Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J 2012;118:391-400. Korean red ginseng extract ameliorates skin lesions in NC/Nga mice: an atopic dermatitis model. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;133:810-817. . Inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. J 2010;34: 363-368. . Efficacy of Korean red ginseng in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J 2011;35: 149-154. Gonzalez-. Plant antimicrobial agents and their effects on plant and human pathogens. 2009;10:3400-3419. . Ginseng treatment enhances bacterial clearance and decreases lung pathology in athymic rats with chronic P. aeruginosa pneumonia. APMIS 1997;105:438-444. . Ginseng treatment reduces bacterial load and lung pathology in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. Chemother 1997;41:961-964. Pizarro-Cerda J, Cossart P. Bacterial adhesion and entry into host cells. Cell 2006;124:715-727. . Inhibition of pathogen adhesion to host cells by polysaccharides from Panax ginseng. Biochem 2009;73:209-212. . Pectin-like acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng with selective antiadhesive activity against pathogenic bacteria. 2006;341:1154-1163. . Antimicrobial polyacetylenes from Panax ginseng hairy root culture. Bull (Tokyo) 2012;60:377-380. . Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells by acidic polysaccharides from Artemisia capillaris and Panax ginseng. 2004;70:615-619. . Rescue of Helicobacter pylori-induced cytotoxicity by red ginseng. Sci 2005;50:1218-1227. øiby N. Effects of Chinese medicinal herbs on a rat model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. APMIS 1996;104:350-354. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Inoculum optimizationFollowing experimental validation, we utilized the dynamic co-culture model to computationally determine optimal bioreactor operating conditions for maximization of ethanol productivity. The productivity was defined as the final ethanol concentration divided by the batch time, which was chosen as the time at which the xylose concentration dropped below 0. 5 g/L. Our simulations indicated that the aeration level had little effect on the ethanol titer but strongly affected the batch time due to the xylose consumption rate [38]. Our simulations also demonstrated that the relative amount of each yeast in the inoculum strongly affected the productivity through both the ethanol titer and the batch time. Therefore, ethanol productivity was optimized by adjusting the aeration level and inoculum concentrations. Rather than perform rigorous optimization [30], dynamic simulations were run with different combinations of the k L a value and the initial yeast concentrations, and the case that yielded the largest productivity was deemed the optimal solution. All simulations were performed with a mixture of 16. 0 g/L glucose and 8. 0 g/L xylose, while the total inoculum concentration was fixed at 1. 0 g/L to allow direct comparison of results for different inocula. The k L a value was constrained to be below 10. 1 h-1 since larger values had the potential to result in undesirable ethanol reassimilation by S. stipitis that was not captured by the co-culture model. Regardless of the inoculum, we found that increasing k L a improved productivity due to a decrease in batch time that resulted from enhanced xylose consumption. Consequently, the optimal solution was achieved at k L a = 10. 1 h-1, and the optimization problem was reduced to determining the inoculum concentrations. This result demonstrated the importance of developing improved metabolic reconstructions that more accurately predict the relationship between aeration level and the onset of ethanol reassimilation. Figure 5 shows the effect of the initial S. cerevisiae 311 concentration on the ethanol titer, batch time and ethanol productivity. The initial S. stipitis concentration is not shown since the total inoculum concentration was constrained to be 1. 0 g/L. The ethanol titer increased with increasing S. cerevisiae concentration since this yeast converts glucose to ethanol at higher yields than S. stipitis. Conversely, the batch time decreased with increasing S. cerevisiae concentration because S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: For this reason, melt-affected SWI signatures have been considered biased (Moran and Marshall, 2009; Koerner et al. , 1973), i. e. enriched in heavy isotopes 18O and 2H. The presence of liquid water further leads to smoothing of the stable water isotopic records in snow pits and ice cores (Nye, 1998; Kang et al. , 2008; Matsuoka and Naruse, 1999), “with the degree of smoothing dependent on the amount of melting and percolation” (Pohjola et al. , 2002; Arnason et al. , 1973). Another effect of percolation frequently discussed is the redistribution of isotopic signatures into deeper layers, which causes the mixing of signatures from different seasons (Koerner, 1997; Fig. 7). Both altered fractionation and signal percolation can lead to an amplitude reduction or entire loss of the seasonal cycle preserved in stable water isotope ratios like δ18O (Rempel et al. , 2001; Moran and Marshall, 2009; Yuanqing et al. , 2001; Shiraiwa et al. , 2002). The preservation of deposited isotopic signatures depends on the interplay of various factors and remains a subject of research. If percolation is mainly pore flow and leaves the ice matrix intact, for example when the liquid–ice contact time is short, the SWI signal is less affected. Percolation depth is another important factor in δ18O preservation, as melting and refreezing limited to the surface leads to distinct ice layers (Sects. 2. 2 and 3. 1), which can act as impermeable barriers for diffusion caused by movement of water vapour (Wel et al. , 2011). The study argues that ice cores affected by short-term melt and refreezing events, which divide the snow column into separate pore spaces, could exhibit more reliable stable water isotope records, because water vapour diffusion between the spaces is prohibited. Several studies from SWI records at melt-affected sites proved to reliably record past temperature changes with seasonal resolution, e. g. in the (Eichler et al. , 2001; Fig. 5) and Patagonia (Schwikowski et al. , 2013), or at annual resolution, e. g. in Canada (Neff et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Panax ginseng has anti-infective activity against opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa by inhibiting quorum sensing, a bacterial communication process critical for establishing infection. Phytomedicine 2010;17:1040-1046. . Efficacy and safety of the standardised ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold. 1996;22:65-72. . Dual functions of ginsenosides in protecting human endothelial cells against influenza H9N2-induced inflammation and apoptosis. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137:1542-1546. . Human infection with infl uenza H9N2. Lancet 1999;354:916-917. . Effect of oral administration of Korean red ginseng on influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. J 2011;35:104-110. . Ginseng and Salviae herbs play a role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza virus infection. Vaccine 2007;25:272-282. . Emerging concepts in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS. Med 2009;60:471-484. Weiss RA. How does HIV cause AIDS? Science 1993;260:1273-1279. . Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. . N Med 1998;338:853-860. . Beneficial effects of a combination of Korean red ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Immunol 2009;16:1127-1131. Geffi n. Functional and structural defects in HIV type 1 nef genes derived from pediatric long-term survivors. 2000;16:1855-1868. . Frequent gross deletion in the HIV type 1 nef gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean red ginseng: inhibition of detection by highly active antiretroviral therapy. 2009;25:419-424. . High frequency of grossly deleted nef genes in HIV-1 infected long-term slow progressors treated with Korean red ginseng. Curr HIV Res 2006;4:447-457. . Dosage and duration effects of Korean red ginseng intake on frequency of gross deletions in the nef gene.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Moreover, xylose transport has been identified as the main bottleneck in pentose sugar metabolism with pure S. stipitis cultures [43]. Therefore, we used the dynamic co-culture model to predict the effects of modifying S. stipitis xylose transport parameters on ethanol productivity. To model engineering of the associated transport proteins, the nominal values listed in Table 1 for the maximum xylose uptake rate (v z,max ), the xylose uptake saturation constant (K z ), and the glucose inhibition constant for xylose uptake (K igz ) were perturbed both upward and downward to determine their impact. The ethanol inhibition constant for xylose uptake (K iez ) was excluded from detailed analysis because the ethanol concentrations achieved in silico were too small to cause significant xylose uptake inhibition. For the remaining three parameters, scaled sensitivity coefficients were calculated as: S = p ¯ y ¯ · Δy Δp (1) where p ¯ is the nominal parameter value, Δ p is the parameter change, y ¯ is the optimal ethanol productivity obtained with the nominal parameter value, and Δ p is the predicted change in the ethanol productivity that results from the parameter change. All simulations were initialized with 16 g/L glucose and 8 g/L xylose at the optimum k L a = 10 h-1 and inoculum of 0. 1 g/L S. cerevisiae 311 and 0. 9 g/L S. stipitis. Figure 7 shows the ethanol productivities and scaled sensitivity coefficients obtained when v z,max was changed upward and K z and K igz were changed downward. Increasing the maximum xylose uptake rate offered the largest improvement in ethanol productivity as indicated by the relatively large sensitivity coefficients, with a productivity enhancement of 14% achieved with a 25% v z,max increase (Figure 7A). As indicated by the small sensitivity coefficients, more modest gains in ethanol productivity were predicted for decreases in the xylose uptake saturation constant (Figure 7B) and the glucose inhibition constant for xylose uptake (Figure 7C). However, complete elimination of S. stipitis diauxic growth by removal of the glucose inhibition term from the xylose uptake expression resulted in a large productivity enhancement of 85% (not shown). The simulated parameter changes could potentially be realized through protein engineering of the sugar transporters [44, 45]. Because many S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: , 2012), Svalbard (Pohjola et al. , 2002; Wel et al. , 2011), and (Okamoto et al. , 2011). Where percolation is not restricted to annual layers, multi-year averages could still be used. For example, long-term (>5-year) climate variability is currently still preserved at Holtedahlfonna, Svalbard, despite seasonal variability being lost (Spolaor et al. , 2024). When considering millennial-scale features, the δ18O ratios in a melt-affected part of the Drilling (NEEM) ice core seem unaffected (NEEM community members, 2013). By contrast, at Cap in Peru, strong meltwater-related smoothing of the annual signal and an increase in the SWI ratios between two cores drilled in 1976 and 1991 has been observed, rendering the reconstruction of past temperature from SWI ratios impossible at this site (Thompson et al. , 1993). Similarly, severe smoothing issues and loss of δ18O as a dating tool and climate proxy have been reported at Hielo Patagónico Norte, (Matsuoka and Naruse, 1999), and numerous other low-latitude high-altitude glaciers (Thompson et al. , 2021, and 3. 4 Gas records affected by melt Atmospheric air entering the snow at the surface diffuses through the snow and firn reaching the bottom of the firn column much more quickly than snow of the same age. In the so-called lock-in zone, the pore space within the firn closes off, thereby trapping the air at 50–100 m below the snow surface, depending on local conditions (Neff, 2014). This leads to an absolute age difference between the ice and gas phases, commonly referred to as delta age (Schwander and Stauffer, 1984), which depends on the vertical compaction of the firn column, mainly a function of snow accumulation at the surface, and can range from decades for higher accumulation sites to many millennia for the Plateau (Veres et al. , 2013; Bazin et al. , 2013; Buizert et al. , 2015). In contrast to the chemical parameters discussed in Sect. 3. 3, samples of atmospheric air trapped in tiny bubbles in the ice matrix are only indirectly affected by melt.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J 2010;34:219-226. . High frequency of gross deletions in 5' LTR/gag and nef genes in patients infected with CRF02_AG of HIV type 1 who survived for over 20 years: an association with Korean red ginseng. 2009;25:535-541. . Frequent genetic defects in the HIV-1 5'LTR/gag gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean red ginseng: decreased detection of genetic defects by highly active antiretroviral therapy. J 2011;35:413-420. . High frequency of gross deletions in the 5' LTR and gag regions in HIV type 1-infected longterm survivors treated with Korean red ginseng. 2008;24:181-193. . Antiviral effect of Korean red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogates for human norovirus. J 2011;35:429-435. . Inhibitory effect of ginseng polysaccharides on rotavirus infection. J 2004;14:202-204. O'. Recent advances in the discovery and delivery of vaccine adjuvants. 2003;2:727-735. McElrath MJ. Selection of potent immunological adjuvants for vaccine construction. Biol 1995;6:375-385. Singh M, O'Hagan DT. Recent advances in veterinary vaccine adjuvants. Parasitol 2003;33:469-478. Song X, Hu S. Adjuvant activities of saponins from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Vaccine 2009;27:4883-4890. . Recent advances on ginseng research in China. J Ethnopharmacol 1992;36:27-38. Adjuvant effects of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponins from ginseng roots on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. Vaccine 2007;25:1114-1120. . Enhancement of immune responses to infl uenza vaccine (H3N2) by ginsenoside Re. 2010;10:351-356. . Amplified immune response by ginsenoside-based nanop2311. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Because sugar uptake parameters reflect the action of numerous transport systems, each having distinct mechanisms and affinities, the decrease in this parameter may indicate differences in transporter expression between pure and co-cultures of the two microbes. Following experimental validation, the dynamic co-culture model was used to compute the aeration level and initial cell concentrations that maximized batch ethanol productivity. Our in silico analysis suggested that the co-culture should be operated at the largest possible k L a value before the onset of ethanol reassimilation by S. stipitis because this aeration level maximized the rate of xylose conversion to ethanol. Because the S. stipitis metabolic network model did not accurately predict this transition point, the optimization was constrained by experimental data such that the optimal solution was achieved at k L a = 10. 1 h-1. Optimization of the initial cell concentrations produced an inoculum with 90% S. stipitis and only 10% S. cerevisiae to form sufficient S. stipitis biomass following glucose exhaustion for efficient conversion of the remaining xylose. Experimental validation of the optimal solution showed that the co-culture model provided excellent agreement with measured concentration profiles. Compared to an unoptimized co-culture with equal initial cell concentrations, the optimized co-culture was shown experimentally to produce a 11% improvement in ethanol productivity. Additional in silico analysis indicated that the co-culture would yield higher ethanol productivities than a S. stipitis pure culture due to the higher glucose to ethanol conversion efficiency of S. cerevisiae. The relatively slow conversion of xylose by S. stipitis is the main bottleneck that limits overall co-culture performance. The dynamic co-culture model was used to explore the potential impact of transporter engineering efforts aimed at enhancing xylose uptake by increasing the maximum xylose uptake rate, reducing xylose uptake saturation and reducing glucose inhibition of xylose uptake. Based on sensitivity analysis for moderate parameter changes, the maximum xylose uptake rate was predicted to yield the largest improvement in ethanol productivity. However, substantially larger improvements were predicted for complete elimination of glucose catabolite repression in S. stipitis because this modification eliminated the diauxic growth pattern and allowed xylose consumption to commence at the beginning of the batch. Taken together, our computational results suggest that an engineered S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: The influence of melt layers in the firn column on the movement of air and bubble enclosure characteristics remains poorly understood (Keegan et al. , 2019, 2014; Trudinger et al. , 1997). Assuming that melt layers behave similarly to (very) dense layers of firn, published research on gas diffusion in non-melt-affected firn suggests the following: Discontinuous melt layers may act as a vertical barrier and enhance horizontal air flow, thereby potentially reducing the effects of gravitational settling (Birner et al. , 2018; Craig et al. , 1988). However, in non-extreme cases, melt lenses likely cannot completely prohibit air diffusion. Frequent melt layers may leave a lasting effect on firn metamorphism (Keegan et al. , 2019), potentially changing the pore volume and increasing the height of the lock-in zone. The latter would cause younger air to be trapped earlier, leading to a decrease in the mean age of the trapped air. That is, it may widen the gas age distribution in closed bubbles (Mitchell et al. , 2015). Focusing on the gases contained, melt layers differ from non-melt-affected ice found below the lock-in zone in three important ways. Most importantly, air is dissolved in the meltwater following Henry's law. Depending on the speed of refreezing, not all of these gases will degas, and some fraction will remain trapped in the refrozen melt feature. The relative amount fractions of key gas species used for palaeoclimatic reconstructions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and the noble gases argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), and xenon (Xe), increase by differing amounts relative to the atmospheric levels in liquid water (Neftel et al. , 1983; Orsi et al. , 2015; Ahn et al. , 2008). In a melt layer, the CO2 amount fraction may increase by up to 2 orders of magnitude relative to the atmospheric amount fraction with equilibrium levels at ≥16 000 ppm at 0 °C (Ahn et al. , 2008; Weiss, 1974), so even trace amounts of melt have the potential to significantly alter atmospheric CO2 reconstructions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Ginsenosides Rg1 and Re act as adjuvant via TLR4 signaling pathway. Vaccine 2012;30:4106-4112. . Ginsenoside Rg1 and aluminum hydroxide synergistically promote immune responses to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice. Immunol 2008;15:303-307. Cited by A 14-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng polysaccharide (Y-75) vol. 12, 10. 1186/s12967-014-0283-1 Ginseng and Combination to Chemotherapy: A vol. 2014, 10. 1155/2014/168940 Herbal medicines for cancer cachexia: protocol for a systematic review vol. 4, 10. 1136/bmjopen-2014-005016 of ginsenosides in sulphur-fumigated and non-fumigated ginseng by ultra performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry based chemical profiling approach vol. 7, 10. 1002/dta. 1675 Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and for of F2 vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0085727 recipe induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via P38 MAPK activation and the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway vol. 9, 10. 3892/mmr. 2014. 2138 Identification and Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-Glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and for of Rg2(S) vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0096914 Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury vol. 94, 10. 1038/labinvest. 2014. 101 Development of in for Predicting P-Based on a Two-for to vol. 12, 10. 1021/acs. molpharmaceut. 5b00465 Negative regulation of the inflammasome: keeping inflammation under control vol. 265, 10. 1111/imr. 12294 and Anxiety in Chinese Medicine: A Perspective vol. 07, 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis strain which rapidly consumes xylose in the presence of glucose and does not reassimilate ethanol under microaerobic conditions would be an ideal candidate for enhancing co-culture performance. Future work should focus on the creation of such S. stipitis strains as well as the model-based characterization of co-culture performance for growth on actual biomass hydrolysates with inhibitory compounds. MethodsExperimentalThe wild-type S. stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 (ATCC 58376) was used in this study. S. cerevisiae 311 (ATCC 42511), a mutant that was created by treating a wild-type strain with ethidium bromide [51], was chosen as the respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae strain. Stocks of the two yeasts were stored at 4°C on YM agar slants. All pure and mixed cultures were performed in a synthetic yeast minimal medium [52]. The composition per liter of water was 1. 00 g MgSO4 ·7 H2O, 1. 10 g/L KCl, 0. 15 g CaCl2 · 2 H2O, 1. 00 g (NH4)2HPO4, 8. 75 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 60. 3 mg myo-inositol, 30. 0 mg Ca-panthothenate, 6. 0 mg thiamine-HCl, 1. 5 mg pyridoxine-HCl, 0. 03 mg biotin, 10. 6 mg MnSO4 · H2O, 9. 0 mg ZnSO4 · 7 H2O, 5. 0 mg FeSO4 · 7 H2O, and 2. 4 mg CuSO4 · 2 H2O. Pre-cultures in media containing 20 g/L glucose and 20 g/L xylose for S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, respectively, were grown at 30°C for 36 hours on a shake table set at 175 RPM. The inoculum concentration for each experiment was determined by calculating the volume of preculture required to obtain the target initial concentration of each cell type using the measured biomass concentration in the shake flask media.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Note that, over centuries to many millennia, the gas trapped in the melt layer will slowly diffuse into the surrounding layers of firn and ice driven by a large concentration gradient and alter the composition of trapped air once the melt layer has passed the lock-in zone, thereby also altering the gas composition in the surrounding ice on the centimetre scale (Ahn et al. , 2008). The same issue of gas dissolution is encountered during wet extraction commonly used for CH4 amount fraction measurements and requires a dissolution correction, while the dry-extraction or sublimation methods typically used for CO2 measurements prevent this as no water is present in these cases. The absolute gas concentrations in melt-affected profiles depend on (1) the speed at which melt refreezes, (2) the gas equilibration while passing through the firn column, and (3) the amount of atmospheric air trapped in the melt layers during bubble enclosure (Stauffer et al. , 1985). Secondly, the presence of liquid water may trigger the production of CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide (N2O) of non-atmospheric origin in the ice, either by acid–carbonate reaction (Delmas, 1993; Tschumi and Stauffer, 2000; Orsi et al. , 2015; Ahn et al. , 2008), oxidation or biodegradation of organic compounds (Tschumi and Stauffer, 2000; Lee et al. , 2020), or microbial production (Lee et al. , 2020; NEEM community members, 2013). Together with the solubility-related increase in greenhouse gases, amount fractions as high as 2000 ppm CO2 (Neftel et al. , 1983; Ahn et al. , 2008), 1200 ppb CH4, and 150 ppb N2O (NEEM community members, 2013) above background levels for Greenlandic ice cores have been reported. The production potential for the Antarctic ice core is much lower due to the overall lower dust deposition but is still sufficient to significantly alter the atmospheric amount fractions (Ahn et al. , 2008). Lastly, total air content (TAC) is often interpreted as driven by, among other effects, the elevation of the glacier surface. That is, higher elevation is associated with lower TAC as the barometric air pressure decreases with altitude (Delmotte et al. , 1999; Martinerie et al. , 1992).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 4236/cm. 2016. 73012 in RAW 264. 7 cells vol. 17, 10. 4142/jvs. 2016. 17. 3. 315 Overexpression of Panax ginseng sesquiterpene synthase gene confers tolerance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana vol. 22, 10. 1007/s12298-016-0384-9 strain TH-10a vol. 46, 10. 1080/10826068. 2015. 1031391 vol. 48, 10. 1111/are. 13072 Red ginseng and vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus/H1N1 infection vol. 68, 10. 1111/jphp. 12529 Effect of SRD-P401 on the Discomfort of Neck and/or vol. 08, 10. 4236/ajps. 2017. 85070 Growth of via Inducing Mitochondria- Function vol. 16, 10. 1177/1534735416654761 1/vol. 2017, 10. 1155/2017/7171404 Production in Cultures of Cultivated in Bioreactors vol. 22, 10. 3390/molecules22060880 T Helper Subsets: A Crucial to vol. 23, 10. 1089/act. 2017. 29103. eya leaves suppress inflammatory - mediators production via blockade of NF-κB activation in macrophages vol. 45, 10. 1080/21691401. 2016. 1228661 Synergistic production of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol from protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides by β-glycosidases from Dictyoglomus turgidum and Caldicellulosiruptor bescii vol. 7, 10. 1186/s13568-017-0524-9 Provides a View of the Panax ginseng Transcriptome vol. 8, 10. 3390/genes8090228 Inhibition of in HepG2 Cells by GINST-Decreasing HMG--Kinase vol. 82, 10. 1111/1750-3841. 13828 Effects of ginsenosides on regulatory T cell differentiation 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In an effort to improve the efficiency of this process, growing attention has been devoted to engineering new strains capable of simultaneously utilizing multiple sugars. Thermophilic microorganisms provide added benefits for the fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars [7]. For example, thermophilic bacteria possess highly active cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes for efficient biomass hydrolysis [8]. Meanwhile, the high-temperature process allows higher rates of feedstock conversion, minimizes the risk of contamination, lowers costs for heating and cooling, permits easier processing of feedstock, and provides opportunities for enhanced product recovery [9]. Although several thermophiles, such as Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, and B. coagulans, can innately co-ferment pentoses and hexoses, their poor properties for using lignocellulosic biomass and the lack of optimized genetic tools have hindered their industrial application [2, 10]. For instance, most B. coagulans strains used for l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars exhibited low output [11,12,13,14] and were difficult to manipulate genetically [15]. B. licheniformis, a more recently developed thermophilic host, has been successfully used for the production of butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD) [8, 16, 17], l-lactic acid [18], and d-lactic acid [9]. Unfortunately, the strain utilized cannot effectively use glucose and xylose simultaneously. Only one study described a naturally isolated B. licheniformis strain, X10, that could utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously for 2,3-BD production; however, this strain lacks efficient genetic tools, thereby limiting its application in biological synthesis [19]. In this work, we evaluated the derivative strain (MW3) [20] of B. licheniformis ATCC 14,580 for its capacity to co-utilize glucose and xylose without CCR by producing l-lactic acid, a monomer used to form biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), as an example.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: However, a reduced TAC may also be indirectly caused by a melt feature because the presence of impermeable ice, i. e. the refrozen melt layer, has replaced porous firn and thereby lowered the volume of pore space in melt-affected firn in the lock-in zone. This may lead to up to 40 % reduction in TAC (Stauffer et al. , 1985), even though this reduction does not seem to be consistent throughout different melt features and ice cores. TAC within a melt layer likely depends on the speed at which the meltwater refreezes, with faster rates being associated with higher TAC due to less time available for degassing of the gas solved in the water phase (NEEM community members, 2013; Orsi et al. , 2015; Ahn et al. , 2008). Observations from the Greenland NEEM ice core during the show that TAC varies more strongly during warm phases, with more frequent melt events (NEEM community members, 2013). The effects described above can be used to identify and quantify depth sections affected by melt. While the presence of a melt layer may lead to a major increase in greenhouse gas amount fractions, excessive amounts of greenhouse gases alone are not sufficient to identify melt, because of the potential for in situ production in the absence of liquid water (Tschumi and Stauffer, 2000; Schilt et al. , 2010b). Noble gases, on the other hand, are not produced in situ. The solubility of the noble gases Kr and Xe is approximately 2 and 4 times greater than for Ar and has proven to be a sensitive tool for confirming suspected melt in deep sections of the Greenland NEEM ice core (Orsi et al. , 2015). Orsi et al. (2015) showed that δ(Kr/Ar) and δ(Xe/Ar) of melt-affected depth sections, 44 ± 12 ‰ and 109 ± 34 ‰ (n=6), were significantly higher than the background levels of unaffected ice, 13 ± 2 ‰ and 24 ± 4 ‰. Based on only two samples, Ahn et al. (2008) reported even greater sensitivities for δ(Kr/Ar) and δ(Xe/Ar) of melt-affected sections in excess of 100 ‰ and 250 ‰, respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1007/s10068-017-0255-3 of in High-Fat Diet-vol. 17, 10. 1089/jmf. 2014. 0016 Immunomodulatory effects of selected Malaysian plants on the CD18/11a expression and phagocytosis activities of leukocytes vol. 5, 10. 1016/S2221-1691(15)30170-2 in rats with estrogen decline using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry vol. 9, 10. 1039/C7FO01680H Ginsenoside F1 Activity of NK Cells via Insulin-Factor-1-vol. 9, 10. 3389/fimmu. 2018. 02785 -Mix on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 21, 10. 1089/jmf. 2018. 4180 Lam. heartwood inhibit the innate immune responses of human phagocytes vol. 70, 10. 1111/jphp. 12952 Ginsenosides from Korean red ginseng modulate T cell function via the regulation of NF-AT-mediated IL-2 production 10. 1007/s10068-018-0428-8 Metabolomics reveals immunomodulation as a possible mechanism for the antibiotic effect of Persicaria capitata (Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross vol. 14, 10. 1007/s11306-018-1388-y Identification of candidate UDP-glycosyltransferases involved in protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng vol. 8, 10. 1038/s41598-018-30262-7 Alkaloids and in and Application to Pharmacokinetics of Shen-vol. 2018, 10. 1155/2018/5107083 extracts on rats vol. 9, 10. 1039/C8FO00025-and 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-in Mice by Activation and T vol. 46, 10. 1142/S0192415X18500945 the for vol. 2019, 10. 1155/2019/6908716 Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products vol. 1, 10. 1016/j. jef.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Having determined that the xylose isomerase was the rate-limiting step in the xylose catabolic pathway and that improving the xylose isomerase-based xylose catabolic pathway can effectively strengthen both the cell growth rate and the xylose consumption rate [28, 29], we then assessed varied xylose isomerases from both Gram-positive (GP) and Gram-negative (GN) thermophilic bacteria. In brief, xylA in strain RH05 was replaced with xylA Bc (GP; GenBank: AEO99969) of B. coagulans, xylA Tx (GP; GenBank: WP_013788598) of Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum, xylA Tc (GN; GenBank: WP_015253490) of T. composti, and xylA Ml (GN; GenBank: WP_045800855) of Muricauda lutaonensis to generate strains RH08, RH09, RH10, and RH11, respectively (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Table 2, all four of the strains used xylose more rapidly and produced more l-lactic acid. Strain RH08 showed the highest xylose utilization, with a 46. 3% increase (from 12. 3 to 18. 0 g/L), and produced 66. 7 g/L l-lactic acid, more than was produced by the other strains. The yield of l-lactic acid and the byproducts produced by strain RH08 were comparable to or better than those obtained with strains RH09, RH10, RH11, and RH05. Thus, strain RH08 was selected for subsequent experiments. Byproduct eliminationFor strain RH08, the major byproducts were obtained as formic acid (2. 7 g/L), ethanol (2. 1 g/L) and acetic acid (2. 7 g/L). To enhance the L-lactic acid yield on glucose-xylose in this strain, we tried to block the biosynthetic pathways of the byproducts via gene deletion. The gene pflA (GenBank: AAU41018) encoding a pyruvate formate-lyase for formic acid formation was knocked out.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: If the presence of even small amounts of melt is suspected, a pre-emptive scan of the ice for hidden melt is a sensitive tool. Unfortunately, the necessity of preparing discrete samples, large ice sample requirements (typically 2–3 × 50–60 g), and a limited daily sample throughput of the noble gas method (Orsi et al. , 2015) do not allow for a systematic implementation. It should be noted that the noble gas method cannot quantify the melt intensity. Aside from noble gases, low TAC could be interpreted as an indicator of melt, as has been suggested based on TAC simulation (Plach et al. , 2021; Vudayagiri et al. , 2018). However, this method requires evidence of a significant TAC decrease for visible melt layers for the studied ice core, and the TAC for melt layers may be very similar to non-melt-affected ice (Orsi et al. , 2015). So far, only two lower-elevation Antarctic ice cores with small amounts of melt have been used for gas reconstructions. Firstly, the ice core was drilled on an isolated dome at 1370 m above sea level close to the continental edge of and contains ≤5 melt layers (Etheridge et al. , 1996; Trudinger et al. , 1997). Secondly, the ice core is located on the at an altitude of 620 m and shows numerous melt layers (Ahn et al. , 2004; Ahn and Brook, 2014; Das and Alley, 2005). Visible melt layers have been avoided during sampling for gas reconstructions for both ice cores. According to Ahn et al. (2004), the possibility can further not be excluded that the observed absolute offsets between CO2 measurements from relative to may stem from in situ production. Though melt layers are less rare in Greenland (Chappellaz et al. , 1997; Neftel et al. , 1983; NEEM community members, 2013; Alley and Anandakrishnan, 1995), ice cores from central Greenland have been used for gas reconstructions (Blunier and Brook, 2001; Schilt et al. , 2010a). In such high-altitude ice cores, the occurrence of melt features is likely limited to the Holocene and warm periods, and records covering the are affected to a lesser extent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 2014. 11. 007 Ginseng pharmacology: a new paradigm based on gintonin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor interactions vol. 6, pp. None, 2012, 인삼 지상부를 첨가한 사료 급여가 닭에서 나타내는 효과 vol. 55, 10. 14405/kjvr. 2015. 55. 1. 1 vol. 22, 10. 18787/jr. 2015. 22. 2. 63 on System by of Panax ginseng in Relapse-Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis-Induced SJL/J Mice vol. 44, 10. 1142/s0192415x16500610 Use of Gold Nanop10. 4014/jmb. 1604. 04034 In situ preparation of water-soluble ginsenoside Rh2-entrapped bovine serum albumin nanop10. 2147/ijn. s125154 Antiviral activity of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 against murine gammaherpesvirus vol. 41, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2016. 08. 010 Towards natural mimetics of metformin and rapamycin vol. 9, 10. 18632/aging. 101319 Investigation of Herb-between and five CYP Substrates by LC-MS/MS vol. 8, 10. 5478/msl. 2017. 8. 4. 98 Stimulation of Function by Panax ginseng after vol. 66, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 8b00152 Effect of Asterias amurensis through NF-κB and MAPK Pathways on RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 28, 10. 4014/jmb. 1709. 09005 Medicine in Multiple Sclerosis: Theory and Practice vol. 4, 10. 1007/s40495-018-0158-x Role of inflammasome regulation on immune modulators vol. 32, 10. 7555/jbr. 32. 20170120 Optimization of ginseng hairy roots culture and its ginsenoside analysis vol. 35, 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: coagulans strain P38, which also achieved an acceptable productivity of 2. 40 g/[L h] [42]. There is no doubt that these studies have facilitated the commercialization of l-lactic acid production. However, the overall concentration and productivity of most systems for l-lactic acid production remain low, which cannot satisfy the requirements for large-scale industrial production. In the present study, our engineered strain RH15 was found to be an efficient producer for l-lactic acid production, and both the concentration and the productivity were competitive with most reported cases. Therefore, the efficient glucose and xylose utilization of the engineered B. licheniformis RH15 indicates its potential as a platform for producing other value chemicals or biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Table 4 Overview of l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugarsFull size table ConclusionIn this study, for the first time, B. licheniformis was engineered to produce l-lactic acid from lignocellulose-derived sugars. The glucose metabolic pathway was reconstructed to eliminate the CCR via abolishing the PTS system and activating the galactose transport route (GalP). The xyl operon was optimized to increase the xylose uptake rate by screening for the rate-limiting enzyme, xylose isomerase, in thermophilic bacteria. This “dual-channel” process enabled the engineered strain RH15 to produce l-lactic acid from glucose and xylose simultaneously. When the lignocellulosic hydrolysate was used as the substrate, 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid was produced, with a productivity of 2. 48 g/[L h] and an optical purity of 99. 7%. Thus, the engineered strain can serve as an efficient platform for chemical production from lignocellulosic biomass. This strategy might also be used to engineer other important strains to use inexpensive lignocellulose-derived sugars. Change history06 April 2018The authors are retracting this 27. 71. 8. 120. 6. 54. 27. 4580. Microbiol. 2014;80(20):6458–64. 4. 22. 9. 70. 4. Springerplus. 2012;1:43. 80. 9. J Biotechnol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: However, CO2 reconstructions from Greenland are considered unreliable due to significant in situ production of non-atmospheric CO2, which takes place in the ice sheet over time, even in the absence of liquid water (Tschumi and Stauffer, 2000). 3. 5 Current applications of melt layers as proxies The primary application of melt layers in ice cores is as qualitative and quantitative temperature proxy (Kameda et al. , 1995; Alley and Anandakrishnan, 1995; Okamoto et al. , 2011). It is based on the non-linear relationship between the frequency and thickness of melt features and temperatures above freezing and has led to melt-temperature records from alpine to polar sites (Das and Alley, 2008; Fujita et al. , 2021; Abram et al. , 2013). Comparisons between melt layer and δ18O records (Grumet et al. , 2001; Koerner et al. , 1973; Henderson et al. , 2006) and nearby weather stations and reanalysis data (Fujita et al. , 2021) have been used to show the coherence of derived temperature records. Thereby, it has been noted that the occurrence of melt features depicts complex dynamics at any ice-core site (Alley and Anandakrishnan, 1995). While melt is assumed to reflect summer temperature conditions rather than annual mean temperature (Koerner and Fisher, 1990; Koerner, 1977a; Herron et al. , 1981), the relevance of winter melt events is not to be underestimated for alpine to coastal polar sites (Zheng et al. , 2020), especially since winter temperatures are rising more quickly than summer temperatures at mid-latitude and Arctic sites (Graham et al. , 2017). An increasing number of melt layers can be caused by (a) an absolute temperature rise during one or several seasons of the year, (b) enhanced variability of temperatures during at least one season, or (c) a combination of both (Das and Alley, 2008). Changes in external parameters like the elevation of ice cap surfaces can also affect the local climate and melt conditions (Das and Alley, 2008; Fig. 2). Furthermore, the near-surface and subsurface firn conditions affect the prominence of melt features, with melt layers appearing more distinctly in cold firn than in homogeneously wetted, temperate firn (see Sects. 2. 2 and 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 12925/jkocs. 2018. 35. 4. 995 Mapping a novel positive allosteric modulator binding site in the central vestibule region of human P2X7 vol. 9, pp. None, 2019, Electrodeposition of Ginseng/Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) on 316L at Parameters vol. 67, 10. 1248/cpb. c18-00847 of for IBD vol. 2019, pp. None, 2012, Dish to Patient: and Mechanism of Action for Antimicrobial and Products vol. 10, pp. None, 2012, A on the Effects of of Panax ginseng on the of Cyclophosphamide-Mice vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24061096 Immune-enhancing effects of a traditional herbal prescription, Kyung-Ok-Ko vol. 34, 10. 6116/kjh. 2019. 34. 2. 41 : Preparation, Phytochemistry and vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24101856 of the Metabolomes among the of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Panax notoginseng by UHPLC/IM-QTOF-HDMSE-Analysis vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24112188 Integration of Data-(DDA) and Data-Independent High-Definition MSE (HDMSE) for the and Characterization of Multicomponents from Panax japonicus by UHPLC/I vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24152708 Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases vol. 27, 10. 1007/s10787-019-00630-4 Ginsenoside Rh2 reverses cyclophosphamide‐induced immune deficiency by regulating fatty acid metabolism vol. 106, 10. 1002/jlb. 2a0419-117r Development of a Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method for from Species vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24224065 A case of cancer patient treated by monotherapy vol. 40, 10. 13048/jkm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This is in accordance with low l-Phe accumulation in the culture medium when the CM12-5 strain was grown with fructose instead of glucose as the sole C source (not shown). This may be due to the high phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and energy requirements for the fructose intake through the PTS active transport system [35, 36]. The lower yield agrees with the fact that glucose and fructose were not consumed completely after 48 h; in fact, on average, only 30% of glucose was depleted, while 5% of the fructose was consumed (not shown). Table 3 2-PE production from corn syrup (CS) in Pseudomonas putida CM12-5 derivative strainsFull size tableTherefore, industrial substrates such as corn syrup (1G substrate), and corn stover and sugar-cane straw hydrolysates (2G substrates) are suitable for using in 2-PE production in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way; however, amongst its components, glucose is preferably consumed over fructose or xylose, and the presence fructose may slow this process down. DiscussionThe interest in the development of technology for green chemistry increased after a series of studies revealed that nearly two thirds of all chemical products in use could be made through the fermentation of sugars obtained from seeds (i. e. , corn, wheat, and others), plant residues, organic waste and lignin [37,38,39,40]. The OECD and other agencies are aiming to transition 30% of the total petrochemical industry to renewable sources by 2050 [41,42,43,44]. Several research groups have put great effort into developing Pseudomonas putida as a chassis for the biochemical production of aromatic compounds because of its metabolic properties, and its ability to tolerate stress and high concentrations of solvents [24, 33, 45,46,47,48,49]. Our specific overall aim is the construction of solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas strains that can perform optimally and achieve high yields of industrially valuable chemicals, such as 2-PE, trans-cinnamic acid and styrene. We have estimated that these cell factories can reduce CO2 emissions by about 90% compared to current petrochemical-based methods. In this study, the molecular basis for 2-PE production when Pseudomonas is used as a chassis were analyzed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: 1). All factors discussed in Sect. 2 affect the frequency and thickness of melt features and are helpful context for quantitatively interpreting melt layer profiles. Against this background, certain sites and glacier facies like the lower accumulation zone, where melting occurs but does not percolate through the entire annual layer, are more sensitive to the melt threshold and therefore more suitable sites for melt records than others (Abram et al. , 2013). Given the uncertainty induced by percolation, Westhoff et al. (2022) have cautioned against the interpretation of melt layer profiles as annually resolved temperature proxy records and recommended ≥10-year averages. Using the dependency of melt occurrence on warm temperatures, Okamoto et al. (2011) were also able to show that the melt feature percentage correlates with the terminus retreat rate of a neighbouring glacier. Besides the simple occurrence of melt layers, significant potential lies in the structural characteristics of melt features as proxies for environmental conditions. Based on the physics of melt layer formation, structural characteristics of melt features are expected to differ dependent on the meteorological setting and local climate, which leave an imprint on the near-surface snow (Fig. 3). Early studies have shown that warm summers were characterised by coarser-grained superimposed ice than colder summers with fine-grained firn (Koerner, 1970; Koerner et al. , 1973). Future studies of melt-affected ice cores could describe the structural variability of melt features in ice cores in greater detail and thereby provide new insights into the processes shaping melt features. Another emerging research area comes from the relationship between forest fires, consequential BC dust distribution, and enhanced glacier melt (Keegan et al. , 2014; Kaspari et al. , 2015). Given that BC is a reliable tracer of forest fires, even in melt-affected areas (Osmont et al. , 2020), comparing BC and melt feature records could reveal new aspects for interpreting melt features as proxies. 4 Conclusions and outlook Global temperature is rising and melting will affect a growing number of alpine to polar ice-core drilling locations, more frequently, at higher elevations and further inland. For this reason, we have conducted a literature review, bringing together snow physics, firn hydrology, and ice-core proxy research to study melt-affected ice cores.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 19044 In-depth profiling, characterization, and comparison of the ginsenosides among three different parts (the root, stem leaf, and flower bud) of Panax quinquefolius L. by ultra-high performance liquid ch vol. 411, 10. 1007/s00216-019-02180-8 A Review of in Cardiovascular Disorders: Benefits and Risks vol. 48, 10. 1142/s0192415x20500147 Peptides as for Authentication of Mountain- of -HRMS vol. 68, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 9b05568 Gintonin-Stress-through LPA Receptor vol. 25, 10. 3390/molecules25051019 Ginsenoside Rg1 Acts as a with Anti-without Regeneration in vol. 9, 10. 3390/cells9051107 Characteristics of Panax ginseng Cultivars in Korea and China vol. 25, 10. 3390/molecules25112635 Effects of on and DHEA Levels in Healthy Females: Study vol. 12, 10. 3390/nu12061582 Characterization of red ginseng–drug interaction by CYP3A activity increased in high dose administration in mice vol. 41, 10. 1002/bdd. 2246 Ginseng integrative supplementation for seasonal acute upper respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis vol. 52, pp. None, 2012, of Oils vol. 10, 10. 3390/biom10081139 Physiological responses and ginsenoside production of Panax ginseng seedlings grown under various ratios of red to blue light-emitting diodes vol. 61, 10. 1007/s13580-020-00255-5 Research Quality-Modeling for Comparison of the of Black and vol. 12, 10. 3390/nu12092590 Immunomodulatory effects of fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract through NF-κB signaling in RAW 264. 7 cells vol. 14, 10. 4162/nrp. 2020. 14. 5. 453 Synergistic anti-liver cancer effects of curcumin and total ginsenosides vol. 12, 10. 4251/wjgo. v12. i10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The introduction of a mutant variant of chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase, bypassed feedback inhibition by aromatic amino acids, and significantly enhanced l-phenylalanine production and, consequently, boosted 2-PE yields. Furthermore, the application of random mutagenesis led to strains exhibiting elevated l-phenylalanine production, resulting in increased 2-PE production. In the realm of industrial applications, we explored the use of agricultural waste substrates such as corn stover, sugar cane straw, and corn syrup as potential carbon sources. Regardless of the waste source, glucose was the preferred sugar for 2-PE biosynthesis. To sum up, our study underscores the potential of microbial biorefineries, particularly those employing P. putida, as an environmentally sustainable alternative for producing valuable aromatic compounds like 2-PE. The implementation of strain engineering and the utilization of agricultural waste substrates are pivotal strategies identified for enhancing production efficiency and mitigating environmental impact. Materials and methodsChemicalsl-Phenylalanine (99%), 2-phenylethanol (99%), phenylacetaldehyde (90%), shikimic acid (99%), sodium phenylpyruvate (powder), chorismic acid barium salt (≥ 80%), o-toluic acid (99%), m-toluic acid (99%), p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (FPA) (98%), ViscozymeR l-cellulolytic enzyme mixture and ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), d-( +)-xylose and d-( +)-glucose were provided by VWR Chemicals (France). Strains, plasmids and growth conditionsStrains and plasmids used in this study are shown in Table 4. Pseudomonas DOT-T1E is a solvent-tolerant strain that was originally isolated from a wastewater treatment plant [8]. Pseudomonas putida CM12-5 is a DOT-T1E derivative that produced phenylalanine and it was previously described [24]. To make P. putida CM12-5 able to use xylose as a C-source, a derivative of this strain, bearing and xylE genes from E.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Melt events are driven by local to global meteorology and climate, glacier surface characteristics like the albedo, and hydro-thermal conditions of the snow and firn column. Melting and refreezing are governed by the surplus of energy available and follow approximately the 0 °C isotherm. Identification of melt layers usually takes place either manually during ice-core processing, discriminating between melt-affected and unaffected firn sections, or using digital line scanning, which provides higher-resolution insights into melt characteristics. Approaches like this show the diverse structural imprints of snowmelt on the ice–air matrix, ranging from homogeneously wetted horizons to distinct melt layers and preferential flow fingers. Those develop depending on the dynamic interplay of atmosphere and subsurface conditions and have potential as environmental proxies. Preferential elution is the primary issue of melt-affected ice-core chemistry. Dominated by solubility of the impurities in water and ice, a multitude of factors, including snow chemistry before melting, metamorphism, and meltwater flow conditions, determines the availability of impurities to relocation or removal during melt events. Thus, the preservation of chemical species strongly differs with the study site. Where significant amounts of liquid water are present, the fractionation slope for stable water isotopes (δ2H/δ18O) is reduced, and affected records often show an amplitude reduction in the seasonal cycle, biased values, and smoothing of the signal. Altered total air content and gas concentrations must be considered for melt-affected gas records in ice cores. Despite these limitations of melt-affected ice cores, melt layers have been successfully applied as qualitative (above 0 °C) and quantitative temperature proxies (using MFP as an indicator of surface temperature). Approaches ranging from using ion ratios (e. g. Mg2+/Na+) and the dissolved fraction percentage in the upper ice column to noble gases xenon and krypton in deep ice help to identify the extent of ice profiles affected by melting and refreezing. Our literature study shows that melting poses both challenges and potential for ice-core interpretation and dating approaches and also that the diversity of melt features and effects is of interest for comprehensive and site-specific investigation. Learning from the advances of alpine ice-core science, the following adaptations have been shown to be helpful in ensuring high-quality ice-core research under warming conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Exp (Wars) 2006;66:369-375. . Ginsenosides: are any of them candidates for drugs acting on the central nervous system? CNS 2007;13:381-404. . Ginsenosides and their CNS targets. CNS 2011;17:761-768. . Neuroprotection in progressive brain disorders. 2003;5:576-580. . Strategies for the protection of dopaminergic neurons against neurotoxicity. 2000;2:99-114. de. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. 2003;24:197-211. Schapira AH. Molecular and clinical pathways to neuroprotection of dopaminergic drugs in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009;72(7 Suppl):S44-S50. . Mechanisms underlying infl ammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 2010;140:918-934. . Protection against 1-methyl- 4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced apoptosis by water extract of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in SH-SY5Y cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:34-42. . Neuroprotective actions of the ginseng extract G115 in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease. 2003;184:521-529. . Rg1 reduces nigral iron levels of MPTP-treated C57BL6 mice by regulating certain iron transport proteins. 2009;54:43-48. . Rg1 protects the MPP+-treated MES23. 5 cells via attenuating DMT1 up-regulation and cellular iron uptake. Neuropharmacology 2010;58:488-494. . Rg1 protects iron-induced neurotoxicity through antioxidant and iron regulatory proteins in 6-OHDA-treated MES23. 5 cells. J 2010;111:1537-1545. Rouault TA, Cooperman S. Brain iron metabolism. Neurol 2006;13:142-148. . Iron elevations in the aging Parkinsonian brain: a consequence of impaired iron homeostasis? J Neurochem 2010;112:332-339. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Very high gravity ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast under redox potential-controlled conditions access Published: 24 August 2012 Very high gravity ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast under redox potential-controlled conditions Chen-Guang Liu1, Na Wang1, Yen-Han Lin2 & …Feng-Wu Bai1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 3. 1, 252 ± 2. 9 and 298 ± 3. 8 g/L. Compared with ethanol fermentation by non-flocculating yeast, different ORP profiles were observed with the flocculating yeast due to the morphological change associated with the flocculation of yeast cells. When ORP was controlled at −100 mV, ethanol fermentation with the high gravity (HG) media containing glucose of 201 ± 3. 1 and 252 ± 2. 9 g/L was completed at 32 and 56 h, respectively, producing 93. 0 ± 1. 3 and 120. 0 ± 1. 8 g/L ethanol, correspondingly. In contrast, there were 24. 0 ± 0. 4 and 17. 0 ± 0. 3 g/L glucose remained unfermented without ORP control. As high as 131. 0 ± 1. 8 g/L ethanol was produced at 72 h when ORP was controlled at −150 mV for the VHG fermentation with medium containing 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose, since yeast cell viability was improved more significantly. ConclusionsNo lag phase was observed during ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast, and the implementation of ORP control improved ethanol productivity and yield. When ORP was controlled at −150 mV, more reducing power was available for yeast cells to survive, which in turn improved their viability and VHG ethanol fermentation performance. On the other hand, controlling ORP at −100 mV stimulated yeast growth and enhanced ethanol production under the HG conditions. Moreover, the ORP profile detected during ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast was less fluctuated, indicating that yeast flocculation could attenuate the ORP fluctuation observed during ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating yeast. BackgroundFuel ethanol that is renewable and environmentally friendly has been produced around the world as an alternative to fossil fuels[1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: (Re-)assessing the thermal and hydrological conditions of the subsurface prior to drilling helps to direct ice-core analysis to predominantly cold, poly-thermal, or temperate ice. Sampling fresh (near-)surface snow throughout the seasonal cycle aids establishing a baseline of impurity levels prior to melting, and in situ snowmelt infiltration experiments using dye can be used to parameterise relocation depth site-specifically. High-resolution structural analysis of ice cores (e. g. line scanning), more detailed melt logs including feature characteristics, and systematic assessments of melt indicators (e. g. DFP, Cl-/Na+ ion ratio) provide useful context to better understand chemical records. Prioritisation of impurities less mobile during melt events like ammonium, BC, insoluble and low-abundance (partially) water-soluble trace elements as dating tools and environmental proxies and use of multi-year averages where melt percolates beyond an annual layer lead to more reliable environmental reconstructions. With this review, we contribute to a growing body of literature aiming to foster a comprehensive understanding of signal formation in ice cores and to improve their climatic interpretations. We hope to raise awareness among (polar) ice-core researchers about melt features in ice cores, how to identify and investigate them in greater detail, and how to gauge the limitations and potential of melt-affected profiles for ice-core climate reconstructions. Data availability As no new data were created for this literature review, data availability is not applicable to this 10. 5194/tc-18-2691-2024-supplement. Author contributions DEM and ERT conceptualised the study. DEM organised the project and conducted the literature analysis fundamental to this study. ERT and EW supervised the project. DEM prepared the initial draft, and all the co-authors contributed to reviewing and editing the manuscript, including the figures. Competing interests The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests. Disclaimer Publisher’s note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors. authors wish to thank Margit Schwikowski, who was consulted and who provided experienced external advice for Sect. 3. 2 on melt-affected chemistry records.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Experimental research on effect of gensenoside Rg1 on expressions of P-Tau and caspase-3 in brain slices from AD model rats. Zhi 2010;35:369-372. . Ginsenoside-Rg1 inhibits cell apoptosis induced by beta amyloid. Zhi 2008;88:1763-1766. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on learning and memory impairment induced by betaamyloid peptide(25-35) and its mechanism of action. 2001;36:1-4. . Protective effect of extract of Astragalus on learning and memory impairments and neurons' apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids in 12-month-old male mice. (Hoboken) 2011;294:1003-1014. . Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates amyloid-beta content, regulates PKA/CREB activity, and improves cognitive performance in SAMP8 mice. J 2010;19:977-989. . Reductions in levels of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide after oral administration of ginsenosides. 2006;20:1269-1271. . Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits betasecretase activity in vitro and protects against Abetainduced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. J 2009;11:604-612. . Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on expressions of phosphory protein tau and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B in rat brain slice model of Alzheimer's disease. Zhi 2010;35:3339-3343. . Effects of gensenoside Rg1 on tau protein phosphorylation induced by okadaic acid in rat brain slices. 2010;8:955-960. . Effect of 17-beta-estradiol and ginsenoside Rg1 on reactive microglia induced by betaamyloid peptides. J 1999;1:153-161. . Reciprocal activity of ginsenosides in the production of proinflammatory repertoire, and their potential roles in neuroprotection in vivo. 2005;71:476-481. . Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, ORP control strategy was developed by controlling ORP at two different levels in order to improve ethanol productivity and yield for VHG ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast. Results and discussionTime courses of ethanol fermentation by the flocculating yeastORP affected the growth of non-flocculating S. cerevisiae and ethanol fermentation under VHG conditions[11]. Thus, time courses of glucose consumption, ethanol production, biomass accumulation, mean size of yeast floc and ORP were monitored for ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast, in which three regions were identified and illustrated in Figure1. Figure 1Ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast without ORP control. Media containing glucose (g/L): 298 ± 3. 8 (A), 252 ± 2. 9 (B) and 201 ± 3. 1 (C) Glucose consumption (solid cycle), ethanol production (solid triangle), biomass (solid square), ORP (bold line) and mean of yeast flocs (open cycle). Full size imageWhen yeast flocs were inoculated into fresh media, vigorous growth quickly depleted dissolved oxygen in the media and fermentation reducing power outperformed oxidizing power, leading to a drastic decline of ORP from 110 mV to −220 mV in Region I, which was characterized by a logarithmic growth of yeast flocs. Yeast growth was then retarded due to ethanol accumulation and its inhibition effect, and a stationary phase was developed, correspondingly, which was characterized by a slow decrease of ORP till the lowest level of −280 mV in Region II. Near the end of fermentation, severe ethanol inhibition completely inhibited yeast growth, and in the meantime the lysis of yeast cells occurred, resulting in an increase of ORP. Compared with ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating S. cerevisiae[11], time courses of ORP and other parameters detected for ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast were different. On the one hand, no lag phase was observed for the growth of yeast flocs, which indicated that yeast flocculation provided protection for yeast cells to adapt to the rapid change of physiological environment after inoculated into the HG and VHG media.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Extreme firn metamorphism: impact of decades of vapor transport on near-surface firn at a low-accumulation glazed site on the plateau, Ann. Glaciol. , 39, 73–78, 2004. Alimasi, N. , Enomoto, H. , and Hirasawa, N. : Spatiotemporal variation of ice sheet melting in the Antarctic coastal marginal zone and the influence of ice lenses and rain using satellite microwave observation, Polar Sci. , 25, 100561, 2020. Alley, R. B. and Anandakrishnan, S. : Variations in melt-layer frequency in the GISP2 ice core: implications for Holocene summer temperatures in central Greenland, Ann. Glaciol. , 21, 64–70, 1995. Arnason, B. , Buason, T. , Martinec, J. , and Theodorsson, P. : Movement of water through snow pack traced by deuterium and tritium, IAHS-AISH P. , 107, 299–312, (last access: 16 May 2024), 1973. and Kohler, J. : Topographic controls on the surface energy balance of a high Arctic valley glacier, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 111, F02011, 2006. Avak, S. E. , Schwikowski, M. , and Eichler, A. : Impact and implications of meltwater percolation on trace element records observed in a high-Alpine ice core, J. Glaciol. , 64, 877–886, 2018. . , Brütsch, S. , Bartels-Rausch, T. , Schneebeli, M. , Schwikowski, M. , and Eichler, A. : Melt-of in an Alpine Snowpack, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 124, 1647–1657, 2019. Avanzi, F. , Hirashima, H. , Yamaguchi, S. , Katsushima, T. , and De Michele, C. : Observations of capillary barriers and preferential flow in layered snow during cold laboratory experiments, The Cryosphere, 10, 2013–2026, 2016. . , Brucker, L. , Picard, G.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J Ethnopharmacol 2007;111:458-463. . Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via anti-apoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;115:441-448. Heneka MT, O'Banion MK. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2007;184:69-91. . Potential effects of microglial activation induced by ginsenoside Rg3 in rat primary culture: enhancement of type A Receptor expression. Res 2005;28:1164-1169. . Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes beta-amyloid peptide degradation by enhancing gene expression of neprilysin. J 2009;61:375-380. . Role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the action of ginsenoside Rh2 against beta-amyloid-induced inhibition of rat brain astrocytes. 2008;434:1-5. Gintonin, newly identified compounds from ginseng, is novel lysophosphatidic acids-protein complexes and activates G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors with high affi nity. 2012;33:151-162. Gintonin, a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, attenuates Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathies: involvement of non-amyloidogenic processing. J 2012; Epub ahead of print. . Mitochondria in Huntington's disease. Acta 2010;1802:52-61. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. The Huntington's Research Group. Cell 1993;72:971-983. Blockade of quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity by pyruvate is associated with inhibition of glial activation in a model of Huntington's disease. 2004;187:150-159. . Imaging microglial activation in Huntington's disease. Bull 2007;72:148-151. Leegwater-Kim J, Cha JH. The paradigm of Huntington's disease: therapeutic opportunities in neurodegeneration. NeuroRx 2004;1:128-138.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: With media containing glucose of 201 ± 3. 1 and 252 ± 2. 9 g/L, complete fermentation was observed at 32 and 56 h when the ORP was controlled at −100 mV, since yeast cell growth was stimulated by more oxygen supply through aeration. On the other hand, for ethanol fermentation with medium containing 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose, as high as 131 ± 1. 8 g/L ethanol was produced at 72 h when the ORP was controlled at −150 mV, because the lower ORP level with more reducing power available for maintaining metabolism of yeast cells improved their viability more significantly. Although the ORP control improved ethanol fermentation performance, residual glucose was still high for the VHG ethanol fermentation, which would be not acceptable from the view point of industrial application, and other bioprocess engineering strategies such as tanks-in-series systems that can alleviate ethanol inhibition in yeast cells should be developed and integrated with the ORP control. When ORP control was applied, the ORP profile detected during ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast was more stable, compared with that observed in ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating yeast, indicating that the morphological change associated with the flocculation of yeast cells and micro-environment created within yeast flocs not only attenuated the flocculation of ORP, but also might prevent yeast lysis, which would benefit process control and optimization. MethodsYeast strain, media and ethanol fermentationThe flocculating yeast strain was developed at Dr. Bai’s lab at of Technology[19]. This strain was cultured in the YPD medium composed of (g/L): yeast extract, 4; peptone, 3; glucose, 30; to the mid-log phase (around 18 h) in shake flasks, and inoculated into fermentor with 1 L working volume. The media contains (g/L): yeast extract, 6; peptone, 8; along with three different glucose concentrations: 201 ± 3. 1, 252 ± 2. 9 for high gravity fermentation, or 298 ± 3. 8 for VHG fermentation. The inoculum level was 10% of the working volume. Temperature and pH were controlled at 30°C and 4. 5, respectively. The agitation rate was set at 150 rpm for all runs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: , Shuman, C. A. , and Stevens, L. A. : The 32-year record-high surface melt in 2019/2020 on the northern 15, 909–925, 2021. Bazin, L. , Landais, A. , Lemieux-Dudon, B. , Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H. , Veres, D. , Parrenin, F. , Martinerie, P. , Ritz, C. , Capron, E. , Lipenkov, V. , Loutre, M. -F. , Raynaud, D. , Vinther, B. , Svensson, A. , Rasmussen, S. O. , Severi, M. , Blunier, T. , Leuenberger, M. , Fischer, H. , Masson-Delmotte, V. , Chappellaz, J. , and Wolff, E. : An optimized multi-proxy, multi-site Antarctic ice and gas orbital chronology (AICC2012): 120–800 ka, Clim. Past, 9, 1715–1731, 2013. Beaudon, E. , Moore, J. C. , Martma, T. , Pohjola, V. A. , Wal, R. S. W. , Kohler, J. , and Isaksson, E. : Lomonosovfonna and Holtedahlfonna ice cores reveal east-west disparities of the Spitsbergen environment since AD 1700, J. Glaciol. , 59, 1069–1083, 2013. Bell, R. E. , Chu, W. , Kingslake, J. , Das, I. , Tedesco, M. ,. , Boghosian, A. , and Lee, W. S. : Antarctic ice shelf potentially stabilized by export of meltwater in surface river, Nature, 544, 344–348, 2017. and Kingslake, J. : Antarctic surface hydrology and impacts on ice-sheet mass balance, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 1044–1052, 2018. Birner, B. , Buizert, C. , Wagner, T. J. W. , and Severinghaus, J. P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Protective effects of ginseng saponins on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal degeneration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2005;48:743-756. . Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. J 2009;87:1904-1912. . Neurochemical and histologic characterization of striatal excitotoxic lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J Neurosci 1993;13:4181-4192. . 3-Nitropropionic acid animal model and Huntington's disease. Rev 1997;21:289-293. Kim SU, de Vellis J. Microglia in health and disease. J 2005;81:302-313. . Anti-infl ammatory mechanism of ginseng saponins in activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2009;209:40-49. . Anti-infl ammatory mechanism of ginsenoside Rh1 in lipopolysaccharidestimulated microglia: critical role of the protein kinase A pathway and hemeoxygenase-1 expression. J Neurochem 2010;115:1668-1680. Mulder DW. Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 1982;36:15-22. . Rats expressing human cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase transgenes with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: associated mutations develop motor neuron disease. J Neurosci 2001;21:9246-9254. . Onset and progression in inherited ALS determined by motor neurons and microglia. Science 2006;312:1389-1392. . Caspase-1 and -3 are sequentially activated in motor neuron death in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase-mediated familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2000;97:13901-13906. Rowland LP. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: theories and therapies. 1994;35:129-130. . Microarray analysis of the cellular pathways involved in the adaptation to and progression of motor neuron injury in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of familial ALS. J Neurosci 2007;27:9201-9219. . Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2009;4:3. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The researchers found that although TIE-1’s ability to produce PHB varied in different conditions, electron capture (from iron or poised electrodes) through photoferroautotrophy was among the most effective processes available for PHB production. Through further studies of TIE-1’s gene expression, they suggest a future possibility to fine-tune and enhance PHB production by this microbe. These discoveries paved the way for additional studies of how sustainable bioplastics could be produced using widely available resources, including light, electricity, iron, and CO2. : Sean Garcia, in St. bioplastics can be manufactured on industrial scales, researchers will still need to address limitations in electron uptake in the specific context of PHB production within microbial electrochemical cells. In their latest study from 2020, and her team explored potential improvements to electron uptake, through modifications to the cell’s cathode. In their design, conductive materials were developed from a combination of nanop4. 2 times more PHB than an electrochemical cell with an unmodified carbon felt electrode; and up to 20 times as much as the yields achieved in previous studies, using standard graphite electrodes. The success of the experiment now presents clear routes to the industrial-scale production of sustainable PHB. This creates a pathway for sustainable bioplastic production that bypasses the need for the crude oil required for conventional plastic manufacturing. their use in plastic production, organic molecules are also highly desired for the energy they release when combusted. In previous studies, researchers have explored the use of microbes such as cyanobacteria to produce sustainable biofuels. However, these organisms produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Biofuel synthesis can have limited efficiency when pathways involve oxygen-sensitive enzymes. In a further 2020 study, and her team studied how TIE-1 could be exploited to produce a biofuel named n-butanol. As a fuel, n-butanol is particularly desirable for its high energy content and low tendency to vaporise or dissolve in water without combusting, compared with ethanol, a commonly used biofuel. During their experiments, and her team constructed a mutant form of TIE-1 that could not fix nitrogen. This mutant is unable to grow when nitrogen gas is the only nitrogen source.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Improving surface melt estimation over the Sheet using deep learning: a proof of concept over the Shelf, The Cryosphere, 15, 5639–5658, 2021. Huber, C. J. , Eichler, A. , Brütsch, S. , Jenk, T. M. , Gabrieli, J. , Barbante, C. , and Schwikowski, M. : Melting influenced signal preservation at Glacier, in: Laboratory of 2020, edited by: Schwikowski, M. and Ammann, M. , Institut, Villingen, 25–25, (last access: 16 May 2024), 2020. Humphrey, N. F. , Harper, J. T. , and Pfeffer, W. T. : Thermal tracking of meltwater retention in Greenland's accumulation area, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 117, F01010, 2012. Humphrey, N. F. , Harper, J. T. , and Meierbachtol, T. W. : Physical limits to meltwater penetration in firn, J. Glaciol. , 67, 952–960, 2021. Iizuka, Y. , Igarashi, M. , Kamiyama, K. , Motoyama, H. , and Watanabe, O. : Ratios of Mg2+/Na+ in snowpack and an ice core at Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard, as an indicator of seasonal melting, J. Glaciol. , 48, 452–460, 2002. IPCC: on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a and 755 pp. , 2019. IPCC: 2021: Science Basis. Contribution of I to the Report of the on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V. , Zhai, P. , Pirani, A. , Connors, S. L. , Péan, C. , Berger, S. , Caud, N. , Chen, Y. , Goldfarb, L. , Gomis, M. I. , Huang, M. , Leitzell, K. , Lonnoy, E. , Matthews, J. B. R. , Maycock, T. K. , Waterfield, T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 3390/ijms14059820 Attenuates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington’s-vol. 2013, 10. 1155/2013/237207 on Alpha-of Hyperplasia vol. 18, 10. 5213/inj. 2014. 18. 4. 179 Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and for of F2 vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0085727 Kyung-Ok--in Rats vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087623 Identification and Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-Glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and for of Rg2(S) vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0096914 Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury vol. 94, 10. 1038/labinvest. 2014. 101 Sungshim-san-mediated Recovery of Cognition and in the vol. 26, 10. 7231/jon. 2015. 26. 3. 319 Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Metabolite Rh3 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglia: of 5′-Adenosine Monophosphate-Pathway vol. 63, 10. 1021/jf506110y Involvement of Connexin40 in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 vol. 36, 10. 1007/s10571-015-0299-y Correlation of cultivation time of Panax ginseng with metabolic profiles of nine ginsenosides and mRNA expression of genes encoding major biosynthetic enzymes vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-015-2049-7 Nitrogen and phosphorus as the factors affecting ginsenoside production in hairy root cultures of Panax quinquefolium cultivated in shake flasks and nutrient sprinkle bioreactor vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-016-2168-9 strain TH-10a vol. 46, 10. 1080/10826068. 2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: As a result, more of the electrons captured by TIE-1 went towards the specific production of n-butanol – increasing the electron yield of the biofuel without a need to increase the cell’s electricity consumption significantly. : Sean Garcia, in St. Away from Today, even as the call to end our reliance on fossil fuels and unsustainable plastics grow increasingly urgent, humanity’s use of these hydrocarbons continues to grow. Through their studies, and her team have now shown how microbial electrosynthesis could be exploited to address these issues – producing both sustainable biofuels and bioplastics through TIE-1-driven CO2 fixation. Alongside its sustainability, the widespread use of biodegradable PHB is highly desired in medical applications – with a biocompatibility that makes it suitable for procedures including drug delivery and reconstructive surgery. Industrial-scale manufacturing of bioplastics and biofuels using microbial electrosynthesis can be achieved using the electricity produced by solar panels – creating a fully sustainable cycle. Ultimately, by exploiting a microbial metabolism that evolved in the distant past, and her team now hope that new methods will emerge that can address some of the most pressing problems of our time. E-book the researchers Arpita BoseDepartment of Biologyin studies the mechanisms that microbes use to survive, and how they can be exploited to address issues related to energy production, pollution, and sustainability. After completing her PhD at the University of Illinois at Urbana, she worked as a research associate at institutions including MIT and Harvard University, before founding her own lab at in in 2015. In her world-leading research, aims to engineer microbial systems for the sustainable production biochemicals and bioenergy, and to tackle issues including the treatment of contaminated water and soil. She also aims to learn more about how microbial phenomena shape our planet, and possibly others. E: abose@wustl. eduW: Tahina RanaivoarisoaDepartment of Biologyin joined the laboratory of in 2015 and is now the laboratory manager. Prior to the role, he was a at the Ambatovy mining project in Madagascar, which he joined after completing his Masters’ degree in Biochemistry and Biotechnology at the University of Louis in 2009.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: , Yelekçi, O. , Yu, R. , and Zhou, B. , and 2391 pp. , 2021. Jennings, K. S. , Kittel, T. G. F. , and Molotch, N. P. : Observations and simulations of the seasonal evolution of snowpack cold content and its relation to snowmelt and the snowpack energy budget, The Cryosphere, 12, 1595–1614, 2018. Johannessen, M. and Henriksen, A. : Chemistry of Snow Meltwater: Changes in Melting, Water Resour. Res. , 14, 615–619, 1978. Johannessen, M. , Dale, T. , Gjessing, E. T. , Henriksen, A. , and Wright, R. F. : Acid precipitation in Norway: the regional distribution of contaminants in snow and the chemical concentration processes during snowmelt, IAHS-AISH P. , 118, 116–120, (last access: 16 May 2024), 1977. Kaczmarska, M. , Isaksson, E. , Karlöf, L. , Brandt, O. , Winther, J. G. , Wal, R. S. W. , Broeke, M. , and Johnsen, S. J. : Ice core melt features in relation to Antarctic coastal climate, Antarct. Sci. , 18, 271–278, 2006. Kameda, T. , Narita, H. , Shoji, H. , Nishio, F. , Fujii, Y. , and Watanabe, O. : Melt features in ice cores from Site J, southern Greenland: some implications for summer climate since AD 1550, Ann. Glaciol. , 21, 51–58, 1995. Kang, S. , Huang, J. , and Xu, Y. : Changes in ionic concentrations and δ18O in the snowpack of Zhadang glacier, Nyainqentanglha mountain, southern Tibetan Plateau, Ann. Glaciol. , 49, 127–134, 2008. Kaspari, S. , McKenzie Skiles, S. , Delaney, I. , Dixon, D. , and Painter, T. H.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1031391 Profiling of ginsenosides in the two medicinal Panax herbs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry vol. 5, 10. 1186/s40064-016-3427-3 Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb1/-Rg1 by Suppressing Th1 and Th17 Cells and T Cells vol. 53, 10. 1007/s12035-015-9131-4 Effects of medicinal plants on Alzheimer's disease and memory deficits vol. 12, 10. 4103/1673-5374. 205108 Ginsenoside Rg1 Abnormalities and Modulates the Change in Mice of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2017, 10. 1155/2017/6473506 Efficacy and Tolerability of Phytomedicines in Patients: A Review vol. 31, 10. 1007/s40263-017-0466-4 Exploring the Effect of Ginsenoside Rh1 in a Sleep Deprivation-Model vol. 31, 10. 1002/ptr. 5797 Ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry determination of eight bioactive components of Kai-Xin-San in rat plasma and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and Alzheimer's disease rats vol. 40, 10. 1002/jssc. 201601343 Complete genome sequencing of Arachidicoccus ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. , and its application for production of minor ginsenosides by finding a novel ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase vol. 7, 10. 1039/C7RA02612A Ginsenoside-Rb1-Mediated Anti-angiogenesis via Regulating PEDF and miR-33a through the Activation of PPAR-γ Pathway vol. 8, 10. 3389/fphar. 2017. 00783 Inhibition of Autophagy is Involved in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Injury 10. 1007/s10571-017-0527-8 Terpenoids as promising therapeutic molecules against Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid beta- and acetylcholinesterase-directed pharmacokinetic and molecular docking analyses vol. 44, 10. 1080/08927022. 2017.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: His roles in Dr Bose’s lab include designing and directing experiments involving Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 to produce bioplastics and biofuels. Alongside these roles, Ranaivoarisoa is responsible for training students on laboratory techniques. E: ranaivoarisoao@wustl. eduW: Rajesh SinghDepartment of Biologyin joined the laboratory of in 2016 as a postdoctoral research associate and is now a staff scientist. His research centres around investigating microbial diversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and studying how these microbes shape the ecology and environment. received his PhD from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio where he studied mineral/metal-microbe interactions, highlighting the potential implications of microbes in metal bioremediation. In the Bose lab, he is responsible for designing and conducting geomicrobiological experiments using freshwater and marine phototrophs to bring new insights on their role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements such as iron and carbon. E: rsingh24@wustl. eduW: Karthikeyan RengasamyDepartment of Biologyin is a staff scientist in the Bose lab. He received his PhD in microbial electrochemical technology from the in India. He has acquired experience in the characterisation of electroactive biofilms using various electrochemical analytical techniques to understand microbial electron transfer. Currently, is working on various novel aspects of photosensitive microbes with charged electrodes. His research focuses on understanding electromicrobiology under different environments including light, dark, fresh water, sea water and various wetland soils. E: karthikeyanrengasamy@wustl. edu joined the Bose lab in 2015 as a research assistant. She received her PhD in Energy, Environment & Chemical engineering from in St. Louis in 2020. Her research in the Bose lab focused on investigating the possibility of using sustainable and naturally abundant resources to synthesise carbon-neutral biofuels with a purple non-sulfur bacterium. She also developed novel genetic engineering tools with high efficiency and accuracy. Currently, is a scientist at Amyris. Inc, working on designing and constructing genetically modified yeast for target molecule production from sustainable resources using metabolic engineering techniques. E: bai@amyris.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Accelerated glacier melt on due to deposition of black carbon and mineral dust from wildfire, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 120, 2793–2807, 2015. Kawakami, K. , Iizuka, Y. , Matoba, S. , Aoki, T. , and Ando, T. : Inclusions in ice layers formed by melting and refreezing processes in a Greenland ice core, J. Glaciol. , 69, 790–802, 2022. and Baker, I. : Climate change and forest fires synergistically drive widespread melt events of the Sheet. , P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 7964–7967, 2014. and Baker, I. : on Within a Firn Column, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 124, 830–837, 2019. Kinnard, C. ,. , Sharp, M. J. , Nicholson, L. , and Lauriol, B. : Stratigraphic analysis of an ice core from the Prince of using digital image analysis: High-resolution density, past summer warmth reconstruction, and melt effect on ice core solid conductivity, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 113, D24120, 2008. Koenig, L. S. , Miège, C. , Forster, R. R. , and Brucker, L. : Initial in situ measurements of perennial meltwater storage in the Greenland firn aquifer, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 41, 81–85, 2014. Koerner, R. M. : on Superimposition of Ice on the Ice Cap, N. W. T. Canada, Geogr. Ann. A, 52, 57–67, 1970. Koerner, R. M. : Ice Cap: and Paleoclimate, Science, 196, 15–18, 1977a. Koerner, R. M. : Distribution of microp4770. 371-376-118-Koerner. pdf (last access: 16 May 2024), 1977b. Koerner, R. M. : Evidence for of the Sheet in the Last Interglacial, Science, 244, 964–968, 1989. Koerner, R. M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1334880 Effects of Kyung-Ok-Ko on in vol. 19, 10. 1089/rej. 2015. 1787 Forestalling the Epidemics of Parkinson's Plant-vol. 5, 10. 3389/fnut. 2018. 00095 vol. 16, 10. 1111/pbi. 12926 -Mix on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 21, 10. 1089/jmf. 2018. 4180 -induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation by modulating MAPK/NF-κB pathway vol. 9, 10. 1039/C8FO00795K Effect and Safety of Formula (还脑益聪方) on Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Donepezil-10. 1007/s11655-018-3054-7 Gintonin, a Ginseng-from Hypoxic and Re-oxygenation Stimulation of 10. 1007/s12035-018-1308-1 of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Extract on Glutamate-Stress in HT22 Cells via HO-1/Nrf2 Pathways vol. 10, 10. 3390/nu10070926 Multi-Effects of Gintonin in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-of Parkinson’s Disease via Receptors vol. 9, 10. 3389/fphar. 2018. 00515 of Antioxidants in Huntington’s Disease: an 10. 1007/s12640-018-9989-9 in humans: Implications for research design and analysis 10. 1002/brb3. 1217 and its constituents, ginsenosides and gintonin, in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders: a patent review vol. 29, 10. 1080/13543776. 2019. 1556258 Characteristic study on the chemical components of Korean curved ginseng products vol. 37, 10. 5142/jgr. 2013. 37. 349 Panax ginseng is neuroprotective in a novel progressive model of Parkinson's disease vol. 50, pp. None, 2012, Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products vol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5% switchgrass as the sole carbon source showed a similar profile to that on cellobiose, with the Δldh strain producing 38% and 40% more acetate and 55% and 70% more hydrogen than wild-type and parent strains (Figure 3E). Growth yield increases upon deletion of ldhGrowth of JWCB017 was compared to the wild type and parental strains in defined media [29] supplemented with either 0. 5% maltose or 0. 5% cellobiose. While growth of the ΔpyrFA parent strain on both maltose (Figure 4A) and cellobiose (Figure 4B) was indistinguishable from the wild type [29], the JWCB017 mutant strain reached a 34-53% higher final optical density than the wild type and parent. Interestingly, while the growth rate was comparable, the exponential growth phase of JWCB017 was extended resulting in higher cell densities. Figure 4Growth (O. D. 680 nm ) comparison of wild-type and mutant strains. (A) 0. 5% of maltose and (B) 0. 5% cellobiose as the carbon source; filled circles, Wild-type; open circles, ΔpyrFA (JWCB005); filled triangles, ΔpyrFA Δldh (JWCB017). Error bars based on three biologically independent experiments. Full size imageDiscussionWe have built upon recent advances in the genetic manipulation of Caldicellulosiruptor[14, 27, 28] to delete the gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase. While the wild type strain produced roughly equimolar amounts of acetate and lactate, the JWCB017 mutant strain no longer produced lactate, instead rerouting carbon and electron flux to acetate and H2, respectively. JWCB001 (~1. 8 mol/mol of glucose) and JWCB005 (~1. 7 mol/mol of glucose) appeared a bit lower in hydrogen yield than reported values for C. saccharolyticus (~2. 5 mol/mol of glucose) [22]. However, in this report, C. saccharolyticus was grown in culture media with added yeast extract, which improves yields [22]. JWCB017 (~3. 4 mol/mol of glucose) was more than that reported for C. saccharolyticus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: : Firn core evidence of two-way feedback mechanisms between meltwater percolation and firn microstructure from the western percolation zone of the Sheet, J. Geophys. Res. -Earth, 128, e2022JF006752, 2023. McGurk, B. J. and Kattelmann, R. C. : Evidence of liquid water flow through snow from thick-section photography, in: 1988 Science Workshop, Whistler, 12–15 October 1988, 137–139, (last access: 16 May 2024), 1988. McLeod, J. T. and Mote, T. L. : Linking interannual variability in extreme Greenland blocking episodes to the recent increase in summer melting across the Greenland ice sheet, Int. J. Climatol. , 36, 1484–1499, 2016. Meyer, C. R. and Hewitt, I. J. : A continuum model for meltwater flow through compacting snow, The Cryosphere, 11, 2799–2813, 2017. Meyer, T. and Wania, F. : Modeling the elution of organic chemicals from a melting homogeneous snow pack, Water Res. , 45, 3627–3637, 2011. Miller, O. , Solomon, D. K. , Miège, C. , Koenig, L. , Forster, R. , Schmerr, N. , Ligtenberg, S. R. M. , Legchenko, A. , Voss, C. I. , Montgomery, L. , and McConnell, J. R. : Hydrology of a Aquifer in Southeast Greenland: Driven by Field Data, Water Resour. Res. , 56, e2019WR026348, 2020. Mitchell, L. E. , Buizert, C. ,. , Baggenstos, D. , Orsi, A. , Severinghaus, J. , Alley, R. B. , Albert, M. ,. , Maselli, O. , Gregory, S. , and Ahn, J. : Observing and modeling the influence of layering on bubble trapping in polar firn, J. Geophys. Res. , 120, 2558–2574, 2015. Moore, J. C. and Grinsted, A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1, 10. 1016/j. jef. 2014. 11. 007 Protopanaxtriol protects against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in a rat model of Huntington's disease vol. 36, 10. 1038/aps. 2014. 107 of of Medicine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review vol. 44, 10. 1142/s0192415x16500853 to and Treatments with Medicine vol. 2016, pp. None, 2016, Use of Gold Nanop10. 4014/jmb. 1604. 04034 Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants vol. 61, 10. 1007/s11434-015-0929-2 Ginseng (Panax sp. ) proteomics: an update vol. 60, 10. 1007/s13765-017-0283-y Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer's disease vol. 42, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2017. 12. 008 of a Traditional Multi-Kyung-Ok-Ko in an of Parkinson's Disease: Inhibition of MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways and Activation of Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway vol. 9, pp. None, 2012, A Review of in vol. 8, 10. 15171/apb. 2018. 066 Chinese herbal medicine Qinggongshoutao for the treatment of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A 52-week randomized controlled trial vol. 5, 10. 1016/j. trci. 2019. 03. 001 Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 of Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702: Effect on Scopolamine-Dysfunction in Mice vol. 11, 10. 3390/nu11051120ASK-1 and Activation of Nrf2-in Beta-Amyloid-Challenged SH-SY5Y Cells vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24152687 Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates CKD‐associated vascular calcification by inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway vol. 23, 10. 1111/jcmm.

Output: pass