Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Design and experimental application of a novel non-degenerate universal primer set that amplifies prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes with a low possibility to amplify eukaryotic rRNA genes. DNA Research 21(2):217-227 Newman M. 2006. Modularity and community structure in networks. Proceedings of of Sciences of the of America 103(23):8577-8582. 2013. ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Research 41(D1):D590-D596. 2003. Stoichiometric tracking of soil nutrients by a desert insect herbivore. 6(2):96-101. 2003. Cytoscape: s software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. 13(11):2498-2504. 2020. Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau. 65(16):1405-1414. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379(6567):718-720. 2020. Ecological effects of establishing a 40-year oasis protection system in a northwestern China desert. Catena 187:104374. 2007. classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied and 73(16):5261-5267. 2018. Higher precipitation strengthens the microbial interactions in semi-arid grassland soils. Biogeography 27:570-580 Yan Y, Lu XY. 2015. Is grazing exclusion effective in restoring vegetation in degraded alpine grasslands in Tibet, China? PeerJ 3:e1020. 2019. Grazing exclosures solely are not the best methods for sustaining alpine grasslands. PeerJ 7:e6462. 2018. Biochar application influences microbial assemblage complexity and composition due to soil and bioenergy crop type interactions. & Biochemistry 117:97-107. 2018. Interactions of soil bacteria and fungi with plants during long-term grazing exclusion in semiarid grasslands. & Biochemistry 124:47-58. 2010. Functional molecular ecological networks. mBio 1(4):1-10. 2011. Phylogenetic molecular ecological network of soil microbial communities in response to elevated CO2. mBio 2(4):e00122-11 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Terraforming Mars remains a theoretical concept with significant technical and ethical challenges. [SEP] Text: That would allow us to function as humans in the environment without the need for domes or habitats. Interviewer: Ellie MackayBruce is talking about the concept of terraforming Mars – modifying the atmosphere to make the planet more Earth-like, and therefore habitable. But it’s not just the temperature that’s an issue. For us to live there, the atmospheric pressure of Mars would need to be 150 times greater than it is today. Yet proposals to terraform Mars have become increasingly popular. I asked Bruce how realistic the concept of terraforming Mars actually is. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWhat you can’t see is that I’m smiling at that question, because the less we know about how we would actually terraform Mars, the easier we think it is, and as you begin to explore it, it gets harder and harder. Right now, it’s in the realm of science fiction because we don’t really know how to do it, and I think the fact that we’re changing the environment on the Earth inadvertently underscores the fact that we really don’t understand how climates work. Despite that, a lot of people have been speculating in the press lately about how easy it might be to terraform Mars. Our paper will be an interesting contrast to that, in terms of dashing some people’s hopes, to be honest. Interviewer: Ellie MackayWell that doesn’t sound very encouraging, but to start off with, can you explain what’s actually being proposed? So, from a scientific point of view, how might we overcome these barriers of temperature and pressure? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIf we wanted to terraform Mars, the way we would do it would be to put a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. That would serve both functions of increasing the pressure and by trapping heat from the sun, increasing the temperature. And that really depends on the availability of greenhouse gases or our ability to manufacture them. The most available and accessible greenhouse gas at Mars would be carbon dioxide – CO2. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, and so this is what your research was looking at?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Curtis, Temperature, inocula and substrate: contrasting electroactive consortia, diversity and performance in microbial fuel cells, Bioelectrochem. 119 (2018) 43-50. [77] M. Mohammadifar, J. Zhang, I. Yazgan, O. Sadik, S. Choi, Power-on-paper: origami-inspired fabrication of 3-D microbial fuel cells, Renew. Energ. 118 (2018) 695-700. [78] Y. Zhang, J. Xiao, Q. Lv, L. Wang, X. Dong, M. Asif, J. Ren, W. He, Y. Sun, F. Xiao, S. Wang, In situ electrochemical sensing and real-time monitoring live cells based on freestanding nanohybrid paper electrode assembled from 3D functionalized graphene framework, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 9 (2017) 38201-38210. [79] S. Priyadarsini, S. Mohanty, S. Mukherjee, S. Basu, M. Mishra, Graphene and graphene oxide as nanomaterials for medicine and biology application, J. Nanostructure Chem. 8 (2018) 123-137. [80] M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, S. Longo, K. Ebrahimi, Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles,. (2018). [81] E. Kjeang, N. Djilali, D. Sinton, Microfluidic fuel cells: a review, J. Power Sources. 186 (2009) 353-369. [82] F. Qian, Z. He, M. P. Thelen, Y. Li, A microfluidic microbial fuel cell fabricated by soft lithography, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 5836-5840. [83] M. D. Khan, N. Khan, S. Sultana, R. Joshi, S. Ahmed, E. Yu, K. Scott, A. Ahmad, M. Z. Khan, Bioelectrochemical conversion of waste to energy using microbial fuel cell technology, Process Biochem. 57 (2017) 141-158. [84] S. V.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: In 2011, produced 70% of the world’s conventional cocoa, but only 3. 3% were certified organic (Potts et al. 2014). Against this background the overall aim of this study was to determine the extent to which management and season determine nutrient cycling in cocoa agroforestry systems in West Africa. Such information will improve our knowledge on how to effectively manage soil fertility in cocoa production. Specifically, our study seeks to (a) determine the role of seasonality on litterfall and its nutrient concentrations in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management, (b) estimate annual litterfall and nutrient recycling under the two management systems, (c) compare the rate of cocoa leaf decomposition and nutrient release over 12 months, and (d) assess nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and pod husks. Materials and methodsStudy siteOur study was conducted in (6°2 × 3. 84″ N, 0°27 × 8. 64″ W) in the of Ghana. The natural vegetation in the Municipality is classified as a semi-deciduous forest, however, human encroachment has reduced it to secondary forests, thickets, and grasslands (MOFA 2017). The area has a bi-modal rainfall distribution with the major rainy season lasting from March to July and the minor rainy season from September to November (MOFA 2017). For 10 years (2010-2020) had an average annual precipitation ranging from 199 to 288 mm and an average temperature from 25 to 30 °C. (Online 2021). was chosen as the study location because both conventional and organic cocoa agroforestry systems exist in close vicinity. Local soils are predominantly classified as Lixisols (2015) with pH ranging from 5. 83 to 6. 85, major nutrients ranging from 0. 55 to 2. 29 µg N g−1 soil, 2–6 µg P g−1 soil, 21–84 µg K g−1 soil and a texture of 54% sand, 22% silt, and 24% clay (Agbotui unpublished data). Within an aerial distance of 6 km four villages were selected, two for each cocoa management system. In the villages Kuano and Oboadeka located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, respectively, cocoa farms were managed conventionally.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: )A gameNow let’s play a game. In this game, we’re given two enormous graphs on a billion nodes. I claim they’re isomorphic, and I want to prove it to you. However, my life’s fortune is locked behind these particular graphs (somehow), and if you actually had an isomorphism between these two graphs you could use it to steal all my money. still want to convince you that I do, in fact, own all of this money, because we’re about to start a business and you need to know I’m not broke. Is there a way for me to convince you beyond a reasonable doubt that these two graphs are indeed isomorphic? And moreover, could I do so without you gaining access to my secret isomorphism? It would be even better if I could guarantee you learn nothing about my isomorphism or any isomorphism, because even the slightest chance that you can steal my money is out of the question. Zero knowledge proofs have exactly those properties, and here’s a zero knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. For the record, $ G_1$ and $ G_2$ are public knowledge, (common inputs to our protocol for the sake of tracking runtime), and the protocol itself is common knowledge. However, I have an isomorphism $ f: G_1 \to G_2$ that you don’t know. Step 1: I will start by picking one of my two graphs, say $ G_1$, mixing up the vertices, and sending you the resulting graph. In other words, I send you a graph $ H$ which is chosen uniformly at random from all isomorphic copies of $ G_1$. I will save the permutation $ \pi$ that I used to generate $ H$ for later use. Step 2: You receive a graph $ H$ which you save for later, and then you randomly pick an integer $ t$ which is either 1 or 2, with equal probability on each. The number $ t$ corresponds to your challenge for me to prove $ H$ is isomorphic to $ G_1$ or $ G_2$. You send me back $ t$, with the expectation that I will provide you with an isomorphism between $ H$ and $ G_t$. Step 3: Indeed, I faithfully provide you such an isomorphism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Mohan, G. Velvizhi, J. A. Modestra, S. Srikanth, Microbial fuel cell: critical factors regulating bio-catalyzed electrochemical process and recent advancements, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 40 (2014) 779-797. [85] R. Kumar, L. Singh, A. W. Zularisam, Exoelectrogens: recent advances in molecular drivers involved in extracellular electron transfer and strategies used to improve it for microbial fuel cell applications, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 56 (2016) 1322-1336. [86] G. Pasternak, J. Greenman, I. Ieropoulos, Comprehensive study on ceramic membranes for low-cost microbial fuel cells, ChemSusChem. 9 (2016) 88-96. [87] V. Yousefi, D. M. Kalhori, A. Samimi, Ceramic-based microbial fuel cells (MFCs): a review, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 42 (2017) 1672-1690. [88] J. Winfield, L. D. Chambers, J. Rossiter, I. Ieropoulos, Comparing the short and long term stability of biodegradable, ceramic and cation exchange membranes in microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 148 (2013) 480-486. [89] E. Antolini, Composite materials for polymer electrolyte membrane microbial fuel cells, Biosens. Bioelectron. 69 (2015) 54-70. [90] S. Das, K. Dutta, D. Rana, Polymer electrolyte membranes for microbial fuel cells: a review, Polym. Rev. (2018) 1-20. [91] K. Dutta, Polymer-inorganic nanocomposites for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Polymer-for Applications, Springer, Cham. (2017) 606. [92] -Park, H. Song, P. Chen, Macroporous and monolithic anode based on polyaniline hybridized three-dimensional graphene for high-performance microbial fuel cells, ACS Nano. 6 (2012) 2394-2400. [93] Y. Zhang, G. Mo, X. Li, W.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The villages Nsuta and Adimediem, also located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, farms were under organic management. Within each village we randomly selected three farms at an age range of 8–25 years for litterfall collection and two for cocoa leaf decomposition studies, which represents the most productive period of cocoa trees (Obiri et al. 2007). In this selection, care was taken that in each village farms with similar ages were represented. Description of management systemsBoth organic and conventional management grow a mixture of hybrid (improved cocoa cultivar) and Amazonia cocoa cultivars planted in a haphazard manner. The cocoa tree densities were 1299 stems ha−1 and 1395 stems ha−1 for organic and conventional management, respectively. Shade tree composition and structure varied for both management systems (Table 1). In all farms, weeds were controlled 2–3 times per year. I organic farms they were slashed, whereas conventional farmers used both slashing and glyphosate-based herbicides (Agbotui et al. 2023). The six selected organic farms did not apply any mineral fertilizer during our study period. However, farmers are recommended to use 800 kg ha−1 Elite organic fertilizer™ which supplies 24–32–32 kg of N–P–K ha−1. Capsid (Distantiella theobroma (Dist. ) and mirids (Sahlbergella singularis) in organic management were controlled using Agropy 5 EW™ with pyrethrum (a natural insecticide) as an active ingredient applied at the rate of 500 ml ha−1 once annually. Conventional farmers fertilized their farms using 50 kg ha−1 of Nitrabor™ (8 kg N ha−1) and Asaase Wura™ (33 kg P ha−1; 12 kg K ha−1), although the recommended rate is twice the farmers' application. Capsid and mirid in conventional farms were controlled once yearly using Akate Master™ (Bifenthrin as active ingredient), Confidor™ (Imidacloprid as active ingredient) and Actara™ (Thiamethoxam as active ingredient) at rates of 500 ml ha−1, 150 ml ha−1, and 85 ml ha−1, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: But how can we be sure that there’s no leakage of knowledge in the protocol? What does “leakage” even mean? That’s where this topic is the most difficult to nail down rigorously, in part because there are at least three a priori different definitions! The idea we want to capture is that anything that you can efficiently compute after the protocol finishes (i. e. , you have the content of the messages sent to you by the prover) you could have computed efficiently given only the two graphs $ G_1, G_2$, and the claim that they are isomorphic. Another way to say it is that you may go through the verification process and feel happy and confident that the two graphs are isomorphic. But because it’s a zero-knowledge proof, you can’t do anything with that information more than you could have done if you just took the assertion on blind faith. I’m confident there’s a joke about religion lurking here somewhere, but I’ll just trust it’s funny and move on. In the next post we’ll expand on this “leakage” notion, but before we get there it should be clear that the graph isomorphism protocol will have the strongest possible “no-leakage” property we can come up with. Indeed, in the first round the prover sends a uniform random isomorphic copy of $ G_1$ to the verifier, but the verifier can compute such an isomorphism already without the help of the prover. The verifier can’t necessarily find the isomorphism that the prover used in retrospect, because the verifier can’t solve graph isomorphism. Instead, the point is that the probability space of “$ G_1$ paired with an $ H$ made by the prover” and the probability space of “$ G_1$ paired with $ H$ as made by the verifier” are equal. No information was leaked by the prover. For the second round, again the permutation $ \pi$ used by the prover to generate $ H$ is uniformly random.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Ye, X. Huang, C. Yu, A graphene modified anode to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 5402-5407. [94] S. Khilari, S. Pandit, M. M. Ghangrekar, D. Pradhan, D. Das, Graphene oxide-impregnated PVA–STA composite polymer electrolyte membrane separator for power generation in a single-chambered microbial fuel cell, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 (2013) 11597-11606. [95] C. E. Zhao, J. Wu, S. Kjelleberg, J. S. C. Loo, Q. Zhang, Employing a flexible and low-cost polypyrrole nanotube membrane as an anode to enhance current generation in microbial fuel cells, Small. 11 (2015) 3440-3443. [96] Y. Zou, J. Pisciotta, I. V. Baskakov, Nanostructured polypyrrole-coated anode for sun-powered microbial fuel cells, Bioelectrochemistry. 79 (2010) 50-56. [97] Y. Zou, C. Xiang, L. Yang, L. X. Sun, F. Xu, Z. Cao, A mediatorless microbial fuel cell using polypyrrole coated carbon nanotubes composite as anode material, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 3 3 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 4 8 5 6 – 4 8 6 2. [98] -based poly(arylene ether sulfone nitrile) s multiblock copolymers as anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7 (2015) 8284-8292. [99] (arylene ether nitrile) anion exchange membranes with dense flexible ionic side chain for fuel cells, J. Membr. Sci Technol. 550 (2018) 254-265. [100] S. Angioni, L. Millia, G. Bruni, D. Ravelli, P. Mustarelli, E.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Functional group, phenology, density, and basal area of shade tree species in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in size tableLitter collectionLitterfall was determined by collection in five randomly distributed 50 cm × 50 cm × 30 cm open wooden boxes per farm raised 30 cm above the ground (Dawoe et al. 2010). Nylon netting with mesh size of 2 mm was used to close the boxes below and allow aeration and draining of rainwater. Litterbox positions were randomly relocated every two weeks to cover on-farm heterogeneity, and results were summed per month. Litter trapped within the boxes was collected fortnightly and irrespective of the litter origin (shade or cocoa trees) were sorted into leaves, reproductive parts, and twigs. Due to the small quantities obtained reproductive parts and twigs were again pooled annually for nutrient determination. Litterbag experimentLitter decomposition was studied by selecting two fields aged 8–12 years and 20–25 years in each village. To this end freshly fallen cocoa leaves on the ground were collected in each farm, thoroughly mixed, and air-dried. Of these, 50 g dry matter (DM) were filled into bags of 30 cm × 30 cm and 2 mm mesh size. In each farm, 36 litterbags were placed on the soil surface and pinned with nails to assure close contact with the soil. Litterbags were then covered with litter placed on the soil surface to simulate the conditions of natural litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. A set of six bags were randomly placed at six different locations per farm. The bags were sampled after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 months of decomposition. At each sampling time, one bag from each location was randomly picked amounting to 6 bags (replicates) per farm. Upon bags retrieval, litter was cleaned from soil and other debris, dried, and stored until analysis. The initial characteristics of cocoa leaves used for decomposition study can be found in Table 2. Table 2 Initial chemical properties of cocoa leaves used in the decomposition study in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana (n = 4)Full size tableAnnual cocoa pod and husk estimationFor biomass estimation of dry cocoa pod husks (CPH), twenty fruits from each farm were harvested and cocoa beans were separated from CPH.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Since composing a fixed permutation with a uniform random permutation also results in a uniform random permutation, the second message sent by the prover is uniformly random, and so again the verifier could have constructed a similarly random permutation alone. Let’s make this explicit with a small program. We have the honest protocol from before, but now I’m returning the set of messages sent by the prover, which the verifier can use for additional computation. def messagesFromProtocol(G1, G2, isomorphism): p = Prover(G1, G2, isomorphism) v = Verifier(G1, G2) H = p. sendIsomorphicCopy() choice = v. chooseGraph(H) witnessIsomorphism = p. proveIsomorphicTo(choice) return [H, choice, witnessIsomorphism] To say that the protocol is zero-knowledge (again, this is still colloquial) is to say that anything that the verifier could compute, given as input the return value of this function along with $ G_1, G_2$ and the claim that they’re isomorphic, the verifier could also compute given only $ G_1, G_2$ and the claim that $ G_1, G_2$ are isomorphic. It’s easy to prove this, and we’ll do so with a python function called simulateProtocol. def simulateProtocol(G1, G2): # Construct data drawn from the same distribution as what is # returned by messagesFromProtocol choice = random. choice([1, 2]) G = [G1, G2][choice - 1] n = numVertices(G) isomorphism = randomPermutation(n) pi = makePermutationFunction(isomorphism) H = applyIsomorphism(G, pi) return H, choice, pi The claim is that the distribution of outputs to messagesFromProtocol and simulateProtocol are equal. But simulateProtocol will work regardless of whether $ G_1, G_2$ are isomorphic. Of course, it’s not convincing to the verifier because the simulating function made the choices in the wrong order, choosing the graph index before making $ H$. But the distribution that results is the same either way.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: MC (1911) Electrical effects accompanying the decomposition of organic compounds. 84. CG (2015) The analog revolution and its on-going role in modern analytical measurements. 87. R (1998) Hans Wenking, born August 18th, 1923 A problem-solver for electrochemists. 49. C, Dessì (2020) Microbial electrochemical technologies: electronic circuitry and characterization tools. 150. Preliminary experiments on a microbial fuel cell. Science (80) 137. Benthic microbial fuel cells: a sustainable approach for metal remediation and electricity generation from sapodilla waste. Technol 10. F, Vassilev I, Krömer JO (2015) Microbial electron transport and energy conservation—The foundation for optimizing bioelectrochemical systems. 6. DR (2011) Powering microbes with electricity: direct electron transfer from electrodes to microbes. Rep 3. Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in bio-fuel cell characterization: a review. 39. KR, (2006) Electrical test methods for on-line fuel cell ohmic resistance measurement. J 160. R (2016) Grounding and shielding: circuits and interference. 16. Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications, 2nd edn 122. Z, (2009) Exploring the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in microbial fuel cell studies. Sci 2. AA, Serrà (2021) Self-assembled oil palm biomass-derived modified graphene oxide anode: an efficient medium for energy transportation and bioremediating Cd (II) via microbial fuel cells. Chem 14. A novel structure of scalable air-cathode without Nafion and Pt by rolling activated carbon and PTFE as catalyst layer in microbial fuel cells. 46. A new method for fabrication of graphene/polyaniline nanocomplex modified microbial fuel cell anodes. J 224. Electricity generation and heavy metal remediation by utilizing yam (Dioscorea alata) waste in benthic microbial fuel cells (BMFCs). J 172. The polarization behavior of the anode in a microbial fuel cell. 53. Effect of electrolyte pH on the rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell. Bioelectrochemistry 74.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Beans and CPH were dried at 60 °C to constant weight and DM was determined for calculation of bean/CPH ratio. Cocoa bean yield in kg ha−1 was estimated by taking the 3-year average of the whole farm documented in the farmers’ Cocoa Passbook, which is the official document in Ghana, where the quantity of dried cocoa beans is recorded at the time of sale by the purchasing clerk (Asare et al. 2019). Chemical analysisPrior to chemical analysis, all collected samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h, weighed, and milled. and N concentration of milled samples were determined using a CN analyzer (). For major and trace nutrient analyses, milled samples were dry-ashed at 550ºC overnight, followed by generating an ash solution with 32% HCl (Motsara and Roy 2008). Major and trace nutrient concentrations in ash solution were measured using a Spectrogreen ICP-OES (). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were analysed as described by (1963) to determine lignin and cellulose, which was estimated as the difference between ADF and ADL. Total polyphenols were quantified by using the Folin-Ciocalteau method with aqueous acetone (70% v/v) as extractant (FAO and IAEA 2000). After addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to bind the total tannins in the extract, the supernatant was used to determine the non-tannin phenols with the above-mentioned method. Total tannins were calculated as the difference between polyphenols and non-tannin phenols. Condensed tannins were measured using the butanol-HCl method (butanol-HCl 95:5 v/v; FAO and IAEA, 2000). Data were reported as means with their respective standard errors (Table 2). Data analysisLinear mixed effect models were used to analyse all data. Interaction between management and monthly total litterfall was tested by using management and month as fixed effects and Lixisol soil type as random effect with aboveground biomass (AGB) as covariate. Aboveground biomass was calculated with allometric equations reported in (Agbotui et al. 2023).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Last time, we saw a specific zero-knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. This introduced us to the concept of an interactive proof, where you have a prover and a verifier sending messages back and forth, and the prover is trying to prove a specific claim to the verifier. A zero-knowledge proof is a special kind of interactive proof in which the prover has some secret piece of knowledge that makes it very easy to verify a disputed claim is true. The prover’s goal, then, is to convince the verifier (a polynomial-time algorithm) that the claim is true without revealing any knowledge at all about the secret. In this post we’ll see that, using a bit of cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs capture a much wider class of problems than graph isomorphism. Basically, if you believe that cryptography exists, every problem whose answers can be easily verified have zero-knowledge proofs (i. e. , all of the class NP). Here are a bunch of examples. For each I’ll phrase the problem as a question, and then say what sort of data the prover’s secret could be. Given a boolean formula, is there an assignment of variables making it true? Secret: a satisfying assignment to the variables. Given a set of integers, is there a subset whose sum is zero? Secret: such a subset. Given a graph, does it have a 3-coloring? Secret: a valid 3-coloring. Given a boolean circuit, can it produce a specific output? Secret: a choice of inputs that produces the output. The common link among all of these problems is that they are NP-hard (graph isomorphism isn’t known to be NP-hard). For us this means two things: (1) we think these problems are actually hard, so the verifier can’t solve them, and (2) if you show that one of them has a zero-knowledge proof, then they all have zero-knowledge proofs. We’re going to describe and implement a zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-colorability, and in the next post we’ll dive into the theoretical definitions and talk about the proof that the scheme we present is zero-knowledge. As usual, all of the code used in making this post is available in a repository on this blog’s Github page.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Dynamic evolution of electrochemical and biological features in microbial fuel cells upon chronic exposure to increasing oxytetracycline dosage. Bioelectrochemistry 136. A viable electrode material for use in microbial fuel cells for tropical regions. Energies 9:1–14. A carbon-cloth anode electroplated with iron nanostructure for microbial fuel cell operated with real wastewater. Sustainable 12. H-(2021) Cyclic voltammetry in biological samples: a systematic review of methods and techniques applicable to clinical settings. Signals 2. A graphene modified anode to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells. J 196. Improved electricity generation, coulombic efficiency and microbial community structure of microbial fuel cells using sodium citrate as an effective additive. J 482. Sciarria T, de ’(2020) Metal-free activated biochar as an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst in single chamber microbial fuel cells. J 462. Graphite-metal oxide composites as potential anodic catalysts for microbial fuel cells. Catalysts 10. Zavala MÁ, Peña (2019) Use of cyclic voltammetry to describe the electrochemical behavior of a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell. Energies 12. Repeatability of low scan rate cyclic voltammetry in bioelectrochemical systems and effects on their performance. J Biotechnol 95. Electrodeposition of graphene by cyclic voltammetry on nickel electrodes for microbial fuel cells applications. 43. DZ, El-khatib (2018) Exploring the bioelectrochemical characteristics of activated sludge using cyclic voltammetry. Biotechnol 184. L, Le Quéméner óth élafi-Bakó K, Nemestóthy N (2019) Behavior of two-chamber microbial electrochemical systems started-up with different ion-exchange membrane separators, 278. Modified conductive polyaniline-carbon nanotube composite electrodes for bioelectricity generation and waste remediation. 284. Fabrication of three-dimensional graphene anode for augmenting performance in microbial fuel cells. Carbon Resour. Convers 2. Investigating microbial fuel cell aided bio-remediation of mixed phenolic contaminants under oxic and anoxic environments. J 155. Conductive magnetite nanop296.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Management effects on mass loss and nutrient release at each sampling time as well as on rates of mass loss and nutrient release were analysed with management as fixed effect and Lixisol type as random effect. Data normality and homoscedasticity were checked using Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection of model’s residuals versus fitted values, respectively. Data violating these assumptions were transformed using either log, square root, or Tukey ladder of powers. All statistics were performed with R (R 2020). ResultsLitterfall quantity and qualitySeasonality influenced monthly total litterfall quantity under both managements. On average, the highest monthly total litterfall was recorded in December and it was three-fold higher than July which recorded lowest. (Fig. 1). The total litterfall peak at the onset of the dry season (December) in organic farms was 16% higher than in conventional farms, but this difference was not significant. and July, total litterfall in organic farms were 94% and 65%, respectively, higher (p < 0. 05) than in conventional farms. Leaf litter contributed 82% to total litterfall and the difference in total litterfall between seasons resulted from 60% higher leaves shedding in the dry season than in the rainy season (Fig. 2b). Annual total litterfall amounted to 8 t ha−1 yr−1 and 9 t ha−1 yr−1 for conventional and organic management, respectively, whereby the difference was non-significant (Fig. 2a). Fig. 1Monthly total litterfall (mean ± one standard error of the mean) for cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. 2019–2020 monthly precipitation (Online 2021) indicated in grey bars. * and ** indicate significant differences between management systems (n = 6) at p = 0. 05 and 0. 01, respectivelyFull size image Fig. 2A Annual litterfall averaged within the two management systems (n = 6) and B seasonal litterfall (dry season; n = 4, rainy season; n = 8) averaged across the two management systems separated into leaves, reproductive parts (Repro), and twigs, and total litterfall in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. Based on monthly precipitation, December to February and August were categorized as dry season months. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the mean.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: However, if we run this protocol only once, there’s nothing to stop the prover from just lying and picking two distinct colors. If we allow the verifier to run the protocol many times, and the prover actually reveals the colors from their secret coloring, then after roughly $ |V|$ rounds the verifier will know the entire coloring. Each step reveals more knowledge. We can fix this with two modifications. The prover first publicly commits to the coloring using a commitment scheme. Then when the verifier asks for the colors of the two vertices of a random edge, he can rest assured that the prover fixed a coloring that does not depend on the verifier’s choice of edge. The prover doesn’t reveal colors from their secret coloring, but rather from a random permutation of the secret coloring. This way, when the verifier sees colors, they’re equally likely to see any two colors, and all the verifier will know is that those two colors are different. So the scheme is: prover commits to a random permutation of the true coloring and sends it to the verifier; the verifier asks for the true colors of a given edge; the prover provides those colors and the secrets to their commitment scheme so the verifier can check. The key point is that now the verifier has to commit to a coloring, and if the coloring isn’t a proper 3-coloring the verifier has a reasonable chance of picking an improperly colored edge (a one-in-$ |E|$ chance, which is at least $ 1/|V|^2$). On the other hand, if the coloring is proper, then the verifier will always query a properly colored edge, and it’s zero-knowledge because the verifier is equally likely to see every pair of colors. So the verifier will always accept, but won’t know anything more than that the edge it chose is properly colored. Repeating this $ |V|^2$-ish times, with high probability it’ll have queried every edge and be certain the coloring is legitimate. Let’s implement this scheme. First the data types. As in the previous post, graphs are represented by edge lists, and a coloring is represented by a dictionary mapping a vertex to 0, 1, or 2 (the “colors”).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Application of oil palm lignocellulosic derived material as an efficient anode to boost the toxic metal remediation trend and energy generation through microbial fuel cells. J 314. Controlling the occurrence of power overshoot by adapting microbial fuel cells to high anode potentials. Bioelectrochemistry 90. BE (2012) Essential data and techniques for conducting microbial fuel cell and other types of bioelectrochemical system experiments. ChemSusChem 5. Anode modification with capacitive materials for a microbial fuel cell: an increase in transient power or stationary power. 16. S, Regan JM (2011) Influence of external resistance on electrogenesis, methanogenesis, and anode prokaryotic communities in microbial fuel cells. Microbiol 77. Microbial community composition is unaffected by anode potential. Technol 48. Quantifying the factors limiting performance and rates in microbial fuel cells using the electrode potential slope analysis combined with electrical impedance spectroscopy. 348. Remediation of Soil in microbial fuel cells: effects of Cd concentration and electrode spacing. J 146. W, (2018) Critical parameters selection in polarization behavior analysis of microbial fuel cells. Rep 3. (2006) Microbial fuel cells: methodology and technology, Technol 40. Improving the performance of microbial fuel cells by reducing the inherent resistivity of carbon fiber brush anodes. J 348. M, Pant D, (2021) A comparative study of different electrochemical methods to determine cell internal parameters of microbial fuel cells. J. 494. Carbon nanotube powders as electrode modifier to enhance the activity of anodic biofilm in microbial fuel cells. 26. The effect of internal capacitance on power quality and energy efficiency in a tubular microbial fuel cell. 49. Microbial fuel cell operation with intermittent connection of the electrical load. J 208. Pulse-width modulated external resistance increases the microbial fuel cell power output. 147. G, (2020) Bulk properties of materials. Biomater Sci. JB (2013) Metals: basic principles. (3rd edn). Fabrication and electrochemical properties of boron-doped SiC. Carbon (N. Y. ) 174. Electrochemical characterization. Elsevier Inc. , Processing of electroplating industry wastewater through dual chambered microbial fuel cells (MFC) for simultaneous treatment of wastewater and green fuel production. Hydrog Energy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Lower case letters in B indicate significant differences of means between seasonsFull size imageManagement and season affected some of the leaf litter nutrient concentrations, whereby no interaction of the two factors was observed. The concentrations of P and Ca were 30% and 4%, respectively, greater in leaf litter of organically managed farms than in leaf litter of conventional farms (p < 0. 05; Table 3). Contrarily, Mg concentration of leaf litter from conventional management was 10% higher than from organic management (p < 0. 01). During the rainy season, C and N concentrations of leaf litter were 2% and 15%, respectively, higher than during the dry season. In contrast, K concentration of leaf litter in the dry season was 38% greater than in the rainy season. Table 3 Nutrient concentrations of leaf litter collected in two villages each under conventional and organic management averaged per management across seasons and averaged per season across managements for cocoa agroforests in Suhum Municipality, of GhanaFull size tableNo statistical differences of annual nutrient stocks in litterfall fractions were observed between organic and conventional management, except for K stocks in leaf litter, N, Ca, and Mg stocks in reproductive parts litter, and Ca stocks in total litterfall (Table 4). The annual quantity of K in leaf litter of farms under conventional management was 21% lower than of farms under organic management (p = 0. 03). Likewise, annual N, Ca, and Mg quantity in reproductive parts litter of farms under conventional management were 36%, 43%, and 38%, respectively, lower (p < 0. 05) than for their organic counterparts. quantity in total litterfall of organically managed farms was 13% higher (p < 0. 05) than those in conventionally managed ones. Leaf litter contributed 71% of N, 65% of P, 61% of K, 82% of Ca, and 85% of Mg to annual nutrient stocks of total litterfall. and nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and cocoa pod husk were not significantly affected by management type. and P stocks in cocoa beans were 2 and 3-fold greater than in cocoa pod husks (Table 4), the annual K and Ca stocks in cocoa pod husk were four and nine-fold, respectively, greater than those in cocoa beans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: while we haven’t proved it rigorously, we’ve seen the zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-coloring. This automatically gives us a zero-knowledge proof for all of NP, because given any NP problem you can just convert it to the equivalent 3-coloring problem and solve that. Of course, the blowup required to convert a random NP problem to 3-coloring can be polynomially large, which makes it unsuitable for practice. But the point is that this gives us a theoretical justification for which problems have zero-knowledge proofs in principle. Now that we’ve established that you can go about trying to find the most efficient protocol for your favorite problem. Anticipatory notesWhen we covered graph isomorphism last time, we said that a simulator could, without participating in the zero-knowledge protocol or knowing the secret isomorphism, produce a transcript that was drawn from the same distribution of messages as the protocol produced. That was all that it needed to be “zero-knowledge,” because anything the verifier could do with its protocol transcript, the simulator could do too. We can do exactly the same thing for 3-coloring, exploiting the same “reverse order” trick where the simulator picks the random edge first, then chooses the color commitment post-hoc. Unfortunately, both there and here I’m short-changing you, dear reader. The elephant in the room is that our naive simulator assumes the verifier is playing by the rules! If you want to define security, you have to define it against a verifier who breaks the protocol in an arbitrary way. For example, the simulator should be able to produce an equivalent transcript even if the verifier deterministically picks an edge, or tries to pick a non-edge, or tries to send gibberish. It takes a lot more work to prove security against an arbitrary verifier, but the basic setup is that the simulator can no longer make choices for the verifier, but rather has to invoke the verifier subroutine as a black box. (To compensate, the requirements on the simulator are relaxed quite a bit; more on that next time)Because an implementation of such a scheme would involve a lot of validation, we’re going to defer the discussion to next time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Energy advantage of anode electrode rotation over anolyte recirculation for operating a tubular microbial fuel cell. 106. Role of nanomaterials in the treatment of wastewater: a review. Water (Switzerland) 12. S, (2017) Principles of microbial fuel cell for the power generation, in:. EB, Hernández-Romano J, García-Sánchez L, Guillén Garcés RA, Bahena-Bahena EO, Guadarrama-Pérez O, Chavez GEM (2018) Domestic wastewater treatment and power generation in continuous flow air-cathode stacked microbial fuel cell: Effect of series and parallel configuration. J 214. Electrochemical cells for medium-and large-scale energy storage: fundamentals, Med Large-Appl. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) phase inversion coating as a diffusion layer to enhance the cathode performance in microbial fuel cells. J 269:379–384. Macroporous composite capacitive bioanode applied in microbial fuel cells. Lett. Microbial fuel cell as a biocapacitor by using pseudo-capacitive anode materials. J 246. Lack of anodic capacitance causes power overshoot in microbial fuel cells. 138. Enhancement in current density and energy conversion efficiency of 3-dimensional MFC anodes using pre-enriched consortium and continuous supply of electron donors. 102. Utilization of different lignocellulosic hydrolysates as carbon source for electricity generation using novel Shewanella marisflavi BBL25. J 277. Effect of temperature on the performance of microbial fuel cells. Fuel 89. Separator characteristics for increasing performance of microbial fuel cells. Technol 43. Cellulose derived graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite anode for energy generation and bioremediation of toxic metals via benthic microbial fuel cells. Polymers (Basel) 13. Valorization of biodigestor plant waste in electrodes for supercapacitors and microbial fuel cells. Electrochim Acta. Rani R, (2019) Enhanced performance of a single chamber microbial fuel cell using NiWO4/reduced graphene oxide coated carbon cloth anode. 19.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2015) and cocoa agroforest in Cote d´Ivoire (Yao et al. 2021). This subsequently leads to high accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface, which increases C sequestration in the soil of cocoa agroforests (Gama-Rodrigues et al. 2010). concentrations of leaf litter in the rainy season compared with those of the dry season confirms findings of Teklay (2004). During the rainy season thunderstorms mechanically force young N rich leaves to fall, resulting in litterfall with high N content (Paudel et al. 2015) compared with more senescent leaves shed during dry season (Teklay 2004). Additionally, higher N availability of soils during the rainy season could have increased N uptake by trees (Teklay 2004). Potassium concentrations in litterfall were lower during the rainy season compared with the dry season. On one hand, K is an important osmotic agent, accumulated by plants in reaction to drought. On the other hand, growth rates of leaves are reduced during dry periods, generally leading to an increase in mineral leaf components due to concentration effects. Moreover, because K is not bound to organic compounds, it might have (partly) leached from leaves in litter traps during rainfall events (Wood et al. 2005), leading to an underestimation of K concentration in leaf litter. Additionally, the dry season is characterised by high amounts of dust deposition on the plant leaves, which has been reported to have high K concentrations (Stoorvogel et al. 1997; Dawoe et al. 2018). Shade tree composition influences litterfall quantity and quality (Triadiati et al. 2011). But despite the diversity in the species composition of shade trees between the two managements there was no difference between annual nutrient stocks. There were no N-fixing shade tree species in the investigated farms, which is is typical for the study area (Asase and Tetteh 2010). Despite the absence of shade trees, the average annual total N stocks of 125 kg ha−1 year−1 was within the range of 84–175 kg ha−1 year−1 for cocoa agroforests with Erythrina glauca Lour. and Gliricidia sepium. And this can be explained by shade tree species recovering leached N from deeper soil depths.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 632 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Lattice-based zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge View/Open TRMP1de1. pdf (2,104Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-396976 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/396976 Show full item record Martínez Pinilla, directorMorillo Bosch, M. / Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Facultat de Matemàtiques i Estadística Document typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2023-09-29 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessExcept where otherwise noted, content on this work is licensed under a license : Attribution-ShareAlike 4. 0 (English) The main goal of this dissertation is to develop new lattice-based cryptographic schemes. Most of the cryptographic protocols that each and every one of us use on a daily basis are only secure under the assumption that two mathematical problems, namely the discrete logarithm on elliptic curves and the factorization of products of two primes, are computationally hard. That is believed to be true for classical computers, but quantum computers would be able to solve these problems much more efficiently, demolishing the foundations of plenty of cryptographic constructions. This reveals the importance of post-quantum alternatives, cryptographic schemes whose security relies on different problems intractable for both classical and quantum computers. The most promising family of problems widely believed to be hard for quantum computers are lattice-based problems. We increase the supply of lattice-based tools providing new Zero-of Knowledge for the (RLWE) problem, perhaps the most popular lattice-based problem. Zero-knowledge proofs are protocols between a prover and a verifier where the prover convinces the verifier of the validity of certain statements without revealing any additional relevant information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Capacitance-enhanced 3D graphene anode for microbial fuel cell with long-time electricity generation stability. 259. A metal-free and non-precious multifunctional 3D carbon foam for high-energy density supercapacitors and enhanced power generation in microbial fuel cells. J Chem 60. S, (2019) Enhancing the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with nitrophenyl modified carbon nanotubes-based anodes. Sci 492. Structural optimization of contact electrodes in microbial fuel cells for current density enhancements. Phys 177. Fibrous polyaniline@manganese oxide nanocomposites as supercapacitor electrode materials and cathode catalysts for improved power production in microbial fuel cells. 18. Improved power and long term performance of microbial fuel cell with Fe–N–C catalyst in air-breathing cathode. Energy 144. S, Mungray AK (2021) Comparative study of different hydro-dynamic flow in microbial fuel cell stacks. 32. Biomass-derived composite anode electrode: synthesis, characterizations, and application in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). J Eng 9. Oxidation of food waste as an organic substrate in a single chamber microbial fuel cell to remove the pollutant with energy generation. 1. Recent advances in anodes for microbial fuel cells: an overview. Materials (Basel). Exploring the effectiveness of microbial fuel cell for the degradation of organic pollutants coupled with bio-energy generation. 52. 10. 1007/978-981-19-2681-5_4Download citation. RIS. ENW. : 06 October 2022 Publisher Name: : 978-981-19-2680-8 Online ISBN: 978-981-19-2681-5eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and (R0)Share this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 109.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, increasing mesh size leads to high loss of fragmented litter and removal of litter from litterbag by macro fauna (Bradford et al. 2002; Smith and Bradford 2003). The tethered-leaf technique, where leaves are tied together with a nylon string and placed on the ground has the advantage of direct contact of the material with soil micro and macro fauna without altering the microclimate (Vitousek et al. 1994). However, this method is only suitable for initial decomposition studies, as it becomes difficult to distinguish between decomposition and comminution, when fragmentation of the material occurs. These drawbacks made us use a mesh size of 2 mm which is considered to allow for most soil faunal species activities in the bag (Li et al. 2015). Although not significant, our results of higher litter decomposition rate under organic management confirm the observation of higher decomposition of untreated cocoa leaves compared with those treated with pesticides (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018; Asigbaase et al. 2020). The higher decomposition rate of cocoa leaves under organic management compared to conventional management may thus be due to the restriction of herbicides and pesticides in certified organic agriculture. Agrochemicals are well known to have adverse effects on the growth and population density of macro decomposers such as ants and earthworms (García-Pérez et al. 2016; Masoni et al. 2017) as well as on bacteria, and fungal populations (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). An indirect effect of agrochemicals on litter decomposition is their ability to alter the chemical composition of the litter or microclimate of the decomposition subsystem. The slower weight loss under conventional management coupled with faster P, Ca, and Mg release was similar to findings of Hendrix and Parmelee (1985) on John grass leaves (Sorghum halepense L. ) treated with paraquat and glyphosate. Similarly, da Costa et al. (2019) reported on average 34% higher Mg and Ca release rates from Crotalaria spectabilis sprayed with glyphosate. According to Mertens et al. (2018) these pesticides contain chelating agents with the ability to bind P, Ca, and Mg from litter. Thus it is likely that high P, Ca, and Mg release rates under conventional management were triggered by the use of pesticides such as glyphosate and roundup.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Our proofs extend the literature of Stern-based proofs, following the techniques presented by in 1994. His original idea involved a code-based problem, but it has been reiteratedly improved and generalized to be used with lattices. We illustrate our proposal defining a variant of the commitment scheme, a cryptographic primitive that allows us to ensure some message was already determined at some point without revealing it until a future time, defined by Benhamouda et al. in 2015, and proving in zero-knowledge the knowledge of a valid opening. Most importantly we also show how to prove that the message committed in one commitment is a linear combination, with some public coefficients, of the committed messages from two other commitments, again without revealing any further information about the messages. Finally, we also present a zero-knowledge proof analogous to the previous one but for multiplicative relations, something much more involved that allows us to prove any arithmetic circuit. We give first an interactive version of these proofs and then show how to construct a non-interactive one. We diligently prove that both the commitment and the companion Zero-of Knowledge are secure under the assumption of the hardness of the underlying lattice problems. Furthermore, we specifically develop such proofs so that the arising conditions can be directly used to compute parameters that satisfy them. This way we provide a general method to instantiate our commitment and proofs with any desired security level. Thanks to this practical approach we have been able to implement all the proposed schemes and benchmark the prototype im-plementation with actually secure parameters, which allows us to obtain meaningful results and compare its performance with the existing alternatives. Moreover, provided that multiplication of polynomials in the quotient ring ℤₚ[𝑥]/⟨𝑥ⁿ + 1⟩, with 𝑝 prime and 𝑛 a power of two, is the most basic operation when working with ideal lattices we comprehensively study what are the necessary and sufficient conditions needed for applying (a generalized version of) the Transform (FFT) to obtain an efficient multiplication algorithm in quotient rings as ℤₘ[𝑥]/⟨𝑥ⁿ − 𝑎⟩ (where we consider any positive integer 𝑚 and generalize the quotient), as we think it is of independent interest.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Geobacter sulfurreducens [5], Shewanella oneidensis, Lactococcus lactis [9], Lysinibacillus sphaericus [10]) – where the electrogenic species release electron to the anode electrode directly or with the use of electroactive metabolites –, or multiculture (microbe consortia) system, which can be found in e. g. anaerobic sewage sludge acting in a similar way. The substrates of the MFCs operated by sewage sludge can be provided from various wastewaters, thus electricity generation in the MFCs can be coupled with the degradation of organic matters even e. g. wastewater treatment processes [11-20]. Many types of wastewaters were investigated (e. g. beer brewery wastewater [22], food industrial wastewaters [22, 23]) where the degradation can be followed by COD removal determination [14]. In MFCs applied for treatment of organic matters, the feed can be enriched with various substrates. It has been noted that non-fermentable substrates are superior to fermentable substrate as the electron donor for power output and electron recovery. E. g. it was reported that an acetate enriched MFC produced higher power output than a glucose enriched MFC [24, 25]. In contrast we found that certain carbohydrate substrates resulted in higher electricity generation [26]. Wastewaters from a sugar beet factory obviously consists of carbohydrates (mono-and/or disaccharides), which are probably suitable enrichments compounds for MFCs. One of the application segments where extremely promising possibilities are visualised is the integration of the MFCs into wastewater treatment, since these systems are capable to consume organic material even from waste streams to produce power. (a city in Southern Hungary) there is a sugar factory, where saccharose (crystallized sugar) is produced from sugar beet [27]. It is an energy intensive process, thus the company has to make great efforts to optimise energy and resource usage, trying to apply environmentally sound, sustainable and waste minimising technologies, which cover water and air quality management as well as usage of by-products. Regarding air quality, the factory has taken extensive measure to decrease dust, smell and sound emissions in recent years, modern biofilters were installed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: We also conclude that spreading of cocoa pods husks in farms after harvest, particularly if composted or charred, can improve the internal carbon and nutrient cycle of cocoa agroforestry systems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Nuestras pruebas se basan en el protocolo de Stern, siguiendo sus técnicas presentadas en 1994. Su idea original involucraba un problema de códigos, pero se ha mejorado y generalizado reiteradamente para poder aplicarse a retículos. Ilustramos nuestra propuesta definiendo una variante del esquema de compromiso, una primitiva criptográfica que nos permite asegurar que un mensaje fue determinado en cierto momento sin revelarlo hasta pasado un tiempo, definido por Benhamouda et al. en 2015, y probando que conocemos una apertura válida. Además mostramos cómo probar que el mensaje comprometido es una combinación lineal, con coeficientes públicos, de los mensajes comprometidos en otros dos compromisos. Finalmente también presentamos una prueba de análoga a la anterior pero para relaciones multiplicativas, algo mucho más laborioso que nos permite realizar circuitos aritméticos. Todo esto sin revelar ninguna información adicional sobre los mensajes. Mostramos tanto una versión interactiva como una no interactiva. Probamos que tanto el compromiso como las pruebas de que le acompañan son seguras bajo la hipótesis de que el problema de retículos subyacente sea difícil. Además planteamos estas pruebas específicamente con el objetivo de que las condiciones que surjan puedan ser utilizadas directamente para calcular los parámetros que las satisfagan. De esta forma proporcionamos un método genérico para instanciar nuestro compromiso y pruebas con cualquier nivel de seguridad.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: As to the water issue, special attention is payed to clean the wastewater streams generated during the manufacturing process. The by-products of the processes: the green leaves of sugar beet, the pressed slices (pulp) and other substances are used as components of fertilizers, soil conditioners and for other purposes. In this factory the processing of all the by-product and waste streams is carefully designed and performed. The leadership of the factory felt responsibility to operate the plant according to environmental safe conditions, therefore they completed the sugar technology with composting – to handle the green parts of the plant –, with a wastewater treatment plant and recently even a biogas fermenter was installed (Figure 2). Inserting microbial fuel cells into this system direct electric power could be produced by reduction of the COD from the waste streams. Figure 2. The main process streams in the factoryIn this project the aim was to find out how to work and operate a two chamber microbial fuel cell by using wastewater from the sugar beet factory. Advertisement 2. Materials and methodsA two-chamber MFC was used in the experiments (Figure 3). Both cells have a 240 cm3 volume, the membrane between them was a Nafion N115 proton selective membrane, its surface area was 50 cm2 and thickness was 125 µm. In the anodic cell a complex mesophilic anaerobic sludge (from a local working biogas plant, initial COD value was 70 000 mg/dm3), while in the cathodic cell distilled water was used. Both electrodes were carbon cloth, their surface area was 50 cm2. The electrodes were connected via a resistor and the voltage data were continuously quantified by a parallel measuring system. It contained a 100 MΩ resistor and the voltage data were directly collected by a data acquisition device (USB-6008/6009). The data were recorded by the LabVIEW program. Based on the voltage and resistance data the current values were calculated, thus the electric power (in mW units) was possible to provide. The cumulated electricity data were summarized (in mWh) taken into account the operating time. Figure 3. The picture of MFC usedThe anaerobic sludge applied in the anodic cell was pretreated prior to usage, as it was reported [26]. The MFC was placed in a thermostated container, where the liquids in both cells were possible to circulate and stir.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: and edited by Çagan H. Sekercioglu, Daniel G. Wenny and Christopher J. of Chicago Press, 2016Cloth: 978-0-226-38246-3 | Paper: 978-0-226-38263-0 | Electronic: 978-0-226-38277-7DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 001. 0001 of (paper, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) over one hundred years, ornithologists and amateur birders have jointly campaigned for the conservation of bird species, documenting not only birds’ beauty and extraordinary diversity, but also their importance to ecosystems worldwide. But while these avian enthusiasts have noted that birds eat fruit, carrion, and pests; spread seed and fertilizer; and pollinate plants, among other services, they have rarely asked what birds are worth in economic terms. Birds Matter, an international collection of ornithologists, botanists, ecologists, conservation biologists, and environmental economists seeks to quantify avian ecosystem services—the myriad benefits that birds provide to humans. The first book to approach ecosystem services from an ornithological perspective, Matter asks what economic value we can ascribe to those services, if any, and how this value should inform conservation. 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0001[avian ecosystem function;economic ornithology;ecosystem services;cultural services;provisioning services;regulating services;supporting services]Ecosystem services are those aspects of the earth that benefit humans. of the identified four classes of ecosystem services: provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and fiber; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling. Interest in both the positive and negative roles of birds spurred development of Economic Ornithology, which investigated the food, habits, and migrations of birds in relation to both insects and plants. Although the discipline was initially greeted enthusiastically, criticism of methods and skepticism regarding conclusions grew in the early 20th century.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Will build the prover executable in empiricalZK/rtz14/linux/src/prover. Building from Source Code, Windows 8/10: we have a test solution that as a bi-product of running the test programs also produces the prover. exe in empiricalZK/rtz14/win64/rtz14/Release/prover. exe. You can run this executable from a invoking it with no argument to see your options and for running it providing arguments to do a Zero-knowledge proof. Results: Our benchmark application is proving knowledge of a particular AES key given a public plaintext and ciphertext. The structure of the circuit we prove to satisfy is depicted in Fig. 12. The circuit includes public constant assignments for the plaintext and the Prover convinces the Verifier that he has knowledge of an Aes-Key encrypting this particular plaintext to a ciphertext built into the circuit. That is, our binary AES is extended with the top-triangle on Fig. 12 which is a small comparison circuit with public constants stipulating the expected ciphertext and comparing with the output of the AES circuit (the larger triangle below it). In the end all the Verifier learns is that the prover has a witness w making the (public) circuit true, thus encrypting the given plaintext to the expected ciphertext. Our lab computers has the following specifications: for both Verifier and Prover. On the machine intended for the Prover do This will start a prover process listening for a Verifier to connect. The circuit in. . /test/AES is the following and we prove in this case that we have knowledge of a key (this witness above which is the zero key) encrypting the all zero plaintext (that is 16 zero bytes) to the AES ciphertext under the zero key, namely: Fig. 12. A modified binary AES circuit for proving knowledge of a key encrypting a particular plaintext to a particular ciphertext. Full size image To start the Verifier you need the ip address of the Prover, assuming it is xxx. yyy. zzz. www execute the following on the Verifier Machine: The process uses the -witness argument to distinguish whether to run as Prover or Verifier. This proves with error probability 3 4 that the prover knows such a witness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: In the cathodic cell air was entered continuously by a pump to ensure aerobic environment, while N2 was sparged through the anodic cell to assure the anaerobic conditions. The MFC reactor was initially inoculated with the pretreated anaerobic sludge. Then the microbial consortia started to operate in the cell and they were allowed to adapt the actual conditions and colonise locally. To follow the processes various analytical methods: pH, total solid substance (TSS), COD were applied. COD values of the samples taken from the cells were determined by the potassium dichromate method, which is based on the following oxidation reaction in acidic environment:K2Cr2O7+ 4H2SO4= K2SO4+ Cr2(SO4)3+ 4H2O + 3O The organic substances in the samples were ravaged in the presence of potassium dichromate and catalysts (AgSO4, HgSO4) in sulphuric acid solution at 145 oC. The absorbance of the chromium (III) ions from the reduction of K2CrO7 during the oxidation process was determined by a spectrophotometer (3900) at 600 nm. The COD values of the samples were calculated using a calibration curve taken in the range of 750 – 4000 KOI mg/cm3. Advertisement 3. Results3. 1. Experiments with model wastewaterTo test the behaviour of the MFC, model substrates were used for the experiments. The composition of the model mixture – similar to the waste stream of the sugar beet factory – was carbohydrates (0. 6 %) and inorganic substances (ash, 3 %). The MFC operation was started by inoculation with the pretreated anaerobic sludge, then the processes were followed by recording the voltage data continuously (Figure 4). A 10 Ω resistor was used in the circuit. After certain intervals 100 cm3 fresh substrate was added (marked by the arrows) to the system to maintain the carbohydrate concentration. These additions mean 9000 mg/cm3 COD input each. The voltage data have shown that the substrate addition enhanced the power generation and quite high voltage (current density) values were achieved (in the range of 10 and 24 mV). Figure 4. Power generation using model waste waterSamples were taken regularly and the COD values, pH and TSS were determined. The data are summarised in Tables 1 and 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Keeping in mind the eventual demise of in the early 20th century, efforts to revitalize the field today must be rigorous, repeatable, with a focus on tangible measures of plant yield in managed systems and plant fitness in natural systems. Cost-benefit analysis may permit evaluation of bird contributions to ecosystem service and disservice with respect to alternative mechanisms that are available (e. g. , bird predation versus pesticides for pest control). Efforts that permit scaling up from experimental plots to entire ecosystems are critical. (pages 1 - 26)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0002[ecosystem services;commodification;ethics;values;monetization;valuation]Birds are valuable intrinsically and instrumentally. Their instrumental values include use values, such as for hunting purposes, and non-use-values, such as for recreation, aesthetic value, and for delivering ecosystem services that help sustain and fulfill human life. If ornithologists, conservations, and economists can help individuals and institutions recognize the value of birds, this will increase investments in bird conservation while fostering human well-being. A surge in interest in environmental and ecological economics has thrust ecosystem services to the forefront of conservation science and policy, and ornithologists must engage in this work to advance bird conservation effectively. Documenting the values and services of birds is necessary for deliberative decision-making processes that collectively weigh economic, cultural, and intrinsic values. Here, we describe methods to quantify the economic value of biodiversity drawn from the field of environmental economics, and we briefly review several examples involving birds. Policies for markets and/or payments for bird services are still in their infancy, but we review how policies of other public ecosystem services have progressed and we discuss their relevance to bird conservation. Lastly, we identify directions for future ecological and economic research that may lead to advances in bird conservation policy. (pages 27 - 48)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0003[agroecosystems;bottom-up interactions;foundation species;pest control;top-down interaction;trophic cascade;trophic interaction networks]Birds function within their ecosystems in ways that include many direct and indirect chains of trophic interaction. In some interaction chains, birds exert top-down effects in “trophic cascades.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The concept of zero-knowledge proofs was first introduced in the 1980s in theoretical computer science. [SEP] Text: Last time, we saw a specific zero-knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. This introduced us to the concept of an interactive proof, where you have a prover and a verifier sending messages back and forth, and the prover is trying to prove a specific claim to the verifier. A zero-knowledge proof is a special kind of interactive proof in which the prover has some secret piece of knowledge that makes it very easy to verify a disputed claim is true. The prover’s goal, then, is to convince the verifier (a polynomial-time algorithm) that the claim is true without revealing any knowledge at all about the secret. In this post we’ll see that, using a bit of cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs capture a much wider class of problems than graph isomorphism. Basically, if you believe that cryptography exists, every problem whose answers can be easily verified have zero-knowledge proofs (i. e. , all of the class NP). Here are a bunch of examples. For each I’ll phrase the problem as a question, and then say what sort of data the prover’s secret could be. Given a boolean formula, is there an assignment of variables making it true? Secret: a satisfying assignment to the variables. Given a set of integers, is there a subset whose sum is zero? Secret: such a subset. Given a graph, does it have a 3-coloring? Secret: a valid 3-coloring. Given a boolean circuit, can it produce a specific output? Secret: a choice of inputs that produces the output. The common link among all of these problems is that they are NP-hard (graph isomorphism isn’t known to be NP-hard). For us this means two things: (1) we think these problems are actually hard, so the verifier can’t solve them, and (2) if you show that one of them has a zero-knowledge proof, then they all have zero-knowledge proofs. We’re going to describe and implement a zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-colorability, and in the next post we’ll dive into the theoretical definitions and talk about the proof that the scheme we present is zero-knowledge. As usual, all of the code used in making this post is available in a repository on this blog’s Github page.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Time (h) COD (mg/dm3) COD decrease (%) Adding substrate End of period 1-192 19800 4900 75 192-336 7150 2775 61 336-480 5025 3075 39 480-650 5325 1810 66 650-880 4060 1250 69 Table 1. Changes of COD values using model waste stream Time (h) pH TSS (g/dm3) 1 6. 70 35. 9 192 8. 25 3. 9 336 7. 65 1. 9 480 7. 55 1. 6 650 7. 05 1. 1 880 4. 45 0. 9 Table 2. TSS and pH values using model waste streamAs it can be seen remarkable TSS and COD decrease could be observed during the processes, while electric power was generated continuously. The drop in the pH at 880 h has shown that the operation of the MFC should be ceased due to the unfavourable biochemical processes. The values of current density, J (normalized to the 50 cm2 carbon cloth electrode) and power density (calculated from the current density and voltage data; Pa and Pm, normalized to the surface of the carbon cloth electrode and the membrane surface area, respectively), moreover the cumulated energy data ∑P (taken into account the time period of the experiment) are summarized in Table 3. Time (h) J (mA/m2) Pa (mW/m2) Pm (mW/m2) ∑P (mWh/m2) 1-192 260 3. 380 4. 023 649. 0 192-336 416 8. 652 10. 300 1245. 9 336-480 220 2. 420 2. 880 4114. 0 480-650 240 2. 880 3. 428 4896. 0 650-880 300 4. 500 5. 357 1035. 0 Table 3. Results obtained using model waste streamThe values have shown that notable power density was achieved during the operation and finally altogether more than 10 thousands mWh/m2 energy was generated by consuming the organic substances from the model waste water in the MFC. 3. 2. Polarization curveOur next purpose was to determine the polarization curve using the adapted microbe consortia (grown up in the experiments by the model wastewater).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: ” These occur when a predatory species directly reduces its prey abundance and consequently indirectly releases suppression of species at lower trophic levels. Many bird species initiate trophic cascades in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and in natural and agro-ecosystems. Services provided by birds through trophic cascades benefit humans primarily through pest control in natural forests, forestry plantations, fruit orchards, and a variety of crop-based agro-ecosystems. Cascade strength may be affected by predator prey specificity, redundancy, species diversity, and productivity. Some birds influence ecosystem function both through either bottom up interactions or through intermediate trophic positions within interaction networks. These effects can also reverberate through trophic webs. Global change, including anthropogenic perturbation, may lead to a loss of ecosystem services, including seed dispersal and pollination services by birds. These losses may cause declines keystone or foundation plant species, resulting in losses in biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. We conclude with suggestions for future research needs on bird ecosystem services, particularly in light of global change. (pages 49 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0004[avian pollination;gene flow;inbreeding depression;pollen limitation;pollination;seed limitation]Avian pollination is thought to be less prevalent and less at risk than avian seed-dispersal. The extent of recently revealed bird pollination that does not conform to the classic ornithophily-nectarivore template suggests this mutualism may be cryptic and more prevalent than considered to date. Widespread anthropogenic disturbance has disproportionately impacted the connections between birds and flowers, so that bird pollination may be systematically under-reported. Evidence suggests that where plants are visited by more than one pollinator guild, the relative effectiveness of birds is high compared to invertebrates. In the absence of replacement, the loss of bird pollinators has resulted in pollination failure, increased inbreeding depression, and decreased plant density. Confirmation of seed limitation in pollen-limited plants serviced by birds provides a precautionary sign of the possible long term effects of bird pollinator loss. The quality of pollination service provided by birds has important consequences for gene flow and offspring survival.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: 086 (−0. 155 to −0. 017)0. 015 GDS-KR, Scale revised Korean version; IL-6, interleukin-6; CI, confidence interval; N/A, not available; p < 0. 05 is shown in bold. *Adjusted for sex, age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, stroke history. found that early and subjective depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints are associated with a relatively shorter TL among relatively healthy elderly individuals in the randomized controlled prospective study. In addition, when analyzing the relationship between blood levels of several biomarkers and TL, a shorter TL was related to increased systemic levels of IL-6. It is possible that six months intervention programs affected the rate of TL shortening. However, according to our findings, there was no statistically significant difference in TL between baseline and after six months of follow-up (Figure 1A). We found that six months intervention programs affected the changes in GDS-KR and CCI scores and several biomarker values. Nevertheless, we believe that the results of this study showing that shorter TLs were still associated with increases in GDS-KR and CCI scores and systemic levels of IL-6 after six months of follow-up, as at baseline, are meaningful. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that TL is simultaneously associated with early and subjective depressive symptoms, cognitive complaints, and IL-6 in relatively healthy elderly individuals. We measured scores related to subjective depressive symptoms using the 15-item GDS-KR and subjective cognitive decline with the CCI. The GDS is used widely as a screening instrument for early and subjective depressive symptoms in elderly [25, 26]. The CCI is a validated questionnaire for assessing subjective cognitive complaints and can be used in the early stages of dementia [27, 28]. Previous studies have reported that depression is associated with accelerated cellular aging and short TL [6–9]. It is well known that telomere shortening is a hallmark of biological age [2]. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with accelerated cellular aging caused by the complex effects of several factors, such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, mitochondrial DNA, telomerase, and inflammatory stress [7]. Among them, inflammatory pathways are known to be important factors influencing the connection between MDD and cellular aging [8].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Therefore a serial of experiments were carried out applying various resistances (in the range of 5 and 500 Ω) built in the system and the voltage/current data were measured (Figure 5). Moreover the power density values were calculated. Figure 5. The variance of the voltage and power density in different resistancesIt can be seen from the figure that voltage data decreased gradually as higher resistances were installed into the system up to 12 mA current, thus the MFC was in a stationer state in the given range from electrochemical point of view. With the growing resistance values, however, increasing power density values were possible to achieve, which mean that it is advisable to use higher resistances for the further measurements. The results shown in the Figure are similar as reported in literature [22]. 3. 3. Experiments with industrial wastewaterWastewater from the sugar factory in Kaposvar was used in the next experiments of our work. It consisted of carbohydrates (others than saccharose: mainly glucose and fructose; altogether 0. 6 %) and ash 3 %. The other features of the waste water were: pH 5. 4, TSS 34. 8 g/dm3 and COD value 12 075 mg/dm3. Now the MFC was operated by a 330 Ω resistance built in the circuit, which was considered as a more effective operation condition point according to the polarization curve. The adapted microbial consortium was used to inoculate the cell. After certain intervals 100 cm3 fresh substrate (wastewater) was added (marked by the arrows) to the system. 6 the voltage data obtained in the MFC by the waste water from the sugar beet factory are presented. Figure 6. Power generation using industrial waste water from KaposvarThe changes of COD values of the samples were determined and summarized in Table 4, while the TSS and pH data are shown in Table 5. Time (h) COD (mg/dm3) decrease of COD (%) Adding substrate End of period 1-330 21850 13850 37 330-600 13673 5225 62 600-840 7795 3875 50 840-1000 7975 5900 26 Table 4. Changes of COD values using waste water from the factory Time (h) pH TSS (g/dm3) 1 8. 1 34. 8 330 8. 0 10. 8 600 7. 6 3. 2 840 7. 1 2. 5 1000 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Pollen limitation experiments suggest that bird-pollinated plants in New Zealand, the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Africa suffer similar levels of pollen limitation, and are typically more strongly pollen-limited than insect-pollinated plants. Thus, bird-pollination appears to be under-reported, hard to replace and at greater risk of failure than currently assumed. (pages 73 - 106)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0005[frugivores;seed dispersal;ecosystem services]Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds is a globally important ecosystem service. Nearly 4000 bird species have been observed eating fruit and collectively these species likely disperse seeds of at least 68,000 plants. The types of fruits eaten by birds are structurally diverse but fall into three functional groups, multi-seeded berries, few-seeded drupes, and single-seeded arils in dehiscent structures. Birds disperse primarily tree and shrub seeds, but also disperse the seeds of lianas, herbaceous plants, epiphytes, and hemiparasites. Through seed dispersal, birds are important drivers of plant community dynamics and therefore are essential in supporting many of the ecosystem services that those habitats and their constituent species provide. While much research on seed dispersal by birds has focused on the more frugivorous species, most of the bird species that eat fruit do so seasonally or only occasionally and the seed dispersal roles of most of these species are not well understood. Through their sheer numbers, opportunistic, generalist and/or occasional frugivores may be ecologically important in some ecosystems, but their influence has been little studied. Current trends in habitat loss and other human impacts, especially in the tropics, are threatening larger species of frugivores and the large-seeded plants only these birds disperse. (pages 107 - 146)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: senescence describes how cells can induce an irreversible proliferation disability, which is resistant to growth or proliferation factors [1]. While there is no consensus on the process of aging and associated mechanisms, the scientific community has brought an idea of a senescence cellular phenotype, which is characterized by specific changes that non-immortal cells undergo during the aging. Aside from cell cycle arrest, senescent cells undergo morphological, biochemical, and functional changes, which are signs of cellular senescence. Senescent cells of all tissue types (including those undergoing replicative and stress-induced premature senescence) look alike and show similar characteristics. Specifically, senescent cells are metabolically active and possess the set of characteristics in vitro and in vivo, which are known as biomarkers of cellular senescence. Some of the markers have strong connections with the aging theories. However, telomere shortening, a rather elegant biomarker, is frequently used to indicate cellular senescence. Telomeres are complexes composed of proteins and nucleotides of repeats at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Due to the mechanism of replication, telomeres shorten with every cell division, ticking as a cellular “molecular clock” [2-8]. In studying the primary mechanisms of aging, telomeres are considered by most scientists to be indicative of aging in addition to being a potential factor in determining life expectancy. Telomere theory, a major aging theory, is based on this telomeres shortening mechanism [6, 7, 9] and indicates telomeres as a promising marker of cellular senescence. Perhaps the best marker of aging is actually the cause of aging. Telomere theory Telomere theory depends on three specific principles, the three pillars the Telomere theory stands on: first, that aging is programmed; the second being that irreversible cell cycle arrest happens in response to the telomere shortening; and lastly, that the total number of cell divisions in the absence of telomerase activity cannot exceed a particular limit termed the Hayflick limit [6, 7, 10, 11]. Telomere structure and Mechanism of telomere shortening Structurally, telomere complexes with highly repetitive clusters 5(0002032)--3(0002032) (for vertebrates) form tails at the end of the chromosome. This base sequence is universal and consistent among most species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 1 4. 2 Table 5. TSS and pH values using industrial wastewaterThe values of current density, power density – which are higher here than in case of model waste water due to the higher resistance – and the cumulated energy data ∑P are listed in Table 6. Time (h) J (mA/m2) Pa (mW/m2) Pm (mW/m2) ∑P (mWh/m2) 1-330 181 52 59. 5 17 160 330-600 242 95 113 25 650 600-840 245 99. 2 118. 2 23 808 840-1000 51 4. 2 5. 0 642 Table 6. Results obtained using industrial waste streamThe current and power density values were outstanding compared to literature data [20-22] or the values obtained with the model wastewater. Altogether more than 60 thousands mWh/m2 energy was generated during the over 800 hour operation. In the last interval (after 840 hour) the substrate addition did not result in any increase of voltage data, moreover the pH decreased sharply, showing that the biochemical processes in the MFC have not been working properly any longer, thus the operation was ended. Advertisement 4. ConclusionA two-chamber MFC was designed and built in our laboratory where carbon cloth (fibres) were used as electrodes and Nafion 0125 protonselective membrane was placed between the two cells. Pretreated anaerobic sludge from a local biogas plant was applied in the anode chamber. Experiments with model and industrial wastewaters from a sugar beet factory were carried out to study the efficiency and stability of the system and to measure the electric power generated. It has turned out that it was possible to generate bioelectricity from the particular wastewater and the power data obtained were found similar or higher to the data published in literature, i. e. comparable performance was achieved in our MFC system. Our next purpose is to study the MFC for longer term operation, even in continuous mode of operation, so that we can insert the MFC into the processing scheme of the sugar beet factory [28]. Advertisement 4. 2. 2. A-11/1/KONV-2012-0071 and TÁMOP-4. 2. 2. A-11/1/KONV-2012-0038 projects; and the János Scholarship of the of Sciences.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 0006[diaspore;endozoochory;epizoochory;external transport;gut passage;internal transport;passive seed dispersal;seed traits;shorebirds;waterfowl]Ducks, shorebirds, rails, gulls and other waterbirds act as vectors of seeds, spores and other plant diaspores carried internally in their guts, externally on their feathers, feet or bills, or used as nesting material. Darwin was the first to understand the significance of dispersal by migratory waterbirds in plant evolution, biogeography and ecology. Countless aquatic and terrestrial plants are dependent on dispersal by waterbirds for long-distance dispersal, and this has probably been the case since the Cretaceous. However, plant ecologists and waterfowl biologists alike have been slow to recognize the importance of this dispersal mode as an ecosystem service. Seed dispersal by waterbirds plays a vital role in plant population dynamics, population genetics and changes in species distributions in response to habitat change and climate warming. On the other hand, waterbirds also spread alien species, and their role as vectors should be taken into account when considering how to prevent and manage biological invasions. (pages 147 - 195)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0007[corvidae;coevolution;human commensal;regeneration;scatter hoarding;seed storage]Birds of the family Corvidae, which comprise the familiar jays, magpies, crows, ravens, and their allies, occur nearly worldwide. They include species that are common human commensals in urban and rural landscapes, as well as species that occupy more remote wildlands. Many corvids store excess food for later use, preventing access by conspecifics or other competitors and concealing it in hiding places such as crevices and under objects, but also by burying food under soil, litter, or other substrate. For seed-eaters, which are predominantly granivorous corvids, seeds are moved away from parent trees, and prolonged storage may frequently lead to seed germination and plant regeneration. These granivorous corvids are often scatter-hoarders, placing one or more seeds in many different locations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Though, the cell cycle arrest occurs in the same manner whether a DNA double-stranded break occurs or telomere shortening occurs. Thus, the cell cycle arrest is a universal process and starts each time there is a risk of malignization or comes to the final point of cell development – aging. This unites the majority of aging theories with mutual pathogenesis. Validity of telomere shortening as a marker for cellular senescence 1. Telomere theory basis The best marker of cellular senescence should provide insight into the root causes of aging. Telomere theory considers telomere shortening to be the main trigger of aging. Another prominent theory is the theory of oxidative stress (or mitochondrial theory), a major competitor of the telomere theory. Adepts of either theory realize the significance of telomere shortening as unshakable evidence in support of telomere theory. And the whole fight between tiger and lion is wither the telomere shortening is the best marker of cellular senescence, and thus, the telomere theory explains aging in a superior manner. One strong argument against the telomere theory is based on the differences in telomere length in various tissues of the same organism and the immense variance among organisms of the same age. Indeed, telomere length, like many other continuous parameters, may not indicate specific information when considered on its own, but it may provide insight if analyzed in combination with other factors. Indeed, the length of the telomere “akin” to the human height, which as if used as only one parameter can barely tell us anything about the age of the occasion person, when it can tell us a lot if we following this person along the life. 2. Telomere length reflects proliferative activity changing with age Telomere length reflects cells' proliferative ability, which changes over time. It was shown that telomeres in highly proliferative somatic tissues, such as: human fibroblasts, leukocytes, and adipocytes were shorter than in cells of non- or low rate proliferative tissues [29]. Despite telomerase activity, the same trend is observed in stem cells. As cells proliferate during ontogenesis at varying rates serving different needs, it is reasonable to expect that telomere shortening occurs at a faster rate during earlier ages and slows down in mature ages.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: H Kim: Continuous electricity production from artificial wastewater using a mediator-less microbial fuel cell, 97 (2006) 621-62713. Z. Du, H. Li, T. Gu: A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy, 25 (2010) 464-48214. H. : Residence time distribution in microbial fuel cell and its influence on COD removal with electricity generation, Journal 27 (2005) 59-6515. D. H. Park, J. G. Zeikus: Improved fuel cell and electrode designs for producing electricity from microbial degradation, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 81 (2003) 348-35516. D. K. Daniel, B. D. Mankidy, K. Ambarish, R. Manogary: Construction and operation of a microbial fuel cell for electricity generation from wastewater, Int. J. Hydrogen En. 34 (2009) 7555-756017. I. Ivanov, L. Ren, M. Siegert, B. E. Logan: A quantitative method to evaluate microbial electrolysis cell effectiveness for energy revovery and wastewater treatment, In. J. 38 (2013) 13135-1314218. R. A. Rozendal, H. V,M. Hamalers, K. Rabaey, J. Keller, C. J. N. Buisman: Towards practical implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment, Trends in Biotechnology 26 (2008) 450-45919. G. Velvizhi, R. K. Goud, S. V. Mohan: Anoxic bio-electrochemical system for treatment of complex chemical wastewater with simultaneous bioelectricity generation, Bioresource Technology, 151 (2014) 214-22020. Y. Tian, C. Ji, K. Wang, P. Le-Clech: Assessment of an anaerobic membrane bio-electrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment and energy recovery, J. Membrane Sci. , 450 (2014) 242-24821. Q. Wen, Y. Wu, D. Cao, L. Zhao, Q. Sun: Electricity generation and modelling of microbial fuel cell from continuous beer brewery wastewater, 100 (2009) 4171-417522. B Cercado-Quezada, M.

Output: contrast