Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Improvements to the anomaly correlation scores are realized from the use of two polar-orbiting satellites, but are generally smaller than when using three polar-orbiting satellites. These results are consistent with the benefits expected from the increase in areal coverage obtained from adding additional satellites. The geographic distributions of the forecast impacts shown in Figs. 8 –17 indicate that using three polar-orbiting satellites provides the largest positive impact. In general the largest positive impacts are found in the polar regions of both hemispheres, possibly due to the frequent satellite overpasses and the lack of conventional data. Both 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments display a decrease in forecast impact globally as the forecasts proceed from 12 to 72 h. The 3_NOAA experiment retains the greatest forecast impact out to 72 h. In terms of future observing system experiments, operational or preoperational data types to be studied include the (MODIS) atmospheric motion vectors, ocean surface wind vector measurements from space using. In addition, the effective exploitation of the new hyperspectral data, which have or will become available from the Sounder (AIRS), the (IASI), the Cross-track (CrIS), and Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) instruments, will be studied. 816. CrossrefAlishouse, J. C. , SnyderS. , VongsathornJ. , and FerraroR. R. , 1990: Determination of oceanic total precipitable water from the SSM/I. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 28, 811–816. 10. 1109/36. 58967)| falseSearch 2299. CrossrefDerber, J. C. , and WuW-S. , 1998: The use of TOVS cloud-cleared radiances in the analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 126, 2287–2299. 10. 1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2287:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 547. CrossrefDerber, J. C. , ParrishD. F. , and LordS. J. , 1991: The new global operational analysis system at the Center. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 538–547. 10. 1175/1520-0434(1991)006<0538:>2. 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: , are displayed on right Y-axisFull size image DiscussionWhile coral bleaching and coral disease are individually considerable threats to coral reefs, this study demonstrated the combination of the two can have catastrophic effects on living coral over a large spatial scale. The severity of disease in combination with region-wide bleaching resulted in the greatest total coral loss, affecting several species, ever documented within the Caribbean basin. These study sites represent 25 acres (10 hectares) of some of the most complex, diverse, and species-rich coral reefs in the USVI. Four of the reefs are located in long-established (multiple-decades) marine protected areas (MPAs). The ecological importance of these reefs as sources of coral larvae, and as structure and habitat for fish communities and infaunal invertebrates, extend well beyond the reef boundaries. Furthermore, tremendous losses in coral cover from 2005 to 2006 were not limited to these study sites. Annual monitoring (using the same techniques, although not at the peak of bleaching or episodically thereafter) from two other USVI sites with lower initial coral cover (with 8. 5% in St. John and and Groove with 5. 1% at Buck Island; Rogers et al. 2008) also showed dramatic coral cover losses of 48. 1 and 41. 5%, respectively. Other surveys within territorial waters of the USVI also showed a decline of 40% coral cover likely from a white-plague-like syndrome (Woody et al. 2008). Similarly, Puerto Rico, approximately 100 km west of the USVI experienced record-breaking seawater temperatures that produced historically severe bleaching eventually followed by massive outbreaks of white plague and Caribbean yellow band disease. Losses in coral cover ranged from 20 to 97% (Ballantine et al. 2008). Reserve of Culebra (50 km west of USVI) reported an epizootic of white plague post-bleaching with a resulting 67% decline in coral cover (Ballantine et al. 2008). (BVI), approximately 35 km east of the US Virgin Islands, experienced similar conditions of elevated water temperatures with extensive coral bleaching followed by coral mortality from white plague (Bouchon et al. 2008). While coral bleaching was ubiquitous throughout the Caribbean in 2005, coral mortality was the highest from the and the BVI where coral disease epizootics followed the bleaching. This emphasizes the importance of frequency of monitoring (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0%), 10 mM of Cu2+ (105%) and Al3+ (104%). Figure 3SDS-PAGE of purified laccase and MIP from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2. A. Lane 1: Molecular mass markers; Lane 2: Purified laccase. B. Lane 1: Molecular mass markers; Lane 2: Purified MIP. Full size imageFigure 4Effects of pH and temperature on the activity and stability of purified laccase and MIP from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2. A. Effects of temperatures on laccase and MIP activity. B. The thermostability of laccase. C. The thermostability of MIP. D. Optimal pH and pH stability of laccase and MIP. The residual activity was monitored, and the maximum activity was defined as 100% (A, D) or initial activity was defined as 100% (B, C). Values shown were the mean of the average of three experiments. Full size imageThe molecular weight of purified MIP from Ch2-2 was about 47 kDa (Figure 3B). Its optimal temperature and pH were 20°C and pH 2. 5 respectively (Figure 4A, D), indicating the low temperature adaptation. It was also stable at a wide temperature and pH range of 4 to 28°C and pH 2. 0 to 5. 5 (Figure 4C, D). Using DMP as a substrate without H2O2, the Km and Vmax of MIP were 6. 9 μM and 38. 3 μmol/min/mg under optimal conditions. The MIP activity was 100% depressed by 2 mM of Fe2+ and essentially unaffected by EDTA (97. 7%) at a concentration of 10 mM. From enzymatic characteristics of purified enzymes, we found that both laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 exhibited substantially wide thermal adaptability in a mesophilic and psychrophilic environment, and MIP exhibited a special property that correlated with functional mechanism. Hydrolysis of biomass by enzymes preparation from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2According to the properties of purified laccase and MIP, synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial cellulase or xylanase in converting milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks into reducing sugars was assessed under different temperatures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: III, 2005b: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part II: Contribution of the components. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 178–198. 10. 1175/WAF838. 1)| falseSearch 909. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2007: A two-season impact study of satellite and in situ data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 887–909. 10. 1175/WAF1025. 1)| falseSearch 100. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2008: A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 80–100. 10. 1175/2007WAF2007010. 1)| falseSearch 1. The areal coverage of (a) 1_NOAA, (b) 2_NOAA, and (c) 3_NOAA satellites at 0000 UTC 25 Jan 2003. The NOAA-17 orbit is in green, the NOAA-16 orbit is in blue, and the NOAA-15 orbit is in red. This is the coverage of the actual data received by NCEP for the 0000 UTC forecast on that day. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 23, 5; 10. 1175/2008WAF2007065. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 2. The day 5 anomaly correlations for waves 1–20 for the (a), (c) midlatitudes and (b), (d) polar regions. Experiments include data from 3_NOAA, 2_NOAA, and 1_NOAA satellite(s). Results are for (left) 15 Jan–15 Feb and (right) 15 Aug–20 Sep 2003. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 23, 5; 10. 1175/2008WAF2007065. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 3. The 15 Jan–15 Feb and 15 Aug–20 Sep 2003 day 0–7 500-hPa geopotential height die-off curves for the observing system experiments. Results are for the (left) Northern and (right) Southern Hemisphere. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 23, 5; 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: , Miller et al. 2003, Borger and Steiner 2005), as with typical annual monitoring, the mortality from the epizootic would have been missed and probably attributed to bleaching. The relationship among high-water temperatures, bleaching, and coral disease is poorly understood for scleractinian corals. Although it seems logical to think that high sea water temperatures stress corals and make them more susceptible to disease, the evidence is still rather limited. Some of the 21. 4% and decreased to 8. 3% post-episode. Prior to the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event, long term monitoring around St. John and had shown decreasing coral cover due to hurricanes (e. g. , Hubbard et al. 1991; Rogers et al. 1997), anchor damage (Rogers and Garrison 2001), disease (Miller et al. 2003), and overfishing (Rogers et al. 2008). However, documented coral cover losses were of smaller magnitude (e. g. , from 20 to 13% at due to Hurricane Hugo, Rogers et al. 1997) and very localized. Recent monitoring (post-2000, but prior to 2005 bleaching) at the study reefs showed two sites within VINP with significant increases in coral cover suggesting that while MPAs are not a panacea for coral reefs (see Coelho and Manfrino 2007), a synergy of ecology and management could facilitate positive coral growth. The severity and duration of the 2005 coral-bleaching event and subsequent disease outbreak superseded management and political boundaries affecting reefs within and outside national parks and eliminated any pre-bleaching gains in coral cover. During this study, coral cover declined on 99 of the 100 transects sampled (the only exception being one transect at that went from 3. 4 to 3. 9% coral cover). The direct cause of most coral mortality during and after the 2005 bleaching was disease that had signs consistent with white plague. This disease has been documented since the 1970s (Dustan 1977) and was first observed around the island of St. John in 1997 (Miller et al. 2003). White-plague-like signs have been observed in 41 different species of hard coral (Weil et al. 2006), including many major reef-building species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: If it was treated at 15°C for one day according to the optimum temperature of ligninase, and then at 50°C for four days in order to be fit for the commercial cellulase and xylanase, synergy was exhibited in all four types of mixture (Figure 5A). The degree of synergism (DS) between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase reached the maximum value of 3. 4 on day 2, which was followed by the substantial increase of reducing sugars (7. 8 mg/mL). However, the highest reducing sugars yield was obtained by the mixture containing Ch2-2 enzymes, commercial cellulase and xylanase together on day 5 (10. 9 mg/mL), which was much higher than using any enzyme alone. Therefore, it was not due to the additive effect. Figure 5Improved production of reducing sugars from milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks by synergy of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial cellulase or xylanase. A. Hydrolysis by binary (commercial cellulases/xylanase, commercial cellulases/Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) or ternary mixtures (commercial cellulases/xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) at 15°C for 24 hours and then 50°C for 96 hours. B. Hydrolysis by binary or ternary mixtures at 28°C for 120 hours. C. Hydrolysis by binary or ternary mixtures at 15°C for 120 hours. Substrate control: milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks without enzymes. Enzyme control: reactions with each enzyme (commercial cellulases, commercial xylanase or Ch2-2 enzymes) alone. Full size imageWe also investigated the interaction at ambient temperatures of 28°C and 15°C, respectively (Figure 5B, C). It was seen that the DS between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase almost reached the maximum value of 4. 7 at 28°C on day 4 and then reached a high reducing sugars yield of 10. 1 mg/mL later on, which was even higher than that obtained at 50°C (8. 9 mg/mL).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: , and McPhersonR. D. , 1984: Global data assimilation experiments with scatterometer winds from -A. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 112, 368–376. 10. 1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0368:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 621. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , and Coauthors, 2000: A case study of the sensitivity of the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 603–621. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0603:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 285. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , Paul MenzelW. , Nelson J. P. III, and JungJ. A. , 2002: An impact study of five remotely sensed and five in situ data types in the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 263–285. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0263:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 177. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005a: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part I: The total contribution. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 161–177. 10. 1175/WAF837. 1)| falseSearch 198. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005b: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part II: Contribution of the components. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 178–198. 10. 1175/WAF838. 1)| falseSearch 909. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2007: A two-season impact study of satellite and in situ data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 887–909. 10. 1175/WAF1025. 1)| falseSearch 100. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2008: A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 80–100.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: The causative agent of white plague type II has been identified as the alphaproteobacterium, Aurantimonas coralicida; however, this has fulfilled Koch’s postulates on isolates from Dichocoenia stokesi only (Denner et al. 2003). In a separate study, a smaller section of was monitored nearly monthly (88 months) for 8 years (December 1997–December 2005). During that time, mortality from white plague was observed each month and had no correlation with water temperatures (1997–2001, see Miller et al. 2003). Furthermore, a large outbreak of plague occurred in December 1998, 3 months after major bleaching occurred on that same reef (Miller et al. 2003). Significant mortality from coral disease, primarily consistent with white plague, was documented prior to 2005; however, this mortality was locally contained (i. e. , within Haulover, Mennebeck, and Tektite Reefs, but not simultaneously). The disease outbreak that followed the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event occurred on every reef monitored, both on St. John and BIRNM, 60 km south and resulted in the fastest decline in coral cover (of multiple species), from any cause, ever documented in the Virgin Islands. This event struck hardest at the dominant reef-building coral M. annularis (complex) that initially comprised 79. 2% of the coral cover at the study sites. Cover of these slow-growing, broadcast spawning, and seldom-recruiting corals decreased 51% from its pre-bleaching initial cover. The losses of the M. annularis group, coupled with significant declines by other massive corals (e. g. , C. natans), have resulted in a restructuring of the surviving coral community. M. annularis (complex) remains dominant but comprises only 58. 6% of the corals, while the relative abundance of the brooding Porites spp. has increased from 9. 8 to 20. 4%. Edmunds and Elahi (2007) reported a 72% decline in M. annularis on three 10 m transects at (500 m west of Tektite Reef) from 1988 to 1999, primarily from hurricanes, with bleaching having little effect (Edmunds 2002). They reported no disease on these transects during that time. Their model suggested an extirpation of M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: During the whole hydrolysis process at 28°C, the sugars yield obtained by the mixture of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase kept almost at the same level as that obtained by the three enzymes combined. Furthermore, the interaction also showed cold-adapted synergistic effect at 15°C with a maximum DS of 4. 1 on day 5. The reducing sugars production could be improved 295% through synergistic effect between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase on day 5 (7. 9 mg/mL), which was not greatly affected by the low temperature. The reducing sugar production from milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks and the synergy effect between enzymes were further assessed under 28°C and 15°C when the loading of commercial cellulase and xylanase were reduced proportionally to one fifth; 0. 05 g cellulase/g substrate (25 mg protein/g cellulose) and 0. 3 g xylanase/g substrate (26 mg protein/g cellulose), respectively (Figure 6A, B). The results showed that the best synergistic effect still occurred between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase, with a DS of 2. 6 and a reducing sugar level of 4. 6 mg/mL on day 4 (28°C), while the concentration of reducing sugar reached 4. 1 mg/mL through the ternary mixtures. Cold-adapted synergistic effect at 15°C between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase remained maximum with a DS of 2. 4 and a reducing sugar level of 3. 3 mg/mL. Figure 6The changes of reducing sugar production from milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks by synergy of Ch2-2 enzymes and reduced commercial cellulase or xylanase. A. Hydrolysis by binary (commercial cellulases/xylanase, commercial cellulases/Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) or ternary mixtures (commercial cellulases/xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) at 28°C for 96 hours. B. Hydrolysis by binary or ternary mixtures at 15°C for 120 hours. Substrate control: milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks without enzymes. Enzyme control: reactions with each enzyme (commercial cellulases, commercial xylanase or Ch2-2 enzymes) alone.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The use of meteorological data (either public weather forecast data or day-by-day observed meteorological data) as inputs to the model for training the model makes the model to predict the ETo differ in two ways (either by analyzing the performance of the model day-by-day or by analyzing the performance of the model according to the seasonality): first, it is the reason for the input meteorological data, such as the different combinations of weather variables in the input meteorological data and the forecasting errors of the weather variables from public. The first is due to the input meteorological data, such as different combinations of weather variables in the input meteorological data and forecast errors of weather variables from public weather forecasts, which have actually been analyzed and presented in Section 3. 2 and Section 3. 1. The second reason is the model itself. First, the model is trained and validated by using weather data samples, and then the samples are tested with public weather forecast data, which is a test of the stability of the model itself. The four different types of models are combined and compared to obtain a better model for predicting daily ETo. These processes actually address the reasons why the algorithms differ in different climate zones. In addition, the purpose of analyzing the performance of models for predicting daily ETo according to seasonality is to recommend the best model for predicting daily ETo for crops in different growing seasons and then to use the best model for predicting daily ETo in subsequent irrigation forecasting and irrigation decision scheduling for the crops concerned. The relevant tables have been replaced using radar charts to rationalize and simplify the presentation of relevant results. The conclusions of this paper are of course fully generalizable to other regions. The conclusion that "the performance of training and validating models based on public weather forecasts to predict daily ETo is better than that of training and validating models based on day-by-day observations with the same input combinations" can be generalized to other regions, i. e. , it is recommended to train and validate the models with public weather forecast data before testing the models with future public weather forecast data to generalize the use of the models, when there are enough samples of public weather forecast data. That is, when there are enough samples of public weather forecast data, it is recommended to train and validate the model with public weather forecast data first, test the model with future public weather forecast data, and then generalize the use of the model.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: annularis at their transects within 50 years; our study indicated that elimination of this species could occur over a large region in well under 50 years. Interestingly, peak coral mortality did not coincide with peak bleaching activity and was rarely a direct result of bleaching. Most of the mortality occurred after water temperatures had returned to normal, and corals had regained some color. In fact, in 2006 there was a negative correlation between water temperature and number of disease-induced lesions (r s = −0. 707, P = 0. 004). This association, however, was not observed during any other year of monitoring, only in 2006 after severe coral bleaching occurred. Winter water temperatures in the Caribbean have shown an increasing trend over the last decade with warmer minimums observed (see Ballantine et al. 2008; Fig. 9. 7 for La Paguera, Puerto Rico). Warmer winter temperatures may reduce the mortality rates of coral pathogens and increase the amount of coral disease (Bruno et al. 2007). The winter of 2006 was warmer than previous years, however, the winter in 2007 was even warmer. Disease did not increase following the warm 2007 winter, as it did in 2006 after anomalously high-water temperatures in summer/fall of 2005. Therefore, although warmer winter temperatures may play a role in coral disease activity, the peak in coral disease in the winter of 2006 was likely linked to the bleaching that preceded it. An alternative hypothesis is that the peak in disease activity during winter months of 2006 was a result of compromised corals. By monitoring throughout the 2005 episode in the USVI, Muller et al. (2008) showed that the size of disease-induced lesions on Acropora palmata increased as temperature increased, but only for bleached colonies. Lesion size on unbleached colonies of A. palmata remained the same when temperatures were high suggesting host-susceptibility, rather than temperature, influenced disease severity. The corals in the present study, having lost their symbiotic algae, were stressed for months possibly making them more susceptible to disease. The identified causative agent of white plague, A. coralicida, has a reported optimal growth from 30 to 35°C (Remily and Richardson 2006).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageThe results indicate that crude enzymes mixture containing ligninase from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was able to enhance hydrolysis of other polysaccharide hydrolases significantly over a wide temperature range, which has a promising prospect for application in biomass degradation and high-value energy production at ambient temperature. It could provide a novel guidance for the design and operation of lignocellulosic enzyme cocktails with efficient synergistic effect. DiscussionIn the overall process of lignocellulosic ethanol production, the cost of enzymes accounts for around 50 to 60% [26], with energy consumption being close behind [27]. Energy is mainly consumed in biomass pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation and so on. The expensive cost of enzymes and energy limits the market of cellulosic ethanol, and so a dramatic reduction in enzyme and energy use is extremely necessary to enhance competitiveness. In this study, psychrophilic C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was found to be effective in bio-pretreatment and saccharification on bagasse. At the same time, synergy of crude enzymes from Ch2-2 with commercial xylanase greatly enhanced saccharification of milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks at 28°C. In view of the application temperature, when using the most common industrial strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol fermentation, saccharification and fermentation could be unified at its optimum growth temperature. During the degradation of bagasse, both the secretion of lignocellulosic enzymes and the decrease of corresponding lignocellulose components were much more selective by fungus C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 than by the three white-rot fungi reported by Dong et al. [28]. For the same lignocellulosic substrate, different fungi possessed unique degradation strategies by producing distinct enzymes, which implied various synergistic manners and mechanisms in nature. The clear separate degradation pattern during different periods made Ch2-2 more suitable for selective delignification than white-rot fungi. At the same time, the pivotal role of ligninase was highlighted in this process. Laccase and MIP were released simultaneously first following lignin degradation at a higher rate compared to holocellulose. The degradation degree of lignin drastically affected the hydrolysis of holocellulose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: These nine developed machine learning models (five models trained and validated based on 1-day-ahead public weather forecast data plus four models trained and validated based on day-by-day observed meteorological data, for a total of nine models) are then used with 1-7-day-ahead public weather forecast data (2020-2021) to predict the daily ETo and compared with those predicted using the FAO-56 PM equation and day-by-day observed meteorological data (2020-2021) to test the performance of the nine models by comparison with the standardized values of daily ETo computed with the FAO-56 PM equation and day-by-day observed meteorological data (2020-2021). The results show that the performance of both the training and validation models for predicting daily ETo based on public weather forecasts outperforms the performance of the training and validation models for predicting daily ETo based on day-by-day observed meteorological data with the same input combinations. Second, the selected machine learning models, except for the MLP machine learning model, the other three machine learning models (and CatBoost) have only been used for daily ETo estimation in the literature (that is, they are trained and validated with day-by-day meteorological data, and then the daily ETo is estimated using the day-by-day meteorological data and the developed machine learning models). These three models are the models with high accuracy and stability among the estimated machine learning models, but the use of these three machine learning models (and CatBoost) for the prediction of daily ETo has not been reported in the literature. In addition, in the literature, it is necessary to convert the category data (wind level to wind speed and weather type to sunshine hours) of public weather forecast data before they can be used in the model to predict the daily ETo, but this conversion of the category data of public weather forecast data brings large errors, which in turn affects the accuracy of the model to predict the daily ETo. Therefore, in this paper, we use the wind levels and weather types from public weather forecast data directly for the training and validation of the CatBoost2 model (which can deal with the type variables directly) and test the prediction of daily ETo for the forecasting period of 1-7 days.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Re(de)fining degree-heating week: coral bleaching variability necessitates regional and temporal optimization of global forecast model stress metrics : orcid. org/0009-0000-9827-29251 & Thomas DeCarlo1,2 1626 Accesses 1 Citation 3 all metrics AbstractTropical coral reefs are a critical ecosystem in global peril as a result of anthropogenic climate change, and effective conservation efforts require reliable methods for identifying and predicting coral bleaching events. To this end, temperature threshold-based models such as the ’s (NOAA) degree-heating week (DHW) metric are useful for forecasting coral bleaching as a function of heat stress accumulation. DHW does not adequately account for regional variation in coral stress responses, however, and the current definition consistently underpredicts coral bleaching occurrence. Using a weather forecasting skill-based framework, our analysis cross-tested 1080 variations of the DHW-based bleaching occurrence (presence/absence) model against 22 years of contemporary coral bleaching observations (1998–2019) in order to optimize bleaching forecast skill at different levels of geographic specificity. On a global basis and relative to the current definition, reducing the current 1 °C warming cutoff to 0. 4 °C, adjusting the accumulation window to 11 weeks, and defining a bleaching threshold of 3 DHW improved forecast skill by 70%. Allowing our new DHW definitions to vary across regions and ocean basins further doubled model skill. Our results also suggest that the most effective bleaching forecast models change over time as coral reef systems respond to a shifting climate. Since 1998, the coral bleaching threshold for the globally optimized forecast model has risen at a significant rate of 0. 19 DHW/year, matching the pace of ocean warming. The bleaching threshold trajectory for each ocean basin varies. Though further work is necessary to parse the mechanism behind this trend, the dynamic nature of coral stress responses demands that our forecasting tools be continuously refined if they are to adequately inform marine conservation efforts. Similar content being viewed by others Coral bleaching pathways under the control of regional temperature variability 2015. The maximum monthly mean (MMM; the long-term average temperature for an area’s warmest month; solid line) is the climatological average from 1985 to 2012 and represents the area’s typical summertime high. MMM serves as the baseline for defining temperature anomalies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: On one hand, the residual lignin depressed the activity of polysaccharide hydrolases and the degradation rate of holocellulose [9],[10]. On the other hand, lignin degradation could decrease non-productive adsorption of polysaccharide hydrolases and accelerate hydrolysis [29]. Ligninase from Ch2-2 showed the adaptability to moderate and low temperatures, corresponding to the growth characteristics of the host fungus. The purified laccase and MIP were stable in a wide temperature range of 4 to 40°C and 4 to 28°C respectively, which verified that Ch2-2 was a cold-adapted lignin-degrading fungus. It greatly expanded the application scope of Ch2-2 and its enzymes, including straw returning during intermittent period of farming besides cellulosic ethanol production at room temperature. In a previous report, psychrophilic enzymes produced by cold-adapted microorganisms most often displayed high thermosensitivity [30]. Higher temperatures (>20°C) typically led to low densities of cells and poor extracellular enzyme production, although shortening the generation time. However, for Ch2-2, the dry cell weight and laccase activity always exhibited high levels whether at 15°C or at 28°C. The thermal stable range for laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 performed the best out of the psychrophilic enzymes reported. Recently, many researchers have obtained thermostable polysaccharide hydrolases with good hydrolysis ability from thermophilic strains [31]. The cellulase mixture from thermophilic fungi was often evaluated at temperature 35 to 65°C [32], however, it was uneconomical in operation because of higher demands on devices and power consumption. Psychrotolerant enzymes have considerable application prospects in biological refining industry. At present, there are only three psychrophilic C. cladosporioides reported, which were obtained from wood samples in Antarctica producing more endoglucanase activity at 4°C than at 15°C after 10 days cultivation. There were no further reports about their degradation and wider mesophilic adaptabilities. Like the digestion of novel mechanism of thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor bescii CelA [33], psychrophilic enzymes from Ch2-2 provided the possibility of exploring a new synergy mechanism.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Four models trained and validated with day-by-day observed weather data (subscript o labeled at the bottom right of the model name). These nine developed machine learning models (five models trained and validated with 1-day-ahead public weather forecast data plus four models trained and validated with day-by-day observed weather data, for a total of nine models) were then used with 1-7-day-ahead public weather forecast data (2020-2021) to predict daily ETo. The performance of the nine models is also tested by comparison with the standardized values of daily ETo computed with the FAO-56 PM equation and day-by-day observed weather data (2020-2021). The results show that the performance of both the training and validation models for predicting daily ETo based on public weather forecasts is better than the performance of the training and validation models for predicting daily ETo based on day-by-day observed meteorological data with the same input combinations. Finally, a note on a few points of doubt:I have modified the 23 tables, e. g. , to radar plots, so that readers can extract the key results more easily;The introduction of this paper describes several similar studies conducted in other parts of China, which are different in that the models are trained and validated only with day-by-day observed meteorological data, and the developed models are only tested with public weather forecasts, whereas in this paper, the models are trained, validated and tested with public weather forecasts;Training and validating the model requires a long series of historical public weather forecast data. I can only obtain the relevant historical public weather forecast data from meteorological stations in Ningxia, China, and cannot obtain the historical public weather forecast data from meteorological stations in other places. Therefore, only nine study stations in Ningxia were selected. Nevertheless, combined with the conclusions of this paper, the method proposed in this paper still has a very great value of popularization. At stations with access to historical public weather forecast data, training and validation of models for predicting ETo using different combinations of inputs of historical public weather forecast data variables can be carried out so that the best models for predicting ETo at the study sites can be obtained.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Only anomalies above a certain threshold (dotted line) are accumulated as heat stress (shaded red) within the rolling accumulation window (gray box). In this example, the accumulation window is 12 weeks long, and the illustrated DHW value represents heat stress accumulation as of September 23, 2015 (the rightmost edge of the window)Full size imageThough numerous studies validate the relationship between DHW and coral reef stress events (Eakin et al. 2010; Heron et al. 2016a; Kayanne 2017), many others find the accepted metric limited (McClanahan et al. 2007; van Hooidonk & Huber 2009; DeCarlo 2020; Mason et al. 2020; Ainsworth et al. 2021) or inaccurate (McClanahan et al. 2019; Eladawy et al. 2022) as a bleaching predictor. Coral bleaching dynamics vary widely on both spatial (Guest et al. 2012; Ainsworth et al. 2021; Bowdler 2021; Raj et al. 2021) and temporal (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo et al. 2019) scales, yet the current DHW definition is rarely modified to account for regional variability or new data. Proposed modifications generally stop at adjusting the bleaching threshold (van Hooidonk & Huber 2009) or, in some cases, the baseline for tolerable SST (Burt et al. 2019). Analyses also seldom address how these stress-defining parameters may be changing over time—a key element in adaptive management. The grimmest long-term projections suggest reef-building corals are teetering on the edge of an extinction point, with annual bleaching expected within several decades if we assume a constant bleaching threshold over time (e. g. , Sheppard 2003; van Hooidonk et al. 2016; Donner et al. 2018). Yet several lines of research suggest that under the right circumstances, coral reefs may develop some degree of resistance to warming-induced bleaching (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo & Harrison 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: At present, it is not clear what role MIP plays in lignin degradation. The molecular weight of laccase was higher than that reported for MnP, which made it hard to access occluded lignin in biomass. Various low molecular weight electron transfer agents such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) were usually needed by laccase to catalyze ligninolysis [34]. While MnP produced small diffusible strong oxidants that could penetrate the substrate, it needed Mn2+ induction and H2O2 to work [35],[36]. However, psychrophilic MIP from Ch2-2 plays its role without Mn2+ and H2O2 while being essentially unaffected by EDTA and completely depressed by Fe2+, which has not been previously reported. Therefore, future studies should be directed at elucidating the mechanism that MIP serves in the ligninolytic and synergistic hydrolysis system. Onozuka R-10 was one kind of expensive commercial cellulase mixture used in cellulose hydrolysis as reported [35], which was made of a variety of hydrolytic enzymes including endo-1, 3-D-glucanase-D-glucanase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, pectinase, protease and α-amylase. The cost of commercial xylanase from Aspergillus clavatus used in this study accounted for about one-fifteenth that of the Onozuka R-10. Their optimum range of temperature and pH were 40 - 50°C and pH 4. 0 - 5. 0. During the hydrolysis of Jerusalem artichoke stalks with different enzymes combination, interaction between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase exhibited maximum synergistic effect at 15, 28 and 50°C, which could take the place of an expensive commercial cellulase mixture in application. The reducing sugars yield received through the mixture of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase here at 28°C (482. 9 mg/g substrate) was much higher than that using a fungal-bacterial cocktail of pure strains at 30°C (165. 2 mg/g substrate) within 24 hours [37].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The experiments were conducted with the current operational version of the code and at full operational resolution. Based on the results of the experiments analyzed here, profiles of refractivity were selected as the type of GPS RO observation to be assimilated. Further enhancement to the assimilation of bending angles is currently being evaluated at NCEP. The results show a significant improvement of the anomaly correlation skill and a global reduction of the NCEP model bias and root-mean-square errors when observations are assimilated into the system. The improvement is found for the temperature, geopotential heights, and moisture variables. Larger benefits are found in the extratropics, although a significant positive impact is also found in the extratropics and the tropics. Even if GPS RO observations cannot produce direct impact on the wind field through the adjoint of the forward operator, a slight benefit is found in the wind components. Corresponding author address: Lidia Cucurull, for Assimilation, 5200 Auth Rd. , Suitland, MD 20746. Email: lidia. cucurull@noaa. gov AbstractThe next generation of NCEP’s became operational on 1 May 2007. This system incorporates the assimilation of global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) profiles from the System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate () mission launched in April 2006. Roughly 1 yr after the launch of has begun operational use of this new dataset. A preliminary assessment of this observation type was performed with an earlier version of NCEP’s analysis at a lower resolution. These experiments showed positive impact when GPS RO soundings from the Payload (CHAMP) mission were assimilated into the system in non–real time. In these earlier studies, two different forward operators for the GPS RO profiles were evaluated: one for refractivity and another one for bending angle. In this paper, the data assimilation experiments with observations that led NOAA/NCEP to assimilate data into operations are described. The experiments were conducted with the current operational version of the code and at full operational resolution. Based on the results of the experiments analyzed here, profiles of refractivity were selected as the type of GPS RO observation to be assimilated. Further enhancement to the assimilation of bending angles is currently being evaluated at NCEP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: These findings would imply that under a warming climate, we will observe an increase in the bleaching threshold (Donner 2009) as corals acclimate to rising water temperatures, or as community composition shifts toward more robust individuals and species when the reef’s more sensitive constituents die off (Hughes et al. 2018b). Overall, there exists a great deal of uncertainty in our understanding of coral bleaching trajectories, and assessing potential trends in bleaching thresholds relative to the rate of climate change will ensure predictive models are evolving appropriately. Optimizing the DHW model: meteorological skill scoresThere are four parameters we can modify in the DHW-based bleaching forecast model to better account for spatiotemporal variation in coral stress responses (Table 1, Fig. 1). Different combinations of (1) thermal baseline, (2) anomaly cutoff, and (3) accumulation window size will yield different heat stress accumulation (DHW) values, and we can adjust (4) the bleaching threshold defining how much heat stress must accumulate before corals are expected to bleach. DeCarlo (2020) applied a skill-based approach to refine the DHW calculation, altering anomaly inclusion criteria and accumulation window size to improve bleaching forecast performance using tools from another predictive analog: meteorology. Here, we build upon these analyses using higher-resolution SST measurements and a larger bleaching dataset for forecast validation. Table 1 Elements of the degree-heating week (DHW) definition and the DHW bleaching forecast modelFull size tableModels used to forecast binary (i. e. , presence/absence) weather occurrences, such as rain or tornado formation, undergo continuous refinement via a suite of skill tests that assess the correspondence between predicted and observed outcomes (Table 2). Together, six skills describe all relevant facets of presence/absence forecast performance (Table 3). Models that maximize hits (H) and correct negatives (CN) while minimizing misses (M) and false alarms (FA) generally demonstrate greater skill, as reflected in larger accuracy scores, high probability of detection (PoD), small false alarm ratios (FAR), and a low probability of false detection (PoFD). For forecasts where only event occurrences are important, accuracy (which rewards hits and correct negatives equally) is less useful than threat (which emphasizes events over non-events).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Acquiring a considerable sugars yield from biomass at normal temperature is also profitable in providing a carbon source for microalgae lipid production by heterotrophic growth of microalgae, which often achieves maximum performance at meso-low temperatures [38]. These results provide novel information for constructing an efficient and easy-operating composite lignocellulosic enzymes mixture. In this way, the saccharification for fermentable sugars can be maximized and the bioethanol yield can be increased even at normal and low temperatures to meet the demand of bio-refinery. ConclusionsCold-adapted fungus C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 possesses a natural synergistic lignocellulosic enzymes system suitable for the selective delignification and efficient saccharification of biomass. Purified laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 had a wide thermal adaptability in mesophilic and low temperatures corresponding to the host fungus. MIP provided a new enzyme property in cooperation with other enzymes during biodegradation. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrate was severely enhanced by synergy between crude Ch2-2 enzymes and cheap commercial xylanase, which could provide a substitute for current expensive commercial cellulase mixtures and reach a higher reducing sugars yield. The new cocktail of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase enabled consistency of hydrolysis and fermentation at ambient temperatures. This study will provide a novel perspective of lignocellulosic enzyme construction and psychrophilic enzymes application in biotechnology, including waste treatment, high-value renewable biofuel production and bioremediation at ambient temperatures. Materials and MethodsFungus thermal adaptabilitySeed liquid of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was inoculated to GPY medium (2% glucose, 0. 5% peptone, 0. 2% yeast extract, 0. 2% KH2PO4, 0. 05% MgSO4/7H2O, pH 5. 5) cultured for 7 days at 10 to 28°C. The dry weight of mycelia was determined separately. At the same time, the fungus solution activated in different temperatures was transferred into the optimized medium (20% potato juice, 2% sucrose, 5% wheat-bran) for laccase production and activity detection.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The results show a significant improvement of the anomaly correlation skill and a global reduction of the NCEP model bias and root-mean-square errors when observations are assimilated into the system. The improvement is found for the temperature, geopotential heights, and moisture variables. Larger benefits are found in the extratropics, although a significant positive impact is also found in the extratropics and the tropics. Even if GPS RO observations cannot produce direct impact on the wind field through the adjoint of the forward operator, a slight benefit is found in the wind components. Corresponding author address: Lidia Cucurull, for Assimilation, 5200 Auth Rd. , Suitland, MD 20746. Email: lidia. cucurull@noaa. gov 1. Introduction2006, the System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate () mission (a joint project between the and Taiwan) launched six low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites into a circular polar orbit from Force Base, California (Anthes at al. 2000; Cheng et al. 2006). Each of the LEO satellites carries a global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) receiver to measure time delays of the GPS signals traveling from the GPS to the LEO satellites. As a GPS satellite occults behind the earth’s atmosphere, one can retrieve accurate information (sub-Kelvin temperature accuracy between ∼5 and 30 km) on the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere traversed by the ray path (Kursinski et al. 1997; Rocken et al. 1997). To derive useful atmospheric information from time delay measurements, several processing steps and assumptions are usually made (see, e. g. , Hajj et al. 2002; Kuo et al. 2004). Over the past few years, the for Environmental Prediction’s Center (NCEP/EMC) has developed a new Assimilation System. This system includes the capability to assimilate two different forms of GPS RO–retrieved observations. The first type of data is the bending angle, the change in the ray-path direction accumulated along the ray path due to the gradient of refractivity perpendicular to the trajectory of the ray. The second type of derived observation is the refractivity, which in the neutral atmosphere at the GPS frequencies (microwave range) is a function of temperature, water vapor pressure, and pressure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2001; Schoepf et al. 2015). Unless coral populations have visibly recovered to below the 5% bleaching threshold between a thermal stress event and the subsequent bleaching survey, the event is still flagged as a bleaching occurrence. Though some misalignment of observations and peak DHW is possible, we validate the current DHW definition and all of our variations against the same bleaching dataset, so all analyses will be subject to the same misalignment errors, most of which will result in frequency biases closer to 0. As a result, we may still be confident in any identified skill improvement between models—particularly when these improvements ameliorate a tendency to underpredict bleaching. We performed a train–test split analysis to evaluate the robustness of derived DHW parameters post hoc. To do this, in each of 100 iterations, the best-performing (highest ETS) model according to a random partition of 80% of the validation data (training set) was applied to the remaining 20% of the observations (test set). These train–test splits (repeated 100 times per optimization) inform how robust our results are to variations in the underlying data (see Supplement 7). Global, ocean-specific, and regional forecast optimizationAfter optimizing the DHW bleaching forecast model on a global basis (all events), we also calculated forecast skill for specific subsets of the dataset by only including outcomes (hits, misses, false alarms, and correct negatives) that fall within certain bounds, such as the coordinates for an ocean basin or a specific calendar year range. We divided the dataset by ocean basin (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian) and region (Supplement 2, Fig. 3) and selected the best-performing DHW definition for each geographic subset based on ETS. With the exception of the Coral Triangle, regions were defined by clustering nearby reef sites rather than adhering to an established convention, but our definitions do align with prior work (Maragos & Williams 2011). After optimization, we determined the forecast skill for each level of specificity (globe, basin, region) by validating every bleaching event according to the DHW definition optimized for its geographic location.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Enzymatic degradation5 g of dry bagasse was added in 150 mL conical flasks and moistened with 30 mL liquid Czapek culture medium [28]. After autoclaving for 1 hour at 121°C, each flask was inoculated with 5 mL seed liquid of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 and incubated at 28°C [39]. In all cases, bagasse samples were treated identically but the sample without fungal inoculation served as a control. The samples were regularly tested to determine dry weight, chemical composition and enzyme activities using methods previously described [40]. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Enzymes purificationTwo major ligninase components, laccase and MIP, were isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 using the techniques of (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, anion and cation exchange chromatography. The purity of the enzymes was confirmed by SDS-PAGE [41]. The supernatant of three-day-old culture was collected by suction filtration and centrifugation at 7,155 g for 10 minutes at 4°C. Solid ammonium sulfate was added to this supernatant up to 85% saturation and the resulting precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 11,180 g for 15 minutes. The precipitate was re-dissolved in 2 mL of 10 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4. 5, and dialyzed overnight. Precipitated material was removed by centrifugation at 800 g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was applied to a column (2. 5 × 20 cm) of DEAE-50. The enzyme was eluted gradually with 10 mM pH 8. 0 Tris buffer with NaCl of 300 mM, 500 mM and 1 M at a flow rate of 1. 2 mL/min. The fraction containing maximum laccase or MIP activity was collected and desalted by dialysis. The collection with laccase activity was applied to a column (1 × 40 cm) of Sephadex G-75. The enzyme was eluted with 10 mM pH 7. 0 phosphate buffer with NaCl of 0. 15 M at a flow rate of 0. 32 mL/min. The fraction containing maximum laccase activity was collected for further analysis [18].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Soundings of refractivity are derived from soundings of bending angle after several assumptions and processing steps (Kursinski et al. 1997). With the implementation of the new on 1 May 2007 into operations, the assimilation of GPS RO observations from the mission became operational at NCEP. Unlike the for Medium-Forecasts (ECMWF), observations from both rising and setting occultations are assimilated and there is no rejection of the observations with a height <4 km from the assimilation system, provided they pass the quality control checks. A significant amount of research has been conducted in the last decade to show the potential impact of the GPS RO observations in numerical weather prediction (Liu at al. 2001; Poli and Joiner 2003; Zou et al. 2004; Wee and Kuo 2004; Cucurull et al. 2006). In addition, numerical weather prediction centers have developed and implemented different strategies to assimilate GPS RO data into their operational assimilation models (Healy et al. 2005; Healy and Thépaut 2006). Early studies at NCEP/EMC used data from the Payload (CHAMP) mission (Wickert et al. 2001) that was available in non–real time at the (NOAA; Cucurull et al. 2007a, b). The fact that both the CHAMP and missions share similar GPS RO receiver technology allowed us to tune the system prior to the launch of. These preliminary impact experiments showed the potential benefit of the GPS RO observations in improving analyses and forecasts. However, these early trials made use of an earlier version of NCEP’s analysis system at a lower resolution. The differing amounts of observations provided by (six LEO satellites) and CHAMP (one LEO satellite) might also modify the results when assimilating data instead of CHAMP data. Exploring the impact of higher analysis and forecast model resolutions and larger numbers of observations were necessary steps taken to justify the use of GPS RO operationally. In this paper, the current operational code at operational resolution is used for the first time. The impact of on top of the observations being routinely assimilated is evaluated and the forward operator selected for implementation in operations is described. This is the first time that NCEP’s operational assimilation system has been used to evaluate the impact of the assimilation of GPS RO observations from the mission.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: The literature agrees: Geographic location was the single strongest predictor of coral bleaching in McClanahan et al. ’s (2019) analysis. After assessing seventeen different variables, their best-performing model focused on the interaction between geography and temperature. Additionally, Heron et al. (2016a) found that their bleaching models only performed satisfactorily (r2 > 0. 4) when bleaching sites were grouped geographically or by site type. Prior applications of meteorological skill testing to coral bleaching forecasts confirmed that optimal bleaching threshold varies substantially from region to region, and accounting for this specificity drastically improves forecast skill (van Hooidonk & Huber 2009; DeCarlo 2020); we simply took this a step further and allowed all forecast parameters to vary regionally, with a corresponding increase in forecast skill. Our results validate the power of addressing geographic variation in coral stress responses even without fully understanding the specific variables at play. The broad regional variation that we found across optimized DHW definition parameters (Table 4) reflects the variability in bleaching responses observed in the literature across individual reefs as well as on the geographic scale detectable by remote sensing tools (Guest et al. 2012; Bowdler 2021). Adjacent basins and regions (which are more likely to share some of the traits enumerated above) tended toward similar parameters during DHW optimization. The best-performing forecast model for the Atlantic Ocean, for example, varied substantially from those produced for the Indian and Pacific Oceans, which were more alike: the Atlantic’s optimal definition used a 0. 2 °C cutoff, 4-week accumulation window, and 2 DHW bleaching threshold, while the Pacific and favored a larger 9-week accumulation window (twice the duration) and much higher bleaching thresholds (triple the allowed accumulation; Table 4). In practice, these values imply that Atlantic reefs during this period were more susceptible to coral bleaching than their counterparts in the Indo-Pacific, a well-established pattern in the literature (e. g. , Cramer et al. 2021). Its biogeographic isolation from the Pacific and produces differences in species composition and oceanographic conditions. Moreover, high levels of human impact, historical loss of coral cover and complexity due to storms and disease, and overall lower biodiversity have had devastating effects on Caribbean reef resilience (Roff & Mumby 2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The first purification step of collection with MIP activity was the same as laccase. Then it was applied to a column (1 × 17 cm) of CM-50. The enzyme was eluted gradually with 10 mM pH 5. 7 acetate buffer with 50 mM NaCl at a flow rate of 0. 2 mL/min. The third step was as the first one with the Sephadex G-75 column (1. 5 × 60 cm). The fraction containing maximum MIP activity was collected for further analysis. Enzymes propertiesThe optimum pH for laccase and MIP were determined by incubation at various pH conditions (pH 2. 0 to 6. 0) at 28°C for 10 minutes in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer and malonic acid-sodium malonate buffer, respectively. The optimum temperature for the enzyme activity was determined by standard assay ranging from 4 to 70°C in the same buffer as above at pH 4. 5. The results were expressed as relative activity to the value obtained at either optimum temperature assay or optimum pH assay. The pH stability of the enzymes were determined by measuring the remaining activity after incubating the enzymes at 28°C for 2 hours in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer and malonic acid-sodium malonate buffer respectively from pH 2. 0 to 5. 5. To determine the effect of temperature on the stability of the enzymes in the same buffer as above (pH 4. 5), the remaining activity after incubating the enzymes for 4 hours at 4 to 40°C was measured. The activity of the enzyme obtained at either optimum temperature or optimum pH was defined as 100%. Kinetic constants of laccase and MIP were determined by measuring the initial rates at various ABTS and DMP concentrations respectively under standard reaction conditions. m and V max were determined at 28°C by recording the effect of various concentrations (10 to 40 mmol/L) of ABTS and DMP separately [42]. The effects of metal ions and chemical reagents on enzyme activity of purified laccase and MIP were determined. The enzyme was incubated with each reagent for 2 hours at 28°C before the addition of the substrate to initiate the enzyme reaction. The activity of the enzyme without adding chemical reagents or metal ions was defined as 100%. Enzymatic hydrolysisThe freeze-drying powder of crude enzymes from C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Soundings of refractivity as a function of the geometric height, and of bending angle as a function of the impact parameter, are routinely provided by the for (UCAR) and (CDAAC) in binary universal format for data representation (BUFR) format. Each profile has 200 levels in the vertical, ranging from near the surface to around 40-km height. As the impact of needs to be evaluated within an operational framework, only those profiles that arrived with latency less than the cutoff time in the assimilation system were used. The GSI analysis has an assimilation window of ±3 h and runs with two different cutoff times. An early analysis is run with a cutoff time of less than 3 h and is used to initialize the GFS forecasts. Short forecasts from a later GSI analysis (cutoff time of ∼6 h) provide the background field for the next analysis cycle. The number of GPS RO profiles assimilated in the early analysis was ∼1000 per day. The skill levels of the PRYnc and PRYc experiments are evaluated on different fields for November 2006. a. Mass fieldsThe anomaly correlation (AC) score as a function of the forecast length for the temperature field at 200 hPa is shown in Figs. 1a–c for the NH extratropics, the tropics, and the SH extratropics, respectively. Each experiment is verified against its own analysis. As can be seen in the figure, the use of refractivities globally increases the AC skill. The impact of is found to be more significant in the tropics, where we gain ∼half a day at day 5, although there is a slight degradation around day 1. As the forecast skill recovers quickly after day 1, this degradation might be due to a sampling error. The benefits of the GPS RO data are also significant in the extratropics (Figs. 1a and 1c), being more significant in the SH extratropics (gain of ∼6 h at day 6). In the SH (NH) extratropics, the differences between PRYc and PRYnc are statistically significant at the 21% (18%) level at day 4 when calculated with a Student’s t test.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Using the globally optimized DHW definition with a 0. 4 °C cutoff and an 11-week accumulation window, the optimal bleaching threshold has increased significantly from 1998 to 2019 (τ = 0. 312, p = 0. 044); the least-squares line (Fig. 5a, Supplement 3) puts the global rate of increase around 0. 19 DHW/year. This oceanwide shift in average bleaching resistance corresponds with and potentially outpaces the global mean rate of rising DHW (0. 14 DHW/year, p < 0. 01, R2adj = 0. 436; Table 5), though our modeled trajectory carries large uncertainties apparent in both the confidence envelope around the best-fit line and the variance between iterations in the train–test splitting analysis, which in some data-poor years could be quite high (Fig. 5, Supplement 7). Many drivers may be contributing to the rising bleaching threshold, and they vary from optimistic to grim. Fig. 5Changes in optimal bleaching threshold over time relative to peak heat stress. Accumulation window size and anomaly cutoff were held constant at the optimal values for each locale. Annually optimized bleaching thresholds are plotted for three regions: a: the globe (black), b: the Pacific (blue), and c: the (purple). Open red circles in each panel are the DHW maxima (using the same constant values for anomaly cutoff and window size) for each year averaged across reef sites globally and represent the background rate of ocean warming. Shaded envelopes around lines of best fit represent 95% confidence intervals; R2 values are adjusted; Mann–Kendall τ is provided for the nonparametric trend test; bolded p-values indicate a trend significantly different from 0Full size imageTable 5 Linear trends in bleaching threshold over time. For analyses which violated assumptions of normality, a nonparametric Mann–trend test for time series was performed in lieu of linear regression, and the appropriate statistic is reported for each. Significant p-values are bolded and marked with an asterisk (*).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cladosporioides Ch2-2 was used in different combinations at a loading of 0. 1 g/g substrate. The commercial cellulase (Onozuka R-10, Merck) and xylanase (BioRoYee) were assessed at a loading of 0. 25 g/g substrate and 1. 5 g/g substrate, respectively. The loading of 0. 05 g cellulase/g substrate (25 mg protein/g cellulose) and 0. 3 g xylanase/g substrate (26 mg protein/g cellulose) were also assessed. The hydrolysis assays were carried out at 1% (w/v) solid loading of grinding Jerusalem artichoke stalk in sodium acetate buffer (50 mM, pH 4. 5) in a 2 mL total volume. The reaction mixtures were mechanically shaken in an orbital shaker incubator at 15°C for 24 hours and then at 50°C for another 96 hours. The same reactions were individually performed at 15°C and 28°C up to 120 hours. The hydrolysis was terminated by boiling the reaction mixture at 100°C for 10 minutes to inactivate the enzymes. The supernatants collected after centrifugation at 9,300 g for 10 minutes for the measurement of reducing sugars. Blanks were run at the same time by incubating the substrates without enzymes. Reactions with each enzyme only were used as bases. All hydrolysis experiments were performed in triplicate and mean values and standard deviations are presented. The degree of synergism was calculated by the method described earlier [4]. Analytical methodsThe fungal biomass was detected by using the oven-drying method [25]. The samples cultured at different temperatures were first vacuum-suction filtrated. Collected mycelia were washed by distilled water and dried for 24 hours at 50°C in an oven until the weight was constant. FPA was measured spectrophotometrically based upon the color reaction between the degradation products (glucose) and DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) [43]. The enzyme sample was mixed with 50 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 4. 5) and Whatman filter paper. After incubation at 30°C for 60 minutes, the mixture was boiled with DNS for 5 minutes and the absorbance was measured at 520 nm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: In general, we should expect the results to be sensitive to the synoptic atmospheric situation, model performance, and location of the GPS RO and other observations. When including a new instrument operationally in a numerical weather prediction model, one would expect the new data to provide a neutral or positive impact. The promising results found with seems to indicate that the GPS RO observations provide a unique and valuable piece of information to the assimilation system. However, improvement of the forward operators and the use of less processed observations are preferred to fully exploit the information contained in this new dataset. Following the results presented in this study, NCEP/EMC made the decision to include in its new Assimilation System, just 1 yr after the launch of the satellites. Future work at NCEP/EMC will include further tuning of the quality control checks, enhancing the performance of the assimilation of bending angles, and partially accounting for horizontal gradients of refractivity in the design of the forward operator. 156. CrossrefAnthes, R. A. , RockenC. , and KuoY-H. , 2000: Applications of to meteorology and Climate. Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. , 11, 115–156. 10. 3319/TAO. 2000. 11. 1. 115())| falseSearch 167. CrossrefCheng, C-Z. , KuoY-H. , AnthesR. A. , and WuL. , 2006: Satellite constellation monitors global and space weather. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 87, 166–167. 10. 1029/2006EO170003)| falseSearch 3296. CrossrefCucurull, L. , KuoY-H. , BarkerD. , and RizviS. R. H. , 2006: Assessing the impact of simulated radio occultation data on weather analysis over the Antarctic: A case study. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 134, 3283–3296. 10. 1175/MWR3241. 1)| falseSearch 3193. CrossrefCucurull, L. , DerberJ. C. , TreadonR. , and PurserR. J. , 2007a: Assimilation of global positioning system radio occultation observations into NCEP’s Assimilation System. Mon. Wea. Rev.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: “Peak DHW” is the DHW maxima averaged across each grid cell in the analysis on an annual basis and represents the temporal trend in reef heat stress from 1998 to 2019Full size tableEvidence from coral cores, field surveys, and both field and laboratory experiments suggest that we can expect some degree of coral acclimation as environmental conditions shift to extremes (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; DeCarlo et al. 2019), although concern remains that climate change may be progressing too rapidly for corals to keep pace (Ainsworth et al. 2016). In the short term, corals may modify their behavior, symbiont community, or gene expression to cope with stressful conditions more effectively (e. g. , Turnham et al. 2023). However, population resilience only develops as a result of adaptation, wherein coral species and individuals predisposed to surviving extreme temperatures outlive and replace their less resilient neighbors, though this process is a slow one. Still, acclimation and adaption are essential drivers of community development and population maintenance, and not all ecosystem shifts are created equal. Low-resilience species and individuals, many of which are major habitat builders essential for the reef’s diversity-supporting structural complexity, are disproportionately killed during mass bleaching events severe enough to reduce coral cover (Hughes et al. 2018b; Darling et al. 2019). The extant assemblage is typically comprised of slow-growing, heat-tolerant reef builders and a contingent of opportunistic species: weedy corals providing limited structural complexity, as well as algae, sponges, and other competitive space occupiers that may interfere with coral recovery (Hughes et al. 2018b; Darling et al. 2019). This shift toward hardier, less diverse, and less abundant assemblages also reduces the reef’s susceptibility to bleaching, but at a price—an associated reduction in function, coral cover, biodiversity, and resilience in the face of non-bleaching stressors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One activity unit was defined as the amount of cellulase needed to release 1 μmol of glucose equivalent sugar per minute. Xylanase activity was also assayed based upon the color reaction between the degradation products (xylose) and DNS. The enzyme sample was mixed with 50 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 4. 5) and 1% Birchwood xylan. After incubation at 30°C for 15 minutes, the mixture was boiled with DNS for 5 minutes and the absorbance was measured at 520 nm [43]. One activity unit was defined as the amount of xylanase needed to release 1 μmol of xylose equivalent sugar per minute. Laccase activity was determined using ABTS (0. 5 mM) as the reducing substrate [44]. The enzyme sample was mixed with 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4. 5) and ABTS. After incubation at 30°C for 10 minutes, the mixture was transferred into an ice-water bath to stop the reaction, and the absorbance was measured at 420 nm. One activity unit was defined as the amount of laccase required to oxidize 1 μmol of substrate per minute. MIP activity was detected by monitoring the oxidation of DMP in the absence of Mn2+ and H2O2[12]. The reaction mixture contained enzyme sample and 2 mM DMP in 50 mM malonic acid-sodium malonate buffer (pH 4. 5). After incubation at 30°C for 10 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 468 nm. One activity unit was defined as the amount of enzyme that produced 1 μmol product per minute. LiP activity was assessed by determining the oxidation of using H2O2[45]. The assay system contained enzyme sample, 32 μM and 100 μM H2O2 in 50 mM sodium tartrate buffer (pH 4. 5). After incubation at 30°C for 10 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 651 nm. One activity unit was defined as the amount of enzyme that produced 1 μmol product per minute. The quantitative analysis of chemical compositions of bagasse including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were performed by methods described earlier [46],[47]. The reducing sugars were quantified by the DNS method [48]. The estimation of protein content was determined according to the method described in Lowry et al. [49].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: CrossrefDerber, J. C. , ParrishD. F. , and LordS. J. , 1991: The new global operational analysis system at the Center. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 538–547. 10. 1175/1520-0434(1991)006<0538:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 469. and LeroyS. S. , 2002: A technical description of atmospheric sounding by GPS occultation. J. Atmos. Sol. -Terr. Phys. , 64, 451–469. 10. 1016/S1364-6826(01)00114-6)| falseSearch 623. CrossrefHealy, S. B. , and ThépautJ-N. , 2006: Assimilation experiments with radio occultation measurements. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 132, 605–623. 10. 1256/qj. 04. 182)| falseSearch 10. 1029/2004GL020806. Healy, S. B. , JuppA. M. , and MarquardtC. , 2005: Forecast impact experiment with GPS radio occultation measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32. L03804, doi:10. 1029/2004GL020806. )| falseSearch 531. CrossrefKuo, Y-H. , WeeT-K. , SokolovskiyS. , RockenC. , SchreinerW. , HuntD. , and AnthesR. A. , 2004: Inversion and error estimation of GPS radio occultation data. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 82, 507–531. 10. 2151/jmsj. 2004. 507)| falseSearch 3465. and HardyK. R. , 1997: Observing Earth’s atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the global positioning system. J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 23429–23465. 10. 1029/97JD01569)| falseSearch 1995. J. Geophys. Res. , 106 31771–31786. CrossrefLiu, H. , ZouX. , ShaoH. , AnthesR. , ChangJ. , TsengJ-H. , and WangB.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Regardless of mechanism, the bleaching threshold trend offers two insights: first, based on these tens of thousands of bleaching observations over several decades, we may be observing an increase in bleaching threshold over time, and second, optimal ETS did not change appreciably over the course of the bleaching threshold analysis, but consistently outperformed an otherwise identical model that used a static bleaching threshold (Supplement 5). The latter implies an ability to adequately maintain bleaching forecast skill over time simply by adjusting the bleaching threshold to compensate for environmental shifts and corresponding changes in the coral stress response. Although this trend may not apply to every reef or region, future bleaching projections should account for the possibility. Two examples from the region-specific threshold analyses illustrate how bleaching threshold trends may differ from place to place. Regions 11, 13, and 14—which experience periodic ENSO-related temperature extremes that almost certainly moderate reef stress tolerance (Spillman et al. 2021)—exhibited no significant change in bleaching threshold over the past two decades (Table 5); the most appropriate bleaching thresholds for the central and eastern Pacific were historically already higher than other regions (Table 3). In contrast, we found that when considering the Pacific as a whole, the forecast-optimized bleaching threshold has increased significantly since 1998 (slope 0. 17 DHW/year, p < 0. 05, R2adj = 0. 176; Fig. 5b). This does not seem to be the case in the Indian Ocean, where there is a positive but not significant trend in the bleaching threshold (slope 0. 08 DHW/year, p > 0. 05, R2adj = 0. 019). Whatever processes produce the increasing bleaching thresholds, they should compel us to re-examine our prediction models, particularly given the Indo-Pacific’s prevalence of reef systems at both extremes: isolated, highly biodiverse climate refugia and ecologically vulnerable, high-risk reefs projected to fare poorly under climate change (Sheppard 2003; Obura et al. 2022; Shlesinger & van Woesik 2023).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All experiments were performed in triplicate and mean values and standard deviations are presented. Authors’ contributionsLJ, JY and HF contributed jointly to the laboratory work reported in the manuscript. LJ contributed to interpretation of results and writing of the manuscript. YY and BL helped to prepare the freeze-drying powder of crude enzymes. XY and NZ helped to revise the manuscript. HY directed the over-all study and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. AbbreviationsABTS: 2, 2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt DMP: Dimethyl phthalate DNS: 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid DS: Degree of synergism FPA: Filter paper activity HOBT: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole LiP: Lignin peroxidase MIP: Manganese-independent peroxidase MnP: Manganese peroxidases SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS-PAGE: SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 10. 1186/1754-6834-7-105. 44. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2672. 2011. 05171. x. 1480. 10. 1016/j. biotechadv. 2012. 03. 002. 14. 10. 1186/1754-6834-4-1. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-112. 475. 10. 1007/s00253-009-1979-7. 157. 10. 1166/jbmb. 2012. 1201. 35. 10. 1016/j. biombioe. 2012. 04. 020. 209. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2006. 02. 021. 129. 10. 1002/jsfa. 3418. 415. 10. 1016/j. jiec. 2012. 09. 022. 55. Febs Lett. 1992, 299: 107-110. 10. 1016/0014-5793(92)80111-S. 245. 10. 1016/S0168-1656(99)00218-7. 765. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: How can STEM education provide ‘light-bulb’ moments? Johnson is a STEM education specialist based at in Alabama, USA. She implements an outreach programme that works to enhance 6th-12th grade STEM education and inspire young people to embrace the joy of all things STEM The importance of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) can hardly be overstated. These areas of research affect our everyday lives in numerous ways, from the smartphones we have, to the houses we live in, from the energy we use, to the medicine we benefit from; none would be possible without STEM. It is vital that teachers and mentors across the world encourage active student participation in STEM – something that Johnson is passionate about. Based at in Alabama, USA, Liz is a STEM education specialist who, along with her colleague Lanier, devises STEM outreach activities such as summer learning programmes, field trips, after-school programming and science fairs. The programme targets 6th-12th grade students (11-18 year olds). ? Liz and the team want to expose students to the wonders and excitement of STEM and strengthen their confidence in pursuing STEM careers. They do this by engaging them in activities that will be increasingly relevant as the world becomes ever more STEM-centric. Although the ultimate aim of the programme is the same for all ages, there are differences between middle and high school students. “The STEM content of each programme is designed to align with the standards and curriculum of the participating age groups. For example, in our green engineering field trip series, we use calculus with high school students and algebra with middle school students,” explains Liz. “A major similarity between the age groups is their level of excitement when entering our STEM Lab – it looks quite different to a typical school lab. When students enter, they tell us it looks like or Nickelodeon studios! ” designs field trips linked to its key research areas of Drug Discovery, Drug Development, Engineering, and Energy & Environment. For example, through the green engineering series, students explore renewable energy and are challenged to design the most energy efficient wind turbine or solar panel prototype. Liz describes another field trip focused on the spread of infectious diseases: “Students participate in a simulated disease outbreak and are tasked with collecting data to determine patient zero, while also considering the factors that led to the outbreak.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: In fact, studies assuming a constant bleaching threshold into the future (4 DHW, the threshold for 1, is common) warn that coral reefs in the may reach an unrecoverable tipping point—a climate under which we can expect bleaching-level conditions on an annual basis—as early as 2030 (van Hooidonk et al. 2016). Yet a static bleaching threshold implies that these coral assemblages have reached their adaptation limit and can adapt no further or at least no faster, and we have evidence that this may not always be the case (Donner 2009; Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo et al. 2019). At the very least, our findings draw attention to areas in which bleaching projections might be improved, perhaps by implementing a graded bleaching threshold in models developed for reef systems where this value seems to be changing over time. With each successive year, the conditions that coral reefs must contend with for their continued survival and function grow more extreme. Since we have observed increasing bleaching thresholds over the past two decades, regardless of the mechanism, projections of future bleaching should consider that present-day tolerance may underrepresent future tolerance, even if reefs in the future are composed of different coral assemblages. Holding window size and anomaly cutoff constant is necessary to assess changes in bleaching threshold over time, as these model parameters covary and thus cannot be interpreted in isolation (Fig. 4, Supplement 4). In a similar vein, adjusting only one element of the DHW definition at a time (holding the other two constant) can reveal their relative contributions to forecast skill—and tell us to which improvements our forecast models are most sensitive (Supplement 4). This sensitivity refers to model fit rather than an inherent ecological trait. That is, a higher anomaly cutoff alone does not necessarily indicate a robust, heat-tolerant coral assemblage; rather, it represents some combination of underlying processes that allow us to predict bleaching more accurately when we are stricter about the temperature anomalies considered stressful. ConclusionsOur results highlight the benefits of continually reassessing our heat stress metrics and coral bleaching forecast models.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1016/0003-9861(86)90644-2. 250. ,: Lignin peroxidase H2 from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: purification, characterization and stability to temperature and pH. Biophys. 1990, 279: 158-166. 10. 1016/0003-9861(90)90476-F. 3350. 10. 5504/BBEQ. 2012. 0107. 1152. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2011. 02. 002. 162. 10. 1007/s11274-005-9013-4. 37. 10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2009. 07. 014. 1219. 10. 1111/j. 1462-2920. 2006. 01013. x. 14. 10. 1016/0168-1656(94)90093-0. 579. 10. 1002/jobm. 201000385. 2197. 392. 10. 1016/j. jtice. 2011. 11. 001. 4792. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2011. 01. 015. 443. 10. 1038/nrg2336. 451. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2012. 12. 182. 8. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-1. 107. 10. 1016/S0167-7799(99)01413-4. 26. ,: Efficiency of new fungal cellulase systems in boosting enzymatic degradation of barley straw lignocellulose. Biotechnol Prog. 2006, 22: 493-498. 10. 1021/bp050361o. 1516. 10. 1126/science. 1244273. 188. 10. 1016/S0168-1656(00)00303-5. 6050. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 02. 110. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-115. 85. 10. 1016/j. jbiosc. 2012. 08. 014. 13. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-100. 1362. 10. 1007/s10295-009-0620-1. 4835. 10. 1016/j.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: They learn about the primary and secondary immune response and how it relates to vaccines for diseases, and they diagnose disease in patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ” A key part of the programme is presenting students with real world problems that need solutions. Relevant background materials and resources are provided but, Liz explains, “Students are challenged to drive the design of the experiment themselves. ” Collaboration is achieved by having the students work in teams and, quite often, their first efforts are unsuccessful – this requires them to analyse their approach, reassess their strategy and try again. ? Liz and the team put on STEM shows which involve large-scale experiments designed to engage and inspire students. “Through these experiences, we hope to capture students’ attention and encourage them to participate in STEM courses and extra-curricular STEM activities,” says Liz. “We also aim to reinforce the concepts students are learning in their lessons through memorable and exhilarating demonstrations. ” “Last year, we offered a new week-long programme called that introduced high school students to computer aided design (CAD), 3D printing, electrical engineering, and drone technology,” enthuses Liz. “A major highlight of this programme was seeing the wide array of creative drone designs students developed in a matter of days, with little to no 3D modelling experience. We had drones that looked like UFOs, the from Star Wars, and one that even incorporated chicken feet as landing gear! We also had a special guest, Crawford from the University of Alabama, who shared his research on brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and showed students how to pilot a drone using their brain waves and an electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor! ” As with everything Liz and the team at devise, such programmes are about instilling a long-term love of STEM. She adds, “Academy led some students to pursue internship opportunities, as well as enrol in pilot licence programmes. ” The opportunities offered by are wide and varied because, as Liz knows, that is the joy of STEM itself. . : : Liz is part of Southern Research’s programme, which enhances 6th-12th grade STEM education by drawing upon the expertise and scholarly contributions of the community. : of Alabama, Foundation of.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Based on global bleaching observations from 1998 to 2019, we could forecast coral bleaching events on a reef-sized scale (5 km \(\times\) 5 km) more effectively by lowering the anomaly cutoff temperature to 0. 4 °C, adjusting the size of the accumulation window to 11 weeks, and setting a slightly lower bleaching threshold of 3 DHW. Together, these modifications confer a 70% increase in forecast skill relative to the current standard DHW model, as well as ameliorate its bias toward underpredicting coral bleaching occurrences. Optimizing the DHW definition on a geographic basis further doubled forecast performance and corrected the global model’s compensatory tendency to overpredict bleaching events. Optimizing the forecast model on a temporal basis revealed a global increase in coral bleaching threshold that keeps pace with rates of ocean warming. For all the complexities governing coral stress responses, even a simple threshold-based model like the DHW metric optimized in this study can maintain its status as a powerful monitoring and forecasting tool by factoring in the effect of geographic location. Many of the complex environmental and ecological factors that drive, exacerbate, and mitigate coral bleaching possess a strong spatial component, so accounting for regional variability is a prerequisite for competent bleaching models. The utility of a spatial proxy for something like real-time coral bleaching risk assessment does not preclude the necessity of nuanced, explanatory multivariate models, however; both have their place. In the effort to preserve the world’s coral reefs, success hinges on our ability to allocate limited resources (monitoring, mitigation, management) to areas that are particularly valuable, vulnerable, or versatile players in their respective ecosystems. This, in turn, requires an intimate and accurate understanding of 1) the current state of our reefs, and 2) how we expect them to evolve in a rapidly changing environment. Our long-term projections and short-term forecasts should anticipate change, and revisiting and refining our existing toolkit is a necessary step. The results of our study provide new definitions of DHW that can be applied now, and suggests that projections of future bleaching events should reconsider the use of static heat stress sensitivities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Saccharification of recalcitrant biomass and integration options for lignocellulosic sugars from Catchlight Energy’s sugar process (CLE Sugar) access Published: 28 January 2013 Saccharification of recalcitrant biomass and integration options for lignocellulosic sugars from Catchlight Energy’s sugar process (CLE Sugar) Johnway Gao1, Dwight Anderson1 & Benjamin Levie1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 85. 8% of biomass carbohydrates are saccharified for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips (softwood), and 94. 0% for debarked maple chips (hardwood). Furan compound formation was 1. 29% of biomass feedstock for Loblolly pine and 1. 10% for maple. At 17% solids hydrolysis of pretreated softwood, an enzyme dose of 0. 075 g Sigma enzyme mixture/g dry pretreated (unwashed) biomass was needed to achieve 8. 1% total sugar titer in the hydrolysate and an overall prehydrolysate liquor plus enzymatic hydrolysis conversion yield of 76. 6%. At a much lower enzyme dosage of 0. 044 g CTec2 enzyme product/g dry (unwashed) pretreated softwood, hydrolysis at 17% solids achieved 9. 2% total sugar titer in the hydrolysate with an overall sugar yield of 85. 0% in the combined prehydrolysate liquor and enzymatic hydrolysate. CLE Sugar has been demonstrated to be effective on hardwood and herbaceous biomass, making it truly feedstock flexible. ConclusionsDifferent options exist for integrating lignocellulosic sugar into sugar-using operations. A sugar conversion plant may be adjacent to a CLE Sugar plant, and the CLE Sugar can be concentrated from the initial 10% sugar as needed. Concentrated sugars, however, can be shipped to remote sites such as ethanol plants or other sugar users. In such cases, options for shipping a dense form of sugars include (1) pretreated biomass with enzyme addition, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup, and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solid. These could provide the advantage of maximizing the use of existing assets. BackgroundWoody biomass is one of the most abundant biomass feedstocks, besides agriculture residuals in the United States.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: of Alabama at BirminghamMajoring in Biomedical SciencesMinoring in a high school senior, I was for the Math & Science programme when we presented at the 2019 exposition at Southern Research. I thought it would be amazing to work there. Six months later, I listened to a lecture given by Lanier who spoke about openings for STEM ambassadors. A month later, I started as an ambassador! I assist with stimulating lab experiences for a variety of STEM branches, mentoring students to discover their passions, and having conversations to probe students’ interests and understanding. My role involves influencing somebody else’s future and that’s priceless. I have gained confidence in my ability to lead others, which has led to my growth as a student and an employee. I have been exposed to new situations and opportunities. Most importantly, I have gotten affirmation that I am doing what I love. Ultimately, I aim to obtain my Masters in Studies so I can become a neonatal physician assistant. I would like to practise neonatal medicine and actively participate in diagnostic and neonatal treatment research. I would tell students considering a future in STEM to find what they are passionate about. Remember, it does not matter what other people think. When you find what you are passionate about, you won’t want to settle for anything else. of Alabama at BirminghamMajoring in MathematicsMinoring in heard about the programme when the visited a class I attended. She gave a presentation and I fell in love with the programme instantly. I applied, interviewed and was offered the position. I work with individual students as well as groups. As students experience the lab, I ask critical thinking questions, guide their thought process, and provide instructions for the experiments. I love that STEM is a collection of separate disciplines that aren’t really separate at all! If you study one STEM field, you get to study them all – STEM subjects all rely on each other to work. Being involved in STEM means you’re involved in something much bigger and more important than you think. Working at is incredibly rewarding and fun. I get to tell a new group of students how awesome STEM is every time I work! My passion is education and the lab is the perfect place to encourage learning in a way that makes students excited. I plan on teaching maths at high school level before moving on to school administration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plastic pollution in the ocean can be removed by a single cleanup technology. [SEP] Text: 2 Microplastics in drinking-water; Organization: Geneva, 2019. License: CC-BY-NC-SA 3. 0 IGO. There is no corresponding record for this reference. 3Law, K. L. Plastics in the Marine Environment. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2017, 9, 205– 209, DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409 3Plastics in the review of marine science (2017), 9 (), 205-229 ISSN:. Plastics contamination in the marine environment was first reported nearly 50 years ago, less than two decades after the rise of commercial plastics production, when less than 50 million metric tons were produced per year. In 2014, global plastics production surpassed 300 million metric tons per year. Plastic debris has been detected worldwide in all major marine habitats, in sizes from microns to meters. In response, concerns about risks to marine wildlife upon exposure to the varied forms of plastic debris have increased, stimulating new research into the extent and consequences of plastics contamination in the marine environment. Here, I present a framework to evaluate the current understanding of the sources, distribution, fate, and impacts of marine plastics. Despite remaining knowledge gaps in mass budgeting and challenges in investigating ecological impacts, the increasing evidence of the ubiquity of plastics contamination in the marine environment, the continued rapid growth in plastics production, and the evidence-albeit limited-of demonstrated impacts to marine wildlife support immediate implementation of source-reducing measures to decrease the potential risks of plastics in the marine ecosystem. >> More from SciFinder ® D. ; Walker, T. R. International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 118 (1–2), 17– 26, DOI: 10. 1016/j. marpolbul. 2017. 02. 048 4International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A reviewXanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. Bulletin (2017), 118 (1-2), 17-26CODEN: ISSN:0025-326X. (Elsevier Ltd. ) Marine plastic pollution has been a growing concern for decades. Single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads) are a significant source of this pollution.

Output: contrast