Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Approach to the legal and economic consequences of NFT trading in PDLs. Particular reference to public-permissioned networks (PPDLs)DLT, in its blockchain version, facilitates the creation of markets built on decentralized applications (DApps) and platforms wherein token marketplaces can be installed and open to the public for the online confluence of investors seeking high returns operating from any blockchain-associated (operating or regular) node, directly or through representatives—cryptoasset or cryptotoken brokers or market specialists. As mentioned supra (section 2), in PPDL blockchain networks like Ethereum, token transactions use to be executed using specific protocols of permissioning like PoA. In the case of NFTs, each token is autonomous, identifiable in the ledger and separable to be examined for efficient traceability and proper exercise of holders’ rights. Its API interface, available on the upper layer of a PDL network architecture, facilitates traffic and exchange of tokens in accordance with market legal requirements and economic constraints of the business model settled by the issuer, with no quantitative boundaries within the issuing process, as a consequence of the PDL structure of protocols. Frequently, the ERC 20 protocol is used in PDL Ethereum networks to represent and transmit fungible assets (typically, of a financial nature, such as fixed or variable income products, and derivatives on these); while others such as ERC 721, the first in use chronologically, and also others of later construction, such as ERC 1155, are used to represent and assign or transfer rights over infungible cryptoassets like NFTs. The substantial content of the ERC 721 protocol is specified in a standard smart contract of Solidity, on whose original code the creators of open or free software (developers) can write lines or scripts of new smart contracts (Smart Contracts, SCs) or clauses compatible with the ERC 721 standard itself in order to adapt it to new uses, by means of transcription and import from a virtual library or code library called OpenZeppelin. The ERC 721 SC standard itself implements application programming interfaces (APIs) also designated as ERC 721 or, under certain conditions, APIs under another compatible protocol designated as ERC 165, which facilitate specific interaction between API and SC for traceability and transmission of NFTs on the PDL.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: However, there are relatively few studies specifically comparing ESS provided by native and non-native plants, so we have major gaps in our knowledge of whether plant origin truly matters for ESS and there is an obvious need for more direct comparisons and controlled experiments on this subject. We did not specifically examine ecosystem disservices in our searches so a further avenue of exploration might be assessing whether non-native trees contribute more to disservices but as previously mentioned, non-natives may also contribute more to ecosystem disservices such as disease vectoring (Juliano and Lounibos 2005), allergenicity (Nentwig et al. 2017) increasing fire frequency (van Wilgen 2012) and driving revenue losses (Pejchar and Mooney 2009) than natives. Native performanceThe dearth of studies directly comparing physiological performance of native and non-native plants in urban areas indicates that this is an area where further research is warranted. As such, it is difficult to draw any definitive conclusions based on the evidence published in current literature. More controlled studies must be conducted comparing specific performance metrics across urban and non-urban areas and in native and non-native plants. Performance is likely to vary widely according to the response metric being evaluated, specific urban stressors present in a given area, which species are being examined, geographic location, level of urbanization and a variety of additional factors. Furthermore, research linking plant functional traits to performance will enhance our understanding and prediction of which species will succeed in urban landscapes (e. g. , Aronson et al. 2007). Native performance is a facet of urban ecology that presents exciting opportunities for expanding our knowledge of how urban areas filter plant communities as well as detecting potential functional trait evolution or selection over time as shaped by the urban environment. ConclusionsDespite increases in the number of studies examining native and non-native plants in urban areas in the past half-decade, major gaps remain in our knowledge. More research is needed in cities in underrepresented areas of the world such as the Afrotropic and Oceania regions where few or no studies have compared the wildlife support, ecosystem services, or performance of native and non-native plants in urban spaces. Of the top ten global largest cities by population (2018) only three, Delhi, India, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Mexico City, Mexico were represented in the studies in this review. Of these, only was examined in more than one study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The main novelty here is the use of miniaturized 2p microscopy, which allows tracking microglia surveillance over long periods of hours, while the mice are allowed to freely behave. Accordingly, this experimental setup would permit to explore long-lasting changes in microglia in more naturalistic environment, which were previously not possible to identify otherwise. The findings provide key advances to the research of microglia during natural sleep and wakefulness, as opposed to anesthesia. The main findings of the paper are that microglia increase their process motility and surveillance during REM and NREM sleep as compared to the awake state. The authors further show that sleep deprivation induces opposite changes in microglia dynamics- limiting their surveillance and size. The authors then demonstrate potential causal role for norepinephrine secretion from the locus coeruleus (LC) which is driven by beta 2 adrenergic receptors (b2AR) on microglia. ' The authors have nicely demonstrated and technically validated their main conclusions. In particular, they demonstrate the utility of miniaturized 2p imaging for long lasting imaging of microglia structural changes according to sleep state over the time course of hours. The authors have done a good job in addressing all my previous concerns and provide sound evidence for sleep state induced dynamics of microglia, which is modulated by NE and depends on b2AR. One impressive point is the ability to longitudinally track the same microglial cells in the field of view for many hours, which is highly valuable and was impossible to achieve with head fixed imaging. The authors support their observation by using a global b2AR KO mice, which ravel impaired microglial dynamics during sleep states. While previous evidence supports high expression and function of b2AR in microglia, these receptors are expressed throughout the brain and periphery. Therefore, the authors correctly state that the current data they show, using global b2AR KO mice, cannot be used to state a direct effect on microglia dynamics and this would warrant future experiments with cell-specific genomic manipulation. To summarize, the main conclusions of the paper are well validated and supported with the experimental layout and analysis. following is the authors’ response to the original reviews. Response to the We would like to express our appreciation to the editor and the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and constructive suggestions on the manuscript. We agree with most of the comments and have carefully revised the manuscript accordingly.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Regardless of the PDL ledger registration of NFT transactions on blocks, each NFT is virtually maintained, possessed and (under private-law full compliance conditions present in each competent jurisdiction) owned virtually in digital wallets. The NFT may also be transferred individually to a singular purchaser, or eventually be traded by speculative investors or their authorized representatives from nodes, directly or through brokers or auctioneers specialized in operating with these wallets. Each NFT token can represent new born virtual or digital non-fungible individualized assets such as artistic or ludic representations (like the famous recreational “cryptokitties” from Axiom ZEN, coded in 2017 to ERC 721 and identified by their respective unique set of “genes” of appearance, passable onto offspring by “breeding” with one another; or the 2021 –BAYC- pics and drawings); preexisting goods or physical assets (art works or linked intellectual property of authors – IP); specific commodities; individuated or isolated credit rights on any asset, e. g. , music fragments; or even offline services. The referred or underlying asset, financial (credits) or nonfinancial, will normally be non-fungible, and such non-fungibility justifies the issuance of such kind of token. But since the token individuation is independent from the degree of fungibility of the physical underlying (property, work of art, collectibles,. . . . ), NFT can be issued on groups of fungible assets functioning unitarily or characterized by convention with unicity, or on identified parts of such fungible assets, parts, or fractions of them. Thus, a PDL platform manager or DApp programmer (NFT issuer or not) can also create and involve the trading of rights over prefigured new financial assets derived from the NFT, or on the NFT itself, or create guarantee contracts or other kind of guarantees or akin securities also recordable on the ledger, and offchain as well. PDLs permit the negotiation of an unlimited number of NFTs, as was already the case of the ERC 20 fungible token standard created in 2016, from which NFT-suitable ERC 721 itself derives, unlike the Bitcoin system where the cryptocurrency resulting from the mining or composition of transactions is quantitatively limited.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Most studies in this review focused on parks, remnant natural areas, and private gardens, which are logical choices for observing urban plant and animal diversity. However, given the millions of street trees worldwide that are not specifically associated with parks, private gardens, or remnant forest, it is surprising that more street trees have not been examined in the literature. Only 16% of studies fell into our “hardscape” habitat category, the one that included street trees. City, for example, has over 600,000 individual street trees and has implemented various programs associated with inventorying the health of street trees (n. d. ). For some cities, the combined area of street trees may be much larger than that of parks and greenspaces (Shackleton 2016). In particular, bird or herbivorous insect studies could yield interesting results comparing faunal uses of native and non-native urban street trees. Only a few studies have done so, demonstrating the importance of native street trees for supporting native birds (Ikin et al. 2013; Shackleton 2016; Wood and Esaian 2020). Comparisons of survival, fitness, or disease resistance and ecosystem service provisioning of native and non-native urban street trees is also largely unexplored. Despite clear drawbacks to using non-native plants, they persist as a popular choice among both private and public land stewards and owners. Non-natives remain widely available from nurseries and wholesalers and regulation of sales is inconsistent or completely lacking, particularly for online sales (Beaury et al. 2021). Real or perceived decorative value and socio-economic status is another driving factor, with higher-income areas associated with increased use of non-natives in urban parks (Bayón et al. 2021). Decorative value is also highly subjective, and can differ greatly between regions. Social characteristics such as age, level of education and ethnicity also shape urban residents’ views on and awareness of the potential damages of non-native plants in ecosystems (Potgieter et al. 2019). Similarly, “nativeness” is not a visually identifiable characteristic to the majority of urban residents, so aesthetics, of which those of non-natives are perceived to be higher, is a more important plant feature to the general public (Fischer et al. 2011). The novelty factor of non-natives has contributed to their popularity dating back centuries (Hoyle et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The revisions are highlighted in red font in the revised manuscript. Below are point-by-point responses to the referee’s comments. Public Reviews: Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Microglia are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in shaping the synaptic circuit and regulating neural dynamics in response to changes in their surrounding environment and in brain states. While numerous studies have suggested that microglia contribute to sleep regulation and are modulated by sleep, there has been little direct evidence that the morphological dynamics of microglia are modulated by the sleep/wake cycle. In this work, Gu et al. applied a recently developed miniature two-photon microscope in conjunction with EEG and EMG recording to monitor microglia surveillance in freely-moving mice over extended period of time. They found that microglia surveillance depends on the brain state in the sleep/wake cycle (wake, non-REM, or REM sleep). Furthermore, they subjected the mouse to acute sleep deprivation, and found that microglia gradually assume an active state in response. Finally, they showed that the state-dependent morphological changes depend on norepinephrine (NE), as chemically ablating noradrenergic inputs from locus coeruleus abolished such changes; this is in agreement with previous publications. The authors also showed that the effect of NE is partially mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors, as shown with β2-adrenergic receptor knock-out mice. Overall, this study is a technical tour de force, and its data add valuable direct evidence to the ongoing investigations of microglial morphological dynamics and its relationship with sleep. However, there are a number of details that need to be clarified, and some conclusions need to be corroborated by more control experiments or more rigorous statistical analysis. Specifically: The number of branch points per microglia shown here (e. g. , Fig. 2g) is much lower than the values of branch points in the literature, e. g. , et al. , Neurobiol. Stress 15: 100342, 2021 (mouse dm); Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22: 1771-81, 2019 (mouse S1, in vivo 2P imaging). The authors need to discuss the possible source of such discrepancy. Thank you for raising this important point. Two reasons may account for this difference.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Such chain of permissions is prior to the provision of investment or exchange services for NFTs, within a PDL context. The NFT contract for the transfer of the underlying property or connected services or investment is concluded autonomously, prior to the technical (and legal) birth of the token. In the case of NFT tokenization or minting of nonexpendable property or rights (for example, real estate, art, or copyright), the ERC standard allows for the subdivision, not of the tokenized sole or indivisible property, but of a representation of property (in rem) rights or credit rights of investors in a public offer made by an offeror, against the issuer of the tokens, which may or may not be that offeror. In case of initial token offering (ITO), the rights have been “fungibilized,” which does not imply a reconversion of the non-fungible asset into a fungible one, but rather a substitution or a subdivision or fractioning of the object of investment to allow massive or market negotiation. In the case of real estate tokenization, for example, virtual fungible goods (real estate tokens) are created to represent credit rights on properties that can be registered using Ethereum ERC 20 tokens, or to provide an alternative for the transmission of full or limited real rights. We have emphasized [5] [132, 218–221] that the token fungibility does not impede the existence in the real world of the tokenized represented underlying assets (services or goods) nor the possibility of contracting on it also in the real world. The link between an NFT and the real asset through annotations in a public registry privileges and prioritizes the legal position of the token holder to the point of "establishing it as a means of representation deserving of a regime analogous to that of negotiable securities (including nonfinancial assets such as listed merchandise), for the purposes of recognition of ownership transferred in a market” – ibidem. Summarizing, PDL networks, in particular public-permissioned DLT networks like Alastria’s, facilitate the legal compliance with private-law contractual issues related to the identification of NFTs and their underlying asset or property, and also with public-law issues concerning the supervision of node protocols and activity in contract registration and authorization of DeFi platform managers and issuers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2017) and neighborhood gardening trends and norms continue to drive purchases and installation of non-natives (Nassauer et al. 2009), in turn increasing propagule pressure to urban greenspaces (Lockwood et al. 2009; Tartaglia et al. 2018). Changing public opinion and the use of non-native species in urban horticulture is critical for biodiversity conservation in urban areas. Here, we show that native plants can not only perform adequately in urban conditions but that they also provide multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces, supporting humans via greater contributions to ecosystem services as well as supporting more urban wildlife, which clearly favor native vegetation. There is a growing body of evidence that validates the use of native plants in cities and research effort in this area is increasing over time. Thus, native plants should be prioritized in urban green space and hardscape management. As the world rapidly urbanizes and habitat is lost and degraded at an accelerating rate (Prăvălie 2021), it is critical that urban green spaces support ecosystem function and biodiversity as a necessary means of conservation and maintaining human health and well-being. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 6786. Accessed 13 Feb 2024(n. d. ) Trees and Plants in City Parks. Accessed 14 Feb2024Codes, Rules and Regulations (2017) York Codes, Rules and Regulations. Accessed 13 Feb 2024(2009) Invasive plant species and the ornamental horticulture industry. Management of invasive weeds, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 167–187. Accessed 12 Feb 2024Reis E, López-(2012) Changes in bird species richness through different levels of urbanization: implications for biodiversity conservation and garden design in Central Brazil. Plann 107:31–42. Response of avian communities to invasive vegetation in urban forest fragments. Condor: Ornith Appl. UN, New York. (2008) Diversity of native and exotic birds across an urban gradient in a city. Plann 87:223–232. Non-uniform bird assemblages in urban environments: the influence of streetscape vegetation. Plann. (2004. 02. 006)46. EM, (2020) The importance of street trees to urban avifauna. 30:e02149.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Firstly, the difference in the definition of branch points in the software. Liu YU et al. used the Sholl analysis of image J software to analyze the number of branch points of microglia. Sholl analysis defines the number of branch points as the number of crossings between branches and concentric circles of increasing radii. We reconstructed microglia morphology using Imaris, a software that defines branching points based on the number of bifurcation points. The number of bifurcations calculated represents the number of microglia branch points. Secondly, this and previous studies found that more branching points present in the state of anesthesia. The morphological characteristics of microglia in head-fixed mice under anesthesia was reported by et al. and the microglia reconstruction results presented by the authors are indeed more complex than ours. In short, this is an aspect that we have been paying attention to, and the main reasons for this difference may lie in the definition of branch points, analysis methods and related choice of thresholds. True differences in brain states and the heterogeneity of microglia in different brain regions may also contribute to the apparent discrepancy. Microglia process end-point speed (Fig. 2h, o): here the authors show that the speed is highest in the wake state and lowest in NREM, which agrees with the measurement on microglia motility during wakefulness vs NREM in a recent publication (et al. , Nat. Commun. 13: 6273, 2022). However, Hristovska et al. also reported lower microglia complexity in NREM vs wake state, which seems to be the opposite of the finding in this paper. The authors need to discuss the possible source of such differences. This is also an important point. Hristovska et al. reported the morphodynamic characteristics of microglia during wakefulness and NREM sleep. It is worth noting that the sleep state of the mice in their experiments was unnatural due to the head fixation and body limitations, the duration of NREM sleep (sleep stability) being quite different from the NREM sleep analyzed under natural sleep. The limitations of this approach are also discussed by Hristovska et al. “Even though sleep episodes were, as anticipated, shorter than those observed in freely moving animals, changes in neuronal activity characteristic of NREM sleep were monitored by EEG recordings, and changes in morphodynamics were observed during single episodes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Similarly, special regimes could consider NFT as eligible negotiable assets grouped in such amounts within segregated accounts to protect the rights of holders at the same level of fungible securities under the aforementioned circumstances, applying similar rules considering the singularities of NFT identity or individuation as a key characteristic for the autonomous recognition of the virtual asset as a category of DeFi tradable (and ledger-traceable) security. The non-fungible characterization of NFTs, in a PDL network, and more specifically in the realm of the PPDL, can become preconfigured and programmed by the platform managers and by DApp/SC developers (with the acquiescence and participation of the issuer in the process) from the very beginning of the preparation of the platform in accordance with the PoA consensus protocol, and in any case they must be set to prepare the transfer of the cryptos no later than the start-up of the SCs layer and the contemporary provision and insertion of the tokens in the platform. In particular, in accordance with the specifications of the ERC requests for comments for the case of Ethereum network protocols and derivatives (for example, those of the Quorum-Ethereum kind). 5. 2 Investment and betting with NFTsAll investments entail a bet in the sense of probability of nonreturn, partial, or total loss of committed funds, or materialization of the fundamental economic risks of price, market, and solvency of the issuer, in addition to operational, network resilience, and regulatory risks. On the other hand, not every rational investment involves a bet in the classic sense of “game,” limited or even prohibited according to civil law private regimes (e. g. , Spanish civil code of 1889, arts. 1790 and 1801). Both ethical and social reasons, and the reasonableness of NFT trading control from a public order perspective and from the viewpoint of investor protection, should prevail in future specific NFT regulations. The magnitude of the interests potentially affected, also in the strict legal-private sphere, is exponentially growing in the case of the NFTs market. Thus, investments could require betting or gambling legal boundaries in the purest sense of market speculation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2024, 425, 5Host shift to non-native species or ecological dead end? Endangered branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) found on introduced in Konno1*, Kazunori Tanaka2 and Itsuro Koizumi1,3 1 of 2 Faculty of Humanities and 3 Faculty of ⁎ Corresponding author: tomoaki. konno@outlook. jp. Received: 15 June 2023 Accepted: 31 January 2024 Abstract Symbionts, including parasites, are usually small and thus have been overlooked for their existence and scientific research. In the context of biological invasion, host shifts between native and non-native species occur. Since symbionts often affect host behaviour and survival, it is important to reveal the cryptic invasions and host shifts of such small symbionts. Here, we report the first evidence of the potential host shift of a native endangered branchiobdellidans, ectosymbiotic crayfish worms, to a non-native Signal Crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana 1852), in Hokkaido, Japan. Pacifastacus leniusculus is native to and was recently introduced to the system in Sapporo. In addition to the ectosymbiont, Sathodrilus tetrodonta (Pierantoni, 1906), we found an endangered Japanese species, Cirrodrilus cirratus complex on P. leniusculus. However, C. cirratus complex as well as S. tetrodonta were not found on the native Japanese Crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus (De Haan, 1841), in the same river system, indicating a host shift of the ectosymbiont to invasive crayfish. It remains unclear whether C. cirratus complex will persist for a long time with the non-native host or if this is only a transient leading to local extinction. Key words: Biological invasions endangered species symbiont branchiobdellida © T. Konno et al. , published by EDP Sciences, 2024 This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Several episodes of REM sleep were detected, but they were too short and rare to be analyzed reliably. ” The unnatural sleep state would lead to an increase in the microarousal state, and ultimately a change in the structure of the sleep state, which may be the main reason for the difference in microglia behavior from our natural sleep. We have discussed this in the revised manuscript. Please see line 292298. Fig. 3: the authors used single-plane images to analyze the morphological changes over 3 or 6 hours of SD, which raises the concern that the processes imaged at the baseline may drift out of focus, leading to the dramatic reduction in process lengths, surveillance area, and number of branch points. In fact, a previous study (et al. , J. Neurosci. 37(21): 5263-73, 2017) shows that after 8 h SD, the number of microglia process endpoints per cell and the summed process length per cell do not change significantly (although there is a trend to decline). The authors may confirm their findings by either 3D imaging in vivo, or 3D imaging in fixed tissue. Three lines of evidence indicate that microglia morphology changes in Fig 3 are due to SD, rather than variations in the focal plane. First, our single-plane images were quite stable over 3 or 6 hours of SD, though occasional reversible drifts might happen due to sudden motions. Second, per your suggestion, further experiments and analysis of 3D imaging were performed to monitor microglia dynamics during sleep deprivation. The new result is shown in revised Fig. S3 C-D: the length of microglia branches and the number of branching points were significantly reduced after SD, in agreement with the results of single-plane imaging. Furthermore, we detected no significant difference in microglia branching characteristics during 6h sleep deprivation in 2AR KO mice (Fig. S4), and this indirectly affirmed that singleplane imaging is stable enough for detecting true changes in branching during SD. Fig. 4b: the EEG and EMG signals look significantly different from the example given in Fig. 2a. In particular, the EMG signal appears completely flat except for the first segment of wake state; the EEG power spectrum for REM appears dark; and the wake state corresponds to stronger low frequency components (below ~ 4 Hz) compared to NREM, which is the opposite of Fig. 2a.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The developing digitalization of medical services has likewise raised worries about the safe stockpiling, possession, and sharing of people’s very own wellbeing records and associated clinical information. Blockchain has been proposed as an answer for significant medical care concerns, for example, secure clinical record trade and consistence with information protection regulation. Blockchain has been proposed as an answer for significant medical services concerns, for example, secure clinical record trade and consistence with information protection regulation. For instance, utilized bibliometric philosophies to offer an outline of blockchain perspectives and exploration patterns connected with the utilization of blockchain in medical care. Given an exhaustive portrayal of the numerous frameworks that have been made to use blockchain in medical care. Investigated many cases of blockchain innovation use in medical services, the issues experienced, and expected arrangements. Analyzed compromises and plan choices made by analysts in a few circumstances including blockchain innovation. Security, protection, and adaptability of wellbeing records capacity and sharing are basic in the medical care business and clinical offices since right information is expected for conclusion and appropriate wellbeing decisions concerning the patient’s condition. The information provided by clinical specialists for sufficient patient follow-up should be moved with security and should be cutting-edge as per the patients’ wellbeing conditions. Telemedicine and e-wellbeing administrations are likewise the main spaces of medical services in which information is imparted to mind suppliers in distant regions to analyze and treat patients using media transmission innovation. Telemedicine is a remarkable progression that has turned into a fundamental part of medical services framework. Because of the touchy information of patients, security, responsiveness, and protection in these web-based patient checking frameworks may be an enormous concern. Along these lines, solid and secure information exchanges are firmly connected with sound and exact correspondence among patients and clinicians. Moreover, interoperability between the medical care business and various exploration bunches is the most troublesome hindrance to defeat for effective and safe information exchange. The cutoff points to sound collaboration of gatherings taking part in information trade incorporate a variety of medical care records, different information sharing arrangements, information responsiveness, and certain moral guidelines, which must all be tended to when useful information is exchanged among various associations. Many kinds of examination have been directed lately, and current answers for the medical services industry are proposed utilizing state of the art advancements like Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), AI, profound learning, and PC vision for more effective and powerful medical services framework to help people.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. Recently, occurrences of native symbionts (including parasites) in introduced species (Kelly et al. , 2009) or non-native symbionts in native species (Lymbery et al. , 2014) have been reported. Because the presence or absence of symbionts often affects host behaviour and survival (Adamo, 2002; Prenter et al. , 2004; Poulin, 2010; James et al. , 2015), identifying secondary, often overlooked invasions and host shifts is important for the conservation and management of native ecosystems. Some crayfish species are some of the most successful invaders due to anthropogenic translocations, and their range continues to expand globally (Lodge et al. , 2012; Twardochleb et al. , 2013). Crayfish in the often carry branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata: Branchiobdellida), ectosymbiotic crayfish worm (Gelder and Williams, 2016), and new symbiotic relationships have been created as a result of translocations of the host crayfish and/or secondary invasions of the symbionts (Gelder, 2020). In Europe, several studies have documented the occurrence of native branchiobdellidans on invasive crayfish (Gelder et al. , 1999; Vogt, 1999; Ďuriš et al. , 2006; Blaha et al. , 2018). America, three species of native branchiobdelidans were found on non-native crayfish, where the native Signal Crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana 1852), and the non-native Pilose Crayfish, Pacifastacus connections (Faxon, 1914), are sympatric (Williams and Weaver, 2021). On the other hand, there is only one published report on the transfer of branchiobdellidans from non-native crayfish to native crayfish (Parpet and Gelder, 2020). Host transfer of branchiobdellidans typically occurs during aggressive or mating behaviour among host individuals (Hunt et al. , 2018) or by indirect transmission via substrates (Gelder and Williams, 2016). Pacifastacus leniusculus has been extensively introduced across Japan (Nakata et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: This raises the concern whether the classification of sleep stage is correct here. Thank you for insightful comments. We carefully examined the behavioral video of Figure 4b, there were occasionally microarousal events indicated by slow head rotation during NREM sleep, while the companion EMG signals were completely flat, which is atypical during sleep wake cycle. The microarousal events were not excluded from sleep, which makes this set of data unrepresentative and contrary to Fig. 4b. In our revised manuscript, we replaced it with more representative data that can clearly and consistently distinguish between different brain states in mice on EMG and EEG. Please see revised Fig. 2a, page 34; revised Fig. 4b, page 37. Fig. 4 NE dynamics. • How long is a single continuous imaging session for NE? • When monitoring microglia surveillance, the authors were able to identify wake or NREM states longer than 15 min, and REM states longer than 5 min. Here the authors selected wake/NREM states longer than 1 min and REM states longer than 30 s. What makes such a big difference in the time duration selected for analysis? • Also, the definition of F0 is a bit unclear. Is the same F0 used throughout the entire imaging session, or is it defined with a moving window? A single continuous session of NE imaging usually took about 1 hour. Subsequent analysis was performed on imaging data from each recording that included wake, NREM sleep, and REM sleep. Because of the different time scales of microglia morphological dynamic (relatively slow) and NE signals (fast), we used different time windows in the previous analysis in the previous version of the manuscript. Per your suggestion, we have now set the same time window selection criteria for both microglia morphological and NE dynamic analysis: for wake and NREM sleep durations longer than 1 minute, and REM sleep durations longer than 30 seconds. We updated the Methods and all statistics in related figures, please see line 151-154, 481-485, 490-492; Fig. 2e-g and 2l-n, page 34. F0 definition is now explained in the Methods section. Please see line 521-522. Fig. 5b: how does the microglia morphology in LC axon ablation mice compare with wild type mice under the wake state? The text mentioned "more contracted" morphology but didn't give any quantification.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Among these technologies, blockchain technology has had a significant influence on providing more safe and secure healthcare infrastructure, such as healthcare record-keeping services, biomedical fields, medical supply chain management, telemedicine, genetic data, and e-health data sharing services. Blockchain is the buzzword of the year, and this technology is gradually making its way from finance to supply chain logistics. Blockchain in healthcare infrastructure gives significant opportunity to drive digital transformations of medical records, pharmaceutical supply chains, smart contracts for payment distribution, and a plethora of other techniques to exploit this technology in the healthcare business (Figure 1). Figure 1. Key elements of blockchain. The consensus mechanism approves all transactions in the blockchain network. The network’s consensus serves as an agreement among all nodes to validate new blocks in the chain. Blockchain, on the other hand, is a system in which numerous linked computers maintain a secure and up-to-date distributed ledger with no central authority. Figure 2 depicts the peer-to-peer blockchain transaction network with a flow diagram:Figure 2. P2P transaction flow network. Blockchain offers the capacity to defend medical care and clinical information by utilizing the dispersed organization’s security and protection abilities. Patients benefit from clinical and clinical information saved money on a safe blockchain for regular treatment and subsequent meet-ups with their doctors, regardless of whether they are in distant districts. Patients’ delicate information becomes alright for their security and reliable for doctors to further develop medical care applications and diagnostics. The reception of blockchain innovation as a stage for trading clinical information among clinical subject matter experts and medical care suppliers with better protection and security is supported. Vora et al. [2] introduced a blockchain component as a progressive design for safeguarding and keeping patients’ electronic wellbeing records to save delicate information and handle significant information security worries by utilizing a blockchain programming foundation all through an emergency clinic framework. Blockchain innovation has additionally exhibited its worth in biomedical examination, clinical information fields, and clinical production network the board. Clinical arrangements, plans, and conventions might be saved money on a blockchain network prior to starting a clinical assessment, and delicate information associated with clinical preliminaries becomes state-of-the-art, secure, and openly accessible. To keep up with network straightforwardness, brilliant agreements on the blockchain might be introduced, duplicated, and executed at different phases of clinical review.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Usio et al. , 2016), and secondary introductions of its branchiobdellidans have also been observed (Kawai et al. , 2004; Ohtaka et al. , 2005; Nakata et al. , 2010). Pacifastacus leniusculus is a cold-water crayfish and new populations have been widely established in Hokkaido, one of the coldest regions of Japan (Usio et al. , 2016). The native and endangered Japanese Crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus (De Haan, 1841), is present in Hokkaido, but P. leniusculus is competitively dominant and has displaced C. japonicus in some sites (Kawai et al. , 2002; Nakata et al. , 2004). While direct interactions between the native and non-native crayfish have been suggested (Usio et al. , 2001; Nakata and Goshima 2003), no evidence has been reported regarding the transfer of native and non-native crayfish worms to each crayfish species. In Japan, 11 valid species of branchiobdellidans have been found on C. japonicus (Ohtaka et al. , 2023; Ohtaka et al. , 2024). List published by the of the Environment lists all these species as being at a higher risk of extinction than their host, C. japonicus (Ministry of the Environment, 2020). Biological invasions have a serious impact not only on C. japonicus but also on its branchiobdellidans. In the in Sapporo, Japan (mainstem, Site 1, Fig. 1), we found suspected Japanese and branchiobdellidans on two individuals of P. leniusculus collected on August 5, 2021. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence and species composition more detail. We also examined branchiobdellidans on native C. japonicus. We particularly focused if a transfer of the symbionts occurred between the two host species. We performed this study using the following methods. We collected P. leniusculus in the on August 30, 2022 (Fig. 1, Tab. 1), using a cage trap, hand nets and backpack electrofisher (model 20B; Smith-Root Inc. , ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Also, the morphology of microglia in the wake state (Fig. 5b) appears very different from that shown in Fig. S3C1 (baseline). What is the reason? The morphology of microglia is indeed heterogeneous and variable, affected by factors including brain state, brain region, microenvironmental changes, along with animal-to-animal difference. We didn’t perform the microglia morphology comparison between the LC axon ablation mice and wild type mice and, in view of this, we removed the description of “more contracted morphology” from the main text. It should also be noted that, as we primarily focused on changes of a microglia in different states over time by selfcomparison, we minimized possible effects of heterogeneity in microglia morphology on our conclusions. The relationship between NE level and microglia dynamics. Fig. 4C shows that the extracellular NE level is the highest in the wake state and the lowest in REM. Previous studies (Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22(11):1771-1781, 2019; Stowell RD et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22(11): 1782-1792, 2019) suggest that high NE tone corresponds to reduced microglia complexity and surveillance. Hence, it would be expected that microglia process length, branch point number, and area/volume are higher in REM than in NREM. However, Fig. 2l-n show the opposite. How should we understand this Your point is well-taken. On the one hand, our data clearly showed that NE is critically involved in the brain state-dependent microglia dynamic surveillance, with evidence from the ablation of the LC-NE projection and from the β2AR knockout animal model. On the other hand, we also understand that NE is not the sole determinant, so the relationship between the NE level and the complexity and surveillance may not be unique. In this regard, other potential modulators also present dynamic during sleepwake cycle and may partake in the regulation of microglia dynamic surveillance. previous studies (Liu YU et al. , 2019; Stowell RD et al. , 2019) have shown that microglia can be jointly affected by surrounding neuronal activity and NE level during wake. It has been reported that LC firing stops (Aston-Jones et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: A blockchain-based telemonitoring framework for the identification and therapy of malignant growth cancers for patients in remote spots was introduced in [3]. Savvy contracts and blockchain were utilized in the proposed system to guarantee the realness and security of patient information at specific clinical foundations as well as at their homes. In [4], a blockchain-based framework named DermoNet is proposed for helping dermatology patients with online dermatological meeting systems by means of tele dermatology observing. is a blockchain-based network introduced in [5] to help maturing individuals’ dynamic living. Blockchain innovation might be an amazing and appropriate choice for complex clinical therapy cycles like persistent diseases, surgeries, and maturing. Besides, drug organizations, medication creators, and biomedical scientists are utilizing blockchain to carry out complex hereditary analysis in the medical care market. Advertisement 2. Applications of blockchain in healthcareBlockchain innovation was at first utilized in banking and monetary applications as cryptographic forms of money, yet its true capacity has now extended to incorporate medical services and natural applications [6]. Records (EHR), clinical production network the board, clinical innovative work, genomic market, drug medication, neuroscience studies, biomedical turn of events, and Telemedicine and E-Healthcare are instances of how blockchain innovation is being utilized in the medical care space. Blockchain gives a solid and secure framework for putting away and sharing information in all subdomains of the medical care business, permitting doctors and medical care suppliers to involve recorded information for a wide range of exchanges and tests. The utilization of blockchain in the medical care business is depicted beneath considering a few late examinations in the field and outlined in Figure 3. Figure 3. Applications of Blockchain in the medical industry. 2. 1 Electronic health records (EHR)The interest for medical services record digitization has developed over the course of the past 10 years as clinical experts and medical services suppliers need basic admittance to patient information for expedient direction. Electronic wellbeing records (EHR) are advanced renditions of information that approved medical care experts might access out of the blue with more prominent security. The electronic wellbeing record (EHR) contains a patient’s clinical history, conclusion reports, remedy information, treatment plans, research facility and experimental outcomes, etc. The most predominant utilization of blockchain in medical care frameworks is to work on the security and unwavering quality of electronic wellbeing records.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: (2006) reported that four species of native branchiobdellidans – Branchiobdella italica Canegallo, 1923, Branchiobdella pentadonta Whitman, 1882, Branchiobdella parasita (Braun, 1805) and Branchiobdella hexadonta Grube, 1883 – were found on the non-native crayfish Faxonius limosus (Rafnesque, 1817) in 2001. However, only B. italica was observed in 2003, and no branchiobdellidans were detected in subsequent surveys. This suggests that novel symbiotic relationships between crayfish and branchiobdellidans may not last long. The population of P. leniusculus was established in the system relatively recently (less than 10 yr ago, K. Tanaka, unpublished data). Not much time has been passed since the first interactions between the non-native and native crayfish, and the branchiobdellidans population might have been transiently supported by P. leniusculus. No individuals of C. cirratus complex were found on C. japonicus during this study. Because we investigated only four populations of C. japonicus, exploring more sites in this river system may identify the source population of the branchiobdellidans transmitting to P. leniusculus from C. japonicus. However, the very low densities of C. japonicus in the studied area suggest that the host population from which the source of C. cirratus complex might have been already extinct, or that C. cirratus complex became extinct before C. digitatus due to the decline of host crayfish. Hinosawa et al. (2023) estimated that C. japonicus in northern in Japan will be largely extinct by 2050, suggesting that C. japonicus is at a greater risk of extinction than previously thought. In Hokkaido, population extinction has already been confirmed at several sites (Kawai et al. , 2002; Nakata et al. , 2004), and the estimation in Hinosawa et al. (2023) could apply to Hokkaido populations as well.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: , 1981; Rasmussen et al. , 1986), while inhibitory neurons, such as PV neurons and VIP neurons, become relatively active during REM sleep (Brécier et al. , 2022). ATP level in basal forebrain is shown to be higher in REM than NREM (Peng et al. , 2023). In addition, our own preliminary result (Author response image 1) also showed a higher adenosine level in REM than NREM in somatosensory cortex. Last but not the least, we found that β2AR knockout failed to abolish microglial responses to sleep state switch and SD stress altogether. In brief, microglia are highly sensitive to varied changes in the surrounding environment, and many a modulator may participate in the microglia dynamic during sleep state. This may underlie the microglia complexity difference between REM and NREM. Future investigations are warranted to delineate the signal-integrative role of microglia in physiology and under stress. We have discussed the pertinent points in the revised manuscript. Please see line 343-354. Author response image 1. Extracellular adenosine levels in somatosensory cortex in different brain states. AAV2/9-hSyn-GRABAdo1. 0 (Peng W. et al. , Science. 2020) was injected into the somatosensory cortex (A/P, -1 mm; M/L, +2 mm; D/V, -0. 3 mm). Data from the same recording are connected by lines. n = 9 from 3 mice. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): The manuscript describes an approach to monitor microglial structural dynamics and correlate it to ongoing changes in brain state during sleep-wake cycles. The main novelty here is the use of miniaturized 2p microscopy, which allows tracking microglia surveillance over long periods of hours, while the mice are allowed to freely behave. Accordingly, this experimental setup would permit to explore long-lasting changes in microglia in a more naturalistic environment, which were previously not possible to identify otherwise. The findings could provide key advances to the research of microglia during natural sleep and wakefulness, as opposed to anesthesia. The main findings of the paper are that microglia increase their process motility and surveillance during REM and NREM sleep as compared to the awake state.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Indeed, even before blockchain innovation, the imperative of electronic wellbeing records was that patient information was scattered across different medical care suppliers in view of the patient’s conditions, and earlier information was not accessible even in EHR frameworks. Numerous scholastics have proposed blockchain as a clever methodology for putting away patients’ EHRs to keep their set of experiences and present data secure for a lifetime and retrievable whenever. A model “MedRec” was created in [7] for conveying a modern and permanent record history of patients, with particular blockchain benefits for taking care of validation, trustworthiness, security, privacy, and sharing of information records. This model works on a decentralized administration framework and ensures that patients have a permanent and effectively open history of their clinical information, which they can basically trade with their different medical care suppliers for therapy. With a few limitations while taking on records with EHR, for example, loss of command over records, information provenance concerns, and information following, clinical information sharing could become pivotal. To address these issues, [8] launched MeDShare, a blockchain-based platform for the safe and trustless sharing of data and electronic health records among various cloud service providers, healthcare professionals, and research institutions with better data provenance and privacy. 2. 2 Healthcare medical supply chainIn the medical care area, there is an earnest requirement for more successful production network the board. Coronavirus showed significant defects in the United States’ medical care supply chains, with emergency clinics compelled to manage deficiencies of individual defensive hardware (PPE), ventilators, and urgent drugs. Besides, medical organizations have been feeling the squeeze lately to expand productivity and address rising store network costs. Truth be told, it has been expressed that reinforcing emergency clinic store network the executives might save emergency clinics generally $12 million every year. Medical clinics, medical services suppliers, drug organizations, and different partners in the medical services area can further develop medical services production network the executives to not just dispose of store network shortcomings and superfluous production network costs, yet additionally to incorporate dexterity and strength into the medical care esteem chain. With a more adaptable and strong medical care inventory network, upstream and downstream accomplices will actually want to answer all the more successfully to unexpected occasions like regular fiascoes or a worldwide pandemic, working on persistent results and saving lives. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Since symbionts are known to go extinct earlier than their hosts in some cases (Rózsa and Vas, 2005; Lafferty, 2012), it is highly possible that the extinction of C. cirratus complex occurred earlier than that of C. japonicus in the system. Japanese branchiobdellidans are specifically ectosymbiotic with C. japonicus and could only live in lakes or small streams near water sources inhabited by this host. On the other hand, P. leniusculus can inhabit mainstems, and C. cirratus complex could permanently use P. leniusculus as a host; they have expanded their habitat range to mainstem reaches, where it was originally difficult for them to inhabit. This finding is a unique example of a native symbiont that would normally be lost along with its native host as a result of biological invasions avoiding extinction by shifting hosts to the invasive species as well as expanding the living area of the river due to the high dispersal ability of the new host. When native endangered symbiotic species transfer to non-native hosts, the removal of non-native species means driving the endangered species to extinction at the hands of humans. This finding suggests that there is a dilemma between the extermination of non-native species and the protection of symbionts caused by an overlooked host shift. Nevertheless, the main goal of the management of introduced species is to eradicate or reduce their population sizes, which leads to the restoration of native biodiversity (Hulme, 2006; Prior et al. , 2017). A proper understanding of complex ecosystems includes symbiotic organisms and clarifying on what to conserve and what to eliminate, sometimes at the expense of native species, is important for ecosystem management. are grateful to Dr. (Hirosaki University) for teaching us the methods of branchiobdellidan identification. The authors also thank to (Museum), Hiroki Terashima, (Bureau), (Hokkaido University), (& Eco-Co. , Ltd. ) and (Zoo) for supporting our crayfish sampling. 2002. Modulating the modulators: parasites, neuromodulators and host behavioral change. Evol 60: 370–377. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2018. branchiobdellids on non-native crayfishes: report from the Czech Republic. J Limnol 77: 164–168.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The authors further show that sleep deprivation induces opposite changes in microglia dynamics- limiting their surveillance and size. The authors then demonstrate potential causal role for norepinephrine secretion from the locus coeruleus (LC) which is driven by beta 2 adrenergic receptors (b2AR) on microglia. However, there are several methodological and experimental concerns which should be addressed. The major comments are summarized below: The main technological advantage of the 2p miniaturized microscope is the ability to track single cells over sleep cycles. A main question that is unclear from the analysis and the way the data is presented is: are the structural changes in microglia reversible? Meaning, could the authors provide evidence that the same cell can dynamically change in sleep state and then return to similar size in wakefulness? The same question arises again with the data which is presented for anesthesia, is this change reversible? As revealed by long-term free behavioral mTPM imaging, the brain-statedependent morphological changes in microglia were reproducible and reversible. Author response image 2 shows that microglia displayed reversible dynamic changes during multiple rounds of sleep-wake transition. Author response image 3 shows that microglia dynamics induced by anesthesia also exhibited reversibility. Author response image 2. Long-term tracking of microglia process area in different brain states. Data analysis used 8 cells. Data total of 31 time points were selected from in vivo imaging data and were used to characterize the morphological changes of microglia over a continuous 7-hour period. Author response image 3. Reversible changes of microglial process length, area, number of branch points under anesthesia. Wake group: 30 minute-accommodation to new environment; Isoflurane group: 1. 5% in air applied at a flow rate of 0. 4 L/min for 30 minutes; Recovery group: 30 minutes after recovery from anesthesia. n = 9 cells from 3 mice for each group. The binary comparison between brain states is misleading, shouldn't the changes in structural dynamics compared to the baseline of the state onset? The authors method describes analysis of the last 5 minutes in each sleep/wake state. However, these transitions are directional- for instance, REM usually follows NREM, so the description of a decrease in length during REM sleep could be inaccurate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 3 The importance of healthcare supply chain managementThe essential objectives of medical services store network the executives are to further develop perceivability and proficiency all through the inventory network, and as of late, this has extended to incorporate the essential objective of further developing store network dexterity and strength — fundamental in these seasons of expanded vulnerability and unpredictability in both organic market conditions. At the point when wellbeing inventory network the board is done accurately, supply accomplices are better prepared to perceive and deal with bottlenecks, potential interferences, and different worries that might emerge anyplace along the store network. It can possibly work on tolerant consideration and security while additionally diminishing waste and inefficient cost. Checking and supporting the progression of prescriptions, clinical supplies and hardware, and clinical benefits from maker to patient are the significant errands associated with medical services inventory network the board. Inventory network quality administration and arranging, production network mechanization and advancement, and provider relationship and chance administration are all important for it. At the point when organizations utilize advanced instruments and innovation to oversee medical services supply chains, they utilize significant bits of knowledge got from multi-source information to persistently adjust and improve production network frameworks and cycles. One part of the drug climate where blockchain may profit from its one of a kind characteristics and center ideas is the prescription production network. While embracing innovation driven arrangements and use cases, the drug production network is given extraordinary thought. The overall fake and phony market is worth up to $200 billion every year, and fake prescriptions are a significant wellspring of concern on the grounds that the worldwide underground market offers such items to people without moral endorsement. The danger to human existence presented by fake drugs and medicines is developing and ought not be disregarded. Duplicating is a major issue in the drug area, and a substitute cure should be created. Blockchain innovation can assist the medical care industry with further developing its store network by decreasing extortion involving against duplicating advancements and working on quality control in the assembling and dissemination of drug things and prescriptions. Blockchain-based methods can follow the entire life expectancy of meds and medicines, down to a solitary portion, from assembling to dispersion. Blockchain innovation for safe computerized stamping of drug things is now being utilized by firms like as Block pharma, and the Centers for and Prevention to offer a solid and dependable track of drugs all through their life expectancy (CDC). 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: [2006. Some cases of macro-epibiosis on the invasive crayfish Orconectes limosus in the Czech Republic. de la Peche et de la Pisciculture 380-381: 1325–1337. [1987. Observations on three species of branchiobdellid (Annelida: Clitellata) worms from eastern Asia. Hydrobiologia 155: 15–25. [CrossRef] [2020. An ongoing saga: endemic branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) on translocated commercial crayfish. Zoosymposia 17: 141–158. [CrossRef] [2016. Global overview of Branchiobdallida (Annelida: Clitellata). In: Kawai T, Faulkes Z, Schoitz, eds. Freshwater Crayfish: A Global Overview, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 654. [1999. Distribution of native and exotic branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) on their respective crayfish hosts in northern Italy, with the first record of native Branchiobdella species on an exotic crayfish. J Limnol 58: 20–24. [CrossRef] [2020. Early researchers involved with Branchiobdellidans and a reassessment of the taxonomic status of Branchiobdella digitata Pierantoni, 1906. Bulg 72: 179–185. [1981. New species of Sathodrilus Holt, 1968, (Clitellata: Branchiobdellida) from the Pacific drainage of the United States, with the synonymy of Sathodrilus virgiliae Holt, 1977. 94: 848–862. [2006. Beyond control: wider implications for the management of biological invasions. J 43: 835–847. [CrossRef] [2018. Transmission and terrestrial dispersal of non-native ectosymbionts on invasive crayfish. Hydrobiologia 820: 135–144. [CrossRef] [2015. Reduced aggression and foraging efficiency of invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) infested with non-native branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: As you know, the time scale of microglia morphological dynamic is relatively slow, so we analyzed the microglia morphological dynamic of the last part (30s in the revised manuscript) of each state instead of the state onset, allowing time for stabilization of the microglia response to inter-state transition. Further, we compared microglia dynamic between two NREM groups transiting to different subsequent states: group1 (NREM to REM) vs group2 (NREM to Wake). This precaution was to exclude the directional effect of state transitions. Our results showed that there was no difference in microglial length, area, number of branching points between the two NREM groups (Author response image 4), indicating that the last 30s of each NREM was not affected by its following state and that it’s reasonable to perform binary comparison. Author response image 4. Microglial morphological length, area change, and number of branch points of the last 30s of NREM sleep followed by REM or Wake. n = 9 cells from 3 mice for each group. Sleep deprivation- again, it is unclear whether these structural changes are reversible. This point is straightforward to address using this methodology by measuring sleep following SD. In addition, the authors chose a method to induce sleep deprivation that is rather harsh. It is unclear if the effect shown is the result of stress or perhaps an excess of motor activity. We adopted the method of forced exercise as it has been commonly used for sleep deprivation (Pandi-Perumal et al. , 2007; et al. , 2020), though it does have the potential limitation of excess of motor activity. In light of your comments and suggestion, we presented new data demonstrating that sleep duration of the mice, mostly NREM sleep, increased compensatively (ZT9-10) after the 6-hour sleep deprivation (ZT2-8) (revised Fig. S3B). This result shows that sleep deprivation indeed increase sleep pressure in the mice. As the sleep pressure was eased during recovery sleep, morphological changes of microglia were reversed over a timescale of several hours (revised Fig. S3 E-J). The authors perform measurements of norepinephrine with a recently developed GRAB sensor. These experiments are performed to causally link microglia surveillance during sleep to norepinephrine secretion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 4 Improving healthcare supply chain management using digital technologyA developing number of firms are carrying out inventive innovation to help and change medical services production network the board. Coronavirus has started computerized change projects inside the drug area and then some. There are currently imaginative and easy to-utilize arrangements accessible to help undertakings in separating information storehouses, a well established issue in medical care, and creating applications that permit them to interface production network information with clinical information. The advanced stock organization, or cloud-based production network organizing innovation, makes it simpler for organizations to associate their production network frameworks to electronic wellbeing records (EHR) and other medical services frameworks. Firms can normalize, smooth out, and robotize tedious business processes, bringing down costs while working on tolerant results, and laying out a clinically incorporated inventory network that shows restraint focused and proactive by interfacing inventory network information with electronic clinical records and other related informational collections. Multienterprise work the board programming is one more important innovation for medical services inventory network the executives. These applications empower patient-driven organization all through the medical services esteem chain. They help groups in teaming up across interior and outer areas to better knowledge into store network tasks and further develop store network flexibility. Through the trading of expressed needs and designated commitment, they help supply accomplices in creating trusted and commonly fruitful business organizations. Exchanging accomplices might share information and knowledge by means of normalized, secure, and consent passages and team up to handle the issues influencing medical care supply chains today. Advertisement 3. The benefits of healthcare supply chain management digitizationThe connected store network, or inventory network 4. 0, is solid and versatile, able to do quickly answering changing circumstances and recuperating from surprising interferences. Medical services organizations are carefully modernizing medical care production network the board by embracing the most current medical services store network innovation, simplifying it for themselves as well as their exchange accomplices to streamline and improve the production network. They are using this innovation to acquire continuous, definite access into their stock chains from starting to complete the process of, permitting them to recognize and address potential hardships and obstacles early and turn quickly on a case by case basis. They might use medical services store network investigation to all the more accurately gauge interest, advance stock preparation and the executives, and answer all the more successfully to changing economic situations by joining inventory network and clinical information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 8: 596. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2002. Temporal changes of the density in two crayfish species, the native Cambaroides japonicus (De Haan) and the alien Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), in natural habitats of Hokkaido, Japan. 13: 198–206. [2004. The taxonomic status of the introduced signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) in Japan, and the source of specimens in the newly reported population in Fukushima prefecture. Crustaceana 77: 861–870. [CrossRef] [2009. Parasite spillback: a neglected concept in invasion ecology? Ecology 90: 2047–2056. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2012. Biodiversity loss decreases parasite diversity: theory and patterns. 367: 2814–2827. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2012. Global introductions of crayfishes: Evaluating the impact of species invasions on ecosystem services. Syst 43: 449–472. [CrossRef] [2014. Co-invaders: The effects of alien parasites on native hosts. Wildl 3: 171–177. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2020. of Japan. Available from Accessed 15 June 2023. [2003. Competition for shelter of preferred sizes between the Japonicus and the Leniusculus in Japan in Relation to Prior Residence, Sex Difference, and Body Size. J 23: 897–907. [CrossRef] [2004. Reproduction of the Leniusculus in Lake Shikaribetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. J 24: 496–501. [2010. First record of the invasive crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus from the Kanto region, basin, central Japan: a range expansion to a warm water area. Res 5: 165–168. [CrossRef] [2005. New records and distributions of two branchiobdellidan species (Annelida: Clitellata) from introduced signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, in Japan. 7: 149–156. [CrossRef] [2023.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: They perform 2p imaging and collect data points which are single neurons, and it is unclear why the normalization and analysis is performed for bulk fluorescence similar to data obtained with photometry. We did not perform single-neuron analysis for two reasons. First, our experimental conditions, e. g. , the expression of the NE indicator and the control of imaging laser intensity, did not yield sufficient signal-to-noise to clearly discriminate individual neurons with two-photon imaging. Second, NE signal may play a modulatory role, and fluorescence changes appeared to be global, rather than local or cell-specific. Therefore, we analyzed fluorescence changes in different brain states over the whole field-of-view in Fig. 4, rather than at the subregional or single-cell level. The experiments involving b2AR KO mice are difficult to interpret and do not provide substantial mechanistic insight. Since b2AR are expressed throughout numerous cell types in the brain and in the periphery, it is entirely not clear whether the effects on microglia dynamics are direct. The conclusion and the statement regarding the expression of b2AR in microglia is not supported by the 354. As you suggested, we added 419. Statistical analysis: the authors used t-test or ANOVA without first checking whether the data pass the normality test. If the data does not follow a normal distribution, nonparametric tests would be more appropriate. Per your suggestion, we performed the test of statistical significance using parametric (ANOVA) if past the normality test, or the non-parametric (Friedman) tests for non-normal data. Please see line 533-535. Fig. 1b needs a minor change. In the figure, the EMG electrodes appear to be connected to the brain as well. We have corrected this oversight. Thank you. Fig. 1c: it would be helpful to give examples of raw EEG and EMG traces for REM and NREM separately. Raw traces are now shown as suggested. Please see Fig. 1c, page 32. Fig. 1h: is each data point one microglia or one end-point? In Fig. 1h, each data represents the average speed of all branches of one microglia, not one end-point. Sleep deprivation starts at 9 am. What time corresponds to 0 (ZT0, the beginning of the light phase)?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Computerized inventory network the executives innovations can help raise efficiency and lessen time to advertise by advancing expanded correspondence and joint effort all through the medical services production network. Besides, by upgrading trust and straightforwardness all through the stock organization, they further develop store network flexibility, aiding the production of a medical services esteem chain that can more readily answer and recuperate from future pandemics and other general wellbeing disasters. Work the executives for provider networks across a few ventures. Resolve provider episodes up to 80% faster. 3. 1 Healthcare supply chain management in the futureA computerized production network organization, intended to deal with the intricacy of medical services production network the board, gives associations in this quickly developing area with the straightforwardness and start to finish perceivability they expect to deal with a convoluted and extending organization of exchanging accomplices by means of constant data streams, specialized devices, and cooperative work processes. It can help them in distinguishing and settling organic market concerns right off the bat, before patients and their primary concern endures. Since it is cloud-based, network individuals benefit from the versatility and adaptability expected to incorporate and utilize mechanical cycle computerization, man-made consciousness and AI, prescient investigation, and other state of the art store network 4. 0 advancements. Work the board programming likewise helps firms in producing cooperative advancement and creating patient-driven inventory network organizations. Supply accomplices might team up more successfully to organize patient results in original ways and make new advanced working models for the fate of medical care. Medical organizations might utilize work the board instruments and a computerized supply organization to ensure that all patients get the treatments they require, when and when they require them. Individuals from the organization are engaged to team up for everyone’s best interests, and worldwide populaces benefit from expanded admittance to life-saving drugs and better treatment made conceivable by computerized medical services store network the board. 3. 2 Blockchain technology could enhance the caliber of clinical researchSince it empowers information recording, sharing, and care, blockchain can possibly impact clinical examination. Without a doubt, it involves a decentralized secure global positioning framework for any information connections that might happen with regards to clinical preliminaries, as well as a distributed comprehensive organization that empowers information sharing on the examination side while likewise guaranteeing all vital straightforwardness and protection worries on the patient local area side.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: AbstractChronic ungulate herbivory impacts are well documented, consistently showing changes in plant community dynamics. In contrast, indirect ungulate effects on soil biota and processes are less well understood and idiosyncratic. Evidence suggests that increased deer abundance in northeastern forests may facilitate invasions by non-native earthworms and non-native plants through indirect non-consumptive processes. We sampled earthworm abundance using paired open and fenced plots (experimentally excluding deer) from 2008 to 2011 at 12 sites at West Point, NY and in 2013 at 21 additional sites across four states that varied in exclosure size and age since establishment. Fencing decreased earthworm abundance at and in regional surveys. Point, negative effects of fencing on earthworm abundance decreased with soil pH and were stronger at sites dominated by native than non-native understory vegetation. Sites dominated by native vegetation had more acidic soils and lower earthworm abundance compared to sites dominated by non-native vegetation. In the regional survey, negative effects of fencing on earthworm abundance increased with time since fences were established, but effects were not affected by exclosure size or site location. We show unforeseen indirect effects of deer exclusion on earthworm populations. Results illustrate the need to account for complex interactive effects among co-occurring stressors, such as deer, earthworms, and non-native plants. Failures to account for these interactions will result in hidden treatments, will complicate interpretation of ecological experiments, and will create difficulties in designing appropriate management strategies aimed at reducing stressor effects. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 2012. Roe deer may markedly alter forest nitrogen and phosphorus budgets across Europe. Oikos 121:1271–8. 2012. Long-term impacts of deer exclosures on mixed-oak forest composition at the. J Soc 139:167–80. 1988. Forests to deer: edge effects in northern Wisconsin. 2:348–58. 1993. Recovery of browse-sensitive tree species following release from white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman browsing pressure. 63:203–8. 2008. A perfect storm: two ecosystem engineers interact to degrade deciduous forests of New Jersey. 10:785–95. 2003.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: We now clarified that 9 am corresponds to Zeitgeber time 2. Please see line 196. Line 61: the authors referred to Ramon y Cajal's original suggestion that microglia dynamics are coupled to the sleep-wake cycle. However, the cited paper only indicates that Cajal suggested a role of astrocytes in the sleep-wake cycle, not microglia. In addition, there is a typo in the line: there should be a space between "Ramon" and "y" in Cajal's name. We have updated the statement and reference literature to point out the microglia’s involvement in the sleep-wake cycle. The typo was corrected. Please see line 64-65. Fig. S3B: As each group has only 3 mice, it is unclear how t-test can yield p < 0. 01 or even 0. 001. We checked the original data again and it was correct. This small p-values may be due to the small intra-group difference of control group. Line 251-253, "Figure 4h-n" should be "Figure 5h-n"? We have revised it. Please see line 265-266. Fig. 5h: the receptor should be "adrenergic receptor", not "adrenal receptor". We changed the term to “adrenergic receptor”. Please see Fig 5h. Fig. 5g, n: the number of data points is apparently less than the sample size given in the figure legend. Perhaps some data points have exactly the same value so they overlap? The authors may consider plotting identical values with a slight shift so that the number of data points shown matches the actual sample size, to avoid confusion. Yes, we have added small jitters so different data points can be seen to avoid confusion. Please see Fig. 5n. There are some typos (e. g. , Line 217, "he" should be "the") and some incomplete 27. Reviewer #2 (The Authors): Major issues: Re-analyze the data in a manner that allows to follow and compare the same cells over different state transitions. This is necessary to evaluate the reversibility of microglia structure. In addition, consider analysis of the change from the beginning to the end of each state. As shown in response figure 2, microglia dynamics were reversible during multiple rounds of sleep-wake transition.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this technique might encourage more confidence in clinical exploration, whose standing has been seriously hurt by ongoing scandals [9, 10]. Blockchain innovation might be seen as an establishment for improved clinical examination strategies as well as a push toward more transparency to construct certainty inside research networks and among exploration and patient networks. 3. 3 Building reliable clinical studies: At each step, keep track and timestampInformation sacredness and trustworthiness are two crucial qualities of information at the utilitarian level, “the information level. ” as far as information sacredness and accuracy, Blockchain guarantees that occasions are kept in their exact sequential control, significantly forestalling deduced reproduction study. To begin with, the cryptographic approval of every exchange guarantees information honesty [11]. This is basic for guaranteeing information truthfulness — forestalling information creation, information “beautification,” and, here and there, information innovation. Second, one of the principal abilities of Blockchain is information discernibility and accuracy: every exchange is timestamped [12]. This information is available to people in general; any client can get a duplicate of the time-stepped information. Figure 4 portrays the mind boggling progressions of heterogeneous information and metadata that circle in a clinical report, proposing countless medical care partners and all records whose presence might be confirmed utilizing Blockchain. Accordingly, the presence of information becomes evident while the information stays private. Figure 4. Clinical trial complex data workflow encoded in Blockchain. Rundown of non-thorough instances of key data that can favorably “sit on the top” of the Blockchain:Before the clinical preliminary starts, the information sharing technique, including the schedule, dataset documentation, and information sharing arrangement, if any, should be given with the goal that this data might be timestamped in sequential request in the unfalsifiable Blockchain. Assents and clinical preliminary convention, including sort of study, essential and optional results, and consideration and avoidance models, can be bundled into information structures saved money on the Blockchain before the clinical preliminary starts. The information structures are then in coordinated correspondence with assents, the convention, and its changes, giving hearty affirmation of their reality. This element can support the counteraction of normal issues related with non-discernible clinical preliminary conventions, for example, particular announcing of results connected with specific detailing of damage, under-revealing of non-critical results, and confuses between arranged results in the convention and last distribution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Herbivore-mediated linkages between aboveground and belowground communities. Ecology 84:2258–68. 2014. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1. 1-7. 2009. Influence of soil buffering capacity on earthworm growth, survival, and community composition in the western Adirondacks and York. 16:269–84. 2004. Ecosystem consequences of exotic earthworm invasion of north temperate forests. Ecosystems 7:1–12. 2012. Beyond the browse line: complex cascade effects mediated by white-tailed deer. Oikos 121:1749–60. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. New York: Springer-Verlag. 2013. Plant—herbivore—decomposer stoichiometric mismatches and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. 280:20122453. 2012. Effects of invasive amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on litter-dwelling arthropod communities. Nat 167:256–72. 2004. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. 35:113–47. 2009. Earthworms, stand age, and species composition interact to influence particulate organic matter chemistry during forest succession. Biogeochemistry 92:61–82. 2014. Demographic responses of rare forest plants to multiple stressors: the role of deer, invasive species and nutrients. J Ecol 102:1222–33. 2013. Interactive effects of flooding and deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browsing on floodplain forest recruitment. Manag 303:11–19. 2007. Interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline. Evol 22:489–96. 2014. Deer browsing delays succession by altering aboveground vegetation and belowground seed banks. 9:e91155. 1996. Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. 3rd edn. London: Chapman and Hall. 2008. Efficiency of two widespread non-destructive extraction methods under dry soil conditions for different ecological earthworm groups. 44:141–5. 2009. Acceleration of exotic plant invasion in a forested ecosystem by a generalist herbivore. 23:388–99. 2013.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: It would be nice to see the raw data obtained over time, at least for Figure 1, before offline correction of movement to evaluate the imaging quality and level of drift during imaging. We agree to your good suggestion. Please see the supporting material video. It would be helpful to add an analysis of the percent time spent in each state for the 10 hour recordings. Advice has been adopted. Please see revised Fig. S4C. 2 the results are from 15 cells from several animals. How much do the results vary between mice? It will be helpful to show if this varies between different mice by labeling cells from each mouse differently. response image 5, in which we have labeled the distribution of data points from seven mice, there was mixed distribution of data from different animals at each brain state, but no clear animal-to-animal difference. Author response image 5. Quantitative analysis of microglial length based on multi-plane microglial imaging. n = 17 cells from 7 mice for each group. In right panel, each color codes data from the same animal. SD- please add some quantification for sleep and EEG to show that the manipulation really caused sleep deprivation. To address the confound of forced movement and stress, it might be helpful to add quantification of movement compared to an undisturbed wakefulness. We have added related data (revised Fig. S3B), as suggested. Please see line 196-197. The DSP4 application should be also performed with NE measurements to verify the specific of the NE signal measured as well as the DSP4 toxin. Following your suggestion, we have added DSP4 data in revised Fig. S4B. Some suggested refined experiments for the b2AR KO are: a-A conditional b2AR KO in microglia, as cited in the work. b- Local application of a b2 blocker during SD. c- Imaging of NE dynamics in the b2 animals. If NE dynamics during natural sleep cycle are perturbed, then this suggests upstream mechanisms rather than direct microglia effects as suggested by the authors. We agree that the current study cannot pinpoint a direct effect of microglia harbored β2AR. We have discussed this limitation in the revised manuscript. Please see line 324-354. Minor: Typo on page 4 (microcopy instead of microscopy). It was corrected. Please see line 87.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: In this manner, the data set gives a wide way to information client control or differential security, information sharing, and local area driven clinical examinations [15]: in a believed climate, clinical exploration groups can “swarm select” individuals to be signed up for conventions utilizing local area the board strategies, and individuals can likewise elect to take part in such examinations. 4. 1 Smart contracts for clinical trial phase controlWe might chain together unmistakable clinical preliminary stages with the end goal that each step is subject to its ancestor, as well as protecting clinical preliminary stage compilable metadata on the Blockchain. Blockchain innovation, known as Smart Contracts, give devices to these “cutting” and “tying” processes, and can guarantee a degree of straightforwardness, recognizability, and command over clinical preliminary successions. “are PC conventions that straightforwardness, confirm, or implement the exchange of an agreement,” as indicated by Wikipedia [17], and their execution might be performed utilizing cryptographic hash chains. Shrewd Contracts, by and by, permit the approval of a stage with the main condition that each first step has been totally checked. For instance, the chain of progressive blocks could check that the planned system was followed, and the material introduced to distributers would incorporate the actual distribution as well as the arrangement of blocks that involve the Smart Contract, the right execution of which demonstrates verification that the review was all around led. Figure 4 portrays a as a line of code which holds an automatic official understanding between however many gatherings depending on the situation, without the contribution of a confided in delegate, and that executes algorithmically as per the terms determined by the contracting parties. empower patient incorporation with the sole condition that they have assented, or information examination with the checked and kept up with that the data set is frozen. Every one of the clinical preliminary stages portrayed in the image can be connected together in the succession portrayed, bringing about a more straightforward review and forbidding deduced remaking or information enhancing. Advertisement 5. A trial of theory for consent gatheringWe used a Blockchain system to acquire participant permission for a clinical trial in a proof-of-concept experimental investigation ([18] (under review), [19]).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Linking direct and indirect pathways mediating earthworms, deer, and understory composition in forests. 15:1057–66. 2005. Environmental causes and consequences of forest clearance and agricultural abandonment in central New York, USA. J Biogeogr 32:439–52. 2006. Earthworm invasion into previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests. 8:1235–45. 2011. Soil nutrient losses in an altered ecosystem are associated with native ungulate grazing. J 48:952–60. 2012. Asian invasive earthworms of the genus in Vermont. 19:313–22. 2006. Changes in hardwood forest understory plant communities in response to European earthworm invasions. Ecology 87:1637–49. 2005. Effects of european earthworm invasion on soil characteristics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, USA. Ecosystems 8:911–27. 2003. How browsing by red deer impacts on litter decomposition in a native regenerating woodland in the Highlands of Scotland. Soils 38:393–9. 2010. Nonconsumptive effects of a generalist ungulate herbivore drive decline of unpalatable forest herbs. Ecology 91:319–26. 2007. Interactions of an introduced shrub and introduced earthworms in an Illinois urban woodland: impact on leaf litter decomposition. Pedobiologia 50:543–51. 1996. Modification of ecosystems by ungulates. J 60:695–713. 2012. Leaf litter disappearance in earthworm-invaded northern hardwood forests: role of tree species and the chemistry and diversity of litter. Ecosystems 15:913–26. 2007. Regional extent of an ecosystem engineer: Earthworm invasion in northern hardwood forests. 17:1666–77. 2003. White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. 13:98–118. 1997. Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: Re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110:449–60. 2014. In a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader’s explosive population growth rate and restored natives. 111:4501–6. 2009. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fecal pellet decomposition is accelerated by the invasive earthworm Lumbricus terrestris.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Typo page 11- 'and he largest changes in NE' - supposed to be 'the'. We have corrected these mistakes. Please see line 228. Fig. 4- there are several units missing in the figure in panel b: the top is Hz, but what does the color bar indicate exactly? 2 what? both for theta/delta and for NE. We have modified this figure and legend for clarity. Please see Fig. 4, page 37. Bottom of page 12- referring to figure 4 but talking about figure 5. The typo was corrected. Please see line 265-266. Reference Aston-Jones G, Bloom FE. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J Neurosci. 1, 876–886 (1981). Bellesi M, de. Sleep loss promotes astrocytic phagocytosis and microglial activation in mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 37, 5263–5273 (2017). Brécier. Vigilance and behavioral state-dependent modulation of cortical neuronal activity throughout the sleep/wake cycle. J Neurosci. 42, 4852–66 (2022). . Sleep and brain energy levels: ATP changes during sleep. J Neurosci. 30, 9007-16 (2010). Gyoneva S. , Traynelis SF. Norepinephrine modulates the motility of resting and activated microglia via different adrenergic receptors. J Biol Chem. 288, 15291302 (2013). . Memory-enhancing properties of sleep depend on the oscillatory amplitude of norepinephrine. Nat Neurosci. 25, 1059–1070 (2022). . Stress induces microglia-associated synaptic circuit alterations in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiology of Stress. 15, 100342 (2021). . Neuronal network activity controls microglial process surveillance in awake mice via norepinephrine signaling. Nat Neurosci. 22, 1771–1781 (2019). . Sleep deprivation and stress: a reciprocal relationship. Interface Focus. 10, 20190092 (2020). Pandi-. 2007. Neuroimmunology of sleep. New York, NY: Springer. . Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep-wake cycle by astrocyte activity. Cell Discov. 9, 16 (2023).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the US Food and reports that nearly 10% of the trials they monitor have issues with consent collection, including failure to obtain written informed consent, unapproved forms, an invalid consent document, failure to re-consent to a revised protocol, and a lack of institutional review board approval for protocol changes [20, 21]. To be more specific, in a fictitious experimental trial, we captured and stored each patient consent on the Blockchain and sought for consent renewal with each protocol amendment. We acquired a unique master document that contains all of the consent gathering data in a single data structure or software package called Chainscript [22], each tied to a version of amended protocol versions. In actuality, these data have been “hashed,” or structured into a cryptographic version of the original permission and procedure document data. Because of the rigorous one-to-one correlation between hashed data and effective consent data, this master document represents a secure, strong evidence of existence of the whole consent-collection process. This proof of existence can also be verified on any dedicated public website. 5. 1 Blockchain in genomicsGenomic medication opens the universe of hereditary information to give exact conclusion, guess, and treatment of various genetic diseases. A person’s hereditary data is assessed utilizing genomic strategies to evaluate ailment defenselessness and applicable treatment decisions for redid medication. However, the increment of hereditary information raises various issues, including information access, security, and protection. This is where Blockchain enters the image. 5. 2 Genetic informationThe human genome contains around 3 billion base matches, equivalent to roughly 1. 5 GB of material. A few inherited illnesses are unprecedented, while others, like hypertension, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s infection, have been connected to a hereditary weakness. Researchers can gain a superior handle of the cycles hidden a large number of these uncommon infections and normal clinical problems by utilizing genomic planning. The planning information can then be utilized to plan pertinent arrangements and drives. Researchers should gather however much data on sicknesses as could reasonably be expected from people who are impacted by them. Unfortunate information access and interoperability has forever been and keeps on being a worry in medical care. Over 10 years after the human genome project was done, specialized upgrades have made having one’s genome sequenced and hereditary data examined extensively more reasonable. Ten years prior, the expense of genome sequencing would have been $10,000,000.

Output: corroborate