Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Examined frogs were photographed in life, anaesthetised with lidocaine 2%; specimens and tissues were fixed in 96% ethanol and preserved separately in 75% ethanol. Sex and maturity were determined by directly examining gonads through dissections and noting secondary sexual characters (i. e. , vocal slits and nuptial pads). Colour patterns are based on photographs and annotations of living specimens taken in the field. Adjective “enamelled” is used to describe the shiny white colouration produced by the accumulation of iridophores (Lynch & Duellman, 1973; Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2007). The following measurements were taken with a digital calliper (0. 02 mm accuracy, rounded to nearest 0. 1 mm) under a stereomicroscope: snout-vent length (SVL); head width (HW); head length (HL), snout length (SL); interorbital distance (IOD), horizontal eye diameter (ED), internarial distance (IND), eye-nostril distance (EN), horizontal tympanum diameter (TD); upper eyelid width (UEW), forearm length (FLL), hand length (HAL), finger IV disk width (Fin4DW), thigh length (THL), tibia length (TL), foot length (FL). Morphological data used for comparisons were obtained from direct examination of specimens deposited in the following collections: History Museum, Department of Zoology, London (BMNH); División de Herpetología, de Biodiversidad, Quito (); Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, de Colombia, Bogotá (ICN); University of (KU); Museum of (MCZ); Museo de Zoología, Católica del Ecuador, Quito (QCAZ); of. C. (USNM); Museo de Zoología, Francisco de Quito, Quito (ZSFQ). DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses Genomic DNA was extracted from hepatic tissue preserved in 96% ethanol from specimen 15383, using the “Isolation of Genomic DNA” protocol, (Promega, 2019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4387784/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractchange has devastating effects on human health as well as the functioning and effectiveness of health systems, because it acts as a multiplier of existing stressors, intensifying pressure and exposing vulnerabilities. In the Sub-region, Nigeria is projected to suffer from a variety of detrimental effects of climate change, leading to poor population health outcomes. Since 2007, climate change effects have led to over 800,000 deaths and affects the life expectancy of over 26 million people annually. Her health system is considered most vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to the accumulation of its vulnerability, leading to food insecurity, extreme weather and spread of diseases. Building climate resilience health system is key to combating the effects on health, hence the goal of this study. method design was qualitative using Interviews. Participants were purposively included through a criterion-based snowball sampling approach. They were recruited through referrals and search on “LinkedIn” based on predefined inclusion criteria. A total of eighteen participants were recruited: representing government, civil society organizations and academia. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and audio recorded using the Zoom online communication software. Data were analyzed deductively and inductively using software. adequate knowledge of the effects of climate change on health was noticeable such as heat wave, drought, flooding, irregular rainfall, climate-induced spread of diseases. However, there were: absence of consideration for climate risks and vulnerability in the health policies and plans; mitigation of climate change effects was not articulated in the health policies or programs; inadequate knowledge of and capacity to support climate resilience health system; climate-informed or resilient health policies and programs are not priority in view of other equally competing healthcare challenges. Other outcomes included insufficient funding, inadequate trained healthcare workers, overburdened healthcare system, knowledge gap between the scientific and policymaking communities. change is a multiplier of current health system stressors. Therefore, building climate resilient health system is as a firewall against those stressors long-term. A climate resilient health system is cost-effective, but the up-front investments need to be made now. -change is an existential threat to both the environment and human existence [1, 2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-29T17:13:03. 185Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Books >Energy >and Dynamics of Fixed and Buy print or eBook [Opens in a new window] Book contents page Contents Preface1 Introduction2 Environment3 4 for Turbines5 Linear Dynamics6 on Fixed Substructures7 Floating Substructures8 Marine Operations9 part 10. 1017/9781009341455. 002 [Opens in a new window] Publisher: publication year: 2024 1. 1 energy is an increasingly important source of renewable energy. Presently, most wind turbines are installed on land. However, lack of available land area as well as the need for good and stable wind conditions have stimulated the development of offshore wind turbines. Moving offshore has also allowed for a considerable increase in the size of wind turbines; presently, 10–15 MW turbines are the state of the art, while even larger turbines are under development. Moving offshore involves new challenges, both with respect to the design for the offshore environment as well as for the installation, operation and maintenance of the turbines. The first offshore wind farm, Vindeby, Denmark, was installed in 1991 in a water depth of approximately 4 m. The 11 turbines had a rated power of 0. 45 MW each. The technology used for the early offshore wind turbines was the same as for the land-based turbines, only that the tower was “elongated” to provide support for the structure through the water column. The early development of offshore wind turbines resembles that of the offshore oil and gas industry in the 1940s to 1960s. The technology used offshore was very similar to the technology used on land. To compensate for the “new” wet environment, the equipment was placed upon a simple platform, or substructure. In the beginning, the installations were made in water depth of less than 10 m. As the industry moved, step by step, into deeper waters and the size of the wind turbines increased, the same basic design was applied and the technology was extrapolated. However, a significant shift in technology has occurred through the introduction of floating platforms, which have required a rethinking of the complete design.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Three mitochondrial gene fragments [12S ribosomal rRNA gene, 16S ribosomal rRNA gene, 1 (COI)], and one nuclear gene [Protein 1 gene (RAG1)] were amplified using the Reaction (Saiki et al. , 1988). Primers for 12S gene (12S H10-FWR 5′--3′/12S L4E-REV 5′--3′), 16S gene (16Sar-L-FWR 5′--3′/16Sbr-H-REV 5′--3′), COI (dgLCO-1490-FWR 5′--3′/dgHCO-2198-REV 5′--3′) and RAG1 (RAG1-R182 5′3′/RAG1-R270 5′3′), were used (Heinicke, Duellman & Hedges, 2007). Each PCR reaction was composed of a 25 μl reaction mix containing: 12. 5 μl GoMaster Mix, 4. 5 μl H20, 1 μl on 10 μM of Forward primer and 1 μl on 10 μM Reverse primer, and 5 μl of genomic DNA. We perform amplifications on an 9,700 thermal cycler.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Seven out of ten countries at risk of climate-induced disaster globally such as extreme food insecurity, flash flood, drought, etc. are situated in the SSA [15]. In the Central Sahel, temperatures are rising 1. 5 times faster than the rest of the world and it is projected to increase by 35. 6 to 39. 7 degrees Fahrenheit (2°C — 4. 3°C) by 2080 [15]. Most parts of SSA depend on rainfed agricultural systems for their livelihood, which provides 96% of the crop, and is especially at risk of the effects of increasing temperatures and climate shocks [11]. The SSA is experiencing many negative effects from climate change, highly disproportionate to the historically minimal contribution the continent has made to it. Africa has only contributed 3%, while European and countries have contributed 62% to CO2 emissions historically [16]. The region is identified as the most vulnerable to climate change, because of its low adaptive capacity, in addition to the acute levels of poverty and the inadequate resources required to mitigate the effects of the changing climate [17, 18]. It is predicted to be the region with the most amount of vulnerability by 2100, where losses from agriculture is likely to range between 5% − 15% of its GDP and climate-induced poverty to affect more than 40% of the region’s population [19, 20]. Within the SSA context, Nigeria is projected to suffer from a variety of detrimental effects due to man-made climate change [14, 21]. Erratic temperature changes and precipitation causes droughts and desertification which directly results in increased food insecurity and loss of freshwater resources. In addition, extreme weather events have great potential of exacerbating health risks, for example, the 2022 flooding which was the most deadly and destructive in over a decade [22]. These extreme weather events are only predicted to increase in frequency directly affecting human health through diseases spread, increased mortality, heat stress and heat stroke as well as food insecurity through crop losses [11]. Hence, without investing substantially in adaptation and mitigation efforts, rising sea levels alone will result in flooding that will impact 548,300 people each year between 2070 and 2100 (WHO, 2015). Climate change factors have led to over 800,000 deaths since 2007 and affects life expectancy of over 26 million people per annum in Nigeria [21] (Pona et al. , 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: As the size of individual wind turbines as well as wind farms increases, and as wind farms are located further from shore, in deeper waters and in harsher environments, new technologies are needed. Modification of land-based technology is not sufficient. To design and operate offshore wind turbines, a real multidisciplinary approach is needed. The disciplines comprise meteorology, aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, structural dynamics, material technology, cybernetics, power electronics and several others related to environmental impact, logistics and economics. 1. 2 Content of the focus of the present book is on some key issues that make offshore wind turbines different from land-based wind turbines. Understanding the offshore environment – the wind and wave conditions – is key to understanding the dynamics of offshore wind turbines. Therefore, a description of the marine atmospheric boundary layer and classical wave theory is given in 2. Some basic wave statistics are also included in this 3. Classical approaches such as the Betz limit and the beam element momentum (BEM) method are described. Further, the dynamic response of the wind turbine, which becomes more important as the size of the turbine increases, is discussed. In addition, vortex methods are described in some detail, which may represent an intermediate and efficient step between the classical BEM and more complete RANSFootnote 1 or LESFootnote 2 methods for analyzing the aerodynamics of wind turbines. In 2009. A 2. 3 MW turbine was used on this test unit. In 2017, the first floating offshore wind farm was installed off the east coast of Scotland. The wind farm consists of five turbines, each of 6 MW. The support structure is of the Hywind brand. To provide a background for the dynamic analysis of wind turbines, 6. The focus is on slender vertical structures, but the principles behind the theory of computing wave loads on large-volume structures of general shape are also included. Further, some issues related to wave forces in steep waves are included. These issues are important to estimate extreme loads as well as fatigue effects due to waves. Wave loads and wave-induced dynamics of floating support structures are covered in 7. Here, some classical approaches based upon slender body assumptions and linear theory are outlined in detail. Such methods are computational-efficient and may thus be useful in, for example, optimization processes. To compute the rigid body dynamics of a floating body, the mass, damping and inertia matrices must be established.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: The amplification program for 12S primers was set with an initial denaturation of 94 °C (5 min) followed by 38 cycles of 94 °C (30 s), 49 °C (30 s), 72 °C (1 min), with a final extension temperature of 72 °C (7 min) and 4 °C for an unlimited period; for 16S primers was set with an initial denaturation of 95 °C (5 min) followed by 30 cycles of 95 °C (30 s), 57 °C (30 s), 72 °C (45 s), with a final extension temperature of 72 °C (5 min) and 4 °C for an unlimited period; for COI primers was set with an initial denaturation of 95 °C (5 min) followed by 30 cycles of 95 °C (30 s), 48 °C (30 s), 72 °C (45 s), with a final extension temperature of 72 °C (5 min) and 4 °C for an unlimited period; and for RAG1 primers was set with an initial denaturation of 94 °C (5 min) followed by 38 cycles of 94 °C (30 s), 52 °C (30 s), 72 °C (1 min), with a final extension temperature of 72 °C (7 min) and 4 °C for an unlimited period. Amplified DNA products were visualised by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel and post-staining with Tris/Borate/EDTA buffer (TBE) under blue light. PCR-amplified products were purified using Illustra™ ExoProStar™ Enzymatic PCR and Sequencing Clean-Up Kit. Sequencing was performed in both DNA strain directions and undertaken by Macrogen, Seoul, ( Chromatographs resulting from sequencing were revised and edited using v. 2020. 0. 5 software (Kearse et al. , 2012). New sequences were deposited in GenBank with the following accession numbers: (12S: MZ820691; 16S: MZ831508; COI: MZ828399; RAG1: MZ835991). To infer the phylogenetic position of Nymphargus laurae, we included sequences for 119 species (Table S1) selected from Guayasamin et al. (2020), obtained from the database (for 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: In a cross-sectional study of six SSA countries, it was found that the Nigerian health system is especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to the accumulation of its vulnerability to food insecurity, frequent occurrence of extreme weather events and the following disease spread this causes [23]. All sampled countries were characterized by low-skilled personnel that are not equipped to respond to the impacts of climate change; inadequate climate conscious health program, and weak capacity to respond to climate change. More so, the health policy decision-making process was not evidence-based. Therefore, it is important to assess the extent that Nigerian systems are aware of the threats posed by climate change. Because even though climate change awareness (rhetoric) among Nigerians was observable, however, the explicit knowledge was limited [24]. I. e. , a lack of detailed understanding and education on the impacts of climate change. According to the 2021 WHO health and climate change global survey report, while Nigeria have established a national strategy in place to deal with health and climate change, she has not followed through on implementing them [25]. Similarly, while she has a health surveillance system in place to monitor various dimensions of impact of climate on healthcare, injury and mortality from extreme weather events are not reported [25]. Nigeria's health sector has fragmentation of staff, management and resources. Accountability measures are weak, and communities have little confidence in services, hence an urgent need to build and implement appropriate climate-friendly health policies or climate resilient health system [21, 26–28]. The ability of health systems to anticipate and cope with the effects of climate change is called climate resilience [29]. Becoming climate resilient means that a health system needs to reduce its vulnerabilities and build up its capacity to deal with incoming shocks and long-term stressors [30]. Building a climate resilient system is a multistage process with short and long-term goals. There are both strong economic and ethical reasons for building a climate resilient health system. It would minimize health costs in the long-term, while also maximizing health benefits [13]. Health systems are complex and consist of several parts which contribute to the overall level of resilience. Building resilience means risk reduction and mitigating potential impacts [31]. Understanding how resilient the Nigerian health system is and the potential barriers are essential first steps to addressing or building a mitigation strategy against impacts of climate change on health in the country.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: Each of these matrices are discussed and the restoring effects of mooring lines are examined in some detail. Finally, the need for a motion control system for floating wind turbines is discussed. Marine operations are an important part of installing as well as operating a wind farm. In 1. 3 wind turbine must be designed to fulfil several criteria related to, for example, operational conditions and extreme conditions. The various design criteria will determine which analysis is needed in the design process. In standards such as IEC 61400–3 (2009) and DNV (2021a), the criteria are formulated as limit states. A limit state is “a condition beyond which a structure or structural component will no longer satisfy the design requirements. ” According to the standard issued by DNV (2021a), four different “limit states” have to be considered in the design of offshore wind turbine structures. The serviceability limit state (SLS) corresponds to the tolerance criteria applicable to normal use, i. e. , the SLS design check should ensure that the structure works under normal operating conditions. The fatigue limit state (FLS) corresponds to failure due to the effect of cyclic loading, i. e. , the FLS design check should ensure that during the lifetime of the structure, the cumulative effect of cyclic loading should not damage the structure. The ultimate limit state (ULS) corresponds to the maximum load-carrying resistance, i. e. , the ULS design check should ensure that the structure is able to withstand the extreme loads typically experienced without damage. The accidental limit state (ALS) corresponds to (1) maximum load-carrying capacity for (rare) accidental loads or (2) post-accidental integrity for a damaged structure, i. e. , the ALS design check is to secure that the structure, if exposed to loads beyond the ULS level, does not collapse, and that it may survive even in damaged condition. DNV (2021a) lists the following examples of limit states within each category. Serviceability limit states (SLS) Deflections that may alter the effect of the acting forces. Excessive vibrations producing discomfort or affecting nonstructural components. Excessive vibrations affecting turbine operation and energy production. Deformations or motions that exceed the limitation of equipment. Durability. Differential settlements of foundations soils causing intolerable tilt of the wind turbine. Temperature-induced deformations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: We included two species for Allophrynidae, a sister lineage of Centrolenidae, as outgroups (Table S1) and rooted the phylogeny with Allophryne ruthveni. Alignments were reviewed and edited manually to remove regions with a high proportion of missing data at the edges and hypervariable regions with v. 2020. 0. 5 software (Kearse et al. , 2012). Highly variable regions into the alignments are subject to the accumulation of gaps caused by deletions, insertions and substitution mutation, commonly identified to contributed to the inaccuracy of phylogenetic inference (Dwivedi & Gadagkar, 2009). We used Mesquite v3. 61 software (Maddison & Maddison, 2019) to store the sequences and to create a concatenated matrix of all genes (12S, 16S, COI and RAG1). Because our combined data set comprised two ribosomal genes (12S and 16S), one protein-coding mitochondrial gene (COI) and one nuclear gene (RAG1), we tested a matrix with 8 partitions with PartitionFinder2 v2. 1. 1 (Lanfear et al. , 2012), in the. 3. 3 (Miller, Pfeiffer & Schwartz, 2010). This process resulted in the selection of GTR + I + G as the optimal model for nucleotide substitution for all partitions. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using (ML) and (BA) on the aligned matrix in the. 3. 3. ML analyses were performed using Garli v2. 0 [for Inference; (Zwickl, 2006)]. We perform a total of 10 runs to reduce the probability of inferring a suboptimal solution; all the other settings were set on default. Node support was evaluated using 1,000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were performed in MrBayes v3. 2. 2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003), using five runs of the (MCMC) algorithm for 20 million generations each, with four heated chains (0. 2 heating parameter). Trees were sampled every 20,000 generations, with burning of 25% of the total trees.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Climate change risks and vulnerability are urgent issues, more so that stakeholders agreed for climate resilience to become a priority despite the barrage of challenges facing the Nigerian health system. “is of high significance now because the impact is so obvious. ” – GOV02. “…climate change is here to stay. ” – GOV09. Conversations about climate change and health seldom happen in policymaking corridors, but this needs to change if mitigation measures against effects of changing climate is considered imminent. For example, as observed in the findings, some stakeholders who are senior members within the health system have not heard or been involved in any discussion about climate change in their decade-long careers in the Nigerian health system. Coordination and cooperation between sectors should be enhanced, just as study participants identified absence of intersectoral communication as an issue. According to the health and climate change global survey report, Nigerian health ministry does not have a system of regular communication with other relevant ministries [25]. Climate- resilience is a holistic concept. It cannot be implemented in an isolated fashion and limited to a specific area [29]. The health sector must work closely with other sectors to share information and coordinate strategies. Although there was clear understanding of the effect of climate change on specific health issues, the general, system-wide threats of it was not discussed in-depth. Climate change acts as a multiplier [40] and will undoubtably increase the effect of most, if not all, ‘competing’ issues that were discussed in this study. In the long term, implementing adaptation and resilience to climate change will greatly improve general system resilience, while not addressing it head-long will greatly increase current stressors as well. To be able to implement climate resilience measures, investments need to be made. These investments will pay off, as climate resilient health systems are cost-effective long-term due to the prevention of morbidity, mortality and through minimizing the damage done to infrastructure through stresses and shocks [13]. A lack of adequate budgetary allocation to healthcare would be a major barrier to climate resilience in the health sector, as established by the stakeholders. „Funding for health is a major challenge. There is what is called the Abuja declaration. The ministers of health in Africa decided that the African government should spend a minimum of 15% of their annual budget to fund the health assistance….

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: Fatigue limit states (FLS) Cumulative damage due to repeated loads. Ultimate limit states (ULS) Loss of structural resistance (excessive yielding and buckling). Failure of components due to brittle fracture. Loss of static equilibrium of the structure, or of a part of the structure, considered as a rigid body, e. g. , overturning or capsizing. Failure of critical components of the structure caused by exceeding the ultimate resistance (which in some cases is reduced due to repetitive loading) or the ultimate deformation of components. Transformation of the structure into a mechanism (collapse or excessive deformation). Accidental limit states (ALS) Structural damage caused by accidental loads (ALS type 1). Ultimate resistance of damaged structures (ALS type 2). Loss of structural integrity after local damage (ALS type 2). Prior to the design process for the support structure,Footnote 4 the site-specific environmental condition as well as the design of the rotor-nacelle assembly (RNA) must be known. Based upon these, the design basis for the support structure is formulated. Several operational cases (design situations) and environmental conditions (load cases) are analyzed. These include: normal design situations and appropriate normal or extreme external conditions fault design situations and appropriate external conditions transportation, installation and maintenance design situations and appropriate external conditions For each case, the load effects are analyzed and checked as to whether they satisfy the appropriate limit state. If not, the design must be modified. To check if the structure fulfils the limit states, one has to check if the “capacity” (e. g. , material strength) of the structure is sufficient to withstand the loads acting upon it. This is normally done by use of the “partial safety factor method. ” Formally, this is expressed by requiring that the “resistance” of the structure, Rd shall exceed the design load effect, Sd : Sd≤Rd([1. 1]) The design load effect, Sd is obtained from the “characteristic load” effect, Sk by multiplying by a load factor, γf Sd=γfSk. For example, the characteristic load effect for a ULS is the load combination that has an annual probability of exceedance of 0. 02 or less. That is, the load has a return period of at least 50 years.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: To evaluate the effective sampling size of the five independent, uncorrelated runs, we used the statistical number of effectively independent draws from the posterior (ESS > 200) visualised with Tracer v1. 6. (Rambaut et al. , 2013). Phylogenetic trees were edited using FigTree v1. 4. 2. (Rambaut, 2014). Conservation status We assessed the conservation status of Nymphargus laurae based on an environmental risk surface model (0 = no threats, 1 = maximum threat value) produced for Ecuadorian amphibians by Ortega-Andrade et al. (2021), a satellite image (2019, Google Earth) from the type locality of the species, and a map of the of ( We classify the extinction risk of N. laurae based on the categories and criteria presented by IUCN (2012, 2019). at the Colonso-Reserve resulted in the collection of two specimens of Nymphargus laurae. A subadult female (15383) was found at a stream near the Ikiam’s on 17 October 2016 by H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade. An adult male (15384) was collected at Narpa stream, on 09 June 2018 by Miguel Gómez Laporta and H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade. Both specimens were found active on leaves of riverine vegetation up to 4. 5 meters, next to small creeks, at night between 22h00–23h00. Nymphargus laurae was found in syntopy with N. cochranae, Pristimantis quaquaversus, P. malli, P. incomptus, P. ventrimarmoratus, P. aff. petersi, and P. aff. conspicillatus. The female was classified as subadult by having unconvoluted oviducts and immature ovarian eggs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Nigeria has not met this commitment…just as accessing healthcare Nigeria is still majorly via out-of-pocket expenditure” GOV16. (HICs) contribute most to CO2 emissions, mitigating climate risks and vulnerability financing in LIMCs should be driven significantly by HICs. According to the 2021 WHO health and climate change global survey report, Nigeria does not currently receive international funding specifically to deal with the effects of climate change on health in the country [25]. Nevertheless, any health programs or intervention designed in cooperation with international actors should include climate mitigation and adaptation practices. Finally, as with any research, the study had limitations. The sample obtained may be insufficient to make a substantial generalization, however, it is substantive enough to provide critical insights into the climate resilience question of the Nigeria’s health system. Also, some participants may have felt the need to make good representation of their organizations, so as to defend their works. The partial use of inductive coding increases the possible influence of personal biases and preconceptions. However, this was mitigated using the procedural framework for climate-resilient health systems which guided the coding process. Lastly, the interviews were conducted online via Zoom, which was sometimes accompanied by internet issues, to the extent that one participant was excluded due to a bad internet connection. Overall, the limitations did not affect the general outcomes of the study. has detrimental effects on health and health systems, which might become worse in the coming decades, as climate change progresses due to collective global inaction [29]. Health systems need to be prepared to deal with the immediate shocks and slow down or mitigate the stresses they will inevitably experience. That is especially important in regions that are estimated to be heavily affected by climate change such as Nigeria. There is currently a lack of clear assessment framework of the status of climate resilience in the Nigerian health system, inadequate capacity of the system to deal with climate change and to which degree the climate change resilience or mitigation plans are considered a factor in the health policymaking in the country. Without a climate-resilient health system, Nigeria will struggle to handle these future negative consequences of the impending climate effects. Exploring the resilience of the current health system gives a clear image of what is covered and where more work is necessary, hence the uniqueness this study. This is the essential first step towards improving Nigeria’s ability to cope with the shocks and stresses of current and future climate change effects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: A two-bladed rotor is lighter and has a higher optimum rotational speed than a three-bladed turbine. Therefore, the required gear ratio is lower. A three-bladed rotor has a beneficial dynamic property as the mass moment of inertia is independent of which axis in the rotor plane is considered. This contrasts with a two-bladed rotor, which has very large difference in the mass moment of inertia about the axis coinciding with the blade axis and the axis normal to the blade axis. This difference in inertia may trigger unfavorable dynamic loads. Downwind rotors also exist. By locating the rotor on the downwind side of the tower, the collision issue between blades and tower is solved. However, every time a blade passes the leeward side of the tower, it moves into a wind shadow, causing severe dynamic loads. Downwind rotors may, under certain conditions, be self-correcting with respect to wind direction. In that case, the yaw mechanism required for the upwind turbine may be avoided. 1. 4. 2 Horizontal-The size of horizontal-axis wind turbines has steadily increased. In the 1980s, wind turbines with a rated power of 50 KW and a rotor diameter of 15 m were common. Currently, turbines with a rated power of 15 MW and more and a rotor diameter in the order of 250 m are the state of the art. The power that can be extracted by a wind turbine is proportional to the area swept by the rotor, i. e. , proportional to the diameter squared. However, the bending moment in the blade root will increase by approximately the cube of the rotor diameter. The same goes with the mass. It may thus be assumed that increased mass, large deformations and large and heavy units (blades, generator) to be handled during installation and maintenance will at some point limit the size of turbines. So far, this has not happened, but alternative designs have been proposed to address the upscaling challenge. Wind turbine designs with two or more rotors mounted on the same tower have been built (der Laan, Anderson and Ramos Garcíavan der Laan et al. , 2019). Also, offshore, floating wind turbine concepts with serval rotors mounted upon the same hull have been proposed (Reference JamiesonJamieson, 2017). These designs span from using two rotors to large arrays using in the order of 100 rotors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Both specimens are very similar to the holotype in their anatomy and colouration, showing all diagnostic characters described for Nymphargus laurae: (1) vomerine teeth absent; (2) snout truncated in dorsal and lateral views; (3) tympanic annulus evident; (4) dorsal skin shagreen with slightly elevated warts corresponding to ocelli and scattered spicules, (5) ventral skin granular, without cloacal ornamentation except for a pair of large flat tubercles; (6) parietal peritoneum white, covering 2/3 of the abdomen; all other peritonea clear; (7) liver lobed, hepatic peritoneum clear; (8) humeral spine absent; (9) basal webbing between fingers I, II and III, outer fingers III 2 ⅔–2 ⅓ IV; (10) webbing on feet similar to holotype (see below); (11) no dermal folds or tubercles on hands, arms, feet or tarsi; (12) unpigmented nuptial pad Type-I, concealed prepollex; (13) Finger II longer than Finger I; (14) eye diameter larger than the width of disc on Finger III; (15) colouration in life, green with ocelli (yellow spots surrounded by black), and in preservative, lavender with ocelli (cream-coloured centre surrounded by dark lavender). The new specimens show no relevant differences with the holotype, and observed differences fall within known intraspecific variation found also between specimens of other congeneric species. The male specimen (15384) has SVL = 22. 1 mm, slightly larger than the male holotype (USNM 288453, 19. 9 mm SVL), and both are smaller than the subadult female (15383, 22. 3 mm SVL). Differences in measurements and proportions between these males are probably due to intraspecific variation (Table 1). The male has a combination of large and small spicules (visible under magnification) on the head, dorsum, and flanks, but spicules on the lower part of dorsum and eyelids are smaller. The female has smaller spicules compared to the male on the head, dorsum and flanks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Climate change needs to be viewed as the multiplier of several current global challenges especially health outcome, and climate resilience constitutes a remedy to improve health system functioning long-term. In the long run, a climate-resilient health system is cost-effective and protects population health in pragmatic ways. Although, it requires an up-front investment, which many LIMCs finds very challenging, in view of other equally competing socio-economic challenges and limited financial capability. A global fund structures to support LMICs in building climate resilient health system, led by those (HICs) who contribute the most to global warming could be a good step. on --on -Sub-- and Middle-approval and consent to participate The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by Committee (reference number FHREC/2023/01/54/14-04-23). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication All authors approved the final manuscript. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available at Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. applicable Author’s Contribution Conceptualization: PS and GCA. Methodology: PS and GCA. Investigation: PS. Result Analysis: PS. Writing – original draft: PS and GCA. Writing – review & editing: PS and GCA. 4. Willetts, E. , & Campbell-Lendrum, D. (2022). Review of IPCC Evidence 2022 climate change, health, and well-being. Health Organization. Berry, P. , Enright, P. M. , Shumake-Guillemot, J. , Villalobos Prats, E. , & Campbell-Lendrum, D. (2018). Assessing health vulnerabilities and adaptation to climate change: a review of international progress. of Environmental research and public health, 15(12), 2626. Sweileh, W. M. (2020). Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases. Globalization and health, 16(1), 1-17. Forum (WEF) (2023). Report 2023, Report_2023. pdf. 3, 2024. Forum (WEF) (2024). Quantifying the Impact of on Human Health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: The arguments for having many smaller rotors rather than one large rotor are related to costs of energy and ease of handling. It may also be argued that the complete production and assembly line is simpler and faster. 1. 4. 3 Vertical-As the name states, the blades of a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) rotate around a vertical axis, as shown in Figure 1. 2. In addition to the two principles shown in Figure 1. 2, designs with helical-shaped blades exist. The cross-section of each blade is shaped like an aerofoil, thus creating a lift force on the blade section, driving the rotation. Drag-based systems also exist. The differences between lift-based (aerofoil) systems and drag-based systems are discussed in 3. An important difference is that drag-based systems are far less efficient than lift-based systems. Figure 1. 2 Vertical-axis wind turbines. “H-shaped” type (left) and Darrieus (“eggbeater”) type (right). The main advantages of a VAWT are that most of the technical equipment, including the generator, may be placed at ground level, and that the turbine works independent of the wind direction. Generally, a VAWT has lower efficiency than a HAWT. The reason for this is mainly related to the angle of attack for the blades. This angle varies during the rotation, thus, the angle of attack most of the time is not optimum. Further, when the blade is moving at the downwind side of the rotor, it is moving in the wake of the upwind blade, causing reduced efficiency and larger dynamic loads due to the increased turbulence. However, for smaller turbines – e. g. , “rooftop” versions – a VAWT may be an attractive solution. 1. 4. 4 High-High-altitude wind power devices (HAWP) use wind forces to stay high above ground level and at the same time extract energy. The systems are inspired by kites. A kite, or a wing, is connected via a line to a drum on the ground. As the kite is flying, it is forced into a special motion pattern, for example, a figure-eight pattern, as illustrated in Figure 1. 3, or a circular pattern.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: A spicule is present in the centre of each ocellus, being more prominent and pointed when compared to other body spicules. The female has the tympanic annulus proportionally more covered by the supratympanic fold than in males. Hand webbing in the new specimens (basal webbing between fingers I, II and III, outer fingers III 2 ⅔–2 ⅓ IV; Fig. 2A) is very similar to the holotype (III 2 ⅔–2 ½ IV), and feet webbing shows slight variation: I 2–2 ¾ II 1 ½–2 ¾ III 1 ½–2 ¾ IV 2 ¾–1 ½ V in the female and I 2 ¾–2 ¾ II 1 ½–2 ¾ III 1 ½–2 ¾ IV 2 ½–1 ¾ V in the male (Fig. 2B) (I 2−–2+II 1 ½–2+III 1+–2 ½ IV 2 ½–1 ½ V in the male holotype). The male (15384) has two papillae on discs of and II (Fig. 2C). The female (15383) lacks papillae on toes. The holotype of N. laurae has two papillae on each toe disc, except for Toe V. Table 1: Morphometric measurements (mm) in specimens of Nymphargus laurae. (Holotype)USNM 288453 female 15384 15383 HW 7. 4 7. 8 8. 0 SVL 19. 9 22. 1 22. 3 TL 11. 7 13. 8 13. 6 IOD 3. 8 3. 1 2. 8 HL 6. 9 6. 9 6. 5 ED 2. 9 3. 4 3. 6 IND 1. 6 2. 3 2. 7 EN 1. 7 2. 1 3. 0 FL 8. 7 10. 5 10. 3 TD – 0. 9 0. 7 THL – 12. 3 11. 7 SL – 3. 1 2. 8 FLL – 5. 0 4. 4 UEW – 2. 1 2. 9 HAL – 7. 8 7. 4 Fin 4DW – 1. 5 2. 0 HW/HL 1. 1 1. 1 1. 2 HW/SVL 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 HL/SVL 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: The potential of carbon sequestration to mitigate against climate change in forests and agro ecosystems of Zimbabwe L. output: Thesis › internal (1) change adversely affects human livelihoods and the environment through alteration of temperatures, rainfall patterns, sea level rise and ecosystem productivity. Developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change because they directly depend on agriculture and natural ecosystem products for their livelihoods. Mitigation of climate change impacts includes practices that can store carbon (C) in soil and biomass thus, reducing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gasses. In addition, planted and natural forests that store large amounts of C, can become key resources for mitigating and reducing vulnerability to climate change, whilst infertile agricultural soils require large amounts of chemical and/or organic fertilisers to improve productivity. Increasing awareness about climate change mitigation has led to realisation of a need for sustainable land management practices and promoting soil C sequestration to reduce the greenhouse effects. storage potential of agricultural soils is compounded by conventional tillage practices, covering large areas with only small portions of fields dedicated to conservation farming practices. Maintaining soil and crop productivity under these agricultural systems becomes a major challenge especially in rain-fed arid and semi-arid regions, characterised by long annual dry spells. Conservation tillage practices, such as no-till and reduced tillage, have been reported to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in agricultural systems as they reduce soil disturbance, whereas conventional tillage has been criticised for causing soil C losses, accelerating soil erosion and displacing of soil nutrients, despite benefits, such as reduced soil compaction, weed control and preparation of favourable seedbed, which have been reported under conventional tillage. The identification of appropriate agricultural management practices is critical for realisation of the benefits of sequestration and reducing emissions from agricultural activities. This thesis was planned to improve our understanding on how tillage, fertilisation, tree planting or natural forest conservation can enhance C sequestration and thus mitigate climate change. The main goal was to quantify the influence of tillage, fertilisation and plantation forestry practices on C and N dynamics in bulk soil and density separated soil organic matter (SOM) fractions relative natural forest. Tillage treatments under reduced tillage (RP), no tillage (DS) and conventional tillage (CT) were compared with natural forests (NF) in sandy and clayey Rhodic Ferralsols.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe planning of the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables requires estimates for how much electricity wind turbines can generate from the prevailing atmospheric conditions. Here, we estimate monthly ideal wind energy generation from datasets of wind speeds, air density and installed wind turbines in Germany and compare these to reported actual yields. Both yields were used in a statistical model to identify and quantify factors that reduced actual compared to ideal yields. The installed capacity within the region had no significant influence. Turbine age and park size resulted in significant yield reductions. Predicted yields increased from 9. 1 TWh/a in 2000 to 58. 9 TWh/a in 2014 resulting from an increase in installed capacity from 5. 7 GW to 37. 6 GW, which agrees very well with reported estimates for Germany. The age effect, which includes turbine aging and possibly other external effects, lowered yields from 3. 6 to 6. 7% from 2000 to 2014. The effect of park size decreased annual yields by 1. 9% throughout this period. However, actual monthly yields represent on average only 73. 7% of the ideal yields, with unknown causes. We conclude that the combination of ideal yields predicted from wind conditions with observed yields is suitable to derive realistic estimates of wind energy generation as well as realistic resource potentials. Citation: Germer S, (2019) Have wind turbines in Germany generated electricity as would be expected from the prevailing wind conditions in 2000-2014? 14(2): e0211028. of : August 21, 2018; Accepted: January 7, 2019; Published: February 6, 2019Copyright: © 2019 Germer, Kleidon. This is an open access 4. uni-bonn. de). Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionWith the Energiewende or energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables, wind energy became a mainstream energy source [1]. It was the second largest renewable energy source after hydropower in 2015 with a total installed capacity of 433 GW globally [2]. According to the EU 2050, apart from energy conservation the switch to renewable energy sources is the second major prerequisite for a more sustainable energy system [3]. In 2016, renewable energy sources had a share of 32% of total electrical energy production in Germany with wind energy contributing about a third to this share [4].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 4 0. 3 0. 3 EN/HL 0. 3 0. 3 0. 5 ED/HL 0. 4 0. 5 0. 5 IOD/ED 1. 3 0. 9 0. 8 EN/ED 0. 6 0. 6 0. 8 EN/IOD 0. 5 0. 7 1. 1 TL/SVL 0. 6 0. 6 0. 6 FL/SVL 0. 4 0. 5 0. 5 HAL/SVL – 0. 4 0. 3 FLL/SVL – 0. 2 0. 2 ED/Fin 4DW – 2. 3 1. 8 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12644/table-1 Figure 2: Hand (A), foot (B) and papillae (C) of Nymphargus laurae (15384). Tags and background color have been digitally removed. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12644/fig-2 In preservation, the new specimens show similar colourations to the holotype. However, the female shows a lavender dorsum, while the new male and the holotype have cream dorsum with lavender tones. The female has 19 ocelli on the body and eight on the head (Fig. 3A), and the male has six ocelli on the body and three on the head (Fig. 3B) (14 on the body and five on the head of the holotype). Upper eyelids are dark lavender. Fingers and toes lack melanophores. All ventral surfaces are cream. The parietal peritoneum and sclera are white, covering 2/3 of the abdomen; pericardium, digestive peritonea, hepatic peritoneum, and urogenital peritonea are clear. Figure 3: Views of the body (dorsum and venter), of (A) subadult female 15383 and (B) adult male 15384 in specimens of Nymphargus laurae. Tags and background colour have been digitally removed. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12644/fig-3 The colouration in life of Nymphargus laurae remains known only from the brief description provided by Gustavo Orcés-Villagómez, Ecuadorian zoologists who donated the specimen to James A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: The storage of C and N on Luvisols, followed: control < N Fert < N Fert + manure whereas Arenosols had control < N Fert + manure < N Fert. Compared with control, N Fert and N Fert + manure enhanced fLF C on homefields and outfields by 19%, 24% and 9%, 22% on Luvisols and 17%, 26% and 26%, 26% respectively on Arenosols. Homefields on Luvisols, under N Fert and N Fert + manure had similar equilibrium levels, which were 2. 5 times more than control. Forests play a major role in regulating the rate of increase of global atmospheric CO2 storing C in soil and biomass although the C storage potential varies with forest type and plant species composition. In this research, storage of C and N were highest in moist forest and lowest in the Miombo woodland. In both natural and planted forests, above ground tree biomass was the major ecosystem C pool followed by forest floor’s humus (H) layer. The mineral soil had 45%, 31% and 24% of SOC stored at the 0–10, 10–30 and 30–60 cm soil depths respectively. Stand age affected C and N storage significantly having an initial decline after establishment recovering rapidly up to 10 years, after which it declined and increased again by 25 years. Average soil C among the Pinus compartments was 12 kg m-2, being highest at 10 years and lowest in the 1 year old stands. was also highest at 10 years and least at 25 years. The proportional mass of fLF and oLF in Miombo woodlands was similar while the other stands had higher fLF than oLF. The highest LF was in the moist forest. In the Pinus patula stands the fLF C contributed between 22−25%, the oLF C contributed 8−16% and MaHF C contributed between 60−70% to total SOC. Carbon in MaHF and oLF increased with depth while the fLF decreased with depth in all except the 1 and the 10 year old stands. Conversion of depleted Miombo woodlands to pine plantations can yield better C gains in the short and long run whilst moist forests provide both carbon and biodiversity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: legislation plans to further extend renewable energy and sets the target to generate 80% of electrical energy from renewables by 2050 [5]. This extension includes additional installation of 2. 9 GW capacity per year for onshore wind energy and an increase of installed capacity in offshore areas to 15 GW by the year 2030. In order to understand if the target of renewable energy generation can be met with such an increase in installed capacity requires estimates for the performance of wind turbines, knowledge about the factors influencing wind energy generation over time, and to the extent to which wind energy generation can be estimated from large-scale meteorological datasets of wind fields. Turbine performance depends on wind speed distribution and direction, which can vary strongly from day to day due to changes in synoptic activity in the atmosphere, and on air density, which has a comparably much weaker variation. In the long-term, factors which potentially decrease wind speed can have a negative effect on wind energy production [6], such as climate change and changes in surface roughness due to land-use change [7] or the atmospheric effects of large-scale wind energy use [8–11]. It is well known that a concentrated arrangement of wind turbines in wind parks leads to wake effects, reducing energy yield for those turbines standing in the wake of others [12–14]. An increase of average wind park size with time in a region can thus decrease the average performance of its wind turbines as well. In addition, the energy output of wind turbines can be affected by feed-in management that reduces or stops energy feed-in due to insufficient grid capacity, e. g. during periods of high wind speeds. Wind park performance can also decrease due to ageing effects of turbines and increased downtimes toward the end of their lifetime [15]. Such impacts on wind energy yields have received little attention in the past. The age effect has been quantified for selected wind turbines in Sweden [16] and for wind parks in the UK, but not for single wind turbines [15]. Such estimates for wind parks include effects of early turbine death, increasing artificially the average effect of ageing itself. Furthermore there are no country-wide estimates of the size of wind energy losses due to ageing or due to changing wind park sizes with time. Usually, the capacity factor of wind turbines, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Peters, USNM curator, and reported in the original description of the species: “green with yellow spots surrounded by black” (Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2007). The new specimens allow for a complete description: Head green, darker than the body, lip greenish cream; dorsal surfaces of body, arms and legs green; ocelli on head and body having yellow spots surrounded by black; ocelli absent on arms and legs; upper flanks coloured as dorsum but lower flanks cream, with a sharp division between both; hands, finger, feet and toes yellowish-green, with yellow discs; nuptial pad cream (Fig. 4). Throat greenish-white, all other ventral surfaces cream white. Yellow circumpupillary ring and whitish iris with thin dark reticulations and dark flecks concentrated towards the middle (Fig. 4). Nictitating membrane yellowish, without reticulations. Green bones. Figure 4: Nymphargus laurae (15383), (A) dorsal view, (B) side view, (C) front view and (D) ventral view. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12644/fig-4 We reconstructed the evolutionary tree (Fig. 5) of Nymphargus laurae with a dataset including 120 taxa and 2823 nucleotides (in the aligned matrix). ML and BA analyses are both congruent and recovered the phylogenetic position of N. laurae as sister species of N. siren and both forming a clade sister to N. humboldti. The clade N. laurae + N. siren + N. humboldti has low BA posterior probability (<0. 9 node value in Fig. 5), while the ML bootstrap value has relative high support (0. 7 node value in Fig. S1). This clade is closely related to N. megacheirus and N. anomalus (Fig. 5). Phylogenetic relationships among major groups to genus level are supported with high values, in and Vitreorana (Fig. S1). Figure 5: Optimal maximum likelihood tree (log likelihood = −28155. 635) of Nymphargus (the clade including N.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Where possible moist forests should be conserved and enrichment planting done in degraded areas to sustain them and if possible the forests can be considered as part of future projects on reduced emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD+). It is believed that REDD+ can promote both conservation and socio economic welfare, including poverty alleviation by bringing together the development of the forest and climate change link in African forests and woodlands. The focus on the monetary valuation and payment for environmental services can contribute to the attraction of political support for soil conservation. Developing countries therefore, need to formulate enabling economic and institutional land management policies that have positive impacts on poverty alleviation, food security and environmental sustainability. models are used to predict impacts of land management on C storage. The RothC 2. 63 model was used for estimating SOC stock under selected land management practices on the clayey and sandy soils of Zimbabwe. There is greater potential to store more C in clayey soils than sandy soils and in practices that receive more organic inputs. Results show that the RothC model pool of HUM + IOM is related to the measured MaHF from density fractionation and that the model can be used to estimate SOC stock changes on Zimbabwean agricultural and forest soils. The relationship between equilibrium levels estimated by the RothC model and those estimated using the Langmuir equation was good. A 1. 5˚ C rise in temperature was found to cause the A and B systems on clayey soils to sequester more C. The results also show that, when holding all the other factors constant, the model is sufficiently sensitive to a rise in temperatures with sandy soils reaching an equilibrium much earlier than clayey soils. The modelling approach represents one of the most promising methods for the estimation of SOC stock changes and allowed us to evaluate the changes in SOC in the past period on the basis of measured data. However, since the data were obtained from short term experiments (4−9 years), further ground validation can be hampered by the lack of long-term experimental trials in the southern African region. The deficiency of adequate experimental sites also limits further work on model uncertainties. The understanding soil quality and dynamics however, helps to design sustainable agricultural systems, while achieving the urgently needed win-win situation in enhancing productivity and sequestering C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: the ratio of actual energy generation to the capacity of the turbine, is determined to obtain such estimates and to compare the performance of different wind turbines or track their performance over time. However, the capacity factor also depends on wind availability, which can change from year to year, as well as the specific power of turbines, that is, the ratio of turbine capacity to rotor swept area. Hence, the capacity factor is only one aspect that characterizes country-wide performance of wind turbines, and only if the mean specific power of all wind turbines does not change over time. Our aim in this paper is to evaluate the role of these mechanisms that lower turbine yields in observed wind energy generation in Germany for the years 2000 to 2014. To do so, we use a dataset of wind conditions in combination with turbine characteristics to estimate the yield that can be expected for the turbines in the ideal case of no such negative effects. We then use this estimate in combination with a dataset of reported yields of a subset of wind turbines in Germany to attribute deviations from this ideal case to the influence of turbine age, park size and regional installed capacity. We then apply a statistical model that includes these influences to predict turbine efficiencies and wind energy generation for all wind turbines in Germany. We discuss the outcome of this statistical analysis in terms of the different factors that reduce turbine yields. We close with a brief summary and conclusions. sources and preparation We used German monthly energy yield data on a turbine basis from the 'operator database' ( [17]) and related them to energy yield predicted on the basis of wind speed and air density calculated from the reanalysis dataset COSMO-REA6 provided by Germany's Service (for Weather Research, [18]). Operator database The operator database includes the location of German onshore wind turbines since 1988 and for a subset of turbines the monthly energy yields. This is the only publicly available database of wind energy yields per turbine in Germany. The database consists of a site and a yield table. The site table (here referred to as “BDBsites”) consists of information provided by manufacturers and operators. It includes the location of the turbines in terms of the postal code of the area as well as the manufacturer, capacity, hub height, rotor diameter, and the month of start and end of operation. The BDBsites database does not report exact positions of wind turbines and therefore the relative position of wind turbines in wind parks to the predominant wind direction is unknown.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: laurae is highlighted by an orange rectangle) inferred from concatenated DNA sequences of fragments of the mitochondrial genes 12S, 16S, and COI, and the nuclear gen RAG1, totaling 2,823 aligned base pairs. Circles indicate significant support values for clades recovered by Bayesian (BA) and Likelihood (ML) analyses. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12644/fig-5 Nymphargus laurae is known from two localities in the province of Napo, on the north-eastern flanks of the Andes of Ecuador, at elevations between 700–1,500 m (Fig. 1). The type locality, Loreto, was originally covered by lowland evergreen forests, and it is located on the lower slopes of the Sumaco volcano, on the upper Napo valley. Satellite images (Fig. 1) show that less than 10% of the natural forests remains at the type locality. The new locality, Colonso-Chalupas, is still covered by evergreen montane forest (Fig. 1). The environmental risk surface (ERS) results in threat values from 0 (Colonso-Chalupas) to 0. 37 (Loreto), due to habitat loss and fragmentation for cattle raising and agriculture, deforestation, roads, oil pipelines, and stochastic events related with explosions of the Sumaco Volcano. records of Nymphargus laurae presented in this paper correspond to the first report of the species after 66 years from its original collection. The Colonso-Reserve is the second known locality of N. laurae, extending its geographic range in ca. 77 km SW from the type locality, at Loreto, province of Orellana, Ecuador (Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2007). These records also extend the altitudinal range of the species from ca. 700 m (see comments on the elevation of Loreto by Urgilés, Sanchez-Nivicela & Cisneros-Heredia (2017) up to 1,500 m. Despite the altitudinal difference, both localities are in the same biogeographic region and watershed, and no significant biogeographic barriers separate them. Nymphargus laurae maybe more widespread than currently known, but possibly it is endemic to north-eastern Ecuador.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Increasing awareness about climate change mitigation has led to realisation of a need for sustainable land management practices and promoting soil C sequestration to reduce the greenhouse effects. storage potential of agricultural soils is compounded by conventional tillage practices, covering large areas with only small portions of fields dedicated to conservation farming practices. Maintaining soil and crop productivity under these agricultural systems becomes a major challenge especially in rain-fed arid and semi-arid regions, characterised by long annual dry spells. Conservation tillage practices, such as no-till and reduced tillage, have been reported to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in agricultural systems as they reduce soil disturbance, whereas conventional tillage has been criticised for causing soil C losses, accelerating soil erosion and displacing of soil nutrients, despite benefits, such as reduced soil compaction, weed control and preparation of favourable seedbed, which have been reported under conventional tillage. The identification of appropriate agricultural management practices is critical for realisation of the benefits of sequestration and reducing emissions from agricultural activities. This thesis was planned to improve our understanding on how tillage, fertilisation, tree planting or natural forest conservation can enhance C sequestration and thus mitigate climate change. The main goal was to quantify the influence of tillage, fertilisation and plantation forestry practices on C and N dynamics in bulk soil and density separated soil organic matter (SOM) fractions relative natural forest. Tillage treatments under reduced tillage (RP), no tillage (DS) and conventional tillage (CT) were compared with natural forests (NF) in sandy and clayey Rhodic Ferralsols. Impacts of fertilisation were assessed from three fertility treatments; unfertilised control (control), nitrogen fertiliser (N Fert) and nitrogen fertiliser plus cattle manure (N Fert + manure) in conventionally tilled fields on Arenosols (sandy soil) and Luvisols (clayey soil) along two soil fertility gradients. Similarly, C and N storage in tree farming was studied using a Pinus patula chronosequence. Soil sampling followed randomised complete block design with four replications in agricultural systems and two replicates in each plantation age stands and natural forest. Sodium polytungstate (density 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: At the end of December 2014, the total installed capacity of 25296 turbines registered in the database was 37. 6 GW, which is within the range of reported values of 36. 6 GW [19] and 40. 5 GW [20]. A selected group of wind turbine operators voluntarily report monthly wind energy yields for about 25% of all wind turbines in Germany, which is continuously added to the yield table of the operator database. The yield dataset used in this study only included time series of monthly energy yields of at least five years' length. To identify the effect of wind farm size, we considered yields only for those months in which all turbines in the wind park were in operation. In addition, yields of months including shut down periods of turbines due to maintenance or other reasons as well as yields after wind park extensions were excluded. This procedure excluded reported output after re-powering. The final yield dataset (here referred to as “BDByield”) included 5498 turbines with a total of 261012 monthly energy yield data entries reported from January 2000 to December 2014. While 531 turbines were single turbines, the rest was grouped in 921 wind parks. We will refer to the reported monthly wind energy yield as "actual turbine yields". Climate database To estimate monthly energy yields from wind and turbine characteristics for all turbines in Germany listed in the BDBsites dataset, we used the regional reanalysis COSMO-REA6 dataset provided by the DWD’s Hans-Ertel-Centre for [18]. This reanalysis included the assimilation of observations from weather stations, including 10 m wind speeds, so that trends in wind speeds [7] should be accounted for. The spatial resolution of COSMO-REA6 is about 6. 8 km and hourly values of wind fields are available. The study period covered years with contrasting wind conditions. While the frequency of high wind speeds at 100 m height above the ground was comparatively high in the years 2007 and 2008, it was low in the years 2004 and 2014 (S1 Fig). On average over all of Germany, the wind speeds at 100 m height decreased by -0. 017 m/s per year during our study period (S2 Fig), which is close to the mean trend of reported values reviewed by McVicar et al. [21].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Dorsal colouration pattern showing ocelli with yellow centre surrounded by black on a green dorsum is shared by three ocellated glassfrogs: N. cochranae, N. laurae and N. lindae. These species share a common biogeographic pattern across the eastern Andean slopes in Ecuador, with N. cochranae being widespread across the eastern Andean slopes of the Andes of Ecuador and southern Colombia and sympatric with N. laurae (Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2005; 2006; 2007, this paper). All three species are very similar in their morphology and colouration, and when a single known specimen was available for N. laurae, the differentiation between this species and N. lindae was weak and it was suggested that N. cochranae and N. laurae may be synonyms (Guayasamin et al. , 2020). Now we can provide strong evidence for the distinctiveness of N. laurae, which is not closely related to N. cochranae nor N. lindae, based on morphological, chromatic, and molecular data. Externally, N. laurae differs from N. cochranae by having much larger ocelli (ocelli in N. cochranae are small, and in some specimens they are so small that without close inspection, they appear to be just dark spots); ocelli with yellow centre (orange centre in N. cochranae), Finger II longer than (> Finger II in N. cochranae); distal subarticular tubercle of fourth finger bifurcate; indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles present; no ocelli on forearms and shanks (present in some N. cochranae); no vomerine teeth (present in some N. cochranae); and smaller body size (23. 8–31. 6 mm SVL in males of N. cochranae vs. 19. 9–22. 3 mm SVL in males of N. laurae). Nymphargus laurae and N. lindae are very similar, but N.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: 63 model was used for estimating SOC stock under selected land management practices on the clayey and sandy soils of Zimbabwe. There is greater potential to store more C in clayey soils than sandy soils and in practices that receive more organic inputs. Results show that the RothC model pool of HUM + IOM is related to the measured MaHF from density fractionation and that the model can be used to estimate SOC stock changes on Zimbabwean agricultural and forest soils. The relationship between equilibrium levels estimated by the RothC model and those estimated using the Langmuir equation was good. A 1. 5˚ C rise in temperature was found to cause the A and B systems on clayey soils to sequester more C. The results also show that, when holding all the other factors constant, the model is sufficiently sensitive to a rise in temperatures with sandy soils reaching an equilibrium much earlier than clayey soils. The modelling approach represents one of the most promising methods for the estimation of SOC stock changes and allowed us to evaluate the changes in SOC in the past period on the basis of measured data. However, since the data were obtained from short term experiments (4−9 years), further ground validation can be hampered by the lack of long-term experimental trials in the southern African region. The deficiency of adequate experimental sites also limits further work on model uncertainties. The understanding soil quality and dynamics however, helps to design sustainable agricultural systems, while achieving the urgently needed win-win situation in enhancing productivity and sequestering C. ", keywords = "koolstofvastlegging, klimaatverandering, bossen, agro-ecosystemen, mitigatie, koolstofvastlegging in de bodem, koolstofcyclus, koolstof, zimbabwe, carbon sequestration, climatic change, forests, agroecosystems, mitigation, soil carbon sequestration, carbon cycle, carbon, zimbabwe", author = "L. Mujuru", note = "WU thesis 5744", year = "2014", month = may, day = "20", doi = "10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: The climate data analysis was performed with the Operators (CDO) software of the (DKRZ, The data was transformed to a regular grid in order to combine it with the turbine data available on a basis of postal codes. The wind speed data was taken from the three lowest model layers and interpolated to the hub heights of turbines and then the mean wind speed v of the postal code area was calculated in which the turbine is situated in. Equivalently we calculated the air density ρ from temperature fields and surface pressure. To calculate the expected yield from these meteorological conditions, we used an idealized power curve and combined it with the attributes of the wind turbines in terms of hub height, rotor diameter d, and turbine capacity Pmax. We assumed no generation for wind speeds less than v = 3. 5 m/s. For greater wind speeds, we calculated the electricity generation rate, Pe (in W) through the rotor-swept area A (= π (d/2)2) of the turbine by: (1) We assumed a power coefficient of η = 44%, a typical value for a wide range of turbines (The collection of turbine data shown in Carrillo et al. [22] give a distribution of the power coefficient with an interquartile range of 43–46%, see S3 Fig). We used a generic value because for a number of turbines, no specific information on the power coefficient could be obtained, either because the manufacturer does not provide this information, or because the manufacturer no longer exists or was bought up by another manufacturer. Variations in the power coefficient affect the estimate in an approximately proportional way, so that a power coefficient of 40% yields about 10% less generation (S4 Fig). We further limited electricity generation to the capacity of the turbine at high wind speeds (i. e. , Pe ≤ Pmax), and used a cut-out wind speed of v = 25 m/s, assuming that wind turbines are switched off at such wind speeds and above (note, however, that such wind speeds are practically absent in Germany, see S1 Fig). The turbine characteristics of the BDBsites database enter this estimate through the hub height, which was used to interpolate wind speeds from the COSMO-REA6 dataset, rotor diameter was used to determine the rotor-swept area A, and the turbine capacity was used to limit electricity generation at high wind speeds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: lindae is diagnosable due to the present of vomerine teeth (absent in N. laurae), low ulnar and tarsal folds present (absent in N. laurae), and slightly larger body size (19. 9–22. 3 mm SVL in males of N. laurae vs. 23. 0–26. 5 mm SVL in males of N. lindae). The condition of the papillae at the tip of toes was used as a diagnostic character in the original description of N. lindae, but it is not a useful taxonomic character due to its variation in N. laurae. Absence of papillae in the female and in some toes in the new male of N. laurae (Fig. 2B) suggest that papillae show intraspecific variation or is of external origin. The presence of papillae on toes discs was not used as a diagnostic character in the original description of N. laurae. Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid (2007) actually noted that intraspecific variation was observed in the presence/absence of papillae on toe discs of other congeneric species (i. e. , Nymphargus ignotus). We have seen similar papillae in some specimens of Chimerella, Vitreorana and Espadarana, showing intraspecific variation (e. g. , Espadarana prosoblepon, Vitreorana ritae). Phylogenetic analyses place Nymphargus laurae in a clade with N. siren and N. humboldti (Fig. 5). These results are interesting due to the colouration differences among N. laurae, N. humboldti and N. siren and their close distribution in nearby areas at the Sumaco volcano and the Guacamayos mountain range. Nymphargus siren and N. humboldti are almost identical, the only phenotypic diagnostic character being the smaller body size of N. siren. However, our phylogenetic information shows that, despite their similarities, they are not sister to each other. Nymphargus siren is distributed on the eastern Andean slopes from southern Colombia to northern Ecuador, at elevations between 1,410–2,000 m; N.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Conservation tillage practices, such as no-till and reduced tillage, have been reported to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in agricultural systems as they reduce soil disturbance, whereas conventional tillage has been criticised for causing soil C losses, accelerating soil erosion and displacing of soil nutrients, despite benefits, such as reduced soil compaction, weed control and preparation of favourable seedbed, which have been reported under conventional tillage. The identification of appropriate agricultural management practices is critical for realisation of the benefits of sequestration and reducing emissions from agricultural activities. This thesis was planned to improve our understanding on how tillage, fertilisation, tree planting or natural forest conservation can enhance C sequestration and thus mitigate climate change. The main goal was to quantify the influence of tillage, fertilisation and plantation forestry practices on C and N dynamics in bulk soil and density separated soil organic matter (SOM) fractions relative natural forest. Tillage treatments under reduced tillage (RP), no tillage (DS) and conventional tillage (CT) were compared with natural forests (NF) in sandy and clayey Rhodic Ferralsols. Impacts of fertilisation were assessed from three fertility treatments; unfertilised control (control), nitrogen fertiliser (N Fert) and nitrogen fertiliser plus cattle manure (N Fert + manure) in conventionally tilled fields on Arenosols (sandy soil) and Luvisols (clayey soil) along two soil fertility gradients. Similarly, C and N storage in tree farming was studied using a Pinus patula chronosequence. Soil sampling followed randomised complete block design with four replications in agricultural systems and two replicates in each plantation age stands and natural forest. Sodium polytungstate (density 1. 6 g cm-3) was used to isolate organic matter into free light fraction (fLF), occluded light fraction (oLF) and mineral associated heavy fraction (MaHF). Carbon an N were analysed by dry combustion and C and N stocks calculated using bulk density, depth and C and N concentration. The RothC model was used to match density separated fractions with conceptual model pools for agricultural and natural forest soils. Findings from tillage studies showed significantly larger C and N stocks in natural forests than tillage systems despite the open access use of the natural forests. and N stocks were significantly lower in sandy than clayey soils.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: Electricity generation was calculated for each wind turbine for each of the hourly wind speed data and this estimate was aggregated to the monthly time scale. We refer to this estimate as the “ideal turbine yield” as it sets a reference without yield decreasing effects. Data preparation As a measure of turbine performance, monthly capacity factors were calculated by dividing actual energy yield per month by maximum possible energy yield per month (the installed capacity times hours per month). Capacity factors were also calculated from the estimated ideal turbine yield derived from climate reanalysis data (CFideal) and from actual turbine yield in the BDByield table (CFactual). To assess the regional effect of installed capacity on energy yield per turbine, the total installed capacity per postal code area and month was calculated using the BDBsites table. In 2014, wind turbines operated in 2328 out of 8199 postal code areas in Germany. The age was calculated for each month and turbine in BDBsites in decimal years. To estimate the wake effect in wind parks, we assigned a rank to each turbine in a park that we identified through the ID fields in the dataset. For each turbine in the park, we calculated a ratio of capacity factors each month, CFactual divided by CFideal, and normalized them by their median per month and park. Then, for each park, turbines were ranked by their median normalized capacity factor ratio. An example for a single wind park is shown in Fig 1. The normalization was performed in order to eliminate seasonal variability. As a result, the interquartile ranges of monthly normalized capacity factor ratios per turbine are very narrow (see e. g. Fig 1), suggesting that significant differences in yield associated with the turbines in the park and that these differences did not change substantially over time. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Example of assigned ranks for one wind park of 20 turbines with energy yield data covering 10 years. The ranks were assigned according to the median ratio of ideal and real capacity factors normalized by their median per month and park. Data analysis All statistical modelling and prediction as well as graphics were done using the program R, version 3. 2. 2 [23], incorporated in RStudio, version 1. 0. 153 [24]. The ultimate aim of the data analysis is to estimate energy yields.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: humboldti, is known from two localities on the eastern Andean slopes of central Ecuador, at elevations between 1,770–2,400 m (Guayasamin et al. , 2020); and N. laurae is restricted to lowland and foothill forests along the River basin (Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2007, this paper). Our results suggest the dispersal of this clade occurred in the northern Andes, along montane forest in the upper basin, Guacamayos mountain range and Sumaco volcano (Fig. 1A). Although these species have similar elevations and distributional ranges, the role of morphological, behavioural, bioacoustics and physiological features (i. e. , climatic tolerances) is still intriguing, regarding their evolution and biogeographical diversification in eastern Andes of Ecuador. Based on data provided herein, we propose the following extinction risk assessment for Nymphargus laurae: (1) N. laurae has suffered population reductions, based on the continuous decline in habitat quality at its type locality and surroundings, where no recent record for the species have been obtained despite surveys. Habitat quality at Colonso-Chalupas is better by being part of a protected area. However, since only three specimens are known for the species, we refrain from using criterion A until more data are available to at least inferred the population status of the species; (2) the species is known from just two localities with different conservation conditions, thus each one should be evaluated as a different threat-defined location; (3) an EOO cannot be estimated with two localities but the estimated AOO is 8 km2, which is within the threshold for (<10 km2). However, we consider that it is possible that the geographic range of N. laurae is larger, closer to the threshold for Endangered (10–500 km2) under criterion B2; (4) the type locality and any potential locality outside of Colonso-Chalupas are under ongoing habitat decline due to forest loss and water pollution. This information suggests the extinction risk of N. laurae is relatively high and we propose that it should be classified under the IUCN category of Endangered (EN) based on criteria B2ab (iii, iv). Although N.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Stand age affected C and N storage significantly having an initial decline after establishment recovering rapidly up to 10 years, after which it declined and increased again by 25 years. Average soil C among the Pinus compartments was 12 kg m-2, being highest at 10 years and lowest in the 1 year old stands. was also highest at 10 years and least at 25 years. The proportional mass of fLF and oLF in Miombo woodlands was similar while the other stands had higher fLF than oLF. The highest LF was in the moist forest. In the Pinus patula stands the fLF C contributed between 22−25%, the oLF C contributed 8−16% and MaHF C contributed between 60−70% to total SOC. Carbon in MaHF and oLF increased with depth while the fLF decreased with depth in all except the 1 and the 10 year old stands. Conversion of depleted Miombo woodlands to pine plantations can yield better C gains in the short and long run whilst moist forests provide both carbon and biodiversity. Where possible moist forests should be conserved and enrichment planting done in degraded areas to sustain them and if possible the forests can be considered as part of future projects on reduced emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD+). It is believed that REDD+ can promote both conservation and socio economic welfare, including poverty alleviation by bringing together the development of the forest and climate change link in African forests and woodlands. The focus on the monetary valuation and payment for environmental services can contribute to the attraction of political support for soil conservation. Developing countries therefore, need to formulate enabling economic and institutional land management policies that have positive impacts on poverty alleviation, food security and environmental sustainability. models are used to predict impacts of land management on C storage. The RothC 2. 63 model was used for estimating SOC stock under selected land management practices on the clayey and sandy soils of Zimbabwe. There is greater potential to store more C in clayey soils than sandy soils and in practices that receive more organic inputs. Results show that the RothC model pool of HUM + IOM is related to the measured MaHF from density fractionation and that the model can be used to estimate SOC stock changes on Zimbabwean agricultural and forest soils. The relationship between equilibrium levels estimated by the RothC model and those estimated using the Langmuir equation was good. A 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: While in the year 2000, the mean turbine capacity was 611±401 kW, it increased to 1453±808 kW in the year 2015 (Fig 3B). The mean rotor swept area also increased from 1513±899 m2 to 3742±2237 m2 within this time period (Fig 3C). Mean turbine capacity and mean rotor swept area increased almost at the same rate of 2. 4 and 2. 5 from 2000 to 2014. As a result, the mean specific power, which is the ratio of turbine power to rotor swept area, increased only from 0. 39±0. 05 kW m-2r in 2000 to 0. 40±0. 06 kW m-2r in 2014 (Fig 3D). During the same time period the mean size of individual wind parks increased only slightly from 2. 4±6. 2 to 3. 1±5. 4 turbines per park (this includes single turbines with a park size of 1 turbine, Fig 3E). Mean installed capacity per postal code area, however, increased by a factor of 2. 6 from 216±342 to 564±656 kW/km2 (Fig 3F). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Changes in onshore wind turbine characteristics in Germany from the year 2000 to 2014. The panels show (a) the age of wind turbines, (b) turbine capacity, (c) rotor swept area, (d) specific power and (e) park size (in terms of N, the number of turbines per park) and (f) the density of installed capacity per postal code area. The black lines refer to the mean of the distribution of values, while the shaded areas indicate the range of values in terms of the 25%-75% percentile (dark blue) and the 5%-95% percentile (light blue). mean monthly capacity factor calculated from the BDByield database fluctuates seasonally between 10 and 30% reaching values above 40% only at a few times in winter (Fig 4). The long-term mean capacity factor is 18. 3±7. 5%. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Temporal variability of capacity factors illustrated as (a) time series of monthly capacity factors of all turbines in the BDByield database and as (b) seasonal variability of monthly mean capacity factors per turbine.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Lynch (ICN), Linda Trueb, William E. Duellman and John E. Simmons (KU), (MCZ), (QCAZ), George Zug, Roy McDiarmid and (USNM), and Carolina Reyes-Puig and Emilia Peñaherrera (ZSFQ). New specimens of N. laurae were collected as part of the project “On the quest of the golden fleece in Amazonia: The first herpetological DNA—barcoding expedition to unexplored areas on the Napo watershed, Ecuador”. authors declare that they have no competing interests. María José Sánchez-Carvajal conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. Grace C. Reyes-Ortega conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, logistics and organization of fieldwork and expeditions, and approved the final draft. Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, logistics and organization of fieldwork and expeditions, and approved the final draft. The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers): of Ecuador provided full approval for this research (MAE-DNB-CM-2017-0062). DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The new sequences are available in GenBank: 12S MZ820691; 16S MZ831508; COI MZ828399; RAG1 MZ835991. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data is available in the Supplemental Files.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: 5˚ C rise in temperature was found to cause the A and B systems on clayey soils to sequester more C. The results also show that, when holding all the other factors constant, the model is sufficiently sensitive to a rise in temperatures with sandy soils reaching an equilibrium much earlier than clayey soils. The modelling approach represents one of the most promising methods for the estimation of SOC stock changes and allowed us to evaluate the changes in SOC in the past period on the basis of measured data. However, since the data were obtained from short term experiments (4−9 years), further ground validation can be hampered by the lack of long-term experimental trials in the southern African region. The deficiency of adequate experimental sites also limits further work on model uncertainties. The understanding soil quality and dynamics however, helps to design sustainable agricultural systems, while achieving the urgently needed win-win situation in enhancing productivity and sequestering C. AB - Climate change adversely affects human livelihoods and the environment through alteration of temperatures, rainfall patterns, sea level rise and ecosystem productivity. Developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change because they directly depend on agriculture and natural ecosystem products for their livelihoods. Mitigation of climate change impacts includes practices that can store carbon (C) in soil and biomass thus, reducing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gasses. In addition, planted and natural forests that store large amounts of C, can become key resources for mitigating and reducing vulnerability to climate change, whilst infertile agricultural soils require large amounts of chemical and/or organic fertilisers to improve productivity. Increasing awareness about climate change mitigation has led to realisation of a need for sustainable land management practices and promoting soil C sequestration to reduce the greenhouse effects. storage potential of agricultural soils is compounded by conventional tillage practices, covering large areas with only small portions of fields dedicated to conservation farming practices. Maintaining soil and crop productivity under these agricultural systems becomes a major challenge especially in rain-fed arid and semi-arid regions, characterised by long annual dry spells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines have no environmental impact whatsoever. [SEP] Text: Turbine performance by climate driven estimates The mixed-effects model approach assessed effects of age and rank in wind parks simultaneously. The model regresses capacity factors derived from reported monthly yields (CFactual) over those calculated from climate based estimates (CFideal). The estimate for β1 CFideal of 0. 7372±0. 0020 (Table 1) represents the slope of CFactual over CFideal at age zero and rank one and it is the mean of all postal code zones. Thus, all turbines with reported actual monthly yields on average generate only 73. 7±0. 2% of what has been estimated in the ideal case from wind conditions and turbine characteristics. Note that the given uncertainty only includes the uncertainty of the slope estimation by the statistical model and does not include possible uncertainties of the wind fields, the reported yield and the idealized power curve. Turbine age and rank in the wind parks as well as the postal code zones had a significant influence on the monthly capacity factors per turbine (Table 1). The slope of CFactual over CFideal and, hence, the deviation from the ideal case decreases by 0. 63±0. 01% per year of turbine age and by 0. 49±0. 02% per turbine rank. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Estimated fixed effects, their standard errors (SE), and the t-values obtained from the mixed-effects model. estimates of the postal code zones represent deviations from the mean slope in the respective zone (Table 1). The deviation of slope in region PLZ6+ is 0. 0913 as the sum of all deviations from the mean slope needs to equals zero (Table 1). Hence, the difference between actual and ideal turbine yield is greater in (postal code zones 1 to 4) where wind speed and the regional installed capacity are higher than in (zones 0, 5 and 6+, Fig 2, Table 1). Energy yield and absolute losses We next used the estimated parameters of the mixed-effects model and applied it to estimate yields of all wind turbines in Germany to predict the countrywide generation of wind energy. Estimated annual yields increased from 9. 1 TWh in the year 2000 to 55. 9 TWh in the year 2014 (Table 2, Fig 5). These estimates are very close to the reported values by the of Economy and Energy [26].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: work was supported by the following projects: “On the quest of the golden fleece in Amazonia: The first herpetological DNA—barcoding expedition to unexplored areas on the Napo watershed, Ecuador”, funded by the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología del Ecuador (Senescyt-#PIC-17-BENS-001), and Academy of Sciences (TWAS Grant #16-095, granted to H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade). Research by Cisneros-Heredia was supported by the Smithsonian Women’s Committee, (2002 Program, of Natural History), Fund (WWF-EFN, Russel E. for Nature Program), Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (“Becas de Excelencia”), Francisco de Quito (Chancellor grants, grants, Collaboration grants, projects 34, 36, 39, 48, 1057, 7703, 12253, 13524), and “Napo”, an initiative of Francisco de Quito in association with Society and funded by the Gordon and Foundation as part of the project: WCS of (mosaics) in the Andes. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2008. Nymphargus laurae. of threatened species 2008: e. T135996A4223953. Cisneros-. 2005. Amphibia, Centrolenidae, Centrolene peristictum, Centrolene prosoblepon, Cochranella cochranae, Cochranella midas, Cochranella resplendens, Cochranella spinosa, Hyalinobatrachium munozorum: range extensions and new provincial records. 1:18-22 Cisneros-. 2006. A new species of the genus Centrolene (Amphibia: Anura: Centrolenidae) from Ecuador with comments on the taxonomy and biogeography of Glassfrogs. Zootaxa 1244:1-32 Cisneros-. 2007.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Conservation tillage practices, such as no-till and reduced tillage, have been reported to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in agricultural systems as they reduce soil disturbance, whereas conventional tillage has been criticised for causing soil C losses, accelerating soil erosion and displacing of soil nutrients, despite benefits, such as reduced soil compaction, weed control and preparation of favourable seedbed, which have been reported under conventional tillage. The identification of appropriate agricultural management practices is critical for realisation of the benefits of sequestration and reducing emissions from agricultural activities. This thesis was planned to improve our understanding on how tillage, fertilisation, tree planting or natural forest conservation can enhance C sequestration and thus mitigate climate change. The main goal was to quantify the influence of tillage, fertilisation and plantation forestry practices on C and N dynamics in bulk soil and density separated soil organic matter (SOM) fractions relative natural forest. Tillage treatments under reduced tillage (RP), no tillage (DS) and conventional tillage (CT) were compared with natural forests (NF) in sandy and clayey Rhodic Ferralsols. Impacts of fertilisation were assessed from three fertility treatments; unfertilised control (control), nitrogen fertiliser (N Fert) and nitrogen fertiliser plus cattle manure (N Fert + manure) in conventionally tilled fields on Arenosols (sandy soil) and Luvisols (clayey soil) along two soil fertility gradients. Similarly, C and N storage in tree farming was studied using a Pinus patula chronosequence. Soil sampling followed randomised complete block design with four replications in agricultural systems and two replicates in each plantation age stands and natural forest. Sodium polytungstate (density 1. 6 g cm-3) was used to isolate organic matter into free light fraction (fLF), occluded light fraction (oLF) and mineral associated heavy fraction (MaHF). Carbon an N were analysed by dry combustion and C and N stocks calculated using bulk density, depth and C and N concentration. The RothC model was used to match density separated fractions with conceptual model pools for agricultural and natural forest soils. Findings from tillage studies showed significantly larger C and N stocks in natural forests than tillage systems despite the open access use of the natural forests. and N stocks were significantly lower in sandy than clayey soils.

Output: corroborate