Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: This scenario, currently unrealistic, correspond to the best that could be achieved by investing in software (no improvement in the drone flight distance). With this scenario, parcels can be delivered to anyone regardless of the necessity to land in a specific place. Scenario 4: 24 km flight distance and 115/ha population landing threshold. This scenario, also currently unrealistic, corresponds to an investment in hardware allowing the doubling of the current flight range of drones without any software improvement. 5 ResultsFor each scenario, the relationship between the numbers of people potentially within reach of drones (from the selected drone-beehives) is investigated, related to their economic viability threshold (the minimum economic return above which the drone delivery activity was considered viable) at the EU28 scale (Fig. 8). Fig. 8Number of people having access to service as a function of economic viable threshold of drone-beehivesFull size imageIt can be observed that at the EU28 scale, the four considered scenarios follow a similar pattern, and lower economic viability thresholds allow the provision of service to a larger portion of the population. Scenario 1 provided the lowest access to potential customers while Scenario 4 provided the highest level of coverage across most economic viability thresholds. This indicates that doubling the flight distance of drones, something new developments in lithium-ion batteries could make possible within the next decade [65], would provide a higher level of customer coverage to what could be achieved by reaching high-density customers in city centres and apartment buildings. It is also observed that among the considered scenarios, the difference in the number of people that could have access to drone delivery services remains relatively stable across the various economic viability thresholds. For example, the difference in populations reachable by drone among scenarios 1 and 4 remains close to 90 million for economic viability thresholds ranging from 500 thousand to 900 thousand euro. To identify a realistic economic viability threshold for hives, a simple analysis has been conducted, across the four considered scenarios, for one of the hives identified as most profitable located near Paris (France). The potential costs has been estimated for building the warehouse and equipping it with enough drones to satisfy demand (assuming each drone could deliver one item per hour) and the equivalent 10-year return rate on that investment for different hive annual return thresholds has been calculated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: observed a maximum release of soluble oxidized sugar at 5% DM for the same LPMOs used in our study [44]. However, these experiments were done with LPMOs alone (i. e. , no presence of cellulases). Additionally, a recent study has shown that the LPMO oxidation profiles also vary depending on the substrate type [56]. Thus, the results cannot be compared directly. Fig. 2Release of oxidized sugars during saccharification of Avicel at increasing dry matter concentrations. The figure shows the formation of soluble oxidized products in the reactions shown in Fig. 1. shows the soluble C1-oxidized products formed by TtAA9E; panel B shows the soluble C4-oxidized products formed by TaAA9A. and D show the molar ratio of glucose (from Fig. 1) to total soluble oxidized sugar after 5 and 24 h, respectively. Standard deviations are shown as error bars, for three biological replicatesFull size imageThe ratio of solubilized glucose to solubilized oxidized sugars after 5 h increases with increased DM (Fig. 2C). For the reaction containing TtAA9E, the glucose-to-oxidized sugar ratio increased from 60 to 150 (i. e. , approximately 0. 7–1. 7% of the soluble sugar were oxidized), while for the TaAA9A-containing reaction, the ratio increased from 120 to 260 (i. e. , approximately 0. 4–0. 8% of the soluble sugar were oxidized) when increasing the substrate concentration from 5 to 25% (w/w) (Fig. 2C). After longer incubation, i. e. , at 24 h, the concentration of soluble LPMO products (Fig. 2A, B) followed the trends of the glucose concentration (Fig. 1B), meaning that the levels of solubilized oxidized products increased with DM and that the glucose-to-oxidized sugar ratios did not vary much with DM (around 100 for all reactions, i. e. , approximately 1% of the soluble sugars were oxidized; Fig. 2D). The fraction of oxidized sugars are similar to that reported in a recent study by Cannella et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: with a systems level analysis for understanding the colonization of infant gut as a function of feeding mode and its interaction between the microbiota and the human system. The feeding mode seemed to directly affect the microbiota as well as the host system. We complemented the approach of Schwartz et al. in three directions: (1) mining the relationships between the microbiota and the host genes from literature and their validation with the gene expression and microbial abundance data; (2) a differential abundance analysis of the microbiota at species level; and (3) combining these findings at a systems biology level depicting the overall relations between the feeding mode, the microbiota, and host biomolecular activities. Feeding mode has been shown to affect the microbiota composition as well as gene expression in infants [23, 14, 21]. The presence of Bacteroides in BF samples was unusual, but it can be explained, as recent findings have shown that Bacteroides colonize infant gut with time [32, 33]. The samples we used were from 12-week-old infants; this likely explains the presence of Bacteroides in BF samples. Furthermore, it has also been shown that certain Bacteroides species can use the sugar in human milk via mucosal layers [34]. It has also been shown that the formula-fed infants had increased richness of species compared to the breast-fed infants [21, 35]. Our findings confirmed that formula-feeding increases the microbial diversity. This finding was in line with existing knowledge [19–22]. Nevertheless, the core of the co-occurrence microbial network was retained. In terms of microbial enrichment, we showed that B. longum was abundant in the FF infants. B. longum is one of the widely used probiotic in formula food [36]. The genes associated with differentially abundant microbes were highly involved in immunological activities depicting the role of these microbes in the functioning of the human system. The picture was different at the level of human genes. The gene network among the BF sample was found to have a higher number of interactions (~2. 1 times the FF network). Thus, the phenotypic outcomes observed in the host system are affected by feeding conditions. The BF samples do not exhibit a great diversity in the microbiota network [23]. The higher transcriptomic activities as inferred from a denser co-expression networks in BF infants indicates the presence of bioactive compounds in the breast milk [37]. These compounds can activate numerous pathways compared to formula [38].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: This scenario would also lead to population coverages exceeding 50% in the UK, the Netherlands and Belgium (Fig. 17). Table 1 Population covered, total economic return and number of viable hives (EU28) for an economic viability threshold of 650. 000 euroFull size tableTable 2 Comparison of modeled hive numbers and existing Amazon warehouses (data from size table6 Discussion and conclusionsFigures 18 and 19 summarise respectively the population covered and the estimated return for Germany, Spain, France, Italy, the Nederland, and the U. K. under the four scenarios. The outcomes of this study strongly suggest that across the four scenarios considered the operation of drone delivery would consistently be most economically viable in the UK, Germany, France and Italy. The presence of existing warehouses of online retailers in these four countries (see Table 2) further supports the idea that drone hives could viably be operated there. Fig. 18Population covered (%) under the four scenarios: the case of and the U. KFull size imageFig. 19Estimated return under the four scenarios: the case of and the U. KFull size imageUnder the most realistic scenario considered (Scenario 1) drone delivery from drone-beehives could reach a population of 40 million people (about 7. 5% of the EU28 population) spread unevenly across 13 European countries. The population that could most highly benefit from this service would be in the UK and Ireland (reaching a 20% population coverage). The comparison of the effects of potential future development in software, allowing delivery to higher densities (Scenario 3) or hardware, allowing to double the delivery range (Scenario 4) indicate that investments in hardware would result in higher economic returns and more population covered (up to 27% of the EU population). However, such investment would lead to higher variations of service across Europe (9 countries with more than 20% of their population covered) compared to efforts to deliver by drones at any density (12 countries with more than 20% of their population covered). In light of these results and considering that the enormous technical challenges associated with the delivery of parcels in areas of very high population density (allowing the drone to deliver to apartment windows for example), developments in line with Scenario 4 are more likely in the future (assuming legal hurdles for drone delivery are resolved). Some additional considerations can be made.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: [45], which also observed that the ratio of oxidized to native sugars increased at longer incubation times than 24 h at higher DM levels (10–25%), while the ratio remained stable at the lower DM levels (5%). Although these effects depend on multiple interrelated factors, such as solubilization effects and substrate concentration-dependent effects on LPMO stability, the trends in the levels of soluble oxidized products after 24 h that are visible in Fig. 2 align well with the notion, derived from Fig. 1, that the importance of LPMOs increases at higher DM levels. In the early stages of saccharification, cellulases work on easily accessible regions of the polysaccharide substrate. As the reaction progresses, the remaining substrate becomes more recalcitrant, exposing regions that are more resistant to enzymatic attack. It is generally believed that LPMOs help break down these recalcitrant structures by introducing oxidative modifications, creating new sites of accessibility that enable cellulases and other enzymes to continue degrading the substrate. Importantly, recent studies indicate that the LPMO–cellulase synergism may be more complex than creating access points [40,41,42,43, 45]. The cleavage of a glycosidic bond and concomitant oxidation of the cleavage point allows surrounding water molecules to access the highly ordered fibril structure, leading to decrystallization and amorphization over time [45]. The extent of these larger, and potentially slower, effects will likely vary between C1- and C4-oxidizing LPMOs. Generation of aldonic acids (C1 oxidation) is thought to have the largest effect due to the open ring structure allowing more water to penetrate the crystalline structure [41,42,43]. On the other hand, recent work by Angeltveit has shown that, with time, the increase in overall accessibility of the substrate for the traditional hydrolytic enzymes will be governed by a time-dependent non-enzymatic decrystallization phase that follows the oxidative action of LPMOs and that does not clearly depend on the oxidative regiospecificity of the enzymes [40].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The presence of genes related to metabolism in our co-expression network extends the effect of feeding mode to these activities together with the immune system [39, 40]. The difference at metabolomic level has been shown before by Martin et al. [41]. The conservation of the core of microbial co-occurrence networks and the differentially abundant microbes being associated with genes that already have higher degree, leads to the question of the true functional importance of diversity in the microbiota. However, a core microbiota is undoubtedly required for optimal health [42] and it has also been observed in our study, where the core of the community network was retained under both BF and FF conditions. At the level of network biology, the gain in microbial diversity was not found to add many new relationships/effects to the host system (genes) but rather presented alternative paths to the existing ones in the network for BF infants. However, the role of bioactive components of breast milk played a prominent role in activity at the host (human) level. As observed in the overall microbe-host gene system (Fig. 6b), the sharp increase in reachability of differentially expressed genes in BF infants is leveraged by the bioactive compounds in breast milk. The difference in the reachability of transient human genes (linked to microbial species) remained more consistent since new microbes had indifferent relationships to human genes. Nevertheless, they might provide alternate ways to affect the microbiota-host relationships. Our findings based on small but unbiased samples leveraged by robust statistical checks suggested that the development of human immune system during infancy should not be seen as an effect of the diet or the microbiota at individual level, rather these factors should be studied together in a system level approach. Our results indicated how feeding affected the expression pattern of genes as well as the microbial community and how these two factors together impact the host system (infants). ConclusionsWe used a network model with multiple components (microbial species and human genes) to study the effects of feeding conditions in infants on the microbiota and on the overall human system and its role in host immune system. The components included the microbial system and the host genes together with the interplay between these components. The analysis on the microbiota revealed a feeding mode-dependent difference in terms of diversity of the microbiota as well as of the network describing the interactions among them. The comparison of the results based on literature and data showed the validity of our findings.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: Though both e-mobility and change in transport modes are key means in the built environment to reach this change according to the Agency’s roadmap, the 2030 and 2050 scenarios for transportation remain conventional and land-based1. One novel solution that is deemed to hold such potential is electric drones, or electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) as a mode of transport. While some studies claim no clear environmental benefits6, other studies show a vast (94%) reduced energy demand for small drones7. The concept, entitled Mobility (UAM) begun in recent years to address transportation issues in dense cities8. It was estimated that the introduction of drones could bring new conditions to transportation systems in and around urban areas, where some of the possible benefits could be traffic reduction, time savings, environmental relief, and improved accessibility9. Quickly, the potential for use of such drones in a wide range of transportation use cases in urban, suburban, and rural regions has been recognized under an umbrella term called Mobility (AAM)10. Studies show that environmental benefits of AAM would be greater in rural areas11, better than fossil-fueled trucks12 and electric trucks13, and the estimated effectiveness of drones deliveries to be within shorter distances14. Small drones delivering in urban areas are seen to have higher energy consumption due to high customer density and low delivery distances15. However, optimally routing drone logistics is suggested to improve energy efficiency and carbon emissions16. While drone delivery is shown to be cost efficient for the provider16,17, there is conjecture that they may be very expensive and unaffordable for people18 and possibly lead to increase in emissions in urban use cases and possibly give more incentive for urban sprawl19 in growing mid-sized cities. One main advantage of drone deliveries is stated to be speed and reduction of delivery times20. Impacts of drone delivery is context-dependent and vary upon the system in which they are employed14 and emissions are greatly dependent on the drones’ energy requirements, distance travelled, and number of deliveries21 with energy being a critical constraint in maximizing the benefits of using drones22. Despite such uncertainty there is research suggesting the potential benefits of promoting green image of drone deliveries to cater to certain consumer demographics and increase profitability23,24.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This aligns with our data showing a significant LPMO effect after 24 h for both the C1- and C4-active LPMOs. Increased saccharification efficiency by combining TtAA9E and TaAA9A activityThe highest DM content, 25% (w/w), was selected for experiments to investigate the impact of supplementing the reactions with varying ratios of the C1-active (TtAA9E) and the predominantly C4-active (TaAA9A) LPMOs in 72 h reactions with sampling after 5 h and every 24 h. Figure 3A shows a clear positive effect of LPMO inclusion on saccharification yield, with a maximum 38% increase when combining Celluclast 1. 5 L with both LPMOs in a 7:3 ratio (TaAA9A:TtAA9E). Early work done prior to the discovery that LPMOs are redox enzymes has shown that each of these LPMOs improves the saccharification of pretreated corn stover, with TaAA9A being the better enzyme [22]. Our results show that, for Avicel, TtAA9E outperforms TaAA9A. It is also worth noting that Celluclast 1. 5 L supplemented with any TtAA9E-containing LPMO mixture depolymerized Avicel more efficiently than the more modern LPMO-containing cellulase cocktail Cellic CTec2 (Fig. 3A, B). Fig. 3Saccharification of Avicel with LPMO-containing cellulase cocktails at high dry matter. In the reactions, 25% (w/w) Avicel was incubated with either 3. 2 mg/g Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG + 0. 4 mg/g LPMO (TaAA9A and TtAA9E in varying ratios), or 3. 6 mg/g Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG, or 4 mg/g Cellic CTec2. All reactions contained 10 mM AscA as reductant.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The network among the differentially expressed genes, computed via co-expression, was found to be much denser in the case of BF infants than FF infants, depicting higher biomolecular cross talk depending on the feeding mode. Many of the edges in the gene network for BF and FF samples could be mapped onto immune, signaling, or metabolic pathways. Mapping the relations between microbes and human genes was another major advancement achieved during the study. We complemented and extended the work of Schwartz et al. by detecting the differences in the microbiota based on feeding mode. The study of the microbiota and the host system together helped us to study a meta-system consisting of the host with the fellow microbes residing within the host rather than individual organism systems. Our results revealed that the integration of -omics data from the host and the microbiota with existing knowledge (in this case, literature) could yield useful insights into the system or rather the meta-system. MethodsDataWe used (1) metagenomic and (2) transcriptomic data [14, 43] from a previous study by Schwartz et al. The metagenomic data was obtained from (SRA) accession number ERP001038. It consisted of microbial DNA profiles in full term 3-month-old infants obtained from the fecal samples via metagenomic pyrosequencing. The transcriptomic data in the form of gene expression profiles came from (GEO) accession GSE31075. The mRNA measurements were performed on intact sloughed epithelial cells from fecal samples. Both types of data were taken from the same set of infants categorized into the two exclusive feeding conditions (BF and FF). MethodsOur approach aimed to use the metagenomic and transcriptomic data integratively in order to infer the relation between the microbiota, the host (human) system, and the feeding mode. Expression data analysisThe limma package [44] from Bioconductor was used to identify genes that were differentially expressed between feeding types. Limma uses an empirical Bayes method to test the differential expression of genes [45]. A p value cutoff of 0. 05 (after multiple testing correction based on Benjamini-Hochberg method [46]) and a log fold change ≥2 were used to select the differentially expressed genes, resulting in 477 genes that were differentially expressed under the two feeding conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: We observe that the drone significantly has the lowest LCC per FU for all routes, while the LCC for the trucks are in the same magnitude. Drones were cheaper than electric trucks by a minimum of 117% and cheaper than diesel trucks by a minimum of 131%. Figure 2Results from the economic assessment, where the lifecycle costs per functional unit are presented relative to the lifecycle costs of the drone per functional unit. Full size imageThe results indicate that drone overall has less than half of the cost per FU in all cases compared with the other vehicles. The largest difference is however seen in the LWC scenario, where the drone has 2. 5 times lower LCC per FU. We visualize the reasons for the differences in the LCC for each vehicle by presenting the average distribution of LCC of each vehicle in Fig. 3 below. The largest cost during the lifetime of the drone is from fuel consumption (40%), followed by purchase cost (31%). The largest cost for both trucks is however from staff (76% for the e-truck and 70% for the diesel truck). We therefore conclude that the biggest reason for the lower LCC for the drone is due to cost savings for staff. Figure 3Lifecycle costs split for each vehicle during their lifetime. Full size imageSince fuel costs are high for the drone during its life cycle, we find that parameters linked to this are of key importance. The drone is most favorable compared with the other vehicles when the distance saved is longer. This can explain why the LBC scenario is more beneficial for the drone than the SBC scenario, where the reduced distance is 23% compared with 14% in the shorter route. The same reasoning can be used for the routes within cities, where the reduced distance for LWC scenario is 39% versus 30% for SWC scenario, which is an explanation for the lower costs compared with the other vehicles in this route. As stated earlier, the energy usage per km also differs between the routes depending on the distance between the stops, which affects the cost for fuel on the routes. Other variable parameters affecting the results for the economic assessment are factors like cost for service and cost for new parts which vary depending on distance. Delivery time assessmentThe results of the assessment regarding delivery time are presented in Fig. 4, where the results per FU are presented in relation to the drone for all routes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: shows the glucose release; panel B shows the total release of oxidized sugars, which is the sum of C4-oxidized products generated by TaAA9A (C) and C1-oxidized products generated by TtAA9E (D). The symbols * and *** in panel A indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0. 05 and p ≤ 0. 01, respectively) between the cellulase cocktail spiked with TtAA9E only (0:100) and the other enzyme combinations after 72 h (by Student's t-test). Soluble oxidized products were not detected in the reactions without LPMO. Standard deviations are shown as error bars, for three biological replicatesFull size imageThe reaction with Celluclast 1. 5 L and C4-active TaAA9A showed peculiar kinetics: maximum glucose levels were reached after 24 h (Fig. 3A), and the concentration of C4-oxidized products started declining after 24 h (Fig. 3C). The latter indicates LPMO inactivation and concomitant release of free copper from the active site of oxidatively damaged LPMOs into solution [27]. Under such conditions, i. e. , increased availability of H2O2 due to copper-catalyzed abiotic oxidation of the reductant and accumulation of this H2O2 because the LPMO no longer consumes it, the C4-oxidized products are unstable and degrade [28]. In reactions with TtAA9E, the levels of C1-oxidized products kept increasing after 24 h (Fig. 3D), indicating that this enzyme stays active longer. In general, LPMO inactivation happens faster at low substrate concentrations [55]. The apparent difference in kinetics and levels of inactivation could be a direct consequence of differences in enzyme stabilities of the two LPMOs or a result of different substrate-binding p2. Overall, our data indicate that co-supplementation of TtAA9E and TaAA9A is beneficial, because it leads to less LPMO inactivation and a higher saccharification efficiency.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Metagenomic data analysisWe analyzed the metagenome data in the form of sequence reads in order to obtain the enrichment of microbes in the samples. We used Bowtie 2 [29] to align the reads to the microbial genome database. Then, we performed RAST analysis [47] to produce the microbial and functional annotation that identified the biomolecular functions of the sequences detected in the metagenomic data. We also computed the species abundance in the metagenomic sample using MetaPhlAn [28]. The data were then filtered to the species level to obtain the abundances of species in the metagenomic samples. A limma analysis [45] was used to detect the differential abundance of the species in the samples (for details, see [48]). Inferring microbial community networkInferring microbial community network is a major challenge due to ambiguities about the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) definition and corresponding variation in quantification data based on OTUs. However, we define “microbial species” as the OTU in our investigation for simplicity and in order to follow the standards in the literature. The abundance table (see Additional file 4) computed for the metagenome from the samples showed many entries equal to zero. We adopted the Bray-Curtis similarity to obtain the pairwise distances between the microbial species based on their corresponding abundances across the samples. In this way, we infer the relationships between pairs of organisms, based on their co-occurrence patterns. We used Bray-Curtis similarity because (1) it is insensitive to sparse count data (i. e. , the occurrence of zeroes in the count data because of the absence or below detection level abundance of a microbe [49]) and (2) correlation coefficients cannot serve the purpose due to the small sample size (six BF and six FF). Similarities with mean scores less than least 2 standard deviations above 0 were filtered out to disallow large variance in the similarity matrix, thereby removing spurious edges in the network (i. e. , a kind of sampling noise). This matrix was used to infer the relations among the microbial species. Extracting microbe-gene relations from textThe knowledge of potential bipartite relations between the microbes and the human genes/proteins is important to establish effects of feeding modes and microbes on the human mechanisms at system level.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: Sensitivity analysis for varied number of deliveriesIn the base case, we assume all vehicles perform delivery missions 8 h a day, where the number of deliveries depends on the delivery time which means that the drone can perform more deliveries per year than the truck, making the solid costs lower per FU. In the sensitivity analysis, we set the lower limit to the same number of deliveries per year as the trucks, assuming the demand of parcel deliveries to be limiting. We set the higher limit of deliveries to 24 h a day instead of 8 h a day, neglecting the time needed for charging. The result from the analysis is presented in Fig. 8 where the lower limit of deliveries is represented by the higher LCC per FU and the increased number of deliveries gives a reduced LCC. Figure 8Results for lifecycle costs per functional unit depending on the number of deliveries made by the drone. Full size imageThe results of the sensitivity analysis show that when drones deliver all day, costs are reduced by almost 100%. With a decrease in number of deliveries to the same number as trucks, costs increase by close to 100%. Even with this 100% increase in costs, the drone still has lower costs than the trucks in all cases. This indicates that the economic result for the drone can be changed significantly without the cost exceeding the trucks. Sensitivity analysis for varied velocityWe varied the velocity of the drone from 50 to 150% and observed its effect on the delivery time but did not vary the velocity of the trucks since they are bound by speed limits. This relative decreased time of drones compared with trucks is presented in Fig. 9 below. The results are shown for base case, low and high estimation (50% and 150% respectively) for all scenarios. Even when the velocity is lowered by 50% from the base case, the delivery time of the drone still outperforms that of the trucks. Figure 9Results for relative time saved per functional unit when using a drone instead of trucks. The low and high estimations represent ± 50% of the velocity in the base case. Full size imageThe relative time saved by using drone for low estimation is the lowest for LBC scenario, and highest for SWC. High estimation shows drone to have highest time saved for LBC scenario and lowest for SWC. However, for all scenarios, even the low estimates provide significant time savings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The role of LPMOs in enzyme inactivationIn the absence of lignin, like in our reactions with Avicel, LPMOs rely on H2O2 produced in situ either from abiotic oxidation of the reductant or from the reaction of reduced LPMOs in solution with oxygen [53, 57]. Free (i. e. , not substrate-bound) reduced LPMOs lose their activity over time due to oxidative damage to the catalytic site that results from a peroxidase reaction, i. e. , futile turnover of H2O2 [23, 58]. Thus, LPMO stability during a reaction depends on a combination of the level of available H2O2 and the effective substrate concentration. Of note, when using reductants whose abiotic oxidation is promoted by transition metals such as copper, such as ascorbic acid, LPMO inactivation may be a self-reinforcing process [27]: damage to the catalytic center leads to copper release, which again promotes production of H2O2, which again promotes LPMO inactivation. Considering the above, we tested whether it could be beneficial to delay reduction of LPMOs and generation of H2O2 by adding ascorbic acid at specific time points later than 0 h, thus increasing the chance of keeping the LPMOs functional during the later phase of the reaction. The results show that, for the setup used here, delaying the reduction of the LPMOs was not beneficial (Fig. 4). Addition of ascorbic acid at the beginning of the reaction gave, as expected, the fastest initial glucose solubilization. Solubilization yields after 72 h were similar for reactions in which ascorbic acid was added at 0 or 24 h and reduced for the reaction in which ascorbic acid was added after 48 h. These results support the theory of a time-dependent amorphization of the material following the LPMO oxidation rather than the direct creation of access points, and hence, overall making the substrate more accessible for the cellulases. Fig. 4Initiating LPMO activity by adding ascorbic acid at different time points. In the reactions, 25% (w/w) Avicel was incubated with 3. 2 mg/g Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG + 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 1177/1756283X12459294. 80. doi:10. 1038/nature09944. 93. 18. doi:10. 1126/science. 1058709. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013;500(7464):541–6. A metagenomic study of diet-dependent interaction between gut microbiota and host in infants reveals differences in immune response. Genome Biol. 2012;13(4):32. Jiménez E, Fernández L, Marín M, Martín R, Odriozola JM, Nueno-Palop C, et al. Isolation of commensal bacteria from umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates born by cesarean section. Curr Microbiol. 2005;51(4):270–4. doi:10. 1007/s00284-005-0020-3. Neu J, Rushing J. Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: long-term infant outcomes and the hygiene hypothesis. Clin Perinatol. 2011;38(2):321–31. 2459. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0012459. 56. doi:10. 1016/j. copbio. 2010. 03. 020. Food biotechnology – Plant biotechnology. 8. doi:10. 1126/science. 1110591. Breastfeeding, infant gut microbiota, and early childhood overweight (637. 4). . 2014; 28(1 Supplement) Gut microbiota of healthy canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. Assoc J. 2013;185(5):385–94. doi:10. 1503/cmaj. 121189. AL, Monteagudo--Peril MA. Milk- and solid-feeding practices and daycare attendance are associated with differences in bacterial diversity, predominant communities, and metabolic and immune function of the infant gut microbiome. Infect Microbiol. 2015. doi:10. 3389/fcimb. 2015. 00003. 9. doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1315792111. . Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes. Med. 2011;62:361–80. doi:10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: The decreased time per FU is always positive, hence, we observe that delivery with drone is faster than delivery with trucks even if the velocity is reduced by half. This further reinforces that the most important parameter for the decreased delivery time is the shorter distance that the drone uses for deliveries and not the velocity of the drone. It is also natural that the decrease in delivery time is larger in the longer routes, i. e. , for BC scenarios, than for the shorter routes, i. e. , WC scenarios, because the absolute numbers are generally larger for these routes and additionally reduced distance is longer. It can further be seen that more time per FU is saved when going from the low estimation to base case, than from base case to the high estimation. The BC scenarios are more affected by the change of velocity compared with the shorter WC scenarios, which is a consequence of the longer distance travelled in these cases. DiscussionThe primary objective of this study was to fill a gap in scientific systems analysis of drone deployment for delivery by undertaking a comparative analysis of drones with electric trucks and diesel trucks for a case study conducted in mid-sized cities. The results of this paper show the emissions, life-cycle costs, and delivery time delimited to the use phase of the vehicles compared for two mid-size cities. Typically for transportation and city planners, the paper shows the importance of understanding various factors that come into play to determine the most suitable options for future transportation design. Implicit decision-making for these actors occurs within the frames of environmental mobility goals, citizens’ needs, and business interests. Results show that it is crucial to understand that the impacts of drones are highly use-case dependent, primarily based on factors explored in this study. The key findings of this study show that out of the three vehicles, e-trucks consistently emerge as the option with significantly lowest emissions. In contrast, the drone has the highest emissions for the scenarios within city limits and the diesel-fueled truck has the highest emissions in the scenario between two cities. This study indicates that drones compete directly with diesel trucks when it comes to environmental impact. This has to do with the energy efficiency of the vehicles. Notably, the study is carried out without including the infrastructural requirements for the different transport modes, i. e. , construction and maintenance of roads needed for the trucks and vertiports for drones.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 4 mg/g of either TaAA9A or TtAA9E. The LPMO activity was initiated by adding AscA (10 mM) at different time points. If added, EDTA was present at 6. 3 mM. shows glucose release; panel B shows the release of soluble oxidized sugars. Standard deviations are shown as error bars, for three biological replicatesFull size imageNon-sufficient removal of unbound copper from the LPMO preparation after copper saturation, "copper-polluted" substrates, and copper leakage from the active site of inactivated LPMOs will influence the activity and inactivation of LPMOs [27, 46, 59]. Copper will speed up production of H2O2 through abiotic oxidation of ascorbic acid [60] and production of hydroxyl radicals through Fenton-like reactions [61]. To assess possible copper effects, we used ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which is a good chelator and, hence a scavenger of divalent metal cations such as Cu(II). The dissociation constant for Cu(II) binding by EDTA is between 10–6 M and 3. 1 · 10–16 M [62], i. e. , quite similar to published Kd values for LPMOs, which are in the order of 1 nM for Cu(I) and 50 nM for Cu(II) [63,64,65]. Addition of 6. 3 mM EDTA to a reaction with Celluclast 1. 5 L and TtAA9E led to a slight decrease in apparent LPMO activity (Fig. 4B), which may be due to reduced levels of available H2O2 as a result of reduced levels of transition metals in the reaction solution. Interestingly, despite the lower LPMO activity, the presence of EDTA was beneficial for the overall saccharification yield after 48 h; however, no significant effect was observed after 72 h (Fig. 4A). This suggests that chelation of free copper by EDTA may play a role in preventing additional side reactions that otherwise would damage the enzymes during the course of the reaction. To gain a deeper insight into the potential impact of abiotic reactions involving ascorbic acid, H2O2, and free copper on the inactivation of cellulases, Celluclast 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have been linked to mental health through the gut-brain axis. [SEP] Text: role of gut microbacta on mental health: The gut-brain axis – to: [email protected] DOI: AbstractIntroductionPresent limitations in researchImplications for future researchConclusion1. 1. The vagus nerve plays a crucial role as a major conduit for gut-brain signaling. It is the longest cranial nerve and innervates the gut, facilitating the transmission of information from the gut to the brain. The afferent fibers of the vagus nerve can detect gut-derived signals, such as the presence of certain nutrients or the activity of gut microbes, and relay this information to the brain, which can then initiate appropriate physiological responses (2). 1. 2. Gut microbiota can influence systemic inflammation, which in turn can impact brain function. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) plays a significant role in maintaining gut homeostasis and mediating immune responses. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, can disrupt this balance, leading to increased intestinal permeability, also known as “leaky gut” (6). This condition allows bacterial endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), to enter the bloodstream, triggering systemic inflammation and immune responses that may contribute to mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety (7). 1. 3. produced by gut bacteria, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), neurotransmitters, and other bioactive compounds, can cross the blood-brain barrier and affect brain chemistry. SCFAs, such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate, are produced during the fermentation of dietary fibers by gut microbiota and have been shown to have neuroactive properties (8). These metabolites can modulate the function of the CNS by influencing the production of neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules (9). 1. 4. Inflammation and Dysbiosis can lead to increased intestinal permeability, a condition often referred to as “leaky gut. ” This phenomenon allows bacterial endotoxins, particularly LPS, to translocate from the gut lumen into the systemic circulation. The presence of these endotoxins in the bloodstream can trigger systemic inflammation and immune activation, which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of various mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety (4).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: Irrespective of the scenarios, drones surprisingly turn out to be the most economically efficient option. The major cause for this is due to the lack of need for staff to operate the drones. Lastly, drones are also the fastest option in all cases due to their flexibility as an air mode of transport. The findings from this paper in part contradict the results from Rodrigues et al. (2022)7, which shows drones to be able to reduce emissions by up to 94%. Such difference in results could be dependent on the choice of the drones, putting its application in a real-systems context in varying topographies, and getting a fair comparison based on the future technological capacities of the vehicles in comparison. This contradiction also shows that the results of this paper can be generalizable only for drones carrying up to 500 kg in and around mid-sized cities. In this study, the nature of delivery points in the delivery scenarios between cities, where drones can be considered instead of diesel-fueled trucks, is within rural areas, as supported by previous studies11. Rural areas, which struggle with infrastructure issues and lower loads as well as the lower frequency of package deliveries, can be an effective place to consider the use of drones. However, the use of drones is indicated in the industry to begin within urban areas so that a bigger market can be reached, and the business segment can obtain a higher chance of developing the technology, infrastructure, and services. The issue with such a development scenario, in light of drones having the highest emissions in delivery scenarios within urban environments while being the most cost-effective and fastest option, is that this can create increased competition in business, thus increasing interest of business and end users, creating lock-ins that are difficult to change over time, particularly within complex urban infrastructures. This can lead to increasing and even worsening emissions due to the convenience of enhancing the use of the delivery system. Drones could create a possibility to achieve more optimized load factors than trucks since they are not dependent on the ability to carry a pilot. The drone could therefore potentially be improved by adjusting the size of the drone according to the size and weight of the parcel, giving a higher load factor, which is not as applicable for trucks. In that case, a smaller drone with less energy demand could be utilized when delivery size does not require more, and a larger one applied when needed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 L was preincubated with various combinations of ascorbic acid, H2O2, Cu(II)SO4, and EDTA for 24 h before initiating a saccharification reaction by the addition of Avicel. In general, no significant effects from preincubation with 10 mM H2O2, 10 mM ascorbic acid, or 0. 63 mM Cu(II) alone were observed, except for the 24 h reaction with H2O2 pretreatment and the 48 h reaction with Cu(II) pretreatment (Fig. 5). However, when H2O2 or ascorbic acid was combined with Cu(II) during the preincubation, the 24 h conversion yield dropped to only 18% and 30%, respectively, compared to the yields obtained with the cellulase mixture that had not been exposed to any of these compounds. Incubating the cellulase mixture with H2O2 and free copper had the strongest impact on the cellulase mixture: next to giving the strongest reduction in the 24 h conversion yield, all cellulase activity was lost at this point. Although the applied concentrations of H2O2 and Cu(II) are higher than what would be seen in the enzyme reactions, a similar molar ratio of these compounds could be expected with H2O2 concentrations probably being lower than 100 µM [66]. The detrimental effect of H2O2 and free copper was counteracted by the addition of EDTA, which completely restored the activity of the cellulase cocktail (Fig. 5). Fig. 5Preincubation of Celluclast 1. 5 L prior to Avicel degradation. A 90% Celluclast 1. 5 L + 10% NZ-BG mixture was preincubated at 50 °C for 24 h in the presence of H2O2 (10 mM), AscA (10 mM), Cu(II)SO4 (0. 63 mM), and/or EDTA (6. 3 mM). Following the preincubation, the saccharification reactions were initiated by adding 25% (w/w) Avicel to the preincubated cellulase cocktails, followed by incubation for 24 or 48 h under the same conditions as for the preincubation. The symbols * and *** indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0. 05 and p≤0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have been linked to mental health through the gut-brain axis. [SEP] Text: Chronic inflammation can alter brain function by affecting neurotransmitter systems, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis, thereby contributing to the development and progression of neuropsychiatric conditions (10). 1. 5. Gut bacteria are involved in the synthesis and regulation of several neurotransmitters that are critical for mood regulation and cognitive function. For example, certain strains of gut bacteria can produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS (11). Additionally, gut microbiota can influence the production of serotonin, an important neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, by affecting the availability of its precursor, tryptophan (12). Dopamine, another key neurotransmitter associated with reward and motivation, can also be modulated by gut microbiota through various metabolic pathways (13). The ability of gut bacteria to produce and regulate these neurotransmitters underscores the significant role of the gut microbiota in maintaining mental health and cognitive function. of on The relationship between gut health and central nervous system (CNS) is essential in achieving overall health and wellness. The enteric microbiota significantly influences the gut-brain axis (GBA), interacting locally with intestinal cells and the enteric nervous system (ENS), and directly with the CNS via neuroendocrine and metabolic pathways. Evidence of this interaction dates back over two decades when oral antibiotics were observed to dramatically improve hepatic encephalopathy patients (14). Recent studies have solidified the role of microbiota in affecting anxiety, depression, and autism, with specific microbiota changes correlating with disease severity (15). Dysbiosis is also evident in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), which are often linked to mood disorders due to GBA disruptions. These disruptions alter intestinal motility and secretion, cause visceral hypersensitivity, and enhance gut permeability, leading to systemic inflammation and altered brain function (16). This interrelation is underscored by studies on IBS, a condition closely linked to GBA imbalances. 2. 1. Depression and has consistently highlighted the association between gut microbiota and depression. Studies have found significant differences in the gut microbiota composition between individuals with depression and healthy controls. For example, patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) often exhibit reduced diversity and alterations in specific bacterial taxa (17). Moreover, alterations in the gut microbiota can influence the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, which are critical for mood regulation (18).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, trucks and electric motors are innovations that have been built for a very long time, leading to improved efficiency. However, this is not the case for drones which is an emerging technology, wherefore results from this paper should be seen in this perspective that as drone operations may become more efficient attributable to steep learning curves in its production, results may very well fall in the favor of drones, e. g. as has been the case for PV27. Until then it is practical to limit the size of drone based on their application, as suggested by Stolaroff et al. , (2018)14. Results show that the emissions from drones reduce with smaller distances, and the use of drones is not yet valid in the same way as conventional logistics systems, i. e. , deliveries from the logistics center to pick-up points. Instead, final delivery to customers directly from pick-up points to end users would be a rather valid use for drones. Therefore, the logistics system can be multimodal, drones can complement the use of trucks, and can be flexible and localized to improve efficiency. Drones are mostly acclaimed for their ability to provide delivery services to end users’ doorsteps. Although this aspect is delimited by this study, the findings of the study nonetheless show that the most energy-using operations are during take-off and landing, while cruise and hover are energy-optimized. This significantly implies that for deliveries at multiple stops using drones, the drones may be used to make rooftop deliveries and not doorstep deliveries, thus reducing take-offs and landings and improving their energy efficiency during the deliveries. There is a possibility that if the technology readiness levels increase with payload increase, the energy efficiency may not necessarily improve due to higher operational energy requirement28. This implies that technology developers must have energy efficiency as the target parameter and not very high payloads. From the findings, it is also evident that from an emission standpoint, tactical drones are comparable with diesel trucks in the evaluated scenarios and not with e-trucks since e-trucks have the highest energy efficiency. This further indicates that while designing logistics models, one might not have to consider drones as a competition to trucks, but rather as complements in specific use cases that are highly time-critical, and/or energy efficient in case of unavailability of e-trucks. Another context to be considered is the actual transition of delivery trucks to electric.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 01, respectively) between no preincubation and the different preincubation conditions (by Student's t test). Standard deviations are shown as error bars, for three biological replicatesFull size imageExcess levels of H2O2 have been shown to inactivate both LPMOs and cellulases [23, 28, 67]. The present results show that the enzymes are relatively stable in the presence of high H2O2 concentrations (10 mM) as long as transition metals are absent (Fig. 5). Adding copper ions to the system leads to the production of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Thus, observations that seem to indicate that autocatalytic inactivation of LPMOs is accompanied by decreased cellulase activity [28], do not relate only to high H2O2 levels. Instead, this phenomenon likely arises from side reactions triggered by copper leakage from inactivated LPMOs combined with elevated H2O2 levels. As a result, the inactivation of LPMOs has significant implications on reaction kinetics and yields. Cellulase feedback inhibitionIt is well established that the initial substrate loading and the accumulation of products during the reaction, i. e. , feedback inhibition, influence the saccharification rate, where high concentrations of cellobiose and glucose are known to be inhibitory for cellobiohydrolases and β-glucosidases, respectively [18, 68, 69]. In the present study, Celluclast 1. 5 L was supplemented with BG to ensure complete conversion of cellobiose to glucose, and as expected, cellobiose levels in cellulose hydrolysates were negligible. To probe a possible effect of accumulating glucose levels on the saccharification efficiencies described above, cellulose saccharification reactions were carried out with the Celluclast 1. 5 L + NZ-BG cocktail spiked with TaAA9A:TtAA9E in a 1:1 ratio in the presence of externally added glucose (Fig. 6). The result shows approximately 10, 20, and 40% decrease in glucose release after 72 h when 2. 5, 5. 0, and 10% (w/w) glucose was included in the reactions from the start, respectively. The results presented illustrate the high-solids effect and show that glucose feedback inhibition plays a role. Fig. 6Probing feedback inhibition by glucose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have been linked to mental health through the gut-brain axis. [SEP] Text: These findings suggest that targeting the gut microbiota could offer new avenues for the treatment and management of depression and anxiety. 2. 2. role of gut microbiota in schizophrenia has been a subject of increasing interest. Recent research has identified distinct microbiota profiles in individuals with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Changes in the gut microbiota composition have been linked to increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which are thought to contribute to the development of schizophrenia (19). Understanding these microbiota-mental health connections could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for managing schizophrenia. 2. 3. spectrum disorders (ASD) have also been associated with alterations in gut microbiota. Studies have shown that children with ASD often have distinct microbiota profiles compared to neurotypical children (20). Additionally, interventions aimed at modulating the gut microbiota, such as probiotic supplementation, have shown promise in alleviating some symptoms of ASD (21). These findings highlight the potential of microbiota-targeted therapies in improving the quality of life for individuals with ASD. 2. 4. Cardiovascular/The relationship between gut bacteria and heart/lung health has been a topic of research indicating a connection with the gut-brain axis. Studies show that gut microbiota composition can impact heart rate variability, blood pressure and respiratory functions (22). Specific metabolites derived from the gut can influence blood vessel dilation and constriction for health. Moreover, the microbial community in the gut may regulate responses that are significant in cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. These discoveries suggest that therapies targeting the gut have benefits not only for healthy beings but also for enhancing heart and lung function. 2. 5. Research suggests that an unbalanced gut microbiome could play a role in issues like rheumatoid arthritis (23). This link is believed to operate through the system, where specific gut bacteria might trigger inflammation affecting joints. Imbalances in gut flora have also been associated with levels of inflammatory molecules that could worsen joint discomfort and rigidity. By taking care of your gut health, you might find relief from issues and see an improvement in your overall joint well-being. 2. 6. The link between gut health and skin conditions, known as the gut-skin connection, is gaining attention. Skin problems like acne, eczema, and psoriasis have been linked to changes in gut bacteria (24). The gut’s role in controlling inflammation and immune balance is crucial for skin health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: A major share of delivery trucks currently use diesel as the primary fuel2. Transition pathways for e-trucks today face challenges such as heavy weights of the trucks, reduced payloads, and reduced distances per charge. Through such operational and human-based challenges, the findings from this paper imply that drones may hold the potential to accelerate the transition from fossil-driven vehicles in intra-city last-mile delivery logistics. The adoption of electric drones can be higher due to cost savings and fast delivery times. This could further enable possibilities for accelerating renewable energy production and charging infrastructure. The significantly high cost-efficiency for 24-h services and low delivery times implies that drones’ deliveries can be particularly beneficial for cases that involve medical services and deliveries to hospitals and rehabilitation centers. This would help significantly cut costs for healthcare. The deliveries in the study are limited to deliveries from warehouses to pick-up points, excluding the first mile of the delivery mission, the last delivery to the customer, and the parcels reaching the logistics center from several warehouses. A strong recommendation for future studies is to develop scenarios for the last part of the supply chain, from pick-up point to customer, where the supply chain varies depending on the customers (e. g. , distance travelled, vehicle type, and allocation for purpose of the trip). The values and assumptions considered in this study are based on highly reliable data e. g. , peer reviewed publications, vehicle manufacturers’ data, in-depth interviews, and inputs from relevant actors in the field. In-depth explanation and sources for data used for calculations are presented in the “Methods” section and Supplementary material. Due to the scope, this study is delimited to consider combined truck and drone delivery scenarios, which has been previously modeled in transportation research using small drones carried by trucks29,30,31,32,33,34. Given the substantial variation in impacts and reliance on specific scenarios, integrating them with trucks is a possible concept for more reliable and better energy efficient transportation. However, it is important to note that the feasibility of this combined truck-drone approach becomes questionable when considering larger drones with payloads comparable to trucks as done in this study due to size and efficiency. The results of this paper are therefore limited to holding significance while weighing the choice between a drone and a truck of similar payloads for the last-mile delivery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: External glucose, up to 10% (w/w), was added to reactions containing 25% (w/w) Avicel and 3. 2 mg/g Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG + 0. 4 mg/g TaAA9A and TtAA9E in a 1:1 ratio. The figure shows the net glucose release where the externally added glucose concentrations have been subtracted. Standard deviations are shown as error bars, for three biological replicatesFull size imageHowever, several studies suggest that the high-solids effect primarily stems from rate-limiting reorganization of constrained water at the substrate surface upon enzymatic removal of soluble sugars and oligosaccharides [2, 5, 68, 70]. Water coordinating the released soluble mono- and oligosaccharides will take away water from the surface of the insoluble substrate, leading to limited availability of water at the site of catalysis and, consequently, lower enzymatic reactivity. As outlined above, it is conceivable that the substrate polarity and decrystallization that follow LPMO action contribute positively to water accessibility near the site of cellulase catalysis and show that LPMO action is important for overcoming the negative impact of high substrate concentrations. Of note, it has recently been shown that LPMOs are not inhibited by high glucose concentrations [45]. Saccharification efficiency of steam-exploded wheat strawThe high-solids effect, i. e. , a decrease in saccharification efficiency at increasing substrate concentrations, is not only enzyme-dependent (as shown in Fig. 1) but also substrate-dependent. Yields at low- and high-solids concentrations do not correlate for a given biomass, and, thus, industrial evaluation of biomass saccharification should be carried out at high-solids conditions and with the target feedstock [19]. Therefore, we assessed the efficiency of the studied cellulase–LPMO cocktails on a commercial lignocellulosic feedstock, steam-exploded wheat straw provided by Novozymes, at 15% (w/w) substrate loading.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have been linked to mental health through the gut-brain axis. [SEP] Text: An imbalance in gut bacteria, called dysbiosis, can lead to a gut that allows toxins into the bloodstream, triggering skin inflammation. Exploring the connection between the gut and skin offers avenues for addressing skin problems by focusing on improving gut health. Understanding the interplay between gut microbiota and mental health opens the door to innovative therapeutic approaches. Probiotics, prebiotics, and diet modifications are emerging as potential strategies to influence the gut microbiota positively and thereby improve mental health outcomes. 3. 1. Probiotics Probiotics, live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in adequate amounts, have shown promise in modulating gut microbiota and improving mental health. Various strains of probiotics have been investigated for their effects on anxiety and depression, with some studies reporting beneficial outcomes (25). The mechanisms through which probiotics exert their effects include modulation of gut microbiota composition, reduction of systemic inflammation, and enhancement of neurotransmitter production (26). 3. 2. are non-digestible dietary fibers that selectively stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria. By providing a favorable environment for the growth of these bacteria, prebiotics can indirectly influence mental health by enhancing the overall health of the gut microbiota (27). Research into the effects of prebiotics on mental health is still in its early stages, but preliminary findings suggest that prebiotic supplementation may have potential benefits for mood regulation and cognitive function (28). 3. 3. Dietary interventions play a crucial role in shaping the gut microbiota and, consequently, mental health. Diets rich in fiber, fruits, vegetables, and fermented foods have been associated with a more diverse and beneficial gut microbiota (29). Conversely, diets high in sugar, fat, and processed foods can negatively impact gut microbiota composition and increase the risk of mental health disorders (30). Nutritional strategies aimed at promoting a healthy gut microbiota may therefore offer a valuable approach to managing mental health conditions. Other foods including spices have shown to contribute positively to gut microbiota. These natural ingredients are renowned for their diverse bioactive effects, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties (31). Recently, there has been growing interest in their potential benefits for mental health. For instance, curcumin, the active compound found in turmeric (Curcuma longa), is noted for its extensive range of biological activities (32).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: Oktober 2011, Beck: Munich (2012) 107–142 Looschelders/Makowsky, ‘Inhalt und Wirkungen von Verträgen‘, in: Schmidt-Kessel (ed), Ein einheitliches europäisches Kaufrecht? : Looschelders, Dirk/Makowsky, Mark, ‘Kapitel 7: Inhalt und Wirkungen von Verträgen‘, in Schmidt-Kessel, Martin (ed), Ein einheitliches europäisches Kaufrecht? des Vorschlags der Kommission, Sellier: Munich (2012) 227–254 Lurger, ‘Zustandekommen eines bindenden Vertrages’, in Wendehorst/Zöchling-Jud (eds), eines GEK: Lurger, Brigitta, ‘Zustandekommen eines bindenden Vertrages (-Entwurf)’, in Wendehorst, Christiane/Zöchling-Jud, Brigitta (eds), eines Gemeinsamen Europäischen Kaufrechts. der Europäischen Kommission vom 11. 10. 2011 KOM(2011) 635 endg. , Manz: Vienna (2012) 63–86 Malaurie, Les restitutions en droit civil: Malaurie-Vignal, Marie, Les restitutions en droit civil, Cujas: Paris (1991)abc Mankowski, (2012) RIW: Mankowski, Peter, ‘für ein Gemeinsames Europäisches Kaufrecht (CESL) und das Internationale Privatrecht’, (2012) RIW 97–104 Martens, ‘Einigungsmängel’, in Schmidt-Kessel (ed), Ein einheitliches europäisches Kaufrecht? : Martens, Sebastian, ‘Einigungsmängel im EU-Kaufrecht’, in Schmidt-Kessel, Martin (ed), Ein einheitliches europäisches Kaufrecht?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Compositional analysis of the steam-exploded wheat straw showed that the feedstock contains around 22% (w/w) hemicelluloses, 22% (w/w) lignin, and 8% (w/w) ash in addition to 48% (w/w) glucan (Table 1). The results of the saccharification reactions showed that the cellulase cocktail with 10% LPMO inclusion led to drastically increased cellulose solubilization. In this case, TaAA9A, rather than TtAA9E in the case of Avicel (Fig. 3A), had the largest effect: replacing 10% of the Celluclast 1. 5 L + NZ-BG cocktail by TaAA9A alone or by a 1:1 mixture of TaAA9A and TtAA9E improved the saccharification by about 75% both after 48 and 72 h (Fig. 7A). On the contrary to the Avicel reaction spiked with TaAA9A, where the glucose release stopped after 24 h, a prolonged period of sugar release was observed in the wheat straw reactions. This shows that the LPMOs are even more important for cellulose solubilization when working with wheat straw at high solid loadings and that the choice of an optimal LPMO is substrate-dependent. The latter conclusion was also reached by Kim et al. , in a 2017 study with 1–5% substrate loadings [71]. Fig. 7Degradation of steam-exploded wheat straw with various cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. The degradation of 15% (w/w) steam-exploded wheat straw was performed by incubation with either 3. 6 mg/g Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG or with 3. 2 mg/g Celluclast 1. 5 L + 0. 4 mg/g NZ-BG + 0. 4 mg/g TaAA9A, TtAA9E or a 1:1 TaAA9A:TtAA9E mixture, or with 4 mg/g Cellic CTec2. shows glucan solubilization; panel B shows xylan solubilization. The symbols ** and *** indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0. 025 and p ≤ 0. 01, respectively) between Celluclast 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have been linked to mental health through the gut-brain axis. [SEP] Text: Similarly, capsaicin, the key bioactive component in chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L. ), has been shown to reduce depression in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide. This effect is linked to its ability to enhance the abundance of beneficial gut bacteria, such as Ruminococcus and Prevotella, while decreasing levels of serotonin (5-HT) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (33). spices, a variety of natural products such as fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs play crucial roles in managing mental health by regulating gut microbiota. A study involving 5,845 Australian adults found a positive correlation between high fruit and vegetable consumption and better mental health outcomes (34). Additionally, research has shown that fruit and vegetable intake is inversely related to the severity of inattention in children with ADHD (35). Present limitations in research Despite advancements in understanding the relationship between gut bacteria and mental well-being, there are still obstacles to overcome. One major hurdle is the complexity of the gut microbiome, which comprises trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This complexity makes it challenging to identify microbes or interactions that influence health. Moreover, much of the research relies on animal studies that may not directly apply to biology. The diversity of microbiomes also presents a challenge, as elements like diet, genetics, and surroundings can impact gut health in various ways. These challenges highlight the importance of conducting studies involving humans to better understand the connection between the gut and the brain. Implications for future research The future of research on gut microbiota shows promise in revolutionizing health care. Integrating considerations of gut health into medical treatments could result in holistic approaches that view the body and mind as interconnected systems. Additionally, advancements in analyzing and sequencing microbiomes are expected to offer knowledge about specific gut bacteria linked to mental health disorders. These breakthroughs could open avenues for therapeutic strategies that enhance both psychological and physical well-being by regulating the gut microbiome. gut-brain axis represents a dynamic and multifaceted network through which gut microbiota can influence mental health. The emerging evidence highlights the significant role of gut microbiota in modulating mood, cognition, and behavior, underscoring the potential of microbiota-targeted interventions in mental health treatment. Probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary modifications represent promising avenues for enhancing gut health and, consequently, mental well-being.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of F - of O - of P - 1 EP - 6 PB - Group SN - 2328-7616 UR - AB - In a world where most businesses are innovating or digitally transitioning, neglecting to experiment puts businesses at a disadvantage by making them increasingly irrelevant to the consumers, resistant to change, and unable to compete with larger and more efficient rivals. According to a survey by McKinsey, 84% of professionals feel that future success is dependent on continuous innovation in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry and respond to the competition. 13, 2022, Amazon announced its plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. The idea of delivery with the help of drones represents a true innovation in the e-commerce business, fastening the delivery service in a way that was almost unimaginable a few years back. However, the company faces diverse challenges endangering its project, including ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns. All of this leads to a launch that has been postponed for years, questioning the viability of the project. Indeed, Amazon has the potential to be a huge success once it finally launches its operations as it can develop a strong competitive advantage. This case analysis aims at discussing the factors involved in the implementation of the Air project to investigate whether delivery drones can possibly be a disruptive technology. This case analysis is intended to be a helpful source for class discussions as well. VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 L/NZ-BG and Celluclast 1. 5 L/ NZ-BG spiked with LPMO(s) or Cellic CTec2 (by Student's t-test). Standard deviations are shown as error bars, for three biological replicatesFull size imageXylan solubilization was not affected by replacing 10% of the cellulase cocktail, which includes xylanases, by LPMO (Fig. 7B). Although TtAA9E has been shown to be active on cellulose-bound xylan [72], this activity did not have an apparent effect on the xylan conversion. While the efficiency of the Celluclast 1. 5L + NZ-BG + LPMO cocktails surpassed that of Cellic CTec2 in reactions with pure cellulose (Avicel, containing about 1% (w/w) xylan [73]) (Fig. 3A), Cellic CTec2, a modern enzyme cocktail with improved hemicellulolytic activity and with LPMOs included, was more efficient on the xylan-rich wheat straw, releasing higher amounts of glucose and xylose throughout the saccharification reaction (Fig. 7). This aligns well with a study by Hu et al. , who showed that supplementation of Celluclast 1. 5 L with both xylanases and TaAA9A is required to reach similar levels of cellulose saccharification of steam pretreated pine as when using Cellic CTec2 [32]. Of note, literature speculates that TaAA9A is the dominant LPMO in Cellic CTec2 [29, 32]. ConclusionIn recent years, multiple studies have addressed the interplay between LPMOs and cellulases. Many of these studies were done with low substrate concentrations, limiting their direct applicability to real-world high-solids processing scenarios. Our study addresses the challenges associated with high-solids systems and shows the pivotal role of LPMOs in cellulolytic enzyme cocktails operating at high DM reactions that run over 24–72 h. Our results show that the positive impact of LPMOs increases throughout the reaction and with increasing DM concentrations. Accumulating data in studies cited above suggest that the positive LPMO effect is multi-faceted.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have been linked to mental health through the gut-brain axis. [SEP] Text: As research continues to unravel the complexities of the gut-brain relationship, it is crucial to further investigate the mechanisms underlying these interactions and to develop effective strategies for leveraging gut microbiota in mental health management. 275. Mayer EA, et al. Gut-brain axis and the microbiota. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(3):926-938. . Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior. Neurosci. 2012;13(10):701-712. Rieder R, et al. Microbes and mental health: a review. Immun. 2017;66:9-17. Krol J, et al. Gut microbiota and brain development. Gut Microbes. 2018;9(2):241-253. Gibson GR, et al. Dietary modulation of the human gut microbiota. Rev. 2010;23(1):18-25. Zhang X, et al. Gut microbiome and systemic inflammation in elderly patients with depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):159. Koh A, et al. From diet to gut microbiota: mechanisms of action of prebiotics. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(6):331-343. Mårild K, et al. The impact of dietary fibers on gut microbiota and brain function. Nutrients. 2019;11(12):2977. Dantzer R, et al. Inflammation and depression: a review. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2008;15(5):335-344. Bravo JA, et al. Probiotic bacteria produce an anxiolytic effect in mice through the modulation of the gut-brain axis. . 2011;108(38):16050-16055. Matsuoka K, et al. Gut microbiota and depression: from animals to humans. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;19(4):462-469. Jiang H, et al. Altered gut microbiota and changes in bile acid metabolism are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Microbiome. 2015;3:1-12. McDonald J, et al. Gut microbiota and hepatic encephalopathy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(2):104-112. Wallace CJK, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: application of our model shown in a chain store. pricing and discount model, managers can calculate product portfolio discounts and adjust their marketing strategies according to the specific strategies of the store and product portfolio for customer segments. Keywords: customer-perceived value; CPV; discount pricing; customer lifetime value; CLV; Taguchi loss function; discount pricing strategies. DOI: 10. 1504/IJOR. 2023. 10060847 Improved managerial decisions for fuzzy stochastic bi-objective linear programming models: A Trade-off ratio-based autonomized approach by : Industry-derived fuzzy stochastic bi-objective linear programming () models typically focus on a single major objective function. However, mathematical analysis based classical minmax method fails to distinguish between two competing objectives. This sometimes causes Pareto optimal solutions failing to meet with managerial goals. Additionally, to assume that both objectives in a shall attain the same highest standard is unrealistic. To overcome these limitations, the proposed amended minmax model uses the absolute difference operator. This pushes intermediate nondominated points closer to predefined reference levels, generating more desirable Pareto optimal solutions. Then this study frames one trade-off ratio-based autonomised optimisation algorithm, updating reference levels throughout iterations and reducing the need for frequent manager interactions. A numerical case study validates the effectiveness of proposed approach. This way, this study provides an improved framework for models, addressing the shortcomings of the traditional method and providing better decision-making support for industry managers. Keywords: fuzzy stochastic bi-objective linear programming; preferred Pareto optimal solution; interactive optimisation; autonomised reference membership level; trade-off ratio; minmax method. DOI: 10. 1504/IJOR. 2023. 10060979 Impact of on under Environment by. Aggarwal Abstract: Computers have become an integral part of everyone’s life in this modern information society, and they are especially important in several fields that save lives. Consequently, it is necessary to develop reliable and cost-efficient software systems. This study discusses a cost model that integrates slippage and risk costs and looks at how these cost factors affect the timing of software releases. The reliability growth model, which is developed by taking into account the testing coverage function in an imperfect debugging environment, is used to study the cost model.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The increased importance of LPMOs late in saccharification reactions may be attributed to the increasing recalcitrance of the remaining substrate during the reaction, as well as to the relatively slow impact of oxidized cleavage sites on the substrate hydrophilicity and decrystallization. As to negative effects of the presence of LPMOs, recent discoveries highlight the potentially detrimental effects of copper leakage from damaged LPMOs, which may facilitate several side reactions. Our findings demonstrate that maintaining LPMO activity is crucial for the overall saccharification efficiency, not only because LPMO activity is useful, but also because free copper in solution results in detrimental side reactions with H2O2 that may damage all enzymes in the reaction. Using a different experimental approach and unaware of the fact that LPMOs catalyze productive peroxygenase and potentially damaging peroxidase reactions Scott et al. [67] reached a similar conclusion. Importantly, our study shows that LPMO effects differ between C1- and C4-oxidizing LPMOs in a DM- and substrate-dependent manner. Thus, despite substantial research efforts in the past decades, there remains a necessity for further optimization and customization of enzyme cocktails tailored to individual feedstocks with specific compositions to attain economically sustainable lignocellulose valorization. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the published paper. AbbreviationsAscA: Ascorbic acid BG: β-Glucosidase BSA: Bovine serum albumin C: Celluclast 1. 5 L DM: Dry matter DP: Degree of polymerization EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Glc: -PAD: High-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography LPMO: Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase NZ-BG: Novozymes β-glucosidase 50. 5. Biol. 2017;13(10):1123–8. On the determination of water content in biomass processing. Bioenergy Res. 2014;7:442–9. L, NZ-BG, Cellic CTec2, and steam-exploded wheat straw were kindly supplied by Novozymes. The authors would like to thank for performing the compositional analysis of the steam-exploded wheat straw.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have been linked to mental health through the gut-brain axis. [SEP] Text: The gut microbiome in mood disorders: a review. Rev. 2017;51:53-62. McKernan DP, et al. Stress and the gut microbiome: a review. Physiol Behav. 2017;179:117-124. Jiang H, et al. Gut microbiota and major depression. Treat. 2017;13:1637-1646. Naseribafrouei A, et al. Gut microbiota composition and depression: a review of the literature. Microb Pathog. 2014;76:6-10. Valles-Colomer M, et al. The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and mental health. Nutr Neurosci. 2019;22(5):257-265. Williams BL, et al. The microbiome in autism: a review. Autism Res. 2018;11(9):1386-1398. Kurokawa S, et al. Probiotic treatment in autism: a systematic review. J Disord. 2018;48(4):1115-1131. Tang, W. H. W. , Kitai, T. , & Hazen, S. L. (2017). Gut microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease. Circulation Research, 120(7), 1183-1196. Scher, J. U. , Sczesnak, A. , Longman, R. S. , Segata, N. , Ubeda, C. , Bielski, C. , … & Littman, D. R. (2013). Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis. eLife, 2, e01202. Bowe, W. P. , & Logan, A. C. (2011). Acne vulgaris, probiotics, and the gut-brain-skin axis: from anecdote to translational medicine. Beneficial Microbes, 2(1), 31-36. Dinan TG, et al. Probiotics and mental health: a review of the evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(4):47-52. Mego M, et al. Probiotics in the treatment of mood disorders. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;9(12):1595-1603. Roberfroid MB, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: The collaboration increases visibility, which reduces costs. It aids in enhancing the environmental performance of the supply chain. Inventory model suggested here helps managers choose the optimum inventory options while considering logistics costs. It elevates the provider to a dominant position, and clients are solely supplied by that vendor. Two models are presented in this research. In the first model, the vendor and customer are expected to make a non-collaborative decision. In the second approach, the merchant and the customer decide. This work proposes an iterative process for determining the best answer, which is then tested using numerical examples demonstrating the presented models' outcomes. The current research proposes a unique evidential theory-based technique for solving an inventory model with stochastic deterioration rates and lead times that appears in a single-vendor multi-buyer inventory system. Keywords: supply chain management; vendor-managed inventory system; integrated inventory model; merchant-consumers model; deterioration. DOI: 10. 1504/IJOR. 2023. 10064634 Factors in a System: A Copula-based Investigation of by : Solar power is presently the most popular energy source compared to other energy sources. Therefore, companies all over the globe have been working hard to develop solar-powered devices to equalise the demand. According to the claim above, this study focused on a sequential multi-state solar system that involved five subsystems: a photovoltaic, a diode, a resistor 1, a resistor 2, and a voltage, which are all built in a series pattern. The exponential and copula schemes are expected to go hand in hand with system failure and repair. Partial differential equations were formed from the system's transition plot, analytical results were acquired using supplementary variable and Laplace conversion techniques. Dependability substances such as availability, reliability, mean time to failure, sensitivity, and cost were generated using the Maple software package. For validating the outcomes, an illustration of the numerical exhibits was included. Numerous system managers, including those in charge of system modelling, system reliability, system designers, and engineers, are expected to find the study's findings beneficial. Keywords: system; dependability; solar; factor; powered. DOI: 10. 1504/IJOR. 2024. 10064704 Modelling and for Solving Multi-objective Multi-by G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 6. 2%. The resultant strain, RH15, was capable of producing 121. 9 g/L l-lactic acid at high yield (95. 3%) after 40 h of fermentation from a mixture of glucose and xylose. When a lignocellulosic hydrolysate was used as the substrate, 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid was produced within 40 h, with a specific productivity of 2. 48 g/[L h] and a yield of 94. 6%. ConclusionsOur engineered strain B. licheniformis RH15 could thermophilically produced l-lactic acid from lignocellulosic hydrolysate with relatively high concentration and productivity at levels that were competitive with most reported cases of l-lactic acid-producers. Thus, the engineered strain might be used as a platform for the production of other chemicals. In addition to engineering the B. licheniformis strain, the “dual-channel” process might serve as an alternative method for engineering a variety of other strains. BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass—one of the most abundant and attractive second-generation resources—is regarded as an economical substrate for sustainable bioprocesses [1]. Hydrolysis of lignocellulose yields a mixture of sugars, with glucose and xylose as the two main components [2]. Although the production of several biofuels and chemicals, such as ethanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD), and acetone, has been achieved from lignocellulose, most bacteria and yeasts cannot efficiently utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously due to the so-called carbon catabolite repression (CCR) [3, 4]. Glucose-mediated CCR always prefer sugar in the form of glucose via repressing the consumption of other sugars such as xylose, resulting in low efficiency during mixed-sugar fermentation processes [5]. Other reasons for such inefficient processes include the lack of robust genes involved in xylose metabolism or use of the hetero-phosphoketolase pathway, which leads to the generation of equal amounts of byproducts (mainly formic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol) [6].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gut bacteria have been linked to mental health through the gut-brain axis. [SEP] Text: Prebiotics: concept, definition, criteria, methodology, and future directions. Nutr. 2015;114(5):450-457. Akbari E, et al. The effects of prebiotics on mental health: a systematic review. Nutr Res. 2019;67:37-47. Sánchez B, et al. The role of dietary fiber in the modulation of gut microbiota and mental health. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(4):621-632. Chao C, et al. Dietary patterns, gut microbiota, and mental health: a review of the current evidence. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1934. Zheng J. , Zhou Y. , Li Y. , Xu D. P. , Li S. , Li H. B. Spices for prevention and treatment of cancers. Nutrients. 2016;8:495. doi: 10. 3390/nu8080495. Yang Z. J. , Huang S. Y. , Zhou D. D. , Xiong R. G. , Zhao C. N. , Fang A. P. , Zhang Y. J. , Li H. B. , Zhu H. L. Effects and mechanisms of curcumin for the prevention and management of cancers: An updated review. Antioxidants. 2022;11:1481. doi: 10. 3390/antiox11081481. Xia J. , Gu L. , Guo Y. , Feng H. , Chen S. , Jurat J. , Fu W. , Zhang D. Gut microbiota mediates the preventive effects of dietary capsaicin against depression induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2021;11:627608. doi: 10. 3389/fcimb. 2021. 627608. Rees J. , S. , Lo J. , Hodgson J. M. , Christophersen C. T. , Daly R. M. , Magliano D. J. , Shaw J. E. , Sim M. , Bondonno C. P. , et al. Association between fruit and vegetable intakes and mental health in the australian diabetes obesity and lifestyle cohort. Nutrients. 2021;13:1447. doi: 10. 3390/nu13051447.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Delivery drones will be as common as delivery trucks in all cities within five years. [SEP] Text: DOI: 10. 1504/IJOR. 2024. 10065167 Operations by Bhawesh Sah, Mohammad Moshref-Javadi, Chung Abstract: Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have the capability to improve the responsiveness in parcel distribution process, however, drone delivery suffer from shortcomings such as limited battery life, and weight carrying constraints. These shortcomings can be overcome if a drone works in conjunction with a truck to make parcel deliveries. In contrast to earlier models which focus on single drone and truck, in this paper we propose a novel model in which multiple drones and trucks can work together to fulfill the logistics operations, a drone can depart from a truck and return back to the same or a different truck after completing the operations and a truck can house multiple drones. We present a mixed integer linear programming formulation of the problem and present results from several heuristics such as (GA), Simulated Annealing(SA), and Greedy search combined with the Insertion method. Keywords: Drone Logistics; Last-mile delivery; Unmanned aerial vehicle; Transportation planning; Optimization. DOI: 10. 1504/IJOR. 2024. 10065379 A considering Different P10. 1504/IJOR. 2024. 10065581 Motility Algorithm: a Optimiser for Problems by : The challenges and intricacies associated with real-world numerical optimisation problems have significantly increased, necessitating the development of efficient optimisation methods. While numerous metaheuristic approaches have been proposed, only a select few have gained recognition within the research community. This paper introduces a novel metaheuristic algorithm known as the sperm flagellum motility algorithm (SFMA) to address optimisation problems. SFMA emulates the motility principle of a sperm flagellum immersed in a two-dimensional fluid. Representing a population of solutions, the sperm flagellum navigates the search space to discover an optimal solution for the given problem. To evaluate the effectiveness of SFMA, a suite of 23 benchmark functions and five engineering problems were solved and compared against the performance of other widely recognised optimisers. The optimisation results demonstrate that the SFMA is highly competitive when compared to both conventional methods and state-of-the-art meta-heuristic algorithms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Strain MW3 is a natural producer of 2,3-BD; it can efficiently produce 2,3-BD from glucose at 50–55 °C [8]. With its high cell growth rate, the capability to utilize both hexoses and pentoses, ease of genetic manipulation, and most importantly its GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status, strain MW3 is expected to function as a potential host for biotechnological applications. In a previous study, we exploited B. licheniformis MW3 as a thermophilic host for efficient production of polymer-grade d-lactic acid [9]. Herein, for l-lactic acid production, the genes responsible for 2,3-BD biosynthesis, alsS and alsD, were knocked out. Then, a “dual-channel” process was utilized to engineer strain MW3. First, a non-PTS glucose uptake route was activated to co-utilize glucose and xylose in strain MW3, which was then engineered to recover glucose consumption. Second, different methods were conducted to further improve the consumption rate of xylose (Fig. 1). Byproduct-producing genes, including adhB and ackA, were also knocked out to improve the l-lactic acid yield. Finally, fed-batch fermentation using lignocellulosic hydrolysate was conducted. Fig. 1Technology roadmap for l-lactic acid production from a mixture of glucose and xylose in B. licheniformis MW3. Ldh l-lactate dehydrogenase; AlsS α-acetolactate synthase, AlsD α-acetolactate decarboxylase, XylA xylulose isomerase, XylB xylulose kinase, PtsG glucose transporter, GalP galactose permease, XylE D-xylose transporter, P GlcK promoter of gene GlcK, PflA pyruvate formate-lyase, AdhB alcohol dehydrogenase, AckA acetate kinase, PPP pentose phosphate pathway, PTS phosphotransferase system, CCR carbon catabolite repression. Red crosses indicate that genes of the pathway were deleted. Green fonts indicate the genes that were integrated into the genome of strain MW3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Previously reported that these small mammals justify several vital functions in forest ecosystems as they ingest many diverse kinds of fungi, comprising those which are involved in symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with trees, and responsible for the distribution of the spores of subterranean sporocarps (truffles), which have lost the competence to spread their spores through the air (10). Besides our poor knowledge about the seasonal patterns of chipmunk diet, we are also unaware if the chipmunk gut microbial communities fluctuate in reaction to changes in diet. The few studies have found an apparent association between the seasonal patterns of changes in gut microbiota composition in herbivores with fluctuations in food (11, 12). If these temporal Shifts in the communities of gut microbial are connected with dietary shifts in animals, this will propose that nutritional quality, species composition of the diet and anti-nutritional secondary metabolites cause changes in gut microbes’ community to facilitate food processing (13, 14). Additionally, it has published that gut microbiome showed mutualistic relation with the host by affecting the host’s capability of digestion and the ability to assimilating nutrition. This phenomenon has accommodated the host with energy and nutrients (15). For example, to meet physiological needs, gut microbes can assist a host to break down indigestible constituents such as hemicellulose and cellulose, and transform them into useable compound (16). Variations in gut microbiome structure are therefore generally reflected microbial reactions to selective pressures enforced by changes in the host’s diet, physiology, and health (17, 18). DNA analyses, which can illustrate trophic interactions at advanced resolution than any other methods, is producing new techniques to quantify diets and gut microbiome in a better way. After the emergence of high throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies, the meta-barcoding approach in which every prey DNA (barcodes) in a sample can be sequenced. It has the potential to provide diet information to a maximum resolution to the species or genus level, and even allow possible differentiation among strains (19). In past years, massive development in both the methodology and application of microbiome and dietary tracing methods has been explored.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: Irrigation return water from central Iraq - contaminated with herbicides, pesticides, petrochemicals, and salts flushed from agricultural soils - was piped directly into the few remaining patches of wetland, or directly into the Gulf. These engineering actions desolated vast tracts of land so quickly that plant communities never had a chance to re-adapt. By desiccating hatchery habitat and drastically altering water salinity, they also collapsed both fresh and salt-water fisheries. Attempts to restore the marshes have been only marginally successful: there simply isn't enough fresh water to re-flood more than a fraction of their former extent - and what remains is too far away to provide environmental support to far-distant Basra. What is the significance of this project? Iraq's marshes suffered engineered destruction within the course of a single decade - but here in the United States, coastal wetlands have suffered and continued to suffer similar degradation on a much slower, but also much larger scale. Due to off-take for agricultural, industrial, and urban consumption, the no longer reaches its own delta, let alone its former outlet in the Sea of Cortez. Its once-lush marshlands, home to otter, herons, and jaguar at the time of Spanish first contact, are long gone. World-wide, dozens of rivers have met the same fate. Under stress from industrial development, sea-level change, and climatic change, since 1932, Louisiana has lost nearly one-quarter of its coastal land area - about 1,900 square miles. Over half of the has been converted to agriculture. Diversion of those waters has slowed aquifer recharge, resulting in salt water intrusion into Miami's drinking water supply. We know that constructed marshes can be (and have been) used effectively for (fresh) waste water treatment, at far lower cost than conventional treatment plants. Further, constructed coastal (tidal) salt marshes have been used effectively to halt erosion and mitigate storm damage. We seek to harness these kinds of successes to a new endeavor: that of reclaiming waste water from oil drilling and refining, using it to construct a test marsh, and comparing the result, in terms of biomass production and outflow water quality, to results obtained from test marshes built for (freshwater) sewage treatment and (brackish) irrigation return water.

Output: contrast