Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Gene-editing therapy, like Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats- associated nuclease 9 (/Cas9), is gaining popularity in pulmonary research, opening up doors to invaluable insights on underlying mechanisms. /Cas9 can be considered as a potential gene-editing tool with a scientific community that is helping in the advancement of knowledge in respiratory health and therapy. As an appealing therapeutic tool, we hereby explore the advanced research on the application ofCas9 tools in chronic respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cystic fibrosis (CF). We also address the urgent need to establish this gene-editing tool in various other lung diseases such as asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The present review introducesCas9 as a worthy application in targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrinolytic system via editing specific genes. Thereby, based on the efficiency ofCas9, it can be considered as a promising therapeutic tool in respiratory health research. this page × Export File: RIS (for ) BibTeX Text Content: Citation and this 10. 2174/1566523220666201012145731 DOI Print ISSN1566-5232 1875-5631 this journal Call for Papers in Submission closes on : 25 November, 2024 in Health and regulates a multitude of physiological functions, including circadian rhythms, acting as a scavenger of free radicals, an anti-inflammatory agent, a modulator of mitochondrial homeostasis, an antioxidant, and an enhancer of nitric oxide bioavailability. AANAT is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for converting serotonin to NAS, which is further converted to. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. closes on : 26 March, 2025 The now and future of gene transfer technologies Gene and cell therapies rely on a gene delivery system which is safe and effective. Both viral and non-viral vector systems are available with specific pros and cons. The choice of a vector system is largely dependent on the application which is a balance between target tissue/disease and safety, efficacy. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: This implies that the number of jobs created in renewables and energy efficiency sectors will outweigh the number lost as conventional fossil fuel power plants are retired. Several studies illustrate how overall net job creation in a given country may reflect a balance of net jobs gains and losses in different regions, economic sectors and parts of the value chain. This balance also depends on the nature of the value chain in outgoing and incoming energy industries and how much a country may rely on imports for fossil fuels, manufacturing of renewables components or labour based in other countries (or indeed, the extent to which there is an export market for domestically manufactured components). In certain regions, jobs in fossil fuel industries may be lost faster than the pace at which low carbon energy sectors can offer new employment. There may be mismatches between regions where displaced workers live and where new opportunities become available, which may be a barrier to accepting alternative employment even if former workers have the requisite skills. In these cases national government transition plans are recommended, co-ordinated with local governments, to manage the impacts of displacement from carbon intensive sectors and respond to the need to build a new low carbon workforce including through skills development and training. Overall, there appears to be limited evidence in the literature reviewed on the geographic and sectoral implications of low carbon energy job creation, and more research is required to improve understanding of issues around local or regional displacement and substitution of employment in high carbon sectors. Given the current context of high energy prices and consolidating economic recovery from COVID-19, we identify literature on the extent to which renewable energy and energy efficiency support policies may contribute to short-term and longer-term economic growth. This literature is not extensive but indicates that implementing a low carbon energy transition at a country scale could lead to moderate economic growth as well as positive net job creation overall. However, as with employment effects, this could mask regional and sectoral disparities and possible negative economic impacts in regions with a substantial presence of high carbon industries. Policies supporting domestically-based manufacturing and installation of renewable energy, and building energy efficiency retrofitting, may be particularly effective at creating short-term jobs and economic stimulus. In comparison, operation and maintenance jobs can potentially last over energy technology lifetimes. Jobs created per unit of investment represent only one aspect of a low carbon transition; what matters in the longer-term is whether the investment contributes to an economically efficient transition towards a country’s strategic goals, considering environmental impacts, the need for a just transition and energy security.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: DiscussionEver since Carpentier has propagated the mandatory use of an annuloplasty-ring in order to stabilize the reconstruction result it became the procedure the overwhelming majority of all surgeons adhered to owing to the clear and steadily growing body of evidence regarding the benefit of the ring [1–3]. Indeed, our study mirrored this indicating that ring implantation remained mandatory throughout the entire observation period. However, preference towards certain rings changed alongside improved designs. Those design changes comprised on one hand the very shape of the ring propagating the “saddle-shape” as being a design improvement with positive implications on hemodynamic performance but on the other hand on design changes intended to facilitate implantation itself [7–9]. These particular changes comprised wider rings with multi-layer fabric to allow for better stitching and more secure anchoring. Stiff or moderately flexible rings appeared to stabilize the annulus significantly better than highly flexible ones [10, 11] so that the use of the latter did not play a role in this study. Procedural characteristics for the valvular apparatus changed markedly from mainly classical resection maneuvers to predominant use of artificial chordae [12–18]. In the early years the classical recommendations such as reshaping of the posterior leaflet by resection or plication maneuvers as well as reshaping of the annulus by appropriate rings were mostly followed but measures such as Wooler plasty, Paneth plasty, or were still performed [19, 20]. However, they did not exhibit such robust evidence in the literature regarding a beneficial effect on long-term patency as posterior leaflet correction and/or artificial chordae. We did not perform the Paneth plasty, which are meant to reduce the diameter of the anulus but favored instead the annuloplasty-ring as an implant from the early days on. Alfieri-Stich was neither performed because of the, in our eyes, “non-anatomical” approach. The patients who had received a Wooler plasty, however, fared quite well and the presence of a Wooler plasty positively influenced long-term survival even after 10 years. This, however, was quite probably not due to the Wooler plasty itself but owing to the mandatory annuloplasty ring, these patients also received. It cannot be ruled out, however, that intraoperative quality control also played a role regarding long-term stability.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: > (1); 2017 > 61. Published online: January 1, 2017 DOI: -Cas9: a promising tool for gene editing on induced pluripotent stem cells of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, University of Korea, Seoul, to Ju, M. D. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea Tel: +82-2-2258-6893 Fax: +82-2-3476-2274 E-mail: juji@catholic. ac. kr 24, 2016 10, 2016Copyright © 2017 Association of This is an 3. 0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. advances in genome editing with programmable nucleases have opened up new avenues for multiple applications, from basic research to clinical therapy. The ease of use of the technology—and particularly clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()—will allow us to improve our understanding of genomic variation in disease processes via cellular and animal models. Here, we highlight the progress made in correcting gene mutations in monogenic hereditary disorders and discuss various -associated applications, such as cancer research, synthetic biology, and gene therapy using induced pluripotent stem cells. The challenges, ethical issues, and future prospects of -based systems for human research are also discussed. Keywords: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9; Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Gene editing; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Genetic therapy burden of rare genetic diseases is increasing. There have been numerous attempts to treat genetic diseases with various methods. However, they were not overly successful till now. Recently, the technology of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats () emerges as a promising tool to correct genetic abnormalities. This technique is being heralded for precision and accuracy in genetic editing. In this review, we recapitulate the history and recent progress made in the area of technology. In the first part of the review, we summarize the history and action mechanism of.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Atmospheric and > Vol. 13 No. 4, October 2023 Air Pollution, and Difficulties to Fuel with () Chunji Liu1*, Qinghua Li2 1. 2of Henan University, Kaifeng, China. DOI: 10. 4236/acs. 2023. 134030 205 Downloads 1,064 Views 538. doi: 10. 4236/acs. 2023. 134030. 1. air pollution is becoming serious in winter in big cities, such as New Delhi, Karachi, Lima, and Beijing. 150 million tons of SO2, 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides, 20 billion tons of CO2, millions of tons of fluorinated substances, mercury, freon and other toxic pollutants are released into the air every year [1]. 90% people of urban areas are exposed to air pollution with PM2. 5 above the standard of the WHO air quality of 10 μg/m3. In 2013, international agency for cancer research classified outdoor air pollution as a human carcinogen. Acute and chronic respiratory disease, stroke, lung cancer, heart disease are associates with poor air quality and air pollution. 7 million people died from household and ambient air pollution in 2016 [2]. About 2. 5 million people die each year worldwide from indoor air pollution [3]. 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions are from the use of fossil fuels, and large amount of local air pollution is brought about by the use of fossil fuels, which leads to 5 million premature deaths each year [4]. Steam engines and diesel engines have been the main driving forces for most industries after the Industrial Revolution, and fossil fuels have been the dominant energy sources. From 2000 to 2019, global CO2 emission accounted for 30. 7% of global cumulative emissions, the growth of CO2 emission during this period is the fastest in human history [5]. The regions with the highest annual mean levels of urban PM2. 5 are in South-with a PM2. 5 concentration of 57. 3 μg/m3, followed by the Region with a PM2. 5 concentration of 54. 0 μg/m3 [2]. Owing to poor ventilation, the solid fuels in stoves do not burn efficiently, producing large amounts of black carbon and other harmful gases that pose great harm to the health of children and women in rural areas. There are 3 billion people cooking with polluting fuels worldwide, especially in [2].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was not yet mandatory in period 1. Surgeons mainly relied on intraoperative filling of the left ventricle with saline to estimate the success of the reconstruction and no intraoperative quality control was thus performed while the heart was beating. Direct correction in case of an insufficient result was thus not an option [21–23]. The widespread introduction of artificial chordae was a relevant evolutionary step that our godfather had not foreseen. Perhaps this is because the most suitable material for these chordae, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, Goretex ™, was not yet available in the 1970s. Artificial chordae were soon adopted by the majority of surgeons and gained worldwide acceptance. Indeed, that was apparent also in our cohorts over the years. Although early and intermediate results up to five years were quite favorable for valves repaired with artificial chordae this benefit disappeared in the long-term results (10-year survival). It must be noted, however, that artificial chordae came into wider use but in the second and third period so that long-term results on a larger scale are not yet available. We noticed a steep increase in repair from period 1 to period 2 possibly owing to the experience gained with repair strategies in the early years in our institution. From period 2 to period 3 a slight decrease of the proportion of repair maneuvers was noted declining from 48% to 41%. This shift was not due to a more restrictive policy regarding repair surgery but was instead non-intentional and can be explained by a higher morbidity of the patients resulting in a higher proportion of patients with complex redo-surgery or endocarditis. The increase in patients with primary mitral regurgitation from period 1 to period 3 cannot be readily explained. It is conceivable that, because of demographic change, patients with restrictive mitral valve pathology presented with increasing multimorbidity, so that the indication for repair in patients with secondary mitral valve pathology became more defensive. Only 13 minimally invasive mitral valve repair procedures were carried out mainly in period 2. The true minimally invasive approach was indeed not favored in our clinic until very recently because of lack of center-wide, multi-surgeon expertise. Leaflet repair strategies especially concerning the posterior leaflet remained a frequent procedure demonstrating excellent results even in the long-term. Why is it so?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In the second part of the review, we deliberate upon assorted clinical applications of from the standpoint of recent feasibility and future possibilities. In the third part, we discuss about future perspective of technology. Ideal combination of technology and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) may bring new -based clinical applications into clinics in near future. PART 1. light of the heterogeneity of disease manifestations among patients, the field of precision medicine has attracted a great deal of interest, especially following a new initiative launched in 2015. (PMI), which involves investment in medical research in the on a national scale, envisions treatment and prevention of diseases on an individual basis, according to differences in genes and environmental and lifestyle factors [1,2]. The short-term goals of the PMI include combating cancers, while the accrual of knowledge pertaining to health and diseases represents the long-term focus. The aggregation of personalized information pertaining to genomics, proteomics, and phenotypical parameters is expected not only to provide a better understanding of health and disease, but also to change our approach to risk assessment, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic interventions [3]. However, despite major progress in gene sequencing and profiling, based on advances in technologies such as high-throughput sequencing, precise gene editing remains challenging; this difficulty has hindered the translation of information into clinical applications. As a consequence, the demand for targeted, straightforward, and affordable genetic engineering tools continues to grow. Over the past several decades, scientists have revolutionized genetic engineering techniques to allow modulation of their function. and Crick elucidated the structure of the DNA double helix, many researchers have focused on changing the genome according to particular scientific needs. To achieve this, a platform that can identify the target sequence of interest, specifically cleave that region of the DNA, and alter the sequence at the cleavage site is required. Endogenous site-specific DNA-protein complexes and natural DNA repair pathways from multiple species have been exploited to create various gene engineering toolkits. Among these, the most rapidly evolving technology involves and -associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) (-Cas9), which was selected as Science’s Breakthrough of the Year in 2015. -Cas9 in the bacterial adaptive immune system is derived from the prokaryotic adaptive immune system (Fig. 1) [4-36]. The distinctive clustered repeats were originally recognized in Escherichia coli by Ishino et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: The emissions of SO2 were 132559. 08 tons, of which 73. 81% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were 158255. 69 tons, of which 25. 73% were from the fossil fuels. The emissions of NH3 were 75512. 6 tons, of which 0. 8% were from the fossil fuels [13]. We can see that in the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, in 2013, the main polluting sources were from the use of fossil fuels, they can be divided into the following categories: 1) fixed-point combustion of fossil fuels, such as power plants; 2) moving vehicles, such as cars and trucks; and 3) stored diesel and gasoline or diesel and gasoline in transportation. The monitoring data of urban environmental air quality from 2014 to 2017 indicated that the vast majority of heavy air pollution in the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan occurred from mid October to mid March of the following year, about five months [14]. In fact, in northern China, during this period, it is relatively cold. Cities are mainly heated by the use of coal and natural gas, and the use of fossil fuels will increase sharply, resulting in severe air pollution. Many elderly people pass away during this period in China. In 2012, in the economic zone of the Delta region, the annual emission of PM10 was 495,200 tons, of which 37. 08% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of PM2. 5 were 192,300 tons, of which 59. 8% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of NOx were 942,800 tons, of which 99. 19% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of SO2 were 466,100 tons, of which 97. 86% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of CO were 4,626,600 tons, of which 88. 23% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of VOCs were 864,000 tons, of which 40. 51% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of NH3 were 190,300 tons, of which 6. 57% were from the use of fossil fuels [15]. region is an economically developed area in China.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: The posterior leaflet has a much less complex movement and serves mainly as an abutment for the very mobile anterior leaflet. Thus, a stable coaptation for the anterior leaflet can be rather easily achieved with appropriate measures on the posterior leaflet such as quadrangular resection, plication or cleft-closure accompanied by remodeling the often v-shaped distorted posterior anulus back to its distinct anteriorly flattened circle, the “smiley” mouth. In contrast, any reshaping measure of the highly mobile anterior leaflet is much more prone to frustrating results (Fig 3). While co-morbidities negatively influenced survival early as well as late [24, 25], it was interesting to see that patients with concomitant venous only coronary bypass surgery fared worse than the others (Fig 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Procedure-related survival. MVR = Mitral valve repair; Resection = All types of resection measure on either leaflet; CABG = Coronary artery Bypass Graft; IMA = Internal mammary artery. can, however, be explained. These patients were too sick to be deemed fit for the use of a mammary artery in the eyes of the surgeon carrying out the procedure. Such a surgical decision was made upon the general clinical appraisal of the patient and not concrete facts such as the. Thus, the underlying reasons for such a decision remained somehow elusive. This finding gains additional validation when looking at the fate of the patients who indeed had received LIMA only bypass surgery. They fared significantly better than the control. These patients only had a 1-vessel disease and received an artery for prognostic reasons, i. e. profiting from it because of a better life expectancy in the eyes of the surgeon (Fig 3). At the other end of the spectrum were those patients receiving aortic valve replacement, concomitant tricuspid valve repair or even replacement or those requiring electrophysiological implants. These patients fared worse early as well as late indicating the higher morbidity at the time of surgery. In general, early mortality risks were typically dependent on the patient’s individual situation. Procedural success and stability increased over the three periods and long-term results were very acceptable. The patients of period 3 demonstrated a superior 5-year survival than that of the two previous groups.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: [5] in 1987, and were later found to include unique barcode-like sequences of viral or plasmid origin, termed spacers (Fig. 2) [6-8]. In 2007, the hypothesized role of the repeats in adaptive defense was confirmed by experimental demonstration of spacer integration into the bacterial genome following phage challenge, as well as alteration of sensitivity to subsequent phage infection dependent upon the spacer content [4]. Subsequent studies revealed that works in sync with the Cas gene, in the vicinity of the locus, to cleave DNA or RNA sequences [9,10] targeted by a small guide RNA [11]. Based on these findings, multiple studies sought to identify the components of the -Cas system and apply this knowledge to sequence-specific gene engineering. Mechanism underlying -Cas9 gene editing There are six putative systems; the three main types (types I to III) were discovered first, with three additional types (types IV to VI) being identified more recently [37,38]. During the processes of immunity, adaptation, expression, and interference, each type acts according to distinct mechanisms to ensure DNA recognition and cleavage [39]. uses a large complex of Cas proteins, encoded by the Cas3 gene, which show separate helicase and DNase activities. Similarly, type III uses repeat-associated mysterious proteins, which constitute a large superfamily of Cas proteins. Types I, III, and IV are categorized as class 1 based on their multi-subunit effector complexes. By contrast, class 2 systems (comprising types II, V, and VI) each have a single-subunit effector. Type II uses only a single protein (Cas9) for its nuclease activity; the same is true for types V and VI, but with Cas9-like proteins. Owing to their simplicity, class 2 systems have been adopted for genome engineering [40-42], and only the bacterial type -Cas9 system has been utilized for RNA-guided engineering nucleases [43,44]. As noted above, type -Cas9 systems use a single endonuclease, Cas9. This enzyme acts in concert with two guide RNAs: (crRNA) and trans-acting (tracrRNA) (Fig. 3) [45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: A large amount of fossil fuels are used by thermal power plants, industries and vehicles. This place is densely populated, with a large number of industrial enterprises and motor vehicles. Therefore, the pollution is relatively serious in this region, the main pollutant is PM2. 5. In 2014, the annual average concentration of PM2. 5 was 22 µg/m3, and the annual average concentration of PM10 was 61 µg/m3. There were 298 days that met the air quality standard, accounting for 81. 6% of the year. We can see that the situation of air pollution in north China was serious in the 2000s, air pollution was all year around, and winter was the worst. In the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, air pollution is serious from mid-October to mid-March of the following year, air pollution is relatively not serious in the remaining 7 months. The situation of air pollution in the Delta region is much better than that in north China, it is also better than that in the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtanin. Its main pollution sources are thermal power plants, light industrial enterprises, and various vehicles. 3. use of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gas (GHG), which pollutes the air and leads to the rise of GHG concentration, more GHGs trap more solar energy and lead to the rise of surface temperature. The use of global fossil fuels was 2575 TWh in 1880, and 136,761 TWh in 2019, thus an increase of 52. 11 times [16]. Global CO2 emissions were 85,371 million tons in 1880, 36441. 39 million tons in 2019, thus an increase of 41. 69 times [17]. From 1750 to 2009, the carbon dioxide concentration (CDC) has risen by 38%, and the concentration of methane has increased by 148% [7]. The atmospheric CDC was 287. 77 ppm in 1880, and it was 417. 65 ppm in 2022, thus an increase of 45. 13% [18]. We can see that the growth rate of CDC in recent decades is a little faster than that before the 1960s. We conduct regression analysis with GMST as dependent variable [6] and with CDC as independent variable [18] the time is from 1880 to 2019. We present the outcome in Table 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Whether this is due to a more precise indication and/or better perioperative management in this latter period is speculative. It remains to be seen whether this trend will continue significantly after 10 or 15 years, respectively (Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Cohort-Survival. study is of retrospective nature and thus naturally subject to the typical limitations. Mitral valve pathologies could only be roughly obtained. In almost all cases, however, we were able to differentiate between primary or secondary nature from the still available documents (surgery, echocardiography). The procedures were carried out upon the discretion of the respective surgeon and not prospectively assigned in a randomized fashion. Long-term follow-up was not complete. We tried best to reach all patients but particularly in the rural regions the whereabouts of some patients remained elusive despite all efforts. We used many different rings in the last 15 years. However, not all of the available rings were used at respective times. Thus, the selection is incomplete and is even somehow biased as the clinics policy always was and is to reduce the number of implants to a reasonable minimum for budgetary purposes. ConclusionMitral valve repair underwent a qualitative evolution in the last 15 years. It became clear that the use of a ring as well as artificial chordae and appropriate reshaping of the leaflets, particularly the posterior one, were keys to success. Thus, proving that the combination of the best well established old-fashioned techniques such as leaflet resection measures and mandatory use of rings as well as the most useful modern approaches such as artificial chordae and modern saddle-shaped ring designs is in the best interest of the patient. Co-morbidities and thus, the necessity to perform concomitant procedures in more than half of the entire cohort markedly influenced survival. However, almost half of the patients are alive after 15 years. Mitral valve repair is one of the few remaining primary cardiosurgical procedures and it will remain in our hands as long as we are able to provide a reliable, stable and long-lasting anatomical repair surpassing the results of any interventional strategy [26–30]. Luckily, the complexity of the mitral valves plays into our cards in this regard. Thus, mitral valve repair is still and for the years to come one of the most valuable cardiosurgical procedures. 1. A Carpentier.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: To simplify the system and improve its utility, scientists employed a linker loop to engineer a dual tracrRNA:crRNA (called single guide RNA [sgRNA]), which participates in sequence-specific DNA cleavage with Cas9 [12]. Short 2 to 5 bp conserved sequences known as proto-spacer adjacent motifs, located on the side opposite to that of the RNA-DNA hybridization, are required for Cas9-DNA recognition [6]. Once recognition occurs, double-stranded DNA cleavage is performed by two Cas9 domains: the HNH domain, which cleaves the strand complementary to the crRNA-guide sequence, and the RuvC-like domain, which cleaves the noncomplementary strand [12]. Via this mechanism, programmed nucleases with customized sgRNA can cleave genomic DNA at specific loci, enabling precise genome editing. Cas9 protein can be easily re-targeted to new DNA sequences by changing a small portion of the sequence of the accompanying RNA guide, which base-pairs directly with target DNA [46]. Another potential advantage of Cas9 is its ability to introduce several double-strand breaks (DSBs) within the same genome (also referred to as multiplexing) via the expression of multiple guide RNAs [13,14]. Earlier approaches to gene editing Prior to the advent of technology, biologists used several generations of tools, all of which employed site-specific for genome editing. To date, four types of DNA-binding nuclease have been developed: meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the most recently identified nuclease, Cas9. Each of the previous tools had unique limitations. Meganucleases are like restriction enzymes but are programmed to target DNA sequences 14 to 40 bp in length. Owing to several shortcomings, including their lack of specificity in DNA recognition and the need to fuse the recognition and cleavage domains, meganucleases were used only briefly [47]. ZFNs and TALENs function according to similar principles, but differ in that their binding domains consist of three- and one-nucleotide recognition modules, respectively. These enzymes have separate DNA-binding domains and nonspecific cleavage domains, namely, FokI endonucleases, making them more efficient than meganucleases [48,49].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: We can see that t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level; F-statistic is also significant, which means that the positive relationship between GMST and CDC is robust. R-squared is 0. 91, which means that the changes of atmospheric CDC account for 91% of the rise of GMST. To know the effect of fossil fuel consumption on global warming, we also conduct regression with GMST as dependent variable [6] with global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC) as independent variable [19]. Fossil fuels include oil, gas and coal, the units are exajoules. The time of the data of GFFC is from 1965 to 2022. The outcome is presented in Table 2. We can see that there is a positive relationship between GMST and GFFC, changes in GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level, F-statistic is also significant. We conduct pairwise Granger causality tests between GMST and GFFC, the outcome indicates that GFFC does Granger cause GMST, while GMST does not Granger cause GFFC. These outcomes indicate that GFFC has intensified the greenhouse effect, and brought about global warming. Table 1. Regression output between GMST and CDC. Note: here C is the intercept. Table 2. Regression output between GMST and GFFC. Note: here C is the intercept. Figure 1 is changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021, the units are ppm [20]. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. We can see that the upward trend of global mean concentration of carbon dioxide is clear from 1959 to 2021, of course, it is full of fluctuation. 4. Disadvantages of Renewable energy has been replacing fossil fuels across the world, but renewable energy has also disadvantage. First, renewable energy is susceptible to weather, which makes them intermittent and unreliable. For example, solar power generators do not work at night, wind turbines cannot generate electricity when the wind speed is lower than the critical values, the hydroelectric facility will generate little or no electricity if the water level is too low and the water flow is slow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: [Reconstructive Valvuloplasty. A of Mitral Valvuloplasty] [3. pmid:5795420 View 2. A new reconstructive operation for correction of mitral and tricuspid insufficiency. J Surg. 1971 Jan;61(1):1–13. pmid:5540460. View 3. . [Midterm results of Carpentier’s reconstructive mitral annuloplasty]. Coeur Vaiss. 1973 Oct;66(10):1297–309. pmid:4207473 View 4. . 2019: of the for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Surg. 2020 Jun;68(4):263–276. Epub 2020 May 14. pmid:32408357 View 5. 2021 ESC/for the management of valvular heart disease. Cardiothorac Surg. 2021 Oct 22;60(4):727–800. Erratum in: Cardiothorac Surg. 2022 Jan 13;: pmid:34453161. View 6. R (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL 7. . Long-term results of artificial chordae implantation in patients with mitral valve prolapse. J Dis. 1997 Nov;6(6):594–8. pmid:9427126 View 8. . Mitral valve repair with artificial chordae: a review of its history, technical details, long-term results, and pathology. Surg. 2012 Feb;93(2):684–91. Epub 2011 Dec 7. pmid:22153050 View 9. . Outcomes of mitral valve repair using artificial chordae. Cardiothorac Surg. 2014 Apr;45(4):593–601. Epub 2013 Aug 29. pmid:23990619 View 10. . Is a flexible mitral annuloplasty ring superior to a semi-rigid or rigid ring in terms of improvement in symptoms and survival? Thorac Surg. 2008 May;7(3):477–84. Epub 2008 Mar 4. pmid:18319323. View 11. Chotivatanapong T. Mitral annuloplasty ring design and selection: Complete semi-rigid is best. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: However, the construction of ZFNs remains a challenge due to the need to account for context-dependent binding p2. application of the -Cas9 system When DSBs are introduced, the lesion may be corrected by one of two major repair pathways: homology-directed repair (HDR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). HDR allows the exchange of genetic information between DNA molecules with similar sequences, whereas NHEJ forms short insertions or deletions (indels) in the target sequence. NHEJ does not require a repair template, but the resultant indels can cause frameshift mutations that lead to the production of nonfunctional, incomplete proteins, or to micro-RNA degradation by nonsense-mediated decay. On the other hand, the HDR machinery can repair DNA using exogenous single- or double-stranded DNA templates with sequence similarity to the DSB site. Thus, exploitation of HDR has allowed researchers to insert new genetic information at a target site, or to perform direct replacement of a mutated gene [45,46]. Although this approach was revolutionary, the natural process of HDR is inefficient because it requires selection and screening to identify the one-in-a-million cell in which homologous recombination has exchanged the wild-type gene for the desired modified version. -Cas9 technology allows the inducible formation of DSBs, so that scientists can modify gene expression at the repair sitex; thus, opening a new avenue in genome editing [42]. Cell-based and in vivo animal studies The applications of -Cas9 have expanded into fields such as agricultural products, livestock, disease modeling, and therapeutics. In this section, we focus on the therapeutic aspects of gene-based diseases, especially monogenic disorders (Fig. 4). In gene therapy, genes in diseased cells and tissues can be corrected by two approaches: ex vivo and in vivo editing [46]. In ex vivo therapy, the target cell population is removed from the body, modified using a programmable nuclease, and then transplanted back into the original host; thereby, preventing complications due to immunological rejection. By contrast, in vivo editing therapy involves direct transfer of genome-editing reagents, such as a programmable nuclease and donor templates, into the human body [53]. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages, and they are implemented differently to treat particular disorders.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Second, renewable energy sources are unreliable without large-scale storage facilities, electric fluctuations can damage appliances and cause losses to users, economical and practical energy storage facilities are necessary for the large-scale application of renewable energy. A battery system for an ordinary family is around $5000 or even more. If installing a power storage system is beyond your budget and the power generation system cannot generate electricity due to weather, you will have no power available. Third, renewable energy is currently impractical for the transport and aviation sectors with current technology. The technology for large-scale storage facilities is not mature and it does not have economic advantage. Finally, large dams and reservoirs affect geological structures, generate earthquakes, and alter the ecological environment. Wind power generation increases with the cube of wind speed, therefore wind turbine generators should be installed in areas with high wind speed, such as seashores, plains and mountain passes. If wind farms are far away from cities, transmission lines need to be built to deliver electricity from wind farms to cities, which add cost to wind electricity. Wind power is seasonal, wind turbines Figure 1. Changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. work at full capacity in seasons of strong wind. Wind turbines generate much less electricity in seasons of low wind speed. Wind turbines produce broadband noise, which is harmful not only to birds, but also to human health. Birds are killed if they fly into rotating turbine blades, so rotating wind blades change local habitats and affect certain birds. The embankment of a dam cannot be built anywhere, it must be environmentally sustainable. The construction of a dam generally takes a lot of investment and time. During dry seasons, the water level is low, and the hydro power plant cannot generate electricity at full capacity. Fish habitats are formed by water level, water flow speed, access to food, and the possibility of shelter. Hydro power plants change the ecosystems, and these changes could be disastrous for certain fish species. In fact, building a dam not only change the animal habitats, but also the human habitats. Cities and towns may be wiped off the map when a big hydro power plant is built, people will have to resettle elsewhere. Did the Dam cause the Wenchuan earthquake and the Ya an earthquake?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: 2021 Oct 22;10:55–57. pmid:34984361; PMCID: PMC8691927. View 12. -Ueda H, Kobayashi J. A 25-year study of chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in mitral valve repair†. Thorac Surg. 2015 Apr;20(4):463–8; discussion 468. Epub 2014 Dec 29. pmid:25547921 View 13. çois K, Bové T. Comparison of the sustainability of mitral annular dynamics between two semi-rigid annuloplasty devices [published online ahead of print, 2019 Feb 15]. Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;ezz035. pmid:30770923 View 14. Clinical performance of a three-dimensional saddle-shaped, rigid ring for mitral valve repair. Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;55(2):217–223. pmid:29931248 View 15. . Functional and Regurgitation: Fits All? [published online ahead of print, 2019 Sep 23]. Surg. 2019;10. 1055/s-0039–1696989. pmid:31546265 View 16. . Surgical repair of the prolapsing anterior leaflet in degenerative mitral valve disease. J Dis. 2000 Jan;9(1):75–80; discussion 81. pmid:10678378 View 17. to Determine the Length of for Mitral Repair. Surg. 2020 Jul 19:S0003–4975(20)31184-X. Epub ahead of print. pmid:32698022. View 18. Loop neochord versus leaflet resection techniques for minimally invasive mitral valve repair: long-term results. Cardiothorac Surg. 2020 Aug 10:ezaa255. Epub ahead of print. pmid:32776150. View 19. Results for tricuspid valve surgery in adults with congenital heart disease other than Ebstein’s anomaly†. Cardiothorac Surg. 2019 Oct 1;56(4):706–713. pmid:30919906. View 20. The edge-to-edge technique: a simplified method to correct mitral insufficiency.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: There has been examples of gene-editing techniques applied in disease cell lines (Table 2) [54-77] and in disease mouse models (Table 3) [60,63-66,78-88]. Furthermore, scientists have reported series of therapeutic applications with genome editing using stem cell (Table 4) [89-111]. Inactivation or correction of deleterious mutations Duchenne muscular dystrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most prevalent fatal genetic disease passed on through the X chromosome. The gene dystrophin consists of 79 exons, and several types of mutation in exon sequences lead to DMD. Currently, there is no effective treatment for DMD, but genome editing has the potential to restore expression of a modified dystrophin gene [53]. Efforts aimed at correction of the dystrophin gene in immortalized patient myoblasts with ZFNs and TALENs were initiated in 2013 [54,55]. Because 13% of DMD patients have a mutation in exon 51, the introduction of indels into, or complete excision of, exon 51 can restore dystrophin expression [56]. In one study, permanent removal of exons 45 to 55 by multiplexed Cas9 was therapeutically applicable in 62% of patients [57]. Mouse models can provide data that is relevant to in vivo human therapy. For example, the Mdx model mouse harbors a mutation in exon 23 of the dystrophin gene. Local and systemic delivery of gene correction to Mdx mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector and the -Cas9 system resulted in 2% to 100% correction, and the therapeutic benefits were predicted to be 15% to 20% [78-81]. Genome editing has also been effective in DMD gene therapy in patients lacking exon 44; in this case, the correction was performed ex vivo in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Three correction strategies were tested: skipping of exon 45, introduction of small indels resulting in a frameshift in exon 45, and knock-in of the missing exon 44 to restore the full protein coding region; the last of these strategies was the most effective. The corrected iPSCs successfully differentiated into muscles and expressed functional protein [89].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Developing countries have been the major emitters in CO2 emissions. In 2005, China’s CO2 emissions were 6098. 2 million tons, surpassing the and becoming the first country. In 2020, its CO2 emissions were 9899. 3 million tons, accounting for 30. 7% of the world’s total [26]. China’s fossil fuel consumption was 41. 89 Exajouls in 2001, 122. 67 Exajouls in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 93 times. In 2020, China’s fossil fuel consumption accounted for 84. 33% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in China was 2. 79 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 19. 53 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 6 times. In 2020, China’s renewable energy consumption accounted for 13. 43% of its total primary energy consumption, with an annual average growth rate of 31. 58% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. States is the second largest country in CO2 emissions, and its CO2 emissions were 4457. 2 million tons in 2020, accounting for 13. 8% of the world’s total. Fossil fuel consumption in the was 81. 87 Exajouls in 2001, 71. 69 Exajouls in 2020, thus an decrease of 12. 43%. Fossil fuel consumption in 2020 accounted for 81. 66% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in the was 2. 97 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 8. 71 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 93 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 92% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 10. 17% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. India is the third largest country in CO2 emissions, its CO2 emissions were 2302. 3 million tons in 2020, accounting for 7. 1% of the world’s total. India’s fossil fuel consumption was 12. 49 Exajouls in 2001, 28. 71 Exajouls in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 3 times. The fossil fuel consumption in 2020 accounted for 89. 78% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in India was 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 42 | 2011Variations tibétaines, Et autres… Résumés de thèses Bernard Charlier, Faces of the Wolf, Faces of the Individual. of Human, Non-in Référence(s) :Thèse de doctorat soutenue le 25 novembre 2010, à l’Université de Cambridge, Département d’anthropologie sociale, Wolfson College. Directrice de thèse : Caroline Humphrey, Professor of Collaborative Anthropology. Texte | Bibliographie | intégral PDF Partager par e-mail 1Le loup n’est pas un « objet » mais une tache aveugle, un interstice entre mots et gestes, symbolisme et matérialisme. Mon analyse ne consiste pas en la description du loup dans tous les aspects de sa vie mais en l’analyse de ses traces éphémères laissées dans les discours et pratiques des éleveurs Dörvöd vivant dans l’ouest de la Mongolie. Le loup est un centre virtuel, un prisme réunissant et réfléchissant de nombreux aspects différents de la vie sociale tels que des formes relationnelles (protection, prédation, transmission et induction) et catégories du sensible (subjectivité, objectivité, temporalité et spatialité). Chacun des cinq chapitres « découpés » dans le flux volatile de la vie quotidienne déplie un aspect du loup et des individus pris ensemble dans une interaction particulière une attaque de loups (Chap. 1), la chasse au loup (Chap. 2, 3), l’utilisation de ses osselets (Chap. 4), et l’analyse de ses trajectoires dans le paysage (Chap. 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Insertion of corrective or protective mutation is caused by different genetic mutations— in coagulation factor VIII (F8) for hemophilia A, and in coagulation factor XI (F9) for hemophilia B. Gene therapy is an option for treating hemophilia because correction of the defective gene results in permanent expression of functional protein, and even 1% wild-type expression of coagulation factor VIII or XI is sufficient to confer a therapeutic effect [112,113]. The first successful in vivo gene targeting of hemophilia was achieved in a hemophilia B neonate mouse [82]. Using a ZFN pair to target the defective human F9 (hF9) gene, and AAV as the delivery vector, donor cDNA was inserted into the mouse genome. A similar approach in adult hF9 mice resulted in stable production of human factor IX [83]. Hemophilia A, which is more prevalent than hemophilia B, involves a more complex type of mutation, making it harder to edit the gene. However, chromosomal inversion at the F8 gene is a common cause of hemophilia, and TALENs were previously shown to be able to correct this rearrangement [90]. Thus, the -Cas9 system was used to target each side of the ~600 kb inversion and correct the mutation in iPSCs derived from hemophilia A patients [91]. Sickle-cell anemia and β-thalassemia Sickle-cell anemia and β-thalassemia are both caused by mutations in the HBB gene, resulting in an inappropriate level of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin. Editing the β-globin locus by targeted nucleases represents a new strategy for permanently curing hemoglobinopathies. TALENs programmed to target the β-globin locus were used for HDR-mediated full-length cDNA knockin in K562 cells [58], and ZFNs were used to correct a sickle-cell anemia-associated point mutation in CD34+ hematopoietic stem progenitor cells [92]. These hemoglobinopathies are particularly advantageous for gene therapy because extracted patient iPSCs can be differentiated into hematopoietic stem cells, which can in turn be inserted back into patients by autologous transplantation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: 76 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 2. 88 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 2. 79 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 01% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 14. 68% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. In 1970, the total global consumption of fossil fuel was 53,381 TWh, accounting for 93. 74% of global total primary energy, and it was 136,761 TWh in 2019, accounting for 84. 32% of primary energy [27]. The average annual growth rate of fossil fuel consumption was 1. 96% from 1970 to 2019. The total global electricity generation from renewable energy sources was 2057. 64 TWh in 1985, and 7492. 51 TWh in 2020, thus, an increase of 2. 64 times, and the average annual growth rate was 7. 55% [28]. Global renewable energy accounted for 6. 81% of primary energy consumption in 1985, and 11. 41% in 2019, thus an increase of 4. 6% [29]. The share of renewable energy in primary energy is small, and the share of fossil fuel in primary energy is much larger, only that renewable energy grows faster than fossil fuel. 5. 2. absorb CO2 in the air and convert it into wood. Therefore, deforestation leads to the rise of CDC and drives the rise of surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Human activities have raised the concentration of GHG in the air by the use of fossil fuel and deforestation over the past 250 years [7]. There is a strong feedback between the biosphere and solar radiation in moderately wet regions, proper precipitation and solar radiation are conducive to vegetation growth, which in turn enhances heat transfer and increases the thickness of clouds and the height of atmosphere. The feedback between biosphere and solar radiation is globally widespread, they account for up to 30% changes of precipitation and surface radiation [30]. The atmospheric extension can effectively buffer extreme weather such as too cold or too hot, and makes the surface temperature more suitable for human survival. There were 1474. 53 million people in the world in 1880 [31] 7794. 8 million in 2020 [32] an increase of 4. 29 times. From 1950 to 1990, the growth rate of human population is the fastest since the Revolution Industry, with an average annual growth rate of 1. 88% [31].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Les questions soulevées dans ces chapitres nourrissent la question principale de mon travail : quel est le rôle du loup dans les façons dont les éleveurs Dörvöd perçoivent, se perçoivent, et interagissent avec leur environnement naturel 2Le loup, en tant qu’ennemi des troupeaux et proie prestigieuse, est au centre de deux relations techniques, l’élevage et la chasse, dotées de caractéristiques cosmologiques particulières. L’étude des relations avec le loup dévoile l’absence d’une cosmologie unifiée et totalisante, systémique, une caractéristique apparaissant déjà dans d’autres travaux (Pedersen 2001, Delaplace 2008). Elle montre, comme l’a remarqué (1996) parmi les Daurs, une variété d’opérations cognitives réflexives et des affirmations morales contrastées, souvent contradictoires, révélant un univers symbolique fragmenté dont l’homogénéité de sens reste évanescente et éphémère. Chaque interaction avec le loup constitue un champ de spéculation où les intérêts particuliers des éleveurs créent des points focaux, des ruptures et inconsistances. Les sphères de causalité mobilisées ne sont pas toujours connectées. Il s’agit dès lors de comprendre les types de liens conceptuels actualisés pour « coudre » temporairement cet univers en lambeaux.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: This strategy has already been implemented with all and -Cas9 in both sickle-cell anemia and β-thalassemia patients [93-97]. Disruption of viral DNA Human immunodeficiency virus The most advanced gene-editing strategy is the ex vivo modification of T cells to knock out the cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 5 (CCR5) gene, resulting in resistance to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This is one of the few cases in which a treatment that exploits the gene-editing machinery has been used in clinical trials (Table 5). This idea was clinically validated when an HIV-infected patient received a stem cell transplant from a donor with a homozygous deletion in the CCR5 allele, resulting in undetectable levels of HIV and restoration of normal CD4+ T cell counts [114]. One study demonstrated the safety of infusion of ZFN-modified autologous CD4+ T cells bearing a deletion of the CCR5 gene into HIV-positive human patients [115]. Building on the results obtained with ZFNs, multiple efforts were made using similar gene-editing strategies to knock out CCR5 using TALENs or -Cas9. Wild-type iPSCs were seamlessly modified by NHEJ-mediated deletion of the CCR5 gene, at an average rate of 14% with TALENs and 33% with [98]. To increase resistance to HIV infection, other genes were targeted in addition to CCR5, including C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), which encodes a coreceptor, and PC4 and SFRS1 interacting protein 1 (PSIP1), which encodes the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 protein required for HIV integration [99,116,117]. To reduce adverse off-target effects, several studies have attempted to eliminate the integrated HIV-1 genome. In one study, for example, the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) U3 region was efficiently targeted by the -Cas9 system, resulting in inactivation of viral gene expression and replication in CHME5, HeLa, TZM-b1, and U1 cells [59]. Beyond HIV, programmable gene-editing nucleases have also been applied to other viral pathogens.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Population growth has led to continued urbanization and deforestation, which lead to increased use of fossil fuel and environmental degradation. Deforestation rate was 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s, 10 million hectares per year from 2015 to 2020. Since 1990, 420 million hectares of forest were converted to other land uses and more than 80 million hectares of primary forest have been cut down [33]. In 2020, there are more than 37,400 species of animals and plants that are list as extinct species, accounting for 28% of all assessed species. Among them, 41% of amphibians, 26% of mammals, 34% of conifers, 14% of birds, 36% of sharks and rays, 33% of reef corals, and 28% of selected crustacean, are listed as threatened species by IUCN [34]. It is necessary for human beings to establish national parks and ecological reserves to preserve plants and animals. Vegetation is the natural basis of human sustainable development in the future. We should preserve plants and animals, protect ecosystems and avoid the loss of biodiversity to achieve sustainable development. 6. energy is badly in need, and solar power is the most abundant energy resource, but the huge cost of the investment of the up-front infrastructure is an obstacle to its rapid growth. As prices continue to fall, solar energy is becoming more and more competitive. Hydrogen is a clean energy, it is a secondary energy, easy to carry, and safe to store. We can use renewable energy to generate electricity, and then produce hydrogen with electricity. Thus, we can solve the problem of intermittency and unreliability of renewable energy by converting it to hydrogen. Since the beginning of the 2000s, half of the growth of renewable energy generation in the is attributed to the state renewable energy requirements—Standards [35]. Researches indicated that Standards are more cost-effective in promoting the development of renewable energy than the Credit or the cap-and-trade policy [36]. Technology innovations in clean energy reduce GHG emissions and the cost of environmental policies. Therefore, clean energy is pushing countries that have not joined the climate treaties to voluntarily adopt clean energy to reduce GHG emissions [37]. Forests are home to many wild animals and plants, and half of wild species reside in tropical forests, habitat loss is the leading cause of global biodiversity loss.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Quel est le statut éthique du loup et quel est son rôle dans l’établissement de liens conceptuels au sein d’un univers symbolique hétérogène 3Le loup n’est pas vraiment une personne même s’il partage avec elle un potentiel vital (hijmor’) qui peut être approprié lors de la chasse et il n’est pas vraiment un esprit même s’il est perçu comme le chien domestique du maître surnaturel du terroir, transcendant et omnipotent. À la fois sur-humain et pas assez humain – ses entrailles ne peuvent être consommées sous peine d’anthropophagie indirecte (il peut toujours avoir consommé de la chair humaine) – il habite les marges, les entre-deux et se joue des discontinuités paradigmatiques (domestique/sauvage, nature/surnature, visible/invisible, intériorité/extériorité, volontaire/involontaire, etc. ), c’est un passeur. Les discours divers et contradictoires, véritables disséminations, repoussent toute tentative de l’enfermer dans la clôture d’un sens unique et totalisant, eschatologique. Les opinions et les pratiques le constituent en être hybride, composite, en une « synthèse disjonctive » virtuellement compliquée. D’un point de vue analytique le loup considéré dans son ensemble synthétise des prédicats contradictoires : moral/excessif, surnaturel/animal, domestique/sauvage. Il rassemble ces incompatibilités a-logiques et les fait coexister selon une relation d’implication asymétrique et réciproque.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: For example, in Huh7, HepG2, HepAD38, and HepaRG cells transfected with a hepatitis B virus (HBV) expression vector, targeted editing of multiple genes was used to reduce the production of HBV core and surface proteins. HBV-expressing templates were disrupted by -Cas9 both in vitro and in vivo [60-66]. Likewise, the E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus were also targeted by -Cas9 [67-70]. There are increasing numbers of ongoing and completed clinical trials adopting gene-editing technology (Table 5). PART 3. research All cancers harbor multiple mutations that cause cells to grow progressively and express malignant phenotypes. These mutations can be categorized into four types: oncogenes, tumor suppressors, epigenetic factors and control loci, and chemoresistance genes. -Cas9 system represents a powerful, highly specific and adaptable tool for correcting such mutations and treating the cancers that contain them [118]. While oncogenic changes occur in many cancers and play important roles in malignant cell proliferation, oncogenes such as the receptor tyrosine kinase Erb2 can be targeted directly by -Cas9 [119]. From another perspective, it is possible to utilize -Cas9 to introduce cancer-causing mutations in human cell lines and animal models. In this context, the following cell lines have been constructed to date: lung cancer [120], acute myeloid leukemia [121], liver cancer [122], and pancreatic cancer [123]. Animal models -Cas9 technology can be applied to animal models for the study of both cancers and other inherited diseases. Heritable gene modification can be achieved by injecting -Cas9, targeting one or multiple alleles, directly into fertilized zygotes [42]. Among transgenic animal models, mice are the most widely used in experiments because of the relatively short time required to generate mutants; however, non-human primate models have been created successfully by multiplex gene targeting, potentially generating superior systems for the study of complex human diseases, for example, neurodegenerative disorders [124]. Nonetheless, mouse models remain the most cost-effective. Moreover, mice are amenable to large-scale in vivo mutagenesis studies, especially when highly specific targeted editing can avoid the confounding effects of off-target mutagenesis [125].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: “One consideration is cost but reducing toxicity should help with this and as people become increasingly environmentally conscious this should help drive government policy,” explains Alan. “There is a lot of amazing work going on to get microbes to make chemicals they wouldn’t normally make, and this broadens their uses significantly. ” in BiochemistryProteins and Lipids (AMPL): : Alan’s work is focused on investigating Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria with a view to improving the tolerance of microbes. The team hopes to improve efficiency and product yield of engineered cell-based factories. : UK Research and 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions Download the 10. 33424/50 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 cells viewed under a microscope. Yeast grown on an agar plate ready for testing. Testing yeast for ethanol tolerance. A molecular model of a cell membrane showing the individual lipids (fats) that make it up. The MeMBrane team at a recent meeting in York. We are all aware of the potentially cataclysmic effect of continuing to rely on fossil fuels. While we might recycle our plastic, use electric cars or walk to school, efforts are being made to reduce our reliance in surprising quarters. One area where efficiency and a move away from fossil fuels is being considered is that of the use of microbes. Fossil fuel-based chemical production has been a historical tendency for some time and, while it has helped advance the field of biochemistry, it has had the unfortunate effect of releasing enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. As we all now well know, these ‘non-renewable’ production methods are affecting the world’s climate. Now, there is a concerted effort to move away from such methods and instead look for alternatives that are cleaner, greener and more efficient, including biofuels. Based at in the UK, Goddard leads the MeMBrane project, which focuses on the production of what he and his team call cell factories. “Microbial cells can be grown on a variety of ‘foods’ including sugars, plant waste and even wood pulp,” explains Alan. “These sources of carbon are renewable and therefore more environmentally friendly. Bio-based routes to chemical production can also lead to purer products.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Les contradictions ne sont pas résolues ou « dissoutes » au sein d’un ordre supérieur, ce qui les rendrait équivalentes et identiques, elles restent au contraire différentielles et interchangeables (Deleuze 1969). En d’autres mots le loup n’est pas la somme des oppositions qu’il mobilise mais il est toutes les oppositions à la fois. Il est domestique et sauvage, naturel et surnaturel, moral et a-moral. Seul un contexte d’interaction particulier (attaque/chasse/port d’osselet/trajectoire dans le paysage) actualise un type de discours et d’opinions plutôt qu’un autre. Le loup réunit des différences internes qui sont autant de distances entre des points de vue, et face à lui l’éleveur devient herméneute les attaques de loups sont-elles l’œuvre de leur maître surnaturel Ou les loups agissent-ils selon leurs propres intentionnalités Car l’« animal » n’est jamais définitivement domestiqué, toujours susceptible d’agir pour son propre compte, d’échapper à l’autorité de son maître. Son appétit vorace pour la chair crue et son autonomie l’excluent définitivement du genre humain. 4L’argument principal de ma thèse est qu’au sein d’un univers symbolique hétérogène, il est un opérateur de sens dont la valeur réside dans son potentiel sémiotique.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Synthetic biology The applications of the -Cas9 system to synthetic biology include all concepts related to synthetic gene circuits in living cells. Because synthetic gene circuits consist of sensors, processors, and actuators, synthetic biology has the potential not only to advance basic research, but also to enable practical applications in medicine, biofuel production, and synthesis of commodity chemicals [126]. The most practical applications of the -Cas9 system have been in plants, especially crops such as rice, wheat, sorghum, and tobacco. For example, -Cas9 was used to target and knock out the mildew-resistance locus (MLO) genes, which encode proteins that repress the defense against powdery mildew disease in hexaploid bread wheat [127]. sgRNA library -Cas9 can also be applied to the systematic analysis of gene functions in human cells. A lentiviral sgRNA library was developed against genes identified by functional screening and high-throughput sequencing analysis. This powerful loss-of-function library screening is expected to facilitate discovery of genes that participate in various biological processes, including drug targeting, toxicity, and expression of certain phenotypes [128]. Induced pluripotent stem cells iPSCs, which are very similar to embryonic stem cells, are pluripotent cells with a high self-renewal rate that can differentiate into almost all cell types; however, their utilization is associated with significantly less ethical controversy than that of their embryonic counterparts. Recent advances in stem cell technology are likely to provide great benefits to the clinical use of iPSCs in clinical applications [129]. As mentioned above, iPSCs have a major advantage for personalized medicine because they can be derived from the patients themselves, and can therefore avoid immune rejection when transplanted. Ex vivo therapy includes correction of patient-derived iPSCs through gene editing, as well as differentiation into nonrenewable cell types such as neurons and cardiomyocytes (Fig. 5) [100]. In addition to this type of precision therapy, human iPSC lines with genotypes characteristic of specific diseases could be used to understand pathogenic mechanisms. Disease modeling and drug efficiency/toxicity testing with iPSCs not only increase the accuracy of disease simulation, but are also less expensive than generating animal models. However, care must be taken when interpreting the results of phenotypic comparisons between patient iPSC-derived cells and healthy control cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: ” – a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment – a living thing that is too small to be seen with the naked eye YEAST – a group of single-celled fungi that may reproduce by budding, i. e. when a bud detaches and forms into a new fungus – a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped genus of bacteria named for their unique metabolism – a field of science that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities – an area of chemistry focused on designing products and processes that minimise or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances – a renewable energy source, made from organic matter or wastes, that can play a valuable role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions ’? Alan and his team work with strains of Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria. Saccharomyces is a yeast that feeds on sugars and can be found on fruit, such as on the skin of grapes. Interestingly, this yeast has been domesticated to make the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as brewers’ or bakers’ yeast. Propionibacterium are present in a wide variety of environments. Alan and his team are most interested in are those found in dairy products such as cheese. Ultimately, Alan and his team are interested in finding a means of overcoming our reliance on fossil fuels and are therefore investigating microbes as an alternative. “In our projects, Saccharomyces is used for the production of ethanol, whether that be for wine or for biofuels,” explains Alan. “Propionibacterium makes propionic acid, which can be used to keep yeast fermentations free from bacterial contamination. ” ’? The most obvious challenge is the production of ethanol by yeast. The hand gels we use in hospitals all contain ethanol, which helps to kill microbes – the ethanol breaks down the thin membrane around cells and kills them. This is something that Alan and his team are battling with. “When the yeast produces the ethanol, it is killed at an alcohol content of 15%-16%, which explains why wine doesn’t ferment to a higher concentration,” explains Alan.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Connecteur-disjoncteur opérant à différents niveaux conceptuels et ontologiques, le loup est interprété comme un complexe de signes attirant l’attention selon les circonstances sur ses dimensions constitutives indicielles et iconiques. Que signifie voir un loup, être vu par lui, ou son maître surnaturel, être sa victime, son prédateur Quelles attitudes réflexives génère-t-il chez l’éleveur Que recouvrent les notions de « potentiel vital » (hijmor’), de « mérite » (bujan) et de « grâce » (hišig) dans de tels contextes L’« économie » des relations entre ces concepts dévoile une méta-relation d’inclusion entre protection, prédation et induction qui est analysée dans les trois premiers chapitres respectivement intitulés : « From victim to giver : interpreting the attacks of wolves and revealing a morality », « Hunting the wolf for ‘wind horses’ and revealing the individual », « ‘Everything and the contrary’ : between morality and ethics, balance and excess, humanity and animality, what is the wolf ». Les idées de « don », de « dispositif », de « jeux de vérité », de « jeux de vision » et d’« éthique » en constituent les trames conceptuelles principales. 5Les visages du loup, leurs référents multiples, divisés, stratifiés, feuilletés, toujours entrelacés, en font une anamorphose – une discontinuité continue – propice au tissage d’analogies, et dont seule l’expérience de l’interaction détermine un point de vue singulier sur l’animal et sur soi-même.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Specifically, the results are vulnerable to confounding variables that might influence the phenotypes of interest, including epigenetic status and unmatched age, gender, and ethnicity. In this respect, gene editing is the only way to distinguish changes that are specifically relevant to a given disease [130]. -Cas9 system enables simultaneous knockout of multiple genes, as well as knock-in of specific alleles in iPSCs, distinguishing it from earlier gene-editing technologies such as ZFNs and TALENs. An isogenic human iPSC cell line precisely corrected by the -Cas9 system was recently constructed, despite the handling difficulties associated with gene editing of human stem cells [131]. In the future, the use of -Cas9 with iPSCs will lead to novel combinations of gene and cell therapies [132]. Areas of technical improvement: DSB repair, nucleases, delivery Prior to the clinical application of -Cas9 in human patients, the safety and efficacy of the system must be validated. The specificity and efficiency of genome-editing tools can be improved by targeting DSB repair pathways, modifying nucleases, and changing the mode of delivery. We briefly discuss each topic below. DSB repair As noted previously, DNA editing rates are currently determined by the two major endogenous DSB repair pathways. HDR is more suitable for gene correction or gene insertion than NHEJ, which creates indels that generally induce a loss of function. NHEJ is more efficient because it is active throughout the cell cycle and does not require a repair template; by contrast, the rate of HDR is inherently low. In addition, some HDR components are expressed only during the S/G2 phase, limiting the use of HDR-based editing approaches to dividing cells and preventing their use in post-mitotic cells, such as neurons and cardiac myocytes. For this reason, controlling the efficiency of HDR has become a major focus of efforts aimed at increasing the effectiveness of gene correction [46]. One strategy for improving the efficiency of HDR is the suppression of NHEJ during DSB repair. Suppression of a key enzyme in the NHEJ pathway increases the efficiency of HDR-mediated genome editing up to 19-fold [133,134]. Another strategy involves the induction of HDR-like corrections in post-mitotic cells via a novel non-HDR-based pathway: microhomology-mediated end joining [135,136].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/wes-9-141-2024 © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/wes-9-141-2024, 2024. Received: 19 Apr 2023 – Discussion started: 05 May 2023 – Revised: 03 Nov 2023 – Accepted: 28 Nov 2023 – Published: 18 Jan 2024 1 role of electrification of sectors is essential for tackling climate change where most electricity has to come from low-cost renewables, mainly wind and solar. Wind energy is expected to provide a third of the expected electricity needs by 2050 with an installed capacity of about 6000 GW (IRENA, 2019). The expected share of wind can only be achieved by exploiting the ocean area offshore with relatively steadier and higher wind speeds. This scale also demands continuous innovation and cost-reduction strategies. The levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) of offshore wind for some upcoming farms in the Dutch waters, without the grid connection, is already close to EUR 50 per megawatt hour (Lensink and Pisca, 2019; Wind & water works, 2022). These cost reductions in offshore wind can be largely attributed to upscaling of turbines and declining operations and maintenance (O&M) costs (Lantz et al. , 2012; IRENA, 2019; Veers et al. , 2019). Optimization of turbines and wind farms to achieve further cost reductions is crucial in achieving the intended scale of deployment. Over the years, optimization methods and metrics have evolved and gotten better. et al. (2014) and Chehouri et al. (2015) discuss how various objective functions and constraints lead to different rotor designs. Initially, the focus was on the aerodynamic performance of the blade in order to maximize the power coefficient (cP) of the rotor. However, this metric would ignore the mass of the rotor involved, which was solved by minimizing the ratio of mass to the annual energy production (AEP). Although promising, this metric would not take into account the costs of various components. The cost of energy (CoE) solved this issue as it involved both the costs and the AEP.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Interagir d’une manière ou d’une autre avec un loup ne dévoile pas tant une perception de l’environnement que sa propre position en son sein. « Les loups n’attaquent le bétail que des mauvais éleveurs », « Seules les personnes au bon cœur (sajhan setgeltej) peuvent abattre un loup ». Les éleveurs, exclusivement les hommes, pris dans un jeu de miroir avec le loup, valorisent dans l’animal certains attributs identitaires qu’ils s’approprient à travers la chasse : le courage, l’autonomie, l’intelligence, la force, la résistance. Cette vision idéale de la virilité contraste avec les défauts reconnus au loup, ses mauvaises intentions – il reste un voleur de bétail sans retenue, un « animal mal-intentionné » (muu sanaataj am’tan). L’excès du loup trouve son pendant dans l’attitude prédatrice des hommes à son égard, « plus on tue de loups, mieux c’est, cela apporte le respect et du hijmor’ », les louveteaux et les femelles sont également chassés sans aucune forme de considération éthique, contrairement à d’autres animaux – « le chasseur peut toujours remercier le maître surnaturel du terroir pour sa prise plus tard ». Le loup, en tant que chien domestique du maître du terroir témoigne d’une relation à l’environnement essentiellement hiérarchique, mais en tant que gibier, il devient la figure de sa transgression.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Using microhomologous sequences (5 to 25 bp), the so-called PITCH (into Target Chromosome) system can produce precise gene knock-ins. Meanwhile, the lower success rate of -Cas9 relative to TALEN could be overcome by the generation of sticky, instead of blunt, ends [137]. a clinical standpoint, highly specific gene engineering technology is essential because specificity is correlated with safety. Unexpected off-target mutations may cause cells to become carcinogenic or functionally impotent. Because genetic modifications are permanent, multiple ongoing research efforts are devoted to the reduction of off-target effects. One strategy for achieving this goal is to improve the targeting specificity of Cas9. Careful design of sgRNA, including avoidance of poly-G/poly-C-rich targets, as well as tight control of the amount and duration of Cas9 and sgRNA expression, are both important for high specificity [138]. The use of modified Cas9 with two separate sgRNAs that each generate a single-strand nick on opposing DNA strands can potentially reduce off-target activity by 50- to 1,500-fold in cell lines [139,140]. Additionally, truncation of the guide RNA, with a target-complementary region shorter than 20 nucleotides in length, can decrease off-target activity by 5,000-fold or more [141]. Moreover, a fusion protein of catalytically inactive Cas9 and FokI nuclease (fCas9) can recognize the target DNA site with 140-fold greater specificity than the wild-type protein in human cells [142,143]. delivery of gene-editing tools to target cells is another major challenge with respect to efficacy and specificity. Both viral and nonviral delivery methods are currently being evaluated for the introduction of Cas9 into target cells ex vivo or in vivo. Depending on the mode of delivery and the duration of nuclease expression, both off-target activities and immune reactions are possible. Viral vectors, such as AAV or lentivirus, represent the most common delivery systems, and these vectors have recently been approved for clinical use. In particular, AAV, which was recently clinically approved, is an attractive candidate for in vivo use because of its low degree of immune stimulation, well-characterized serotypes, and ability to target diverse tissues such as eye, brain liver, and muscle [144].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: However, in an offshore wind farm, there are various disciplines interacting with each other, and the CoE of the turbine alone would not be a comprehensive metric anymore. Later on, LCoE became the most widely adopted metric for optimization studies (Dykes, 2020). LCoE is a metric that is easy to calculate, covers all the aspects of a wind farm, and is hence universal in nature. Various wind farms across different sites or even different technologies could be compared simply by looking at the LCoE values. To achieve further cost reductions, the benefits of systems engineering by using multi-disciplinary design analysis and optimization (MDAO) have also been explored by Ashuri et al. (2016), Perez-Moreno et al. (2018), Dykes et al. (2018), and Bortolotti et al. (2022). An MDAO-based approach captures the trade-offs between various disciplines of a system and results in a better design, compared to traditional sequential optimization. The studies also point out the importance of using the overall LCoE of the wind farm as the global objective function. Bortolotti et al. (2019a) developed reference wind turbines for onshore and offshore applications using such an MDAO-based framework. Dykes et al. (2018) and Serafeim et al. (2022) explored the optimization of the rotor for a turbine with a fixed rated power using the LCoE of the farm as the objective function. Most studies related to turbine optimization in a farm setting keep the rated power fixed and/or rotor diameter fixed, and the effect of upscaling the turbine itself is often not the focus. Ashuri et al. (2016) optimized a 5 MW reference turbine and scaled it up to 10 and 20 MW to evaluate the effect on LCoE and find an increasing LCoE trend with upscaling. However, the costs for balance of system (BoS) and O&M are assumed to scale with the rated power, with a fixed value for the exponent. In reality, the interactions of the turbine with the other elements of the farm are much more complex and require modeling of all the disciplines of the wind farm. Sieros et al. (2012) performed an upscaling study for turbines in the range of 5–20 MW, with constant specific power, using classical similarity rules.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Chien-loup, éleveur-chasseur, les « natures » sont multiples et sur l’échiquier des prédateurs l’homme est toujours gagnant, le loup demeure une anamorphose incomplète, un hologramme brisé échouant indéfiniment au seuil de l’humanité. 6Ses qualités appropriées sont figurées à travers le port de ses osselets à la taille par les hommes. Le quatrième chapitre intitulé « Extending bodies, concealing and revealing persons through wolves’ ankle bones and other objects kept near the body » concerne une perception particulière du corps de l’homme, de la femme, de l’enfant et de l’aîné. S’y dessine une vision du corps fragmentée où l’éleveur entretient avec certains objets qui l’entourent, qu’il porte (ceinture, bol, manteau, chapeau, tabatière, osselet de loup, peau de loup) une relation d’entrelacs (opposition et inclusion réciproque générant une contiguïté d’effet) démultipliant la frontière de son corps physique. Toujours susceptible de se disperser, le corps de l’homme (spécialement celui des aînés) est encerclé, fermé, par les osselets de loups, la chaleur de sa peau et la « force » de son sang que seuls les aînés et les malades peuvent boire cru. Les femmes, surtout les femmes enceintes, ne peuvent porter des osselets de loups, encore moins en boire le sang, car elles ne pourraient accoucher. Et puis le hijmor’ du loup est une histoire d’hommes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Timeline of technological progression of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats () and its application in model organisms. Key developments are shown and major breakthroughs are highlighted in white boxes. While the story starts in 1987, the name was coined in 2000, and ’s role in adaptive immune system was demonstrated in 2007. A key insight in 2012 that -associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease led to an explosion of papers related to gene-editing technology. From 2013, was successfully applied in modification of genes in humans and other various organisms [4-36]. sgRNA, single guide RNA; P. falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum; X. tropicalis, Xenopus tropicalis; C. elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans; A. thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana; D. melanogaster, Drosophila melanogaster; tracrRNA, trans-acting cr; E. coli, Escherichia coli. Figure 2. Simplified mechanism of microbial adaptive immune system using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (). Upon entry of foreign DNA into bacteria, -associated (Cas) enzymes acquire new spacers from the exogenous sequence and integrate this spacer unit into the leader end of locus within bacterial genome. The transcript of array is further processed, and when another corresponding invasion occurs this mature (crRNA) act as a guide by Cas complex to degrade matching DNA. The detailed mechanisms of each type of systems vary slightly. (A) Acquisition. (B) crRNA biogenesis. (C) Interference. Figure 3. Overview of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()--associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) gene editing from target selection and guide design to validation. (A) Select gene of interest and design guide RNA. (B) Base pairing of sgRNA: genomic DNA. (C) Detection of PAM by Cas and cleavage of gene of interest by Cas domains HNH and RuvC. (D) Formation of nuclease-induced double strand breaks (DSB). (E) Validation of gene editing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: The results showed an increase in the levelized production cost with turbine scale, for the same technology level. However, the focus of the study was on a simplified upscaling method, especially for the turbine, while the models for the rest of the wind farm were expressed simply as a percentage of turbine costs. Shields et al. (2021) studied the impact of turbine upscaling and plant upsizing on various farm-level parameters providing several valuable insights. They find a reduction in LCoE by up to 20 % when upscaling turbines from 6 to 20 MW and upsizing the farm from a 500 MW capacity to a 2500 MW capacity. However, the study assumes a fixed cost per kW for the turbines and also limits the specific power of the turbines when upscaling. The limitations in previous work with respect to the turbine design space and turbine costs are expected to have a significant impact on the generalization of the results and conclusions. Both the numerical findings and the insights into drivers for turbine scaling will be affected. The work presented in this paper aims to capture, more comprehensively, the variations in the turbine design and costs when scaling turbines while also including the interactions and trade-offs occurring at a farm level. The main research question this study tries to answer is as follows: what drives the sizing of wind turbines for minimum LCoE of offshore wind farms? The question can be further broken down into four sub-questions: For a typical case, how does the turbine scale drive various trade-offs at a farm level, and what is the optimum turbine size? How do uncertainties, technology changes, and economic conditions drive the optimum turbine design? How do various farm design conditions drive the optimum turbine design? How do farm-level constraints drive the optimum turbine design? The turbine size refers to the two main defining variables of the turbine, rated power and the rotor diameter. The two variables are optimized with respect to the LCoE of a hypothetical wind farm, using an MDAO framework that includes low-fidelity models for every discipline of an offshore wind farm. The findings of this work may inform policy-makers and wind farm developers with useful insights. However, the implementation is simplified and the chosen set of design variables is limited. Thus, this study aims to be exploratory work that provides the potential possibilities of application of MDAO in large-scale wind farm design problems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: L’agentivité des objets gardés près du corps se développe selon des modalités différentes analysées dans la conclusion du chapitre : « Predation, transmission and ‘agency’ ». 7Dans le dernier chapitre « Between surfaces and depths, actions and transformations, contours and tensions : no homeland for the wolf », la relation au paysage, et plus particulièrement au pays natal (nutag) est analysée. Le loup, contrairement à certains herbivores (bouquetins, béliers, cerfs) est considéré comme n’ayant pas de pays natal. Au-delà des liens métaphoriques idéaux entre humains et non-humains, sa position, ou plutôt son manque de position dans le paysage, génère une réflexion sur les statuts éthiques, ontologiques, de l’homme, de la femme et de l’aîné dans le pays natal. A contrario, le loup figure plusieurs limites. Que signifie avoir un pays natal Ses limites sont-elles subjectives et/ou objectives Quels types de liens l’appartenance exige-t-elle Comment se développent-ils Quelles en sont les conséquences pratiques Ici le paysage, les individus, ne sont pas abordés en terme de point de vue mais de limites, notionnelles (« limite-tension ») et formelles (« limite-contour ») analysées en relation avec les idées d’« actions », de « transformations » et d’« induction ». Le loup, « funambule », figure plusieurs frontières, oscillant entre la norme et sa transgression, l’encerclement du corps et sa dispersion, la clôture d’un espace et sa ligne de fuite. Haut de page Bibliographie Delaplace, G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: sgRNA, single guide RNA; cr; tracrRNA, trans-acting PAM, proto-spacer adjacent motif; NHEJ, nonhomologous end joining; HDR, homology-directed repair. Figure 4. Overview of gene editing and its applications. Genetic defects can be corrected via gene editing with zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats () system. When double-strand breaks occur, the lesion can be corrected by either nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways. Arising from this technique, gene editing can be applied in various fields of research and biotechnology. sgRNA, single guide RNA; PAM, proto-spacer adjacent motif; DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Figure 5. Generation of edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and clinical applications thereof. Somatic cells isolated from a normal person or patient are reprogrammed into iPSCs. Normal sequence can be disrupted or genetic defects can be corrected via gene editing. iPSCs with edited modifications are differentiated into various target cells for disease modeling, which can provide a useful channel for precision therapy and drug screening. ZFN, zinc finger nuclease; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease; clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Table 1. Comparison of different programmable nucleases -binding moiety site size, bp 18–36 30–40 22 to high Design availability More complex Ease of multiplexing zinc f inger nuclease; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease; clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Table 2. Examples of gene-editing techniques applied in cell lines Cell lines gene fibrosis -mediated cDNA knock-in Plasmid ZFN Lee et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms are always the cheapest source of energy in every region. [SEP] Text: (2016), fails to capture the necessary trade-offs. Similarly, the turbine costs (including the support structure) change non-linearly with respect to changes in both the rotor diameter and rated power of the turbine. However, a model that scales the turbine costs linearly with the rated power, like in Shields et al. (2021), does not capture the variations in turbine costs because of changes in the rotor diameter. This would significantly impact the findings and conclusions. Hence, it is crucial that the models for all the disciplines in the wind farm capture the dependencies on the design variables. Having low-fidelity models that can capture the essential trade-offs allows the user to quickly evaluate hundreds of turbine designs. The purpose of the MDAO framework, in the context of this research, is not the accurate estimation of LCoE or the optimum design. The main purpose of the framework is to serve as an analysis block that captures the dependencies of various wind farm elements on the design variables and, hence, can be used in identifying the key drivers of turbine sizing. The drivers could be in the form of technology changes, farm conditions, or even policy-level changes, all of which could be identified and quantified with such a comprehensive framework. A summary of the key elements of the approach is given below. Model lowest necessary fidelity required for all wind farm disciplines. Capture direct and indirect dependencies of each discipline on the design variables. Capture interactions between different wind farm disciplines. Analyze and visualize the response surface of the outputs. Identify key drivers of turbine sizing by analyzing the sensitivity of the outputs to various inputs. In line with these considerations, the next sections first describe the MDAO framework and the optimization problem that is addressed with this. The subsequent descriptions of the models focus on the dependencies that are identified to be relevant for this study, rather than on comprehensive mathematical descriptions. 2. 2 Modeling and optimization framework For this research, the MDAO-based framework developed by Tanmay (2018) and Moreno (2019) is expanded and updated. This framework is shown in Fig. 1, where all the disciplines of a wind farm are modeled and coupled via coupling variables. The software is open source and can be accessed via the repository of Mehta (2023). The framework uses certain user and modeling inputs, highlighted by the green blocks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: 2008 L’invention des morts. Sépultures, fantômes et photographie en Mongolie contemporaine (Paris, Centre d’et Sibériennes/EPHE, Nord-Asie). Deleuze, G. 1969 Logique du sens (Paris, de Minuit). Humphrey, C. , Onon, U. 1996 Shamans and Elders. Experience, Knowledge, and Power among the (Oxford, Press). Pedersen, M. A. 2001 Totemism, Animism and Indigenous Ontologies, Journal of the Institute, 7, 427. Haut de page Pour citer cet 2024. URL : DOI : de page Droits d’auteur Le texte et les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés), sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire. Haut de page Sommaire - Document précédent - Document suivant Auteur Mots-clés Géographique Thématique Population Numéros en texte intégral 55 | 2024III. Dynamics of Relations and Interaction, suivi de Varia 54 | 2023Logics, Stakes and Limits of Transmission in China, Russia and Mongolia, followed by Varia 53 | 2022Figurations chamaniques. Écritures, dessins et broderies de Haute Asie, suivi de Varia 52 | 2021Points of Transition. Ovoo and the of Religious, Ecological, and in Inner Asia, suivi de Varia 51 | 2020à travers les âges. Un volume d’histoire de l’art et d’archéologie, suivi de Varia 50 | 2019Animals in the religion and culture of the 49 | 2018Relations humains-environnement en Sibérie et en Chine du Nord-Est.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: (2015) [63] CHME5, HeLa. TZM-b1, U1 3 region NHEJ-mediated disruption of viral genes (2014) [59] HDR, homology-directed repair; ZFN, zinc finger nuclease; hF9, human F9; AAV, adeno-associated virus; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency; IDLV, integration-deficient lentiviral vector; DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy; clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; NHEJ, nonhomologous end joining; ssODN, single-stranded oligonucleotide; HPV, human papilloma virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LTR U3, long terminal repeat U3. Table 3. Examples of therapeutic applications of genome editing in mouse model gene hF9 HDR-mediated addition of corrective cneonatal, adult mice ZFN Li et al. (2011) [82] Anguela et al. (2013) [83] Hemophilia A, B mAlb HDR-mediated insertion of F8 and F9 cDNA, respectively AAV Humanized adult mice Sharma et al. (2015) [84] Hereditary tyrosinemia I Fah HDR of point mutation Hydrodynamic injection Adult mouse model (2014) [85] HDR-mediated correction Plasmid Zygote, mouse (2015) [81] DMD Exon 23 of dmd gene HDR using a ssODN Cas9, sg (2014) [86] NHEJ-mediated disruption of exon 23 AAV Adult or neonatal (2016) [87], Nelson et al. (2016) [78] Tabebordbar et al. (2016) [79] Long et al. (2016) [80] NHEJ-mediated disruption of exon 23 (2016) [87] -mediated disruption of multiple genes Hydrodynamic injection, (2014) [60] Zhen et al. (2015) [64] Dong et al. (2015) [65] Liu et al. (2015) [66] Ramanan et al.

Output: corroborate