Input: Claim: Seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining in every way. [SEP] Text: Reclamation according to the Decree of the Minister of Energy and of the Republic of Indonesia number 1827 K/30/MEM/2018 is an activity carried out throughout the stages of the mining business to organize, restore and improve the quality of the environment and ecosystem so that it can function again according to its designation. The manganese mining business that is developing in Regency, in addition to having a positive impact on the economic and social progress of the community, of course, also has a negative impact, especially the occurrence of natural damage if it is not managed in a good and correct way of mining. Mining business activities, both mineral and manganese, are one of the spearheads of economic activity in supporting development in Regency. Manganese as an energy source has proven its role in encouraging the development of industrial activities, in accordance with government policies that are increasing the use of alternative energy sources. Regency has manganese mining resources which are quite potential to be developed (Table 7). As an alternative energy, manganese in Indonesia has considerable potential. region has the most manganese resources and reserves in Tenggara Province. Currently some of these reserves have been exploited, including PT Perdana which has a covering an area of 736. 3 hectares located in with an area of 1626. 9 hectares and PT Asia with an area of 725. 3 hectares in the Regency Manggarai, as well as PT Mineral with an area of 192 hectares in Regency. The quality of manganese from NTT is among the best in the world, but mining activities cause environmental damage. In many places on the island of Timor, rocks function as catchments for rainwater which are then used to provide a source of clean water for residents. Manganese mining in the short-term increase’s income, but the amount is not enough to meet the needs of life, and has a negative impact in the long term. The poverty rate in NTT remains high, and it is still the poorest or most underdeveloped province. Table 6. Manganese mine data in resources (tons) Total reserves (tons) 1 Daieko 3. 567. 345 2. 365. 800 287. 234 13. 987 2 Gurimonearu 1. 235. 091 43. 298. 531 76. 221 9. 2340 3 Ledeae 63. 443. 671 23. 112.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 16 [14-19]*17 [16-19]*21 [19-24]*31 [28-34]37 [34-41]*Senegal2012 DHS6 [4-10]8 [7-10]13 [11-16]26 [21-31]26 [20-32]Sierra Leone2017 MICS8 [1-40]32 [25-41]*33 [27-39]*30 [25-35]24 [18-31]Sierra Leone2011 MICS 6 [5-7]14 [12-16]21 [17-25]24 [19-30]27 [17-40]Uganda2016 DHS28 [26-30]*37 [35-39]*42 [39-45]43 [39-47]47 [39-55]Uganda 2011 DHS 18 [16-20]28 [26-30]41 [36-46]44 [34-56]57 [45-69]Zimbabwe2015 DHS62 [60-65]*62 [59-66]70 [66-74]*73 [70-76]*75 [68-81]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS53 [51-56]57 [53-61]61 [57-65]61 [58-65]69 [59-77] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Szkudelski T, Szkudelska K. Resveratrol and diabetes: From animal to human studies. Biochim Biophys. Basis Dis. 2015;1852:1145-1154. DOI: 10. 1016/j. bbadis. 2014. 10. 013104. . Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of Type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study and metaanalysis. Clin Chem. 2013:59:381-391. DOI: 10. 1373/clinchem. 2012. 193003105. . Prospective associations of vitamin D status with β-Cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia: The impact of parathyroid hormone status. Diabetes. 2014;63:3868-3879. DOI: 10. 2337/db14-0489106. Palomer X, González-Clemente JM, Blanco-Vaca F, Mauricio D. Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metab. 2008;10:185-197. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1463-1326. 2007. 00710. x107. Leung P. The potential protective action of vitamin d in hepatic insulin resistance and pancreatic islet dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients. 2016;8:147. DOI: 10. 3390/nu8030147108. . Diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention: the postgenomic era. J Nutr. 2003;133:3830S–3836S. DOI: 10. 1093/jn/133. 11. 3830S109. . Nutrigenomic approach to understanding the mechanisms by which dietary long-chain fatty acids induce gene signals and control mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. Nutrition. 2004;20:103-108. DOI: 10. 1016/j. nut. 2003. 09. 018110. Setlow RB. Human cancer: etiologic agents/dose responses/DNA repair/cellular and animal models. Mutat Res. 2001;477(1-2):1-6. DOI: 10. 1016/s0027-5107(01)00090-2111. A genetic perspective on nutritional profiles: do we still need them?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining in every way. [SEP] Text: In this regard, efforts that can be taken to preserve the environment and increase the benefits of natural resources in connection with mining activities are increasing supervision of mining activities and enforcing laws against polluters and environmental destroyers [13, 14]. It also needs consistency of all development stakeholders in their compliance with various legislative products in the field of protection and management of natural resources and the environment [15, 16], as well as increasing public awareness in efforts to manage and protect natural resources and the environment which are oriented towards the preservation and preservation of the environment [17-20]. Manganese rocks can endanger the lives of people who live side by side with manganese mines. Therefore, manganese should be exploited using various environmentally friendly approaches. In general, the basis for regulations and policies for the management of mining or minerals is 2020. 8. Standard of Purification of manganese as a basis for sustainable reclamation in manganese industry concentrate Ore: Pyrolusite psilomelan braunite manganite ≥49% Metals, alloys and chemistry of manganese a. ferrous manganese (FeMn). mm≥60% b. silica manganese (SiMn), ≥60% c. manganese monoxide (MnO), mn ≥47. 5% MnO2≤ 4% d. manganese sulfate (MnSO4) ≥90% e. manganese chloride (MnCl2) ≥90% f. synthetic manganese carbonate (MnCO3) ≥90% g. potassium permanganate (KMnO4) ≥90% h. manganese oxide (Mn3O4) ≥90% i. synthetic manganese dioxide (MnO2) ≥98%; and/or j. manganese sponge (direct reduced manganese) Mn ≥ 49%, MnO2 ≤ 4% k. electrolytic manganese dioxide MnO2 ≥ 90% and ≤ 250 ppm Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2017 4. finding showed that functioning land according to its designation through reclamation and postmining is important, and is not solely the responsibility of the mining company, but also the responsibility of the government.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 2. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by wealth group between two surveys. Each country has two bubbles per panel which represent the earlier and later surveys. Each panel represents the wealth groups from the poorest to richest. The size of the bubble represents the proportion of women in households in that wealth group. The height of the bubble represents MCPR. For example, looking at the panel for the poorest wealth group, in Nepal, the proportion of women in the poorest households decreased between the first and second survey. At the same time, the MCPR among the poorest women also increased. In all countries except Bangladesh, women with average wealth (those in the middle of the five wealth groups) had higher modern method use than in the lowest wealth groups. However, the gap in modern method use between those in the middle wealth group and the lowest wealth group declined in most countries between surveys. Growth in MCP was more uneven when comparing growth between surveys in higher wealth groups. All but three countries saw declines in MCP in the highest wealth groups, although these findings were not significant given the lower sample sizes in the richest groups per country. Conversely, in Senegal, there was a significant increase in MCP among the richest, which corresponds with a large significant increase in the number of people in the richest wealth group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2011;4:25-35. DOI:org/10. 1159/000322569112. . Nutritional genomics in practice: where do we begin? J Assoc. 2010;105:589-598. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jada. 2005. 01. 002113. Komduur RH, Korthals M, te Molder H. The good life: living for health and a life without risks? On a prominent script of nutrigenomics. Nutr. 2011;101:307-316. DOI: 10. 1017/S0007114508076253114. Sugimura T. Nutrition and dietary carcinogens. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21:387-395. DOI: 10. 1093/carcin/21. 3. 387115. Adlercreutz H. Phyto-oestrogens and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:364-373. DOI: 10. 1016/s1470-2045(02)00777-5116. Turnpenny P, Ellard S. Cancer genetics. In: Emmery’s elements of medical genetics. 2007;14:196-197117. . Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, diet and risk of colon cancer. Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8:513-518. DOI: 1999118. Bartsch H. DNA adducts in human carcinogenesis: etiological relevance and structure activity relationship. Mutat Res. 1996;340:67-79. DOI: 10. 1016/s0165-1110(96)90040-8119. . Molecular models for the tissue specificity of DNA mismatch repair deficient carcinogenesis. Res. 2006;34:840-852. DOI: 10. 1093/nar/gkj489120. Nutrigenomics. <. Dietary fish oil suppresses human colon tumour growth in athymic mice. (London). 1998;94:303-311. DOI:10. 1042/cs0940303122. . Fish oil blocks azoxymethane-induced rat colon tumorigenesis by increasing cell differentiation and apoptosis rather than decreasing cell proliferation. J Nutr.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining in every way. [SEP] Text: In this case, according to changes in Law No. 3 of 2020 on Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Manganese Mining, it is the Minister who is responsible, because they are the ones who carry out the assessment and approval of reclamation plans, post-mining plans, as well as supervise the implementation of reclamation by these mining companies. Law No. 3 of 2020 changes to Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and emphasizes the implementation of Post-mining Reclamation which is always related to environmental management as stated in the general elucidation of paragraph 3 of Law No. 3 of 2020 to strengthening policies related to environmental management in Mining business activities, including the implementation of reclamation and post-mining. The findings highlighted the mining problems in which has resulted in the emergence of the local institutions as the main actor of local resistance. Local institutions are primarily concerned with key principles such as sustainability, welfare, justice and pro-life. These principles go beyond the partial interests of the state, corporations, NGOs. As the recommendations, local institutions with social power should determine new patterns of tripolar relations. The position of the local institutions goes beyond the role that can be played by NGOs, the local press, or intellectual groups. Meanwhile, other elements outside the local institutions do not have a systematic pattern to form effective local resistance, especially forms of movement that do not prioritize violence. Moreover, the implications also suggest the core principle of reclamation of manganese mining is sustainability principle. As mining minerals are natural resources that unrenewable resources, managing and utilizing them requires a spatial planning which is handled integrally to paying attention to agrarian aspect in land function to farming of local communities while at the same time balance the functions of ecosystems as well as the social and economic interests. There are some limitations in this study. This study did not empirically examine the governance process in post-mining reclamations. Moreover, Governance (ESG) was not properly examined in this study as this study only focus on local actors as the mediator in bridging the interest of tripolar relations (company, government and local communities) in post-mining reclamations. Thus, future research was expected to examine social and cultural perspectives in Governance (ESG) in broader perspective by using more samples in the research. Moreover, future research is expected to pay attention to governance aspects for the environmental conservation to ensure the rights of local communities in effective and equitable conservation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 2 below for additional comparisons. ResidenceTable 3 shows the MCP for countries disaggregated by residence. In every country in our analysis, modern contraceptive use was higher in urban areas than rural areas. Modern contraceptive use in rural and urban areas increased in most countries. Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings, and in Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe in both rural and urban settings. In three countries, MCP declined among rural women between surveys: Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan, though the decline was not significant. In both Pakistan and Nepal, MCP among urban women also declined between surveys. The largest gain among rural women was seen in Malawi where MCP increased by 17% between 2010 and 2016. Figure 3 illustrates the change in MCP between two surveys. Table 3. MCPR by residence by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Predictors of stakeholders’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics access Published: 22 September 2020 Predictors of stakeholders’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics Che Mustapa1, : orcid. org/0000-0002-8086-33291,2 & Lynn J. Frewer3 Genes & Nutrition 1. It comprises of potential causes that are known to affect behavioural intention [43]. Perceptions of the risks and benefits of technologies in healthcare are considered to be the predominant factors contributing to their successful adoption. When individuals or targeted groups are more inclined to perceive the positive attributes, they are more likely to embrace the technology [62]. If individuals perceive there are potential benefits from a behaviour or choice, the risk associated with this behaviour or choice is perceived as lower [63]. A study by Berezowska et al. [25] in eight European countries (Greece, Spain, the Netherlands, Ireland, the UK, Germany, Poland and Norway) confirmed that consumers’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition depends more heavily on its benefits than its risks. Consumer rejection of adopting nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition may compromise the potential benefits of the technology [25]. The concept of risk perception is frequently linked to issues of safety and encompasses the short and long-term impacts on the environment, human health, and moral and societal issues [35, 64]. Risk and benefit perceptions are complex, often mutually dependent, and have an inverse association [64,65,66]. Although it would be interesting to hypothesise two-way relationships between perceived risks and benefits, partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) has the limitation that the paths between the latent constructs can only head in a single direction [67], resulting in the path was proposed from perceived risks to benefits. This was after taking into account the inference by Frewer, Howard and Shepherd [68] that people tend to focus more on the benefits of technology than its risks. There is limited research on the relationship between the two variables related to nutrigenomics; however, the research by Costa-Font and Gil [47] and Prati et al. [48] showed that perceived benefits mediated the influence of perceived risk on attitudes to GM food. Fig. 1The conceptual framework for stakeholders’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: moreover specifically refer to ‘mining and quarrying’ activities including ‘resource extraction, manipulation and forms of mining or extraction of any natural resources whether regulated by law or not. ’ Mining licenses in Namibia are granted under the Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act, 1992 with the application process set out in s. 91. Act provides for attaching environmental conditions in issuing mining licenses and requires An estimate of the effect which the proposed prospecting operations and mining operations may have on the environment and the proposed steps to be taken in order to minimize or prevent any such effect. Furthermore, before mining may commence, the environmental commissioner must decide on whether the activity requires an environmental impact assessment. In 2011 the Ministry of Mines and Energy granted mining licences to two companies, Phosphate and LL Namibia Phosphates, for the exploitation of phosphate deposits off the coast of Namibia. 11 The mining licences were granted subject to the approval of an Assessment. 2012 Phosphate submitted a draft Assessment and Plan for the proposed (Project). Project would involve dredging the seabed in Namibia’s exclusive economic zone at depths of 3m and removing large volumes of sediment, up to 5. 5 million tonnes annually. The operations expected an annual production of up to 3 million tonnes of phosphate rocks. Sediment would be stored on the vessels and thereafter transferred to land for processing which involves separation of phosphate from other marine sediment. 12 As part of the Assessment, specialist studies were undertaken that included potential impacts on seabirds and marine mammals, fish and fisheries, water column dynamics, macrobenthos and jellyfish. 13 There was considerable opposition to the Sandpiper Project. A number of civil society organisations (both local and international)14 and fishery industry associations15 strongly opposed the granting of rights and campaigned for a review of the decision. 16 Furthermore, independent scientists raised strong objections against the and the EIA based on environmental impacts. These included the direct destruction to benthic habitats; release of hydrogen sulphide concentrations; release of heavy metals and bioaccumulation in the food chain in turn impacting on fisheries; reduced phosphorous content in the seabed which results in oxygen depletion and toxicity of processing plants on shore near Walvis Bay. 17 In response to that opposition and the potential impacts on Namibia’s fishing industry, the Minister of Fisheries and took steps to establish a moratorium on marine phosphate mining.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyUrbanRuralBangladesh2014 DHS56 [54-58]53 [52-55]Bangladesh2011 DHS54 [52-56]51 [50-53]Burundi2016-17 DHS29 [25-32]22 [21-24]*Burundi2010 DHS 29 [25-33]17 [15-18]Ethiopia2016 DHS50 [46-54]32 [30-35]*Ethiopia2011 DHS50 [46-53]23 [20-25]Haiti2016-17 DHS33 [30-36]31 [29-33]Haiti2012 DHS31 [29-34]31 [29-34]Malawi2015-16 DHS61 [59-64]*58 [56-59]*Malawi2010 DHS 50 [46-53]41 [39-42]Nepal2016 DHS44 [42-46]41 [38-43]Nepal2011 DHS50 [47-53]42 [40-45]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 29 [27-31]23 [21-25]Pakistan2012-13 DHS32 [30-35]23 [22-25]Senegal2017 DHS37 [34-39]*19 [17-21]*Senegal2012 DHS27 [24-31]9 [8-11]Sierra Leone2017 MICS30 [28-32]*16 [14-17]*Sierra Leone2011 MICS 16 [13-19]8 [7-9]Uganda2016 DHS41 [38-43]33 [31-35]*Uganda 2011 DHS 39 [36-43]23 [22-25]Zimbabwe2015 DHS71 [68-73]*63 [61-66]*Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS60 [57-64]56 [54-58] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. Figure 3. Change in modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by residence between two surveys. EducationTable 4 shows the MCP stratified by education status between two surveys and Figure 4 illustrates the same information visually. In six of the 11 countries there were significant changes in MCP between surveys related to education: and Uganda. In all six countries, gains in modern contraceptive use were made among women with no education.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: The remaining constructs: perceived benefits, perceived risks and intention to adopt were specific to nutrigenomics. The perceived benefits of nutrigenomics scale (CR = 0. 823) consisted of six items. Each item was measured on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The measure for perceived risk of nutrigenomics (CR = 0. 896) was obtained by using five items and each item was measured on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Intention to adopt nutrigenomics (CR = 0. 917) was measured by five items with each item measured on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). A brief introduction regarding nutrigenomics and its applications (such as nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition and the purpose of nutrigenomics) was presented to the respondents prior to administering the questionnaire. In addition, the respondents were permitted to ask questions so that they were fully informed about the study and understood the benefits and risks related to the application of nutrigenomics. Statistical analysisThe data was analysed using the SmartPLS software (version 3. 2. 7) to evaluate the significant predictors and assess the relationships between the constructs. Four steps were followed: testing the validity and reliability of the constructs, discriminant validity analysis, analysing the structural relationships and assessing the fitness of the overall model. PLS-SEM is a well-established technique that has been frequently applied by many researchers across a variety of disciplines [67, 94,95,96,97]. PLS-SEM has been chosen in this study, as it is rated as being more suitable for predictive analysis, and can maintain the relevant indicator variables without compromising the predictive accuracy and robustness of R2 [98]. Additionally, it has been shown as being more rigorous with fewer issues in identification, as well as being able to curtail the problem of residual variances related to endogenous constructs [67]. Covariance based SEM (CB-SEM) is limited because of the elimination of relevant indicator variables in relation to increased model fit at the expense of the construct validity [98]. ResultsDescriptive analysisstakeholders claimed they were moderately engaged with modern biotechnology activities (mean score 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: ’ further requires decision-makers to use their powers to gain as much information as possible by requesting information from the applicant, obtaining advice or commissioning reviews or reports. Section 62(2) states: For the avoidance of doubt, the application may be refused if the decision-makers consider that they do not have adequate information to determine the application. In reaching its decision the Committee considered the following effects on the environment: The significant and permanent adverse effects on the benthic environment. The effects of the return of waste material to the seabed following processing aboard the vessel. Effects on the trophic web (including primary production, microbes and zooplankton), fish and other pelagic fauna, rock lobsters, water quality and seabirds. The effects of mining related noise, including on marine mammals; and the risks to biosecurity and human health. further considered the following threats to existing interests: Interests arising from Treaty of Waitangi settlements. Commercial fishing; marine eco-tourism; customary fishing; and other vessels traversing the area. Effects of the proposal on other marine management regimes, including the. Interests of and the effects of the proposal on Māori and Moriori cultural interests (Currie, 2015). In summary, the Committee refused the application on four grounds: Environmental impact: firstly found that the impacts of the drag head on benthic fauna would be highly destructive. These effects could not be ‘avoided, remedied or mitigated’. The mining would take place in the an area protected from trawling and dredging. The mining operations would destroy stony coral communities which were regarded by the Committee as rare and vulnerable ecosystems. The damage would be irreversible’ altering the habitat permanently to soft sediment habitats. Furthermore, waste material and effluent returned to the seabed would have considerable effects on benthic habitats both within the mining blocks and the wider environment. 33 Lack of knowledge: There was a lack of information to enable certainty on the impacts on the environment and existing interests. This was attributed to a lack of scientific knowledge of the receiving environment and of the proposed mining operations, regarded as ‘the first seabed mining project ever undertaken at such depths anywhere in the world’. With a lack of available knowledge, the Committee was accordingly required to ‘favour caution and environmental protection’.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In five of six countries– Burundi, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda, significant MCP gains were also made among women with primary education. , MCP gains among women with secondary education were also significant. The proportion of women with no education declined between two surveys in four of the six countries (and not in Ethiopia or Sierra Leone). Malawi had the fastest MCP growth where it grew by more than 16% among women with no education. Modern use remained stagnant (i. e. change was not statistically significant) among women in the highest education group in most countries except in where it increased. Note, in Sierra Leone, the highest education category includes secondary and higher education, while in other countries those categories are separate. Among women in the highest education group, traditional method use increased in Burundi and Uganda by more than one percentage point. Further analysis is needed to discern if women in the highest education group in Burundi and Uganda discontinued a modern method for a traditional method or have been long-term traditional method users. Table 4. MCPR by education by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: [111] and Frewer [116] showed that people who perceive nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition as offering specific benefits tend to perceive it having fewer risks and express a greater behavioural intention to adopt. It would be interesting to investigate whether an inverse relationship exists between perceived benefits and perceived risks, which could not be determined in this model due to the limitations of the PLS-SEM software. In the future, it is suggested that this association be determined using other software that can test non-recursive relationships such as CB-SEM. Other factors such as trust in key players, engagement with medical genetics and religiosity also significantly influence stakeholders’ intentions regarding the adoption of nutrigenomics. Trust in key players was found to have a significant positive association with intention. This suggests that when respondents have high trust in the key players who are responsible for regulating the technology, such as service providers, industry figures and government regulators, they are more likely to intend to adopt the technology. This is in line with previous findings showing that the trust factor represents a significant and relevant predictor associated with consumers’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition [70] and the acceptance of different novel food technologies [117,118,119]. Along the same lines, trust is a significant contributory factor to people’s risk and benefit assessment of gene technology [54, 120, 121]. Without trust in key players, the public will have greater perceptions of the potential technological risks, and will be more sceptical about the assurances provided by experts and regulators [65, 122]. Engagement with medical genetics was found to be positively related to the intention to adopt nutrigenomics. People who are more exposed to the issues surrounding medical genetics are expected to be more supportive of such technology. Asadollahi et al. [123] suggested that greater public awareness and knowledge with regard to medical genetics and its services is required to facilitate the implementation and establishment of genetic services, which may lead to the successful development of future medical contexts. In line with this, a qualitative study by Hann et al. [124] suggested that low levels of both awareness and knowledge were highlighted as barriers to the adoption of genetic testing and genetic counselling. Notably, better public education and genetic literacy especially in low and middle-income countries may improve understanding and, consequently, increase support for the application of genetic services [125].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: 34 Socio-economic impacts: considered economic factors and the ‘likely economic benefit to of the proposal’. In this consideration the Committee determined the following: ‘It was not persuaded that the proposal’s economic benefit to would be of the significance argued by the applicant, or that reliance could be placed on economic benefits as a potential offsetting factor’. It found that ‘seabed mining would be unlikely to generate more than a modest economic benefit to and the quantum and distribution of that benefit remained uncertain. This had to be weighed against the significant and permanent adverse effects on the benthic environment’ and on other existing interests, particularly the fishing industry. Mitigating impacts: considered whether specific conditions that could be applied to the mining proposal could ‘avoid, remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of the activity. ’ In this consideration it found that impacts ‘could not be mitigated by any set of conditions or adaptive management regime that might reasonably be imposed’. After weighing up factors prescribed to make a decision the Committee found that the ‘application could not be approved either in part or in whole’. The application for marine consent was accordingly refused. 35 3. 3 Australia: Moratorium on a number of seabed mining proposals and preliminary exploration rights were granted for manganese exploitation in the shallow waters of Groote Eylandt. Mining companies involved included and Mining Company. 36 Limited sought environmental approval to conduct exploratory activities in 2012. It applied for 7 mineral exploration licenses, covering an approximately of 3 856km2 in the shallow offshore Northern Territory. This was known as the Bay Project. Limited also holds exploration rights for eight tenements (1 723 km2) of shallow marine terrain and two islands near Groote Eylandt. This project is known as the Project. 37 The granting of exploration rights generated widespread public concern. In response, the government placed a moratorium on seabed mining. 38 Statement of the Moratorium stated that seabed mining is a new and evolving worldwide industry with a minimum number of generally accepted practice standards. The methods applied in seabed mining operations are rapidly changing and there is limited information available on: actual or potential impacts on environment and other resource industries; and methods for managing impacts This lack of available information decreases the ability of decision-makers to: accurately assess appropriate methodology for management of industry, its development, and sustainability; develop appropriate conditions and authorisations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyNo educationPrimarySecondaryHigherBangladesh2014 DHS51 [48-53]55 [53-57]55 [54-57]54 [51-57]Bangladesh2011 DHS50 [48-52]52 [51-54]53 [51-54]54 [51-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS20 [19-22]*25 [23-27]*29 [26-32]22 [15-31]Burundi2010 DHS 14 [13-16]20 [18-22]34 [29-39]33 [23-46]Ethiopia2016 DHS31 [28-34]*39 [35-43]51 [45-56]51 [44-57]Ethiopia2011 DHS22 [19-24]34 [31-37]53 [46-61]57 [50-64]Haiti2016-17 DHS28 [25-31]33 [31-36]33 [31-36]27 [21-34]Haiti2012 DHS28 [25-31]32 [30-34]33 [31-36]31 [25-38]Malawi2015-16 DHS54 [51-56]*59 [58-60]*59 [56-61]*55 [49-62]Malawi2010 DHS 37 [35-40]42 [41-44]48 [46-51]49 [39-60]Nepal2016 DHS52 [49-54]42 [39-45]34 [32-37]33 [31-36]Nepal2011 DHS49 [46-52]41 [37-44]37 [34-40]35 [30-40]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 23 [22-25]29 [26-32]30 [28-33]30 [27-33]Pakistan2012-13 DHS22 [20-23]28 [25-32]27 [25-30]30 [27-34]Senegal2017 DHS22 [20-23]*34 [31-36]*31 [27-34]42 [33-51]Senegal2012 DHS12 [10-13]25 [21-28]27 [21-34]49 [30-68]Sierra Leone^/^^2017 MICS18 [18-20]*27

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: However, the influence of knowledge on attitudes towards science and technology [71, 72] and attitudes towards nutrigenomics and genetic testing [29, 31, 86, 126,127,128] was found to be inconsistent. On the other hand, the significant role of the engagement factor in predicting support towards various biotechnology applications was emphasised by Gaskell et al. [65], whilst the influence of involvement on the positive affect and benefits of nutrigenomics was reported by Pin [35]. It is interesting to note that in this study, religiosity was found to have a positive association with the intention to adopt nutrigenomics and to have a significant positive association with the perceived benefits; this indicates that respondents who claim to have a high level of religiosity also see the benefits of nutrigenomics. Previous studies reveal mixed findings regarding the influence of religiosity on attitudes to science and technology. Several studies have reported a positive relationship between being religious and having a positive attitude towards science [88] and genetic engineering [87, 129]. The role of religiosity in shaping an individual’s p63. 1%) [83]. individuals consume functional foods to achieve certain standards in their lives in terms of their cultural and personal values, which also reflect Islamic values. and Sunnah outline the teachings that show every Muslim how to protect their health and live their life in a state of purity [78], and food plays a vital role in the health and daily life of a believer. In addition, Islam also encourages the use of science and technology to improve human life as long as the application brings benefits (maslahah) and minimises harm (mafsadah) to society and the environment [136]. This may also explain the reason for the high level of support relating to the intention to adopt nutrigenomics in a developing multicultural country such as Malaysia. It is also pertinent to note that perceived benefits are mediators for all other predicting factors, which emphasises its prominent role in the model. Benefits to patients such as better health outcomes and improved quality of life can be achieved with nutrigenomics. In addition, nutrigenomics can help health professionals improve health recommendations and solve issues linked to specific dietary compounds [137]. Perceived risks have a significant negative association with perceived benefits, suggesting that people who see nutrigenomics as less risky will generally see its potential benefits as being high.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: The environmental authority found that measures presented by the company for protecting Loggerhead turtles were based on inconsistent information. Furthermore, the authority found that the economic benefits of the project could not prevail over the protection of the natural resources of Ulloa Bay, particularly in relation to threatened species subject to strict standards of protection. 43 3. 5 Pacific Islands: number of Nations, namely; and the have granted permits for deep sea mining exploration. 1 Project was the most advanced. In 2009 (a Canadian seabed mining company) was granted a mining right for the Solwara 1 Project, for seabed mining in the Bismarck Sea. 44 It appears that Guinea government’s rationale for granting these rights relates to the potential revenue that could stem from royalties. 45 There has been significant opposition to the Solwara 1 Project from local communities and not for profit organisations related to the impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems and communities. Recently, the (2016) published a report titled ‘of in Countries’. 46 The report recommended that countries that are supporting or considering deep sea mining activities should ‘proceed with a high degree of caution to avoid irreversible damage to their ecosystems’. The report further stresses the need for strong governance arrangements to ensure that appropriate social and environmental safeguards are in place. More recently, has run into financial difficulties, and 0n 21 February 2019, the company filed for protection from creditors under the Canadian Companies’ Act (CCAA). 3. 6 Bristol Bay: Moratorium on Oil and Gas Activities47 Oil and gas leasing was first allowed in in 1986 when the U. S. federal government set aside 5. 6 million acres of the southern region of for oil and gas leasing. 48 The decision was opposed widely by fishing industry, indigenous communities (Tribes), environmental organisations, the State of Alaska, conservation organisations, recreational users and local seafood and tourism businesses, organised in a coalition called the Coalition. 49 for Alaska and other conservation groups, indigenous communities and the State of Alaska initiated court proceedings to stop the lease sale. The court case was unsuccessful and oil and gas leases were issued. 50 Potential impacts to fishery resources and marine habitats, cited in independent impact assessments included ‘seismic testing, air pollution from ship traffic and the ever-present risk of oil spills’.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text:  [24-30]*32 [29-36] *Sierra Leone^^2011 MICS 7 [6-8]14 [12-17]23 [21-26]Uganda2016 DHS23 [20-26]*34 [33-36]*40 [38-43]43 [39-47]Uganda 2011 DHS 16 [13-19]25 [23-27]36 [33-40]45 [38-51]Zimbabwe2015 DHS49 [37-62]61 [57-64]68 [66-69]75 [70-80]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS42 [34-51]53 [50-56]60 [58-62]67 [59-73] ^ No education includes some pre-primary education and ^^ secondary includes secondary and higher MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Frewer [116] found that, in the case of nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition, perceived barriers were linked to social structures and practices rather than ethical concerns, although the cultural context of the research was European. It is, however, important to recognise several limitations of the study dealt with in this paper. The data from both stakeholders were combined, as both stakeholders were expected to be the main potential beneficiaries of nutrigenomics with the same interests, as well as by looking at their descriptive responses, whereby their pattern of responses was found to be similar. The combined model will be useful to provide an initial understanding of the causal relationship between the determinants of the Malaysian stakeholders’ intentions to adopt nutrigenomics. However, generalising the model beyond this population is not recommended. Additional measures have been carried out in the study to select only good indicators based on the validity and reliability of the measurements. In future, it will be good to carry out multi group analyses and compare the findings with this study. It is also recommended that this model be cross-validated to ascertain whether or not these results are valid and can be generalised across other stakeholder groups and regions. Another shortcoming is that the predictive factors used in this study to assess the intention to adopt nutrigenomics are not exhaustive. However, the model in this study helps in identifying the predictors that can serve as a useful evidence baseline for scientists, governments and policy makers for further development of nutrigenomics and the possible innovations emerging from it. Future research should consider other factors such as those related to service attributes and privacy issues [25, 32] that may influence consumers’ acceptance of nutrigenomics, and also involve a wider diversity of stakeholders such as the general public, business people, policy makers and consumer interest groups. ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that the intentions of Malaysian stakeholders to adopt nutrigenomics is characterised by a complex decision-making process involving interrelated factors. The perceived benefit-perceived risk balance is a crucial element in deciding whether or not to support nutrigenomics. When stakeholders perceive that the benefits of nutrigenomics exceed the risks, the perceived benefits are significant in influencing and predicting their intention to adopt nutrigenomics. The crucial role of perceived benefits as a direct predictor and mediator for all other predictors should be noted by researchers and practitioners.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: In particular, impact studies stated that ‘the area’s harsh weather, rough seas, ice and strong currents would make cleanup and containment of an oil spill difficult, if not impossible’. 51 In 2010 the cancelled the lease sale and provided temporary protection to by withdrawing the area for consideration for oil and gas development until 2017. This was followed by steps to permanently protect Bristol Bay. On 16 December 2014, the announced an indefinite on oil and gas drilling in using powers conferred under the Act (1953). 52 The basis for the moratorium was partly socio-economic considerations. supports a $2 billion annual fishing industry, regarded as one of the world’s most valuable fisheries and provides up to 40% of America’s wild caught seafood. It supports indigenous fishing communities and subsistence fishers throughout Alaska and Pacific Northwest. It is home to sacred lands. The area provides considerable tourism opportunities and revenue, up to $100 million in annual recreational fishing and tourism activities. 53 4 Mining in This section provides an in-depth case study into seabed mining in South Africa. African case provides strong insights into the potential risks of seabed mining applications in jurisdictions with limited regulatory and governance capacity. In 2012 and 2014, South Africa’s Department of granted three prospecting rights for marine phosphate to Trading 251 (Pty) Ltd (GFT 251), Trading 257 (Pty) Ltd (GFT 257) and (DFI Ltd) respectively. The rights extend over a considerable portion of South Africa’s marine environment, together covering more than 150 000 km2 or 10% of its exclusive economic zone. The GFT 251 and GFT 257 prospecting rights cover an area approximately 63 637 km2 and 44 389 km2 respectively, located off South Africa’s. The DFI Ltd prospecting right extends over 47 468 km2 within South Africa’s Outeniqua Basin. 54 These prospecting rights have lapsed, and representatives of GFT 251 and GFT 257 have publicly announced, in November 2016, that marine phosphate mining in would not be financially feasible based on their assessments. Nevertheless, these areas have been earmarked by South Africa’s government for seabed mining, despite the fact that they coincide with several existing fishery footprints, critically endangered ecosystems and a number of recently proclaimed offshore marine protected areas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 4. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by education status between two surveys. Per panel, each country has two MCPR estimates connected by a line. One MCPR estimate is from the earlier survey and one estimate is from the later survey. Each panel represents the education level from no education to higher education. The color of the line signifies the country. For example, looking at the panel for the no education group, in Zimbabwe, MCPR among women with no education increased between two surveys. AgeTable 5 provides MCP by age group for all the countries. When comparing changes in MCP in individual age groups between surveys, we found that any statistically significant MCP increases were consistent for both married women and all womeniv. When comparing MCP increase by age groups between two surveys, we found no significance for four countries: Bangladesh, Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan; significance in some age groups for Burundi, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe; and significance in all age ranges for Malawi and Senegal. , all age groups (except 45–49) saw a statistically significant increase in MCP use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is expected that increased exposure to the beneficial aspects of nutrigenomics, as well as to the processes involved, would influence the beneficial perceptions and thus support the application. The influence of other factors, for example, trust in key players and religiosity should also be considered when devising an appropriate technology acceptance strategy. The model developed identifies important predictors of Malaysian stakeholders’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics. 10. 1155/2014/202759. . Proteomics in nutrition and health. Screen. 2005;8:679–96 PubMed 10. 2217/17410541. 5. 5. 447. 10. 1093/advances/nmz086. -Yacov O, Lador D, Avnit-Sagi T, Lotan-Pompan M, Suez J. Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell. 2015;163:1079–94 PubMed 10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2018. 8102. PubMed Pub10. 1016/j. fct. 2007. 06. 035. CAS PubMed 10. 1016/j. jmau. 2016. 02. 002. PubMed Pub10. 1007/s13668-020-00327-z. 1975. 10. 1111/nbu. 12143. 10. 1016/j. tifs. 2013. 02. 002. 2017. örman. Guide and position of the of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on personalized nutrition: Part 2 - Ethics, Challenges and Endeavors of Precision Nutrition. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2016;9:28–46 10. 3945/jn. 115. 229476. CAS PubMed 10. 1186/s12933-015-0327-8. Celis-’-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R. Effect of personalized nutrition on health-related behaviour change: evidence from the Food4randomized controlled trial. Epidemiol. 2017;46:578–88 10. 1016/bs. adgen. 2015. 11. 004. 10. 3390/ijms17091469. Pub10. 2217/pme. 12. 79. CAS 10. 3945/ajcn. 116. 145680. CAS PubMed 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: Some of the benthic habitat types that coincide with the proposed seabed mining areas don’t exist anywhere else in the world. 55 The next section details issues that need consideration in regulating and governing seabed mining in South Africa. Regulatory approaches adopted in other countries may shed light into some of the regulatory and governance challenges seabed mining poses to South Africa. 4. 1 There is relatively limited knowledge of the impacts of seabed mining on marine environments. However, preliminary assessments outline considerable and irreversible impacts on marine ecosystems and fishery resources, signifying the need for longer term investigations. 56 These studies recommend that potentially considerable impacts coupled with the lack of knowledge available on seabed mining, warrants regulatory caution. WWF-commissioned a report on potential impacts of marine sediment mining in the west and south coasts of the Western Cape, South Africa. 57 The report found that seabed mining in existing prospecting areas would have severe and potentially irreversible impacts on seabed habitats. The destruction and permanent alteration of marine habitats would be inevitable in light of the type of mining proposed. 58 The report found that seabed mining could cause significant and irreversible impacts to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and fishery resources. In particular, the prospecting rights for marine phosphate mining directly overlap with critically endangered ecosystems, ecologically and biologically significant areas and areas earmarked for protection in terms of an Operation Phakisa59 initiative to establish a network of marine protected areas. 60 Some of the benthic habitat types that coincide with the prospecting areas don’t exist anywhere else in the world. There is also limited knowledge of the ecological importance of seabed ecosystems. It is known that benthic habitats provide habitat, feeding, spawning and breeding areas for a staggering variety of marine species, many of which are commercially important. 61 However, there are considerable gaps in knowledge on the relationship between the seabed and critical ecosystem services. 4. 2 Socio-As seabed mining would have negative impacts on fish stocks it would also impact on revenue, jobs and livelihoods associated with the fishing industry. It is thus important that the socio-economic contributions of fishing are understood and considered in decision-making on seabed mining. South Africa’s commercial fishing industry employs approximately 27 000 people directly and 100 000 people indirectly. 62 In the Western Cape, where the prospecting rights are concentrated, the fishing industry contributes approximately 2% to Product.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The age group 20–24 showed significance across three of the countries, Burundi, Malawi, and Senegal, while Ethiopia showed significance for 25–29 years old and 40–44 years old. In Zimbabwe, the only age groups not showing significant change were the youngest two groups: 15–19 and 20–24-year-olds. Table 5. Age groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: IntroductionNutrigenomics and nutrigenetics (NGx) are understood in various ways. While some narrow the definition to the study of genome/gene(s)–nutrition interactions, others broaden to the application of NGx in health promotion and disease prevention (Ronteltap et al. 2007). A distinction between nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics is often blurred by various and sometimes conflicting definitions, and both terms are still commonly used interchangeably. In this paper, “NGx” will refer to both nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics and is restricted to the study of genome/gene(s)–nutrition interactions. There is little doubt that NGx has stimulated great expectations for future beneficial applications in public health and individuals. For instance, NGx research anticipates the prevention of chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, through personalized dietary interventions, engineered/modified foods that respond to consumers’ specific genetic characteristics, and contribution to better public health (Ronteltap et al. 2007; Godard and Hurlimann 2009). Yet, the potential achievability of such promises is not without socioethical considerations that challenge NGx development and implementation. A cautious stance is consistent with the ACCE model developed by the Office of for and Prevention (OPHG-CDC) for evaluating analytic and clinical validity, safety, effectiveness and the associated ethical, legal and social implications of genetic tests (OPHG-CDC 2010). Ethical issues raised by NGx are considered important and debated by other authors (Chadwick 2004; Bergmann et al. 2008; Lévesque et al. 2008; Reilly and Debusk 2008; Ries and Castle 2008; Ghosh 2009; Komduur et al. 2009; Korthals 2011; Görman et al. 2013; Nordström et al. 2013). Challenges linked to the selection of participants in NGx clinical research, including claims about potential benefits, raise a cautionary call (Hurlimann et al. 2011; OMICS-2012, 2013; Stenne et al. 2012, 2013). Researchers investigating Dutch nutrigenomics experts’ and consumers’ views and expectations about NGx development emphasized the importance of taking into account all stakeholders’ views (Ronteltap and van Trijp 2007; Ronteltap et al. 2008).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: 63 As mentioned, the marine phosphate prospecting areas directly overlap with fishing footprints of several fisheries including hake longline, tuna pole, west coast rock lobster, small pelagics and chokka squid sector. Together, these five fishing sectors provide up to 23 000 jobs. 64 Notably, the prospecting rights coincide with South Africa’s only Council accredited fishery, which employs 12 000 people and generates approximately R4 billion in revenue annually. 65 Furthermore, latest estimates suggest that there are approximately 8 078 small-scale fishers in South Africa, with the home to approximately 1 667 small scale fishers. 66 Small scale fishers directly rely on heathy marine ecosystems for livelihood, nutrition, food security and income. Small scale fishing plays a critical role in providing employment and access to protein in coastal communities. There are approximately 44 coastal communities dotted along the coastline of the Western Cape. 67 Seabed mining would likely have detrimental impacts on tourism, particularly coastal and marine tourism. Bulk marine sediment mining requires additional coastal developments that have associated impacts. These include desalination plants, beneficiations facilities and processing plants as well as increased shipping. In relation to the Sandpiper Project, residents of were highly ‘concerned about the potential release of toxic elements in the land-based phosphate processing phase’. 68 Thus, decision-making, policy and regulation related to seabed mining would need to consider potential negative impacts on existing users and if impacts cannot be avoided, regulatory mechanisms for compensation would need to be devised. With regards to the latter, there is potential difficulty in assessing appropriate compensation for users from renewable industries where their economic benefit is potentially indefinite? 4. 3 South Africa’s Legal and South Africa’s legal and governance framework was not designed to deal with seabed mining. Without specific regulation relevant to seabed mining, applications would tend to be dealt with through existing terrestrial mineral and environmental management legislation. Development Act, 2002 (MPRDA) and Management Act, 1998 (NEMA), South Africa’s existing legislation, are inadequate to govern seabed mining. 4. 3. 1 Development Act, 2002 (MPRDA) does not deal explicitly with seabed prospecting and mining. Many provisions (particularly related to consultation and environmental impact) in the MPRDA are difficult to apply or translate to seabed mining.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurvey15–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–49TotalBangladesh2014 DHS46 [43–48]54 [51–56]60 [58–62]62 [60–64]56 [54–59]41 [38–43]21 [19–24]51 [50–52]Bangladesh2011 DHS41 [39–44]52 [50–54]58 [56–60]58 [56–60]53 [50–55]41 [39–44]25 [23–28]49 [48–50]Burundi2016–17 DHS3 [2–3]15 [14–17]* 20 [19–22]22 [20–24]21 [19–23]16 [14–19]10 [8–12]15 [14–15]*Burundi2012 DHS 1 [1–2]12 [10–14] 18 [16–20]18 [15–21]16 [14–19]12 [10–14]7 [5–10]11 [10–12]Ethiopia2016 DHS7 [6–9]26 [23–29]35 [32–38]*35 [31–38]29 [26–33]28 [24–32]*16 [13–21]25 [23–27]*Ethiopia2011 DHS5 [4–6]22 [19–25]26 [23–28]28 [25–31]26 [23–29]19 [15–23]10 [8–13]19 [17–20]Haiti2016–17 DHS8 [7–9]25 [23–27]31 [29–34]30 [27–33]29 [26–32]24 [21–27]13 [11–15]22 [21–23]Haiti2012 DHS8 [7–10]23 [21–26]31 [29–34]31 [28–34]28 [24–31]22 [20–25]14 [11–16]22 [20–23]Malawi2015–16 DHS15 [14–17]*46 [44–48]*57 [54–59]*60 [58–62]*59 [57–62]*53 [

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: DiscussionAssessment of NGx benefitsOur results indicate that the majority of NGx researchers are confident about the potential benefits of NGx and have no apprehension concerning the risks presented in the questionnaire (Figs. 1, 2). Researchers who did consider potential risks were not necessarily less optimistic about the potential benefits of NGx. Similarly, those who agreed with the benefits of NGx were not more likely to disagree with its potential risks. There is no inherent harm in being optimistic about the promises of NGx. When the claims are premature, unrealistic or exaggerated, however, they can feed into biotype detrimental to credible biomedical research (Stenne et al. 2012). Expectations related to genetic technologies have evolved and matured over time and it is now generally accepted that most diseases are subject to complex gene(s)–gene(s), as well as to gene(s)–environment interactions (Janssens and van Duijn 2008). As stated by the Centers for and Prevention, “[d]espite significant scientific advances in genetics, researchers have only identified a small fraction of the genetic component of most diseases [and] genetic tests for many diseases are developed on the basis of limited scientific information” (OPHG-CDC 2013). A cautious stance toward the prospects for development and implementation of predictive genotype-based tests in clinical settings must be recommended due to these uncertainties. The NGx researchers we surveyed shared a widespread optimism for NGx, but they offered reservations about the achievability of some of purported benefits (i. e. , benefits in Fig. 1a–c, e, g) within the next 5 years (Stenne et al. 2013). Moreover, NGx researchers have different and even opposite opinions about (1) the impact of the methodological limitations on the achievability of benefits and (2) the uncertainty about the long-term efficacy of future NGx interventions (Stenne et al. 2013). Researchers were equally divided as to whether NGx would increase adherence to dietary advice (Fig. 1h). While some studies suggest that personalized dietary advice may be more efficient in modifying people’s eating behaviors than general dietary recommendations (Ronteltap et al. 2012), the actual impact of genetic information on nutrition-related lifestyle behavior changes is still uncertain (McBride et al. 2012; Nielsen and El-Sohemy 2012; Vernarelli 2012; Fallaize et al. 2013; Görman et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: For instance, legal requirements to consult with landowners, neighbours, community members and other interested and affected parties act as a check and balance against inappropriate prospecting and mining licensing decisions. The importance of a lively civil society has repeatedly been acknowledged by South Africa’s Constitutional Court. This check and balance will not be as strong for marine environments where there are no landowners, neighbours or community members. Marine prospecting applications are accepted or refused by Regional Managers. However, South Africa’s exclusive economic zone has not been divided along regional Department of Mineral Resources’ administrative lines and functions. Furthermore, the Department of has no overarching strategy or policy on seabed prospecting and mining. 69 There are no specific regulatory instruments or guidelines that provide assistance to decision-makers in respect of seabed mining. Nor is there any national and regional database of seabed prospecting and mining or other resource compiled to facilitate the Department of Mineral Resources’ consideration of applications. of has limited capacity for compliance monitoring and enforcement (CME) of terrestrial operations. In some cases, environmental CME is entirely absent. Accordingly, South Africa’s department responsible for environmental management of mineral resource extraction has limited capacity for, or experience, guidance and knowledge of monitoring and enforcing compliance with environmental management plans or programmes and conditions of environmental authorisations in respect of seabed prospecting and mining. Similarly, mineral authorities across the globe face significant governance and regulatory challenges with terrestrial prospecting and mining related to, amongst other challenges; environmental and social impact; consultation; access to information; rehabilitation and an inability to close operations. These challenges would, in all probability, be magnified in respect of seabed prospecting and mining. Notably, seabed mining poses significant challenges related to rehabilitation. For example, in terms of s. 24(2N)(f) an environmental management programme must as ‘far as reasonably practicable’ include ‘measures to rehabilitate the environment affected to its natural or predetermined state’. Under s. 24(P)(1) ‘an applicant for an environmental authorisation, relating to prospecting, exploration, mining or production’ must provide financial provision for rehabilitation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 50–56]*43 [40–47]*45 [44–46]*Malawi2010 DHS 9 [8–10]33 [31–35]42 [40–44]42 [40–45]44 [42–47]40 [37–43]33 [30–36]33 [32–34]Nepal2016 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–20]34 [31–37]46 [42–49]56 [53–59]55 [52–58]52 [48–56]33 [32–35]Nepal2011 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–21]36 [33–40]50 [47–54]57 [54–61]56 [53–60]44 [40–49]33 [32–35]Pakistan2017–18 DHS 6 [4–9]13 [11–16]21 [18–23]29 [27–32]31 [29–34]34 [31–37]24 [22–29]24 [23–26]Pakistan2012–13 DHS7 [4–10]15 [13–17]21 [19–23]31 [28–34]35 [32–38]31 [27–34]24 [21–27]25 [24–26]Senegal2017 DHS3 [2–3]*14 [12–15]*23 [21–25]*29 [26–31]*31 [28–35]*29 [26–32]*21 [18–24]*19 [18–20]*Senegal2012 DHS1 [1–2]8 [7–10]16 [14–19] 16 [13–20] 22 [18–27] 18 [14–23] 9 [6–12] 11 [10–13] 2016 MICS 20 [19–22]*33 [31–36]*31 [28–33]*28 [26–30]*25 [23–27]*19 [17–21]*11 [9–13]26 [24–27]*Sierra Leone2010 MICS5 [3–7]9 [7–11]9 [7–11]12 [10–14]14 [12–16]11 [9–14]7 [5–10

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 2013; Saukko 2013). These uncertainties might explain why respondents held different views on these matters. Alternatively, our respondents were primarily scientists, who might be less compelled to make predictions based on social determinants or health promotion activities. While they can speak authoritatively about NGx technologies and scientific methods, they may regard human behavior as outside of their expertise. These differences of opinion show that enthusiasm about the benefits of NGx shared by most researchers in the field must be qualified, appropriately nuanced, and put in perspective with alternative and, sometimes conflicting viewpoints in the NGx research community itself. While significant advances have been made in the identification of gene(s)/genome–diet interactions and genetic influences on nutrient metabolism (e. g. , Lee et al. 2011), NGx research faces methodological challenges (Hesketh 2012; Qi 2012) and progress has been modest in the translation of research findings in clinical practice and public health (Minihane 2012). Much remains to be done before the benefits suggested in Fig. 1 can be considered achievable. Thus, prudence is needed despite optimistic expectations, especially when these expectations are expressed in the general terms of most of the questionnaire’s examples (Fig. 1). As stated previously, expectations for NGx applications should be assessed according to their merit and with respect to their scientific credibility (Godard and Hurlimann 2009). While much research is still needed, in particular in gene–nutrition interactions in common chronic diseases, there is a growing list of well-documented examples of clinically significant nutrigenetics interactions, such as phenylketonuria (Phillips 2013), iron overload, hemochromatosis, impact of riboflavin supplementation on hypertensive individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype (Wilson et al. 2013) as well as risks of cardiovascular diseases associated with insufficient intake of folate by carriers of C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene (Lampe et al. 2013). Nonetheless, the potential benefits of NGx, along with other genetic or genomic clinical applications, require balancing with potential socioethical risks. This study challenged NGx researchers to share their perceptions about some of these ethical issues. The tension between sociocultural meanings surrounding the medicalization of food and the impact of NGx on individual autonomy and responsibility warrant further attention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: Based on environmental assessments in other countries, rehabilitation in respect of seabed mining seems unlikely, as the ‘resultant ecosystem changes in such mined areas could be considered permanent, as recovery to pre-disturbed sediment structures (and hence similar habitat) would occur on geological time scales’. 70 4. 3. 2 Management Act, 1998 (NEMA) Seabed mining would potentially fail to comply with a number of provisions in NEMA and similar environmental management legislative frameworks in other countries. Firstly, there is a lack of knowledge of impacts of seabed mining. In such circumstances, NEMA requires a precautionary approach which takes into account the ‘limits of current knowledge about the consequences of decisions and actions’. 71 Seabed mining thus potentially conflicts with the precautionary principle. Secondly, NEMA requires development to avoid, minimise or remedy disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biological diversity. In view of independent impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments undertaken in relation to seabed mining, it seems that seabed mining would fail to comply with principles of avoiding, minimising or remedying impact. Thirdly, NEMA and environmental management legislative frameworks in other countries are usually underpinned by a sustainable development principle, which requires a balancing of social, economic and environmental factors. requires that development applications should be considered, assessed and evaluated with due regard to the ‘social, economic and environmental impacts of activities, including disadvantages and benefits’. Fulfilment of this principle is threatened by the potential socio-economic and environmental impacts of seabed mining. In sum, there are concerns in South Africa’s legal, governance and institutional frameworks in relation to seabed mining. Whilst there are gaps in the has principles that cannot be upheld if seabed mining were to proceed. This would see a seabed mining industry that is unregulated and not subject to state monitoring or enforcement of its compliance with licences and environmental laws. This in turn could facilitate severe and irreversible damage to marine environments and fisheries resources. 5 Conclusion: and Frameworks for The approach, policy positions or decisions adopted by coastal States in relation to seabed mining within their jurisdictions has generally been cautious, with due regard to the precautionary principle.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ]10 [9–11]Uganda2016 DHS9 [8–11]*28 [26–30]*37 [35–40]*37 [34–39]*36 [34–39]*34 [31–37]*19 [17–22]27 [27–28]*Uganda2011 DHS 6 [5–7]20 [18–22]28 [25–31]30 [27–34]30 [27–34]27 [23–31]14 [11–18]21 [20–22]Zimbabwe2015 DHS12 [11–14]49 [46–52]62 [59–65]*66 [64–68]*64 [61–67]*56 [53–60]*42 [37–47]*48 [47–49]*Zimbabwe2010–11 DHS10 [9–12]44 [41–47]55 [52–58]55 [52–58]52 [49–55]45 [41–50]31 [28–35]41 [39–42] This table represents an all women sample and an ever-married women sample in Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Sociocultural meanings surrounding the medicalization of foodWhile the majority of researchers in our survey do not believe that NGx will transform food into medication, or that eating will be deemed a health hazard (Fig. 2i, j), what might the socioethical consequences of NGx be? A “Google” search of Hippocrates’ quote “Let food be thy medicine” yields more than one and a half million results,Footnote 2 most linking to websites promoting—if not selling—the virtues of “healthy” food and diet for health and well-being. “Traditional” nutritional sciences have contributed to our understanding of nutritional mechanisms and of their impact on health for decades. At the same time, public health nutrition has become a key component of national and global efforts in health promotion and the prevention of chronic diseases (Lenoir-Wijnkoop et al. 2013). NGx aspirations coincide with a recent shift in bioscience and public health agendas toward prevention and treatment of disease susceptibilities (i. e. , preemptive medicine) rather than alleviation of established disease (see for instance, NIH 2008). NGx targets healthy, as well as unhealthy individuals, with or without genetic predispositions for specific diseases. At the same time, NGx, as a combination of molecular nutrition and genomics (Afman and Muller 2006) focuses on the interactions between dietary bioactive components and genetic information. Yet, food is more than a sum of active (or inactive) components that interact (or not) with genes/genome; it is much more than a means to maintain health and reduce disease (e. g. , Council 2005; Bergmann et al. 2008; Korthals 2011; Nordström et al. 2013). As Görman states, “[f]ood is enjoyment as well as cultural and personal identity. A meal is a social event, an important manifestation of the relationship with others. This means that food is an important aspect of human happiness and well-being, and not only an instrument for health” (Görman 2006, p. 16). Bisogni and colleagues conducted an extensive review of nutrition studies that provide valuable insight into diverse perceptions of food and eating related to health in various populations. It appears that “healthy eating,” and consequently nutritional advice and recommendations, are often addressed in terms of their consequences in people’s lives.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: These decisions and approaches have been underpinned by a number of principles, including: lack of knowledge on impacts of seabed mining alongside lack of knowledge of benthic ecosystems (information principle); considerable environmental and socio-economic risks (precautionary principle and sustainability principle); insufficient regulatory, legal, policy, institutional frameworks to cope with seabed mining (governance principle); potential impacts on communities particularly small-scale, traditional and subsistence fishing (fairness principle). Australia’s case, a time-based moratorium has been established, alongside commitments to undertake long-term research and reviews on issues such as: potential environmental impacts; potential impacts on existing marine users, particularly fishing industry (in the form of socio-economic impact assessments or cost-benefit analysis); reviews of potential management regimes to mitigate or reduce impacts; review of potential conditions, permissions and authorisations to regulate seabed mining; and reviews in view of developing potential legislative, regulatory, policy and institutional frameworks in relation to seabed mining. The rationale for these moratoria and decisions and the cases above can be distilled into a number of prerequisites that these national jurisdictions have committed to before allowing seabed mining to proceed. These are: The undertaking of a strategic environmental assessment: This was a central criteria and tool in Namibia’s decision to establish a moratorium on seabed mining. A Assessment allows for a long-term and detailed study on potential and actual environmental impacts72 and on the socio-economic benefits and drawbacks of developing this industry. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) appears to be an inadequate mechanism to deal with risks posed by seabed mining. An EIA only investigates the environmental implications of a single development, at a project level. It does not consider cumulative impacts and assumes that a broader policy decision has already been made, to allow a specific type of development to occur. An activity such as seabed mining, on the other hand, requires a proactive, higher level policy decision on whether it is appropriate or not to allow seabed mining in a specific context in the first place. Such a decision can be guided by a Assessment. Socio-economic assessments and cost-benefits analysis: Decision-making on seabed mining further requires proper analysis of potential socio-economic impacts of seabed mining on existing industries and associated jobs and livelihoods – many of which are renewable, unlike seabed mining.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. Unmarried sexually activevWe also assessed whether there had been an increase in MCP among unmarried sexually active women. Typically, the sample of women that are unmarried and sexually active in the last 30 days is small which makes testing for significant changes in MCP challenging (since a larger sample increases confidence in our estimates and the confidence intervals are tighter allowing for detectable changes). While none of the findings were significant, we did see an increase in modern method use in Malawi and Zimbabwe. DiscussionA criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal of the FP2020 partnership had been that countries and partners might prioritize easier to reach populations (e. g. with technical or political support from the FP2020 partnership) to meet this target, which exacerbates inequities. Overall, our findings suggest that between two surveys carried out since 2010, many countries saw MCP gains across different dimensions of equity, including residence, education, wealth, age, and marital status and do not suggest a focus on expanded coverage at the expense of equity. In most countries, MCP increased among rural women, and these gains were significant in seven African countries. In six countries, MCP gains were significant both among women with no education and in the lowest wealth group. MCP gains among young women aged 20–24 were seen in four African countries: Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. In these four countries, MCP also significantly increased among young women aged 15–19. While we could not detect significant MCP changes among unmarried sexually active women, the country-specific trends indicate MCP is increasing among these women. All of the significant gains in MCP were made in African countries, and specifically Malawi, who experienced the most expansive growth across different dimensions of equity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Moreover, NGx may challenge existing legal distinctions between food and drug products (Eussen et al. 2011). New food products produced on the basis of NGx knowledge (Görman 2006), and knowledge of traditional foods appropriated by NGx, may require new regulations related to food safety and nutritional health labeling (Ronteltap and van Trijp 2007). Issues raised by the “pharma–nutrition interface” market with regard to functional foods and dietary supplements have already raised fierce debates and controversy (Eussen et al. 2011; Slashinski et al. 2012). Last but not least, lack of communication and misinformation can have harmful consequences if people choose foods instead of necessary medication, or decide not to comply with medical advice related to prescription regimens (Eussen et al. 2011, p. S6). The statements “NGx will turn food into medication” and “NGx will transform an enjoyable activity such as eating into a health hazard” (Fig. 2i, j) are best understood within a risk framework that must be addressed alongside the development of NGx. It cannot be inferred, however, that the respondents who do not think that “NGx will transform food into medication” (Fig. 2i) or “eating into a health hazard” (Fig. 2i) would disagree with the consequences described above. Moreover, those who agree with these statements do not necessarily agree with harmful consequences. The statement “NGx will turn food into medication” (Fig. 2i) can be seen to exemplify the beneficial use of food in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda (Blair et al. 2012). The use of food as a means to treat diseases or prevent their onset—with or instead of pharmaceuticals—has been rediscovered in Western societies during the last decades and the gap between pharmacology and nutrition has been narrowing (Georgiou et al. 2011). Hippocrates famous “Let food be thy medicine” can be found in peer-reviewed scientific reports, in a legitimate quest for understanding the origins of diseases and the best ways to prevent and treat them (Aggarwal and Shishodia 2006; Mitroi and Mota 2008; Gupta et al. 2010; Szarc vel Szic et al. 2010; Sung et al. 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: For example, South Africa’s Management: Amendment Act, 2014 () explicitly provides for the restriction or prohibition of any activities in a marine protected area that may have adverse effects on the purposes of declaring such a marine protected area in the first place. 77 Section 48(1) explicitly states: Despite other legislation, no person may conduct commercial prospecting or mining, exploration, production or related activities (in a marine protected area). In particular, where the purpose of declaring an MPA relates to the conservation and protection of benthic ecosystems, species and habitats, the argument for restricting mining, prospecting, exploration and production activities is heightened. The establishment of legal provisions to ensure liability for environmental damage is assigned to mining operators through appropriate assessment, strict collection and ring-fenced. This is in line with the ‘polluter pays’ principle entrenched in international law and environmental management regimes of many countries, whereby ‘national authorities should endeavour to promote the internalisation of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into the account that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution’. 78 This should include the establishment of legal mechanisms for compensation to existing marine users for negative impacts stemming from seabed mining. Establishment of legal mechanisms to facilitate proper consultation and stakeholder engagement. This is particularly necessary in view of the fact that checks and balances in the form of legal obligations to consult with landowners, neighbours, community members and other interested and affected parties, are not as robust in relation to marine environments. These provide a robust set of guidelines or recommendations, based on comparative approaches and processes adopted by other countries, for policy positions and regulatory frameworks for sovereign coastal states to ensure that seabed mining does not disproportionately impact on marine and coastal ecosystems and marine based industries that depend on functioning ecosystems, and associated jobs and livelihoods. 1 Lawson, T (2015). Against the Abuse – Mining. Truthout < 2 See 75. 5 Part VI of. 6 Chamber of the for the Law of the Sea, ‘Responsibilities and Obligations of Persons and Respect to Activities in the Area – Advisory Opinion’, 1 February 2011, list of cases: no. 17 para. 214: 01. 7 Benkenstein, A. (2014). Seabed Mining: Lessons from the Namibian Experience. SAIIA.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Another possible criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal could be that the target would lead to a focus on more populous countries, but most of the gains in MCP were in African countries with populations far smaller than the those of several of the Asian countries in our sample. and Bangladesh rank in the top 10 most populous countries in the world. Yet, our analysis found that despite having larger populations, neither of these countries experienced the rapid MCP growth of several of the smaller countries. Compared to these Asian countries, most of the African countries in our analysis started at a lower MCP and thus had greater potential for increased modern contraceptive use. However, it is worth noting Pakistan had more room to grow than Malawi, who experienced the most overall MCP growth and saw growth across different equity dimensions. Additionally, given all countries in our analysis are still experiencing population growth and thus an increasing population of women of reproductive age, even countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, that did not have significant levels of MCP growth, were providing contraceptive services to a greater number of women of reproductive age without experiencing declines in equity. Given that countries could either experience (a) rapid MCP growth (because they started at a lower MCP in the middle of the S-curve growth pattern21) or (b) sustained modern contraception users (meaning they continue to add more users of modern contraception due to population growth and a slower increase in MCP), supportive country-specific policies and commitments that focused on expanding services and improving equity could be at the nexus of increasing and/or retaining modern contraceptive users without exacerbating inequities. In order to sustain its high MCP, government and development partners in Bangladesh successfully focused on geographic inequities; both the Sylhet and Chittagong divisions had the lowest MCP in 2011 and saw significant increase in the 2014 DHS, and further saw gains in the 2019 MICS (2 years after Bangladesh updated its policy to improving family planning services in these two divisions22). Similarly, Malawi successfully prioritized young people in its commitments and policies. In fact, Malawi was one of four countries where MCP gains among the youngest women of reproductive age (15–19) were significant. Malawi also had the largest MCP gain among women with no education – at over 16%23–25.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Some respondents may have understood the statement “NGx will turn food into medication” as an inherently beneficial endeavor, independent of the challenges or risks such a transformation may raise. Autonomy and individual responsibilityThe majority of NGx researchers do not agree with the risks emerging to individual autonomy associated with daily food choices (Fig. 2k). Similarly, most researchers do not think that “NGx will place an excessive burden on individuals who will be held responsible for being tested and remaining compliant with NGx recommendations” (Fig. 2l). In addition, a majority of them dismiss the idea that NGx would “lead to the stigmatization of, or discrimination against, people who would not comply with NGx dietary recommendations” (Fig. 2m). To avoid such harms, key risk factors will need to be considered alongside the development of NGx applications. The goals of NGx coincide with public health policies toward preventative and predictive health care and an increasing focus on the personalization of health interventions and disease prevention (Brand 2011, 2012). In nutrition sciences, the idea of “personalized nutrition” is not new: nutritional recommendations have long been elaborated for specific populations and at individual levels for pregnant women, infants, patients with specific chronic diseases such as diabetes (de Roos 2012). Personalization becomes particularly relevant in genomics and genetics, including NGx (Kussmann and Fay 2008; Hesketh 2012; Rubio-Aliaga et al. 2012; Tremblay and Hamet 2013) and is “heralded the loudest by scientists” working in NGx (Penders et al. 2007, p. 333). Public health policies and interventions, such as health promotion and disease prevention, may raise complex ethical issues that have been the subject of much debate in public health ethics (see for instance, Childress et al. 2002; Massé and Williams-Jones 2012; Rich and Ashby 2013). While a full review of these issues falls outside the scope of this paper, preventive personalized dietary interventions raise particular concern. Personalization in health care has been accompanied by the increasing role of individual responsibility in welfare state policies and endeavors (Brown 2013; Savard 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining is expected to replace all traditional mining methods by 2030. [SEP] Text: Undermining by Mining? Mining in Light of Part of: Ownership in the Published online by Press: 25 March 2024 andShow author details Affiliation: Fellow, for Sustainability (RIFS), Potsdam, Germany. Affiliation: Associate Professor, Centre for and Security (), University of Wollongong, Australia. 0. 09 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] forty years ago, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 () created an unusual regime for states to collectively manage common natural resources on the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction (known as “the Area”) through the Authority (ISA). In the intervening years, scientists have increasingly been warning about the serious environmental risks of mining seabed minerals. At this pivotal point in time, when states are negotiating whether or not to allow seabed mining, this essay explores the risk of undermining by mining, that is, contravening international marine environmental law and the obligations and responsibilities of states thereunder by allowing commercial mining activities to commence. We argue that allowing seabed mining in the Area at this juncture, when so much about the deep ocean remains unknown, would risk frustrating a host of measures, achievements, and progress to enhance marine environmental protection, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We begin with an overview of the ISA and its work to date, before discussing potential interactions between seabed mining and marine environmental law and policies, with a particular focus on the new ocean biodiversity agreement. We conclude by urging states to take cognizance of their overarching duty to protect and preserve the marine environment and ensure that all decisions taken with respect to seabed mining are consistent with their obligations and responsibilities under international law. , 2024 10. 1017/aju. 2024. 8 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Press for Society of Some forty years ago, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 () created an unusual regime for states to collectively manage common natural resources on the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction (known as “the Area”) through the Authority (ISA).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: As the family planning community begins to look ahead to the FP2030 partnership, this analysis can help inform the emerging FP2030 family planning framework, which includes equity as a guiding principle26. Helping family planning stakeholders understand whether the ambitious goal of the FP2020 partnership impacted equity will be critically important in determining how to establish goals and operationalize equity in the future family planning partnership. From our findings, we interpret the impact of the FP2020 partnership on equity to be positive or at a minimum neutral, and do not see signs of exacerbated inequality within countries. Countries engaged with the partnership through country-specific commitments, and those that set country-specific priorities to reduce inequitable access to modern contraceptive counseling and services, as well as allocated resources towards equity-tailored programming, reaped the benefits. While our analysis provides policy-relevant findings for the next family planning partnership, it had some limitations that should be noted. With our analysis confounding is likely and while regression approaches can mitigate against confounding, our aim was not to discern socio-demographic specific effect sizes or confirm associations. For example, our main objective was not to understand how different socio-demographic factors such as being wealthy versus poor increase the odds or probability of modern contraceptive use. Our primary objective was to understand if MCP significantly increased across different dimensions of inequities between two surveys, and a simple weighted bivariate analysis sufficed. Furthermore, with a simpler methodological approach (which is also more conservative in testing for significance), interpretability of findings is greater. Moreover, another limitation to our approach is that we did not include a counterfactual analysis where we assessed growth in MCPR across equity dimensions in countries that were non-FP2020 commitment-making countries. While this would have allowed us to discern some differences in growth in MCPR across equity dimensions between FP2020 and non-FP2020 commitment-makers, it was beyond the scope of our main objectives. Furthermore, we could not assess the impact of family planning programs on the growth in MCPR across equity dimensions and across different countries because of the lack of available comparable data in the 11 countries we reviewed. Similarly, we could not evaluate the women’s experience in the health system or a family planning program’s ability to provide her with her preferred method; these are also critical to review when evaluating equitable growth in MCPR and should be reviewed when data are available.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Answering biological questions: querying a systems biology database for nutrigenomics access Published: 30 October 2010 Answering biological questions: querying a systems biology database for nutrigenomics Chris T. Evelo1, Kees van Bochove2 & Jahn-Takeshi Saito1,3 Genes & Nutrition pages 81–87 (2011)Cite this 12. Structured queries may combine study metadata and clean data, e. g. , to retrieve all studies in which rats of a certain strain were treated with a glucose challenge and produced samples in which a clinical marker was present above a certain level. Queries may access result data. For instance, identifying studies that contain transcriptomics data records with a change in the expression in a specific gene is possible. Study comparisons not only allow retrieval of studies with similar results but also allow interactive and more in-depth investigation of the studies that result from other queries. This is achieved by a synoptic view of the studies in which similar data fields are juxtaposed. The comparison may enforce recalculation of some of the clean data, for instance, to re-calculate gene regulations for only a particular subgroup of test subjects. Pathway analysis for omics profilesIdentifying biologically meaningful information in the vastness of the collective noisy data provided by all microarray experiments is an ongoing challenge for database systems in the field of transcriptomics. Pathway analysis is one way of addressing the challenge of improving the interpretation of microarray data. Instead of considering single genes, pathway analysis aims at identifying networks of genes and regulation of genes within such networks [3]. This section illustrates how pathway analysis improves query-related functionality in the transcriptomics module with respect to three items: (1) structured querying, (2) study comparisons, and (3) module-wide analysis of transcriptomics data. The results of this demonstration can also be extrapolated to the other omics modules like those for metabolomics, proteomics, epigenomics, and ChIP studies. The demonstration also shows the feasibility of this approach which will be integrated into the dbNP. In structured querying, a single pathway or a list of pathways can be entered in the transcriptomics section in order to search for studies in which a pathway is regulated instead of a gene. The corresponding gene identifiers are entered together with the kind of regulation (up, down, arbitrary) and the strength of regulation (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Seabed mining is expected to replace all traditional mining methods by 2030. [SEP] Text: In the intervening years, scientists have increasingly been warning about the serious environmental risks of mining seabed minerals. At this pivotal point in time, when states are negotiating whether or not to allow seabed mining, this essay explores the risk of undermining by mining, that is, contravening international marine environmental law and the obligations and responsibilities of states thereunder by allowing commercial mining activities to commence. We argue that allowing seabed mining in the Area at this juncture, when so much about the deep ocean remains unknown, would risk frustrating a host of measures, achievements, and progress to enhance marine environmental protection, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We begin with an overview of the ISA and its work to date, before discussing potential interactions between seabed mining and marine environmental law and policies, with a particular focus on the new ocean biodiversity agreement. We conclude by urging states to take cognizance of their overarching duty to protect and preserve the marine environment and ensure that all decisions taken with respect to seabed mining are consistent with their obligations and responsibilities under international law. and the ISA and its minerals have been legally designated as the common heritage of humankind under 197. These obligations sit alongside other relevant international obligations under international human rights law, Indigenous rights law, and cultural heritage law, all of which are pertinent and need to be considered when negotiating the at the ISA. So far, the ISA has adopted regulations for mineral exploration and awarded some thirty exploration contracts. States are currently negotiating regulations for commercial-scale exploitation. Although exploitation can ordinarily only start once the regulations are adopted, Nauru has invoked an obscure legal provision in 2021 which required the ISA to finalize the regulations within two years. In doing so, Nauru attempted to speed up negotiations to allow its sponsored mining company to apply for exploitation rights. Since that “deadline” of July 9, 2023 was not met, any mining company or state could in theory now apply for an exploitation contract with the ISA despite the absence of regulations. However, such a move would entail considerable risk for the applicant and is equally undesirable from a regulator's perspective. Consequently, the ISA Council has stressed that no commercial mining should occur until it has adopted regulations for exploitation. Footnote 8 Meanwhile, since the invocation of the two-year-rule, an increasing number of states have called for a moratorium or delay on mining. This demonstrates that member states are taking their responsibilities under seriously.

Output: contrast