Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: orgIn addition to this warning, Pinterest also has an acceptable use policy, which forbids users from posting content that “Promotes self-harm, eating disorders or hard drug abuse. ” Notably, Pinterest does allow fitness inspiration posts, also dubbed “fitspo” in the blogging world. Tiggemann and Zaccardo (2015) defined fitspiration as an online trend that is meant to promote healthy fitness and nutrition goals, but at its worst it can have adverse effects on body image and affect. To illustrate, users can post images of idealized body types on Pinterest as long as the post promotes fitness or health and not self-harm. Thus, many of the same or similar images that would not be allowed as “thinspiration” posts are shared as “fitspiration” posts. In fact, Ghaznavi and Taylor (2015) asserted that the ability to use additional tags and labels on platforms such as Pinterest allows users to categorize thinspiration content in a variety of contexts, which can include health and wellness content. Notably, health and fitness pinboards are among some of the most popular with approximately 5. 37 followers per pin and the majority of Pinterest users are female (87. 15%) (Mittal et al. , 2013). The popularity of these categories along with the popularity of thin-ideal content in online communities allows for overlap in the sharing of content (Ghaznavi & Taylor, 2015). Numerous academic 50. 8% (n = 60) were between 25 and 34, 7. 6% (n = 9) were between 35 and 44, 6. 8% (n = 8) were between 45 and 54, and 6. 8% (n = 8) were between 55 and 64 years old. The majority of participants were Caucasian (86. 4%; n = 102), followed by Asian/(3. 4%; n = 4), Hispanic/Latino (2. 5%; n = 3), and Black (2. 5%; n = 3). One participant (0. 8%) identified as Native American, while two (1. 7%) identified as more than two races, two (1. 7%) identified as other, and one (. 8%) did not identify. measure is designed to determine levels of thin-ideal internalization (α =. 91) (Stice & Agras, 1998).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: | Probiotic spectra of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Crossref | GoogleScholar609. | The nonantibiotic anti-inflammatory effect of antimicrobial growth promoters, the real mode of action: a hypothesis. Crossref | GoogleScholar211. | New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Crossref | GoogleScholar112. | The chicken gastrointestinal microbiome. Crossref | GoogleScholar553. | Sub-clinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: novel etiological consideration based on ultra-structural and molecular changes in the intestinal tissue. Crossref | GoogleScholar191. | Novel probiotics: their effects on growth performance, gut development, microbial community and activity of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar202. | Delivery routes for probiotics: effects on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora. Crossref | GoogleScholar1608. | Probiotic form effects on growth performance, digestive function, and immune related biomarkers in broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar119. | Intestinal microbiome of poultry and its interaction with host and diet. Crossref | GoogleScholar393. | Necrotic enteritis in the fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). I. Histopathology of the disease and isolation of a strain of Clostridium welchii. Crossref | GoogleScholar334. | The effects of the supplementation of Bacillus subtilis RX7 and B2A strains on the performance, blood profiles, intestinal Salmonella concentration, noxious gas emission, organ weight and breast meat quality of broiler challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Crossref | GoogleScholar22. | Immunopathology and cytokine responses in broiler chickens coinfected with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens with the use of an animal model of necrotic enteritis. Crossref | GoogleScholar2835. | Effect of dietary supplementation with a probiotic (Enterococcus faecium) on production performance, excreta microflora, ammonia emission, and nutrient utilization in ISA brown laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar733. | The effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation, as an alternative to antibiotics, on growth performance, intestinal immunity, and epithelial barrier integrity in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria maxima.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: , Hepatitis C; Hs, Homo sapiens; Mt, Moorella thermoacetica; Pa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pt, Pseudonocardia thermophila; Rc, Rhodobacter capsulatus; Rrp, Rhodococcus sp R312 plastid; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; Sc, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Ss, Sus scrofa; SV40, 40; Tt, Thermus thermophilus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: It assesses symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The measure consists of 5 items, and answering yes to two or more questions indicates a possibility of anorexia or bulimia (i. e. , “Do you worry you have lost control over how much you eat? ”). Thus, higher scores on the SCOFF scale indicate a higher potential for having an eating disorder. ResultsHypothesis 1a posited that the number of fitness-focused pinboards (Boards) followed by participants would predict appearance social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors when recalling their overall Pinterest use. To answer H1a, a simple linear regression was used to test if the amount Boards accessed by participants significantly predicted social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics, such as crash dieting or a new exercise plan. The results of the regression indicated that the predictor explained a significant proportion of the variance, R2 =. 158, F(1, 99) = 18. 418, p <. 0001. It was found that following Boards significantly predicted that overall Pinterest habits influenced participants to want to engage in weight-loss behaviors, b =. 398, p <. 0001. Each hypothesis was explored using Hayes’ (2013) procedure in order to estimate potential interactions. The researcher used model 1 with 5,000 bootstrap estimates for the construction of 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For H1a, using Hayes’ Process (2013) did not yield an interaction between Boards and age, BMI, or presence of an eating disorder. Similarly, Hypothesis 1b posited that the number of Boards followed by participants would predict appearance social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors when recalling the Images they were exposed to in the experiment. To answer H1b, a simple linear regression was used to test if the amount of Boards followed by participants significantly predicted intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics when reflecting on the Images they saw in the experiment. The results of the regression indicated that the predictor explained a significant proportion of the variance, R2 =. 05, F(1, 102) = 6. 391, p <. 05. It was found that following Boards significantly predicted Fit Pin-influenced intentions to engage in weight-loss behaviors, b =. 244, p <. 05.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar1933. | Effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic-like components in common functional foods. Crossref | GoogleScholar86. | Performance and intestinal microbiota of chickens receiving probiotic in the feed and submitted to antibiotic therapy. Crossref | GoogleScholar938. | Antioxidative capacity of Lactobacillus fermentum LF31 evaluated in vitro by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay. Crossref | GoogleScholar2022. | Associations between gastrointestinal-tract function and the stress response after weaning in pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar94. | Evaluation of a selected lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization and intestinal permeability in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar183. Quigley EM (2016) Leaky gut: concept or clinical entity? in Gastroenterology 32, 74–79. | Leaky gut: concept or clinical entity? Crossref | GoogleScholar107. | Protection and restitution of gut barrier by probiotics: nutritional and clinical implications. Crossref | GoogleScholar636. | Feed enzymes: the science, practice, and metabolic realities. Crossref | GoogleScholar503. | The influence of diet on necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar45. | A multifactorial analysis of the extent to which Eimeria and fishmeal predispose broiler chickens to necrotic enteritis. Crossref | GoogleScholar24. | Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Crossref | GoogleScholar2090. | Supplementation of direct-fed microbials as an alternative to antibiotic on growth performance, immune response, cecal microbial population, and ileal morphology of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar222. | Biology of the gastrointestinal tract in poultry. Crossref | GoogleScholar272. | The genome of Th17 cell-inducing segmented filamentous bacteria reveals extensive auxotrophy and adaptations to the intestinal environment. Crossref | GoogleScholar332. | Resolution of inflammation: state of the art, definitions and terms. Crossref | GoogleScholar1308. | The potential for probiotics to prevent reproductive tract lesions in free-range laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar242.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: a Zn sites in italics are catalytic. b Cys residue is in another chain (interchain disulfide). Crystallographers typically differentiate two types of Zn sites: catalytic Zn sites, which in their simplest, mononuclear form have three amino-acid sidechains and one water molecule as ligands; and structural Zn sites, which have four amino acid ligands. From a redox point of view, a second variable - lability, is important. Some structural Zn sites expel Zn upon variation of physiological redox conditions, whereas others bind Zn tightly, and would not be expected to release Zn under physiological conditions. We refer to this first redox-regulated group as “labile” Zn sites; and the second, purely structural group, as “inert. ” We wished to determine whether Zn sites associated with disulfides detected in the study were labile or inert. The number of Zn ligands and their identity are key indicators of Zn site lability. For catalytic mononuclear Zn sites, three amino acids, which are often His, ligate the Zn. In binuclear Zn sites there are usually six ligands, and the carboxylated residues Asp and Glu predominate over His. 56, 57 Cys is more commonly found as a ligand in structural Zn sites which generally have four ligands.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Hayes’ Process (2013) revealed that age, BMI, and presence of an eating disorder did not significantly moderate this relationship. Next, the second hypothesis predicted that exercise motivations would influence social comparison when recalling exposure to the Images. To investigate H2, a simple linear regression analysis was conducted to test if higher exercise motivation levels would influence social comparison with the images the participants were shown. The model demonstrated that a sizable proportion of variance was explained by the predictor, R2 =. 117, F(1, 107) = 14. 016, p <. 0001. Results indicated a direct relationship between exercise motivations and social comparison, b =. 342, p <. 0001. Hayes’ Process (2013) did not yield an interaction between exercise motivations and age, BMI, or likelihood of an eating disorder. It should be noted that the interaction between exercise motivations and age-approached significance, b = −. 19, p =. 0549. The third hypothesis posited that endorsement of an ideal female body type would predict higher levels of social comparison and intention to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics when recalling overall Pinterest habits. A simple linear regression analysis revealed that endorsement of an ideal female body type accounted for a significant proportion of variance in the overall model, R2 =. 095, F(1, 103) = 3. 33, p <. 05. Endorsement of an ideal female body type significantly predicted Pinterest-influenced intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors, b =. 231, p <. 05. The results identified BMI as a significant moderator of ideal body type and weight-loss intentions, ΔR2 =. 048, b = −. 055, ΔF(3, 95) = 5. 068, p <. 05, 95% CI = [0. 0238, 0. 3869]. Age and presence of an eating disorder were not significant moderators of this relationship. Finally, the fourth hypothesis predicted that endorsement of an ideal female body type would predict the degree to which participants compared their own bodies with those of the images. A simple linear regression analysis revealed that endorsement of an ideal female body type accounted for a significant proportion of variance in the model, R2 =. 045, F(1, 104) = 4. 822, p <. 05.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: (2020a) Ultrastructural changes in the ileal mucosa of broilers exposed to necrotic enteritis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57. In ‘Proceedings of the 31st Symposium’, 16–19 February 2020, Sydney, Australia. p. 130. (Foundation, University of Sydney: Sydney, NSW, Australia) (2020b) amyloliquefaciens H57 ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks by maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and improving feed efficiency. 99, 4278–4293. | amyloliquefaciens H57 ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks by maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and improving feed efficiency. Crossref | GoogleScholar1240. | An economic analysis of the impact of subclinical (mild) necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar94. | A review of avian probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar287. | Pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut? Crossref | GoogleScholar550. | Streptococcus faecalis, a bacterial isolate which protects young chickens from enteric invasion by Salmonella. Crossref | GoogleScholar4310. | Microbiota of the chicken gastrointestinal tract: influence on health, productivity and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar525. | The effect of probiotics and gut microbiota on Th17 cells. Crossref | GoogleScholar39. | Alteration in small intestinal structure induced by experimental subclinical coccidiosis in chicken. Crossref | GoogleScholar56. | Intestinal absorption of bile acids in health and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar516. | Dose-dependent effects of probiotic supplementation on bone characteristics and mineralisation in meat-type female turkeys. Crossref | GoogleScholar1221. | Protozoan parasitic infections of the chick intestine and protein digestion and absorption. Crossref | GoogleScholar25. | Bowel biofilms: tipping points between a healthy and compromised gut? Crossref | GoogleScholar776. | Regulation of tight junction permeability by intestinal bacteria and dietary components. Crossref | GoogleScholar834. | The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 60 Because of the spectacular nature of the transition between the reduced and oxidized structures, and the existence of an alternate mode of redox regulation, the physiological relevance of the disulfide-linked structure has been called into question. 60 Figure 3Open in figure viewerPowerof B-factors between multiple chains of structures where oxidation of the metal site is heterogeneous Bars represent the difference of the average B-factor of the metal between oxidized and reduced chains. In structures where there is partial oxidation of the metal site, the B-factor of the metal should be higher because it has fewer ligands and hence more conformational freedom. This is true for most structures (bars above the axis). Standard errors are depicted where they could be calculated. Key to structures: Clostridium acetobutylicum thymidine kinase 1-1xx6; E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase 2-1r0b, 3-1tug; Thermotoga maritima Sir2 4-2h59; Sir2 5-1j8f; Equus caballus alcohol dehydrogenase 6-1axg; Bacillus subtilis Tryptophan RNA-binding attenuator protein- inhibitory protein (antiTRAP) 7-2bx9; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 10 8-2g9t, 9-2ga6; Homo sapiens estrogen receptor 10-1hcq; Deinococcus radiodurans recombinational repair protein 11-1vdd; norovirus 3c-like protease 12-1wqs; Moorella thermoacetica bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-coa synthase 13-1mjg; Rhodococcus sp R312 nitrile hydratase 14-1ahj; Desulfovibrio s. NiFe hydrogenase 15-1frv; Pseudomonas aeruginosa formate dehydrogenase (fdhE) 16-2fiy; Thermus thermophilus valyl-tRNA synthetase 17-1gax; Thermus thermophilus RNA polymerase 18-2cw0; E. coli ribosomal RNA large subunit methyltransferase A (rrmA) 19-1p91; E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Endorsement of an ideal female body type significantly predicted the degree to which participants compared their own bodies with those of the models in the Fit Pins, β =. 211, p <. 05. Users who endorsed an ideal body type likely engaged in upward social comparison with the images they viewed in the survey. Age, BMI, and presence of an eating disorder were not significant moderators of this relationship. DiscussionBoth feminist media scholars (e. g. , Levine, 2015) and social science researchers (e. g. , Perloff, 2014) have acknowledged that discursive spaces such as social media have the potential to allow for more fluidity in gender expression; however, these environments also carry the potential to perpetuate stereotypes, including beauty standards and body ideals. Overall, the results of this study reveal that certain factors in a social media environment, such as Pinterest, may influence women to engage in social comparison or intend to try self-enhancing tactics such as extreme dieting or exercise. This study also corroborates predictions made by other scholars, in that the sharing of idealized female images on spaces such as Pinterest may contribute to feelings of inadequacy or upward social comparison (e. g. , Alperstein, 2015). Again, H1a and b explored whether the sum of fitness-focused pinboards followed by participants would predict whether they were influenced to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics, such as fad dieting. H1a confirmed that the amount of fitness pinboards followed by participants predicted intentions to engage in these behaviors when reflecting on their general Pinterest use. Similarly, H1b confirmed that the sum of fitness pinboards followed by participants predicted intentions to engage in these behaviors when reflecting on the fitness images they were exposed to in the experiment. is a content curation website analogous to an online vision board, users may be collecting images as a means of self-improvement and upward social comparison. Again, researchers have stated that upward social comparison may be a source of inspiration temporarily, but over time, it can be detrimental as individuals inevitably fail to achieve the impossible standards to which they are aspiring (Tiggemann et al. , 2009). For example, individuals looking to achieve their health and fitness goals may seek content as sources of inspiration and find thin-ideal content as a by-product of their search.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe recent advent of high throughput sequencing technologies has provided new insights into the composition and metabolic activities of the intestinal biome. Today it is recognized that this complex ecosystem is an assemblage of more than 1000 species of microorganisms that exist in harmony (symbiosis) with the host and exert metabolic activities that virtually parallels an organ within an organ. While most of these activities are beneficial for the host some may be deleterious, the nature of effect, being determined by the composition of the flora. Thus a mutualistic relationship between the beneficial symbionts and commensals is paramount for the maintenance of health and wellbeing with dysbiosis resulting in clinical disease. It follows that the gut flora can be manipulated to enhance the beneficial components which represent a promising strategy for the prevention and management of various infective and non - infective disorders. The symposium started with the welcome address by Prof. N. K. of Biotechnology, of Immunology, New Delhi. He gave a broad introduction to the topic, emphasizing the central role of the gut flora in the improvement of health. He stated that of the many proposed interventions, probiotics offer immense potential for the prevention of a variety of diseases. It is therefore not surprising that the past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the area of probiotic research with scientific evidence quickly accumulating to validate their possible role as important therapeutic and preventive strategy for gastrointestinal diseases, treatment and prevention of allergic disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, prevention of cancers and reduction of respiratory diseases. Dr. R. A. the reemphasized the significant role of the gut flora in maintaining health and stated that although most of the claims and benefits associated with probiotic usage are being established, they mainly represent the findings from the West and therefore probiotics have found greater acceptance in that part of the world. The potential for their use in the developing world has not been adequately investigated. With the realization that infectious and non-infectious diseases account for a large majority of deaths annually in resource limited settings there is optimism about the ability of interventions such as probiotics to prevent health disparities. However, since colonization with a probiotic is dependent on the interplay of multiple factors in the intestinal mileu, inherent differences in gut microbial ecology may significantly impact the functioning of the probiotic strain and therefore requires a thorough understanding and much more evidence needs to be generated in these settings. Microbiota and FoundationRecognizing this need, a group of eminent scientists formed the Microbiota and Foundation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Proteins were classified into four groups based on the location of disulfide-forming Cys residues with respect to the disordered region in the protein chain. Proteins in had a single Cys residue in a disordered region, with the other Cys residing on a more stable region of structure. B, both Cys residues reside on a single disordered region. C, both residues lie on disordered regions which are not contiguous in the sequence. D, disulfide reduction is associated with multiple regions of disorder in the reduced protein chain. Figure 5Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Order/disorder transitions in protein Redox Pairs. A: A small order/disorder transition in the T-loop of the signaling protein Rac-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT2). 67 In the more ordered oxidized structure: a disulfide is formed between Cys 297 and Cys 311 which straddles a key phosphorylation site at Thr 309. Formation of the disulfide is proposed to inhibit kinase activity by recruiting the cognate phosphatase. 70 The T-loop was recently identified as a target for selective cancer drugs. 66 B: A larger order/disorder transition associated with expulsion of Zn from the oxidized structure of leucyl-tRNA synthetase. 71, 72 In the more ordered reduced structure, several new secondary structures condense enabling rigid co-ordination of the Zn. Zn is represented by red spheres in the reduced structure. Oxidized structures are shown on the left, reduced structures on the right. Table III. Order/Associated with.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Scholars have also found that searches including the word “fitness” or “fitspo” may also lead users to thinspiration content (Ghaznavi & Taylor, 2015). As mentioned previously, health and fitness is among one of the most popular categories for users on Pinterest, and most of the content curated on Pinterest is sourced from popular image-based websites (Mittal et al. , 2013). While it is possible that users who follow more Boards engage with the images and content in order to make lifestyle changes, it is also possible that some of the idealized images paired with health and wellness content may induce upward social comparison and may also influence intentions for extreme weight-loss tactics. These findings are consistent with prior image-based social media research in that idealized images are often paired with text suggesting a drive for thinness or perfection, even in the context of health and fitness (Ghaznavi & Taylor, 2015). Again, the results of the second hypothesis confirmed that exercise motivation levels predicted social comparison with the images. This finding is consistent with prior research that has explored upward social comparison in the contexts of physical fitness and appearance-induced exercise behaviors (e. g. , Pila et al. , 2014). According to Festinger (1954), individuals engage in social comparison with similar others, and upward social comparison occurs when individuals believe it is possible to attain the same status as the similar other. In this particular context, individuals who were more motivated to exercise may identify with these images and perceive them as attainable goals. Similarly, Fardouly et al. ’s (2015) study found that women who ranked higher on appearance comparison tendency reported more appearance discrepancies after Facebook exposure than exposure to a control website. The media effects and body image literature would benefit from research on other image-based social media with niche audiences, such as those with fitness and fashion interests. Additionally, the interaction between age and exercise motivations approached significance. Although these data cannot confirm this, it is possible that younger women are more likely to exercise for appearance-related goals, whereas older women exercise for health-related reasons. Prior studies have found that although body dissatisfaction is a relatively stable trait, body monitoring and appearance anxiety tend to dissipate over time (e. g. , Tiggemann & Lynch, 2001).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: This foundation was registered as a society on 9th November 2011 under the of 1860. will aim at providing a common scientific platform for basic scientists and clinicians to share and exchange knowledge and views and to expand into newer areas of probiotic research. While the foundation will channelize International knowledge and expertise in the field of probiotics it will also promote collaborative research in the development of probiotics as well as foster and maintain research links with scientists of similar interest. The foundation endeavors to do this through an Symposium, which will blend fundamental and applied research related to the use of probiotics for the enhancement of human health. With this in mind, the first symposium of the Foundation with the theme "of Probiotics - Vision and Opportunities" was convened on December 10 and 11, 2011 in Mumbai. This report summarizes the discussions and deliberations that ensued over the two days of the symposium. We hope this will prompt basic scientists, microbiologists and nutritionists to bring new perspectives to the science of probiotics and clarify some of the major issues such as efficacy and acceptable outcomes that surrounds implementation of probiotic usage in the country. The challenge of designing randomized controlled trials for understanding and targeting particular biomarkers and end points for the disease and identifying strain specific health benefits to mark a road map that may be followed to allow for probiotic usage in the country needs to be addressed. Unraveling the effects of probiotics in Gastrointestinal (GI) disordersEvidence for the utility of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of GI disorders in the pediatric population and in adults was presented by Prof. Philip Sherman, Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Dentistry, Research Institute, University for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada and Dr. Philip Abraham, Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist at P. D. Hospital, Mumbai. Presenting global evidence for their utility in children, Prof. Sherman illustrated that evidence through randomized controlled trails have demonstrated that certain probiotic strains are more effective than placebo in a variety of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple meta-analyses indicate effectiveness in reducing the duration of acute enteritis in pre-schoolers and in reducing the frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in pre-term babies [1, 2]. There is some evidence supporting the use of selected probiotic agents to either prevent or treat antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infection. In Prof.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ox re A EfAPH 1j7l 2bkk 19–156a 150a –165a Protein kinase PsFBPase 1d9q 1dbz 153–173 151–163 Calvin cycle, chloroplast, Trxf substrate 62 HsG6PDH 1qkiC 1qkiA 13–446 15–26 Pentose phosphate pathway, glutathione metabolism 63 BcSMase 2ddrD 2ddrA 123–159 156–162 Differentiation, development, aging, and apoptosis EcTrmU 2derB 2derA 102–199 189–204 tRNA processing, catalytic disulfide 39 RnTRPV2 2etc 2eta 195–206 201–106 Ion channel 64 Hsp53BP1 1kzy 1gzh 1796–1802 1793–1797 Cell cycle, DNA binding, p53 binding, nucleocytoplasmic BpPRD1p2 1n7u 1n7v 254–277 248–269 Cell entry 12, 27 TeTAXI1 1t6e 1t6g 50–71 69–78 Xylanase inhibitor, plant development, plant defense B EcS1kn9 1t7d 170–176 171–178 Signal peptidase AcgdhB 1c9u 1qbi 338–345 335–344 Oxidoreductase, PQQ, pentose phosphate pathway 65 HsAKT2 1mry 1mrv 297–311 295–313 Redox signaling 65, 66 SaHis-tRNAs 1qe0A 1qe0B 191–194 172–230 Binds tRNA, translation, -H 1eu4 1et9 77–79 76–82 Immune, toxin, bacterial superantigen OcDN2a3z 2a42 101–104 99–104 Apoptosis, nuclear envelope, i,i+3 68 HsBP 1j78 1lot 80–96, 95–106 91–111 Actin scavenging system, carbonylated in Alzheimer's disease 69 AtCPDase 1fsi 1jh6 104–110 103–113 tRNA splicing 59 HsDefensin-5 1zmpA 1zmpD 10–30 10–16 Small toxin/inhibitor fold, immunity PvAMA1 1w8k 1w81 208–

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: These findings would explain the negative slope of the interaction term in this study, such that women who were younger and highly motivated to exercise reported higher levels of social comparison to the Images. Future research focused on constructs such as exercise motivations, and social comparison in social media contexts may benefit from a sample with a wider age range. It is possible that image-based social media may change the relationships between age, exercise motivations, and social comparison over time. The results of the third hypothesis confirmed that endorsement of an ideal female body type would predict higher levels of social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics when recalling overall Pinterest habits. Again, the visual nature of Pinterest likely cues cognitive heuristics that may encourage individuals to endorse an ideal body type and resort to extreme measures for weight-loss. In their study of thin-ideal content on Twitter and Pinterest, Ghaznavi and Taylor (2015) suggested that social media searches for fitness information could expose users to thinspiration content and that, “Viewing such thin-ideal images could result in the belief that thin-ideal bodies were relatively more common in addition to providing targets for comparison, which has been found to contribute to disordered eating attitudes and self-discrepancy” (p. 59). Additionally, this study found a significant interaction between an ideal female body type and BMI; it is also possible that those with a higher BMI may have lower levels of self-efficacy in terms of weight-loss behaviors or attainment of an ideal body type. Research has demonstrated that individuals with higher BMI are likely to exhibit more depressive symptoms, emotional eating, and decreased self-efficacy for exercise habits (Clum, Rice, Broussard, Johnson, & Webber, 2013). In other words, participants who had a lower BMI may rank higher on thin-ideal internalization because the body types they encounter on Pinterest are perceived as more attainable for them. Finally, the fourth hypothesis was also confirmed, suggesting that endorsement of an ideal female body type significantly predicted the degree to which participants compared their own bodies with those of the models in the Fit Pins. Research on social networking websites and social comparison has shown that individuals report negative body image after being shown beautiful profile pictures in online social networking contexts (Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011). Furthermore, standards for comparison in online social networking contexts may be presented by friends, relatives, or strangers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Sherman's opinion, more data is, however, necessary to confirm the efficacy of probiotic agents, either solely or in combination, in the management of various chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and in allergic enterocolitis. According to him, in future, probiotic strains are likely to be chosen for use in specific clinical settings based on their underlying mechanism(s) of action. There is also the possibility of developing specific disease targeted designer probiotics, he added. Elaborating further, he opined that issues related to optimal dosages, time of ingestion, single versus combination formulations, maintenance of viability, and the merits of employing probiotic-derived products would only be answered by undertaking additional research in the field. Presenting the evidence for their use in adults, Dr. Philip Abraham, Consultant Gastroenterologist, P. D. Hospital, Mumbai, India, stated that probiotics may be useful in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, including those caused by Clostridium difficile. They are also efficacious in reducing the severity and duration of other adult and pediatric diarrhoeas especially those caused by rotavirus. However, their role in prevention of traveler's diarrhoea is equivocal and hence limits their use in this condition. Dr. Abraham further elaborated on the evidence for their use in chronic and acute conditions specifying that there is increasing evidence indicating that probiotics are an effective adjunct to triple therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, exhibiting enhanced eradication rates and reductions in adverse events. He added that although probiotics have shown benefit in improving symptoms of Syndrome, current clinical practice guidelines do not recommend their use in treatment regimens. Bowel Diseases, results are variable although positive benefit has been shown, in preventing relapses in and Crohn's disease, the most consistent and favourable result being in the prevention and treatment of the pouchitis. Data for the prevention of colon cancer in high-risk individuals however, requires long-term intervention and is therefore hard to come by. There is favourable evidence in animal studies and some evidence in humans, that probiotics can reduce cell proliferation in patients with colonic adenoma [1]. Previous studies suggest that clinical improvement may occur in patients with hepatic encephalopathy due to reduction of fecal urease activity and blood ammonia concentration. Why probiotics in diarrhoea in low and middle income countries?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 220 205–218 Cell entry HsGAS6 1h30 2c5d 262–277 261–278 Cell adhesion C Mmnidogen 1gl4 1h4u 360–373 359–366,374–381 Cell adhesion TtLeu-tRNAs 1obh 1h3n 439–484 440–433, 486–491 Binds tRNA, translation, reduced more ordered 51 D HsTCRα 3A6 1zgl 1zgl 139–189 protein, autoimmunity HsTCRβ 1ktkE 1ktkF 147–212 protein, immunity TmPsi55s 1ze1 1ze2 92–184 RNA, tRNA processing HsHGF 1gmo 1gmn 74–84, 70–96 protein, angiogenesis Rn/1nys 1nyu 84–103 protein, TGFβ-like receptor Group A: one Cys lies within the disordered region with the other residing on a more stable region of structure Group B: are found in or near a single disordered region; Group C: lie within isolated disordered regions; Group D: Massive loss of secondary structure in one monomer of a multimer associated with binding to a ligand.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: According to Haferkamp and Krämer (2011), Web 2. 0 contexts offer unique situations whereby users are also active producers in the media environment. users, the content with which they engage is likely user-curated and may provide social comparison contexts that feel more like comparisons with peers or acquaintances rather than celebrities or models. Additionally, it should be noted that age was not a significant moderator for any of the examined relationships in this study. Initially, the researchers considered that younger women may rank higher in endorsement of body ideals and social comparison, but this was not confirmed. In fact, this finding is consistent with prior research findings that suggest that body dissatisfaction is a rather consistent construct throughout the life span, and that drive for thinness does not vary across age groups in adult women, with the exception of elderly women (Tiggemann, 2004). Some researchers have suggested that as women age, they may compare their appearance to age-appropriate peers rather than youthful looking women. Because youthification trends and the thin-ideal have transferred to social media, these constructs should be re-examined longitudinally and in a sample with more variance in age. Studies have also determined that although trait body dissatisfaction is relatively stable, other variables such as body monitoring, self-objectification, and appearance anxiety may decrease in intensity over time (Tiggemann & Lynch, 2001). As more scholars investigate social media environments and their effects on body, it would be beneficial to examine these additional constructs. Because this experiment was conducted online and not in a laboratory setting, one limitation of this study was a lack of control of the environment in which the participants viewed the conditions. Additionally, although researchers did not ask for participants to report their current area of residence, IP addresses revealed that there were participants from several regions in the United States, as well as some who were from other countries. However, one limitation of this study is that most of the women represented in the data are Caucasian, and there was not enough variance in racial identity to test whether this demographic variable moderates any relationships. Future studies should include more non-Western participants in order to investigate whether and how Western ideals influence women transnationally on social media platforms. Researchers should also continue to work to represent more racial demographics. The examination of the influence of thin-ideal or fit-ideal images in a social media context is particularly important in an increasingly globalized world.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: India continues to face disproportionate morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases. The 2008 statistics indicate that 18% of the global child diarrhoeal deaths and 77% of diarrhoeal deaths of children in were from India [3]. Using both culture dependent and culture independent methods for 26 different enteric pathogens, Dr. G. Balakrish Nair, of the Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, provided evidence that more than two thirds of the patients with diarrhoea admitted to the Hospital in Kolkata excreted more than one enteric pathogen and, some of them excreted as many as six pathogens. Several community-based diarrhoeal surveillance studies conducted in the urban slums of Kolkata, have also shown that enteric pathogens found amongst cases with varied age and socio economic status, matched healthy children sampled as controls thereby substantiating that the extent of exposure to fecal bacteria and enteric pathogens in impoverished settings is huge. This results in tropical enteropathy, increased permeability and modest malabsorption [4]. The consequence of these conditions include impaired nutrient utilization because of altered microbiota, poor oral vaccine uptake, diminished protective efficacy of these vaccines as compared to that in developed countries and requirement of higher oral vaccine dose in the impoverished settings [5]. Available data from developed countries suggest that probiotics are effective against diarrhoea of diverse causes and furnish the evidence for the use of probiotics in prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. In stark contrast, in developing countries, probiotics need to be effective against a complex backdrop of child undernutrition, ingestion of high concentration of fecal bacteria because of poor sanitary conditions, tropical enteropathy, hyperpermeable gut, reduced nutrient absorption and growth faltering. Using this as the background, Dr. Nair opined that probiotics may serve as an ideal intervention strategy to improve gut microbiota and counter enteric pathogens present in such disease endemic areas. Appropriately conducted randomized trials would decide the future significance of probiotics in impoverished settings and would also help to furnish information on the mechanism of action of probiotics in settings quite different from the sanitized West. Dr. Nair shared the findings of a recent study on 3758 children aged 1-5 years in an urban slum in Kolkata which evaluated the occurrence of first episodes of diarrhoea as primary outcome and composition of fecal microbiota as the secondary outcome.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: May correspond to state.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Women, educators, and users of social media may be informed by this research and consider ways to educate young girls and women to engage with social media critically. Although some researchers believe media literacy should focus on younger audiences and heavier users of media (e. g. , Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickuhr, 2010), the findings of this study suggest that these efforts may be relevant and useful throughout the life span. Although adolescents are acutely aware of the pressures and standards of society, which are often communicated in mediated messages, it appears that media models and peers may serve as targets for self-appraisal and social comparison through various stages of life (Perloff, 2014; Tiggemann & Lynch, 2001). In light of this, educators may consider adding a body image element to discussions of media literacy in order to help individuals recognize the risks of social comparison in online and social media contexts. While results of this study are consistent with others that have found consistency in body dissatisfaction through the life course, scholars should explore whether other constructs such as body monitoring, self-objectification, and appearance are impacted by social media use and age. As social media evolves, researchers should investigate the impact of image-based social media and body dissatisfaction, particularly digital natives who will be developing concurrently with these platforms in their lifetime. Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 27. 63. CrossrefWeb of Science251. CrossrefWeb of Science21. Crossref835. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1629. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science652. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science67. Crossref586. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science141. CrossrefWeb of Science45. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science140. CrossrefWeb of Science982. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science61. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science476. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science16. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2. 0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 309–314. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2005. Body Image, 6(2), 133–136. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science376. CrossrefWeb of Science1307.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The results of the study revealed that daily intake of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota played an important role in prevention of acute diarrhoea in young children in a community setting. These results show a significant protective effect (14%, 95% CI: 4-23%) of the probiotic on acute diarrhea in children during the 24 week period with only 608 children in the Probiotic group (0. 88 no. of cases/child/year) developing diarrhoea as compared to 674 children in the Nutrient group (1. 029 no. of cases/child/year) during the 24 week study period [6]. Elaborating on the same study Dr. for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, presented details of the variation in the composition of the gut flora in the diarrhoeal samples from the children in the probiotic and nutrient groups. Analysis of the composition was done using Flora - SCAN (YIF- SCAN®) which is based on reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT- qPCR) using specific primers that target bacterialr RNA molecules [7–9]. Dr. Nomoto shared results which revealed that the gut flora was disrupted in the diarrhoeal samples in comparison to the non diarrhoeal samples and how these aberrations in the gut flora could be restored by including a probiotic intervention. According to Dr. at the at present, there is a lack of sufficient evidence for the use of probiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in the developing world and large randomized controlled studies using specific probiotic regimes in defined groups of children with uniform definitions for clinical outcomes would definitely pave the way forward. She stated that this would help to advance the understanding of specific probiotics in Indian settings where breast feeding rates are higher and microbial colonization of the gut is different. In her opinion, these studies should focus on evaluating possible interactions when probiotics are used as combinations or with other antimicrobials/drugs/zinc. Probiotics in mucosal immunology by which mechanisms can probiotics be clinically effective? As a key physical interface to the external environment, the gut epithelium is a highly dynamic and multi functional barrier. In health, a delicate homeostasis is maintained at intestinal surfaces between the micro organisms present and the host tissues to finely tune responses appropriate to native commensals versus potential pathogens.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ox, oxidized structure; re, reduced structure; ref, evidence for redox activity; ActRIIA, activin receptor type II; AKT2, Rac-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase; AMA1, apical membrane antigen 1; APH, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase; CPDase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase; DNAse I, deoxyribonuclease-1; FBPase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase; GAS6, growth-arrest-specific protein 6; gdhB, glucose dehydrogenase; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; His-tRNAs, histidyl-tRNA synthetase; Leu-tRNAs, leucyl-tRNA synthetase; p53BP1, tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1; PRD1p2, adsorption protein p2; Psi55s, pseudouridine 55 synthase; SMase, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase; SPase I, signal peptidase I; SPE-H, superantigen spe-h; TAXI1, Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor I; TCRα 3A6, T-cell receptor α 3A6; TCRβ, T-cell receptor; TrmU, tRNA methyltransferase; TRPV2, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2; Vit D; BP, vitamin D binding protein; Ac, Clostridium acetobutylicum; At, Arabidopsis thaliana, Bc, Bacillus cereus; Bp, Bacteriophage, Bs, Bacillus subtilis; Ec, E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Although we have stated that addressing the issues of social media and social media journalism is one of the essential topics of postmillennial media studies and related scholarly disciplines that even exceeds the vast boundaries of interdisciplinary academic discourses involving knowledge of multiple social sciences and humanities, we still believe that to understand social media’s immense influence, possibilities and risks, up-to-date interdisciplinary reflections are still needed urgently. The spectrum of knowledge on social media and social media journalism certainly acknowledges the fragmented and globalized structure of today’s media production—from the philosophical aspects of the Internet environment and its influence on the cognitive abilities of man [1], through the need to underline the importance of innovations within the media and entertainment industry [2] and the new demands and challenges associated with regulating the freedom of expression in terms of various media communication spheres [3], all the way to the opportunities and risks resulting from decreasing advertising sales that the “traditional” (especially print) media experience have to cope with [4]. The global scandal involving Facebook and Ltd. , one of the most discussed recent public events, has quickly become an important part of wider international discussions on Internet privacy and social media’s true influence. As we already know, the British consulting company Ltd. has collected highly personal data on 87 million Facebook users in order to influence their electoral behavior. The quiz application named Life, which was seemingly able to collect data only on basis of the Facebook users’ previous approval, apparently collected such data sets even without their consent. The scandal spread globally in March 2018 when and Channel 4 News published a statement given by Christopher Wylie, the whistleblower and former employee of Cambridge Analytica. Wylie’s testimony clarified the complicated relationships between Facebook, the company he used to work for, and various politicians who had used its services in order to influence the 2016 American presidential election and the 2016 British “Brexit” referendum [5]. Even though Facebook’s CEO publicly apologized for the social network’s misconduct and controversial business decisions, for instance, on CNN [6], the affair reminded us once more how important it is to address the questions of social media and their ethical standards, the existence of politically managed “consulting” organizations and the political aspects of media communication as such. Advertisement 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The protective mucus layer in the intestine controls unchecked bacterial proliferation and also serves as a feedback system to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses [10]. Dr. S. V. discussed the various in vitro and in vivo studies which have shown that specific strains of probiotics are able to modulate the immune system to protect against infectious diseases and cancer. She stated that probiotic supplementation leads to a significant increase in phagocytic activity of blood monocytes, granulocytes and augments NK cell activity though a variety of mechanisms. Major gaps, she said, exist in our knowledge about the mechanisms by which probiotics modulate antitumor immunity. Further, different probiotic strains vary in their ability to modulate the immune system and therefore efficacy of each strain needs to be carefully demonstrated through rigorously designed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. In conclusion, she emphasized that probiotics play an important role in potentiating innate and acquired immune responsiveness which can be further exploited for modulating anti-cancer immunity [11]. Extending these deliberations further Dr. Masanobu Nanno, at the Institute for Microbiological research, Tokyo presented the significant role of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) as an important immune modulator that has the ability to prevent recurrence of cancers. This strain of bacteria, he shared, has more than 75 years of research to back its scientific efficacy and has demonstrated a beneficial role in the prevention of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer following transurethral resection [12]. The same strain of bacteria according to him was also effective in preventing the recurrence of colorectal cancer with moderate or severe atypia in subjects who had undergone surgical resection of colon polyps [13]. He elaborated that for understanding the mechanism of action of LcS especially in the prevention of colon cancer, the effect of LcS on colitis associated cancer models was examined where it was observed that administration of LcS prevented the reccurrence of colon cancer by down-regulating IL - 6 production in the colonic mucosa [14]. NK cell activity was also restored in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy patients and the cytotoxic activity increased significantly in healthy subjects who consumed LcS for a period of three weeks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: coli; Ef, Enterococcus faecalis; Hs, Homo sapiens; Mm, Mus musculus; Oc, Oryctolagus cuniculus; Ps, Pisum sativum; Pv, Plasmodium vivax; Rn, Rattus norvegus; Sa, Staphylococcus aureus; Sp, Streptococcus pyogenes; Te, Triticum aestivum; Tm, Thermotoga maritima; Tt, Thermus thermophilus. a Residue is in another monomer (interchain). Disorder-to-order transitions have previously been observed upon binding of ligands. 73 Acquisition of order upon binding of ligands concomitant with disulfide formation was apparent for the group B oxidoreductase gdhB, where the disulfide straddled part of the PQQ binding site,74 and the group A RNA sulfuration enzyme EcTrmU, where the disulfide straddles the tRNA-binding site. However, the reverse was true for the Thermotoga maritima tRNA-processing enzyme, Psi55s, where significant disorder of the protein chain concomitant with disulfide reduction occurred upon binding of the tRNA substrate fragment. 75 The introduction of disorder in this case may facilitate further co-operative binding of the RNA and protein after the initial docking step. 75 Analyses of the composition of disordered sequences have detected amino acid biases from global frequencies. In particular, aromatic amino acids and Cys are depleted in disordered sequences, whereas Lys is enriched. 76, 77 The disordered sequences in the dataset are also depleted in aromatics, in agreement with more general studies of disordered sequences, but are not depleted in Cys, or enriched in Lys; and thus do not conform entirely to previously detected sequence patterns. disordered sequences are instead enriched in oxygen-bearing sidechains such as Asp, Glu, Ser and Thr. Some changes in secondary structure are also apparent during the order/disorder transitions. In the oxidized state, both Cys residues generally reside on coil in their proteins, but for a small number of pairs the oxidized form has a secondary structure that “melts” upon reduction of the disulfide. Examples include vitamin D-binding protein78, 79 and the E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: argues that social media should not be seen primarily as the platforms upon which people post, but rather as the contents that are posted on these platforms [11]. On the other hand, Hopkins views Social media as computer-mediated communication software that enable users to create, share and view content in publicly networked one-to-one, one-to-many, and/or many-to-many communications [12]. Advertisement 3. Social media platforms According to purpose and function FEMA has classified social media into seven categories [13]. 3. 1. Social networking Social networking platforms are informal means of communication to discover people with similar interests and connect virtually. They can be in the form of social websites or applications. According to Boyd and Ellison social network sites can be considered as web-based services where individuals can (1) create a public or semi-public profile (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system but the nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site [14]. Examples: Facebook, Twitter, GooglePlus, and LinkedIn. 3. 2. Blogging (using publishing websites) Blogging is a personal online virtual diary to record ideas, stories, 3. 3. Managing multiple social media platforms An aggregator is a tool that can be used to “aggregate social media site feeds in one spot, allowing users to search by keywords. ”31 Examples: 4. work has been carried to meet the following objectives:To find out the usage pattern of social media by Indian Journalists. To know the perception of journalists about social media. Interference vs. professional development. Advertisement 5. order to meet the objectives, journalists engaged in news channels of India were considered as sample for the study. Further, only Hindi and English news channel were included in the study. A questionnaire designed using five point Likert scale was presented to the journalists. Those who responded to the questions were interviewed through video conferencing. Advertisement 6. Data analysis About 350 questionnaire was distributed to the journalists of Hindi and English news channels. Out of 350 distributed questionnaire 150 submitted the completed questionnaire. Response rate was 42%. Table 1 shows the list of news TV channels that were part of the study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: In vitro analysis revealed that LcS-induced activation of NK cells is mediated by IL-12 produced by phagocytic cells. Therefore, establishing the fact that LcS plays a significant role in immune modulation which may be the mechanism for the prevention of recurrence of cancers. Yamashiro from the Laboratory of of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan elaborating two studies of LcS supplementation shared how the administration of LcS, decreased febrile episodes (> 37°C) and the duration of such episodes, reduced constipation frequency and decreased development of diarrhoea thereby bestowing health benefits to elderly people at a Institution. Data presented by him evidenced that investigation of faecal bacteria disclosed significant increment in numbers of faecal Bifidobacterium. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci were detected from 1 case and from 5 cases, respectively, out of 42 cases before the clinical study, were not isolated after the administration of LcS [15]. also illustrated that B. breve was very effective in the treatment of mucositis (also referred to as mucosal barrier injury), one of the most debilitating side effects of chemotherapy treatment and was also very effective in preventing NEC and infection in preterm infants [16]. Bacterial vaginosis and probioticsDr. P. Hemalatha of the of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad presented information on the use of probiotics in (BV), one of the most common vaginal syndrome afflicting premenopausal and pregnant women. Dr. Hemalatha indicated that since reduction of lactobacilli and increase in pH are the main pathogenesis of BV, probiotics are being explored for their role in restoring the vaginal flora. Meta-analysis of several trials with antibiotics have shown a cure rate of 60% but oral lactobacilli treatment followed by antibiotics for treatment of BV have shown more than 80% cure rate after one month. Further, a Cochrane meta-analysis on efficacy of lactobacilli for the treatment of BV showed beneficial outcome with oral probiotics combined with metronidazole or estriol preparation suggesting the need to combine antibiotics with lactobacilli while aiming to treat BV.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Cytoglobin is a member of the vertebrate haemoglobin family residing in the nucleus and cytosol that is upregulated under conditions of hypoxia and certain types of stress (see Fig. 6). It has recently been implicated as a tumor suppressor. 88 Intermolecular disulfide bonds in cytoglobin modulate the quaternary structure and may regulate the ligand-binding properties89 (Table IV). The homologous lamphrey haemoglobin is in an equilibrium state between a low O2 affinity oligomer and a high-affinity monomer which contributes to its co-operativity. Figure 6Open in figure viewerPowerchanges between different redox states. A: Changes in the number of subunits in the multimer between different redox states of chloroplast GAPDH. subunit of spinach chloroplast GAPDH in a reduced, monomeric form (PDB 2hki) is shown on the right and the oxidized homotetramer in complex with NAD+ (PDB 1nbo) is shown on the left. In higher plants, photosynthetic GAPDH exists in vivo mainly as heteromeric isoforms, A2B2 and A8B8 being the most abundant, interconvertible conformations. subunit is homologous to the A subunit but has an additional nonhomologous C-terminal extension. Stable homotetramers of A subunits (A4-GAPDH) are found at low levels in chloroplast preparations and may be the only form of photosynthetic GAPDH present in unicellular green algae and cyanobacteria. Calvin cycle enzymes are known, as a group, to be redox regulated. 85 The activity of the AB isoform of chloroplast GAPDH is redox regulated by formation of a disulfide between C-terminal thiols in the nonhomologous part of the B chain in light, and its reduction in the dark. 86 The interchain disulfide between A subunits may be important for redox control of the A4 isoform, which is known to form complexes with the small chloroplast protein CP12 and phosphoribulosekinase in the dark.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: “Through social media one can look for groups that focus on your career/discipline area, connect with alumni or represent professional groups in your field”. “Online communities created in these social media spaces provide opportunities to share resources, spark questions that expand collective learning and make connections that sometimes lead to employment offers, consulting requests and collaboration opportunities”. Advertisement 7. advent of social media has offered news organizations an enormous potential to market their contents, wider-reach and frame brand image. Either in the form of conversations or newspaper clippings, social interaction has remained a viable source for dissemination of news. However, this form of interaction has become virtual under the impact of social media and extended the news coverage. The significance of social media lies in proper understanding and adoption of various tools. The way social media is reshaping journalism, journalists have positively adopted the change and performing their duties more efficiently in keeping people abreast of recent developments. 1. Squires D. Social media’s Impact on Journalism: into a of Journalism with the Use of [Internet]. 2016. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 2. Michel O. [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 3. Cision. [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 4. Technopedia. [Internet]. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 5. London. Social Media? Is it the Platforms? [Internet]. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 6. Flew T. Social Media. Media Convergence. [Internet]. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 7. Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! : The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons. 2010;53:59-68. DOI: 10. 1016/j. bushor. 2009. 09. 003 8. . Social media: Defining, developing, and divining. of Communication. 2014;23:46-65. DOI: 10. 1080/15456870. 2015. 972282 9. McCay-Peet L, Quan-Haase A. What is social media and what questions can social media research help us answer?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Sharing findings of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted by NIN on 67 healthy, non pregnant, married women aged 20 to 40 years from urban slum with BV (Nugents' score > 7) where a vaginal tablet containing at least 10 [9] viable Lactobacilli (L. brevis, L. salivarius subsp. Salicinius, L. plantarum) inserted into the vagina daily at bedtime for 8 days demonstrated a cure rate of nearly 80%. Cervico-vaginal lavage (CVL) was collected to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-6 by kit. It was interesting to note significant reduction in IL-1β and IL-6 proinflammatory cytokines with lactobacilli treatment, while an increase in IL-6 cytokine was observed with pH adjustment tablet. This is the first study demonstrating the effect of lactobacilli treatment on local proinflammatory cytokines [15]. Merits of this study include control on time of sampling and initiation of treatment, which was during the same phase of the menstrual cycle in all the subjects. Therefore, hormonal influence could be ruled out on the effectiveness of the lactobacilli treatment. Attrition rate was also minimum all through. The major drawbacks of the study include non-use of antibiotics for the treatment of BV and using a pH adjustment tablet instead of a placebo. The vaginal tablet containing three strains of lactobacilli used in the study discussed was well tolerated and no side effects were reported, which was similar to the earlier findings. The strains of lactobacilli used in the study were however, chosen not so much for their ability to adhere and colonize at high levels but primarily because, the preparation when used in Italy showed 100% efficacy. However, as suggested earlier, longer and repeated treatments could be suggested for better out come and must be treated with antibiotics prior to lactobacilli instillation. Which is the best carrier matrix for a probiotic? A question that often comes up in most deliberations is about the choice of the carrier matrix for the delivery of the probiotic strain. Dr. A. K.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 87 The disulfide-forming Cys 200 (1nbo numbering) is not present in the B subunit of chloroplast GAPDH which is transcribed from a different gene, or in cytosolic GAPDHs. B: Changes in the oligomeric interface in cytoglobin, a member of the vertebrate haemoglobin family residing in the nucleus and cytosol that is upregulated under conditions of hypoxia and certain types of stress. Intermolecular disulfide bonds in cytoglobin modulate the quaternary structure and may regulate the ligand-binding properties. 89 Both the reduced and oxidized states are dimers. Table IV.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: paper sparked upheaval on Twitter as anti-austerity protesters rapidly coalesced around the hashtag #ThisIsACoup, to express the view that the bailout process was usurping Greek democracy (Hänska and Bauchowitz, 2018). The hashtag #ThisIsACoup was conceived by a group of Spanish activists and first used by a physics teacher from Barcelona at 6:01 pm. But it did not gain wider European traction until Barcelona’s mayor used the hashtag an hour later at 7:02 pm (Ulrich & Schulz, 2015). Colau effectively brokered the connection between Spanish and networks, allowing the hashtag to spread beyond Spain. It was then fervently taken up in Greece: In the early morning of the 13 July, 50% of tweets collected from Greece contain #ThisIsACoup. The first use of the hashtag in Spain is also captured in Figure 3. Other researchers have reported that the hashtag was used over 600,000 times by over 140,000 users globally, and was viewed over 1 billion times (Ahmed, 2016). By coalescing people from across Europe with misgivings about the bailout process, the hashtag opened up a pan-European communication space for citizens to express their grievances, and contest the bailout process. Indeed, this instance of vertical bottom-up Europeanization had significant impact on wider public discourse. A powerful example of cross-media agenda-setting, #ThisIsACoup’s message reached far beyond social media. Over 700 newspaper 3. #ThisIsACoup trending during the summit from 12 to 13 July, and first emerging in Spain. On Monday, 13 July, at 8:55 local time, the account of tweeted,EuroSummit has unanimously reached agreement. All ready to go for ESM programme for #Greece with serious reforms & financial support. Tusk’s tweet was retweeted 6,000 times all across Europe, and following his tweet activity is at its highest—between 9 am and 10 am we collected 43,391 tweets. Though not particularly surprising, Tusk’s tweet (and the aforementioned tweet by Alex Stubb) serves as an example of top-down vertical Europeanization—of a EU official using social media to communicate. Figures 2 and 3 clearly demonstrate the cross-national alignment of Twitter activity, especially around key events such as the conclusion of each round of negotiation, and the emergence of #ThisIsACoup.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: stated that dairy based foods, particularly traditional fermented milks like dahi, yoghurts and dairy beverages which are already an integral part of the traditional Indian diet and are considered functional foods can be explored as the most appropriate carriers of probiotics to optimally express their health promoting functions in the gut. Dairy based probiotic foods represent the largest segment accounting for nearly 65% of the total world functional food market. Presently, dairy based probiotic food industry is firmly placed at the global level completely dominated by Europe, Japan and USA. Although, India is yet to make a mark in the probiotic product development in a big way, major global leaders like Yakult and Nestle, and National player: have undertaken the formidable task of introducing a new market for probiotics in India having covered much ground in a short span. He emphasized that to launch Indian probiotic products in the country, vital issues such as developing novel indigenous probiotic strains with proven functional efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, their inter-compatibility, effective dosage and colonization in the human gut, technological parameters during processing of the product, encapsulation and their impact on stability, survival and viability of probiotic strains along with validation of health claims and safety using different animal models as well as in human subjects through clinical studies would need to be worked out. Future success of probiotic formulations, in his opinion, will depend on consumer's acceptance. Dr. B. S. Ramakrishna, Professor and Head, Department of stated that although the FAO/WHO criteria provide excellent general principles for the characterization and evaluation of probiotics in food, they fall short of prescribing the specific tests that may need to be done in an individual case [17]. Given that metagenomic studies and metabolomic profiling of the microbiota and the human host have provided major advances in the ability to characterize the molecular aspects of the intestinal microbiota and understand the human-microbiota interaction, it can be hoped that these will eventually translate to more robust in vitro and animal testing procedures that can precede human trials and provide the additional evidence for health benefits. In addition, he emphasized that the health system would need to be harnessed in a way that would allow the reporting and capture of any adverse events that can be potentially related to use of probiotic foods or drugs and provide post-market surveillance of the kind available in the developed world.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: with of subunits differs between redox states CrRuBisCoL 247–247a 8ruc octamer 1uzd 16mer CO2 fixation in plants90 NtRuBisCoL 247–247a 1ej7 monomer 4rub tetramer CO2 fixation in plants90 200–200a 2hki monomer 1nbo tetramer with NAD CO2 fixation in plants91 HsGrx 90–90a 1bwc, monomer 2gh5 dimer Redox homeostasis Aebcp 80–80a 2cx3 tetramer 2cx4 octamer Redox homeostasis HsPNMT 48–139a 1yz3 monomer 2an5 dimer Catecholamine biosynthesis, dimer is active MeCbiT 23–27a 1kxz octamer 1l3i hexamer B12 synthesis, SAM-binding AfDsrC 114–114a 1sau monomer 2a5w trimer sulfite reductase, [4Fe-4S] HsVEGF 51–60a 1bj1 dimer 1mkg tetramer 90–90a 2arp monomer 1nys dimer TGFβ ligand HsBMP2 78–78a 2goo ternary complex/hexamer 1rew binary complex/tetramer TGFβ ligand Hsartemin 69–69a 2gyz monomer 2gyr hexamer TGFβ ligand92 BPV1-E2 340–340a 2bop dimmer 1jjh trimer Viral transcription factor HPV6a-E2 295–298a 2ayb_immer, complex with DNA 1r8h hexamer Viral transcription factor FMDVleader protease 133–133a 1qmy trimer 1qol octamer Viral protease HsAPE-1 138–138a 1de8 dimer, complex with DNA 1e9n dimer Repairs oxidative DNA damage MmMacrophage sialoadhesin 17–17a 1qfo trimer, complex with sialoadhesin 2bve dimer Cell attachment, lectin HsGGA1 78–78a 1py1 tetramer 1jwg dimer Sorting and trafficking PsAO 647–647a 1ksi dimer 1w2z tetramer Oxid

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cyberbullying on social media can negatively impact self-esteem and mental health. [SEP] Text: Suggested methods for this include analysing the content of any online comments and interactions for evidence of behaviour change and conducting surveys and interviews with campaign participants to directly ask about their behaviour [Reference Freeman19]. Tips for Clients on of to Promote and Health 1. to When, Where, and 1 Excessive and compulsive use of social media can negatively impact on real face-to-face communication with family and friends. A good way to manage overuse of social media is to set certain times each day when your social media notifications are off or your phone is in airplane mode. Another good tactic to avoid overuse is to decide not to have access to or not to check social media during mealtimes with family and friends and when playing with children or talking with a partner. Not taking a mobile phone into the bedroom or switching it off after a certain time in the evening is also a good tactic. Excessive use of social media at work can add to pressure and interfere with work efficiency and performance. So, again, set limits to social media interaction while at work. 2. social media to let others know about how you are managing your mental health. Share tips that you have found have worked for you and seek advice and support. Also try to focus your online interactions with people you also know offline. Talking about mental health is very important. It helps us to not internalize and recognize when we might need help. 3. Maximize the Benefits of few short spurts of focused uses of social media interaction can be less tiring and less stressful than spending a long time scrolling randomly through multiple feeds. Setting limits for interacting with different platforms can also be a good tactic to avoid this random scrolling. It is also a good tactic to try to be as active as possible when using social media. People who actively contribute rather than passively consuming others’ posts feel more positive and more in control. 4. Prune and to keep your social media life manageable. Over time, you have likely accumulated many online friends and contacts, as well as people and organizations you follow. Some content is still interesting to you, but a lot of it probably is not. Try to regularly prune your contacts, making your life more manageable. It’s a good idea also to schedule regular multiday breaks from social media. Studies have shown that breaks from using Facebook can lead to lower stress and higher life satisfaction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Dr. extended the discussion further and illustrated in a very exciting presentation entitled "for Probiotics: by a Multi-Dimensional Approach" how predictability can be improved from in vitro tests for better selection and characterization of potential anti-infectious probiotic strains [1]. Presenting a multi-dimensional integrative approach applied by him and his team to screen 100 LAB strains in vitro, they developed novel host-bacteria heterotypic co-culture systems with and Dendritic cells that were incubated with strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium or Streptococcus and cytokine secretion profiles determined. In addition mannose adhesion and direct pathogen-inhibition on agar plates were tested. All the results were compiled and analyzed by Analysis in order to rank and compare the strains [18]. Two strains displayed distinct activity profiles of great interest for probiotic application, one for anti-inflammatory effect and the other one for anti-infectious purpose. Preliminary results, he shared, show anti-infectious effect in vivo using mice infection models.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: oreductase, Pro cis/trans isomerization Spaquaporin 69–69a 1z98 dimer/closed 2b5f tetramer/open Membrane water pore HsDNA pol III λ 543–543a 1xsn monomer 1xsl tetramer DNA repair93 Mpmethenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 42–42a 1u3g monomer 1sbq dimer Folate biosynthesis 93–93a 1orf monomer 1op8 hexamer Immunity, apoptosis111 TtEF-Ts 190–190a 1tfe monomer 1aip tetramer Translation, GEF for EF-Tu, dimer is active112 Dmph sam domain 32–32a 1kw4 monomer 1pk1 dimer Chromatin protein, development MmGrp1 342–342a 1fgy monomer 1fhw dimer Signaling, binds phosphoinositides Oligomerization interface changes between redox states Tdhemerythrin 9–9a 1hmd tetramer 1 1hmz tetramer 2 Oxygen transport HsPCBP2 24–24a 2axy tetramer 1 1ztg tetramer 2 Translation regulation Hscytoglobin 38–83a 1umo dimer 1 2dc3 dimer 2 Oxygen carrier, upregulated in response to hypoxia Italicized prefixes are species abbreviations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cyberbullying on social media can negatively impact self-esteem and mental health. [SEP] Text: It may be difficult at first to prune and disengage from social media so seek help from family and friends by publicly declaring you are on a break or that you have certain times when you are positively offline. 5. Using social media to keep abreast of your cousin’s life is fine, as long as you don’t neglect to visit or talk in person. Tweeting with a colleague can be engaging and fun, but make sure those interactions don’t become a substitute for talking face to face or via a live video platform. Social media are useful additions to our social lives, but only a flesh-and-blood person sitting across from you can fulfil the basic human need for connection and belonging. 6. is important to remember that your choices and use of social media affect others. Do not spend your time online being cruel to people. Rather, spend time supporting your contacts. It is not your job to judge others online. Criticisms and negativity can significantly impact on others’ mental health. Use your social media profile wisely, be supportive and understanding – do not cyberbully. 4. 1 @the. holistic. psychologist’s first Instagram post making her intentions on the platform explicit from its inception View in content Figure 4. 2 A post from @the. holistic. psychologist sharing the cycle of trauma responses, which received over 57,000 likes and 934 comments View in content Figure 4. 3 (a–d): BetterHelp’s static online creative You have by Loading. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1200416/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractDespite increasing studies on caterpillar (Insecta: Lepidoptera) gut microbiota, bacteria have been emphasized more than fungi. Therefore, we lack data on whether fungal microbiota is resident or transient and shaped by factors similar to those of bacteria. We sampled nine polyphagous caterpillar species from several tree species at multiple sites to determine the factors shaping leaf and gut bacterial and fungal microbiota as well as the extent to which caterpillars acquire microbiota from their diet. We performed 16S and ITS2 DNA metabarcoding of leaves and guts to determine the composition and richness of respective microbiota. While spatial variables shaped both the bacterial and fungal microbiota of the leaves, they only affected fungi in the guts, whereas bacteria were shaped primarily by caterpillar species, with some species harboring more specific bacterial consortia. Leaf and gut microbiota significantly differed; in bacteria, this difference was much more pronounced. Moreover, the leaf–gut similarity of bacterial but not fungal components differed significantly among caterpillar species, suggesting that some species have more transient bacterial microbiota than others. Our results suggest the complexity of the factors shaping the gut microbiota, while pointing out interspecific differences in microbiota residency within the same insect functional group. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6IntroductionInteractions between insect herbivores and host plants are among the most important ecological associations on Earth1. The role of mediating such interactions is played by associated gut microbiota (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses)2,3. These microorganisms may, among other roles, provide their herbivore hosts with nutrients; aid in the digestion and detoxification of plant tissues; synthesize pheromones; modulate immune responses and communication; govern reproduction; and provide protection against pathogens, predators, and parasitoids4–6. Lepidoptera are one of the largest insect herbivore orders; their evolutionary success may depend on their beneficial relationship with microorganisms5,7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Protein names in roman font.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cyberbullying on social media can negatively impact self-esteem and mental health. [SEP] Text: Thus, identification of potential mediators, could help to ascertain the psychological processes that social interventions could target as a means to facilitate therapeutic outcomes on mental well-being. Self-efficacy is one psychological process that could help explain the previously observed associations between functional social support and mental well-being. Self-efficacy has been defined as the way in which people appraise their own ability to successfully implement strategies in order to achieve particular goals (Bandura, Citation1977). Low levels of self-efficacy can have detrimental consequences on mental well-being and has been associated with greater levels of anxiety (Iancu et al. , Citation2015) and symptoms of depression (Liu et al. , Citation2019). In contrast, higher levels of self-efficacy have been associated with greater overall satisfaction with life (Azizli et al. , Citation2015), higher ratings of subjective health (Jeong et al. , Citation2019) and well-being (Soysa & Wilcomb, Citation2015). Research has shown that accessing social support that enhances notions of self-efficacy can serve to facilitate adaptive coping strategies and lead to beneficial outcomes on overall well-being (Saltzman & Holahan, Citation2002). This would suggest that social interventions that bolster self-efficacy could be effective in facilitating therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, self-efficacy has also shown to mediate a negative correlation between perceived levels of social support and postpartum depression in new mothers with no history of a mental health diagnosis (Zhang & Jin, Citation2016). Thus, self-efficacy could serve as a potential mediator between perceived quality of functional social support and psychological well-being in people with a mental health diagnosis. Self-esteem is another possible mediator through which functional social support may enhance mental well-being. Self-esteem refers to how people evaluate their own self-worth and value (Trzesniewski et al. , Citation2013). Higher levels of perceived social support have been associated with higher levels of self-esteem in school aged children (Tian et al. , Citation2013), nurses (Feng et al. , Citation2018) and autistic adults (Nguyen et al. , Citation2020). It has also been argued that interventions that improve self-esteem could be effective in negating or reducing symptoms of depression and enhancing overall mental well-being (Sowislo & Orth, Citation2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Similarly, living leaves harbor abundant epiphytic (epiphytes)8 and endophytic (endophytes)9 microbial communities. Leaf–microbiota relationships range from clearly negative for the plant10 to strongly positive11. The leaf microbiota is diverse with bacteria and especially fungi playing the most prominent roles12,13, providing an interactive potential for leaf consumers14; however, caterpillar midgut represents a hostile environment for diet-derived microbes because of its simple tube-like structure, extreme alkalinity (pH 8–12), and high plant secondary metabolite (allelochemicals) content from ingested plant tissues5,15,16. Species-specific digestive enzymes are adapted to the gut physiochemical conditions; thus, they may act as filters for specific gut microbial communities5,17. There is an ongoing debate concerning the residency and ecological role of caterpillar gut microbiota18. Transiency is supported by the fact that diet best explains the dissimilarity in microbiomes19,20 and that gut changes during the life cycle may prevent the establishment of specific assemblages21. Residency is supported by the fact that microbiota removal may reduce caterpillar fitness22. Moreover, certain bacterial populations may persist throughout the life cycle, despite extensive gut changes during pupation and metamorphosis19,23. Furthermore, despite the absence of specialized gut structures and rapid food transition24, bacteria may form a biofilm, suggesting their ability to colonize the gut25. Thus, the caterpillar microbiome is likely a multilayer system composed of core taxa and a more flexible non-core microbiome26,27 with a controversial functional role. Caterpillar gut microbiomes are dynamic and variable with differences in community composition depending mainly on host phylogeny, life stage, physiological environment, and diet4,7,16,19, 28–30. In contrast, the diet (i. e. , leaf) of microbiota depends on plant identity; plant species differ in their capacity to harbor microbial communities12,13,31. Nutrient availability varies in space and time32 depending on environmental factors and the associated physiological activity and productivity10,33. Thus, we expect host-interspecific and spatial differences in the diversity and community composition of gut microbiota. To determine the factors shaping the diversity and composition of leaf and gut microbiota and to identify the core and transient components of the gut, it is necessary to analyze both environments simultaneously.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: AO, aminooxidase; bcp, bacterial comigratory protein peroxiredoxin; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; DNA pol III λ, DNA polymerase III λ; EF-Ts, elongation factor Ts; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GGA1, golgi-localized γ adaptin; Grp1, guanine nucleotide exchange factor and integrin binding protein homolog grp1; Grx, glutathione reductase; PCBP2, poly(C)-binding protein-2; pHsam domain, polyhomeotic-proximal chromatin protein sterile alpha motif domain; PNMT, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; RuBisCoL, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit; SAM-S-adenosyl-L-methionine; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; Ae, Aeropyrum pernix; Af, Archaeoglobus fulgidus; BPV, bovine papilloma virus; Cr, Crithidia fasciculata, Dm, Drosophila melangaster; FMDV, foot and mouth disease virus; HPV, human papilloma virus; Hs, Homo sapiens; Me, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum; Mm, Mus musculus; Mp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Nt, Nicotiana tabacum; Ps, Pisum sativum (Pea); Rn, Rattus norvegus; Sp, Spinacia oleracea; Td, Themiste dyscritum; Tt, Thermus thermophilus. a 2nd Cys in different monomer. There was also a small group of transmembrane receptors which form covalent dimers in a neck region close to the membrane. These include the low-density oxidized LDL receptor, and the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Covalent dimer formation may promote further quaternary changes such as higher oligomer formation in response to bound ligands as has been recently demonstrated for the metabotropic glutamate receptors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cyberbullying on social media can negatively impact self-esteem and mental health. [SEP] Text: Self-esteem, and the way in which people appraise their own self-worth and value, has previously been identified as an important construct in influencing psychological well-being (Sowislo & Orth, Citation2013). The mediation model in the present study suggests that the perception of receiving functional social support may influence the way people evaluate their own self value, which can then determine psychological well-being. This would suggest that the sense of being valued by others, who provide functional social support, may increase the extent to which people with a mental health diagnosis value themselves and improve self-esteem. Functional social support refers to the process of interacting with people who are seen to provide sources of encouragement, informational support, advice and facilitate a sense of belonging (Lakey & Cohen, Citation2000). It has been posited that group activities facilitated by healthcare professionals, such as dramatherapy, can be beneficial in harnessing social networks between attendees and staff members (Bourne et al. , Citation2020). Group-based talking therapies can also be beneficial in reducing symptoms of depression and facilitating recovery through attendees sharing their knowledge, lived experiences and providing guidance to peers (Gillis & Parish, Citation2019). It has been posited that group cohesion, which refers to an individual’s intrinsic desire to be a member of and contribute to a particular group, can be an important facet in ensuring productivity and positive outcomes for people who engage in group-based therapies (Yalom & Rand, Citation1966). For example, longitudinal increases in group cohesion have been associated with improved self-esteem and therapeutic outcomes in people attending group-based Therapy sessions for psychosis (Lecomte et al. , Citation2015). Therefore, group-based activities that facilitate cohesion amongst attendees, whilst providing opportunities to receive functional social support from healthcare professionals and peers, may help to ensure self-esteem in people with mental health diagnoses. Thus, social interventions that provide functional social support may improve self-esteem through encouraging positive evaluations of self-worth and value leading to therapeutic outcomes for people with a mental health diagnosis. Furthermore, the present study also suggests that functional social support indirectly effects psychological well-being via self-efficacy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: However, the high overall richness in the caterpillar guts contradicts previous findings reporting species-poor bacterial communities7,30,39 Contrary to our previous study40, bacterial microbiome was richer than fungal microbiome, especially considering that bacterial richness was estimated at the genus level and fungal richness at the species level. The accurate quantification of the 16S and ITS2 DNA in the initial samples is necessary to assess the proportional representation of bacteria and fungi in the gut microbiota. Moreover, the extent to which microbial communities obtained by metabarcoding are composed of legacy DNA from dead or dormant cells and spores remains to be determined42. Both the bacterial and fungal components of leaves were significantly affected by tree species, which is a typical pattern43; however, they always significantly interacted with locality, implying that trees at different localities harbored specific microbial assemblages. This contradicts a recent study suggesting low variability in leaf microbial diversity among individual sites44, although it accords with the fact that the leaf microbes are acquired from the environment, but their survival is filtered by the plant45. The microbiomes of a focal host species may be affected by local plant community composition and diversity31,37,44; these measurements were beyond the scope of our study but could be responsible for the observed spatial differences. Irradiation significantly affected the fungal richness and bacterial composition and richness. Sun exposure is a good predictor of fungal abundance46 and diversity47. For bacteria, Stone and Jackson48 found distinct community compositions across canopy positions, with speculative attributability to radiation; however, shaded leaves are less exposed to rain, which changes bacterial composition. Moisture availability may have a substantial impact on leaf microbiota49; desiccation, especially in combination with UV radiation, strongly limits microbial populations50. However, in leaf bacteria, UV radiation has been found to have no effect on species richness51. In caterpillars, bacterial composition and richness were primarily shaped by caterpillar species. In fungi, the role of the host species is only secondary; they are shaped primarily by spatial variables. Great interspecific differences were quite surprising, given that numerous studies have reported similar communities shared among caterpillar species, both implying the low importance of the host physiological environment in structuring microbial communities and emphasizing the dietary effect19,29,35,39. In contrast, independent of diet, there are interspecific differences in the physiochemical conditions of the gut, which exert strong selection pressure on microbiota5,17.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 96 Relevance to disease Importantly, ageing and several major diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease have been associated with abnormal redox conditions. Inadvertent triggering of redox-active disulfide switches is a likely contributor to these phenotypes. This view is supported by the association of several in the dataset with disease. SOD1 (also known as CuZn-SOD) is an enzyme mutated in familial lateral sclerosis (FALs), an age-dependent degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and brain. SOD1 is largely localized to the cytosol but is also found in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. SOD1 is activated by formation of the disulfide and insertion of Cu by the copper carrier CCS. Both of these proteins are represented in the dataset (and S2). The conserved disulfide in SOD1 is essential for activity and unusual because it remains oxidized in the cytosol. Although the disulfide is intrachain, it is thought to play a critical role in stabilizing the SOD1 homodimer. Formation of the disulfide is part of the SOD1 maturation process which is regulated by physiological oxidative stress. The three reduced proteins in the dataset are three distinct mutants associated with familial lateral sclerosis (FALs): G37R, H46R, and I113T. The exclusive association of the reduced proteins with the disease mutants suggests redox imbalance of this disulfide is implicated in the disease. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that 14 FALs mutants have the common property of being more susceptible to disulfide reduction than wild-type protein. 97 Toxicity associated with disulfide-linked multimerization of SOD1 mutants has recently been implicated in the disease mechanism. 98 types of conformational change were observed in the dataset suggesting there may be common structural modes of redox regulation. Proteins exhibited disulfide oxidation following expulsion of metals such as Zn, morphing, order/disorder transitions, and changes in quaternary structure. In an individual protein more than one mode may be employed.

Output: pass