Input: Claim: Bats play an important role in pollination and seed dispersal for many tropical plants. [SEP] Text: Cite this review as Stewart AB (2018) #2 of "Pollination implications of the diverse diet of tropical nectar-feeding bats roosting in an urban cave (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Mar 3, 2018 Basic reporting In this paper the authors examine the diet of Eonycteris spelaea roosting in an urban cave in Malaysia by identifying plant material present in bat feaces. From my understanding this is a second review of the paper, which I did not revise previously. My understanding is that the authors answered most of the concerns of the previous reviewers and, for this reason, I feel pleased with the majority of their text and findings. Experimental design The experimental design seems adequate. However, the authors include information on what they refer is food availability for Eonycteris spelaea, but truly is just information on the phenology of plants that potentially belong to its diet. see no substantial problem with this, and understand the difficulty of getting data on food availability, the authors should be more explicit about this in their methodology. Validity of the findings Findings are robust and rather interesting, although the methodology is not particularly novel. Additional comments It would be rather relevant for the authors to suggest management actions to potentially reduce the consumption of exotic species by Eonycteris spelaea, while promoting the consumption of native species. Cite this review as (2018) #4 of "Pollination implications of the diverse diet of tropical nectar-feeding bats roosting in an urban cave (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jan 29, 2018 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jan 3, 2018 · Details are required in the description of the methodology and the choice of the markers. There are questions about the discussion of the results, regarding the flower availability at that time of the year and its impact on the results, as well as some editing work to be done. Please check details below, given in the reviewers' comments. · Dec 16, 2017 Basic reporting - The manuscript is well written, logical and easy to comprehend. - The context and the literature 0. 1)". PeerJ · Dec 18, 2017 Basic reporting This submission is a well-written manuscript using new techniques to bring new information to a long-studied topic: pollinator diet breadth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: IntroductionOrthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterised by an obsession with healthy eating that is extreme and pathological [1]. In ON, fixation is on food quality or purity rather than quantity, with the aim of maximising one’s health and wellbeing [2, 3]. Despite aiming to boost health, ON has been associated with impairments in wellbeing [4], involving complex and often concerning conceptualisations of what constitutes ‘health’ and ‘healthy eating’ [5]. By refining food consumption to a restricted number of ‘clean’ or ‘healthy’ foods, those with ON are at risk of facing adverse outcomes such as malnutrition, significant weight loss, psychological distress, and damaged social wellbeing [2, 6]. While ON is not currently classified as a disorder, several sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed with a general consensus that ON involves: (1) an obsessional preoccupation with ‘healthy’ or ‘clean’ foods; (2) rigid avoidance of food considered to be ‘unhealthy’ or ‘unclean’; (3) distress when ‘food rules’ are violated; (4) social, physical, and/or psychological wellbeing impairments because of these beliefs and behaviours [6,7,8]. Given that ON is a proposed ‘new’ eating disorder, there is still much to learn about its development, maintenance, and recovery processes. Understandings of recovery processes and how recovery is conceptualised within the context of ON is currently lacking, likely due to ON not being an officially recognised eating disorder within official diagnostic criteria [6,7,8]. Preliminary research in this area suggests that self-reflection is an important first step in recovery, through which individuals with ON learn to accept their behaviours as disordered and begin their journey of recovery [9]. In an online ethnography, [10] found that shifting identities is central to recovery from ON. The changes that individuals experienced during recovery were associated with a sense of marginalisation or exclusion from health-oriented cultures and were left questioning who they are. However, through self-identification with ON, individuals were able to reframe health-obsessive past identities as ‘pathological’ rather than idealistic, and position changing identities as ‘healing’.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Leaf litter decomposition dynamics in unmanaged Phyllostachys pubescens stands at high elevations in the to 25. Are litter decomposition and fire linked through plant species traits? Go to 26. Can spatial patterns be used to investigate aboveground-belowground links in reclaimed forests? Go to 27. Differential response of microbial respiration to supplied nitrogen forms in 3 contrasting alpine meadow soils on the Go to 28. Matter (SOM): Go to 29. Microbial utilization of double-labeled aspen litter in boreal aspen and spruce soils Go to 30. a on the Quantity and Quality of in a Go to 31. Differences in Distribution and Linked to in a Mid-to 32. Black carbon aerosol dynamics and isotopic composition in Alaska linked with boreal fire emissions and depth of burn in organic soils Go to 33. Behavior and Fate of Natural and in to 34. The effects of temperature on decomposition and allelopathic phytotoxicity of boneseed litter Go to 35. The importance of tree species and soil taxonomy to modeling forest soil carbon stocks in to 36. Chemical quality of aboveground litter inputs for jack pine and black spruce stands along the to 37. Comparing carbon pools and tree growth in balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) and black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest ecosystems located along a climatic gradient Go to 38. Synergistic soil response to nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization in hardwood forests Go to 39. Effects of cutting, mulching and applications of farmyard manure on the supply of nitrogen from a red clover/grass sward Go to 40. A of Ontario’s to 41. to 42. Edaphic and microclimatic controls over permafrost response to fire in interior to 43. Use of Gardens as a Sustainable Import-for Security in Subarctic Ontario, to 44. Gross and aboveground net primary production at Canadian forest carbon flux sites Go to 45. Landscape‐scale patterns in tree occupancy and abundance in subarctic to 46. Effects of fire severity on plant nutrient uptake reinforce alternate pathways of succession in boreal forests Go to 47. Long-term effects of organic amendments on the recovery of plant and soil microbial communities following disturbance in the Canadian boreal forest Go to 48.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: 49 1. 59 126 0. 825 1. 229 1. 54 67. 27 1. 82 127 0. 833 1. 237 1. 55 67. 14 1. 78 128 0. 883 1. 312 1. 75 66. 02 2. 11 128’ 0. 825 1. 209 1. 44 68. 25 2. 03 129 0. 815 1. 198 1. 44 67. 60 1. 93 129’ 0. 815 1. 198 1. 52 67. 96 1. 79 130 0. 825 1. 209 1. 43 68. 64 1. 63 131 0. 834 1. 217 1. 43 68. 48 1. 88 131’ 0. 825 1. 208 1. 46 68. 45 1. 95 Table 13. Water quality indices of (2009). It is shown that water quality by the EWQI and AWQI of the 2nd pollution class, by the WCI and CWQI of the 3rd pollution class, and by SPWQI is mainly the 2nd and in some cases up to the 3rd class of pollution. With the help of the computer program “Origin-6”, the analysis of the linear relationship between AWQI and other WQIs was provided: AWQI = a + b (WQI). Analysis of obtained data indicates that AWQI has liner dependence with and EWQI, and an inverse dependence with CWQI. A satisfactory correlation is obtained when all the positions of the are considered together. AWQI = (0. 739 ± 0. 074) + (0. 313 ± 0. 047) ▪ WCI,R = 0. 80233, N = 26AWQI = (1. 047 ± 0. 127) + (0. 096 ± 0. 069) ▪ = 0. 27301, N = 26AWQI = (0. 203 ± 0. 038) + (1. 225 ± 0. 046) ▪ EWQI, R = 0. 98339, N = 26AWQI = (2. 637 ± 0. 513) − (0. 021 ± 0. 008) ▪ CWQI, R = 0. 49061, N = 26: For the Sevan:AWQI = (0. 787 ± 0. 213) + (0. 275 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: The person who eats healthily. The person who’s self-control and discipline are praised. They may be the one grappling with anxiety, fear, and preoccupied with disordered thoughts. Their struggle may go unnoticed due to how our culture glorifies these behaviours [174]. The perceived dominance of healthism discourse (i. e. the pervasiveness of health as an ideal, that places the burden of responsibility on the individual; [39]) within western society led users to feel as though ON was not taken seriously as an eating disorder. Ultimately, these users explained that not being viewed as “sick enough” represented a key barrier in their recovery journey: It hurts when people say my orthorexia is not serious because I don’t have anorexia. People say I have amazing control over food and ask how I’m struggling when I am “so healthy” [115]. Users reported that ON was not only invisible to others, but also to the person experiencing it. That is, users described being unaware that their behaviours and the associated outcomes are disordered, thus delaying recognition that they were experiencing an eating disorder. I was the most unhealthy when I was at my lowest weight, but I was unaware that it was not okay to do what I was doing [381]. Users also described “exercising so much control” in order to pursue a lifestyle which is so valued within Western society. These health behaviours were so ingrained within those experiencing ON that being ‘healthy’ was viewed as an important part of their identity; in turn, this exacerbated the invisibility of ON due to disordered health behaviours being viewed as a core and unchangeable aspect of themselves. As such, this presented a barrier to recovery as users felt it was equivalent to changing who they are as a person. I was sure I would always live a healthy lifestyle. It was part of me. I didn’t think my personality could change [113]. Theme 2: a turbulent and continuous processUsers tended to position their journey to recovery as a turbulent process with many setbacks. For example, users described dealing with a resurgence of invasive thoughts and negative emotions around eating certain foods. These users emphasised that recovery was non-linear, and one person used the metaphor of a “‘roller coaster” to describe the recovery process.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Plant–soil feedbacks mediated by humus forms: A review Go to 49. Organic Matter: in Go to 50. Buried organic horizons represent amino acid reservoirs in boreal forest soils Go to 51. The effect of boreal forest composition on soil respiration is mediated through variations in soil temperature and C quality Go to 52. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in UK soils and the influence of soil, vegetation type and seasonality Go to 53. Implications of increased deciduous cover on stand structure and aboveground carbon pools of Alaskan boreal forests Go to 54. Chemical transformations of deadwood and foliar litter of mixed boreal species during decomposition. Quideau, and Se-Go to 55. Spatial heterogeneity of understory vegetation and soil in an Alaskan upland boreal forest fire chronosequence Go to 56. of Phyllocnistis populiella (Lepidoptera: Gracilliariidae) in Go to 57. of Snow, Soil Microenvironment, and on N Availability in to 58. Vegetation Community, Foliar Nitrogen, and on Tundra CO 2 Exchange across a to 59. than Go to 60. Environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under different plant traits in urban soil as affected by nitrogen deposition Go to 61. on Go to 62. Decomposition and to 63. Responses of soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities to fertilizations of mixed inorganic and organic nitrogen at a subtropical forest in Go to 64. Influence of Non-nitrogenous on Soil CO2 Efflux and Production in an N-Go to 65. of in to 66. The role of soil drainage class in carbon dioxide exchange and decomposition in boreal black spruce (Picea mariana) forest standsKimberly P. Wickland, Jason C. Neff, and Jennifer W. to 67. Litter decomposition rates in relation to litter stocks in boreal coniferous forests along climatic and soil fertility gradients Go to 68. The impact of black cottonwood on soil fertility in coastal western hemlock forest Go to 69. Turnover of labile and recalcitrant soil carbon differ in response to nitrate and ammonium deposition in an ombrotrophic peatland Go to 70.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Considerations on problems of data for global land cover monitoring/ Geocarto int. , 1994. Vol. 2, № 4. P. 5–15. 244. Udodenko U. G. , Komov V. T. , Zakonnov V. V. Long-term dynamics of total mercury in surficial bottom sediments of the Volga River's reservoir in central Russia/ and Assessment, 2018. Vol. 90, № 4. P. 190–198. 245. Wu Q. X. , Pairman D. , Mcneill S. J. , Barnes E. J. Computing advective velocities from satellite images of sea surface temperature/ IEEE trans. on geosci. and remote sens. , 1992. Vol. 30, № 1. P. 166–176. 246. QGIS, 247. 248. 249. Submit manuscript cite 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Available at: (Date of access 21. 10. 2024) Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V. , Tselmovich O. L. , Otyukova N. G. , Stepanova I. E. , Cvetkov A. I. , Kuchay L. A. Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. . , 2024, pt. 1, 206 p. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Online link Print link Poddubnyy S. A. Zakonnov V. V. Kutuzov A. V. Zakonnova A. V. Tselmovich O. L. Otyukova N. G. Stepanova I. E. Cvetkov A. I. Kuchay L. A. . Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok : 2024. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 URL: (Date of access 21. 10. 2024) Poddubnyy S. A. Zakonnov V. V. Kutuzov A. V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Consequently, users encouraged others to celebrate the “small steps towards recovery and away from ED behaviours”, while others highlighted that setbacks were a part of the recovery journey: Truthfully, recovery is not easy, and I still struggle. I have good days and bad days. There are days when I feel guilty for eating, want to avoid snacking, and it’s hard to finish my dinner. There are days when I feel compelled to exercise and I feel terrible in my body [200]. Users explained that recovery was a highly personal and ongoing process, taking much time and commitment. Under the #OrthorexiaRecovery hashtag, users expressed that there was no “finish line” in recovery, instead identifying recovery as a gradual and enduring process. Recovery is a continual process of choosing yourself over fear, rather than a finishing line that can be crossed [35]. In some cases, discussions of recovery from ON were intertwined with other eating disorders. For example, one user described their journey of recovering from anorexia nervosa but then experiencing ON later in life, recurrently moving between recovery and relapse. These users tended to position recovery as “never a one-time thing”. Instead, while amid recovery and relapse, recovery was framed as an individual choice which must be actively made each day. I was living with anorexia at 14 years old, which I recovered from by the end of high school. A couple of years later, I started living with orthorexia on and off for eight years. I’ve now recovered and no longer have an eating disorder. I have relapsed but that does not mean I’m a failure. Recovery is not a one-time accomplishment, but rather something you chose for yourself everyday [493]. Theme 3: finding food freedomUsers regularly used #OrthorexiaRecovery to reject messages rooted in diet culture (i. e. pervasive cultural norms that emphasise thinness, control, and food restriction, as well as the moralisation of food; [40]), moving towards a more positive attitude to food. A shared perception among users of #OrthorexiaRecovery was that diet culture reinforces harmful ideals and normalises maladaptive behaviours and mindsets, thus distorting conceptualisations of health. The messages of diet culture have altered many people’s value of health into something that is not healthy at all [446].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Fire, climate change, and forest resilience in interior AlaskaThis 71. The role of mosses in ecosystem succession and function in Alaska’s boreal forestThis 72. Long-term monitoring of climatic and nutritional affects on tree growth in interior AlaskaJ. Yarie and K. Go to 73. Glycine mineralization in situ closely correlates with soil carbon availability across six forest ecosystems Go to 74. Soil CO2 and N2O flux dynamics in a nitrogen-fertilized Douglas-fir stand Go to 75. How does a tree species influence litter decomposition? Separating the relative contribution of litter quality, litter mixing, and forest floor conditionsJérôme Laganière, David Paré, and Robert L. to 76. Cross-of of Amino Acid-N and NH4 + Go to 77. Nutrient and caloric dynamics in Avicennia marina leaves at different developmental and decay stages in Estuary, to 78. Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O‐CN land surface model: 2. Role of the nitrogen cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance Go to 79. Declines in moose population density at and accompanied changes in landscape patterns Go to 80. Spatial variations of chemical composition, microbial functional diversity, and enzyme activities in a Mediterranean litter (Quercus ilex L. ) profile Go to 81. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in early stages of forest litter decomposition as affected by nitrogen addition Go to 82. Soil amino acid composition across a boreal forest successional sequence Go to 83. Carbon and in Birch and to 84. Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Go to 85. Linking the abundance of aspen with soil faunal communities and rates of belowground processes within single stands of mixed aspen–black spruce Go to 86. Reciprocal interactions between plants and soil in an upland grassland Go to 87. Concentrations of in of (Betula pubescens) Increase with to 88. Impact of simulated moose densities on abundance and richness of vegetation, herbivorous and predatory arthropods along a productivity gradient Go to 89. Effects of nitrogen deposition on the greenhouse gas fluxes from forest soils Go to 90. and Stocks in in to 91.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Zakonnova A. V. Tselmovich O. L. Otyukova N. G. Stepanova I. E. Cvetkov A. I. Kuchay L. A. . Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok : 2024. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Print. Online link Print link Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V. , Tselmovich O. L. , Otyukova N. G. , Stepanova I. E. , Cvetkov A. I. , Kuchay L. A. . (2024). Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok :. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Retrived from (Date of access 21. 10. 2024) Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V. , Tselmovich O. L. , Otyukova N. G. , Stepanova I. E. , Cvetkov A. I. , Kuchay L. A. . (2024). Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok :. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Online link Print link Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V. , Tselmovich O. L. , Otyukova N. G. , Stepanova I. E. , Cvetkov A. I. , Kuchay L. A. . Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok : 2024. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 URL: (Date of access 21. 10. 2024) Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Users felt this distorted perception of health contributed to the development and maintenance of ON behaviours. Therefore, users emphasised the importance of distancing oneself from and actively ‘unlearning’ the principles of diet culture to facilitate recovery. For example, users referred to experiences through which they learned to eat certain food that had been demonised by diet culture, by granting themselves (and others) permission to eat and recognising that eating is not something which needs justification. You are allowed to enjoy food when you are not hungry or are beyond satisfied. You are allowed to spontaneously eat out with friends and family. You are allowed to eat more than usual during holidays, or simply because you want to! [71]. The value of ‘intuitive eating’ was frequently discussed under #OrthorexiaRecovery; an adaptive eating style which involves listening to the body and positioning it as intrinsically knowing the quantity and type of food to eat [41]. Consistent with this, users rejected food restriction and instead accepted that “all foods fit” within a balanced diet. That is, specific foods were viewed as neither good nor bad. Mac n Cheese used to be a big no because of its carbs and dairy contents. ate Mac n Cheese in the past, I would feel sick with guilt, anxiety and shame. To counteract meals like this that I considered “dirty” or “cheat” meals, I would cut calories and do HIIT every day for the next week to “burn it off”. In recovery, I am headed towards food freedom, intuitive eating and intuitive movement. So, this is more than just Mac n Cheese; this symbolises a massive step toward recovery [4]. This shift in attitudes towards food was believed to have several psychological benefits, including increased self-compassion, confidence, and emotional wellbeing. Users also reported lessened anxiety and guilt about food, being able to enjoy food again without being burdened by its nutritional value. I have fallen in love with myself again after fixing my relationship with food. Food consumption is of course vital, but our relationship with food is far more important [207]. visited home, my mum baked a flapjack. It contained golden syrup and butter, and I was fine with that. I didn’t scrutinise the shape and size of each piece. Instead, I ate several pieces and enjoyed every bite! ! [132].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Soil Carbon, Soil Formation, and Go to 115. Carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling implications of the evergreen understory layer in Appalachian forests Go to 116. Dynamics of Go to 117. Soluble phenolic compounds, total nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen in the litter horizons of undisturbed spruce forests in the central forest reserve Go to 118. Scale-dependent environmental controls over species composition in Alaskan black spruce communitiesand A L to 119. Successional and physical controls on the retention of nitrogen in an undisturbed boreal forest ecosystem Go to 120. Isotopic discrimination during litter decomposition and δ 13 C and δ 15 N soil profiles in a young artificial stand and in an old floodplain forest # Go to 121. Modeling physical and biogeochemical controls over carbon accumulation in a boreal forest soil Go to 122. The roles of large herbivores in ecosystem nutrient cycles Go to 123. to 124. A model for the investigation of long-term carbon dynamics in boreal forests of western to 125. Carbon dynamics in successional and afforested spruce stands in Thuringia and the to 126. Nitrogen availability in soil and forest floor of contrasting types of boreal mixedwood forestsLucie Jerabkova, Prescott, and to 127. Stocks, Chemistry, and Sensitivity to of the to 128. Wood strength loss as a measure of decomposition in northern forest mineral soil Go to 129. Influence of forest disturbance and test application of PnET model for determining long-term impact influences Go to 130. N and P resorption efficiency in certain young tropical tree species planted on mine spoil Go to 131. Microbial activity and litter decomposition under snow cover in a cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest Go to 132. Influences of stand composition and age on forest floor processes and chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Douglas-fir and paper birch in interior Go to 133. Forest-floor chemical properties are altered by clear-cutting in boreal mixedwood forest stands dominated by trembling aspen and white spruce-W Oh, and R E to 134. to 135. in Oi‐Horizon Carbon‐14 with for an Go to 136. Influence of Aspen on Properties in Black Spruce-dominated to 137. to 138.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: 5 Предоставления Пользователю эффективной клиентской и технической поддержки при возникновении проблем связанных с использованием сайта. 4. 1. 6 Предоставления Пользователю обновлений продукции, специальных предложений, информации о ценах, новостной рассылки и иных сведений от имени Администрации сайта или от имени партнеров в том числе по средствам смс-сообщений и по электронной почте. 4. 1. 7 Осуществления рекламной деятельности. 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: While working towards recovery, people with ON aimed to be free from food rules that are rooted in diet culture, become more attuned to their bodies, and develop more adaptive relationships with food and fitness. Users noted a lack of support for people with ON and so used this online space to create a community of support, though some content was observed to be potentially triggering for those experiencing or at risk of ON. A crucial barrier to recovery from ON was its invisibility at both a societal-level and within formal diagnostic criteria. This finding is consistent with other research, in which people with ON have reported a widespread lack of awareness, resulting in confusion and delegitimisation of disordered eating [26, 27]. A lack of recognition of ON at a diagnostic- and societal-level may ultimately cause it to go undetected and under-reported, thus potentially exacerbating severe medical consequences, psychological distress, and impairments in other important areas of functioning [6, 8]; whereas better recognition of ON may lead to improved access to and quality of treatment. Better awareness of ON within society could be achieved by incorporating it in eating disorder awareness, education, and prevention programmes, which have had some success for other eating disorders [42, 43]. In terms of the clinical implications for this study, the widespread invisibility of ON further emphasises the potential need for increased awareness of the proposed diagnostic criteria and symptoms of ON [8] particularly within healthcare, eating disorder and mental health settings. Failure to recognise ED illness severity is as a barrier to treatment seeking more generally [44]; our participants reported similar difficulties with recognising and accessing support for their ON symptoms. Furthermore, while there may be barriers to treatment seeking, no evidence-based treatment programme exists at present to specifically target the symptoms of ON [45]. While this study reflects on some positives of online recovery spaces, it also highlights some potential areas for further research in ON treatment; specifically in targeting culturally reinforced maladaptive mindsets and behaviours related to ‘healthy’ eating and exercise. Users of #OrthorexiaRecovery were particularly critical of beliefs that were perceived to be rooted in diet culture, for example the idea that there are ‘bad’ foods that do not fit within a healthy and balanced diet, and the belief that food consumption should not be enjoyable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems Go to 139. Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types Go to 140. Effect of aspen (Populus tremuloides) as a companion species on the growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) in the southwestern boreal forest of to 141. Woody debris along an upland chronosequence in boreal Manitoba and its impact on long-term carbon storage-Lamberty, and K P O'to 142. Nitrogen additions to pristine, high-latitude, forest ecosystems: consequences for soil nitrogen transformations and retention in mid and late succession Go to 143. Impact of moose population density on the production and composition of litter in boreal forests Go to 144. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in topsoils along forest conversion sequences in the and the Saxonian lowland, to 145. Leaf litter chemistry controls on decomposition of trees and woody shrubs. , and R P to 146. of Douglas‐fir Forests with Urea in Go to 147. Composition in Aspen‐ and Spruce‐of the to 148. Plant and soil responses to neighbour removal and fertilization in Alaskan tussock tundra Go to 149. Short-term soil respiration and nitrogen immobilization response to nitrogen applications in control and nitrogen-enriched temperate forests Go to 150. Decomposing litter as a sink for -enriched additions to an oak forest and a red pine plantation Go to 151. Ten-year postharvest effects of silviculture systems on soil-resource availability and conifer nutrition in a northern temperate forestJ M Kranabetter and K D to 152. Does an admixture of betula species in Piceaabies stands increase organic matter quality and nitrogen release? Go to 153. The effect of multi-nutrient fertilization on understory vegetation nutrient concentrations in inland Northwest conifer stands Go to 154. Change in soil carbon cycling for stand development of Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ) plantations following clear‐cutting Go to 155. The responses of black spruce growth to an increased proportion of aspen in mixed standsSonia Légaré, David Paré, and Go to 156.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 86628 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation of by From the Limnology - Aspects of by Didem Gökçe To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. covers biological, chemical, and physical qualifications of lakes and other bodies of inland water as a whole ecosystem. It has become a predominant sub-branch of ecology due to aquatic limiting environmental factors, population dynamics, and community structure. Limnology is the term derived from the Greek word limne—lake and pond. Although limnology initiated with lake studies, it has expanded its field with the studies on rivers, wetlands, and estuarine ecosystems. Wetzel [1] clearly expresses that freshwater ecosystems are biological systems, and biology controls water quality under natural conditions, and freshwaters must be evaluated and managed as biogeochemical systems. Each freshwater ecosystem maintains its balance under the current conditions (community composition and physicochemical factors) depending on its carrying capacity. Anthropogenic factors can change these conditions negatively. Therefore, engineering solutions are not sufficient alone. It is crucial to know the quality and functions of aquatic ecosystems in order to manage them successfully [1, 2, 3]. In that case, physical and chemical changes in habitat conditions lead to impairment in water quality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Similar concerning conceptualisations of ‘health’ have been identified in a sample of people at risk of ON, in which respondents emphasised the importance of food being functional rather than enjoyable and described the dangers of ‘wrong’ foods [5]. Users in our study also noted the importance of ‘shifting identities’ during recovery, mirroring the findings of [10] who identified that people with ON experience identity-conflict due to exclusion from health-oriented cultures. These findings have implications for future therapeutic interventions for ON, which may be successful in harnessing social identity resources to support transition to a recovery identity and targeting beliefs about diets and ‘health’ that are rooted in societal norms. A key element of recovery was developing a more adaptive relationship with fitness and exercise. This differs from proposed diagnostic criteria for ON, which currently do not include disordered attitudes towards fitness and exercise as a core component [6,7,8]. One reason for our finding could be due to the representation of more general eating disorder discussions within this recovery space, as evidenced by the findings of the hashtag analysis. Indeed, compulsive exercise often presents as a core feature in recognised EDs such as anorexia nervosa [46], and in our analysis #OrthorexiaRecovery was frequently used alongside hashtags referencing other eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. However, the significance of fitness and exercise has also been noted in other ON samples [24], in addition to the idealisation of thin and toned bodies [5]. Discussions of exercise may have been so prominent because it is so intimately intertwined with the concept of ‘health’ [47]. In future, researchers could consider further elucidating the relationship between ON, fitness, and exercise. It may be the case that disordered approaches to fitness and compulsive exercise manifest in ON, but attitudes differ when compared with other eating disorders (e. g. , compulsive exercise for optimal body functionality, as opposed to/as well as weight loss). Many of the users discussed the importance of listening to their body, either through ‘intuitive eating’ or ‘intuitive movement’. This reflects the findings of recent research, which has highlighted the value of placing trust in the body for hunger and satiety cues to guide eating [48,49,50].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: of on in a Hawaiian Woodland: of Go to 157. Functional Matrix: A for on Go to 158. to 159. Ungulates in western coniferous forests: habitat relationships, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes Go to 160. spruce forests: Needle supply and its nutrient content Go to 161. Carbon distribution of a well‐ and poorly‐drained black spruce fire chronosequence Go to 162. Reduction of forest floor respiration by fertilization on both carbon dioxide‐enriched and reference 17‐year‐old loblolly pine stands Go to 163. Near-surface soil characteristics and understory plants as predictors of Pinus contorta site index in southwestern Alberta, to 164. Rainfall manipulation effects on litter decomposition and the microbial biomass of the forest floor Go to 165. Go to 166. Soil microbial activity and community structure along a primary succession transect on the land-uplift coast in western to 167. Differences in nitrogen use efficiency between leaves from canopy and subcanopy trees Go to 168. The role of legumes as a component of biodiversity in a cross‐European study of grassland biomass nitrogen Go to 169. Microbial activity, nutrient dynamics and litter decomposition in a Mountain pine forest as affected by N and P fertilizers Go to 170. Effects of alleviation of ecological stresses on an alpine tundra community over an eight‐year period Go to 171. Soil surface CO 2 flux in a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence Go to 172. Nitrogen transformation in four Japanese soils following manure+urea amendment Go to 173. A study of the quality factors affecting the short‐term decomposition of field vegetable residues Go to 174. to 175. The influence of fire on carbon distribution and net primary production of boreal Larix gmelinii forests in north‐eastern to 176. Are forest floors in mid-rotation stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) a sink for nitrogen and phosphorus? Piatek and H Go to 177. Nitrogen and from under Sub‐Conditions 1 Go to 178. Substrate limitations to microbial activity in taiga forest floors Go to 179. Go to 180. Controls over carbon storage and turnover in high‐latitude soils Go to 181. Initial nitrogen content and topographic moisture effects on the decomposition of pine needles Go to 182.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Especially in lakes and streams, the decrease in water level and the abundance of toxic algae species are among the important problems faced by today’s inland water ecosystems. Particularly, Cyanobacteria and the other harmful algae bloom cause contamination of drinking water sources and aquaculture and can harm the economy and human health. As a result, many lakes, rivers, wetlands, and estuaries can be affected by climate change, eutrophication, water level decreases, biodiversity reduction, and invasive species. For this reason, water management plans should be prepared. An important deficiency in most of the regions investigated in limnology studies is that freshwater management plan and strong connections between the institutions should be implemented by the decision-making institutions on limnological concepts and sustainable plans. Efficient and practical adaptive measures should be taken at the local scale, both limnologically and economically. Advertisement 3. quality and quantity of pollutants have also changed depending on the advancing technology and industry. Considering the rapidly decreasing freshwater resources, the magnitude of the danger also arises. The accumulation of pollutants in the water ecosystem and the aquatic food web results in magnified concentrations of pollutants. The existence of an increasing number of conflicting freshwater uses is a consequence of the increased anthropogenic pressure on the freshwater ecosystem balance and carrying capacity. At this point, the importance of limnology emerges once. Index methods developed on investigation of the community structure and dynamics of the aquatic organisms (spatial and temporal variations) and long-term monitoring allow the effects of pollutants on the ecosystem to be reliable. It is a disastrous picture. However, it is observed that global freshwater resources are getting worse in the future. Knowledge about water, its management, and use will continue to grow and evolve in the future. The fact that limnology is a multidisciplinary science enables the determination of ecosystem questions from a wide perspective and the preparation of realistic management plans. Therefore, it is important for decision-makers to form and plan water quality standards on the basis of the principles of limnology. 1. Wetzel RG. Freshwater ecology: Changes, requirements, and future demands. Limnology. 2000;1:3-9 2. . Nanomaterials: What are they, why they cause ecotoxicity, and how this can be dealt with? In: Rai M, Biswas JK, editors. Nanomaterials: Ecotoxicity, Safety, and Public Perception.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Login to your accountEmail/UsernameYour email address is a required field. E. g. , [email protected]PasswordShowYour password is a required field. Forgot password? Remember meDon’t have an account? Create a If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your passwordEmail*If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your passwordinRegisterLog inSubmitLog inSubscribeprovided by Main menu This journal this journal now Current issue alerts & medical sciences & of (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) Methods & (partner) (partner) Oncology (partner) (partner) Reports (partner) Trends in Trends in in Trends in Ecology & in Endocrinology & in in in in Trends in in in Trends in Physical sciences & engineering in i(partner) (partner) Trends in in Submit 10. 1016/j. cmet. 2015. 11. 009Also available on ScienceDirectCopyright: © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. User License: Elsevier user license | Elsevier's open access license policy 99. 9% the same, whereas our microbiomes have over a hundred-fold greater gene count and might only be 10% similar from one person to the next. Consequently, we may have been looking in the wrong place for variation in diet response, as the true source of variation may be in our microbial genes rather than our human genes. Existing studies of diet on the gut microbiome in humans have generally seen modest effects over the short term (Wu et al. , 2011), except for truly extreme shifts in diets such as all meat and cheese (David et al. , 2014). However, at the population level, differences in long-term diet have a major impact (Wu et al. , 2011). In fact, in both the Project (a crowd-funded volunteer survey of over 7,000 adults) and in the TwinsUK project (of over 2,000 UK adult twin volunteers), diet, and particularly the diversity in the number of kinds of plants, was shown to have a massive impact, comparable to drugs and disease.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The role of Equisetum in nutrient cycling in an Alaskan shrub wetland Go to 183. Decomposition of broadleaf and needle litter in forests of British Columbia: influences of litter type, forest type, and litter mixturesand R to 184. Nitrogen availability in forest floors of three tree species on the same site: the role of litter qualityK D Thomas and C E to 185. Response of soil microorganisms to an elevated nitrate input in an open Pinus banksiana — Cladina forest Go to 186. Impacts of wild fire severity and salvage harvesting on the nutrient balance of jack pine and black spruce boreal stands Go to 187. : to 188. in in a Forest, Mt. Fuji, to 189. Selected biological and chemical properties of forest floors across bedrock types on the north coast of British ColumbiaJ M Kranabetter and A to 190. Boreal forest ecosystem dynamics. II. Application of the model to four vegetation types in interior AlaskaGo to 191. Go to 192. Microbial respiration, biomass, metabolic quotient and litter decomposition in a lodgepole pine forest floor amended with nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers Go to 193. Decomposition of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis maize by microorganisms and woodlice Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda) Go to 194. Nutrient dynamics of the southern and northern boreal forests Go to 195. Response of soil microbial biomass dynamics, activity and plant litter decomposition to agricultural intensification over a seven-year period Go to 196. -to 197. Lignin biomarkers and pollen in postglacial sediments of an Alaskan lake Go to 198. Nutrient status of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill. ] BSP) forest soils dominated by Kalmia angustifolia L. Go to 199. Vegetation and soil development at an upland taiga site, to 200. in to 201. Nitrogen and phosphorus release from humus and mineral soil under black spruce forests in central to 202. Trophic relationships in the soil microfood‐web: predicting the responses to a changing global environment Go to 203. Effects of tree species, stand age and soil type on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a southern boreal forest Go to 204. : to 205. An ecosystem‐level perspective of allelopathy Go to 206.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: , ecological resilience) in adjacent lentic and lotic (inflowing and outflowing rivers) habitats. Secondly, the study will look at the response of the macroinvertebrates communities above (inflowing river) and below (outflowing river) Lake Dres, as the lake itself disrupts the river continuum and acts as a barrier for drifting organisms. These objectives are based on two hypotheses: H1: the eradication actions should reverse fish impact (i. e. , weak or strong impacts should, respectively, produce minor or major changes in the macroinvertebrate communities following the recovery process). H2: the inflowing river should present higher resistance and resilience compared to the outflowing river, as the macroinvertebrate drift provided by lakes is negligible when compared to that provided by streams. Fig. 1Study area: () and surrounding aquatic habitats. Water flows in SE-NW direction. Fish eradication involved and the river sections between B1 and B2 (which are waterfalls acting as barriers for upstream fish movements). Fish are naturally absent above B1 and still present downstream B2, which prevent their reinvasion; neither the pond NE of was colonized by brook trout nor was the intermittent river section below it. 2 Methods 2. 1 Study area and fish population history (latitude N 45°24′45′′; longitude E 07°13′25′′; altitude 2087 m a. s. l. ; surface: 2. 6 ha; maximum depth: 7. 4 m; Fig. 1) lies at the local timberline and is a typical alpine lake with oligotrophic (mean ± SD phosphorus concentration = 4. 3 ± 2. 5 μg L−1; N = 22), transparent (Radiation attenuation coefficient − k = 0. 29 ± 0. 08; N = 17), low conductivity (mean ± SD conductivity at 20 °C = 24. 9 ± 6. 9 μS cm−1; N = 22), and circum-neutral (pH = 7. 0 ± 0. 5; N = 22) waters (measures from a monitoring campaign from 2008 to 2017; Tiberti et al. , 2019b). has a single outflowing river (NW of the lake) and several tributaries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: However, the major challenge with traditional long-term diet interventions is that they take a long time for subjects to see a difference, and many people abandon them while being discouraged during the lag phase. The ability to test reliably for changes in our gut microbes could change this. Zeevi et al. (2015) take a dramatic step forward in addressing this challenge at the individual rather than the population level and can help to explain our individual differences. They show that by measuring microbiome responses in 800 people using 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomic profiling to assess taxonomy and function, respectively, and collecting fine-grained data on blood glucose levels, they can reveal how the gut microbiome in individuals can make a food healthy for one person and unhealthy for another. Intriguingly, their machine learning models only work well when microbial biomarkers are included, reinforcing the message that we need to include our gut microbes in predictive models of our health (Figure 1). Figure 1 Modulation of Diversity with to 2 DiabetesShow full captionFood patterns that provide both complex carbohydrates and greater levels of phytonutrients such as polyphenols can increase gut bacterial diversity and reduce postprandial glucose response. Such communities may protect against type 2 diabetes. The personalized nutrition approach pioneered by Zeevi et al. may help us understand which of these types of features will apply to everyone and which will need to be applied to specific individuals. Geneticists have long recognized the importance of host genes in our response to food. Classical twin studies showed that weight gain in response to overfeeding or calorie restriction was highly variable between people but strongly determined by genes (Bouchard et al. , 1990). Similarly, our choice and preference for which foods we ingest (e. g. , how much we like burgers, garlic, or salads) is also strongly genetically determined (Pallister et al. , 2015). What is not yet clear is how these large individual variations could be explained by our microbes—unless our genes determine which microbes we have. Individual microbial species might even secrete metabolites that increase our preference for certain foods, which, in turn, keep their gene pool alive. Zeevi et al. also found some fascinating diet-microbe interactions that can be explained in terms of known interactions and that point the way toward a more comprehensive view of microbes and health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: in Leaf Litter: A Comparison of Field and to 207. ––to 208. Intraseasonal variation in the δ15N signature of taiga trees and shrubsKnut Kielland, Bruce Barnett, and Go to 209. Contribution of micro‐organisms to the carbon dynamics in black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest soil in to 210. Rivers and Soils: Parallels in Carbon and Go to 211. Role in Ecosystem and Go to 212. Why Mars? —Even under the condition of critical factor constraint engineering technology may permit the establishment and maintenance of an inhabitable ecosystem on to 213. Soil carbon cycling at a black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest stand in Saskatchewan, to 214. Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, to 215. Accumulation and turnover of carbon in organic and mineral soils of the northern study area Go to 216. Effect of fire on soil‐atmosphere exchange of methane and carbon dioxide in Canadian boreal forest sites Go to 217. Herbivores, the of Plants Species, and the Cycling of Nutrients in to 218. Mass loss measurements and statistical models to predict decomposition of leaf litter in a boreal aspen forest Go to 219. Fine-root dynamics in mixed boreal conifer - broad-leafed forest stands at different successional stages after fireL Finér, C Messier, and L De Grandpré Go to 220. 50 to 221. of Moose in Landscape Processes: Effects of Biogeography, Population Dynamics, and to 222. of to 223. 224. Litter decomposition in western red cedar and western hemlock forests on northern Vancouver Island, British. Pastor, and B. to 225. Unsolved problems of Boreal regions Go to 226. Elevated CO2 reduces field decomposition rates of Betula pendula (Roth. ) leaf litter Go to 227. Decomposition of mediterranean leaf litters: A microcosm experiment investigating relationships between decomposition rates and litter quality Go to 228. to 229. Carbon and nutrient mineralization and fungal spore composition of fecal pellets from voles in to 230.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: IRD Éditions › Hors collection › The inland water fishes of Africa › Fish communities in small aquatic ecosys. . . IRD Éditions IRD Éditions Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Formats de lecture détaillé Texte intégral Salt and alkaline lakes Gueltas and chotts: the Sahara fish fauna Fish communities of caves Crater lakes Notes de bas de page en haut de page Aller en bas de page The inland water fishes of livre est recensé par Naviguer dans le livre Précédent diversity of aquatic environments Variability of climate and hydrological systems African fossil fish General characteristics of ichthyological fauna Geographical distribution and affinities of African freshwater fishes Biogeography and past history of ichthyological faunas Diversity of African fish: heritage of evolution Taxonomy and systematics Life-history strategies and ontogeny Diets and food webs Diversity of responses to environmental constraints and extreme environmental conditions richness of fish communities Diversity of fish habitats Role of fish in ecosystem functioning Fish communities in river systems and associated biotopes Fish communities in rift lakes Fish communities in shallow lakes Fish communities in small aquatic ecosystems: caves, gueltas, crater and salt lakes Fish communities in estuaries and lagoons Species introductions Impacts of human activities culture 7. 5. In addition, many soda lakes also contain high concentrations of sodium chloride and other dissolved salts, making them saline lakes as well. High pH and salinity often coincide. 7Salt and soda lakes form when the water flowing into the lake, containing salt or minerals, cannot leave because the lake is endorheic (without outlet). The water then evaporates, leaving behind dissolved salts and thus increasing its salinity, making a salt lake an excellent place for salt production. 8The hypersaline and highly alkalic soda lakes are considered some of the most extreme aquatic environments on Earth. In spite of their apparent inhospitableness, soda lakes are often highly productive ecosystems, compared to their (pH-neutral) freshwater counterparts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: For example, authors mentioned that the average post-prandial glucose response (PPGR) to rice and potatoes was relatively high, whereas that for dark chocolate was relatively low, in agreement with published data. In food crops such as rice and potatoes, non-nutrient bioactive components such as polyphenols co-occur along with macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Historically, farm-to-fork operations have been focused on maximizing yield, storability, and processing. Although these variables are important, content and composition of polyphenols in the food are rarely considered even in today’s nutritional studies. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary polyphenols alter carbohydrate metabolism in humans in several ways: they attenuate postprandial glycemic responses and glucose uptake fasting hyperglycemia, and improve acute insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity (Hanhineva et al. , 2010). A recent clinical trial showing clear long-term health benefits of the Mediterranean diet over low-fat diets (Estruch et al. , 2013) may result from higher levels and variety of natural polyphenols in Mediterranean foods. Recent studies indicate that dietary polyphenols contribute to maintenance of gut health by increasing species diversity and stimulating growth of beneficial bacteria (i. e. , faecalibacterium, lactobacilli, and bifidobacteria), which are low in type 2 diabetic patients, while inhibiting pathogenic bacteria such as C. perfringens and C. histolyticum. Thus, there is tremendous potential to make a difference in population-level health by selecting staple crops that are naturally high in polyphenolic content and establishing farm-to-fork operations that retain these key compounds and their health-benefiting properties (Vanamala, 2015). Indeed, purple-fleshed potato cultivars contain approximately 2–3 times greater levels of polyphenols compared to their white potato counterparts. Recently, a human clinical study showed that the low glycemic index of colored potatoes could be related to their polyphenol content (Ramdath et al. , 2014). Thus, it is critical to consider not only the fiber and micronutrient content of foods but also the phytonutrient content to improve our dietary recommendations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Influence of the N and P status of plant material and of added N and P on the mineralization of C from 14C-labelled ryegrass in soil Go to 231. of to 232. Interactions between 14C-labelled atrazine and the soil microbial biomass in relation to herbicide degradation Go to 233. in the Go to 234. Decomposition of birch leaf litters with varying C-to-N ratios Go to 235. Changes in nutrient availability and forest floor characteristics in relation to stand age and forest composition in the southern part of the boreal forest of northwestern to 236. An assessment of the possible impact of expansion of native woodland cover on the chemistry of Scottish freshwaters Go to 237. Soil carbon cycling in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation Go to 238. Development patterns in young conifer‐hardwood forests of interior to 239. Direct and of on in Go to 240. Nutrient cycling strategies Go to 241. Nitrogen cycling and dynamic analysis of man made larch forest ecosystem Go to 242. Nutrient cycling strategies Go to 243. Nitrogen cycling and dynamic analysis of man made larch forest ecosystem Go to 244. Removal of nitrogen during needle senescence in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ) Go to 245. Decomposition of tree leaf litters grown under elevated CO2: Effect of litter quality Go to 246. Influence of herbicide applications on the decomposition, microbial biomass, and microbial activity of pasture shoot and root litter Go to 247. Microsite and regional variation in the potential decay rate of Sphagnum magellanicum in south Swedish raised bogs Go to 248. The influence of different forest organic matter on the growth of one-year old planted Norway spruce seedlings in a greenhouse experiment Go to 249. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long‐term optimum nutrition experiments. 11. Nutrient concentrations in decomposing Picea abies needle litter Go to 250. Changes in the forest floor of Canadian southern boreal forest after disturbance Go to 251. Phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics during field incubations in forest and fallow subarctic soils Go to 252. Forest responses to CO2 enrichment and climate warming Go to 253. Moose herbivory, browse quality, and nutrient cycling in an Alaskan treeline community Go to 254.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Knowing that the species no longer occurs in the Chad and the lower Nile, it could well be the relict of a more ancient fish fauna extending northwards, and whose representatives later disappeared from Sudanese river basins. It may well be that B. apleurogramma from Ennedi was part of an ancient fauna which was more widely distributed than nowadays, and whose representatives probably disappeared during an arid climatic phase, with relict populations subsisting in particular zones. That could imply that the isolation of B. apleurogramma would be older than the last humid period. Fish communities in chotts27The chotts, vast shallow temporary lakes of saline character, lie along the northern border of the Sahara, in the Sahara/Mediterranean transition zone, and are large salt flats. Some are flooded every winter; others seldom carry surface water. In Algeria, chotts are the major wetlands. Most of the chotts are of importance to wintering and migrating waterfowl, and support large numbers of ducks. Conversely, due to their high salinity and also because water is not generally perennial, most of the chotts are not inhabited by fish. 28However, there are some exceptions such as the and Chott el Fedjadj complex in Tunisia (Doadrio, 1994). The chotts proper are devoid of fish, amphibians, reptiles or mammals. By contrast much more diverse floras and faunas, including fishes, are found in the beds of the oueds that feed the chotts and in the springs around the margins. Several species of fish live in the oases, including Aphanius fasciatus, Barbus callensis, Clarias gariepinus, Haplochromis desfontainesi and Hemichromis bimaculatus (Doadrio, 1994). Oreochromis niloticus, Poecilia reticulata and Gambusia affinis have been introduced, this last one for mosquito control. 29In Egypt, (or or Lake Moeris) (figure 21. 3) was freshwater in prehistory, but it is a saltwater lake today and could be compared to a chott.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Last year, using twins and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to read out the microbiota, we showed that human gene variation is associated with differences in abundance of gut microbes (Goodrich et al. , 2014). The increased correlations in identical twins and the resulting heritabilities were modest, but will likely be shown to be greater when more comprehensive metagenomic sequencing is used. Nearly 100 gene variants have been associated with body weight, but although this trait is 70% heritable, human gene variants explain < 5% of the variability. Some of this missing heritability could be due to interactions with our microbes. Studies of humans in the future must therefore account for both host and microbe genetics. Using identical twins discordant for diets or microbial species may be an ideal way of mirroring mouse diet experiments in the most important model—humans. Although the study by Zeevi et al. (2015) focuses on diet, the microbial and metabolic variability in response to drugs is also very high. A range of drugs from acetaminophen to cyclophosphamide have now been shown to have differential toxicity or efficacy depending on the host microbiome. With improved wearable sensors for a range of physiological conditions and perhaps blood, fecal, or urine metabolites, especially coupled to microbial readouts performed in real time, we can imagine a future where routinely measuring and controlling our microbiomes allows us to redefine our relationships to our diets and health. 1. Bouchard, C. ∙ Tremblay, A. ∙ Després, J. P. . . . N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 322:1477-1482CrossrefScopus (1059)PubMed2. David, L. A. ∙ Maurice, C. F. ∙ Carmody, R. N. . . . Nature. 2014; 505:559-563CrossrefScopus (6919)PubMed3. Estruch, R. ∙ Ros, E. ∙ Salas-Salvadó, J. . . . ,. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 368:1279-1290CrossrefScopus (3482)PubMed4. Goodrich, J. K. ∙ Waters, J. L. ∙ Poole, A. C. . . . Cell. 2014; 159:789-799Full Text(PDF)Scopus (2186)PubMed5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Response of soil microbial biomass and plant litter decomposition to weed management strategies in maize and asparagus cropping systems Go to 255. to Co2 Enrichment and Go to 256. A review of internal cycling of nitrogen within trees in relation to soil fertility Go to 257. Tropical soils could dominate the short-term carbon cycle feedbacks to increased global temperatures Go to 258. Decomposition in forest and fallow subarctic soils Go to 259. Mechanisms controlling soil respiration (CO2 and CH4) in southern peatlands Go to 260. Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling Go to 261. Aspects of the interaction between vegetation and soil under global change Go to 262. to 263. Litter production and decomposition dynamics in moist deciduous forests of the in Go to 264. for Aspen and in the Go to 265. Abiotic and litter quality control during the decomposition of different plant parts in dry tropical bamboo savanna in to 266. Immobilization and availability of N and P in the forest floors of fertilized coniferous forests Go to 267. Environmental and physiological factors governing nutrient resorption efficiency in barley Go to 268. Aspects of the Vegetation and Go to 269. Line in a Go to 270. Controls over Production by to 271. Responses of Soils to Go to 272. Comparison of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and metabolic activity in ecosystems Go to 273. Seasonal and annual carbon fluxes in a boreal forest landscape Go to 274. Atmosphere‐biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in boreal forests Go to 275. Leaf demography and the seasonal internal cycling of nitrogen in sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus L. ) seedlings in relation to nitrogen supply Go to 276. Decomposition of water hyacinth detritus in eutrophic lake water Go to 277. in Taiga Forests: State-Go to 278. Plant litter: Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure Go to 279. Release of mineral nitrogen from plant root nodules Go to 280. Relationships between fungal and bacterial substrate-induced respiration, biomass and plant residue decomposition Go to 281. Effects of Stresses on to 282. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long‐term optimum nutrition experiments Go to 283. Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses Go to 284.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: 49The impact (meteoritic) crater (Ghana) is dominated by cichlids, while the non-cichlids predominate in the riverine situations. More than 37 streams drain into the lake, but only five of these are permanent and the main source of water entering is rainwater flowing inwards from the crater rim (Whyte, 1975). Unlike the crater lakes of Cameroon, no endemic species and species flock can be found in this lake. Due to its age (± 1. 07 million years ago) and the isolation of this lake, it is strange that no endemic species had developed, as observed in Cameroon. Perhaps the geological history and the climate alternation in the region are the main reasons. Locals consider this a sacred lake where souls of the dead come to bid farewell to the god Twi. Due to local beliefs, fishing here is only allowed from wooden planks (padua) (figure 21. 8) – it is taboo to touch the water with iron. 21. 8. Only wooden planks (‘padua’) can be used for fishing in (© IRD/C. Lévêque). Conservation50Despite the high levels of endemicity and the unique behaviours of the fish that live in these lakes, conservation efforts to protect the lakes’ecosystems are poor. Such unique lake environments and endemic species are clearly of national and international importance. The small size of the lakes renders them extremely vulnerable to even minor disturbances. In particular, the most diverse and famous lake, Barombi Mbo, is under immediate threat. Partial deforestation of the interior crater rim has already taken place because of increased demand for agricultural land by the local Barombi people and by people from nearby Kumba town. This is likely to cause increased erosion and consequently increased sediment input into the oligotrophic lake system. Water extraction has also temporarily caused lake level alterations, which have changed breeding habitat needs for some of the endemic cichlid species, especially Sarotherdon linnellii (Schliewen, 2005). The use of modern gillnets has supposedly decreased populations of target fish species, although all fish species are still present in the lake (Schliewen, 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Physical ill-health outcomesSelf-rated physical health status was measured with the item, “In general, how would you rate your physical health status? ” reported on a 0 (= very poor) to 10 (= excellent) visual analogue scale. Self-rated (poor) physical health was defined as 0–6. 0 (7. 0 being the median). Care-provider diagnosed chronic physical conditions including diabetes, kidney disease, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, chronic lung disease, osteoporosis, and cancer. ADL disability was sourced from a 4-item (dressing, washing, eating, and bathing) modified ADL scale [36]. Response options ranged from 0= “able to do it all by myself” to 3 = “need help for all steps”. ADL disability was defined as one of the four elements that cannot be done alone. (Cronbach’s α = 0. 93 at wave 1, 0. 90 at wave 2 and 0. 92 at wave 3). Life style factor outcomesTobacco smoking asked for, “Have you ever smoked cigarettes? ” (“1 = yes, and still smoke now, 2 = yes, but quit smoking, and 3 = never”). Hazardous alcohol use was sourced from questions on the amount and frequency of alcohol use, and defined as ≥ 3–4 and ≥ 5 standard units of alcoholic beverages for women and men, respectively, per week. Physical activity/exercise (frequency: “How often do you exercise? ” (days a week) and duration of any type: “On the day you exercise, how long do you exercise? ” (minutes), was grouped into “none = inactivity, 1–149 min/week = low activity, and ≥ 150 min/week = high activity in the past week. ” [37]. Index (BMI) was sourced from self-reported body weight/height, and classified following Asian cut-offs criteria into “underweight (< 18. 5 kg/m2), normal weight (18. 5–22. 9 kg/m2), overweight (23–24. 9 kg/m2), obesity class I (25-29. 9 kg/m2) and obesity class II (30 + kg/m2)” [38]. Mortality outcomeMortality is measured by survival and exposure to death.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1487543/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractSecondary contact zones can provide valuable evolutionary and ecological insights for elucidating patterns of divergent lineage evolution. The tertiary relict flora in can be divided into northern (“NEA”) and southern (“SEA”) regions. To date however, secondary contact zones of lineages from the NEA and SEA regions have rarely been studied. To test whether introgression occur between the ancient lineages and their evolutionary and ecological consequences, we conducted detailed genetic and ecological work within a maple hybrid zone in North China. Genetic structures of both adults and seeds populations were characterized. Spatial genetic pattern was checked along an altitude gradient. Flowering phenology was analyzed to test the existence of assortative mating. Leaf and fruit morphologies were compared between lineages. Our study confirm introgression occur between NEA and SEA lineages. Post-pollinator barriers predominantly contribute to a reduction in interlineage gene flow. Ecological niche differs between lineages along an altitudinal gradient. We clarify a long-standing classification debate with respect to Acer pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum, though there are extensive morphological variation and overlaps between the species pair. Our study represents the first few detailed evolution and ecological investigation focusing on ancient NEA-SEA lineages hybrid zone. Acerecological niche divergenceflowering phenologymorphology variationreproductive barrierssecondary contact zoneFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3IntroductionGlobally, harbors the most diverse temperate flora, among which there are numerous Tertiary relict species 8–11. Milne and Abbott 12 have proposed that there are two independent relict species regions within East Asia, with one being centered in South/Southeast China, with extensions to the Himalayas (hereafter “SEA”) and the other in a region encompassing Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula, and the (hereafter “NEA”) (Fig. 1a).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Water pollution from insecticide use in small farms within the crater rim and from increased wastewater inflow from the small Barombi village is also likely to affect the lake’s ecosystem. Last but not least, the introduction of exotic fish species most likely would have disastrous results. Although no direct action has been planned, the mere chance that either molluscivorous fish species for bilharzia control or nonindigenous tilapias for increased fishery revenue would be introduced is a serious threat (Schliewen, 2005). These threats to also largely apply to the other lakes. 51Among conservation recommendations that have been proposed, the following summary can be given (Mc& Gibson, 2011):threat assessments;formal designation of lakes as legally and practically protected aquatic nature reserves of national and international importance;ex situ programmes for the conservation breeding of species at risk, with the prospect of eventual reintroduction in appropriate circumstances. 52Despite the persistent threats outlined above, a survey of Mbo in 2002 found all fish species to still be present (Schliewen 2005). However, many of the species present are threatened (even sensu IUCN), but there have been no recorded fish or invertebrate population declines to the point of extinction in any of the crater lakes. Nevertheless, continued vigilance, conservation monitoring, threat assessment, mitigation and protective measures certainly remain highly appropriate. Notes de bas de page 1 Originally, wadi refers to a dry (ephemeral) riverbed of that contains water only during times of heavy rain or simply an intermittent stream. Nevertheless, in the Maghreb, the term wadi is, most of the time, applied to all rivers including regular ones. 2 For the evolution from Mega-Chad to marshy Chad, see also 10. 1002/9781394163878. refs Ouahb, Sara. Bousseba, Meriem. Ferraj, Loubna. El Moujtahid, Aziz. Hasnaoui, Mustapha. (2021) Weight-length relationship and relative condition factor of Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802), Cyprinus carpio (Linneaus, 1758) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) caught in the Al-Lake. E3S Web of Conferences, 314. DOI: 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: He was able to strengthen his friendships and practice new skills for boundary-setting and interpersonal effectiveness. As treatment termination neared, the last sessions focused on brainstorming strategies for maintaining his progress, particularly since the workload at his company continued to increase. ConclusionsPsychological interventions for mental disorders were found effective in numerous research trials. However, gaps in training, availability, access, dissemination, and cost impede the successful delivery of these interventions [46]. These are enhanced by privacy and data storage regulations, which are key for maintaining clients’ rights and trust [47]. The ever-growing demand for mental health care requires optimizing clinician decision-making using data collected passively [48]. Our goal was to highlight key issues for optimizing available mental health services and to demonstrate how a therapeutic intelligence platform can support this process. This paper presents a novel approach to collecting comprehensive data on treatment progress. The implementation of ML models and AI in behavioral health care is a rapidly moving and innovative field, with the potential to significantly improve screening and clinical outcomes [49,50]. Accurate data can provide more information about the patient and can be translated into clinical decisions faster. Experts strive to base their decisions on data. Primary physicians, heart surgeons, physiotherapists, and other health professionals all function better when they review the patient's most recent tests and laboratory results prior to the appointment. Therefore, using real-time data is equally important in enhancing the work of mental health professionals [51]. Technologies that are scalable, cost-effective, and that enhance quality without burden can help therapists harness their efforts into providing more effective interventions with increased fidelity to data-informed treatments. Setting out clear performance targets in the training, provision, and implementation of evidence-enhanced treatments will enable health care services to continually improve. Nondisruptive measures are poised to ensure nearly effortless data collection, and innovative methods that inform clinicians and other stakeholders of the patient’s progress will likely make treatments more relevant and engaging [52]. Some caveats to the model described here should be mentioned. platform was illustrated through its use in an outpatient setting, with a client who was relatively high functioning and a therapist that was tech-savvy and interested in using novel digital programs. Usability testing, user reviews, and long-term engagement with any product are key to realizing the practicality and helpfulness of new tools over time [53].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: It is speculated that a climatic barrier, demarcated by an arid belt around the Plain, may mediate the divergence of SEA and NEA flora. Taxonomically, numerous SEA–NEA divergence patterns have been reported at the genus level or above 12,13. Moreover, some species (or species pair) have been reported to show a clear SEA–NEA divergence 14–19, which may provide evidence to indicate that long-standing barriers continue to play important roles in recent evolutionary processes. From the studied cases, it can be speculated that Mt. Taihang and Mt. Yanshan constitute major meeting corridors of NEA and SEA lineages 19. However, although hybridization events have been reported to occur within these putative corridors 16,20, fewer studies have been conducted to investigate the evolutionary and ecological consequences of these secondary contact zones. Accordingly, it would be of particular interest to determine whether NEA and SEA lineages actually undergo mergence, introgression, or reinforcement within these contact zones, and also whether they have ecological niche and trait divergence. Such insights would undoubtedly enhance our current understanding of the evolution of the two relict lineages, and clarify the overlooked importance of in biodiversity origin6. Characterizing genetic structures within hybrid zones is a major approach that can be used to determine the evolutionary and ecological consequences of secondary lineage contact 21. Under circumstances in which there are larger populations of parental lineages than hybrids (bimodal pattern), the two lineages can be considered largely reproductively isolated e. g. 22,23−26, whereas when most individuals are hybrids (unimodal pattern), there may be an absence of reproductive barriers between the two lineages 20,27. Moreover, when most hybrids are F1 individuals, the gene flow between lineages is weak, whereas when most hybrids are backcrosses, introgression may occur between lineages 26,28. A further important character is the width of hybrid zones, with narrower hybrid zones indicating stronger reproductive isolation between lineages 29. Moreover, differing strengths of pre-zygotic and/or post-zygotic barriers may lead to varied genetic structures within hybrid zones 30. Hence, characterizing the genetic structure and width of hybrid zones would be predicted to yield valuable insights regarding the evolutionary and ecological consequences of hybridization. China, two sister species, Acer pictum subsp. mono and A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lakes undergo seasonal mixing, or 'turnover,' which helps distribute oxygen and nutrients in the water. [SEP] Text: HomeIJHSeasonal abundance biomass and morphological diversity of picoplankton in lake superior importance of water column mixing Submit manuscript. . . of eISSN: 2576-4454 197. DOI: 10. 15406/ijh. 2017. 01. 00034 often regulate the trophic dynamics and key biogeochemical cycles in pelagic environments. That said, comparatively little I known about their seasonal contribution to carbon cycling in Lake Superior, one of the largest lakes world-wide, where attempts to reconcile the carbon and N budgets have not been straightforward. Here, we presented some of few seasonal estimates for both heterotrophic (Hpico) and phototrophic (Ppico) picoplankton abundance, biomass, and morphological diversity in (n=36). Seasonal samples were collected at two offshore stations in the central basin of on six cruises conducted at monthly intervals (May- October 2013). Fractionated chlorophyll analysis revealed that algae in the 2-20 μm size category (nanoplankton) constituted > 50% of the assemblage while the Ppico size fraction constituted ~25% (total chlorophyll < 1 μg • L-1). assemblage was dominated by simply cocci-forms (i. e. , eubacteria). Hpico abundance ranged from 140 to 871 x 103 cells • mL-1, and on average, supported ~8-fold greater numbers compared with the abundance of Ppico (19 to 146 x 103 cells • mL-1). Ppico was dominated by phycoerythrin-rich, single-celled taxa, whose abundance was relatively constant from May-September. The concentration of chlorophyll, Hpico (bacteria), and pico- eukaryotes increased with mixing depth; however, chlorophyll and Ppico numbers exhibited a 2-fold increase in October when bacterial numbers were at their lowest level. Despite these differences in seasonal dynamics, overall carbon estimates for both Hpico and Ppico were comparable, and collectively constituted a substantial faction of plankton carbon in the lake (mean 11. 27 and 11. 00 μgC • L-1, respectively), indicating their importance in reconciling the carbon budget for Lake Superior.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Further, evidence from more case reports, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses is needed to render these technologies pertinent, empirically supported, and easily applied in clinical settings. The effective implementation of mental health care requires new approaches for developing, implementing, and evaluating interventions. A person-centered approach that capitalizes on greater data insights will certainly enhance the therapeutic process. Technology can help make efforts in this direction scalable and more efficient, thereby increasing the effects of behavioral interventions and reducing the burden of mental health problems worldwide. 1249. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Quantifying the Learning. JAMA Psychiatry. Jan 01, 2020;77(1):35-43. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Kazdin A. Addressing the treatment gap: A key challenge for extending evidence-based psychosocial interventions. Ther. Jan 2017;88:7-18. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Sadeh-Sharvit S. Use of Technology in the Assessment and Treatment of in Youth. . Oct 2019;28(4):653-661. [CrossRef] [Medline]Topol E. Deep medicine: how artificial intelligence can make healthcare human again. New York, NY. Basic Books; 2019. Scott K, Lewis CC. Using Measurement-to Treatment. Pract. Feb 2015;22(1):49-59. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Fortney JC, Unützer A for Measurement-Based Care. PS. Feb 2017;68(2):179-188. [CrossRef]Nasrallah H, Aboraya A. It's time to implement measurement-based care in psychiatric practice. Current Psychiatry. 2019;18(6):6-8. [FREE Full text] Measurement-Care for Major Depression:. Psychiatry. Oct 2015;172(10):1004-1013. [CrossRef] [Medline]. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Med. Sep 2001;16(9):606-613. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]öwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Med. May 22, 2006;166(10):1092-1097.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: truncatum, are reported to be sympatrically distributed and constitute the predominant components of the deciduous forests 31–33. However, there is wide debate regarding the classification of these two species. Although many scientists treat A. truncatum as a separate species, some still consider it to be a subspecies of A. pictum. In this regard, the two species are generally distinguished based on a comparison of the respective leaf and fruits morphologies. However, given the wide variability in traits, their validity in differentiating these species is questionable. According to Flora of China, the leaf base of A. truncatum is typically truncate, whereas that of A. pictum subsp. mono is generally heart-shaped. Furthermore, in A. truncatum, the fruit wing is generally as long as the seed, whereas it is considerably longer in A. pictum subsp. mono. However, we have observed marked variations in leaf and fruit morphologies, even within a single tree (personal observations). Consequently, given the dubious merits of the established morphological diagnoses, it remains unclear whether these are two reproductively compatible species or a single species characterized by a large morphological variation. By treating these trees as a species complex (hereafter “Acer”), a previous phylogeographical study identified a clear NEA–SEA nuclear genetic division, with the two lineages co-existing in 14. However, compared with other species studies in this region 16,20, only two sampled Acer populations have been found to show clear sympatric distribution at a local scale 14,18 (Fig. 1b). This thus raises the questions as to why there are so few populations comprising sympatrically distributed NEA-SEA lineages within secondary contact zones and the factors govern the spatial distribution of the two lineages. Moreover, it would be of interest to determine whether the two lineages can hybridize and, if so, the extent of hybridization, and also to establish whether the two genetic lineages correspond to the A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum species division. By answering these questions, we can gain valuable insights into the evolutionary and ecological processes occurring subsequent to NEA–SEA lineage secondary contact, as well as going some way to clarifying the long-standing uncertainty regarding the taxonomic status of A. pictum subsp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lakes undergo seasonal mixing, or 'turnover,' which helps distribute oxygen and nutrients in the water. [SEP] Text: 29 Pairwise comparisons were made with Kuel’s multiple means comparisons (alpha 0. 05). column conditions During this study, exhibited typical seasonal changes in temperature and other biogeochemical characteristics with depth in the water column;30,31 these seasonal patterns (monthly) were consistent among the two offshore stations sampled here (Figure 2 for profiles taken at LS-1). and June, the water column at both stations was isothermal average temperature (2. 3-3. 3 °C among depths); conductivity and chlorophyll exhibited iso-grade profiles with depth and the photic zone occupied the upper 40 m of the water column (>1% surface irradiance). In July, the water column began to stratify with surface temperature of 5-7 °C in the upper 15 m of the water column; water below 15 m was ~4. 5 °C throughout. The photic zone was 39-42 m in depth and a deep chlorophyll layer was present at 30 m depth. Interestingly, some differences were noted at LS2, where the water temperatures were isothermal at 4. 5 °C. In August, a well-developed thermocline was present (15 to 30 m depth); the epilimnion temperature was 12-16 °C and occupied the upper 15 m of the water column. The hypolimnion was present at >40 m depth, where water temperatures ranged from 4. 6 to 3. 3 °C. At this time, a deep chlorophyll maximum was evident in the vicinity below the thermocline (peak at 40 m depth) and the photic zone extended to a depth of between 30-35 m depth at the two stations with absolute PAR values in the surface waters < 400 µmols due to cloud cover. During September, the thermocline depth had become more pronounced and deepened to 15-35 m in depth, although the epilimnion temperature showed no change from July. Again, chlorophyll concentrations in the deep chlorophyll layer were 3-4 fold higher compared with those in the epilimnion. The photic zone extended to a depth of ~35 m. In October, surface water began to cool (epilimnion temperature 9-10 °C), the depth of the epilimnion deepened to 40m.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Since the implementation of ART to treat HIV, hyperlipidemia has been a burden and a conceivable complication to PLHIV. Earlier studies reveal the urgency of eliminating reversible risk factors such as smoking and sedentary life to avoid further health complications, like coronary artery disease [33]. Medications to treat hyperlipidemia are useful in combination with lifestyle modifications like boosting cardiopulmonary fitness, favorable diet, and quitting smoking [31]. As the ART medication cocktails evolves more effectively in lengthening life expectancy in PLHIV, numerous lifestyle modifications should be incorporated. The current study and outcomes reflected the association between cd4 values and a lipid profile, making noticeable that regardless of the Cd4 number (high or low cd4), hyperlipidemia is a likelihood, followed by the increased risk of coronary artery disease, which is an issue worth assessing in PLHIV in all stages of the disease. Our study further recommends discerning body composition (for instance, body mass index) to trace body fat distribution across the participant's life. The aforementioned is one crucial limitation of this study. Since data collection was acquired through participant’s records, not an interview, body composition measurements were not compiled in more than 75% of the interviews, thus currently missing from the participant’s history; therefore, we were unable to acquire this piece of information. This study highlights the distinctions between high and low immune system status. Among the variations attributed to lifestyle, smoking was documented considerably more in the L-HIV. Outcomes of this study evoke that smoking might be associated with the lower levels of cd4 and not the quantity of ART intake by these participants. Reported reasons are explaining the lower Cd4 values in these PLHIV. Among the assumptions, inconsistency with ART medication, the onset of ART therapy compared to the timeframe of contracting the virus, and lifestyle choices [34] are among the reasons Cd4 might be variable in the present study. Within the lifestyle choice and as previously mentioned, smoking was the recurrent factor among the groups in this study. Smoking has been associated with depression in PLHIV. It is reported in the literature as a critical factor for health-related quality of life deteriorating, life expectancy reduction, and qualityadjusted life expectancy alterations [35]. In the current work, the outcomes presented in this study we collected from participants' records and not with interviews, as previously mentioned.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: mono and A. truncatum. Reserve, located to the east of Mt. Yanshan, is one of the two previously sampled populations with sympatrically distributed NEA–SEA lineages (Fig. 1b). Among the 22 sampled individuals in the reserve, six and eight were NEA and SEA lineages, respectively, with few hybrids, which are characterized by a typical bimodal pattern 14. However, given the limited number of sampled trees and the lack of precise locations, further analyses are required to establish the genetic structure and width of the hybrid zone. In this study, based on the precise location of each individual, an extensive genetic survey of both adult and offspring populations, the monitoring of flowering phenology, and measurement of leaf and fruit morphologies, we sought to determine the evolutionary and ecological consequences of secondary contact between the NEA and SEA. Specifically, we strived to provide answers to the following questions: (1) Do the two lineages show ecological niche differentiation, and are they mixed or isolated at a local spatial scale? (2) Are the two lineages reproductively isolated and do they differ in terms of flowering phenology? (3) Do the two lineages differ with respect to leaf and fruit morphology and, if so, do these differences correspond to those described for A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum in the standard of Floras? structure of the parental population On the basis of the values obtained for both lnPD and △K, we identified two distinct genetic groups within the DHS Acer population (Figure S1). Among the 70 individual trees, 72. 9% were assigned a q-value smaller than 0. 1 or larger than 0. 9, thereby signifying a typical bimodal distribution (Fig. 2b). Individuals with q values greater than 0. 9 and with consistent genetic origin from the NEA region were defined as the NEA lineage (hereafter “NEA-DHS”), whereas those with values less than 0. 1 and with consistent genetic origin from the SEA region were defined as the SEA lineage (hereafter “SEA-DHS”). Individuals with intermediate q values between 0. 1 and 0. 9 were defined as hybrid genetic types (hereafter “Hybrid-DHS”). We accordingly identified totals of 27 SEA-DHS (38.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lakes undergo seasonal mixing, or 'turnover,' which helps distribute oxygen and nutrients in the water. [SEP] Text: At this time, the deep chlorophyll layer had disappeared and the depth of the photic zone extended to a depth of approximately 30 m. An ordination of water column variables produced 2 principal components (PC) with eigenvalues > 1. 00. Both components were correlated strongly with original variables and collectively accounted for > 90% of the variation in the dataset. Once scored into the space defined by the two PCs, the 46 sampling events formed 3 groups that corresponded well with thermal periods (mixing, stratified; Figure 3). PC-1 accounted for 50. 2% of the variation; this axis correlated positively with water temperature and conductivity (r > 0. 90 for both). In general, sampling events sorted out along PC-1 according to the thermal conditions of the water column, and thus it appeared to be a proxy for mixing depth. Samples with warm temperatures and higher conductivity scored positively with PC-1, and these samples were collected from surface waters following thermal stratification. Samples collected from colder, low conductance water, had negative scores along this axis. These observations corresponded with samples collected during the spring mixing period or deeper in three water column (either meta- or hypolimnia; Figure 3). The temperature of these deeper samples was generally < 7 °C. PC-2 accounted for 40. 3% of the variation; this axis correlated positively with PAR and negatively with in vivo fluorescence. In general, PC-2 seemed to define a productive gradient defined by changes in the light climate of the water column and chlorophyll concentrations. This makes sense as subsurface samples supported the greatest chlorophyll concentrations at correspondingly lower PAR. Interestingly, the surface assemblage transitioned between the spring mixing (early) and subsurface conditions (late). Size-specific chlorophyll concentrations Overall, chlorophyll concentrations ranged from 0. 47 to 3. 91 µg L-1 among the 60 samples collected from central and analyzed here (Table 1). Significant differences among sampling dates and water strata were observed (two-way ). Chlorophyll values were similar among most sampling dates (< 1 µg L-1, May-August), although the bloom event captured in October represented a 2-fold increase at both LS-1 and LS-2; these values were significantly greater compared with values measured in May (F=3. 9, p<0. 011, Figure 4).

Output: corroborate