Input: Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope 1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities. ” 1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Logan, Microbial fuel cells, & Sons. Inc. , New Jersey. 2007. [16] S. K. Chaudhuri, D. R. Lovley, Electricity generation by direct oxidation of glucose in mediatorless microbial fuel cells, Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2003) 1229. [17] Y. Ahn, B. E. Logan, Altering anode thickness to improve power production in microbial fuel cells with different electrode distances, Energy Fuels. 27 (2012) 271-276. [18] B. Logan, S. Cheng, V. Watson, G. Estadt, Graphite fiber brush anodes for increased power production in air-cathode microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 3341-3346. [19] E. Guerrini, P. Cristiani, M. Grattieri, C. Santoro, B. Li, S. Trasatti, Electrochemical behavior of stainless steel anodes in membraneless microbial fuel cells, J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 (2014) H62-H67. [20] R. Thorne, H. Hu, K. Schneider, P. Bombelli, A. Fisher, L. M. Peter, A. Dent, P. J. Cameron, Porous ceramic anode materials for photo-microbial fuel cells, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 18055-18060. [21] C. Dumas, A. Mollica, D. Féron, R. Basséguy, L. Etcheverry, A. Bergel, Marine microbial fuel cell: use of stainless steel electrodes as anode and cathode materials, Electrochim. Acta. 53 (2007) 468-473. [22] H. Richter, K. generation by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to gold electrodes, Langmuir. 24 (2008) 4376-4379. [23] S. Cheng, B. E. Logan, Ammonia treatment of carbon cloth anodes to enhance power generation of microbial fuel cells, Electrochem. Commun. 9 (2007) 492-496.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: The years between 2000 and 2010 saw the rapid increase of mass spectrometry as the main proteomic technique for protein identification and quantification, replacing other techniques previously used. The difficulties and the low number of proteins identified with the Edman N-terminal sequencing were overcome with the advent of mass spectrometry, and new intriguing possibilities were opened. Valot et al. (2005) also used a sub-cellular proteomic approach to monitor membrane-associated protein modifications during the AM symbiosis [44]. 2DE-PAGE of root microsomes revealed some mycorrhiza-responsive proteins including 15 induced, 3 up-regulated, and also 18 down-regulated proteins. Among those 36 regulated proteins, 25 were identified using the MALDI-TOF. Except for an acid phosphatase and a lectin, none of them was previously reported as being regulated during the AM symbiosis. This sub-cellular proteomic approach allowed for the first time the identification of fungal proteins expressed in planta. In their final conclusion, the authors pinpointed the next challenge: the identification of membrane proteins located in and around the arbuscule, the mycorrhizal symbiosis-specific fungal structure. Arbuscules are ephemeral structures that form continuously and collapse at the end of a short life-span. The identification of proteins temporarily present in a sub-set of cell types remains, at the present time, a technical challenge for quantitative proteomics. Moreover, membranes associated with the arbuscules are significantly less, relative to the overall root membranes, as also suggested by the low amount of fungal RNA found in extensively colonized AM roots, maximally reaching 12% of the total RNA extracted [45]. Despite these considerations, the same group attempted to enrich samples for plasma membranes using a discontinuous sucrose gradient method [46]. In this 4. 1 in soybean [49], STR half-ABC transporters [50] and vesicle-associated membrane proteins VAMP721d/e [51]. In the experiments of Abdallah et al. (2014), proteins were quantified by label-free counting. Protein quantification in label-free experiments is generally based on two types of measurements: peptide peak intensity and spectral count.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope 1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities. ” 1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: [24] fuel cell performance of multiwall carbon nanotubes on carbon cloth as electrodes, J. Power Sources. 194 (2009) 199-205. [25] Y. nanotube/polyaniline composite as anode material for microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 170 (2007) 79-84. [26] Z. generation from artificial wastewater using an upflow microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 5262-5267. [27] Y. Feng, Q. Yang, X. Wang, B. E. Logan, Treatment of carbon fiber brush anodes for improving power generation in air–cathode microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 195 (2010) 1841-1844. [28] D. A. Lowy, L. M. Tender, Harvesting energy from the marine sediment–water interface: III. Kinetic activity of quinone-and antimony-based anode materials, J. Power Sources. 185 (2008) 70-75. [29] K. Guo, A. Prévoteau, S. A. Patil, K. Rabaey, Engineering electrodes for microbial electrocatalysis, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 33 (2015) 149-156. [30] K. Wang, Y. Liu, S. Chen, Improved microbial electrocatalysis with neutral red immobilized electrode, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 164-168. [31] S. Kondaveeti, J. Lee, R. Kakarla, H. S. Kim, B. Min, Low-cost separators for enhanced power production and field application of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), Electrochim. Acta. 132 (2014) 434-440. [32] S. Choi, J. R. Kim, J. Cha, Y. Kim, G. C. Premier, C. Kim, Enhanced power production of a membrane electrode assembly microbial fuel cell (MFC) using a cost effective poly [2, 5-benzimidazole](ABPBI) impregnated non-woven fabric filter, Bioresour. Technol. 128 (2013) 14-21. [33] J. Sun, Y. Hu, Z.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: To be able to combine LCM samples of synchronous arbusculated cells with sub-cellular enrichment, peptide pre-fractionation and analysis with powerful MS instruments such as (company) may reveal an unexpected specificity during the development of this symbiotic structure. Novel MS/MS techniques developed in the past few years in other research fields could also be applied to investigate plant–fungus symbiotic interactions. For example, selected reaction monitoring (SRM) is a targeted MS technique used to complement untargeted shotgun methods. SRM is used to measure across multiple samples – in a consistent, reproducible and quantitatively precise manner – a set of candidate proteins involved in a particular cellular process [75]. Based on known data from the literature or previous experiments, a set of target peptides that optimally represent the protein are selected and after their validation they are used for protein quantification. Unfortunately, the sensitivity of SRM is limited and it cannot cover the entire proteome of an organism. Nevertheless, this technique is really promising for the fine protein quantification in different cell types or conditions. Taylor et al. (2014) used SRM in plant science to confirm protein abundance in Arabidopsis mutant lines, even when discrimination between very similar proteins was needed [76]. However, the application of this technique for the identification of OsPT11, homologue to MtPT4, from wild-type and mutant lines did not work, probably due to the method’s sensitivity (Chiapello, 2013, unpublished data). Another promising technique to further investigate the proteome of arbuscule-containing cells is the single-cell imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), a powerful technique used to map the distribution of endogenous biomolecules with subcellular resolution [77]. technique Identification technique Reference ECTO 1995 Eucalyptus grandis Pisolithus tinctorius 2DE-PAGE --- Burgess et al. , 1995 1999 Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata Pisolithus tinctorius 2DE-PAGE --- Laurent et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -15. 10 Committee D10 $ 73. 00 In stock Scope 1. 1 This specification covers cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products associated with food, landscape waste, and other compost feedstocks, which are intended to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities, where thermophilic temperatures are achieved. 1. 2 This specification covers cellulosic-based uncoated and coated packaging materials and products and covers whole packaging products. Products covered in this specification include cellulosic fiber-based products produced from cellulosic pulp, corrugated materials, containerboard, paper, paperboard, and molded fiber. 1. 3 This specification excludes end items where thermoplastic polymer is laminated or extruded to cellulosic substrates. 1. 4 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities” in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Commission,2 provided the label includes proper qualifications as to the availability of such facilities. 1. 5 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if packaging materials and products will compost satisfactorily in large-scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of biodegradation must not be apparent to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 6 This specification is technically equivalent to ISO 18606. 1. 7. 1. 7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Bi, Y. Cao, Improved performance of air-cathode single-chamber microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment using microfiltration membranes and multiple sludge inoculation, J. Power Sources. 187 (2009) 471-479. [34] B. Min, J. Kim, S. generation from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cells, Water Res. 39 (2005) 4961-4968. [35] J. R. Kim, S. generation using different cation, anion, and ultrafiltration membranes in microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 1004-1009. [36] S. Cheng, H. Liu, B. E. Logan, Increased performance of single-chamber microbial fuel cells using an improved cathode structure, Electrochem. Commun. 8 (2006) 489-494. [37] Z. He, N. upflow microbial fuel cell with an interior cathode: assessment of the internal resistance by impedance spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5212-5217. [38] S. Ayyaru, S. Dharmalingam, Improved performance of microbial fuel cells using sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) TiO2–SO3H nanocomposite membrane, RSC Adv. 3 (2013) 25243-25251. [39] I. Ieropoulos, J. Greenman, C. Melhuish, Improved energy output levels from small-scale microbial fuel cells, Bioelectrochemistry. 78 (2010) 44-50. [40] advances in the separators for microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 244-252. [41] F. Harnisch, U. Schröder, F. Scholz, The suitability of monopolar and bipolar ion exchange membranes as separators for biological fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008) 1740-1746. [42] Y. Zuo, S. Cheng, D. Call, B. E. Logan, Tubular membrane cathodes for scalable power generation in microbial fuel cells, Technol. 41 (2007) 3347-3353. [43] J. Moon, S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The manufacturing of energy from nuclear power factories, uranium mining, nuclear weapons production and nuclear accidents are the major cause of release of radionuclide's into the environment. The nuclear wastes typically contain inorganic and organic contaminants that include radionuclide's, heavy metals, acids/base and solvents. The high radiation level, in combination with the chemical hazards cause intensive damage to ecosystem and living organisms. The clean –up of nuclear waste by physiochemical methods is impractical and the cost is prohibitive. As a result a less costly in situ bioremediation technology is being investigated as a potential substitute method for treating such contaminated sites. The development of bioremediation strategies using Deinococcus spp, is therefore vital for the clean up of contaminated sites with radioactive waste. As these sites rarely contaminated by a single chemical, it is necessary to developed strain to be multi- resistant to various toxic agents [2]. Bioremediation is a natural process which depends on bacteria, fungi, and plants to altering pollutants as these organisms perform their normal life functions. These organisms have the ability of exploiting chemical contaminants as an energy source in their metabolic processes. Therefore, bioremediation affords alternative tool to destroy or reduce the risky contaminants through biological activity and this method has an effective cost [3]. Among the different methods, bioaccumulation and biosorption are potential for the removal of metals [4]. The active mode of metal accumulation of living cells is in most cases referred to bioaccumulation which relys on intrinsic biochemical and structural properties, physiological and genetic adaptation, environmental modification of metal specification, availability and toxicity [5]. Bioaccumulation is defined as the uptake of toxicant by living cells and transports it into the cell [6] and is a growth dependent process mediated only by living biomass [7]. The process of biosorption is possible by both living and dead biomasses [8]. The ability of certain species of bacteria in accumulating heavy metals was investigated inclusively [9,10]. Hence the natural organisms, either indigenous or extraneous can be used for bioremediation of heavy metals [11]. The present study aimed to isolate Deinococcus radiodurans from soil and identifying it biochemically and molecularly, in addition to determining their ability to remediation Pb and Cd through bioaccumulation and biosorption processes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope 1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities, where thermophilic conditions are achieved. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities. ” 1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if end items (including packaging), which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting facilities. Maximum throughput is a high priority to composters and the intermediate stages of plastic disintegration and biodegradation not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 17088. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Kondaveeti, B. Min, Evaluation of lowcost separators for increased power generation in single chamber microbial fuel cells with membrane electrode assembly, Fuel Cells. 15 (2015) 230-238. [44] J. M. Moon, S. . Min, Minimum interspatial electrode spacing to optimize air-cathode microbial fuel cell operation with a membrane electrode assembly, Bioelectrochem. 106 (2015) 263-267. [45] A. Larrosa-Guerrero, K. Scott, I. Head, F. Mateo, A. Ginesta, C. Godinez, Effect of temperature on the performance of microbial fuel cells, Fuel. 89 (2010) 3985-3994. [46] Y. Liu, V. Climent, A. Berna, J. M. Feliu, Effect of temperature on the catalytic ability of electrochemically active biofilm as anode catalyst in microbial fuel cells, Electroanal. 23 (2011) 387-394. [47] B. Min, Ó. B. Román, I. Angelidaki, Importance of temperature and anodic medium composition on microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance, Biotechnol. Lett. 30 (2008) 1213-1218. [48] Z. Li, X. Zhang, Y. Zeng, L. Lei, Electricity production by an overflow-type wetted-wall microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009) 2551-2555. [49] D. Pant, G. Van Bogaert, L. Diels, K. Vanbroekhoven, A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 1533-1543. [50] of different substrates on the performance, bacterial diversity, and bacterial viability in microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009) 3518-3525. [51] Y. Fan, E. Sharbrough, H. Liu, Quantification of the internal resistance distribution of microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008) 8101-8107. [52] S. Cheng, B. E.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Materials and of bacteria Three soil samples (30 gm each) were collected from Um- Qasr district, south of Basra city- Iraq during the January (2013). The samples were collected using a sterile plastic bag and transferred within 2 h to laboratory for analysis. For isolation of Deinococcus radiodurans, one gram of air dried soil sample was serially diluted using distilled water and spread over Yeast extract (TGY) medium (0. 5% tryptone, 0. 1% glucose and 0. 3% yeast extract) agar solid plates. The plates were incubated at 30ºC for 24 h. Bacterial characterization Properties of the isolates that included gram reaction, citrate utilization, indole production, nitrate reduction, catalase, fermentation of D- glucose, arginine, lactose and mannose, hydrolysis of casien, and gelatin liquefaction tests were determined according to Murray [12]. 16S rRNA based identification Bacterial samples were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. To determine the identity of bacterial samples, the amplified 16S rRNA gene PCR products obtained from total genomic DNA using primer set 27F (5'--3') and 1492R (5'--3'), [13] were sequenced commercially. DNA sequences obtained were compared to sequences available online in the database (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov). Homology search was performed using Bioinformatics tools available online, BLASTn www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/BLA [14]. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for Cd and MIC of Cd and Pb of bacteria were determined by disc diffusion method [15]. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were between 100 to 1000 mgl-1. Filter paper disks were saturated with heavy metals for 30 min, and then added to nutrient agar plates which incubated for 24h at 30ºC. The salts of CdCl2 and Pb (NO3)2 were used to prepare mother solution of these metals in sterile distilled water.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock AbstractThis specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. The purpose of this specification is to establish standards for identifying products and materials that will compost satisfactorily in commercial and municipal composting facilities. Scope1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as "compostable in municipal and industrial composting facilities. "1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. Further, the properties in the specification are required to assure that the degradation of these materials will not diminish the value or utility of the compost resulting from the composting process. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—No equivalent ISO specifications exist for this standard.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Logan, Increasing power generation for scaling up single-chamber air cathode microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 4468-4473. [53] V. Vologni, R. Kakarla, I. Angelidaki, B. Min, Increased power generation from primary sludge by a submersible microbial fuel cell and optimum operational conditions, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 36 (2013) 635-642. [54] R. . Min, Enhanced performance of an air–cathode microbial fuel cell with oxygen supply from an externally connected algal bioreactor, Bioresour. Technol. 195 (2015) 210-216. [55] R. Kakarla, B. Min, Evaluation of microbial fuel cell operation using algae as an oxygen supplier: carbon paper cathode vs. carbon brush cathode, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 37 (2014) 2453-2461. [56] R. Kakarla, B. Min, Photoautotrophic microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus attached on a cathode as oxygen producers for microbial fuel cell (MFC) operation, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 39 (2014) 10275-10283. [57] Z. He, Y. Huang, A. K. Manohar, F. Mansfeld, Effect of electrolyte pH on the rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell, Bioelectrochem. 74 (2008) 78-82. [58] Y. Zhang, B. Min, L. Huang, I. J. A. Angelidaki, Generation of electricity and analysis of microbial communities in wheat straw biomass-powered microbial fuel cells, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75 (2009) 3389-3395. [59] T. Akiba, H. Bennetto, J. Stirling, K. Tanaka, Electricity production from alkalophilic organisms, Biotechnol. Lett. 9 (1987) 611-616. [60] S. You, Q. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Jiang, S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The mixture was stirred at 180 rpm at 30ºC and 15 ml of sample was collected at interval times (2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 h) centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 15 min in a centrifuge. The remaining concentration of metals was analyzed by the atomic absorbance spectrophotometer. An experiment was carried out twice and the mean values were reported. The difference between the initial metal ion concentration and the final metal ion concentration was considered as metal bound to the biosorbent [17]. Statistical analysis The data obtained on the Bioaccumulation and biosorption of different metals at different concentration and time interval, by the bacterium D. radiodurans subjected to Statistical analysis using the SPSS program (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL Version 15. 0). The data were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA). To detect the statistical significance of differences (P<0. 05) between means. Results and and molecular identification of isolated bacteria The selected bacterium was characterized and identified by using morphological, physiological and biochemical tests (Table 1). Bacteria were presumptively identified as Deinococcus sp. According to Chaturvedi [18]. Also the bacteria were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The sequence of 16S rRNA of bacteria was submitted to Blastn (database 16S ribosomal RNA sequences (Bacteria and Archaea); Megablast) (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/blast). That indicated a close genetic relatedness of bacteria with the rRNA sequence of D. radiodurans. observed Morphology shape Cocci pigment pink Gram reaction + Biochemical reaction Oxidase test + Catalase test + Indol formation + Citrate utilization + Gelatin liquefaction + Nitrate reduction - Fermentation D-glucose + Arginine + Lactose - Mannose + Casien + "+"and "-" indicate positive and negative reactions, respectively Table 1: Morphological and biochemical characteristics of D. radiodurans. Minimum inhibitory concentration The MIC is the lowest concentration of the heavy metals that completely inhibited bacterial growth [19]. D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -15. 10 Committee D10 $ 61. 00 In stock Scope 1. 1 This specification covers cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products associated with food, landscape waste, and other compost feedstocks, which are intended to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities, where thermophilic temperatures are achieved. 1. 2 This specification covers cellulosic-based uncoated and coated packaging materials and products and covers whole packaging products. Products covered in this specification include cellulosic fiber-based products produced from cellulosic pulp, corrugated materials, containerboard, paper, paperboard, and molded fiber. 1. 3 This specification excludes end items where thermoplastic polymer is laminated or extruded to cellulosic substrates. 1. 4 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities” in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Commission,2 provided the label includes proper qualifications as to the availability of such facilities. 1. 5 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if packaging materials and products will compost satisfactorily in large-scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of biodegradation must not be apparent to the end user for aesthetic reasons. 1. 6 This specification is technically equivalent to ISO 18606. 1. 7. 1. 7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Zhao, A microbial fuel cell using permanganate as the cathodic electron acceptor, J. Power Sources. 162 (2006) 1409-1415. [61] S. V. Mohan, S. V. Raghavulu, D. Peri, P. N. Sarma, Bioelectronics, Integrated function of microbial fuel cell (MFC) as bio-electrochemical treatment system associated with bioelectricity generation under higher substrate load, Biosen. Bioelect. 24 (2009) 2021-2027. [62] L. Wei, H. Han, J. Shen, Effects of cathodic electron acceptors and potassium ferricyanide concentrations on the performance of microbial fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 37 (2012) 12980-12986. [63] H. L. Song, Y. Zhu, J. Li, Electron transfer mechanisms, characteristics and applications of biological cathode microbial fuel cells–A mini review, Arab. J. Chem (2015). [64] J. Jiang, Q. Zhao, J. Zhang, G. Zhang, D. J. Lee, Electricity generation from bio-treatment of sewage sludge with microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009) 5808-5812.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: [25] who reported that, the amount of metal ions accumulated per unit mass of Bacillus sp. (ATS-1) increased first with increasing of the initial metal ion concentration and reached to a saturation value. Then the value changes with the initial metal ion concentration change. et al. [26] reported that, the accumulation of chromium (VI), cadmium (II) and copper (II) by Pantoea sp. TEM18 increase with high initial metals concentration, then reach to saturate so the accumulation decrease. Table 2 shows a comparison between different microorganisms and D. radiodurans in the present study. capacity (mgg-1) or % Cd 95 al. [32] Enterobactersp. Pb 50 et al. [33] Bacillus cereus Pb 36. 71 al. [34] Micrococcussp. Zn 84. 27 et al. [35] Aspergillus niger Cr 133 et al. [36] D. radiodurans Cd 36. 86 study Pb 0. 33 Pb D. radiodurans Cd 31. 23% study Pb 63. 46% 2: Completed facial reconstruction (half-profile, plasticine). Concentration (mg/l) % Biosorption of Pb at different times (h. ) 2 4 6 24 478 5 22. 72±0. 007 22. 85± 0. 141 23. 50± 0. 007 27. 91± 0. 007 30. 43± 0. 014 10 28. 15± 0. 007 30. 32± 0. 021 30. 40± 0. 014 30. 43± 0. 007 30. 45± 0. 007 25 41. 8± 0. 007 43. 20± 0. 141 44. 00± 0. 141 44. 20± 0. 070 44. 33± 0 50 63. 46± 0. 007 59. 97± 0. 007 39. 33± 0. 007 33. 40± 0 31. 89± 0. 070 LSD= 0. 001 Concentration (mg/l) % Biosorption of Cd at different times (h) 2 4 6 24 478 5 18. 97± 0. 014 18. 57± 0. 014 17. 65± 0. 014 16. 10± 0. 707 15. 58± 0. 007 10 22.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Most biodegradable plastics require industrial composting facilities to break down fully. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -08. 03 Committee D20 $ 73. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This specification covers plastics and products made from plastics that are designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. 1. 2 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling of materials and products, including packaging made from plastics, as "compostable in municipal and industrial composting facilities. "1. 3 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if plastics and products made from plastics will compost satisfactorily, including biodegrading at a rate comparable to known compostable materials. Further, the properties in the specification are required to assure that the degradation of these materials will not diminish the value or utility of the compost resulting from the composting process. 1. 4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to the test methods portion of this standard: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—No equivalent ISO specifications exist for this standard. Version D6400-99E01 D6400-23 Active D6400-22 D6400-21 D6400-19 D6400-12 D6400-04 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard!

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cells output: Thesis › internal (1) (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability. This thesis investigates characteristics and performance of EcAB in the anodic compartment of pure- and mixed-culture MFCs in an effort to shed light to processes important to MFC performance and efficiency. In order to reliably study EcAB in a microbial fuel cell environment, a gas-tight, sterile MFC setup was developed and optimized for electrochemical and microbiological studies of the anodic bacteria and consequently the electrochemically active biofilm/bioanode. In addition, a method for Geobacter species quantification with quantitative PCR (qPCR) was developed. Furthermore, a multiple-unit MFC setup was designed for convenient and simultaneous operation of identical MFCs ‘in-parallel’. A design for a new compact, multi-array MFC to be used as a small-scale culturing platform of EcAB based solely on their electrochemical properties is also introduced. Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 80± 0. 070 22. 76± 0. 007 21. 00± 0 20. 71± 0. 007 20. 14± 0. 007 25 27. 64± 0. 014 27. 60± 0. 070 27. 58± 0. 021 26. 57± 0. 014 26. 52± 0. 014 50 31. 23± 0. 014 31. 12± 0. 014 30. 75± 0. 021 30. 64± 0. 014 30. 32± 0. 014 LSD= 0. 024 Table 3: Biosorption (%) of Lead and Cadmium at different period of incubations and different concentrations by D. radiodurans. Biosorption study The results of the present study (Table 2) showed that D. radiodurans has a good ability to absorption Pb and Cd. The highest percentage of Pb absorption was 63. 46% in concentration 50 mgl-1 for 2h. Biosorption of Pb increased with the increase of time for concentration 5, 10 and 25 mgl-1, then start decreasing with increase time for concentration 50 mgl-1. Explanations for these results is that at first three concentrations, the increase in biosorption with the time due to the sorbent sites were not saturated, but in concentration 50 mgl-1, the concentration was sufficient to saturate these sites, so the maximum absorption occurs in the first two hours. Tarangini [27], reported that, biosorption of arsenic by mixed cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis was increased with the increase time. In related to the effect of Pb concentration, results showed sorption increase with the increasing Pb concentration. Taty-Cortodes et al. [28], showed that, the initial ion concentration exhibits quite an interesting effect on the equilibrium sorption capacity of the Pinus sylvestris for Cd (II) and Pb (II). At a fixed biosorbent dose, pH and temperature, the equilibrium sorption capacity, improved with higher initial ion concentration. The ion removal was highest concentrated dependent. The increase in the biosorbents loading capacity as a function of metal ion concentration was believed to be due to a high driving force for mass transfer. The results of the present study of Cd sorption showed decrease of biosorption with increasing time (Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable plastics are part of ongoing research to reduce plastic pollution and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: -General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March. 2020. x College of (PMU), Kingdom of x College of (PMU), Kingdom of *Corresponding author: Shaili Vadera, Assistant Professor-Economics, Accounting & Finance, College of (PMU), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel: 0509608478, Email: svadera@pmu. edu. sa Quick links of the Demand of Plastics and its on Shaili Vadera* and Citation: Shaili Vadera, (2021) A of the Demand of Plastics and its on Environmental Sustainability. J Manage 3: 105 Copyright: © 2021 Shaili Vadera. This is an open-access 2025. It also outlines the growing importance of adopting Alternatives as global solution to mitigate plastic pollution. Plastic pollution affects the health of millions of people around the world. Synthetic plastics are slow to degrade posing a huge threat to the entire ecosystem. Recent studies conclude that human beings are daily consuming bits of micro-plastics through food and water. Micro-plastics have also been found in 90% of the packaged drinking water. Approximately 9 million tons of plastic waste is disposed annually and it is expected to double by 2025. If present trend continues there will be more than 18 billion metric tons of non-biodegradable plastic both in land and oceans. Also, due to recent Covid-19 pandemic, there is a sudden increase in demand for single-use plastic items. The problems related to post pandemic plastic pollution will become even more complex requiring a collaborated and sustainable approach in collection and effective disposal of plastic waste in order to mitigate its harmful impact on the environment. Keywords: Plastics; Global; Demand; Mismanagement; Pollution; Biodegradable Alternatives; Plastics are one of the most versatile man-made material. It has been reported that more than 2 million plastic bags and bottles are currently being consumed by packaging industry every day. Plastics are currently in demand in all the sectors. The current demand for plastics in packaging industry is around 36% followed by building and construction at 22% and the rest 42% required in other key sectors such as electronics, furniture, transport, agriculture, medical, toys, etc. The future production of plastics is set to double by 2030 [1].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. These strains formed a new phylogenetic Geobacter cluster, distinct from G. sulfurreducens. This observation suggested that strain T33 might have an ecological advantage in MFCs over G. sulfurreducens PCA. In-depth characterization of strain T33 in pure-culture experiments showed that strain T33 forms efficient bioanodes with high Pmax similar to strain PCA, but exhibits different redox-centers than strain T33.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: The high sorption noticed after 2h at concentration 50 mgl-1. This is similar to Anzeze et al. [29], who reported that, the rate of adsorption of Cd by Eichhornia crasippes was very fast at first and over 95 % of total biosorption of Cd (II) ions occurs in the first 5 minutes and thereafter it proceeds at a slower rate and finally no further significant adsorption is noted beyond 20 minutes of contact time. For effect of metal concentration on biosorption, results show increases in Cd sorption with increasing metal concentration. The initial concentration provides an important driving force to overcome all mass transfer resistance of metal between the aqueous and solid phases [30]. The increasing amount of metal adsorbed by the biomass will be increased with initial concentration of metals. Optimum percentage of metal removal can be taken at high initial metal concentration. Thus, at a given concentration of biomass, the metal uptake increases with increase in initial concentration [31]. 224. éni S, Khwaldia K, et al. (2012) Isolation and characterization of a novel Micrococcusstrain for bioremediation of strontium in radioactive residues. MicrobiolRes 64: 851-858. Volesky B, Holan ZR (1995) Biosorption of heavymetals. BiotechnolProg 11: 235-250. (1995) Metal cation uptake by yeast: areview. ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol 43: 579-584. (2004) Metalbioremediationthrough growing cells. 30: 261-278. (1996) Bioaccumulation and biosorption of CO2+ by neurospora crassa. BiotechnolLett 18: 1205-1208. (1994) Biosorption of heavymetal cations by non- viable yeastbiomas. 15: 429-438. (2002) Uranium accumulation by a bacteriumisolated from electroplating effluent. 18: 295-302. (2008) Novel metalaccumulator and proteasesecretor microbes from Wetland. BiochemBiotechnol 4: 255-264. (2002) Microbiology. (5th Edn. ), McGraw-Hill, New York. Murray RGE (1992) The familyDeinococcaceae.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable plastics are part of ongoing research to reduce plastic pollution and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: It can be achieved through extension, adaptation and modification to lengthen the product life cycle stages, design thinking, exploring renewable alternative sources of energy and fuel, focusing on increased use of by-products to create biodegradable plastics/ products, technological collaborations and adopting sharing economy model for community development [19]. 2020 Initiative have pledged $11 million to targeting river plastic pollution. In the past numerous initiatives have been undertaken at global level to redesign, refuse, eliminate, reuse or recycle the consumption of plastics through closed-loop system also known as circular economy model [20]. It has also been emphasized that single-use plastic items should come along with pollution causing labels [21]. (2018) announced that global plastic waste is expected to increase by 70% if proper measures are not adopted to reduce plastic pollution. Countries are undertaking stringent regulations related to mismanaged waste that adversely affects the health of millions of people around the world [22]. Countries around the world have adopted an integrated approach of 7R’s Model through stringent reforms and regulations. For instance, in and Japan, about 96% of plastic waste is collected and recovered at source. Also, there is complete ban on discarding waste plastic in landfills or oceans. They have also introduced plastic bottles deposit scheme for consumers to facilitate recovery at source. The countries such as U. S. A and Australia have 80% of waste collection average and depend on landfilling or incineration as waste management strategy. Germany has the highest recycling rate of 57% followed by South Korea, Austria, Wales and Switzerland. Emerging economies like China, India & Brazil with increased industrial activity have only 50% waste collection average. Manual collection of waste material is more prevalent and large amount of waste is discarded in landfills or water bodies informally leading to plastic pollution. Most of the countries are imposing strict trade restrictions on import of single-use non-biodegradable plastics as a preventive measure to curb pollution. Instead countries are introducing new regulations permitting imports of only approved oxy-biodegradable single-use plastics and packaging materials which can be easily degraded in the presence of oxygen. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Albania, Jordan, Yemen and Emirates are the leading countries which have enforced stringent regulations allowing imports of only oxy-biodegradable disposable plastics. The samples of the plastics imported are further tested in the pre-approved labs to ensure that they are oxy-biodegradable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, strain T33 has a more limited electron acceptor range, but a wider electron donor range than strain PCA, including glucose and succinate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T33 and recently described electrochemically active strains G. soli GSS01 and G. anodireducens SD-1 are closely related (99% by 16S rRNA) and form a new phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacters, 98% by 16S rRNA similar to G. sulfurreducens strains PCA and KN400. Genome-based analyses indicates that even though the two clusters share common metabolic properties, some differences exist with respect to electron donor utilization, attachment and conductive cell surface components (e-pili) production and genome rearrangement and gene acquisition. It is not sufficiently clear how the differences in the genome of strain T33 are relevant to persistence of the strain in MFCs, biofilm formation and EET, our studies overall suggest that strain T33 even though producing similar power densities as G. sulfurreducens PCA, might be more stable and versatile in MFCs, and therefore a better candidate for waste-water treatment if it can couple the oxidation of several organic substrates, as observed with Fe(III)-respiration, also to electrode-respiration. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor ofAdvisorsStams, A. J. M. , PromotorEuverink, G. J. W. , Promotor, External personGeelhoed, J. S. , Co-promotor, External personAward date13 Feb 2019Place of 9789463433853DOstatusPublished - 13 Feb 2019 output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/464206 Files and links into the research topics of 'Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cells'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. 100% 100% Real-100% Earth and 71% Earth and 71% 66% 42% 42% View full fingerprint Projects 1 per year Microbiology and mechanisms of exocellular electron transfer in microbial fuel cellsMichaelidou, U. (PhD candidate) & Stams, F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: In: The ProkaryotesHandbook of the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation Identi? cation, Application. Springer-Verlag, New York. (1985) Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses. 82: 6955-6959. (1997) and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of proteindatabasesearch programs. NucleicAcidsRes 25: 3389–3402. Wistreich MD, (1980) Laboratoryexercises in microbiology. (3rdedn),. (2006) Investigating heavymetalresistance, bioaccumulation and metabolic profile of a metallophilemicrobial consortium native to an abandoned mine. Environ 366: 649-658. Sethuraman P, Kumar MD (2011) Bacillus subtilis on Pb2+ ions removal from aqueous solution by Biosorption. 2: 247. (2011) Molecular diversity and heavymetal interactions in Deinococcusspp. PhSayajiraouniversity of Baroda. Froidevaux R, Krier F, Nedjar-Arroume N, Vercaigne-Marko D, Kosciarz E, et al. (2001) Antibacterialactivity of a pepsin-derived bovine hemoglobin fragment. FEBS Lett 491: 159-163. (2010) Functional analysis of a putative transcriptionalregulator gene dr2539 in Deinococcus radiodurans. MicrobiolRes 4: 515-522. Qi Y, Hulett FM (1998) Role of Pho-P in transcriptionalregulation of genes involved in cellwallanionicpolymerbiosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 180: 4007-4010. (2013) Growth media composition and heavymetaltolerance behavior of bacteriacharacterized from the sub-surface soil of uranium rich ore bearing site of Domiasiat in Meghalaya. Biotechnol 12: 115-119. (2002) Effect of medium composition on the susceptibility of oral streptococci to mercuricchloride. CurrMicrobiol 45: 272-276. (2006) Bioaccumulation of Pb (II) from Aqueous solution by Bacillus cereus M1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable plastics are part of ongoing research to reduce plastic pollution and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: However, whether the oxy-biodegradable plastics actually degrade in the presence of oxygen in a short span of time without causing air or water pollution is yet to be fully established. Countries such as. S. , India etc. are taking preventive measures to ban the sale of plastic straws, drink stirrers and other single-use plastic products. plans to adopted circular economy by recovering and recycling 100% of all used plastic packaging by 2040. In 2016-17, France restricted the free distribution of single-use plastic thereby eliminating the use of more than 5 billion plastic grocery bags. Canada in 2018 adopted the principle of Waste by introducing complete ban on single-use plastics by 2021 and developing responsibility programs designed to reduce, redesign, recycle, recover and reuse. India as an emerging economy with a population of 1. 3 billion, is a significant contributor to plastic pollution due it’s convenience and cost effectiveness. India’s per capita usage of plastics stands at 11. 5 kgs. However, India is reducing the use of polythene bags made of virgin or recycled plastic less than 50 microns in thickness and plans to ban all single-use plastics by 2022. Plastic due to its durability, thermal resistance and highly resilient nature finds multiple uses in building and construction industry. Companies are also taking initiatives to recover ocean plastics to manufacture sneakers, jackets, comforters, sportswear, bags etc. from recycled ocean plastic debris. Plastic toothbrush takes 100 to 300 years to degrade. Therefore, bamboo toothbrush are other eco-friendly substitutes which are currently available in the markets. The need of the hour is to educate the consumers regarding the harmful effects of plastic pollution so that they adopt biodegradable alternatives. With the introduction of ban on polythene retailers have started using jute/ cloth/ paper bags in place of plastic carry bags. In many countries, single-use plastics will be prohibited in both semi urban and urban communities by 2021. A Review on Alternatives to mitigate plastic pollution Plastics are extremely versatile and unavoidable due to their multiple uses and characteristics. But the level of harm it is causing to our environment, because of its non- biodegradable nature, has forced countries to invest heavily in R&D labs, to seek compostable eco-friendly plastic alternatives. However, the main limitation of compostable products is that they require industrial treatment in compostable industrial centers/ facilities which are also limited in number.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Biosorption of some by Deinococcus radiodurans in Basra Governorate-R1, Al-Sulami A1, Al-Taee A2*, Aldoghachi F3, Suhaimi N4 and Mohammed S5 1College of Education for 23College of Science, Basra University, Basra, Iraq 4College of Biotechnology, University, Malaysia 5College of Medicine, University, Malaysia *: Al--mail: amraltaee@yahoo. com 18, 2016; 06, 2016; 10, 2016 Citation: Jaafar R, Al-Sulami A, Al- (2016) Biosorption of some by Deinococcus radiodurans Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate-Iraq. J 7:332. doi: 10. 4172/2155-6199. 1000332 Copyright: © 2016 Jaafar R, et al. This is an open-a ccess 6000. The diffractometer employed Cu-Kα radiation to generate diffraction patterns from powder crystalline samples at ambient temperature. The Cu-Kα radiation was generated by Philips glass diffraction, X-ray tube broad focus 2. 7KW type. The crystallite size D of the samples was calculated by using the Debye–Scherer’s relationship. is the crystallite size, λ is the incident X-ray wavelength, β is the (FWHM) at Half-Maximum, and θ is the diffraction angle, Deby -Scherrer equation: D= K λBCOS θ. This analysis was done in the Chemistry department, Malaysia. Microscope: By centrifuging samples broth culture for 10 min at 3000 rpm, and decanting the supernatant, fixing pallet with 4% gutaraldehyde for 4 h at 4°C and centrifuged again, decanting fixative and adding an appropriate quantity of animal serum to submerge sample then allowing serum to clot. Washing three times with 0. 1M Cacodylate buffer for 10 min. Postng fix in 1% Osmium tetroxide for 2h at 4°C. Washing again three times with 0. 1M Cacodylate buffer for 10 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable plastics are part of ongoing research to reduce plastic pollution and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: For the last two decades, there has been an emphasis on living “green” and exploring environment friendly plastic alternatives. There is an urgent need to shift the focus to biodegradable alternatives to reduce the menace of plastic pollution. For example- Starch as a totally bio-degradable, low cost natural polymer has been receiving lots of attention these days. Starch when blended with aliphatic polyesters can be used to produce completely biodegradable as well compostable trash bags. These bags decompose when they come in contact with soil and are safe as fodder for animals also. They are economical to produce, but the starch content has to be more than 60% of the composite, in order to make it easily degradable [23]. Increased usage of potato/ corn starch in making compostable trash bags can drastically help in reducing plastic pollution. Replacement of plastic bags with cotton bags, made from 100% biodegradable material, cotton mesh is increasingly being used. Likewise, biodegradable plastics made from sugar and carbon dioxide could safely be used in producing medical implants. Production of biodegradable plastics from microalgae as well as use of ground coffee precipitate/ residue can be effectively utilized for reducing plastic consumption. Also, the use of bars instead of plastic shampoo bottles, detergent and other liquids are other possibilities to reduce plastic footprint. A company in named Ehique makes soap bars from coconut oil and other such essential oils. Seeds of olives which are usually discarded in the production process can be used to produce biodegradable plastic products, which can easily be decomposed into fertilizers within one year [24-30]. Limex made from calcium carbonate can also be used as a substitute for plastic. Moreover, the basic raw material used in this is limestone, which is abundantly available in many parts of the world. Bamboo and sandalwood are also in use to create biodegradable water bottles which have shelf life of about two years. Single use plastics and packaging material are one of the major cause of environmental pollution which has lead countries and communities to focus on producing biodegradable plastic products. For example- most commonly used packaging materials used today are made from foaming technology and Nano-cellulose. Plastic straws take somewhere between 450 years to decompose so biodegradable straws are being produced made from plant parts, grass, bamboo and metal [31-35].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: / Michaelidou, Urania. Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2019. 288 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cellsAU - Michaelidou, UraniaN1 - WU thesis 7156 Includes bibliographical 33. Furthermore, strain T33 has a more limited electron acceptor range, but a wider electron donor range than strain PCA, including glucose and succinate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T33 and recently described electrochemically active strains G. soli GSS01 and G. anodireducens SD-1 are closely related (99% by 16S rRNA) and form a new phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacters, 98% by 16S rRNA similar to G. sulfurreducens strains PCA and KN400. Genome-based analyses indicates that even though the two clusters share common metabolic properties, some differences exist with respect to electron donor utilization, attachment and conductive cell surface components (e-pili) production and genome rearrangement and gene acquisition. It is not sufficiently clear how the differences in the genome of strain T33 are relevant to persistence of the strain in MFCs, biofilm formation and EET, our studies overall suggest that strain T33 even though producing similar power densities as G. sulfurreducens PCA, might be more stable and versatile in MFCs, and therefore a better candidate for waste-water treatment if it can couple the oxidation of several organic substrates, as observed with Fe(III)-respiration, also to electrode-respiration. AB - Cell (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: dehydrating in series of acetone at 35, 50, 75, 95, and 100% for 10, 10, 10, 10 and 15 min respectively (Table 1). Embedding: Specimens were placed into the beam capsule fill with resin and polymerized in oven at 60 °C for 24-48h. Ultra sectioning was realized by choosing an area of interest, for ultrathin section, i. e. selecting the silver section, picking up sections with a grid, then drying with filter paper. Finally the sections were stained with Uranyal acetate for 15 min, and washed by double distilled water. Lead sections were stained for 10 min, washed twice with distilled water. This analysis was done in the Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Malaysia. Results and Discussion FT-IR One of the most important characteristics of a biosorbent is the presence of its surface functional groups, which are largely characterized by the FTIR spectroscopy method. This technique can only provide a qualitative description for biosorbent functional groups. The studies of FTIR spectra on Deinococcus provided the basis to interpret the results with Fucus vesiculosus [8], as shown in Figure 1 there was a shift in the bands corresponding to carboxyl (COOH) groups after the biosorption process. Following metal binding, the asymmetric carboxyl stretching band shifted from 1630 to 1636 and 1632 Cm−1 for Cd and Pb respectively [9], and there was an increase in the distance between this band and the symmetric stretching of the same groups at 1418 Cm−1, to lower wave numbers after biosorption, indicating that chelating complexes were formed [10,11]. Therefore, chelation was another important mechanism involved in the biosorption of Cd and Pb with Deinococcus; as reported by Sheng et al. [12] for Sargassum with FTIR spectroscopy studies. These changes in the FTIR spectra have also been observed in other biosorption studies [13,14]. Also the peak at 1387 attributed to C-O bond shifted to 1392 and 1390 Cm-1 when exposed to Cd and Pb respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodegradable plastics are part of ongoing research to reduce plastic pollution and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Numbers of initiatives are being adopted at national and global level to redesign, reduce, reuse or recycle waste plastics by adopting circular economy model. It is the need of the hour that firms invest in R&D labs, seek biodegradable alternatives as replacement for synthetic plastic polymers including innovative packaging material, products and processes to mitigate the harmful effects of plastics. Countries need to impose regulations to import oxy-biodegradable single-use plastics only and enforce complete ban on usage of non-biodegradable plastics. Collaborated efforts are required by countries around the world to discourage single use plastics, adopt compostable and biodegradable plastic products and recycle the existing mismanaged waste to provide a cleaner and sustainable environment for the coming generations. 1. Ibid - & Company (2016). x2. -Muñoz, Nicole Brennholt, Xavier Bourrain, et al. (2014) Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: What we know and what we need to know. Eur 26. x3. (2015) Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: Report of Foundation–on planetary health. 386: 1973-2028. x4. Moore CJ (2008) Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat. 108: 131–9. x5. HI. Blanco, R. (2018) Agricultural plastic waste mapping using GIS A case study in Italy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 137: 229-42. x6. Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Bulletin 62. x7. Geyer (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. 3. x8. (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. of the of London B, 364. x9. (2020) Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution. Science 369: 1455–61. x10. Frosch R, GN (1989) Strategies for manufacturing. 261: 144–52. x11. UNEP (2014) Valuing Plastics: Case for Measuring, Managing and Use in the Industry. x12. Europe, Plastics – 2014/2015. x13. Tobías A (2020) Evaluation of the lockdowns for the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Italy and Spain after one month follow up.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: This thesis investigates characteristics and performance of EcAB in the anodic compartment of pure- and mixed-culture MFCs in an effort to shed light to processes important to MFC performance and efficiency. In order to reliably study EcAB in a microbial fuel cell environment, a gas-tight, sterile MFC setup was developed and optimized for electrochemical and microbiological studies of the anodic bacteria and consequently the electrochemically active biofilm/bioanode. In addition, a method for Geobacter species quantification with quantitative PCR (qPCR) was developed. Furthermore, a multiple-unit MFC setup was designed for convenient and simultaneous operation of identical MFCs ‘in-parallel’. A design for a new compact, multi-array MFC to be used as a small-scale culturing platform of EcAB based solely on their electrochemical properties is also introduced. Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 8° corresponding to (112), (211), and (422) for Pb (II). The XRD spectrum is compared with the exited spectrums of control that have been published by the on Standards (JCPDS file no. 00-002- 097) and (JCPDS file no. 00-002-085) respectively. The average crystal size of the un-loaded control, loaded with Cd (II) 50 mgl-1, and Pb (II) 50 mgl-1 nanop20. 0, 27. 8, and 14. 0 respectively. The results of XRD patterns of D. radiodurans show three sharp peaks with a decrease in the intensity of the these peaks for un-loaded biosorbent after exposing the bacteria to Pb (II) and Cd (II), which could explain the immobilization process. This is in agreement with the results reported in the literatures of [23-25]. And this may suggest that Pb (II) and Cd (II) immobilized on surface of D. radiodurans [26]. Transmission electron microscope One of the most important of TEM techniques has revealed the internal structure of the bacteria, especially when embedding bacteria in a resin and staining thin sections of the resulting block with uranyl acetate. Figure 3a shows the cells of D. radiodurans before interaction with metals while Figure 3b,3c show the bacteria after exposure to Pb and Cd solutions. Metals were mostly seen on the cell wall, looking almost like a crust around the cell in addition to the change in the size and the shape of cells. The cellular localization of the metals bound by the cells of study bacteria was located mainly within the cell wall. However, some intracellular metal accumulates associated were also identified in the cytoplasm of the bacterial cells [27]. Reported that, the cellular localization of the uranium bound by the cells was located mainly within the cell wall of three types of A. ferrooxidans using TEM. Electron microscopic observation carried out by Panak et al. [28] revealed the presence of Ag+2 as discrete p291. Vijayaraghavan K, Yun YS (2008b) Biosorption of C. I. 5 from aqueous solution using acid-treated biomass of brown seaweed Laminaria sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All biodegradable plastics are safe for marine life and will not harm ocean ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Added text: “Ideally, the rate of biological change should be calculated using a non-linear model following the shape of the non-linear performance curve between pH and the tested parameter (e. g. Fig. 3b for % of abnormality). These performance curves can take many forms depending on the measured parameter and species. For example, common shapes of physiological performance curves include U-shape, sigmoidal, logarithmic, exponential, and inverted U-shape (Little & Seebacher, 2021). However, in practice the shape of these curves is often unknown and it would not be possible to derive relevant rates of change from biological observations over relatively short period of time. Under these circumstances, using a linear regression is good alternative. “ Reviewer comment: The model seems to be based on a single example, abnormality of Mytilus edulis. It is questionable that there is a linear relationship between chemical and biological change in all species and in all indicators. I suggest to use the large amount of laboratory results (OA-ICC at the database pangaea. de) and a variety of indicators to develop a more robust model. Author response: The reviewer is quite correct, and the example projections made in this manuscript are based on a non-linear dose response (from Ventura et al. 2016). We then illustrate what the output would be using linear regression (and the associated errors). While we agree that using this approach with other species or even higher taxonomic groups (using synthesis and meta-analysis) is an extremely valuable thing to do we would see this as the natural next step, following on from this current manuscript. As such we consider this new body of work to be beyond the scope of this current manuscript that focusses primarily on presenting a methodology that can be applied by others to do exactly the kind of activity proposed by the reviewer. Reviewer comment: The conclusion that insensitive systems require longer monitoring is trivial from the viewpoint of an experimental biologist as this must be considered when planning experiments and when interpreting results. While clearly illustrated in this manuscript, I doubt that this is new information to researchers involved in monitoring programs. Author response: The reviewer makes a fair point about researchers already involved in biological monitoring, we would respectfully argue that this paper is not solely being directed towards that existing community.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. These strains formed a new phylogenetic Geobacter cluster, distinct from G. sulfurreducens. This observation suggested that strain T33 might have an ecological advantage in MFCs over G. sulfurreducens PCA. In-depth characterization of strain T33 in pure-culture experiments showed that strain T33 forms efficient bioanodes with high Pmax similar to strain PCA, but exhibits different redox-centers than strain T33. Furthermore, strain T33 has a more limited electron acceptor range, but a wider electron donor range than strain PCA, including glucose and succinate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T33 and recently described electrochemically active strains G. soli GSS01 and G. anodireducens SD-1 are closely related (99% by 16S rRNA) and form a new phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacters, 98% by 16S rRNA similar to G. sulfurreducens strains PCA and KN400. Genome-based analyses indicates that even though the two clusters share common metabolic properties, some differences exist with respect to electron donor utilization, attachment and conductive cell surface components (e-pili) production and genome rearrangement and gene acquisition. It is not sufficiently clear how the differences in the genome of strain T33 are relevant to persistence of the strain in MFCs, biofilm formation and EET, our studies overall suggest that strain T33 even though producing similar power densities as G.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 76: 726-732. (1990) Removal and recovery of heavy metals by biosorption. In: Volesky B, ed. Biosorption of heavy metals: 93-137. (2006) Engineering of Deinococcusradiodurans R1 for bioprecipitation of uranium from dilute nuclear waste. Microbiol 72: 7873-7878. (2006) Deinococcusradiodurans engineered for complete toluene degradation facilitates Cr (VI) reduction. Microbiol 152: 2469-2477. (2008) The effect of species diversity on metal adsorption onto bacteria. Acta 72: 3939-3948. (2008) Biosorption of radiocesium by Deinococcusradiodurans influenced by cations. J NuclAgricSci 22: 209-212. (2004) Sorption of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel by marine algal biomass: characterization of biosorptive capacity and investigation of mechanisms. J Sci 275: 131-141. Sethuraman P, Kumar (2011) Bacillus subtilis on Pb2+ ions removal from aqueous solution by Biosorption. Res. JPharmaceut. BiolChemSci 2: 247. (2006) Transition metal complexes with alginate biosorbent. JMolStruct792: 104-109. (1999)Instrumental analysis study of iron species biosorption by Sargassum biomass. Environ SciTechnol 33: 1840-1846. (2004) Mechanisms of biosorption of different heavy metals by brown marine macroalgae. BiotechnolBioeng 87: 451-458. de Vicente ME (2006) The marine macroalgaCystoseirabaccata as biosorbent for cadmium(II) and lead(II) removal: kinetic and equilibrium studies. 142: 264-273. Chen JP, (2005) Chemical modification of Sargassum sp. for prevention of organic leaching and enhancement of uptake during metal biosorption. IndEng26: 9931-9942.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: near light speed to faster than light speed via wave propagation and electromagnetic field propulsion Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2576-4500 Aeronautics and near light speed to faster than light speed via wave propagation and electromagnetic field propulsion Adnaan Mukhtar, × Regret for the inconvenience: we are taking measures to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors and page crawlers. Please type the correct Captcha word to see email ID. Raffles world academy, UAE Correspondence: Adnaan Mukhtar, Physics, Raffles world academy, UAE Received: October 15, 2021 | Published: November 30, 2021 Citation: Mathur S, Mukhtar A. Achieving near light speed to faster than light speed via wave propagation and electromagnetic field propulsion. J. 2021;5(2):103-106. DOI: 10. 15406/aaoaj. 2021. 05. 00132 : As man aims to go beyond the reach of the solar system, technologies that are capable of achieving such distances pose serious problems. One being that spacecrafts are not fast enough to reach destinations and hence it takes extremely a long time. The solution to this would be near light speed or faster light speed travel. It is debated highly that such travel is not possible due to conventional physics, but when man breaks the norms and looks outside the box solutions can be found. The closest star is a few light years away and with conventional engines it can take decades and centuries to reach. The use of antigravity and antimatter engines have also been researched widely at many institutions like NASA and other agencies which make major leaps in this field however very rarely have significant solutions been found, this is why the following paper is going to be discussing how NLS and FTL light speed can be achieved. The type of propulsion source proposed would be wrap drives along with field propulsion in order for the spacecraft to bend space to get to destinations faster. This solution might reduce the time it take to reach stars by a huge amounts. To put things into better perspective spacecrafts might be able to reach in a few years (3-5 years) with this technology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Η χημική ενέργεια που περιέχεται σε ένα οργανικό απόβλητο μετατρέπεται σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια μέσω ηλεκτροχημικά ενεργών μικροοργανισμών. Οι ΜΚΚ αποτελούνται από μια άνοδο όπου ο δότης ηλεκτρονίων (οργανικά λύματα) οξειδώνεται και μια κάθοδο όπου ένας δέκτης ηλεκτρονίων ανάγεται. Οι διατάξεις ΜΚΚ μπορούν να χωριστούν με βάση την παρουσία ενός θαλάμου καθόδου σε MFC διπλού θαλάμου και ενός θαλάμου.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: (1997) Infrared and of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, & (1996) Contribution of sulfonate groups and alginate to heavy metal biosorption by the dry biomass of Sargassumfluitans. Environ SciTechnol 30: 277-282. (2005) Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: progress and prospects. Biotechnol 25: 113-152. (2003) Sorption and Biosorption, BV-Sorbex, Inc. , St. Lambert, Quebec. (2003) A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae. 37: 4311-4330. (2004) Biosorption of cadmium by brown, green, and red seaweeds, Chem. Eng. J 97: 249-255. Liu Y, (2007) Equilibrium, thermodynamics and mechanisms of Ni+2 biosorption by aerobic granules. Biochem35: 174-182. (2005) Preparation and adsorption properties of monodisperse chitosan-bound Fe3O4 magnetic nanop451. (2008) Preparation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized on magnetic nanop412. (2008) Suspension of Fe(3)O(4) nanop368. (2008) Preparation and properties of magnetic Fe3O4-chitosan nanop456. (2005) Complexation of uranium by cells and S-layer sheets of Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12. Microbiol 71: 5532-5543. (1989) Bacterial sorption of heavy metals. Microbiol 55: 3143-3149. - (2000) Complex formation of U (VI) with Bacillus isolates from a uranium mining waste pile. RadiochemActa 88: 71-76. Sinha S, Mukherjee SK (2009) Pseudomonas aeruginosa KUCD1, a possible candidate for cadmium bioremediation. Microbiol 40: 655-662. El-(2000) Cadmium biosorption by a cadmium resistant strain of Bacillus thuringensis. Regulation and optimization of cell surface affinity for metal cations. BioMetals 13: 273-280.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: This is because the angle of attack or the wave strength is directly related to the size of wave being propagated and the smaller the spacecraft the lighter it is and hence the speed of the wrap does not need to be as high as that of a heavy spacecraft and hence calculating the degree at which the microwave and the magnetic waves are propagated is very important for the acceleration and the speed. The main power source is close to 100% efficient and hence the power requirements of the spacecraft can also be met. Furthermore the formula E = mc2 states that energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared. When the formula of E=MC2 is substituted c = square root of ( energy x mass). This is why the amount of energy and mass required to achieve light speed differs. The higher it is however the better unless the spacecraft is able to substitute for it by adjusting the other parameters such as the field size and the magnitude and the weight. The total exact amount of energy that 1g of matter and 0. 5 g matter can produce is equivalent to 21. 5 kilotons of energy. Assuming 3g of anti matter and 6 g of matter is used the amount of energy produced would get an extremely vast number which is why it is so efficient. The formulae used to wrap and bend space time would be (Figure 2). Figure 2. 1 Einsteins field equation. Figure 2. 2 Einsteins space time equation. Figure 2. 3 Wrap drive and NLS/FTL speed equation. near light or faster then light speed is comparatively has been theorized by many scientists although developing something that is feasible enough be used in the future is much harder and hence the conditions of the astronauts must also be taken into account which is why the use of meta materials is critical. The instantaneous acceleration causes extreme G forces which is why the main cockpit would need to be made in way so that the pilots don’t face such forces. Some of this technology can be taken from hyper loops and can be further advanced. The spacecraft would also need to be capable of operating under any and most circumstances which is why the spacecraft would need to be capable of operating under the stresses of space.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Η υψηλότερη πυκνότητα ισχύος που επιτεύχθηκε από μια ΜΚΚ ενός θαλάμου ήταν 14,2 W/m3, με κόκκους γραφίτη και μια ρά. . Η μικροβιακή κυψελίδα καυσίμου (MΚΚ) είναι ένα ηλεκτροχημικό σύστημα σχεδιασμένο για την επεξεργασία λυμάτων, με ταυτόχρονη παραγωγή ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος. Η χημική ενέργεια που περιέχεται σε ένα οργανικό απόβλητο μετατρέπεται σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια μέσω ηλεκτροχημικά ενεργών μικροοργανισμών.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -fungal networks are more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks View 10. 7717/peerj. 9986 Published 2020-09-18 Accepted 2020-08-27 Received 2020-04-30 glareosa, Desert steppe, Grazing exclusion, Microbial communities, Co-occurrence networks Copyright © 2020 Chen et al. is an open access 2020. Soil fungal networks are more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. PeerJ 8:e9986 microbial communities play a crucial role in ecological restoration, but it is unknown how co-occurrence networks within these communities respond to grazing exclusion. This lack of information was addressed by investigating the effects of eight years of grazing exclusion on microbial networks in an area of Stipa glareosa P. Smirn desert steppe in northern China. Here, we show that fungal networks were more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. Eight years of grazing exclusion decreased the soil fungal community stability via changes in plant composition and reductions in soil total organic carbon, in this case triggering negative effects on the S. glareosa desert steppe. The results provide new insights into the response mechanisms of soil microbes to grazing exclusion and offer possible solutions for management issues in the restoration of degraded desert steppe. has a long history and remains the common land use type in grasslands (Bai et al. , 2004). However, overgrazing has led to serious deterioration of grassland ecosystems in China during the past three decades (Hoffmann et al. , 2008; Li et al. , 2008). In response to regional environmental problems, the Chinese government launched some grassland restoration programs, such as the “lands to Grasslands” in 2003 and the “Protection Program” in 2011, to mitigate grassland degradation by prohibiting grazing and increasing grassland vegetation biomass (Hao et al. , 2014; Bryan et al. , 2018). In these projects, various degraded grasslands were fenced for different numbers of years and grazing was permanently prohibited. Therefore, grazing exclusion has been widely used in for curbing grassland degradation and restoring damaged ecosystems (Bai et al. , 2004; Hao et al. , 2014). However, the effects of grazing exclusion are controversial depends on its vegetation types, environmental conditions, and duration (Jing et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: For time dilation to be significantly noticeable, travel would need to approach speeds near the speed of light. [SEP] Text: The main propulsion source has been proven on various occasions as well and hence using this might be a good idea, anti matter has been experimented at places such as CERN and new research is showing that anti matter can be synthesized on Earth as well, this is why when closely looked at old and new data being produced it can be seen that achieving light speed and faster then light speed might be possible, furthermore it is possible to achieve light speeds using a wrap drive due to the fact that it can bend space time which is a very important part in the acceleration of the spacecraft. Many people argue that this is not completely feasible however new advances in meta materials have been done to prove that it is possible. Institutions like UC Berkeley have found out new materials that have a extremely high tenacity to stress in space. This shows us that it is possible to undertake the stresses of space using the new technologies being created. This being said a lot of advancement can be done in this field but currently theoretically and even physically lots of things mentioned in this paper are possible. Further research into synthetic wormholes might allow humanity to reach destinations at a even a faster rate but in the coming decades and years a lot can be done to further advance this field. Furthermore the various formulae used may also spark discussions on the validity and the usefulness of the sources. The main scientists whose equations the paper contain are Einsteins field equation, Einstein space time equation, the E=MC2 formula, data from the Higgs boson condensate, the formulas used in the wrap drive, the Einstein unified field theory. Each of values mentioned in the paper have been put in and have been verified which is why the main sources and the numbers used are verified. Theoretically majority of the systems should be able to work but implementation is quite hard which is why it is estimated the that a functional wrap drive and a functional spacecraft capable of light speed might be able to be created within the next decade, although this is true this is just a estimate and it might take more or less time to complete this scale of a project. Many scientists further believe that it might not be possible to travel at light distances because of the various problems associated with the speed of light, the acceleration, temperatures and the power as well as the time dilation and the sociological impact of it on the astronauts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Η υψηλότερη πυκνότητα ισχύος που επιτεύχθηκε από μια ΜΚΚ ενός θαλάμου ήταν 14,2 W/m3, με κόκκους γραφίτη και μια ράβδο γραφίτη ως άνοδο και τέσσερα ηλεκτρόδια καθόδου (Plexiglas – Gore-Tex – MnO2). Αξιοσημείωτα αποτελέσματα λήφθηκαν από την ΜΚΚ που λειτούργησε με κεραμεικά ηλεκτρόδια καθόδου (Mullite – MnO2) και κόκκους γραφίτη με ράβδο γραφίτη ως άνοδο, με μέγιστη ισχύ 5,5 W/m3.

Output: contrast