused on the protection of vital terrestrial objects, but less attention has been paid to critical maritime infrastructures and the need to increase their resilience. This book, Methods for in Infrastructures, presents 23 papers delivered at the (ATC) hosted in hybrid format from 15-20 January 2024 in Agadir, Morocco. The aim of the ATC was to cover the problem of monitoring critical maritime infrastructure in an interdisciplinary manner, and it was attended by researchers and students, security officers, stakeholders, and experts in tackling terrorism or other violent threats. The ATC was divided into 4 blocks: general aspects of strengthening the resilience of maritime critical infrastructure; unmanned systems (USs) and sensor network technology; monitoring, data analysis and structural modeling; and cybersecurity and protection of IT maritime infrastructures. There was also one practical session. The book covers many ways in which unmanned systems, sensor networks and other digital technologies can be used to monitor threats to maritime critical infrastructure, and will be of interest to all those working in the field. ↓ more↑ less $171. 00 €155. 00 £139. 00Add PDF to cart Order hardcopy Contents «‹12›» Pages i - xii This book, Methods for in Infrastructures, presents 23 papers delivered at the (ATC) hosted in Agadir, Morocco, and held in hybrid format from 15–20 January 2024. The workshop was attended by 23 speakers (21 in person), and 41 attendees all of them present. proved to be a wonderful experience for many who attended it. There were speakers and attendees from 12 countries, all seeking modern technologies to enable innovative methods for maritime monitoring and the strengthening of resilience in maritime critical infrastructures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: ” 89% of caregivers participating in telehealth service strongly agreed that they were pleased with the outcome of the visit compared with 87% of caregivers participating in in-person visits.  Hoi et al [15], 2022Telemedicine visits consisting of 352 new patient video visits, 1548 return video visits, 109 phone visits, 41 nonportal video visits for caregiver without portal access, and 1 patient education video visit compared with in-person visits consisting of new patient visits, return visits, preoperative visits, and postoperative visits between April 1, 2020, and April 30, 2021Surveys with closed-ended and open-ended items.  Surveys asked respondents to express a positive or negative sentiment with the visit as well as to provide narrative comments on the experience with the visit.  96% of caregivers or patients reported positive experiences with the in-person visit compared with 100% with the telemedicine visit.  An example of a positive comment regarding the in-person visit was, “All of my concerns about my son’s health have been listened to. ” An example of a positive comment regarding the in-person visit was, “The video visit saved us a 10-h drive. ” Holzman et al [16], 2021Video visits between April 2020 till 2020 compared with in-person visits between January 2019 and March 2020Survey with a close-ended question on satisfaction: “using a number from 1 to 10, where 1 is the worst provider possible and 10 is the best provider possible, what number would you use to rate this provider? ” 92% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits reported high satisfaction with the provider compared with 87% of caregivers and patients participating in in-person visits (odds ratio 1. 7, 95% CI 0. 53-5. 7).  Johnson et al [17], 2020Video visits compared with in-person visits between April 2020 and May 2020Survey with a closed-ended question on satisfaction: “using a number from 1 to 10, where 1 is the worst provider possible and 10 is the best provider possible, what number would you use to rate this provider? ” 97. 9% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits reported high satisfaction with the provider compared with 83. 9% of caregivers and patients participating in in-person visits (P=. 07).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: IntroductionEcosystem services are benefits that humans receive from ecosystems. People living in urban areas depend on ecosystem services both within their boundaries and from surrounding areas. Locally generated services have substantial impacts on human health and quality of life, and planning is essential for their preservation and restoration (Boland and Hunhammar 1999; Woodruff and BenDor 2016; Cortinovis and Davide 2018). Ecosystem services have been categorized in a variety of ways (Daily 1997; Organization 2005; Gomez-Baggethun et al. 2013; Elmqivst et al. 2015), but most organizational systems focus on four main groupings: provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural. Each of these types of ecosystem services are impacted by human activities and thinking about different categories of services can provide a cognitive framework for understanding and exploring what may be missing or degraded within an urban area. Urban ecosystems tend to be highly modified by humans, with consequent reductions in many of the services provided to humans (Douglas and James 2015). Biodiversity and ecosystem complexity are especially altered, with many urban ecosystems left vulnerable to perturbations (both natural and anthropogenic) and potentially less resilient in the face of changes (Organization 2005; Ahem 2011; McPhearson et al. 2015). Human interventions in the form of land-use planning, management, conservation and restoration are often needed to improve lost or degraded ecosystem services and counteract ecosystem disservices (Shackleton et al. 2016; Larson et al. 2019). Ecosystem disservices encompass the negative impacts of natural systems and processes on human well-being, and are a currently debated topic in environmental literature (see Blanco et al. 2019). In urban areas, services and disservices that directly impact human health and well-being are particularly important. For example, as land-use change and global climate change continue to advance, urban ecosystem services are needed to mitigate the effects of warming through green infrastructure in the form of green roofs, street trees, and parks (Bowler et al. 2010; Li et al. 2017). Additionally, these green areas provide air purification, noise reduction and contribute to a sense of place (Nowak et al. 2006; Peters et al. 2010; Dzhambov and Donka 2015). To many humans, these ecosystem services are invisible and undervalued, and are only noted in their absence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: The ATC focused on an interdisciplinary approach to monitoring and protecting critical maritime infrastructures and increasing their resilience. Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has brought new risks, with both physical and cyber-attacks, often combined as a hybrid threat. The sabotage of the gas pipeline, together with other recent incidents, has made it clear that the resilience of critical infrastructure is under threat. Whether the target be pipelines, transport routes or undersea cables, a disruption in one country can have a cascading effect, with ramifications for other countries. Action is urgently needed to increase the capacity of NATO Countries to protect themselves against attacks on critical infrastructure, both in the EU and its direct neighborhood. are closely interconnected and interdependent, which, although it makes them stronger and more efficient, also renders them more vulnerable in the event of an incident. have a particular role to play with respect to infrastructures that cross borders or provide cross-border services, thus impacting the interests of several. The importance of the subsea data cables that transport most of our data and are critical for global communication and the digital economy is an example of these cross-border services, and should be highlighted. Clear identification of such infrastructure and the entities operating them, together with a collective commitment to protect them, is in the interest of all NATO Countries. Legal frameworks, such as Document 52022DC0551 -Proposal for a on a coordinated approach by the Union to strengthen the resilience of critical infrastructure, COM/2022/551 final, for the protection of critical infrastructure elements have gradually been developed in European Countries, but are still missing in other, mainly non-EU, countries. For the past decade, the attention of the developed democratic nations has been focused on the protection of vital objects, with science and research gradually focusing more attention on security and critical infrastructure protection. Less attention has been paid to critical maritime infrastructures and the need to increase their resilience. Maritime infrastructures are ‘critical’ because they are fundamental to the working of societies and economies. They play a crucial role in supply, in the functioning of the economy, the maintenance of mobility and the deployment of renewable energies. They are so deeply inscribed that most of the time they are invisible and are designed to function without raising any attention. Since they exist in the background, receiving little scrutiny, they are also particularly vulnerable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text:  Katz et al [18], 2021Video visits compared with in-person visits between March 10 and June 29, 2020Survey with closed-ended questions on satisfaction, such as “Provider explained problem or condition” and “Provider made efforts to include us in decisions” In 91. 25% of telemedicine visits, caregivers indicated the provider provided a very good explanation of the problem or condition compared with 84. 57% of in-person visits. This difference was not statistically significant. The mean visit satisfaction scores were 92. 25% for in-person visits and 95. 37 for telemedicine visits.  Kennelly et al [19], 2021Telemedicine visits for caregivers between June 2020 till July 2021 compared with in-person visits for caregivers/patients between June 2019 and May 2020survey consisting of 21 items; 7 items not relating to telemedicine were excluded.  A closed-ended item on overall assessment of care included likelihood of your recommending our practice to others.  87. 25% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits were likely to recommend practice to others compared with 85. 76% of caregivers and patients participating in in-person visits (P<. 99).  Love et al [20], 2022In-person visits compared with video visits between May 2020 and June 2020Oral telephone survey with questions 2 weeks after the visit on reasons for preferring the type of visit. The specific questions asked were not included. It appeared from the descriptions that the questions were closed ended.  Among those in the telemedicine group, the reasons for preferring the visit were time savings associated with less driving and reduced cost.  Among those in the in-person group, the reasons for favoring the visit were having a preferred physician and wanting a physical examination.  Mahmoud et al [21], 2022Video visits between April 2020 till May 2020 compared with in-person visit between January 2020 and February 2020Patient experience assessment survey with closed-ended items, such as “overall the service was excellent and it met my expectations. ” Caregivers were asked for the reasons, if any, why they were dissatisfied with the visit experience.  92% of caregivers and patients participating in telemedicine visits were satisfied with the visit compared with 63% of caregivers and patients participating in in-person visits (P=. 04).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Including urban ecosystem services in college classes should be prioritized to better educate students about their potential future contributions to the greening of urban areas. To illustrate ecosystem services to students and involve them in the planning process, we have designed activities to help students actively explore their own roles in the urban environment, and to “see” the invisible services that surround them. To increase students’ awareness of ecosystem services, particularly in a built environment they are familiar with, this activity asks them to examine a space on their campus and develop plans to redesign it to increase ecosystem services and decrease ecosystem disservices. Students identify missing or degraded services and then propose changes to enhance services. They then write proposals, exchange ideas, and re-reflect on their proposals. These written assignments and reflections highlight the importance of the invisible ecosystem services and reinforce the importance of viewing urban areas through an ecosystem lens. The activity helps students recognize relationships between human well-being and urban environments, and specifically illustrates the concept of feedback relationships in which humans affect the environment through design and the environment that in return affects human well-being. The activity also asks them to reflect on the importance of involving community partners in the design and upkeep of urban green spaces (Rademacher et al. 2019). Learning outcomesAfter completing this activity, students should be able to: Describe ecosystem services and disservices, and explain their importance to humans Identify both global and local threats to ecosystem services, particularly in urban settings Discuss how humans modify and impact ecosystem services in urban areas and how planning can minimize or eliminate negative human impacts and disservices, and enhance beneficial impacts Identify present and absent ecosystem services in a local urban landscape and suggest strategies and actions to manage, restore, or enhance targeted ecosystem services Course context Originally designed for an course for 10-16 students, with a mix of sophomore undergraduate to graduate students from a variety of majors (course described in Hane and Korfmacher 2020) Activity requires a minimum of 50 minutes in one class setting, or longer split over two class periods (depending on location of targeted area), with the written assignment done afterwards as homework. Optional additional drafts and/or group work may also be done over subsequent weeks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: It is worth noting that the maritime industry accounts for 90% of commercial trade exchanges carried out worldwide, whereby the supply chains of the main production sectors are heavily dependent on it. This maritime sector, as a vital part of the global economy, must therefore be protected from threats and cyber attacks. A single incident could lead to a major environmental or economic disaster, possibly even one capable of causing loss of life. The maritime sector is now in the process of adapting to the new technological environment demanded by information technologies and is integrating operational technology with the aim of optimizing management processes. In 2017, the shipping company faced an attack of the Petya virus, which temporarily limited its commercial and logistical operations, damaging not only the company’s reservation system and slowing container tracking, but also causing congestion in 76 ports operated by its subsidiary, APM Terminals, around the world. There are more than 50,000 merchant ships operating internationally transporting all types of cargo. These ships must berth in critical infrastructures such as ports, platforms, refineries, pipelines, power stations, etc. in order to carry out their usual operations. Due to the exceptional growth of container shipping, ports have become one of the most important links in the logistics chain in recent years. the possible illicit activities of cybercrime or cyber terrorism in these CIs can affect the economic and institutional activities of the countries involved, and are always the cause of losses to multiple economic actors, due to the collapse of processes and services. The in-service monitoring of ports may involve several aspects, depending on the type of port and the target of the monitoring. The specification for in-service monitoring is because in many cases, monitoring during construction is aimed at optimizing the design/construction process. The construction of large ports usually takes several years to complete and may involve settlement of the seabed, erosion by waves and streams, tilting of caissons etc. It requires a large number of topographic and bathymetric surveys. In-service monitoring on the other hand can be aimed at: (i) improving knowledge of the site or monitoring the effects of the structure on the environment; (ii) validating design hypotheses or applicable standards; and (iii) serving as a basis for maintenance operations. The design of such a monitoring system should be addressed at acquiring information able to characterize the state of the entire structure.

Output: pass