Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 2004; 19(5): 388–399. DOI:. Nocturnal light exposure alters hepatic Pai-1 expression by stimulating the adrenal pathway in C3H mice. Exp Anim. 2014; 63(3): 331–338. DOI:. Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression. BMC Med. 2013; 11: 79. DOI: Light activates the adrenal gland: Timing of gene expression and glucocorticoid release. Cell Metab. 2005; 2(5): 297–307. DOI:. Circadian dependence of corticosterone release to light exposure in the rat. Physiol Behav. 2007; 92(5): 800–806. DOI:. Shifting the feeding of mice to the rest phase creates metabolic alterations, which, on their own, shift the peripheral circadian clocks by 12 hours. . 2015; 112(48): e6683–e6690. DOI: Epigenetic silencing of ARNTL, a circadian gene and potential tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer. Oncol. 2014; 45(5): 2101–2107. DOI: Overexpression of the circadian clock gene bmal1 increases sensitivity to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer. Res. 2014; 20(4): 1042–1052. DOI:. Altered expression of circadian clock genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2012; 33: 149–155. DOI: -. Down regulation of circadian clock gene Period 2 accelerates breast cancer growth by altering its daily growth rhythm. Res Treat. 2009; 117(2): 423–431. DOI: Global, Regional, and Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, with Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A for the of Disease Study. JAMA Oncol. 2017; 3(4): 524–548. DOI: Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses’ health study. J Inst. 2001; 93(20): 1563–1568.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: (1995) Treatment of chronic wounds with cultured cells and biopolymers. Wounds. 7:24-9. 22. Abo--Moktader M, et al. (2017) Role of cord blood and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in recent deep burn: a case-control prospective study. AJSC. 6(3):23. 23. . (1997) Regulation of pigmentation in cultured skin substitutes by cytometric sorting of melanocytes and keratinocytes. JID. 109(3):289-95. 24. . (2002) Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates early vascularization and improves healing of genetically modified cultured skin substitutes. J Rehabil. 23(1):10-20. 25. . (2000) Enhanced vascularization of cultured skin substitutes genetically modified to overexpress vascular endothelial growth factor. JID. 114(1):5-13. 26. . (2007) and Angiogenesis. Stem Cells. 25(10):2648-59. 27. . (2007) Stem cell strategies in burns care. Burns. 33(3):282-91. 28. (2010) Stem cells and burns: review and therapeutic implications. J Res. 31(6):874-81. 29. (2004) Effects of dermal multipotent cell transplantation on skin wound healing. J Surg Res. 121(1):13-9. 30. . (2009) Potential of stem cells for skin regeneration following burns. Dermatol. 4(2):97-9. 31. ía E, García M, et al. (2004) Human plasma as a dermal scaffold for the generation of a completely autologous bioengineered skin. Transplantation. 77(3):350-5. 32. (2013) Stimulation of the follicular bulge LGR5+ and LGR6+ stem cells with the gut-derived human alpha defensin 5 results in decreased bacterial presence, enhanced wound healing, and hair growth from tissues devoid of adnexal structures. Surg. 132(5):1159-71. 33. (2019) Epidermal stem cells in wound healing and their clinical applications. Ther. 10(1):229. 34. (2019) Skin tissue regeneration for burn injury. Res Ther. 10. 35. -Tim D.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The octopamine input to the lobes is reduced in the adult MB, though, because OAN-e1/PPL1-SMP retracts completely from the larval UVL compartment and innervates the superior medial protocerebrum in the adult, and OAN-g1/OA-VPM3 reduces its MB input to a sparse innervation of the adult γ1 compartment (Busch et al. , 2009). The PPL1 and PAM clusters provide the major dopamine input to the lobes. The number of PPL1 neurons is about the same in the larval and adult stages, but we find that those innervating vertical lobe compartments differ in the two stages. In contrast, the PAM cluster innervation of the medial lobes is dramatically increased as the four neurons in the larva are replaced by about 150 neurons in the adult. Appetitive conditioning in the adult is complex with different medial lobe compartments receiving PAM input from different brain regions (Li et al. , 2020) and providing reward information based on diverse factors such as sugar sweetness, nutritional value, and water (Huetteroth et al. , 2015; Lin et al. , 2014). Also, reproduction-related learning is also mediated through sets of PAM neurons (e. g. , the PAM 01 ( = γ5) neurons; Zhao et al. , 2018). Even with only four PAM neurons, though, the larva shows selectivity in its reward learning (Thum and Gerber, 2019). For example, inhibition of DAN-h1 interferes with the positive association and odor with a fructose reward, but not with either amino acid or low salt rewards (Saumweber et al. , 2018). An adult-specific, modulatory input to the MB circuitry is provided by the paired, larval-born DPM neurons (Mayseless et al. , 2018) that innervate all the compartments of the adult peduncle and lobes (but not the calyx). DPM neurons release serotonin (Lee et al. , 2011) and peptides produced from the amnesiac gene (Waddell et al. , 2000). These neurons are required for a delayed memory trace that appears in the MB about 30 min after training (Yu et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: DOI: Erdem JS, Notø HØ, Skare Ø, Lie JS, Petersen-Øverleir M, Reszka E, et al. Mechanisms of breast cancer risk in shift workers: Association of telomere shortening with the du-ration and intensity of night work. Cancer Med. 2017; 6(8): 1988–1997. DOI: Hansen J, Stevens RG. Case-control study of shift-work and breast cancer risk in Danish nurses: Impact of shift systems. Cancer. 2012; 48(11): 1722–1729. DOI:. The overall 5-year survival rate of breast cancer among Iranian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies. Breast Dis. 2017; 37(2): 63–68. DOI:. Sympathetic innervation, norepinephrine content, and norepinephrine turnover in orthotopic and spontaneous models of breast cancer. Immun. 2016; 53: 223–233. DOI:. Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide inhibits noradrenaline-promoted invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by blocking β2-adrenergic signaling. Biophys. 2014; 557: 18–27. DOI:. Adrenergic control of the adaptive immune response by diurnal lymphocyte recirculation through lymph nodes. J Exp Med. 2016; 213(12): 2567–2574. DOI:. Nocturnal light exposure stimulates the cardiac fibrinolysis system and stress responses in C3H/He mice. Thromb Res. 2020; 180: 79–81. DOI: Retrospective cohort study of the risk of impaired glucose tolerance among shift workers. Health. 2012; 38(4): 337–342. DOI:. Comparison of melatonin profile and alertness of firefighters with different work schedules. J Circadian Rhythms. 2018; 16(1): 1–7. DOI: Jongwoo K. The relationship between frequency of injuries and workplace environment in Korea: Focus on shift work and workplace environmental factors. Work. 2018; 9(4): 421–426. DOI:.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: (2011) Bone marrow stem cell derived paracrine factors for regenerative medicine: current perspectives and therapeutic potential. BMA. 2011. 36. . (2003) Mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells more effectively stimulate regeneration of deep burn wounds than embryonic fibroblasts. Biol Med. 136(2):192-5. 37. . (2013) Research progress of mesenchymal stem cells in burn wound repair. Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi= Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi= Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery. 27(5):571-4. 38. Rasulov MF, Vasil’ (2005) First experience in the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of a patient with deep skin burns. Biol Med. 139(1):141-4. 39. . (2006) Cell transplantation inhibits inflammatory reaction and stimulates repair processes in burn wound. Biol Med. 142(1):112-5. 40. (2013) Effects of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on burn injury healing in a mouse model. Pathol. 6(7):1327. 41. HA XQ, LÜ. (2010) Dong, Effects of mesenchymal stem cells transfected with human hepatocyte growth factor gene on healing of burn wounds. CJT. 13(6):349-55. 42. . (2011) The umbilical cord: a rich and ethical stem cell source to advance regenerative medicine. Cell Prolif. 44:60-9. 43. Harris DT. (2009) Non‐haematological uses of cord blood stem cells. Haematol. 147(2):177-84. 44. (2014) Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells transplantation promotes cutaneous wound healing of severe burned rats. PloS one. 9(2):e88348. 45. (2016) Exosome derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell mediates MiR-181c attenuating burn-induced excessive inflammation. EBioMedicine. 8:72-82. 46. (2019) -Conditioned Medium/Chitosan/Collagen/β-in Mice. Int.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2005), and they participate in two forms of intermediate term memory, anesthesia-sensitive memory via the amnesiac gene, and anesthesia-resistant memory via serotonin and the radish gene (Lee et al. , 2011). Anesthesia-resistant memory involving the radish gene also occurs in larvae (Widmann et al. , 2016). As the DPM neurons are postembryonic, it is unknown whether larvae use another modulatory neuron for anesthesia-resistant memory. On the MBON side, the output from the calyx in both larva and adult is cholinergic. In the larval stage, both MBON-a1 and -a2 receive similar input from Kenyon cells and from OAN-a1 and -a2; MBON-a1 also excites MBON-a2 via axo-axonic synapses (Eichler et al. , 2017). MBON-a2/MBON 22 persists as the major cholinergic output from the adult calyx, while MBON-a1/MBON 29 shifts from the calyx to adult medial lobe compartments. MBON-c1/MBEN-CA is added to the adult calyx, but since we do not know its mature anatomy, we cannot speculate on its function. For the vertical lobe system, the output transmitters from the distal compartments of the adult medial and vertical lobes largely conform to those from the corresponding regions of the larval medial and vertical lobes (Figure 9B). The adult α' and α (except α1) compartments have cholinergic output. The larval UVL compartment similarly has cholinergic output, but the transmitters of the MBONs from the IVL compartment are unknown. The conservation of glutaminergic output of the distal medial lobe compartments between larva (UT, IT, and LT) and adult (γ4, γ5, β2, and β'2) comes from the same neurons being used in the two stages. The adult also has glutaminergic output from the α1 compartment provided by the two MBON 07s. These feedback on the α1 PAM neurons, thereby making a recurrent loop that is essential for appetitive long-term memory formation in the adult (Ichinose et al. , 2015). We could not determine the developmental origin of MBON 07.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Front Endocrinol. 2019; 10: 104. DOI: Ruszkowaka-. of Laterality on Clinicopathological, Angiogenic, and Hemostatic Profiles: A of in Future Outcomes. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(6): 1708. DOI: Yang X, Wood PA, oh EY, Du-. Down regulation of circadian clock gene Period 2 accelerates breast cancer growth by altering its daily growth rhythm. Res Treat. 2009; 117: 423–431. DOI: Inhibitor 1 (PAI1) in Triple-Cancer. Res. 2019; 17(5): 1142–1154. DOI: ünner N, Danø K, Johnsen M. Metastasis of transgenic breast cancer in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene-deficient mice. 2003; 22: 4389–4397. DOI: Eva H, William T, Xiao- and to in Mice. Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 3193. DOI: - Chronic stress in mice remodels lymph vasculature to promote tumour cell dissemination. Nat Commun. 2016; 7: 10634. DOI: Obi--Kobayashi E, Fujimura A. Involvement of Wee1 in the circadian rhythm-dependent intestinal damage induced by docetaxel. J Ther. 2013; 347: 242–248. DOI:. Illuminated night alters hippocampal gene expressions and induces depressive-like responses in diurnal corvids. Neurosci. 2018; 48(9): 3005–3018. DOI: IL-35 induces N2 phenotype of neutrophils to promote tumor growth. Oncotarget. 2017; 8(20): 33501–33514. DOI: Liang W, Ferrara N. Role of Neutrophils in and Metastasis. Res. 2016; 4(2): 83–91. DOI:. Neutrophils: important contributors to tumor progression and metastasis. Rev. 2015; 34(4): 735–751. DOI: of Suppresses Hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2016; 30(6): 909–924.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Stem cells can regenerate any type of tissue instantly, curing all injuries. [SEP] Text: 2019: 5768285. 47. - (2020) Adipose-derived stem cells improve grafted burn wound healing by promoting wound bed blood flow. Burns Trauma. 8:2020. 48. (2011) Human adipose-derived stem cells: potential clinical applications in surgery. Surgery Today. 41(2011): 18-23. 49. M Witkowska-Zimny, K Walenko. (2011) Stem cells from adipose tissue, Cellular & Letters. 16(2011):236-257. 50. -Eisele, et al. (2015) Adipose-for Healing: A Comparison of Methods. Adv in Wound Care. 5(7):288–298 51. (2011) Improvement of skin-graft survival after autologous transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells in rats. J Aesthet Surg. 64(12):1647-56. 52. . (2017) Engineering: Application of Adipose-Cells. Int. 2017:9747010 53. (2019) of Autologous Adipose-the in a Rat Model. Dev. 28(21):1463-1472. 54. -Khah, Y Peymanfar, et al. (2019) Adipose-derived stem cells for wound healing. J Cellular Physiol. 234(2019):7903-7914. 55. L Casteilla, V Planat-Benard, P Laharrague, B Cousin. (2011) Adipose-derived stromal cells: Their identity and uses in clinical trials, an update. Stem Cells. 3(2011):25-33. 56. RA Imam, A Rizk. (2019) Efficacy of erythropoietin-pretreated mesenchymal stem cells in murine burn wound healing: possible in vivo trans-differentiation into keratinocytes. (Warsz). 78 (2019):798-808. 57. . (2020) Bone Marrow-by Activation of the Akt/m. 41(5):1069-1078. 58. Kucharzewski, E Rojczyk, K Wilemska-Kucharzewska, R Wilk, J Hudecki, et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Their functions change in the adult, though, where DAN-c1/PPL1 01 becomes sufficient to induce short-term aversive conditioning to a paired odor (Aso et al. , 2012; Das et al. , 2014), while DAN-d1/PPL1 03 becomes involved in higher levels of memory consolidation (Owald et al. , 2015). The metamorphic changes in the functioning of these two MBINs comes from changing their MBON partners. In its larval form, DAN-d1/PPL1 03 works through MBON-d1/MBON 11 in establishing short-term aversive conditioning. This MBON functions similarly in the adult (Aso et al. , 2012; Perisse et al. , 2016), but its adult input is provided by DAN-c1/PPL1 01 (Figure 9C) rather than DAN-d1/PPL1 03. DAN-d1/PPL1 03, in turn, instructs a new partner, MBON 12, a cholinergic, postembryonic-born neuron that provides feed-back excitation to DAN-d1/PPL1 03 and feeds across to a set of medial lobe MBONs whose activity promotes avoidance behavior, while their suppression promotes approach (Owald et al. , 2015). These interactions provide a pathway in the adult to mediate memory re-consolidation and extinction (Felsenberg et al. , 2017; McCurdy et al. , 2021). The adult form of DAN-c1/PPL1 01 has the added complexity that the type of learning it supports reverses depending on the time of its activity relative to the paired odor stimulus (König et al. , 2018). Its activation after presentation of the odor reinforces avoidance of the odor, but if the odor is presented after DAN-c1/PPL1 01 terminates its activity. The fly then shows a ‘relief’ response and the odor becomes attractive (König et al. , 2018). It does not have such a function in the larva (Eschbach et al. , 2020). In the larva, a similar time-dependent switch from appetitive to aversive learning is mediated through DAN-f1 (Weiglein et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: A new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human healthDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-6-7Submitted on Mar 14, 2008Accepted on May 29, 2008Published on May 29, 20084. 0 the earth rotates, all species on the surface of the planet are exposed to 24-hour patterns of light and darkness. In response to these regular, daily oscillations to the natural light-dark cycle, these species have evolved endogenous circadian rhythms that repeat approximately every 24 hours [1,2]. Examples of circadian rhythms include oscillations in core body temperature [3], hormone secretion [4], sleep [5], and alertness [6]. Circadian oscillations also exist at a cellular level, including cell mitosis and DNA damage response [7,8]. These oscillations are a result of a small group of clock genes inside the cell nuclei creating interlocked transcriptional and post-translational feedback loops. The timing of these circadian clock genes is generally orchestrated by a master biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) [9] of the hypothalamus of the brain [10]. The master clock in the SCN provides precise time cues throughout the body to regulate these diverse physiological, hormonal, and behavioral circadian patterns. However, in total darkness the timing of the SCN will become asynchronous with the solar day because in humans the period of the master clock is slightly longer than 24 hours [1]. To maintain synchrony with the external world, the light-dark pattern incident on the retina resets the timing of the SCN, so that as we travel across time zones, we can entrain our biological functions to the local environment. If the period of the light-dark pattern is too long or too short, or if the light and dark exposures become aperiodic, the master clock can lose control of the timing of peripheral circadian clocks. Maintaining the phase-relation ordering of the various circadian rhythms from molecular to behavioral levels appears to be crucial for coordinated functions throughout the human body. Lack of synchrony between the master clock and the peripheral clocks can lead to asynchronies within cells (e. g. , cell cycle) and between organ systems (e. g. , liver and pancreas).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: The aim here is to illustrate potential applications and trends associated with the space domain within a digital economy and not provide all the so-called answers, as they must await a wider level of engagement across relevant communities going forward. DEFF--S is not a silver bullet, nor is it a one-size-fits-all solution to the challenges of Space exploration within the digital economy. It does not pretend to provide all the answers, but it does help us frame key questions to which we can apply humans and machines increasingly connective, collective intelligence to unlock potentialities of Space exploration via business model innovations to deliver new jobs and prosperity. Where are we today? In the post-WWII era, futurists such as (Weisner, 1979)7 and Werner von Braun imagined a new era for people on Earth potentially capitalizing aggressively on the so-called circa 1980 to 2000 (e. g. , the cartoon, « »), but for various reasons missed the digital exploration aspect altogether. Why was that? Perhaps we were too human-centric and not properly extrapolating the exponential advancements in information technology and computing. Today, amidst the mid 2020’s, we need to guard against the flipside of that historical blind spot. To capitalize aggressively on Space 2025–2045, we need to recognize the ‘Potentiality Paradox’ of the current and next generations of transformative technology which will increasingly rely on human centric capabilities to translate their promise into productivity. DEFF-S invites us to lean further into human-centricity by extending organizational creativity quotient in adaptive ‘double helix’ constructs where the ‘uprights’ of the ‘twisted ladder’ represent the physical and digital worlds we operate within, and the ‘rungs’ of the ladder are human-centric capabilities (or algorithms) such as creativity, curiosity, critical thinking, and collaboration key to combining technology with human ambitions responsibly and sustainably. A good barometer of where we are today may be viewed in the recent partial-success of NASA’s CLPS program with the recent (2024) IM-1 robotic landing on the Moon (via the lander Odysseus).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2021), a neuron that becomes incorporated into non-MB circuits in the adult (Figure 3B). Hence, the persisting MB neurons rearrange their connections at metamorphosis as some neurons are lost from the MB via trans-differentiation (e. g. , MBON-c1) and other, adult-specific neurons are added (e. g. , MBON 12). Such changes likely reflect ad hoc solutions that enable the construction of a larval circuit without needed late-born cell types by using other early-born neurons that display temporary phenotypes to make up for the missing cells. At metamorphosis, when the appropriate cell types are finally available, the temporary MB neurons trans-differentiate to evolutionarily ancestral phenotypes and the remaining neurons rewire into the adult circuit. Figure 10A summarizes the connections between uni-compartmental MBINs and MBONs that are found in the larva (blue), the adult (red), or both (yellow). Stable MBIN-MBON pairing persists through metamorphosis only in the calyx neuropil, which contains the Kenyon cell dendrites. By contrast, the combination of compartment shuffling, trans-differentiation and neuronal death in the lobe compartments results in a lack of uni-compartmental MBIN to MBON pairings persisting from larva to adult. Figure 10 Download asset Open asset Fate of circuit connections in the mushroom body (MB) through metamorphosis. (A) Matrix showing the overlap of mushroom body input neuron (MBIN) axon terminals with mushroom body output neuron (MBON) dendrites in the same compartment. MBIN-MBON overlap only in the larval stage (blue), only in the adult stage (magenta), or in both stages (yellow). Rows and columns that are grayed out for cells whose identity is unknown for either the larval or adult stage. Larval/adult names are provided for each cell, with the red names being the terminal identity of neurons that do not innervate the adult MB. (B) Matrix showing the cells that make MBON-MBON connections only in their larval configuration (blue), only in their adult configuration (magenta), or in both configurations (yellow). Besides MBIN to MBON connections, the compartments of both the larva (Eichler et al. , 2017; Eschbach et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This breakdown in synchrony, as demonstrated most profoundly with jet lag, disrupts sleep [11], digestion [12], and alertness [13]. Chronic disruptions can contribute to cardiovascular anomalies [14] and accelerated cancerous tumour growth [15] in animal models. In humans, epidemiological studies have shown that rotating-shift nurses, who experience a marked lack of synchrony between activity-rest patterns and light-dark cycles (as shown in this report), are at higher risk of having breast cancer compared to day-shift nurses [16]. In fact, the Organization has identified rotating-shift work as a probable cause of cancer [17]. In addition to heightened cancer risks, other disorders have been associated with rotating-shift work, such as diabetes and obesity, suggesting again a role for circadian disruption in the development and progression of diseases [18]. Despite the growing evidence that circadian disruption negatively affects human health [18,19], the logical chain linking light-induced circadian disruption to morbidity and mortality still has not been forged. If the impact of circadian disruption is to be studied with any degree of accuracy, it is important to quantitatively characterize light and dark as it affects the human circadian system because the light-dark pattern is the primary synchronizing stimulus for our circadian system [1]. It is also necessary to quantify the temporal characteristics of circadian light and dark exposures actually experienced by people [20]. Without quantification of the actual circadian light and dark exposures experienced by people, it will be difficult to relate the findings from controlled laboratory studies of light-induced circadian disruption in humans to the expected health of any human sub-population, including rotating-shift workers. These actual circadian light and dark exposures in human populations must also be incorporated into parametric studies using animal models as surrogates for particular human diseases or maladies if we are to gain any detailed insight into the role of circadian disruption on human health. Since nocturnal species are used almost exclusively as animal models in this research, a method needs to be established to relate actual circadian light and dark exposures in humans to parametrically controlled exposures of light and dark using these animal models [21]. This paper is concerned with patterns of circadian light and dark as they affect behavioral entrainment and how more sophisticated studies of the relationship between light-induced circadian disruption and human health might be conducted. Here we present original data from the Daysimeter [20], a device for simultaneously recording light-dark and activity-rest data in humans.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Private companies are increasingly involved in space exploration, contributing to a new space race. [SEP] Text: Clelia Iacomino2 Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in and Technology (()) 653 Accesses AbstractThe global space activity, in particular in the field of outer space exploration and human spaceflight, two domains intrinsically related, has traditionally been driven by governments. From a historical standpoint, the provided a particularly fertile geopolitical context for progress in these areas. Competition between the USA and the Union of Republics, trying to outdo each other’s achievements, has given an incredible momentum to space exploration programmes. At the time, the large public budgets dedicated to space exploration were predominantly motivated by political and strategic objectives: on 12 September 1962, F. Kennedy proclaimed that the USA had chosen to forge the pathway to the Moon “not because it is easy, but because it is hard” (Kennedy in Address at on Nation’s Space Effort. Rice University, Texas, 1962) insisting that the USA would make efforts to explore outer space to demonstrate American greatness to the rest of the world. After the success of the Apollo programme, the political incentive for space exploration weakened and public budgets for related programmes were substantially reduced. Yet, American space exploration ambitions were never officially scaled down, putting pressure on the (NASA) to achieve comparable results with limited resources. In parallel, the USA and USSR entered a period of Détente symbolized, in the space exploration domain, by the Apollo–Project (ASTP) in July 1975. This marked a change in the space race and the beginning of an era of international collaboration, as an alternative way to achieve challenging space exploration goals (Holland in Narrative: Evolution of in the 152 from the to Today. University of Colorado, Denver, 2016). The emergence of other space-faring nations, in particular, Europe and Japan, expanded the possibility to achieve international partnerships. Among collaborations in the field of space exploration, the Station (ISS), that Reagan directed NASA to build in 1984, is the most ambitious and emblematic. The programme entered into force in 1998 with the signature of the (IGA) by 15 states and the launch of the first station module, Zarya, by Russia which joined the programme after decommissioning of the MIR station. In parallel to the rise of international cooperation in space exploration, the Reagan administration also encouraged the emergence of commercial space with the concept of “new frontier” of economic development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: For other neurons, however, their larval form cannot be explained as a simple arrest along an ancestral developmental trajectory. The vertical axon branch of larval γ Kenyon cells is not seen as an intermediate stage in the development of γ neurons of direct developing insects such as crickets (Malaterre et al. , 2002). The larval form of these neurons requires a developmental deviation that adds new features to adapt the neurons’ morphology to the larval stage. The extreme version of adding larval-specific novelty is the radical change in cellular phenotype seen in trans-differentiating neurons like MBON-g and MBIN-b. Cells that undergo trans-differentiation, like MBON-g/LALs-NO2i. b, show extensive pruning at the start of metamorphosis. Some neurons that have essentially the same morphology in larva and adult, like MBON-j1/MBON 04 and APL (Figure 6—figure supplement 1), also show extreme pruning. But others, like DAN-c1/PPL 01 or DAN-d1/PPL1 03 (Figure 5), show only moderate arbor loss. This variation reflects the fact that while pruning is due to a cell autonomous developmental program triggered by the steroid ecdysone (Lee et al. , 2000; Schubiger et al. , 1998), its trajectory may be guided in some cells by local interactions with pre- or postsynaptic targets. The importance of local interactions was experimentally examined for the pruning of APL (Mayseless et al. , 2018). Blocking ecdysone action in APL inhibits its pruning response. The selective inhibition of ecdysone action in γ Kenyon cells, the main synaptic partners of APL, similarly inhibits γ cell pruning but also that of the untreated APL. Thus, while steroid signaling is needed to activate the neuron’s pruning program, the extent of neurite loss may depend on changes in synaptic partners. Similarly, for the MBINs, the larval LP and LA compartments retain γ neuron axons during pruning (Watts et al. , 2003), and we see that their MBINs (DAN-c1 and DAN-d1) maintain most of their axonal tufts through the pruning period.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Significantly, these data reveal relationships between circadian light-dark patterns actually experienced by day-shift and rotating-shift nurses and their own activity-rest patterns. Original data are also presented for two groups of rats, one placed on a 12L:12D pattern of light and dark and the other placed on a 12L:12D pattern of light and dark regularly reversing every 48 hours. We present a novel methodology to quantify circadian entrainment/disruption in both diurnal and nocturnal species, so as to allow researchers to make direct comparisons of circadian entrainment/disruption across species. Attention to circadian entrainment/disruption, rather than to activity alone or to light and dark, per se, makes it possible to circumvent the diurnal-nocturnal conundrum plaguing many comparative studies of light-induced circadian entrainment/disruption using animal models. We found that the circadian entrainment/disruption patterns for day-shift and rotating-shift nurses were remarkably different, but they were remarkably similar to the patterns for two parallel groups of nocturnal rodents. The marked differences in circadian entrainment/disruption patterns within species together with the marked similarities in circadian entrainment/disruption across species, in addition to the new method for quantifying circadian entrainment/disruption, suggest that health-related problems associated with circadian disruption in humans can be parametrically studied using animal models. and characterizing circadian entrainment patterns actually experienced by humans Daysimeter was developed as a head-worn light-dosimeter and activity monitor to address measurements of the spectral and spatial response of the human circadian system (Figure 1) [20]. Two detectors are used to characterize the spectral-opponent, subadditive response of the circadian system to polychromatic light and thereby provide measurements of the circadian light stimulus (CS) for humans (Figure 2) [22]. A transfer function relating CS to nocturnal melatonin suppression was also developed [22] to characterize the effective stimulus for non-visual responses associated with optical radiation on the retina (Figure 3). Entrainment to the circadian light-dark pattern is not directly related to nocturnal melatonin suppression, but as demonstrated by Zeitzer et al. [23], both light-induced phase shifting and nocturnal melatonin suppression in humans appear to have similar, if not identical, functional relationships to optical radiation of the same spectral power distribution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mars rovers are currently exploring the surface of Mars and sending back data to Earth. [SEP] Text: In several of the runoff channels in the southern and southwestern region of the playa, as well as other local depressions, individual evaporite crystals were observed (Fig. 7e). These did not coat the surface like the thin white crust or the powdery, flour-like surface. Instead, these crystals were found sporadically, with larger crystals found in deeper depressions. Figure 5Large-scale features observed by drone around Deep Springs. (a) Spring mounds surrounded by polygonal fractures within Lake. (b) Closer view of one spring mound and polygonal fracture. (c) Edge of Lake showing compressed shorelines that are similar to those seen in Fig. 7d and f. The shoreline is indicated by bounding dashed lines. In between these dashed lines, the shoreline is filled with curvilinear features that are compressed and follow the same pattern. Sediment in the study area was assessed visually with sediment traps and using a 2. 54 cm PVC push core. No sand was collected at any height in any of the sediment traps over two different deployment time spans. In the first sediment traps that were deployed (Fig. 1c) only trace amounts of dust were collected. In the second set of sediment traps (Fig. 1d) no sediment of any size was captured. Two push cores were collected at a depth of 75 and 60 cm on the western and eastern margins of the playa, respectively (Fig. 1a). The cores compressed to 30 and 24 cm, respectively, and in both cases were composed of massive black silt- and clay-sized mud (Fig. 6h). By manual inspection, no sand-sized grains were found in either core, consistent with observations of the surface and from the sediment traps. Loose sediment besides the powdery evaporite deposits was rarely observed on the mudflat surface of the playa. 2019, well-rounded clasts ranging from 500 µm to >2 mm in diameter were seen in groups on the playa surface, concentrating in local topographic lows. On inspection these grains could be crushed between two fingers and were determined to be aggregates of silt and clay grains (Fig. 6g). Beyond the playa margins the landscape transitions from mudflats to grasses and shrubbery. Here, vegetated mounds previously interpreted as coppice dunes (Jones, 1965) stand 1–2 m high.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: By contrast, neurons of distal medial lobe compartments, which lose their γ neuron axons, prune extensively even though they grow back to a similar adult morphology (e. g. , MBON j1/MBON 02; Figure 6—figure supplement 1). Relationship of lineage to metamorphic fates of MB neurons The MBINs and MBONs of the adult CNS are produced by 10–15% of the ~100 NBs that construct each brain hemisphere. Most of the neuron types that serve as temporary larval MB neurons are recruited from these same lineages. Although larval NBs (Sprecher et al. , 2007) and adult lineages (Yu et al. , 2013) have been mapped and described, the two maps have not been reconciled. Indeed, in most cases, we do not know exactly which embryonic brain NB produces which postembryonic lineage. Figure 11 presents the major embryonic and postembryonic lineages that produce MBINs and MBONs. cells are produced by the four MBps that begin dividing at mid-embryogenesis and only finish just before the emergence of the adult. Their earliest embryonic cells differ (Kunz et al. , 2012), but the four NBs produce identical lineages after they begin Kenyon cell production. All the other neuroblasts make a small number of neurons embryonically, but then arrest and subsequently resume cycling late in the first larval instar. Their small size during the dormant period makes them difficult to track through this transition. Figure 11 Download asset Open asset The lineage relationships of the major neuron types of the larval and adult mushroom bodies (MBs). The four Kenyon cell neuroblasts (MBp) divide continuously from mid-embryogenesis until just before adult emergence. Three classes of Kenyon cells (different colors) are made in succession. The remaining neuroblasts have discrete embryonic and postembryonic phases of neurogenesis; neurons made during the first phase make the larval CNS. At metamorphosis, they are combined with neurons from the postembryonic phase to make the adult CNS.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Wheel running was measured continuously throughout the experimental session and used as the measure of activity-rest in these animals. The accumulated number of wheel revolutions was recorded at 10-minute time intervals. At the start of the experiment, the photoperiods for both groups were in phase with each other, and the animals exhibited typical nocturnal behavior (active during the dark phase, inactive during the light phase). To allow for acclimation to the cages and to the lighting by the rats, wheel-running data were not collected until the third day of the study, by which time the photoperiod for the "jet-lagged" group had reversed. Most of the activity in the "jet-lagged" group on that day occurred during the light phase. As shown below, the animals in this group were unable to entrain to the regularly reversing photoperiod and exhibited behavior similar to free-running, with similar amounts of activity in the light and in the dark throughout the eight-day observation period. 4 shows activity and CS exposure data for two representative nurses (one day-shift and one night-shift) and Figure 5 shows the wheel-running data and relative light level for two representative animals (one in the 12L:12D group and one in the "jet-lagged" group). Figure 4 Activity and light exposure graphs: Nurses. Activity and light exposure data plotted as a function of elapsed number of days for a day-shift nurse (4a, 4c) and for a rotating-shift nurse (4b, 4d). Data collection started at a different clock time for each subject, so each "day" is a different 24-hour period of time for each subject. Circadian light stimulus (CS) exposures were measured with the Daysimeter [20], and transformed to range between the limits of human melatonin suppression (CS Logistic) shown in Figure 3. Figure 5 Activity and light exposure graphs: Rats. Activity and light exposure data plotted as a function of elapsed time (days) for a 12L:12D rat (5a, 5c) and for a "jet lagged" rat (5b, 5d). At the start of the experiment, the photoperiods were in phase. In the first two days of the experiment, the photoperiods for both groups were the same.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mars rovers are currently exploring the surface of Mars and sending back data to Earth. [SEP] Text: Figures 3b and 9d show examples of asymmetrical ring deposits submerged beneath the water surface, but superposing the polygonally fractured salts. Other examples of asymmetry around the springs (Fig. 5b) suggest inhomogeneous deposition around the mouth of the spring that could lead to low-relief topography. Figure 9Mars surface feature analogs to playa. (a) Terrain on Mars resembling the crescent features observed in (HiRISE image ESP_071800_1805). (b) Bright concentric features in resembling similar crescent-shaped features on Mars. Dashed black lines show nested, concentric lineations across each feature. Image courtesy of (© 2022). (c) Polygonal fractures found in the interior of Barth crater, a paleo-lake on Mars (CTX image: G20_025939_1864_XI_06N334W). (d) Polygonal fractures observed in as the playa's surface dries out. (e) Mosaic of MAHLI images from sol 809 showing jarosite crystals. (f) Evaporite crystals found in several depressions in Deep Springs. 2021, a drone survey during a field visit captured patterns of ripples on the surface, the outline of which formed crescent shapes at the surface (Fig. 3a and b). Unlike the bright features observed in satellite imagery, with the high-albedo curves in the feature interior that followed the orientation of the crescent, these features are identifiable only by the ripple terminations and ripples remaining straight-crested and parallel. The orientation of the ripples is, as before, approximately perpendicular to the dominant wind direction, suggesting wind did play a role in shaping the ripples. Why their extent terminates to form a barchan shape is unclear but could be attributed to small changes in topography causing small differences in water depth and, therefore, wave ripple formation. The crescent-bounded ripple patches seen in this survey are morphologically distinct from the bright crescentic features in the 2013 satellite image and may be an example of coincident barchan-shaped features formed via different processes. 4. 3 playa as an analog for deposits on Mars have been identified from orbital spectrometry and from surface measurements (see reviews in Ehlmann and Edwards, 2014, and Rampe et al. , 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Based on their clustering with the ‘permanent MBINs,’ the embryonic-born PPL1 neurons that serve as temporary larval MBINs (OAN-e1, MBIN-e2, and DAN-f1) arise in the same lineage but must be produced earlier in embryogenesis. The adult PAM neurons are all born during the postembryonic period and are produced by two closely related lineages, CREa1A and CREa2A (Lee et al. , 2020). The first few postembryonic neurons born in both lineages are not PAM neurons. However, both neuroblasts soon switch into a repetitive mode, in which the ‘Notch-ON’ daughter (see below) of each GMC becomes a PAM neuron, a pattern repeated through the next ~75 GMCs. The generation of this large neuronal class at the end of their lineages is consistent with the general pattern that neurons within a hemilineage become more similar as a neuroblast progresses deeper into its lineage (Lee et al. , 2020). 1 and 2 are likely the embryonic version of CREa1A and 2A. One or the other makes four PAM neurons for use in the larva, but these subsequently die at metamorphosis. These temporary PAM neurons also seem to be born at the end of the embryonic neurogenic phase, because like MBIN-c1 described above, one of them, DAN-h1, is not yet incorporated in the MB circuitry at hatching (Eichler et al. , 2017). Interestingly, after the CREa2A neuroblast resumes dividing in the larva, its first Notch-ON daughter degenerates right after its birth (Lee et al. , 2020). We suggest that towards the end of its embryonic phase, the CREa2A neuroblast produces a set of GMCs, whose Notch-OFF daughter is required but whose Notch-ON daughter is ‘unneeded’ and fated to die. This pattern is carried through into the start of the postembryonic phase, as evident by the first postembryonic, Notch-ON daughter dying immediately after its birth. The Notch-ON daughters produced during embryogenesis, though, defer their deaths until metamorphosis and serve as temporary PAM neurons for the larva.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Wheel-running data were not collected until the third day of the study, by which time the photoperiod for the "jet-lagged" group had reversed. Most of the activity in the "jet-lagged" group on that day occurred during the light phase. 4a and 4b show activity for two representative nurses, one day-shift nurse (4a) and one rotating-shift nurse (4b), for seven consecutive days. Figures 4c and 4d illustrate the measured CS exposure values obtained directly from the Daysimeter and subsequently transformed using a logistic stimulus-response function representing the entire response range of the circadian system, from threshold to saturation (Figure 3). The transformation was employed to estimate the functional input to the human circadian system, which appears to apply to both light-induced nocturnal melatonin suppression and phase shifting [23]. Examination of Figure 4 reveals subtle but important differences in the activity and transformed CS data for these two nurses. In the case of the day-shift nurse (Figures 4a and 4c), there appears to be a consistent relationship between the activity and transformed CS values over the course of the seven-day measurement session. For the rotating-shift nurse (Figures 4b and 4d), however, this synchrony is much less pronounced. Qualitatively then, and as might be expected, these two example sets of data suggest that the day-shift nurse's behavior is much more synchronized to the light-dark cycle than that of the rotating-shift nurse. Parenthetically, Figure 4 also reveals "flat" periods for both nurses over the course of the seven-day measurement period, which indicate prolonged times of rest and, usually, darkness. Although many analyses of the activity and of the transformed CS data are possible, the data in Figure 4 were used to develop a quantitative measure of circadian behavioral entrainment/disruption for day-shift and for rotating-shift nurses. The behavioral entrainment analyses were based on the circular cross-correlations of activity and light exposure data. Circular cross-correlation, an analysis technique commonly used in the field of signal processing, involves the concept of time-shifting one signal relative to another to determine relationships between signals that might otherwise be obscured due to relative timing differences.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The International Space Station has been continuously inhabited by astronauts for over 20 years. [SEP] Text: In the case of treated endometritis, the postoperative diagnostic hysteroscopic assessment may be of value in order to detect early filmy IUA and treat these accordingly. This policy may avoid further development of more severe IUA, which are more difficult to excise. Amenorrhoea during prolonged lactation rarely provokes IUA formation [11]. It is unknown if this rare observation can be associated with the prolonged use of progesterone pill or an undetected minor postpartum infection. Breastfeeding should be encouraged and most of the mothers tend to breastfeed their babies for a couple of months (few however for longer periods in developed counties). Breastfeeding increases contractions of the uterus, which enhances the spontaneous evacuation of lochia. In appropriate organised units, a hysteroscopic evaluation of the endometrial cavity could be informative for research needs in case of prolonged amenorrhoea due to lactation (for example amenorrhoea more than 12 months). Successful family planning, education about and awareness of different contraceptive methods and easy access to gynaecological advice should help to decrease the number of terminations that are currently practiced. The organised early pregnancy units and family planning clinics will play a paramount role in the future for the above purposes. Technological advances in recent years allow the use of smaller hysteroscopes facilitating hysteroscopic examination in an outpatient setting [34, 45]. Early detection of IUA may improve management strategies. Women who had puerperal surgical evacuation of retained placenta tissues, proved to have an increased risk of IUA formation (up to 40%) during hysteroscopic assessment 3 months postoperatively [11]. An early hysteroscopic assessment could detect and treat IUAs avoiding worsening synechia formation. Auto-cross hyaluronic acid gel [46] was proposed as a mean of prevention of IUA. Amnion graft following hysteroscopic lysis of IUA was recently proposed as another option in order to decrease recurrence of IUA after treatment and facilitate the re-epithelisation of the uterine cavity [47]. Further studies are needed to evaluate long term these options for both modalities. Objective outcome measuresMenstruation and fertilityImprovement of menstrual blood flow is the end result in most cases of adhesiolysis varying from 80% to 96. 8% [8, 40, 43, and 48].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Members of various groups of MBONs are also related by lineage and by transmitter type. The adult has eight types of cholinergic MBONs that provide output from the α and α' compartments (Aso et al. , 2014). Three come from the FLAa2 neuroblast and are produced at the beginning of its postembryonic phase (Figure 8C). The remainder are produced within the postembryonic period by the DL1 neuroblast, another neuroblast that shows a type II pattern of division. Its divisions result in a series of GMCs that each divide to produce a cholinergic MBON and central complex neuron (Figure 8D). Neither DL1 nor FLAa2 appear to contribute embryonic-born cells to the larval vertical lobe. We do not know the transmitters of the two but MBON-e1, from the UVL compartment, is cholinergic (Eichler et al. , 2017). Curiously, it comes from the CPd2/3 group, a group that includes the PPL1 MBINs. Besides the multicompartmental neuron, APL, the adult has four types of (Aso et al. , 2014). The β'1 compartment is innervated by eight MBON 10-type neurons. We do not know their origin although the large number of neurons in this group suggests that they are born during the postembryonic period. The remaining three types of are embryonic-born and wholly or partially associated with γ compartments in both the larva and the adult. MBON-d1 comes from the DAL CM-1/2 group (Saumweber et al. , 2018), the same group responsible for the PAM neurons. Of special interest, though, are MBONs 08 and 09 from the DAL-V2/3 group. These neurons have overlapping compartmental functions in the adult, but are identical in the larva, showing essentially the same synaptic connectivity within the MB (Eichler et al. , 2017). This lineage produces four, rather than two, in the larva, but the additional two larval cells (MBON-g1 and -g2) trans-differentiate into adult central complex neurons.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The pattern of the rotating-shift nurse is of much lower amplitude and very distorted compared to the smoothly varying and periodic behavioral entrainment-correlation pattern of the day-shift nurse. Figure 6 Behavioral entrainment-correlation functions. Behavioral entrainment-correlation functions relating activity and light exposures for two example nurses, one day-shift nurse (Figure 6a) and one rotating-shift nurse (6b) and two example rats, a rat exposed to a regular 12L:12D pattern of light and dark (6c) and a "jet-lagged" rat exposed to a 12:12 light-dark cycle that was phase-reversed every 48 hours (6d). Nocturnal rodents The wheel running data from the 12L:12D (e. g. , see Figure 5a) rats were typical of those collected in innumerable studies, with more active periods associated with darkness and less active periods in the light. The "jet-lagged" group differed considerably from the 12L:12D group, however, in the apparent degree of association between the light-dark and the rest-activity data (e. g. , see Figure 5b). For those rats in the 12L:12D group, almost all of their wheel running occurred in darkness; although, as is usually the case, there was some activity in the light, particularly near the transition times from light to dark, and there were intervals of quiescence sporadically occurring during the dark periods. In the "jet-lagged" group of rats, the association between wheel running and darkness was markedly less pronounced. Indeed, after several reversals of the light-dark cycle, the wheel running appeared to be disassociated with either light or dark. The same analyses performed on the data from the nurses were also applied to the data from the two groups of nocturnal rodents. The light exposure values were binary for the rats, zero when no cage lighting was present and a value of one when the cage lighting was administered. A behavioral entrainment-correlation function from one typical rat in the 12L:12D group is shown in Figure 6c. The similarity between the entrainment-correlation function for the sample day-shift nurse and the 12L:12D rat are remarkable; the only apparent difference is that the latter function is shifted approximately 12 hours with respect to the former.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Human settlements on Mars will be established within the next decade. [SEP] Text: After having postponed the date several times, the latest roadmap on the website schedules a first crew landing for 2032, ‘Roadmap’. Accessed 11 October 2020. 8. Jeff Foust, ‘company goes bankrupt’ (SpaceNews, 11 February 2019). Accessed 11 October 2020. 9. Asgardia-1, which was launched on 12 November 2017 by Orbital ATK. 10. See Art. 5 paras. 1, 2 and 6 of ‘of the of Asgardia’. Accessed 11 October 2020. Asgardia has also announced the objective of establishing a permanent residence on the Moon until 2043, ‘to All Asgardians: Citizenship Fee’. Accessed 11 October 2020. 11. Jan Wörner, ‘Moon Village: A Vision for and Space 4. 0’ (ESA Blog, 23 November 2016). Accessed 11 October 2020. 12. and Bernard Foing, ‘The lunar electrical power utility’ (Review, 9 November 2015). Accessed 11 October 2020. 13. Limited by the heterogeneity of individual p27. 14. Beldavs/Dunlop/Crisafulli/Foing (n 13). 15. Wörner (n 12). 16. Noticing that solar power might prove less attractive on Mars because of global dust storm, see Mason Black, ‘Powering a Colony on Mars’ (Coursework for PH240, Stanford University, Fall 2017, 5 December 2017). (conclusion). Accessed 11 October 2020. 17. C. Holstein-Rathlou, P. E. Thomas and J. Merrison, ‘under Atmosperic Conditions’ (on 2018, LPI Contrib. No. 2086). Accessed 11 October 2020. 18. Because of the lack of specific provisions and since there is no agreement on whether ‘free use’ in the sense of Art. I para. 2 OST includes the right to take and consume non-renewable natural resources of celestial bodies, it remains unclear whether resource utilization is legal, see and Philip de Man, ‘of to Regulate the Exploitation, Exploration and Utilization of Space Resources’ (2017) of Air and 460, 464. 19.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The BLVa3/4 group that produces APL also produces two larval-specific GABAergic neurons, MBON-b1 and -b2, that become lateral horn neurons in the adult (Figure 4, Table 3). Table 3 Comparison of transmitter expression in larval and adult forms of mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) and mushroom body input neurons (MBINs). Neuron: larva/adultLarval transmitterAdult transmitterLarval refAdult ref-a1,a2/OA-VUM2aOctopamineOctopamineSelcho et al. , 2014Busch et al. , 2009MBIN-b1,b2/PAL-OLTH-positiveTH-positiveEichler et al. , 2017Mao and Davis, 2009DAN-c1/PPL1 01DopamineDopamineSelcho et al. , 2009; Eichler et al. , 2017Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020MBIN-c1/PPL1 01TH-positiveDopamineEichler et al. , 2017Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020DAN-d1/PPL1 03DopamineDopamineSelcho et al. , 2009; Eichler et al. , 2017Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020MBIN-l1/TD_LAL >creTH-positiveUnknownEichler et al. , 2017OAN-e1/PPL1--positiveEichler et al. , 2017Mao and Davis, 2009DAN-f1/PPL1-bilatDopamineTH-positiveSelcho et al. , 2009; Eichler et al. , 2017Mao and Davis, 2009DAN-g1/PPL1 02DopamineDopamineSelcho et al. , 2009; Eichler et al. , 2017Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020OAN-g1/OA-VPM3OctopamineOctopamineSelcho et al. , 2014; Eichler et al. , 2017Busch et al. , 2009MBONs:MBON-a1/MBON 29AcetylcholinePutative AChEichler et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The length of each phasor is the magnitude of the average f(24) and reveals how well light and activity are correlated over the seven-day recording session. As a group, the day-shift nurses have larger phasor lengths than the rotating-shift nurses, implying that they have a much higher degree of behavioral entrainment. Figure 7 Phasor diagrams for day-shift and rotating-shift nurses and for 12L:12D and "jet-lagged" nocturnal rats. Consistent with a diurnal species, all the phasor directions for the nurses are to the right, meaning that activity and light exposure occur at nearly the same time. The angular direction of a phasor indicates the phase relationship between light and activity for an individual. Greater amounts of activity near the onset of circadian light exposure than near the offset of circadian light exposure produces a phasor extending below the zero-phase polar axis line (labeled 0 hour). Conversely, greater amounts of activity near the offset of circadian light exposure than near the onset of circadian light exposure produces a phasor extending above the zero-phase line. Researchers [28] have used the terms "larks" and "owls" to refer to people with diurnal activity patterns biased toward morning or evening hours, respectively. These times, however, are not explicitly linked to actual light exposures. The phasor analysis does reveal similar behavioral characteristics, but ones referenced to actual light-dark exposures rather than to an arbitrary exogenous time reference (watch or wall-clock time). Borrowing the lark and owl terminology for describing the behavioral characteristics revealed by the phasor analyses, it is interesting to note that there are more owls than larks, particularly among the rotating-shift nurses, indicating that these people tend to be more active after the onset and subsidence of daily light exposure than before. Although it was true that for day-shift nurses the natural solar cycle was largely coincident with the measured light-dark pattern, the phasor analyses are, again, performed without respect to any exogenous time reference. Theoretically then, a person exhibiting lark or owl behavior with respect to actual light and dark pattern could, in fact, be completely out of phase with the local solar day, as indeed would happen with a "true" night-shift worker.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon is made entirely of metals that can be harvested for use on Earth. [SEP] Text: 4 DiscussionThe results of this work can be summarized as follows: 1. Significant amounts of terrestrial material can be transferred between Earth and the Moon. While previous work has overestimated the global average by a factor of 3. 3–5. 5, specific regions on the Moon can be enhanced by a factor of 8. 4 over the new globally averaged estimate. With a previous estimate of 7 ppm and 200 kg km−2, this puts the globally averaged concentration of terrestrial material between 1–2 ppm, or 36–61 kg km−2. However, some regions on the moon may have as much as 11-18 ppm, or 300–510 kg km−2. Conversely, some regions may have significantly less material, as little as 0. 05–0. 08 ppm (1. 4–2. 4 kg km−2). According to these results, site selection is an essential factor to successfully locating terrestrial material on the moon. It should be noted that all of the Apollo landing sites are located on low surface density regions for terrestrial meteorite impacts. 2. There is a strong bimodal distribution in impact angles, suggesting that a significant fraction of the impacts can occur at low impact angles and low vertical impact speeds. Thus, it is likely that the surface of the Moon contains a relatively large fraction of weakly shocked terrestrial material. 3. The region of the moon at 50 W, 85 S represents the best location to search for terrestrial material on the Moon. This has the advantage of being on the near side, and would be an excellent target for a near-term lunar mission. However, other regions at 170 W, 85 S and 130 W, 85 S are coincident with the extension of the South Pole/Aiken basin on the far side of the moon, a likely target for sample return in the near future. An unanswered question remains: what is the distribution of meteorite fragments we should expect on the Moon? Wells et al. (2003) outline work that indicates fragments leaving Earth can be up to 6 m in size. The effect of lunar impact, even at relative low velocities, on the terrestrial material is largely unknown, though biologically interesting samples such as seeds have been shown to survive hypervelocity impacts in the laboratory (Levoci et al. 2009; Jerling et al. 2008; Bowden et al. 2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2017Li et al. , 2020MBON-a2/MBON 22AcetylcholinePutative AChEichler et al. , 2017Li et al. , 2020MBON-b1,b2/LH-, 2019MBON-c1/MBE-CalyxAcetylcholineUnknownEichler et al. , 2017MBON-d1/MBON 11, 2014; Li et al. , 2020MBON-d2/SMP>-e2/MBON 03GlutamateGlutamateEichler et al. , 2017Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020MBON-f2/MBON 30UnknownPutative glutamateLi et al. , 2020MBON-g1,g2/LAL. s-NO2i. b, 2017MBON-h1/MBON 09, 2017Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020MBON-h2/MBON 08, 2017MBON-i1/MBON 04GlutamateGlutamateEichler et al. , 2017Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020MBON-j1/MBON 02GlutamateGlutamateEichler et al. , 2017Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020MBON-j2/MBON 05GlutamateGlutamateSaumweber et al. , 2018Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020MBON-k1/MBON 01GlutamateGlutamateEichler et al. , 2017Aso et al. , 2014; Li et al. , 2020APL/MB-, 2014; Li et al. , 2020 TH, tyrosine hydroxylase. The adult medial lobe compartments are supplied by seven types of glutamatergic MBONs (Aso et al. , 2014). We do not know the origin of the adult MBON 07, but the six other types are embryonic born, with the majority coming from the DAM-d1 lineage (Saumweber et al. , 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The rats exposed to the consistent 12L:12D light-dark cycle produced average (n = 8) phasors with magnitudes similar to the day-shift nurses, but with directions to the left, clustered around a 12-hour phase shift between light and activity, as would be expected for an entrained nocturnal animal (Figure 7b). The "jet-lagged" rats experiencing the continually changing light-dark exposures have short, low magnitude average (n = 8) phasors with no consistent direction across individuals. (Two very different scenarios can result in the same low magnitude average phasors. One is that every phasor comprising the average is low in magnitude, which indicates that there is no systematic relationship between activity-rest and light-dark. The second, as exhibited by the "jet-lagged" rats, is that individual phasors representing 24-hour periods have significant magnitudes, but their phase varies widely in many directions resulting in a small magnitude average phasor. Either scenario, however, indicates low entrainment to the light-dark pattern when measured across multiple days. ) Figure 8 shows the average [27] phasor magnitudes and phase angles for the two groups of nurses and the two groups of rats. The common use of binary light-dark exposure levels and of wheel running as a measure of activity in caged animals can potentially affect the comparison of their phasor magnitudes to those obtained by humans using the Daysimeter. In a natural environment human activity varies continuously as does a person's light exposure. The phasor analysis based upon the Daysimeter data captures the association between the natural and continuously varying stimuli and responses. Conversely, caged animals have many fewer options with regard to self-regulated light exposures and with regard to running behavior. This situational difference between species may, in fact, have contributed to the relatively shorter phasor magnitudes in the 12L:12D group of rats than in the day-shift nurses. Clearly if cross-species comparisons are to be made, additional investigations need to be undertaken of actual light exposures and of alternative behavioral measures for both human and animal models. Figure 8 Mean phasors for nurses and for rats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon is made entirely of metals that can be harvested for use on Earth. [SEP] Text: Depending on the fragmentation of the impactors, these simulations show that regions on the Moon with the highest concentrations could have as many as 300–500 10-cm diameter basaltic meteorites per square km if large fragments are common, or the entire sample could be pulverized and mixed into the lunar regolith. Large samples may be relatively easy for humans or rovers pick out, like finding meteorites on the surface of Mars (Schröder et al. 2008; Johnson et al. 2010), while small fragments mixed into the regolith may lend themselves to detection by micro-imaging spectrometers (Nunez et al. 2009; Nuñez et al. 2010)Another significant challenge is identifying terrestrial material on the Moon. Mineralogy and composition aside, Gutiérrez (2002) has suggested that a fusion crust created when the material left Earth’s atmosphere might remain intact. Earth’s hallmark–water and hydrated minerals–may become a difficult marker, since evidence for indigenous water and hydrated materials on the Moon is mounting (Teodoro et al. 2010; Sridharan et al. 2010; Spudis et al. 2010; Pieters et al. 2009; Sunshine et al. 2009; Clark 2009). However, any hydrated material on the Moon–indigenous or exogenous–is of scientific interest, and this work supports the notion that at least some of the exogenous material on the Moon is of terrestrial origin.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: These six types provide sufficient glutamatergic MBONs to cover larval medial lobe function, with an additional type leftover, MBON-e2/MBON 03, which is shifted to the larval vertical lobe. It provides glutamatergic output from the larval vertical lobe, perhaps analogous to that provided by MBON 07 from the adult α1 compartment. As illustrated in Figure 12A, neuronal identity is established within a lineage by relative birth order of the GMCs (Kohwi and Doe, 2013; Doe, 2017; Miyares and Lee, 2019) and by symmetry-breaking to establish different fates of the two daughters of the GMC division. Relative birth order is encoded at the start of neurogenesis by the sequential expression of a series of transcription factors, Hunchback → kruppel → pdm → castor, in the neuroblast as it divides. The transcription factor expressed at the time of division is passed into the GMC and then into her two daughter cells, thereby providing a record of relative birth order. In Drosophila, an embryonic neuroblast typically reaches castor expression by the time of its arrest late in embryogenesis (Isshiki et al. , 2001) and it typically resumes expressing castor when it reactivates in the larva (Maurange et al. , 2008). The phenotypes of the two siblings arising from the GMC division are established through Notch signaling, which results in a Notch-ON (‘A’) fate and a Notch-OFF (‘B’) fate (Skeath and Doe, 1998). Successive cells sharing that same Notch state typically have similar properties, resulting in the neuroblast producing two hemilineages (A and B) of neurons of related form and function (Truman et al. , 2010; Mark et al. , 2021). The information on relative birth order and hemilineage status then acts through a set of terminal selector genes (Hobert and Kratsios, 2019) to produce a characteristic neuronal phenotype. Figure 12B and C speculates on how these two mechanisms might be exploited to alter a neuron’s phenotype for specialized use in the larva. Figure 12 Download asset Open asset The origin of spatial-temporal information used to determine neuronal phenotypes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This comparison between phasor magnitude ratios and IS value ratios suggests that a better assessment of behavioral entrainment can be made by relating measured activity-rest to actual light-dark exposures than to an exogenous time reference, such as local solar time, that may or may not be correlated with the actual zeitgeber for entrainment, that is, light. Figure 10 Interdaily stability (IS) statistics for the day-shift and rotating-shift nurses (a) and for the two groups of rats (b). The IV statistic was also calculated from the activity data from nurses and rats, but the values showed no significant difference between the two groups of nurses nor between the two groups of rats; the mean IV values for day-shift and rotating-shift nurses were 0. 50 and 0. 54 respectively with standard deviations of 0. 20 and 0. 16 respectively, and the mean values for the entrained and "jet-lagged" rats were 1. 10 and 1. 21 with standard deviations of 0. 28 and 0. 27 respectively. This lack of separation in IV values for the two groups of nurses and for the two groups of rats suggests that consolidation of activity patterns is not systematically related to the degree of circadian behavioral entrainment as measured either with IS values or with phasor magnitudes. paper provides a new framework for the study of the effects of circadian entrainment/disruption on human health, emphasizing three important links in the logical chain relating circadian disruption to maladies such as breast cancer, obesity, and sleep disorders [18]. First, circadian light (and dark) for humans and for animal models can now be quantitatively defined to such a degree that meaningful studies of light as a stimulus for circadian disruption can be undertaken, not only in humans but in nocturnal rodents as well. Without quantitative definitions of the light stimuli, it would simply be impossible to understand the results of any ecological study of circadian disruption on human health or how laboratory studies using animal models relate to the human condition. Second, with an understanding of circadian light, it is now possible to measure the synchrony between light-dark and activity-rest patterns in actual human living environments using tools like the Daysimeter [20]. These ecological light and activity data are necessary to develop the essential insights into circadian disruption actually experienced by modern people.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon is made entirely of metals that can be harvested for use on Earth. [SEP] Text: When humans will return to the Moon depends on policy decisions from the world’s various state and private space organisations. But even if a decision is made to travel to asteroids or Mars orbit before the Moon, its close proximity to the Earth makes it likely that the Moon will, at some point in the future, become settled. Thus, the discussions on lunar astrobiology, although frustrating to those living who may never see their fruits, have a type of historically inevitable use. 2 as an Insight to Life on the Earth and ExoplanetsThe metamorphism and diagenesis of Archean rocks and their organic microfossils limits the quantity of material scientists have access to, which can be used to understand the nature of early life on the Earth. The possibility that rocks ejected by asteroid and comet impacts on the early Earth have landed on the Moon provides a tantalising possibility for a lunar surface source of early Earth material (Armstrong et al. 2002; Crawford 2006). The quantity of this material is predicted to be as much as 200 kg/km2, but of course much of this will have been destroyed during impact with the lunar surface or subsequently pulverised by impact gardening. Therefore, the extent of unaltered large fragments amenable to study is not currently known. Even early rocks, pre-dating life and taking geologists back into the Hadean Eon, might offer a possibility of investigating in more detail events during the early evolution of terrestrial landmasses (Chyba 1993; Ryder 2002). The impacts that occurred into the Moon in its early history included material in addition to terrestrial rocks, such as cometary material and carbonaceous chrondrites. Protected either in the subsurface or in permanently shadowed craters (Seife 2004; Vasavada et al. 1999), these early organics might provide new insights into the inventory of organic material that penetrated the early inner Solar System, and indeed what quantity does today. However, insofar as these organics might have provided an exogenous source of prebiotic organics necessary to kick-start life on the Earth, investigating organics on the Moon has important contributions to make to understanding the origin of life on the Earth. Indigenous organic processing on the Moon will also yield insights into the chemical pathways of alteration, and fate, of organics in interplanetary space (Lucey 2000).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: (A) The early neuronal phenotypes within a lineage are determined by birth order of the ganglion mother cells (GMC). Birth order is encoded by a temporal program of transcription factor expression in the parent neuroblast (NB) as it divides. Transcription factor expression at the time of division is inherited by the GMC and its daughter neurons. Differences between the daughters is established by Notch (N) signaling with one sibling expressing the Notch-on (‘A’) fate and the other the Notch-off (‘B’) fate. This information, along with lineage identity factors, acts through a battery of terminal selector genes to establish neuronal phenotypes. (B) A hypothetical scheme to explain the metamorphic pattern of mushroom body input neuron (MBIN) recruitment and loss in the PPL1 cluster of dopamine neurons. It proposes that the Castor (cas) expressing neurons that are born in the DL1 lineage just before and after the embryonic neurogenic arrest are fated to become MBINs. The earlier born Pdm expressing neurons are also dopaminergic but their adult function is outside of the MB. Larval specification factors, though, modify how they interact with the terminal selector genes thereby transforming them into MBINs while the larval stage is maintained. (C) A hypothetical scheme using neurons of the DAL-V2/3 lineage to illustrate how sibling fates might be temporarily altered to recruit larval MBONs. In this scheme, two successive GMCs divide to produce one daughter that is an MBON and one that innervates the central complex, a dichotomy established by Notch signaling. With the evolution of the larva, Notch signaling is suppressed in the daughters during embryogenesis, allowing both to assume a similar fate – that of a larval MBON. With the reestablishment of normal Notch signaling at metamorphosis, the transformed daughter loses her MBON features and becomes a central complex neuron. Information on birth order may underlie the changes seen in the PPL1 cluster (Figure 12B). As described above, production of the set of neurons that become adult PPL1 MBINs spans the period of neuroblast arrest. We speculate that this block of neurons expresses cas. In this scenario, their earlier born siblings that serve as temporary larval MBINs would likely express the previous gene in the series of temporal transcription factors, pdm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Third, it is now possible to simply and quantitatively characterize degrees of circadian entrainment/disruption; that is, the levels of synchrony between light-dark exposures and activity-rest, in both humans and animal models. A focus on entrainment, rather than light per se or activity alone, makes it possible to relate ecological studies of diurnal humans to parametric studies of diseases using nocturnal animal models. In other words, parametric studies of circadian disruption employing animal models for human diseases can now be designed and conducted so as to more accurately reflect their relevance to the actual living conditions in humans. It should be emphasized, too, that the methods presented here are not limited to the study of behavioral entrainment. Rather, this analysis provides the basis for assessing entrainment of other outcome measures from the circadian system, such as core body temperature or melatonin synthesis, to light-dark patterns. From these envisioned studies, modern maladies like diabetes, obesity, and poor sleep, as well as breast cancer and cardiovascular disease, can be meaningfully and systematically investigated. More important perhaps, forging the links identified in this paper will significantly accelerate a deeper understanding of the role of circadian disruption on human health [17] and thereby may accelerate medical treatment of these maladies with light and with drugs [33]. The techniques identified here also imply that, in the future, it will be possible to examine circadian entrainment/disruption on an individual basis so that each person can be treated with the appropriate light-dark exposure and/or with the appropriate pharmaceutical interventions. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions MSR conceived the study, lead the team in its execution and drafted major sections of the paper, AB formulated the analyses and drafted portions of the Results and Discussion sections, MGF was instrumental in acquiring the nurse data, drafted sections of the paper and provided expertise while preparing the manuscript, JDB was instrumental in acquiring the rat data and provided expertise while preparing the manuscript. All authors participated equally in discussions and the exchange of ideas during the study, and all reviewed and approved the final manuscript. 1267. [PubMed]. N. (1970). Rhythms. London Churchill. Collis, SJ and Boulton, SJ (2007). Emerging links between the biological clock and the DNA damage response Chromosoma 116: 331–339.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon is made entirely of metals that can be harvested for use on Earth. [SEP] Text: In a parallel line of argument, the Moon may have acted as a collector of material ejected from other planetary bodies in the Solar System. Early rocks from Mars and Venus, both of which have early histories of enormous biological interest, might exist on the Moon (Gladman et al. 1996; Armstrong et al. 2002), although the quantity and distribution and condition of this material has the same uncertainties as for terrestrial material. On a more general level, understanding the Moon and its history is an endeavour of wider importance for understanding the link between terrestrial life and its cosmic environment (Arrhenius and Lepland 2000; Gomez et al. 2005). was probably the result of a giant impact which formed the Earth (Hartmann 1986; Stevenson 1987; Kleine et al. 2005; Shearer et al. 2006). It is thought to contribute to terrestrial obliquity stabilisation (Laskar et al. 1993; Touma and Wisdom 1994; Waltham 2004), with its concomitant implications for climate. And, of course, the Moon causes tides, which are known to influence many marine and intertidal organisms (Endres et al. 2002). The extent of the Moon’s involvement in driving terrestrial habitability is controversial. On the subject of obliquity stabilisation, the point has previously been made that if we had no Moon the more wildly changing obliquity might have resulted in more cosmopolitan, generalist organisms that would have been better at adapting to rapidly changing climate, and thus potentially catastrophic changes induced by other agents such as volcanism and asteroid and comet impacts. Obliquity stabilisation, by reducing evolutionary pressures for environmental adaptations on the planetary scale, may have reduced the resiliency of life on the Earth (Cockell 2003). Thus, from some respects, the presence of a Moon may even be detrimental to life on the Earth. The insights gained from studying the role of the Moon in influencing life on the Earth may have applicability to assessing the habitability of moons orbiting distant extrasolar planets. As it is likely that Moons will form around exoplanets, including planets of very different size to the Earth (Barnes and O’Brien 2002), an investigation of our own Moon will allow for more informed studies on the role, for example, of extrasolar moons on obliquity stabilisation and impact bombardment of extrasolar planetary bodies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: At metamorphosis the Pdm+ neurons remain aminergic (Mao and Davis, 2009) but shift to targets outside of the core MB circuitry. The speculative scheme depicted in Figure 12B proposes that in the adult, Cas and Pdm work via overlapping sets of terminal selector genes: both establish a dopaminergic phenotype, but only Cas activates genes targeting the neuron to the MB. The intercalation of the larval stage, though, would involve an additional ‘larval specification factor,’ whose presence alters the actions of Cas and Pdm on the terminal selector genes. In the presence of this hypothetical factor, Pdm also supports targeting to the MB, thereby transforming the Pdm+ group into MBINs, which innervate the larval vertical lobe. The subsequent loss of the larval specification factor at metamorphosis results in the Pdm+ neurons’ withdrawal from the MB and their redirection to non-MB targets. Another way of recruiting neurons to the larval MB could involve modification of Notch signaling during a GMC division (Figure 12C). Our data on the DL1 lineage show six examples of GMCs whose division results in one daughter being an MBON and the other being a central complex cell (Figure 8D). We do not know the actual relationship of MBON-g/LAL. s-NO2i. b to MBON-h/MBON 09 within DAL-v2/3 lineage, but we propose a relationship like that seen in the DL1 lineage, with one daughter becoming an MBON (08 or 09) and the other a central complex neuron (LAL. s-NO2i. b). In this scenario, the four neurons come from two successive, embryonic-born GMCs. In the larva, however, both siblings become MBONs. This larval similarity could arise from altering embryonic Notch signaling. Typically, the ‘Notch-ON’ phenotype of the A sibling is established through the Notch target Hey (Hairy/enhancer-of-split like with a Y), a bHLH-O transcription factor (Monastirioti et al. , 2010). Interestingly, in the Kenyon cell lineages, Hey expression is independent of Notch (Monastirioti et al. , 2010) making both siblings ‘Notch-ON’ and identical.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Zamborszky, J, Hong, CI and Csikasz Nagy, A (2007). Computational analysis of mammalian cell division gated by a circadian clock: quantized cell cycles and cell size control J 22: 542–553. [PubMed] -and Buijs, RM (2006). SCN outputs and the hypothalamic balance of life J 21: 458–469. [PubMed] and Reppert, SM (1991). Suprachiasmatic nucleus: The mind's clock. . . , Vitiello, MV and Zhdanova, IV (2007). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. Academy of review Sleep 30: 1484–1501. [PubMed] Kohsaka, A and Bass, J (2007). A sense of time: how molecular clocks organize metabolism Metab 18: 4–11. [PubMed] Mallis, MM and DeRoshia, CW (2005). Circadian rhythms, sleep, and performance in space 76: B94–107. [PubMed] Lemmer, B (2006). Importance of circadian rhythms for regulation of the cardiovascular system--studies in animal and man 1: 168–170. [PubMed] Filipski, E, Li, XM and Levi, F (2006). Disruption of circadian coordination and malignant growth Control 17: 509–514. [PubMed] and Kawachi, I (2001). Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the Nurses' 93: 1563–1568. [PubMed] -Tallaa, L and Cogliano, V (2007). Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting Oncology 8: 1065. and Reinlib, L (2007). Meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases Perspect 115: 1357–1362. [PubMed] Stevens, RG and Rea, MS (2001). Light in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer Control 12: 279–287. [PubMed] Bierman, A, Klein, TR and Rea, MS (2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A spacecraft will soon travel faster than the speed of light, allowing interstellar travel. [SEP] Text: Keywords: antimatter, antigravity, positron, graviton, unified field theory, special relativity, quantum entanglement, anti-graviton electromagnetic field propulsion, quantum field theory, wormholes, space time distortions, wrap drives, black holes, wormholes, negative charges, positive charges, blinding of space time, helical engine the 20th century many advancements in the field of space have occurred, one of the biggest in the field being the development of the chemical rocket which allowed man to set foot on the moon. Ever since that time many advancements including Einsteins discovery of the unified field theory and special and general relativity have occurred. The discovery of these theories and things have allowed scientists to get a better perspective of the universe and the way it works but until recently man has never been faced with a bigger problem related long distance travel at a fast speed in space. Ever since the proposal of the Wrap drive much work has been done to achieve near light speed, the requirement for this type of technology is for long distance travel since man aims to send spacecrafts and wants to explore the solar system itself. Major technological and scientific feats must be achieved to accomplish this however. Since the speed of light is 299, 792, 458 m/s some problems arise due to the speed needed. This poses some serious engineering problems which have always posed a major challenge and threat to designers trying to build these machines. Majority of the ideas and the engines have never left the drawing board and hence it has always been discredited by most scientists. The main technology talked about in this paper might allow spacecrafts to achieve 100% light speed or even FTL speed if more advancement is done. The main mechanism and the main method used for achieving light speed used in this paper is electromagnetism and wave propagation along with space time distortion. The main reason why electromagnetic waves may have an impact is because gravity and magnetism are directly linked and in fact if 2 like poles are forced together they produce anti gravity due to the opposing force and the force of repulsion thus generating anti gravity and zero point energy between them. In the zero point energy of a magnetic field the center of the field is considered the point of zero point energy. Using energy sources such as antimatter special properties such as positrons and gravitons can be used as energy sources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: , 2002), both γ and αβ-type Kenyon cells arise during embryogenesis to form the MB of the hatchling cricket, but the hatchling Drosophila has only the early-born γ neurons in its MB. In the absence of late-born αβ-type neurons, the γ neurons are modified with a larval-specific vertical axon branch that provides the basis for the larval vertical lobe. We find that the MBINs and MBONs that provide the input-output circuitry for the larval lobes are neurons that either function in the MB circuit in both larva and adult or function as MB neurons only temporarily in the larva. For the latter cells, we have concluded that their larval phenotype is a transient adaptation for the larval stage and their adult phenotype is more like that seen in their direct-developing ancestors. The deviation of a neuron’s larval phenotype from its adult phenotype therefore represents an adaptation to accommodate the lack of needed, late-born neurons. Figure 13 summarizes how the derived phenotypes of the larval MB neurons relate to their mature phenotypes in the adult brain. Previous studies on the abdominal nervous system showed that many larval neurons come from a pool of neurons that die during embryogenesis in direct developing insects, but their death is delayed in metamorphic insects to allow these neurons to function in the larval CNS (Truman, 2005). In the MB circuit, we found that the only neurons that were recruited from this pool of ‘doomed’ neurons were the four larval PAM neurons. The death, though, is perplexing because they are a neuron type needed by the adult, as shown by the addition of ~150 postembryonic born PAM neurons to the adult brain. We think that the death of the larval PAM neurons may be related to mechanisms that allow a particular neuron class to be expanded within its lineage. Two clusters of dopamine neurons homologous to the Drosophila PAM clusters are already enlarged in locusts (Wendt and Homberg, 1992), so this expansion likely occurred before the evolution of complete metamorphosis. Possibly, very ancient insects made only a few PAM-like neurons, and these appeared early in their lineage at an appropriate timing for innervating the early-born γ neurons.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The Daysimeter: A device for measuring optical radiation as a stimulus for the human circadian system and Technology 16: 2292–2299. and Figueiro, MG (2006). Of mice and women: light as a circadian stimulus in breast cancer research Control 17: 375–383. [PubMed] and Bierman, A (2005). A model of phototransduction by the human circadian system Rev 50: 213–228. [PubMed] and Czeisler, C (2000). Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression J Physiol 526(Pt. 3): 695–702. [PubMed] and Rea, MS (2005). Additivity in murine circadian phototransduction 22: 223–227. [PubMed] Oppenheim, AV Schafer, R. W. (1989). Discrete-Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Wikipedia contributors (). Phasor (sine waves) Weisstein, EW (). Complex Number. From MathWorld-A Resource. Roenneberg, T, Wirz-Justice, A and Merrow, M (2003). Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes J 18: 80–90. [PubMed] and Swaab, DF (1990). Alterations in the circadian rest-activity rhythm in aging and Alzheimer's disease 27: 563–572. [PubMed] Hatfield, CF, Herbert, J, van and Hastings, MH (2004). Disrupted daily activity/rest cycles in relation to daily cortisol rhythms of home-dwelling patients with early Alzheimer's dementia Brain 127: 1061–1074. [PubMed] and Swaab, DF (1999). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) improves the rest-activity rhythm in midstage Alzheimer's disease Res 101: 105–107. [PubMed] de and Swaab, DF (1996). Circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer's disease 40: 259–270. [PubMed] Hrushesky, WJ (1985). Circadian timing of cancer chemotherapy Science 228: 73–75. [PubMed] and Rollag, MD (2001).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A spacecraft will soon travel faster than the speed of light, allowing interstellar travel. [SEP] Text: Since the other problem associated with NLS or FTL speed is the energy the solution of this could be to use anti matter. Since currently extraction of anti matter from the universe is very hard the solution to this could be to try and synthesize it. When matter and anti matter annihilate they can produce extremely vast amounts of energy. 1g of anti matter combined with matter can produce the energy equivalent to a atomic bomb which when converted can power the systems on board the spacecraft very well. Element 115 is a radioactive element what is super heavy meaning when it is bombarded with a proton it becomes unstable and releases element 116 which is anti matter. When this is annihilated with a matter target which can be any gas it produces vast amounts of energy. One idea might be to use a wave guide as well so that the waves can be propagated better above the spacecraft. The element 115 can be ionized in this tube and via a electromagnetic fan system that absorbs the neutrons by attracting it, the energy released can be completely converted into a shock or a surge in heat and light which when converted into electricity can power the spacecrafts and the electromagnetic field generator as well as the microwave generator and the zero point energy generator. Some of this technology is tested out in CERN and some of it are the claims of scientists who worked in government installations as well. By taking some concepts from each of the sources the idea can be verified (no idea has been stolen as all the ideas have been created and developed by us primarily). The main reason why this idea can work is because concentrated and like fields generate a lot of energy which can allow the wave fields to increase and this can affect gravity and the rate at which space is being wrapped. This is directly related to the acceleration of the spacecraft. As the mass of the spacecraft itself increases it becomes very hard for the wrapping of the drive to occur since more energy is required to spin the wrap drive. This is why reducing the mass and increasing the position and the degree at which the field waves occur is of utmost importance, this is why even if the mass of the spacecraft is significantly high the angle and the wrap can impact the propulsion and the acceleration rate and hence the speed of the spacecraft can increase. The microwave and the electromagnetic field can be adjusted thereby adjusting the speed and substituting for the increase of weight.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: If different neuron types maintain their relative order of production within this lineage, then a major expansion of an early-born PAM class would greatly delay the production of later neuron types. A modification that resulted in a PAM phenotype reappearing at the end of the lineage, however, would provide a late-born PAM class that could increase in number without interfering with the appearance of the earlier neurons. Developmental complications of integrating two sets of PAM cells (a small early set and an expanded late set) may have favored the late-born neurons, and thereby necessitated programmed cell death to remove the early-born PAM cells. This scenario brings up the intriguing possibility that after being consigned to the graveyard of unneeded embryonic cells for millions of years, the evolution of the larval stage provided a reason for these neurons to be ‘resurrected’ as temporary early-born PAM cells for use in the larval CNS. Figure 13 Download asset Open asset Summary of the relationship of the function of embryonic-born adult neurons to their temporary functions in the larval mushroom body (MB). Neurons that function in the MB of both larva and adults typically have similar positions in both structures, although some of the adult medial lobe mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) shift to the larval vertical lobes. Other neurons innervating the larval vertical lobes and the larval-specific intermediate peduncle compartment are fated for adult functions outside of the MB. CC: central complex; LAL: lateral accessory lobe; LH: lateral horn; OL: optic lobes; RIP: dead neurons; SMP: superior medial protocerebrum. Except for the PAM neurons, embryonic-born neurons that function in the larval MB also function in the adult, either in its MB or in non-MB circuits (Figure 13). The MBINs and most of the MBONs whose terminal role continues in the MB have similar positions in both the larval and the adult MB. For a few MBONs, though, their larval MB function differs markedly from their adult MB function. The embryonic born, glutaminergic MBONs provide informative examples. The increased number of medial lobe compartments in the adult are innervated by more glutaminergic MBONs than are the smaller number of larval medial lobe compartments.

Output: pass