Input: Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Another region with prominent cloudiness features, the (SACZ), extends from southeast Brazil toward the western portion of the subtropical (Jones and Horel 1991). The convective activity and summertime precipitation in vary over wide ranges of time-and space scales. While convection in the Amazon basin exhibits strong diurnal and seasonal changes, intraseasonal (10–90 days) variations are more pronounced over the SACZ. At 30–60 days the Madden–(MJO; Madden and Julian 1994) shows an important modulation of the SACZ. Teleconnection studies, for instance, have indicated that the 30–60-day variability over the SACZ region can be forced by Rossby wave propagation linked to MJO events in the (Grimm and 1995). Furthermore, spectral analysis of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) reveals additional intraseasonal variability (27, 16, 10, and 8 days) along the SACZ (Liebmann et al. 1999). An important question one may ask is how the skill of numerical weather prediction is affected when one type of intraseasonal variation over the SACZ is more predominant than the remaining ones. In a recent study, Nogués-Paegle et al. (1998) (hereafter NPMP) examined the skill of 8-day forecasts generated from initial conditions every 5 days by the for Environmental Prediction–for (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis project (Kalnay et al. 1996). Using OLR anomalies in the 10–90-day band, NPMP identified periods of enhanced (strong SACZ) and suppressed (weak SACZ) convective activity (see NPMP for details on the methodology) and calculated the root-mean-square errors of 500-hPa geopotential height over the region (PAN) (60°S–60°N, 120°–30°W). An interesting result in NPMP is that initial forecast errors during weak SACZ are smaller than for strong events. The growth rate of the errors during weak SACZs, however, is larger than the growth rate of strong SACZ cases. Their results show that the strengthening and southward extension of the SACZ is connected to the ITCZ in the central Pacific.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that while linking transport of glutamine to that of a single Na+ confers a bias towards transport into the endothelial cells, it does not preclude flux in the opposite direction via the same transporter and thus it is possible that Snat3 is responsible for the transport across both membranes. As already mentioned, Lee et al. [360] found that brain endothelial cells have glutaminase activity, and thus following glutamine transport from ISF into the cells, at least some of the glutamine will be broken down to glutamate and NH4+. Helms et al. [391, 392] have suggested that some of the glutamate can be metabolized further releasing more NH4+. As a consequence of metabolism within the endothelial cells, glutamine removal from the parenchyma and glutamine appearance in plasma need not be the same. Glutamine net flux cannot be assessed in isolation. 5. 6 Na+ and Cl− It has been known for almost 50 years [152, 417] that influx and efflux of Na+ and Cl− across the blood–brain barrier are much larger than the net flux [4]. It was proposed by Crone [151, 418] that these apparently passive fluxes might well be paracellular, a suggestion that is still in agreement with all available data [4]. (The partial inhibitions seen in some studies with amiloride derivatives are discussed in Sections 4. 3. 3 and 4. 3. 4 of [4]). The permeability of the blood–brain barrier to Na+ was measured by Davson and Welch in 1971 [417] and subsequently using a different experimental and analytical approach by Smith and Rapoport in 1986 [419] (see 4. 3. 5 in [4]). Perivascular transport does make a contribution to the clearances of Na+ and Cl−. Perhaps more importantly the net perivascular transport of each, the difference between influx and efflux, will be closely similar in size to the net transport across the blood–brain barrier, so that the volume, Na+ content and Cl− content of the parenchyma can be constant. The net transport of each across the blood–brain barrier is close to its concentration times the rate of fluid secretion across the blood–brain barrier in the steady-state.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Surveys conducted under different settings are unlikely to benefit from this simple refraction correction. Yet, very promising methods to correct the refraction of light on SfM-MVS derived data are being implemented and will hopefully become widely available (e. g. , Agrafiotis et al. 2020). The UAS-derived 2D rugosity was always lower than the in situ rugosity (Fig. 3b). This can be explained by: (i) the underestimation of digital coral heights, (ii) the different resolution of the chain and the digital transects (~ 0. 2 cm and ~ 0. 6 cm respectively), (iii) the fact that the chain goes in small interstices that are not solved in the 3D model (e. g. those characterizing branching corals). Also, the UAS-derived 3D rugosity which includes a larger area has slightly lower values than the in situ rugosity (Fig. 3b, c). In this study, rather than concentrating on the absolute depth of the reconstructed seascapes, we focus on the reconstruction of selected coral heights within the scene, which in turn defines reef topographic complexity. Reconstructing shallow-water seascapes from UAS photographs is challenging and is subject to higher uncertainties in the final products than those usually attained with SfM-MVS topographic reconstructions of terrestrial habitats. This is mainly because light rays travel through two media (air–water), and many conditions need to be met (e. g. , atmospheric conditions, sea state, light penetration, and water depth, nadir data collection) to achieve accuracies in the order of centimeters. Within this study, the conditions of all nine sites on different dates allowed for their 3D reconstruction. Such conditions are not unique, as shown in Fallati et al. (2020) who successfully monitored biannual changes in substrate type and reef complexity in the Maldives at a maximum water depth of 1. 5 m using a DJI Phantom 4 and SfM-MVS methods analogous to the ones used here, albeit without the refraction correction applied in this study. Topographic complexity is one of the most striking features of coral-dominated reefs. Complex topographies offer ample space for reef-associated organisms to settle, feed, and shelter from predators and water motion, thus typically supporting higher levels of biodiversity (Graham and Nash 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. (a) Mantle flow field (arrows: flow directions, length proportional to flow velocity; background colors indicate temperature) for a geodynamic simulation that includes sinking cold material (blue), reminiscent of a slab, a hot (red) structure similar to a large-low velocity province (LLVP; left), and rising plumes (close to LLVP edge). (b-e) Zoom-ins representing different flow scenarios. Ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) material is shown in yellow, subducted mid-ocean ridge basalts in brown, aligned crystals in green and LLVP material in red. (b) Representation of flow near LLVP edge. ULVZ materials and partial melts potentially cause shape-preferred orientation, while crystals are aligned via crystallographic-preferred orientation; either scenario causes seismic anisotropy. (c) Flow near a developing thermal upwelling. (d) A region of horizontal flow, with a potential thin and hot layer of chemically distinct material at the base of the mantle. (e) A region of slab-downwelling. Note that in contrast to panel (a), in which reddish colors show regions with relative higher temperature, the reddish colors in panels (b)-(e) represent chemically distinct LLVP materials. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 16 (modified) — (jonathan. wolf@yale. edu; 0000-0002-5440-3791), ’s Note: It is the policy of AGU Publications to invite the authors of 10. 1029/2024EO245021. Published on 1 July 2024. This 2024. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The controversy over whether perivascular influx and efflux occur along the same vessels or instead there is a glymphatic circulation with influx primarily by periarterial routes and efflux primarily by perivenular routes was considered in Sect. 4. 2. The net transports across the blood–brain barrier and via perivascular routes need not be exactly equal because there will be some component of diffusion between ISF and CSF at the brain surfaces, e. g. across the ependyma lining the ventricles and across the pia/glial layers. As indicated in Fig. 2 (see also [420], blood vessels enter and leave the parenchyma from subarachnoid spaces and cisterns and not from the ventricles. Thus transport from parenchyma to the ventricles will be primarily by diffusion probably with a component of flow in white matter (see Footnote 2) but it cannot be perivascular. The possibility that there can be a small but significant net perivascular outflow from the parenchyma of Na+, Cl− and accompanying water may be the resolution of a long-standing difficulty. In non-communicating hydrocephalus, CSF production by the choroid plexuses continues at a nearly normal rate, but the normal route for CSF outflow from the IIIrd ventricle is blocked. Because after an initial period the ventricles do not continue to enlarge at a rate sufficient to accommodate the CSF production, CSF must be escaping via an alternative route (see Sections 4. 2. 2. 1–4. 2. 2. 2 in [41] and Section 4. 1 in [4] for discussion and 2. 5 mm which they took to mean that the albumin was being absorbed into the blood. There is no known mechanism by which this absorption could have occurred. It would be very interesting to know whether this distance corresponds instead to the distance from the ventricular surface to perivascular pathways that would allow sufficiently rapid removal of albumin to CSF in the subarachnoid spaces and/or to lymph that the concentrations observed deeper in the parenchyma would be small.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Central to maintaining complex topographies are processes that sustain net accretion and cementation of the reefs’ carbonate framework, which underpins the functionality of reefs as barriers protecting shorelines from wave-driven erosion (Perry et al. 2008). Measuring topographic complexity on reefs provides information on their capacity to support biodiversity and ecosystem services. With increasingly common and prolonged marine heatwaves causing severe coral mortality and leading to the reduction of architectural complexity (Oliver et al. 2018), it is urgent to optimize methods to quantify topographic complexity accurately. The simple method proposed here provides information on topographic complexity with a vertical accuracy of 0. 1 m using a 3D model of the seafloor derived from UAS data. Further refinements and improvements will be possible once corrections of refraction of light and additional error sources (e. g. , water surface roughness, light penetration) are developed and integrated into the SfM-MVS method. Data availability The code used to analyze the data and produce figures is available here: 10. 3390/rs1202032210. 1177/03091333198374541. Structure from motion in the Geosciences. Wiley, HobokenBook 10. 1007/s00338-016-1522-010. 1007/s00367-020-00638-810. 1080/01431161. 2018. 150007210. 1007/s00338-021-02088-9364. . QGIS Association. Accessed 5 Apr 2022(2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature 448(7153):5752902. the Marine Research/and Agreement 62 issued by the Government (08. 10. 2019), and the UAS/09-22-02 issued for the drone pilot (Lewin) by the Administration of the Republic of Palau (08. 10. 2019). The authors wish to thank the Centre staff, especially. Thanks to Stefanie Bröhl and for fieldwork support. PL acknowledges the Meeresschutz (DSM) and the Programm zur Steigerung der Mobilität von deutschen Studierenden () for funding part of her fieldwork. Fundingfunding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Author informationAuthors and for. Casella, P. Lewin, M. Ghilardi & S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: In contrast, searching for the technosignatures of intelligent civilizations is centred on longer wavelengths – those of the radio range. I’m going to use radio as a pragmatic way of defining intelligence from a SETI perspective. But let’s first look at the span of intelligences among animals on Earth from a different perspective. Intelligence is a continuous variable, not a binary one. Life forms here, and probably elsewhere too, show a wide range of behaviours that can be interpreted as indicating a wide range of intelligence underlying them. The construction of a scale for the measurement of intelligence is notoriously difficult, even within the confines of a particular species – humans. How intelligent someone is cannot be completely captured on a single scale; intelligence is a multidimensional property. Paradoxically, though, in a multi-species context the job actually gets easier rather than harder. The reason for this is that the differences we’re dealing with are much greater. A scale for intelligence in the context of life on Earth starts from zero and extends indefinitely upwards. Organisms that lack nervous systems are deemed to have no intelligence. These include all microbes and plants, as well as the most primitive of animals – sponges and a little-known group called placozoans (which translates as ‘flat animals’). Slightly more advanced animals such as jellyfish have diffuse nervous systems but lack brains, and don’t really exhibit any behaviour that merits the description intelligent. There are many animals that have small brains, including insects and arachnids. These typically have rather fixed, instinctive behaviour patterns, but some seem more intelligent than others. Jumping spiders – for example those of the genus Portia – have been put forward as the most intelligent arthropods, owing to their complex patterns of hunting behaviour. The most intelligent invertebrates of all are octopuses; there’s a great book about octopus intelligence by Peter Godfrey-Smith, called Other Minds. Many studies on these wonderful creatures, both in the lab and in the field, have illustrated complex behaviours that are clearly learned rather than instinctive. Octopuses exceed many vertebrates in intelligence. However, some groups of birds seem to be particularly intelligent – notably crows and parrots. And many mammalian groups show high intelligence, especially cetaceans (dolphins and whales) and primates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 7. 1. 1 Evidence for transport of soluble Aβ across the blood–brain barrierThe ways in which soluble Aβ can be transported across the blood–brain barrier have been investigated by several different groups. Shibata et al. [62] were the first to propose that Aβ could cross the blood–brain barrier by transcytosis mediated by low density lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP1). This they said could account for the loss of 125I-Aβ1-40 from the brain that they observed. In support of their proposal they found that the loss of total 125I from the brain was reduced by antibodies against LRP1, by receptor (LRP1) associated protein (RAP), which interferes with binding of all known substrates to LRP1, and by absence of apoE seen in knockout mice. (ApoE affects the interaction of Aβ with LRP1). In addition the elimination process appeared to be saturable with Km of 15 nM. All of these observations are consistent with the idea that the elimination of soluble 125I-Aβ1-40 is primarily efflux across the blood–brain barrier and is via an LRP1-dependent process. However it should be kept in mind that demonstrating the importance of LRP1 is not the same as demonstrating elimination via the blood–brain barrier because LRP1 is also present on neurons, astrocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells where it can mediate endocytosis of Aβ leading to its metabolism inside the cells [448, 456, 459] (see [146] for further discussion). Further results supporting the involvement of efflux have been reported by Bell et al. [429], who found that the rate constant for elimination of Aβ1-42 was about half that for Aβ1-40 and also in other papers by Deane, Zhao, Nelson, Zlokovic and coworkers [452, 454, 460]. Results from several other groups also support the idea that efflux of soluble Aβ does occur at the blood–brain barrier and that LRP1 is involved in this elimination. Jaeger et al. [461] showed that antisense oligonucleotides against LRP-1 substantially decreased the loss of Aβ1-42 after intraparenchymal injection. Pflanzner et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: But lab work shows that in gas-phase chemistry, other factors produce isotope variation. It turns out that sulfate, which forms when sulfur is oxidized, is a very complicated molecule in gas-phase reactions. In particular, reaction products that include the 33S isotope are anomalously large compared with those that contain 34S or 32S. Such anomalies are called mass-independent fractionation. On Mars, UV light photolyzes sulfate and leads to fractionation. Laboratory experiments revealed that sulfur isotopes in Martian rocks show a mass-independent distribution. If there were no oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, UV light would get through as well, and similar anomalies would appear in the sulfur isotope record. “We know that sulfur in today's atmosphere gets oxidized by peroxide in ozone,” explains Thiemens. Farquhar did indeed see this isotope variation in 2. 45 billion-year-old Earth rocks. “We realized that this variation existed and the only mechanism we knew of that could produce it was related to gas-phase reactions,” he says. All that remained was to figure out the atmospheric conditions. “The sulfur allows you to see at most how much oxygen there was at the time,” says Thiemens. During the period prior to 2. 45 billion years ago, the photolytic effect can be seen. Then, when there was sufficient oxygen in the atmosphere, normal mass-dependent chemistry appears in the isotope record. Models suggested that this oxygen threshold is about 10 ppm. “We have been able to show fine-scale differences between the [sulfur isotopes] that show up. They fall into bins in different places in Earth's early record, and might give insight to what's happening in the atmosphere and oceans at any given times,” summarizes Farquhar. The sulfur isotope study provided one of the first continuous records that could be used to demonstrate a long-advocated change in oxygen levels. Other studies have used metals to study reactions that might be related to air oxidation states and redox reactions that occur in oceans and during weathering. Earlier or later? “There are polarized views in the geochemical and early Earth community about when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved,” says of the University of British Columbia. One camp insists that oxygen appeared in the atmosphere 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: However, while millions of people have already used these services, their reach seems so far to be below expectations. The project will develop in two phases. In the first phase, we will study the current diffusion of telehealth services in rural Bihar, with a particular focus on the government program eSanjeevani. Through a rich data collection that will span 400 villages, our objectives are to study: • How popular are telehealth services in rural Bihar? In particular, how familiar are people with the government eSanjeevani program? What are the main challenges to telehealth diffusion? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth? In particular, does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare? In the second phase, we will then study the impact of the arrival of a new telehealth provider in the study location. The new health provider () will introduce two alternative versions of telehealth: with and without a facilitator, i. e. a community health worker that will help community members connect through telehealth. In this second phase we will aim to study: • What is the causal impact of telehealth on access to health services and health outcomes among people in rural areas? • Does the presence of a facilitator increase the spreading and utilization of telehealth? • Does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare typically observed in many low-income countries? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth with vs. without the facilitator? Does the impact differ across gender, income, and age groups? Date 2023-12-15 Date 2024-12-15 (end points) Health service utilization, measured through a household survey and administrative data. This will encompass both telehealth utilization and in-person healthcare utilization. We will look at overall health service utilization as well as gaps in utilization by wealth, gender, and age. We will also study whether telehealth crowds in or out in-person health services, and other telehealth programs (e. g. eSanjeevani), by looking at households’ interactions with each one of these service providers, as recorded in the household survey. (explanation) (end points) Health outcomes (household survey). Trust and satisfaction with the official health system (household survey). Changes in effort, motivation, earnings and activities of the health workers (health providers survey).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Aβ from ISF can bind directly to LRP1 on the abluminal membrane with the complex then being incorporated into a clathrin coated pit which can be endocytosed. The Aβ-LRP1 complex is stabilized by binding of the phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein (). Aβ in ISF can also be complexed with any of the forms of apoE, 2, 3 or 4 or with clusterin. Aβ-apoE2 and Aβ-apoE3 are substrates for interaction with LRP1 and endocytosis. By contrast Aβ-apoE4 inhibits LRP1 mediated endocytosis (dotted line), but can be endocytosed slowly after binding with the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). Aβ-clusterin is a substrate for LRP2 mediated endocytois with transport across the blood–brain barrier to plasma. As Aβ-clusterin can also be transported in the opposite direction by LRP2-mediated endocytosis this is almost certainly by transcytosis of vesicles with LRP2 in the membrane. Vesicles with LRP1 in the membrane are also thought to discharge their contents on the far side of the barrier—i. e. this is transcytosis [465]. Some of the intracellular processing steps for the LRP1 vesicles are now known [452, 658]. Aβ is also transported from plasma to ISF. Aβ clusterin can be transported by LRP2 vesicles, but on the plasma side almost all of the LRP2 receptors are occupied by clusterin (dotted double headed arrow) rather than Aβ-clusterin which greatly reduces blood-to-brain transport by this route. Aβ is however, endocytosed after binding to the receptor for advanced glycation products, RAGE, and somehow transported to the brain side. Pgp may, in a manner which has not been well defined, assist transfer of Aβ from the endothelial cells to plasma whether it has entered the cells from ISF, via the LRP1 system, or from plasma, via the RAGE system.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Journal of Ecology and Environment Pages. 175-183 2006 2288-1220(eISSN) Society of Korea (한국생태학회) -sea Hydrothermal Vents: Ecology and Evolution Won, Yong-Jin (Department of Life Sciences, University) Published : 2006. 04. 01 ⟨ ⟩ discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems is a monumental landmark in the history of Ocean Sciences. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are scattered along the global mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins. Under sea volcanic phenomena related to underlying magma activities along mid-ocean ridges generate extreme habitats for highly specialized communities of animals. Multidisciplinary research efforts during past three decades since the first discovery of hydrothermal vents along the in 1977 revealed fundamental components of physiology, ecology, and evolution of specialized vent communities of micro and macro fauna. Heterogeneous regional geological settings and tectonic plate history have been considered as important geophysical and evolutionary factors for current patterns of taxonomic composition and distribution of vent faunas among venting sites in the basins. It was found that these communities are based on primary production of chemosynthetic bacteria which directly utilize reduced compounds, mostly $H_2S$ and $CH_4$, mixed in vent fluids. Symbioses between these bacteria and their hosts, vent invertebrates, are foundation of the vent ecosystem. Gene flow and population genetic studies in parallel with larval biology began to unveil hidden dispersal barrier under deep sea as well as various dispersal characteristics cross taxa. Comparative molecular phylogenetics of vent animals revealed that vent faunas are closely related to those of cold-water seeps in general. In perspective additional interesting discoveries are anticipated particularly with further refined and expanded studies aided by new instrumental technologies. bacteria; Hydrothermal vent; Mid-Ocean Ridge; Molecular Phylogenetics; Symbioses 1986. Symbiotic assimilation of $CO_2$ in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila. 170: 110-121 ères D, et al. 1997. Molecular systematics of vestimentiferan tube worms from hydrothermal vents and cold-water seeps. 130: 141-149.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare in remote areas. [SEP] Text: However, while millions of people have already used these services, their reach seems so far to be below expectations. The project will develop in two phases. In the first phase, we will study the current diffusion of telehealth services in rural Bihar, with a particular focus on the government program eSanjeevani. Through a rich data collection that will span 400 villages, our objectives are to study: • How popular are telehealth services in rural Bihar? In particular, how familiar are people with the government eSanjeevani program? What are the main challenges to telehealth diffusion? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth? In particular, does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare? In the second phase, we will then study the impact of the arrival of a new telehealth provider in the study location. The new health provider () will introduce two alternative versions of telehealth: with and without a facilitator, i. e. a community health worker that will help community members connect through telehealth. In this second phase we will aim to study: • What is the causal impact of telehealth on access to health services and health outcomes among people in rural areas? • Does the presence of a facilitator increase the spreading and utilization of telehealth? • Does telehealth reduce gender inequality in access to healthcare typically observed in many low-income countries? • Which types of patients are more likely to use telehealth with vs. without the facilitator? Does the impact differ across gender, income, and age groups? Date 2023-12-15 Date 2024-12-15 (end points) Health service utilization, measured through a household survey and administrative data. This will encompass both telehealth utilization and in-person healthcare utilization. We will look at overall health service utilization as well as gaps in utilization by wealth, gender, and age. We will also study whether telehealth crowds in or out in-person health services, and other telehealth programs (e. g. eSanjeevani), by looking at households’ interactions with each one of these service providers, as recorded in the household survey. (explanation) (end points) Health outcomes (household survey). Trust and satisfaction with the official health system (household survey). Changes in effort, motivation, earnings and activities of the health workers (health providers survey).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Figure based on [452, 464, 465]Full size imageMuch of the soluble Aβ in ISF may be in the form of complexes with apoE or clusterin while in plasma most Aβ is complexed with clusterin or sLRP1, a truncated, soluble form of LRP1 [469]. The apoE gene has three alleles called apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4. Expression of the apoE4 allele is the greatest genetic risk factor known for developing the late-onset form of Alzheimer’s disease [467, 468]. LRP1 mediated transport of Aβ occurs via clathrin pits, with the LRP1, Aβ, clathrin system stabilized by interaction with. In addition to this transport of Aβ there is LRP1-mediated transport from brain-to-blood of Aβ complexes with apoE2 or apoE3 and LRP2-mediated transport of Aβ complexes with clusterin. Complexes with apoE4 inhibit LRP1-mediated transport but are transported at a much lower rate by very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) mediated transport. This inhibition and slow transport with the resulting tendency to accumulate Aβ in the brain may account for the increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediates transport of Aβ from blood-to-brain. Aβ-clusterin blood-to-brain transport by LRP2 can also be demonstrated under experimental conditions, however, in vivo it is likely that the Aβ-clusterin complexes are out-competed by clusterin for inwards transport [470,471,472]. The net flux of complexes via LRP2 is thus brain-to-blood [429, 464]. sLRP1 is released from LRP1 at the luminal membrane by removal of the membrane binding domain. Aβ complexes with sLRP1 are apparently not transported across the blood–brain barrier but can be delivered to the liver. Thus these serve as a sink reducing backflux of Aβ that has emerged from the brain [469].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 1994. Gene flow among vestimentiferan tube worm (Riftia pachyptila) populations from hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific. 120: 33-39. 1998. Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms. Res II 45: 365-382. 1980. The giant white clam from the Galapagos rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum. Malacologia 20: 161-194. 1997. Molecular identification and localization of filamentous symbiotic bacteria associated with the hydrothermal vent annelid Alvinella pompejana. Microbiol 63: 1124-1130. 1988. Mussel growth supported by methane as sole carbon and energy source. Science 240: 78-80. 1993. Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. 90: 5695-5699. 1993. Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques. 2: 51-62 Cavanaugh CM. 1983. Symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in marine invertebrates from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 302: 58- 61 Cavanaugh CM. 1994. Microbial symbiosis: Patterns of diversity in the marine environment. 34: 79-89. 1981. Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: symbionts. Science 213: 340-342. 1987. Symbiosis of methylotrophic bacteria and deep-sea mussels. Nature 325: 346-348. 1992. Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Microbiol 58: 3799-3803. 1986. A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: Mussels fueled by gas. Science 233: 1306-1308. 1977. Oasis of life in the cold abyss. 152: 441-453. 1995a.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Grazing impacts soil microbial communities by causing changes in plant composition and soil properties through trampling, defoliation, and urine deposition (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Excluding livestock trampling increased plant coverage, enhanced soil aggregate structure, and therefore facilitate the soil microbial activity and growth (Wang et al. , 2020). Thus, we interpret that the grazing exclusion provides more opportunities for different microbial species to interact with each other. However, the soil bacterial and fungal networks responded differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks are more sensitive and quick response to grazing exclusion than that of bacterial networks. This may be because bacteria grow faster than fungi, while fungi may have more limited dispersal because of their larger size (Dassen et al. , 2017). Fungal co-occurrence networks were characterized by high connectivity and low modularity, indicating low stability under grazing exclusion (Montoya, Pimm & Sole, 2006); while bacterial co-occurrence networks had weak interactions that suggest higher stability under grazing exclusion (Coyte, Schluter & Foster, 2015). We also found that changes in soil nutrient levels had positively associations with fungal networks. There is accumulating evidence that fungal communities were more responsive to sources of C and N than bacterial communities (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Zhang et al. , 2018). Grazing can promote root exudation and litter decomposition through defoliation and trampling, which can enhance the amount of C and N entering the soil (Bi et al. , 2018). In contrast, grazing exclusion would be reduced the soil C and N pools in low fertility ecosystems, as suggested by previous researches (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Sun et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by reducing the TOC, because more abundant members from fungal community were competing for limited niches (Lupatini et al. , 2014). The more connected interactions and increased negative correlations in fungal networks confirmed these findings (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Not only were fungal network affected more by TOC, but fungal network also showed negative links to vegetation change. Fungal communities have been found to be the first consumers of belowground input of plant-derived C (et al. , 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Within minutes of its injection fluorescence could be visualized throughout the smooth muscle layer of the arterial walls [70]. From this observation it was proposed that both the fluorescent dextran and the Aβ enter the smooth muscle layer near its end closest to the capillaries and move along the vessel wall towards the subarachnoid space with little further exchange between the smooth muscle layer and the surrounding parenchyma. However, it remains difficult to see how there could be sufficient driving force for movement through the extracellular matrix along the entire length, perhaps a millimeter, of the vessel (compare the discussion in Sect. 3. 2. 1) while at the same time movement over a 10- to 20-fold shorter distance perpendicular to the vessel wall is prevented. For a different viewpoint see [88, 95, 502,503,504]). There may be an alternative explanation. The higher observed density of dextran or Aβ within the extracellular spaces of the smooth muscle layer than in the interstitial spaces of the parenchyma [102] might suggest that it binds, reversibly, to some component of the extracellular matrix in the layer. There is in fact good evidence for interaction of the Aβ peptides with some components [505, 506]. If the high concentrations within the basement membranes of the layer reflect binding rather than some form of impermeant sheath, then it is not clear whether Aβ and the dextrans reach the sites of the binding by moving parallel to the vessel wall or by traversing it (see Fig. 21). If the latter, movements parallel to the vessel would be occurring via an extramural route that might have a much lower resistance to flow. Transverse movement has been observed for both horseradish peroxidase and 3H-leucine with large cerebral arteries [507], and no additional impermeant layer is known to exist around smaller arteries inside the parenchyma [98]. There is at present no compelling evidence to decide between the intramural and extramural routes for movement parallel to the vessels. Fig. 21Putative routes for periarterial efflux. In the intramural proposal solutes move parallel to the vessel wall along the basement membranes of the smooth muscle layer, shown as blue trajectories.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Evolutionary relationships among deepsea mytilids (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from hydrothermal vents and cold-water methane/sulfide seeps. 121: 477-485. 1995b. Extensive gene flow in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus. 124: 137-146. 2000. Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms. Microbiol 66: 651-658. 2000a. Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725-726. 2000b. Marine ecology: Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725. 1995. Intracellular coexistence of methano- and thioautotrophic bacteria in a hydrothermal vent mussel. 92: 9598-9602. 1991. DNA-DNA solution hybridization studies of the bacterial symbonts of hydrothermal vent tube worms (Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana). Microbiol 57: 1082-1088 Endow K, Ohta S. 1989. The symbiotic relationship between bacteria and a mesogastropod snail, Alviniconcha hessleri, collected from hydrothermal vents of the Mariana Back-Arc Basin. Ecol 3: 73-82 Endow K, Ohta S. 1990. Occurrence of bacteria in the primary oocytes of vesicomyid clam Calyptogena soyoae. 64: 309-311 Felbeck H. 1981. Chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (Vestimentifera). Science 213: 336-338. 1981. Calvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 291-293. 1997. Molecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts. 6: 268-277 Fiala-. 1986. Evidence of in situ uptake and incorporation of bicarbonate and amino acids by a hydrothermal vent mussel. J Biol and Ecol 96: 191-198 Fiala-Medioni A, Felbeck H. 1990.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 0010[beetle regulation;biodiversity;deadwood;ecosystem services;engineers;heartwood fungus;keystone species;saproxylic;secondary cavity nesters;woodpeckers]Woodpeckers are prominent examples of ecosystem engineers because they excavate cavities in woody plant tissue, transforming habitat in ways that create shelter for other cavity-dwelling organisms. While the potential keystone role of woodpeckers in cavity-nesting bird communities is well documented, less is known about the importance of their feeding activity. Many woodpecker species drill holes in wood and consume numerous saproxylic insects; and some create sap wells that provide a rich food source for other sap-feeding organisms. Through their cavity-excavating and feeding activity, woodpeckers likely contribute significantly to decomposition cycles, food webs, and biodiversity in forest ecosystems. As with most birds, however, the ecological impacts of woodpeckers have rarely been quantified in terms of the ecosystem services they provide. We discuss the ecosystem services provided by woodpeckers and point out knowledge gaps and research needs that must be addressed before full valuation of these services can be carried out. (pages 298 - 320)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0011[agricultural areas;agroforests;ecosystem services;frugivores;granivores;insectivores;nectarivores;omnivores;primary forests;species richness]Although most bird species avoid agricultural areas, nearly a third of all birds regularly to occasionally use such habitats, often providing important ecosystem services like pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal. Combining literature review with large-scale analyses of the ecological characteristics of the world’s birds, I compared tropical bird species that prefer forests, agricultural areas or both, with respect to body mass, diet, range and population size, frequency, conservation status, habitat and resource specialization. Compared to primary forests, species richness of large frugivorous and insectivorous birds (especially terrestrial and understorey species) often decline in agroforests. In contrast, nectarivores, small-to medium insectivores (especially migrants and canopy species), omnivores, and sometimes granivores and small frugivores do better, frequently by tracking seasonal resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: In both conditions the rate constant was larger for Aβ than for inulin (see Table 5). The interpretation of these differences in rate constants between wakefulness and sleep has been considered in some detail in [146] and will not be considered further here. Table 5 Rate constants for elimination of 125I-Aβ1-40, 125I-Aβ1-42 and inulin in miceFull size table The results of Shibata et al. [62], Iliff et al. [25] and Xie et al. [128] all imply that the rate constant of perivascular elimination, as estimated by the constant for inulin efflux, is considerably less than the rate constant of elimination by other means. Footnote 21 Roberts et al. [457] sought to compare rates of metabolism of Aβ with those of Aβ efflux. To do this they used values for: the turnover rate for Aβ [512]; the pool size for Aβ; the difference between Aβ concentrations in arterial blood and in venous blood leaving the brain; the cerebral blood flow and the rate of return of CSF to the general circulation. From these values they calculated that 25% of Aβ elimination was via efflux across the blood–brain barrier, 25% was via CSF and the remaining 50% was via metabolism. As discussed in [146] while the results of Roberts et al. do suggest that all of these mechanisms are involved, the fraction of Aβ leaving the brain across the blood–brain barrier may have been underestimated and could be as high as 50%. By contrast the fraction accounted for by metabolism may have been smaller than estimated. On balance the available data suggests a significant involvement in elimination of Aβ from the brain for all three routes of elimination: metabolism, net outward flux across the blood–brain barrier and net perivascular outward flux. 5. 7. 3 Estimating the value of the total clearance of soluble Aβ from ISFCalculating a clearance value for the elimination of Aβ from ISF is not straightforward as much of the Aβ in ISF is complexed with other solutes, e. g. apoE and clusterin. However, an estimate can be made if it is assumed that all the forms that are accessible to be eliminated are dissolved in the ISF and eliminated with the same rate constant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Autotrophic processes in invertebrate nutrition: Bacterial symbiosis in bivalve molluscs. 5: 49-69 Fiala--Danet AM, et al. 2002. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and immunological characterization of two populations of the mytilid mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: evidence for a dual symbiosis. 141: 1035-1044 Fisher CR. 1990. Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates. Sci 2: 399-436. 1987. The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels. 96: 59-71. 1992. Genetic differentiation between spatially-disjunct populations of the deep-sea, hydrothermal vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris. 114: 551-559 Fujio S, Imasato N. 1991. Diagnostic calculation for circulation and water mass movement in the deep pacific. J 96: 759-774. 1991. Biology: a Natural history of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. . 2003. Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea vent and cold seep clams (Mollusca: Vesicomyidae) of the 'pacifica/lepta' species complex. 142: 311-320. 2004. Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean. Microbiol 70: 3082-3090 Grassle JF. 1985. Hydrothermal vent animals: distribution and biology. Science 229: 713-717 Grassle JF. 1986. The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities. Biol 23: 301-362. 2001. Molecular evidence that Sclerolinum brattstromi is closely related to vestimentiferans, not frenulate pogonophorans (Siboglinidae, Annelida). 201: 65-75. 1989. Chemoautotrophic symbionts and translocation of fixed carbon from bacteria to host tissues in the littoral bivalve Loripes lucinalis (Lucinidae). 101: 305-312. 2004.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 1006463107. 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2011. 01611. x. 10. 1007/s00572-011-0379-x. 10. 5194/bg-9-2099-2012. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2006. 04. 038. 2. Ecol Lett. 2012;15:1042–1049 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2012. 01827. x. 10. 1007/s11104-008-9766-2. 10. 1016/j. mimet. 2004. 04. 001. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6941. 2007. 00375. x. 45. 10. 1111/j. 1462-2920. 2012. 02736. x. 10. 1186/1471-2148-8-50. 10. 1016/S0038-0717(02)00074-3. 10. 1093/forestry/50. 2. 113. 10. 1128/AEM. 01541-09. 10. 1038/nature10386. 10. 1038/ismej. 2012. 11. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2009. 10. 014. 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2008. 01245. x. 10. 1016/S0929-1393(03)00002-7. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6941. 2012. 01343. x. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2435. 2008. 01402. x. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2012. 10. 004. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2012. 04217. x. 10. 1007/s00374-010-0440-5. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2005. 09. 006. 10. 1007/s00572-011-0416-9. 10. 1111/1574-6976. 12001. 10. 1007/s00374-009-0413-8. 10. 1016/j. apsoil. 2012. 02. 017. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2010. 03324. x. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The volume of distribution for the total soluble Aβ, whether or not as part of complexes, will be that of ISF and thus the clearance can be calculated as rate constant × volume of distribution = 0. 05 min−1 × 0. 2 mL g−1 = 10 µL g−1 min−1. On this basis perivascular clearance, expected using the same assumptions to be about 1 µL g−1 min−1, may be about 1/10th as large, a small but still significant fraction of the total. In all of the preceding, the rates of elimination by various routes have been considered almost as if they are constant. However, reduction in the overall clearance and thus in the rates of elimination by some of the routes are likely to be very important in the development of Alzheimer’s disease [422]. In this regard LRP1 expression has been found to be reduced and RAGE expression increased with age [478, 513]. Similarly perivascular elimination has been found to decrease with age possibly as a result of decreased variations in the size of arteries and arterioles during the cardiac cycle [514] (see Sect. 3. 2). All of these changes will tend to increase Aβ ISF concentration and hence lead to increased formation of plaques and vascular Aβ deposits. 6 Maintenance of brain ISF compositionSome substances in ISF simply need to be expelled, others must be eliminated in a more controlled manner to allow a stable concentration. For most xenobiotics or waste products, the objective is simply to get rid of the substance and keep the extracellular concentration as low as is practical. However, for a number of substances, the objective is to achieve the proper balance between influx, production, consumption and elimination so that their ISF concentrations can be kept within an acceptable range. The objective in this section is to consider how control of ISF concentrations is achieved. There are several substances whose ISF concentrations must be kept within narrow limits to ensure correct neuronal function. Na+, Cl− and K+ are good examples. Regulation of Na+ and Cl− amounts and concentrations is inextricably linked to the control of extracellular fluid volume and intracranial pressure and is outside the scope of this review (for some discussion see [41]). The control of K+ and HCO3− ISF concentrations was considered in [4].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: The unique occurrence of species in certain areas reflects a general pattern of diversity found across the planet. As one travels away from a given point, so the environment tends to differ progressively and, as a consequence, the identity of species also changes. The greater similarity of points that are close to each other than those that are more distant is known as spatial autocorrelation [15], and may well lie at the heart of many of the most fundamental and familiar patterns in the distribution and abundance of organisms [16]. The change in species identity through space can be reflected mathematically using alpha-diversity—a measure of local diversity, beta-diversity—a measure of turnover among closely located sites, and by gamma-diversity—the diversity of the landscape [17]. Over relatively short distances beta-diversity reflects a suite of biological processes, such as environmental tolerances, and interspecific interactions, such as competition or predation, which lead to species replacement. At the much larger, gamma-diversity scale, the role of evolutionary history and its interaction with the geological evolution of a region tends to predominate, so often leading to wholly different biotas among regions, and endemism at high taxonomic levels [18]. More simply put, within Australia, one tends to find different species of wallabies and kangaroos replacing each other as one drives from Hobart to Darwin, whereas when driving from to Dar es Salaam (a similar distance) the turnover would be among antelope, given that marsupials are entirely absent from Africa. Naturally, there's some interaction among the regional and local scales, so accounting for variation in biodiversity patterns across the planet, such as the anomalously high richness and endemicity of plants at the south-western tip of Africa [3]. In a similar way, a notable feature of the Antarctic benthos is that endemism is generally high compared with other regions. In other words, the fauna is not only rich, but it is most unusual too [14]. In this issue of PLoS Biology, Rogers et al. [19] show that this is true also of the animals associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents, providing the first comprehensive assessment of such ecosystems in the Antarctic. Although the presence of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the region had previously been recorded, they had neither been comprehensively explored, nor thought to be home to a diverse vent fauna [20],[21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The two lineages are characterized by a largely well-differentiated spatial distribution along an altitudinal gradient, and tend to differ with respect to flowering phenology and the morphologies of leaves and fruits. Most hybrids, which are probably later generation of F1 individuals, tend to be distributed at intermediate altitudes between those of the two parental lineages. Collectively, these results would tend to provide evidence of a reproductive barrier between the two lineages, whereas interfertile hybrids occur incidentally. Ecological niche divergence has evolved between the NEA and SEA lineages NEA and SEA lineages in the DHS were found to show a clear pattern of spatial isolation, with NEA-DHS tending to be predominantly distributed at altitudes greater than 670 m, whereas SEA-DHS were found to be scattered at lower altitudes, with rare overlap between the two lineages. Nevertheless, despite the limited size of our study population, we believe our findings to be reasonably representative of the regional population, given that we sampled all accessible individuals along a 5-km-long, 20-m-wide transect, with only four or five inaccessible individuals being excluded from sampling. It is unconvinced whether inclusion of these latter unsampled individuals would change the established spatial genetic pattern. Moreover, consistent with the findings of the present study, 100 trees sampled during a preliminary survey undertaken in an area near the transect at an altitude of less than 650 m all proved to be SEA-DHS individuals (unpublished data). In addition, the trees of both lineages, as well their hybrids, appear to have a similar age structure, as indicated by DBH measurements, which for most individuals ranged between 26 and 45 cm (Figure S5), thereby tending to indicate a long persistence of the observed spatial pattern. We speculate that spatial isolation along altitudinal gradients may be common feature of Acer populations in North China. According to the findings of a previous phylogeographical study, the NEA and SEA lineages meet at an area to the North of Mt. Taihang and in the (Fig. 1b) 14. However, most Acer populations in comprise exclusively NEA or SEA lineages, with only two populations near the DHS showing clear evidence of more than one lineage. We believe that the apparent absence of any substantial overlap at the local scale can be ascribed to two overriding factors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Constant clearance avoids the disasters that could occur if the elimination rate could not increase with ISF concentration because then increased rate of input would produce progressively increasing concentration within the parenchyma. If close control of ISF concentration is required there must either be some means to reduce or prevent changes in input or the clearance must alter. When input is from plasma one way in which changes in input can be made less sensitive to plasma concentration is for the input mechanism to be operating not too far from its maximum rate, i. e. for the substrate concentration in plasma to be well above the Km for the input mechanism. However, the same limitation may apply to efflux as to influx, with the resulting changes in ISF concentration difficult to predict (e. g. for glucose, see Fig. 14 and 2. Increased pCO2 is associated with lower pH and stimulation of cerebral blood flow, which washes away the excess CO2 (see Sect. 5. 2), i. e. increased pCO2 increases the clearance for CO2. However, feedback control still requires that there be a change in the concentration to stimulate and maintain the process (see Fig. 24). Fig. 24(Figure reproduced from [4])Diagram illustrating possible schemes for neurovascular coupling, i. e. regulation of blood flow changes associated with nerve activity. Two forms of control are shown, a simple feedback based on the signal to be regulated, e. g. pCO2, and b feedback plus feed-forward. The feed-forward element, signal2, in b, possibly from astrocytes, allows blood flow to increase with smaller changes in the primary quantity to be regulated, signal1Full size image Closer control is possible with feed-forward regulation, in which the change in input itself or something closely linked to the input stimulates the change in clearance whether or not the concentration changes. In principle the control could be perfect if somehow a change in input rate could produce proportional change in clearance as indicated in Fig. 23a. It is now clear that increased brain activity, which increases production of CO2, increases blood-flow even without increases in CO2 concentration. This process, called neurovascular coupling [515, 516], is considered in more detail in [4] which can be consulted for further 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A full list of vent sites can be found on InterRidge's pages at: The base map is the NOAA global relief model ( Figure compiled by Aleks Terauds. makes the findings of Rogers et al. [19] so remarkable is that the communities of these vents, located at c. 56°S to 60°S along the Ridge (ESR) (Figure 1), are unlike those anywhere else. For example, hydrothermal vents along the Rise and Galápagos Rift are dominated by siboglinid tubeworms (mainly Riftia pachyptila), bathymodiolid mussels, alvinellid polychaetes, and vesicomyid clams. Along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, alvinocaridid shrimp (mostly Rimicaris exoculata) and bathymodiolid mussels are most common [25],[28]. vent sites are dominated by dense aggregations of a new species of yeti crab (Kiwa sp. , so called because of the dense arrangements of the setae on the ventral surface, or on the pincers), a new species of peltospiroid gastropod, a previously unknown Vulcanolepas stalked barnacle, several anemone species, and a predatory sea star. Taxa typically common at other hydrothermal vents, such as alvinocaridid shrimp, polychaete worms, and bathymodiolid mussels are absent [19]. Importantly, Rogers et al. 's [19] findings not only emphasize the unique nature of Antarctic biodiversity in a global context, but also draw attention to the fact that deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities show much more inter-regional diversity generally than has been found to date. The significance thereof lies especially with the microbiota that exploit these environments. Hydrothermal vents are found where sea water enters the underlying rock through cracks caused by ocean floor spreading, is then heated, and ejected back into the water mass. Typically, the main vent streams reach high temperatures (as much as 400°C), have acidic pH values of 2 to 3, and contain a range of metals and reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide [22],[30]. Because of the low temperature of the deep sea (c. 2°C, and 0°C to −1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant shoot architecture formation is regulated by plant hormones, especially auxin gradients, which are integrated into almost all aspects of plant growth and development [12, 13]. Shoot curvature is controlled by auxin, and increased auxin levels promote cell elongation at the bottoms of reoriented shoots, resulting in upward bending. Therefore, the genes involved in auxin transport and response, especially the polarly localized PIN-(PIN) auxin efflux carriers, play crucial roles in plant shoot formation [13, 14]. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport has been well recognized as being involved in the plant gravity response [3, 7, 15]. For example, after gravistimulation, PIN3 and PIN7 are relocalized towards the gravity vector and trigger changes in auxin flux [16]. Recently, several individual genes, such as LAZY1, LPA1, and WEEP, have been characterized and recognized as new factors involved in plant architecture regulation; these genes also depend on auxin and gravity signalling [17-23], indicating that gravity response and polar auxin transport play primary roles in plant architecture development. However, previous reports have mainly focused on model plants, and the mechanism of architecture development in woody plants remains largely unknown. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze), which is native to southwestern China, is a perennial evergreen woody plant in the family Theaceae [24, 25]. Its tender leaves and buds are processed as a beverage for drinking because tea leaves contain secondary metabolites that are healthy for humans, and tea plants are currently cultivated in over 60 countries around the world [26, 27]. Numerous studies have examined secondary metabolism and stress-response mechanisms in tea plants; conversely, tea plant growth and development processes, such as architecture formation, which is one of the key regulators of tea yield [28], tea processing and even ornamental value, remain to be revealed. Two tea plant cultivars, namely, C. sinensis var. Qiqu (QQ) and C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), both with zigzag-shaped shoots, were selected and planted more than 80 years ago and described in a previous study [28], but the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation remains unknown.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: From these and other studies, in order to support nervous activity it must be possible to increase the net flux across the blood–brain barrier by at least twofold within a few minutes. There are three important steps in the delivery of glucose: arrival in the blood; net transport across the blood–brain barrier; subsequent diffusion to the sites of hexokinase. At rest, the blood flow delivers 5–10 times more glucose than does the net flux across the blood–brain barrier into the parenchyma. As a consequence the glucose concentrations in arterial blood and the capillaries are similar, and increasing blood flow can only produce modest changes in capillary concentration and the net inward flux into the parenchyma. Both diffusion within the parenchyma and transport across astrocyte and neuron membranes have been found to be fast (see Sect. 5. 3). Thus the rate-limiting step in delivery of glucose to regions where it is required in the parenchyma is its transfer across the blood–brain barrier. Increased glucose consumption by cells within the parenchyma will reduce glucose cisf and so reduce glucose efflux, resulting in increased net inward flux. Because the Michaelis–Menten constant, Km, for hexokinase is so low, the concentrations of glucose inside the cells and in ISF can be reduced to values much smaller than that found during times of low nervous activity. The size of this effect can be seen in the data of Betz et al. [327] as described in 1. Both may be occurring. There are suggestions that these changes may result in large effects, but there is no clear evidence of which if any are important at the blood–brain barrier. With regard to GLUT1 recruitment to the cell surface, it can be detected not only on the luminal and abluminal membranes but also on vesicle membranes within the cytoplasm of brain endothelial cells [521]. Early studies on recruitment in a number of tissues were reviewed by Carruthers [328]. Subsequently it has been found that activation of AMP protein kinase (AMPK) by AMP when AMP is produced from ATP in response to nerve activity can in turn lead to recruitment to the cell surface.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 3°C in the case of the ESR vents), conditions are highly variable over very small distances in the proximity of vents, making the environment patchy, both thermally and chemically, so providing a rich diversity of habitats for archaea and bacteria. The only exception to the general pattern found so far has been the off-axis vents of the Mid-site. They are characterized by lower temperatures (<90°C), alkaline streams (pH 9–11), and a process known as serpentinization [31], and may, in consequence, provide unique insights into life's origins [30]. At the typical, black smoker–type deep-sea vents, many of the bacteria fuel primary production by obtaining energy from the oxidization of reduced sulphur compounds or methane [22],[30],[32]. The fact that bacteria are capable of doing so may not come entirely as a surprise, given their remarkable biochemical diversity. Rather, it is the metazoans that have proven extraordinary. When first examined, it was assumed that the animals occurring at the vents were heterotrophs, grazing on the abundant microbiota found at the sites. This is indeed one way, along with filter-feeding, that vent metazoans power their lifestyles [22],[27]. However, in other vent animals, groups of bacteria are found as chemosynthetic endosymbionts (i. e. , internally located) or episymbionts (located externally) [32]. Thus, these metazoans do not obtain their nutrients in a way that would be familiar to us, but rather derive all of their nutrition from the chemosynthetic symbionts. For example, the tubeworm R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system and depends entirely on its endosymbiotic bacteria housed in a special organ known as the trophosome. Other groups of organisms dependent on chemosynthetic symbionts include bivalve and gastropod molluscs, and shrimp and crabs. Although the bacteria examined by Rogers et al. [19] show high genetic sequence similarity to others typical of hydrothermal vent sites, the possibility of new forms of chemosynthetic relationships is highlighted by the presence of a variety of new vent metazoan species that may play host to such bacteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, the stems of tea plants with zigzag-shaped (QQ and LYQQ) and erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) shoots were collected and investigated for structural differences, transcription and metabolic regulation using section observation, transcriptome sequencing and metabolite detection, respectively, for the first time. In total, 46. 06 million reads were generated from nine samples, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and compared. A total of 2175 DEGs, including 998 upregulated and 1177 downregulated genes, were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to the erect shoots of MZ. The candidate DEGs, including genes associated with vesicular trafficking, cell expansion, transcription factors, and phytohormones and diverse genes involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, were seemingly related to zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plant. The results will contribute greatly to an improved understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in woody plants. ResultsPhenotypic characterization and stem ultrastructure analysis of tea plants with erect and zigzag-shaped shoots Under natural conditions, the trees of MZ, QQ and LYQQ can grow upward uniformly (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The leaves of MZ and QQ are flat, while those of LYQQ are folded inwards. In the MZ plant, the stems grew straight up, exhibiting normal shoot morphology; however, the shoots of both QQ and LYQQ tended to bend at each node and elongate in a zigzag fashion (Fig. 1a-c). Additionally, plants with zigzag-shaped shoots had shorter stems and fewer leaves than erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2a), and the internode distance (between two nodes) in plants with zigzag-shaped shoots was significantly shorter than that in erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2b). To precisely investigate the differences in zigzag-shaped stems at the ultrastructure level, we longitudinally dissected the stems of the and MZ tea plants. Observation of the stem longitudinal sections showed that the tissues were basically normal, but the cell arrangement and shape differed between zigzag-shaped and erect stems (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Further work is required before it will be possible to reach a definite conclusion whether or not there is a net inward flow along arteries and net outward flow along veins as proposed in the glymphatic hypothesis. Transport across the blood–brain barrier can occur by a number of different mechanisms (see Fig. 3). The simplest of these, appropriate for small molecules that are lipid soluble, is diffusion across the lipid membranes and cytoplasm of brain endothelial cells (Sect. 4. 1 and 5. 1), but it is almost certainly not the main route for the net inward flux of water into the brain because it is not the main route for net inward flux of Na+ or Cl− (see [4, 41]). The net inward flux of water, which occurs primarily at the choroid plexuses, together with the metabolic production of water, must balance the net outward flow of water as CSF and ISF are returned to blood and/or lymph. With the polar solutes Na+, Cl−, and mannitol the small fluxes that have been observed in tracer studies may be via a small “leak” through the tight junctions (Sects. 4. 1 and 5. 6 and 4. 2 and 5. 2 through 5. 6). Not surprisingly GLUT1, the transporter for glucose, is highly abundant in the endothelial cell membranes and glucose transport is rapid (Sect. 5. 3 and 6. 2. While lactate is also transported rapidly across the blood–brain barrier at low concentrations (Sect. 5. 4), during nervous activity lactate must to some extent either be transferred to inactive regions within the brain or be effluxed to CSF or lymph. Amino acid transport (Sect. 5. 5) is more complicated in that there are many different amino acids that are to some extent inter-convertible by transamination. Furthermore there are many different transporters with differing but overlapping substrate p5. 5. 6). The largest fluxes of amino acids across the blood–brain barrier measured using radiotracers are for the large neutral amino acids. However, these occur via a system that mediates obligatory exchanges of amino acids without resulting in an overall net flux (Sect. 5. 5. 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Further exploration of these kinds of relationships, in newly characterized vent sites such as the ESR, might well reveal additional biochemical diversity, providing compelling reasons for on-going investigations. The benefits of such research are clearly illustrated by the recent discovery of hydrogen oxidation (so eclipsing human pretensions to the first hydrogen economy) in symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and probably other vent organisms (R. pachyptila and the shrimp R. exoculata) [33]. Several other redox reactions are plausible for, but as yet undiscovered in, vent systems [22]. The hydrothermal vent communities found at ESR site E9 differ in a further, significant way to most others. They are protected by the Convention on the Conservation of () ( and by the [34]. Nonetheless, both sites E2 and E9 are included within the Zone claims of the UK and Argentina [35]. Whilst sites north of 60°S remain the subject of dispute, competing claims for areas south of 60°S are essentially frozen under the [34]. includes rational use, it was established within the System specifically for the conservation of Antarctic marine ecosystems. While several hydrothermal vent systems elsewhere are included within marine protected areas, those in international waters enjoy no such conservation status [36]. Why should such protection be important for systems located so far below surface waters? In addition to their extraordinary ecosystems, deep-sea hydrothermal vents are characterized by an abundance of metal sulphides that precipitate out from the black smokers [37]. At the site off the coast of Guinea, deposits are thought to contain c. 7% copper by weight compared with levels a tenth as much found in copper mines on land [38]. In consequence, of Canada intends to start mining these deposits in 2013. Although the environmental impacts at this particular site will, apparently, be well managed, interest in mining deep-sea hydrothermal vents is likely to increase [37]. Indeed, the Authority ( approved, in July this year, four new applications for exploration of polymetallic sulphides associated with hydrothermal vents. The applicants will restrict activity to inactive sites, which do not play host to typical, living vent communities [29], but much concern has been expressed about the potential for damage to sites in international waters in the absence of an agreed and effective conservation policy (Figure 1) [37],[38].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In the long-proboscid psychopsoids herein reported, we were unable to identify the presence of pollen grains attached to any specimen. Furthermore, we lack data on chemical compounds from mouthparts and digestive system for diet estimation. However, based on known life histories of modern lacewings, as well as the pollination habit of long-proboscid kalligrammatids, these long-proboscid amber lacewings are more likely to be pollinators feeding on nectar and possibly pollen, rather than hematophages or piercing-sucking herbivores. Remarkably, the proboscides of these amber lacewings are definitely among the shortest of mid-Mesozoic insect pollinators with haustellate or siphonate mouthparts. The temporarily formed proboscides of Fiaponeura gen. nov. and Burmopsychops gen. nov. are ~1. 0 mm in length, while in Cretanallachius the proboscis is considerably shorter (~0. 4 mm). In previous studies, candidate host plants for mid-Mesozoic pollinator insects with proboscides ranging from 0. 9 to 1. 8 mm in length were inferred to be Pentoxylaceae, which have a diminutive micropyle and salpinx tube (2 mm maximum length by 0. 1 mm diameter) and lineages of Bennettitales with surface accessible ovules25. Conversely, the distance and width of the conduit from the aperture entry to the pollen chamber was much greater in other plant lineages reported in mid-Mesozoic pollination mutualisms, such as Caytoniaceae, Cheirolepidiaceae, Czekanowskiaceae and Gnetales27. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that a pollination mutualism existed between the small-sized long-proboscid lacewings from the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and the above mentioned co-occurring plants (i. e. Pentoxylaceae and Bennettitales) with relatively shallow-seated pollen-receptive areas. However, it is noteworthy that angiosperms were also present in mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar and different types of angiosperm flowers, some of which are small-sized, are known in this deposit though they are still poorly identified24,29,30.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 19)Footnote 23 system A: transport system for alanine and other amino acids, transports MeAIB; system ASC neutral amino acid transporter; system L: large neutral amino acid transport (4F2hc/Lat1 in the rat), transports BCH; system N: Na+-linked transport system for large N rich amino acids, e. g. glutamine, see SNAT; system x −c : cystine, glutamate exchange (mediated by 4F2hc/xCT); system X −AG : possible glutamate transport in luminal membrane; system y+: amino acid transport mediated by CAT1 at blood–brain barrier; system y+L: possible transport of neutral amino acids; ASCT2: Na+-dependent transporter for neutral amino acids (system ASC); ATA2: Na+-linked transporter—alanine preferring (system A); ATBo,+: neutral and basic amino acid transporter; CAT-1: cationic amino acid transporter 1; EAAT1, EAAT3: excitatory amino acid transporters 1 and 3 (abluminal membrane); Na+-LNAA: Na+ linked large neutral amino acid transporter (unknown gene); SNAT3: transporter for N rich amino acids (e. g. glutamine) linked to Na+/H+ exchange; 4F2hc/Lat1: heterodimeric transporter for large neutral amino acids, obligatory exchanger. 9. 4 Other transporters and enzymesBCRP: breast cancer resistance protein; gdh: glutamate dehydrogenase; GLUT1: glucose transporter 1 (not Na+-linked); g. s: glutamine synthetase; MCT1: monocarboxylate transporter 1; MRP1, MRP4: multidrug resistance proteins 1 and 4; OAT, Oat: organic anion transporter in HUMAN or other species; OATp, Oatp: organic anion transporting polypeptide in HUMAN or other species; OCT, Oct: organic cation transporter in HUMAN or other species; Pgp: p-glycoprotein; SLC (as in SLc22a8): gene name for a solute carrier (gene for Oat3); t. a: transaminase.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 6. 5 [11]. Basin vents are also highly unusual in faunal composition with many new species and numerous others that do not occupy nearby regional vents (e. g. , vents; [11, 13, 14]). Included in this group of unusual fauna was a very abundant white sea anemone (up to 68 individuals m−2 in some areas) that occurred in and amongst the siboglinid tubeworm Oasisia aff. alvinae, often very near to actively venting fluids (Fig. 1, [11]). Fig. 1Locations and in situ images of the actiniarian Ostiactis pearseae. a Location of Basin (SPB) vent fields Auka (in b) and JaichMaa ‘ja’ag (in c). Inset shows the location of SPB at the mouth of the Gulf of California between the tip of the and mainland Mexico. b Auka vent field samples and chimneys (samples symbolized as in c). c JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field samples and chimneys. Maps in b and c are at the same scale. All are in UTM Zone 12N. Legend shows the sample types. Maps a, b, and c show 1-m resolution bathymetry collected by mapping AUVs (owned and operated by the Institute). Color ramps show the depth ranges. d–f Specimens of Ostiactis pearseae collected from both vent fields (shown as yellow squares in b and c), indicated by arrows. g An individual O. pearseae near to the chemosynthetic tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinaeFull size imagePreviously, several unidentified Actiniaria (sea anemones) were reported to be quite depleted in tissue δ13C values (− 33 to − 38‰ [11, 15]), compare to anemones that feed via traditional suspension feeding or prey capture. This evidence, along with their unusual life position and abundance in zones of active fluid venting, hinted at their possible nutritional reliance on chemoautotrophic carbon production, as opposed to traditional suspension feeding or prey capture via cnidae; however, the specific details were not explored further.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Я убеждён, что эти организмы имелись на суше не только в течение раннего протерозоя, но и раньше" [1, с. 332, 333]. Эти утверждения в такой степени конфликтуют со сложившимися к настоящему времени представлениями о колонизации суши растениями, что для дальнейшего рассмотрения затронутой темы требуется сделать несколько общих замечаний.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: NotesThe limitation of movements from cisterna magna towards the IIIrd ventricle occurs presumably because the volume displaced in the to and fro fluid movements through the cerebral aqueduct [7, 602] is too small for efficient transfer of solutes. More movement occurs in the opposite direction as a consequence of net flow. However, (personal communication) has pointed out that simulation of the convective mixing in the IIIrd ventricle and aqueduct indicates that the transient jet of fluid entering the IIIrd ventricle from the aqueduct in each cardiac cycle (see the sub-figures for 0. 2 T and 0. 3 T in Figure 8 of [8]) is as long as the aqueduct itself implying that some transfer from the IVth to the IIIrd ventricle should occur. The data reported by Ringstad et al. [15] indicate that gadobutrol added to lumbar CSF does reach the IIIrd ventricle in control patients, but at a low concentration, while the concentration seen in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is substantially higher. This is consistent with the view that the net flow through the aqueduct is normally from IIIrd to IVth ventricle but in communicating hydrocephalus it is reversed in direction (for 4. 2. 2–4. 2. 5 in [41]). The effects of diffusion across the ependyma lining the ventricles are usually restricted to regions close to the ventricles [21, 25, 603,604,605]. However, in the presence of oedema or in the immediate aftermath of infusion of even quite small amounts of fluid into the parenchyma [129] flow across the ependymal layer lining the ventricles can be substantial (see e. g. [129, 606, 607]). Rosenberg et al. [65] investigated the penetration of sucrose from the ventricles into the parenchyma during ventriculo-cisternal perfusions. In grey matter they found concentration profiles in the parenchyma consistent with simple diffusion. However, in white matter the profile was altered as if there were a 10 µm min−1 flow of ISF towards the ventricles that countered diffusion into the tissue. Flow at this velocity could move solutes as far as a millimetre in 100 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Here, by combining microbial community profiling, ultrastructural analysis via microscopy, and stable isotope measurements, we document the only known species of chemosynthetic sea anemone at vents deep in the Gulf of California, identified as Ostiactis pearseae (previously known only from whalefalls [5]). This dense population of O. pearseae likely receives nutritional supplementation of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur via intracellular bacteria within the SUP05 clade, housed in their epidermis, albeit direct evidence of nutrient transfer remains outstanding. ResultsActiniaria of various morphotypes were observed to be one of only a handful of dominant animal species in both the Auka vent field [11, 12] and the newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field, both within ~ 2 km of each other in the Gulf of California (Fig. 1). A conspicuous white actiniarian species represented a significant fraction of the animal community and was collected from 5 vent edifices in zones of active venting, in the immediate vicinity of the obligate vent tubeworm, Oasisia aff. alvinae (Fig. 1). Several other sea anemones (by morphotype) were observed and collected near these same sites, usually in areas of less active fluid flow (Table 1). The white actiniarian morphotype was identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], based on anatomical, cnidae, and DNA sequencing of preserved polyps. Basin populations of O. pearseae showed slight differences in morphology and cnidae to the description of specimens from the type locality and, thus, an amendment to the species diagnosis is provided. Table 1 Sample locations within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, along with dive information, depth, and specimen descriptions for Anthozoa other than Ostiactis pearseaeFull size tableOstiactis pearseae species diagnosis - AmendmentEhrenberg, 1834Haeckel, 1896Hertwig, 1882Rodríguez et al. 2014Carlgren, 1893Rodríguez et al. 2012Rodríguez et al. 2012Ostiactis pearseae Daly & Gusmão, 2007(Figs. 2 and 3, Table 2; Additional file 1: Table S1) Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: По моему мнению, и классическая трактовка освоения суши растениями, и концепция С. В. Мейена нуждаются в существенной корректировке. Совершенно очевидно, что до появления первых высших наземных растений суша не была безжизненной. Её населяли наземные бактерии, а в зоне литорали и зоне захлёста морских волн могли вполне успешно существовать одноклеточные и многоклеточные нитчатые водоросли.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The relative lack of consideration of the choroid plexuses is not meant to suggest that the only important function of the choroid plexuses is to secrete CSF. The choroid plexuses are the "obvious" best route for transfer to or from the blood for anything that is intended to act on regions of the brain close to the surfaces of the ventricles or that is produced in those regions for actions elsewhere in the body. They must also be considered for transfer into the brain of anything that is needed neither quickly nor in large quantity such as Ca2+, Mg2+, micronutrients and some hormones. Finally they should be considered as a potential pathway for drug delivery to the brain via CSF [36]. While the tight junctions have a very low permeability to Na+ and Cl−, the passive influx or efflux of these across the blood–brain barrier may still be primarily paracellular as proposed by Crone [151]. However the passive influxes are almost equal to the passive effluxes and the net fluxes for Na+ and Cl− across the endothelial layer may be determined primarily by the mechanisms for transfer through the cells (see Section 5. 6 and Sections. 4. 3. 4 and 4. 3. 5 of [4] for further discussion). It is clear that extramural, fluid-filled perivascular spaces can exist, because large p0. 6 µL g−1 min−1 or more as discussed above) and the largest flow that could have been missed by Smith et al. [79] would be very welcome. Compared to the change in rate of efflux of inulin, Xie et al. [128] observed a much larger change in the rate of delivery of dextran from the cisterna magna to the parenchyma: 20-fold less influx when the mice were awake compared to when they were anaesthetized. Benveniste et al. [613] have also observed increases in delivery of a gadolinium chelate with anaesthesia. However, Gakuba et al. [147] using another gadolinium chelate, Evan's blue and indocyanine green have observed that anaesthesia greatly reduces the spread of the markers into the parenchyma from the cisterna magna. It is not yet clear how to reconcile these results (see also [426]).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Position of Ostiactis pearseae specimens from vent communities is highlighted in the orange box; the position of an additional sea anemone (unidentified morphospecies Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) is indicated by the light orange box. Bootstrap resampling values are indicated by black circles; only support values > 80% are shownFull size imageTable 2 Size ranges of the cnidae capsules of Ostiactis pearseae [5]. N total number of capsules measured. S ratio of number of specimens in which each cnidae was found/number of specimens examined. F frequency, +++ = very common, ++ = common, + = rather common, * = sporadicFull size tableDiagnosis: (amended after [5, 7], modifications in italics). Ostiactinidae with basilar muscles and mesogleal marginal sphincter. Body with well-developed base. Column not clearly divisible into scapus and scapulus; scapus without cuticle, maybe with scattered demarcated suckers distally; column without cinclides or with a distal row of round papillae with inconspicuous cinclides. Tentacles regularly arranged, not thickened on the aboral side. Six pairs of perfect and fertile mesenteries, hexamerously arranged, not divisible into macro- and micro-cnemes. Same number of mesenteries proximally and distally. Retractor muscles weak but restricted. No acontia. Some populations with chemosynthetic bacteria in tentacles. Cnidom: Robust spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, and p-mastigophores A and B1. Ostiactis pearseae had been previously collected only in deep-sea waters (2800 m depth) of the Eastern Pacific, at a whalefall habitat in [5]. Newly collected specimens are from deep-sea waters (3655–3692 m depth) associated with Basin hydrothermal vents (Diane’s vent) in the Gulf of California (Pacific Ocean). Intrapopulation variability in morphology was observed in the Ostiactis pearseae specimens (Fig. 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: However, the ecological context and the hypotheses to elucidate an overall pattern beyond what previous studies have found are not clearly stated. In addition, the network analysis presentation disregards the hosts' functional traits and lacks ecological relevance. The assigned morphological characteristics of the species are not specified and could be biased. The PCO is not discriminated by functional traits (or factors), so observing grouping by sponge functional patterns is impossible. Overall, the discussion of the manuscript lacks the ecological context and background on sponge morphology (incorrect assignments for many species), sponge-host interactions and fails to support the conclusions. The discussion travels too far from the data. It does not focus on what the data prove or demonstrate how the obtained results expand previous knowledge or support and challenge previous paradigms. In addition, the manuscript's English language and writing style needs improvement. Experimental design The experimental design (how many studies and from which locations were finally used for this specific metanalysis? ) is not specified. How many records of host species were assessed per location? What is the bias in terms of replication? Please include this information in the methods. Also, the tables in the with associated fauna and records should be merged, and a column with the location for each study should be included. Validity of the findings PCO figure should be discriminated by functional traits (i. e. , morphology). The network, patterns, and major contributors to the network structure are poorly explained. Overall, the results do not clarify how host-guest interactions vary based on functional groups; what are the major patterns? And how it varies across species. Figure 1. This figure refers to all the records obtained by the network and is not specific to the records used in this study after filtration. I suggest correcting this figure and including only the records used in this study after the data was filtrated (many records come from the same authors, so that you could add numbers or color-code per author). Also, adding the replicates (n= the number of host-species interactions) per location can help to understand the contribution of the studies and the number of records per location. Figure 2- This figure, as it is, lacks the most relevant information related to the functional characteristics of sponges. To explicitly show the functional characteristics of sponges and how they connect to specific hosts, sponges should be divided by functional characteristics such as 1. generalists and specialists, 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: It is also unclear whether the effects of sleep/wakefulness/anaesthesia on influx of markers are mediated primarily in the subarachnoid spaces, in the perivascular spaces or within the parenchyma (see Section 2. 4 in [146]). The polar headgroups of lipid membranes produce a large dipole potential (membrane core positive) which favours permeation of anions over cations (see e. g. [529, 614,615,616,617,618,619]. None of the descriptors that are suitable for describing neutral molecules can be expected to allow the LFER approach to be able to cope with this difference. It is thus not at all surprising that when Abraham came to consider charged molecules explicitly, he found it necessary to introduce descriptors that allow for the charge on the molecule [168]. One difficulty encountered when attempting to correlate permeability and lipophilicity for ions is that it is only possible to measure Kn-octanol/water for neutral combinations of ions. This is an example of the consequences of the Principle of electroneutrality (see Section 6. 1. 2 in [4] for another example and further discussion). This difficulty could be avoided by measuring partition into unilamellar liposomes, lipid bilayers or biological membranes rather than into a hydrophobic solvent, because with these systems the counterions can remain in the aqueous phases. However, while partition into membranes has been measured, there has not been any attempt to correlate these measurements with blood–brain barrier permeability (see e. g. [161]). Both the Oat and Oatp transporters appear to be exchangers. oocytes transfected with Oat3, influx of labelled p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) or estrone sulphate was found to be coupled in some way to movement of glutarate, and probably other dicarboxylates, in the opposite direction, i. e. there was trans-stimulation of transport [620]. Interestingly however, influx of labelled estrone sulphate, was not stimulated by increased internal concentration of estrone sulphate, or PAH, i. e. there was no "self" trans-stimulation [236]. transporters the exchange has different properties.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: All molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on the concatenated mitochondrial 12S rDNA, 16S rgenes, and partial nuclear 18S rDNA gene, were congruent and revealed a well-supported clade comprised of specimens of Ostiactis pearseae from and the type locality of (Fig. 3). DNA sequences from the specimens were identical to the population for 3 of the genes analyzed and only differed from the type locality by 1-bp for the 16S rDNA gene. Ostiactis was recovered within Metridioidea, as sister to a weakly supported clade formed by deep-sea Actiniaria and those associated with chemosynthetic environments (e. g. , clades Deepsina + Chemosynthina, as part of the family Kadosactinidae, sensu [7]), a relationship consistent over different studies (e. g. , [7, 16,17,18]). Most representatives from these two clades are characterized by the loss of acontia (filament-like structures packed with nematocysts), the presence of which is a major synapomorphy for Metridioidea. The other actiniarian morphotype included here, identified as Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B,’ was recovered (only mitochondrial sequence data available for this specimen) sister to Alvinactis chessi, a sea anemone inhabiting hydrothermal vents in the southwestern Pacific (Fig. 3; [6]). Isotope signatures of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero BasinTissue stable δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S isotope values were significantly different for Ostiactis pearseae than other anthozoans at the vent fields (ex. zoanthids; Fig. 4a). For example, O. pearseae had δ13C tissue values of − 29. 1 ± 4. 6‰ (− 40. 1 to − 24. 3‰, n = 9), while the others measured − 20. 6 ± 2. 7‰ (− 25. 4 to − 15. 5‰, n = 10; ± 1 SD; ANOVA p = 0. 0001; Fig. 4a). Similarly, O. pearseae had much more negative δ15N tissue values of 1. 6 ± 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Hence, after substituting and shortening, here is the Biot-Savart formula for calculating the magnetic field induction inside the sphere (metal core) as the following rationalized form: d B Т Т l o w = 3 μ 0 μ r I l o w d R i 4 π R Σ 2 or B Т Т l o w = 3 μ 0 μ r I l o w R Σ 4 π R Earth 2 sin α (13) where R Earth is the Earth’s radius, R Σ is the metal core radius. In its turn, the magnetic field on the Earth’s surface for the lower mantle spherical layer can be calculated with considering the thickness of that layer ΔRD, which is denoted as d R D in (12). B Т Т t o p = 3 μ 0 μ r I t o p Δ R D 4 π R l m 2 sin α (14) The heat Q, which is produced in the lower mantle Vlm because thermocurrents interact with active resistance of this mantle’s ores. It can be found from the following formula [23] : Q l m = 1 σ j 2 V l m Δ t (15) where j is the current density in the lower mantle, A・m−2; σ is the lower mantle’s electroconductivity Sm−1; Δ t is the time of producing heat for 31,536,000 c (year); V l m is the volume of the lower mantle’s spherical circle. All the calculations for the lower mantle, including the used constants, are tabulated to Table 1. As seen from the table, the value of the magnetic induction B T T t o p on the Earth’s surface is ~4. 62 × 10−6 T, which is much lower than the really measured for the same terrestrial conditions В 0 = 3. 4 × 10 − 5 T. The heat Q, which is produced in the lower mantle volume and determined by thermocurrents Itop, is 2. 84 × 1014 J per year (2. 84 × 1021 erg per year), and this is much lower than the thermal heat loss of the planet per year, which is determined by the value of 3 × 1021 J per year (3 × 1028 erg per year). 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: For instance for Oatp1a4 (Oatp2) expressed in Xenopus oocytes suspended in low bicarbonate solution, increased concentrations of a variety of solutes present inside the cells, including taurocholate, glutathione, and glutathione conjugates, stimulate influx of labelled taurocholate [621]. However, when Oatp1a4 is expressed in a HeLa cell line suspended in bicarbonate buffered solution, the influx of taurocholate seems to be coupled to efflux of bicarbonate [622]. This coupling with bicarbonate has been confirmed using a number of different Oatp transporters expressed in CHO cells [623]. Exchangers are able to perform secondary active transport by coupling the downhill transport of one solute to the uphill movement of the other. Thus the demonstration of uphill transport from brain to blood might correspond to abluminal secondary active transport into the endothelial cells driven by an outward gradient of something like glutarate or glutathione or to luminal primary active transport out of the endothelial cells via an ABC transporter or to both. For instance PAH may be taken up into the cells by secondary active transport via Oat3 and subsequently expelled from them by primary active transport via an ABC transporter, possibly MRP4 [560]. Further work is required to establish the interplay of the effects of the various transporters. TfR has been shown to be accessible to antibodies on both surfaces of the endothelial cells [280, 624]. This suggests that transferrin could bind to or dissociate from TfR on either side. Furthermore there is effective transfer across the blood–brain barrier of low-affinity antibodies to TfR [625], which strongly suggests that there can be transcytosis of substances bound to the TfR. In terms of one current conceptual model (see Figure 1 in [280]) there are two possible fates of transferrin and iron after endocytosis. In the first fate, holo-transferrin is exocytosed across the abluminal membrane as in the original hypothesis. However the current consensus is that relatively little holo-transferrin is in fact exocytosed on the brain side [262, 279,280,281,282, 626,627,628].

Output: contrast