Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: An assessment of law enforcement views, ordinary drivers’ opinions, and road accident records. Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 2018;115:11-24 7. Self-Explained [Internet]. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 30 April 2020] 8. for Its “Levels of Driving Automation” Standard for Self-[Internet]. SAE International. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: 01 May 2020] 9. Bassett A. of [Internet]. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 01 May 2020] 10. Asimov I. Sally. May–June. Fantastic. Schenectady, NY: Ziff-Company; 1953 11. : Later [Internet]. Agency. 2014. Available from: [Accessed: 02 May 2020] 12. Hooper J. 2004: DARPA’s Debacle in the Desert [Internet]. Popular Science. Popular Science. 2004. Available from: Challenge [Internet]. Agency. Available from: [Accessed: 03 May 2020] 14. [Internet]. Agency. Available from: [Accessed: 03 May 2020] 15. [Internet]. Merriam-Webster. Available from: [Accessed: 06 May 2020] 16. Tsyktor V. Lidar vs Radar vs Sonar: Which is Better for Self-Driving Cars? [Internet]. Cyber Pulse. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 06 May 2020] 17. Comiter M. Intelligence: AI’s Vulnerability and about it. Cambridge, MA: 2019 18. Robust physical-world attacks on deep learning visual classification. In: 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on (CVPR 2018): 18-22 June 2018. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2018. 19. Greenberg A. Kill a Jeep on the Highway-in It [Internet]. Wired. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 20. Kessler AM. [Internet]. New York. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 21. [Internet]. NHTSA. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 22.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2005; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015; Кузьмин, Горячев, 2017; Кузьмин и др. , 2018). В их работах показана разная продуктивность геохронов на золото и обращено внимание на дискретность проявления золоторудной минерализации, а также выявлен протяженный, около 1 млрд лет, средне-позднепротерозойский промежуток с отсутствием значимых концентраций этого металла (Саттран, 1984; Groves et al. , 2005; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015). Были предложены разные варианты объяснения существования такого промежутка (Groves et al. , 2005; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: That means the pH could not be a reason for the decline of Blastocystis, as has been reported about other protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia sp. or Eimeria sp. [19, 21, 22, 48]. The other situation has been demonstrated by E. faecium and E. coli. Some strains of the first of these bacteria has been reported to be an effective probiotic species [22]. Our study confirmed the data from the Sarjapuram [22] research. The authors reported that E. faecium inhibited Eimeria after 24 h of co-incubation with a total bacterial CFU of 108 cells/mL. Blastocystis ST3 seems to be more resistant to its influence. In our experiment, the more effective concentration was 1. 23 × 109 CFU/mL, as well as a longer incubation time—4 or 5 days. Most likely, it lasts longer because E. faecium produces strong antimicrobial, yet no antiprotozoal compounds, and it does not compete for enteric adherence sites. More likely, this is caused by competing for nutrients. This could be due to it being a lactic acid bacteria which colonizes differently, and competes with Blastocystis differently [49]. In human medicine, E. faecium has been used successfully in the treatment of acute diarrheal diseases and in the prevention of antibiotic—associated diarrhea [50, 51]. Starke et al. , as well as Klingspor et al. in 2015, investigated the intestinal microbiota of pigs whose components are similar to human gut microorganisms [52, 53]. They showed that the probiotic bacteria E. faecium modifies the porcine intestinal microbiota and modulates epithelial integrity, heat shock protein as well as the proinflammatory cytokine response in intestinal cells. That could lead to the eradication of intestinal pathogens, including protozoans. Our study showed the dependence of Blastocystis on a fecal bacteria presence. In axenic control cultures, there were far fewer Blastocystis cells than in xenic culture, which means the intestinal commensal bacteria have a role in parasite development. One possible explanation for Blastocystis eradication by E. faecium may be the direct growth inhibiting effect of the probiotic on other intestinal bacteria, such as E.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: öm L. Economics of global burden of road traffic injuries and their relationship with health system variables. of Preventive Medicine. 2013;4(12):1442-1450 23. . of Crashes. (Report No. DOT HS 812 013). Washington, DC: Administration; 2015 24. Systems 2. 0 A Vision for Safety. [cited 10 May 2020]. Available from: 25. . Owning or sharing autonomous vehicles: Comparing different ownership and usage scenarios. Research Review. 2019:11-31 26. . An analysis of possible energy impacts of automated vehicle. In: Automation. Cham: Publishing; 2014. 27. Burianski M, Theissen C. [Internet]. J. D. Supra. White & Case LLP; 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 28. . Synthesizing robust adversarial examples. In: on Machine Learning. Stockholm; 2018. 29. The moral machine experiment. Nature. 2018;563:59-64 30. Maxmen A. Self-driving car dilemmas reveal that moral choices are not universal [Internet]. Nature News. Group. 2018. Available from: Automated and Connected Driving. of of Transport and Digital Infrastructure; 2017 32. Bonnefon J-F, Shariff A, Rahwan I. The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science. 2016;352(6293):1573-1576 33. . Governing autonomous vehicles: Emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transport Reviews. 2018;39(1):103-128 34. . London. 2015. (to Driverless Cars) 35. NPA drafts rules for testing driverless cars on public roads. Times [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 36. Dunne MJ. No. 1 2030 [Internet]. Forbes. Forbes Magazine. 2016. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 37. Coren MJ. The car industry is heading towards a driverless future [Internet]. Forum. Quartz. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 38. Shaping the Future of Autonomous Vehicles: and Efficiency in an Uncertain World. 2016 39. Arf C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Частично также было обращено внимание на увеличение количества промышленных типов собственно золоторудных месторождений в фанерозое (орогенные, эпитермальные, порфировые, колчеданные) против орогенных и колчеданных в раннем докембрии (Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2010; Groves et al. , 2005).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 39985847 Export as PDF Impact of dried vegetable fibre on sugar metabolism and gut bacteria Share on on on Submission date 14/05/2019 Registration date 22/07/2019 Last edited 12/08/2022 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Nutritional, Metabolic, registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsObesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are worldwide expected to rise exponentially, with increasing health care costs and reduction in life expectancy and quality of life. Several observational studies have shown that people with a higher fibre intake have a reduced risk of developing obesity, and T2DM. The bacteria in the gut may play an important role. Gut bacteria use dietary fibre as food source. They ferment fibre and thereby produce a variety of components that can positively influence sugar metabolism e. g. by secreting gut hormones or insulin from the pancreas. Despite national recommendations to increase vegetable and fruit intake and intake of wholegrain foods, the habitual intake of dietary fibre is still low in the Netherlands (20-25 g/d compared to 35 g/d or more recommended) as well as in many other Western countries. The aim of this study is to show whether WholeFiber™, a product with very high fermentable fibre levels, can affect insulin resistance, continuous glucose metabolism and/or the microbiome during a three-week period in people with an increased risk of developing T2DM. Who can participate? People aged 40-75 with an increased risk of developing T2DMWhat does the study involve? Participants are randomly allocated to consume either 30 g of dried vegetable fibre (WholeFiber™) daily or 16 g of control carbohydrate (maltodextrin) daily. To reduce potential side effects, the study starts with a 2 week run-in period during which half of the dose is taken. Afterwards the participants take the full dose for 3 weeks (21 days). There are three study visits at the start, the end of the run-in period (2 weeks later) and the end of the intervention (5 weeks after baseline). At the start and end of the intervention a venous blood sample of 15 mL is taken. During the run-in and the intervention a is worn.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. 1 IntroductionFor over a century, the automobile has shaped our physical mobility like no other means of transport. For almost as long, however, it has also been the subject of criticism surrounding the ecological, social and health consequences of automobility. Autonomous driving may bring with it upheaval in how individuals and society deal with the car, and thus also impact transport, mobility or urban structures. Recently, it has received much public attention—in the mass media it has become part of regular news reporting and is even taken up, discussed and shared on social platforms. There is public discussion of how technology is currently (perceived) to be developing, but also of the possible radical change in how cars will be used, which would be accompanied by altered attitudes to cars and driving. Expected changes, for instance, include a dramatic drop in the current rate of car ownership [1, 2], a reduction in the space currently needed for parking [3], and a transformation in car ownership and usage in favor of carsharing fleets [4]. The topic’s growing prominence demonstrates that the debate surrounding autonomous driving and autonomous vehicles is evidently cropping up more and more in society. In any transition to a potential new era of car ownership and usage, it is important to ask early on what people associate with autonomous driving. How do they perceive the technology and the ensuing debate? In what contexts is such a debate embedded? What are people’s hopes, fears, and fantasies? Where is the technology viewed with optimism or skepticism, as being feasible or even as impossible? An initial systematic in-depth structuring of the topic from road users’ point of view has focused on the wealth of various topics, perceptions, and assessments presently associated with autonomous driving (for details of this exploratory study’s survey and findings see Chap. 29). In this connection, it has become clear that autonomous driving is assessed strongly from a subjective usage context, and is also tightly bound up with the motives, value systems, and practices of using private cars. The choice of transport mode—the decision to use a particular transport means—is in turn a deeply rooted part of our everyday praxis, which can be expected to change little by little rather than by leaps and bounds (cf. [5, 6]).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Однако изменения состава золотого оруденения (минералого-геохимическая дифференциация состава руд во времени и вариации связей Au с минеральными формами триады полуметаллов As–Sb–Bi в рудах) на фоне данной эволюции выпали из сферы внимания исследователей. Это нашло отражение в типовом составе орогенных руд золота, где, в частности, показаны турмалин и теллуриды как типичные их минералы (Goldfarb et al. , 2001; Groves et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: At the start and the end of each period (run-in, intervention, wash-out) a faecal sample of 1mL is taken. Moreover participants are asked to fill in a well-being diary to note possible gastrointestinal side-effects during the whole period (7 weeks). Participants are also asked to fill in a Questionnaire at the start of the study. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? There are no known and potential risks. Where is the study run from? (Netherlands)When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? May 2018 to November 2018Who is funding the study? Investigator initiated and fundedWho is the main contact? 1. Marie-Luise Puhlmannmarie-luise. puhlmann@wur. nl2. Edith J. M. Feskensedith. feskens@wur. nl Study website Contact information Contact name Ms Marie-details Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE Netherlands +31 (0)317 488 760 marie-luise. puhlmann@wur. nl Contact name J. M. details Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE Netherlands + 31 (0)317 482 567 edith. feskens@wur. nl Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers NL63551. 081. 17 Study information Scientific title The impact of a dried vegetable fibre on glucose metabolism and gut microbiota composition hypothesis The objective of the VEZEL study is to study the effect of a dried vegetable fibre (WholeFiber™) on insulin resistance, (continuous) glucose metabolism, body weight, waist circumference, microbiota composition and breath hydrogen in subjects with pre-diabetes. Ethics approval(s) Approved 27/03/2018, Toetsingscommissie van (METC-WU) (-WU secretariaat, t. a. v. Mevr. dr. C. Dullemeijer, - kamer 1. 063, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen; Tel: +31 (0)317 485 603; Email: hne. metc@wur. nl), ref: NL63551. 081.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: For some, the “cocoon” car, an “inhabited” space, can function as a refuge from what is felt to be stressful, hectic, loud, and overcrowded modern life. Moreover, it also holds special significance for social interaction. Laurier und Dant [46] have examined the significance of this “inhabited” space and the emergent increasing vehicle automation. They point out that liberation from the driving task fits in with cars’ evolutionary development over recent decades. This trend is far less a matter of expressing identity (as also manifested in sports cars’ loss of significance and the increase in closed vehicles with large interiors) than one of temporarily “inhabiting” a space that also enables social interaction. Such studies consistently stress that it is social factors, far more than individual ones, that can play a considerable role in the way cars are favored. Inside an automobile, people take on the same specific social roles that they assume in their other social interactions (being a parent, friend or worker, etc. ) [42, 47]. In this context, newer studies on how people value their time spent travelling when using various transport modes could also be of use (see [27, 48]). For a long time, driving cars was viewed as unproductive, lost time—the frequently monotonous, unvarying way to work was a typical example of this burden [49]. That time spent in a car is certainly subjectively perceived as valuable, however, and may even be viewed as a “gift,” has been recently demonstrated by Jain and Lyons [48] with their study on commuters. Travel times were here seen as time for relaxing from everyday hustle and bustle, a transition time between work and home. These findings are in line with an earlier work on commuting, in which Mokhtarian et al. (2001) were already able to show that time spent in a car is certainly not always seen as wasted [27]. 2. 2 SummaryAt present, car usage and ownership is approaching a saturation point in industrial nations, which is not to say that the car will fall from its dominant position so easily because of this [50]. For the vast majority of car users, it will far more likely retain its significance in fulfilling their daily needs ([51]: 114).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2005; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015), на основании широкого распространения этих минералов в раннедокембрийских рудах. Еще один аспект, связанный с проблемой эволюции золотого оруденения в истории Земли, – это существующая неоднородность древних кратонов по степени их золотоносности (Горячев и др. , 2005).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: Thus, we observed in the hypothalamus a decrease of CHR, Y2R and OX2R (but not OX1R) mRNA expression, suggesting that, as previously shown [17], a small fraction of peripheral orexin-A was able to cross the blood-brain barrier. The lower CRH mRNA expression observed in orexin-A-treated mice also confirms the role of orexins in the control of CRH neurons [35]. After 6 weeks, the weight of orexin-A injected mice was not significantly different from the weight of control mice, which is in agreement with previous studies showing that chronic i. c. v. injections do not result in body weight gain [36]. However, we observed a small but significant reduction of visceral fat mass and adiposity but we did not observe any decrease of the subcutaneous fat, suggesting a lesser sensitivity of these fat pads to orexin-A. These results are supported by previous works who showed that in human adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous compared to intra-abdominal adipose tissue, orexin-A had different actions on expression of key genes involved in adipogenesis and on adipocyte metabolism which can explain why orexins are able to reduce adipogenesis in intra-abdominal but not in subcutaneous adipocytes [37]. However, we cannot definitely discard a possible local effect due to the fact that orexin-A was i. p. injected. Taken together these results support the potential antiobesity effects of orexins reported in animals overexpressing orexin or its receptors [38]. Moreover, studies using genetic models also showed that higher orexinergic signaling provides resistance to the development of obesity supporting the view that the orexin system can control the energy system and obesity [39, 40, 41, 42]. It should be noted that chronic treatment of mice with orexin-A seems to have no impact on the cellular structure of pancreas. We also did not report any modification of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. As OGTT was performed 6 hours after the daily i. p. injection, our study cannot exclude an acute effect of orexin-A injection on blood glucose as previously reported [28].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: What is of prime importance in the debate on the future uses of autonomous cars (and also their acceptance) is to take into consideration the complexity of instrumental, affective, and symbolic aspects. Technology’s perceived functional qualities can, at first glance, appear to be an easily measurable “objective” benefit, but these functional aspects only reveal their significance in the context of the subjective motivations—affective and symbolic—that accompany autonomous driving. Furthermore, embedding instrumental motives for (autonomous) car usage in the context of everyday praxis, and also of the relevant sociotechnical system, plays a role too. The autonomous vehicle may be perceived as safe, flexible, and comfortable, but this will only lead to it actually being used if safety, flexibility or comfort have a specific significance in daily praxis [51]. 3 Multiple-Approaches for in the Context of and OwnershipThe insights from research into car usage and ownership, together with the indications from the first exploratory study on autonomous driving, have formed the conceptual basis for our follow-up empirical work. The objective of these ongoing studies is to survey, in a use-oriented fashion, the specific attributes that road users currently ascribe to autonomous cars and, in the “translation” of such attributes, to decipher instrumental, affective and symbolic motives. The questions guiding the research are thus: What characteristics and assessments do road users associate with autonomous driving and autonomous vehicles? What various motives are decisive in this? The context of what attributes are currently ascribed to autonomous driving is also to be analyzed and, where possible, linked to how people live their daily lives and get around. In this way, it will then be possible to determine which attitudes and judgments may be expected to have an effect on acceptance of the technology. To this end, a multiple-method procedure was selected. To explore potential variations in people’s perceptions and judgments, respondents were confronted with specific use cases of autonomous driving in a quantitative online survey. This survey also contained a free-text questionnaire—participants were thus able to ascribe autonomous driving with attributes in a completely individual way. A more in-depth analysis encompassing the context in which autonomous driving is presently perceived and viewed allowed for exploratory qualitative procedures to be pursued in parallel as part of group discussions. The focus here lay particularly on ambivalence in how technology is viewed (see Chap.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: С минеральной эволюцией руд тесно связана и характеристика металлогенических ассоциаций золоторудных месторождений (золото и платиноиды, золото и медно-никелевые руды, золото и вольфрам, золото и молибден, золото и уран), меняющаяся во времени, как это показано в работах Р. Гольдфарба (Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2005, 2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dark matter interacts weakly with visible matter, making it difficult to detect directly. [SEP] Text: Journal of > Vol. 15 No. 5, April 2024 P10. 4236/jmp. 2024. 155028 70 Downloads 313 Views 612. doi: 10. 4236/jmp. 2024. 155028. 1. Introduction “Dark matter” has always been one of the big problems to be solved in physics. Astronomers found that the observed galaxy velocity can’t be explained by the Newton’s dynamics theory, and more gravitational sources are needed. So, they proposed to introduce “invisible” dark matter. The concept of dark matter is supported by a large number of astronomical and cosmological observations such as galaxy rotation curve, gravitational lens effect, bullet galaxy cluster, cosmic large scale structural and microwave background radiation etc. But after decades of searching, people have not found any dark matter p2. 3, the improvements of cosmic hydrodynamic equations and cosmic perturbation equations are discussed, respectively. The summary of this paper is concluded in Section 4. The natural unit system is adopted in this 2. Virtual P1. The red areas represent the highest concentrations of dark matter, the orange and yellow the next highest. The blue areas are voids where low densities of dark matter and clusters of galaxies are found. The existence of dark matter filamentary structures in the red, orange, and yellow colors is clearly manifested. The gray dots represent galaxy clusters, and the bigger the dot, the larger the cluster. The data come from [5]. The characteristics of this map are that the dark matter always envelops galaxies and clusters of galaxies, and the clusters are preferentially found in the dark matter areas, and orange and yellow filament structures. They are scarcely found in the blue voids. The explanation for this distribution characteristic is that EVPF follows the high-density ordinary matter (galaxy, galaxy cluster). ⑩ EVPF can explain galaxy rotation curve Here, the (MW), as a stable system with invariant mass distribution and constant parameter values ( l and η ), is taken as an example. The baryon matter of MW is bulge and disk. The gravitational field of the bulge is assumed to be depicted by the Plummer potential [6] φ b ( R ) = − G M b R 2 + z 2 + b 0 2. (2) where R = ( x 2 + y 2 ) 1 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 29), particularly in advance of potential implementation—with both fear and high expectations. Exploratory qualitative procedures appear to be especially apt for this still relatively young field of research. Until now, there has been barely any insight available into the attitudes and motives surrounding autonomous driving on the user side—the open character of such studies helps to decipher these motivations. 3. 1 Perception and Assessment of in Relation to CasesIt may also be expected that each of the four use cases developed in the course of this project (Chap. 2) will be perceived and assessed differently in view of their acceptance-relevant aspects. This is because they not only differ in technical terms, but also in the specific implications, usage areas, and attributes they are associated with (for more on this see Chaps. 6, 11, 12, and 32). In a quasi-representative survey, we therefore recorded differentiated attitudes to autonomous driving with recourse to the use cases. A thousand people were surveyed, and represented the total German population regarding gender, age, income, and level of education. An in-depth discussion of the survey—which was developed and carried out in cooperation with several authors of the present volume—and sampling can be found in Chap. 6. A total of 57 % of those surveyed declared they were generally interested in the topic of autonomous driving. However, 44 % stated they had no knowledge of the subject, and a mere 4 % termed themselves as being well informed or having specialist knowledge at all, let alone being an expert. 78 % obtain their information on the topic primarily from the mass media, 64 % go straight to experts, 56 % discuss it with friends or co-workers, and 40 % share and compare notes on social media. Following a general section with questions on sociodemographics, mobility behavior, travel requirements, etc. the respondents were each randomly allocated one of four scenarios based on the use cases. Each scenario was introduced with a short description: Scenario for for Extended Availability: On freeways or similar roadways, the driver can hand over control to the vehicle. The driver does not have to pay attention to other traffic or the driving task in this time, and can pursue other activities. Scenario for Parking: After all passengers have got out of the vehicle, it can drive itself to a pre-determined parking space and also from there to a pick-up address.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В предлагаемой статье делается попытка рассмотреть общие тренды эволюции золотого оруденения, определить возможные причины вспышек продуктивности и перерывов и оценить их связь с процессами дифференциации мантии и ростом коры в истории Земли.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: matter structure formation in the presence of gravitational fluctuations Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2576-4543 Physics & 9. DOI: 10. 15406/paij. 2020. 04. 00196 present the coupling between a gravitational wave in a Minkowski spacetime with dark matter modelled by a self-interacting complex scalar field. In flat spacetime, quantum fluctuations in dark matter, as described as a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), are stable and display a relativistic Bogoliubov dispersion relation. In the weak gravitational field limit, both relativistic and nonrelativistic models self-gravitating dark matter suggest the formation of structures as the result of a dynamical (Jeans) instability. In this work we show that in the presence of spontaneous symmetry breaking of the dark matter field, the gravitational wave is damped for wave-lengths larger than the Jeans length. Such energy is converted to the Bogoliubov modes of the BEC that in their turn become unstable and grow, leading to the formation of structures even in the absence of expansion. Remarkably, this compensated attenuation/amplification mechanism is the signature of a discrete PT symmetry-breaking of the system. PACS numbers: 70. -a, 42. 50. Nn, 42. 50. Wk, 71. 36. +c Keywords: Dark matter, Bose-Einstein condensate, spontaneous symmetry breaking, gravitational wave, Jeans length Abbreviations KG, klein-gordon; KGE, klein-gordon-einstein; DM, dark matter; GPP, gross-pitaevskiipoisson; SP, schrodinger-poisson; BECs, bose-einstein condensates; CDM, cold dark matter ﬁeld theories in curved spacetimes are on the basis of modern advances in cosmology and astrophysics,1–3 as they constitute important candidates to explain the behavior of dark-matter. 4–7 Their relativistic dynamics is governed by the Klein-Gordon (KG) equation,8 historically emerging as a ﬁrst attempt to unify quantum mechanics with the special relativity theory, to obtain a uniﬁed theory to explain our universe.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Scenario for for Extended Availability: Whenever and wherever desired or required, the driver can hand over control to the vehicle. The driver does not have to pay attention to other traffic or the driving task in this time, and can pursue other activities. Scenario for Vehicle on Demand: A vehicle on demand drives its passengers without the presence of any human driver. People themselves can no longer drive in such vehicles – the vehicle’s interior will thus also have neither steering wheel nor pedals. A follow-up question to each use case as it was introduced enquired whether the respondents would essentially be prepared to replace their till-now preferred transport mode with an autonomous vehicle. This question has had already been put to them in the same form in the first, general part of the survey, but there it was relatively unspecifically termed “an autonomous vehicle” with no further explanation. Altogether the respondents had relatively little desire to replace their own vehicle (or “favorite mode of transport”) with an autonomous vehicle—whether precisely specified or not. Only between 11 and 15 % agreed to this statement in large or full measure (see Fig. 31. 1). However, 27 % said they could hardly imagine, or could not imagine at all, replacing their preferred mode with a (non-specified) autonomous vehicle. When, as in the survey, autonomous driving is proposed in relation to a specific use case, this degree of refusal increases sharply, to between 44 and 54 %. This means that refusal becomes stronger with more precise scenario descriptions. The lowest acceptance, incidentally, is for Vehicle on Demand—54 % would not wish to replace their favored mode with it and only 11 % could envisage it at all. Fig. 31. 1Preparedness to replace the preferred means of transport with an autonomous vehicleFull size image To explore what the respondents currently associate with autonomous vehicles, they were asked to declare in their own words, in up to fifteen free-text boxes, what they understand by the term “autonomous vehicle. ” The short descriptions (see above) were also a basis here. The following analysis refers solely to the answers of those respondents who had been allocated the “for Extended Availability” (referred to as “Fully automated vehicle” in the following) and “Vehicle on Demand” use cases. The answers of the 250 respondents were summarized and categorized by hand, then allotted specific connotations (see below).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Это важно еще и потому, что некоторые авторы полагают, что рассмотрение “золотых эпох” не способствует пониманию процессов, которые приводят к образованию месторождений золота, поскольку является примером эмпирического наблюдения, а не научной мысли (Leahy et al. , 2005).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: 1986. Dynamics of the Magellanic system and the galaxy – present status of theoretical understanding. Ap&SS, 119(Feb. ), 169–171. 1996. The structure of cold dark matter halos. ApJ, 462(May), 563–575. 2002. The ghost of Sagittarius and lumps in the halo of the Milky Way. ApJ, 569(Apr. ), 245–274. 2008. The origin of the and its leading arm. ApJ, 679(May), 432–459. 2003. The extended tails of Palomar 5: a 10° arc of globular cluster tidal debris. AJ, 126(Nov. ), 2385–2407. 2001. Detection of massive tidal tails around the globular cluster Palomar 5 with commissioning data. ApJ, 548(Feb. ), L165–L169. 2002. Kinematic study of the disrupting globular cluster Palomar 5 using VLT spectra. AJ, 124(Sept. ), 1497–1510. 2009. Kinematics of the tidal debris of the globular cluster Palomar 5. AJ, 137(Feb. ), 3378–3387. 1992. Tidal evolution of globular clusters. I – method. ApJ, 386(Feb. ), 506–518. 1995. On the tidal disruption of dwarf spheroidal galaxies around the galaxy. ApJ, 442(Mar. ), 142–158. 2004. The high-velocity clouds and the Magellanic Clouds. A&A, 423(Sept. ), 895–907. 1996. The mass-to-light ratios of the Draco and Galaxies. II. The binary population and its effects on the measured velocity dispersions of dwarf spheroidals. AJ, 111 (Feb. ), 750–767. 1970. The formation of galaxies and the origin of the high-velocity hydrogen. A&A, 7(Sept. ), 381–404. 2003. Exploring halo substructure with giant stars. IV. The extended structure of the Galaxy. AJ, 125(Mar. ), 1352–1372. 913. 240. 1995. The effect of galactic tides on the apparent mass-to-light ratios in dwarf spheroidal galaxies. AJ, 109(Mar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 1 Answers in the description field “Fully automated vehicleis…”—summarized and categorizedFull size table In the positive assessments segment, Fully automated vehicle was mainly associated with functional or instrumental aspects—vehicles such as these are described as “comfortable,” “safe,” “practical,” “efficient,” “for the mobility-impaired,” “helpful,” “environmentally friendly,” and “flexible. ” Vehicle on Demand was also deemed “useful,” although no-one deemed it “helpful. ” automated vehicle, only the positive attributes of “relaxing,” “brilliant,” and “exciting” could be termed as emotional or affective. The same applies for Vehicle on Demand, though the relatively weaker connotations of “great” and “good” categories were expressed instead of “brilliant. ” As for the negative assessments, on the other hand, the distribution of functionally versus emotionally connoted aspects is reversed. “Weird,” “boring,” “dangerous,” and “terrible” are clearly affective categories (and are joined in the case of Vehicle on Demand by “scary”), while “expensive” and “insufficiently developed” denote more functional aspects. Answer categories that may be assumed to have a symbolic connotation are scarcely to be found among the statements. Statements in the “modern,” “interesting” or “luxury” categories most likely indicate that such autonomous vehicles are perceived and assessed in terms of aspects concerning the status manifested in the vehicles themselves. Vehicle on summarized and categorized attributes given for the Vehicle on Demand can be seen in percentage in Table 31. 2. The top answer categories in the area of “positive assessments” hardly differ from those for Fully automated vehicle. Only in first place do we see a completely new category of “useful,” with 15 % of all statements made in this segment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Основной метод работы – анализ литературных источников в комплексе с наблюдениями и данными автора по ряду месторождений Балтийского щита, Западной и Восточной Австралии, Аляски, Канадских Кордильер и Калифорнии, Востока Азии и Сибири. Акцент в таком методическом подходе делается на оценке и обсуждении, в основном, промышленных месторождений, как крупных аномалий золота в земной коре, поскольку принципиально золотоносными являются все геохроны.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 101130 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation and Edited by From the - Edited by Michael L. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionThe first hint for the existence of dark matter (DM) between galaxies was the observation over eight decades ago from a study of the luminosities and centrifugal velocities of three galaxies, a galactic “triplet” of the [1]. noted that the motions of these galaxies about a central point could not be properly described using his presumed values for the galaxy matter densities. He, like all astronomers, estimated matter density assuming that the average density is proportional to the observed luminosity. These three galaxies were behaving as if each contained much more matter than calculated from the luminosities. Zwicky proposed that these three galaxies behaved as if under the influence of a type of plentiful, non-radiating matter, hence DM. Stellar motions in spiral galaxies The existence of significant DM was later required to explain another interesting problem of astronomy—the intragalactic motions of stars within the Andromeda galaxy [2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: After this, the respondents go on to describe the vehicle as “comfortable” (14 %), “relaxing” (13 %), “modern” (12 %), and “safe” (10 %). Eighteen percent of statements made about Vehicle on Demand have no judgment attached to them. Half of these come under the “no idea” category—only 20 % of respondents, in comparison, declared they had “no idea” about Fully automated vehicle. Only 2 % of statements in the “no valuation” column were in the category of “similar to other transport modes,” whereas this applied to 12 % of those made about Fully automated vehicle. This category included entries such as “Fully automated vehicle is ‘like the railroad’” or “Vehicle on Demand is ‘a taxi. ’”Table 31. 2 Answers in the description field “A Vehicle on Demand is…”—summarized and categorizedFull size table A quarter of all negative statements on Vehicle on Demand fall under the highly emotionally cast categories of “scary” (10 %), “dangerous” (7 %), “weird” (6 %), and “terrible” (2 %). In contrast, not a single respondent found Fully automated vehicle to be “scary,” and only 15 % termed it “weird” (11 %), “dangerous” (11 %), or “terrible” (1 %). 3. 1. 1 SummaryOverall the survey clearly demonstrates that Vehicle on Demand is the subject of the greatest number of negative and fewest positive assessments. Of the 250 respondents allocated to this use case, 54 % could not imagine replacing their currently preferred mode of transport with a Vehicle on Demand. In direct comparison with for Extended Availability, Vehicle on Demand is described with rather negative statements, with a quarter of all descriptions even viewing it as scary, dangerous, weird, or terrible. Clearly, this means that fewer respondents could imagine using a Vehicle on Demand than one they can still drive themselves, as is shown by the number of statements professing “no idea.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: При этом основное внимание обращено на собственно орогенные месторождения золота, из-за их наибольшей распространенности и промышленной монометалльности.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: For what seems a general rule, the rotational motions of stars about the center of the galactic plane, of spiral-type galaxies, do not follow Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Instead, the more distant stars travel at much greater velocities relative to those of the interior [3]. Distant stars circulate at a more frantic pace than those closer to the center contradicting the planetary laws of Kepler; objects more distant from the center should be traveling slower than those closer. Follow-up observations by Rubin and coworkers of the stellar velocities within many other spiral galaxies confirm this observation as a generality [4]. This is strongly supported by another group in a study of over 1000 galaxies [5]. It still seems uncertain if this grand observation by Rubin also holds for globular and other types of galaxies because observation of individual star motions is more difficult for these galaxy types. Investigators also pointed out that presumed DM explains the rotational velocities of stars in low luminosity galaxies better than for luminous galaxies [5]. The reader should understand that the quandaries of both Zwicky and Rubin depend on the belief that the quantity and distribution of “normal” matter can be correctly estimated from the galactic luminosity. Proper explanation of these anomalies remains without a satisfactory answer after more than five decades. An answer to this conundrum is considered as utmost importance to both physics and astronomy. Many investigators now call for either new physics or for the presence of considerable DM, of some type, to explain the stellar motions in these galaxies [6]. A solution of Rubin’s observations was proposed years ago by utilizing Einstein’s under the condition of cylindrical geometry [7] but was quickly shown deficient for describing other important properties of spiral galaxies [8]. Another and a more credible explanation of the baryonic-Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) has been made using Relativity (CGR), which does not require new p3. 5−4E1where L is the apparent luminosity of the stars in the galactic plane, and Vθ is the average rotational velocity of these stars. This holds true even when mid-infrared and microwave radiations are assayed [30]. This relationship is sometimes written asM∝Vθ3. 5−4E2where M is the estimated mass of luminous stars and modeled gas in that galaxy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: ”The answer categories of “expensive” and “luxury,” which are either especially or exclusively attributed to Full Automation, indicate that such vehicles are still clearly linked with individual private ownership. Vehicle on Demand, on the other hand, is compared with other transport modes little or not at all. Classifying the statements on autonomous driving in terms of their instrumental, affective or symbolic aspects revealed that instrumental attributes predominate among positively connoted assessments. Strongly emotional statements, on the other hand, form the majority of negative accounts. Descriptions foregrounding the status character of autonomous vehicles, in contrast, were scarcely to be found. In the qualitative survey described in the following section, we shall take a closer look at the perceived negative aspects of autonomous driving, and ask which sociodemographic contexts they are embedded in. Such hostile attributes, in particular, are evidently strongly aligned with subject-related and affective issues as well as the context of car use and ownership, as the exploratory study has already shown (Chap. 29). 3. 2 in the Future: “to That? ” The following findings are based on three group discussions in Berlin whose composition varied each time. All participants had a high level of education; some were in academia, studying or working at a university or other research institutes. The discussions involved five, six, and seven participants respectively. All those involved were living in Berlin, seven of them were women. The gap between oldest and youngest was greatest in the first discussion round, with the youngest 20 years of age, the oldest 50. All participants regularly used a car, though not all of them owned one. At the end of each discussion, data on sociodemographics, transport behavior, and car use and ownership were collected. All those taking part had already heard of autonomous driving before the discussion sessions. At the beginning of the session, the participants were given an illustrated narrative scenario of autonomous driving in the form of an A4 flyer. There were two different scenarios—one on “for Extended Availability,” the other on “Vehicle on Demand. ” Each group was introduced to one of the scenarios, which they then considered within group-based introspection.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ГЛАВНЫЕ ТИПЫ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЙ И ИХ ДОЛЯ В БАЛАНСЕ ЗОЛОТАВ настоящее время общепринятым является разделение золоторудных месторождений на следующие промышленные типы: орогенные, эпитермальные, интрузион-релейтед (связанные с интрузивами преимущественно гранитоидного состава), палеороссыпи, порфировые золотосодержащие, колчеданные золотосодержащие, IOGC–комплексные железо-оксидные (Kerrich et al. , 2000; Сафонов, 2003; Frimmel et al. , 2005; Groves et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: This empirical finding is thus a broad correlation between the rotational velocities as determined by the Doppler shift and the baryonic matter content of many spiral galaxies [31]. This empirical correlation is sometimes termed the baryonic-Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR). The third explanation is gravitons. This p31. To properly model the Zwicky and Rubin observations, people have proposed theories that do not invoke any p2. TheoryWe suggest that gravitons, as agents of the gravitational field, may be modeled as a dense soup of massless p0. Kg is a galaxy dependent dimensionless coefficient, which is necessary to fit the theory with observation, but the actual physical reason for it is not known at this time. Multiplying Eq. (5) by 2/m and moving all terms except v2 to the right-hand side with the total orbital energy E=−GMm/2r, we obtainv2=GMr+2KgGM1r0−1r. E6The properties of a typical spiral galaxy are more easily observed than other types and can be described by the final radial distance rf, at which the final rotational velocity is vf and the orbiting mass is m. Substituting vf for v and rf for r into Eq. (6) and solving for the viral mass Mvir, we obtainMvir=vf2rfG=M2Kgrfr0−1+1,E7from which we get the apparent dark matter Md in the galaxy,Md=Mvir−M=2MKgrfr0−1. E8Solving Eq. (7) for r0, and simplifying yields,r0=2Kgrfvf2rf/GM+2Kg−1. E9These results ideally require virtually all the galaxy baryonic mass M to be interior of the radial distance r0, with only small test masses beyond r0. Additionally, determining the actual mass interior to r0 and the velocity vf is not an exact science. Thus, proving the validity of Eq. (9) for determining r0 can be difficult. Here we relate r0 to the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) [10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: In now giving our results, however, we shall focus on what the participants conveyed in their introspection reports. 3. 3 ResultsThe scenarios allocated to the group discussion participants stimulated great interest in the topic, but also critical questioning. In what follows, we shall describe some examples of topics that had already proved significant in the earlier, exploratory survey. The introspection reports show an ambivalent attitude to autonomous driving that is comparable to the results of the study given in Chap. 29. In addition, however, it became clearer which specific fears and worries relate to autonomous driving, and what social context it is seen in. We shall take a closer look at the range of hostility towards autonomous driving below—the results stem from both groups who were given the “for Extended Availability” scenario. 3. 3. 1 a Future with Autonomous VehiclesFor the sake of completeness, it should be mentioned at this point that, in the scenario stories provided to the participants, the protagonist “Yvonne” used the time made free to her from not having to drive herself to pursue work activities (e. g. email correspondence), among other things. Although other activities were also covered alongside this, the story did tend to focus more on typical organizational activities (taking the kids to school, doing the shopping, etc. ) than on leisure and relaxation pursuits (looking out the window, watching movies, sleeping/relaxing, etc. ). It is therefore possible that skeptical and hostile attitudes on the part of (especially younger) group members towards autonomous driving could be down to the fact that life in the future was so clearly depicted as being full of structured and optimized everyday tasks. On the other hand, the qualities and attributes ascribed to autonomous driving by the participants can clearly be classified in terms of the earlier surveys, with the same ascriptions cropping up again and again in both the exploratory study and the quantitative questionnaire. The “accelerated service society” That it will in future be possible to spend time on other activities in an autonomous vehicle was largely viewed negatively in the discussions. In their orally read-out introspection reports, the participants expressed concern about no longer needing to concentrate on the driving task in future. This, they thought, could lead to private, leisure, and work activities becoming too closely mixed up with one another.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2005; Goldfarb et al. , 2010). Оценка их вклада в мировую добычу золота была сделана Х. Фриммелем с соавторами (Frimmel et al. , 2005) (табл. 1). Как видно из табл. 1, доля собственно золотых месторождений весьма высокая. А если считать Витватерсранд рудным гидротермальным месторождением сложного генезиса (Frimmel et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: At r=r0, by squaring Eq. (6) and putting it into an inverted form of the BTFR, we getv4=MA−1=GMGMr02=GMa0,E10where A≈50M⊙km−4s4 and M in solar mass units [42, 43]. For v in ms−1, M in kg and r0 in m, a0=GM/r02=GA−1≈1. 507×10−10ms−2, where we again emphasize that we are assuming that M is the mass interior to r0, which is an approximation. However, the BTFR is also an approximation, albeit a very good approximation from a large amount of galaxy rotation data. For galaxies in general, we model the mass density function ρr as spherically symmetric. The mass Mr of the galaxy within the radial distance r is given byMr=∫0r4πρuu2du. E11With mass density ρr, the graviton energy loss Eq. (4) between r0 and r is expressed byΔΞr=−∫r0rmGMuduu2=−∫r0rmG∫0u4πρss2dsduu2. E12Using Eqs. (11) and (12), Eq. (6) becomesv2=GMrr−2KgΔΞrm=Gr∫0r4πρss2ds+∫r0r2KgGu2∫0u4πρss2dsdu. E13To obtain r0, solve the following equation iteratively,r02=Ga0∫0r04πρss2ds. E14Solving Eq. (13) for Kg yields the equation,Kg=vflat2−GM/rf∫r0rf2Gu2∫0u4πρss2dsdu,E15where vflat is the velocity of the flat part of the rotation curve. Advertisement 3. ResultsWe performed nonlinear modeling of the graviton model, Eqs. (13)–(15), with the velocity rotation curve data for spiral galaxies NGC 3198 and the Milky Way.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Ultimately, this line of thought runs, technology may further a trend that many people today already identify as alarming: a society ever-more oriented towards performance and efficiency:Johannanames of the participants have been changed to protect their anonymity, and the quotes have been translated. : “And private life and working life are mixing more and more and you become a total workaholic. ” Timo: “This strain of having to do more and more things in the same place at the same time is increasing. ” The freedom and the opportunity to occupy oneself during the car journey in other ways may result in pressure to put this time in the service of efficiency. Having to concentrate while driving conventionally, on the other hand, was painted in a positive light:Johanna: “That’s actually a nice thing about driving, that you have to concentrate on it in the moment and you also do something with your hands, and you precisely aren’t already checking emails from work. That starts when you’re sat at your desk. ” “This dependency on technology” One further consequence linked to autonomous driving is a future dependency on technology, which may also entail an accompanying large degree of loss of control, which is viewed negatively. Technology dependence and loss of control are also seen as problematic because there is skepticism as to the reliability of a technology over whose decisions one will no longer have any influence:Nico: “In certain situations you can simply decide spontaneously, and you might actually have a much better feeling for it than the car. ” Julian: “And obviously it won’t be possible to intervene immediately either if I first have to hear 5, 4, 3, 2, 1…beep. ” Evidently, behind such worries lies a fundamental skepticism regarding technology, all the more so when it greatly impinges on individual safety, as in the case of autonomous driving:Julian: “Not even my kettle gets my blind trust, why should I then blindly trust my car with my life? I somehow find that incredibly disconcerting. ” Life is being “de-funned” and “you’ll get idle” The abolition of the driving task in autonomous vehicles is viewed highly critically.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2005; Law, Phillips, 2005; Сафонов, Прокофьев, 2006; Phillips, Powell, 2011), то в балансе золота собственно гидротермальное золотое оруденение будет иметь абсолютное преобладание, даже если включить в подсчет материалы по золотоносным колчеданным месторождениям (Сафонов, Прокофьев, 2006). При рассмотрении баланса золотого оруденения следует также отметить вклад геодинамических обстановок формирования его месторождений. Такую оценку провели К. Лиихи с соавторами (Leahy et al. , 2005).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: 171. Figure 2. The velocity vs. radial distance from the galactic center of the milky way galaxy. The data points and errors are from [46]. The solid curve is the fit to the galaxy rotation curve with the graviton model, Eqs. (13–15). The results for NGC 3198 and the galaxies are summarized in Table 1. Our graviton model of the stellar velocity data of these two galaxies exhibits a decreasing rotational velocity for increasing distance from the galactic center, which is a result of the lingering of the Newtonian velocity component in the model, using Eq. (6), expressed proportionally byGalaxyr0 (kpc)Kgnr2NGC 31984. 2540. 42140. 986Milky Way8. 1570. 41860. 171Table 1. Graviton model results from fits of Eq. (13) to the NCG 3198 and milky way full range binned data. Note that r2 is the correlation coefficient corrected for parameter number and not the value for any radius. vr∝1−2Kgr+2Kgr0,E18for r0≤r. This effect may mimic the external field effect observed in spiral galaxies as reported by [47]. Use of the graviton model to analyze more galaxies is necessary to quantify this effect. For comparison, we also have modeled the stellar rotational velocity vs distance from the galactic centers as a version of this empirical relationship,Vθ=VmDLKθ+DLE19where Vθ is the rotational velocity in the galactic plane, Vm is the average maximum velocity, DL the observed binned distance from the galactic center, Kθ is some constant, which should not be confused with Kg. The general form of this relationship is well known in physical chemistry as the Langmuir equation describing a substrate-saturation curve of a binding site-limited system. Note that we allowed both Vm and Kθ to be the two free parameters. We select this model because the data exhibit an initial quick increase in Vθ followed by a long progression of stars with fairly similar Vθ as evidenced by many barred galaxies [4].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The main idea here is that a vehicle in which one does not drive oneself would curtail fun, spontaneity, individuality, flexibility, and control (it is interesting to note here that the participants had actually been given the with Driver for story, where—as is described in the scenario—the driver can certainly still drive themselves whenever they like):Johanna: “What is actually then the difference to public transportation? Because what I actually always appreciate about a car is that it is in my own hands—that I can judge for myself. And if I’m running a little late, then I can step on the gas a little. ” The “de-funning” (Timo) comment refers on the one hand very specifically to losing the fun of driving, but also to the lifestyle that could have the fun removed from it by autonomous driving:Bettina: “You’ll stop needing to move so much because you’ll be able to get picked up by the car everywhere; you’ll get lazy, you’ll get idle, you’ll only ever take the car, because it doesn’t matter if you’re feeling ill or how you are – you can take the car for every trip you make. ” Social isolation: “Nobody needs anybody anymore”. The consequence of such “de-funning” and idleness is, in the view of the group members, that humans in the end will be replaced. “Nobody needs anybody anymore” (Inga), there would then be a machine for everything and, in this way, even thinking would be done for you:Inga: “The car drives, you no longer have to drive yourself. Food is delivered in one way or another, you cower a touch autistically in your apartment and grow dull, you don’t have to think anymore, you google or subject yourself to cat videos. So you basically become completely stupid. ” System weaknesses: How truly “autonomous” are autonomous cars? Overall, trust in the safety of autonomous vehicles appears to still be on the low side. This leads the participants into wide-ranging speculation: “How predictable are these cars, then? ” and, “What about when the system breaks down and there is no internet access?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Они выделили два типа орогенных поясов – открытые (или неконсолидированные – unconsolidated) и закрытые (или консолидированные – consolidated) орогенные пояса. Первый тип объединяет орогенные пояса островодужных обстановок и обстановок активных континентальных окраин (Северо-Американские и Южно-Американские Кордильеры), второй – коллизионные обстановки закрытия океанических бассейнов разного размера: крупных (Алтаиды, Йилгарн, Африка), средних (Аппалачи, Гималаи) и маленьких (Альпы).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: More astronomical observations confirming or denying, indirectly, DM are on the horizon, involving hundreds of people [49]. We wonder if the results of these will make any difference to the opinions of astronomers since observations to data of distant galaxies yielding results that both confirm and deny DM are continually reported to this day; the opinions of astronomers seem to be data-independent [50, 51]. Our results from modeling the rotational data of spiral galaxy NGC 3198 resulting from graviton physics are in close agreement to observations. Examination of Figure 1 and the results in Table 1 reveals our graviton model to be an excellent description of this galaxy. The results of using this model with the data, Figure 2, are not nearly as good. This is probably due to two different sources. First, the data is quite noisy, which is to be expected since astronomers are collecting information that necessarily travels through densely packed stars and gas clouds. Second, the large number of parameters needed in the mass density model to properly use our graviton model makes it very difficult to properly select the best values for modeling. A more robust mass density model is needed, rather than the rudimentary density of Eq. (16), to better match the density in the and other complex spiral galaxies. Our results from modeling the data from these two galaxies using the Langmuir equation are good, as seen in Figure 3 and Table 2. We do not claim this model properly describes the rotational velocities of either galaxy. It may be of use to astronomers for selecting the best average velocity of stars a fair distance from the galactic center. Although the fits to the rotation data were weak for the graviton model, due to the poor density model, this does not diminish its potential. The graviton model is based on the physical principle that gravitons are bosons and thus should behave like photons in a gravitational field. Gravitons traveling away from a massive source should lose energy due to gravitational redshift just as observed for photons. This process takes place for gravitons within galaxies, between galaxies, and within galactic clusters and throughout the Universe. Taking proper account for gravitons can go a long way to explain dark matter and even dark energy and orbital decay of binary stars [41]. This effect use of the graviton model has been overlooked for nearly a century.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: ” (Nico), “Can they be driven remotely? ” (Thorsten), “What happens when this system gets hacked? ” and, “Can these autonomous cars really be autonomous? ” (Bettina), “Just where, then, is the evidence that the whole thing is going to be safe? ” (Herta). Behind such questions and statements, there is great insecurity regarding the still-unknown technology, and the possibility that dangers may accompany it. At the same time, the participants currently appear to be completely unclear as to who is behind the development of this technology and who is responsible for the system’s safety. Who would be liable in case of an accident? Who would accept the damages? And most important: Who would accept responsibility in the ethical sense? “Social and economic consequences” The examination of autonomous driving also turns up the worry that the technology will lead to job losses in various sectors (the automotive industry, taxi and delivery services, etc. ). This is connected to the idea that autonomous vehicles will result in less variety across the spectrum of automobiles: “If you only have this large one” (Bettina), autonomous driving would in the end be accompanied by “greater monopolization” (Eddie). 3. 4 SummaryThe issues raised in the group discussions concerning autonomous driving are embedded in a sociotechnological context that simultaneously uncovers negative and problem-centered ideas of society in future. Overall, the participants tend to take a hostile position vis-à-vis autonomous driving. Although positive aspects are also perceived, these are neither embedded in a specific usage context nor associated with positive ideas of future society—at least not to the same extent as the negative ones. Fears expressed in connection to a future with autonomous driving concern social isolation, social and economic consequences, over-reliance on technology, increasing idleness, and the pressure to keep up in a primarily performance-oriented society. 4 ConclusionThe results from the quantitative questionnaire challenge the currently widespread assumption that autonomous driving can expect general openness and a high degree of acceptance (see [55–57]). Such openness is to be found in our study, but only when the question of what an autonomous vehicle is left unspecified. When the respondents are introduced to concrete use cases of autonomous driving, however, their assessments turn out to be far more negative.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Иными словами, эти исследователи четко выделяют чисто субдукционные обстановки формирования месторождений и коллизионные, с оговоркой, что для них также характерны субдукционные обстановки на доорогенной стадии, и с трактовкой формирования Витватерсранда в форландовом бассейне закрытого крупного Калахари-океана. Этими исследователями был оценен вклад каждой из выделенных обстановок в интенсивность и экстенсивность золотого оруденения (табл.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: Without dark matter, the orbital velocity of stars should decrease as we move away from the galactic center. However, observations clearly show a flattening of this curve, in such a way that stars move with roughly the same linear velocity independently of their radial position. This observation is considered as one of the first pieces of historical evidence of dark matter (Rubin & Ford 1970). F18 claims that his simulation produces a flat rotation curve and argues that this is evidence in favor of the negative-mass model as an alternative to dark matter. However, this simulation exhibits different stellar dynamics. Figure 3 shows that the orbital velocity of stars drops with distance to the center, in disagreement with the observed flattened rotation curves. Fig. 3. Average orbital velocity as a function of radial distance to the galactic center. 3. 3. Accelerating galaxies Perhaps the most important problem with the negative-mass simulations is that a galaxy, whose center of mass is initially at rest, immediately starts accelerating in a random direction and continues to gain speed during the entire run. This odd acceleration is present in all of the galactic simulations performed and, again, may be understood intuitively, in this case as a large-scale version of the runaway effect. Let us imagine an isolated system consisting of a positive-mass p4. Upper panel: evolution of the galactic core center-of-mass position as a function of time during the simulation run. The blue, orange, and green curves represent the position in x, y, and z, respectively. Lower panel: as above but in this case referring to the velocity vector components. After an initial period of time at rest while the halo is building up, the entire system starts accelerating (at approximately t = 300) and continues to gain speed with a constant acceleration. The sign of the x and y components has been reversed for better visualization in the figure. 3. 4. Halo shape The shape of the halo produced in the negative-mass simulations is also problematic. Figure 1 (lower panel) already suggests that the distribution of red dots around the galaxy is not spherical. In particular, it is very elongated in the direction of the runaway motion. This is clearly seen in the simulation video available online3. Figure 5 shows the distribution of halo mass enclosed in bins of azimuth around the galactic center at the end of the simulation. The vertical lines represent the instantaneous direction of motion, with green and orange representing the directions ahead and behind the galaxy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Assessments of Vehicle on Demand in particular suggest that some forms of autonomous driving are still relatively far away from people’s specific ideas of what a vehicle is, and also their ideas of how to get around. Among other things, the negative assessment arises from people feeling more “exposed” to potential risks and dangers that may arise in a Vehicle on Demand than they feel able to “control”, as they will no longer be able to control the vehicle themselves at all. Overall, it is currently debatable whether most people have any picture of what “autonomous driving” might mean. In the quantitative survey, 44 % of respondents still indicated they knew nothing about the subject, which clearly shows that awareness of it is far from penetrating all corners of society. These findings may also be taken as a sign that further studies more closely focused on the uses and applications of autonomous driving are required. Furthermore, the negative associations of autonomous driving and autonomous vehicles in particular indicate that a use-oriented examination must also address specific user groups. Scenarios to be worked with should, for instance, take even greater account of the different users’ living environments and systems of relevance. In this connection, it is at least clear that the level of trust placed in the still relatively unknown technology is on the low side—it is doubted that autonomous vehicles can be safe at all. At the same time, people currently have neither any specific idea what the technology is capable of nor who is behind its development and, in case of doubt, would accept responsibility for any potential damage, for example. The present remarks have primarily looked at people’s “subjective understanding” and reflexive or theoretical knowledge ([58]: 10 ff. , [54]: 40 ff. ) of autonomous driving and car use in general. The aim here was to trace how those acting deal reflexively with the topic, and thus also trace their motives, and then to ask: How is car use understood from a subjective perspective? What do people think about while using one? What intentions inform their behavior? This level of meaning forms the “orientation scheme” of the action-guiding knowledge structure. In future empirical work, it will also be necessary to decipher the orientation frameworks, i. e. the structure of action, and to ask how the praxis of car usage is produced in milieu- and culture-specific terms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 2) на примере 181 крупнейшего месторождения общим тоннажем в 73 286 тонн добытого золота. Правда, трудно согласиться с выводами этих авторов о такой простой парадигме золотого оруденения, что чем более долговечны процессы субдукции, тем больший потенциал возникновения гигантских месторождений золота (Leahy et al. , 2005).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 101130 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation and Edited by From the - Edited by Michael L. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionThe first hint for the existence of dark matter (DM) between galaxies was the observation over eight decades ago from a study of the luminosities and centrifugal velocities of three galaxies, a galactic “triplet” of the [1]. noted that the motions of these galaxies about a central point could not be properly described using his presumed values for the galaxy matter densities. He, like all astronomers, estimated matter density assuming that the average density is proportional to the observed luminosity. These three galaxies were behaving as if each contained much more matter than calculated from the luminosities. Zwicky proposed that these three galaxies behaved as if under the influence of a type of plentiful, non-radiating matter, hence DM. Stellar motions in spiral galaxies The existence of significant DM was later required to explain another interesting problem of astronomy—the intragalactic motions of stars within the Andromeda galaxy [2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Whether autonomous driving will provoke a fundamental transformation in the system of automobility can currently hardly be predicted—up to now there has been little sign that the hegemony of automobile usage is in serious danger. Nevertheless, in the end it may be precisely such a new technology as autonomous driving that sustainably and irreversibly transforms our transport system. As the sociologist puts it: “Just as the internet and the mobile phone came from ‘nowhere’, so the tipping point here will emerge unpredictably, probably from a set of technologies or firms or governments not currently a center of the mobility industry and culture” ([59]: 272).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: На мой взгляд, их построения, наоборот, подчеркивают важность вклада собственно коллизионного процесса в формирование орогенных поясов и связанных с этим событием крупнейших орогенных (в широком понимании – Kerrich, Feng, 1992; Горячев, 2006; Goryachev, Pirajno, 2014) месторождений золота. В целом же, устоявшуюся геолого-генетическую промышленную классификацию орогенных месторождений золота (см. табл.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: For what seems a general rule, the rotational motions of stars about the center of the galactic plane, of spiral-type galaxies, do not follow Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Instead, the more distant stars travel at much greater velocities relative to those of the interior [3]. Distant stars circulate at a more frantic pace than those closer to the center contradicting the planetary laws of Kepler; objects more distant from the center should be traveling slower than those closer. Follow-up observations by Rubin and coworkers of the stellar velocities within many other spiral galaxies confirm this observation as a generality [4]. This is strongly supported by another group in a study of over 1000 galaxies [5]. It still seems uncertain if this grand observation by Rubin also holds for globular and other types of galaxies because observation of individual star motions is more difficult for these galaxy types. Investigators also pointed out that presumed DM explains the rotational velocities of stars in low luminosity galaxies better than for luminous galaxies [5]. The reader should understand that the quandaries of both Zwicky and Rubin depend on the belief that the quantity and distribution of “normal” matter can be correctly estimated from the galactic luminosity. Proper explanation of these anomalies remains without a satisfactory answer after more than five decades. An answer to this conundrum is considered as utmost importance to both physics and astronomy. Many investigators now call for either new physics or for the presence of considerable DM, of some type, to explain the stellar motions in these galaxies [6]. A solution of Rubin’s observations was proposed years ago by utilizing Einstein’s under the condition of cylindrical geometry [7] but was quickly shown deficient for describing other important properties of spiral galaxies [8]. Another and a more credible explanation of the baryonic-Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) has been made using Relativity (CGR), which does not require new p3. 5−4E1where L is the apparent luminosity of the stars in the galactic plane, and Vθ is the average rotational velocity of these stars. This holds true even when mid-infrared and microwave radiations are assayed [30]. This relationship is sometimes written asM∝Vθ3. 5−4E2where M is the estimated mass of luminous stars and modeled gas in that galaxy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: AbstractAutonomous driving (self-driving) vehicles, once just a science fiction dream, are a growing reality. Although not commercially available, rapid advancements in technology are creating a situation where technological development needs are moving beyond the regulatory environment. Technological developments have put pressure on governments to make regulatory changes permitting on-road testing of autonomous vehicles. Nevada became the first government worldwide to provide licenses for the testing and operation of autonomous vehicles in the state albeit under strict conditions. You have full access to this open access 3. 1 DocumentsAutonomous driving technologies have received little attention to date in strategic documents, including roadmaps, green papers, and white papers. To the extent autonomous vehicle technologies are discussed it is often in the context of broader EU debates on European competitiveness, innovation, climate protection, energy security, employment, and education (the EU 2020 strategy) [17]. Guided by the general framework objectives of the EU 2020 strategy, the following documents were analyzed: “Roadmap to a - Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system” [18], “Research and innovation for Europe’s future mobility. Developing a European transport-technology strategy” [19], the “CARS 2020: for a competitive and sustainable automotive industry in Europe” [20], and the “Directive on Systems” [24]. These strategic documents cover issues linked to autonomous driving: mobility, infrastructure, digitalization, and general European discourses related to innovation and climate protection. The documents differ in their degree of specificity. These documents shed light on which actors are taking up autonomous vehicle developments and give an impression of how far reaching the debate on autonomous driving currently is in Europe. They also give a picture of how autonomous driving technology is being framed and which other societal, technological, and political issues it is being linked to. Finally—and maybe most importantly—these documents hint at the opportunities for and obstacles to the wider implementation of autonomous vehicle technologies at the European level. 3. 1. 1 Competitiveness and InnovationUnion has as one of its goals strengthening the competitiveness of European industry and technological leadership including in important sectors like transport. Union’s transport roadmap stresses that “innovation is essential” to maintaining European competitiveness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 1) следует дополнить более дробной систематикой (Горячев, 2006; Goryachev, Pirajno, 2014), фиксирующей минералого-геохимическое разнообразие орогенного золотого оруденения фанерозоя, с выделением типов, отражающих эту специфику оруденения: (1) золото-мышьяк-сульфидного (Au-As-S-Fe-Cu-Ni-Co) с выделением собственно золото-мышьяк-сульфидного и золото-сульфидного подтипов вкрапленных руд; (2) золото-кварцевого, с колымским (Au-As-Sb-S-Pb-W-Fe) и кордильерским или калифорнийским (Au-As-S-Te-Ni-W-Cu-Fe) под

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: This empirical finding is thus a broad correlation between the rotational velocities as determined by the Doppler shift and the baryonic matter content of many spiral galaxies [31]. This empirical correlation is sometimes termed the baryonic-Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR). The third explanation is gravitons. This p31. To properly model the Zwicky and Rubin observations, people have proposed theories that do not invoke any p2. TheoryWe suggest that gravitons, as agents of the gravitational field, may be modeled as a dense soup of massless p0. Kg is a galaxy dependent dimensionless coefficient, which is necessary to fit the theory with observation, but the actual physical reason for it is not known at this time. Multiplying Eq. (5) by 2/m and moving all terms except v2 to the right-hand side with the total orbital energy E=−GMm/2r, we obtainv2=GMr+2KgGM1r0−1r. E6The properties of a typical spiral galaxy are more easily observed than other types and can be described by the final radial distance rf, at which the final rotational velocity is vf and the orbiting mass is m. Substituting vf for v and rf for r into Eq. (6) and solving for the viral mass Mvir, we obtainMvir=vf2rfG=M2Kgrfr0−1+1,E7from which we get the apparent dark matter Md in the galaxy,Md=Mvir−M=2MKgrfr0−1. E8Solving Eq. (7) for r0, and simplifying yields,r0=2Kgrfvf2rf/GM+2Kg−1. E9These results ideally require virtually all the galaxy baryonic mass M to be interior of the radial distance r0, with only small test masses beyond r0. Additionally, determining the actual mass interior to r0 and the velocity vf is not an exact science. Thus, proving the validity of Eq. (9) for determining r0 can be difficult. Here we relate r0 to the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) [10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The document preparing the transport-technology strategy repeatedly stresses the EU’s vision to strengthen competitiveness by decarbonizing the transport system and accordingly calls for research in green technologies, material substitutions, and ICT in order to optimize intermodal and public transport and thereby enhance efficiency [19]. And also the CARS 2020 action plan establishes a strong link between competitiveness and clean and green vehicles [20]. 3. 1. 3 Harmonization and CoordinationRealizing a single European market is at the heart of all European strategic documents related to transportation. This is a factor in the strong push for greater harmonization and coordination of national policies. The transport roadmap highlights the importance the EU Commission attaches to harmonization; here it is argued that “a situation where (for example) one opted exclusively for electric cars and another only for biofuels would destroy the concept of free travel across Europe. ” It also illustrates that the EU Commission aims at influencing technology development. Also in the CARS 2020 action plan the fragmentation of vehicle regulation among EU is considered problematic. Commission has called for more coordination and standardization [20]. In the CARS 21 process, Europe’s role in standardization has been highlighted. Vice-Kroes “underlined the business opportunities created by making vehicles digital and connected, which requires public support for funding and standardisation” [4]. CARS 2020 mentions the deployment of Systems (ITS) with reference to the automatic emergency call system, eCall as a particular organizational challenge which demands strong coordination [20]. 3. 1. 4 SafetyThe “vision zero” which refers to the goal of eliminating traffic fatalities and injuries by 2050 is a key selling point for the industry. Safety is also addressed in the transport roadmap, although it receives considerably less attention compared to other issues, such as competitiveness, sustainability, resource-efficiency, or, innovation. The “vision zero” is mentioned as the ninth of ten goals of the transport roadmap. In line with this goal, the EU aims at halving road casualties by 2020. The EU is to be a world leader in safety and security of transport in all modes of transport [18]. spells out how to approach that goal and mentions—besides training and education—technological solutions such as “driver assistance systems, (smart) speed limiters, seat-belt reminders, eCall, cooperative systems and vehicle-infrastructure interfaces.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: типами жильных руд; (3) золото-висмутового (Au-As-Bi-S-Te-Se-Sb-Ni-Co-W-Mo-Cu-Fe) – жильный, грейзеновый, скарновый, порфировый (аналог интрузион-релейтед типа, связанного с интрузивами гранитоидов); (4) золото-серебро-кварцевого (Au-Ag-Sb-S-Pb) типа жильных руд.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: At r=r0, by squaring Eq. (6) and putting it into an inverted form of the BTFR, we getv4=MA−1=GMGMr02=GMa0,E10where A≈50M⊙km−4s4 and M in solar mass units [42, 43]. For v in ms−1, M in kg and r0 in m, a0=GM/r02=GA−1≈1. 507×10−10ms−2, where we again emphasize that we are assuming that M is the mass interior to r0, which is an approximation. However, the BTFR is also an approximation, albeit a very good approximation from a large amount of galaxy rotation data. For galaxies in general, we model the mass density function ρr as spherically symmetric. The mass Mr of the galaxy within the radial distance r is given byMr=∫0r4πρuu2du. E11With mass density ρr, the graviton energy loss Eq. (4) between r0 and r is expressed byΔΞr=−∫r0rmGMuduu2=−∫r0rmG∫0u4πρss2dsduu2. E12Using Eqs. (11) and (12), Eq. (6) becomesv2=GMrr−2KgΔΞrm=Gr∫0r4πρss2ds+∫r0r2KgGu2∫0u4πρss2dsdu. E13To obtain r0, solve the following equation iteratively,r02=Ga0∫0r04πρss2ds. E14Solving Eq. (13) for Kg yields the equation,Kg=vflat2−GM/rf∫r0rf2Gu2∫0u4πρss2dsdu,E15where vflat is the velocity of the flat part of the rotation curve. Advertisement 3. ResultsWe performed nonlinear modeling of the graviton model, Eqs. (13)–(15), with the velocity rotation curve data for spiral galaxies NGC 3198 and the Milky Way.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: ” These can be seen as steps towards a general increase in automation and employment of information and communication technologies. While the Directive on Systems puts comparatively high priority on an increase in safety through the application of information and communication technology, it does not explicitly speak of autonomous driving [24]. 3. 1. 5 SummaryThe document, “Research and innovation for Europe’s future mobility. Developing a European transport-technology strategy” [19] is where one might expect autonomous driving to be discussed as the communication addresses research, innovation, and mobility issues. Yet, while the term ‘smart’ occurs repeatedly in the text, neither ‘autonomous’ or ‘driverless vehicles’ are mentioned. ‘Intelligent’ and ‘automated’ are mentioned only once in the context of transport infrastructure: “Modern infrastructure will increasingly incorporate new components which make it smart (intelligent, ICT-enabled and automated), green (new light and recyclable materials) and intermodal (automated terminals, hubs, and equipment). It will integrate the provision of alternative, low carbon fuels and innovative management and operation systems” [19]. Also with regard to research and innovation, autonomous driving is not discussed in the transport-technology strategy document although it could be argued that smart mobility is related to autonomous driving. Many of the visions described in the strategic document can be seen as being linked to autonomous vehicles, such as the interdependence between information and communication technologies and the transport system. Yet the main focus is on green technologies, material substitution and ICT and the optimization of intermodal transport. Similarly, autonomous driving is not explicitly mentioned in the transport roadmap. Rather, intelligent transport systems, new communication services, and improved traffic management and information systems are seen as future opportunities to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion and it is in this context that there are calls for further research and innovation. Links are made to multimodality and optimization of the use of infrastructure. Increased automation is not discussed centrally in relation to the modernization of the automotive industry in Europe. It is not even mentioned as an explicit topic in the CARS 2020 action plan. on Systems, supported by DG Transport, targets steps to be taken towards the application of ITS and thus could be argued to touch upon aspects of autonomous driving, but does not explicitly mention the term or similar terms [24].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Таблица 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: The mass density function ρr that we use is defined by,ρr=M4/3π∑j=1nbjaj3exp−raj,E16where the total baryonic mass equals M over the total radial range of the observational data, aj are scale lengths, and bj are weights, where the weights sum to unity. Determinations for the mass Mrr1 within the positions r1 and r, where 0≤r1≤r, must be normalized, so the mass is computed from Eq. (16) in the formMrr1=M∫0rf4πρuu2du∫r1r4πρss2ds,E17where rf is the largest radial distance of the data: the galaxy edge. NGC 3198 For the analysis of NGC 3198 rotation data, with stellar mass 2. 3×1010M⊙ and mass of gas 0. 63×1010M⊙, we have a total baryonic mass of MN3198=2. 93×1010M⊙ [44]. For the rotation curve data of NGC 3198, we use data from the thesis of Begeman [45]. We set n=4, with the scale lengths a1=1. 1kpc, a2=1. 27kpc, a3=1. 35kpc, a4=1. 5kpc, and the weights are b1=0. 4, b2=0. 3, b3=0. 2 and b4=0. 1. By solving Eq. (14) we obtain r0=4. 254kpc, the radial distance where the acceleration equals a0=1. 507×10−10ms−2. Solving Eq. (15), we obtain a value of Kg=0. 421. The result using the NGC 3198 data is presented in Figure 1. The fit, not necessarily optimal, has a Error of MAE=4. 322kms−1, expressed by MAE=1/nΣj=1n∥Oj−Pj∥, where Oj are the observation values and Pj are the model predictor values.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: In summary, it can be said that while developments related to autonomous driving are mentioned in major strategic and vision documents, autonomous vehicles or autonomous driving are as such not firmly embraced by European bureaucrats or politicians. 3. 2 to (EU)Somewhat more attention to autonomous vehicle technologies is being paid in European-funded research projects. There are various research projects funded by EU institutions that could impact autonomous driving. eCall is an initiative to bring rapid assistance to motorists involved in accidents. project is a civilian global satellite-based navigation system. is a related global navigation satellite system being developed for taxis. project, which is funded under the European Union’s Framework 7 program, aims at advancing platooning (convoying to make more efficient use of road space). The project HAVE-it follows a long-term vision of autonomous driving and aims at high levels of automation. The purpose of the project is to “develop, validate and demonstrate important intermediate steps towards highly automated driving” such as advanced driver assistance systems. The research project, “SMART- New services enabled by the connected car”, focused on the implication, benefits, and services of connected cars. The project’s final report concluded that the connected car may make better use of infrastructure and will increase safety as well as fuel efficiency. The EU project “Citymobil—for the Urban Environment” looked at automated public transport systems and some showcases (e. g. La Rochelle, Heathrow) with the aim of bringing the implementation of these public transport systems in cities one step further. An example of a joint public-private R&D initiative supported by various directorates-general (RTD—Research and —Communications Networks, Content and Technology, ENER—Energy, ENV—Environment, ENTR—Enterprise and Industry) in the vehicle area is the launched in 2009 and with a priority on the development of efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly mobility, especially electro-mobility. Another important project is AdaptIVe, a successor to InteractIVe. Started in January 2014 and funded by the European Union’s Framework 7 Program, this consortium of 29 partners aims to demonstrate the potentials for automated driving in complex traffic environments while addressing some legal issues related to levels 1 to 4 of the SAE classification system. Currently, the is supporting research on autonomous driving within its framework research support scheme, “Horizon 2020”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Доля разных генетических типов месторождений золота (более 100 тонн добычи) в мировой продукции золота (Frimmel et al. , 2005)Тип орудененияДоля в добыче в % (всего 102 575 т)Витватерсранд39Орогенные29Эпитермальные высокосульфидированные3Эпитермальные низкосульфидированные6Порфировые16Локализованные в осадках (россыпи)5Прочие2 Таблица 2. Распределение крупнейших золотых месторождений в орогенных поясах разных типов геодинамических обстановок (Leahy et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: The square of the correlation coefficient between the observed vobs and modeled vmod rotational velocities is r2=corrvobsvmod2=0. 986. Figure 1. The velocity vs. radial distance from the galactic center of NGC 3198. The data points and errors are from [45]. The solid curve is a good fit to the data with the graviton model, Eqs. (13–15). fit of the graviton model to the velocity rotation curve data for the is shown in Figure 2. The mass for our galaxy is approximated by the BTFR given by Eq. (10) with a flat rotational velocity of v=202kms−1, which yields a mass of MGalaxy=8. 328×1010M⊙. The nonlinear curve fit to the rotation curve data [46] is made with n=6, with the scale lengths given by a1=0. 11kpc, a2=0. 7kpc, a3=1. 71kpc, a4=1. 82kpc, a5=1. 83kpc, and a6=1. 84kpc. The weights used are b1=0. 095, b2=0. 1, b3=0. 2, b4=0. 3, b5=0. 3, and b6=0. 005, where the weights sum to unity. Solving Eq. (14), we find the radial distance where the acceleration to be a0=1. 507×10−10ms−2 is r0=8. 157kpc. Then, using this value for r0, we solve Eq. (15) to obtain a value of Kg=0. 418. The fit of the graviton model, not necessarily optimal, has an error of MAE=6. 33kms−1 for the fit up to r0 and for the entire range of the data up to 1. 28×103kpc, the error is MAE=13. 25kms−1. For the radial distance up to r0, the square of the correlation coefficient between the observed and modeled velocities is r2=0. 136. For the full radial distance up to 1. 28Mpc, the square of the correlation coefficient between observed and modeled velocities is r2=0.

Output: corroborate