Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Similarly, Karunakaran and Gurusamy (2011) also reported bioethanol production from Eucheuma and Hypnea. In mid-2008, studies were initiated for the production of bioethanol and biofertilizer from K. alvarezii on a laboratory scale by an integrated 2-product strategy (Mody et al. 2009). Benjamin (1993) in his US patent explained the utilization of genetically transformed marine green macro algal (Enteromorpha) cells for the bioethanol production. Uchida and Murata (2004) described lactic acid and ethanol fermentation using various types of green, brown, and red algae. In addition, Adams et al. (2009) reported the effect of enzymatic pretreatment for their bioethanol production in a brown alga, Saccharina latissima (Laminaria saccharina). Table 1. of Macroalgae (Dhargalkar and Pereira 2005) In fact, only limited information has become available on the effectiveness of these processes with macroalgal carbohydrates (Horn et al. 2000), even though some breakthroughs have been newly made with respect to ethanol production from the brown macroalgae (Adams et al. 2009). Red algae produce high amounts of bioethanol-producing carbohydrates. Although macroalgae can look similar to the land plants, these organisms in fact, do not have the same lignin crosslinking molecules in their structures as cellulosic terrestrial plants because they grow in the water surroundings where they are able to grow erect despite their lack of lignin crosslinking (John et al. 2011). Although macroalgae have low amounts of lignin, they have significant amounts of sugars that could be used in the fermentation process for the production of bioethanol (Wi et al. 2009). Nevertheless, in certain algae such as marine red algae, the content of carbohydrate is influenced by the occurrence of agar, a polymer of galactose and galactopyranose. Recent research has sought to improve methods of saccharification to release galactose from the agar and glucose from cellulose to produce ethanol through fermentation (Wi et al. 2009). The potential of macroalgae for ethanol production can be estimated based on the following postulations: a content carbohydrate 60 % of dry weight and a 90 % of conversion levels to ethanol through fermentation of 1 g of sugar can yield 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: For crossing using the annual strain (used as a reference), F1 was obtained by crossing the annual (‘TA-33BB-O’) and biennial (‘NK-377mm-CMS’) strains, and BC1F1 was obtained by crossing the F1 and biennial (‘NK-310mm-O’) strain. Note that the nuclear genome composition of ‘NK-310mm-O’ and ‘NK-377mm-O’ are almost the same, thus, crossing the F1 (‘NK-377mm-CMS’ × ‘NK-420mm-O’) with ‘NK-310mm-O’ was considered as backcrossing. Prefixes such as ‘NK-420mm’ or ‘TA-33BB’ denote nuclear genotype of strains, and suffixes such as ‘- O (O-type)’ or ‘CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility)’ denote cytoplasmic type. All seeds of the beet strains described above were bred by the (HARC). Field test Seeds were sown in paper pots (Co. Ltd. , Japan) on the 9th day of April in both 2014 and 2015, and the seedlings grown for approximately 30 days. The seedlings were initially grown in a greenhouse and the temperature was gradually reduced from 20°C to 10°C for hardening. Two to three leaf seedlings were transplanted to experimental fields at HARC (Memuro, Hokkaido, Japan, 42. 9 °N, 143. 1 °E), at a planting density of 22. 5 cm between the plants and 60 cm between the rows, on May 9, 2014 and May 13, 2015. Except for natural sunlight, no additional light was applied for all growing periods. Bolting individuals were counted in late-August (specifically, on August 21, 2014 and August 26, 2015) to evaluate flowering characteristics. Bolting rate was calculated by dividing the number of bolting plants by the total number of plants examined. Greenhouse test The greenhouse test was conducted in two seasons, summer and winter, at temperatures not below 15°C during test periods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Despite the occurrence of vertical temperature gradients, plant growth and fruit yield were mostly unaffected. Leaf and truss initiation rates did not differ in the presence or absence of a vertical temperature gradients, since air temperatures at the top of the canopy were kept comparable. The only observed response of plants to the vertical temperature gradient was the reduced rate of fruit development in the lower part of the canopy. This resulted in a longer period between anthesis and fruit harvest and an increase in the average fruit weight in summer. However, total fruit production over the whole season was not affected. The effects of the climate factors light, CO2 concentration, temperature, and humidity on leaf photosynthesis were investigated. The photosynthesis model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB) was modified by adding a sub-model for Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activation. The photosynthetic parameters: the maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), α (the efficiency of light energy conversion), θ (the curvature of light response of electron transport), and Rd (the non-photorespiratory CO2 release) were estimated based on measurements under a wide range of environmental conditions in the semi-closed greenhouse. The simultaneous estimation method and the nonlinear mixed effects model were applied to ensure the accuracy of the parameter estimation. Observations and predictions matched well (R2=0. 94). The yield increase in a closed greenhouse, compared to that in an open greenhouse was analyzed based on physiological and developmental processes. The yield increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was the result of an increase of net leaf photosynthesis. The (semi-)closed greenhouses have been applied commercially first in the Netherlands, and later in other countries. The knowledge obtained from (semi-)closed greenhouses is applied in conventional open greenhouse as well, which is called the next generation greenhouse cultivation. A number of innovations are being developed for greenhouse industry to reduce energy consumption while improving production and quality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4 g of ethanol. It will ideally give up 0. 22 kg or 0. 27 L ethanol from 1 kg dry weight of macroalgal biomass, equivalent to roughly 0. 05 L ethanol per kg of wet weight (Kraan 2010). Algae are also a potential source of commercial biogas products, such as biohydrogen and biomethane that can be used as gas fuels or for electricity generation (Mussgnug et al. 2010). Hydrogen produced by macroalgae is a popular attraction in the renewable energy scenario. Current research has revealed that Laminaria japonica (brown alga) and Gelidium amansii (red alga) are both potential biomass sources for the production of biohydrogen by anaerobic fermentation (Park et al. 2011). Macroalgae can produce biohydrogen under specific conditions. Ongoing discussions on the prospects of hydrogen production by algae have been well-documented (Prince and Kheshgi 2005; Rupprecht et al. 2006). In a study of the feasibility of methane production from macroalgal biomass, case scenarios assumed yields of 11 dry t ha-1 y-1 based on data from commercial growers (Chynoweth 2002). Research to determine the technical and economic feasibility of biomethane production from marine biomass was conducted from 1968 until 1990 under the sponsorship of the U. S. Navy, the Association and Institute, and the U. S. Department of Energy; such work was reviewed by Chynoweth (2002). The study compared the technical potential of different biomass sources (marine algae, wood and grass species, and municipal solid waste) to be used in the energy farms and concluded that the marine biomass offered the highest advantage. Marine algae, such as Gracilaria sp. and Macrocystis are excellent substrates for biomethane generation (Bird et al. 1990). The view expressed by many authors is that the best approach to biomethane production from macroalgae is the multipurpose use of algal biomass, for example gas evolution from the digestion of the residues from hydrocolloid extraction (Kerner et al. 1991). In this way, the coproduction of methane with the other products could bring down the production costs and could make biomethane production profitable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: For the test in summer season in 2014 and 2015, seedlings were grown at the same time as in the field test described above. Two to three leaf seedlings were transplanted into pots (diameter 20 cm × height 20 cm) at a density of nine individuals per pot in May (specifically, on May 8, 2014 and May 15, 2015), and then grown in the greenhouse at HARC. The temperature was set to 20°C and the light conditions were 24-hour daylength, with daytime sunlight (~ 100,000 lux) and nighttime illumination (300 lux), for all growing periods. An incandescent bulb (200 W), placed approximately one meter above the plants, was used for nighttime illumination. Lighting hours ranged from 18:00 to 5:00. Bolting individuals were counted in June (specifically, on June 11, 2014 and June 30, 2015) and bolting rates calculated. For the test in winter season in 2013 and 2014, seeds were sown in a paper pot in early November (specifically, on November 5 in 2013 and 2014), and seedlings were transplanted in December (specifically, on December 11 in 2013 and 2014). Except for the longer illumination time, which ranged from 16:00 to 7:00, the winter test was performed in the same manner as the summer test. Bolting individuals were counted in June (specifically, on June 6, 2013 and June 12, 2014), and bolting rates calculated. Assuming that flowering of BLOND is determined by a single dominant gene, based on a preliminary study (Kuranouchi 1990), the chi-square test was used to evaluate segregation distortion from the Mendelian inheritance for each generation. Tukey kramer's multiple test was performed for differences in the number of days to bolting by strain. Incubator test The incubator test was conducted in an incubator (Sanyo Co. Lid, MLR-351) to clarify whether the induction of flowering is dependent on day length. Seeds of ‘TA-33BBmm-O’, ‘NK-310mm-O’, ‘NK-420mm-O’, and ‘NK-422mm-O’ were sown in paper pots on December 21, 2015, and seedlings grown for 30 days.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The effects of the climate factors light, CO2 concentration, temperature, and humidity on leaf photosynthesis were investigated. The photosynthesis model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB) was modified by adding a sub-model for Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activation. The photosynthetic parameters: the maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), α (the efficiency of light energy conversion), θ (the curvature of light response of electron transport), and Rd (the non-photorespiratory CO2 release) were estimated based on measurements under a wide range of environmental conditions in the semi-closed greenhouse. The simultaneous estimation method and the nonlinear mixed effects model were applied to ensure the accuracy of the parameter estimation. Observations and predictions matched well (R2=0. 94). The yield increase in a closed greenhouse, compared to that in an open greenhouse was analyzed based on physiological and developmental processes. The yield increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was the result of an increase of net leaf photosynthesis. The (semi-)closed greenhouses have been applied commercially first in the Netherlands, and later in other countries. The knowledge obtained from (semi-)closed greenhouses is applied in conventional open greenhouse as well, which is called the next generation greenhouse cultivation. A number of innovations are being developed for greenhouse industry to reduce energy consumption while improving production and quality. AB - (Semi-)closed greenhouses have been developed over the last decades to conserve energy. In a closed greenhouse, window ventilation is fully replaced by mechanical cooling while solar heat is temporarily stored in an aquifer. A semi-closed greenhouse has a smaller cooling capacity than a closed greenhouse and, in which mechanical cooling is combined with window ventilation. (Semi-)closed greenhouses create new climate conditions: high CO2 concentrations irrespective of the outdoor climate, and vertical gradients in temperature and vapour pressure deficit throughout the canopy. This thesis focuses on the crop physiology in (semi-)closed greenhouses, and investigates the effects of the new climate conditions on crop growth, development and underlying processes. Cumulative production in (semi) closed greenhouses increased by 6-14% compared to the open greenhouse, depending on the cooling capacity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Methane, ethanol, and biohydrogen production from different macroalgal biomass sources are presented in Table 2. Table 2. of Macroalgae for From an economic point of view it is not viable to produce biofuels from macroalgae with the current technology, except if the production process is combined with another, such as pollutant removal or the production of bio-based products (Savage 2011; Pittman et al. 2011). It is estimated that macroalgae phycocolloids represent a world market of some US$ 600 Mio y-1 (2003). Using macroalgae as feedstock will add a new sector of this area for various commercial applications. However, production rates and costs are critical to the economic and commercial success of algal products; these issues are less commonly studied. Thus, more efforts are required to understand these processes with a view to identifying the potential of such macroalgae components for its application. general, microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that are found in both marine and freshwater habitats. Microalgae have been classified based on various characteristics such as pigmentation, photosynthetic storage product, the arrangements of photosynthetic membranes, and other morphological features. At present, microalgae species are divided into four groups, namely diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyceae), blue green algae (Cyanophyceae), and golden algae (Chrysophyceae) (Khan et al. 2009). The dominating species of microalgae in commercial production include Isochrysis, Chaetoceros, Chlorella, Arthrospira (Spirulina), and Dunaliella (Lee 1997). Chlorella species are capable of changing from phototrophic to heterotrophic modes of nutrition among microalgal species (Xiong et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2006). As heterotrophs, the algae rely on glucose or other utilizable carbon sources for carbon metabolism and energy. Some algae can also grow mixotrophically. The biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the common constituents in microalgae (Williams and Laurens 2010). Importance of microalgal biomass Research and commercial applications of microalgae have gained interest during the last few years. Owing to their rapid growth rate, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Three seedlings of each strain were planted in Jiffy pots (Denmark), with a diameter of 10 cm each, on January 21, 2016. The seedlings were grown under incandescent illumination (IL) conditions of 24-hour, 18-hour, or 14-hour daylength at a temperature of 20°C. An incandescent lamp (100 W), placed approximately 50 cm above the pots, was used as the light source (700 lux). In addition, as a control of an incubator test, the greenhouse evaluation was also performed under two light conditions of daytime sunlight only (SL) and 24-hour daylength with daytime sunlight and nighttime illumination (SL + IL, 16:00 to 7:00, the same conditions as in the greenhouse test described above) in a greenhouse set to a temperature of 20°C. Bolting individuals were counted on March 4, 2016, and bolting rates and stem lengths calculated. The Mann–test was used to test the difference between the strains tested and the biennial control ‘NK-310mm-O. ’ test In the outdoor field, bolting rates were 0% for the biennial control strains and 100% for the annual control strain over the two years. For strains obtained by crossing the annual reference and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of F1 (biennial × annual) were 100% for both years, and those of BC1F1 (biennial × annual × biennial) were 44% in 2015. In the chi-square test, assuming a single dominant gene control, the segregation ratios of bolting and non-bolting were not significantly different from the separation ratio of 1:1 in the BC1F1 generation (p > 0. 05). The two BLOND strains showed the same bolting tendency as the biennial reference strains, and continued vegetative growth without any bolting (Table 1). For strains obtained by crossing BLOND and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of F1 and F2 (biennial × BLOND), and BC1F1 (biennial × BLOND × biennial) were 0% over the two years. The results suggested that the bolting tendency of BLOND strains was similar to that of biennial strains, and unlike the annual strain, in outdoor field conditions, and that the bolting tendency of the annual strain is controlled by a single dominant gene.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The production increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was explained by the higher CO2 concentrations. In many species, feedback inhibition of photosynthesis occurs when plants are grown at high CO2. The results, however, suggest that high CO2 concentrations do not cause feedback inhibition in high producing crops, because the plants have sufficient sink organs (fruits) to utilise all assimilates. Pruning experiments showed that photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 concentration only occurred when the number of fruits was considerably reduced. Cooling below the canopy induced vertical temperature and vapour pressure deficit gradients. These gradients correlated with outside radiation and outside temperature. Despite the occurrence of vertical temperature gradients, plant growth and fruit yield were mostly unaffected. Leaf and truss initiation rates did not differ in the presence or absence of a vertical temperature gradients, since air temperatures at the top of the canopy were kept comparable. The only observed response of plants to the vertical temperature gradient was the reduced rate of fruit development in the lower part of the canopy. This resulted in a longer period between anthesis and fruit harvest and an increase in the average fruit weight in summer. However, total fruit production over the whole season was not affected. The effects of the climate factors light, CO2 concentration, temperature, and humidity on leaf photosynthesis were investigated. The photosynthesis model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB) was modified by adding a sub-model for Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activation. The photosynthetic parameters: the maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), α (the efficiency of light energy conversion), θ (the curvature of light response of electron transport), and Rd (the non-photorespiratory CO2 release) were estimated based on measurements under a wide range of environmental conditions in the semi-closed greenhouse. The simultaneous estimation method and the nonlinear mixed effects model were applied to ensure the accuracy of the parameter estimation. Observations and predictions matched well (R2=0. 94). The yield increase in a closed greenhouse, compared to that in an open greenhouse was analyzed based on physiological and developmental processes. The yield increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was the result of an increase of net leaf photosynthesis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , 100 times faster than the land-based plants which can double their biomass in less than 1 day, microalgae appear to be an attractive renewable energy source (Tredici 2010). This is mostly due to their simple cellular system and big surface to quantity ratio that gave them the facility to utilize more amounts of nutrients from the source of water and hence, supporting their algae growth rate (Khan et al. 2009). Many strains of microalgae are known to produce high quantities of lipids that can be converted into biodiesel. Biofuel production using microalgal farming offers the following advantages (Ahmad et al. 2011): 1. Increased efficiency or decrease in the cost. The sum of harvesting and transportation of microalgae costs can be relatively low compared to those of the other plant biomass resources. On the other hand, the production cycle does not directly affect the human food chain supply system, avoiding the food against fuel conflict. 2. Microalgae do not give any competition for land-based plants used for food production, fodder, and other value-added products (Huang et al. 2010). 3. Generally, microalgae can grow in fresh, brackish, or salt water environments or non-arable lands that are incompatible for growing other crops and conventional agriculture (Patil et al. 2008). In addition, they can be grown in photo-bioreactors (Janaun and Ellis 2010). For this reason – the nonselective growth – microalgae produce a greater yield per hectare with superior environmental attributes. 4. The most common microalgae contain oil ranges between 20 and 50% by dry weight of biomass, but superior productivities can be attained (Mata et al. 2010). Commonly, microalgae double their biomass within 24 h, but the exponential growth content can result in a doubling of their biomass in periods as short as 3. 5 h (Chisti 2007). 5. Microalgae are able to produce various valuable supplementary products i. e. , carbohydrates, proteins, biopolymers, and residual biomass, and these can be used for feed or fertilizer purposes. In addition, herbicides or pesticides are not required for the cultivation of microalgae (Rodolfi et al. 2008). 6. Consideration of microalgae as an efficient cellular system for harvesting solar energy for production of various organic compounds (Vonshak 1990). 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Greenhouse test In the summer greenhouse, bolting rates were 0% for the biennial reference strains and 100% for the annual reference strain over the two years. The two BLOND strains showed the same bolting tendency as that of the annual reference strain. The bolting rates ranged from 95–100% (Table 2). For strains obtained by crossing the annual reference and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of F1 (biennial × annual) were 100% in 2014. For strains obtained by crossing BLOND and biennial reference strains, the bolting rates of two F1s (biennial × BLOND), F2s (biennial × BLOND), and BC1F1s (biennial × BLOND × biennial) ranged from 84–100%, 83–98%, and 48–55%, respectively, in 2015. In the chi-square test, assuming a single dominant gene control, the segregation ratios of bolting and non-bolting were found to be significantly different from the separation ratio of 3:1 in the F2 generation (p < 0. 01), but they were not different from the separation ratio of 1:1 in the BC1F1 generation (p > 0. 05). In the winter greenhouse, similar to the results of summer greenhouse test, bolting rates were 0% for the biennial reference strains and 100% for the annual reference strain in the two years. The two BLOND strains showed the same bolting tendency as that of the annual reference strain. The bolting rate was between 95% and 100% (Table 2). For strains obtained by crossing the annual reference and biennial reference strains, the bolting rate of BC1F1 (biennial × annual × biennial) was 68% in 2014. For strains obtained by crossing BLOND and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of two F2s (biennial × BLOND) and BC1F1s (biennial × BLOND × biennial) ranged from 63–74% and from 47–53%, respectively. In the chi-square test, assuming a dominant one-gene control, the segregation ratios of bolting and non-bolting were found to be significantly different from the separation ratio of 3:1 in the F2 generation in one of the two cases (p < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and and or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and Previous 10. 4337/9781800882119. 00016 Keywords: BECCS; CDR; Negative emissions; Emissions accounting; Bioenergy; Climate change abatement Full access the IPCC scenarios we now know that removing CO2 from the atmosphere seems unavoidable if we are to reach the targets of limiting climate change. A key technology for creating these negative emissions is bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS). As biomass grows it absorbs atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis. The biomass is then used for energy production or for the production of bio-based products and services. The associated CO2 can be captured and stored permanently, hence avoiding CO2 flows to the atmosphere. This book 1. 5oC was agreed during the Conference of the Parties COP21. Before this meeting, the (UN) on (IPCC) released its fifth assessment report on the science and research on climate change (5, 2015). Besides covering the physical science of climate change, the third working group of the IPCC (WG3) had analyzed over 1000 emissions pathways. Of these 116 complied with the Paris Agreement. In turn, 101 of these 116 relied on BECCS to remove CO2 from the atmosphere (Fuss et al. , 2014). In 2018, the special report on 1. 5oC released by the IPCC (15, 2018) covered research on pathways for limiting global warming. This time, 411 emission pathways were covered. Of these 78 complied with a 1. 5oC target and 73 of the 78 relied on BECCS. In both of these reports, some of the pathways that do not include BECCS have boundary conditions to exclude them. 2021, the first contribution to the sixth assessment report by the IPCC (6 WG1, 2021) was released. It is interesting to make an observation in the summary for policymakers (6 WG3, 2021 SPM): of the summary is entitled ‘Climate Change’ and 29. 1% of the words in this 1. 5oC and 2oC targets is further described. 3. 5 confidence intervals for scenarios in relation to reaching different levels of climate change mitigation are reported.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Microalgae are able to fix carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, assisting the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, which is recently considered a global crisis. In addition, production of microalgal biomass can affect the biofixation of waste carbon dioxide, reducing the releases of a major greenhouse gas (1 kg of dry microalgal biomass requires about 1. 8 kg of carbon dioxide) (Chisti 2007; Rodolfi et al. 2008). 8. Microalgal lipids are typically neutral lipids. Owing to their high degree of saturation and fast accumulation in the cellular system at various stages of microalgal growth, lipids remain as a prospective replacement for diesel fuel (Danquah et al. 2009). Besides lipid extraction, some microalgae (blue green) (which produce glycogen instead of starch) can produce biohydrogen under anaerobic conditions (Hankamer et al. 2007; Melis et al. 2000), and their fermentation can also be used for the production of methane. By extracting more than one type of microalgal biofuel as value-added products, the value of the biomass is increased while contributing additional offsets to the ecological impacts. As stated above, the combined biorefinery perception can be used to enhance ethanol substance from the algae (Danquah et al. 2009). This model can also be exploited in combination with the production of biohydrogen and biogas either by giving a valuable product before the techniques of fermentation or by using the products of gaseous fermentation to power the progress of producing those high value entities such as methane, biodiesel, and bio-hydrogen. Exploitation of micro-algae for combined applications of biofuels production is under research (Li et al. 2011; Chisti 2007). Composition and processing of microalgal biomass to biofuel Current research enterprises have shown that microalgal biomass appears to be one of the promising sources of renewable biodiesel, which is capable of facing the global demand. Oil content from the microalgal biomass can exceed 80% by dry weight (Rodolfi et al. 2008). Oil ranges of 20 to 50% are quite common (Chisti 2007) (Table 3). Oil production yield can be defined as the mass of oil produced per unit volume of broth of microalgal culture per day based on the growth rate of microalgae and the oil content of the biomass.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: 01), but they were not different from the separation ratio of 1:1 in the BC1F1 generation (p > 0. 05). There was no clear difference between the number of days until bolting in the annual strain and BLOND. However, ‘NK-422mm-O’ had slightly more days until flowering than ‘NK-420mm-O’ and ‘TA-33BB-O’. The F1s (biennial × BLOND) also tended to be slightly slower to bolt than the annual and BLOND strains (Table 3). These results suggest that bolting in BLOND occurs without exposure to low temperatures, similar to the annual strain, and it is likely to be controlled by a single or small number of dominant genes with strong effects. Incubator test The bolting rate of the biennial control strain was 0% under all conditions (Table 4a). The rate of the annual control strain was 100% (in the 18-hour IL, 24-hour IL, and SL + IL), except under the conditions of a relatively short daylength in the incubator (14-hour IL) or in the greenhouse (SL). The stem length tended to increase as the day length increased in both the incubator and greenhouse, and the maximum length was approximately 190 mm (Table 4b). The bolting tendencies of the two BLOND strains differed depending on the conditions. The same trends as those of the annual strain were observed in the rates of ‘NK-420mm-O’, bolting rate was 100% except under the condition of a relatively short daylength (Table 4a). The bolting stem length exhibited the same trend as that of the annual strain. The stem length was longer under 24-hour IL (400 mm) and SL + IL (383. 3 mm) than under 18-hour IL (13. 3 mm) (Table 4b). On the other hand, the bolting rate of ‘NK-422mm-O’ was 100% only in the greenhouse with nighttime illumination (SL + IL), whereas these were 0% under SL and all incubator conditions (14-hour IL, 18-hour IL, and 24-hour IL) (Table 4a).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: 294 of the scenarios limiting global warming to 2oC require CDR, all of the 294 BECCS (6 WG3, 2022, Table 3. 5). Moreover, there is compelling evidence reported throughout the report of working group 3 that CDR is unavoidable to reach net zero CO2 or GHG emissions (6 WG3, 2022, 3. 4, 7. 4, 12. 3, Cross-2. 1 2021 an 2. With data from forecasts by they confirmed the usual conclusions (see Levihn, 2016) that some of the cheapest savings could be realized by increasing industrial productivity through energy efficiency, while some of the more expensive alternatives are found within the transportation sector. The 2. A recent study by Holz et al. (2021) concluded that half of industrial CCS applications in the might be within cement and clinker manufacturing in the year 2050 without labelling it as hard-to-abate sectors. It is also important to distinguish between short-term hard-to-abate, such as parts of aviation and what is long-term hard-to-abate, assuming technical advances for alternatives such as electric or hydrogen-powered airplanes. Many other such industrial examples exist. Typical examples of really hard-to-abate emissions include leakage of NOx (nitrous oxides) and CH4 (methane) from sewage treatment and agriculture, but they are also expected to exist in other sectors. NOx is, to provide an example, often released just by ploughing farmland. Also if CO2 is captured with fossil CCS, a capture rate of 95% would result in 5% remaining really hard-to-abate fossil emissions. This raises the question, if these emissions are so hard to get rid of, what if we remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere? That is the idea of CDR. Most emissions from sectors such as industry and transport will be relatively easy to remove at costs well below 800 USD/tonne. One option is carbon capture and storage, CCS. Simplified CCS takes CO2 directly at its point source and stores it permanently, for example in suitable geological storage. If a factory uses fossil fuels in its process it will generate fossil p. 119CO2 emissions. If these emissions are captured and stored permanently, the fossil CO2 emissions would be reduced. The challenge is that a 100% capture rate is very hard to achieve.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Several species of algae produce high content of lipids as storage materials, as high as 50 to 60% of their dry weight. These lipid systems are chemically analogous to other crop-derived oil-seed lipids, rendering algae a promising source of biodiesel production (Griffiths and Harrison 2009). Various techniques have been applied for more efficient lipid extraction from microalgae. Most common methods are expeller/ oil press, ultrasound techniques, solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. The preferred characteristics of the extraction methods are that the process should be fast, non-damaging and effective to lipids extracted, and scaled up easily (Medina et al. 1998). Extraction of lipid by using a modified Bligh and Dyer (Bligh and Dyer 1959) method is widely used (Mutanda et al. 2011). Extraction of microalgal fatty acids by using direct esterification, simultaneous extraction, and transesterification can be performed on various types of biomass, making it a versatile method for biofuels production. This is a multistep process and it needs a mixture of solvent extraction, ultrasonication, heating at high pressure, filtration, density separation of solvent, and liquids and oil recovery by the process of evaporation to dryness (Belarbi et al. 2000). Table 4 shows the advantages and limitations of various lipid extraction methods for microalgae oil. Table 3. of Microalgae by Chisti (2007) and Rodolfi et al. (2008) Table 4. Advantages and Limitations of for (Harun et al. 2010c). These extraction methods are still on a laboratory scale and none of them has been demonstrated to be practical and economical for commercial production (Chen et al. 2009). Currently, most of the lipid extraction methods are facing many problems with high costs coupled with water removal and difficulties with disrupting the algal cellular system to make lipids efficiently accessible. In spite of the high productivity, biodiesel from microalgae still has not yet become economical; algal biodiesel has been priced at US $1. 25/lb, whereas petroleum-based diesel has been priced at US $0. 43/lb (Li et al. 2011). The expenditure for the algae-derived biodiesel is proportional to the algal species-specific efficiency to carbon dioxide sequestration as lipids.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: flowering characteristics of study demonstrated that the flowering characteristics of the two BLOND strains were clearly different from those of typical annual and biennial beets, and that these varied in annual and biennial beets depending on the growth conditions. Namely, bolting, a trait that occurs in the early stages of flowering, did not occur in the two BLOND strains under outdoor field conditions, similar to that in the biennial beet; however, it promptly occurred without vernalization treatment under 24-hour daylength greenhouse conditions, similar to that in the annual beet. These specific flowering characteristics observed in BLOND strains suggest that its response to vernalization and day length is different from that in annual and biennial beets. Previous studies have also reported beet strains with flowering characteristics similar to those of BLOND. For example, Owen et al. (1940) showed that the strain ‘Clone70’ did not initiate bolting in the City field without vernalization treatments, but initiated bolting under a 17-hour daylength condition in a greenhouse (winter natural daylength plus nighttime supplemental light). Smit (1983) reported that the strain ‘G4’ did not initiate bolting under natural daylength conditions in a greenhouse (14-hour daylength) without vernalization treatments, but initiated bolting under a 24-hour daylength condition in a greenhouse (natural daylength plus nighttime supplemental light). The flowering characteristics of these strains were similar to those of BLOND, but not as sharply responsive to the emergence of bolting as the BLOND strains used in this study, which, along with the annual strains, attained almost 100% bolting rate approximately 40–50 days after sowing, whereas ‘Clone70’ attained almost 50% bolting rate approximately 50 days after sowing, and ‘G4’ attained almost 70% bolting rate approximately 80 days after sowing. Light conditions are the main factors affecting bolting Two environmental factors are considered essential for inducing the reproductive growth of sugar beets: vernalization and daylength (Ream et al. 2012; Melzer et al. 2014). In this study, none of the outdoor and greenhouse conditions included exposure to the low temperatures necessary to induce vernalization (Milford 2006); therefore, the main factor that might cause loss of the vernalization requirement is daylength.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: The following activities are listed as CDR in 6 WG1:p. 122 Additional afforestation: convert land that historically has not contained forest into forest. Reforestation: conversion of land that previously contained forests but now is used for other purposes into forests. Soil carbon management: Activities to store carbon in soil. Biochar: Conversion of biomass into stable carbon through the process of pyrolysis (heating in a low oxygen or oxygen-free environment). Direct air carbon capture and storage: Capturing carbon directly from the air through chemical or physical processes. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): Combination of natural and technical CDR by letting photosynthesis capture carbon from the atmosphere in biomass and then collect the carbon after use in a technical process. All of these activities could result in both positive and negative effects on other areas of concern such as biodiversity, land use and food production. IPCC notes in AR6 WG1 (2021) that these side effects are highly dependent on local context, management, prior land use and scale. Although the definition of CDR above assumes an underlying anthropogenic activity, the net balance of forest growth is part of climate reporting to the Framework on (). For wood-based products reporting allows half-life for remaining carbon in products, ranging from two years for paper to 25 years for wood panels and 35 years for sawn wood (FCCC/KP/AWG/2010/18/Add. 1). Thus a managed forest in itself could become net removals if harvested wood is used for creating bio-based products. Biomass used for bioenergy is conservatively reported as emitted at the moment of harvest. As such bioenergy could be climate neutral if regrowth in the managed forests equal or exceeds outtake for bioenergy, and net technical CDR if the biogenic CO2 emissions are captured and stored permanently. Some of the options also provide good complements. Biochar can be used as a soil improvement enhancing biomass yield and soil carbon formation while decreasing the need for irrigation and use of fertilizers. Similarly, good forest management practices can increase the uptake of CO2 in woody biomass used for different BECCS applications. 3. 2 of the easiest CDRs to understand from a conceptual point of view is DACCS. You take a machine that sucks CO2 from the ambient air and then store it for thousands of years.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hence, microalgal prospecting would greatly impact the upcoming efficiencies and thus help reduce the production cost of algal biodiesel (Griffiths and Harrison 2009). Bioprospectors look for potential strains that are not only large lipid producers, but also show abundant growth and harvesting uniqueness (Mutanda et al. 2011). Several diatoms also have been examined for their lipid production, including Amphora (De la Pena 2007), Chaetoceros calcitrans (Rodolfi et al. 2008), Cyclotella cryptica (Sheehan et al. 1998), some species of Nitzschia (Griffiths and Harrison 2009), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (et al. 2000), Thalassiosira pseudonana (Rodolfi et al. 2008), Chaetoceros gracilis, and Tetraselmis tetrathele (Araujo et al. 2011). Microalgae also have been studied for bioethanol production. Table 5 presents the bioethanol yield from various strains of microalgae. Table 5. from of green algae Chlorococum spp. and Spirogyra spp. have been revealed to accumulate high contents of polysaccharides together in their complex cell walls and as starch. This accumulation of starch can be used in the bioethanol production (Harun et al. 2010a; Eshaq et al. 2011). Harun et al. (2010a) have stated that the green algae Chlorococum sp. produces 60% higher ethanol from samples that are pre-extracted for lipids against those that stay as desiccated undamaged cells. This implies that microalgae can be utilized for the production of both lipid biofuels and for ethanol biofuels from the similar microalgal biomass as a way to boost their overall economic value. Bioethanol has the prospect of being an alternative fuel, but it is highly important to ensure that the expansion of this fuel is not hindered by the raw material constraints (Harun et al. 2010b). In this context, the harvesting cycle of microalgae cells has a very short period (1 to 10 days) compared with the other feedstock (harvesting time once or twice per year), and thus can provide enough supplies to meet demands for the ethanol production (Schenk et al. 2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: There was a large difference in daylength between the two growth conditions. The outdoor daylength at Memuro (42. 9 °N, 143. 1 °E), where the survey was conducted, was between 9. 1 hours (late December) and 15. 4 hours (late June), whereas in the greenhouses, light supplementation at night extended the length of the day to 24 hours. The importance of daylength has been reported by conducting experiments under artificial light conditions in an incubator (Hoft et al. 2017). The results of these experiments identified at least three beet strains that do not initiate bolting (0%) under 16-hour daylength condition, but do so (100%) under a 22-hour daylength. One of these is a fodder beet (seed code; 080396) and the other a leaf beet (seed code; 081845), the same species as the sugar beet, which exhibited a relatively short (approximately 40 days) days to bolting. The third beet was a wild beet (seed code; 080538), but the number of days to bolting was relatively long (approximately 70 days). Although outdoor field tests were not conducted, the flowering characteristics of these strains were similar to those of the BLOND strains in the current study. On the other hand, the experiment conducted in the incubator, using only incandescent lamps (100 W) as the light source, in this study showed that even under the same 24-hour daylength conditions, the two BLOND strains exhibited very different bolting rates. Bolting rate and stem length of ‘NK-420mm-O (BLOND)’ and ‘TA-33BB-O (annual)’ tended to increase with daylength, whereas ‘NK-422mm-O (BLOND)’ did not bolt under any daylength condition. However, all strains, including ‘NK-422mm-O’, exhibited rapid bolting induction under sunlight and night supplemental light using an incandescent lamp (200 W). Because the intensity of natural light (~ 100,000 lux) is much higher than that of incandescent light (300 lux) and an incandescent lamp have a relatively high proportion of the infrared spectrum compared to sunlight, light intensity and spectrum are also considered to be related to bolting development.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: The downside of DACCS is that the concentration of CO2 is 410 ppm, or 0. 041%. Capturing CO2 from such low concentrations requires large amounts of energy. Biomass grows by photosynthesis capturing carbon from CO2 in the surrounding air, much like DACCS (see Figure 7. 4). When biomass is used and replanted, the cycle can be carbon neutral or even positive in itself over time, contributing to natural CDR. When used in bio-based processes such as energy generation or in the pulp and paper industry, CO2 concentrations well above 10% might be reached. In an ongoing BECCS project in Stockholm where the aim is to put BECCS on an existing combined heat and power (CHP) plant the concentration of biogenic CO2 is approximately 18% in the flue gases (Gustavsson et al. , 2021). That is a 439 times higher concentration compared to the ambient air. The bio-based processes also generate energy and/or products that can be used to substitute fossil energy and products, p. 123thereby having a double climate benefit – both reduced emissions as fossil emissions are reduced through substitution and negative emissions that can counter hard-to abate sectors. 7. 4 Comparison of BECCS and figure as PowerPoint slide So while DACCS requires large amounts of energy to drive the capture process, BECCS provides usable products and services while capturing carbon with an atmospheric origin. The big downside of BECCS is the pace of photosynthesis and biomass growth. The near-term efficiency of BECCS therefore relies on the carbon cycles it is part of. Biomass is not a single entity and while garden waste and residues from agriculture could have carbon cycles within a year, other biogenic carbon cycles as trees are replanted and grow, which could last up to a century. Other woody biomass such as branches and tops and other residues from forestry to make board, pulp and paper have alternative GHG emissions through the alternative natural decay to methane resulting in short-term positive climate impact (Hammar and Levihn, 2020; Camia et al. , 2020). Similarly, the net carbon efficiency of DACCS is heavily dependent on what energy is used to drive the process, where energy generation could potentially emit more than what is captured. Among the present biomass utilization, one of the low-hanging fruits is biogenic CO2 from the pulp and paper industry.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Additionally, algae have the photon conversion ability and can synthesize and accumulate large amounts of carbohydrate biomass for the production of bioethanol from the cheapest source of raw materials (Subhadra and Edwards 2010). Hon-Nami (2006) has described the fermentation of Chlamydomonas perigranulata to produce ethanol, butanediol, acetic acid, and CO2, thus showing the multiutility of the algal biomass. Interestingly, Harun et al. (2010a) showed that the lipid-extracted micro-algae yielded 60% higher ethanol than that from the dried/intact microalgae, thus implying the significance of using the spent biomass for ethanol production. Anaerobic fermentation In recent times, microalgae have also become a subject of interest in the biogas production by the process of anaerobic fermentation. Biogas production is considered to lead to a net reduction for the emissions of greenhouse gas; this is because methane would otherwise be released into the atmosphere (Fredriksson et al. 2006). For this purpose, anaerobic digestion is an initial process that can solve the waste biomass issue as well as the energetic and economical balance of such a successful technology for algal biofuel production (Sialve et al. 2009). Chisti (2008) mentioned the energy recovery from the microalgal residues after biodiesel production, highlighting its importance to meet the current energy demands of the preceding processes. He also theoretically calculated that an average heating value of 9360 MJ/metric tons of microalgal residues was recoverable as methane. Furthermore, co-digesting the microalgal residues with a glycerol co-product obtained during the transesterification of algal oils in quantities equivalent to those produced was observed to increase the CH4 yields by 5 to 8% when compared to the digestion of the residues alone (Ehimen et al. 2008). Blue-green algae are also able to produce biohydrogen via an anaerobic process involving the oxidation of ferredoxin by the hydrogenase enzyme activity (Yacoby et al. 2011). Nevertheless, hydrogenases are directly involved with other metabolic processes for the detachment of electrons, and not all functions of hydrogenases activities alike.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Major genetic factors are presumed to be few Although this study did not provide much information on the estimation of related genes or loci, the following arguments can still be put forth. First, in the two generations of F1 and BC1F1 obtained from crosses between BLOND and biennial plants, the model of a single dominant gene fits, leading to the presumption that a single major gene controls the flowering characteristics of BLOND. There may be other minor genes involved, as the segregation ratio of F2 exhibited a tendency to be higher in summer and lower in winter than the 75% segregation ratio expected from the model. Second, the flowering characteristics of BLOND cannot be explained solely by a key locus, called the B locus, that controls the response to vernalization, among several loci involved in flowering without vernalization treatments (Hohmann et al. 2005; Buttner et al. 2010; Hoft et al. 2017). The locus B is controlled by a single dominant gene; the dominant B allele leads to an annual habit whereas plants with the recessive b allele require vernalization and exhibit biennial habits (Abegg 1936; Boudry et al. 1994, El-Mezawy et al. 2002). The causative gene of the B locus is BvBTC1 and a partial loss of function for annual habit occurs in biennial beets (Pin et al. 2012). Based on the polymorphisms in the BvBTC1 gene, there are two classes of haplotypes; the first class consists of three haplotypes (‘a’ to ‘c’) including a biennial parent for molecular mapping whereas the second consists of eight haplotypes (‘d’ to ‘k’) including an annual parent for molecular mapping. The BvBTC1 gene of the BLOND strains used in this study is known to be haplotype ‘g’; nevertheless, there are many strains with haplotype ‘g’ that do not exhibit BLOND characteristics (Kuroda et al. 2019). Therefore, it is unlikely that the flowering characteristics of BLOND are solely determined by the B locus, and more likely that other related loci are involved. Third, although B' (Owen et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: 8 Mt of residual emissions if countered by complementary measures. Of these 3–10 Mt is expected to be in the form of BECCS (SOU, 2020: 4). A result is a potential greater than the domestic demand and a potential for exporting CDR as a service to organizations and nations with lesser capabilities for developing CDR on their own. If price levels of 240 €/t CDR (for example reported in Fajardy et al. , 2021) are used as reference and Sweden requires 10 Mt of technical CDR from BECCS to reach net zero, the remaining 21,7 Mt of BECCS potential available for export would have a market value of €5. 2 billion. The key question for this development is how to get actors with residual emissions to buy. p. 132 5 sum up, it seems unavoidable to pursue BECCS if the targets of limiting global warming should be within reach. The simple reason – today we do not reduce greenhouse gases such as CO2 fast enough. The transition to a low-carbon society does not have the pace required to limit global warming even at 2oC. For some activities today that contribute to global warming we do not even have good alternatives, which creates a need to counter rather than pursue reducing them. A key challenge is funding the development, in essence, to create the business models to enable a transition not only reducing emissions but also getting the required capabilities of CDR. BECCS could provide such a capability as photosynthesis concentrates atmospheric CO2 while biomass grows and then can be used to generate energy or bio-based products. When considering BECCS development, most BECCS projects globally not only need to find the business model for CDR, but additionally also for their part in the value chain of supplying goods and services in the biogenic sector. Some regions, the case of Sweden used in this 596. Camia, A. , Giuntoli, J. , Jonsson, K. , Robert, N. , Cazzaniga, N. , Jasinevičius, G. , Avitabile, V. , Grassi, G. , Barredo Cano, J. I. and Mubareka, S. (2020) ‘The use of woody biomass for energy production in the EU, EUR 30548 EN’.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Thus, a significant volume of the recent research on microalgal photobiohydrogen production has been aimed at identifying the vigorous hydrogenase activities, accepting their interaction with ferredoxin and the other metabolic functions, and genetically changing these interactions to enhance the effectiveness for the production of biohydrogen (Yacoby et al. 2011; Wecker et al. 2011). Although hydrogen production from the algae is still a long way from its commercial viability, continued progress in this area indicates its ultimate potential. The production of biogas efficiency has been revealed to be species-dependent and is based on the relative efficacy of cell deprivation and on the absence or presence of molecules that might prohibit the methanogenic archaea (Mussgnug et al. 2010). Production of biogas from algae may also involve an important function in phyco-remediation, as harmful algal blooms in ponds, lakes, or oceans can result in the release of poisonous secondary metabolites that can cause deleterious effects on these environments; clearing these algae for the production of biogas can minimize these impacts (Yuan et al. 2011). Currently, the biogas production from algae is still incomplete, owing to the need to heat the digesters and the necessity for more land area and infrastructure to generate the same content of energy that can be obtained from the algal biodiesel (Collet et al. 2011). The value-added product can comprise biohydrogen produced anaerobically just before the process of anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas (Mussgnug et al. 2010). In addition, generation of electricity from biogas can be used to offset the requirements of energy for the microalgal anaerobic digestion during biogas production; agriculturally originated biogas can be used to give a CO2 stream for algal growth and the production of coproduct and biogas can be used to power the cultivation and lipid extraction methods for the biodiesel (Collet et al. 2011; Douskova et al. 2010; Harun et al. 2011). Catalytic cracking and liquefaction for thermochemical conversion Preliminary studies made by several researchers on Scenedesmus and Spirulina indicate that biomass with ~20% oil content is suitable for conversion into biogasoline through the catalytic cracking process, as the product is rich in hydrocarbons (Ueda et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: 1940) has many features in common with BLOND (described below), the flowering characteristics of BLOND cannot be explained by B', which is allelic to B. (1) B' is dominant over b. (2) Plants with B are strictly annual whereas plants with B' remain vegetative under field conditions, and plants with B' bolt as quickly as plants with B under relatively low-temperature greenhouse conditions. If B' were indeed identical to BLOND, then B and BLOND would be allelic (i. e. , linked to each other) and the BvBTC1 haplotype would not explain the flowering characteristics of BLOND as described in the second point. Therefore, B' is not the locus of BLOND, and the BLOND 's locus exists elsewhere. Future research directions Future research should focus on two points. The first is the identification of genomic regions that control BLOND. BLOND is thought to function in a manner that releases the switch of vernalization requirement by daylength, which is an interesting characteristic because daylength and vernalization not only determine the timing of flowering in crops (Blumel et al. 2015; Jung and Muller et al. 2009) but also play a major role in plant adaptation and evolution (Amasino 2010; Ream et al. 2012). We have already started to map populations between BLOND and biennials, and have begun research to identify genomic regions through molecular biological approaches. The second is to clarify the effect of BLOND on bolting tolerance. Owen et al. (1940) reported that 'Clone70,’ which exhibits similar characteristics to BLOND lines, has a low vernalization requirement and weak tolerance to bolting. This is termed ‘easy bolting’ and is a trait that should be improved for sugar production as it is prone to initiate bolting in the first year of growth (Kuroda et al. 2019). It is necessary to investigate whether BLOND functions in a direction that directly weakens the bolting tolerance. ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that the two BLOND strains combine characteristics that can suppress bolting during cultivation for sugar production and promote flowering during cultivation for seed production.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: , Elia, A. , Boitier, B. , Koasidis, K. , Doukas, H. , Cassetti, G. , Anger-Kraavi, A. , Bui, H. , Campagnolo, L. , De Miglio, R. , Delpiazzo, E. , Fougeyrollas, A. , Gambhir, A. , Gargiulo, M. , Giarola, S. , Grant, N. , Hawkes, A. , Herbst, A. , Köberle, A. C. , Kolpakov, A. , Le Mouël, P. , McWilliams, B. , Mittal, S. , Moreno, J. , Neuner, F. , Perdana, S. , Peters, G. P. , Plötz, P. , Rogelj, J. , Sognnæs, I. , Van de Ven, D. -J. , Vielle, M. , Zachmann, G. , Zagamé, P. and Chiodi, A. (2021) ‘Where is the EU headed given its current climate policy? A stakeholder-driven model inter-comparison’. Science of the Total Environment, 793. )| falseSearch 300. Paltsev, S. , Morris, J. , Kheshgi, H. and Herzog, H. (2021) ‘Hard-to-abate sectors: The role of industrial carbon capture and storage (CCS) in emission mitigation’. Applied Energy, 300. )| falseSearch 109. Smith, E. , Morris, J. , Kheshgi, H. , Teletzke, G. and Herzog, H. (2021) ‘The cost of CO2 transport and storage n global integrated assessment modeling’. of Control, 109. )| falseSearch 34. Tongur, S. and Engwall, M. (2014) ‘The business model dilemma of technology chifts’. Technovation, 34. )| falseSearch 276. Yue, X. , Deane, J. P. , O’Gallachoir, B. and Rogan, F.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1996; Biller and Ross 2011). Similarly, all forms of carbon present in this biomass can be converted into biocrude oil through a thermochemical liquefaction process. Thermo-chemical conversion technologies of biomass are certainly not the most important opportunity in recent times; combustion is responsible for over 97% production of the world’s bio-energy (Balat 2009). The primary thermochemical conversion processes are pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction. Biorenewable feedstocks can be converted into liquid or gaseous forms for the generation of electricity, heat, chemical, and gaseous or liquid fuels (Demirbas 2008). Although microbial or enzymatic transformations have more cost-reduction potentials in view of the recent developments and the constant efforts for their optimization, these routes are less prone to commercialization in the immediate future, thereby rendering the thermochemical conversion processes commercially viable, as these rely on processes that have been thoroughly studied over the years (Sims et al. 2010). general, the algal biomass grown with the industrial wastewaters can also be converted into biocrude oil using a thermochemical liquefaction process. Hence, growing algae in wastewaters for biofuel and bioenergy production seems a viable and eco-friendly option for the future. Two main culture systems are available for algal production. An open system generally combines waste treatment with algal production. This system employs the use of ponds, which range from the oxidation ponds to the high-rated algae ponds. An oxidation pond recycles nutrients through a bacteria-algae symbiotic process. The pond is one to two meters deep and unmixed. The algal yield in such a pond is thus low. In contrast, the high-rate algae pond (HRAP), which consists of an open raceway mixed by paddle-wheels, is very shallow and is capable of producing very high yields. High-rate algae ponds are suitable for the generation of algal biomass for high-quality animal feed and extraction of useful compounds such as protein and pigments. Research on the combined algal production and waste-treatment systems has been done in Israel (Shelef et al. 1980), India (Venkataraman et al. 1980), Thailand (Tanticharoen et al. 1990), the (Christenson and Sims 2012; Ellis et al. 2012; Rahman et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: In other words, from a practical breeding standpoint, BLOND strains could be used for field evaluations of important agronomic traits, such as yield characteristics outdoors, and for quickly generating plants in a greenhouse by adding supplemental light at night. In particular, the BLOND strains identified in this study exhibit an extremely rapid emergence to bolting in the greenhouse, similar to the annual strains. Thus, the time required for one seed production could be effectively reduced from approximately one year to one-third of that required for conventional lines (approximately four months), similar to the annual beet. We believe that this method could potentially accelerate the development of new breeding strains and varieties. Declarations7616. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 135. Abegg FA (1936) A genetic factor for the annual habit in beets and linkage relationship. J 53:0493-0511 (2010) Seasonal and developmental timing of flowering. 61:1001-1013. (2015) Flowering time regulation in crops-what did we learn from Arabidopsis? Biotechnol 32:121-129. Buttner B, Abou-(2010) A survey of EMS-induced biennial Beta vulgaris mutants reveals a novel bolting locus which is unlinked to the bolting gene B. Genet 121:1117-1131. Bosemark NO (2006) Genetics and breeding. In: Draycott AP (eds) Sugar Beet. Ltd, Oxford, pp 50-88 Boudry P, Wieber R, Saumitou-(1994) Identification of RFLP markers closely linked to the bolting gene B and their significance for the study of the annual habit in beets (Beta vulgaris L. ). Genet 88:852-858. (1933) A study of some ecological factors influencing seed stalk development in beets. -(2002) High-resolution mapping of the bolting gene B of sugar beet. Genet 105:100-105. Ghosh S, Watson A, Gonzalez-Navarro OE et al. (2018) Speed breeding in growth chambers and glasshouses for crop breeding and model plant research. 13:2944–2963. (2019) Breeding crops to feed 10 billion. 37:744-754. (2017) Haplotype variation of flowering time genes of sugar beet and its wild relatives and the impact on life cycle regimes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Sequestration for Mitigation and Adaptation 2. While the technology for CCS is currently available, significant improvements are needed to enhance confidence in storage security. In 1996, the first CCS project established for the purpose of mitigation of CO2 emission began injecting CO2 into deep geological formation in offshore aquifer in the North Sea, Norway. Since that time, science has advanced in areas such as geophysics, chemical engineering, monitoring and verification, and other areas, while also governments have funded demonstration projects at various sizes ranging from small-scale proof of concept to industrial-scale demonstration projects. Five industrial-scale CCS projects are currently operational globally with more than 0. 035 Pg of CO2 captured and stored since 1996. Observations from these industrial scale projects and commercial CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), engineered natural analogues as well as theoretical consideration, models and laboratory studies have suggested that appropriately selected and well managed CCS sites are likely to retain almost all of injected CO2 for long time and provide the benefits for the intended purpose of CCS. However, CCS is still struggling to gain foothold as one of the main options for mitigating climate change due to high costs, advances in other options including renewable energy, as well as discovery of shale natural gas and the associated hydrological fracturing extraction techniques, absence of international action by governments and private sectors on climate change, economic crisis-induced low carbon (C) prices, and public skepticism. The estimated costs for CCS varies widely depending on the application—such as gas clean-up versus electricity generation, type of fuel, capture technology and assumptions about the baseline technology. Generally, for current technology, CCS would increase cost of generating electricity by 50–100%, and parasitic energy requirement of 15–30%. In this case, capital costs and energy requirements are the major cost drivers. In addition, significant scale-up compared to existing CCS activities will be needed to achieve intended large reductions of CO2 emissions. For example, a 5- to 10-fold scale-up in the size of individual projects is needed to capture and store emissions from a typical coal-fired power plant of 500–1000 MW, while a thousand-fold scale-up in size of current CCS enterprise would be needed to reduce emissions by 1 yr−1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2012; Christenson and Sims 2011; Lincoln and Hill 1980), and some other countries. As fresh water sources are scarce, utilization of poor quality wastewaters such as treated municipal sewage wastewater as low-cost nutrient growth medium for mass cultivation of biofuel algae appears a viable option for the future. In recent times, research into microalgal cultivation has gained importance because of application of this resource in the production of biofuels. Cultivation of microalgae in the open pond systems has been used since the 1950s (Borowitzka 1999), and raceway ponds are the most commonly used artificial systems. Open ponds provide a very efficient method of cultivating algae, but they become contaminated with the algal species very easily (Khan et al. 2009). The major advantage of the open ponds is that they are very easy to construct and operate; in comparison to most closed systems, they are easy to clean up after cultivation and are ideal for mass cultivation of microalgae (Ugwu et al. 2008). This should be given consideration in view of the escalating equipment costs, particularly the use of the reactor-style systems that lack a reliable scale-up method. While considering the economic and the environmental aspects, a raceway pond coupled with a low cost harvesting technique would be a preferable choice to produce biodiesel. While the demand for the production of biofuel is in part driven by ecological concerns, there is no doubt that constructing and operating an HRAP dedicated to producing algal biomass for biofuels can have an ecological impact. For example, resources of fresh water are consumed through evaporation, thus contributing to a water footprint (Park et al. 2011). Indeed, Clarens et al. (2010) summarized that production of algal biomass using freshwater and fertilizers would consume high energy, result in more greenhouse gas emissions, and use a lot of water compared to biofuel production from land-based crops, i. e. , canola, switch grass, and corn. Production of algal biomass using wastewater HRAPs, by contrast, offers a far more interesting proposition from an ecological point of view. The impacts of the HRAP construction and operation are a necessity of providing the treatment of wastewaters and hence, the subsequent algal production represents a biofuel feedstock free of this ecological issue (Park et al. 2011).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Sci 8:2211. (2005) An EMS mutagenesis protocol for sugar beet and isolation of non-bolting mutants. 124:317-321. (2020) Is plant variety registration keeping pace with speed breeding techniques? Euphytica 216:131. Jung C, Muller AE (2009) Flowering time control and applications in plant breeding. Sci 14:563-573 (1990) Difference of bolting behavior among annual and biennial sugarbeet strains. 30:16 (in Japanese) (2015) Seed production of sugar beet using vernalized seedlings I. Comparison of seedlings with stecklings in a greenhouse. . 56:13-20 (in Japanese) (2019) Molecular variation at BvBTC1 is associated with bolting tolerance in Japanese sugar beet. Euphytica 215:43. Kockelmann A, (2006) Seed production and quality. In: Draycott AP (eds) Sugar Beet. Ltd, Oxford, pp 89-113 Melzer S, Müller A, (2014) Genetics and genomics of flowering time regulation in sugar beet. In: (ed) Genomics of plant genetic resources, vol 2. Springer, Netherlands, pp 3–26 Milford GFJ (2006) Plant structure and crop physiology. In: Draycott AP (eds) Sugar Beet. Ltd, Oxford, pp 30-49 (1940) Photothermal induction of flowering in sugar beets. J 61:101-124 (2012) The role of a pseudo-response regulator gene in life cycle adaptation and domestication of beet. 22:1095-1101. (2012) The molecular basis of vernalization in different plant groups. 77:105-115. (1990) Analysis for bolting of sugarbeet by means of the test crosses of biennial lines with annual line. . 32:134-137 (in Japanese) Smit AL (1983) Influence of external factors on growth and development of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ). Ph. D. Thesis, Center for agricultural publishing and documentation, Wageningen Univ. , Nether Lands. (1946) Relation of temperature to reproduction in sugar beets. Res 72:49-68 (2018) Speed breeding is a powerful tool to accelerate crop research and breeding. 4:23-29.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: The estimated global oil and gas reservoirs are 1000 Pg CO2, saline aquifers global potential capacity ranges from 4000 to 23,000 Pg CO2. However, there is considerable debate about how much storage capacity actually exists and is available for CCS, particularly in saline aquifers. Research, improved geological assessments and commercial scale demonstration projects will be needed to verify the estimated capacity and improve confidence in storage capacity estimates. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 229. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 299. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others CO2 and Storage, a for Change 2. Elements 4(5):319–324. doi:10. 2113/gselements. 4. 5. 319 2429. doi:10. 1016/j. egypro. 2009. 02. 003 91. On line at (2011) CarbFix: a CCS pilot project imitating and accelerating natural CO2 sequestration. 1(2):105–118. doi:10. 1002/ghg. 18 183. pp 203–216. doi:10. 1029/2005GM000338 (2007) CO2 storage capacity estimation: methodology and gaps. Control 1(4):430–443. doi:10. 1016/s1750-5836(07)00086-2 943. doi:10. 1126/science. 1152516 331. doi:10. 2113/gselements. 4. 5. 325 194. doi:10. 1016/j. ijggc. 2008. 08. 002 189. doi:10. 1039/c3ee42350f 2015. Report, 64th edn. BP plc, London, UK, p 48 68. doi:10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Among the various cultivation systems involved in producing algal biomass, the aspect of harvesting biomass is an important economic issue. It was estimated that harvesting algae biomass can account for 20 to 30% of the total production cost (Gudin and Thepenier 1986). When, the algae grow phototrophically, their concentration is about 0. 5 to 1. 0 g L-1 for open ponds and around 5 to 10 g L-1 biomass concentration for closed systems (Chisti 2007). For the production of 1 g L-1 algal biomass, 1000 kg of water must be used to capture 1 kg of biomass. Methods of algal biomass harvesting, such as filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation and flocculation, and floatation are being practiced either individually or in any combination. Several literature reviews have provided for the algae harvesting techniques (Mutanda et al. 2011; Grima et al. 2003; Chen et al. 2009; Harun et al. 2011). Among the various methods, centrifugation is a possible method suitable for higher-value products but is very expensive in an integrated system producing lower-value products, such as algal oils ( In the case of algal-derived biofuels, the low-cost promising method is gravity settling enhanced by flocculation, without benefit of chemical flocculants (et al. 2003). Other mechanisms exist, including the autoflocculation process, and it depends on the coprecipitation of calcium carbonate with microalgal cells and other precipitates that form in hard waters subject to high pH. Apart from settling, in some cases the biomass will float, either due to high oil content or by using a dissolved air flotation (DAF) process. Employing minor amounts of flocculants to assist in such a process could be cost effective, depending on the amount used. In general, the harvesting method of choice depends on algal species, the cultivation conditions, and the application of the product. For biofuels applications, low-cost algal harvesting techniques have not yet become established (Darzins et al. 2010). If new algal harvesting techniques have been developed, they have not yet been assessed publicly and, therefore, are not documented in this review. Significant research effort will be needed to develop the cost-effective techniques.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. A mutualism without honeydew: what benefits for Melissotarsus emeryi ants and armored scale insects (Diaspididae)? All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on June 29th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Jun 29, 2017 · authors did a good job in addressing the (minor) points raised by the reviewers. I believe this is an important contribution and I'm happy to recommend its acceptance. 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 29, 2017 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jun 12, 2017 · As you'll see below, the comments by the reviewers tended to be very positive, but indicated a few issues that need to be addressed before the manuscript can be accepted, as well as some interesting suggestions. Reviewer 1 · Jun 7, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is very well written and includes a complete review of the current knowledge of Melissotarsus-diaspidis association. The authors manage to combine all the current information about the system and other related ant-hemipteran associations with the perspective of their new naturalistic observations, putting together a very robust description of the natural history of Melisotarsus-Diaspididae association. Although the authors did not perform behavioral experiments or chemical analysis, they provides the study with outstanding visual evidence of their observations in the form of high quality pictures (However, see comment on fig 3 on the possibility of adding arrows to the pictures to direct to interesting parts of the image). Experimental design The study is a very interesting research about the natural history of a interestingant-hemipteran association. I consider the study very relevant and an important contribution. However, the research questions are only indicated in the last paragraph of introduction in a very general way (Lines 100-101). The authors should detail clearly at the end of introduction which aspects of the association were the focus of their observations and discussions. There are not experimental procedures in the research.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : capture, utilization and storage technologies are expected to play a role in cutting CO2 emissions and limiting global warming, but some critics say they are costly and divert attention from more effective strategies. help with climate change, carbon capture will have to evolve The technologies are a useful tool to reduce CO2 levels but have yet to move us away from fossil fuels Gilbert 07. 09. 2024 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today More than 200 kilometers off Norway’s coast in the sits the world’s first offshore carbon-capture-and-storage project. Built in 1996, the Sleipner project strips carbon dioxide from natural gas — largely made up of methane — to make it marketable. But instead of releasing the CO2 into the atmosphere, the greenhouse gas is buried. The effort stores around 1 million metric tons of CO2 per year — and is praised by many as a pioneering success in global attempts to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Last year, total global CO2 emissions hit an all-time high of around 35. 8 billion tons, or gigatons. At these levels, scientists estimate, we have roughly six years left before we emit so much CO2 that global warming will consistently exceed 1. 5 degrees Celsius above average preindustrial temperatures, an internationally agreed-upon limit. (Notably, the global average temperature for the past 12 months has exceeded this threshold. )Phasing out fossil fuels is key to cutting emissions and fighting climate change. But a suite of technologies collectively known as carbon capture, utilization and storage, or CCUS, are among the tools available to help meet global targets to cut CO2 emissions in half by 2030 and to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. These technologies capture, use or store away CO2 emitted by power generation or industrial processes, or suck it directly out of the air. Panel on (IPCC), the body charged with assessing climate change science, includes carbon capture and storage among the actions needed to slash emissions and meet temperature targets. Carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies often capture CO2 from coal or natural gas power generation or industrial processes, such as steel manufacturing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Integrated palm oil mill effluent treatment and biofuel production Algae are a substantial component of ecosystems ranging from marine and fresh water ecosystems to desert sands and from hot springs to ice. In recent years, microalgae have been identified using morphological and molecular tools for their several purposes reported by many authors (Jayappriyan et al. 2010, 2011). Worldwide, algae contain thousands of diverse strains. When combined with the recent advances in bioremediation, these strains can provide a good initial point for further improvement of microalgal production methods based on treatment of wastewaters. Being a developing country, Malaysia releases a significant amount of pollutants into water bodies. Modern industries, animal and agriculture husbandry, agrobased industries, and the activities of urbanization have all contributed to the devastation of the natural environment (Goh and Lee 2010). Algae-based solutions have offered certain benefits to the various countries. Malaysia is basically an agricultural country, its main revenue earners being palm oil and rubber. Major pollution problems have arisen from the agroindustries based on these two major crops as well as on the increased waste from farm animals. The combined wastewater discharges from the oil palm and rubber industries contribute an organic load of 0. 5 million kg of Demand (BOD) per day (Phang 1987). Various treatment methods, including biological, chemical, and mechanical, have been developed over the last two decades, with some being successfully implemented (Phang 1987). Researchers at the University of Malaya and the other government institutions have demonstrated the feasibility of using microalgae to treat agroindustrial wastewaters. Significantly, combining microalgal production and wastewater treatment offers an advantage over the conventional treatment systems. Realizing the vast potential of microalgae cultivation towards sustainable energy development, researchers in this area have noted a few key points in up-scaling the overall process. One of the difficulties in up-scaling microalgae culture to an industrial scale is the source of food nutrients in the culture medium. The requirement of high nitrogen content and the other related chemical fertilizers to cultivate microalgae on a large scale has moved the process towards a loss of the environment. Also, cultivation of microalgae can basically play an important role as a self-purification process of the wastewaters in a natural condition (Soeder 1980).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Must evidence is in the form or valuable and novel (although circumstantial) natural history observations. Validity of the findings The authors put together a lot of valuable information to describe several aspects of the Melisotarsus-Diaspididae association. The study have no statistical analysis and the discussion is based on observational evidence. Although the presented evidence comes only from three ant nests, their findings are significant for the understanding of the described mutualism and very well putted in the context of the natural history of the species. However, I believe that authors must specify in the discussion the potential of generalization of their findings and the possible limitations derived from the limited sample size. As one of the main objectives of study the authors present a strong case to defend the hypothesis that ants consume wax secretions form diaspids as food source and that this is the reason behind the lack of wax shield of the diaspids. agree with most of the reasoning, I think that the evidence is circumstantial and not enough to discard completely other alternative or complementary hypotheses (see comment for lines 267-269). For this reason, I believe the authors should be more careful in some of their statements in order to recognize alternative (however less probable) explanations in the discussion (for instance sentence on lines 242-244 and 289-290). They may explain with more detail why alternative hypothesis (most of them already mentioned by the authors) should be discarded or suggest possible experimental pathways to completely disprove them. I believe that none of the above issues invalidate the findings and main discussion of the study, and that with minor modifications those issues may be fixed. Additional comments Lines 74-78: I suggest to merge this lines with the nest paragraph (Lines 79-97) Lines 98-101. You should state clearly here if Morganella conspicua is one of the diaspidis species that are known to also live freely (you put this information only in the discussion, but this is very relevant for the background of your study). Lines 112-115: It should be a good idea to include geographic coordinates for sampling localities. Also, if possible, you should provide more details about the nest conditions on the field, such as the extend that ants and diaspids were present in each tree individual (this information is only scattered in the discussion) Line 120: Specify where in Paris you performed the observations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: According to the Global CCS Institute, an industry-led think tank headquartered in Melbourne, Australia, of the 41 commercial projects operational as of July 2023, most were part of efforts that produce, extract or burn fossil fuels, such as coal- and gas-fired power plants. That’s true of the Sleipner project, run by the energy company Equinor. It’s the case, too, with the world’s largest CCUS facility, operated by ExxonMobil in Wyoming, in the United States, which also captures CO2 as part of the production of methane. Granted, not all CCUS efforts further fossil fuel production, and many projects now in the works have the sole goal of capturing and locking up CO2. Still, some critics doubt whether these greener approaches could ever lock away enough CO2 to meaningfully contribute to climate mitigation, and they are concerned about the costs. Others are more circumspect. Sally Benson, an energy researcher at Stanford University, doesn’t want to see CCUS used as an excuse to carry on with fossil fuels. But she says the technology is essential for capturing some of the CO2 from fossil fuel production and usage, as well as from industrial processes, as society transitions to new energy sources. “If we can get rid of those emissions with carbon capture and sequestration, that sounds like success to me,” says Benson, who codirects an institute that receives funding from fossil fuel companies. Annual global carbon dioxide emissions need to be cut in half by 2030, or by about 20 gigatons, to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies, called CCUS or CCS, are estimated to contribute less to emissions reductions than some other climate mitigation strategies, including shifting to renewable energy or restoring ecosystems. CCUS can also be more expensive; costs here are expressed as additional costs relative to the existing technology or status quo effort. Born from the oil industryCCUS technology was not conceived as a climate solution. It dates to the 1970s and 1980s, when oil production in the began to decline. Oil companies started using a process called enhanced oil recovery that injects CO2 (or water) into sedimentary rocks to recover hard-to-reach dregs of oil, a precursor to today’s CCUS.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Municipal wastewater using conventional treatment that involves primary and secondary bio-treatment helped to remove only a portion of the nitrogen and phosphorus contained in the wastewater (Orpez et al. 2009). Therefore, culturing of microalgae in the wastewaters offers an inexpensive alternative to the conventional forms of tertiary treatment of wastewaters and at the same time consumes the nitrogen and the phosphorus contents in the wastewater to generate the microalgal biomass for the production of biofuel. Recently, the concept of utilizing POME (Mill Effluent) as a nutrient source for the culture of microalgae in Malaysia has caught the attention of researchers. Because of its practical low cost and high value, most palm oil millers desire the culture of microalgae as a tertiary treatment before POME is released. Therefore, most of the nutrients such as nitrate and orthophosphate that are not eliminated during anaerobic digestion are further subjected to bioconversion in a microalgae treatment pond. After secondary treatment, the total nitrogen content of POME is still high and does not meet the discharge standard limit for wastewater which is 200 mg/L. In the meantime, the source of nitrogen, commonly existing in the nitrate form, plays an important function in promoting microalgal growth. In order to grow microalgae effectively, the basic nitrate concentration required should be in the range of 200 to 400 mg/ L (Li et al. 2008). Other minerals that are essential for microalgal growth, i. e. K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and P, are also present in POME (Habib et al. 1998). Hence, POME has emerged as an alternative choice for the nutrient removal to grow microalgae for the production of biomass and concurrently acts as a part of the wastewater treatment process and is used for biofuel production. (UKM) has been involved in developing algae-based technology to treat the palm oil industry effluents with the collaboration of Simedarby (R & D), Malaysia since 2011. Various algal cultures were obtained from the Algaetech Company, Malaysia and maintained under laboratory conditions. They were allowed to grow in 2000 L of the POME as medium. Among them, Spirulina platensis showed higher growth rates and nutrient removal efficiency. A maximum growth rate of 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Lines 125-134: The observations of open galleries were all performed 3 months after the field collections or the stems were opened gradually? If gradually, then following which periodicity? Is it possible that ant behavior related to diaspidids would be affected by the time of lab rearing? Line 240-242: Is it possible that the diaspids individuals bearing wax shields in your study correspond to males (as suggested by Prins et al 1975 and Schneider et al 2013)? Line 242-244: I suggest using something such as “argue” rather than “conclude”. This may looks just as a matter of preference between words, but since you did not manage to perform chemical analysis or direct observations of the ant feeding behavior, there is always the possibility of alternative (however less probable) explanations. For instance, one can argue that ants may not eat the wax but that the constant interactions with ants inhibits the secretions of wax, and only those diaspids living in nest points with restricted access to ants develop the wax shield (this is actually derived from one of the alternative hypothesis proposed by Ben-Dov & Fisher 2010). Line 267-269: Do you have observations or other evidence to support this claim of lack of chemical inhibition of ants? From the three alternative hypothesis by Ben-Dov & Fisher 2010, I believe that your evidence allows to discard hypothesis 1 (lack of capability of diaspids to produce shields) and give strong support to hypothesis 2 (removal and consumption of wax by ants). However, I think that it is not jet possible to discard completely hypotheses 3 (chemical interference). Also, as I mention in the last commentary, do you think that ant inhibition of wax production may be triggered also by behavioral stimuli and not just by chemical interference? Chemical or behavioral interference of ants Line 289-290: considering that you never observed direct interaction (line 165), how can you be sure that ants “habitually” consume wax filaments? . I agree that the evidence of your study and other studies points in this direction but can you be sure without chemical analyses or behavioral experiments? Line 675: You may add a mark or an arrow pointing to the shields in the picture. This may be also useful for other figures such as 5 and 6 to facilitate the understanding of descriptions of interesting parts of the image.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: CCUS technologies are now capturing CO2 from a variety of operations — including at traditional power plants that burn coal or other fossil fuels; in nontraditional plants where energy is produced from biofuels such as ethanol; and during the production of ammonia, which is used in fertilizer. All such efforts complement other practices that turn to natural processes to remove carbon from the atmosphere to help reach net zero, such as planting forests or locking CO2 in soils using sustainable farming practices. The strongest criticisms are lobbed at using CCUS to extract fossil fuels. Today nearly three-quarters of the carbon captured through CCUS projects is used to extract more oil from dregs. The largest CCUS operation, ExxonMobil’s $656 million facility in Wyoming, aims to capture around 8 million tons of CO2 each year from methane extracted from the nearby LaBarge gas fields. ExxonMobil sells the captured CO2 for enhanced oil recovery. Though the effort cuts emissions because some of the CO2 remains in the ground, the burning of the additional fossil fuels it helps extract still releases CO2. Just 12 of the 41 existing projects included in the Global CCS Institute database inject CO2 with the exclusive aim of storing it underground, thus keeping its climate-warming effects at bay. Half of those 12, including the Sleipner project, are involved in methane production — and methane releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when burned. Cement manufacturing and iron and steel manufacturing are also desirable targets for CCUS, because each produces around 6 percent to 9 percent of global CO2 emissions, and both processes are difficult to clean up in other ways. Only one project, run by the Company, is capturing CO2 emissions from iron and steelmaking. There are no projects up and running to capture CO2 from cement manufacturing. ’s database includes just a single fully operational, large-scale project that is currently sucking CO2 directly from the air and storing it underground. That project, in Hellisheiði, Iceland, is run by the Swiss company Climeworks. Another, bigger Climeworks project recently started operations but is not yet completed. But the database omits direct air capture projects that are doing other things with the CO2, including one that is sealing it in concrete, and omits smaller-scale and pilot projects that are online or coming online.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1825 g/L was achieved by Spirulina platensis in anaerobically digested on the 12th day in the culture flasks (Zainal et al. 2012). A pilot plant facility with raceway ponds is to be established at UKM for developing a continuous cultivation technology for algae in the treated (POME) wastewater for biofuel applications. The study also aims to evaluate the possibility of using the CO2-rich flue gas emissions from the biogas generator for growing the alga. Algal technology for treating effluents is to be tried in some Malaysian industries in the future. In Malaysia, various industries and research institutes have demonstrated mass cultivation and biomass production of various micro algae in different industrial waste waters. Recently, has demonstrated mass cultivation of microalgae in the open raceway pond and the possibility of conversion of the total lipid into biodiesel. of fuels continue to be exploited extensively by developing countries despite objection from several ecological activist organizations. Development and the economic growth of a country depend considerably on how the demand for the biofuel is best met. The currently available feedstock involved in the biofuel production includes vegetable oils derived from the oilseed crops, e. g. , sunflower, soybean, jatropha, oil palm or rapeseed, waste cooking oil and the animal fat, e. g. , beef tallow and pork lard (2009). Currently, exponential research growth, development of technology, and demonstration enterprises have kick-started the investigation of algal biomass as an alternative resource for the biofuel industries. One such renewable energy is algal biofuel, which has shown a huge potential to serve as a replacement for petroleum-based diesel. Recently, a significant number of companies proposing to use algae for producing biofuels and abating the climate change through CO2 mitigation have emerged. Recently, two Canadian companies announced the formation of a new company with a proposal to convert CO2 to algal biomass. For example, researchers from the of and Technology released the details of a proposal for large scale bioethanol-fuel production from macroalgae (Carlsson et al. 2007). Yamazaki (2007) accounted the initiative of Japanese companies on launching bioethanol fuel to the marketplace with the expectations of reducing CO2 emissions considerably. Aizawa et al.

Output: contrast