Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: The second target compound pterostilbene, which has been shown to have health benefits such as lowering cholesterol and glucose levels [22], can be synthesized in Escherichia coli through the identified optimal pathway, which consists of four enzymatic conversions starting with the native compound tyrosine, or the level one sub-optimal pathway, which has five enzymatic conversions starting with phenylalanine (Fig. 2b). A second level sub-optimal pathway could not be identified for this compound. Theoretical yields were predicted using RetSynth’s FBA module to be 0. 24 and 0. 02 (mol/mol of glucose) for methyl acetate and pterostilbene, respectively. These compounds are just two examples of the 3462 compounds that we were able to quickly and efficiently discover optimal and sub-optimal pathways. Fig. 2Optimal and sub-optimal pathways. Optimal and sub-optimal pathways identified by RetSynth for methyl acetate (a), and pterostilbene (b). Red indicates compound targets, magenta indicates native compounds to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655Full size image Of the 3462 targets, 513 compounds had optimal and sub-optimal level one and two pathways, 1125 compounds had optimal and sub-optimal level one pathways, and for the remaining 1824 compounds only had optimal pathways. The average number of pathways identified for a compound was 7 and the average time it took to calculate all pathways for a compound was 8 minutes (Fig. 3). Some compounds significantly exceeded the average time, which is due to the process of eliminating cyclic pathways. When a cyclic pathway is identified, constraints must be added to the MILP to prevent the pathway from being identified as a viable route to production (Additional file 1). The MILP is then resolved to calculate an alternative pathway. Thus, compounds with multiple cyclic pathways dramatically increase the time required to find optimal routes to production. Fig. 3Optimal and sub-optimal pathways. Number of pathways versus time for each target compound. Red dashed lines indicate the averages on the Y and X axis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Spiders have unique adaptations, such as hydraulic pressure in their legs, which helps them move. [SEP] Text: 1163/1568539X-00003564 Language: English Pages: 969–996 Keywords: behavioural flexibility; cave spiders; dispersal; orb web geometry; prey capture; Tetragnathidae In: Behaviour In: : Issue 10 Received: 19 Nov 2018 Accepted: 21 May 2019 Publisher: Brill E-ISSN: 1568-539: 0005-7959 Subjects: Biology & Environmental Sciences, 775. Ades, C. (1986). A construção de teia geométrica como programa comportamental. — Cién. Cult. 38: 760-775. )| falseSearch 879. Alvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2011). Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidae). — Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 162: 713-879. )| falseSearch 92. . & Hohenlohe, P. A. (2016). Harnessing the power of RADseq for ecological and evolutionary genomics. — Nature Rev. Genet. 17: 81-92. )| falseSearch 549. Barrantes, G. & Eberhard, W. G. (2012). Extreme behavioral adjustments by an orb-web spider to restricted space. — Ethology 118: 438-549. )| falseSearch 114. & Weyman, G. S. (2005). Ballooning dispersal using silk: world fauna, phylogenies, genetics and models. — Bull. Entomol. Res. 95: 69-114. )| falseSearch 1164. Benamú, M. A. , Schneider, M. I. , Gonzalez, A. & Sanchez, N. E. (2013). Short and long-term effects of three neurotoxic insecticides on biological and behavioural attributes of the orb-web spider Alpaida venilae (Araneae, Araneidae): implications for IPM programs. — Ecotoxicology 22: 1155-1164. )| falseSearch 26. Bergthaler, G. J. (1995). The cocoon of Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) — a SEM study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The eighteen aloe vera plants were categorized into six groups, depending on the cultivation and seasonal variation, along with plant condition [Group 1: cultivation in soil, harvest in summer (plants #1–3); Group 2: cultivation in soil, harvest in winter (plants #4–6); Group 3: cultivation in pot, harvest in summer (plants #7–9); Group 4: cultivation in pot, harvest in winter (plants #10–12); Group 5: cultivation in pot, harvest in winter, indoor cultivation (plants #13–15); Group 6: cultivation in pot, plants under stress (plants #16–18)]. Determination of compounds in the plant offshoots was also studied. Thirteen commercial aloe products were purchased from various stores in Cyprus. Ten of these products were aloe vera juice drinks, whose labels indicated the absence of aloins; two of these were pharmaceutical products (tabs that support healthy digestion and colon cleansing), and dried aloe vera gel snacks. 2. 3. Instrumentation and All experiments were performed on an HPLC system from Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan), equipped with a pump (LC-10AD), a PDA detector (SPD-M20A), an autosampler (SIL-20AHT) and a thermostat column compartment (CTO-10ASVP). The PDA detector was set at 357 nm for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin. For quantitative purposes, the wavelength of 220 nm was selected for aloe emodin, since maximum absorption was observed at this particular wavelength. The analysis of samples was carried out using an column Venusil XBP C18 (L) 4. 6 mm x 150 mm and 5 µm p2. 4. The leaf from the aloe plant was initially cut into three equal pieces. Then, they were turned over, with their tip cut, in a pre-weighed beaker for latex collection. The collection time varied from 1, 4. 5 and 24 hours. The obtained yellow liquid was dried in the oven for one hour at 50 oC, and the beaker was weighed again. Subsequently, a volume of 70% v/v MeOH was added, corresponding to 100 times the weight of the mass.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: The design flow for this software follows three main steps: 1) generation of a metabolic database filled with stoichiometrically balanced reactions from four metabolic repositories ((Enzyme and Metabolic Pathways), MetaCyc, UM-BBD (University of Minnesota Biocatalyst/Biodegradation database), 2) calculation of the maximum theoretical yield of the target compound with no restriction on whether native or non-native reactions are used, and 3) identification of the pathway that minimizes the number of non-native reactions and maximizes theoretical yield. Additionally, OptStrain identifies alternative pathways that meet both the criteria of minimization of non-native reactions and maximum theoretical yield. Because the software is no longer supported, a direct comparison to RetSynth could not be performed. However, there are numerous key differences between the two software. RetSynth allows the user direct control of the pathways they identify, specifically the level of sub-optimal pathways to find, and does not directly tie them to the yield of the target compound which ultimately results in a more comprehensive list of synthetic pathways to evaluate. The user also has more ability to add a variety of different types of reactions and compounds to the RetSynth database, including those from the literature that are not yet in a repository, as well as chemical reactions. Integrating chemical reactions into the database permits the user to also identify hybrid (containing both biological and chemical reactions) pathways. Because all targets cannot be produced biologically, this gives the user more pathways than would have otherwise be achieved using OptStrain. Additionally, the overall usability of RetSynth far surpasses OptStrain’s, primarily because RetSynth has an easy-to-use graphical user interface and is a stand-alone software package, precluding the need for any knowledge of programming or command-line usage. Overall, these features of RetSynth result in a more comprehensive and functional tool than what OptStrain currently provides. GEM-PathThe GEM-Path algorithm uses several different techniques to design pathways for target compound production in a chassis organism [6]. This algorithm specifically uses 443 reactions that were pulled from and KEGG repositories to identify pathways in Escherichia coli.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many species of bats use echolocation to navigate and hunt for insects in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: 'Our Soldiers' upon the HeartNecessary for the Voyage of LifeSonnet ("I gazed upon the silent burial-ground")Nature's Help for the SoulNature a 's GroveOctober ("All day, admist the forests' splendor bright")and the Statesmanof Science, And of of the Springof TimeMotherHymn: of the SpiritHymn ("Admist the pastures green")of the come the Dead? 's TreasuresClose sectionSonnets on Reconstruction I. A Nation's. . IV. ("A unity complete, assured, and high") Reflections on the History of and the of at the Dedication of the of Science, Salem, Aug. 18, 1869have hoarded up treasure in the last days. —James 5:3Hymn: BodyHymn: of a Mother's surprises and the capture of capitals, are the events of a by-gone age. D'-'s SongsHymn, Sung at the of the Society, Salem. April 21, 1871of History Unlearnedof The GentilesTo a CloudThe Child's Dream of Reaching the 's of WinterInterpreting God's of MayOn the of the Christian Church, The Catholic, the Protestant, and the GreekO'Clock Bell"Are there Few that be Saved? " Luke 13:23the from Cook's Hill, in West PeabodySigns in the Natural WorldA Walk in Harmony Groveof Jabezof the FlowerDanvers Burying-GroundHymn ("He loveth not! he knows not God! ")Norman's RocksOn visiting the beautiful estate of H. H. Hunnewell, Esq. , at Wellesleyof a little child shall lead them. Isaiah XI. 6of RainOn the front of the house of the late Capt. Robert W. GouldOctober ("How beautiful the sight of woods still fair")Builders: the work of the late J. W. FosterBlessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comfortedThere shall be one Flock, one Shepherdof Salem: Illustrated by George M. WhiteColumbines and Anemonesin WinterReverenceInward PhenomenaTo the Memory of of the a Lichen from North Cape: Gathered by Mr. J. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The mixture was sonicated for 30 minutes at room temperature and then adjusted to its initial volume by adding the required amount of 70% v/v MeOH. The solution was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0. 45-µm PTFE filter. Before HPLC analysis, the extract was diluted with 70% v/v MeOH with a ratio of 1:10. As far as the aloe-based products are concerned, the initial steps of the sample preparation procedure were varied. In particular, for the aloe-based tablets, 8–10 tabs were grounded and homogenized. A portion of 10 mg of the homogenized tab was added into 10 mL of 70% v/v MeOH and the solution was sonicated for 30 minutes. For the aloe vera juice, a volume of 5 mL juice and a volume of 10 mL 70% v/v MeOH were mixed and sonicated for 30 minutes. For the dried aloe vera snack, 2 g were blended in a mixer. A 20-mg of dried aloe vera was added into 10 mL MeOH 70% v/v and then the mixture was sonicated for 30 minutes. The remaining extraction steps were the same as the ones used for the latex, except for the dilution of the extract. 2. 5. and Validation of The developed method was validated for precision in terms of repeatability and reproducibility via intraday and interday validation, respectively. In the first case, the standard solution was analyzed by use of HPLC nine consecutive times within the same day, while in the second case, the analysis was performed in five consecutive days (3 replicate analyses per day). A minimum of five different concentrations were prepared to estimate the linearity of all analytes. Linear least square regression was used to determine the mean intercepts, the mean slope and the coefficients of the calibration curves. For aloins A and B, two different calibration curves were constructed. The one with higher concentrations was used to quantify the compounds in the latex of aloe vera plant, whereas the calibration curve with lower concentrations was used in the analysis of aloe-based products.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Red indicates compound targets, magenta indicates native compounds to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655Full size image RetSynth and RetroPath were able to identify 3 pathways for production of 2-propanol in Escherichia coli (Fig. 6a). Pathways identified by the tools consisted of 1) the conversion of native compound farnesyl diphosphate to 2-propanol in 3 enzymatic conversions, 2) the conversion of native compound acetoacetate to 2-propanol in 2 enzymatic conversions, and 3) the conversion of methylglyoxal to 2-propanol in 3 enzymatic conversions. Both tools were also able to find synthetic pathways for 2-methylbutanal (Fig. 2b). RetSynth was able to find 3 pathways, all of which contained 2 enzymatic steps. All pathways produce the intermediate 3-methy-2-oxopentanoate (which is subsequently converted to 2-methylbutanal) from 3 different native compounds including 2-methylbutanoyl CoA, isoleucine and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate. RetroPath was only able to identify one pathway which was the conversions of isoleucine to 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and then to 2-methylbutanal. Finally, for isobutanol 3 pathways of almost identical enzymatic conversions were found by RetroPath and RetSynth (Fig. 6c). Both identified the 3-step pathway which takes valine and produces isobutanol as well as a 2-step pathway which takes 3-methyl-2 oxobutanoate and produces isobutanol. The final pathway of 3 enzymatic conversion steps starts again with native compound 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate and transforms it into isobutanoyl-CoA and then into isobutanal and subsequently isobutanol. The second step is catalyzed by EC 1. 2. 1. 10 in RetSynth and EC 3. 6. 1. - in RetroPath2. 0. The removal of CoA from a substrate is represented by a general reaction in RetroPath and therefore the corresponding enzyme is less specific than what is given by RetSynth. Overall RetSynth was able to identify pathways for a larger set of compounds than RetroPath.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, have a keen sense of smell and vision, unlike echolocating bats. [SEP] Text: The extra weight of the tags (~3–4 g) (Portugal et al. , 2018; Kline et al. , 2021) did not appear to strongly impact the number of prey attacks nor the ability to capture food since (i) both tagged (Videos 1 and 5) and un-tagged trained bats quickly learned to intercept aerial and ground prey in the lab with similar success ratios as in the wild (Supplementary file 1), and (ii) the wild tagged bats spent the same amount of time on foraging outside the colony as bats equipped with lighter (0. 4 g) telemetry transmitters (Egert-Berg et al. , 2018). The discrepancy between the inferred intake of thousands of insects per night from a smaller bat species (Encarnação and Dietz, 2006), and the measured total prey captures in our study is, therefore, more likely to relate to the dramatic difference in prey sizes between the prey species rather than a reduced foraging effort due to tagging effects. Given our measured total prey captures and prey sizes, wild greater mouse-eared bats in our study assimilated an average of 61. 4 kJ/night per bat (assuming 82% assimilation) (Figure 3G). This is higher than the estimated field metabolic rate (FMR) of the similar-sized female lesser long-nosed bats (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) of 40 kJ/day (Goldshtein et al. , 2020), but close to the allometric scaling estimate of the FMR of a 30 g bat based on heart rate measurements from wild-tagged 18 g Uroderma bilobatum (FMRM. myo = FMRU. bil * (30 g/18 g)0. 7 = 65. 5 kJ/day) (O’Mara et al. , 2017). Thus, despite making less than 100 prey captures per night, the estimated food intake of the tagged bats matches their predicted FMR. The bats in our study on average reached their predicted energetic requirement in a full night of foraging, but only just so, suggesting either feeding to satiation or perhaps alternatively that they might have little scope to compensate for changes in their environment. Since the bats fly out just after sunset and return early in the morning, they are vulnerable to any disturbance or change in habitat quality that reduces their foraging intake.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The use of C18 (150 mm) resulted in a better efficiency while the analysis time was similar for both columns. In particular, the peak efficiencies for columns C18 and C8 were 32564 and 14817 for aloin A, 27764 and 12288 for aloin B, and 80700 and 25889 for aloe emodin, respectively. At the same time, no significant differences were observed in analysis time using both C8 (21 min) and C18 (24 min) stationary phases. The mobile phase consisted of water and ACN in different ratios. The analysis was performed by either isocratic or gradient elution. In particular, for isocratic elution, baseline separation for aloins was achieved only by water 80% and ACN 20%. However, a peak tailing appeared and the analysis time was greater than 60 minutes. It was observed that gradient elution provided better separation in terms of analysis time and peak shape. The optimal gradient elution was water and ACN decreased from 80–50% and increased from 20–50%, respectively, until 20 minutes. Then, the solvent ratio remained constant at 50% for both water and ACN. The effect of temperature was also examined in regards to analysis time and resolution. In this study, the temperature varied from 25 oC to 40 oC. Although an increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in analysis time, the optimum temperature was 25 oC, due to the instability of analytes at high temperatures. The use of the above optimum conditions resulted in a total run time of 22 minutes. The retention times for aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were 10. 47, 9. 49 and 20. 91 minutes, respectively. In this case, the resolution of aloins A and B was 4. 1. Figure 1 demonstrates the chromatograms obtained from the analysis of aloe vera samples (latex extract and aloe juice) under the optimum chromatographic conditions. 3. 2. The intraday and interday precisions for aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were evaluated by computing relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention times. In the first case, RSD was obtained from nine consecutive chromatographic runs, while in the second case, it was obtained by use of fifteen runs (three replicate runs per day performed in five consecutive days).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Additionally, RetSynth’s supplementary capabilities, including identifying theoretical yields for target compounds as well as incorporating chemical reactions into the database of external reactions makes it highly versatile for individual user needs. RetSynth can be easily run using the graphical user interface and can implement usage of multiple processors, enabling quick identification of synthetic pathways for large sets of target compounds. Currently, RetSynth can only generate pathways with reactions that are known enzymatic transformations while RetroPath, by having a database of reaction allows the software to predict novel enzyme transformations. While this RetroPath feature undoubtedly has advantages in discovering production pathways, the goal of RetSynth is to provide the most feasible pathways for target production and therefore using known reactions ultimately makes pathways provided by RetSynth more likely to be functional. Furthermore, because RetSynth is a stand-alone software package it is extremely easy to use and does not require downloading any outside software. Currently, RetroPath is used through KNIME for which the installation and usage can be challenging. All of these features enable RetSynth to perform more comprehensive and system-wide metabolic studies than is currently available from other tools. RetSynth graphical user interface modeIn addition to RetSynth’s command-line interface, a simple graphical user interface (GUI) is available for both MacOS and Windows (Fig. 7). The GUI, which was constructed with the python package Tkinter, provides the same options to the user as the command-line interface including designating a target compound and chassis organism, selecting the level of sub-optimal pathways to identify, predicting maximum theoretical yield using FBA, and the ability to generate a new custom database from metabolic repositories and/or KEGG. To save the user time, a basic default database is included with the application, allowing users to identify pathways in Escherichia coli. The application outputs all pathway information into figures and text/excel files to the user’s desktop or a user-specified directory. The GUI enables RetSynth to be used by a broader user-base compared to other tools currently available. Fig. 7RetSynth Application. A graphical user interface for RetSynthFull size image ConclusionsRetSynth is an open-source, stand-alone software tool for identifying optimal and sub-optimal pathways to biological, chemical and hybrid production of target chemicals.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, have a keen sense of smell and vision, unlike echolocating bats. [SEP] Text: Behavioral analysis (Tag type A) Request a detailed protocol To evaluate time allocation, we analyzed data from 15 tags (tag type A) that included both accelerometer and magnetometer data necessary for the analysis. We separated times of rest from flight through the identification of wingbeat epochs. Wingbeats were detected as cyclic oscillations in the z-axis dimension of the accelerometer data. We first band-pass filtered the z-axis dimension of accelerometer data (from 5 to 25 Hz) by a delay-free symmetric FIR filter (filter length: 1024 samples, sample rate: 100 Hz). We then identified flight epochs as the time intervals where a running mean of 50 s of the wingbeat data was above a threshold of 20 m/s2. A window length of 50 s was chosen to avoid short, flight epochs consisting of only a few wingbeats. For each flight epoch, we identified times of foraging from traveling by changes in the heading because the bats fly straight towards and between foraging grounds (Egert-Berg et al. , 2018). When the bats fly straight to the foraging grounds during commuting flights, the heading is stable over time since they maintain a fixed straight body position during flight. However, when foraging at hunting grounds, the bats fly around in circles, loops or perform erratic flight maneuvers that are translated into a higher variation in the heading compared to when bats fly straight. We used this difference in flight pattern to separate comuuting and foraging flights. To do this, we first computed heading over the entire night by gimballing low-pass (3 Hz) filtered triaxial magnetic field measurements with the pitch and roll estimated from down-sampled and low-pass filtered (3 Hz) accelerometer data (Johnson and Tyack, 2003). We applied a running mean of 50 s to the heading measurements to evaluate foraging bouts. We chose a length of 50 s similar to the minimum foraging bout length used by Hurme et al. , 2019 and in our GPS analysis. Foraging bouts were identified as time intervals where the envelope of the signal was above a threshold of 0. 05. Due to the large variation between animals, this threshold was raised to 0. 3 for six tag recordings to avoid more than 10 switches between traveling and foraging per night as used by Hurme et al. , 2019 and in our GPS analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In all cases, RSD values were below 0. 6%. Calibration curves were generated by plotting the peak area versus the analyte concentrations in standard solutions. Linear correlation was observed with R2 values greater than 0. 99. LODs and LOQs ranged from 0. 06-16. 00 µg/mL and 0. 17–48. 40 µg/mL, respectively. All this data is demonstrated in Table 1. In addition, all analytes demonstrated excellent extraction recoveries (latex extracts), with values ranging from 97–99%. Table 1 Range of calibration curve, linear equation, coefficients of determination (R2), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), intraday and interday validation. (mg/mL) Linear equation R2 LOD (µg/mL) LOQ (µg/mL) Intraday (n = 9) RSD% Interday (5 days) RSD% 0. 1–0. 5 y = 21854855x-636924 0. 999 16. 0 48. 4 0. 16 0. 49 0. 0002-0. 01 y = 39860424x + 1133 0. 999 0. 06 0. 17 0. 05–0. 25 y = 18273742x-163888 0. 999 7. 30 22. 2 0. 17 0. 50 0. 0002-0. 01 y = 14374441x + 285 0. 999 0. 07 0. 20 Aloe emodin 0. 0025-0. 2 y = 61738263-65079 0. 998 4. 88 14. 79 0. 15 0. 51 3. 3. Another important factor to consider was the stability of the standard solutions and the latex extracts. To evaluate this parameter, acidified and non-acidified standard solutions and latex extracts were prepared and stored at room temperature for 336 hours. At different time periods, analysis was performed, peak areas were determined and the results were expressed as a percentage of non-degradation (Tables 2 and 3). For time t = 0, the percentage was 100%. It was observed that the standard solutions of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were more stable upon the addition of 0. 1% acetic acid. The stability of the analytes was maintained over a period of 48 hours.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: A comparative analysis of the properties of regulated promoter systems commonly used for recombinant gene expression in Escherichia coli access Published: 18 March 2013 A comparative analysis of the properties of regulated promoter systems commonly used for recombinant gene expression in Escherichia coli Simone Balzer1, Veronika Kucharova1, Judith Megerle2, Rahmi Lale1, Trygve Brautaset3 & …Svein Valla1 Show authors Factories 1. Full size imageTable 1 Plasmids used in this study a Full size tableIt is well known that gene dosage and expression levels often correlate, at least to some extent. In order to investigate any potential gene-specific effects related to this the cassettes were integrated into a mini-RK2 based replicon (pSB-M1b, 5–7 copies per cell [33]), and the pMB1 replicon (15–20 copies per cell [19], Novagen, Invitrogen) used in commercially available vectors such as pET and pBAD. In these two plasmid sets, genes coding for five different model proteins of varying biological origins were placed under control of the five promoters to cover a broad range of problems that may occur during recombinant protein production (Table 2). Note also that the use of one common N-terminal fusion tag for all proteins was avoided to study the effect of the respective promoter-5′-UTR regions on different 5′ coding sequences, as opposed to the study of Tegel et al. [20]. Specific gene sequence dependent parameters such as mRNA secondary structures and the presence of rare codons were taken into account by using optimized (for E. coli) synthetic genes. The corresponding genes were inserted into the two replicon types carrying the different expression cassettes, (Table 1). Not only can expression be directly compared from different regulator/promoter systems using these standardized vectors, but they can also be used more generally as tools to identify an appropriate expression system for the production of any selected target protein. Table 2 Properties of the proteins selected as expression reporters Full size tableDue to the nature of the expression systems it was necessary to use two different E. coli strains as hosts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, have a keen sense of smell and vision, unlike echolocating bats. [SEP] Text: Thus, model 2 a revealed that the variance in prey attacks per night is more explained by individual bats rather than habitat, strategy or movement style (Supplementary file 1). In model 2b, the three predictor variables explained 72. 3% of the deviance of the success ratios. No difference was found when subtracting the random effect for model 2b. This model revealed that there is strong evidence that foraging strategy affects the success ratio of the bats (Supplementary file 1), and that habitat has a weak effect on the success ratio. Foraging style does not have an effect on the success ratio. Model 3: We tested whether the immediate environment affected the foraging decision in bats by investigating the relationship between the dominant foraging strategy and the night of tagging for all 34 bats. The dominant foraging strategy was found as the ratio between aerial and foraging attempts ranging from 0 to 1 (0 meaning 100% aerial foraging; 1 meaning 100% gleaning) and was used as a normally-distributed response variable. The data was fitted with a LMM (function: ‘lmer’ in R) using release night as a categorical fixed effect, and release site as a categorical random effect. Our first model included tag type, tag weight in percent of the bat weight, and lost weight during instrumentation as fixed effects. We examined potential collinearity between these predictor variables using variance inflation factors (‘vif’ in R from package ‘car’ Fox and Weisberg, 2019). There was collinearity between tag type and tag weight, so we excluded tag type from the model. We used model selection procedures (dredge in R-package ‘MuMIn’ Burnham and Anderson, 2002) to examine the best-fitted model using the AICc criterion. The best-fitted model included the night of tagging and release site as the explanatory variable, but excluded tag weights. This suggests that the bats chose a foraging strategy independent on the weight of the tag. The best-fitted model showed that there was strong evidence of individual night on the chosen foraging strategy, indicating that bats on the same nights choose the same foraging strategy (N=10 different nights, 34 bats, and a mean of 3 (2. 1 SD) tags per night (Figure 1—figure supplement 3, Supplementary file 1)).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: After 72 hours, degradation seemed to be faster in the non-acidified mixture. Fourteen days later, an additional peak was observed, which is probably attributed to a degradation product. It was also concluded that aloe emodin is not the direct product of the degradation of aloins, since there was no increase in its area. Table 2 Stability of acidified and non-acidified standards solutions. Acidified standard solutions Non-acidified standard solutions Time (hours) Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 4 97. 4 96. 8 99. 0 96. 2 95. 7 96. 4 8 96. 2 91. 5 94. 7 92. 3 89. 7 89. 9 12 92. 2 90. 5 89. 9 91. 6 89. 2 86. 8 24 91. 9 90. 0 86. 3 90. 3 86. 4 82. 9 48 90. 4 89. 5 85. 6 89. 1 85. 9 82. 6 72 80. 7 87. 6 82. 1 77. 2 83. 8 65. 0 336 (14 days) 67. 7 74. 0 45. 8 52. 2 63. 2 44. 2 Table 3 Stability of acidified and non-acidified latex extract. Acidified latex extract Non-acidified latex extract Time (hours) Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) a Aloe emodin 0 100 100 ND 100 100 ND 4 95. 8 95. 5 ND 94. 1 94. 9 ND 8 92. 8 93. 2 ND 90. 0 90. 0 ND 12 87. 4 89. 5 ND 85. 0 89. 2 ND 24 82. 3 88. 0 ND 74. 7 80. 5 ND 48 80. 2 85. 3 ND 71. 5 75. 3 ND 72 72. 0 81. 2 100 59. 1 61. 4 100 336 (14 days) 49. 1 69. 8 109. 3 35. 3 39. 8 116. 1 a ND: not detected As far as the stability of aloe latex extract is concerned, it was observed that aloe emodin was not present in the latex extract from Miller.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: Strain ER2566 was chosen to compare expression from LacI/P T7lac with XylS/Pm because it carries a chromosomal copy of the T7 polymerase integrated into the lac operon (NEB). Since the LacI/P trc system is also induced by IPTG, it was decided to study expression in the same host under the assumption that the expression of T7 polymerase does not affect expression from LacI/P trc due to the specificity of this polymerase for its cognate promoter [40]. Expression from XylS/Pm compared to AraC/P BAD was performed in E. coli DH10B which is unable to catabolize L-arabinose, the inducer of the AraC/P BAD system. Protein production levels are generally stimulated by increased gene dosage, but none of the tested cassettes are superior for all genesThree different genes, encoding luciferase, an antibody fragment fused in frame to alkaline phosphatase (scFv173-2-5-AP) and green fluorescent protein (GFP), respectively, were selected as models in the initial study of the performances of the various expression cassettes (Figure 2). The alkaline phosphatase fusion protein is translocated to the periplasm, while luciferase and GFP are cytoplasmic. The results were monitored as activities, meaning that only functional proteins were measured. The only parameter that gave a consistent response for all systems was not surprisingly gene dosage, as all cassettes gave rise to more activity when they were utilized in a high plasmid copy number context. However, the fold increase was heavily protein and expression cassette dependent, ranging from 1. 6 for GFP (Figure 2, Panel C) to 10. 4 for the alkaline phosphatase fusion in the LacI/P T7lac system (Figure 2, Panel B). We also observed that cell growth was strongly affected in several of the alkaline phosphatase fusion protein producing strains, and it was generally much more difficult to obtain reproducible data for this particular protein. We believe the reason for this is that the export of large amounts of protein is toxic to cell growth [41], in some cases also in the uninduced state.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, have a keen sense of smell and vision, unlike echolocating bats. [SEP] Text: (1984) Automatic gain control in the bats sonar receiver and the neuroethology of echolocation. J Neuroscience 4: 2725–2737. View 31. Hartley DJ (1992) Stabilization of perceived echo amplitudes in echolocating bats. I. Echo detection and automatic gain control in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, and the fishing bat, Noctilio leporinus. J Am 91: 1120–1132. View 32. Hartley DJ (1992) Stabilization of perceived echo amplitudes in echolocating bats. II. The acoustic behavior of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, when tracking moving prey. J Am 91: 1133–1149. View 33. (2002) Source levels of clicks from free-ranging white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray 1846) recorded in Icelandic waters. J Am 111: 1122–1125. View 34. Au WWL, Benolt-Bird KJ (2003) Automatic gain control in the echolocating system of dolphins. Nature 423: 861–863. View 35. Kalko EKV (1997) Diversity in tropical bats. In: Ulrich H, editor. Tropical biodiversity and systematics. Proceedings of the on Biodiversity and Systematics in Tropical Ecosystems. Bonn: und König, Bonn. 43. 36. Madsen PT, (2007) Recording and quantification of ultrasonic echolocation clicks from free-ranging toothed whales. Deep-I 54: 1421–1444. View 37. Staaden MJv, Römer H (1997) Sexual signalling in bladder grasshoppers: Tactical design for maximizing calling range. J exp Biol 200: 2597–2608. View 38. ANSI (1978) standard. Method for the calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere. ANSI S1 26-1978:. View 39. Leigh EG (1999) Tropical forest ecology - a view from Island. Oxford: Press. 40. (1997) Bat-deafness in day-flying moths (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae, Dioptinae). J A 181: 477–483. View 41.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: After 72 hours though, aloe emodin started to appear in the chromatograms, and the area of the peak increased more fourteen days later, possibly due to plant enzymes that contribute to the degradation of aloins A and B into aloe emodin. It was observed that the stability was slightly higher in the acidified sample, which was preserved for 24 hours. The non-acidified extract degraded more quickly, with a significant increase in decomposition after 12 hours. 3. 4. Quantitation of Aloins in Plants 3. 4. 1. Effect of this study, three aloe plants were used and three different latex collection times were examined. In particular, the leaves from each aloe vera plant were allowed to drip for 1, 4. 5 and 24 hours, respectively, and the latex was collected. All samples were prepared according to the procedure mentioned earlier. Taking into consideration the position of each leaf, while maintaining the same numbering of the leaves from the base to the upper level, allowed us to compare the three latex collection times. For a collection time of 1 hour, the amounts of aloin A and B were 40–50% less than the ones obtained when other collection times were used. It was concluded that one hour was not enough to collect all the latex from the leaf. A 4. 5-hour time collection was adequate to collect all the latex since the concentrations of both aloins were similar to the concentrations obtained when the latex was collected after 24 hours. Therefore, in all subsequent experiments, latex was collected within 4. 5 hours. 3. 4. 2. Effect of Eighteen different aloe plants were used to study the effect of aloe plant conditions on the concentration of aloins A and B. Aloe emodin was not present in any of the Miller plants studied, although this was not in agreement with other studies [27, 28]. All the experiments required for the analysis of all the leaves in one plant were conducted within 3–4 days to avoid any alteration of the aloin content. In a study by Gutterman and Chauser-Volfson, it was reported that it had not yet been known how the cutting of one leave may affect the aloin content of the other leaves [8]. Therefore, it was considered important to study such a parameter.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: 2 mM IPTG for LacI/Ptrc and 0. 015% L-arabinose for AraC/PBAD. The following E. coli strains were used as expression hosts. Panels A-C: ER2566. Panels D-F: DH10B. The naming code is the following: The capital letter represents the regulator/promoter system and the digit represents the origin of replication; for details see Table 1. The data presented are from independent biological replica. Full size imageThe LacI/P T7lac system is unique by its generation of large amounts of transcript and insoluble proteinIn the analyses described above only active protein was monitored, but potential big differences in target gene transcript accumulation or inactive (insoluble) protein production would not be discovered by such an analysis. We therefore investigated to what extent total protein production is proportional to the amounts of transcript produced, which is not necessarily the case [43–45]. For this purpose, we included two additional proteins, the medically relevant human growth hormone (HGH) and interleukin-1RA (IL-1RA), see also (Table 2). The comparison was carried out in strains harbouring plasmids with the pMB1 replicon, which as described above generally led to a higher level of protein production (measured as activity). One general conclusion following from these experiments was that the LacI/P T7lac system generated much more transcript than XylS/Pm (between 6. 2 and 20 times more) and LacI/P trc (between 3. 9 and 206 times more) for all the five tested genes. XylS/Pm ML1-17 generated more transcript than LacI/P trc as well (Figure 3), ranging from 3. 3 times for luc S mRNA and 88 times for GH1 S mRNA, except for the special case with scFv173-2-5-phoA. Studies of AraC/P BAD was not included here since it required another host (DH10B) and since initial experiments indicated that this system (in contrast to T7) behaved very similar to XylS/Pm in the sense that transcript and protein amounts correlated well. At the total protein production level the analysis revealed more protein-specific effects compared to in the functional studies (Figure 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, have a keen sense of smell and vision, unlike echolocating bats. [SEP] Text: 6 Recommendations and Issues for Future ConsiderationAccording to opinions from both conservationists and some orchardists, shooting is not an effective means of mitigating flying fox damage to fruit crops, particularly when animal numbers are high (Hall and Richards 1987a, b; McLachlan 2002; Ullio 2002; Thiriet 2010). Most fruit damage occurs when the bats’ native food supply is drastically lowered due to droughts or nectar washout (i. e. when heavy rain washes the nectar off the flowers), and killing does not prevent damage in orchards under high flying fox pressure. Because of the bats’ mobility, shooting will not stop bats from foraging, as a continuous stream of animals will move into the site from further afield (Martin and McIlwee 2002). Shooting flying foxes has thus become an unnecessary persecution. Hundreds of thousands have been killed in Australia ’s east coast, even though for 80 years it has been known to be ineffective. The most effective method to date for reducing crop loss not just to bats, but also to birds and hailstones, is full exclusion netting. If growers’ estimates of orchard losses to animals have some credence, then their exclusion is the most appropriate management option. The implementation of such an effective mitigation measure should thus be explored in other countries that experience problems of bat damage to fruit crops. This requires full cooperation between the fruit industry, relevant managing authorities from the government, scientists and conservationists. In addition to this, below we summarise some main issues that warrant more detailed attention and action in order to resolve the conflict between pteropodid bats and fruit growers. 6. 1 of 6. 2 and Research to Mitigate the Pteropodid–Grower ConflictBicknell (2002) advocated an urgent need for funding research into non-lethal aversion agents to mitigate flying fox damage. Such research funds have not yet been made available in Australia. Individual government authorities have been reluctant to take ownership of the problem, while industry organisations do not view it as an industry-wide issue, as the majority of fruit growers in some parts of the country are not affected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In particular, aloin content was determined in leaves that were harvested during summer or winter and plants were cultivated in soil and pots, in leaves from plants that were cultivated indoors in a pot and in leaves from plants under stress. Different factors such as seasonal variation, plant cultivation as well as environmental and plant conditions was evaluated for their contribution in aloins content. 3. 4. 2. 1. Effect of seasonal variation Leaves of twelve Miller plants were harvested during the summer (plants #1–3 and #7–9) and winter season (plants #4–6 and #10–12). The plants were cultivated under the same conditions, in the field (plants #1–6) and pots (plants #7–12). It was observed that the concentration of aloins varied considerably in all twelve plants. is superior in concentration to aloin B, in all the leaves (Fig. 2). If though the amount of aloin A was either increased or decreased in a leave, aloin B followed the same trend. The concentrations at the different plant growing positions ranged from 294 to 526 mg/g and from 85 to 339 mg/g dried latex for aloins A and B, respectively, for the summer harvest. Whereas, for the winter harvest, the concentration of aloin A varied from 54 to 269 and of aloin B from 20 to 170 mg/g dried latex. The concentrations of aloins were found slightly higher in the present study, but without any significant deviation from the study reported by Sanchez-Machado et al. [11]. The quantity of aloins was significantly lower in the winter than in the summer period (p-value < 0. 001). The reduction in their concentrations was about 65–67% for both aloins A and B. The results are in agreement with the results of Beppu et al. , who reported that the concentrations of the two substances in the plant were higher in April and from July to August (after the blooming period) and lower from October to December (before the blooming period) [10]. 3. 4. 2. 2. Effect of cultivation conditions Two different cultivation processes (pot and field) of aloe plants were studied. The soil, which was used to grow potted plants, was obtained from the field, in which the rest of the plants were cultivated. The other growing conditions were the same.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used for synthetic gene construction. [SEP] Text: In summary we believe that the vectors developed for this study can be used as an efficient early test system for new proteins, perhaps by using XylS/Pm ML1-17, LacI/P T7lac and AraC/P BAD. The outcome of such a simple first experiment will probably often lead to an identification of the nature of the main bottleneck for this particular case, shortening the time from testing to development of a good production process. The further studies would involve a detailed analysis of parameters such as growth media composition, culture incubation temperature and host strain, which are known to affect recombinant protein expression at various levels. Table 3 Summary of the findings derived from the comparative expression study Full size tableMethodsStrains, standard DNA manipulations and growth conditionsE. coli DH5α (Laboratories) was used for plasmid propagation during cloning steps. Recombinant DH5α strains were grown at 37°C in liquid (LB) broth or on solid LB plates with appropriate antibiotics (kanamycin 50 μg/mL; ampicillin 200 μg/mL). E. coli ER2566 () and E. coli DH10B (Invitrogen) served as expression hosts during the comparative studies. In comparison to the commonly used strain E. coli BL21(DE3), the former strain offers higher transformation efficiency for toxic clones and less background expression (NEB). All DNA manipulations were carried out according to standard procedures [61] or according to manufacturers’ instructions. PCR was performed using the systems kit (Roche), and essential regions in PCR products were verified by sequencing. Functionality of the regulator/promoter systems was confirmed using bla as reporter gene determining the levels of resistance to ampicillin as described previously [62]. Vector constructionsPCR primers used during various cloning steps are listed in Table 4. Plasmids used as templates or constructs that were generated in this study are listed in Table 1. Table 4 Oligonucleotides used in this study Full size tableConstruction of pSB-M2b: The region of pBAD_gIII_calmodulin containing the origin of replication from pMB1 was PCR amplified using primer pair Pwitw6_badF and Pwitw6_badR.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, have a keen sense of smell and vision, unlike echolocating bats. [SEP] Text: Although the simulated pregnant bats initiated fewer attacks, there was no decrease in capture success once an attack had been initiated, suggesting that foraging is impaired due to sensory deficits rather than movement deficits. Our findings could imply that during gestation female bats may have to alter their dietary composition and perhaps also become less selective, e. g. , focus on larger and slower prey. Field studies have indeed found differences in the diet of pregnant female bats [24, 38, 39]. It was shown that during pregnancy Rhinolophus ferrumequinum fed mostly on moths and then added beetles to their diet while lactating [38]. One suggested explanation given for this observation was that the extra weight in late pregnancy reduced flight speed and diminished the bats’ chances of successful capture of faster prey items (i. e. , beetles). Additional explanations could relate to variation in emergence time [40], affecting the availability of certain prey; or selection of different foraging sites. Our findings suggest that there could also be a sensory component contributing to the altered prey selection exhibited by the pregnant females, such as a shift to larger prey that are more easily detected. While there are many variables that could impact foraging, such as prey availability and weather conditions, echolocation and flight performance play an important role in foraging success. In the wild, P. kuhlii catch their prey in flight. In this study, the bats performed a landing task in a confined space, which has different requirements and imposes certain restrictions, such as limiting flight speed. Nonetheless, the bats in our experiment exhibited behavior similar to their natural hunting behavior, making sharp turns and maneuvers and initiating approaches towards the target. Taking into account the limited space of the set-up, the flight speed demonstrated by our experimental bats did not differ greatly from the foraging and maneuvering speeds reported for this species in the wild (1. 5–3. 9 m/s vs. 1. 8–7. 5 m/s respectively) [41, 42]. ConclusionsLittle is known about the effects of pregnancy on sensing in mammals. In this study, we reveal an additional impact of gestation on echolocation in bats. Our findings suggest that pregnancy imposes a sensory cost that may negatively impact the bats’ foraging behavior. The deficits that we observed in sensing are mostly relevant for animals that rely on active sensing, which requires muscular activity such as sound emission.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: For an effective comparison between the two processes of plant cultivation, aloe plants, whose leaves were harvested in the same season, were contrasted. As demonstrated in Fig. 2, in the winter season, the concentrations of both aloins were at lower levels in field-grown than pot-grown aloe plants. In the case of summer harvest, the findings were different. In particular, the concentration of aloin A was greater in field cultivation, whereas the concentration of aloin B was higher in potted aloe plants. This proves that different ratios of aloins depend on the cultivation conditions of the plants. In the case of aloe plants cultivated in soil (p-value = 0. 07), the concentration of aloins did not demonstrate large variations with respect to leaf position, whereas, in plants grown in pots (p-value = 0. 08), a specific pattern was observed in the leaves of the plant. As demonstrated in Fig. 3, the highest concentrations of aloins were observed in two of these leaves. The first maximum was observed between positions #4 and #5, and the second between positions #7 and #8. In addition, the high concentrations of aloins A and B in leaves #7 or #8, located in the middle-upper or upper part of the plant, are in agreement with the results of other studies, which reported that a leaf in the upper part of the aloe plant contained greater amounts of aloins [10, 11]. Both summer and winter harvests of leaves demonstrated the same pattern of aloins concentration, and the maximum points of the pattern were observed in the leaves at the same positions. The study reported here confirmed that there is a trend in the concentrations of both aloins in potted aloe plants. By numbering the leaves using the rosette pattern, it is easy to determine the leaves that are rich in bioactive compounds with purgative properties. This pattern investigation could help both the pharmaceutical and food industries. In the first case, there is an interest in leaves with the highest amount of aloins A and B in order to isolate them and use them as a laxative in pills, etc. On the other hand, the food industry prefers the leaves with the lowest concentrations of aloins in order to reduce the time for their removal [29]. 3. 4. 2. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: search file_uploadSubmit your research search menu close search & to your Submissions 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 5) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 2. 67x107 spores ml-1 and 3. 24 µm, respectively. Colony radial growth rates ranged from 1. 73 to 3. 24 mm day-1. The results revealed that the highest mortality rate of Galleria melonella (100%) was obtained by Metarhizium robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 at a concentration of 1x108 conidial ml-1 at 7 days post-inoculation. The lowest mortality rate was registered by Metarhizium robertsii isolate RST-11. the present study, isolates that produced the most spores and had the highest germination rates were the most virulent to Galleria mellonella second instar larvae. Therefore, virulent entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, are promising bioagents for the control of insect pests. colony color, endophytic, entomopathogenic fungi, Galleria melonella, isolates Corresponding Author(s) (dereje. geremew@eiar. gov. et) (tshiberu@yahoo. com) authors: Dereje Geremew, Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The project was funded by the of (EIAR), and was assigned as grant coordinator. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2024 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 5) First published: 13 Jul 2023, 12:827 ( Latest published: 11 Sep 2024, 12:827 ( from Version 4 In the new version some sentences added in the discussion. In the new version some sentences added in the discussion. See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by fungi, Beauveria bassiana, (Bals. -Criv. ) Vuill.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, have a keen sense of smell and vision, unlike echolocating bats. [SEP] Text: Many bat species likely use bodies of water as landmarks for orientation and navigation18. Also, most of the about 1,000 extant species of echolocating bats must visit ponds or rivers for drinking (Fig. 1). But how do bats find and recognize the most prominent element of such an aquatic habitat, the water body? Water surfaces are special in that they represent the only extended, acoustically smooth surfaces in the natural environment. We therefore hypothesized that bats would rely on the mirror-like echo reflection properties of smooth water surfaces to detect and recognize bodies of water. When a bat flies over a water surface and the axis of its echolocation beam intersects with the surface at an acute angle, the main energy of the echolocation calls is reflected away from rather than back towards the bat, so it does not receive an echo from ahead (Fig. 2). However, some off-axis energy of the sound beam hits the surface perpendicularly and does generate an echo returning from straight below the bat. On the basis of our above hypothesis, we predicted that bats confronted with any sufficiently large smooth, horizontal surface having these acoustic mirror properties will perceive it to be water. Figure 1: Drinking bat. A greater mouse-eared bat, M. myotis, closing in on a water surface, opening its mouth and lowering the head to take a mouthful of water (Photo by Dietmar Nill). Full size imageFigure 2: Simplified representation of sound propagation and echo generation at a smooth surface. Most of the call energy is reflected away from the bat, with the exception of the small off-axis fraction that hits the surface perpendicularly. Full size imageIn this study, we show how free flying bats recognize and classify spatially extended echo targets in an ecologically and evolutionarily relevant context. We took a behavioural approach to find out how bats recognize a key habitat element in their environment: bodies of water. We found that bats take horizontal, acoustical mirrors to be water. This behaviour is extremely stereotypical, phylogenetically widespread among echolocating bats and innate. Echolocation is the key sensory modality triggering water recognition and takes dominance over conflicting information. ResultsEchoacoustic water recognitionIn a large flight room with weak red illumination, we presented experimentally naive, wild-caught bats with two plates (1. 2×2 m) positioned on a sandy floor (Supplementary Fig. S1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Leaves harvested in winter from plants grown indoors plants (plants #13–15) were cultivated indoors at a temperature ranging from 20 to 25 oC. The leaves from all three plants were harvested during the winter period. It was observed that the aloins concentrations were much higher than anticipated with a p-value equal to 0. 005 (Fig. 2). By comparing the potted plants that were harvested in winter, the concentration of aloin A was 61% higher than the one found in the plant that was grown outdoors, while aloin B was 54% higher. The concentrations of the two substances in the leaves from indoor plants were much closer to the concentrations in the leaves from the plants that were harvested in the summer. In addition, the aloin A content was again higher than that of aloin B. In this case, the pattern did not appear as clear as in the previous study. In particular, no significant variations in the concentrations of the compounds from leaf to leaf were observed, possibly because the plants did not grow under normal conditions. In addition, it was demonstrated that the concentrations of aloins did not seem to depend highly on the seasonal variation, but on the environmental growing conditions. 3. 4. 2. 4. Leaves harvested from plants under stress Different factors can cause stress in aloe plants. Some of the most well-known stressors are soil salinity, water-stress (high or very low) and light intensity [30, 31]. Several studies have, so far, been performed on how plant stress affects the concentrations of bioactive compounds. Indicators of aloe plants under stress involve the reddish-brown color of the leaves (visible stress symptom) and the smaller amount of gel (less evident trait) [32]. In this study, three plants were analyzed (plants #16–18) that had the typical appearance of aloe plants under stress (Fig. 4), and the obtained results are demonstrated in Fig. 2. A possible factor that caused plant stress is the long daily exposure to sunlight. The large variations in temperature may have also contributed to the plant stress. It is worth here to mention that the plants under study were grown in pots. Interestingly, it was observed that in the majority of the leaves, no latex was obtained. In each plant, only 3–4 leaves that were in the upper part of the plant in a position perpendicular to its roots were able to provide small amounts of latex.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: and Metarhizium robertsii (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, live in plant tissues without showing pathological symptoms (Dutta et al. , 2014). They have the potential to limit the feeding capacity, preference, and oviposition of stem boring, sap-sucking, and leaf mining insects on many crops by producing toxic compounds that disturb the insects performance. Additionally, they increase the plant defense mechanisms against pests or abiotic factors (McCormick et al. , 2016; Hokkanen and Menzler-Hokkanen, 2017). Entomopathogenic fungi are capable of penetrating their insect hosts through cuticular exoskeletons (Zimmermann, 2007). Entomopathogenic fungi have become more promising than chemical pesticides for the control of pests in Ethiopia due to pesticide resistance. This is due to the misuse of pesticides, which causes the incrementation of pesticide-resistant biotypes (Negash et al. , 2020), and a lot of pests have developed resistance due to the high use of pesticides (Tabashnik et al. , 2009). Consequently, using eco-friendly biopesticides like B. bassiana and M. robertsii as bioagents against agricultural pests is the best option to increase crop production and productivity. They are symbiotic with their hosts, reduce pest populations, and require little inoculum for their systemic transmission within plant tissues (Nair and Padmavathy, 2014). Identification and characterization of entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana and M. robertsii, are highly required for entomological research and essential for the selection of virulent isolates against several pests (Boucias et al. , 2000). Currently, the selection of virulent strains of entomopathogenic fungi as the biological control agent of pests is of great interest to many researchers (Lacey et al. , 2015). However, there is a limit to the work on the isolation, morphological characterization, and screening of virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, particularly B. bassiana and M. robertsii in Ethiopia, to control agricultural pests. Hence, this study was made to identify, characterize the morphology, and screen the virulence of B. bassiana and M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, have a keen sense of smell and vision, unlike echolocating bats. [SEP] Text: To test this hypothesis, we raised six juvenile Geoffroy's bats (M. emarginatus) at our field station together with their mothers. They were captured in a cave before they became volant and hence had never encountered a pond or river in their life. As soon as they flew well, these naive bats were tested with the metal plate setup. Five of the six juveniles, on this first contact in their life with an extended, horizontal smooth surface, spontaneously tried to drink from the smooth metal plate (18±8 times; Fig. 6b), but never from the textured plate (Fisher's combined probability test, P<0. 0001, n=6 bats). The juvenile drinking attempts very much resembled those observed in the adults. The one juvenile bat that did not attempt to drink from the metal plate also did not drink from the subsequently presented real water and thus probably lacked sufficient motivation. DiscussionThe behavioural data corroborate our hypothesis that bats rely on the mirror-like echo reflection properties of smooth water surfaces to detect and recognize water bodies. It is astonishing that all individuals attempted to drink repeatedly, some even 100 times and more, from the plates with the water-like echo signature, despite conflicting information from other sensory modalities, such as touch, taste, olfaction and vision. This suggests that bats rely heavily on echolocation for assessment of their environment at close range and for the recognition of habitat elements. The observation that all 15 species, representative for three large and phylogenetically distant bat families, very reproducibly showed drinking attempts on large smooth plates furthermore suggests that echoacoustic water recognition is taxonomically wide spread, if not universal, among echolocating bats. The high number of consecutive drinking attempts that the bats showed within a short time, despite being unsuccessful, indicates a hardwired neural processing of echoacoustic water recognition. However, the fact that two species showed fewer attempts on the wooden than on the metal and plastic plates indicates that other modalities also had some inferior role. Possibly, the light wooden plates were visually most dissimilar from water or had the most distinct non-water smell, and the conflicting information of these modalities lowered the bats' behavioural response. By conducting the experiment with M. schreibersii again in complete darkness, we removed the conflicting visual information and thereby altered the sensory scenery. We observed an increase of drinking attempts by almost 60% in complete darkness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: After analysis, the quantities of aloins were extremely low (p-value < 0. 001), although harvest took place in summer. 3. 4. 2. 5. Quantitation of Aloins in Offshoots Offshoots, which were produced in some of the plants under study, were analyzed and their aloin content was determined (Fig. 2). The procedure followed for latex extraction was the same as before. Although offshoots were harvested during different season periods, the concentrations of both aloins were similar (p-value < 0. 001). In addition, the ratio of aloin A to aloin B was very high. In particular, aloin A was almost 4. 5 times higher than aloin B. The concentrations of aloin A in offshoots were similar to the ones in leaves that were cut during the summer season. The results obtained here are in agreement with data reported by Sánchez-Machado [11]. 3. 5. Firstly, two separate PCAs were applied to the eighteen aloe vera plants (#1–18) to investigate the formation of groups according to seasonal variation (summer, winter) and cultivation conditions (pot, field). The first two components of the extracted model of the seasonal variation explained 60. 6% of the total variance in the data, while the first two components of the extracted model for cultivation conditions explained 93. 1% of the total variability. As observed from the obtained PCA scatter plots, in both cases, the samples were not clearly separated (Figures S1 and S2, Supporting Information). In addition, indoor cultivated plants and stressed plants were not properly separated. This can be attributed to the unexpected concentrations of aloin A and B detected in these plants, highlighting, once again, the significant effect of climatic and plant conditions on latex composition. It was considered necessary to exclude the indoor-grown plants and plants grown under stress from the chemometric analysis. Therefore, the twelve aloe plants (#1–12) cultivated under normal conditions were implemented as observations in the PCA data matrix. The extracted models were described by 81. 9% and 97. 6%, based on seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, respectively. As demonstrated in Figs. 5 and 7, the observations were completely separated.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Isolates with greater than 90% mortality of larvae were selected, considered to be virulent isolates, and preserved for further work. Data analysisGermination test, radial growth, conidial yield and size, and virulence test of isolates data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test with a statistical difference of P<0. 05. System (SAS) (RRID:SCR_008567) software 9. 4 version was used for data analysis. Means were separated using Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) at P<0. 05. ResultsMorphological identification and characterization of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolatesThis study revealed that three B. bassiana and seven M. robertsii isolates were identified from rhizosphere soil samples of tomato plants. B. bassiana isolates showed white colony color, wide round to round colony shape, smooth powdery to smooth cottony surface texture, and raised colony elevation, as indicated in Table 1. Table 1. Macroscopic features of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. Isolate nameIsolate codeSourceLocationHost plantColony ColorColony shapeSurface textureColony elevationfrontbackB. bassianaRST-8Rh. soilGuder, Ethiopiatomatowhiteyellowishwide roundsmooth powderraisedB. bassianaAPPRC-27soilAmbo ARC collectionunknownwhiteyellowishroundsmooth, powderraisedB. bassianaK-91Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatowhiteyellowishroundsmooth, cottonyraisedB. bassianaK-5Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatowhiteyellowishroundsmooth, cottonyraisedB. bassianaAPPRC-44collectionunknownwhiteyellowishroundsmooth, powderraisedB. bassianaAPPRC-44BC-1soilAmbo ARC collectionunknownwhiteyellowishroundsmooth, powderraisedM. robertsiiRST-11Rh. soilGuder, Ethiopiatomatodark greenbrownroundthickflatM. robertsiiRST-12Rh. soilGuder, Ethiopiatomatolight greenbrownmedium roundthickflatM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, have a keen sense of smell and vision, unlike echolocating bats. [SEP] Text: To test for the generality and the extent of the taxonomic spread of our findings, 1 individual each from 11 additional bat species was tested with the metal plate setting (see below). This group consisted of Myotis emarginatus, M. nattereri, M. capaccinii, M. blythii oxygnathus, M. bechsteinii, M. aurascens, Hypsugo savii, Plecotus austriacus, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Rhinolophus mehelyi. Six females of the Geoffroy's bat (M. emarginatus) were captured inside a cave with their young shortly before those became volant. Mothers were kept with the juveniles and nursed them until natural weaning. When released together into their home cave after completion of experiments, the juveniles were able to fly and forage independently. Six additional adult M. schreibersii were used to test their drinking response in complete darkness (dark condition). Flight room and experimental setupAll experiments were conducted in a large flight room (4×8×2. 4 m). The floor was covered with sand, and the walls and ceiling with a felt-like, sound-dampening material ('Velter', thickness 5 mm, Arbanasy EOOD). The room was lit with two red bulbs (25 W, Osram), except for the dark condition (see below), where custom-made infrared strobe lights (Department, University of Tübingen, Germany; 875 nm wavelength) were used. In the centre of the room, a water pool was inserted into the sandy floor (1. 8×1 m, 4 cm water depths) (Supplementary Fig. S1). The pool could be covered by a plate and sand, or uncovered to give the bats access to real water. To test our hypothesis that the bats would take any extended, acoustically smooth horizontal surface for water, we presented experimental plates (1. 2×2 m) on the flight room floor. Always two plates of the same material but with different surface structure (one smooth, one textured) were presented side by side in the centre of the flight room (25 cm distance between plates; pool covered) (Supplementary Fig. S1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In the case of seasonal variation, plants, whose leaves were harvested in summer, differ from those harvested in winter, mainly due to the content of aloins A and B, which is significantly higher in the former (Fig. 6). As far as the cultivation conditions are concerned, the separation of potted plants and plants in the field is attributed to their contents of aloin B and aloin A, respectively (Fig. 8). The different proportions of aloins depend on the plant growing conditions, with aloins B and A found in greater amounts in potted and fielded plants, respectively. 3. 6. Quantitation of Aloins in Aloe-based the implementation of this study, thirteen aloe products were purchased from various stores in Cyprus and analyzed by use of the optimum HPLC-DAD method. Table 4 demonstrates the concentrations of aloins found in aloe commercial products. It was observed that aloins and aloe emodin were not detected in dried aloe gel and in any of the analyzed pills. Surprisingly, one of the two pills had a laxative effect and aloins were expected to be present. As far as the juice is concerned, in only two of ten aloe juices, both aloins were detected and quantified. In particular, in juice #3, 0. 34 µg/mL of aloin A and 0. 98 µg/mL of aloin B were quantified. In juice #4, aloin A was quantified at 1. 96 µg/mL and aloin B at 5. 52 µg/mL. As observed, in both cases, the amount of aloin B was greater than that of aloin A, as opposed to the aloe vera leaves. In another study performed by Brown et al. , it was demonstrated that aloin A was not always quantitatively superior [33]. Recovery studies performed in juices provided a range between 82. 7-110. 9%. Table 4 Concentrations of aloins, RSD% and recoveries. (µg/mL) a RSD% Recovery % Concentration (µg/mL) a RSD% Recovery % 1 Tap ND - - ND - - 2 Tap ND - - ND - - 3 Liq. 0. 34 1. 31 82. 7 0. 98 0. 60 88. 3 4 Liq. 1. 96 1. 88 110.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsiiS-26soilAmbo ARC collectionunknownlight greenbrownroundthin, cottonyflatM. robertsiiK-61Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatodark greenbrownroundthin, adpressedflatM. robertsiiK-63Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatodark greenbrownroundthin, adpressedflatM. robertsiiK-101Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatolight greenbrownmedium roundthick, cottonyslightly raisedM. robertsiiK-7Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatolight greenbrownroundthin, adpressedslightly raisedM. robertsiiK-102Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatolight greendark brownmedium roundthick, cottonyslightly raisedMetarhizium robertsii isolates showed dark green to light green colony color at the front and brown at the backside, medium round to round colony shape, and flat to slightly raised colony elevation. Isolates K-101, K-102, RST-12, and S-26 showed a light green colony color, whereas K-61 and K-63 showed a dark green (Figure 1). The surface texture was thin, thick, and cottony. Figure 1. Morphology of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. (A) Colony color (front) and (B) colony color (back) of B. bassiana. (C) Colony color (front) and (D) colony color (back) of M. robertsii. No manipulations were made to the image. Results from microscopic features indicated that B. bassiana isolates showed a flask-like shape in a conidiogenous cell, a branched conidiophore, and hyaline and smooth conidia with a spherical to subglobose arrangement (Figure 2) and aseptate hyphae (Figure 3),Figure 2. Microscopic feature of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. (A and B) B. bassiana. (C and D) M. robertsii. No manipulations were made to the images. Figure 3. Conidial structure and hyphae of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: 49 1. 59 126 0. 825 1. 229 1. 54 67. 27 1. 82 127 0. 833 1. 237 1. 55 67. 14 1. 78 128 0. 883 1. 312 1. 75 66. 02 2. 11 128’ 0. 825 1. 209 1. 44 68. 25 2. 03 129 0. 815 1. 198 1. 44 67. 60 1. 93 129’ 0. 815 1. 198 1. 52 67. 96 1. 79 130 0. 825 1. 209 1. 43 68. 64 1. 63 131 0. 834 1. 217 1. 43 68. 48 1. 88 131’ 0. 825 1. 208 1. 46 68. 45 1. 95 Table 13. Water quality indices of (2009). It is shown that water quality by the EWQI and AWQI of the 2nd pollution class, by the WCI and CWQI of the 3rd pollution class, and by SPWQI is mainly the 2nd and in some cases up to the 3rd class of pollution. With the help of the computer program “Origin-6”, the analysis of the linear relationship between AWQI and other WQIs was provided: AWQI = a + b (WQI). Analysis of obtained data indicates that AWQI has liner dependence with and EWQI, and an inverse dependence with CWQI. A satisfactory correlation is obtained when all the positions of the are considered together. AWQI = (0. 739 ± 0. 074) + (0. 313 ± 0. 047) ▪ WCI,R = 0. 80233, N = 26AWQI = (1. 047 ± 0. 127) + (0. 096 ± 0. 069) ▪ = 0. 27301, N = 26AWQI = (0. 203 ± 0. 038) + (1. 225 ± 0. 046) ▪ EWQI, R = 0. 98339, N = 26AWQI = (2. 637 ± 0. 513) − (0. 021 ± 0. 008) ▪ CWQI, R = 0. 49061, N = 26: For the Sevan:AWQI = (0. 787 ± 0. 213) + (0. 275 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 9 5. 52 1. 53 95. 8 5 Liq. ND - - ND - - 6 Liq. ND - - ND - - 7 Liq. ND - - ND - - 8 Liq. ND - - ND - - 9 Liq. ND - - ND - - 10 Liq. ND - - ND - - 11 Liq. ND - - ND - - 12 Liq. ND - - ND - - 13 Solid ND - - ND - - a ND: not detected It is important here to mention that the total aloin content found in both juices exceeded the maximum levels set by the European Union. However, they were below the 10-ppm limit set by the Science Council. is in the EU, the legislation must be followed, and both juices should be withdrawn from the market. It is recommended that better processing of raw materials should be followed in order to remove the substances with purgative action and ensure better quality. 4. ConclusionIn this report, a simple and fast HPLC method was developed and validated for the qualitative and quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in both aloe leaves and aloe-based products. The existence of a pattern in the concentrations of aloins, depending on the position of the leaves in the potted plants grown under normal conditions, is of great importance. In addition, it was demonstrated that environmental conditions influence the concentrations of aloins to a greater extent than seasonal variations. It was also observed that, in most aloe products, aloins and aloe emodin were absent, while in the case of two juices, they were quantified at levels above the permissible limits. - of Detection LOQ Limit of -/N signal-to-noise ratio -authors acknowledge the University of Cyprus for financial support. 30. Kumar S, Yadav JP (2014) Ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of Aloe vera : A review. J Res 8:1387–1398. (2019) Therapeutic potential of Aloe vera — A miracle gift of nature. Phytomedicine 60:152996. . (2013) Therapeutic and of Aloe vera : A Review. 4:599–610.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 05cd1. 64±0. 11cd1. 54cM. robertsii K-611. 85 × 107±0. 15b5. 78±0. 48b2. 36±0. 04ab2. 44±0. 20bHSD at (0. 05)0. 290. 990. 400. 54CV (%)7. 4610. 408. 9311. 15Regarding M. robertsii isolates, maximum conidial length and diameter were registered by isolate K-63, while minimum conidial length was obtained by isolate K-61 (Table 3). The lowest conidial diameter was recorded by isolate K-102 (1. 93 μm) when compared to others (Figure 3). Comparison of colony radial growth on a different mediaColony radial growth rates ranged from 1. 73 to 3. 24 mm day-1 (Figure 4). The highest colony radial growth rate was achieved by B. bassiana isolate K-91 on SDA, which increased by 16. 96% radial growth compared to PDA media. The minimum radial growth rate was scored by isolate 44BC on both media. Figure 4. Mean radial growth of fungal isolates on SDA and PDA media. ; RGSDA, radial growth on SDA; RGPDA, radial growth on PDA. No manipulations were made to the images. Concerning M. robertsii isolates, K-61 showed the highest radial growth with 2. 92 on SDA media, followed by K-63 (2. 85) mm day-1. Isolate RST-11 showed the lowest colony growth on PDA media. In this study, the maximum growth rate was recorded on SDA media rather than PDA after 15 days of incubation at 27°C±1 for both species of isolates. Virulence test of isolates on G. mellonellaMost isolates were virulent to Moth (G. melonella) of second instar larvae, with 75–100% mortality after seven days of inoculation of treatments (Table 4). The mean percentage of mortality of G. melonella larvae by B. bassiana and M. robertsii was highly variable (F = 101. 49; DF = 10; P < 0. 0001). Maximum mean percentage mortality was achieved by M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: 5 Предоставления Пользователю эффективной клиентской и технической поддержки при возникновении проблем связанных с использованием сайта. 4. 1. 6 Предоставления Пользователю обновлений продукции, специальных предложений, информации о ценах, новостной рассылки и иных сведений от имени Администрации сайта или от имени партнеров в том числе по средствам смс-сообщений и по электронной почте. 4. 1. 7 Осуществления рекламной деятельности. 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2013) Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in Aloe barbadensis Mill by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry-ion trap-time-of-flight and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. J Anal 80:94–106. (2012) Simultaneous determination of aloin A and aloe emodin in products containing Aloe vera by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. 3612–3619. Gutterman Y, Chauser-(2000) Peripheral defence strategy: Variation of barbaloin content in the succulent leaf parts of Aloe arborescens Miller (Liliaceae). 132:385–395. Chauser-Volfson E, (1996) The barbaloin content and distribution in aloe arborescens leaves according to the leaf part, age, position, and season. 44:289–296. (2004) Studies on the components of Aloe arborescens from Japan - Monthly variation and differences due to part and position of the leaf. Ecol 32:783–795. Sánchez-Machado DI, López-Cervantes J, Mariscal-Domínguez MF, Cruz-Flores P, Campas-Baypoli ON, Cantú-Soto EU, Sanches-(2017) An HPLC procedure for the quantification of aloin in latex and gel from aloe barbadensis leaves. J 55:251–257. (2013) Clear evidence of carcinogenic activity by a whole-leaf extract of Aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera) in F344/N rats. 131:26–39. (2017) Aloin, a component of the aloe vera plant leaf, induces pathological changes and modulates the composition of microbiota in the large intestines of F344/N Male Rats. 158:302–318. (2004) Analysis of the anthraquinones aloe-emodin and aloin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4:1739–1744. Durón (2008) Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic and thin-layer chromatographic methods for determination of aloin in herbal products containing Aloe vera. 91:1265–1270.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102, while minimum mortality was recorded by M. robertsii isolate RST-11. Table 4. Mortality of G. melonella larvae by B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. Fungal isolatesPercentage of mortality ± SEMetarhizium robertsii K-61100±0. 00aMetarhizium robertsii K-102100±0. 00aMetarhizium robertsii K-6397. 5±0. 25abBeauveria bassiana K-9195. 00±0. 28abcBeauveria bassiana APPRC-2792. 5±0. 25abcdBeauveria bassiana RST-890. 00±0. 28abcdBeauveria bassiana APPRC-44BC85. 00±0. 28bcdeBeauveria bassiana K-582. 5±0. 47cdeMetarhizium robertsii K-10180. 00±0. 40edMetarhizium robertsii RST-1175. 00±0. 28eControl (Tween 80)7. 5±0. 25fHSD at (0. 05)1. 37CV (%)6. 31DiscussionFrom the fungal isolates collected from the soil rhizosphere of tomato plants, 70% of them had characteristics typical of the species M. robertsii. In the present study, six B. bassiana and eight M. robertsii were morphologically characterized to understand the potential virulence of entomopathogenic fungi. B. bassiana has a white colony color and is round in shape, whereas M. robertsii has a dark to light colony color and is medium-round to round in shape. Similar work was done by Deb and Dutta (2021). This result was confirmed by the previous findings of different researchers, they reported M. robertsii isolates indicating a round colony shape, thin to thick adpressed texture, and flat to slightly raised elevation (Sepúlveda et al. , 2016). This study also detected a microscopic feature of isolates. Consequently, B. bassiana had aseptate hyphae and M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Along with stones, some small patches of gravel were present but fine sediments often obstructed the interstices among stones; most of the northern littoral was covered by a dense belt of emergent aquatic vegetation (i. e. , Carex rostrata). For streams, semiquantitative macroinvertebrates samples were collected by disturbing the substrate (kick-sampling) with a standard Surber net (area 0. 1 m2; mesh 0. 5 mm) following Barbour et al. (1999) and APAT (2007). A total of 10 sampling units were taken from each sampling site. The 10 sampling units were distributed according to stream bed habitat composition and coverage, i. e. , if the stream bottom was 50% gravel, then 5 sampling units were taken there. Only microhabitats covering at least 10% of the benthic area were sampled. This procedure results in sampling of approximately 1. 00 m2 stream bottom area. Streambed microhabitat composition and coverage were determined by visual inspection at each sampling occasion, accounting for the seasonal variability in substrate composition associated with water level fluctuations: boulders (>20 cm; mean ± SD percent coverage: 34. 4 ± 5. 7 for R1 and 53. 3 ± 8. 7 for R2), pebbles (6–20 cm; 54. 4 ± 8. 8 for R1 and 33. 3 ± 8. 7 for R2), gravel (2–6 cm; 8. 8 ± 3. 3 for R1 and 5. 6 ± 7. 3 for R2), and aquatic mosses (2. 2 ± 4. 4 for R1 and 8. 9 ± 3. 3 for R2) were the most representative substrates, while very small patches of fine sediments were also present. Percent coverage variability in station R1 and R2 is due to seasonal fluctuations of water level (flooding different areas). Macroinvertebrates were sorted in the field and preserved in 70% ethanol; the keeping of specimens separated from different substrates allowed for comparisons among microhabitats. Specimens were identified using a dissecting stereoscope to the family/genus levels (following Campaioli et al. , 1994), which represent our Units (OTUs; see Material 1 Table S1), and grouped into both ecological groups (EG, distinguishing between burrower vs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (2018) Rapid quantification of aloin A and B in aloe plants and aloe-containing beverages, and pharmaceutical preparations by microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. J 41:3772–3781. (1995) High-performance liquid chromatographic profiles of aloe constituents and determination of aloin in beverages with reference to the EEC regulation for flavouring substances. J 718:99–106. (2021) Quantitative determination of aloin, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of Aloe vera leaf gel products from Greece. J Agric 101:414–423. (2021) Fast and easily applicable LC-UV method for analysis of bioactive anthrones from Aloe leaf latex. J Anal 195:113834. (2012) Mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) in different growth stages. J Chem 60:11222–11228. (2013) Chemometric studies on mineral distribution and microstructure analysis of freeze-dried Aloe vera L. gel at different harvesting regimens. Prod 51:194–201. (2020) UV of Aloin in Aloe vera (A. vera) on Processing. J 75:1137–1142. (2015) Multi-responses extraction optimization combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and chemometrics techniques for the fingerprint analysis of Aloe barbadensis Miller. J Anal 107:131–140. (2023) of and Screening of Markers of Aloe vera ( L. ) Burm. f. from Origins via Ultra-High-with Quadrupole – Orbitrap-High-. J 1–10. (2015) An analysis of the influence of growth periods on potential functional and biochemical properties and thermal analysis of freeze-dried Aloe vera L. gel. Prod 76:298–305. Ray A, (2018) Chemometrics for Distribution, and UV of Aloe vera L. Gel at Periods. Proc 5:22245–22253. (2011) Determination of aloe emodin in Aloe vera extracts and commercial formulations by HPLC with tandem UV absorption and fluorescence detection. 126:387–393.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The present study revealed that all isolates showed maximum colony radial growth on SDA media rather than PDA. This may be due to the variation in nutrient contents between the media as SDA is selective. However, Gebremariam et al. (2021) reported that the radial growth of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates attained between 0. 83 and 3. 43-mm day-1 by AAUEM-3 and -77 isolates, respectively, which were grown on PDA media at 25°C. In the case of M. robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 showed higher virulence levels than other fungal isolates to G. melonella under laboratory conditions at seven days post-inoculated. The result confirmed the findings of previous work (Ibrahim et al. , 2016). All isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii showed greater than 86% larval mortality, which indicated that isolates were virulent to G. mellonella. These findings were agreed upon in the work of Kebede (2019), in which it was reported that the top eight isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii were virulent to G. mellonella with above 75% larval mortality. The results from microscopic features such as conidial length and width revealed that there was a highly significant difference among isolates. Accordingly, the highest conidial length was obtained with 7. 10 and 3. 24 μm for M. robertsii isolate K-63 and B. bassiana isolate APPRC-27, respectively. This agrees with previous work conducted by Doolotkeldieva et al. (2019), who reported the conidial length and width of B. bassiana were 2. 27 and 1. 85 μm, respectively, with a length to width ratio of 1. 23 μm. Bich et al. (2021) also indicated that the conidial diameters of B. bassiana showed a mean value of 1. 7 to 2. 3 μm. Mongkolsamrit et al. (2020) also stated that M. robertsii showed a cylindrical to ellipsoid conidial shape with 5-7 and 2-3 μm in conidial length and width, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: An important reason for this high productivity is the virtually unlimited availability of dissolved carbon dioxide. 9Nevertheless, overly high salinity or alkalinity will also lead to a unique flora and fauna in the lake in question; sometimes, in fact, the result may be an absence or near absence of life near the salt lake. In fact it depends on the tolerance of organisms to the mineral concentrations that exist in the lake. fish like cichlids, we generally agree that the highest salinity must not exceed 50-60 g/l (see also 21. I below for African ones), typically in arid and semi-arid areas and in connection to tectonic rifts like the Rift Valley. The pH of most freshwater lakes is on the alkaline side of neutrality and many exhibit similar water chemistries to soda lakes, only less extreme. TABLE 21. I. Chemical characteristics (pH and salinity) for major African salt lakes. NameCountrypHSalinity (g/l)lakesEgypt9. 550LakeSudan9. 5-10. 3Lake AbbeEthiopia9. 8-11115(Green Lake)Ethiopia9. 5-9. 92,5Lake BasakaEthiopia9. 63Lake ShalaEthiopia9. 818Lake ChituEthiopia10. 358Lake AbijattaEthiopia9. 934Lake MagadiKenya10>100Lake BogoriaKenya10. 5350Lake TurkanaKenya/Ethiopia8. 5-9. 22,5Lake NakuruKenya10. 55-90Lake LogipiKenya9. 5-10. 520-50Lake ManyaraTanzania9. 5-1040Lake NatronTanzania/Kenya9-10. 5100Lake RukwaTanzania8. 5-9. 2Lake EyasiTanzania9. 3512Generally speaking, tilapias s. l. have a wide and varied diet and can occupy a large range of habitats, from freshwater to hypersaline conditions; therefore, its distribution is unlikely to be limited by many environmental, physical or chemical conditions. However, the one factor that appears to affect tilapia is its vulnerability to cold temperatures. Tilapia is traditionally viewed as a tropical to warm-temperate species. 13Salt concentration may constitute a limiting factor for fish and for other many organisms.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Quara district, northwestern eeOpen access Published: 10 August 2024 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Quara district, northwestern Tadesse1,2, Getinet Masresha1 & Ermias Lulekal3 Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 37. 5%), and leaves were the most commonly used plant parts (23. 1%). Oral administration (56. 7%) of plant extracts was the primary mode of remedy preparation and use. The highest ICF value (0. 93) was recorded for circulatory and blood-related disorders. The study identified nine plants and 39 therapeutic uses not previously reported in Ethiopia. The RSI showed high overlap with neighboring areas and low similarity with distant areas. Top-ranked multipurpose plants were Ziziphus spina-christi and Terminalia leiocarpa, with agricultural expansion and fuelwood collection identified as major threats. ConclusionThe findings demonstrate the rich diversity of medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge in the Quara district. The high ethnobotanical indices warrant further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. Integrated conservation efforts are recommended to address the challenges facing these valuable plant resources. BackgroundHumans have a long-standing relationship with plants, utilizing them for various daily needs such as food, shelter, fuel, medicines, and fodder [1]. Medicinal plants, in particular, have been integral to traditional healthcare systems, providing treatments for diverse human ailments [2]. The close interaction between man and nature has led to the accumulation of a wealth of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Traditional knowledge refers to the unique knowledge held by a particular culture or society, acquired over time through traditional practices [1]. The use of medicinal plants has been an integral part of traditional healthcare systems since antiquity. Health Organization’s Strategy 2014–2023 acknowledges the critical role of traditional medicine, with traditional remedies, practitioners, and herbs providing healthcare for millions of people [3]. Approximately 80% of the global population still relies on traditional herbal medicines [4], and in developing countries, this figure can range from 50 to 95% [5, 6]. Ethiopia, a developing nation, exemplifies this widespread use of medicinal plants to treat various diseases in both humans and domestic animals [7].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: However, Sepúlveda et al. (2016) reported that lower conidial lengths vary between 4. 52 and 5. 54 μm for M. robertsii strains. This may be due to the variation in the ecology of fungal species. ConclusionsCorrect identification of entomopathogenic fungi through morphological characterization is a baseline for the selection of virulent isolates for the management of agricultural pests. There was a variation in morphological features among all isolates in terms of colony color, shape, and texture. Isolates with the highest germination percentage and maximum spore production were virulent to second instar larvae of G. mellonella. Accordingly, M. robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 were highly virulent to G. melonella by the Galleria dipping method, with a 100% mortality rate at 10 days post inoculated at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidial ml-1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil of tomato plant had the potential to control pests sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly insect pests. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests. Data availabilityUnderlying data DANS-EASY: Entomopathogenic fungi characterization data, (Geremew, 2023). This project contains the following underlying data:• Germination (germination test of entomopathogenic isolates)• Radial growth PDA (radial growth of isolates on PDA media)• Radial growth SDA (radial growth of isolates on SDA media)• Screening (pathogenicity screening of isolates on Galleria melonella)• Conidial length and width (conidial size of isolates)• Conidial yield (conidial yield of isolates) Data are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Knowing that the species no longer occurs in the Chad and the lower Nile, it could well be the relict of a more ancient fish fauna extending northwards, and whose representatives later disappeared from Sudanese river basins. It may well be that B. apleurogramma from Ennedi was part of an ancient fauna which was more widely distributed than nowadays, and whose representatives probably disappeared during an arid climatic phase, with relict populations subsisting in particular zones. That could imply that the isolation of B. apleurogramma would be older than the last humid period. Fish communities in chotts27The chotts, vast shallow temporary lakes of saline character, lie along the northern border of the Sahara, in the Sahara/Mediterranean transition zone, and are large salt flats. Some are flooded every winter; others seldom carry surface water. In Algeria, chotts are the major wetlands. Most of the chotts are of importance to wintering and migrating waterfowl, and support large numbers of ducks. Conversely, due to their high salinity and also because water is not generally perennial, most of the chotts are not inhabited by fish. 28However, there are some exceptions such as the and Chott el Fedjadj complex in Tunisia (Doadrio, 1994). The chotts proper are devoid of fish, amphibians, reptiles or mammals. By contrast much more diverse floras and faunas, including fishes, are found in the beds of the oueds that feed the chotts and in the springs around the margins. Several species of fish live in the oases, including Aphanius fasciatus, Barbus callensis, Clarias gariepinus, Haplochromis desfontainesi and Hemichromis bimaculatus (Doadrio, 1994). Oreochromis niloticus, Poecilia reticulata and Gambusia affinis have been introduced, this last one for mosquito control. 29In Egypt, (or or Lake Moeris) (figure 21. 3) was freshwater in prehistory, but it is a saltwater lake today and could be compared to a chott.

Output: pass