Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 29053 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 10, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,210 views 439 downloads 38 9053. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 6 figures, 2 videos and 2 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Experimental setup and methodology. (A) Configuration of the experimental flight room for wireless, chronic neural recordings from freely flying echolocating bats. Shown is the bat (in brown) with the neural telemetry device mounted on the head (in green). The telemetry device transmits RF signals to an RF receiver connected to an amplifier and an analog-to-digital recording system. The bat’s flight path (in red) is reconstructed by 16 motion capture cameras (not all are shown) tracking three reflective markers mounted on the dorsal surface of the telemetry device (3 mm round hemispheres). While the bat flies, it encounters four different, cylindrical flight obstacles (shown in grey), and the sonar vocalizations are recorded with a wide-band microphone array mounted on the walls. (B) Overhead view of the room in the platform-landing task. The bat flew across the room (red line) using echolocation to navigate (black circles are sonar vocalizations) while recordings were made wirelessly from the SC (as shown in pane A). Vocalizations produced on this trial are shown in greater detail in bottom panels (filtered audio trace and corresponding spectrogram). The inset, on the right, shows a zoomed-in view of the spectrogram of one call, indicated by the red box. (C) Histological reconstruction of the silicon probe tract through the superior colliculus (SC) of one bat in the study. Shown are four serial coronal sections, approximately 2. 5 mm from bregma, at the location of the SC. Lesions at the site of the silicon probe are indicated with black arrows. Also marked in the most rostral section are the locations of the SC, medial geniculate body (MGB), hippocampus (HPC), cortex, and dentate gyrus (DG).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: The reference multimedia journal in interventional cardiology Create an account Sign in team Contact us Current issue Current issue Number 18 (Sep 16, 2024) Recent issues Number 17 (Sep 2, 2024) Number 16 (Aug 19, 2024) Number 15 (Aug 5, 2024) Just accepted and scaffolds Left main and multivessel disease Bifurcation lesions CTO Other coronary interventions valvular disease TAVI Mitral valve replacement and repair Tricuspid Pulmonary valve Other valvular and structural interventions heart failure Acute heart failure Chronic heart failure the knee AAA Iliac Femoral peripheral interventions hypertension Renal artery angioplasty Renal denervation Other hypertension stroke Carotid stenting LAA closure Ischaemic stroke Other stroke interventions -& permissions Reprint E-print Author centre DOI: 10. 4244/EIJV8I4A65 Not all drug-eluting balloons are equally good for patients, not all patients are equally suitable for drug-eluting balloons Salvatore Cassese, MD; Adnan Kastrati*, ät, Munich, Germany share print download PDF download media download 1. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have become the mainstay of current revascularisation practice since they dramatically reduced the need for re-intervention as compared with bare metal stents (BMS)2. The superiority of DES over BMS has been demonstrated in various lesion settings,3 such as de novo atherosclerotic disease of native and graft vessels4 and in-stent restenosis (ISR) after BMS5 or DES implantation6. The platform, polymer and antirestenotic drug are the most common components of DES. Although the stent platform has been shown to have an important impact on the BMS performance7,8, its specific role as a component of DES has not been investigated. Findings from several studies support a relevant role of the other two DES components, the drug carrier and the antiproliferative drug3,9. There is sufficient evidence to show that drugs of the “limus” family are safer and more effective than paclitaxel3. Drug-eluting balloons (DEB) have emerged as a new PCI option10. Main DEB components are vehicles for drug-elution (carriers/excipients) and the antiproliferative drugs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. A new paravian dinosaur from the of supports a late acquisition of avian flight All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2018. The first revision was submitted on May 22nd, 2019 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. The 2019. Version 0. 2 (accepted) Hans-· Jun 3, 2019 · will be a really important contribution to our understanding of non-avian theropod phylogeny, and I am pleased that you and your team chose PeerJ as your publication venue. [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Andrew Farke, a PeerJ covering this Section #] Reviewer 1 · May 31, 2019 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments I thank the authors for entertaining my comments in the first round of review. I still have some reservations about the phylogenetic analysis and am concerned about the many heterodox results. However, I am not one to stand in the way of publication. I've said my piece, the authors have replied, and now it's important to get this new taxon and the dataset out there. Cite this review as (2019) #1 of "A new paravian dinosaur from the of supports a late acquisition of avian flight (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted May 22, 2019 Version 0. 1 (original submission) Hans-· Oct 11, 2018 · Neither of the reviewers, nor the handling editor, denies the tremendous importance of this fantastic new find. However, the manuscript in its current form does not do it justice. Both reviewers raise major issues concerning the phylogenetic analysis in addition to a host of smaller issues. Please consider and respond to the comments point-by-point. Reviewer 1 · Sep 21, 2018 Basic reporting summarized below Experimental design poor-summarized below Validity of the findings poor-summarized below Additional comments This is a frustrating paper.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Indeed, it has previously been demonstrated in animal models that antiproliferative drugs could be adequately delivered from balloon surface into the vessel wall only with a matrix compound11. Similarly, Radke et al compared various DEB using different drug-delivery formulations and confirmed that effective excipients are necessary to accomplish successful tissue transfer of the drug from a balloon surface12. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo models showed that during angioplasty with DEB, contact between vascular smooth muscle cells and paclitaxel, a highly lipophilic anti-neoplastic drug, is sufficient to provide long-lasting inhibition of cell proliferation13-15. As a result, paclitaxel became the sole drug used among DEB currently available on the market, with other drugs still under investigation16. It remains to be seen whether refinement of methods of drug delivery from balloons will enable effective use of “limus” drugs for DEB in the hope to repeat the success they have achieved as component of DES. A discrete number of randomised studies evaluated DEB versus plain balloon angioplasty (POBA), DES and BMS in different settings17. The main limitation of these trials was the lack of power to assess clinically relevant endpoints. 1 we summarised risk estimates for DEB regarding target lesion revascularisation (TLR) by performing a meta-analysis of currently available randomised trials. The main results are: 1) In de novo lesions, the combination of DEB with BMS, which makes little sense considering the widespread DES availability, does not reduce the need for re-intervention as compared with BMS alone and increases TLR risk as compared with DES (Figure 1, and B). 2) The size of the two trials18,19 that assessed DEB for lesions in small coronary vessels is limited and does not enable firm conclusions. However, no sign of benefit of DEB versus DES could be observed (Figure 1, Panel C). Randomised trials of BMS versus POBA in small vessels have shown that optimal POBA with provisional stenting is probably as effective over the long term as systematic stenting20. However, considering the fact that the efficacy and strength of current DES technologies is mostly generated when they are placed in lesions of small vessels, it is unlikely to expect a major role for DEB in the treatment of lesions in coronary vessels of small size21.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018;68(4):213-21. . Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Curcumin: into an against Cancer. Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1808. . Curcumin-Induced DNA Demethylation in by the DNA-Pathway. Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2543504. Liczbiński P, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Molecular mechanism of curcumin action in signaling pathways: Review of the latest research. Phytother Res. 2020;10. 1002/ptr. 6663. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. TableTable 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: The dinosaur being described is clearly a new species, and looks to be quite important, as a Jurassic-aged paravian fairly close to the origin of birds. There are, however, several major issues with this paper. First, why is the description so short? This specimen looks to be one of the best skeletons of a Jurassic paravian (at least from outside China), and has been CT scanned. There is so much anatomical information, and comparisons with other paravians, that could be presented. But the description reads like something that was prepared for Science or Nature and unchanged for this submission. This is PeerJ. There is basically unlimited space. The authors should describe this fossil so that nobody needs to ever describe it again. Second, and most critical, the phylogenetic analysis is bizarre, and in my opinion unsuitable for publication. The authors in essence begin with an outdated version of published dataset, the Group dataset (TWiG is the proper acronym used by the workers in this group, not TWG as used by the authors here) and extensively modify it according to their own personal style, producing a highly unorthodox phylogenetic tree. The authors are also highly critical of the Group project—a 20+ year iterative study of coelurosaur phylogeny and evolution that has produced larger and more synoptic datasets over time—saying that including their new species in the latest TWiG dataset would ‘perpetuate problems’, and that the TWiG project does not ‘comply with modern ideals of data matrix construction. ’ The main reason given is that the TWiG team has not ‘attempt(ed) to include all previously proposed characters and terminal taxa’ (i. e. , has not included every taxon and every character published by other, non-TWiG studies). As a result, the TWiG studies are said to present ‘a false impression of confidence not earned by the data. ’ These are bold statements. The authors seem to misunderstand the TWiG project. They say that TWiG analyses subsequent to the initial publication of Norell et al. 2001 ‘have not added characters and taxa in a single “lineage” of analyses, but instead have formed a branching tree of analyses that increasingly diverge in content’.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: 3) With less than 400 patients enrolled in total, randomised trials on the value of DEB for ISR showed that DEB compare favourably with POBA or paclitaxel-eluting stents reducing TLR risk in patients presenting BMS or DES restenosis22-25 (Figure 1, Panel D). In line with this evidence, the current guidelines for myocardial revascularisation of the of Cardiology recommend the use of DEB in cases of restenosis of previously implanted BMS (Class of recommendation: IIa; Level of Evidence B)26. Figure 1. Risk of target lesion revascularisation associated with drug-eluting balloons. Odds ratio (OR) and (95% confidence intervals, CI) are used as summary statistics. DerSimonian and Laird random effects model is used to calculate pooled OR for target lesion revascularisation (TLR). The Breslow-Day chi squared (p<0. 1) and the I2 statistic tested heterogeneity across the studies. The squares and the horizontal lines indicate the OR and the (95% CI); the size of each square is proportional to the statistical weight of a trial in the meta-analysis; diamond indicates the effect estimate derived from meta-analysis, with the centre indicating the point estimate and the left and the right ends of the (95% CI). In case of a three-arm design, the pooled risk estimates have been derived by separate comparison of DEB versus each control arm. The risk of TLR (per protocol defined) was evaluated at the longest follow-up (median 9 months [25th, 75th percentile 6, 12]) within de novo lesions (Panel A-B), de novo lesions in small vessels (Panel C) and in-stent restenosis subgroups (Panel D). Moderate to high heterogeneity was observed. DEB: drug-eluting balloons; BMS: bare-metal stents; DES: drug-eluting stents; POBA: plain-old balloon angioplasty. a bioengineered bare-metal stent used; b provisional bare-metal stenting in the DEB group; c DES restenosis; d BMS restenosis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, various in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies suggest that Curcumin and derivatives have extensive biological activity as an antioxidant, neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory 12–15. Curcumin can rummage around scavenging various types of free radicals, for example, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, individually), it can adjust movement of GSH, catalase, and SOD enzymes active in their neutralization 16. Additionally, curcumin can inhibit ROS-producing enzymes lipoxygenase cyclooxygenase and xanthine dehydrogenase oxidase 16. Curcumin has been studied in numerous human carcinomas 17. The mechanisms by which it exerts its anticancer effects are diverse, targeting many levels of regulation involved in processes of cellular growth and apoptosis 18. Other than the curcumin’s effects on different transcription factors, oncogenes and signaling proteins 17; 18,19 it also acts at various temporal stages of carcinogenesis 17. Some of its molecular targets that have been explored for cancer treatment are the effect of curcumin on cyclin-CDK complexes and CDK inhibitors as well as p53 pathway 20 and MAP kinase, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways 20. Despite the fact that curcumin has been successfully evaluated for wide-ranging biological activities, the two main concerns related to its poor bioavailability and fast metabolization incited scientists to search for novel synthetic analogs in order to overcome these drawbacks and to gain in efficacy. Iten M. Fawzy and his colleagues (2014) synthesized different curcumin analogs including PAC, 3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone 21;22) Another derivative 5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone, represses expansion through delaying the cell cycle at G2/M phase both in breast and colorectal cancer cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Fair enough: in a dataset of 800+ characters, not all of them will be written perfectly clearly, and some character non-independence will probably sneak through. These are small things that need to be revised, well within the norm for large datasets of morphological characters that have to be chosen and defined by a human brain and not a genetic sequencer. This is not some fatal flaw of the TWiG dataset. The authors’ new characters can suffer from same of the same issues. So let’s be clear what they authors are doing: they are taking an outdated version of a standard dataset that has been poured over by a huge team of experienced researchers over the past 20 years, nitpicking about some small issues of character definitions, and then completely blowing it up and reforming it based on their own liking, mostly based on photographs, having seen very few original specimens. Simply, for me, this just isn’t going to cut it. I don’t have faith in this approach, and I don’t have faith in the phylogenetic results, which are *highly* unorthodox. This is a brief sample of some of the very unusual results of this analysis, some of which break with years of convention—not just in the TWiG analyses, but from numerous other studies by independent research groups. Pelecanimimus as an alvarezsauroid. Troodontids outside Eumaniraptora. Therizinosauroids more basal than ornithomimosaurs. Xiaotingia as a sinovenatorine. Halszkaraptor as an avialan. A non-maniraptoriform Haplocheirus. The list could go on. Maybe some of these relationships are correct. Maybe the authors are visionaries and everybody else—from Gauthier through to the TWiG team and dozens of other international teams—has been using badly-constructed characters or too-incomplete datasets. doubt it. It’s more likely that the authors’ analysis is flawed. I can’t in good faith allow the authors to blow up theropod phylogeny with this analysis, particularly as they are using their results to support a fairly unorthodox interpretation of the origin of flight. It’s interesting that the authors dismiss some of their more unusual results by suggesting that these relationships may change as new characters are incorporated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Trial Acronyms: DEB-AMI: Drug-eluting Balloon in Infarction; : Drug-eluting Balloon in Bifurcations Trial; : Prospective, Evaluating a Paclitaxel-in with EPC Stents for Disease; : DEversus in the Treatment of Artery Disease; : in of Diabetic Patients; BELLO: Optimization; : Paclitaxel-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent during PCI of small coronary vessels; – ISR I (II) Treatment of in-by : Treatment of DES-In-With SeQuent® : The Paclitaxel-Eluting PTCA-in Disease to Treat In-Stent Restenoses. The most significant, still unresolved issue with DEB is the limited number of patients enrolled in the randomised trials with this technology. Interventional cardiologists are also eagerly waiting for the answer to two additional questions regarding DEB: are there differences in performance between currently available DEB and what are the reasons for the striking failure of DEB plus BMS considering the enormous success of their combination in the form of DES? Two studies published in the current issue of EuroIntervention contribute to the clarification of these two questions. Bondesson and colleagues retrospectively compared two paclitaxel-eluting balloons in patients undergoing PCI and included in the Swedish coronary and angioplasty register (SCAAR/Swedeheart)27. Of a total of 1,136 patients, 919 patients were treated with a balloon eluting 3 μg/mm2 of paclitaxel from a layer of hydrophilic contrast media as excipient (Sequent Please, B. Braun AG, Melsungen, Germany), and 217 patients were treated with a balloon eluting 2 μg/mm2 of paclitaxel directly from its surface without the use of an excipient (Elutax, GmbH. , Aachen, Germany). DEB with hydrophilic carrier were associated with a lower risk of restenosis (adjusted hazard ratio 0. 39 [95% confidence intervals 0. 24-0. 65]) at an average follow-up of ~11 months. This advantage was observed for both de novo and restenotic lesions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 9, there is a concentration-dependent effect of PAC on MMP intensity in Ca9-22 cells. Indeed, the MMP intensity decreases from 89. 4% for controls to 62. 9% and 9. 1% for Ca9-22 treated cells with 5 µM or 10 µM respectively for 24 h (Fig. 9). Mitochondrial superoxide production during treatments with PAC in oral cancer cells. Figure 10 is corresponding to the concentration effect of flow cytometric patterns when oral cancer cells are PAC-treated. Our results show that the percentage of MitoSOX (+) among Ca9-22 cells under treatment with PAC at 5 µM or 10 µM for 24 h is higher than controls. The key role of PAC inducing mitochondrial superoxide production was clarified. oral cancer treatments rely on surgery, along with radiation therapy (external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy), as well as coadjutant therapy (chemotherapy with agents like cisplatin), it still involves high economic costs and highly damaging options30;31. To reduce this burden, plant products as complementary and alternative therapies could become solutions. Some recent discoveries demonstrated the superiority of the plant world to prevent cancer 32;33. Several research studies over the last century have revealed several important functions of curcuminoids. And it has been shown that curcumin has a capacity to influence multiple natural targets and seemed to have activity against different diseases 12; 15. Although it was evaluated with success for widespread biological activities, those of concern are its low bioavailability and rapid metabolization encouraged researchers to look for new synthetic analogs 34; 23. In a search for novel compounds active against cancer, PAC was found out. This curcumin analog demonstrated that it has a great potential as an anti-breast cancer agent 21;24. Until today, there had been no available study investigating the properties of PAC to be a possible complementary treatment for oral cancer. Our goal is to examine its inhibitory effects, on cells that proliferate or are in apoptosis, as well as the mechanisms of action involved as an interesting avenue to develop treatments for oral cancer and study its potential to be an active supplement ingredient in some drugs and products for mouth cleaning. Our data shows that PAC is exhibiting preferentially ability to kill oral cancer cells. Our data are supportive to those reported by Al-Howail et al. (2016) and Al-Hujaily et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: ), pool ALL of the characters and taxa together in the way they demand of others, come up with a proper comprehensive de novo phylogenetic analysis, and then publish a thorough revision of coelurosaur phylogeny and systematics. It’s really only one or the other here. I know my review seems harsh. But I’m trying to be fair and totally honest. Like many of my colleagues, I’ve been spending years (decades now even) slowly, gradually, carefully improving our knowledge of coelurosaur phylogenetics by working with other scientists to build ever-more inclusive datasets that are carefully vetted (by each other) and are based on meticulous observation of specimens. We probably are wrong about some things. Goodness knows the TWiG dataset has been producing different results over time as the dataset has grown. I’m not averse to change. am averse to disrespectful, incomplete efforts like the current bizarre phylogenetic analysis. This new specimen is amazing. It deserves to be published. If done right, I could even see a Nature or Science paper here. But I’m sorry to say the authors are hitching their horse (and what a horse it is—a prize thoroughbred! ) to a rickety wagon with rotten wheels. Cite this review as (2019) #1 of "A new paravian dinosaur from the of supports a late acquisition of avian flight (v0. 1)". PeerJ · Oct 11, 2018 Basic reporting The manuscript presents a new theropod specimen from the that represents a small coelurosaur, which is described as a new genus and species of dromaeosaurid. This would represent the oldest record of dromaeosaurids currently known. In general small theropods from the are still very poorly known, but potentially have great importance for our understanding of early coelurosaur evolution. Thus, any new information on these animals is greatly appreciated. The manuscript is generally well written and follows the usual scientific structure used in our field. The pertinent literature is included and has been used extensively. Experimental design As outlined above, the manuscript fits the aims and scope of PeerJ. The phylogenetic analysis includes a wealth of information and seems to be generally expertly carried out.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, most of failures in patients treated with DEB without excipient occurred <6 months after index procedure, suggesting poor drug retention in the vessel wall. As a closing remark, the authors suggest the lack of a “class-effect” for DEB and the urgent need for head-to-head, randomised comparisons of different DEB platforms. These findings provide additional support to the statement included in the European guidelines on myocardial revascularisation that “one cannot assume a class effect for all drug-eluting balloons”26. In the second study, Fischer and colleagues present the data from a subgroup of 55 patients who performed intravascular ultrasounds (IVUS) at nine-month follow up in the DEversus in the Treatment of () trial28. The original trial randomly assigned 637 patients to receive DEB-BMS (Coroflex DEBlue, B. Braun AG, Melsungen Germany) versus sirolimus-eluting stents () for de novo lesions. Current findings show that despite the similar stent expansion (symmetric expansion index 0. 90±0. 02 versus 0. 89±0. 04 for DEB-BMS versus SES, respectively, p value not significant) and strut apposition between DEB-BMS and SES, risk of restenosis was higher in the DEB-BMS group, as shown in the primary trial29. The main objective of this IVUS sub-study was, however, to assess whether a possible “geographical mismatch” (BMS deployment in segment of the vessel not pre-treated with DEB) underlies the lower antirestenotic efficacy of DEB-BMS. The authors excluded this as the failure mechanism of the DEB-BMS strategy. However, they only did an indirect assessment of “geographical mismatch” based on the lack of excess neointima at the stent margins in the DEB-BMS group. A more precise assessment would have required acute intravascular imaging during the index procedure and probably more sensitive imaging technology such as optical coherence tomography30. As a matter of fact, previous randomised trials failed to definitely address the merits and pitfalls associated with the concurrent use of DEB and BMS in de novo lesions, whilst the utility of DEB in case of ISR has been better scientifically proven.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Fig. 1Curcumin or SLCP cross the blood brain barrier and binds with amyloid plaques. After intraperitoneal injections of Cur or SLCP (50 mg/kg), the 5xFAD brains were sectioned and images were taken from DG area of hippocampus using a fluorescent microscope with green filters. a and SLCP permeated into the brain tissue, and SLCP appeared to be more permeable than Cur, and those receiving 5 days of treatment appeared to have more Cur in the brain than those receiving only 2 days of injections. b Images of sections from the DG area of the hippocampus in the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice were immunolabeled with Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) as observed by using a fluorescent microscope with green and red filters. Cur or SLCP colocalized with 6E10, confirming the green signal coming from Aβ plaques upon binding with Cur or SLCP. Red arrows: Cur or SLCP bound to the Aβ plaque; green arrow: 6E10 bound to Aβ plaque; and white arrow: merged images of Cur or SLCP and 6E10 with Aβ plaque. Scale bars indicate 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur or SLCP treatment decreased Aβ plaque load in 5xFAD mice brainAfter stipulated periods of Cur or SLCP treatment in 5xFAD mice, the brain sections were stained with SLCP (100 µM) (Fig. 2a) and Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) (Fig. 2b), followed by counts of the number of Aβ plaques. We observed that after 5 days of treatment with Cur or SLCP, the number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in the PFC (Cur: 49% and SLCP: 56. 31%) (Fig. 2c) and in DG area of hippocampus (Cur: 36. 30% and SLCP: 50. 50%) (Fig. 2d) in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD group. Further, SLCP-treated mice had fewer Aβ plaques than did Cur-treated mice (Fig. 2c, d). Similarly, our dot blot assays showed that both Cur and SLCP significantly inhibited Aβ42-oligomers (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: However, none of these similarities are commented on, nor are any characters mentioned that might help to differentiate the new specimen from these taxa. Furthermore, in some instances, the description and the illustrations do not seem to match. Thus, in the description of the maxilla, the authors state that the maxillary fenestra is displaced dorsally if compared to other theropods. However, according to the figure, the fenestra is basically in line with the ventral margin of the antorbital fenestra, which is the same condition as in most other theropods. Another example is that the text states that a labiolingual constriction is present in the dentary teeth, referring to figure 6G. However, this figure shows a CT rendering of a tooth in lingual view, in which a labiolingual constriction would not be visible anyway. In their comparisons for this character, the authors furthermore refer to a figure that shows a tooth of Microraptor that clearly has a mesiodistal constriction, so I guess that they might refer to such a feature. However, a marked mesiodistal constriction between crown and root is clearly absent in the tooth figured in fig. 6G. Likewise, the description states that the presacral vertebrae lack external pleurocoels, but both the figure of the cervical vertebra in lateral view (fig. 8B) as well as the cervicodrosal vertebra (fig. 8F) clearly show large, matrix-filled depressions exactly in the position where I would expect an external pleurocoel. Furthermore, in the absence of histological studies, I think the evidence that this specimen represents an adult is rather poor. The authors cite fused neural arches and partially fused cervical ribs as evidence for the adult status of the specimen. However, in small theropods, unfused, but largely closed neurocentral sutures can be difficult to identifiy (e. g. none of the known specimens of Archaeopteryx shows clearly identifiable neurocentral sutures, although basically all of these specimens are considered to be juveniles), and the two photos of presacral vertebrae provided do not only show unfused, but even slightly detached cervical ribs. In summary, a much more detailed anatomical description and comparisons with other Morrison coelurosaurs are needed in this part of the manuscript.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: The limited number of patients enrolled in these trials did not allow identifying whether the failure of DEB-BMS was due to a strategy of “balloon first” or “stent first” angioplasty, or to stent implantation per se10,14. At a mechanistic level it may be argued that the time-limited antirestenotic effect of DEB cannot be sufficient to antagonise the chronic proliferative stimulus generated by BMS18. Moreover, whether the presence of BMS may act as a barrier that prevents the transfer of the drug into the vessel wall still remains a matter of some debate31. As DEB technology rapidly evolves, possible ameliorations are largely desirable16. The use of new antiproliferative drugs, as well as the adoption of new excipients that enhance drug transfer and retention in the vessel wall, need further investigation. Similarly it warrants further study whether other endovascular treatment approaches, such as cutting balloons, might act in synergism with DEB by augmenting drug penetration at the PCI site. Finally, new imaging technologies may better meet our need for a more comprehensive analysis of DEB interactions with the vessel wall. Most importantly we need trials that assess the role of DEB in a well-defined patient population with a sufficiently large sample size. A total of 18 trials have been registered at the clinicaltrial. gov database; some of these are expected to be presented or published in the next few months including: – the of Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon -Stent versus for Drug-eluting Stent Restenosis- 3, NCT00987324; – the Restenosis Intra-stent of Drug-eluting Stents: Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon versus Everolimus-eluting Stent - 01239940; and – the Treatment of by Paclitaxel-Paclitaxel-- 1000, NCT01166711. They will certainly contribute with valuable information in establishing the real role of DEB as a PCI option. Conflict of interest statement The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. 1. Garg S, Serruys PW. Coronary stents: current status. J Cardiol. 2010;56:S1-42. 2. ömig de é üni P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 3a–c) and fibril formation (Fig. 3d–f). However, SLCP treatment showed significantly greater inhibition (p < 0. 01) of Aβ42 fibril formation after 24 h of treatment than did Cur (Fig. 3d–f). Fig. 2Acute treatment of either Cur or SLCP reduced Aβ plaque loads in 5xFAD mice brain. a The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brains were sectioned on a cryostat and stained with Cur, which labeled the Aβ plaques that were observed in the PFC and the DG area of the hippocampus. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to the other images. b Cur binds to Aβ plaques in a manner similar to Aβ-specific antibody (6E10), so it was used for labeling and counting Aβ plaques in this study. Scale bar indicates 100 µm and is applicable to the other images. c, d The number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (**p < 0. 01) in both the PFC (c) and the DG area of the hippocampus (d) in comparison to untreated 5xFAD miceFull size image Fig. 3SLCP inhibits Aβ fibril formation greater than does Cur. Aβ42 peptide was dissolved in HFIP, and after being completely dried, it was dissolved in 60 mM NaOH and diluted with Tris buffer saline (1 mM, pH 7. 4), yielding a 10 μM concentration. Fifty microliter of peptide solution was incubated with, or without, different concentrations of Cur or SLCP for 8- and 24-h. After the stipulated period for each experiment, about 10 μL of peptide solution was spotted on the nitrocellulose membrane. The blots were probed with Aβ-oligomer specific (A11) and fibril specific (OC) antibodies. a–c inhibition of Aβ42-oligomer formation by Cur and SLCP. d–f Aβ42 fibril formation was attenuated by Cur and SLCP after 24 h of incubation. Note that SLCP showed greater inhibition of Aβ42 fibril formation than dietary Cur (d, e).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Additional comments In summary, I think this paper is potentially a very important addition to our knowledge of early coelurosaur evolution, if the authors provide a more detailed description and can clearly show that the specimen described is a new taxon and a maniraptoran (although even if this was only anew specimen of Coelurus or one of the other Morrison coelurosaurs, it has the potential to provide a wealth of new information on these generally rather poorly known taxa). I would thus strongly encourage the authors to do the necessary revisions and resubmit the manuscript! Cite this review as Rauhut OW (2019) #2 of "A new paravian dinosaur from the of supports a late acquisition of avian flight (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Sep 10, 2018 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Outcomes associated with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: a collaborative network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;370:937-48. 3. . Short- and long-term outcomes with drug-eluting and bare-metal coronary stents: a mixed-treatment comparison analysis of 117 762 patient-years of follow-up from randomized trials. Circulation. 2012;125:2873-91. 4. Mehilli J, Pache J, Abdel-ömig A, Kastrati A; Is Drug-Eluting-with in Bypass Grafts? (ISAR-CABG) Investigators. Drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in saphenous vein graft lesions (ISAR-CABG): a randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1071-8. 5. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, von. Sirolimus-eluting stent or paclitaxel-eluting stent vs balloon angioplasty for prevention of recurrences in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293: 165-71. 6. . Randomized trial of paclitaxel- versus sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of coronary restenosis in sirolimus-eluting stents: the ISAR-2 (: Stents for In-2) study. J Cardiol. 2010;55:2710-6. 7. . Intracoronary stenting and angiographic results: strut thickness effect on restenosis outcome (ISAR-) trial. Circulation. 2001;103:2816-21. 8. ühlen üller M, Dirschinger J, Schömig A. Intracoronary stenting and angiographic results: strut thickness effect on restenosis outcome (ISAR--2) trial. J Cardiol. 2003;41: 1283-8. 9. . Polymer coatings and delayed arterial healing following drug-eluting stent implantation. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2009;57:567-84. 10. . Drug-coated balloons for the prevention of vascular restenosis. Circulation. 2010;121:2672-80.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results were expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. **p < 0. 01 and ***p < 0. 001 in comparison to Aβ42-vehicle treated groupFull size image Neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCPOne of the aims of this study was to investigate whether short-term treatment of Cur or SLCP can protect neuronal morphology. Therefore, the treated brain tissue was stained with cresyl violet and many pyknotic or tangle-like neuron, along with vacuolization within the pyramidal cell layers, were observed in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus in the 5xFAD mice. After 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment (but not at 2 days of treatment), we observed significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of pyknotic, or tangled-like, cells in PFC (Cur: 27%; SLCP: 33%; Fig. 4a, b), in CA1 (Cur: 24%; SLCP: 36%; Fig. 4a, c) and in CA3 area (Cur: 13%; SLCP: 26%; Fig. 4a, d) of the hippocampus. Fig. 4Cur and SLCP treatments partially protect neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mice brain tissue. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were stained with 0. 1% cresyl violet, from which images were taken using Olympus microscope (total magnification: 1000x) in the PFC and the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus. a Pyknotic, tangle-like, neurons along with vacuoles were observed in 5xFAD tissue with Cur- or SLCP-treatment reducing this abnormal morphology in the PFC and hippocampal neurons following 5-, but not 2-days of treatment. b The number of pyknotic cells were less after 5 days of treatment (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in all three areas, when compared to the 5xFAD mice receiving only vehicle or the 5xFAD mice receiving only 2 days treatment. Scale bar indicates 25 µm and is applicable to other images.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: AbstractUnderstanding the aerodynamic performance of feathered, non-avialan dinosaurs is critical to reconstructing the evolution of bird flight. Here we show that the five-winged paravian Microraptor is most stable when gliding at high-lift coefficients (low lift/drag ratios). Wind tunnel experiments and flight simulations show that sustaining a high-lift coefficient at the expense of high drag would have been the most efficient strategy for Microraptor when gliding from, and between, low elevations. Analyses also demonstrate that anatomically plausible changes in wing configuration and leg position would have made little difference to aerodynamic performance. Significant to the evolution of flight, we show that Microraptor did not require a sophisticated, ‘modern’ wing morphology to undertake effective glides. This is congruent with the fossil record and also with the hypothesis that symmetric ‘flight’ feathers first evolved in dinosaurs for non-aerodynamic functions, later being adapted to form lifting surfaces. You have full access to this 3. The fossil record shows that a variety of paravians closely related to, but outside, the avialan clade possessed feathered flight surfaces; the best represented of these is the dromaeosaurid Microraptor4. This dinosaur possessed elongated arm, leg and tail feathers4, an anatomical configuration that resurrected an older idea that paravian flight passed through a four-winged (‘tetrapteryx’) phase. However, even in light of new fossil discoveries, the evolution of bird flight remains one of the greatest debates in biology and palaeontology; for more than 160 years, evolutionary scenarios have been developed to explain the evolution of this major adaptation1. Flapping flight using asymmetric feathers (which is a prerequisite shape for feathers to be aerodynamically stable when orientated other than parallel to the airflow) has long been thought to distinguish birds from the other vertebrate fliers, bats and pterosaurs2. Exceptional Mesozoic-aged (ca. 140–66 Myo) fossils have closed the anatomical gap between non-avialan dinosaurs and birds (Avialae)3 and have demonstrated that feathers (including asymmetric flight feathers) are not uniquely avialan adaptations4,5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: 11. . Comparison of two different paclitaxel-coated balloon catheters in the porcine coronary restenosis model. Cardiol. 2009;98: 325-30. 12. . Vascular effects of paclitaxel following drug-eluting balloon angioplasty in a porcine coronary model: the importance of excipients. EuroIntervention. 2011;7:730-7. 13. öggelmann üttner öveker G, Karsch KR. Paclitaxel inhibits arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo using local drug delivery. Circulation. 1997;96:636-45. 14. . Paclitaxel balloon coating, a novel method for prevention and therapy of restenosis. Circulation. 2004;110:810-4. 15. . Contrast media as carriers for local drug delivery. Successful inhibition of neointimal proliferation in the porcine coronary stent model. J. 2003;24:1462-7. 16. . Vascular response to zotarolimus-coated balloons in injured superficial femoral arteries of the familial hypercholesterolemic Swine. Interv. 2011;4:447-55. 17. Cortese B, Bertoletti A. Paclitaxel coated balloons for coronary artery interventions: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical data. Cardiol. 2011 Sep 26. [Epub ahead of print]. 18. . Paclitaxel-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent during PCI of small coronary vessels, a prospective randomised clinical trial. study. Heart. 2010;96: 1291-6. 19. Colombo A. Drug-eluting balloon in small vessels: results of the Optimization (BELLO) Study. EuroPCR Congress, 2012 May 15-18, Paris 2012;Oral presentation, Symposium:Available at: 20. . Stenting for small coronary vessels: a contestable winner. J Cardiol. 2001;38: 1604-7. 21. Byrne RA, Kastrati A. Lesions in small coronary vessels disease: should drug-coated balloons replace drug-eluting stents as the treatment of choice? EuroIntervention. 2011;7 Suppl K:K47-52. 22. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Arrows indicate pyknotic or tangle-like neuronsFull size image Changes in microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceTo investigate the changes of microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP, the 5xFAD brain sections were immunolabeled with Iba-1 antibody. There was profound branching and intense expression of Iba-1 protein in 5xFAD tissue, whereas treatment with Cur or SLCP appeared to decrease the number of branches and the amount of Iba-1 levels in PFC and in different subfields of hippocampus, as well as in the striatum after both 2- and 5-days of treatment with Cur or SLCP (Fig. 5). We also observed that the levels of Iba-1 and the extent of microglial branching tended to be less only in the 5-days treatment group in comparison to the 2-day group. Fig. 5Morphological changes of single microglial cells in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The Iba-1-IR appeared to be more intense and the branching of microglia were more diffuse in the brain tissue of the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice compared to those mice treated with Cur or SLCP for either 2- or 5-days. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Microglial aggregation morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceWhen we looked at the morphology of microglial aggregation, or clumping, we observed that there was a noticeable aggregation of microglia in the vehicle-treated 5xFAD group, which was less noticeable in the brain tissue of mice treated with Cur or SLCP, with the latter groups also showing a reduction in Iba-1 labeling (Fig. 6). Further, we found a trend towards less aggregation of microglia and Iba-1-IR in 5xFAD mice given 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment, relative to those receiving 2 days of treatment and with those given SLCP showing less microglial aggregation in comparison to those given Cur (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Within the region of the dinosaur tree where birds diverged6,7, a diversity of paravian theropods is now known to have had well-developed feathers on their legs and tails, as well as on their arms (for example, Archaeopteryx, Microraptor, Anchiornis and Eosinopteryx)4,5,7,8. Fossils also show that feathers first evolved for non-flight functions9,10. Phylogenetic studies nest long-tailed birds (Archaeopteryx and relatives) within Paraves6,7; as fossil members of several non-avialan lineages had well-developed, asymmetric feathers (equated with flight)4,5, it is certain that birds were not the only theropod lineage to possess some degree of aerial ability. Just how paravians utilized their feathered wings and what this may mean for the evolution of gliding and flapping remains much debated1,11,12. In this paper, we report on a series of wind tunnel tests performed to examine the flight performance of one feathered paravian pivotal to this debate—the five-winged dromaeosaurid Microraptor from the of northeastern China4. The first theropod described with feathers on its arms, legs and tail (five potential lifting surfaces), Microraptor, implies that forelimb-dominated bird flight passed through a 4- to 5-wing ‘tetrapteryx’ phase13 and/or represents an important stage in Cretaceous paravian flight experimentation. Owing to its functional and phylogenetic significance, the wing configuration and flight ability of Microraptor has been much debated. Previous interpretations have included the following: static interpretation of fossils14, computer-based flight performance modelling of fossils15, analysis of free-flying models16 and scale model wind tunnel experiments17. No consensus on likely wing configurations (thus degree of stability and glide performance) has been attained as reflected in a factor of six range of predicted lift-to-drag (L/D) ratios in previous work (that is, in Chatterjee and Templin15: 15; Alexander et al. 16: 4. 1; Koehl et al. 17: 3). L/D is one fundamental measure of flight performance determining minimum glide angle and thus maximum flight range under steady conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All languages are equally complex and structured. [SEP] Text: Treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter. N Med. 2006;355:2113-24. 23. . Two year follow-up after treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter. Cardiol. 2008;97:773-81. 24. . Paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter versus paclitaxel-coated stent for the treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis. Circulation. 2009;119:2986-94. 25. öhm M, Cremers B. Long-term follow-up after treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter. . 2012;5:323-30. 26. on of the of Cardiology (ESC) and the for Cardio-(EACTS); for Interventions (EAPCI), -. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. J. 2010;31:2501-55. 27. . Comparison of two drug eluting balloons. A report from the SCAAR registry. EuroIntervention. 2012;8:444-49. 28. öhm M, Clever Y, Cremers B. Paclitaxcel-coated balloon plus bare metal stent vs sirolimus-eluting stent in de-novo lesions: an IVUS study. EuroIntervention 2012;8:450-55. 29. öbius-öhm M, Scheller B. Paclitaxel-Eluting PTCA-Balloon in Combination with the Stent vs the in the Treatment of Artery Disease. Oral presentation 2009 (2009 November 14 - 18; Orlando, Florida): Available at: 30. . The fate of incomplete stent apposition with drug-eluting stents: an optical coherence tomography-based natural history study. J. 2010;31:1470-6. 31. . Long-term effects on vascular healing of bare metal stents delivered via paclitaxel-coated balloons in the porcine model of restenosis. Interv. 2012 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6). Fig. 6Morphological changes of aggregated microglia in 5xFAD mice brains after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The tissue from the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice showed significant clumping, or aggregation of activated microglia, whereas, those of 5xFAD mice that were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days had fewer aggregations of microglia and less intense labeling of Iba-1. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Morphological changes of astrocytes after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceSimilar to the microglial changes, we have also investigated the morphological changes of activated astrocytes by immunolabeling with GFAP antibodies after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD mice. The brains of the 5xFAD mice showed activation of astrocytes, as evidenced by extensive branching, along with increased level of GFAP-IR, whereas brains of the 5xFAD treated with Cur or SLCP appeared to have decreased activation, with a trend toward less GFAP-IR and astrocyte branching in the PFC and in different subfields of the hippocampus (Fig. 7). We did not find any significant differences in morphology of activated astrocytes between the 5xFAD mice given Cur or SLCP, whether the treatments were given for 2- or 5-days. Fig. 7Morphological changes of activated astrocytes from brain tissue of 5xFAD mice after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were immunolabeled with GFAP antibody. The GFAP immunofluorescence appeared to be more intense and the branching of astrocytes was more extensive in vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, compared with those given Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Results of our wind tunnel tests show that Microraptor would have been most stable while gliding at high-lift coefficients and consequently degraded L/D ratios. Flight simulations demonstrate that this behaviour had adaptive advantages, as sustaining a high-lift coefficient at the expense of high drag was the most efficient strategy for gliding from, and between, low elevations. Our results also demonstrate that anatomically plausible changes in wing configuration and leg position would have made little difference to aerodynamic performance. Significant to the evolution of flight, we show that Microraptor did not require a sophisticated, ‘modern’ wing morphology to undertake effective glides, as the high lift coefficient regime is less dependent upon detail of wing morphology. This is congruent with the fossil record and also with the hypothesis that symmetric ‘flight’ feathers first evolved in dinosaurs for non-aerodynamic functions, later being adapted to form aerodynamically capable surfaces. ResultsWind tunnel experimentsPerforming wind tunnel experiments on a full-scale, feathered, three-dimensional (3D) Microraptor model that has accurate geometries, joint morphologies and feather orientations (Fig. 1a), (based on known fossils, see Methods), we tested different speeds, angles of attack and morphologies that encompass different anatomically feasible leg positions (Fig. 1a inset). We feathered our model based on plumage descriptions18, selecting extant bird feathers of comparable length, and only used reconstructions that had limb geometries holding the asymmetric feathers in aeroelastically stable orientations (relative to airflow), as is always the case in extant birds (that is, with the narrower vane on the side of the feather facing the oncoming flow)2. For this reason, one recent, widely cited reconstruction for Microraptor is incorrect4, as it has asymmetric feathers subject to flow in the ‘wrong’ direction. Figure 1: Microraptor model and measurement configurations. (a) Photograph of the full-scale feathered 3D Microraptor (at Colin Palmer’s house on the Isle of Wight). Inset: main configurations. (b) Free-body diagram of a gliding Microraptor showing forces, moment and flight direction. (c) Measured lift and drag coefficients for the two main configurations. (d) Measured moment coefficient against aerodynamic force coefficient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: “I can do perfectly well without a car! ” Download PDF N. J. A. van Exel1, G. de Graaf2 & P. Rietveld3 3062 Accesses 33 2. 11Footnote 7 (extraction method: centroid; rotation method: varimax). The purpose of this analysis is to identify groups of respondents who rank-ordered the 37 opinion statements in a similar way, under the assumption that this indicates similarity in preference for middle-distance travel. First, the correlation matrix of all Q-sorts is computed. Footnote 8 Next, within this matrix, groups of respondents are identified with mutually high correlation coefficients. Finally, for each identified group, a composite rank-ordering of the statements is computed, which is called a factor, based on the ranking of the statements by the individual respondents defining that factorFootnote 9 and their correlation coefficient with the factor (see Table 2) as weight. This idealized Q-sort of a factor (see Table 3; 1. 00) and no significant additional components emerged. Considering the two stable components discussed before and high correlations between two other groups of factors (i. e. 3/2–4/2–5/2 and 4/3–5/3), the statistics indicated that the selection of the most interesting factor structure for the data was contingent on the added value of the accounts represented by factors 3/2, 4/3 and 5/4, consecutively. Next, based on close inspection of the content of all factors in the three-, four- and five-factor structures, the four-factor solution was selected. Footnote 10 Table 2 presents the factor loadings: 30 Q-sorts loaded on a single factor and 8 were confounded. Factors one, two, three, and four were defined by 8, 6, 4, and 12 variables, respectively. The four factors individually explained between 8 and 20% of the variance in Q-sorts, and collectively 57%. Table 3 presents the idealized Q-sorts of the four factors. Table 1 Correlations between consecutive factor solutionsFull size table Fig. 2Factor diagramFootnote Explanation: A factor diagram is a simplified visual representation of the hierarchical factor structure in a data-set (Goldberg 2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in PFC of 5xFAD miceWhen we counted the number of Iba-1-IR cells in PFC, we observed that Cur or SLCP treatments significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) the number of Iba-1-IR cells in comparison to those of the untreated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 8a, b). In addition, 5 days of either SLCP or Cur treatment showed greater reduction (p < 0. 05) of Iba-1-IR in comparison to 2 days of treatment. Furthermore, SLCP showed greater reduction of Iba-1-IR in comparison to those given Cur for either 2- or 5-days (Fig. 8a, b). Similar findings were observed for counts of GFAP-IR cells in the PFC (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 8Cur or SLCP treatment reduces neuroinflammation in the PFC of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with either Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR- (a, b) and GFAP-IR- (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the PFC in all Cur- and SLCP-treated mice in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment, for both the GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA1 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceOne of our interests was to investigate the neuroinflammation profile in hippocampal subfields of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment with Cur or SLCP. We observed that both Cur and or SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Blue lines show results for the sprawled configuration, red lines legs down. The palest shades are at a wind tunnel wind speed of 10 m s−1, darkest 20 m s−1 and intermediary shade 15 m s−1. In (c), the lines show the variation of lift and drag coefficients with increasing angle of attack (starting from bottom left at zero angle of attack). Force coefficients are the measured forces shown in the free-body diagram, nondimensionalized on the basis of projected area and dynamic pressure, the conventional approach used in aerodynamic analysis. In (d), the curves show the variation of the pitching moment coefficient and total aerodynamic force coefficient with increasing angle of attack (starting from the left at zero angle of attack). The pitching moment is a measure of the pitch stability. For stable flight, the gradient must be negative; therefore for these results, the models were only flight-stable at large values (>0. 6) of total aerodynamic force coefficient. Full size imageWind tunnel model tests included two different leg configurations, two main wing angles of incidence relative to the body and two different tail sizes, all consistent with described Microraptor fossils and known microraptorine (dromaeosaurid) anatomy4,19. Tests also encompassed all previously proposed (anatomically feasible) wing configurations for Microraptor (Methods) (Fig. 1a inset). Experiments were conducted for every configuration at three different flight velocities (covering a range consistent with those experienced by living gliding and flapping animals), from 10 to 20 m s−1 (refs 2, 20) over an entire range of angles of attack (Figs 2, 3, 4). An approximate location for Microraptor’s centre of gravity (CoG) (Fig. 1b) was estimated based on reconstructions of described Chinese fossils4,18. This CoG location, which was used to determine pitching moment coefficients, was predicted to be 0. 1 m behind the leading edge of the main wing (Fig. 1b). Figure 2: Velocity-averaged aerodynamic performance of sprawled and legs down configurations. The forces are divided by the square of wind tunnel airspeed, thus allowing more direct comparisons between configurations of different projected areas than would be the case for conventional non-dimensional lift and drag coefficients. (a) Speed-specific Lift-Drag polar.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: Each row of the factor diagram presents a consecutive factor structure for the data (from separate analyses of the data), from the one-factor structure at the top to the seven-factor structure at the bottom, and the selected four-factor structure shaded in grey; factors 6/6, 7/4 and 7/7 had an Eigenvalue <1 (i. e. the data supports a maximum of five factors). The boxes in each row represent individual factors, and the width of boxes their percentage-explained variance (see bottom of Table 1 for the values). The arrows between boxes indicate the most important correlations between factors in consecutive factor structures (i. e. , between-structures comparison), and the numbers next to the arrows the corresponding correlation coefficient (see Table 1 for a full overview). For example, the correlation between the first factor of the four-factor structure (i. e. 4/1) and the first factor of the five-factor structure (i. e. 5/1) was 0. 99, meaning that the content of these factors is practically identical. Considering also the correlations between 5/1 and 6/1 and between 6/1 and 7/1, the factor diagram shows that the content of factor 4/1 remains the same for all four- to seven-factor structures (correlation coefficient between 4/1 and 7/1 is 0. 99; see Table 1). Full size image Table 2 Correlation coefficients of Q-sorts with the factorsFull size table Table 3 Idealized Q-sortsFull size table Factor 1Travellers in this preference segment expressed a general preference for public transport. Most emphasized the possibility of accomplishing something during the trip (Table 3, statement 42): —For me the possibility to spend my travel time on something useful is an important reason to prefer travelling by public transport. —I often have a lot of reading to do. can catch up with some sleep as well. —It is relaxing. A cup of coffee, do some reading, rest a bit. Public transport apparently has for them a process utilityFootnote 12 over the outcome utility of reaching their destination (31, 32): —The train usually is more practical, more enjoyable, and more relaxing than the car. Perhaps that is why they, of all the travellers, are least concerned with door-to-door travel time (40).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells in CA1 region, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 9a–c). We also found a significant difference (p < 0. 05) between the 2- and 5-day treatment groups in Iba-1-IR labeling and between the Cur and SLCP groups (p < 0. 05) (Fig. 9b), but these differences were not observed for GFAP labeling (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 9Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA1 subfield of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA1 area, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, with further reductions were observed after 5 days of treatment, compared with that of at 2 days (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceSimilar to CA1 region, there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 subfield of hippocampus after treatment with either Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a–c). The Iba-1-IR was less in the 5-day SLCP group, relative to the 2-day SLCP group (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 10b). No differences of GFAP-IR were observed between 2- and 5-day treatment groups were observed, irrespective of whether the 5xFAD mice received Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a, c). Fig. 10Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA3 region of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: It is apparent from this graph that the sprawled configuration (blue) produces more lift than legs down (red), a result obscured in Fig. 1c. (b) Glide ratio against speed-specific aerodynamic force coefficient. The glide ratio is the ratio of lift:drag and is a measure of the glide angle. The higher the glide ratio, the shallower the glide angle. (c) Speed-specific moment coefficient against speed-specific force coefficient. Stable flight points occur where the pitching moment curve gradients are negative and the moment is zero. The graphs (b) and (c) share a common x axis; therefore, the stable flight points have been projected from (c) to (b) to determine the corresponding glide ratios. Although the sprawled configurations are capable of producing a higher glide ratio than legs down, the stability limit means that legs down actually achieves stable flight at a higher glide ratio. (d) Glide velocities and glide performance for the stable points. (e) Glide trajectories for the points in the stable regime. The curves show calculated flight paths for animals leaping from an elevated perch, flying at the aerodynamic conditions taken from the stable flight points. The legs down configuration initially falls further in order to build up a greater steady flight speed; therefore, for flights from heights of <15 m the sprawled configuration has the greater range. From heights of 2 m or more, legs down gives the greater range. Full size imageFigure 3: Trajectory envelopes. The results in Fig. 2 are for one specific centre of gravity location; therefore, the effect of small variations in location were examined. (a) Range of centres of gravity considered. (b) Effect of changing the centre of gravity. Changing the location of the centre of gravity changes the shape of the pitching moment curves. (c) Trajectory envelope for legs sprawled. Dark-shaded area indicates stable glide. Dark line shows the best-performing glide trajectory, indicated by the point in inset. (d) Trajectory envelope for legs down. Dark-shaded area indicates stable glide. Full size imageFigure 4: Velocity-averaged aerodynamic performance in feathered and flat-plate Microraptor models. Results are shown for the sprawled configuration for feathered (dark blue lines) and flat (pale blue lines) plate Microraptor models.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: In addition, they refer strongly to environmental aspects of public transport, both in normative (28) and affective (4, 5) terms: —The environment is a great concern in our small and densely populated country. Everyone should think about this and use public transport more often. —Public transport contributes to a better society: less pollution, higher safety, less stress. —Environmental aspects are an important motivation for me to choose travelling by public transport. These travellers regard the car as an alternative (33), but least of all see the car as a necessity for their personal travel (1, 22, 30, 36): —Public transport and bicycle are fine alternatives. —If you want you can get almost everywhere by public transport; you are only a bit less independent. My social life is not worse without a car. —do not need a car. On the occasions I do need one, there is always someone that can help me out. Moreover, they do not seem to particularly like the car as a travel mode (7, 11, 29): —It’s brainwashing to think you could not do without a car. —The car is not superior. It’s a fallacy that you would have more privacy and less delay with your car. —A car is just an object I don’t attach much value to, definitely not a status symbol. —The car as such is irrelevant to me, only the functional aspects count. It definitely is not more than a mode of transport (23, 35): —For me, identity is purely associated with immaterial things. Although these travellers do not exclude the car as an alternative (33), the preference for public transport and dislike of the car appear to result in a fairly stable travel behaviour pattern (16, 25, 37). As a consequence, they are very familiar with the public transport system (8, 14): —I use public transport almost daily and can find my way very well. This preference segment for middle-distance travel was labelled ‘choice travellers with a preference for public transport’. As an example, the idealized Q-sort of factor 1 is included in 5. Factor 2Travellers in this preference segment share some of the above travellers’ appreciation for public transport, but attach more weight to some advantages of the car. Public transport is favoured for the possibility of doing something during the trip (42) and its environmental benefits (28): —The environment is very important.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA3 region of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days, of treatment in the amount of labeling for both GFAP and Iba-1 (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in dentate gyrus of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceThe number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells were significantly less (p < 0. 01) in DG area in Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice, as was the case with the CA1 and CA3 regions (Fig. 11a–c). There were significant decreases in Iba-1-IR between the 2- and 5-day groups given treatment of either of Cur (p < 0. 01) or SLCP (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 11b). In addition, the SLCP treatment reduced Iba-1-IR at both 2-and and 5-day treatment periods, relative to what was observed with Cur (Fig. 11b). Similarly, there were significant decreases (p < 0. 05) in GFAP-IR after 5 days, relative to 2 days, following either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Differences in GFAP-IR measures were also observed between Cur and SLCP treatments (p < 0. 05) at 2 days, but not at 5 days of treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Fig. 11Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in DG area of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Results for the legs down configuration are shown in red for completeness. (a) Lift-Drag polar. (b) Glide ratio against aerodynamic force coefficient. (c) Moment coefficient against aerodynamic force coefficient. Full size imageCalculationsWe calculated L/D polars for Microraptor in different configurations (Fig. 1c) and plotted pitching moment coefficient against aerodynamic force coefficient (Fig. 1d). Although we tested three different configurations (Fig. 1a inset), the force and moment coefficients we recovered do not vary greatly between configurations, and our moment coefficient curves (Fig. 1d) have similar shapes to the only previous model-based experimental study of Microraptor17. Results show that Microraptor could have changed its wing area by moving its legs into different positions and thus enlarging its force envelope (Fig. 2a). These differences in lifting wing surface area were taken into account using speed-specific L and -D (see Methods)21. Results also show that Microraptor would have aerodynamically (expressed by the glide ratio) performed best with the sprawled-leg configuration for all values of speed-specific aerodynamic force coefficient (SCR) (Fig. 2b). For stable points (lines connecting Fig. 2b,c; see Methods for this calculation), the legs-down configuration has the higher aerodynamic efficiency (glide ratio 4. 7 (:1)) compared with the sprawled-legs configuration (glide ratio 2. 8 (:1)). Equilibrium glide velocities were calculated from the corresponding SCR with an estimated Microraptor mass of 0. 5 kg (consistent with previous work)15,16,17,22; this shows that lesser aerodynamic performance goes hand-in-hand with a lower glide velocity (Fig. 2d). Tests with different main wing angles and different tail areas show that a higher angle for the main wing (relative to the body and tail) decreases performance for stable glide conditions, and a change in tail area has no significant effect on aerodynamic performance or moment characteristics (see Methods). Taking the glide ratio and aerodynamic force coefficients for the two stable conditions identified (Fig. 2d), we then calculated flight trajectories solving for equations of motion (Fig. 2e; see Methods). Trajectories show that the most efficient glide trajectory requires a balance between aerodynamic efficiency and aerodynamic force.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: If we can contribute by decreasing car use we should, but costs of public transport should go down. The car is liked because it makes life easier (22) —For some destinations and especially when travelling with children it is easier to travel by car. —You’re not dependent on time schedules and station locations. —You can get where you want, when you want and, if there are no traffic jams, within a reasonable time. It is perceived as necessary to maintain an active social life (1, 30): —In the evenings connectivity between train and urban public transport is virtually non-existent. —At night, the safety of the car is better than that of an abandoned platform. By car the barrier to get up and go is much lower. —Some family and friends live in places difficult to reach other than by car. if I didn’t have a car I think I wouldn’t visit them that often. —I definitely need a car. You can’t go everywhere with public transport, at least not within a reasonable time. They clearly are not, however, ‘car addicts’ (23, 27, 29, 35): —Maybe for yuppies, not for an old lady. —All that noise, definitely not a pleasure! —The mere thought of deriving your identity from a vehicle is very strange. —I can do perfectly without a car! Their travel behaviour is not habitual (16, 37) and they like to plan their travel in advance (15, 19). More than others they regard car and public transport as good alternatives for personal travel (33): —Depends on trip destination and purpose. —If there’s a good train connection I prefer the train, if not I prefer the car. They are well informed (8, 14, 17) and take travel alternatives into consideration when making their plans (25): —I always compare my options for a trip on the basis of cost, travel time, and comfort. I usually choose the train when travel time is not much longer than the car because of comfort. They emphasize travel time as an important argument for their mode choice (18, 40): —Reliability is important when you have an appointment, for instance, or have to catch a flight. This preference segment for middle-distance travel was labelled ‘deliberate choice travellers’. Factor 3Travellers in this preference segment express a general like for travel by car.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the DG area of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment in the amount for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in subicular complex of 5xFAD miceThe subicular complex lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper and is very important for neurotransmission from the hippocampus to the cortex. We found a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in Iba-1-IR cells in subicular complex in the 5 versus the 2-day, groups treated with Cur (Fig. 12a, b). In addition, SLCP treatment decreased Iba-1-IR in both the 2- and 5-day treatment groups, in comparison to Cur (Fig. 12a, b). Similar findings were also observed in the case of GFAP-IR in these regions (Fig. 12a, c). Fig. 12Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in subicular complex of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in subicular complex of hippocampus of Cur- or SLCP-treated, versus vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days of treatment in comparison to 2 days, of treatment for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling in both the Cur- and SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice (b, c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: When leaping from a height of 30 m, the sprawled-leg configuration shows an initially shallower glide path; however, it ultimately falls short of the distance covered by the anatomically more likely legs down configuration18,23, which reaches 40% farther. Microraptor had the ability to flex and extend its forelimbs to bring the centres of aerodynamic force and CoG into coincidence, moving the balance point backwards or forwards (Fig. 3a,b). For a range of possible locations of the CoG, L/D–SCR combinations were used to create a trajectory envelope (Fig. 3c,d). For stable combinations, the sprawled-legs configuration is most effective in the early glide stage (<40 m) but cannot be used to glide as far (Fig. 3c). The legs-down configuration shows a balance between height loss in the early glide stage and the total distance travelled (Fig. 3d). When we take unstable balance points into account, the flight trajectories show that the sprawled-legs configuration could outperform the legs-down configuration (Fig. 3c). This means that Microraptor could fly even farther, if it had possessed an advanced flight-control system to maintain stable flight. However, it is unlikely that early flyers would have specialized and dedicated flight-control systems24,25. DiscussionResults show that, irrespective of its wing configuration, Microraptor was aerodynamically unstable at low SCR (Fig. 2c) and would have been unable to glide with maximum aerodynamic efficiency (that is, high L/D). Thus, Microraptor would have been better off adopting a high SCR, lower L/D wing configuration to quickly generate the high lift at low speeds needed to minimize initial height loss in short glides from moderate heights. This high-lift, high-drag flight strategy (Fig. 3) would have been very efficient for leaping from moderate heights (ca. 20–30 m), consistent with tree sizes in the Jehol podocarp forest. Unsteady trajectory performance, rather than aerodynamic efficiency, seems to have been the main selective pressure optimised by Microraptor’s flight style. Although comparative data from living birds26 show that (if our fossil-based calculations are correct) the wing loading (ca.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: Of all travellers in our study, they most enjoy driving a car (29) and attach a value to the car they drive (26). The car, however, remains primarily a mode of transport (23, 35): —For me a car is a means to get from A to B and back. A nice car makes it pleasant, but reliability is more important. They do not feel inconvenienced on a day they do not have their car at their disposal (20): —If by chance I don’t have the car at my disposal I travel by another mode, no problem. They do not really need a car (1, 12) but travelling by car makes life easier (22): —You can probably get anywhere with public transport, but by car you are much less dependent on time schedules, connections, and departure frequencies. In travel decision making they are most concerned about costs (4, 13, 34): —I could take the train more often, but I find train fares too high when compared with the convenience of just taking the car. —Driving a car is becoming increasingly unaffordable for private car owners. They are also concerned about travel time (18, 40). Of all travellers they most like to organize their trips well in advance (15, 19). They regard car and public transport as alternatives for personal travel (33), but attach the least value to the benefits of public transport (42) and least disagree with the negative aspects of public transport (6, 21): —Nowadays public transport is no longer a necessity and it’s generally unsafe and filthy. They are least familiar with the public transport system (8, 14). For the most part they consider the car the better alternative for all their personal travel (7, 27): —have the car at my disposal, I use it for all my trips; if not, I have to look for an alternative. Consequently they do not deliberate much about their choice of travel mode (16, 25). This preference segment for middle-distance travel was labelled as ‘choice travellers with car as dominant alternative’. Factor 4Travellers in this preference segment are clearly car-oriented. They find the car superior to other modes (7, 27, 36): —Comfort, convenience and pleasure. —Dense network, no transfers! —For most of my trips public transport is too complicated and travel time is unacceptable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in entorhinal cortex of 5xFAD miceThe entorhinal cortex is the major input and output structure of the hippocampal formation and is involved in the maintenance of cortico-hippocampal circuits. The number of Iba-1-IR microglia were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in both the 2- and 5-day Cur or SLCP treatment groups (Fig. 13a, b). Significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of Iba-1-IR cells were observed in the 5-day group in comparison to 2-day group, with the SLCP-treated mice having fewer Iba-1-IR cells than those receiving Cur (Fig. 13a, b). In contrast, 2 days Cur treatment did not reduce the number of GFAP-IR astrocytes, whereas both Cur and SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) GFAP-IR after 5 days of treatment. We also found there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the GFAP-IR between the Cur and SLCP groups after 5 days of treatment (Fig. 13a, c). Fig. 13Cur and SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in entorhinal cortex in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the entorhinal cortex in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Significant reduction in both GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR was observed after 5 days, in comparison to those receiving 2 days, of treatment (b, c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: 50 N m−2) of Microraptor is almost exactly at the mean for birds of the same weight, its L/D was much lower (many birds have L/D in the range 10–12 (ref. 26), whereas we calculate this for Microraptor at 4. 7 (:1)). This must be, in part, because of the fact that (as we show) Microraptor’s planform had an intrinsically less efficient configuration compared with living birds and also because it had to operate in a low-L/D region of its flight envelope in order to be aerodynamically stable. Even with legs deployed underneath the body and used to provide an initial push off, just a small horizontal velocity of up to 3 m s−1 would be generated27. This makes little difference to a flight path, as by far the bulk of necessary flight speed had to come from falling under the effect of gravity. As our experiments show that achieving a high SCR was most important for Microraptor’s flight and that differences in gliding-leg position only lead to very small differences in performance, sprawled or legs-down configurations are equally likely, especially for medium-length gliding flights. Of these, however, a legs-down gliding configuration is best supported by fossil data19,23 and has been shown to be advantageous in stabilizing roll and yaw28. Finally, in order to examine the effect of size as well as the necessity of feathers, we carried out further wind tunnel experiments comparing the feathered model in legs-sprawled configuration and in a matching but unfeathered model (Methods). Results demonstrate that Microraptor did not require well-developed flight surfaces to support its high CR (close to stall) flight style (that is, this flight capability was not very sensitive to airfoil section) (Fig. 4). Flat-plate experiments show that in the region of sustained stable flight (that is, regions of high CR; Fig. 4), there is very little difference in L/D between feathered and unfeathered models. The most important factor for this theropod was attaining sufficient wing area (for which derived feathers are unnecessary) to glide most effectively; theoretically, all Microraptor needed in order to glide at high CR would was an impervious surface.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: —I would say, by definition [the car is superior]. —When you live in a small town, public transport is fairly inaccessible. You always have transfers and miss connections, leading to long travel times. —Available 24/7, no scheduling problems. Travel-plan dependence, time schedules, and strikes weigh heavily for me [against public transport]. They feel they really need a car for their personal and work-related travel (1, 12, 30, 35): —I make a lot of chained trips, for instance, taking the kids to kindergarten and to school before work. A car then becomes a necessity. The car generally makes their life easier (22): —It is much easier to take the car unthinkingly than to undertake a trip by public transport. They feel inconvenienced when they do not have a car at their disposal (20). They are happy driving a car (11, 29), but still regard it primarily as a means of transport (23, 26): —The car as part of your identity is nonsensical. The most important thing is that it’s a reliable mode of transport. —A car is not a status symbol for me, just a practical and necessary resource in daily life. These travellers attach high value to travel time (4, 18, 40): —Travel time is crucial; convenience comes second. But they attach much less to travel costs (34): —I don’t look at the costs; convenience is paramount. The ease of having a car at hand and the fact that costs are ‘sunk’ mean that you no longer make a financial trade-off, and to environmental aspects (4, 28): —Environmental aspects play no role in my personal choices. In addition, they find it important to have control over their journey (15): —Go where I want when I want, optimal mobility, but not in terms of planning ahead (19): —That’s just the point of having a car; no planning, no trouble. Of all travellers they least regard public transport as an alternative to the car (33): —Public transport is unreliable, expensive, and crowded. They do not deliberate about their travel much (25): —I don’t feel like thinking about it. —I’m a creature of habit and often delude myself into believing that travel by leased car is free. —Ninety-five percent of the time I just take the car.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in striatum of 5xFAD miceThe striatum is a subcortical part of the forebrain and is a critical component of the reward system, as well as playing a role in learning and memory. Similar to the other brain structures, the striatum had fewer (p < 0. 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells than in control mice after 2- and 5-day of either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 14a–c), with the SLCP treatments providing greater reductions than Cur on both of these parameters (Fig. 14a–c). Fig. 14Cur or SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in the striatum of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the striatum in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Significant reductions were observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days of treatment, on measures of both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image DiscussionBecause of its unique physicochemical, anti-amyloid, and anti-inflammatory properties, Cur is being considered as a potential treatment for AD [13, 15, 45, 46]. The objectives of the present study were to: (1) compare the permeability of Cur and SLCP into the brain; (2) compare anti-inflammatory activities of Cur with those of SLCP after acute treatment in 5xFAD mice; (3) assess microglial and astrocytic activation in different brain regions, especially those areas associated with AD, after treatment with Cur and or SLCP; and (4) determine which short-term treatment protocol (2 or 5 days) with Cur or SLCP would most effectively decrease Aβ plaque loads and reduce aberrant neuronal morphology in different brain parts of 5xFAD mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Our experimental results are, therefore, both congruent with, and build on, fossil evidence, showing that theropod filamentous integument and symmetric wing feathers first evolved for behaviours other than lift generation9,10. As our unfeathered model performs almost as well as our feathered one, results are congruent with the argument that gliding behaviours could have evolved in taxa with symmetric leg feathers (for example, Pedopenna29 and Anchiornis5). This further highlights the likelihood that asymmetric vanes were a further specialization that evolved in paravian taxa with gliding ancestors; in essence, these allowed a larger wing area for a given skeletal mass and removed the need for feather overlap. The gliding flight of Microraptor, which our experimental results show was remarkably effective over medium distances starting from moderate heights, did not require highly derived lifting surfaces and can be regarded as representing a highly successful experiment in theropod adaptation to aerial behaviour, consistent with at least some evidence for climbing in this taxon30. Providing a further comparative context for Microraptor’s flight mode is complex because other four- and five-winged feathered dinosaurs possessed similar body plans. Clearly, Microraptor also lacks close analogues in the extant fauna, and its relatively high drag and potential unsteady trajectory imply that it might have combined arboreal and terrestrial foraging with rare, perhaps opportunistic, gliding behaviour (consistent with reports of fish in stomach contents31). There are no strong indications from its aerial performance that it might have behaved similar to extant gliding mammals nor does it seems to have approached any extant volant birds in aerial performance. In sum, Microraptor likely indulged in some climbing behaviour, some terrestrial foraging behaviour and glided on occasion; it may thus have foraged across a vertical gradient, using a body plan different from that of extant species. The likely presence of microraptorines in the Late Cretaceous19 combined with new evidence that a phylogenetically diverse range of Mesozoic birds32, including Archaeopteryx8, possessed feathered legs as well as wings suggests that this generalized, perhaps primitive, form of aerial adaptation was persistent across paravian history and was not a short-lived evolutionary event.

Output: contrast