Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: Upper panel shows 11 complete annual rings with variability in the total tree-ring width as well as the earlywood and latewood widths. Also shown is a wood density profile based upon anatomical measurements of cell wall thickness using the program ROXAS (von Arx and Carrer 2014). Common ring-width parameters include tree-ring width, earlywood width, and latewood width (top). Important intra-ring density parameters include maximum latewood density and minimum latewood densities, as well as an intra-annual density fluctuation. Average ring density or average earlywood density (not shown in this figure) are also used in research applications (e. g. , Babst et al. 2014b). Quantitative wood anatomical parameters include measures of lumen area, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness of the tracheids (bottom left). The lumen diameter and double wall thickness are shown in the radial direction—these can of course be measured in the tangential direction as wellFull size image1. 1. 1 Tree-Ring WidthA predominance of dendrochronological investigations performed to date have utilized assessments of the total tree-ring width. The ring-width has been long regarded as the basic unit of annual radial tree growth. Tree-ring width measurements are typically performed under a stereomicroscope connected to a linear encoder stage. In cases where rings can be sufficiently resolved with flatbed scanners, digital cameras, or imaged from thin sections, various software packages (e. g. , Rydval et al. 2014; von Arx and Carrer 2014; Shi et al. 2019) can facilitate ring detection and measurement. Investigations relying upon tree-ring width span across the full range of inter-disciplinary applications including archaeological, climatological, ecological, and geological sciences. Examples include: timber trade and resource utilization (Guiterman et al. 2016; Domínguez-Delmás 2020); reconstructions of temperature primarily in higher latitude and/or altitude environments where cooler conditions limit radial tree-growth (Jacoby and D’Arrigo 1989; Esper et al. 2002; Salzer et al. 2014); assessments of past insect activity outbreaks (Swetnam and Lynch 1989; Speer et al. 2001; Esper et al. 2007); reconstructions of drought (Cook et al. 2004; Fang et al. 2010), precipitation (Büntgen et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: However, one striking difference between humans and mice is the tissue distribution of CIDEA expression. In humans, CIDEA and CIDEC are co-expressed in WAT [74, 75]. In cultured adipocytes, siRNA-mediated knockdown of either CIDEA or CIDEC result in increased lipolysis [71, 75], indicating that the 2 proteins have overlapping functions in the adipocyte. In the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study the expression of CIDEA is up-regulated during the caloric restriction phase and returns towards baseline levels during the re-feeding phase [74]. However, in the same study the expression of CIDEC is down-regulated during the caloric restriction phase [75], indicating that there may be functional differences between CIDEA and CIDEC. The expression pattern of both CIDEA and CIDEC in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study indicate that it is mainly the caloric restriction per se and not the weight reduction that affects the expression of these genes in WAT. Further studies in human WAT and adipocytes are needed to determine the direct mechanisms controlling the expression of these 2 genes and the functional relevance of the observed differential responses to caloric intake. in Adipose Tissue? During a microarray-based search for genes specifically expressed in human adipocytes, we identified the inhibin beta B (INHBB) gene as being very highly expressed in adipocytes. gene encodes the activin βB subunit which homodimerizes to form activin B [76]. We have shown that INHBB expression in WAT is higher in obese than lean subjects [77]. This is in line with data from the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study showing that INHBB expression in WAT is reduced both during the caloric restriction phase and the re-feeding phase of the study. This indicates that the caloric intake itself is not a major regulator of INHBB expression [38]. However, Hoggard et al. [78] have recently shown that Inhbb expression in mouse epididymal WAT is down-regulated during a 24-hour fasting period and returns to baseline levels during re-feeding. In the same study they also showed that insulin treatment of primary cultures of differentiated adipocytes results in increased Inhbb expression.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The fungal network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils was more densely connected than those in grazed grassland soils, with more links, higher average degree and shorter path distance (Fig. 4, Table S2). Opposite trends were observed for the bacterial network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils. The value of R 2 of the power law ranged from 0. 71 to 0. 85. The values of the average clustering coefficient (avgCC), path distance (GD), and harmonic geodesic distance (HD) of all networks were larger than those for randomized networks (Table S2). Figure 4: Highly connected modules of bacteria and fungi in grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils. A red link indicates a positive correlation between two individual nodes, whereas a blue link indicates a negative correlation. Nodes at module centers are module hubs, and nodes in black boxes are connectors. (A) Bacterial network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (B) bacterial network of grazed grassland soil; (C) fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (D) fungal network of grazed grassland soil. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-4 Figure 5: Proportion of bacterial and fungal nodes in global networks based on the eight most abundant bacterial phyla (A) and five most abundant fungal phyla (B). G, Grazed area; GE, Grazing-excluded area. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-5 A total of six module hubs and six connectors were identified in the bacterial networks of grazed grassland soils, whereas 12 module hubs and three connectors were found in the bacterial networks of grazing-excluded grassland soils (Table S3). For fungi, we recorded three module hubs and two connectors in the grazed grassland soils, whereas, four module hubs were recorded in grazing excluded grassland soils (Table S4). In addition, approximately 80% of the bacterial nodes of global networks belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria (23. 82∼26. 40%), Actinobacteria (20. 94∼25. 39%), Bacteroidetes (13. 69∼15. 35%), Acidobacteria (7. 60∼11.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: 2011; Griffin and Anchukaitis 2014), streamflow (Woodhouse et al. 2006), and snowpack (Pederson et al. 2011; Belmecheri et al. 2016) variability primarily from locations where moisture limitations, potentially exacerbated by high thermal stress, limits radial growth; quantifying soil erosion rates (Gärtner et al. 2001; Rubiales et al. 2008); dating debris flows and avalanches (Stoffel and Bollschweiler 2008) as well as the construction of ancient (Douglass 1929) and historical structures (Boswijk et al. 2016); quantifying phenotypic traits, variability, and associations with genetic lineage/provenance (Housset et al. 2018); assessments of large-scale ecological disturbances (Pederson et al. 2014), and the resilience of ecosystems to climatic stressors (Chamagne et al. 2017; Kannenberg et al. 2019); understanding and predicting tree mortality (Cailleret et al. 2017); quantifying the climate sensitivity and drivers of forest growth in the past (Babst et al. 2013; St. George and Ault 2014), and making projections about tree growth in the future (Williams et al. 2013; Klesse et al. 2020); reconstructing larger-scale pressure and oceanic and atmospheric circulation indices (Trouet et al. 2009; Villalba et al. 2012; Li et al. 2013); quantifying forest carbon stocks and fluxes (Babst et al. 2014b); and integrating tree-ring and remotely sensed metrics of forest productivity (Coulthard et al. 2017; Seftigen et al. 2018). Notably, tree-ring width is often divided into the earlywood and latewood widths (Fig. 2. 2), sub-annual ring structures that have been demonstrated to carry distinct environmental signals in both angiosperms (Kern et al. 2013) and gymnosperms (Griffin et al. 2011). Measurement and analysis of these sub-annual ring components has allowed skillful reconstructions of the winter precipitation and summer precipitation to be developed from the earlywood and latewood width, respectively (Griffin et al. 2013). The distinct information carried in the intra-annual latewood and earlywood parameters is indicative of the relevance of finer-scale tree-ring parameters. 1. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: This suggests that the decreased insulin levels during the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study may explain why INHBB expression levels are also reduced during the re-feeding phase. For activin B to have local effects in the adipose tissue it requires the co-expression of activin receptors. Activins interact with receptor complexes consisting of 2 receptors, types I and II, both of which are serine/threonine kinases [79]. There are 7 type I receptors, referred to as activin receptor-like kinases (ALK) 1–7. ALK4 and ALK7 appear to function as type 1 receptors for activin B [79, 80]. We have shown that ALK7 is adipose tissue specific in its expression pattern [77]. The expression of ALK7 in WAT is, in contrast to INHBB, at lower levels in obese subjects than in lean subjects [77]. The adipose tissue ALK7 expression correlated with several measurements of body fat, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism. The regulation of ALK7 during diet-induced weight loss is still unclear. Available data indicate that human adipose tissue expresses components necessary for a local activin signaling system and that some of these components (INHBB and ALK7) are specific for adipose tissue. The difference in expression between INHBB and ALK7 in obese subjects compared to lean subjects makes it hard to predict if increased or decreased signaling is related to human obesity. The importance of a local activin signaling system is illustrated by studies showing that ALK7 deficient mice have reduced fat accumulation and partial resistance to diet-induced obesity [81], indicating that increased signaling could also be associated with obesity in humans. Further mechanistic studies are needed to reveal how adipocyte function is affected by this local activin signaling system. profiling of human adipose tissue during diet-induced weight loss has identified several genes that affect human obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease. These studies also highlight the drastic changes that occur in the adipose tissue during the weight loss. The investigation of multiple time points during diet-induced weight loss and the combination of expression profiling data from several sources enable researchers to gain more detailed information on the regulation of gene expression in adipose tissue. In the future, more sophisticated experimental designs and better analytical tools will most likely increase our knowledge of mechanisms of importance for the development of human obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: 85%), and Chloroflexi (8. 46∼11. 39%) (Fig. 5A). The grazing exclusion network had higher proportions of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and Saccharibacteria compared with the grazing network. For fungi, the majority of the fungal nodes belonged to Ascomycota (64. 23∼64. 50%) and Basidiomycota (16. 41∼16. 90%) (Fig. 5B). The proportion of major fungal nodes in the global networks did not differ between grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils at the phylum level. The correlations between plants, soil variables, and soil microbial community Most variables examined in this study were correlated with one another (Table S5). Richness and diversity of bulk soil bacteria were positively correlated with (P < 0. 05) plant diversity, TOC, and soil pH (Table S5), while that of bulk soil fungi were positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with plant aboveground biomass and SWC, but negatively correlated (P < 0. 01) with soil pH. The richness and diversity of the rhizosphere fungi was positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with TN and soil pH (Table S5). Eigengen analysis was used to reveal the relationships between network structure and environmental factors based on Spearman’s correlation analysis (Fig. S3). The bacterial network grouped to 17 and 11 submodules in the grazing-excluded grassland soil and grazed grassland soil, respectively, whereas the fungal network grouped to 9 submodules in both grazing-excluded and grazed grassland soils. The bacterial network of the grazing-excluded grassland soil was strongly correlated with plant diversity (Fig. S3A), whereas the fungal network was strongly correlated with soil and pH (Fig. S3C). In the bacterial network, the module 10 of grazing-excluded grassland soil was positively correlated with plant diversity and aboveground biomass (P < 0. 05; Fig. S3A), whereas the module 9 of grazed grassland soil was positively correlated with plant aboveground biomass (P < 0. 01; Fig. S3B). In the fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil, module 6 was positively correlated with soil TP content (P < 0. 05; Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: 2 Tree-Ring DensityZooming into a further level of magnification, a second overarching category of measurement parameters involves intra-annual variations in wood density (Fig. 2. 2). Over 40 years ago, it was shown that high-resolution intra-annual wood density based upon x-ray measurements of conifer trees offered significant new opportunities for dendrochronology (Parker and Henoch 1971; Schweingruber et al. 1979). In particular the maximum latewood density carries extremely strong common signals among trees and sites (Schweingruber et al. 1979, Briffa et al. 2002a, Frank and Esper 2005). The maximum latewood density parameter has subsequently taken on a prominent role within the field of dendroclimatology for its skill in reconstructing warm-season temperatures (e. g. , Hughes et al. 1984; Briffa et al. 2002b; Fan et al. 2009; Esper et al. 2012; Stoffel et al 2015; Wilson et al. 2016; Anchukaitis et al 2017). Meaningful and systematic environmental and ecophysiological signals in the earlywood density, that are notably distinct from tree-ring width and maximum latewood density, have gained increased attention recently (Camarero et al. 2014; Björklund et al. 2017; Buckley et al. 2018; Seftigen et al. 2020). Moreover, inter-annual density fluctuations or so-called false rings are connected to the ecophysiological responses to high aridity during the growing season, as well as to tree age and growth rates (Babst et al. 2016; Battipaglia et al. 2016; et al. 2016; Zalloni et al 2016). Yet, the specialized equipment, labor intensiveness, and relative complexity of x-ray densitometry measurements has dampened the prevalence of density parameters. Regular flat-bed scanners, particularly utilizing blue channel intensity, offer the possibility to measure an optical density (McCarroll et al. 2002). Although there are potential challenges related to potential discoloration, surface preparation, heartwood/sapwood boundaries, and calibration with surface images, the climatic signals in the high frequency domain are comparable to those derived from x-ray-based techniques (e. g. , Björklund et al. 2014, 2019; Wilson et al. 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: J Metab 2008;93:4315-432234. : Weight reduction modulates expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix and cell death: the study. Obes 2008;32:292-30335. : Macrophages and adipocytes in human obesity: adipose tissue gene expression and insulin sensitivity during calorie restriction and weight stabilization. Diabetes 2009;58:1558-156736. Sjöholm : A microarray search for genes predominantly expressed in human omental adipocytes: adipose tissue as a major production site of serum amyloid A. J Metab 2005;90:2233-223937. Ås M, Gummesson A, Sjöholm K: Regulation of human aldoketoreductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) gene expression in the adipose tissue. 2008;13:599-61338. Sjöholm : The expression of inhibin beta B is high in human adipocytes, reduced by weight loss, and correlates to factors implicated in metabolic disease. 2006;344:1308-131439. Palming J, Sjöholm K, JernÅs M, et al: The expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 is high in human adipose tissue, reduced by weight loss, and correlates with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and markers of liver dysfunction. J Metab 2007;92:2346-235240. Gabay C, Kushner I: Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Med 1999;340:448-45441. O’Brien KD, Chait A: Serum amyloid A: the ‘other’ inflammatory protein. Rep 2006;8:62-6842. Serum amyloid A: production by human white adipocyte and regulation by obesity and nutrition. Diabetologia 2005;48:519-52843. : Acute-phase serum amyloid a an inflammatory adipokine and potential link between obesity and its metabolic complications. PLoS Med 2006;3:e28744. Clement K, Langin D: Regulation of inflammationrelated genes in human adipose tissue. J 2007;262:422-43045. : Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Netw 2006;17:4-1246.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: S3C). of grazing exclusion on plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The results of our study demonstrated that eight years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe had negative influences on grassland ecosystems, because the primary plant communities (S. glareosa) were replaced by secondary plant communities dominated by S. collina, leading to retrogressive succession of this grassland plant community. The stress-tolerance competition hypothesis suggests that tall plant species can obtain more light resources than short plant species (Tilman, Wedin & Knops, 1996). Therefore, due to competition for resources, the density of some species with low competitive abilities decreased or even disappeared after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). In the present study, grazing exclusion increased the abundance of S. collina, resulting in increased total aboveground biomass, indicating the tolerance of this species to grazing exclusion. However, their regeneration would have occupied more niche space in the community that thereby reduced the number of coexisting species possible (Wang et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion reduced the species richness, indicating a trade-off between the plant biomass and species richness in S. glareosa desert steppe after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). We also found that grazing exclusion decreased the soil TOC. A previous study reported that perennial bunchgrasses were positively correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available potassium, implying that perennial bunchgrasses are an indicator of soil properties and can improve soil nutrients (Jing et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2020). Our study supported these observations. Thereby our results illustrate that eight-years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe of the may not be fully conducive to the restoration of grassland ecosystem. These results are consistent with the previous studies on Tibetan Plateau, which show that eight years of grazing exclusion did not bring any ecological and economic benefits (Sun et al. , 2020). Effects of grazing exclusion on soil microbial communities and interactions Grazing exclusion had a positive effect on the bulk soil bacterial and fungal richness and diversity. These findings might be related to the high-productivity grassland without the disturbance of livestock (Zhang et al. , 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: RCS application ideally is performed on tree-ring records (1) with a diverse range of start (pith) and end dates (outermost ring), (2) that are very highly replicated with many individual samples, and (3) from a homogeneous well defined ecological setting where all trees are expected to have similar growth rates and ontogenetic trends (e. g. , Esper et al. 2012; Briffa et al. 2013). The first point is important because this helps mitigate the impact of temporally aligned events (such as climatic fluctuations or ecological disturbances) in the calendrically dated tree-ring data from impacting the shape of the regional curve. Secondly, composite datasets comprised of overlapping crossdated sequences for the past millennia from a single, well constrained ecological setting appear ideal for the application of RCS as a single regional curve could theoretically be used (Briffa et al. 2013). Well-replicated datasets are especially critical as the tree-ring indices are not constrained to a mean of one. On one hand, the differences in growth rates that are standardized in individual detrending add noise and greater uncertainty about the mean (e. g. , D’Arrigo et al. 2006; Melvin and Briffa 2014b). But on the other hand, the subtle differences in mean growth rates of cohorts of trees that lived at different times is precisely the low-frequency signal that can be retained with RCS (D’Arrigo et al. 2006). And lastly, a homogenous ecological setting is crucial to ensure both uniformity in the underlying climate signal as well as growth rates. This criterion is difficult to ensure, but assessments of the growth rates of different cohorts over time might suggest homogeneity. In cases where there is reason to doubt the homogeneity of a dataset, it is feasible to develop and apply regional curves for distinct dataset subsets, e. g. , the modern and ancient portions of a tree-ring chronology. Detrending via multiple RCS cohorts should be performed in situations where sampling differences, site difference, or anthropogenic disturbances (e. g. , forest management regimes, responses to elevated CO2 or nitrogen concentrations) may significantly compromise the homogeneity of the dataset over time. Such approaches have the advantage of reducing potential biases in the final chronology, but at the same time make it more difficult to retain long-term variability of interest (Briffa et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: : Cidea-deficient mice have lean phenotype and are resistant to obesity. 2003;35:49-5670. : Cideb regulates diet-induced obesity, liver steatosis, and insulin sensitivity by controlling lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. Diabetes 2007;56:2523-3271. Nordström : A human-specific role of cell death-inducing DFFA (DNA fragmentation factor-alpha)-like effector A (CIDEA) in adipocyte lipolysis and obesity. Diabetes 2005;54:1726-173472. : gene V115F polymorphism is associated with obesity in Swedish subjects. Diabetes 2005;54:3032-303473. : Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A (CIDEA) gene V115F (G→T) polymorphism is associated with phenotypes of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men. Metabolism 2008;57:502-50574. Gummesson A, JernÅs M, Svensson PA, et al: Relations of adipose tissue CIDEA gene expression to basal metabolic rate, energy restriction, and obesity: population-based and dietary intervention studies. J Metab 2007;92:4759-476575. : Cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector C is reduced by caloric restriction and regulates adipocyte lipid metabolism. Metabolism 2008;57:1307-131376. Woodruff TK: Regulation of cellular and system function by activin. 1998;55:953-96377. : ALK7 expression is specific for adipose tissue, reduced in obesity and correlates to factors implicated in metabolic disease. 2009;382:309-31478. : Inhibin betaB expression in murine adipose tissue and its regulation by leptin, insulin and dexamethasone. J 2009;43:171-17779. : Signal transduction pathway through activin receptors as a therapeutic target of musculoskeletal diseases and cancer. 2008;55:11-2180. Rodgarkia-: The activin axis in liver biology and disease. 2006;613:123-13781. Andersson O, Korach-: Growth/differentiation factor 3 signals through ALK7 and regulates accumulation of adipose tissue and diet-induced obesity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Grazing impacts soil microbial communities by causing changes in plant composition and soil properties through trampling, defoliation, and urine deposition (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Excluding livestock trampling increased plant coverage, enhanced soil aggregate structure, and therefore facilitate the soil microbial activity and growth (Wang et al. , 2020). Thus, we interpret that the grazing exclusion provides more opportunities for different microbial species to interact with each other. However, the soil bacterial and fungal networks responded differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks are more sensitive and quick response to grazing exclusion than that of bacterial networks. This may be because bacteria grow faster than fungi, while fungi may have more limited dispersal because of their larger size (Dassen et al. , 2017). Fungal co-occurrence networks were characterized by high connectivity and low modularity, indicating low stability under grazing exclusion (Montoya, Pimm & Sole, 2006); while bacterial co-occurrence networks had weak interactions that suggest higher stability under grazing exclusion (Coyte, Schluter & Foster, 2015). We also found that changes in soil nutrient levels had positively associations with fungal networks. There is accumulating evidence that fungal communities were more responsive to sources of C and N than bacterial communities (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Zhang et al. , 2018). Grazing can promote root exudation and litter decomposition through defoliation and trampling, which can enhance the amount of C and N entering the soil (Bi et al. , 2018). In contrast, grazing exclusion would be reduced the soil C and N pools in low fertility ecosystems, as suggested by previous researches (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Sun et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by reducing the TOC, because more abundant members from fungal community were competing for limited niches (Lupatini et al. , 2014). The more connected interactions and increased negative correlations in fungal networks confirmed these findings (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Not only were fungal network affected more by TOC, but fungal network also showed negative links to vegetation change. Fungal communities have been found to be the first consumers of belowground input of plant-derived C (et al. , 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: A tree-ring chronology enjoys the characteristic that the common signal from the sampled population of individual trees is enhanced by averaging out “noise” variance specific to individual time-series. The most basic type of tree-ring chronology consists of the average of all individual tree-ring time-series from a given site. This chronology (e. g. , referred to in (Cook and Krusic 2005) as the “Raw” chronology) incorporates all of the underlying signals in the tree-ring data including possible age-size related trends, variance changes due to the heteroscedastic nature of tree-ring data, potentially artifacts from changes in sample replication (see below), and so on. Yet, many investigations derive chronologies after performing data processing and analytical steps (sensu the linear aggregate model) to remove such unwanted noise. Thus, typically the tree-ring data are detrended & standardized (see above) prior to averaging together into most tree-ring chronologies. It is broadly recognized there is no objective or perfect way to detrend the tree-ring data, and thus an emphasis on both understanding and communicating in publications how the detrending impacts the retained signals in the final chronology is necessary. When emphasis is on year-to-year variations, as for crossdating, more flexible detrending curves can be used to remove most variability on say time-scales longer than 30-years whilst retaining essentially all year-to-year variations. Similarly, when the preservation of long-term trends is important, as is the case for many global change related investigations, more conservative approaches to retain longer time-scale variability are required (e. g. , Jacoby and D’Arrigo 1989; Briffa et al. 1992; Cook et al. 1995; Esper et al. 2002; Melvin and Briffa 2008, 2014a, 2014b; Helama et al. 2017). Serial autocorrelation, or the statistical non-independence of successive years of tree growth due to e. g. , biological factors such as carbohydrate reserves (or depletion) and changes in needle/foliar length and capacity, is sometime also removed from tree-ring measurements in a step often referred to as “pre-whitening” via auto-regressive moving average modeling (Meko 1981).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Other phyla such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, as well as methanogenic Archaea, mainly Methanobrevibacter smithii, are present in the gut microbiota only in a minority [3, 4]. The distribution of these phyla in the gut depends on a wide range of host factors including genetics, epigenetics, local immune response, oxygen gradient, dietary intake, and interactions among microbes. Gastrointestinal microorganisms can influence host processes to impact host physiology, immunology, and metabolism. The composition, diversity, and functionality of the gut microbiota can alter signaling events between the microbiome and the host to influence gut homeostasis and host health [5]. Analysis of the microbiota can be performed in different states of diseases, and its results together with the application to animal experimental models can provide a simpler system in which the disease pathogenesis can be examined [5]. Reduction of the bacterial diversity and overall disbalance of the gut microbiota also known as dysbiosis is associated with many chronic diseases [6]. In some instances, gut microbiota alterations can affect intestinal permeability, allowing the transfer of lipopolysaccharide originating from the walls of gram-negative bacteria into the circulation, leading to endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation in different parenchymatous organs, resulting in metabolic disorders and chronic diseases [7]. The etiology of chronic diseases is often multifactorial, and gut microbiota is also one of the key factors. Current therapy for chronic diseases mostly does not reflect this fact, which limits its overall effectiveness. A better understanding of gut microbiota cross-talk mechanisms and their subsequent effects could provide new insights into the role of gut microbiota and dysbiosis in disease pathogenesis. This knowledge and technology can allow the development of potentially effective alternative approaches for preventive and therapeutic measures based on gut microbiota modulation [5, 8, 9]. More effective methods and biotherapeutics are needed for personalized and targeted gut microbiota modulation as supportive therapy for chronic diseases. Targeted modulation of the gut microbiota represents an approach when specific bacterial strains have clinically proven effects of changes in the microbiota and human health. These bacteria are used in products to deliver specific predetermined effects for the host based on his disease and microbiota composition. Advertisement 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: One recent study reported that mixed plant species were more likely than single-species to contain sufficient C, N, and P concentrations to satisfy the demand from microbial decomposers (Gong et al. , 2020). This view is supported by our results. For example, when the fast-growing S. collina plant and fungal community compete for soil C and N—mainly arising from inputs of single-species litter—was insufficient to meet the growth rate of fungi (Wang et al. , 2020). Conversely, in response to nutrient deficiency, fungal community could compete for limited nutrients, which are increased the fungal competition and thereby decreased their community stability (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019; Wang et al. , 2018). On the basis of the above reasoning, grazing exclusion may lead to a negative effect on soil fungal interactions and indicate an unstable and vulnerable fungal community in the S. glareosa desert steppe. bacterial and fungal networks have different properties and respond differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks were more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. Eight years of grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by decreasing the plant richness and TOC, in this case triggering negative effects on the S. glareosa desert steppe. Our findings provide evidence that eight-years of grazing exclusion is not beneficial to plant diversity maintenance. OI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-1 data: all plant, soil, and soil microbial variables DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-2 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data are available in the : PRJNA627740 (SRP258186). The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw measurements are available in the Supplementary Files.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: AbstractAlthough the fields of dendrochronology and light stable-isotope mass spectrometry emerged at different times in the first half of the 20th Century, their convergence with the earliest measurements of isotope composition of tree rings is now ca. 70 years old. Much of the early stable isotope analysis (including on wood) explored natural variation of isotopes in the environment, but those researchers making the measurements were already contemplating the role of the isotope composition of the source substrates (e. g. , water and CO2), biochemical fractionation, and environment as contributors to final tree-ring isotope values. Growing interest in tree-ring isotopes was heavily motivated by paleoclimate or paleoatmosphere reconstruction, but this new field rapidly developed to generate greatly improved mechanistic understanding along with expanded applications to physiology, ecology, pollution, and more. This 1. 1). Fig. 1. 1Schematic representation of interplay between environmental factors and ecophysiology that produces tree-ring C-H-O isotope composition. Environment can influence the ecophysiological, biochemical, and physicochemical mechanisms responsible for producing the isotope composition and consequently isotope dendrochronology can be used to infer environment and ecological events affecting ecophysiology (e. g. , insect outbreaks). Tree rings allow identification of changes through time, but if a network of sites is sampled, the tree-ring isotope results can also reveal changes in space (isoscapes)Full size imageThe dramatic growth of this field from the 1980s into the 2000s is illustrated in the burgeoning number of papers presented at international tree-ring conferences (Fig. 1. 2). Several useful overviews are available in the literature related to tree-ring isotope methodology, theory, and applications, such as McCarroll and Loader (2004), Robertson et al. (2008) and Managave and Ramesh (2012). This 1. 2Growth in numbers of light-stable-isotope tree-ring papers (oral and poster) presented at major international tree-ring conferences. Other major meetings, such as and regional tree-ring meetings in Asia, Europe and the Americas often also feature tree-ring isotope papers in various sessionsFull size image2 OriginsThe development of the isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) opened the door to isotope measurements on tree rings (and many other materials).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: The gut microbiota in chronic diseasesThe gut microbiota alterations are observed in almost all chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and mental disorders. Microbiota alterations appear characteristic for each disease state. To date, it is unclear if dysbiosis is a cause or a consequence of the disease [6]. Inflammatory bowel disease is an umbrella term for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are reported in patients with IBD, namely a decrease in populations of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and an increased Enterobacteriaceae. Other significant differences in gut microbial composition for CD include increased representation by Ruminococcus gnavus and decreased beneficial bacteria Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Dialister invisus, as well as an uncharacterized cluster of Clostridium XIVa. IBD patients have a reduced number of butyrate-producing bacteria and an increased number of sulfate-reducing bacteria, which promote further inflammatory processes [10]. The loss of obligate anaerobes with an increase of facultative anaerobes was also observed in patients with IBD [11]. It has been found that patients with IBD have altered metabolism including defective microbial and intestinal bile acid metabolism [6, 12, 13]. A higher level of fecal trypsin was detected in patients with CD suggesting altered protein degradation [14]. Decreased gut microbial diversity is associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity. The gut microbiota changes in these diseases are characterized by an increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes [15]. It seems that gut microbiota is in close correlation with obesity and can affect the transfer of the number of calories from the diet to the host and the host metabolism of absorbed calories [16]. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) differ in the mechanisms of pathogenesis. Both types of diabetes are associated with dysbiosis, but with different characteristic patterns.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: work was supported by the (No. CARS-34), of China (No. 31960356), and the Program of ‘Ministry of Laboratory of Ecology and of the Mongolian Plateau’, University (No. 21400-516320313). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2004. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the grassland. Nature 431(7005):181-184. 1998. Linking above-ground and below-ground interactions: how plant responses to foliar herbivory influence soil organisms. & Biochemistry 30(14):1867-1878. 2013. Phylogenetic and functional changes in the microbial community of long-term restored soils under semiarid climate. & Biochemistry 65:12-21. 2018. Effects of grazing exclusion on the grassland ecosystems of mountain meadows and temperate typical steppe in a mountain-basin system in Central Asia’s arid regions, China. Science of 630:254-263. 2013. Improved selection of internal transcribed spacer-specific primers enables quantitative, ultra-high-throughput profiling of fungal communities. Microbiology 79(8):2519-2526 -. 2018. China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency. Nature 559(7713):193-204. 2010. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. 7(5):335-336. 2016. Long-term grazing exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics, soil properties and bacterial communities in the semi-arid grasslands of China. 97:170-178. 2015. The ecology of the microbiome: networks, competition, and stability. Science 350(6261):663-666 de Deyn GB. 2017. Differential responses of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea and protists to plant species richness and plant functional group identity. 26(15):4085-4098. 2018. Soil bacterial networks are less stable under drought than fungal networks. 9:3033. 2012. Molecular ecological network analyses. BMC Bioinformatics 13:113-133 Edgar RC. 2004. : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Research 32(5):1792-1797 Edgar RC. 2013.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: In his Science paper the following year, Craig (1954) interpreted the δ13C data in Craig (1953) as indicating that δ13C of atmospheric CO2 has not varied by more than 2‰ over the last 25,000 years and may have actually been fairly constant over millions of years. However, the real novelty of the new paper was that it communicated the first-ever δ13C analyses of annual growth rings of a calendar-dated giant sequoia from the mountains of California. One or two tree rings in each century were analyzed from the period from 1072 B. C. to A. D. 1649. The δ13C values steadily increased ca. 2‰ in the first 150 years of the record, with various upward and downward deviations thereafter. Coincidentally, in long-lived kauri trees in New Zealand, Jansen (1962) found a similar increase in tree-ring δ13C over the first 200 years of the tree’s 800-year life. The sequoia isotope variability did not seem to be related to precipitation (although the tree may have been growing in a landscape position unlikely to be limited by moisture), and variability of atmospheric δ13C of CO2 was discounted. Presaging advancements to come later in the 20th Century, Craig concluded that effects of environmental conditions (e. g. , light, temperature, precipitation) on fractionation during photosynthesis and respiration were the primary contributors to the isotope variation observed. This pioneering tree-ring isotope work in the 1950s exclusively involved stable-carbon isotopes, presumably because the C isotope composition could be readily measured on CO2 gas after the wood samples were combusted. Analysis of H and O isotopes in tree-ring cellulose would have to wait until the 1970s when pretreatment and off-line vacuum methodologies were developed for analyzing only non-exchangeable H (by nitration of cellulose) and procedures for analyzing O isotopes in organic matter (by mercury chloride or nickel pyrolysis) were applied to tree rings (see Epstein et al. 1977). 3 Advances3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: It was found that the composition and numbers of dominant microbial species in CRC-associated dysbiosis in the gut lumen differ depending on disease severity and tumor stage [19, 20]. Advertisement 3. Current possibilities of the gut microbiota modulation in chronic diseases and future developmentCurrent knowledge suggests that gut microbiota and gut dysbiosis could play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic diseases and gut microbiota modulation could be an effective tool for their supportive treatment. Nutrition significantly affects the diversity, composition, and function of the gut microbiota and human health at an early age, in adulthood, and also in old age. Diet high in fiber, fermented foods, and a diet containing omega- 3 fatty acids have a very positive effect on the composition and metabolic activity of beneficial microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract. Diet represents a safe, readily modifiable, and cheap method of early intervention in chronic diseases, which may have significant health benefits by regulating the gut microbiota and mucous barrier [21]. New knowledge about the mutual communication between gut microorganisms and the whole organism makes it possible to develop new and effective methods of modulating the gut microbiota using beneficial microorganisms or their metabolites [22]. Probiotics are proposed as alternatives to antimicrobial drugs, and they can be an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diseases associated with gut dysbiosis. Prebiotics modulate gut microbiota by stimulating the growth and metabolic activity of gut-beneficial microorganisms [23]. It has been shown that the positive effect of probiotic bacteria, prebiotics, or natural bioactive substances in functional foods can effectively reduce the incidence of chronic diseases [24]. The beneficial effects of probiotics on the host can be significantly improved by potentiated probiotics [25], which contain a suitable combination of probiotic bacteria with natural bioactive substances such as oligosaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and plant extracts [26, 27, 28, 29]. Experiments in gnotobiotic piglets have shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids increased the adherence ability of lactobacilli and their inhibitory effect on the adhesion of Escherichia coli O8: K88ab: H9 in the gut [26, 27].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: : highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. 10(10):996-998. 2011. improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27(16):2194-2200 Faust K, Raes J. 2012. Microbial interactions: from networks to models. Microbiology 10(8):538-550. 2020. Effects of nitrogen addition on above-and belowground litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in the litter-soil continuum in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of 172:104036. 2011. Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons. 21(3):494-504. 2014. Effects of precipitation on grassland ecosystem restoration under grazing exclusion in Inner Mongolia, China. 29(10):1657-1673. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80(4):1150-1156. 2008. Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland, Inner Mongolia. Journal of 72(5):792-807. 2014. DegePrime, a program for degenerate primer design for broad-taxonomic-range pcr in microbial ecology studies. Microbiology 80(16):5116-5123. 2014. Changes in plant community composition and soil properties under 3-decade grazing exclusion in semiarid grassland. 64:171-178 -. 2013. Towards a unified paradigm for sequence–based identification of fungi. 22(21):5271-5277. 2008. Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. & Environment 128(1–2):109-116. 2014. Network topology reveals high connectance levels and few key microbial genera within soils. Frontiers in 2. 2019. Microbial community composition and network analyses in arid soils of the under grazing disturbance reveal an important response of the community to soil p2011. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. 17:10-12 Maslov S, Sneppen K. 2002. Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks. Science 296(5569):910-913. 2006. Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature 442(7100):259-227. 2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Tree rings can provide information about historical climate conditions, such as droughts and wet periods. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inNews Podcast: the U. S. Climate change–induced drought may have had an influence on the Civil War. by S. M. Hanlon 30 March 20215 October 2021 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Max Torbenson, here coring a bristlecone pine in central Colorado, studies how tree rings can shed light on the influence of climate change on wildlife and humans. Credit: Note: Scroll down for a complete transcript of this episode of from the Sun. Many of us know that tree rings can tell us a tree’s age. But there’s so much more we can learn from these seemingly simple circles. In the mid-1800s, right before the start of the U. S. Civil War, began to experience unusually low rainfall that lasted for approximately 10 years. This drought, on par with the of the 1930s, may have played a role in the near extinction of the American bison due to the migration of people to areas that were lusher and more conducive to farming. Max Torbenson—a postdoc in University’s Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering—studies tree rings to learn about past environments and climates. While he admits that it’s difficult to attribute the effects of the drought to altering any specific part of the Civil War, reports describe various issues that were experienced during wartime. For example, supply chains were challenged by rivers drying up and by shortages of water for troops and animals used for transportation. In the latest episode of AGU’s podcast from the Sun, Torbenson describes how the work he and others are doing can shed light on how climate change has been influencing wildlife and humans for hundreds of years. Listen as Torbenson recounts his journey as a scientist, takes us to remote field locations full of danger, and fills us in on why he fell in love with the United States.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: The term “pharmabiotics” refers not only to living microorganisms but also to dead or altered microorganisms, such as bacteria, but also their metabolites [41]. Advertisement 4. Personalized and targeted microbiota modulation and its potential for more efficient prevention and treatment of chronic diseasesCurrent knowledge suggests that the gut microbiome plays an extraordinary role in the development of chronic diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms of its involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases is crucial for successful and effective microbiota modulation. The composition and functional characteristics of a healthy microbiome remain to be defined. Certain parameters such as the diversity of the microbiota, an abundance of certain genera (i. e. , Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, etc. ), or specific ratios between main bacterial phyla are considered markers of a healthy microbiota. The characterization of a healthy microbiota would make it possible to optimize nutrition and modify the microbiota to prevent diseases and to improve the effectiveness of therapy in people with gut dysbiosis and associated diseases [42]. Although some diseases have been correlated with dysbiosis, it is not clear if dysbiosis is a cause or consequence. Several trials have shown that therapies correcting dysbiosis, including fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics, are promising in inflammatory bowel disease [10]. However, current knowledge shows that fecal microbiota transplantation does not have the same high effectiveness in inflammatory bowel disease as it does in Clostridium difficile infection. Dysbiosis occurs in both diseases, but the etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease are more complex in comparison with Clostridium difficile infection [43] and the same problem of complexity applies to many other diseases. Various strategies have emerged in the modulation of the gut microbiota in the prevention or treatment of diseases. Progress in this area is hampered due to ambiguities in the exact role of the microbiota in a given disorder, variations in the phenotype of the human disease, and variability in the formulation and delivery of the intended therapies. The use of gut microbiota modulation in medical practice requires a significant shift on all these fronts [41]. It is known that pathogenic microorganisms can cause various diseases, including cancer, and gut dysbiosis plays a very negative role in the pathogenesis of diseases. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that modulation of gut microbiota may be a very effective means of prevention, but also supportive therapy for many chronic diseases shortly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Design and experimental application of a novel non-degenerate universal primer set that amplifies prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes with a low possibility to amplify eukaryotic rRNA genes. DNA Research 21(2):217-227 Newman M. 2006. Modularity and community structure in networks. Proceedings of of Sciences of the of America 103(23):8577-8582. 2013. ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Research 41(D1):D590-D596. 2003. Stoichiometric tracking of soil nutrients by a desert insect herbivore. 6(2):96-101. 2003. Cytoscape: s software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. 13(11):2498-2504. 2020. Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau. 65(16):1405-1414. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379(6567):718-720. 2020. Ecological effects of establishing a 40-year oasis protection system in a northwestern China desert. Catena 187:104374. 2007. classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied and 73(16):5261-5267. 2018. Higher precipitation strengthens the microbial interactions in semi-arid grassland soils. Biogeography 27:570-580 Yan Y, Lu XY. 2015. Is grazing exclusion effective in restoring vegetation in degraded alpine grasslands in Tibet, China? PeerJ 3:e1020. 2019. Grazing exclosures solely are not the best methods for sustaining alpine grasslands. PeerJ 7:e6462. 2018. Biochar application influences microbial assemblage complexity and composition due to soil and bioenergy crop type interactions. & Biochemistry 117:97-107. 2018. Interactions of soil bacteria and fungi with plants during long-term grazing exclusion in semiarid grasslands. & Biochemistry 124:47-58. 2010. Functional molecular ecological networks. mBio 1(4):1-10. 2011. Phylogenetic molecular ecological network of soil microbial communities in response to elevated CO2. mBio 2(4):e00122-11 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Tree rings can provide information about historical climate conditions, such as droughts and wet periods. [SEP] Text: Sign up now (01:37): Welcome to the Union’s podcast about the scientists and the methods behind the science. These are the stories you won’t read in a manuscript or hear in a lecture. I’m and I’m Nanci Bompey. (01:48): And this is the from the Sun. So Nanci, it’s lovely to catch up with you even if it is virtually and we could just see each other outside by walking 20 minutes. But the reason why I asked you specifically about your hobbies and, I guess, historical fiction which I’m interested to learn more about, is that we talked with someone for today’s interview who is a scientist, but has a connection to the Civil War. (02:22): So my name is Max Torbenson. I’m a postdoc at the University in the Department. And my background is quite diverse. I have a PhD in Geosciences, a master’s in Geography, and an undergraduate in Archaeology. guess what ties all those things together is tree rings. So we’re using tree rings to study past environments and climates. So that’s how I try to sell that all these things are connected. (03:03): How did you make the transition from your Ph. D. in more geospace area to civil engineering? you said, tree rings, but what is that connection? (03:15): State, there’s a big focus on water management. So everything from bridges, building bridges to looking at flood and drought. And one of the things that tree rings can do is to reconstruct climate and in this case, streamflow back in time. So my adviser there was looking for someone with the skillsets, paleo-climatic reconstruction. (03:49): This sounds like a perfect fit for what Max would be doing and the kind of project that his advisor put him on. (04:03): Starting around 1855, slightly before the U. S. Civil War, especially the central us but probably the continent as a whole, experienced unusually low rainfall. So from 1855, 1856 for another 10 years or so, there was persistent drought across North America, but especially in the central part. Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas. We know this from historical accounts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: We have effective means to fight against chronic diseases through gut microbiota modulation. The suitable diet, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and gut microbiota transplantation represent them. However, what we need the most is a strategy for their effective use to the patient in individual’s illness. Personalized and targeted modulation of gut microbiota has all the prerequisites to become a key strategy for the prevention and supportive therapy of chronic diseases [44, 45]. Personalized and precision medicine creates prerequisites for the application of new methods of treatment for many chronic diseases aimed at modifying the gut microbiome, including cancer therapy. Taking into account the role of gut microorganisms in disease pathogenesis could significantly contribute to increasing the effectiveness of their treatment [46]. Patient-tailored manipulation of the human microbiome may enable the development of precision microbiome-targeting treatment for a variety of multi-factorial disorders. More effective methods of adjusting the gut microbiome can be personalized probiotics and prebiotics, personalized nutrition taking into account the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota, postbiotics containing metabolites of microorganisms affecting the communication of microorganisms with the host, and phage therapy. However, their use in clinical practice requires the establishment of standard sampling procedures, their analysis, and interpretation of the obtained results. The use of personalized and precision medicine procedures will thus make it possible to streamline the diagnosis and therapy of diseases in which the gut microbiome plays an important role [47]. The development of precision probiotics, next-generation prebiotics resulting from a better understanding of metabolic interactions among members of the microbial ecosystem, and personalized dietary therapies tailored to an individual’s microbiota will form the new frontier in the field of personalized medicine [48]. It can be assumed that new knowledge will make it possible to increasingly use the modulation of the gut microbiota to improve the effectiveness of disease prevention and their supportive therapy. It is highly likely that a suitable solution will be the application of a personalized approach using various possibilities of gut microbiota modulation through beneficial microorganisms or diet. However, it will be necessary to gain new knowledge about the composition and functionality of the optimal gut microbiota and the role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of diseases [49]. Effective modulation of the gut microbiome will require research and development of more effective methods and products for personalized and targeted modulation of the gut microbiome [24, 45].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2010; Fontes et al. 2014). Decomposition begins with physical breakdown processes by soil macro-organisms such as ants, termites, and earthworms (Li et al. 2015). Thereafter the fragmented litter is colonized by soil microbes, which alter the litter chemistry through enzymatic activities further breaking down the litter into simple forms (Hobara et al. 2014). However, usage of chemical herbicides and pesticides in agriculture can have adverse effects on soil organisms, which alters the decomposition process (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). Hartemink (2005) estimated that on average cocoa agroforests across the world loose 24–4–30 kg ha−1 of N–P–K annually through bean harvest. A low external input solution for resource poor cocoa agroforesters to reduce these losses is the spreading of cocoa pod husks after separation from beans. With every ton of dry cocoa beans produced approximately 349 kg of dry cocoa pod husk are generated (Kilama et al. 2019). However, poor management of the pods favors the spread of Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya, which cause cocoa black pod disease (Adejumo 2005). Under organic management, cocoa agroforestry systems in Ghana are managed without synthetic agrochemicals and fertilizers and are more diversified in terms of shade trees (Asigbaase et al. 2019) and arthropods (Akesse-Ransford et al. 2021) than those under conventional management. Such differences imply that litterfall and decomposition processes in cocoa agroforests under organic management will differ from conventionally managed ones. However, studies comparing litterfall and decomposition of cocoa agroforests under conventional versus organic managements are scarce. The few existing studies from (Fontes et al. 2014; Schneidewind et al. 2019) indicated no difference between organic and conventional management concerning nutrient cycling. Africa, however, such comparisons are unavailable which may be at least partly due to the only recent development of organic cocoa certification. In Ghana, for example, the first certified organic cocoa production system was established in in 2005 (Glin et al. 2015). Globally organic cocoa is produced on 363,000 ha, which constitute 3. 1% of the total area under cocoa (Willer et al. 2021).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Tree rings can provide information about historical climate conditions, such as droughts and wet periods. [SEP] Text: We know this from tree ring studies and from climate model simulation. And this drought was on par perhaps even worse in places than the drought of the 1930s. And it’s thought, for example, that played a role in the near extinction of the American bison. So people moved into the plains around this time and the grazing animals were kind of pushed aside from the good spots or the good grass. And then on top of that was a big drought. So it’s thought to have played a significant role in that. (05:30): So it’s a drought more because of the timing in that time, did it have, or do we even have an inkling of whether or not this is true? Did it have an effect on the itself? Like where troops were, how they advanced, how they were affected and how that might’ve actually altered the course of the war and how, and like the history behind it. (05:53): So that’s always kind of iffy here almost bordering on environmental determinism, right when you’re trying to, but there were definitely years during the war that were dry and there’re historical accounts of Tennessee, where some of the troops couldn’t get supplies because they transported down river so long. think the effect or the drought itself was most severe in the central USO and the war, or, you know, in the 1862, 1863 was the big battles. And we’re mainly in States. So the kind of trans-Mississippi theater of the war, there were battles in Oklahoma and Arkansas that’s probably, if it had an impact, that would be where that impact. (07:04): So, maybe, but since the war was concurring and I’m in the DC area, so like my part of the country, more so less effect of the drought there than where it was really hitting hard. (07:14): Yeah. That would be my end. And again, it’s likely that it had some effect, but because again, this was the driest decade that we know of in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Arkansas so it’s likely that it had some effect, but probably I wouldn’t go as far as to say that had an impact on the outcome. (07:49): Gotcha.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Personalized medicine uses and combines genomic and clinical data to more accurately predict an individual’s susceptibility towards development of the disease and his response to treatment. Personalized approach thus allows optimization of patient care. Personalized medicine approach and targeted approach in gut microbiota modulation should be based on analyses of the patient’s clinical data and an analysis of the patient’s gut microbiome and metabolome that reveals the specific changes in his gut microbiota diversity, composition, and function. These analyses allow using personalized and targeted gut microbiota modulation, by the application of beneficial microorganisms, their consortia, and their metabolites. It can be assumed that this method of modulation will in many cases require a combination of personalized probiotics, probiotic strains with specific effects, and metabolites of microorganisms—postbiotics. The study of the application of personalized probiotics was conducted on 48 patients. The aim of this study was to determine changes in selected markers within the microbiota after 3 months of treatment by the personalized probiotic supplement. The probiotic composition (species, number of species, and number of CFU) of the probiotic mixture was designed based on gut microbiome analysis and prepared for each patient separately. After 3 months of probiotic supplementation, control samples were analyzed. Data confirmed a statistically significant increase of specific beneficial bacterial groups (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and actinobacteria) as well as the total number of species, thus increasing the overall diversity of the microbiota, which is considered a marker of a healthy gut microbiome. Results showed that the probiotic supplementation improved stool frequency in both cases—constipation and also diarrhea. The study confirmed the significance of a personalized approach in probiotic supplementation [50]. Of course, further data and studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of a personalized approach in the clinical field. It can be expected that also a new method of personalized and targeted modulation of gut microbiome combined with the auto-transplantation of ex vivo modulated patient’s gut microbiota will be developed in near future for clinical practice [45, 51]. Innovative animal experimental models and clinical studies will greatly aid the shift in gut microbiome research and modulation that will enable the production of high-quality products for the patients [52]. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsGut microbiota has an important role in the health and etiology and pathogenesis of chronic diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: In 2011, produced 70% of the world’s conventional cocoa, but only 3. 3% were certified organic (Potts et al. 2014). Against this background the overall aim of this study was to determine the extent to which management and season determine nutrient cycling in cocoa agroforestry systems in West Africa. Such information will improve our knowledge on how to effectively manage soil fertility in cocoa production. Specifically, our study seeks to (a) determine the role of seasonality on litterfall and its nutrient concentrations in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management, (b) estimate annual litterfall and nutrient recycling under the two management systems, (c) compare the rate of cocoa leaf decomposition and nutrient release over 12 months, and (d) assess nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and pod husks. Materials and methodsStudy siteOur study was conducted in (6°2 × 3. 84″ N, 0°27 × 8. 64″ W) in the of Ghana. The natural vegetation in the Municipality is classified as a semi-deciduous forest, however, human encroachment has reduced it to secondary forests, thickets, and grasslands (MOFA 2017). The area has a bi-modal rainfall distribution with the major rainy season lasting from March to July and the minor rainy season from September to November (MOFA 2017). For 10 years (2010-2020) had an average annual precipitation ranging from 199 to 288 mm and an average temperature from 25 to 30 °C. (Online 2021). was chosen as the study location because both conventional and organic cocoa agroforestry systems exist in close vicinity. Local soils are predominantly classified as Lixisols (2015) with pH ranging from 5. 83 to 6. 85, major nutrients ranging from 0. 55 to 2. 29 µg N g−1 soil, 2–6 µg P g−1 soil, 21–84 µg K g−1 soil and a texture of 54% sand, 22% silt, and 24% clay (Agbotui unpublished data). Within an aerial distance of 6 km four villages were selected, two for each cocoa management system. In the villages Kuano and Oboadeka located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, respectively, cocoa farms were managed conventionally.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Tree rings can provide information about historical climate conditions, such as droughts and wet periods. [SEP] Text: How so you said, we know from like different accounts of, like from folks that this happened, what, who was recording at the time, are these just like first-person narratives of just people lived in the areas where these, where they like white people, where the native Americans, like who, what types of groups were recording these things? (08:13): There is a wealth of information and including actual historical, what we now call instrumental data. So in the kind of frontiers, there were forts that were stationing soldiers and they had some sort of, or they had instrumentation or measured how much rain fell. Carrie mock climate historian has done work in the central youth on this, but we also have newspaper accounts. We have some of the native American tribes in the used pictograms. So painting, paint. Yeah, exactly. And different symbols meant different things. And there have been interpretations suggesting that for example, 1855 snow and as the sitting summer, and that has been interpreted in combination with other records serve in a very dry year. (09:26): Okay. So everyone was documenting it both from a scientific perspective, basically it was affecting everyone and there’s a good record of it. (09:35): Yeah, definitely. And, and again, this is time in that part of the continent where European immigrants were just starting to, so the 1850s is kind of where we’re starting to see expansion westwards and there. So, and that, again, in combination with a drought is thought of played a role in how local wildlife, including the bison and was able to get on. I think the results suggest that places outside of this core region, they have experienced kind of waxing and waning influence events. So on local drought. So places like Arizona, Southern California, Eastern Texas, so for certain periods, and so place an important role on drought probability while for other periods, or it’s not much of a relationship at all. And what that also means is that those changes that we’ve seen and the instrumental data for the 20th and 21st centuries, those types of changes appeared up in a somewhat stable feature of climate dynamics in the past 350 years. (10:56): And in terms of the drought. So the drought occurred during persistent La Niña conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Future research on gut microbiome in chronic disease should be aimed to clarify the association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and disease pathogenesis. Diet, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation can be used for gut microbiota modulation. Research on gut microbiota and its role in health and disease constantly brings new knowledge, which in the foreseeable future will significantly streamline not only prevention but also supportive therapy of many chronic diseases. New strategies such as personalized and targeted modulation of gut microbiota are emerging based on analysis of the patient’s microbiome, metabolome, and clinical data. They will result in the application of beneficial microorganisms, their consortia, and metabolites to address the specific problem for specific people. The analysis of the patient’s gut microbiota could also serve for early diagnosis in people at risk of chronic disease, and intervention can be made that will prevent chronic disease from occurring. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. . Application of metagenomics in the human gut microbiome. of Gastroenterology. 2015;21:803-814. DOI: 10. 3748/wjg. v21. i3. 8032. äckhed F. Assessing the human gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. Diabetes. 2013;62:3341-3349. DOI: 10. 2337/db13-08443. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science. 2005;308:1635-1638. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 11105914. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2012;490:55-60. DOI: 10. 1038/nature114505. Tlaskalová-Hogenová H, Štepanková R, Kozáková čkova L, et al. The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: Contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2011;8:110-120. DOI: 10. 1038/cmi. 2010. 676. . Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. . 2015;26:26191. DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The villages Nsuta and Adimediem, also located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, farms were under organic management. Within each village we randomly selected three farms at an age range of 8–25 years for litterfall collection and two for cocoa leaf decomposition studies, which represents the most productive period of cocoa trees (Obiri et al. 2007). In this selection, care was taken that in each village farms with similar ages were represented. Description of management systemsBoth organic and conventional management grow a mixture of hybrid (improved cocoa cultivar) and Amazonia cocoa cultivars planted in a haphazard manner. The cocoa tree densities were 1299 stems ha−1 and 1395 stems ha−1 for organic and conventional management, respectively. Shade tree composition and structure varied for both management systems (Table 1). In all farms, weeds were controlled 2–3 times per year. I organic farms they were slashed, whereas conventional farmers used both slashing and glyphosate-based herbicides (Agbotui et al. 2023). The six selected organic farms did not apply any mineral fertilizer during our study period. However, farmers are recommended to use 800 kg ha−1 Elite organic fertilizer™ which supplies 24–32–32 kg of N–P–K ha−1. Capsid (Distantiella theobroma (Dist. ) and mirids (Sahlbergella singularis) in organic management were controlled using Agropy 5 EW™ with pyrethrum (a natural insecticide) as an active ingredient applied at the rate of 500 ml ha−1 once annually. Conventional farmers fertilized their farms using 50 kg ha−1 of Nitrabor™ (8 kg N ha−1) and Asaase Wura™ (33 kg P ha−1; 12 kg K ha−1), although the recommended rate is twice the farmers' application. Capsid and mirid in conventional farms were controlled once yearly using Akate Master™ (Bifenthrin as active ingredient), Confidor™ (Imidacloprid as active ingredient) and Actara™ (Thiamethoxam as active ingredient) at rates of 500 ml ha−1, 150 ml ha−1, and 85 ml ha−1, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendrochronology can be used to track volcanic eruptions by examining the growth suppression in tree rings. [SEP] Text: , Ziaco 2020) can be retrospectively inferred. If overcome, this will open up additional opportunities for multi-seasonal environmental reconstructions. At present, project-specific determinations on whether the added information from quantitative wood anatomical approaches outweighs the additional effort are warranted. However, with continued advancements in quantitative wood anatomy processing and analyses, it is likely that future dendrochronological studies will increasingly be based upon the cellular building blocks. 1. 1. 4 Isotopes and Wood ChemistryFor both brevity here, and completeness, the reader is referred to the rest of the book for a full overview on stable isotopes in tree-rings, as well as other sections in this 2. 2 below), and amongst different proxy records (Sigl et al. 2015). Although wood is primarily composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, an expansive range of trace elements are incorporated into the annual rings of trees. Subsequent elemental analysis may reflect influences from natural processes such as relatively recent (Sheppard et al. 2008) and ancient (Pearson et al. 2020) volcanic eruptions, be linked to anthropogenic influences such as heavy metals associated with industry (Muñoz et al. 2019), or depend upon year-to-year environmental variations and offer complementary information to the tree-ring width and density parameters (Sánchez-Salguero et al. 2019). Moreover, such measurements can serve as indicators of the annual cycle and help to define annual rings in tropical ecosystems (Poussart et al. 2006), and also provide indications of long-term trends that may be related to tree-age (Scharnweber et al. 2016),or combined climatic and anthropogenic variability (Panyushkina et al. 2016). At present it appears that the more specialized equipment, methods, and time consuming approaches contribute to rather modest sample replications for studies investigating trace elements in tree-rings. This seemingly makes combining such approaches with other independent data the most robust research pathway. Yet, it appears likely that with ever increased technological capacities, further methodological advancements, and consequently more highly replicated datasets a better understanding of the bioavailability and translocation/immobility will be achieved. This knowledge will presumably open up additional low risk and high reward research avenues. 1. 1. 5 FeaturesSuperimposed upon the normal progression of tree-ring formation (& analysis), episodic events can impact and leave distinct fingerprints within the annual rings.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Go to Conclusion 5579. DOI:10. 19080/NFSIJ. MS. ID. 555579 Go to Conclusion 4. 5-9% increase in diabetes risk and 3. 1% increase in heart disease risk. Even a modest weight reduction of five to ten percent of a person's body weight can greatly improve his health and lower his risk and severity of a chronic disease. For instance, a five to ten percent weight loss was shown effective for reducing hemoglobin A1C scores by half a point for people with diabetes, and lower triglycerides by 40mg/dl and increase HDL (or good) cholesterol by 5 points. Therefore, it is essential that health professionals start making appropriate and effective recommendations to help people lose and control their weight. is a $1. 4 billion dollar company that is successful in getting hundreds of thousands of people to lose weight. has been inconsistent with its approach and has changed their famous points system multiple times, going from "Points "to "Points Plus" to "Smart Points" in recent years. The only thing that consistently keeps a successful and incredibly profitable weight loss program is accountability. employs two accountability tactics to get people losing weight: a) they make people go on the scale, and b) they make people write down their food intake daily. Regardless of point’s calculations, if people maintain a level of accountability, they will have a much easier time maintaining and controlling their weight. While people view food journaling as timely, confusing and impractical, the scale alone garners an immense amount of awareness over a person’s dietary behaviors. The scale serves as a quick check-in or biofeedback tool that helps a person assess his health status. Would a teenager ever study for a history test, if he never had a test? Of course not! Why would he? I always use this analogy when teaching my weight loss seminar at UCLA or working with a private client and encouraging them to use the scale, because it works very similarly. What difference does it make if you eat two cookies or four cookies, if you aren't planning on going on the scale for three months? None! However, if you see the difference on the scale in the morning, you would feel and internalize the difference, and be more likely to improve the behavior the next time you were offered cookies. Accountability in the form of going on the scale is proven effective for losing weight and keeping it off [1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Functional group, phenology, density, and basal area of shade tree species in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in size tableLitter collectionLitterfall was determined by collection in five randomly distributed 50 cm × 50 cm × 30 cm open wooden boxes per farm raised 30 cm above the ground (Dawoe et al. 2010). Nylon netting with mesh size of 2 mm was used to close the boxes below and allow aeration and draining of rainwater. Litterbox positions were randomly relocated every two weeks to cover on-farm heterogeneity, and results were summed per month. Litter trapped within the boxes was collected fortnightly and irrespective of the litter origin (shade or cocoa trees) were sorted into leaves, reproductive parts, and twigs. Due to the small quantities obtained reproductive parts and twigs were again pooled annually for nutrient determination. Litterbag experimentLitter decomposition was studied by selecting two fields aged 8–12 years and 20–25 years in each village. To this end freshly fallen cocoa leaves on the ground were collected in each farm, thoroughly mixed, and air-dried. Of these, 50 g dry matter (DM) were filled into bags of 30 cm × 30 cm and 2 mm mesh size. In each farm, 36 litterbags were placed on the soil surface and pinned with nails to assure close contact with the soil. Litterbags were then covered with litter placed on the soil surface to simulate the conditions of natural litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. A set of six bags were randomly placed at six different locations per farm. The bags were sampled after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 months of decomposition. At each sampling time, one bag from each location was randomly picked amounting to 6 bags (replicates) per farm. Upon bags retrieval, litter was cleaned from soil and other debris, dried, and stored until analysis. The initial characteristics of cocoa leaves used for decomposition study can be found in Table 2. Table 2 Initial chemical properties of cocoa leaves used in the decomposition study in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana (n = 4)Full size tableAnnual cocoa pod and husk estimationFor biomass estimation of dry cocoa pod husks (CPH), twenty fruits from each farm were harvested and cocoa beans were separated from CPH.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Different species of trees produce rings that are characteristic of their growth conditions and environments. [SEP] Text: Home > Archives > Vol 6, No 4 (2017) > Ontogenetic variability of morphological characters of Evernia prunastri (L. ) Ach. on different species of trees in different ecological conditions Ontogenetic variability of morphological characters of Evernia prunastri (L. ) Ach. on different species of trees in different ecological conditions Authors: Suetina Y. G. 1 Affiliations: University Issue: Vol 6, No 4 (2017) Pages: 71-76 Section: 03. 02. 00 – URL: ID: 22255 Cite item (Russian) the authors 6. 0». Результаты и их обсуждениеИзменчивость морфометрических признаков в онтогенезе E. prunastri, произрастающей на стволе разных форофитов в разных экологических условиях. Двухфакторный дисперсионный анализ показал, что для всех признаков статистически значимо влияние фактора онтогенетическое состояние (P<0,001), фактора субстрат (P<0,001).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: If there are no mile markers, it would be hard for a marathoner to strategize how to best run a race and see the finish line. Without midterms, quizzes, homework and finals, it would be nearly impossible for a teacher to understand how well a student absorbed the curriculum. If there were no dates in history, it would be hard to put all of the stories in context. This is why the scale is absolutely fundamental for successful weight loss and weight maintenance. With more than a third of America considered obese, it is critical that public health programs and campaigns are targeted towards getting people educated and access to home scales for greater self-awareness and understanding of how behaviors impact weight status. I have worked with hundreds of people for weight loss and never met two people who lose weight the same way. That is the major fault of generic meal plans and fad diets; they try to create a one-size-fits-all model that doesn’t work long-term. People need to lose weight on their own terms and schedules, and the scale helps create a personalized guide to achieve these goals. People always ask me "can I still eat chocolate once a week and lose weight? " and I say, "I don't know, you tell me! " Some things work for some people, and some things don't. My job as a dietitian is to be that support in helping a client use monitoring tools to effectively create an attainable and realistic individualized plan that works perfectly for him in reaching his goals. Everyone has the ability to create a perfect plan to control his weight, promote his health, and prevent chronic diseases, but it needs to be developed using accountability tools that show what works best for him and what doesn’t. Go to Conclusion 77. 4% weigh themselves at least once a week (35. 6% weigh themselves daily). Another study analyzing the behaviors amongst this group of successful weight losers and maintainers found that more frequent weighing was associated with lower body mass indexes (BMI) and less impulsivity and cognitive restraint around food. This highlights the added benefit of self-weighing in how it helps people think twice about their food intake as it pertains to their weight. I feel as though people over think going on the scale and correlate it with a powerful emotional experience when it really just needs to serve as a quick health check-in.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Beans and CPH were dried at 60 °C to constant weight and DM was determined for calculation of bean/CPH ratio. Cocoa bean yield in kg ha−1 was estimated by taking the 3-year average of the whole farm documented in the farmers’ Cocoa Passbook, which is the official document in Ghana, where the quantity of dried cocoa beans is recorded at the time of sale by the purchasing clerk (Asare et al. 2019). Chemical analysisPrior to chemical analysis, all collected samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h, weighed, and milled. and N concentration of milled samples were determined using a CN analyzer (). For major and trace nutrient analyses, milled samples were dry-ashed at 550ºC overnight, followed by generating an ash solution with 32% HCl (Motsara and Roy 2008). Major and trace nutrient concentrations in ash solution were measured using a Spectrogreen ICP-OES (). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were analysed as described by (1963) to determine lignin and cellulose, which was estimated as the difference between ADF and ADL. Total polyphenols were quantified by using the Folin-Ciocalteau method with aqueous acetone (70% v/v) as extractant (FAO and IAEA 2000). After addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to bind the total tannins in the extract, the supernatant was used to determine the non-tannin phenols with the above-mentioned method. Total tannins were calculated as the difference between polyphenols and non-tannin phenols. Condensed tannins were measured using the butanol-HCl method (butanol-HCl 95:5 v/v; FAO and IAEA, 2000). Data were reported as means with their respective standard errors (Table 2). Data analysisLinear mixed effect models were used to analyse all data. Interaction between management and monthly total litterfall was tested by using management and month as fixed effects and Lixisol soil type as random effect with aboveground biomass (AGB) as covariate. Aboveground biomass was calculated with allometric equations reported in (Agbotui et al. 2023).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Different species of trees produce rings that are characteristic of their growth conditions and environments. [SEP] Text: Such statement is confirmed when the dry matter data, obtained from the black net 70%, are considered, as they were statistically equal to the other treatments, what proves that other evaluated variables did not grow as fast as the stem. Furthermore, a poor root growth negatively influences seedling future cultivation, since plants with too long stems must have proportionally vigorous roots to anchor themselves properly in the soil. Plants of Bauhinia forficata, Betula alleghanensis, and Bombacopsis glabra also presented lower growth when cultivated under full sun (1969; 2001; 2003). However, each species seems to have a particular adaptation ability that varies according to the available luminosity (1977; 2005). Eugenia uniflora seedlings, for instance, showed greater initial growth when cultivated under full sun (, 2007), while plants of Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa and Acacia mangium equally grew regardless several shading conditions (, 2005). Most treatments, for both species, promoted variation on leaf number and area along the experimental period (Figures 1 and 2). According to Reich et al. (2003), leaves may be considered a plant functional trait, as they significantly influence plant establishment, survival, and fitness. As so, Reich et al. (2003) state that functional traits, typically, present wide variations according to light/shade intensity, water availability, nutrient absorption, and temperature. Also, as perennial plants, Bauhinia species should really present a natural variation on leaf number and area as plants grow, new leaves are formed, and older leaves go through the senescence process. Such variation, with maximum and minimum values, would possibly be regularly repeated if the experimental period was longer. Sun plants cultivated under shaded conditions tend to develop larger leaves with greater chlorophyll content as a way to compensate low luminosities (1977; ENGEL; 1991; 2001; 2005; REGO; 2006; 2007; 2011), although these leaves are usually thinner. Such feature may often turn these shaded leaves into more photosynthetically efficient leaves than those maintained under full sun (1977; REGO; 2006; SOUZA et al. , 2010). In this sense, chlorophyll content is directly related to photosynthetic efficiency, thus, to plant growth and adaptation to different kinds of environments (ENGEL; 1991; 2003).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Agrees that it is important that public health and clinical authorities promote daily weigh-ins for its strong benefit in aiding weight loss and preventing weight gain for the future. Because multiple studies have discovered that a behavioral change approach to weight loss will be key in curbing the growing prevalence of obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases in America, it is irresponsible to not promote daily weighing as a simple solution proven effective for weight loss. And because it is undeniable that frequent self-monitoring in the form of self-weighing aids in weight loss, which can thus curb the deleterious obesity epidemic and staggering rates of preventable chronic diseases in America [7], aimed to see whether or not timing of weighing would help influence self control and restraint around food. While the researchers only found borderline significant correlations between restraint and weighing condition and found a slight change in subsequent food consumption, it is important that further research investigate this relationship for future intervention strategies using the scale as a tool to promote better dietary behaviors and a sense of accountability and sensibility with food. Health professionals have an obligation to promote this effortless and powerful function to promote weight loss and weight control. While the Centers for and Prevention website recommend "monitoring your weight," they do now specify how often. I recommend that my clients seeking weight loss go on the scale at least Mondays and Fridays to determine what typically happens over the week days and what happens over the weekend to start determining patterns for the individual. If somebody only goes on the scale once a week they may feel like they aren't losing any weight and be discouraged. However, if they went on more often, they would perhaps notice that they are losing two pounds during the week days, but gaining it back on the weekends, and should therefore target their efforts to planning more conscientiously for the weekends in the future. And in addition to recognizing patterns for more effective strategizing, the scale also provides incentive to eat healthier and more in line with weight loss goals. For example, if you know you are going on the scale Monday morning, you might reconsider that ice cream cone on Sunday afternoon. For these reasons, frequent weighing has proven incredibly effective in my personal 90-pound weight loss journey, as well as with my clients, and in the multiple studies as mentioned above. Go to Conclusion 131. Registry. -Hodge C, et al. (2013) The efficacy of a daily self-weighing weight loss intervention using smart scales and email.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Management effects on mass loss and nutrient release at each sampling time as well as on rates of mass loss and nutrient release were analysed with management as fixed effect and Lixisol type as random effect. Data normality and homoscedasticity were checked using Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection of model’s residuals versus fitted values, respectively. Data violating these assumptions were transformed using either log, square root, or Tukey ladder of powers. All statistics were performed with R (R 2020). ResultsLitterfall quantity and qualitySeasonality influenced monthly total litterfall quantity under both managements. On average, the highest monthly total litterfall was recorded in December and it was three-fold higher than July which recorded lowest. (Fig. 1). The total litterfall peak at the onset of the dry season (December) in organic farms was 16% higher than in conventional farms, but this difference was not significant. and July, total litterfall in organic farms were 94% and 65%, respectively, higher (p < 0. 05) than in conventional farms. Leaf litter contributed 82% to total litterfall and the difference in total litterfall between seasons resulted from 60% higher leaves shedding in the dry season than in the rainy season (Fig. 2b). Annual total litterfall amounted to 8 t ha−1 yr−1 and 9 t ha−1 yr−1 for conventional and organic management, respectively, whereby the difference was non-significant (Fig. 2a). Fig. 1Monthly total litterfall (mean ± one standard error of the mean) for cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. 2019–2020 monthly precipitation (Online 2021) indicated in grey bars. * and ** indicate significant differences between management systems (n = 6) at p = 0. 05 and 0. 01, respectivelyFull size image Fig. 2A Annual litterfall averaged within the two management systems (n = 6) and B seasonal litterfall (dry season; n = 4, rainy season; n = 8) averaged across the two management systems separated into leaves, reproductive parts (Repro), and twigs, and total litterfall in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. Based on monthly precipitation, December to February and August were categorized as dry season months. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the mean.

Output: pass