Input: Claim: Eating insects can entirely solve malnutrition and hunger in every region. [SEP] Text: Therefore, if sustainability is a driving concern, it cannot supersede matters of taste and deliciousness; advocates need to focus on actual, perceptible benefits to the eater, not just the planet, if they want to foster real change in consumers’ plates. There is one other thing to consider in the case of bugs. The energy, time, and money required to convince consumers to adopt more sustainable behaviours are enormous. When you add a scary critter into the equation, it becomes a herculean task, so it makes sense to critically examine whether it’s all worthwhile. Insects indisputably fare better (from a sustainability point of view) than behemoths such as cattle or lamb. But they still pale in comparison to most plant foods or even less resource-intensive, protein-rich animal foods that people already consume readily, such as eggs or small fish (in certain conditions). In such a context, it is worth asking whether all the energy mobilized to promote insects as a potential food—especially through a sustainability discourse—could not be more efficiently directed towards supporting foods that are already familiar to consumers and present less of an adoption hurdle. Legumes for instance, would be one option, if the real objective was to manage resources more efficiently and mitigate environmental destruction, rather than market a new niche product. the quest for more sustainable protein, a growing number of advocates have been touting insects as a potential solution—one that requires less feed, water, and space than conventional livestock, and which generates fewer noxious emissions. The nascent edible insect industry was quick to brandish such arguments to promote their products, even though sustainability claims were still preliminary, potentially undermining their credibility. What is more, the products currently on offer for consumers cannot conceivably replace more problematic protein such as meat; instead, they are mostly additions to our already high-impact diets, making them more onerous still. Finally, to generate true impact from a sustainability perspective, efforts to curb undesirable behaviours should be directed in the most efficient way possible, which might not tip the final balance in favour of insects. Rather than focus on the consumer end of the food chain, advocates could investigate other creative—and less confronting—ways to integrate insects’ sustainable advantages into the food system. TriCycle (in Quebec, Canada) is experimenting with hyperlocal tailored technologies that integrate insects into sustainable ecosystems, rather than growing them as an end in themselves.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We believe a slight but not significant decrease in hair cell number may arise from a minute developmental delay in the morphogenesis of the neuromast. We have accordingly quantified our data at three distinct developmental stages-at 2 dpf, 3 dpf, and 4 dpf-and have incorporated them in the revised manuscript. Additionally, FM data should be quantified and presented in animals without a transgene in the same excitation/emission spectra for clearer interpretation of the staining. We have quantified the intensities of labeling with FM 4-64 styryl dye from the control and the sema7a-/- mutant larvae and incorporated the data in lines 139-146, in Figure 2—figure supplement 1D, and in source data for Figure 2 and Figure 2-figure supplements. the transgenes to concurrently show the arborization phenotype, hair cell morphology, and the FM 4-64 incorporation between the genotypes. Rescue analysis using the myo6d promotor would allow the authors to ensure that the axon deficits can be rescued by putting Sema7a back into the sensory hair cells. Transient transgenesis could be useful for this approach and would not require the creation of a stable line. This could be done with both forms of Sema7a allowing the true assessment of whether or not the secreted and GPI-anchored form have disparate functions as claimed in lines 418424. Although we recognize the importance of the rescue of the sema7a-/- mutant phenotype with the sema7asec and the sema7aGPI transcripts, it is not possible for us to perform that experiment at the moment, for the first author will leave the lab next week. However, he plans to continue work on this project as an independent investigator to dissect the individual roles of the transcript variants in specifying the pattern of sensory arborization, a project that includes generation of transcript-specific knockout animals and rescue experiments with stable transgenic fish lines. Other concerns: (1) The timeline of the heat shock experiment is confusing to me and, therefore, it makes me question the specificity of those results. Based on the speed of axon outgrowth and the time necessary for transcription and translation after heat shock induction of the transgene, it is unclear to me how the axon growth defects could occur in the timeline provided.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition is being researched to reduce the risk of certain diseases by optimizing dietary intake. [SEP] Text: About the -In-– a brief history Metrics and manuscript ethics Archives Vol 67 (2023) Original 10. 29219/fnr. v67. 9855 Keywords: home-delivered diet, dietary compliance, obesity, cardiometabolic risk Abstract Background: Non-compliance with medical nutrition therapy can lead to an increase in cardiometabolic risk factors, resulting in an increase in the frequency of morbidity and mortality. Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of two different medical nutrition therapies designed to reduce cardiometabolic risk factors. Design: The study was conducted on voluntary overweight and obese women who sought services at a specialized Nutrition and Clinic. The clinic offered dietary counseling (n = 47) and home-delivered diet (n = 53) services, and the participants themselves decided which method they preferred. Both groups were followed for a period of 4 weeks. The general information, physical activity (PA) status, biochemical findings, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) of the voluntary participants were evaluated. Taking into consideration the participants’ dietary habits and health status, an appropriate dietary plan (55–60% carbohydrates, 15–20 protein%, 25–30% fat) was prepared. Results: The anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters of overweight and obese individuals who received dietary counseling and home-delivered diet services were evaluated before and after the diet. In both groups, cardiometabolic risk factors were found to decrease. It was determined that those who received the home-delivered diet service had a greater reduction in body weight, Index values, body fat percentages, and waist circumferences compared to those who received dietary counseling (P < 0. 001). Similarly, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and blood pressure values were found to decrease more significantly in individuals receiving the home-delivered diet service (P < 0. 001). Additionally, both groups showed an increase in High-Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, with a greater increase observed in those receiving the home-delivered diet service (P < 0. 001). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, participants who received the home-delivered diet service, which is particularly beneficial for individuals who struggle with healthy meal preparation and portion control, exhibited better adherence to medical nutrition therapy and experienced a greater reduction in cardiometabolic risk factors compared to those who received dietary counseling.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating insects can entirely solve malnutrition and hunger in every region. [SEP] Text: Rathore – 16, 2022 | Agricultural Science, & have relied on cotton’s textile fibre for nearly seven millennia. However, utilising cottonseed as food has been a long and unfulfilled goal of many plant breeders. Along with its abundant, high-quality protein, cottonseed also contains gossypol – a toxic chemical that renders the seed inedible. Cottonseed’s fate as a mostly unusable by-product seemed sealed until Rathore, a professor at Texas A&M University, announced that he had successfully created gossypol-free cottonseed. Dr Rathore’s tireless devotion has given the world the potential to significantly improve food security worldwide. The cotton plant produces the most significant volume of natural fibre in the world. Grown in over 70 countries, more than 20 million farmers cultivate and depend on cotton for their livelihood. Yet, for every 1 kilogram of fibre, 1. 65 kilograms of cottonseed go mostly underutilised. The reason is simple: cottonseed also contains the compound gossypol, which is toxic if consumed above safe levels. A natural chemical produced in the pigment glands of the cotton plant, gossypol protects the cotton plant from microbial infections and being eaten by insect pests. Ruminants such as cattle can eliminate the threat – both by degrading gossypol and by binding it to proteins. However, humans and other single-stomached animals including pigs, birds and fish are sensitive to gossypol. In high concentrations, gossypol can cause heart and liver damage and blood disorders. Although cottonseed oil, with gossypol removed during processing, is used in frying and baking, its abundant protein is currently only used for cattle feed. For many scientists, our under-utilisation of cottonseed represents a lost opportunity to address global hunger issues. Scientists estimate that the current rates of cottonseed production could fulfil the protein requirement of over 500 million people worldwide, many of whom live in cotton-producing countries, such as India and Pakistan. With an estimated 700 million people suffering from global hunger and malnutrition, toxin-free cottonseed could significantly improve global nutrition security.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Imaging two hours after the start of the heat shock is very rapid and speaks to either an indirect effect of the transgenesis on the axon growth or a leaky promotor/induction paradigm. It is possible I am just misunderstanding the set up but, from what I could gather, the imaging is being done 2 hrs after the start of the heat shock. This should be clarified. The axons of the zebrafish posterior lateral line migrate relatively fast. The pioneering axons migrate at around 120 μm/hour (Sato et. al. , 2010) and the follower axons migrate at almost 30-80 μm/hour (Sato et. al. , 2010). The heat-shock promoter that we have utilized, hsp70l, is highly effective in inducing gene expression and subsequent protein formation within 30 to 60 mins. We believe an hour of heat shock and an hour of incubation post heat shock is sufficient to induce directed axon migration to a distance that spans from 27 μm to 140 μm. We strongly believe that the directed arborization of the sensory axons towards the Sema7Asec source is not due to an indirect effect of transgenesis or leaky promoter induction, as in all 18 of the injected but not heat-shocked control larvae we did not observe ectopic Sema7Asec expression, and no aberrant projection was formed from the sensory arbor network. We highlight this observation in lines 297-299 and in Figure 4E. Sato et. al. , 2010: Single-cell analysis of somatotopic map formation in the zebrafish lateral line system. 239:2058–2065, 2010. Similarly, it would help to clarify if t(0) in the figure is the onset of the heat shock or onset of imaging two hours after the heat shock is started. The t=0 hour in the Figure 4I denotes the onset of imaging two hours after the heat shock began. We have clarified this in the manuscript in lines 1155-1156. (2) In the rebuttal, the line numbers cited do not match up with the appropriate text, I believe. We have corrected this and updated the manuscript. (3) Some of the supplemental figures are not mentioned in the text, or I could not find them. For example: Figure 1 supplement 2J. Thank you for pointing this.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition is being researched to reduce the risk of certain diseases by optimizing dietary intake. [SEP] Text: Eating food while watching TV, for example, may be distracting and inhibit the body’s ability to signal satiety [8], and has been associated with lower intake of fruits and vegetables along with higher intake of junk food [9, 10]. When comparing sedentary individuals to their more active counterparts, more active individuals tend to consume more healthful foods [11,12,13]. Cardiovascular disease is strongly affected by diet [14], yet the vast majority of the population fails to meet federal dietary recommendations [15]. Consumption of an overall diet that includes more healthy foods and lacks less healthy foods is more likely to have an impact on disease outcome than any one dietary component alone. Index 2010 (AHEI-2010) is an 11-component dietary index that characterizes an overall healthy diet. Higher scores on the AHEI-2010 have been shown to be associated with lower risk of chronic disease, particularly metabolic disease [15]. While diet and sedentary behaviors are both important considerations in a lifestyle intervention, lifestyle factors often change together. In general, as people attempt to change behavior to either achieve weight loss or health improvement benefits, they tend to alter more than one lifestyle behavior at a time [16]. Previous weight loss interventions targeting physical activity in both men and women indicate that some individuals may be more prone to compensation (indicated by failure to produce predicted weight loss) than others [17]. Women, in particular, who participate in weight loss studies tend to have lower success rates than their male counterparts, possibly due to caloric overcompensation [18, 19]. To our knowledge, there are currently no studies examining changes in dietary intake concurrent with an intervention to reduce sedentary time. The primary aim of the current study was to determine whether insufficiently active women would make incidental dietary changes while participating in an intervention aimed at reducing workplace sedentary time. More specifically, would participants exhibit changes in caloric intake or dietary quality? Due to a potential focus on health behavior changes overall, we hypothesized participants would decrease caloric intake and improve dietary quality while participating in the intervention. Our previously published primary findings from this study showed that there were differences between treatment groups (SB vs LB) for adherence as well as CVD risk factors [20]. Given these differences, a secondary aim was to determine whether the two treatment groups differed from one another for dietary intake while participating in the intervention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most edible insect species can be consumed without any processing or preparation. [SEP] Text: In general, there is a lack of information regarding the epidemiology of Blastocystis and its corresponding STs in edible marine fish worldwide. As a result, there has only been one study conducted on the molecular characteristics of Blastocystis and its infective STs in edible marine fish in the Ocean and along the coast of northern France [17]. The present study is the first survey in Iran and the second molecular investigation globally to examine the frequency and distribution of Blastocystis STs in various fish species caught from the waters. In this study, we collected 200 fresh samples from the intestinal contents of the 10 most consumed fish species in southern Iran (20 samples per species), including Narrow-barred mackerel, Indo-pacific king mackerel, Tigertooth croaker, Silver pomfret, Black pomfret, Longtail tuna, John's snapper, Blackspotted croaker, Four-finger threadfin, and Javelin grunter, in order to determine the prevalence and STs distribution of Blastocystis. All samples were initially examined using microscopy and subsequently with SSU-PCR. It is worth mentioning that all the fish species under investigation were caught from the and were being sold in the fishmongers' market in Shiraz for public consumption. Currently, PCR is commonly used to identify Blastocystis sp. by targeting four regions of the SSU rRNA gene [23]. Primers targeting the Santín region of Blastocystis exhibited superior specificity and sensitivity compared to primers for the Barcode and Stensvold regions, respectively [19]. Meanwhile, it has been reported that Barcode region amplification primers have the ability to amplify SSU-rRNA genes from other eukaryotes, primarily fungi, even in the absence of Blastocystis [24]. Barcoding is only appropriate for molecular characterization of confirmed positive samples, not for screening [25]. Hence, in this study, the primers developed by Santín et al. [19] were utilized to screen for Blastocystis in intestinal contents, in order to prevent PCR amplification of false positive results. The average reported prevalence of Blastocystis in the fish species examined in Shiraz was relatively low at 2% (4/200), compared to the previous molecular study which reported a prevalence of 3. 5% [17].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We have corrected the manuscript, and the new information is added in line 114. (4) Table 1 statistics: were these adjusted for multiple comparisons using a bonferroni correction or something similar? This is necessary for statistical significance to be meaningful. We did not adjust the p-values for multiple comparisons because the values correspond to only three or four statistical tests per experiment, strongly indicating the unlikelihood of erroneous significance due solely to multiple tests. (5) Figure 1I and 1-S3 - The legend states a positive correlation between axonal signal and sema7A signal. Correlations are 0. 5, 0. 6, and 0. 4 (2,3, 4dpf). This is not a convincing positive correlation. At best this is no to a very weak positive correlation. In lines 122-126 we mention that the basal association of the sensory arbors shows a positive correlation with Sema7A accumulation. We never emphasize on the strength of the correlation. However, a consistent positive correlation at three different developmental stages suggests that progressive Sema7A accumulation at the base of the hair cells may guide the sensory arbors to increasingly associate themselves with the hair cells. Reviewer #2 (The Authors): I am a bit disappointed that the authors elected not to experimentally address the issue raised by all reviewers: whether the secreted or membrane bound isoform is active in hair cells. They rather decided to change their interpretation in the text. It is fine, given the eLife review structure. However, that would make the manuscript much stronger. Other issues were adequately addressed through textual changes as well. Although we recognize the importance of the rescue of the sema7a-/- mutant phenotype with the sema7asec and the sema7aGPI transcripts, it is not possible for us to perform that experiment at the moment, for the first author will leave the lab next week. However, he plans to continue work on this project as an independent investigator to dissect the individual roles of the transcript variants in specifying the pattern of sensory arborization, a project that includes generation of transcript-specific knockout animals and rescue experiments with stable transgenic fish lines. Reviewer #3 (The Authors): Overall, I am satisfied with the study as a whole and just have a few minor comments that remain to be addressed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition is being researched to reduce the risk of certain diseases by optimizing dietary intake. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. of Nutrition, Pharmacology, 14(3):p 350-354, July-September 2024. | DOI: 10. 4103/ijnpnd. ijnpnd_65_24 Abstract Introduction: Precision nutrition, at the intersection of science and health, offers tailored dietary intervention, particularly vital for vulnerable populations like children. Focusing on protein and essential amino acids (AA), crucial for health, personalized approaches are keys for addressing deficiencies, and moving beyond generalized methods. While research on the dietary duplication technique has explored various nutrients, but there is a gap in understanding its use for assessing protein and amino acid intake, especially in children. Aim: The study aims to use the dietary duplication technique to assess the precise dietary intake of protein and AA in children, focusing on determining their exact portions and analyzing duplicate samples for content. Methods: A cross-sectional study in Chennai involved 12 children aged 4–9 years. Duplicate food portions for a day were collected from mothers in low-density polythene bags. Samples were analyzed for protein and amino acid content in a Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories-accredited laboratory. Results: Girls exhibited deficient levels of histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and tryptophan, while isoleucine met the Allowances threshold. A t-test showed significant differences in threonine levels among 4–6-year-old children, with no notable variations in 7–9-year-old children. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of precise nutrition, particularly protein and essential AA, crucial for children’s health. Addressing undernutrition is crucial, and highlighting the urgency of this concern. nutrition is an emerging topic at the nexus of science and health that has great potential for individualized dietary advice, especially for patients in vulnerable populations such as pediatrics. Protein and amino acids (AA) are particularly important for growth, development, and general health during childhood, among other aspects of nutrition. Diet during childhood significantly influences the process of growth and development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most edible insect species can be consumed without any processing or preparation. [SEP] Text: )/Su gwnang Kuduna (Bodo) Amaranthaceae (Herb) Tender shoots/ leaves September to for anaemia Leaves and shoots are prepared as cooked vegetable 11. Amaranthus viridis L. Khutura sak (Ass. )/ Kudunapisa (Bodo) Amaranthaceae (Herb) Tender shoots/ leaves September to for anemia and urinary problem Leaves & shoots are prepared as cooked vegetable 12. Chennopodium album L. Jilmil (Ass. )/ Butua(Bodo) Amaranthaceae (Herb) Tender shoots November to in minerals & other nitrogenous compounds Tender shoots & leaves cooked as vegetable 13. Alternanthera sessilis (L. ) R. Br. Ex. DC. , Matikaduri (Ass. ) Amaranthaceae (Herb) Tender leaves & shoots April to to the liver Tender shoots & leaves eaten fried as vegetable. 14. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lamk. , Horu manimuni (Ass. )/ Manimuni pisa (Bodo) Apiaceae (Herb) Whole plant November to are used for stomach troubles and in the healing of wounds, loss of appetite Leaves and tender shoots are cooked as vegetable 15. Eryngium foetidum, Man dhania/Naga dhania (Ass. )/ Gongar dundia (Bodo) Apiaceae (Herb) the year Increases appetite, blood haemoglobin, aids in difestion. Leaves used for seasoning curries 16. Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Helochi, Helancha (Ass. )/ Alangshi (Bodo) Asteraceae (Herb) Leaves/ to for liver complaints, coughs, skin diseases, etc Leaves and young shoots eaten as cooked vegetable 17. Chromolaena odorata (L. ) Voigt, Syn. Eupatorium odoratum L. , Jarmanibon or Nogorbera (Ass. )/Bangrilewa (Bodo) Asteraceae (Shrub) Tender leaves June to medicinal in intermittent fever and dysentery, it is also used externally in swellings, cuts, and wounds. Tender leaves are cooked in combination with other vegetables 18. Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex D. C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We further confirm this observation by immunostaining where the Sema7A signal is highly restricted to the hair cells and not in any other cell in the neuromast (Figure 1E). Immunostaining further demonstrates that the lateral line sensory arbors also do not produce the Sema7A protein (Figure 1H; Video 1). We agree with the reviewer that there are diverse immune cells, including macrophages in and around the neuromast. These macrophages are dynamic and possess highly ramified structure (Denans et. al. , 2022). In all our Sema7A immunostainings, we never observed structures that resemble macrophages. Albeit we cannot confirm that Sema7A is not expressed in a distant immune cell, but we highly doubt that signal coming from immune cells is impacting hair cell innervation by the sensory arbors during homeostatic development. Denans et. al. , 2022: 4. (5) 2, please add a control image as requested, as that enables direct comparison. There is ample room in the figure. We have updated the Figure 2 and made the suggested change. (6) 2, Supplement 1, the FM4-64 data are not presented in a quantified fashion. Please report at least how many embryos showed reliable uptake and preferably how many hair cells per embryo showed reliable uptake. We have quantified the FM 4-64 intensities in control and sema7a-/- mutant larvae. The new data is added to the manuscript in lines 142-146, 577-579 and in Figure 2—figure supplement 1D. (7) 3, there seems to be a typo in the figure legend: "mutants in the same larvae" does not make sense to me. We have corrected the error. The modified statement is represented in lines 10671068. (8) The text should refer more explicitly to the statistical tests reported in Table 1, i. e. as the results are presented. In lines 1105 and 1109, we clearly state the statistical tests that were performed. (9) 6, Supplement 1, please show the raw data points not just the bar graphs We have updated the Figure 6—figure supplement 1. (10) Minor point: the authors state that they addressed the distance over which secreted Sema7A may act, but this was not evident to me in the text. Please make this finding clearer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition is being researched to reduce the risk of certain diseases by optimizing dietary intake. [SEP] Text: The aim of the study is to bridge the gap by employing the dietary duplication technique to precisely assess the dietary intake of children, specifically focusing on determining the exact portions they consume and analyzing these duplicate samples to ascertain the precise protein and amino acid content. This method helps to detect and treat a variety of nutritional deficiencies especially in concern with protein and AA, which are particularly important for growing children. strategies A cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 4–9 years in Chennai to assess their dietary protein and amino acid intake through food duplication techniques. The sample was determined to be 12 by using the sample size formula, n=E2Z2×p×(1−p) where, Z = 1. 96 p = Estimated proportion of the population with the characteristic of interest E = desired margin of error n = 197 n = 12 According to Allowances (RDA) 2024, the sample 12 has been subdivided into two groups as 4–6 years and 7–9 years. The inclusion criteria for the study included healthy children who were not on any medications, any medical conditions, or not on any nutritional supplements. Informed consent was obtained from the participant’s parents. Children with any medical conditions or those on any medications were excluded from the study, and children whose parents were not willing to participate in the study were excluded. Duplicate food sampling − a detailed sampling procedure Duplicate food portion samples for a day were collected from the mothers of the children in low density polythene bags. All participants followed a mixed diet, comprising both vegetarian and non-vegetarian options. Mothers of the children, participating in the study, were provided with detailed instructions on how to accurately collect food samples. They were instructed to be meticulous, ensuring that the portions they collected for analysis matched the quantities typically consumed by their children during various meal times, spanning from early morning drinks to bedtime. To minimize discrepancies, mothers were encouraged to closely monitor food waste produced by their children and were specifically asked to remove any waste from the duplicate portion. This meticulous approach aimed to ensure that the collected samples were representative of the child’s actual dietary intake. Once collected, the food samples underwent further processing. Mothers were directed to combine the collected samples into a mixture using an electric blender, ensuring homogeneity. This step was crucial for obtaining an accurate representation of the child’s overall dietary composition.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most edible insect species can be consumed without any processing or preparation. [SEP] Text: ex Andrews, Ronga bhet, Mokula, Seluk (Ass. )/Toblo (Bodo) Nympheaceae Fruit, leaf petiole, seed and root May to as medicine Fruits, leaf petioles, and roots are cooked as vegetables. Seeds are eaten raw or roasted 48. Boerhavia diffusa L. , Punarnava (Ass. )/ Laije (Bodo) shoots May to for anaemia and used as an antiworm Young leaves cooked as a vegetable. 49. Oxalis corniculata L. , Soru tengeshi (Ass. )/ Singri gwkhwi (Bodo) Oxalidaceae (Small diffused Herb) Whole plant October to in dysentery and high blood pressure, it relieves intoxication. The whole plant has a cooling, stomachic effect. Young shoots and leaves are used as vegetable. It is mildly acidic. 50. Oxalis deblis. H. B. K. var. corymbosa (DC) Lour, Bor tengeshi (Ass. )/ Singri gederjar (Bodo) Oxalidaceae (Small diffused Herb) Whole plant October to in dysentery and diarrhoea Young shoots and leaves are used as vegetable. It is mildly acidic. 51. Nyctanthes arbortristis L. Hewali (Ass. )/Sephali (Bodo) Oleaceae (Evergreen Shrub) to to expel common worms, coughs, gastroenteritis, stomach aches, dysentery, intoxication from wine, etc. Fresh flowers are used in making pakodas, curry, and also dried for use as vegetables. Young leaves are used for making vada 52. Piper longum Pipali/Mosla (Bodo) Piperaceae (Climber) to extract mixed with cinnamon in hot water to cure pneumonia, typhoid, cough, etc. Dry fruits are used as spices and seasonings. 53. Volvariella volvacea. (Jigabni Mwikhun) mushroom May to mushroom have medicinal properties. The entire portion is consumed as a vegetable. 54. Bambusa balcoona Roxb. Bhaluka baah (Ass. )/Auwa burka mewai (Bodo) shoots April to off-shoots excellent calcium source.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: (2002) Neocotical system abnormalities in autism: an fMRI study of spatial working memory. Neurology 59: 834-840. Baron- (1999) Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain. An fMRI study. Neurosci 11: 1891-1898. (2001) Atypical patterns of cerebral motor activation in autism: a functional magnetic resonance study. 49: 665-676. (2004) Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: Evidence of underconnectivity. Brain 127: 1811-1821. (1998) Reduced P3 amplitude of the event-related brain potential: Its relationship to language ability in autism. J Disord 73: 345-358. (2017) The language-ready head; Evolutionary considerations. Rev 24: 194-199. (2002) The amygdala and related structures in the pathophysiology of autism. Behav 71: 449-455. (2000) Convergent neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence of an amygdala hypothesis of autism. NeuroReport 11: 2931-2935. (1998) The human amygdala in social judgement. Nature 393: 470-474. Aggleton JP (1993) The contribution of the amygdala to normal and abnormal emotional states. 16: 328-333. (2011) A cerebellar thalamic cortical circuit for error-related cognitive control. Neuroimage 54: 455-464. (2004) Cerebellar function in autism: functional magnetic resonance image activation during a simple motor task 56: 269-278. Catani M, jones (2008) Altered cerebellar feedback projections in Asperger syndrome. Neuroimage 41: 1148-1191. (2011) Specific and in Normal and Vegetative States. 20: 257-268. (2010) Inhibition: too much of a good thing? Neuroscience 11: 6-7. Kohls G, Schulte-(2013) Reward system dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. 8: 565-572. Scott-(2010) in Autism. 3: 53-67. (2012) Social and monetary reward processing in autism spectrum disorders. 3: 7. (2002) Visual scanning of faces in autism. J Disord 32: 249-261. (2009) A functional and structural study of emotion and face processing in children with autism. 173: 196-205.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition is being researched to reduce the risk of certain diseases by optimizing dietary intake. [SEP] Text: A deficiency in essential AA might be a possible explanation for the minimal impact observed from the administration of micronutrient and lipid supplements on child growth. [8] The present study aims to evaluate the dietary protein and amino acid intake among children aged 4–9 years. The findings reveal a concerning trend, indicating that these children are falling short of meeting the RDA-2024 for protein and essential AA. This shortfall underscores the importance of addressing dietary deficiencies early in life to promote optimal growth and development. [9] Histidine, lysine, and tryptophan were found to have the highest amount of deficit present. This finding was seen in agreement with Nuss and Tanumihardjo,[11] where the authors reported that tryptophan and lysine, important essential AA, were found to be inadequate on children who are at risk of undernutrition. [10] A study conducted by Rizky et al. ,[11] where three essential AA (histidine, isoleucine, and methionine) were shown to be significantly reduced in the intake of nine Acids (EAAs) by stunted children compared to non-stunted children. The human body uses nitrogen from insufficient EAA intake to create an imbalance in protein synthesis, which replenishes all the lost protein through turnover. [11] As noted by Kendall et al. , a diet may contain sufficient protein content but may still fall short of meeting daily requirements. Inadequate protein and amino acid intake can potentially lead to impaired growth, cognitive development, and metabolic disorders. Hence, ensuring adequate intake of high-quality protein sources is crucial for promoting optimal growth and development in children and mitigating the risk of nutritional deficiencies. [12] Upon analyzing dietary recall using traditional methods, it may appear that the daily requirements for AA might be met. However, when employing the dietary duplicate technique, it was observed that not all essential AA met the daily requirements, with the exception of isoleucine and valine. This emphasizes the importance of prioritizing high-biological-value protein dietary sources like eggs, fish, poultry, and plant-based sources like cereals and pulses in combination are recommended to address the risk of undernutrition. [13,14] This research paper underlines the significance of precise nutrition assessment, employing a tailored approach, the dietary duplication method, to address each child’s individual dietary requirements, rather than relying on generalized standards.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Most edible insect species can be consumed without any processing or preparation. [SEP] Text: Young off-shoots are eaten as cooked vegetables with grinded rice and/or fish or meat. Dried shoots are also used as vegetables. 55. Bambusa tulda Roxb. Jati bah (Ass. )/Auwa gubwi mewai (Bodo) Poaceae (Tree) Young shoots April to calcium source Young off-shoots are eaten as cooked vegetables with ground rice and/or fish or meat. Dried shoots are also used as vegetables 56. Fagopyrum cymosum Meissn. (Mwisungka) shoots and leaves September to stomach disorders Shoots and young leaves are cooked as vegetables with fish. 57. Polygonum mycrocephallum and tender shoots Throughout the year It prevents all kinds of stomach ailments. Shoots and young leaves are cooked as vegetables with fish. 58. Polygonum chinense (Ass. )/ April to for diabetes. Shoots and young leaves are cooked as vegetables. 59. Monochorea hastata L. , Jonakiphul or Bhat meteka (Ass. )/Ajinai(Bodo) Pontederiaceae (Herb) Flower bud and flowers April to to treat intestinal issues. Inflorescence is used as chutney after frying. 60. Monochorea vaginalis L. , Bhat meteka (Ass. )/ Ajinai (Bodo) Pontederiaceae (Herb) Flower bud and flowers April to to treat intestinal issues. Inflorescence is used as chutney after frying. 61. Portulaca oleracea L. Malbhog khutura, Hah thengia (Ass. )/ Hangswgarma (Bodo) Portulaceae (Runner) Leaves/ stem September to May Leaves/stem used as an antiseptic, kidney ailment, liver problem, and in jaundice. Tender leaves and shoots are eaten as vegetables. 62. Pteris ensiformis Burm. f Dhekia (Ass. )/ Dingkia(Bodo) Pteridaceae (Herb) Tender shoots April to leaves Young fronds are eaten as vegetables. 63. Hedyotis diffusa (Willd. ) Roxb. Syn. Oldenlandia diffusa Wild. Bonjaluk (Ass.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The AX-CPT paradigm follows a cue-probe trial structure, in which cue stimuli set a context that is needed for appropriate response selection to the subsequent probe. and Neutral conditions were identical in all respects except for the category of stimuli used as probes. Cue stimuli in the task were the words ‘SMILE’ and ‘FROWN’. For probes, the Emotion condition used IAPS pictures as probes and the Neutral condition used alphanumeric symbols (i. e. , letters served as target probes, and digits served as nontarget probes). New pictures/symbols were used as probes on each trial, except for a pre-specified neutral picture/punctuation mark on no-go trials (described below). Across participants the particular cue-probe combination that comprised the “AX” target trial type was counter-balanced. Thus, for approximately half of the participants (11/24) the AX target was ‘SMILE’/positive picture (“SMILE”/letter in Neutral) requiring a smile response (facial expression) and the other half (13/24) the AX target was ‘FROWN/negative picture (“FROWN”/letter in Neutral) requiring a frown response. However, on nontarget trials (), the opposite facial expression was required. All other details of the task paradigms described below were identical for the Emotion and Neutral conditions, and for both participant groups. Trials were presented in pseudorandom sequence, with target (AX) trials occurring at a 7∶1 frequency compared to all non-target task trials, leading to a total of 84 AX trials, 12 AY trials (target cue, non-target probe), 12 BX trials (non-target cue, target probe), 12 BY trials (non-target cue, non-target probe). Although the absolute numbers of high conflict (BX and AY) trials is somewhat low, our prior results suggest that this number was sufficient to robustly detect significant interference effects. In addition to primary task trials, no-go trials were also included to ensure that participants responded on the basis of the cue-probe combination and not solely and prematurely to the cue.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition is being researched to reduce the risk of certain diseases by optimizing dietary intake. [SEP] Text: While conventional methods typically calculate nutrient values based on raw ingredients, this technique ensures a precise analysis of the actual nutrient content consumed by the child, particularly crucial in the treatment of undernourished children. Inadequate protein and essential amino acid intake during childhood can have long-term implications for health and well-being. Beyond the immediate effects on growth and cognitive function, such deficiencies may increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders later in life. Moreover, growth and neurocognitive development rely on the same regulatory pathways influenced by common stimuli like AA, any impact on linear growth can simultaneously affect cognitive development. Nutritional deficiencies during this critical period can hinder linear growth and impair cognitive development and functioning. [15] Therefore, interventions aimed at improving dietary habits and ensuring adequate nutrient intake in children are essential for promoting overall health and preventing future health complications. Although this study may not be the most cost-effective technique, but nevertheless it remains the best available method to accurately determine the precise nutrient content of children’s food intake. Furthermore, future studies could explore the correlation between dietary intake and blood markers to evaluate the bioavailability of nutrients, providing further insights into their absorption and utilization in the body. study underscores the significance of precise nutrition, with a specific focus on protein and essential AA, which are fundamental macronutrients crucial for overall health, particularly in children. Addressing undernutrition, a widespread issue globally, is paramount, and this research accentuates the urgency of addressing this concern. Moreover, the study sheds light on the dietary duplication technique, an innovative approach to personalized nutrition tailored to individual dietary needs. This personalized approach is essential for addressing various deficiencies and promoting optimal nutrition for all individuals, rather than relying on generalized methods. By highlighting the importance of precise nutrition in providing adequate protein and AA, this research contributes to our understanding of effective nutritional interventions for promoting health and well-being among vulnerable populations. and contributed to the design and concept of the research work. reviewed and finalized the overall research work. Financial support and sponsorship None. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. Madrigal C, Soto-Méndez MJ, Hernández-Ruiz Á, et al. Dietary intake, nutritional adequacy, and food sources of protein and relationships with personal and family factors in Spanish children aged one to <10 years: findings of the EsNuPI study. Nutrients 2021;13:1062. | 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Insect protein is universally more nutritious than plant or animal proteins. [SEP] Text: Distribution of hydrogen bonds per residue in the given region of amino acid residues in four structural classes of proteins calculated with. Cases (A, C, E) without and (B, D, F) with energy minimization. for α/β proteins the fraction of residues in the coil state is larger than that for all-α proteins (according to the DSSP and programs), the number of hydrogen bonds per residue for these two classes of proteins is practically the same (see Figure 8A). The number of hydrogen bonds depends on the protein size, and this dependence is crucial since consideration of all proteins taken together (i. e. , without regard to their size) changes the result dramatically, namely: α/β proteins have the same number of hydrogen bonds per residue (Figure 8A), while actually they are in the middle of the averaged values among the four classes, as judged by the analysis using different window sizes (Figure 8A). This situation is a result of a different number of proteins in each size range. Therefore, the average value over six regions does not necessarily coincide with the average over all proteins without dividing them into regions. One can see that the difference between the fractions of irregular structure residues is the largest, about 15%, but the difference in the number of hydrogen bonds per residue is not so great. One of possible explanations of this fact can be a different contribution of side chains or different saturation of hydrogen bonds in alpha helices and beta structures or both. To check the first assumption, we analyzed the number of hydrogen bonds per residue in each structural class separately for the backbone and side-chains within a given size range where the average length of proteins is nearly the same in each structural class (Figures 8C, E). One can see that the backbone dependence is similar to that for all hydrogen bonds, and the contribution of side chains is insignificant. An advantage of the program is a possibility to perform energy minimization of protein structures and to check the number of hydrogen bonds after this procedure. A fascinating result that we obtained is the increasing number of hydrogen bonds per residue after minimization (Figure 8B). And the distribution of hydrogen bonds per residue in the given region of a number of amino acid residues in protein chains is similar to that after using these programs without energy minimization.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: No-go trials were indicated by a pre-specified neutral picture in Emotion (punctuation mark in Neutral), to which no response was to be made (24 no-go trials total; occurring both after target and non-target cues). Participants performed four scanning runs each of the Emotion and Neutral conditions of the AX-CPT (eight runs in total). Within each run, task blocks (three per run; 135 seconds each) alternated with short fixation blocks (four per run; 30 seconds each). Each scanning run began with 10 seconds of rest (later discarded) to allow the scanner to reach steady state; total run duration was ∼9 minutes. Each of the three task blocks within a scanning run consisted of 12 trials; thus participants performed eight runs of 36 AX-CPT trials each for 288 trials in total (144 Emotion, 144 Neutral). AX-CPT trials consisted of cue-probe pairs shown in sequence. Trial structure (Figure 1) was as follows: cue (750 ms), inter-stimulus-interval (ISI; 3250 ms), probe (2500 ms), and minimum inter-trial-interval (ITI) of 1000 ms (for a minimum total trial length of 7. 5 seconds). ITIs included additional jittering to facilitate event-related response estimation, in increments of 2500 ms (no jitter, 2500 ms, 5000 ms, or 7500 ms). 72 trials were presented at each of the four ITI lengths. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Trial structure with timing. (A) Example of the target (AX) cue-probe-response for the smile-AX condition of the Emotion AX-CPT; (B) Example of BX (non-target cue, target probe) and (C) AY (target cue, non-target probe) conflict trials for smile-AX condition of the task. fand functional imaging data was collected on a 3whole-body scanner at of Radiology at School of Medicine. High-resolution anatomical images were acquired for each participant using a sagittal T1-weighted MP-RAGE sequence (TE = 3. 16 ms, TR = 2400 ms, flip angle = 8° 176 slices, 1×1×1 mm voxels). Anatomical images were aligned with each individual's functional images.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: He was able to strengthen his friendships and practice new skills for boundary-setting and interpersonal effectiveness. As treatment termination neared, the last sessions focused on brainstorming strategies for maintaining his progress, particularly since the workload at his company continued to increase. ConclusionsPsychological interventions for mental disorders were found effective in numerous research trials. However, gaps in training, availability, access, dissemination, and cost impede the successful delivery of these interventions [46]. These are enhanced by privacy and data storage regulations, which are key for maintaining clients’ rights and trust [47]. The ever-growing demand for mental health care requires optimizing clinician decision-making using data collected passively [48]. Our goal was to highlight key issues for optimizing available mental health services and to demonstrate how a therapeutic intelligence platform can support this process. This paper presents a novel approach to collecting comprehensive data on treatment progress. The implementation of ML models and AI in behavioral health care is a rapidly moving and innovative field, with the potential to significantly improve screening and clinical outcomes [49,50]. Accurate data can provide more information about the patient and can be translated into clinical decisions faster. Experts strive to base their decisions on data. Primary physicians, heart surgeons, physiotherapists, and other health professionals all function better when they review the patient's most recent tests and laboratory results prior to the appointment. Therefore, using real-time data is equally important in enhancing the work of mental health professionals [51]. Technologies that are scalable, cost-effective, and that enhance quality without burden can help therapists harness their efforts into providing more effective interventions with increased fidelity to data-informed treatments. Setting out clear performance targets in the training, provision, and implementation of evidence-enhanced treatments will enable health care services to continually improve. Nondisruptive measures are poised to ensure nearly effortless data collection, and innovative methods that inform clinicians and other stakeholders of the patient’s progress will likely make treatments more relevant and engaging [52]. Some caveats to the model described here should be mentioned. platform was illustrated through its use in an outpatient setting, with a client who was relatively high functioning and a therapist that was tech-savvy and interested in using novel digital programs. Usability testing, user reviews, and long-term engagement with any product are key to realizing the practicality and helpfulness of new tools over time [53].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: Wild harvested edible insects: potential for nutrition security Faith A. Quality and output: Thesis › internal (1) insects are identified as a valuable source of proteins and micronutrients with the potential to contribute in alleviating malnutrition especially in developing countries where the practice is traditional. In these countries, the communities depend mostly on collection of the insects from the natural environments. Knowledge on the actual contribution of wild harvested insects to nutrition security is still limited as there are limited studies to this effect. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate how wild harvested edible insects can contribute to nutrition security in developing countries. In this study, we used two wild harvested edible insects (Eulepida mashona and Henicus whellani) consumed in Zimbabwe as case study. A survey on the consumption patterns of edible insects showed that that insect consumption was significantly higher in rural (89. 7%) than in urban (80. 0%) areas. Taste and nutritional value are the main motives of consumption for both rural and urban. Availability of edible insects influences both urban (64. 0%) and rural (83. 0%) respondents’ consumption of insects. Nutritional analysis that the protein content ranged between 52-56% (Eulepida mashona) and 59-70% (Henicus whellani), which is comparable to that of animal-based protein sources. Essential amino acids of both insect species did meet the WHO/FAO (277 mg/g protein) requirement for adult humans. The iron (24. 2- 52. 9mg/100g) and zinc content (10. 0-20. 9mg/100g) are high for both species. The fat content of both species was low (<10%), with PUFA/SFA and omega 6/3 ratios recommendable for a healthy diet. Raw insects had a higher protein in vitro digestibility than the boiled and roasted insects, and the maximal decrease in protein digestibility was around 25%. Iron was the least bioaccessible mineral in both insects. Eulepida mashona had a much higher iron bioaccessibility (30. 7%) as compared to Henicus whellani (8. 11%). Boiling resulted in about 50% decrease in iron and zinc bioaccessibility in both species while roasting did not. It is necessary to extend shelf life of harvested insects by drying to improve availability. However, lipid oxidation can affect shelf life of dried insects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: To facilitate registration of the T1 and functional scans, a T2-weighted image was also acquired in the same space as the functional scans [TE = 96 ms, TR = 5000 ms, 189×256 acquisition matrix, 48 slices, 1. 02×1×3 mm voxels]. The functional images were collected in eight 210TR (∼9 minutes) runs using an asymmetric spin-echo echo-planar sequence sensitive to blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast (T2*) [TE = 27 ms, TR = 2500 ms, flip angle = 90°, FOV = 256 mm, skip = 0 mm, 36 slices, 4×4×4 mm voxels]. Stimuli were presented using E-Prime () on a Dell PC. As described in the section, participants responded to each trial using emotional facial expressions. A custom-built mirror apparatus positioned over the head coil served both to reflect the projected image of the task screen towards the participant and to reflect the view of the participant's face such that it could be recorded using a videocamera positioned at the head end of the bore. Video recording served to ensure participant compliance in the task and was visually inspected to verify that such compliance was occurring. However, due to technical difficulties and poor video quality, this video was not quantitatively evaluated for measures of behavioural performance. A fiber-optic button box interfaced with E-Prime facilitated communication with the participant. ffMRI data were analyzed with in-house software. Data analysis was conducted with a general linear model (GLM), including nuisance regressors for linear trends within runs and baseline shifts between runs. Additionally, the GLM contained task-related regressors for block and event-related activity. Block-related activity related to each task condition (Emotion and Neutral) were modeled as boxcar functions, but because examining sustained activity did not permit the examination of conflict effects in the data, these functions were also treated as regressors of no interest. Our experimental design follows the specifications of Visscher et al. [30] in permitting the dissociation of block and event-related fMRI activity (using alternating blocks of task and rest, as well as jittered trials within each task block); using event-related regressors that are estimated (using delta or FIR functions) rather than assumed via a model of the hemodynamic response function.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: 55 for the habitual intervention in 23 studies of adults. Similar findings are echoed in several studies on this topic. [24,25,26] Whereas this has not always been the case, since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, sleep is increasingly recognized as a major lifestyle contributor to health,[27,28] which indicates the necessity of finding appropriate solutions. In addition, periods of acute withdrawal are accompanied by increased sleep latency,[29] that is, declined total sleep duration, which is in line with the present study's findings. In addition, the developed package was associated with a decreased score of habitual sleep efficiency for both groups. However, it was only significant for those in the intervention group. In this line, several studies mentioned the positive impact of following a healthy lifestyle in improving overall health. For instance, Elizabeth[30] (2021) argued that following a healthy lifestyle results in an optimal balance of healthy behavior that in turn improves overall health, including mental health. The evidence suggests that mental health problems may contribute more significantly to sleep problems; hence, the usage of sleep medications can address mental health problems. [31,32] Concerning the daytime dysfunction scale, the intervention could reduce the overall score, whereas those in the control group showed an increased score. In this regard, a randomized clinical trial by Hawkins et al. (2021) mentioned that lifestyle interventions could improve sleep quality and daytime dysfunctions. [33] Nam et al. [34] (2015) reported that lifestyle interventions were associated with declined daytime fatigue, insomnia, and dream disorders. The results demonstrated improved status of some primary scales and supportive subscales of the BASIS-A Inventory regarding participants' current psychological functioning for those in the intervention group. However, it was only significant for taking charge, entitlement, being liked by all, and striving for perfection. These results are consistent with previous studies, indicating the positive impact of lifestyle-based interventions on mental health and lifestyle. [35,36,37,38] For instance, Ozpolat et al. [39] (2012) argued that individuals who follow lifestyle-based interventions experience improved psychological well-being, including personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Concerning these findings, it can be argued that an improved sense of belonging and going along translates into the declined need for recognition and softness; meanwhile, improved mental health status results in more endeavors to achieve perfection, leading to declined entitlement.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: Monitoring the concentration of the volatile lipid oxidation products (VLOPs) revealed that lipid oxidation occurred during storage at 4oC and 50oC for both insect species dried at 40oC and 100oC. The high protein and mineral content of wild harvested insects justifies the current traditional insect value chain. AB - Edible insects are identified as a valuable source of proteins and micronutrients with the potential to contribute in alleviating malnutrition especially in developing countries where the practice is traditional. In these countries, the communities depend mostly on collection of the insects from the natural environments. Knowledge on the actual contribution of wild harvested insects to nutrition security is still limited as there are limited studies to this effect. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate how wild harvested edible insects can contribute to nutrition security in developing countries. In this study, we used two wild harvested edible insects (Eulepida mashona and Henicus whellani) consumed in Zimbabwe as case study. A survey on the consumption patterns of edible insects showed that that insect consumption was significantly higher in rural (89. 7%) than in urban (80. 0%) areas. Taste and nutritional value are the main motives of consumption for both rural and urban. Availability of edible insects influences both urban (64. 0%) and rural (83. 0%) respondents’ consumption of insects. Nutritional analysis that the protein content ranged between 52-56% (Eulepida mashona) and 59-70% (Henicus whellani), which is comparable to that of animal-based protein sources. Essential amino acids of both insect species did meet the WHO/FAO (277 mg/g protein) requirement for adult humans. The iron (24. 2- 52. 9mg/100g) and zinc content (10. 0-20. 9mg/100g) are high for both species. The fat content of both species was low (<10%), with PUFA/SFA and omega 6/3 ratios recommendable for a healthy diet. Raw insects had a higher protein in vitro digestibility than the boiled and roasted insects, and the maximal decrease in protein digestibility was around 25%. Iron was the least bioaccessible mineral in both insects. Eulepida mashona had a much higher iron bioaccessibility (30. 7%) as compared to Henicus whellani (8. 11%).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: With this estimation approach, multicollinearity between the sustained and event-related regressors has been shown not to be a major concern. The primary task-related analysis focused on event-related activity as a function of trial type and task condition. Event-related estimates were created for each trial type within task conditions (no-go within Emotion and Neutral task versions). Given the complex trial structure, event-related effects were analyzed without reference to a fixed hemodynamic response function, using a delta-function estimation approach. Thus, within a 25-second response epoch following trial onset, independent values were estimated for each of 10 timepoints (corresponding to the 10 TR frames). The estimates from the individual subject GLMs were analyzed using appropriately designed analyses of variance (ANOVAs) that treated participants as a random factor. Regions of interest identification. We examined event-related brain activity in analyses within a priori defined regions of interest (ROIs). Analyses were conducted within two ‘networks’ of interest (selected not on the basis of functional connectivity but as coherent sets of regions observed in prior literature to be functionally related to cognitive control and reward processing). The first analysis examined activity within regions associated with cognitive control and working memory (established using meta-analyses; primarily including dorsal medial and lateral prefrontal and parietal regions [8], [9]. The ROI mask for the cognitive control network (CCN) was created by using anatomical coordinates identified by the aforementioned meta-analyses as seed points with 10 mm radius spheres drawn around them. The second analysis examined activity within anatomical regions associated with emotion and reward processing (hereafter EMO network) including the amygdala, portions of the basal ganglia (putamen, caudate, substantia nigra and nucleus accumbens), anterior insula, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, with regions drawn according to anatomical criteria identified using the Talaraich atlas [31], and previous studies [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]. A separate region of interest included the rostral ACC, defined anatomically, which was near to, but not overlapping the ventromedial [41]. For coordinates for ROIs in both networks, please refer to Table S1 and Table S2. The exact masks for both networks are available from the authors by request.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Six key lifestyle factors—moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA), sleep, sedentary recreational screen time, diet, alcohol use, and tobacco use—herein referred to as the ‘Big 6’, are among the leading contributors to burden of disease worldwide (of Disease Study, 2023). A growing body of literature has demonstrated associations between the Big 6 lifestyle behaviours and mental health in adolescence. Studies suggest that mechanisms include physiological mechanisms (e. g. increases in inflammation associated with poor diet worsen mental health (Oddy et al. , 2018) and decreases in inflammation associated with PA improve mental health (Kandola et al. , 2019)), neurological mechanisms (e. g. impacts on the prefrontal cortex from sleep deprivation (Jamieson et al. , 2020) and tobacco use (Jobson et al. , 2018) worsen mental health), and psychosocial mechanisms (e. g. cyberbullying and upward social comparison during screen time (Bottino et al. , 2015; Seabrook et al. , 2016) and social harms from alcohol use (Esmaeelzadeh et al. , 2018) worsen mental health). Of the existing research, most studies examine a single behaviour on its own or a subset of two-to-three behaviours and associations with mental health outcomes, but evidence indicates that there are interrelationships between the Big 6 behaviours, suggesting they should be examined together (Fakier & Wild, 2011; Foti et al. , 2011; Costigan et al. , 2013). There are four recent studies—two from Canada, (Arbour-Nicitopoulos et al. , 2012; Dabravolskaj et al. , 2023) one from Korea, (Yoo & Kim, 2020) and one from Australia (Smout et al. , 2023)—that have examined five or more of the Big 6 within one adolescent cohort. The four studies employed different methodologies and were conducted in cohorts with varying characteristics, limiting comparability of findings. Nevertheless, sleep, screen time and vegetable consumption were consistently associated with mental health outcomes, yet findings for PA, fruit consumption, junk food or SSB consumption, alcohol use, and tobacco use were inconsistent. There are several key limitations with these studies. Firstly, all except the Australian study only modelled behaviours individually, missing the opportunity to examine how associations may be impacted by adjusting for the remaining behaviours.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: KeywordsNovel foodRisk assessmentAllergenicitySafety assessment 1 in the European UnionEnsuring food safety from farm to fork is a founding principle of the European Union. Footnote 1 It is also the fundamental aim of the extensive body of EU laws and standards covering the agri-food sectors as well as imported and exported goods within the Member States. However, many foodborne illness outbreaks that have occurred in recent years compounded by the pressure—intentional or unintentional—caused by misinformation circulating through social media (so-called “fake news”), have generated an increasing mistrust among EU consumers in the capability of the food system to deliver safe food. Footnote 2,Footnote 3,Footnote 4 At the same time, global concern about climate change and the effects of globalization are driving lifestyle changes towards more sustainable patterns, and a consequent growing demand for healthier and less processed food. Footnote 5 At an industrial level, this demand translates into a need for product differentiation on the global market and, therefore, a call for innovation. Novel Foods—especially those derived from less exploited resources or biomasses—may offer a great opportunity to the food industry for innovation while at the same time meeting sustainability needs. Footnote 6 While the potential sources of are countless, their safety assessment according to EU regulation requires a case-by-case approach. Safety evaluations include a toxicological and a nutritional assessment, an analysis of the way the will be processed and used, as well as a description of its intended intake. Although the effort required to assess and ensure the safety of is enormous and is encoded by a well-established process,Footnote 7 consumers still perceive these foods with distrust, often due to communication campaigns on social media. It can be noted indeed that also accountable media reporting news on often make use of images that can drive disgust among readers, and thus causing mistrust. A recent work based on longitudinal- and cross-cultural studies reported on the significant correlation between food disgust and risk perception among adult consumers, pointing out the importance of food disgust sensitivity for the acceptance of Novel Foods. Footnote 8 This neophobiaFootnote 9 attitude is higher for those obtained from sources that are alien to Europeans, such as insects or algae, or sources that are produced using radically new technologies (i. e. , cultured meat). A better response is observed for obtained from known sources (i. e. , those derived from cocoa or coffee biomasses) or resembling foods common in Europe (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Conflict-defined regions within CCN and. Within each ROI, we identified regions showing conflict-related increases in activity through the high-conflict > low-conflict contrast, collapsing across Emotion and Neutral conditions to provide an unbiased test. Fourteen regions within the CCN, as well as five regions within the EMO network, were identified as showing conflict responses. These conflict-defined regions are summarized in Table 1, with cortical regions shown in Figure 2. As expected, conflict-related regions within the CCN included the dorsal ACC and bilateral PFC, along with additional activation in the inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, thalamus, and cerebellum. The EMO regions showing sensitivity to conflict included bilateral dopaminergic midbrain, bilateral anterior insula, and left putamen. However, in this contrast, conflict-related activation was not observed in ventromedial PFC or amygdala. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Cortical areas sensitive to the High > Low conflict contrast. These areas fall within the CCN and REW masks and were identified as showing significant (AY + BX) > (AX + BY) activation, collapsed across Emotion and Neutral conditions. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Activity in areas defined by task conflict (high>low conflict) within anatomically defined ROIs. Condition-related effects within the high versus low conflict contrast. In the next stage of analysis, each of these conflict-defined ROIs was subjected to an ANOVA that tested for effects of condition type, using timepoint as an additional factor to define event-related effects (i. e. , in terms of a condition × time interaction). Nine ROIs showed such condition × time effects – these areas are marked in a column in Table 1. The areas showing sensitivity to both conflict and emotional task content included, most prominently, the dorsal ACC, right dorsolateral PFC, and bilateral posterior PFC, near the inferior frontal junction. The examination of timecourses in these nine regions revealed that, in all of them, the condition × time interaction was due to Emotion > Neutral activation, especially in the middle timepoints where activity peaked (approximately timepoints 4–7).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: However, the present study adds significantly to the field with findings that increases in health-promoting behaviours (moderate-to-vigorous PA, sleep, fruit, and vegetables) were each associated with lower psychological distress, and increases in health risk behaviours (screen time, junk food and SSB, alcohol use, and tobacco use) were each associated with higher psychological distress. When modelled together in a multi-behavioural model, the magnitude of effects reduced slightly but remained statistically significant for sleep, physical activity, vegetable consumption, junk food and SSB consumption, alcohol use, and tobacco use. This suggests that each of these behaviour changes has unique effects, over-and-above the effects of changes in other behaviours, indicating that there may be additive mental health benefits of interventions targeting these lifestyle behaviours simultaneously. While no other studies have examined the association between behaviour change in the Big 6 and mental health outcomes, four studies have examined the association between behavioural levels (in five or more of the Big 6) and mental health outcomes (Arbour-Nicitopoulos et al. , 2012; Yoo & Kim, 2020; Dabravolskaj et al. , 2023; Smout et al. , 2023). These studies utilised different methodologies cohorts with varying characteristics so findings regarding the relationship between PA, fruit consumption, junk food or SSB consumption, alcohol use, and tobacco use and mental health outcomes, were inconsistent. However, sleep, screen time and vegetable consumption were consistently found to be associated with mental health outcomes, congruous with findings from the present study (Arbour-Nicitopoulos et al. , 2012; Yoo & Kim, 2020; Dabravolskaj et al. , 2023 Apr 17; Smout et al. , 2023). Many countries have national health guidelines for physical activity, screen time, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sleep, including Australia. However, studies show that many adolescents do not meet these guidelines (Beal et al. , 2019; Guthold et al. , 2020; Khan et al. , 2021). Indeed, the present study found that the proportion of students meeting guidelines dropped between year 7 and year 10 (with the exception of sleep, due to a reduction in recommended sleep for older adolescents). By year 10, most participants were not meeting guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous PA, sleep, screen time, and vegetable consumption.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: , juices or infusions from novel berries). Footnote 10,Footnote 11 It is therefore important to provide an overview of the safety assessment required for Novel Food, to demonstrate the rigorous procedure required for approval and the high standards requested for entering the market. 2 Requirements for Novel FoodsIt is important to underline that should be at least as safe as their traditional counterparts, where extant, and should not present any dietary risks. This is the underpinning principle for the safety assessment procedure leading to the approval of a Novel Food. Footnote 12The risk assessment performed by the (EFSA), based on the scientific evidence provided by the food business operator, enables the to decide whether a product or ingredient can be placed on the EU market. Footnote 13 It should be noted that such premarket authorisationFootnote 14 is not only requested for Novel Foods, but is also a prerequisite for the commercialization of other regulated products (i. e. , food enzymes, improvement agents). Authorisation is also required for the use of health claims on food labels, and it is clearly aimed at both ensuring the safety of the product as well as at enabling consumers to make informed choices. The safety assessment procedure for is established by law in Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, while the main scientific requirements for a application are outlined in EFSA’s “Guidance on the preparation and presentation of an application for authorization of a in the context of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283”. EFSA’s specific role is to identify and characterise any hazards linked to the consumption of Novel Foods, and assess the risk associated with their consumption under the proposed conditions of use. It should be noted, however, that it is the applicant’s responsibility to provide sufficient and sound evidence to support the safety of the proposed Novel Food. When scientific data provided by the applicant are not sufficient to rule out any potential health concern, the cannot be approved for the market. In order to ensure the overall transparency of the process, all applications received by EFSA are publicly available via the EFSA Register of Questions (ROQ) database,Footnote 15 while all the published technical reports on the risk assessment of these products are published in the EFSA Journal. Footnote 16 In addition, all the in the authorised so far are compiled into the Union List,Footnote 17 which includes their conditions of use, labelling requirements, and their specifications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The timecourse of the effect within the dorsal ACC is shown in Figure 3, as a representative illustration of this pattern. In this and the other regions, the effects of condition did not interact with conflict, but instead were present as an additive increase in activation. In only one region, the right dopaminergic (DA) midbrain, was there evidence of a condition*conflict interaction (at trend-level, p =. 057). However, this interaction was due to increased activity in both the high and low conflict trials of the Emotion condition (i. e. , with a reduced conflict-related increase), compared to the Neutral condition. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Timecourses illustrating High > and Emotion > Neutral effects. Representative regions demonstrating both a high > low conflict and Emotion > Neutral pattern (due to a condition*time interaction), but no conflict* condition interaction: (A) dorsal ACC; (B) left amygdala. Emotion and trial-type effects under high conflict. Because the ANOVA described above showed Emotion effects that did not interact with conflict, we conducted a follow-up ANOVA to address two additional questions: 1) Was the Emotion-related increase in activation present even when only considering high-conflict trials (i. e. , AY and BX)? 2) Were there any differential effects of Emotion related to the type of conflict experienced, i. e. , cue-based (AY trials) versus probe-based (BX trials)? To address these questions, the second ANOVA included only the high-conflict trial types (AY, BX) and excluded the low-conflict trials (AX,BY), to examine potential effects of condition (Emotion, Neutral) and high-conflict trial-type (AY,BX) as primary factors of interest (additional factors again included timepoint, and target expression). The primary pattern observed in the first ANOVA, a condition × time interaction, was replicated in the second ANOVA. Eight regions showed this effect, denoted in Table 1; again, these included dorsal ACC, right dorsolateral PFC, and bilateral PFC regions. Importantly, the same Emotion > Neutral pattern was observed in these regions, confirming that high emotion-conflict trials increased activation of the cognitive control system relative to non-emotion conflict conditions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Since the implementation of ART to treat HIV, hyperlipidemia has been a burden and a conceivable complication to PLHIV. Earlier studies reveal the urgency of eliminating reversible risk factors such as smoking and sedentary life to avoid further health complications, like coronary artery disease [33]. Medications to treat hyperlipidemia are useful in combination with lifestyle modifications like boosting cardiopulmonary fitness, favorable diet, and quitting smoking [31]. As the ART medication cocktails evolves more effectively in lengthening life expectancy in PLHIV, numerous lifestyle modifications should be incorporated. The current study and outcomes reflected the association between cd4 values and a lipid profile, making noticeable that regardless of the Cd4 number (high or low cd4), hyperlipidemia is a likelihood, followed by the increased risk of coronary artery disease, which is an issue worth assessing in PLHIV in all stages of the disease. Our study further recommends discerning body composition (for instance, body mass index) to trace body fat distribution across the participant's life. The aforementioned is one crucial limitation of this study. Since data collection was acquired through participant’s records, not an interview, body composition measurements were not compiled in more than 75% of the interviews, thus currently missing from the participant’s history; therefore, we were unable to acquire this piece of information. This study highlights the distinctions between high and low immune system status. Among the variations attributed to lifestyle, smoking was documented considerably more in the L-HIV. Outcomes of this study evoke that smoking might be associated with the lower levels of cd4 and not the quantity of ART intake by these participants. Reported reasons are explaining the lower Cd4 values in these PLHIV. Among the assumptions, inconsistency with ART medication, the onset of ART therapy compared to the timeframe of contracting the virus, and lifestyle choices [34] are among the reasons Cd4 might be variable in the present study. Within the lifestyle choice and as previously mentioned, smoking was the recurrent factor among the groups in this study. Smoking has been associated with depression in PLHIV. It is reported in the literature as a critical factor for health-related quality of life deteriorating, life expectancy reduction, and qualityadjusted life expectancy alterations [35]. In the current work, the outcomes presented in this study we collected from participants' records and not with interviews, as previously mentioned.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the EU Commission also makes publicly available the summaries of applications and notifications. Footnote 18Certain background information on the denomination/identity of the or ingredients, its source, and intended use, is necessary to establish its safety profile. This information also helps to identify potential knowledge gaps, and any ensuing need for additional toxicological or nutritional studies. A or ingredient can be obtained from a plant, animal, or micro-organism, or can derive from chemical synthesis. Accordingly, different strategies should be put in place for the assessment of the safety profile. Foods or ingredients obtained from biological sources, details of any previous use as a food or feed should be provided, together with information about the history of use outside the EU. Such information will help in the evaluation of previous adverse effects in the target human population, and in the definition of the boundaries of the intended use. can be ingredients with complex mixtures or whole foods. Examples of whole foods are the recently authorised lyophilised pulp and skin of pitted fruits of Synsepalum dulcificum,Footnote 19 intended as a food supplement, or the partially defatted rapeseed powder from Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L. Footnote 20 On the contrary, extracts or fractions can be regarded as complex mixtures, i. e. , the recently authorised astaxanthin-rich oleoresin from Haematococcus pluvialis algae. Footnote 21The complex nature of such systems, usually formed by hundreds of different substances over a large range of concentrations, is the main constraint to providing a comprehensive chemical characterization of the Novel Food. A comprehensive (physico)-chemical characterization of the is indeed the groundwork for a critical evaluation of any possible adverse health effects in humans, providing essential information for the design and interpretation of toxicological studies. In addition to proximate analysis, the applicant should provide qualitative and, when possible, quantitative data on components of biological interest, so as to minimize the percentage of unidentified substances. In addition, chemical information about the potential occurrence of residues, contaminants, or inherent compounds of biological interest are required. For instance, the applicant should provide data about residues, natural toxins, nutrients, and antinutritional factors known to be associated with the source of the or ingredient, or contaminants that might arise from the production process.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: A second pattern that was observed in the ANOVA was a trial-type × time interaction, which was significant in 11 ROIs. In all of these regions, the pattern was due to increased activation on BX trials relative to AY, during the early part of the trial (timepoints 2–5), but then comparable activation later in the trial (timepoints 6–10). Figure 4 demonstrates this timecourse pattern in an example region, the right lateral PFC. Although a BX > AY pattern is consistent with conflict being increased under probe-based conditions, the early, rather than late timecourse of the effect suggests that the trial-type effect might be anticipatory or expectancy-related. Note that the expectancy for high conflict is significantly greater following a B-cue (probability BX | B-cue∼0. 4) than following an A-cue (probability AY | A-cue∼0. 1). Thus, differential conflict anticipation or expectancy may account for the trial-type effects, rather than a differential response to experienced conflict during probe processing. Similar conflict expectancy effects have been observed in prior studies of the AX-CPT [46], [47] and other conflict paradigms [48]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Timecourse illustrating BX > AY trial-type effect. Representative region in right lateral PFC exhibiting BX > AY activity early, and comparable levels of activity in both trial types later in the timecourse. effects of condition and trial-type were present, the two factors did not appear to interact, as no regions showed evidence of condition × trial-type or condition × trial-type × time interactions. Thus, the BX > AY pattern did not differ significantly between Emotion & Neutral conditions. Focused analysis of rostral ACC and amygdala activity: conflict and condition effects. As done previously within the CCN and EMO masks, we computed contrasts (high > low conflict) within the rostral ACC and amygdala ROIs. However, to test whether these regions were particularly sensitive to emotion conflict per se, we conducted a follow-up ANOVA using a high > low conflict contrast, but restricting to the Emotion condition only. No voxels within the rostral ACC or amygdala survived this contrast, contrary to evidence from previous studies suggesting their sensitivity to emotional conflict.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: The participants readiness to engage in lifestyle changes by way of physical activity and nutritional improvements was measured using of tool, a construct within the [25]. This theoretical framework is an effective means to encourage behaviour change across a range of issues, including smoking, alcohol abuse, weight control and exercise [32]. The 5 stages of change, ranging from pre-contemplation to maintenance, depicts the dynamic evolution of behaviour change and the possibility of recycling through stages, encouraging non-punitive discussions to be had around relapses. This tool can help allied health and exercise professionals tailor an intervention to an individual’s needs (e. g. , those in the ‘contemplation’ stage may benefit from more education than those in the ‘action’ phase). Additionally, movement between stages has been shown to be a predictor of future readiness for change. Studies in addictive behaviours show that moving from one stage to the next within one month will double one’s chances of acting on behaviour change in the next six months of treatment [33]. The targeted change for participants in the HEAL™ing program was to improve the stage of change by one level, which was achieved with most included participants in action and maintenance phases by the end of the program. Given most of the current population were initially in the pre-contemplation, contemplation or preparation stage at the commencement of the program, and considered likely to moderate levels of psychological distress, the shift of many individuals to a stage of action or maintenance was a key indicator of the success of this program. The improvements in the functional measures of increased physical activity (both planned and completed), the improved leg strength and increased cardiovascular fitness all serve to improve the capacity of the individual to participate more fully in activities of daily living, however they all remain below the expected levels [34, 35]. Similar levels of performance and change were seen in these functional measures when the standard versions of the HEAL™ program was delivered [15]. The novel inclusion of a healthy eating element and lifestyle educational sessions has not been explored widely in recent literature. By incorporating education on healthy eating alongside a physical activity class, the program provided a small but significant decrease in BMI. This change is reflective of the program success which increased the amount of daily physical activity together with the daily consumption of fruit and vegetable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: The analytical plan should be decided on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the source of the or ingredient and its processing history. As an example, in the recently authorised Coffea arabica L. and/or Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner dried cherry pulp,Footnote 22 caffeine was clearly the main inherent compound of interest. An accurate quantification in different batches allowed for the extrapolation of potential intake in the target population according to the proposed use. The provisional intake was then compared to the caffeine threshold of concern according to EFSA to assess any potential risk deriving from the consumption of the Novel Food. When the has had, instead, a high fat content which is known to be highly degradable, as in the case of coriander seed oil,Footnote 23 the possible formation of hazardous compounds during storage following lipid peroxidation was thoroughly assessed. In addition to its composition, the production process can significantly impact the safety profile of a Novel Food, leading to changes in composition (i. e. , dilution and/or concentration of compounds of interest in extracts) or degradation of unstable compounds. Therefore, production processes cannot be overlooked in the safety assessment. The toxicological profile of a is probably the most cumbersome step in the safety assessment, especially when there is no substantial information available about the history of use. Methodologies for the evaluation of toxicokinetic, toxicological, and allergenic aspects are not univocally defined. Footnote 24,Footnote 25 To properly guide the process, EFSA has recently proposed a tiered approach based on the use of in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. Footnote 26,Footnote 27 In particular, the integration of computational approaches and physicochemical data can support a more precise design of experimental trials, thus allowing for the limitation of the number of animal trials according to the 3R principle. Footnote 28Finally, all the data obtained from the (physico)-chemical characterization and the toxicological assessment is used to set appropriate specifications and to define the intended role of the or ingredient in the diet as well as its potential intake and target population. The specification is aimed at ensuring the observance of the general conditions of inclusion of in the Union list, as established by Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: As such, the current results support the general notion that participants utilize the same types of proactive control strategies even when experiencing high demands for such control as a result of emotional conflict. The emotional AX-CPT paradigm presented in the present study, and the use of emotional facial expressions as a response modality more generally, have the potential to provide a more naturalistic technique from which to probe emotional conflict, relative to the previous laboratory paradigms that have been used. Facial expressions have direct, automatic associations with different emotional experiences [59]; thus, they potentially provide a performance measure that is a more sensitive index of both trial-by-trial fluctuations and individual differences in emotional processing. In the present study we were not able to obtain behavioural performance measures due to technical difficulties, but future studies capitalizing on this technique should explore this possibility (e. g. , via simultaneous EMG and fMRI recordings). Additionally, using facial expressions as responses permits elicitation of conflict via S-R interference, which is a robust form of interference that has nevertheless been understudied (relative to S-S interference) in the domain of emotion. The utilization of facial expressions as a response modality provides a potential means to probe emotional conflict via S-R interference in other paradigms as well, such as the Stroop adaptations utilized by Egner and colleagues [16], [22]. For example, in Stroop conditions that require participants to make facial expressions to semantically associated words (e. g. , “smile”, “frown”) while ignoring irrelevant but superimposed affectively-valenced pictures, it would be possible to manipulate congruency in an analogous manner to that examined here. One of the advantages of developing adaptations of the Stroop and related paradigms (e. g. , Flankers, Simon) that include facial expressions as a response modality is that it would permit exploration of experimental manipulations not easily implemented in the AX-CPT. In particular, conflict-related shifts in control state (e. g. , conflict adaptation or resolution effects) have been profitably examined through manipulation and examination of trial-by-trial sequential effects [60], changes in relative trial frequencies [61], and other similar effects.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1317818/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 2posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackgroundThe clinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline has been either limited or controversial. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) and nootropics combination in the treatment of cognitive impairment in dementia. MethodsData were based on electronic medical records in a university health system. Patients with mild-to-moderate dementia and no history of prior cognitive enhancer use were included (n = 583). The subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group. The primary outcome measure was the change in cognitive function, as assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) from baseline to 300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription. Subsequent analyses were conducted in consideration of the dementia type, medical adherence, and type of nootropics. ResultsThe changes in MMSE scores from baseline to endpoint were not significantly different between the two groups. In Alzheimer’s dementia, the combination group showed significantly less deterioration in MMSE language subscale scores compared to the ChEI only group (F = 6. 86, p = 0. 009), and the difference was consistent in the highly adherent subjects (F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002). The choline alfoscerate and the ginkgo biloba extract subgroups in Alzheimer’s dementia showed more significant improvements in the MMSE language subscale scores compared to the other nootropics subgroup (F = 7. 04, p = 0. 001). ConclusionsThe present study showed that the effectiveness of ChEI and nootropics combination on cognition may appear differently according to the dementia type. It emphasizes the need for well-controlled studies to generalize the effectiveness of nootropics across various clinical settings. Cholinesterase inhibitorsNootropic agentsDementiaAlzheimer diseaseCognitive dysfunctionMental status and dementia testFiguresFigure 1BackgroundDementia is one of the most rapidly growing syndromes in aging societies, and it is also the leading cause of disability and caregiver dependency among older adults.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Edible insects are completely allergen-free and safe for everyone to eat. [SEP] Text: 3 Assessing the Allergenic Potential: ConstraintAs required by Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, allergens must be indicated on food product labels to provide consumers with information about potential allergens. Therefore, the evaluation of potential allergens occurring in is essential to carrying out an accurate risk assessment and meeting the general conditions of inclusion in the Union list. However, there are no validated predictive tests for assessing the allergenicity of proteins from sources that are not commonly recognized as allergens. While a comprehensive and robust chemical characterization is possible, and the methodologies for a sound toxicological evaluation are often available, the allergenic potential of a certain food or ingredient is still difficult to be defined in the absence of a history of use. For this reason, the assessment of allergenic potential is the main bottleneck and one of the major limitations in the risk assessment of many candidates. Since food allergens are mainly proteins, any containing proteins or protein fractions may elicit an allergenic response. Therefore, as a general assumption, when proteins are determined in the compositional analysis of a or ingredient, these proteins must be regarded as potentially allergenic. Footnote 29 A novel protein may present a risk due to de novo sensitisation or cross reactivity. Footnote 30,Footnote 31 The term sensitisation refers to the initiation of an allergic immune response following from the intake of an allergen. It can be caused via multiple routes of exposure, i. e. , ingestion, respiratory tract, or dermal exposure. In terms of mechanism, the allergen intake leads to a hypersensitive immune response, which in typical food allergies is IgE mediated. De novo sensitisation indicates that a new protein causes such an allergic reaction, while in cross-reactivity, a protein which is homologous to a known allergen causes an allergic reaction similar to that of the known allergen (i. e. , birch pollen allergens cross-reacting with apple allergens). If the or ingredient is expected to contain proteins from sources known to be associated with food allergy, more information can be collected from specific chemical and immunological tests. In case of a positive result, the should be labelled to indicate the source of the allergenic protein in question. If the history of the or ingredient does not suggest the presence of proteins from sources known to be associated with food allergy, an alternative strategy is required.

Output: contrast