Input: Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: Methylnaltrexone marketed under the name Relistor provides peripherally-acting-opioid antagonism that has the ability to reverse constipation in patients using opioid-agonists without affecting analgesia or even precipitating withdrawals. A permanently charged tetravalent nitrogen atom in its design prevents the crossing of the blood–brain barrier. This predominant antagonist effects counteracts troubling opioid-induced side effects such as itching and constipation, all while not minimizing opioid effects in the brain responsible for analgesia. is marketed as a prescription medication indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in patients with advanced illness who are receiving palliative care, when response to laxative therapy has not been sufficient. Use of beyond four months has not been studied. The usual dose schedule for is once every other day, as needed, but no more than once in a 24-hour period [5]. It has been suggested that naloxone, when given orally, has negligible bioavailability but may actually counteract opioid-induced constipation by blocking the action of opioid medications locally in the gut. Because of a sophisticated understanding of pharmacokinetic properties, naloxone activity in the gastrointestinal tract presumably occurs before almost complete metabolism by the liver to the medications necessary reduction to negligible drug activity in the System (CNS) where opioid (pain) receptors are located. Central effects of the oral naloxone are minimized by utilizing sparse doses that benefit colon transit time and minimize complications that would impair analgesia. Utilizing this research, a new modified-release combination product containing the strong opioid oxycodone plus the opioid antagonist naloxone is being researched for the treatment of “severe pain, which can be adequately managed only with opioid analgesics”. It is believed that this combination has unique characteristics that “naloxone is added to counteract opioid-induced constipation by blocking the action of oxycodone at opioid receptors locally in the gut”. If research proves claims of “superior GI [gastrointestinal] tolerability compared to previous treatment in a clinical practice study” to be accurate, it will be just a matter of time before more and diverse opioids will be reformulated with a combined agonist/antagonist formula [4].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: 7 No-till/conservation tillageIntensive or traditional agriculture causes physical and chemical degradation of soil, loss of organic matter, reduced biological activity in the soil and consequently a decrease in crop production. On the contrary, the method of sustainable agriculture envisages a sustainable and profitable farming system based on three basic rules, including soil-free agriculture, continuous soil surface covered with plant or plant debris, and crop rotation [7, 8]. 4. 8 Precision nutrient managementFertilization, which constitutes 10–15% of the costs of agricultural inputs, is critical for increasing product productivity by up to 50%. The application time and method are of great importance in the fertilization process which is applied to soil in order to meet the basic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium etc. ) which are not enough in agricultural soils. Data’s such as climate and weather conditions, soil characteristics and product types are important in determining the appropriate fertilization time. 4. 9 Reducing fuel useMechanization tools that reduce labor requirements in agriculture generally use fossil fuels. Nowadays, the use of fossil fuel energies directly or indirectly in agriculture has not been economically profitable for producers. In developing countries, large amounts of fossil fuels are used in agricultural production, in particular fertilizer production and machinery use. It is not possible to carry out modern agricultural production processes without using fuel. However, the use of combined agricultural tools and machinery in one pass and the use of renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels will reduce both the cost of fuel in agriculture and reduce the carbon emissions and make the agriculture sensitive to the environment. 4. 10 IrrigationEffective irrigation is possible by determining the optimum water amount using different parameters such as soil humidity, effective precipitation rate and evapotranspiration and by determining the correct irrigation time with climate, weather forecasts and real-time weather data. In this way, effective and economical irrigation will be provided by protecting the limited water resources and the environmental and agricultural negative effects of leaching, salinity and fungal diseases caused by excess water will be prevented. 4. 11 Water storage pondsAgricultural ponds are important water sources for irrigated areas. These structures collect water from small sources and allow for efficient storage and use of large flow rates when needed and help to regulate water flow. Advertisement 5. Sustainable soil managementSustainable land management includes many components.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: In this paper, the matrix was based on the macro-categories created for feasibility assessment, adapting them to the main dimensions of the vertical farming sector. Therefore, for this study, the sustainable assessment can be defined as a statistical measure informing the sustainability of vertical farming implementation in the African countries where it is most feasible. Furthermore, four more thematic areas (Urban development, Energy, Food Security, and Science and Technology) were added to the three main pillars of sustainability (Economic, Environmental and Social)63 according to their crucial role in ensuring vertical farming sustainability. The indicators include both stimulating and destimulating factors in the economic, social and environmental spheres. The central hypothesis of the study is that a change of the synthetic indicator, averaged from proposed indicators, leads to a change in the level of feasibility and sustainability potential of vertical farming64. This hypothesis lays the foundation for the study of the influence of contributing factors, here named “macro-categories”, for the construction of the algorithm, for future analysis in different territorial contexts (geographically and dimensions wise) and consequent decision making. To substantiate the proposed hypothesis and achieve the set goal, the following steps are proposed, both for the feasibility and sustainability assessment (Fig. 1): 1. Identification of suitable indicators based on technical, strategical, and financial requirements for vertical farming feasibility and sustainability in the African continent. 2. Retrieving the chosen data from the database in order to be gathered in observational matrices. 3. Determination of the main factors, here named “macro-categories”, suitable for hosting all the chosen indicators. An indicator can be placed in more than one macro-category, potentially increasing or decreasing its influence on the final scoring, depending on how the indicator is further classified. 4. Classification of all the chosen indicators in relation to the macro-category/ies they belong. They can be classified as stimulant, destimulant, or nominant65. 5. Normalization procedure through the Method (also known as Min-Max Normalization) according to how the indicator was classified58,66. 6. Construction of a Index and a Index for each of the 54 by averaging the 14 corresponding to each macro-category. 7. Feasibility and sustainability classification of the 54 based on a statistical comparison of the final Synthetic Indexes58,67.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: The marketing of oxycodone/naloxone tablets, and other fixed dose combination products including previously marketed pentazocine-naloxone and morphine/ naltrexone utilized agonist/antagonist has been attempted in an effort to prevent reactions from crushing or injecting these combination products. Naloxone was considered a wonderful deterrent to tampering with oral pain medications in an effort to prevent a patient from crushing and injecting an oral opioid with the hope of getting a “greater high or euphoria rush”. The providing of warnings by physicians and pharmacists were thought to reduce the incidence of severe and potentially lethal misuse-reactions. Unfortunately, the morphine/naltrexone formulation was withdrawn not due to any failure by the science of the formulation including any insignificant amount of sequestered naltrexone reaching systemic circulation, but because of reports of potentially fatal reaction upon patient tampering and the subsequent release of naltrexone blunting the euphoria of opioids and precipitating dangerous opioid withdrawal sequelae in opioid-dependent patient. Suboxone (buprenorphine and naloxone) has become a very popular treatment for opiate addiction and while abuse is still possible, it appears to have less euphoria and reduced analgesia effects compared with full-opioid agonists. Naltrexone basically has the same pharmacological effects as naloxone, but it is longer acting and does possess potent pharmacologic effects when used orally. Naltrexone is often utilized prophylactically to maintain abstinence from opioids and administered by specially trained medical supervision under anesthesia to provide rapid detoxification in addicted patients wishing to bypass the unpleasant withdrawal syndrome. Naltrexone for has not proven to be a breakthrough in allowing patients to remain free of opioids. Patients cannot be started on this preventative treatment until they have already been opioid free for at least a week due to its ability to precipitate an opioid withdrawal in opioid-tolerant patient. ® (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) is a long-acting opioid antagonist that was approved by the FDA in 2006. It has been used as a treatment for alcohol dependence and to prevent relapse to opioid dependence after opioid detoxification. The recommended dose is 380 mg intramuscularly once a month. Due to its powerful antagonistic properties, its use does have potential dangerous consequences with its use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: The multiplicity of components and the different prescriptions are due to the delicate but complex structure of the method and its applications. According to the FESLM: Framework for definitions by FAO, sustainable land management combines socio-economic principles with environmentally sensitive technologies, policies and activities [9]. In order for sustainable land management to be feasible, five objectives have been identified as Efficiency, Security, Protection, Vitality and Acceptability, and the implementation and findings of the SLM regulation have been identified as the main pillars to be tested and monitored. Each target has its own characteristics and can be explained as follows:Efficiency: The return obtained from SLM is more than just evaluating with financial gains, it is evaluated to include the benefits that will be obtained from the protective, health and esthetic purposes of land use. Security: The management models that support the balance between land use and the existing environmental conditions reduce the production risks, whereas only those approaches that emphasize commercial anxiety increase this risk. Protection: Soil and water resources should be taken under strict protection for future generations. Locally, there may be additional protection priorities, such as the protection of genetic diversity or the need to protect specific plant or animal species. Vitality: If the applied land uses do not match the local conditions, the use cannot survive. Acceptability: If the social effects of land use methods are negative, it is inevitable to fail over time. The part directly affected by social and economic impact is not always clear. Considering this framework, it should be produced safely in the field, established a production model that will protect the natural resources, the model should be economically feasible and socially acceptable. However, it should also be accepted that the system cannot be sustainable with the practices where the agricultural structure is not properly managed and the land is constantly destroyed. This method requires, in principle, to protect and improve soil fertility, to prevent and correct soil degradation and to prevent environmental damage. 5. 1 Maintaining and improving soil productivity5. 1. 1 Managing soil nutrientsIn agriculture, healthy nutrition of the plants and increasing the use of fertilizers depends on the application of nutrients at the time of need, with sufficient and correct methods. Correct plant nutrition management is in interaction with many factors. For example, increasing fertilizer usage efficiency depends on reducing the losses of plant nutrients from soil due to leaching, denitrification, evaporation, surface flow.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Indoor vertical farming is fully sustainable without any need for artificial inputs. [SEP] Text: The main limitations of this study lie in: The level of definition of data on a geographical scale, as an analysis by country, that does not capture differences among vast portions of territory within national borders. The lack of data for some of the countries and indicators analyzed. The choice of the last five years of available data for each country as the reference time for the assessment, due to the greater availability of data and the intention to maximize the sample's representativeness. Method of choice for indicatorsDefining quantitative objectives depends on the nature of each variable. The following variables can be distinguished: stimulants, destimulants and nominants. Although many variables could be smoothly classified as stimulant and destimulant, none of them could be described as nominant (values that have their optimal in the interval between the minimum and the maximum). Consequently, there were no nominant variables in the indicators set as all the variables that have been processed in the present study were solely classified as stimulant or destimulant. It is paramount to stress that the same variable could be classified as stimulant or destimulant depending on its macro-category65. Classification of indicators into macro-categoriesThe main aim was to construct a synthetic index to assess vertical farming feasibility and sustainability in African countries. This measure encompasses the multiple factors influencing vertical farming suitability in three main areas, economic, social, and environmental. Specific indicators of development from the and FAO have been gathered in influence matrices and then selected for the chosen macro-categories (5, 6). The macro-categories for the feasibility analysis were grouped in 3 macro-areas (Fig. 4) for interpretation of results and were the following: (1) (Urban Development, Agriculture and Growth, Vulnerability), (2) Economic and (Economy and and Technology) and (3) Resources availability and (Energy, Water and Environment, Social). It was decided to perform two separate analyses, one for feasibility and a subsequent one for sustainability, corresponding to the two research questions stated above. The sustainability analysis considered the 3 main pillars of sustainability (Economical, Social and Environmental)63. Furthermore, 4 more thematic areas were added to the 3 domains previously mentioned (Urban development as Economic, Energy as Environmental, and Science and Technology as Social) due to their importance in vertical farming sustainability.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: The blocking of exogenous opioid effects could result in the necessity to utilize potentially life-threatening opioid doses to sufficiently overcome the competitive receptor blockade due to its unique pharmacological properties: it is injected into a muscle, and cannot be removed from the body, it duration (lasts for one month). Since the medication blocks the effects of opioid-containing medicines that might otherwise be prescribed for a patient for pain, cough, or diarrhea, a patient may be limited in their ability to receive any opioid agonist benefits if needed in the case of an emergency or severe illness. In addition, hepatotoxicity is a known consequence with oral or injectable naltrexone use. If symptoms or lab values indicate any potential liver damage or hepatitis including stomach area pain lasting more than a few days, yellowing of the whites of eyes, dark urine or even tiredness would necessitate a medical judgment to discontinue treatment would seem prudent. Stopping overdoses is obviously not enough to combat the current enormous multifactorial problem of opioid misuse and abuse. Recent government pressures have also been focused on rescheduling hydrocodone-based products in an effort to reduce the quantities available for illegal or even legally prescribed use to the more restrictive Administration (DEA) schedule/class “II”. Currently refills and telephoned prescriptions are available for the less restrictive class III-V opioid-based medications, with the proposed rescheduling to class-II, refills and telephoned prescriptions will no longer be allowed under the law. This of course does not reduce the amount of opioids prescribed, abused or diverted-it just makes prescribers of class-II more cognizant of its restrictive nature and requires more work for writer (physician), dispenser (pharmacist/nurse), and patient (potential chronic pain patient or possible abuser of medications). Pharmacist and Physicians for the most part do not support these rescheduling measures due to the proposed increase in record keeping requirements and additional roadblocks to filling what has been considered useful and first-line for the treatment of mild, moderate and moderately severe pain. With a potential switch from its long-time position as a class III controlled substance to the class II location, concerns about what forces-if any will prevent physicians from leap-frogging their patients to the more powerful morphine, methadone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, or even oxycodone products?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Increased fertilizer use efficiency and the decrease in nutrient loss are proportional to each other [14]. Therefore, precision farming practices are one of the most important components of sustainable soil fertility and plant nutrition management. The aim of this course is to evaluate the soil conditions, product characteristics and the variable productivity related to agricultural conditions within the boundaries of agricultural land in variable rate fertilization technologies in precision farming and to determine the time and amount of fertilization. used in this direction indicate the variable applications to different geographical coordinates based on the analysis of these conditions. This technology is also effective in deciding the nature of the fertilizer to be used. Different areas within the field can be evaluated separately and variable nutritional needs can be calculated. With the use of advanced technologies, the topographic structure of the field (different slope levels and depressions), the soil color which varies according to the organic matter content and the temporal yield variability in the field are taken into consideration. With the inclusion of land sampling data, all information is classified and analyzed in different databases; accordingly, the need for qualitative and quantitative fertilizers of the field subfields is determined. 5. 1. 2 Managing soil physical conditionsThe soils under natural vegetation normally support the population of organisms and soil animals in an active biological activity. They live in plant roots and trash, digging and loosening the soil and use it as a nest. The vegetation is normally compressed by exposure to the effects of rain and soil processing and the effects of humans, animals and machinery. A certain proportion of compaction makes it suitable for the growth of plant roots in the soil and increases the ability of plants to retain the water they need to survive. Exposing the soil to compressing and then drying may cause the surfaces to crust. This reduces the water penetration rate and may cause water to flow from the surface and soil erosion. Larger land resources were needed to supply food to the growing population, and soils were put under intensive use for overproduction. On the other hand, as a result of the pressure of increasing population, the deterioration in the fertile soil resources and the result of the structuralization show the effects of the loss of the area. As a result of the increase in the need for land resources, many countries around the world need to map their land in detail and use the land according to their capabilities. When the sustainability of natural resources is mentioned, first of all, soil erosion and its negative effects on the environment are one of the first issues that come to mind.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices. [SEP] Text: We expect that such a framing effect could be more pronounced for enhancement purposes, since activating moral concerns against enhancement uses might be more impactful than for treatment uses, which might be seen as less abdicable. Interindividual differences in attitudes towards NTDs. First studies have also tried to understand the characteristics of respondents supporting or opposing NTDs. This research has yielded inconclusive results and has hardly investigated whether attributes of the NTDs are judged differently by different people [10, 38]. However, respondents’ individual perspectives and circumstances may affect their attitudes towards NTDs, as indicated by the research on prescription drugs used for enhancement, and less frequently for NTDs. Higher moral acceptance and use willingness can be expected among individuals who would have a greater need for NTDs, for example, to deal with stress and its negative consequences [29, 42–44]; to compensate for potential deficits, such as low levels of cognitive function [45]; and to cope with age-related cognitive and physical decline (such as vision or mobility) [46, 47]. Values and ideologies may also shape the moral evaluation and the willingness to use NTDs. For example, some might more strongly reject these technologies on the basis that they are “unnatural” and they transgress human boundaries. Others might have a lower affinity for technology, which is more likely in religious [8, 17, 48], older [17, 25, 32, 41], less educated [49], or female [17, 41] populations. Therefore, we examine the role of chronic stress, cognitive functioning, religiosity, age, education, and gender as indicators of needing to use NTDs and individuals’ values and ideologies towards such use. To gain more detailed insights about their role, we also investigate if individuals with certain respondent characteristics evaluate enhancement and treatment differently, since a need for using NTDs, or the values and ideologies towards them, may modulate the moral evaluation and use willingness of both uses differently (while one might argue that individuals with different characteristics also vary in their evaluation of whether NT is invasive vs. noninvasive, our exploratory analysis did not reveal any statistically significant interaction effects between the invasiveness factor and each investigated characteristic; thus, we do not further elaborate on this in the manuscript).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Q&A: How do plants sense and respond to UV-B radiation? and answer Open access Published: 30 June 2015 Q&A: How do plants sense and respond to UV-B radiation? Roman Ulm1 & Jenkins2 BMC Biology 8. UV-B photon absorption by a UVR8 homodimer leads to UVR8 monomerization and interaction with the downstream signaling factor COP1. This then initiates changes in gene expression, which lead to several metabolic and morphological alterations. A major response is the activation of mechanisms associated with UV-B acclimation and UV-B tolerance, including biosynthesis of sunscreen metabolites, antioxidants and DNA repair enzymes. To balance the response, UVR8 is inactivated by regulated re-dimerization. Apart from their importance for plants, UVR8 and its interacting protein COP1 have already proved useful for the optogenetic toolkit used to engineer synthetic light-dependent responses. What is UV-B radiation? Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between X-rays and visible light that is conventionally divided into UV-A (315 to 400 nm), UV-B (280 to 315 nm) and UV-C (100 to 280 nm) radiation. Whereas UV-C is entirely absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer, UV-A and some UV-B radiation reach the Earth’s surface and thus can affect the biosphere. UV-B is the most harmful form of radiation from sunlight reaching the Earth mainly because it can cause photochemical DNA damage. Exposure to UV-B is thus particularly notorious for being a major risk factor for most human skin cancers. Why is UV-B an issue for plants? DNA is chemically the same in all organisms and thus similarly susceptible to damage by UV-B in plants and humans. Things are, however, additionally complicated for plants, as they cannot escape UV-B by behavioral responses (for example, moving to shadow, putting on clothes or sun cream). Rather, plants are sessile organisms that depend on sunlight as the energy source for photosynthesis. Thus, they need to achieve a balance between optimal light capture and UV-B protection. One way to escape UV-B exposure is by limiting their life to times/places when/where UV-B levels are lower (such as spring, autumn, in shade under canopy).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Under normal conditions, climate, soil, topography and vegetation are the main elements that complement each other. Soil erosion is the result of this interaction. It is clear that the risk of erosion in agricultural areas is high, and if the conservation measures required by sustainable agricultural techniques are not taken, it will be possible to reach irreversible levels. Moreover, our resources, which are already limited by accelerated soil erosion, may be under great threat in the future. Managing the physical properties of the soil includes the protection of the soil structure necessary for agricultural production, as well as the application of agricultural techniques and processing techniques to increase the long-term efficiency of the soil. Under these conditions, environment-friendly, healthy, economic and quality production conditions will be provided. Soil cultivation is also important for weed control, and this is usually one of the most important reasons for cultivating the soil. However, the introduction of herbicides has resulted in zero or minimum soil tillage techniques that eliminate the need to soil cultivation. Zero and minimum soil tillage techniques protect the soil from the direct impact of rain and wind by leaving crop remains on the surface. Surface residues prevent soil aggregates from being dispersed, transported by water or wind, the infiltration capacity of the soil is preserved, consequently there is no flow on the soil surface and erosion problem decreases. Generally, 56% water and 28% wind erosion are effective in soil degradation types. Among these reasons, agriculture has an important place with 28% (Figure 2) [15]. Figure 2. Types and causes of soil degradation [15]. Intensive and timeless machine operations cause compression on the soil surface, especially in deeper layers and deterioration of the soil structure. Soil compaction is a state of degradation of soil aggregates and reduced pores between aggregates. Reduction of pore density reduces soil aeration, water drainage and water penetration into the deep layers, causing surface flow in rainy conditions. Soil compaction also complicates germination of the seed, limits the growth of plant roots, affects the biodiversity of the soil and causes the surface soil crusting. Some of the issues to be taken into consideration for the protection of soil physical structure can be listed as follows [15];Reduce the number and frequency of vehicle traffic, avoid unnecessary operations. Select suitable machines for the soil properties and the work to be carried out, check the tire pressure to reduce the pressure on the surface and reduce it if necessary.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCI applications are being researched for use in gaming, medicine, and mental health. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef] [Medline]Alvarez- On the : moderated online social therapy for long-term recovery in first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2013;143(1):143-149. [CrossRef] [Medline]Álvarez-Jiménez M. Moderated online social therapy: designing and evaluating technology for mental health. . Feb 1, 2014;21(1):1-26. [CrossRef]Baumel A. Online emotional support delivered by trained volunteers: users' satisfaction and their perception of the service compared to psychotherapy. J Ment Health. 2015;24(5):313-320. [CrossRef] [Medline]. #WhyWeTweetMH: understanding why people use twitter to discuss mental health problems. J Res. Dec 5, 2017;19(4):e107. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]M, De S. Discourse on Reddit: Self-Disclosure, Social Support, and Anonymity. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. 2014. Presented at: AAAI'14; June 1–4, 2014:71-80; Michigan, USA. URL: The future of mental health care: peer-to-peer support and social media. Sci. Apr 2016;25(2):113-122. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. 'Facebook depression? ' social networking site use and depression in older adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52(1):128-130. [CrossRef] [Medline]Veretilo P, Billick SB. Psychiatric illness and Facebook: a case report. Psychiatr Q. Sep 2012;83(3):385-389. [CrossRef] [Medline]-Duran NL. Facebook use and depressive symptomatology: investigating the role of neuroticism and extraversion in youth. Behav. Nov 1, 2014;40:1-5. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]van. There is an app for that! The current state of mobile applications (apps) for DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and mood disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34(6):526-539. [CrossRef] [Medline].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: However, several plants, including crops, grow during summer under conditions with high UV-B without being sunburned, which can be appreciated in a green landscape on a hike in summer. But growth in bright sunlight is hazardous - simply consider a human exposed to sunlight during the entire day without clothes and sun cream protection! Thus, efficient UV-B protection mechanisms are of great importance to plants. Can plants specifically ‘see’ UV-B? Yes, plants can directly sense UV-B photons through a specific UV-B photoreceptor called 8 (UVR8) [1]. UVR8 is a seven-bladed β-propeller protein that exists as a homodimer held together by interactions between charged amino acids [1–3]. After UV-B absorption the UVR8 homodimer converts to monomers that initiate a signaling cascade, which ultimately leads to transcriptional regulation of target genes [1, 4, 5] (Fig. 1). The amount of UVR8 monomer is a measure for the prevailing UV-B levels, allowing appropriate responses. Importantly, UVR8 induces UV-B acclimation and UV-B tolerance [4–6]. Acclimation involves, for example, increased levels of DNA repair enzymes and accumulation of ‘sunscreen’ metabolites that absorb UV-B and thereby protect underlying tissues. Fig. 1The UVR8 photocycle. UV-B photon absorption by the UVR8 homodimer via a tryptophan-based mechanism results in UVR8 monomerization. The UVR8 monomer interacts directly with COP1 to initiate UV-B signaling, which results in changes in gene expression (including the induction of RUP1 and RUP2 expression) and ultimately regulates UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis and stress acclimation. Re-dimerization of UVR8 through the action of RUP1 and RUP2 disrupts the UVR8-COP1 interaction and regenerates the UVR8 homodimer again ready for UV-B perception. Image reprinted from [46]: thearabidopsisbook. org Society of Plant BiologistsFull size image How exactly does UVR8 act as a photoreceptor? UVR8 is unique among photoreceptors in that it does not employ a bound chromophore to absorb light of a particular spectral quality [2, 3].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: Variable rate applications can be done in optimum timing in fields varying in the field in terms of water requirement. 5. 1. 4 Pests and diseases managementManagement (IPM), as one of the effective methods used in modern agriculture, takes into account all plant protection methods available in the application. IPM implies the integration of appropriate measures that minimize the risks for human health and the environment by preventing the development of pest populations and by ensuring the use of plant protection products and other forms of intervention at economic and ecologically justified and reduced levels. A well-designed integrated pest management program (IPM) includes three main steps for maximum effectiveness and minimum environmental impact in pest, weed and disease control [16]:Find: Producers should first identify pests, diseases or weeds. Then, physical, chemical, biological and regulatory compliance options should be decided. Watch: Reproduction rates are noted after the identification of harmful species. The determination of the effects of the protection methods and the limit threshold where the plant protection products will be used should be determined. Select: When the density of harmful species reaches the threshold, many protection options are activated. With other protection methods, the use of pesticides that cause the least damage to the environment is the most effective protection method with harmful species. In addition, early harvesting or other physical protection methods can help minimize crop damage. When deciding on the protection method, the existence of useful species should be taken into consideration, and harmful species can be fought with the species which are the enemy of the pests without any application. IPM for the prevention or suppression of harmful organisms as well as chemical control; crop rotation, use of appropriate breeding techniques (planting dates and densities, protected cultivation, pruning and direct sowing), use of tolerant varieties and certified seed and planting materials, use of balanced fertilization, liming and irrigation/drainage applications and prevention of spread of harmful organisms by hygiene measures (regular cleaning of machinery and equipment), which can be considered as a number of methods are important for sustainable agriculture [16]. Energy-based innovative cultural techniques: leguminous rotations, use of organic wastes as well as farm based by-products, integrated pest management (IPM), pest and disease prediction, biological and cultural pest control, mulching and mechanical weed control, conservational tillage or no-till, mixed sowing and trap crops should be applied within the system [17]. 5. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: In fact, practical use-cases demonstrate that due to concerns about risk, most implementations end up with much higher budget than is necessary. Many mechanisms of differential privacy require noise to be added to the data in cases where the original data is highly skewed, resulting in reduced utility of the outputs, and in some cases rendering the whole exercise useless. In many specific fields of statistical analysis, users of micro-data are highly trained to use specific tools (and Python) and query procedures, which often do not support the complexity of differential-privacy-protected mechanisms. This presents a behavior-change challenge whereby analysts need to be convinced to abandon their familiar methods and tools (which they may have been using for decades) in favor of the interactive system where the privacy-protected data is available. Figure 1. Fake celebrity images created using generative modeling; none of these images are real people. Fortunately, deep generative models – a recent and novel approach in deep neural networks – provide an alternative for direct sharing of micro-data without privacy risk. With generative models, a deep neural network algorithm uses the existing micro-data to approximate, with high accuracy, the underlying probability distribution of the data in some high-dimensional latent space. Once the probability distribution is approximated, the trained model can be used to generate any number of synthetic records by randomly sampling from that distribution. Those generated records are related to the original data only through the shared underlying probability distribution, and thus does not include any information that can be linked back to the original (private) records. To further illustrate how synthetic data generation works, consider CelebA,1 a dataset with more than 200,000 synthetic celebrity face images, each with 40 automatically extracted attribute annotations. Using generative models, researchers have demonstrated the ability to learn the underlying distribution well enough to generate photorealistic celebrity faces as is shown in Figure 1 above. This same technique can be applied to many other types of data – music, text, videos as well as healthcare, financial or insurance data. In this 2. Generative models for synthetic dataGenerative models are a class of mathematical models that approximate a probability distribution of some dataset and can be used to generate samples of data according to the modeled (or approximated) distribution. Such generated data is often called “synthetic data,” “fake data,” or “realistic but not real.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Instead UVR8 uses specific tryptophans in its primary sequence for UV-B photoreception [1–3, 7]. UVR8 has 14 tryptophans whose positions in the protein are highly conserved in evolution. Six of the tryptophans are in the β-propeller blades of the protein and appear to be important in maintaining blade structure; one tryptophan, of unknown function, is in the carboxy-terminal domain, and the remaining seven are arranged at the surface where two UVR8 monomers interact to form the dimer [7, 8] (Fig. 2a,b). Three of the tryptophans at the dimer interface (W233, W285 and W337; W = tryptophan in the amino acid single-letter code) are in very close proximity, and this ‘triad’ of tryptophans is close to W94 on the opposing monomer, forming a pyramidal arrangement. There are two such tryptophan ‘pyramids’ across the dimer (Fig. 2c). Fig. 2UVR8 structure and arrangement of its 14 tryptophans. a,b All UVR8 tryptophans in the monomer viewed from the side (except W400, which is in the carboxy-terminal domain that was not included in the solved structures, here shown for amino acids 14 to 380) (a) and from the dimeric interaction surface (b). Tryptophans in the protein core (blue) and at the interaction surface (red) are distinguished. Images modified from [8]. c Pyramidal arrangement of tryptophans across the UVR8 dimer interface. The triad tryptophans W233, W285 and W337 on one monomer of UVR8 are closely associated with W94 on the opposing monomer. Image modified from [7]Full size image Mutational studies, both in vitro with the purified protein [2, 3], and in vivo in yeast [1, 8] and plants [2, 8–10], implicate specific tryptophans at the dimer interface as being crucial for photoreception.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: 5 Cover crop and rotationCovered plants provide important contributions to agricultural production at the point of protection of soil, temperature, humidity or light at the desired level, pest and weed control. The reduction of soil cultivation in sustainable agriculture has brought with it the weed problem. Many plants such as clover, vetch, trefoil, oats, rye, sorghum vary widely according to usage and production purpose. For example, cereals are preferred for weed control, and legumes cultivation is preferred for providing nitrogen to the crop plant. The most important point in the cultivation of cover plants is to know the balance between the cost and the benefits of the system. The system should both reduce the input cost and increase the product efficiency. Apart from its main purpose, cover crops have many other contributions to agriculture and production. The use of these plants allows increasing the amount of organic matter in the soil by protecting plant biomass and vegetative waste in the field. In this way, soil weathering improves, root growth of plants is encouraged and surface water flow decreases and aggregate formation increases. In addition, an increase in the population of living things such as microorganisms and worms, which contribute to the improvement of the nutritional cycle and soil structure, is achieved. On the other hand, it is possible to reduce soil tillage, increase soil organic matter, benefit from different depths of nutrients, protect soil moisture, increase soil water holding capacity and weed control. For this reason, cover crop and crop rotation in sustainable agriculture is one of the important applications to reduce production inputs and to make economic agriculture. Advertisement 6. ConclusionsThe management of agricultural areas by traditional methods, the evaluation and processing of soil characteristics using traditional habits alone are not sufficient for the past, present situation and future productivity of the soil. Therefore, an evaluation of the tillage systems where soil tillage is appropriate to the management objectives and the effects on soil functions can be determined precisely. In determining the soil tillage system, the most suitable tillage system should be selected by evaluating the soil structure and quality, not only for the purpose of loosening and aerating the soil and destroying weeds. In order to compare soil management and processing systems, different indicators can be used in soil quality assessments according to soil conditions. Today, the most important issue of researchers is the question of whether or not food can be produced enough to feed so many people in parallel with the rapidly increasing population.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCIs face significant ethical and privacy concerns regarding access to neural data. [SEP] Text: With real datasets (either de-identified or available through differential privacy mechanisms), an attacker knows for sure that each row in the datasets represents a real instance or person, only the privacy mechanisms attempt to conceal the privacy information in different ways. With synthetic datasets that is not the case, as the samples are randomly chosen from a probability distribution, and thus by definition do not reflect real people. In fact, as described at the beginning of this 7. Summary and conclusionIn this 1. . Issues encountered deploying differential privacy. In: WPES’18: Proceedings of the 2018 Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society; 2018. 137. DOI: 10. 1145/3267323. 32689492. Kingma D, Welling M. Auto-encoding variational bayes. In: ICLR; 2014. arXiv:1312. 61143. . Stochastic backpropagation and approximate inference in deep generative models. In: Proceedings of the 31st on (ICML); 2014. arXiv:1401. 4082v34. β-VAE: Learning basic visual concepts with a constrained variational framework. on Learning Representations. 2017;2(5):65. Van den. Representation Learning. In: NIPS; 2017. arXiv:1711. 00937v26. Goodfellow I, Pouget--Farley D, Ozair S, et al. Generative adversarial nets. In: Advances in Processing Systems. 2014. 2680. arXiv:1406. 2661v17. . SeqGAN: Sequence generative adversarial nets with policy gradient. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-on Artificial Intelligence, February 4-9, 2017. San Francisco, California: AAAI Press; 2017. 2858. arXiv:1609. 05473v68. . Generating multi-label discrete patient records using generative adversarial networks. In: for Healthcare Conference. PMLR; 2017. arXiv:1703. 06490v39. . Wasserstein GAN; 2017. arXiv:1701. 07875v310. Barth-Jones D. The “Re-identification” of governor William Weld’s medical information. In: A Critical Re-Examination of Then and Now. 2012. DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: In particular, mutation of either W285 or W233 to phenylalanine greatly impairs UVR8 function, indicating that these tryptophans have crucial, non-redundant roles in UVR8 photoreception. The function of the remaining tryptophans is poorly understood, although it has been suggested that tryptophans outside the pyramid absorb UV-B and transfer excitation to W233/W285 [11–13]. Furthermore, it is not clear how UV-B absorption by specific tryptophans actually leads to dissociation of the UVR8 dimer, which initiates signaling. Dimer integrity is maintained by electrostatic interactions between charged amino acids across the dimer interaction surface. Interactions between charged amino acids, notably R286 (R = arginine) with D96 and D107 (D = aspartic acid), and R338 with D44 and E43 (E = glutamic acid), are particularly important in maintaining the dimer, since mutations in these amino acids lead to weakening of the dimer or constitutive monomerization [2, 3]. The key charged amino acids are adjacent to the triad tryptophans, suggesting that UV-B excitation of tryptophans could result in proton-coupled electron transfer to specific charged amino acids, neutralizing interactions that maintain the dimer [2, 12, 14, 15]. In addition, there is evidence, from dynamic crystallography, that UV-B photoreception causes reorientation of W233 and W285, leading to ejection of an adjacent water molecule, which could weaken hydrogen bonds between monomers [13]. Associated conformational changes may further promote dimer dissociation. Thus, it has been established that UVR8 has a novel, tryptophan-based mechanism of UV-B photoreception, but further details of the processes involved remain to be elucidated. How does UVR8 initiate signal transduction and transcriptional regulation? UVR8 seems to be mainly active in the nucleus of plant cells. Despite being rather abundant in the cytoplasm as well, no cytoplasmic function of UVR8 has yet been reported. Indeed, UV-B activation results in the nuclear accumulation of UVR8 [16]. The UV-B-activated UVR8 monomer interacts with 1 (COP1) [5] (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, help maintain soil health and prevent erosion. [SEP] Text: As a matter of fact, while focusing on this issue, it should not only be focused on the subject to feed of human, and should not be overlooked for the healthy and sustainable feeding. In particular, the non-cultivation agricultural system and protective agriculture in general are facing an ecologically and economically large potential for cultivated areas, whose productivity is decreasing day by day and becoming more open to erosion every day. On the other hand, the relationship between fertilizer, pesticide, tillage and crop rotation issues in sustainable systems and their effects on product yield and income should be well established. According to most of the researches, agricultural production programs will begin to decrease as a result of rapid soil deterioration with the applied agricultural production programs, carbon balance will deteriorate and it will be difficult to obtain a healthy, sufficient and qualitative product in the not too distant future. Therefore, it is now necessary to increase the agricultural production in a way to protect nature and it is inevitable that sustainable agricultural techniques will be applied to reduce soil erosion, salinization, pollution of water resources and other damages. When planning production growth in agriculture, we are faced with the need and the necessity to develop new methods that guarantee natural resources instead of intensive input techniques, which cause irreversible microorganism losses in agricultural areas. By applying the yield mapping system in agricultural production, it is necessary to determine the changes in the product characteristics in the land and thus the effective and economic planning of the amount of agricultural inputs to be used. In this direction, precision farming and variable rate applications are the most suitable methods to achieve maximum output by using the optimum and limited input. In contrast to traditional agricultural activities, this practice does not apply the amount of input to be applied to the field equal to each point, and applies variable rate according to the input maps created in line with the yield map. This application determines the need of appropriate input considering the specific conditions and the requirements of the land and weather conditions. Data maps are generated with the help of geospatial data, geographic information system (GIS) technologies and software which are acquired by various sensors on the harvesting machines. Drone and satellite technologies facilitate the creation of visuals that provide important information about land, soil and product structure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brain-computer interfaces can already interpret specific thoughts and emotions in real time. [SEP] Text: A methodological framework for the real-time adaptation of classifiers for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces towards the control of home automation systems : (2022). A methodological framework for the real-time adaptation of classifiers for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces towards the control of home automation systems. Thesis (Doctoral), E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM). Description Title: A methodological framework for the real-time adaptation of classifiers for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces towards the control of home automation systems Author/s: Simeoni, Ezequiel Contributor/s: Arredondo Waldmeyer, María Teresa Item Type: Thesis (Doctoral) Read date: 22 June 2022 Subjects: Telecommunications Faculty: E. T. S. I. Telecomunicación (UPM) Department: Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería Licenses: Recognition - No derivative works - Non commercial Full text PDF - Requires a PDF viewer, such as GSview, Xpdf or (15MB) Abstract Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have increasingly been brought to the research community’s attention for at least the past 20 years and considerable progress has been made in most of its research areas. According to the (WIPO) in the most recent report on assistive technologies trends, BCIs are considered as one of the key enabling technologies for the emerging assistive products. The quality of life of people suffering from a disability can improve if an assistive device such as a BCI can aid communication, house-environment management and mobility. Nonetheless, this technology is not yet ready to be used for out-of-the-laboratory applications, mostly due to its lack of usability and their classifiers’ frailty. Specifically, for the EEG-BCIs, signal stability in time and user-to-user signal variability are the main restrictions for their implementation into real scenarios. Moreover, BCIs’ usability, acceptance and universal design are the current researchers’ concerns, acknowledging BCI technology is in its infancy. Among the current barriers that prevent BCIs to be more usable, the most relevant are: 1) The difficulty to re-use the classifiers, implying the need to iteratively calibrate the system to maintain performance, consuming time and energy from users.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: 1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase [17]. COP1’s function as a central repressor of photomorphogenesis requires accessory proteins of the SPA family and is associated with its substrate receptor function of CUL4-DDB1-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes [17, 18]. COP1 thereby targets several positive regulators of light responses for proteasomal degradation, particularly in darkness [17]. In light this activity is reduced through the activity of photoreceptors sensing visible light. Thus, in addition to UVR8, the red/far-red and blue light photoreceptors (phytochromes and cryptochromes, respectively) impinge on the activity of COP1 [17]; but how COP1 integrates these different inputs remains unknown. Independent of this, phytochromes and cryptochromes interact light-dependently with the SPA proteins, which consequently inactivates COP1 [19, 20]. It is interesting to note that UVR8 is the only photoreceptor to show a light-dependent interaction directly with COP1, independent of COP1 accessory SPA proteins [1, 21]. Similarly, the COP1 activity for early UV-B responses is independent of the SPA proteins [22]. Thus, even though phytochromes, cryptochromes and UVR8 all regulate COP1 function, the underlying mechanisms are apparently different. There is evidence that two separate domains of UVR8 mediate the interaction with COP1: the β-propeller core and the carboxy-terminal C27 domain. Monomerization of the UVR8 core domain is responsible for the UV-B-dependent interaction with COP1, which regulates COP1 activity through the C27 domain [23, 24]. Interaction of UVR8 with COP1 was found to dissociate the COP1-SPA core complex from CUL4-DDB1, forming a unique complex with UVR8 [18]. Interaction of UVR8 with COP1 stabilizes the 5 (HY5) transcription factor [5, 18], enhances the association of HY5 with target promoters, including its own [25], and activates transcription of many UVR8-regulated genes [4, 22, 26, 27].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871 Published 2024-02-23 Accepted 2024-01-22 Received 2023-09-29 -Time and hydroponic, Nutrient estimator, Mask R-sensors, Micro nutrients, Macro nutrients, Region proposal network Copyright © 2024 Sangeetha and This is an open access 2024. Automatic nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth. PeerJ 10:e1871 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 97. 5% accuracy for the first 5 weeks with 1,715 ppm of nutrition ingestion, identifying the vegetative state. The flowering stage is identified with 97. 5% accuracy in the 6–9th week with 2,380 ppm of nutrition consumption, and the fruiting location is determined with 99. 4% accuracy in the last 10–15th week with 2,730 ppm of nutrition consumption. world’s population is projected to increase from 6. 8 billion today to 9. 1 billion by 2050. This growth will necessitate a 25% increase in food production compared to the current levels (FAO, 2022a). According to research conducted by the FAO, meeting this demand and simultaneously addressing issues such as hunger, poverty, efficient management of finite natural resources, and adaptation to climate change will pose significant challenges for global agriculture in the upcoming decades. (FAO) (FAO, 2022b) projects that in India, more than 189 million people may receive less food in terms of quantity and quality for healthy growth by 2020. In India, the population is increasing rapidly, but at the same time, the percentage of agricultural land is decreasing. At the same time, inadequate water resources, fewer rainfalls, increased expenses, and sudden disasters decreased farmers’ interest in farming. As a result, many of them have transitioned into the real estate sector to seek higher profits within a shorter timeframe (Shirsekar et al. , 2021). Hydroponics is a branch of hydroculture that is the most suitable explanation for these difficulties. Hydroponics farming (Tagle et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brain-computer interfaces can already interpret specific thoughts and emotions in real time. [SEP] Text: This is because EEG signal changes due to several factors, namely electrode movements (artifacts or signal drift), the subject’s mental state, skin conductivity changes, etc. Machine-learning classifiers are affected by these changes in signals and their performance decreases substantially. 2) BCIs’ low transferability between users, because of subject-oriented development strategies that prevent BCIs’ evolution and application in other use-cases. 3) The non-triviality of interfacing with the target entities (i. e. , a device to control), due to the high degree of technology fragmentation that ithe ndustry has created. Given these challenges, the objective of this work is to provide a methodological framework that contributes EEG-BCIs to overcome the mentioned barriers towards their home use, further expanding their consolidated application as an alternative communication tool. This will be achieved by addressing, on one end, the BCI classifiers’ real-time adaptation to inter-session and inter-subject variability, enabling BCIs’ repurpose. On the other end, through the creation of an interface with home automation systems that enables a secure access and interoperability among devices, simplifying the interaction between BCIs and automated homes. In particular, the Plan4Act project’s transfer learning method, which endows invasive brain readings’ classifiers with the power of inter-session effects’ mitigation, is extended to the EEG-BCIs domain. This method, named GED-based (GEDMR), enables EEG machine learning classifiers to mitigate the inter-session signal variability and inter-subject effects, enabling the possibility to re-use them. Furthermore, the Gateway (SHG) is created to provide a secure and scalable interface that enables devices’ interoperability, based on the Web of Things standard, reference ontologies (for home appliances and IoT devices) and standard communication protocols. GEDMR’s performance was evaluated using open-access EEG datasets from diverse sources and groups of patients; while SHG’s was evaluated and validated in Plan4act project’s mid-term and final demonstration, which consisted of a BCI actuating on the Living Lab’s devices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Many of these target genes are associated with UV-B protection and UV-B-damage repair [4–6, 26]. How is UVR8 inactivated? Signaling pathways usually include negative feedback regulation to balance their output. In the case of UVR8 signaling, an exaggerated response would result in impaired growth and dwarfism (as illustrated, for example, by experimental UVR8 overexpression) [5]. Moreover, in general, receptors need to be inactivated and revert to their ground state in the absence of a stimulus. Indeed, UVR8 monomers can revert to homodimers in vivo in the absence of UV-B to regenerate the active photoreceptor [28, 29]. This involves the action of the -(RUP) 1 and 2 proteins that act as negative regulators of UV-B signaling by promoting the reversion of UVR8 to the homodimeric conformation [28, 30] (Fig. 1). This UVR8 re-dimerization activity requires direct interaction of RUP1 and RUP2 with the UVR8 C27 domain [23, 24, 29]. However, in contrast to COP1, RUP1 and RUP2 are also able to interact with C27 in the homodimeric form of UVR8 [23, 24, 30]. Interestingly, RUP1 and RUP2 gene expression is induced by UV-B through UVR8 signaling, providing a negative feedback loop to balance the UV-B response [30]. Can UVR8 be found in all plants? And beyond? Possible UVR8 orthologs can be identified in all plants where sequence information is available, including in single-celled green algae [1]. UVR8 signaling thus appears to be an evolutionarily ancient mechanism, consistent with a role in UV-protection of photosynthetic organisms [1]. UVR8 may indeed have been important early in the evolution of photosynthetic organisms to cope with the even higher doses of UV-B at that time and may have thus also helped the transition to terrestrial life, concomitant with the generation of the stratospheric ozone layer [31]. At present, there is, however, no evidence for the presence of a UVR8-type UV-B receptor outside of the plant kingdom. What is the link between UV-B acclimation and UV-B stress responses?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: , 2018) is an intelligent way of growing crops that yields high-quality organic plants in a limited space without using soil and does not expose them to external disasters, and not causing any environmental pollution. The hydroponic food production method is becoming more popular for cultivating crops, especially for urban people who can grow plants on balconies or rooftops (Kaewwiset & Yooyativong, 2017). The hydroponic food production method of cultivation, referred to as “soilless culture” (Resh, 2022), uses water or nutrient solutions as the growing standard. Possibility of using land that is unsuitable for conventional agriculture, such as dry and degraded terrain. The ability of plants to adapt to shifting weather patterns. Cultivation is possible all year. Reduced need for labor-intensive operations such as weeding and soil preparation. These are the method’s primary advantages (Gumisiriza et al. , 2022). There is debate about whether hydroponic farming is more active than conventional farming (Atikah & Widyawati, 2021; Lee & Lee, 2015). Hydroponics agriculture has become a revolution in many countries and is slowly spreading in India. It has proved that it can ultimately grow pesticide-free crops with 95% less water and consume reduced nutrients compared to conventional agriculture. Six different methods of growing hydroponics include deep water culture, wick system, nutrient film technology, ebb and flow systems, drip systems, and aeroponics. It can choose any growing medium except soil like coconut pellets, perlite gravel, rockwool, or sand, or it can be any nutrient explanation. Plants are grown either horizontally or vertically based on space availability (Nursyahid et al. , 2021). In our system, we used deep water culture to grow plants, as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Deep water culture for hydroponics. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-1 The entire method for a vertical farming controlled environment comprises three significant steps. The first step is about intelligent sensors for monitoring several parameters, including air density, humidity, light intensity, temperature, CO2 levels, oxygen levels, water inflows, and recording pH and EC values. The second step covers caring for the plants under a controlled environment and regulating all the above parameters in specific ranges or threshold values.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brain-computer interfaces can already interpret specific thoughts and emotions in real time. [SEP] Text: The original contribution included in this work are: a) Plan4Act project’s ”manifold realignment” method extension to the EEG domain to mitigate inter-session and inter-subject variability; b) EEG datasets review, selection, processing and analysis, to obtain the parameters of interest to the aforementioned method; c) the Gateway development, a secure, scalable and standard-based gateway to allow device interoperability in the Living Lab; and d) The evaluation and validation of the methodological framework. -------------------- Las interfaces cerebro-computadora (BCI, por sus siglas en inglés) han atraído cada vez más la atención de la comunidad investigadora desde al menos los últimos 20 a˜nos y se ha logrado un progreso considerable en la mayoría de sus áreas de investigación. Según la Organización Mundial de la (WIPO, por sus siglas en inglés) en el informe más reciente sobre las tendencias en tecnologías asistivas, las BCI se consideran una de las tecnologías habilitadoras esenciales para los productos de asistencia emergentes. La calidad de vida de las personas que sufren una discapacidad puede mejorar si un dispositivo de asistencia como un BCI puede ayudar a la comunicación, la gestión del entorno doméstico y la movilidad. No obstante, esta tecnología aún no está lista para usarse en aplicaciones fuera del laboratorio, principalmente debido a su falta de usabilidad y la falta de robustez de sus sistemas de clasificación. Específicamente para los EEG-BCI, la estabilidad de la señal en el tiempo y la variabilidad de la señal de usuario a usuario son las principales restricciones para su implementación en escenarios reales.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Acclimation to UV-B involves a combination of protective as well as repair measures, including the accumulation of UV-B-absorbing ‘sunscreen’ metabolites in the vacuoles of epidermal cells, increased levels of anti-oxidants, protection of the photosynthetic apparatus, and increased levels of DNA repair enzymes. As a result, as long as plants are well acclimated, they seem not to ‘feel’ UV-B as a stress that negatively and visibly interferes with cellular activities (also named distress) [32]. Plants can be considered UV-B-stressed when the UV-B levels and resulting cellular damage cannot be coped with (for example, [33]). Is UV-B acclimation the only response to UV-B mediated by the UV-B photoreceptor? No, UVR8 seems to have a much broader effect on plant growth and development than only mediating UV-B acclimation. For example, UVR8 has also been implicated in UV-B-mediated entrainment of the circadian clock [34], hypocotyl growth inhibition [5] (Fig. 3), stomatal closure [35], phototropic bending [36], leaf development [37], inhibition of shade avoidance [38, 39], and osmotic stress [40] and pathogen responses [41]. However, some of these responses could be associated with UV-B stress acclimation, although this remains to be demonstrated. Fig. 3UV-B-induced hypocotyl growth inhibition in Arabidopsis seedlings. UV-B-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation is apparent in four-day-old wild-type (WT) seedlings but not in uvr8 or cop1 mutants. This UV-B-induced photomorphogenic response is enhanced in rup1 rup2 double mutant seedlings. Wild-type and mutant seedlings were grown under white light with or without supplementary narrowband UV-B (according to [5]). Scale = 5 mm. Image reprinted from [46]: thearabidopsisbook. org Society of Plant BiologistsFull size image Could UVR8 potentially contribute to the optogenetic toolkit? Optogenetics refers to the use of genetically encoded tools that allow the control of cellular activities by light [42].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: The last step is crucial for monitoring plant disease detection, weeds detection, pollination, prediction of nutrients mixture along with plant growth maturity stage identification, and messaging complete crop information through smart phone to inform the farmer about changes and for good yielding (Saputra, Irawan & Nugraha, 2017). The fundamental factors which affect a plant’s growth include pH, temperature, CO2, and EC of the water in the system. Four primary sensors control the environment in our hydroponics system. They are DHT11 (temperature and humidity), ultrasonic sensors (water flows), EC sensors (nutrient dissolvability), and pH sensors (acidity of nutrient solution). For these factors, we use an Arduino UNO to communicate and monitor whether or not the readings are in the given threshold range. Instead of soil, hydroponics is fed with nutrient solution added to the normal RO water. Hydroponics needs a varying number of macronutrients and micronutrients throughout its life cycle. Macronutrients are called primary nutrients and are crucial for the plant’s health; these include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which are available from Ca (NO3)2 (calcium nitrate), KNO3 (potassium nitrate), and KH2PO4 (mono-potassium phosphate). In addition to the NPK mixture, micronutrients are also needed for plants that, include calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), boron (B), iron (Fe), molybdate (Mo), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) and sulfur (S). Proper nutrients, like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, etc. , are essential for plant development. Estimating ratios of NPK solution is a significant step that helps in high productivity (Shirsekar et al. , 2021). In hydroponic systems, plant growth and efficiency mainly depend on two main features, EC and pH values, that regulate plant nutrient uptake. We use a pH meter to measure the pH of the nutrient solution. If the pH value measured below seven, that shows acidic, whereas above seven shows basis or alkaline of explanation. The threshold range of pH values of hydroponics plants is mostly from 5. 5 to 6. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Brain-computer interfaces can already interpret specific thoughts and emotions in real time. [SEP] Text: Además, la facilidad de uso, la aceptación y el diseño universal de BCI son algunos de los retos que los investigadores tienen en agenda, reconociendo que la tecnología BCI está en su infancia. Entre las barreras actuales que impiden que los BCI sean más utilizables, las más relevantes son: 1) La dificultad para reutilizar los clasificadores, lo que implica la necesidad de calibrar iterativamente el sistema para mantener el rendimiento, consumiendo tiempo y energía de los usuarios. Esto se debe a que la señal del EEG cambia debido a varios factores como los movimientos de los electrodos (artefactos o desviación de la señal), el estado mental del sujeto, los cambios en la conductividad de la piel, etc. Los clasificadores de aprendizaje automático son sensibles a estos cambios en las señales y su rendimiento disminuye sustancialmente en su presencia. 2) la baja transferibilidad de las BCI entre usuarios, debido a las estrategias de desarrollo orientadas personalizadas que impiden su evolución y aplicación de BCI en otros casos de uso. 3) La no trivialidad de interactuar fácilmente con dispositivos (es decir, un dispositivo para controlar), debido al alto grado de fragmentación tecnológica que creó la industria. Ante estos desafíos, el objetivo de este trabajo es brindar un marco metodológico que contribuya a que los EEG-BCI superen las mencionadas barreras hacia su uso doméstico, ampliando aún más su aplicación consolidada como herramienta de comunicación alternativa.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Indeed, recently the first applications of UVR8 and the UVR8-COP1 interaction as an optogenetic tool were described [43–45]. UVR8 was used to engineer a UV-B-triggered protein secretion system where UVR8 fusion proteins were conditionally sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum and UV-B allowed regulated trafficking to the plasma membrane [43]. The UVR8-COP1 interaction was used, for example, to develop UV-B-inducible expression systems in mammalian cells by split transcription factors that were rendered UV-B-responsive through fusion to UVR8 and COP1 [44, 45], similar to yeast two-hybrid assays [1]. Advantages of the UVR8 system include i) no application of an exogenous chromophore is needed, ii) experiments are possible in visible light (very specific and sensitive), and iii) there is no interference with imaging of the commonly used fluorescent proteins. Moreover, the rather low reversion kinetics can be an advantage or disadvantage dependent on the application. A disadvantage may be the high energy and potentially damaging aspect of UV-B radiation. However, UV-B levels needed are rather low (certainly compared to sunlight) and only short exposure times are often required. Moreover, future developments implementing two-photon laser excitation of tryptophans may help to further establish UVR8-derived optogenetic systems. Where can I find out more about plant UV-B signaling? For interested readers we propose several recent review 6. 6. 8. Nature. 2012;484:214–9. 30. 601. 1. Plant Physiol. 2002;130:234–43. 8. Struct Biol. 2014;29:52–7. 8. Plant Cell. 2012;24:3755–66. 31. 4218. 72. -Beyerle ME. On the mechanism of photoinduced dimer dissociation in the plant UVR8 photoreceptor. . 2014;111:5219–24. 8. Nat Plants. 2015;1:14006. 65. 30. 73. 93. 74. - Light-activated phytochrome A and B interact with members of the SPA family to promote photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis by reorganizing the COP1/SPA complex. Plant Cell. 2015;27:189–201.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: The DAQ program, written in Arduino software, was intended to collect and store data from six hydroponic parameters. Tembe, Khan & Acharekar (2018) suggested a hydroponics technique in 2018 to meet humans’ food requirements. They put the pH probe module and the light spectrum for hydroponics in place. The hydroponics idea can be applied in areas that are experiencing drought. Hydroponic plants can produce a higher yield and quality with less water consumption. It is not affected by the environment in the hydroponics system, and crops can be grown all year. The foremost disadvantage of a hydroponic system is the higher initial setup cost and the requirement to implement automatic monitoring equipment. Likewise, it requires constant supervision from the farmer. Power outages must be resolved manually in Sihombing et al. (2018) recently established hydroponic organization that only procedures the temperature of the nutrient clarification and the water level. A smartphone can be used to monitor the system. The method developed by Belhekar et al. (2018) and Jaimes et al. (2019) measures the system’s relative humidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and water level. Farmers are alerted to situations like systemic nutrient imbalances by the data submitted to a database. Monitoring the hydroponic atmosphere is the only function of the system. Therefore, the system is without actuators and depends on the farmer to control occurrences (Belhekar et al. , 2018). et al. (2019) can add rainwater to the design and regulate pH levels. The volume and velocity problem of data generated in a hydroponic system is addressed by Chaiwongsai (2019) using data fusion. Data fusion is a technique that merges (fuses) information from many sensors to provide a more accurate result. Moreover, data fusion lessens network transfers, which lowers traffic and energy use. The authors suggested a control and management system for tropical hydroponic horticulture. The system keeps track of data on the state of the power, temperature, humidity, water level, pH, and EC, which are then sent over the internet to a remote database. Users can access a mobile application to verify the hydroponic sensor’s status. A two-tier network of sensors (including data fusion and SI sensors) makes up the system (DFi).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCIs can accurately predict future decisions or intentions based solely on brain activity. [SEP] Text: In contrast, in cases where traditional models and experimentally determined structures have similar binding pocket accuracies, they yield similar pose prediction accuracies (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Pose prediction accuracy as a function of binding pocket structural accuracy when docking to AlphaFold 2 (AF2) models or experimentally determined structures. Docking to an experimentally determined structure generally leads to more accurate pose prediction than docking to an AF2 model with the same binding pocket root mean squared deviation (RMSD). The difference between the two curves is statistically significant for all binding pocket RMSD values below 1. 1 Å (see Methods). 5—figure supplement 1 for additional data, including results for traditional models and for various docking methods. We also considered the possibility that the improved performance of experimentally determined structures relative to AF2 models might be because, in some cases, the structure used for docking was determined with a bound ligand similar (though not identical) to the ligand being docked. Eliminating such cases from consideration does lead to decreases in both aggregate binding pocket accuracy and pose prediction accuracy of experimentally determined structures, but experimentally determined structures continue to yield significantly more accurate pose predictions than AF2 models (p < 0. 01) (Figure 1—figure supplement 1 and Figure 2—figure supplements 1 and 2). recent papers have concluded that AF2 models fall short of experimentally determined structures when used for ligand docking (Díaz-Rovira et al. , 2023; He et al. , 2023; Heo and Feig, 2022; Scardino et al. , 2023). Our results agree with this conclusion but go beyond it in several ways. We compare AF2 models and traditional template-based models, rigorously ensuring that none of these models was informed by experimentally determined structures of the protein being modeled. We find that, in terms of structural accuracy of the binding pocket, AF2 models are much better than traditional models; indeed, the RMSD between an AF2 model and an experimentally determined structure is typically comparable to the RMSD between two structures determined experimentally with different ligands bound. Yet, when used for docking, AF2 models yield pose prediction accuracy similar to that of traditional models and much worse than that of experimentally determined structures. A few caveats are in order.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Imagine coming home after witnessing a rather upsetting event, and as you walk through the front door, the wall crumples up into a tight pattern reflecting your distress, anger, or anxiety. “We made a textile that crumpled up and we called it its ‘angry state,’ and when it smoothed out we called it its ‘calm state,’” Davis says. “Some people don't really know when they're upset, depressed, or angry. Maybe we can put sensors on that person and have a reading go to a textile to make them aware of what's going on in their bodies instead of biting your nails or ripping your hair out,” Davis explains. The mirror is made up of 80 pieces of laser-cut felt and fused together with Nitinol wire and contains a series of motors permitting movement. Nitinol is a superelastic alloy, made up of nickel and titanium, well known for displaying a shape-memory effect and “remembering” its original state. The signal—whether that be from a household textile, item of clothing, or a smartphone—then stimulates the object, causing the encased Nitinol wire to contract and thus the fabric to fold. The felt absorbs a lot of the heat from the Nitinol, which makes the fabric fold up along accordion pleats, but the metal got too hot to touch. Wool proved to be the optimum fabric to use as it was the least flammable option. Once the Nitinol wires slowly cooled down, they would straighten back out; however, this could be a lengthy process. In order to speed it up, extra weights were placed at the ends of the wires. The mirror prototype is connected to a smartphone that communicates an emotional reading to the textile, allowing it to change form. However, this required the user to input their emotion that would feed back to the textile. Rather than having the user select the emotion, the research team decided to use heart sensors and galvanic skin sensors to detect changes in heart rate, pulse, sweat, and breathing. The sensors were attached to items of clothing worn close to the body such as leggings, because good contact with the skin and body was vital for the reading.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: According to Bafdal, Dwiratna & Kendarto (2017), this technology is an advancement over earlier ones. Smart watering is the system’s registered trademark. The valve for the proposed self-aware fertigation is built to adhere to gravity and pressure laws. It implies that the valve will automatically open and shut depending on the predetermined height, enabling adequate nutrient circulation. This kind of technology is excellent for use in places without electricity. A hydroponic intelligent plant care system that uses IoT technology to control the environment was created by Paulchamy et al. (2018). IoT allows users to make changes by quickly adding or removing sensors and actuators. By managing the water sprinkling and pump flow, the IPCH box effectively reduces the CO2 concentration. According to the level, the flow of nutrients to hydroponic plants is automatically increased. The challenging step is maintaining a steady pH level in the water solvent. The crop can be grown anywhere in hydroponics, where the growth rate is 90% more than in regular farming. The novelty of the proposed method for distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants lies in its groundbreaking approach to optimizing plant growth through advanced modeling techniques. Unlike existing convolutional neural network (CNN) and deep neural network (DNN) models, this innovative system leverages a unique combination of data-driven insights and real-time feedback mechanisms to achieve unparalleled accuracy. The model’s claim to surpass existing CNN and DNN models is rooted in its ability to adapt and learn dynamically from the intricate interplay of variables affecting plant nutrition. By integrating cutting-edge sensor technologies and machine learning algorithms, the system not only precisely distributes nutrient solutions tailored to the specific needs of each plant but also continuously refines its predictions based on live environmental data. This adaptive and responsive nature sets it apart, positioning it as a pioneering solution in the realm of hydroponic agriculture, promising enhanced crop yields and resource efficiency. Proposed system and system design The ratios of nutrients will keep changing due to plant type, plant stage, plant organ focus, air temperature, and humidity. Automatic hydroponic nutrient management must focus on- Taking complete control of hydroponics that monitor and regulate everything needed for plants, including nutrients, EC, pH, CO2, temperature, and humidity Estimating nutrient ratios for feeding plants. Automating nutrient supply to dispatch nutrients in the right amounts at the right time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: BCIs can accurately predict future decisions or intentions based solely on brain activity. [SEP] Text: The TPR values during testing and cross-validation are then considered if necessary to find out the most discriminatory tasks. 1, the testing FPR for the baseline and the rotation tasks are the same and the lowest. The cross-validation FPR is lower for the baseline. Hence, the most discriminatory task must be the baseline. Since a BCI based on the baseline is activated when the subject wishes to relax and think of nothing, it is practically useless; therefore, we do not consider the baseline as the most discriminatory task. The rotation task is then selected as the most discriminatory task. The second most discriminatory task for Subject 1 is the multiplication. 2, the most discriminatory task is the multiplication since it has the lowest testing and cross-validation FPRs. The counting is the second most discriminatory task for this subject. 3 and 4, the most and the second most discriminatory tasks are the counting and the letter composing, respectively. 3, the FPR values for these two tasks interestingly reach zero during testing. 4. 3. Selected waveletsUnlike the basis, the selected wavelets are not the same for all subjects and mental tasks. In eleven BCIs (out of the twenty BCIs designed for different subjects and tasks), a wavelet from the Daubechies family has been chosen as the best wavelet. Wavelet ‘db2’, the most selected wavelet, is the best wavelet for five BCIs. The BCIs for the most and the second most discriminatory tasks of Subjects 2 and 3 has the best performance with this wavelet among all other wavelets. In five BCIs, the Biorthogonal family is the best. Each of the Coiflets and Symlets families are also selected in two BCIs. 4. 4. Average system performanceAccording to Table 7, the BCIs of Subject 3 have generally the best performance, with the average FPR of 0. 08% and the average TPR of 57. 51%. Moreover, the BCIs based on the counting task have the best performance overall. The average performance of BCIs based on the counting has FPR and TPR values of 0. 17% and 63. 00%. 4. 5. Comparison of different wavelet basesFor each BCI, we consider and evaluate the system performance with different wavelet bases as further analysis. We then sort and rank the bases based on the ratio of TPR to FPR during testing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: However, an additional angle that had to be implemented, she says, is the complexity of psychology and how people respond in a different environment from the one to which they are accustomed. Experiments provided a solid baseline but a controlled environment does not reflect authentic human experience. Davis says, “I am a designer and when you get into psychology, you need the help of psychologists, but even psychologists have the same problems: The minute you put people into a scientific background, it changes everything. ”In order for a person to connect to a textile, it has to appear attractive to the user, so creating something aesthetically pleasing is important for engagement. Unless, of course, you wanted to use the textile as a warning and then something repellent would be more apt. When we picture robots, we are likely to picture emotionless metal frames. However, Davis's vision for these robotic textiles is to take the form of something familiar or comfortable for the consumer. “You could make a stuffed animal, a chair, or a dress,” Davis says. “Using the same textile in three different examples changes what gets communicated from it and what messages are sent from the textile to other people. ”“Aesthetics plays a huge role because if things are repellent, people don't want to deal with them. If people see something that they don't want to touch or they don't want to engage with down the whole list of senses, then they're not going to connect,” she says. While the is a prototype, Davis can see the science being applied to objects we already use in our everyday lives. According to Davis, such products could be out in the real world already if she didn't have one major concern. While the data collected by these textiles could have some very beneficial uses across multiple industries, her concern is how data protection policies will affect the users; that is, who might be holding the data and how might they use them. For example, if a clothes shop started producing clothing with sensors in them, the shops would suddenly have all these data on their customers. It raises the question whether they should be able to hold onto data like these. Prototype of the pulmonary fibrosis camisole top. The fabric of the top is tested at Center.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: Maintain an app that communicates with the farmer and allows remote access to the growing environment. Immediate alerts to the farmer for uncommon incidences in the growing environment. Use a cloud server to maintain day-to-day plant growth status. Block diagram Hydroponics is soilless cultivation that can be grown in any small indoor area. Each requirement must be provided artificially in a controlled environment, whereas everything is naturally available for soil agriculture. The above Fig. 2 depicts the whole idea of our proposed system. Figure 2: Block diagram for proposed automatic nutrient provider for hydroponics farming. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-2 Our proposed system aims at developing an auto-dosing system for nutrient management to distribute essential nutrients for plants with less human intervention. The system mainly automates the nutrient supply to prevent under-dosing or overdose. This system calculates and estimates the number of nutrients based on the ratios given at every plant stage or age. The block diagram of the system mainly comprises a growing chamber, water reservoir, NPK mixture pumps, and Arduino microcontroller that connects various sensors to sense different parameters like pH, EC, temperature, and water levels and uses LCD 16 × 2 monitor to display all these parameters. The pH and EC sensors in the system continuously monitor the hydroponic solution. If the recorded pH falls beyond the required range, the system triggers pH adjustment processes, such as introducing pH-up or pH-down solutions, to return the pH to the ideal range. If the EC values exceed the predefined thresholds, the system adjusts the nutrient content by diluting the solution with water or supplementing it with more nutrients. These corrective steps are frequently automated and initiated in real-time to handle any variations as quickly as possible and to guarantee that the nutrient solution remains within the precise parameters conducive to plant health. The system provides a stable and controlled environment by proactively maintaining pH and EC levels, protecting against harmful impacts on nutrient uptake and overall plant development in hydroponic farming. It feels pH and EC in regular intervals and compares recorded values with the minimum threshold already initialized in the system. EC and pH ranges vary from plant to plant. The nutrient solution requirement of the plant is directly dependent on the growth stage of the plant, which causes EC ranges to go for different growth stages.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Using BCIs can improve cognitive abilities without any training or adaptation period. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4133712/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractabilities are key indicators of healthy aging. Nowadays, China has gradually entered a stage of deep aging, and the elderly population with age-relate cognitive decline has significantly increased. However, previous research on cognitive abilities based on long-term time trends has been relatively few among Chinese older adults. This study aims to explore the cognitive abilities changes and group differences among Chinese older adults aged 65 to 105 based on three-time dimensions of age, period, and birth cohort. 8 waves of Survey (CLHLS) are used from 1998 to 2018. To avoid perfect collinearity in the time dimension, the study employ Hierarchical APC-Cross-(HAPC-CCREM) to examines age-period-cohort effects on the cognitive abilities among Chinese older adults. the age is set as fixed-effect, while the period and birth cohorts are set as random-effect, and explore the significant factors that impact the cognitive abilities of Chinese older adults based on the Hypothesis. the fixed-effect level, demographics factors, health behaviors, self-rated health, subjective well-being and childhood adversity significantly impact cognitive ability among Chinese older adults. Age effects are significant, and cognitive abilities show an inverted “U”-shaped curve with age. At the random-effect level, period effects are significant, with the overall cognitive levels show a gradual annual increase among Chinese older adults Since 2008. Cohort effects are also significant, where the overall cognitive levels of the earlier-born cohorts in the first six groups show an increasing trend. Conversely, the overall cognitive levels of later-born cohorts in the latter five groups show a declining trend. Notably, the period effects significantly promote the cohort effects. Hypothesis support the significance of the majority of impacting factors. the cognitive abilities show an accelerating decline with increasing age, following an evolutionary trajectory in accordance with physiological principles among Chinese older adults. The cognitive abilities show a monotonic increasing trend year by year since 2008, further validating the Flynn effect among Chinese older adults. The first six earlier-born cohorts show an increasing trend in cognitive abilities, supporting the hypothesis of pathological state compression.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: The white yarn (PA/Lycra) is selected because it is lightweight to be worn under other garments, and elastic to make it fit close to the body. The sensor yarn (Bekintex BK 50/2) is resistive and sits under the chest area. When a person's lungs expand and then contract, they expand and contract the resistive yarn that is connected to a microcontroller that can read the patterns of coughing. For stitching, lace structures are chosen for the sides and back to allow a better thermal circulation, and full rib on the front side for more elasticity and better ability to stretch and recover the original shape. who made the top: Felecia Davis; and Dr. Dumitrescu of the of Textiles. Seen in photo (top left): Erin Lewis, 3rd year PhD student, of Textiles (front); then Delia Dumitrescu; Anne Dimmock, 1st year student (back, left); and Farzaneh Oghazian, 3rd year PhD student, in the for Design Computing. Image credit: at the of Textiles © 2020; Image credit, top right and bottom left: © 2020. Davis says, “It's important for science to pause and go, ‘What's the impact we're trying to do here? What do we think are positive directions for human life? ’”Before bringing any items into the marketplace, Davis wants to be sure that these textiles will have a positive impact on people and their environment. “The next steps are to spend time thinking about what are some ways one can bring this technology to the public and shape the policies … in our country,” she says. As well as enhancing emotional needs, Davis has been looking at ways to implement these textiles in the medical world. She has been exploring ways to help patients get up and move about rather than be confined to a hospital for tests. For example, she worked on leggings that have sensors linked to the hips, knees, and ankles, which would help identify those with Parkinson's disease. She started her own firm to combine the academic and practitioner world so that together they can revolutionize the way they can help people in the future. “I think the design world is a funny place because it's neither science nor a pure art but you need both to be able to succeed at what you're doing,” Davis says.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows crops to be grown without soil by using nutrient-rich water solutions. [SEP] Text: The pH meter calibrates the acidity or alkalinity of nutrient explanation in the water tank. In this system, we have grown tomato plants for the experimental results, and tomato plants can grow at a 5. 5 to 6. 5 feasible pH range. At all times, pH should be checked after getting EC in the predetermined range. The pH is too low or too high can stop nutrient uptaking and causes some deficiencies in plants. We should use pH up or down solutions to bring into the correct pH ranges. EC meter: EC meter and pH meter supports feeding hydro plants nutrients at consistent levels. Electrical conductivity (EC) can be measured in millisiemens (mS) or parts per million (ppm). For tomato plants, optimal EC ranges can be from 2 to 5 mS or 1,400 to 3,500 ppm levels based on the type of crops and growth stage of the tomato plants. If the EC value decreases, plants consume soundly and switch ON NPK pumps to raise nutrient solution. If the solution’s EC goes up, it means more nutrients in the resolution, and switching to the ON water pump dilutes the solution. Ultrasonic sensor: An ultrasonic sensor (HC SR04) is used to regulate the water level in the water tank. It is used to degree distance from one object to another object. It controls the water pump to turn on or off, thus avoiding water wastage. If the water equal recorded is less than the inception, it prompts the water pump to turn ON; otherwise, it will turn OFF immediately. 20 × 4 LCD: We used 20 columns × 4 rows of character LCD monitor designed for Arduino microcontroller with 16 pins to display all the input from sensors. 328 ADC: This device used for analog to digital conversion and vice versa. are using deep water culture for growing plants. Submersible pumps are used to mix the nutrient solution into the water reservoir. Hydroponic plants are soilless and consume macro and micro nutrients for their growth. It is essential to remember that the number of hydroponic nutrients and ratios that plants often require increases as plants get grown up. Then they slowly decrease as the plant enters the reproduction or harvesting stage. An auto-dosing system, designed to deliver nutrients mainly to concentrate on the plat stage, should fix specific nutrient ratios accordingly. Let us see how tomato plants consume nutrients at different stages of their growth.

Output: corroborate