Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: These factors, diet in particular, could potentially explain differences between findings from the Italian and Irish cohorts. As such, these and other relevant factors necessitate the continued study of the microbiome across populations. Notably, data from the cohort revealed an interesting potential association with physical frailty as evidenced by differences among older persons living in long-term care and/or rehabilitation facilities compared to community-dwelling peers [73]. These differences were also associated with several systemic markers of inflammation including IL-6, IL-8, CRP, and TNF-α. The association with frailty in the cohort was recently demonstrated more formally along with concordant findings from 728 female twins enrolled in the [41]. These findings were similar to those from a prior small cohort of older adults from [74]. Thus, available data suggest that the gut microbiome may play at least some role in the development of physical frailty among the elderly. Similarly, early findings now suggest that gut dysbiosis may contribute to age-related declines in cognitive function. Cattaneo et al. recently reported that brain amyloidosis and peripheral inflammation among cognitively impaired elders was associated with the abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory gut microbiota [42]. Indeed, brain amyloid content and circulating inflammatory analytes were positively associated with the inflammatory bacteria taxon Escherichia/Shigella and negatively associated with the anti-inflammatory E. rectale taxon. To my knowledge, these are the first data directly linking the gut microbiota to age-related cognitive decline, though numerous studies in other models (e. g. , Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, animal models of Alzheimer’s disease) exist to indicate a well-defined gut-brain axis which could contribute to age-related dementias [62, 75, 76]. Given the dramatic public health implications of understanding and intervening upon age-related dementias, continued research in this area seems highly warranted. Etiology of age-related changes in the microbiomeThe precise etiologic explanation for these age-related changes remains incomplete. Across the age-spectrum, dramatic increases in the use of antibiotics and increasing pervasiveness of a high-saturated fat and high-sugar “western” diet are proposed to directly contribute to the depletion of important beneficial components of the microbiome [50, 77].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: While there is some evidence that non-native plants offer resources to birds and pollinator communities in cities (e. g. , Schlaepfer et al. 2011; Baldock et al. 2019), there is also ubiquitous evidence that non-native plants drive population declines of native species, even of common suburban birds (e. g. , Narango et al. 2018), and particularly drive declines in insect populations (e. g. , Tallamy et al. 2021). Additionally, although pollinating insects may use non-native plants, they still often prefer native pollen and nectar resources (Williams et al. 2011). To examine the difference between native and non-native plants for supporting faunal diversity, we reviewed literature that compared plant-animal interactions such as pollination/flower visitation, herbivory, frugivory, nesting, or preferential occupancy in native and non-native plants in urban areas. Plants in urban greenspaces are critical providers of ecosystem services including food provisioning (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021), improving air (Schlaepfer et al. 2020) and water quality (Nelson 2011), nutrient cycling (Ferreira et al. 2021), oxygen production (Riley et al. 2018), carbon sequestration and storage (Horn et al. 2015), mitigating the urban heat island effect (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021), and augmenting human health and wellbeing (Potgieter et al. 2017). Vegetation also offers cultural benefits such as enhancing sense-of-place and aesthetics (Castro-Diez et al. 2019). Both native and non-native plants provide ecosystem services (Sjöman et al. 2016), but non-natives may also contribute to more to biotic homogenization (McKinney 2002) as well as increased ecosystem disservices such as disease vectoring (Juliano and Lounibos 2005), allergenicity (Nentwig et al. 2017), increasing fire frequency (van Wilgen 2012), and loss of revenue (Pejchar and Mooney 2009), among others (Potgieter et al. 2017) compared to native plants. For this section of our review, we surveyed papers that compared the contributions of native and non-native plants to ecosystem services in urban areas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Персональные данные Пользователя Администрация сайта может использовать в целях: 4. 1. 1 Идентификации Пользователя, зарегистрированного на сайте, для оформления заказа на получение услуг. 4. 1. 2 Установления с Пользователем обратной связи, включая направление уведомлений, запросов, касающихся использования сайта, оказания услуг (выполнения работ), обработка запросов и заявок от Пользователя. 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: In turn, these changes contribute to chronic activation of the immune system and a dramatic rise in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders. These two factors also represent key modifiable health factors which may contribute to exacerbated dysbiosis among older adults. In the of America, rates of antibiotic prescription actually dropped from 2000–2010 among children and young to middle-aged adults [78]. In contrast, prescription rates increased among older adults with the most dramatic increases seen among persons ≥80 years of age [78]. Additionally, rates of antibiotic prescription have risen substantially in recent years in residential care facilities [79]. These trends may at least partially explain age-related changes in the microbiome, particularly those observed in the cohort among residents of long-term care facilities. Similarly, age-related changes in nutrient intake may also contribute to late-life dysbiosis. It is well-recognized that diet is one of the primary contributors to gut health. Advanced age is associated with deterioration in various aspects of nutrient intake and absorption including dentition, salivary function, digestion, and intestinal transit time [73, 80]. Sensory changes, including taste and smell, may also alter the appetite making certain foods unappealing and thus altering eating habits [81]. It is possible that these changes contribute to dysbiosis though it may be more likely that altered immune responses to “inflammatory” foods among older adults may exacerbate microbial changes. Another prominent possibility is that chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems due to immunosenescence contributes to an altered bacterial composition in the gut. Such an affect may manifest at least partially due to known increases in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in advanced age [82] as HPA-mediated inflammatory stress responses are known to induce to both immune dysregulation [83] and dysbiosis [84]. Conversely, however, it remains possible—given the known inflammatory effects of dysbiosis—that changes to the microbiome due to other factors (e. g. , diet) exacerbate inflammation and altered immunity. Thus, it is presently difficult to decipher the temporal relationship between these changes. Furthermore, this known interplay suggests a tantalizing hypothesis that the processes of immunosenescence and dysbiosis may in fact be interdependent. Moreover, physical changes to the intestinal epithelial barrier may play a role in dysbiosis and age-related inflammation. Jakobsson et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: There is ubiquitous evidence that non-native plants reach high population densities in urban areas, often attributed to traits that enable these species to be successful, such as tolerance to novel urban environmental conditions (i. e. , heat, soil pollution, drought, disturbance), dispersal strategies, and competitive ability (e. g. , Kendle and Rose 2000; Aronson et al. 2007; Cadotte et al. 2017). Because of this evidence, some argue that plants should be assessed for fitness in urban plantings on the basis of performance rather than origin (Davis et al. 2011). However, evidence to the contrary can also be found citing natives as better at growth and survival (Worrell 1992; Jones and Evans 1994; Kendle and Rose 2000). For this section of our review, we examined studies that tested the physiological performance of native plants or compared native and non-native plants in urban areas to determine whether differences exist in response metrics such as growth, fitness, and survival. Some horticulturalists contend that because urban habitats are novel ecosystems, with interacting native and non-native species mixes, plantings of non-native ornamental species, particularly non-invasive species, increase overall urban biodiversity and are not harmful to native ecosystems. Certainly, not all non-native plant species become invasive, so planting species of exotic origin does not necessarily lead to invasions. However, our ability to predict which species will become invasive is poor, and often there are long lag times between introduction, extensive use of a species in horticulture, and invasion (Kowarik 1995). This review extends our understanding of the differences among native and non-native plants in urban horticulture and points to critical research needs for increasing global urban biodiversity. MethodsSearches, selection criteria and paper categorizationThe methodology for conducting this review was based on the Items for and Meta-(-P) Statement (Sarkis-Onofre et al. 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Создания учетной записи, если Пользователь дал согласие на создание учетной записи. 4. 1. 4 Обработки и получения платежей, оспаривания платежа. В целях дополнительной защиты от мошеннических действий указанные Пользователем персональные данные могут быть переданы платёжной системе, осуществляющей транзакции по оплате оформленных на Сайте заказов; 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: previously demonstrated that the composition of the gut microbiota is directly related to the leaky gut [85]. Recent evidence suggests now that intestinal permeability may increase with age. Man et al. [86] recently demonstrated that, compared to younger adults, ileal tissues from older adults demonstrated increased IL-6 concentrations that were accompanied by increased intestinal permeability as a result of elevated claudin-2. These data provide novel evidence from humans indicating the likelihood of a “leaky gut” during advanced age whereby the intestinal barrier preventing harmful substances from reaching the bloodstream is permeated. The leaky gut is well-associated with inflammatory bowel conditions but is now being proposed as a contributor to a wide variety of health conditions [87, 88]—with particular interest in a gut-brain axis which regulates the blood brain barrier [61, 62, 75, 76]. Though somewhat speculative at present, it is possible that the leaky gut is a primary source of inflammation long-observed within the circulation. Studies in Drosophila have reported that age-related changes in the microbiome increase intestinal permeability [89] and drive chronic inflammation [90]. More recently, Thevaranjan et al. [91] were the first to our knowledge to publish work from mammals directly supporting this hypothesis. Using germ-free and conventionally raised mice, this group reported that the germ-free animals did not display an age-related increase in systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, co-housing germ-free with old—but not young—conventionally raised mice increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [91]. Anti-TNF therapy also reversed age-related microbial changes. These data are the strongest to date suggesting the critical role of gut changes in driving age-related inflammation and provide a solid backdrop for continued investigation in this area. Potential intervention strategiesThough additional research is certainly needed in this area, the aforementioned data do suggest that interventions designed to target the gut microbiome may be capable of producing beneficial effects on age-related inflammation and overall health. To date, research on such interventions is as limited as that on the aging microbiome in general. Still, within this small evidence base are some intriguing and promising findings that support the concept of intervening upon the microbiome. Interestingly, some of the most promising strategies are not truly “gut-specific” but rather well-known interventions which are increasingly recognized to have beneficial effects on the gut microbiome.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: This area, known as the Ecosystem, is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. Anyone is welcome to visit the and take part in the – where volunteers can record pollinator activity and contribute to the ongoing data collection. and May are interested in how well this small area of restored sandhill ecosystem might support pollinators, in comparison to a larger natural area. Sandhill is surrounded by an urban ecosystem of residential, business and university campus areas. The ability of this and any small, isolated fragment of semi-natural habitat to support insect life depends upon its ability to provide suitable habitat for a diversity of species of plants and insects. The contrast to this fragment is the (DeLeon Springs, Florida), north of the campus, which is more than 5700 hectares of semi-natural habitat. This covers a variety of ecosystems including sandhills, and the plant understory of the sandhills is made up of many native flowering plants that attract many native pollinators. This means that the pollinators visiting the can be compared to the pollinators visiting the sandhills of to determine if the same number and species of pollinators are present in the urban ecosystem as in the larger natural area. Plant-pollinator interactions The pollinators we are most familiar with are bees, though other insects including wasps, butterflies, beetles, and flies are also common pollinators. Insects visit the flowers to access the nectar and pollen as a food source, and in the process carry pollen between plants. Some plants, referred to as ‘specialists’, are only pollinated by one group of insects (for example, they may only attract flies, or have the pollen situated such that only bees can collect it), and others may be ‘generalists’, meaning that any insect that visits the flower can collect or deposit pollen. To compare pollinators, two plants were selected that were present in both the Ecosystem and the – one generalist and one specialist. The two areas differ in the plant species present, due to a variety of factors including the maturity of the ecosystem and the soil quality, but Bidens alba (B. alba; a generalist) and Chamaecrista fasciculata (C. fasciculata; a specialist) were present in both ecosystems and are common in dry areas of Florida. C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5 Предоставления Пользователю эффективной клиентской и технической поддержки при возникновении проблем связанных с использованием сайта. 4. 1. 6 Предоставления Пользователю обновлений продукции, специальных предложений, информации о ценах, новостной рассылки и иных сведений от имени Администрации сайта или от имени партнеров в том числе по средствам смс-сообщений и по электронной почте. 4. 1. 7 Осуществления рекламной деятельности. 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: For instance, dietary habits appear to be one of the biggest drivers of gut health and microbiota composition [92,93,94]. Specifically, adherence to a high-fat diet commonly seen in Western cultures appears to be one of the driving factors in gut dysbiosis [95, 96]. Accordingly, interventions such as caloric restriction and/or implementing a Mediterranean-style diet may hold promise for balancing the gut microbiome [97, 98]. Moreover, studies exist to suggest potential benefits to specific dietary choices and/or nutritional supplements including (but not necessarily limited to) coffee [99], resveratrol [100], quercetin [100], and/or other polyphenol compounds [101]. Interestingly, many of these strategies have previously been purported to have anti-inflammatory and/or healthy aging properties. These new data suggest that perhaps influences at the level of the gut may be at least partially responsible for these purported benefits. However, studies are needed that specifically evaluate the influence of dietary changes on the gut microbiome and other health parameters among older adults. Similarly, physical exercise is a clinically recommended intervention with well-established health benefits which is now purported to have important benefits on the gut [102,103,104,105]. Recent studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that aerobic exercise provides a variety of beneficial effects on the gut including enhancing epithelial membrane integrity [106], increasing microbial diversity [106,107,108,109], and attenuating intestinal inflammation [106, 110, 111]. However, few human studies in this area have been published to date. Recently, Clarke et al. [112] recently reported that professional athletes (rugby players) displayed a higher diversity of gut micro-organisms compared to age-matched controls. However, extensive additional findings from humans—particularly in the form of longitudinal intervention studies—are needed to confirm these beneficial effects. Moreover, to my knowledge, no studies (human or animal) have evaluated the influence of exercise on the gut microbiome in late life. Additionally, questions remain regarding the effects of exercise modality and if these observed effects are specific to aerobic exercise compared to resistance training. Perhaps not surprisingly, dietary supplementation with probiotics also appears to be among the most promising interventions for re-balancing the gut microbiome. Well-known actions of probiotics include antimicrobial activity, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and immunomodulation via actions on a wide variety of immune cells [113].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Educational programs in cities raise awareness of coexistence with urban wildlife. [SEP] Text: Our results also suggest that vervet monkey groups that receive more aggression from humans may spend more time being vigilant whilst feeding and therefore human-aggression acts as a time constraint, supporting recent studies on urban macaques (Kaburu et al. 2019a, b; Marty et al. 2019a). Although our negative human incidents results imply that increased aggression towards vervet monkeys will reduce foraging, the use of aggression as a management plan should be avoided because of welfare concerns. In the effort to improve human-primate cohabitation, research and management are collaboratively taking a step towards identifying prevention and reduction strategies rather than promoting direct aggression which may encourage an antagonistic human-wildlife relationship. Additionally, prior research has highlighted the complex relationship between costs and benefits of urban foraging in vervet monkeys, indicating that if vervet monkeys have access to high value anthropogenic food, then despite human-aggression, their time spent foraging would increase (Thatcher et al. 2019b). As human populations increase, an enhanced understanding of urban wildlife ecology and consistent terminology is critical. As has been acknowledged throughout this paper, the definition of natural food for wildlife living in the anthropogenic landscape needs consideration, and we suggest moving forward “semi-natural food” should be used within urban ecology to refer to managed vegetation. Additionally, refined terminology will allow for easier cross comparisons between studies. Researchers should be mindful of our definition of semi-natural food when applying the results to other anthropogenic studies. Finally, it should be acknowledged that the measure of semi-natural food used in this study was a retrospective measure and therefore not a precise representation of vegetation available during behavioural observations. Proper phenological assessments, such as that recommended by Marshall and Wich (2013), should be considered before implementing the findings of this study for management. ConclusionsOur data can be used to suggest multiple management strategies, focusing on seasonal trends in food availability, both anthropogenic and semi-natural. It should be noted that before implementing any management strategies that may alter foraging patterns of wildlife, further research is needed on potential fitness costs that may have further consequences for the human-wildlife relationship, such as disease transmission or reduced nutrient availability. Data provided clearly highlight vervet monkeys apply a flexible foraging strategy to increase calorific intake and reduce associated negative costs of human-wildlife cohabitation in the urban landscape.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 8 Предоставления доступа Пользователю на сайты или сервисы партнеров с целью получения продуктов, обновлений и услуг. 5. СПОСОБЫ И СРОКИ ОБРАБОТКИ ПЕРСОНАЛЬНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: In line with these established mechanisms, studies among older adults have demonstrated beneficial effects of probiotic preparations on gut microflora composition [114,115,116] and systemic immunity [116,117,118]. van Beek et al. also recently reported that 10 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 prevented age-related decline in the colon mucus barrier in a mouse model of accelerated aging [119]. Probiotics have also been proposed to potentially have anti-inflammatory properties [113]. Such an effect seems plausible given the effects of probiotics on the immune system. To date, several studies have investigated this potential anti-inflammatory affect with the overall effect appearing to be modest [116, 118,119,120,121,122]—though more definitive research in this area is certainly warranted. More research is also needed regarding the ability to utilize probiotics as a vehicle to deliver other therapeutic compounds. Indeed, genetically modified probiotics have been purported as highly promising treatment strategies [123,124,125] as they offer a potentially efficacious method to deliver drugs or other therapeutic proteins with precision and a higher degree of site specificity than conventional drug regimens [126]. For instance, Steidler et al. previously reported on the utility of Lactococcus lactis as a vehicle for delivering IL-10 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [127]. Elsewhere this strategy has been proposed as a potential method of delivering antihypertensive therapeutics [128, 129]. Given the relative infancy of this field, however, the overall body of literature in this area is sparse. Future studies are certainly warranted on the potential utility of genetically modified probiotics in the treatment of age-related inflammation and associated diseases. ConclusionsAs the population ages across developed nations worldwide, the need for healthcare solutions to ease the burden of age-related diseases grows. Treatments for chronic inflammation represent a particularly promising strategy given the observation of inflammation in “healthy aging” as well as nearly every age-related disorder or disease. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome may represent a novel site of intervention for the prevention and/or treatment of late-life inflammation. A variety of biologic, medical, and lifestyle factors appear to contribute to gut dysbiosis in late-life, and interventions specifically designed to target these factors may be useful in restoring microbial balance and attenuating inflammation (Fig. 3).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: (3) Sequencing eDNA of all vertebrate animals present in water samples (including invasive fishes that prey on amphibians) will allow me to compare the 1000’s of eDNA sequences with public databases (and our lab’s new sequences of Atelopus) to determine which species of Atelopus and other animals are present at each site. Endorsed byAs coordinator of the Initiative, I proudly endorse this groundbreaking project to conserve Harlequin Toads, the jewels of the creeks and forests of the Neotropics. By leveraging advanced eDNA technology, this initiative offers an accurate method that can revolutionize conservation strategies, benefiting not only the toads but also broader biodiversity efforts. Join Daniel, Andrew and the ASI in our mission to rediscover lost species and safeguard the future of these highly threatened amphibians and their vital ecosystems! outstanding project comes from a well-known group of herpetologists working to understand the conservation status and distribution of a critically imperiled group of animals. I strongly recommend this project and will be thrilled to contribute to their efforts that will help build capacity in to save the incredible harlequin frogs. Their connections with the Initiative will ensure that this project's impact will help advance goals for the whole region. and work was started in November 2022 and continues through September 2023. Each trip lasts ≥4 days per locality where Atelopus species have been reported. We have conducted field trips in and Tolima. After 4 field trips, we will send the filters to a specialized eDNA laboratory in Germany for processing. This will result in a species list of all vertebrates leaving DNA in our streams, including Atelopus. Data analysis and writing will run from October 2023 to January 2024Jul 28, 2023Project launchedJul 28, 2023Social media campaignAug 16, 2023Project LaunchedAug 29, 2023Travel to Choachí where A. lozanoi has been recordedSep 08, 2023Travel to Sibaté where A. subornatus has been recordedShow more eventsSep 13, 2023Post pictures from field trips in this platformSep 18, 2023Travel to Risaralda where A. quimbaya has been reportedSep 26, 2023Post a lab note with our findings thus farSep 27, 2023Travel to Santander where A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Обработка персональных данных Пользователя осуществляется не дольше срока, отвечающего целям обработки персональных данных, любым законным способом, в том числе в информационных системах персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации или без использования таких средств. 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Still, much remains to be unraveled as it relates to the influence of the gut microbiome on age-related inflammation—particularly as it relates to the potential efficacy of gut-directed interventions. Thus, this field appears to offer great opportunities for aging-related research. I look forward to continued investigation in this area as it has the potential to yield tremendous breakthroughs for improving the health and quality of life of older persons. Fig. 3Simplified schematic outlining the potential relationships among health risk factors, gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and age-related disease—as well as potential interventions for attenuating gut-associated inflammationFull size image AbbreviationsCRP: C-reactive protein HPA: Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal IL-6: Interleukin 6 IL-8: Interleukin 8 SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids TLR: Toll-like receptor TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha 52. 22. PubMed 8. 111. 18. 30. 29. 91. 23. 6. 30. CAS PubMed 8. 7. 8. 22. 300. 34. 10. 11. CAS PubMed 71. 8. 80. 8. 72. 70. 41. 54. 21. 33. 8. 61. 12. 35. 99. 9. 9. 97. 33. 25. 82. 8. -016-0262-7. 8. 9. 48. 90. 93. 91. 29. 42. 41. 41. 43. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1282–6. 53. 70. 46. 9. 7796. 5. 7. 8. 1480. e12. 23. 41. 97. 6. 30. 1202. 56. 5. 0667. 12. 91. 84. CAS PubMed 42. 17. 102. 94. 2010. BMC Med. 2014;12:96-7015-12-96. . Reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the residential care setting: current perspectives. Aging. 2014;9:165–77. PubMed Pub9. 13. 9. 83. 6. 77. 27. 9. 31. 67. 33. 466. e4. 6. 51. 98. -015-9817-6 Epub 2015 Sep 14. 84. 20. 21. 40. 95. 60.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: Bd is known to have caused the global extinction of at least 90 species, affecting mostly upland species. This may be because the higher the altitude, the greater the risk of extinction, primarily because the geographical ranges of species tend to be more restricted in upland areas. Thus, this infection is one of the major factors contributing to the loss of species diversity and abundance of amphibian populations. Another possible cause of the decline of atelopus is the introduction of invasive species such as the rainbow trout, which is why the detection of vertebrates, as well as knowing the diversity at each sampling site, makes it possible to establish a possible relationship or causality in the decline of the toads, associated with invasive species. Looking for the presence of Bd/invasive species in streams could potentially provide a 1) reason to explain the possible absence of Atelopus in these streams or 2) help in planning mitigation activities in the event that both Atelopus and Bd or invasive species are recorded. I will carry out this project in conjunction with Red de Conservación de Ranas Arlequín de Colombia (ReCRAC), a group of people working to improve the conservation status of harlequin frogs. With the support of this network, I will link local communities with their frog fauna and raise awareness of the importance of conserving and protecting amphibians, as well as reinforcing Atelopus as a symbol for conservation through positive results. Also, as a member of the ASI (Initiative), a collaborative, coordinated regional effort to implement substantial, long-term, wide-ranging conservation measures to prevent the extinction of harlequin toads. ASI connects and fosters collaborations between more than 100 members from over 50 organizations in 13 countries. All efforts to save harlequin toads from extinction will be joined both nationally and internationally. Thus, conservation measures generated from projects such as this one will be the basis for mitigating the threats to this unique group of amphibians. Project Backers65Backers101%Funded$3,039Total Donations$46. 75Please wait. . .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Пользователь соглашается с тем, что Администрация сайта вправе предоставить персональные данные третьим лицам, в частности, курьерским службам, организациями почтовой связи, операторам электросвязи, партнерам исключительно в целях оказания услуг. 5. 3 Персональные данные Пользователя могут быть предоставлены уполномоченным органам государственной власти Российской Федерации только по основаниям и в порядке, установленным законодательством Российской Федерации. 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Journal of the Oral Microbiomeof the and Diseasethat Influence SpreadBeyond the Mouth: 4 Hypotheses of to the Brainof NeurodegenerationCaused by Spread of BacteriaConcluding Remarks1830. This can most likely be attributed to the newly developed means of food production including machinery as well as new preservatives to extend the shelf life of foods [8]. It was at this point that the once absent cariogenic bacteria actually became the dominant species resulting in a large decrease in bacterial biodiversity in the oral cavity. Research suggests that this shift in diversity and prevalence of cariogenic bacteria is one of the primary causes of 92% of adults having tooth decay in their lives and half of American adults having chronic periodontal disease [9]. Linked with diet, poor oral hygeine has a profound influence on the oral microbiome. Common observances noted among patients with poor oral hygiene include, a high plaque index, generalized cervical calculus, rampant caries, halitosis, and low salivary flow [10]. These clinical findings are closely tied to long-term acidification. Without proper care and clinical treatment, these factors cause the pH of the oral environment to fall below a pH of 5. 0. This decrease in pH causes particular bacteria to dominate the oral microbiome. More specifically, members of the genus Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Campylobacter, and Actinomyces all increase inviability in the mouth without proper oral care. These forms of bacteria are mainly from the yellow, green, and purple complex of subgingival microbiomes. These groups are early colonizers of the tooth surface, and their growth typically precedes the predomination of gramnegative orange and red complexes [11]. The next factor that impacts the oral microbiome is antimicrobial use. With the exponential growth of the human population we have needed to just as quickly adapt our food production styles. One way we have chosen to make this adaption is through the use of antimicrobials and pesticides. From this increased exposure to avoparcin and other antibiotics, some bacteria have developed partial or complete immunities to certain drugs such as vancomycin or chemicals in human saliva [12]. Because of this immunity, some types of bacteria housed in the oral microbiome have flourished, increasing in number. Depending on the bacteria, this can be either a good or bad thing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the AI for Challenge Grant. Browse more projectsHow can studying Black-Dog communication inform interspecies design to facilitate conservation efforts? and Dennis FerraroBacked by and 2 other backers of Nebraska-LincolnOgallala, NebraskaBiologyArt and DesignDOI: 10. 18258/54979Grant: AI for Interspecies Communication$4,460Raised of $3,957 Goal112%Funded on 1/06/24Successfully Funded$4,460pledged112%fundedFundedon 1/06/24? How does this work? (2)a prairie dog observation structure located in Ogallala, Nebraska, overlooks a Black-Dog colony cohabited by rattlesnakes and burrowing owls. A keystone species, prairie dogs support 42 species but have experienced a human-caused 99% population decrease. With recording equipment, BLIND will broadcast prairie dog vocalizations to visitors. Data collected will promote conservation efforts to visitors and inform interspecies design-a multiperspective design approach. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? The decline in prairie dog populations can be attributed to a lack of understanding among humans about the vital role these species play in their ecosystem. We can consider a shift in human perspectives through engagement to prevent further depletion of prairie dog populations by studying communication between species, which can foster cross-species empathy. Research suggests that incorporating interspecies design is valuable in mitigating biodiversity loss and moving away from human-centric practices currently dominating the design field. This shift toward a more inclusive model is essential to transition from mere observation to creating a space that facilitates design and conservation, benefiting prairie dogs and their ecosystem. What is the significance of this project? Prairie dogs, recognized as keystone species,are vital to their ecosystem and the consequences of declining populations impact the many species they support, as smaller colonies hinder access to essential resources. In Ogallala, scientists have documented notable adverse effects on other species, including the Prairie Rattlesnake. Human and AI data may offer valuable insights into conservation and interspecies design methods. This work benefits Black-Dogs and the 42 species dependent on them. Furthermore, the BLIND initiative aims to give the public a unique opportunity to engage directly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 При утрате или разглашении персональных данных Администрация сайта информирует Пользователя об утрате или разглашении персональных данных. 5. 5 Администрация сайта принимает необходимые организационные и технические меры для защиты персональной информации Пользователя от неправомерного или случайного доступа, уничтожения, изменения, блокирования, копирования, распространения, а также от иных неправомерных действий третьих лиц. 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: One example is the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. These two infectious bacteria have developed resistance to antimicrobials which is one potential reason that Staph infection rates have increased significantly in the past decade [13]. European countries have already taken action to slow the development of resistance, removing avoparcin from their animal feed in 1997 [14]. Despite the best efforts by governments to slow this process, antibiotic resistance in oral bacteria seems to be an unavoidable end with new research indicating that in addition to exposure to pesticides, the process of aging itself correlates to an increased resistance exhibited in certain oral bacteria [15]. The final factor that impacts the oral microbiome is lifestyle. Because of the dynamic nature of the oral microbiome, short term changes in factors such as body temperature, neurotransmitter levels, and respiratory rates can account for fluctuations in bacterial richness. One experiment performed by Kupchak et al. in 2017 investigated the impact that completing a 164-km cycling event had on the types and quantities of bacteria present [16]. They found that while there was no significant change in diversity, the abundance of certain types fluctuated, specifically an increase of Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes. The bacterial phylum Firmicutes have been extensively studied and it is well documented that individuals with diabetes tend to have higher abundance of this phylum compared to other oral microbiota [17]. However, it is undetermined as to whether this increase of Firmicutes is a potential cause of diabetes or just a byproduct of the disease. Another key factor relating to lifestyle is oral hygiene. Although extensive work has yet to be performed on this topic, research like this provides viable evidence that lifestyle plays a much larger role than we once thought. of the MicrobiomeThere can be a negative connotation associated with oral bacteria, suggesting that the roles they play are all negative. However, there have been recent ideas that describe humans as a supraorganism which is made up of both the human body and its microorganisms [18]. Rather than viewing all these bacteria as parasites feeding off their human host and causing disease, we should instead consider some of them as symbiotic maintainers of our homeostatic state. A few of these benefits of microbiota include immunological priming, down-regulation of excessive pro-inflammatory responses, regulation of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, and colonisation by exogenous microbes [19].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: (530 KB) EPUB (354 KB) Machines: Modernization of 169-190 View access options study applies theoretical perspectives from urban, environmental, and organization studies to examine if “smart growth” represents an ecological restructuring of the political economy of conventional urban development, long theorized as a “growth machine” (Molotch, H. (1976) The city as growth machine: Toward a political economy of place. of Sociology, 82, 309–332; Logan & Molotch, 2007); the purpose is to determine if there is a “smart growth machine. ” smart growth projects (SGPs) in four cities in California and Oregon were identified and semistructured interviews were held with the respective developers, architects, and civic officials involved in their implementation process. Comparative, descriptive, and grounded approaches were used to generate themes from interviews and other data sources. findings suggest that an ecological modernization of urban political economy occurs through the coordination of entrepreneurial action, technical expertise, and “smart” regulation. Individual and institutional entrepreneurs shift the organizational field of urban development. Technical expertise is needed to make projects sustainable and financially feasible. Finally, a “smart” regulatory framework that balances regulations and incentives is needed to forge cooperative relationships between local governments and developers. This constellation of actors and institutions represents a smart growth machine. author questions whether urban growth can become “smart” using an original study of nine SGPs in four cities across California and Oregon. 190. (199 KB) EPUB (135 KB) of Sustainability and Governmentality: of the Development of a Food and Strategy for Edmonton, 191-214 View access options purpose of this 2013. Three data gathering techniques were employed: participant observation, semi-structured interviewing, and document analysis, and the data was analyzed using a grounded theory approach that including coding for themes and triangulation. We also draw on the work of critical sustainability scholars to outline the propensity for innovative work on local food initiatives to follow the same development path as many urban sustainability initiatives that foreclose political debate and reinforce the status quo. research data reveals that despite initial progressive changes in municipal policy, promising innovative food system planning, in the end Edmonton’s city council were largely driven by a development agenda.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 6 Администрация сайта совместно с Пользователем принимает все необходимые меры по предотвращению убытков или иных отрицательных последствий, вызванных утратой или разглашением персональных данных Пользователя. 6. ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬСТВА СТОРОН 6. 1 Пользователь обязан: 6. 1. 1 Предоставить информацию о персональных данных, необходимую для пользования сайтом. 6. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Microbiota play an essential role in the development of adaptive immunity. The human immune system is under constant exposure to outside viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens that could cause sickness and immune responses. Humans and the microbiota in the oral cavity have evolved together in service for each other. These bacteria, like any other bacteria that humans come in contact with, have the potential to elicit an immune response [20]. However, because the human body has adapted to accommodate this microbiota, no such response is shown in healthy individuals. This idea is reinforced in a study where patients with primary immunodeficiencies (lacking in their well adapted immune system) suffered from infections caused by common microbiota found in human skin and mucosal microbiome [21]. Extensive research has been done on the microbiota present in the gut and its specific effects on immunity. One example discusses the interaction of bacteria with Th17. These cells are essential in the production of IL-17 a key part of the proinflammatory response [22]. The adhesion of specific gut microbes to intestinal epithelial cells is a cue for the induction of Th17 cells, and thus of the eventual immune response cascade [23]. Although less extensive work has been performed pertaining to the oral microbiome, it is plausible to suggest that similar response pathways can be triggered via bacteria in the oral cavity, and future studies will undoubtedly bring this idea to fruition. The formation of biofilms along the gingiva in the mouth exemplify the competitive exclusion principle seen in population biology. This principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist at constant population values. Therefore, biofilms of microbiota are taking up space that other potential bacterial tenants would need to colonize [24]. For this reason, the coevolved bacteria act as a force field preventing dangerous bacteria from taking up residence in our bodies. Additionally, the native bacteria S. mutans has been found to produce peptides that inhibit the biofilm formation of Candida albicans, a pathogen that could potentially cause oral fungal infections [19]. In this way, the microbiota not only act as a physical barrier, but also a chemical one (Table 1). Historically speaking, the commensal bacteria in the oral cavity were well adapted to the diets of ancient humans, allowing for the effective digestion of meals. Bacteria in the phylum Ruminococcaceae were associated with good health and were found in high frequency [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: Originality/value In discussing both the successes and remaining challenges for Edmonton, this case study offers instructive lessons for many municipalities about key factors required for moving urban sustainability forward, specifically with respect to capitalizing on the innovative integrative functions of food for organizing communities and building capacity but also in moving beyond technocratic systems of management and planning to advance a paradigm shift toward building urban food security. 214. (486 KB) EPUB (333 KB) Línea Verde, an in Aguascalientes, 215-237 View access options purpose of this 237. (356 KB) EPUB (84 KB) Barriers to Sustainability: of Labor in 239-263 View access options Cuban urban agriculture is important because empirically investigating existing, innovative projects geared toward sustainability can illuminate the processes that facilitate and inhibit environmental reform. I assess the social costs and benefits, achievements, and ongoing challenges at one urban farm. I highlight the interconnection of societal institutions – including gender relationships and gendered economic structures – that can foster or undermine sustainability projects. My analysis of the social dimensions of environmental problems is based on Ariel Salleh’s theoretical work. She argues that women’s invisible reproductive labor mediates paid labor by maintaining the viability of such labor. My contribution is to add an empirical dimension to her work. assess the challenges of urban sustainability, I spent two months conducting participant observation and semi-structured interviews with workers at an urban farm in Havana, Cuba. find that culturally prescribed gender divisions of labor are entrenched in Cuban urban agriculture. Women continue to do most of the important, yet unacknowledged, domestic work that maintains the health of agricultural labor. Additionally, the heavier burdens women experience during the second shift restrict their ability to participate in local democratic decision-making processes, thereby limiting their capacity to modify oppressive cultural norms and maintaining the status quo. just environmental change does not automatically happen when the barriers of capitalism are removed, even if the society bases economic progress on increasing quality of life rather than profit. Instead, socially just environmental change must be a deliberate process that is constantly negotiated, reassessed, and prioritized. 263. (218 KB) EPUB (60 KB) it Means to Orleans? after 267-287 View access options hit on August 29, 2005, the category 3 storm’s surge caused nearly every municipal levee to break leaving 80% of the city flooded.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Обновить, дополнить предоставленную информацию о персональных данных в случае изменения данной информации. 6. 1. 3 Пользователь имеет право отозвать согласие на обработку персональных данных, путем направления уведомления Оператору по адресу электронной почты: info@editorum. ru. 6. 2 Администрация сайта обязана: 6. 2. 1 Использовать полученную информацию исключительно для целей, указанных в п. 4 настоящей Политики конфиденциальности. 6. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, these well adapted bacteria are present in much lower frequencies in humans today, most likely due to our change in diet. Research is still being performed to determine current roles that high frequency bacteria play in digestion, although it is suspected to be large. The bodies first line of breaking down carbohydrates comes in the form of salivary amylase. This liquid is made up of digestive enzymes in addition to a few other chemicals. Recent findings show that in addition to the body’s natural digestive enzymes, the commensal bacteria aid in the digestion including extraction, synthesis and absorption of many nutrients and metabolites [23]. One such case is the reduction of nitrate to nitrite. This is carried out by anaerobic bacteria through the production of nitrate reductase enzymes [26]. This nitrite will subsequently play a key role in cardiovascular health, acting as a strong vasodilator and antimicrobial agent. More generally, bacteria all along the gastrointestinal tract have been associated with the production of bile acids which are important factors in the digestion of fatty acid chains [25]. While research is still examining more specific roles of modern day oral bacteria, it is likely that they have continued to co-evolve with us humans as our digestive needs have shifted. Table 1: Health benefits associated with a healthy oral microbiome. Microbiome and DiseaseDespite the coevolution of these bacterial species and their numerous health benefits, modern diets and dental habits have greatly impacted the oral cavity and an influx of negative bacteria have claimed the territory as their home. The increased exposure humans have to heavy metals, disinfectants, and antibiotics have led to the positive selection of bacteria with resistances to such compounds [27]. While not all these newly adapted bacteria brought an onset of dental problems, a significant number did such as Streptococcus mutans being able to outcompete other oral bacteria species and becoming one of the leading causes of tooth decay [28]. Oral and periodontal diseases (caries, chronic and aggressive periodontitis, mucositis, and gingivitis) are associated with changes to the microbiome, specifically prevalence of anaerobic bacteria within the flora [29]. Most diseases are rarely caused by a single bacterium, but rather a combination of species or complexes. Gingivitis simply refers to the inflammation of the gum tissue. It tends to be acute and fairly manageable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: 5 Figure 1 Total municipal solid waste generation by material, 2012 © US EPA. Hence, The EPA promotes applications that decrease the amount of waste through recycling, compositing, and waste prevention. 5 Global awareness and action on environmental problems considered the major issue of environmental pollution, which have brought about sustainable green design and eco-friendly goods through environmental resources. 3,30,4 Typically, there are two types of recycling, upcycling and downcycling. 32,11 Upcycling is widespread amongst art designers in every area of the globe. 31 Generally, recycling is downcycling that downgrades a quality of a substance. 11 In contrast, upcycling elevates value through customizing materials and art. 31 In addition, upcycling is characterized with a “design and make” ability that results in conventional products as well as recreated products with a higher value in the end. 31 Major components are paper, plastic, rubber, textile, and food scraps. This paper discusses upcycling as one of the ways to recycle products as a sustainable 297. 5million tons in 2015. 34 On top of this, to reduce the environmental pollution caused by plastic, there are several artists who made art works using plastic water bottles. In a flood of plastic consumption, converting waste into a recreated art work will be a valuable up-cycling. For example, Maryellen Croteau, are portrait artists who transform found materials into new artworks in Images 1-3. Images 4-6 show ways to use recycled plastic water bottles in real life. The artistic works of plastic bottles use a sculpture technique by cutting plastic bottles into flower shapes, as in the flowerpots in Image 4. 2 are artists of planting and gardening, using plastic bottles to display in homes and stores (Image 5). 3 Other creative artworks to use plastic water bottles are seen in Rod Pujante's (Image 6). 4 They developed the use of cutting and heating techniques to make decorations with waste plastic bottles. These plastic waste materials breathe in the art of life, therefore, reborn into beautiful artwork. Definitely, these artworks will be rewarding for donors who donated waste to be recycled but now turned into eco-art for the public to enjoy. Image 1 A large scale self-portrait, 728x546 Croteau ©. Image 2 Einstein, Collage from found materials, 2011, 70cm x 50cm by ©.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Обеспечить хранение конфиденциальной информации в тайне, не разглашать без предварительного письменного разрешения Пользователя, а также не осуществлять продажу, обмен, опубликование, либо разглашение иными возможными способами переданных персональных данных Пользователя, за исключением п. п. 5. 2. и 5. 3. настоящей Политики Конфиденциальности. 6. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: In addition to the oral diseases, the oral microbiota has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Diseases such as periodontitis and dental caries previously discussed can stimulate an inflammatory response in the body, eventually leading to low-grade systemic inflammation [35]. This inflammation can easily travel to the blood vessels, which have been previously shown to have a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. As discussed earlier, mounting evidence suggested that the blood brain barrier (BBB) is inadequate to protect the brain from circulating infectious bacteria from the oral cavity. Moreover, upon entry to the brain, oronasal and periodontal bacteria do not elicit the normal inflammatory responses such as meningitis and encephalitis to a noticeable degree to the host body, and therefore the accumulation of neuronal insult, as well as the natural onset of immunosenescence leads to the prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, associated with oral and periodontal diseaserelated bacteria. Normal oral bacteria metabolize components of the food that we eat and release compounds that are then absorbed into the bloodstream. This metabolism-based relationship between the bacteria and the host requires a significant amount of immune tolerance on the part of the host to bacterial secretions. The tolerance provided by the host, however, presents a substantial risk to bacterial entry to the bloodstream and subsequent translocation to body areas where oral bacteria would be detrimental to the surrounding environment. Additionally, mounting evidence has shown that protective barriers, of particular importance to this review, the Blood-(BBB), are inadequate to prevent this spread of bacteria, leading to significant risk of neuronal insult from oral and periodontal diseases. that Influence SpreadVan Velzen, Abraham-Inpijn, & Moorer published a review in 1984 in which they determine three mechanistic links between bacterial load increase due to periodontal and oral disease and systemic diseases elsewhere in the body, otherwise known as focal infection [36]. Each pathway presents a potential initiating factor for circulation of oral bacteria throughout the body, leading to its deposition in distant organs. These three pathways are:1. Metastatic infection due to transient bacteremia 2. Metastatic inflammation due to immunological injury 3. Metastatic injury due to microbial toxinsIt should be noted that there may be other substantial mechanisms of focal infection, but research has not illuminated these pathways yet.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: These twisted recycled water bottles were also treated with gold plating. Apply gilding glue and gliding gold leaf to the edge of LED (Image 24) (Image 25). Image 24 Procedures: Plastic drinking bottles and detail photo. Image 25 Procedures: LED light. Closure of the dress: For a closure, the empress dress was opened in the center front of the dress. Ten sets of size four nickel-plated brass snap buttons were used for an effective way of finishing. All of snap buttons were attached using fishing wire by hand sewing (Image 26). Image 26 Procedures: Empress dress. Developing empress dress: When all the materials are ready, make dress patterns, and then cut the PET panel using paper patterns, and draw a pattern on it to make gold. Gold plate the LED light in both virtual places and attach using the fishing line and the crimp bead at the end. Gold-plated LED light and flower-shaped recycled water bottles were placed on both sides of the virtual spot on the prepared PET panel. Attach all prepared recycled water bottle flower shapes to the main dress using a fishing line and crimp bead. Sew the inner lining dress with a lace and tulle cloth using a pattern, and sew with a sewing machine (Image 26). Final pictures and illustration: The illustration and flat sketches of the empress dress were developed as follows on Image 27. To emphasize the importance of the water crisis, the dresses were feature gold color, emphasized by the use of LED light to express the importance of further utilization of recycled water bottles (Image 28). Image 27 Illustration and flat sketches of empress dress. Image 28 Empress Dress. FEA theoretical framework: Design analysis of the empress dress adopted the three elements of functionality, expressiveness, and aesthetics. Inner lining dress was focused on fit and closures were used to fit the body of the customer using a zipper and main dress used several snap buttons as closure for a functional aspect. For expressive aspects, the empress dress was represents the related water shortage and environmental issues as inspiration for using recycled plastic material. Aesthetically, this dress uses design principles by emphasizing the use of gold color and crystal beading, and balance, repetition and rhythm have been used as a design element by the stacking of recycled water bottles in various shapes. Aesthetic and expressive aspects were the focus rather than a functional aspect here.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Принимать меры предосторожности для защиты конфиденциальности персональных данных Пользователя согласно порядку, установленному законодательством РФ. 6. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: v. 19(4); Dec 2016 10. 5223/pghn. 2016. 19. 4. 221 Hepatol Nutr. 2016 Dec;19(4):221-228. English. Published online Dec 28, 2016. Copyright © 2016 by Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Microbiome-in the towards Moon*,†,‡ Author information Author notes Copyright and License *Laboratory of and Biomodulation, Department of of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. †for and. ‡Group in 21 Project, Busan, Korea. Corresponding author: Yuseok Moon, Department of of Medicine, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Korea. Tel: +82-51-510-8094, Fax: +82-55-382-8090, Email: moon@pnu. edu 22, 2016; 05, 2016. This is an open-access 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to: gastrointestinal exposome represents the integration of all xenobiotic components and host-derived endogenous components affecting the host health, disease progression and ultimately clinical outcomes during the lifespan. The human gut microbiome as a dynamic exposome of commensalism continuously interacts with other exogenous exposome as well as host sentineling components including the immune and neuroendocrine circuit. The composition and diversity of the microbiome are established on the basis of the luminal environment (physical, chemical and biological exposome) and host surveillance at each part of the gastrointestinal lining. Whereas the chemical exposome derived from nutrients and other xenobiotics can influence the dynamics of microbiome community (the stability, diversity, or resilience), the microbiomes reciprocally alter the bioavailability and activities of the chemical exposome in the mucosa. In particular, xenobiotic metabolites by the gut microbial enzymes can be either beneficial or detrimental to the host health although xenobiotics can alter the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome. The integration of the mucosal crosstalk in the exposome determines the fate of microbiome community and host response to the etiologic factors of disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: 2015) allowing them to decide, before mass production, whether or not the outcome meets their expectations. Additionally, designers and manufacturers may even print on-the-spot for consumers further eliminating waste. From a sustainability perspective, 3D printing also has the possibility of extending the life of a garment by assisting in making it multi-functional. For example, the dress may function as a full-length gown or as a mini dress, the silhouette and texture changing along with the length (Koo and Zarate 2015). 3D printing is a tool for designers that reduces waste by rapid prototyping. However, the application of a zero-waste philosophy (Zero-waste 2009) to eliminate waste in the processes of creating innovative 3D printing designs has not been a consideration. That being said, 3D printing has the potential to add another perspective to sustainable fashion (Tania 2017). MethodsMany researchers are exploring the potential of 3D printing but none have applied the philosophy of zero-waste to their designs. In this project, each design researcher took a different creative approach to designing and printing sustainable fashion notions. has over 20 years and has 3 years of design experience. The former created a cape and strove to design buttons (notions) using 3D printing technology. The latter created jewelry (pendants and earrings). These fashion items were designed with different sources of inspiration but with the same end goal of creating fashion items that are zero-waste and made from sustainable materials. The intent of this research was to develop a design process that minimized waste from 3D printing, ensuring a sustainable process and fashion outcome. Design as researchResearch is a systematic investigation of new ideas, solving problems and exploring outcomes that generate knowledge. Design is a purposeful arrangement of elements (Neuhart et al. 1989). As the fashion industry flourishes through change, fashion designers are constantly engaged in researching new designs, uses, materials, and perspectives (Seivewright 2012). Design as research is inquiry embedded in the design process (Chi 2001; Joost et al. 2016). It uses diverse strategies such as a study of materials, technologies, or developing products and services. Design as research “offers a medium of investigation for questions of broad concern [through practicing design] as a pursuit of knowledge, understanding” (Chi 2001, p. 250). In this paper, that concern is developing products utilizing zero-waste philosophy to ensure more sustainable fashion items.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 Осуществить блокирование персональных данных, относящихся к соответствующему Пользователю, с момента обращения или запроса Пользователя или его законного представителя либо уполномоченного органа по защите прав субъектов персональных данных на период проверки, в случае выявления недостоверных персональных данных или неправомерных действий. 7. ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ СТОРОН 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the network between microbiome and other mucosal exposome would provide new insights into the clinical intervention against the mucosal or systemic disorders via regulation of the gut-associated immunological, metabolic, or neuroendocrine system. exposome; Microbiota; Gastrointestinal immunity and inflammation; Xenobiotic metabolism Go to: human cells in the body (1013) are outnumbered by bacterial cells as the human microbiome (1014). This dominant player with the endogenous host factors can be influenced by foodborne factors including dietary components, infective agents and xenobiotic including drugs and toxins, linked to diverse pathophysiological events including inflammation, carcinogenesis, metabolic syndromes, and neurological outcomes. The gastrointestinal mucosa shows typical microbiological and environmental features. From the proximal to the distal part of intestine, the oxygen levels are dramatically decreased, resulting in the dominancy of anaerobic microbes in the colon. Moreover, facultative players such as Bacterodetes burn out oxygen, attenuating the detrimental actions of oxygen species against the obligate anaerobes including commensal Clostria. There are two critical points for acidic environment in the human gut. One is the gastric cell-derived production of acids as a disinfectant, leading the drop in pH, but the pancreatic bicarbonate attenuate the acidity and the subsequent luminal fluid get more basic from the duodenum. The next drop in pH of the intestinal lumen is facilitated by outgrowing of fermentative microbes from the cecum, releasing out acidic organic metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In response to oxygen tension and acidity, the composition of microbes can be differentially regulated at each segment of the gut lining. Along the dynamic features of fluid acidity and oxygen content in the gut lumen, nutritional components also affect the gut microbial diversity and stability via their acute and chronic actions. Since the simple sugars released form the carbohydrate degradation are easily consumed by the microbes in the proximal part of the gut, the lower lining of the gut are in short of the simple sugars and the remaining complex carbohydrates are utilized by fermenting anaerobes which dominate in the colon.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion completely eliminates any environmental impact of clothing. [SEP] Text: Exploration of 3D printing to create zero-waste sustainable fashion notions and jewelry access Published: 27 December 2018 Exploration of 3D printing to create zero-waste sustainable fashion notions and jewelry : orcid. org/0000-0001-9873-61871 & Rachel Greeninger1 Fashion and Textiles 101. html). The reported project used extrusion printing but there are other types of 3D printing: stereo lithography, digital light processing (DLP), laser sintering or laser melting, inkjet, selective deposition lamination (SDL), and electron beam melting (EBM) (3D Printing Ally, n. d. ). 3D printing filaments3D printers heat and extrude plastic filaments (raw material). MakerBot uses virgin materials such as polylactic Acid (PLA) (corn-based), Styrene (ABS), and flexible filament. PLA is preferred because it is biodegradable, has a lower melting point, and has higher dimensional stability as compared to ABS; however, PLA is water-soluble and not best for long-term wear (Pei et al. 2015; Samuels and Flowers 2015). Pei et al. (2015) reported significant findings through experimenting with warping, bond, print and flex with their choice of experimental filaments, and Nylon 465, in both woven and knit fabrics made from natural or synthetic fabrics. They concluded that experimentation is needed to find solutions to challenges in using 3D printing for fabric applications. In the meantime, plastic has both environmental and social components of sustainability. Joshua Pearce, a material scientist, created an ethical filament standard for 3D printing filament, following which the ethical filament was formed ( The ethical filament standard and mark is a work in progress. It will serve as a globally recognized fair-trade brand. Once ready, it will certify the ethical credentials of both sourcing and production of a filament. It will partner with waste-picking communities and local entrepreneurs to create a seamless process to create 3D printer filament from recycled waste materials. The proposed standard will grade filament using the Value Chain. Proposed grading involves going through the following stages: plastic collection, cleaning, shredding and flaking, pigment and extrusion, quality checking, packing and dispatching.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Администрация сайта, не исполнившая свои обязательства, несёт ответственность за убытки, понесённые Пользователем в связи с неправомерным использованием персональных данных, в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных п. п. 5. 2. , 5. 3. и 7. 2. настоящей Политики Конфиденциальности. 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Since the small intestinal lumen is generally more acidic environment with higher levels of oxygen, bile salts, and antimicrobial peptides than the colon lumen, simple sugar-favoring facultative anaerobes such as phyla Firmicutes (segmented filamentous bacteria [SFB] and Lactobacillaceae) and Proteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae and Helicobacter spp. ) can dominate in this proximal intestine. In contrast, the colon nutritional environment is favored by poly-saccharide-utilizing anaerobes such as phyla Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria (Bifidobacteriaceae), and Firmicutes (Clostridia). Moreover, nutrients and mucosal microbiomes are crucial modulators of gut sentinels including the mucosal immune systems and the intestinal neuroendocrine circuit. Foodborne factors can influence the composition and diversity of gut microorganisms, all of which impacts the immune and neuroendocrine responses in the gut via the various types of cytokines, hormones, and other messenger molecules. Moreover, the gastrointestinal immune sentineling signals are intimately linked with the neuroendocrine sentineling systems. Many of metabolic, inflammatory, and oncogenic disorders are due to the disruption of the two sentineling systems against nutrients and microbial community in the gut. The present review will address the features and networks of the gastrointestinal mucosal exposome to provide insights into the future intervention against mucosal diseases and mucosa-associated systemic diseases. Go to: gastrointestinal exposome represents the integral of gut luminal exposure to both exogenous and endogenous factors in the host during the whole lifespan. From the birth, humans receive series of microbial population which collectively forms ecosystem of human microbiome and sometimes can be disturbed by both internal and external factors. The host interaction with microbiome is not a static, but rather dynamic with time. These mucosal disturbance may be stabilized, but which means the ecosystem reached the stable equilibrium states and any future stochastic disturbances can produce another stable state with dynamic changes in the community. The stable human microbiome can be classified into three enterotypes based on the stable distinct host–microbial nutritional symbiotic states characterized by a relatively high representation of Bacteroides, Prevotella or Ruminococcus [1, 2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion completely eliminates any environmental impact of clothing. [SEP] Text: 3D technology lends itself to customization that could actually eliminate fitting processes and simplify the overall design process (Shin et al. 2016). Customization applies to wearable technology as well as smart fabrics and textiles that are gradually being introduced to the market. Wearable technologies, such as the Fitbit or the Apple watch, track the number of steps taken in a day. Smart fabrics can allow cooling or heating when needed. They can also track body temperature, heart rate, and other bodily functions. The shoe and accessory-on-demand concept has also grown and allows consumers to have input, including having a say in the final product, particularly regarding the fabrication (Sun and Lu 2015). Although many 3D printed garments seem impractical at this point, fashion and practicality are evolving. Examples of the former include the Iris van Herpen ice dress and the Dita von Teese dress made in collaboration with the Studio ( the Studio, and Shapeways ( Although avant-garde, van Herpen has also contributed to this evolution in the fashion industry as have designers. Regarding practical applications, Robinson (2014) reported a collaborative project whereby 3D printed elements were incorporated into traditional wool fabric production to create innovative new looks and functions. In another experiment, Samuels and Flowers (2015) researched the possibility of 3D printing on cloth using Maker2, chosen because it allows adjustments to the height and material of the base and temperature. They chose to test PLA appliqués on worn denim, which they taped to the glass printer plate of a 3D printer. From there, they first printed the. stl, or industry-standard stereo-lithography format files of small rectangular prisms on the fabric and later tested for tensile strength and washability. Lynne MacLachlan, an engineer-turned-jewelry designer, has extensive knowledge in 3D technology, and she hopes that others in her field will take advantage of its potential and services (Smith 2014). As an example, 3D printed accessories can function as an art form that enables viewers to interpret cultural 2025. 3D printing for shoes will have a significant impact on fashion. Innovation in performance footwear is being explored, as most 3D materials are extremely lightweight. Mass customization will allow consumers to create an accurate fit while also adding in their personal style (Black 2012). Geometrical freedom is virtually unlimited for AM, something not offered through any other singular process (Campbell et al. 2011).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 В случае утраты или разглашения персональных данных Администрация сайта не несёт ответственность, если данные персональные данные: 7. 2. 1 Стали публичным достоянием до их утраты или разглашения. 7. 2. 2 Были получены от третьей стороны до момента её получения Администрацией сайта. 7. 2. 3 Были разглашены с согласия Пользователя. 8. РАЗРЕШЕНИЕ СПОРОВ 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Using these enterotypes, microbiome-based nutritional or drug metabolism can be estimated and clinically useful to prevent idiosyncratic hypersensitivity to food and drugs, and metabolic activation-induced toxicity [3]. Moreover, nutritional recommendation could be individually selected based on personal enterotypes to control the metabolism-linked disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and obesity [4]. In response to dietary mucosal exposome, resilience of microbiome can be developed. The degree of resilience is the amount of stress or perturbation that a system can tolerate the changes to a different equilibrium stable state [5]. The species diversity is crucial for maintaining conferring resilience since species-rich communities containing microorganisms efficiently utilizing the limiting resources are less susceptible to invasion by different species specialized to potentially use the limiting resource. In addition, functional diversity is also important to keep the microbiome resilience. Human gut-adapted bacteria are prone to show functional redundancy even though they are phylogenetically disparate [6]. For instance, in response to an X component, a previously rare X-metabolizing microbe can be abundant to replace the niche that had been dominated by a microorganism with higher aversion to X, which indicates the community keeps the stable condition with high resilience although phylogenetically typical groups are missing in response to some stressors. The representative xenobiotic components in the mucosal exposome include drugs, nutrients and other adverse factors such as foodborne pathogens, biological toxins and other synthetic contaminants. The gastrointestinal exposome is the integration of the external components with all mucosal microbiome which function in both the gut physiology and pathology during the entire lifespan [7, 8]. The homeostatic mucosal network would contribute to the stable equilibrium of the microbiome and host integrity. For instance, a high-fat diet (HFD) can change the dominancy and diversity of the intestinal microbiota, sometimes independent of status of host disease. HFD reduces the proportion of phylum Bacteroidetes and increases the proportions of phylum Proteobacteria [9]; whereas high-fiber containing food, such as important non-digestible plant carbohydrates, increases the proportion of Firmicutes bacteria [10]. In addition to the nutritional regulation, host-derived defense molecules can determine the characteristic microbiome profile.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion completely eliminates any environmental impact of clothing. [SEP] Text: Weller et al. (2015) emphasized how customization is effortless with 3D printing and affirming that added detail comes at no additional cost unlike use of conventional technologies. Nike and the aerospace industry have supported and integrated this into their shoes and plane parts, respectively. Moreover, increased product complexity does not necessarily mean increased costs allowing further individualization from AM, which is different from other manufacturing processes (Reeves 2009). Apparel designers’ readiness for 3DAlthough it is safe to assume that some artists and designers are familiar with this type of technology, not all are experts. 3D technology requires working in three dimensions, which means people have to be able to think in three dimensions; that is, they must engage in divergent thinking, approaching a problem from various angles (Hoskins 2013). As an example, sharing a design now involves sending a. stl file rather than an actual product (Campbell et al. 2011) truly making 3D printing the disruptive technology everyone is talking about now. In actuality, apparel and fashion designers are by their nature divergent thinkers, making them well equipped to use 3D printing and technology since they already understand the human body and know how to change something from 2D to 3D. Examples include moving from flat pattern to a garment and using software to create endless possibilities of silhouettes and shapes never before attempted in garments. However, knowing how to convert flat patterns to a 3D garment does not necessarily help apparel designers adjust to using 3D modelling and printing technology (Sun and Lu 2015). Apparel designers face a steep learning curve when adopting 3DP technology (Kwon et al. 2017). Although adoption of 3DP technology has its challenges, there are several advantages to fashion designers’ utilizing this technology. The apparel and fashion designers’ ability to 3D scan a body could lead to the elimination of prototyping, as the scan can put a person’s exact measurements into a CAD program. From there, a garment, accessory, or brace can be created to the exact shape of the body, with no alterations, and be printed exactly to fit (Sun and Lu 2015). Another advantage of 3D technology is the way in which alterations can be done through software rather than altering a pattern by hand, which is still widely done today. The former can lead to further creativity in pattern making (Shin et al. 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 До обращения в суд с иском по спорам, возникающим из отношений между Пользователем и Администрацией сайта, обязательным является предъявление претензии (письменного предложения о добровольном урегулировании спора). 8. 2 Получатель претензии в течение 30 календарных дней со дня получения претензии, письменно уведомляет заявителя претензии о результатах рассмотрения претензии. 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: For example, some of gut microbes can utilize mucosal mucins and a microbial preference for the complex glycan of mucin can promote the growth of a number of mucin-degrading bacteria, which may facilitate microbial translocation to lamina propria and circulatory system [11]. The mucosal exposome-associated mucosal disruption can result in various types of human diseases and the following sections will address the mucosal exposome-disrupted or –promoted human health, based on dynamic gastrointestinal interactions between food components, the gut microbiota, and host responses. The crosstalk occurring in the microbiome-linked gastrointestinal exposome would provide new insight into disease progression and its intervention. Various types of mucosal diseases are associated with the impaired tolerance to gut commensal bacteria [12, 13]. For example, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are likely to have abnormal changes in gut microbial composition (dysbiosis). Technically through the automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, the intestinal microbial diversity in IBD patients may be decreased [14, 15]. In addition to the diversity, the richness index of the gut bacterial species is also reduced in the IBD patients. As a potent etiological factor of chronic colitis including IBD, exposure to ribosome-inactivating foodborne toxins (ribotoxins) such as trichothecene mycotoxins, ricin and shiga toxins has been known to cause severe intestinal inflammatory disorders [16]. Although the gut microbes can alter the binding and toxicity of the ribotoxins [17, 18], the ribotoxins reciprocally can increase the intestinal composition of aerobic bacteria including aerobic mesophilic bacteria and the richness of gut microbiome in the animal model [19, 20], which is a similar pattern of microbial dysbiosis in gut of IBD patients. Go to: -microbiota can interact with the chemical exposome in four ways. As described in the previous section, the chemical exposome can alter the composition, diversity and their biological activity of the gut microbiota. In particular, some of chemical xenobiotics can interfere with the metabolic activity of the microbiota-derived drug metabolism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion completely eliminates any environmental impact of clothing. [SEP] Text: Actually, some apparel designers already rely on CAD software to create patterns that have specific, advanced measurements (Bodhani 2015). Recently, 3D Systems (2014) released their Bespoke™ braces for chronic condition scoliosis. The process is the same for each patient but the outcome is unique. After being fitted to perfection, the prototype is then made digital where it is altered and personalized even further. Finally, the brace is 3D printed with 3D Systems’ selective laser sintering (SLS) technology. Chinese researchers from the Center in Beijing, in partnership with German MD and Orthopedic surgeon Dr. Hans-Rudolph Weiss, have also utilized 3D printing to create customized scoliosis braces. Their goal was to make them more lightweight, sturdy, and less distinct (Krassenstein 2015) than existing options. Sustainability of 3D printing3D printing is synonymous with sustainability (Gebler et al. 2014). The use of 3D printing in manufacturing can assist in waste reduction. Because the entire object is complete once the printing is complete, nothing needs to be cut away. The object can be finished with sanding and painting if necessary. When applied to the apparel industry, using only 3D printing machinery rather than having a multitude of machines, could drastically cut costs and change the way in which the industry manufactures clothing (Sun and Lu 2015). 3D printing is based on additive technology, which uses only the materials that are required to create the object (Reeves 2009). Sometimes rafts or supports are required to enable the object to build correctly and lift up the printer platform; these create waste (Formlabs 2018). Although 3D printing is a sustainable means of manufacturing, ethical responsibility and environmental impacts must still be kept in mind (Gebler et al. 2014). The fumes and time needed to create a print can pollute but on a much smaller scale than subtractive manufacturing. 3D printing’s waste is only 40% versus the waste produced by subtractive technologies and much of 3D printing waste is recyclable (Berman 2012). 3D printing has already proven to be an economical and cost-effective way for prototyping and manufacturing. The design and prototyping possibilities with 3D printing are limitless. As it uses CAD, a prototype can be quickly rendered and printed by the designer or the manufacturer (Weller et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 При недостижении соглашения спор будет передан на рассмотрение в судебный орган по месту нахождения Оператора, в соответствии с действующим законодательством Российской Федерации. 8. 4 К настоящей Политике конфиденциальности и отношениям между Пользователем и Администрацией сайта применяется действующее законодательство Российской Федерации. 9. ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ УСЛОВИЯ 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J 2013;54:2325–2340. . Review 119. . Fermentation in the human large intestine: its physiologic consequences and the potential contribution of prebiotics. J 2011;45 Suppl:S120–S127. de Jonge WJ. Dietary inhibitors of histone deacetylases in intestinal immunity and homeostasis. 2013;4:226. van den The SCFA butyrate stimulates the epithelial production of retinoic acid via inhibition of epithelial HDAC. 2016;310:G1138–G1146. . Butyrate suppresses Cox-2 activation in colon cancer cells through HDAC inhibition. 2004;317:463–471. . Diet, metabolites, and “western-lifestyle” inflammatory diseases. Immunity 2014;40:833–842. The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology 2011;141:599–609. 609. e1–609. e3. . Gut microbiota, nutrient sensing and energy balance. Metab 2014;16 Suppl 1:68–76. . Diet-induced changes in maternal gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles influence programming of offspring obesity risk in rats. 2016;6:20683. . Postnatal prebiotic fibre intake mitigates some detrimental metabolic outcomes of early overnutrition in rats. Nutr 2016;55:2399–2409. Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults: a pilot study. 2015;6:216. . Food, immunity, and the microbiome. Gastroenterology 2015;148:1107–1119. Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22. Immunity 2013;39:372–385. . Tissue distribution of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the intestine: Implication of putative roles in tumor suppression. Res 2016;343:126–134. . The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in barrier organ physiology, immunology, and toxicology. 2015;67:259–279. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion completely eliminates any environmental impact of clothing. [SEP] Text: 2015) allowing them to decide, before mass production, whether or not the outcome meets their expectations. Additionally, designers and manufacturers may even print on-the-spot for consumers further eliminating waste. From a sustainability perspective, 3D printing also has the possibility of extending the life of a garment by assisting in making it multi-functional. For example, the dress may function as a full-length gown or as a mini dress, the silhouette and texture changing along with the length (Koo and Zarate 2015). 3D printing is a tool for designers that reduces waste by rapid prototyping. However, the application of a zero-waste philosophy (Zero-waste 2009) to eliminate waste in the processes of creating innovative 3D printing designs has not been a consideration. That being said, 3D printing has the potential to add another perspective to sustainable fashion (Tania 2017). MethodsMany researchers are exploring the potential of 3D printing but none have applied the philosophy of zero-waste to their designs. In this project, each design researcher took a different creative approach to designing and printing sustainable fashion notions. has over 20 years and has 3 years of design experience. The former created a cape and strove to design buttons (notions) using 3D printing technology. The latter created jewelry (pendants and earrings). These fashion items were designed with different sources of inspiration but with the same end goal of creating fashion items that are zero-waste and made from sustainable materials. The intent of this research was to develop a design process that minimized waste from 3D printing, ensuring a sustainable process and fashion outcome. Design as researchResearch is a systematic investigation of new ideas, solving problems and exploring outcomes that generate knowledge. Design is a purposeful arrangement of elements (Neuhart et al. 1989). As the fashion industry flourishes through change, fashion designers are constantly engaged in researching new designs, uses, materials, and perspectives (Seivewright 2012). Design as research is inquiry embedded in the design process (Chi 2001; Joost et al. 2016). It uses diverse strategies such as a study of materials, technologies, or developing products and services. Design as research “offers a medium of investigation for questions of broad concern [through practicing design] as a pursuit of knowledge, understanding” (Chi 2001, p. 250). In this paper, that concern is developing products utilizing zero-waste philosophy to ensure more sustainable fashion items.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Администрация сайта вправе вносить изменения в настоящую Политику конфиденциальности без согласия Пользователя. 9. 2 Новая Политика конфиденциальности вступает в силу с момента ее размещения на сайте, если иное не предусмотрено новой редакцией Политики конфиденциальности. 9. 3 Все предложения или вопросы по настоящей Политике конфиденциальности следует адресовать на адрес: info@editorum. ru 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Thus, interventions aiming to maintain or improve chronically ill patients’ well-being by preventing disease onset, promoting healthier lifestyles and social engagement, and aiding the development of self-management abilities are an important complement to population health management [15–18]. Management of overall well-beingIndividuals’ ability to achieve well-being can be assessed with great specificity through the application of social production function (SPF) theory. SPF theory, developed by Lindenberg [19], is based on the concept that people make diverse efforts to improve their living conditions, with the overall aim of achieving physical and social well-being. It assumes that as a society, we try to protect well-being by providing care and support to those who depend on it, for example because of functional limitations. The best organisation of such care depends on the manner in which it contributes to well-being. Thus, the determinants of well-being and the best approaches to improving it must be established. Well-being is a broad concept with physical and social dimensions. Physical well-being is a construct involving optimal comfort and adequate physical and mental stimulation. The state of comfort, which has somatic and emotional components, comprises the presence of a safe, pleasant environment and the absence of physiological needs (i. e. pain, hunger, and thirst). Social well-being can be achieved by obtaining status (social ranking, e. g. based on occupation, lifestyle, or talents), behavioural confirmation (living according to relevant others’ or one’s own norms), and affection (friendship, intimacy, and emotional support, e. g. from a partner, children, or loved ones) [20, 21]. Physical and social well-being are achieved on the way to the ultimate goal of overall subjective well-being (optimal quality of life or mental well-being) [21]. By recognising the hierarchy of well-being goals, we can better understand the impacts of chronic illnesses and the functional limitations that come with it, and thereby determine the types of care and support that individuals require. This theory thus asserts that people produce their own well-being by trying to optimise the achievement of instrumental goals (stimulation, comfort, status, behavioural confirmation, affection) that provide the means to achieve the larger, universal goals of physical and social well-being (Fig. 1) [9].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion completely eliminates any environmental impact of clothing. [SEP] Text: They decided to use both Tinkercad, as it proved to be easy to use for basic shapes, and Rhinoceros 5 CAD tools for the extensive, detailed, and complicated design work. 3D design processcreated Design 1 Ensemble consisting of a cape and eight decorative, customized, layered buttons. Tinkercad was used to generate the alphabets and create holes in the buttons. Rhinoceros 5 was used to layer the word or shape in relief on the button. created Design 2 Ensemble comprised of five statement necklace pendants and two pairs of earrings. Their designs emerged from exploring design as well as 3D modelling software in creating unique shapes and structures ensuring durability and zero-waste and using minimum plastic. Respecting the principle of sustainability, the researchers abstained from buying new colors of materials utilizing those already available at their institution. Maker2 is capable of printing from PLA, flexible filament, ABS and other materials. PLA filament was selected, as it is a biodegradable plant-based plastic. Both researchers used Maker2 and available PLA plastic in white, clear, and blue colors (reducing waste). The settings of the Makerwere explored for best design output. Settings include standard, low, or high quality profile to slice the 3D model. The quality profile defines the speed of operation, layer thickness, and surface texture. Layer height determines surface smoothness and is associated with quality and speed. Infill and number of shells determine the product’s internal strength, weight, and durability. Sustainability 3D design strategyIn their creative design as research method, the researchers hoped to develop a 3D process for building fashion notions and jewelry that yielded zero-waste. To that end, following a steep learning curve facilitated by Lynda. com tutorials, as well as several trial runs on the CAD-based tools, 3D modeling MakerBot software, and the 3D printer platform, the researchers developed expertise in design and design strategies. During the learning process, researchers were able to identify limitations and create desired shapes without waste. Intricate designs in additive 3D printing typically require rafts and supporters. After printing, the raft and support have to be separated from the item in a tedious, unsustainable process, becoming waste (Formlabs 2018). Objects in this zero-waste project were designed thoughtfully, avoiding uneven or sharply angled surfaces to be printed that would need rafts and supporters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 Действующая Политика конфиденциальности размещена на странице по адресу Agreement ООО «Эдиторум» (адрес: 127282, г. Москва, ул. Полярная, д. 31В, стр.

Output: pass