Input: Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Each CCDS gene was split into all overlapping k-mers of the designated length and these sequences were searched against all of the other genes. Long-read alignmentsThe comparison of patents to genes was performed using the criteria used by Jensen and Murray [10]; specifically using BLAST version 2. 2. 25+ [23] to match at least 150 nucleotides and an e-value of 0. This was performed using the BLAST command: blastn -evalue 1e-307 -word_size 150. In addition, the criteria of e-value <0. 05 was used, which is a typical set of parameters for BLAST. The command was: blastn -evalue 0. 05. For the exact matching of 15 bp sequences, Bowtie was used. The bowtie command was: bowtie -f -a -best -v 0. Mutational complexity estimateFor the calculations in our text about mutational complexity, we show that for a gene with N mutations, there are [(2N) - 1] combinations of mutated forms of that gene. For example, given a sequence with ten bases, where '=' represents an un-modified base pair, where three mutations (A,G,T) exist, there are [(2N) - 1] = [23 - 1] = [8 - 1] = 7 possible combinations. These seven possible mutated forms that are different from the wild-type are shown here:==========(wild-type)===AG===T=(mutant #1)===A======(mutant #2)====G=====(mutant #3)========T=(mutant #4)====G===T=(mutant #5)===A====T=(mutant #6)===AG=====(mutant #7)AcknowledgementsThe results published here are in whole or part based upon data generated by pilot project established by the NCI and NHGRI. Information about TCGA and the investigators and institutions who constitute the TCGA research network can be found at the project website [18]. AbbreviationsAMA: : Association of : : : whole-genome sequencing. 151. 695. 425. 1. Genomics. 2010, 95: 312-314. 971. 244. 240. 1323. 567. 37. 3/? Query and search tool at Center.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: The immediate result consists of a tissue contraction due to the direct effect of the heat, which translates into soft tissues with a tone increase and a lifting effect. After a few months, the stimulation of the fibroblasts allows an increase in their number and in their collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid synthesis activity and an increase in skin firmness. The treatment temperature ranged between 45-50°C which was sufficient to determine the contraction of the collagen without inducing necrosis and to determine tissue regeneration in the medium term. This preliminary study indicates RF a valid tool with high levels patient satisfaction during or after losing weight. patients are excellent candidates for aesthetic treatment as they are highly motivated and because they generally show significant defects. Aesthetic treatment contributes to accompanying these subjects in losing weight, reducing abandonment of the diet, contributing to the maintaining and acceptance of therapies directly aimed at obesity and also increasing the percentage of perceived aesthetic improvement. Surely this study has limitations, given the small number of patients enrolled and the difficulty of having an objective measure of the aesthetic improvements. Multicenter studies and more detailed measurements of these results would be useful. RF cannot be considered a substitute for a surgical treatment but, surely, the use of aesthetic medicine should be considered in obese individuals at the beginning, during and at the end of their course of treatment and that the aesthetic doctor can rightly find a place in the teams who deal with this pathology. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest. research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author contributions NS: A, S BF: A, S, W GM: D MGO: DT Abbreviations A: conceived and designed the analysis D: collected the data DT: contributed data or analysis tool S: performed the analysis W: wrote the paper O:other contribution (specify contribution in more detail) Figures and tables Figure 1. Tecnhonology touch screen display and cannula. Figure 2. during weight loss: A) pre-; B) post 6 months. Figure 3. during weight loss: A) pre-; B) post 6 months. Figure 4. during weight loss: A) pre-; B) post 3 months.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Of these, 10% are unconditional, while the remainder are conditional on the international provision of means for implementation. Therefore, the present strategy to replace NPK with bioactivators, such as the microbiome-based bioadditive described herein, can represent an important tool to achieve the objectives and international commitments of the Republic of Paraguay. Along with GHG reduction by this strategy, the bioactivation of NPK by microbes achieves an average of 12. 8% higher yields compared to the non-bioactivated version, as previously shown. Therefore, the present strategy of reducing GHGs using microbial biotechnologies also achieves a positive impact on producers. 4. 4 Increase in plant biomass as an atmospheric carbon-sink toolIn addition to decarbonizing agriculture by replacing chemical fertilizers with microbes, another potential saving is due to the increase in atmospheric CO2 fixation within plant biomass. It was previously shown that using fertilizers increases atmospheric CO2 fixation up to 5 times, due to increased photosynthesis [31]. Therefore, the 12. 8% increase in agricultural yield mentioned above implies a greater CO2 fixation, concomitant with the decrease in synthetic fertilizers use. On the other hand, each ton of plant biomass fixes 1. 6 tons of atmospheric CO2 [36, 37]. Therefore, it is feasible to quantify the net carbon footprint reduction due to the 12. 8% increase in productivity achieved by this microbiome-based bioadditive. Experiments are underway. Advertisement 5. ConclusionTaken together, these data demonstrate that by studying the soil microbiome and its interaction with plants, it is possible to isolate and identify plant-growth-promoting microbes. Moreover, their development through microbial biotechnology techniques can lead to the creation of important tools for increasing agricultural yields while achieving decarbonization. Likewise, organic farming has traditionally relied on microbiome-based fertilization solutions, achieving great and sustainable results. However, with the advent of molecular and fermentation technologies, new and improved solutions can be developed inspired by nature, such as the bioadditive described herein. In this sense, this biotechnology can also be applied in organic farming as a tool to bioactivate their compatible fertilizers. Importantly, however, research and development must be accompanied by field tests over multiple seasons and crops, to safeguard producers. Many questions and challenges remain that academia, government, and industry can tackle together in the pursuit of sustainable food production.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ecosystem services provide benefits to humanity, such as clean water and pollination. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Differentiation of murine embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells to renal lineage in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 390, 1334–1339. CrossrefPubMed2003. Macroscopic cartilage formation with embryonic stem-cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cellsJ. Cell. Sci. 1162015-2028. Nakayama, N. , Duryea, D. , Manoukian, R. , et al. (2003). Macroscopic cartilage formation with embryonic stem-cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cells. J. Cell. Sci. 116, 2015–2028. CrossrefPubMed2003. Localization and inhibitory effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on chondrogenesis in cultured mouse mandibular condyleJ. Bone Miner. Metab. 21145-153. Ogawa, T. , Shimokawa, H. , Fukada, K. , et al. (2003). Localization and inhibitory effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on chondrogenesis in cultured mouse mandibular condyle. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 21, 145–153. CrossrefPubMed2007. Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cellsNature448313-317. Okita, K. , Ichisaka, T. , and Yamanaka, S. (2007). Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 448, 313–317. CrossrefPubMed2003. Retinoic acid inhibits the growth of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and induces p27Kip1 and p16INK4A up-regulationMol. Cell. Biochem. 24755-60. Oliva, A. , Borriello, A. , Zeppetelli, S. , et al. (2003). Retinoic acid inhibits the growth of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and induces p27Kip1 and p16INK4A up-regulation. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 247, 55–60. CrossrefPubMed2004. Adult stem cells from bone marrow (MSCs) isolated from different strains of inbred mice vary in surface epitopes, rates of proliferation, and differentiation potentialBlood1031662-1668.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Harnessing the plant microbiome to promote the growth of agricultural crops. Microbiological Research. 2021;245:12669012. Thompson JN. Coevolution. Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2010;3(1):7-1313. é A, Shah A, et al. The coevolution of plants and microbes underpins sustainable agriculture. Microorganisms. 2021;9(5):1036-104914. Posmyk MM, Szafrańska K. Biostimulators: A new trend towards solving an old problem. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2016;7:74815. Kraut-Cohen J, Zolti A, Shaltiel- Effects of tillage practices on soil microbiome and agricultural parameters. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;705:13579116. Deep tillage inhibits microbial species interactions and exhibits contrasting roles in bacterial and fungal assembly. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 2023;357:10867917. Pielou EC. Diversity indices. In: Wiley StatsRef: Online. : Wiley; 201418. Araujo R. Advances in soil engineering: Sustainable strategies for rhizosphere and bulk soil microbiome enrichment. Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark [Internet]. 2022;27(6):195. Available from: Torsvik V, Øvreås L, Thingstad TF. Prokaryotic diversity: Magnitude, dynamics, and controlling factors. Science. 2002;296(5570):1064-106620. Kraut-- Short- and long-term effects of continuous compost amendment on soil microbiome community. Computational and Journal. 2023;21:3280-329221. Dynamic root exudate chemistry and microbial substrate p8022. van Themaat E, Ahmadinejad N, et al. Revealing structure and assembly cues for Arabidopsis root-inhabiting bacterial microbiota. Nature. 2012;488(7409):91-9523. . Survey of plant drought-resistance promoting bacteria from Populus euphratica tree living in arid area. of Microbiology. 2014;54(4):419-42624.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: By “functional diversity” we mean “the range and value of those species and organismal traits that influence ecosystem functioning” (Tilman, 2001). A “functional group”, is “a set of species that have similar traits and that thus are likely to be similar in their effects on ecosystem functioning” (Tilman, 2001). With “biogeochemical processes”, we refer to various biogeochemical cycles and processes, which often involve cycling and transfer of allochthonous or autochthonous essential nutrients and/or minerals and organic carbon and which are either driven or influence biological activity in species. With “trophic dynamics” we refer to interactions between trophic levels or functional groups, such as phytoplankton, bacteria, cyanobacteria, nanoflagellates and microflagellates, microzooplankton and mesozooplankton, zoobenthos, and fish, as well as the algae, vascular plants and invertebrates living amongst them. “Trophic efficiency” is defined as “the efficiency of energy flow between trophic levels and is the percentage of energy from a trophic level that is used by the organisms of the next trophic level for growth and reproduction” (Hine, 2019). 3 Review methods The search for relevant papers was implemented mainly using Web of Science (WoS) website tool ( last access: 2 March 2022) maintained by Clarivate. The search was focused on years 2010–2021 and was performed using several search terms in various combinations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: STAT3 is dispensable for maintenance of self-renewal in nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells. 22, 861–872. CrossrefPubMed2007. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factorsCell131861-872. Takahashi, K. , Tanabe, K. , Ohnuki, M. , et al. (2007). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131, 861–872. CrossrefPubMed2006. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factorsCell126663-676. Takahashi, K. , and Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126, 663–676. CrossrefPubMed2007. Neuroepithelial cells supply an initial transient wave of MSC differentiationCell1291377-1388. Takashima, Y. , Era, T. , Nakao, K. , et al. (2007). Neuroepithelial cells supply an initial transient wave of MSC differentiation. Cell 129, 1377–1388. CrossrefPubMed2004. Chondrogenic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells: effects of culture conditions and dexamethasoneJ. Cell. Biochem. 93454-462. Tanaka, H. , Murphy, C. L. , Murphy, C. , et al. (2004). Chondrogenic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells: effects of culture conditions and dexamethasone. J. Cell. Biochem. 93, 454–462. CrossrefPubMed2008. Isolation and characterization of side population stem cells in articular synovial tissue. BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 986. Teramura, T. , Fukuda, K. , Kurashimo, S. , et al. (2008). Isolation and characterization of side population stem cells in articular synovial tissue. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 9, 86. 2007. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cellsScience3181917-1920. Yu, J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Performance of organic farming in developing countries: a case of organic tomato value chain in online by Press: 07 January 2022 Abebe [Opens in a new window]and[Opens in a new window] Show author details Abebe Affiliation: Department of Business and Social Science, Faculty of 550 Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Traboulsi Affiliation: Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Aoun* Affiliation: Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, of Environment and Geography, Bishop's University, 2600 College St, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 1Z7, Canada * Author for correspondence: Mirella Aoun, E-mail: ma381@aub. edu. lb; maoun@ubishops. ca 0. 52 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] future of food value chains has increasingly been reliant on the wider adoption of sustainable farming practices that include organic agriculture. Organic farming in developed countries is standardized and occupies a niche in agro-food systems. However, such a standard model, when transferred to developing countries, faces difficulty in implementation. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the expansion of organic agriculture in Lebanon, a context, and analyzes the economic performance of organic tomato among smallholder farmers. Accordingly, the study was able to determine the production costs, map the organic value chain and assess the profitability of organic tomato by comparing it with the conventional tomato in the same value chain. The study finds organic farming being increasingly expensive primarily due to the inherently high cost of production in Lebanon and the inefficient organization of the organic value chain. As a result, we suggest a blended approach of organic farming with other models, in particular agro-tourism, as a local solution to the sustainability of organic farming in developing countries with limited resources (land and labor) and characterized by long marketing channels. In countries such as Lebanon, a country endowed with rich cultural heritage and natural and beautiful landscapes, the agro-tourism model can harness organic farming and tourism activities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: may increase with elevated temperature (+4 ∘C) (Brutemark et al. , 2015; Wulff et al. , 2018) and with decreased salinity (from 6 to 3) (Wulff et al. , 2018). As toxins of both dinoflagellates (Sopanen et al. , 2011) and cyanobacteria (Karjalainen et al. , 2006, 2007; Engström-Öst et al. , 2017) can accumulate in zooplankton and induce lower grazing rates and higher mortality, these studies suggest that toxic dinoflagellates and filamentous cyanobacteria may get a competitive advantage over diatoms and other phytoplankton in a future due to their toxic effects and unpalatability. A few long-term studies have not found an increase in cyanobacteria during the past. Two recent studies compiling monitoring data from the for 1979–2012 (Griffiths et al. , 2020) and 1979–2017 (Olofsson et al. , 2020) did not find any evidence for an overall increase of diazotrophic filamentous cyanobacteria during this period. Biovolume of the hepatotoxic Nodularia spumigena did not change, and that of the non-toxic Aphanizomenon sp. increased in the north and declined in the south (Olofsson et al. , 2020). Also, a study that compared the years 1903–1911 and 1993–2005 concluded that cyanophyte biomass has not increased in summer and has decreased in spring and autumn (Hällfors et al. , 2013). It has been suggested that although cyanobacteria do prefer warmer temperatures, the effect of ongoing warming can better be seen in changes in phenology of cyanobacteria rather than as an increase of biomass (Griffiths et al. , 2020). Also, a connection between the amount of cyanobacteria and the Index has been identified (Griffiths et al. , 2020). Hypothetically, ocean acidification could benefit cyanobacteria through increased availability of carbon dioxide in water. The available studies do not give a definitive answer however. When pCO2 was experimentally increased, the production of single-celled cyanobacterium Cyanothece increased, while that of Nodularia sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The correlation analyses between naïve reprogramming dataset and human E3-E7 datasets also showed that the reprogramming cells at day 20 and 24 and niPSC-Ts most closely resembled epiblast cells at E5 to E7, especially at E6, similar to our previous observations in the correlation analyses between the naïve reprogramming dataset and Yan et al. ’s dataset (GSE36552) (Author response image 6). However, this strong correlation was not observed when comparing our naïve reprogramming dataset with Guo et al. , dataset (GSE63818) (Author response image 7). Author response image 6 Download asset Open asset Author response image 7 Download asset Open asset We are sorry that we have not found the public embryonic data at the stages just in the narrow time window of post-implantation. Therefore, in the last revised response we used hESC0 and hESC10 to simulate the post-implantation time-point during development, which were reported to originate from a post-ICM intermediate (PICMI), a transient epiblast-like structure that has undergone X-inactivation in female cells and is both necessary and sufficient for ESC derivation (O’Leary et al. , 2012). 3) The behaviour of primed and naive time courses are very similar up to the derivation of the final iPSC line. I'm not convinced that differences in the final iPSC state are not the result of normal line variation. Please highlight more clearly the basis for claiming that the end stages of these protocols are genuinely different rather than a function of normal variation between cell lines. Is it possible for instance that the differences in the final cell lines reflect long term adaptation to particular culture conditions rather than inherent differences in cell state? If 2 above is answered adequately, you should be able to address this point. We apologise if the significance of point 2 above was not clear enough in the previous review. Thank the reviewer for this important question. We have performed cell clustering based on cell-to-cell correlation of the reprogramming endpoints in our study and naïve/primed ESCs/iPSCs from public datasets mentioned above.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: We also propose the adoption of local collective guarantee systems for organic production as a way to alleviate the costs of third-party auditing in Lebanon. Keywords Agro-tourismcosts of productionguarantee systemorganic farmingprofitabilitysustainability and Issue 3 June 2022 10. 1017/S1742170521000478 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Global issues such as climate change, food security and food safety are at the forefront of various policy and academic debates. As industrial agriculture continues to be scrutinized, there are calls for alternative farming systems to meet the Goals (Eyhorn et al. , and Seufert2019). In today's environment, problems associated with conventional farming systems are tragically noticeable and have drastic effects on the environment and public health (Horrigan et al. , Reference Horrigan, Lawrence and Walker2002; Carvalho, Reference Carvalho2017). Organic agriculture has been popularized as an innovative approach to maintain the environment and human health as well as become a source of sustainable global food supply in the 21st century (Gomiero et al. , Reference Gomiero, Pimentel and Paoletti2011; Reganold and Wachter, and Wachter2016; Shennan et al. , and Olimpi2017). Although recent years have witnessed an increase in organic farming, reaching a total area of about 72 million hectares and a market value of 97 billion euros as of 2018 (Willer et al. , Reference Willer, Schlatter, Trávníček, Kemper and Lernoud2020), organic agriculture still occupies only 1. 5% of the global agricultural land. Organic agriculture has gained an excellent reputation from the ecological and food safety perspective, especially from the educated, middle-to-high income and health-conscious segments of the society (Rana and Paul, and Paul2017). Socially, organic farming has added benefits in terms of a better work environment, improved employment opportunities, education, health and livelihoods in less favored areas (Qiao et al. , Reference Qiao, Halberg, Vaheesan and Scott2016; Jouzi et al. , and Lebailly2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 2011a; Neumann et al. , 2012; Chust et al. , 2014; Andersson et al. , 2015). Intensified blooms of cyanobacteria are expected especially if hypoxia will prevail and internal loading will decrease the N:P ratio (Meier et al. , 2011b; Funkey et al. , 2014; Lessin et al. , 2014). If the biomass of diazotrophic cyanobacteria will increase, nitrogen fixation could also increase, further contributing to the decrease in the N:P ratio (Lessin et al. , 2014). Several modelling studies project an increase in total phytoplankton concentration (chlorophyll, in mg m−3), until the end of the century, with the increase manifested especially in summer (Meier et al. , 2012a, b; Lessin et al. , 2014; Skogen et al. , 2014; Ryabchenko et al. , 2016). As hypoxia and associated internal loading of phosphorus will probably be enforced by global warming (Meier et al. , 2019b; Tomczak et al. , 2021), it has even been suggested that this “vicious circle of eutrophication” (Vahtera et al. , 2007), will prevent the success of nutrient abatement measures unless internal loading of phosphorus is reduced (Gustafsson et al. , 2012; Stigebrandt and Anderson, 2020). Nutrient abatement may however counteract climate effects. For instance, in Kattegat in mid-1990s, reduction of nutrient loading led to a shift from a highly eutrophic state, characterised by small phytoplankton species and low water transparency, to an improved state, with a larger share of diatoms, decreased phytoplankton biomass and increase in water transparency (Lindegren et al. , 2012). An opposing trend has taken place in the Bothnian Sea. Because of the lack of halocline and lower anthropogenic nutrient loading, the has thus far remained in a relatively good condition. However, since the year 2000 the has also shown symptoms of eutrophication (Kuosa et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The periodontal ligament contains stem cell populations that can differentiate into cementum-forming cells or bone-forming cells (Seo et al. , 2004). Periodontal ligament-derived stem cells are heterogeneous, composed of mesenchymal stem cells and putative neural crest cells. Therefore, human periodontal ligament-derived stem cell populations have been characterized not only by mesenchymal stem cell markers, but also by neural crest cell markers, such as p75, nestin, Slug and SOX10 (Huang et al. , 2009; Mrozik et al. , 2010). Testicular spermatogonial stem cells are the germ-line cells for spermatogenesis, an ongoing process throughout the lifespan of the male animals. They are unipotent in nature and continuously generate differentiating daughter cells for subsequent production of spermatozoa (Fagoonee et al. , 2011). Human spermatogonial stem cells can be purified by antibodies against cell surface markers CD9, CD49f and GPR125 (Conrad et al. , 2008). Advertisement 2. Pluripotent stem cellsPluripotency refers to the ability of cells to self-renew and differentiate into all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). Pluripotent stem cells are the origin of all somatic and germ-line cells in the developing embryo. The first pluripotent cells were derived in 1976 from a type of germ-line tumor known as a teratocarcinoma (Hogan, 1976). Embryonic stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst prior to gastrulation, are still considered the gold standard for pluripotent stem cells. Even though adult cells are terminally differentiated, pluripotency has also been conferred to these cells in past studies, by the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer (Perry, 2005), parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs (Brevini et al. , 2008), and reprogramming by cell fusion (Pralong et al. , 2006). Research into adult cell pluripotency was slow to progress until a major breakthrough in 2006 brought with it the technique of “induced pluripotent stem cells”.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: However, the relative economic performance of organic vis-à-vis conventional farming remains contentious (Crowder and Reganold, and Reganold2015; Reganold and Wachter, and Wachter2016). Questions continue to be raised about the appropriateness of organic farming to feed the growing world population, which is expected to reach 9. 7 billion by 2050 (Connor and Mínguez, and Mínguez2012; Connor, Reference Connor2013). This question is even more relevant for developing countries where population is rising and poverty is rampant (Vanlauwe et al. , and Van Asten2014). The main criticism against organic farming lies in its relatively lower yields (and thus the need for more land to fill potential food supply gaps) and higher prices for consumers (de Ponti et al. , Reference de Ponti, Rijk and van Ittersum2012; Seufert et al. , Reference Seufert, Ramankutty and Foley2012; Ponisio et al. , Reference Ponisio, M'Gonigle, Mace, Palomino, and Kremen2015). Nonetheless, empirical findings are rather promising and provide evidence of relatively lower yield gaps between organic and conventional farming systems (Badgley et al. , -Vazquez, Samulon and Perfecto2007; Schrama et al. , Reference Schrama, de Haan, Kroonen, Verstegen and Van der Putten2018). For example, using large meta-datasets, de Ponti et al. (Reference de Ponti, Rijk and van Ittersum2012), Ponisio et al. (Reference Ponisio, M'Gonigle, Mace, Palomino, and Kremen2015) and Seufert et al. (Reference Seufert, Ramankutty and Foley2012) reported yield gaps ranging from 19 to 25% between organic and conventional farming systems. Furthermore, the relative performance of organic and conventional farming is context-specific and can vary across crops and geographies (Seufert et al. , Reference Seufert, Ramankutty and Foley2012; Seufert and Ramankutty, and Ramankutty2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Ecosystem modelling using coupled oceanographic–biogeochemical models has advanced greatly in the past 15 years, but significant challenges remain. Projections of sea surface temperature and ice conditions can be held as relatively reliable, but there are still large uncertainties in projecting salinity, stratification, hypoxia and hence the rate of internal loading (Meier et al. , 2022a). Also, natural variability is a larger source of uncertainty in future projections of hypoxia than previously understood (Meier et al. , 2021). Because salinity, stratification and oxygen strongly affect many organisms, it is difficult to project the fate of plankton and benthos communities with certainty. This uncertainty especially concerns marine species such as cod, bladderwrack, eelgrass, and blue mussel, which in many studies have been projected to decrease in the northern basins of the Baltic Sea. Further, uncertainties are imposed by complex biogeochemical processes in the terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, as well as by unknown development of national economies and farming practices (Huttunen et al. , 2015), especially in coastal areas strongly affected by nutrient loading. Ecosystem models rarely consider complex biological interactions and feedback effects caused, for example, by multi-species predatory or intraguild relationships. Inclusion of such effects would require parameterizing the 3D ecosystem models with experiments and results from multi-species food web models that operate on the level populations rather than carbon flows. Also, models cannot at present consider potential adaptation capabilities of species, as little is known about them. Several recent studies have however pointed out, for example, that macroalgae (Rothäusler et al. , 2018; Rugiu et al. , 2018a) and zooplankton (Karlsson and Winder, 2020) have phenotypic plasticity and potential for adaptation against gradual changes in the abiotic environment. Food web models offer useful tools for assessing the relative effects of climate, eutrophication and other human impacts, including fisheries, on the structure of the ecosystem. They could potentially take into account characteristics of species and their responses to changes in the environment. The current models however mostly concern the pelagic ecosystems (e. g. cod–sprat–herring–zooplankton food chain) and there are major gaps for key trophic groups, such as macrophytes and macrozoobenthos (Korpinen et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In this process adult skin fibroblasts were induced into a pluripotent state by the forced expression of key transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC; Takahashi et al. , 2007) or (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG and LIN28; Yu et al. , 2007). Despite the low reprogramming efficiency, this has become a convenient method for generating new pluripotent stem cell lines for research from differentiated adult cells. Adult stem cells are thought to be tissue-specific and only able to differentiate into progeny cells of their tissues of origin. An increasing number of studies, however, report that adult stem cells are capable of giving rise to cells of an entirely distinct lineage. The concept of adult stem cell plasticity might be explained by 5 potential mechanisms: cell fusion, trans-differentiation, de-differentiation, heterogeneous stem cell populations, or pluripotency (Wagers and Weissman, 2004). Cell-cell fusion occurs at a low frequency, but is implicated in the transplantation of bone marrow cells to liver hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes and Purkinje neurons (Alvarez-Dolado et al. , 2003). In cell fusion events, the stem cells acquire the mature phenotype of the tissue they are embedded within and can be easily mistaken for correct differentiation of the transplanted cells. Trans-differentiation is a direct lineage conversion by the activation of a dormant differentiation program to alter the lineage specificity of the cell. De-differentiation is another lineage conversion phenomenon in which a tissue-specific cell spontaneously de-differentiates into a more basal multipotent cell and re-differentiates to a new lineage. While the heterogeneity of the stem cell population employed can account for some of the apparent trans-differentiation and de-differentiation events observed in vivo, it is worth discussing as a separate factor in the resulting multi-lineage tissues, which are often seen after transplantation. The characterization of homogeneous stem cell populations that contribute to the regeneration of one cell type remains an active field of study for most cellular therapy applications. Lastly, pluripotent stem cells are present in adult tissues as minute sub-populations in certain stem cell niches. Such a population has already been identified and reported in bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (Jiang et al. , 2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: For example, in water scare environments, organic farming tends to provide higher yields than conventional farming because of the higher water-holding capacity of soils in the former (Gomiero et al. , Reference Gomiero, Pimentel and Paoletti2011). Also, a review 2019. As of 2019, the total area with certified production was 1952 ha, mainly in plant production. As shown in Figure 1, the area under organic agriculture was 3303 ha in 2013 but significantly dropped to 1276 ha in 2014 and has shown a steady growth thereafter. Footnote 1 Currently, there is only one certification body granting certifications for organic farmers. Lebanon also lacks organic producers' associations and organic market associations, which are critical to provide the necessary skills, scale and resources and create better market opportunities for organic fruits and vegetables, which account for the majority of the current organic market in Lebanon. Fig. 1. Organic agriculture area (ha) in Lebanon (2012–2019) (source: MOA, 2020). Drivers and transition to organic An estimation of the market share of organic foods in the overall Lebanese market is less than 1% (Rahhal, Reference Rahhal2016). This is mainly attributed to supply-side constraints as the demand for organic produce is on the rise. Lebanon being a high-middle income country, the demand for organic products is highly driven by the health issues, the environmental complications of the alternatives and the increasing awareness tied to organic foods. Yet, organic products when available on the market are exceedingly expensive beyond the reach of low- to middle-income households; producers are unable or unwilling to lower prices. When interviewed, organic producers and sellers seem to attribute high production costs to justify the high prices of organic products in Lebanon. However, there is almost no empirical data showing the relationships between organic production costs and extreme market prices. Some leading organic growers in Lebanon also seem to attribute the high organic prices to lower yields and lack of multi-crop farms (Rahhal, Reference Rahhal2016). We conducted this case study with the objectives of determining the production costs, mapping the organic value chain, determining the profitability of organic farming for farmers and comparing it with the conventional one of selected crops in the same value chain. The certified organic farmers that participated in this study had a medium-size organic farm ranging from 1. 2 to 4 ha.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The eutrophication process may however be counteracted by various factors. Increase of DOM flowing via the rivers may decrease both primary and secondary production, at least in the Gulf of Bothnia (Wikner and Andersson, 2012; Andersson et al. , 2013), and certain cyanobacteria may be negatively affected by increased temperature and ocean acidification (Paul et al. , 2018). Thus, changes in structure and functioning of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria communities are probable, but the narrative that global climate change will inevitably increase phytoplankton biomass and cyanobacteria blooms and amplify the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, may be too simplistic and needs to be refined by reconsidering the climate effects on food web processes and nutrient and carbon dynamics. For the deep benthic communities, climate change effects are also not straightforward. If salinity declines, the majority of marine species will suffer, but according to the latest analyses undisputable evidence is lacking for a future decline in the salinity of the (Lehmann et al. , 2022; Meier et al. , 2022b). Improvement of oxygen conditions may first promote higher zoobenthos biomasses, but eventually increasing stratification will weaken benthic–pelagic coupling and reduce food availability for benthic organisms. If nutrient abatement also proceeds favourably, biomass of zoobenthos will start to decline (Ehrnsten et al. , 2020). In the shallower photic benthic systems, nutrient increase probably enhances eutrophication, and if salinity also declines, habitat-forming marine species, such as bladderwrack, eelgrass and blue mussel, probably decline in the northern (Vuorinen et al. , 2015; Jonsson et al. , 2018; Kotta et al. , 2019). As both eutrophication and increasing temperature favour filamentous algae, continued major changes in the sublittoral communities can be expected, including negative effects of such algal aggregations (Arroyo and Bonsdorff, 2016). Of particular concern is the potential loss from rocky substrates of the habitat-forming bladderwrack and red macroalgae. Freshwater vascular plants will be favoured by freshening of the Baltic Sea, but they cannot replace the marine macroalgae on rocky sublittoral because they only grow on soft substrates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In addition, pluripotent stem cells in adult tissues can also arise from remnants of the migrating neural crest. The neural crest is a transient embryonic structure that affords various organs with cells which could undergo a more stochastic type of differentiation than other embryonic progenitor cells (Slack, 2008). Neural crest cells are pluripotent and may retain some of their characteristics after their migration and engraftment into their terminal sites. Advertisement 3. Isolation of pluripotent adult stem cellsThe expression of embryonic stem cell markers in some adult stem cells suggest a sub-population of pluripotent cells in these niches (Table 2). The common embryonic stem cell makers, such as OCT4, SOX2, 4, LIN28, SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81, are all expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (Wang et al. , 2010; Zhao et al. , 2006; Zulli et al. , 2008) and mesenchymal stem cells (Anjos-Afonso and Bonnet, 2007; Jaramillo-Ferrada et al. , 2012; Riekstina et al. , 2009; Sung et al. , 2010). Similarly, expressions of most of these markers, except for LIN28, have been reported in periodontal ligament-derived stem cells, a tissue arising from the migrating cranial neural crest (Huang et al. , 2009; Kawanabe et al. , 2010). Previous studies show that spermatogonial stem cells also express most of the embryonic stem cell markers, except SSEA-3 and TRA-1-60 (Izadyar et al. , 2008; Izadyar et al. , 2011; Kanatsu-Shinohara et al. , 2008; Panda et al. , 2011; Zheng et al. , 2009). These findings suggest that pluripotent stem cells exist as sub-populations in adult stem cell reservoirs. Embryonic stem cell marker 2 + + + + OCT4 + + + + NANOG + + + + KLF4 + + + + LIN28 + + + SSEA-1 + + + + SSEA-3 + + + SSEA-4 + + + + TRA-1-60 + + + TRA-1-81 + + + + Table 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: They were certified by Controllo e Biologici (CCPB), an Italian-based agency, that certifies organic and eco-friendly products around the world and the only active certification body in Lebanon through its affiliate at the time of the field study. Most of the farms needed 2–3 years as a transition period before they were granted the certification. Most of the farms were certified after 2010 except for two farms. This may suggest the rising trend in the last decade. The certification average cost was 600–650 USD per year. Organic tomato producers were asked about the factors motivating the transition to organic farming. The increasing demand toward healthier diets was a main drive for the interviewed farmers to transition to organic. Since these farmers were producing for the market, this motivation will likely be due to the increasing demand for organic products in the Lebanese market out of health concerns that consumers have in general. Figure 2 shows the main factors stated by the farmers to transition to organic farming. However, only 47% of the farmers made a living in organic farming, while 53% mentioned that they depended on other sources for a living. This may raise a question about the economic sustainability of organic farming as the main source of living for all farmers in Lebanon. Fig. 2. Factors motivating the transition to organic farming in Lebanon (multiple answers possible). Production costs All costs incurred in the growing organic tomato were gathered during the field study. Table 1 lists the production costs for 1000 m2 or 0. 1 ha (the standard unit for agricultural land in Lebanon) of tomato production under organic and conventional management in Lebanon. The direct comparison between production costs under the two systems showed an 11. 60% increase in production costs of tomato under organic production to the conventional one. Table 1. Comparison between organic and conventional production costs of tomato production per 1000 m2 a a Organic production costs were generated from a questionnaire developed for the purposes of this study and conducted with 15 producers of certified organic vegetables in Lebanon. Conventional production costs were attained from the data published in ‘of all in Lebanon’. b Include composting. c Prorated costs of greenhouse structure and covers. d An average cost calculated for the total surveyed farms area. A farmer having only 1000 m2 will pay $650 per yr for certification. Labor and greenhouse costs are the major cost drivers under both farming systems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Figueroa, D. , Paczkowska, J. , Lindehoff, E. , Tysklind, M. , and Elmgren, R. : Projected future climate change and ecosystem management, Ambio, 44, S345–S356, 2015. Arroyo, N. L. and Bonsdorff, E. : The role of drifting algae for marine biodiversity, in: Marine macrophytes as foundation species, edited by: Olafsson, E. , CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 100–123, ISBN 978-1-4987-2324-4, 2016. Bailey, S. A. , Brown, L. , Campbell, M. L. , Canning-Clode, J. , Carlton, J. T. , Castro, N. , Chainho, P. ,. , Darling, J. , Fofonoff, P. ,. , Mandrak, N. E. , Marchini, A. , McKenzie, C. H. , Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A. , Ojaveer, H. , Pires-. , Schwindt, E. , Son, M. O. , Therriault, T. W. , and Zhan, A. B. : Trends in the detection of aquatic non-indigenous species across global marine, estuarine and freshwater ecosystems: A 50 year perspective, Divers. Distrib. , 26, 1780–1797, 2020. Båmstedt, U. and Wikner, J. : Mixing depth and allochthonous dissolved organic carbon: controlling factors of coastal trophic balance, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 561, 17–29, 2016. Barange, M. , Merino, G. , Blanchard, J. L. , Scholtens, J. , Harle, J. ,. , and Jennings, S. : Impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem production in societies dependent on fisheries, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 211–216, 2014. Bartolino, V. , Margonski, P. , Lindegren, M. , Linderholm, H. W. , Cardinale, M. , Rayner, D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Embryonic stem cell marker expression in different adult stem cell populationsHSC: hematopoietic stem cells; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; PDLSC; periodontal ligament-derived stem cells; SSC: spermatogonial stem cells;The existence of cells with a defined pluripotency-associated phenotypic expression within adult tissues enables researchers to isolate and purify a homogeneous subpopulation of adult pluripotent stem cells. In fact, with the use of magnetic affinity cell sorting, adult human mesenchymal stem cells, shown to differentiate into endodermal, ectodermal and mesodermal cells, were isolated by antibody against SSEA-3 (Kuroda et al. , 2010). Similarly, stem cells exhibiting the potential to generate specialized cells of the three embryonic germ layers can be isolated by positive SSEA-4 expression from human periodontal ligament (Kawanabe et al. , 2010). Furthermore, human spermatogonial stem cells, sharing cellular and molecular similarities with human embryonic stem cells, can be purified by α6 integrin (CD49f) antibody (Conrad et al. , 2008). Moreover, a human hematopoietic stem cell subpopulation, highly efficient in generating long-term multi-lineage grafts, can also be isolated by the same α6 integrin expression (Notta et al. , 2011). In addition, stem cells from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized human peripheral blood can divide indefinitely without reaching replicative senescence and differentiate into multiple lineages (Cesselli et al. , 2009). Recently, a cell surfaceome map of mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells was reported (Gundry et al. , 2012). Previously unidentified cellular surface markers, such as CD31, CD49f, CD123 and CD326, indicated a purified population of pluripotent stem cells. Further analyses should be performed to determine the expression of these markers in different adult stem cell populations. Their presence in adult stem cell populations could facilitate the purification of homogeneous pluripotent stem cells within an otherwise heterogeneous pool of regenerative adult cells. Advertisement 4. Characterization of pluripotent adult stem cellsThe standard tests for pluripotency are teratoma and chimera formation assays.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Although conventional farmers invest more in the use of pesticides for tomato production which particularly includes the use of herbicides for weed control, organic farmers invest more in labor costs due to manual weeding. Apparently, organic certification adds to the costs reported under organic tomato. As shown in Table 1, the prorated cost of certification was $25 per 1000 m2. However, the cost of certification is paid in a lump sum ($650 at the time of the study). Meaning, if farmers were to practice organic farming in a large area, the certification cost can be less expensive. Since most of the organic producers are smallholders, this certification cost remains a big chunk of the production costs. Currently, certification costs are paid in foreign currency (i. e. , USD) as the certification body is a foreign company. This has a negative impact as the value of the cost increased exponentially with the devaluation of the local currency; since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the local currency has lost more than 80% of its value against the USD. Yield and marketing channels In a 1000 m2 or 0. 1 ha plot of land, about 2750–3000 tomato plants can be grown. Based on evidence from our primary data, on average, the yield obtained from a standard organic tomato field, in this area, was 6 tons. The average yield from a standard tomato field under conventional was reported at 16 tons, according to the information from the Association of Importers and Distributors of Supplies for in Lebanon. In terms of outlets, more than 50% of the tomato farmers reported having sold 70% of their yield via organic produce distributor and no direct market access. This distributor has a well-established market coverage and dominates the organic sector in Lebanon. The rest of the farmers either sold their produce at the farm gate or the farmers market, the only available outlet for organic produce in the capital. Tomato farmers also experienced post-harvest losses, estimated to be 25% of retail value (15% due to pests and 10% due to returned produce). The profitability of organic tomato was highly dependent on the marketing channel. Based on the analysis of the tomato organic value chain, we have identified and mapped three marketing channels for organic tomato (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Marketing channels used by organic tomato growers in Lebanon. Source: own survey. Channel 1: This channel has the longest chain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Wennhage, H. , and Casini, M. : Forecasting fish stock dynamics under climate change: Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) as a case study, Fish. Oceanogr. , 23, 258–269, 2014. Bartolino, V. , Tian, H. D. , Bergström, U. , Jounela, P. , Aro, E. , Dieterich, C. , Meier, H. E. M. , Cardinale, M. , Bland, B. , and Casini, M. : Spatio-temporal dynamics of a fish predator: Density-dependent and hydrographic effects on cod population, 12, e0172004, 2017. Bauer, B. , Meier, H. E. M. , Casini, M. , Hoff, A. , Margonski, P. , Orio, A. , Saraiva, S. , Steenbeek, J. , and Tomczak, M. T. : Reducing eutrophication increases spatial extent of communities supporting commercial fisheries: a model case study, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 75, 1306–1317, 2018. Bauer, B. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Hyytiäinen, K. , Meier, H. E. M. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Saraiva, S. , and Tomczak, M. T. : Food web and fisheries in the future Baltic Sea, Ambio, 48, 1337–1349, 2019. Belkin, I. M. : Rapid warming of Ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr. , 81, 207–213, 2009. Bergen, B. , Endres, S. , Engel, A. , Zark, M. , Dittmar, T. , Sommer, U. , and Jürgens, K. : Acidification and warming affect prominent bacteria in two seasonal phytoplankton bloom mesocosms, Environ. Microbiol. , 18, 4579–4595, 2016. Berglund, M. , Jacobi, M. N. , and Jonsson, P. R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Instead, in vitro and in vivo differentiation into cells of the 3 embryonic germ layers along with chimera formation in xeno-transplanted mice can be applied for testing adult stem cell potency. The conventional concept of development involves a hierarchical structure of cellular commitment extending outward from embryonic and pluripotent, to adult terminally differentiated tissues. However, recent ideas propose that all or most tissues in the postnatal body are continuously turning over and contain a pluripotent stem cell reservoir (Slack, 2008). These pluripotent stem cell populations are able to differentiate into multiple cell types depending on their microenvironmental cues. Therefore, the stem cell status should be defined by plasticity (Zipori, 2005). Pluripotency refers to the ability of cells to differentiate into any cell type of the 3 germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm), whereas multipotency refers to the ability of cells to differentiate only into a closely related family of cells (Ilic and Polak, 2011). All of the previously described adult stem cells (hematopoietic, mesenchymal, periodontal ligament-derived, and spermatogonial) could differentiate into specialized cells of the three germ layers: neurons (ectodermal lineage), adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes (mesoderm lineage), and hepatocytes and insulin-producing cells (endodermal lineage) (Conrad et al. , 2008; Jiang et al. , 2002; Kuroda et al. , 2010; Kawanabe et al. , 2010; Notta et al. , 2011). Therefore, these adult stem cells could also be defined as pluripotent stem cells. Advertisement 5. Advantages of pluripotent adult stem cells over embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cellsHuman embryonic stem cells come from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts. Therefore, embryonic stem cells used for cell therapy are allogenic; the transplanted donor cells do not originate from the recipient. This raises a concern about the immunogenic response of the host, and the need for immune-suppressive therapy concurrent with embryonic stem cell transplantation (Charron et al. , 2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Farmer's profitability Using data collected on production costs, yield, losses, and selling prices, the profitability of organic tomato was calculated. The most representative channel based on the results described above was a mixture between channels 1 and 3 (70% to the distributor, and 30% directly to consumers). For this reason, the profitability of a typical organic tomato producer was calculated based on this formula (70–30). A comparison of profitability between organic and conventional management for tomato production is given in Table 2. Table 2. Profitability of tomato production under organic and conventional farming in Lebanona Note: costs are in USD. a Data for the organic production costs were generated through own surveys and for the conventional production costs were attained from published data ‘of all in Lebanon’. b 70% of yield for distribution company with $1/kg as selling price: 3150 kg × $1 = $3150; 30% of yield for direct sale to consumers with $2. 67 as selling price: 1350 kg × $2. 67 = $3604. c 1 for the total cost calculations. d Average price/kg for a conventional wholesaler is $0. 45. As can be seen in Table 2, organic tomato appeared to be less profitable in the study context, which was about $117 (per 1000 m2) less than that of the conventional one. The higher yield in conventional farming offsets the higher prices for organic tomato. Nonetheless, organic tomato can be more profitable if farmers cut out intermediaries and sell their produce directly to the consumers (channel 3). Alternative approaches to promote organic farming: the agro-tourism model In Lebanon, people have become more and more interested in authentic farm-based experiences and rural landscapes, which generate incomes for the rural communities (Ghadban et al. , Reference Ghadban, Shames, 2017). Recently, a few organic operators have adopted the model from ‘farm to fork’ and established an end-market on their farms to provide touristic activities such as restaurants with specialty chefs, kids park, kids' activities, culinary activities and special occasions (Fig. 4). This has attracted many people to spend their holidays, weekends and summer vacation in those agro-touristic areas (Ghadban et al. , Reference Ghadban, Shames, 2017). This has enabled the Lebanese people to connect to the farm and organic producers to increase awareness and value of organic products.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Optimal selection of marine protected areas based on connectivity and habitat quality, Ecol. Model. , 240, 105–112, 2012. Bergström, L. , Heikinheimo, O. , Svirgsden, R. , Kruze, E. , Lozys, L. , Lappalainen, A. , Saks, L. , Minde, A. , Dainys, J. , Jakubaviciute, E. , Adjers, K. , and Olsson, J. : Long term changes in the status of coastal fish in the Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. , 169, 74–84, 2016. Bermúdez, R. , Winder, M. , Stuhr, A. , Almén, A. -K. , Engström-Öst, J. , and Riebesell, U. : Effect of ocean acidification on the structure and fatty acid composition of a natural plankton community in the Baltic Sea, Biogeosciences, 13, 6625–6635, 2016. Berner, C. , Bertos-Fortis, M. , Pinhassi, J. , and Legrand, C. : Response of microbial communities to changing climate conditions during summer cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea, Front. Microbiol. , 9, 1562, 2018. Billingham, M. R. , Reusch, T. B. H. , Alberto, F. , and Serrao, E. A. : Is asexual reproduction more important at geographical limits? A genetic study of the seagrass Zostera marina in the Ria Formosa, Portugal, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 265, 77–83, 2003. Blanchard, J. L. , Jennings, S. , Holmes, R. , Harle, J. , Merino, G. , Allen, J. I. , Holt, J. , Dulvy, N. K. , and Barange, M. : Potential consequences of climate change for primary production and fish production in large marine ecosystems, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 367, 2979–2989, 2012.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Moreover, embryonic stem cell-based therapy has been hampered by the moral, legal and ethical dilemma surrounding the use of human embryos for derivation of the stem cell lines (Zarzeczny and Caulfield, 2009). Furthermore, as the gold standard of pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells have the potential to form teratomas in the host. Tumorigenic potential can be reduced by differentiating the embryonic stem cells into lineage-specific progenitor cells or mature tissue cells prior to transplantation (Schwartz et al. , 2012). In order to better control standards of good manufacturing practices and reduce variability as much as possible, the in vitro manipulation of embryonic stem cells should be minimized as recommend by the Food and (Lysaght and Campbell, 2011). Furthermore, tumorigenic potential remains a concern if the entirety of the embryonic stem cell population does not completely differentiate into fully mature cells. Differentiated adult cells used for the generation of the induced pluripotent stem cells can be collected from the recipient body, avoiding the contentious need for a human embryo. This also circumvents the problem of immune rejection. There are technical hurdles, however, concerning generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (Hayden, 2011). Firstly, the delivery of reprogramming factors (OCT4, SOX2, 28, KLF4 and c-MYC) relies on the use of viral vectors for delivery (Takahashi et al. , 2007). Retroviral sequences could integrate into the DNA of the host cells, potentially disrupting the gene structure as well as resulting in an aberrant phenotypic expression. Ultimately this could result in pathological mutations and cancer formation. Alternative methods such as direct protein or small molecule delivery have been adopted, although the reprogramming efficiency of these techniques is lower than with viral vectors (Kim et al. , 2009; Shi et al. , 2008). Secondly, two of the reprogramming factors, c-MYC and KLF4, are proto-oncogenes, which raise the concern of cancer formation further. Omitting c-MYC would lower the reprogramming efficiency, whereas silencing c-MYC could lead to its reactivation. Moreover, reprogramming can induce other genomic changes, such as DNA mutations (Gore et al. , 2011), copy number variations (Hussein et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Under this system, farmers, producers and extractivist, organized in groups, collectively carry out conformity assessment activities and share responsibility for the certification decision, where possible supported by technicians and consumers. Finally, more organic markets should be made available, especially in rural areas. The farmers market ‘Souk el Tayyeb’ in the capital Beirut is a great initiative that helps farmers sell their organic produce, but the Lebanese organic market and sector need more markets in different regions in a way that helps more farmers to have access to such markets. Also, the Ministry of Agriculture, as mentioned in Urfi et al. (Reference Urfi, Hoffmann and Kormosné Koch2011), should provide some kind of financial support or subsidized agri-loans to compensate farmers for the revenues lost during the transition period and extension services to improve their management skills necessary for organic farming. In this way, organic farmers are encouraged to continue farming organically, and more farmers are motivated to transition to organic. future of food value chains has increasingly been reliant on the wider adoption of sustainable farming practices that include organic agriculture. However, the standard model when transferred to developing countries faces difficulty in implementation. The study has analyzed the economic performance of organic tomato among smallholder farmers in Lebanon, a context. The findings show that organic farming has become increasingly expensive primarily due to the inherently high cost of production in Lebanon and the inefficient organization of the organic value chain. Some models and strategies are emerging in developing countries to help adapt organic farming to the context and respond to consumer high demand for organic produce. Two of these are the agro-touristic model and local participatory systems for certification and guarantee. An agro-tourism model is a blended approach that combines organic and free-range food derived from fresh on-farm produce to touristic activities and locations. Such agro-touristic farms can help promote tourism and sustainable farming methods and provide an enjoyable experience to customers. Agro-touristic places can attract families that wish to spend some time away from the city and those younger generations who wish to know more about farming practices. Indeed, Lebanon has great agro-ecology diversity, from coastal to high altitude areas, with lots of tourist attractions, and a predominantly family based agrarian structure that can support the agro-tourism model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Blenckner, T. , Möllmann, C. , Stewart Lowndes, J. , Griffiths, J. , Campbell, E. , De Cervo, A. , Belgrano, A. , Boström, C. , Fleming, V. , Frazier, M. , Neuenfeldt, A. , Niiranen, S. , Nilsson, A. , Ojaveer, H. , Olsson, J. , Palmlöv, C. S. , Quaas, M. , Rickels, W. , Sobek, A. , Viitasalo, M. , Wikström, S. A. , and Halpern, B. S. : (BHI): assessing the socialecological status of the Baltic Sea, People and Nature, 3, 359–375, 2021. Blindow, I. , Dahlke, S. , Dewart, A. , Flugge, S. , Hendreschke, M. , Kerkow, A. , and Meyer, J. : Long-term and interannual changes of submerged macrophytes and their associated diaspore reservoir in a shallow southern bay: influence of eutrophication and climate, Hydrobiologia, 778, 121–136, 2016. Blomquist, J. and Waldo, S. : Seal interactions and exits from fisheries: insights from the cod fishery, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 78, 2958–2966, 2021. Bobsien, I. C. , Hukriede, W. , Schlamkow, C. , Friedland, R. , Dreier, N. , Schubert, P. R. , Karez, R. , and Reusch, T. B. H. : Modeling eelgrass spatial response to nutrient abatement measures in a changing climate, Ambio, 50, 400–412, 2021. Bonsdorff, E. : Eutrophication: Early warning signals, ecosystem-level and societal responses, and ways forward, Ambio, 50, 753–758, 2021. Brander, K. : Reduced growth in cod may be due to mild hypoxia, ICES J. Mar. Sci.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 5. BeckerKA. öneich1984Injection of murine embryonal carcinoma cells and embryo-derived pluripotential cells into mouse blastocysts. Cell Differ. 151952026. BrázJ. MRSharif-naeini-buyllaJ. LRubensteinand A. IBasbaum2012Forebrain GABAergic neuron precursors integrate into adult spinal cord and reduce injury-induced neuropathic painBráz, J. M. , R. Sharif-Naeini, D. Vogt, A. Kriegstein, A. Alvarez-Buylla, J. L. Rubenstein, and A. I. Basbaum. 2012. Forebrain GABAergic neuron precursors integrate into adult spinal cord and reduce injury-induced neuropathic pain. Neuron. . 746636757. BreviniT. 2008Parthenogenesis as an approach to pluripotency: advantages and limitations involvedRev. 41271358. CesselliDA. . . ABeltramiand PAnversa2009Multipotent progenitor cells are present in human peripheral bloodCirc Res. 104122512349. CharronDCSuberbielle-boisseland RAl-daccak2009Immunogenicity and allogenicity: a challenge of stem cell therapyJ Res. 213013810. ChenP. MM. LYenK. JLiuH. KSytwuand B. LYen2011Immunomodulatory properties of human adult and fetal multipotent mesenchymal stem cellsJ Biomed Sci. 18:49. 11. . JBühringUMattheusAMackH. . 2008Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult human testisNature45634434912. DingD. CW. CShyuand S. ZLin2011Mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transplant. 2051413. 2009Multipotent adult germ-line stem cells, like other pluripotent stem cells, can be killed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes despite low expression of major histocompatibility complex class I moleculesBiol Direct. 4:31. 14. 2011Potential applications of germline cell-derived pluripotent stem cells in organ regeneration. Organogenesis711612215. GoreAZLiH.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: and Pay in EMI's () E. Somasundaram, D. Udhaya Nandhini, M. of Origin: Imprint:NIPA eISBN:9789390083664 Binding:EOf Pages:410 Language:Price: 61. 76 USD 55. 58 USD Add to cart Contact for About the Book Content/Buy 34. 99 Add to cart Organic farming system in India is not new and is being followed from ancient time. It is a method of farming system which primarily aimed at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way, as to keep the soil alive and in good health by use of organic wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic wastes) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes (biofertilizers) to release nutrients to crops for sustainable production. Presently the farming situation urges need to develop farming techniques, which are sustainable from environmental, production, and socio-economic points of view. Modern agricultural production throughout the world does not appear to be sustainable in the long run. Sustainable agricultural development “is the management and conservation of the natural resource base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner to assure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for the present and future generations”. Such sustainable development in the agriculture, forestry and fishery sectors, conserves land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable. Consequently these concerns imparted a way to organic farming. It is the need of the day to understand the prospects and problems of organic farming to launch a successful and flawless organic production programme in the farm environment. There are many explanations and definitions for organic agriculture but all converge to state that it is a system that relies on ecosystem management rather than external agricultural inputs. It is a system that begins to consider potential environmental and social impacts by eliminating the use of synthetic inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, veterinary drugs, genetically modified seeds and breeds, immunity booster preservatives, additives and irradiation. These are replaced with site-specific management practices that maintain and increase long-term soil fertility and prevent pest and diseases. 2 Scenario of Agriculture in India is not of recent origin, but has a long history dating back to Neolithic age (7500–6500 B. C).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 77, 2003–2005, 2020. Brierley, A. S. and Kingsford, M. J. : Impacts of climate change on marine organisms and ecosystems, Curr. Biol. , 19, R602–R614, 2009. Brutemark, A. , Engström-Öst, J. , Vehmaa, A. , and Gorokhova, E. : Growth, toxicity and oxidative stress of a cultured cyanobacterium (Dolichospermum sp. ) under different CO2/pH and temperature conditions, Phycol. Res. , 63, 56–63, 2015. Bucklin, A. , Lindeque, P. K. , Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, N. , Albaina, A. , and Lehtiniemi, M. : Metabarcoding of marine zooplankton: prospects, progress and pitfalls, J. Plankton Res. , 38, 393–400, 2016. . , -Smith, R. D. , and Poloczanska, E. S. : Ocean community warming responses explained by thermal affinities and temperature gradients, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 959–963, 2019. Cardinale, M. and Svedäng, H. : The beauty of simplicity in science: Baltic cod stock improves rapidly in a “cod hostile” ecosystem state, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 425, 297–301, 2011. Casini, M. , Lövgren, J. , Hjelm, J. , Cardinale, M. , Molinero, J. C. , and Kornilovs, G. : Multi-level trophic cascades in a heavily exploited open marine ecosystem, P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. , 275, 1793–1801, 2008. Casini, M. , Bartolino, V. , Molinero, J. C. , and Kornilovs, G. : Linking fisheries, trophic interactions and climate: threshold dynamics drive herring Clupea harengus growth in the central Baltic Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: ROrtiz-gonzalez. CLowD. ALargaespadaand C. MVerfaillie2002Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature418414925. JohnsonT. VN. DBullD. PHuntNMarinaS. ITomarevand K. RMartin2010Neuroprotective effects of intravitreal mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental glaucomaVis Sci. 512051205926. Kanatsu-shinohara2008Pluripotency of a single spermatogonial stem cell in miceBiol Reprod. ;7868168727. -yamamotoand TYamashiro2010Isolation of multipotent stem cells in human periodontal ligament using stage-specific embryonic antigen-4Differentiation79748328. KimDC. HKimJ. IMoonY. GChungM. YChangB. . YChaRLanzaand K. SKim2009Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteinsCell447247629. KondoMA. JWagersM. GManzS. SProhaskaD. CSchererG. FBeilhackJ. AShizuruand I. LWeissman2003Biology of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors: implications for clinical application. Immunol. 2175980630. 2010Unique multipotent cells in adult human mesenchymal cell populations. 1078639864331. ListerRMPelizzolaY. SKidaR. DHawkinsJ. -bourgetR. . AThomsonR. MEvansand J. REcker2011Hotspots of aberrant epigenomic reprogramming in human induced pluripotent stem cellsNature471687332. LysaghtTand A. VCampbell2011Regulating autologous adult stem cells: the FDA steps upCell939339633. MaysharYUBen-davidNLavonJ. CBiancottiBYakirA. TClarkKPlathW. ELowryand NBenvenisty2010Identification and classification of chromosomal aberrations in human induced pluripotent stem cellsCell752153134. MödderU.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: 3 and (GoI 2002), for 2002 through 2007, has put emphasis on natural resource management through rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging measures and controlling groundwater exploitation, watershed development, treatment of waterlogged areas. With regard to application of agricultural inputs like fertilizer and pesticides, the Plan stated that factors such as imbalanced use of nitrogenous (N), phosphatic (P) and postassic (K) fertilisers, increased deficiency of micronutrients and decreased soil organic carbon would be addressed through a holistic agri-environmental approach stressing Nutrient and Pest Management. Further, the document recognizes organic farming as a ‘thrust area’ in the sustainable use and management of resources in agriculture. The trajectory of Indian agriculture and its associated environmental problems has brought about recognition that future agricultural growth and productivity will have to occur simultaneously with environmental sustainability. The environmental challenges, especially in terms of land degradation and groundwater depletion, water logging and excessive use of chemical inputs are posing problems for the future of Indian agriculture. To address the problems, policies have laid emphasis on promoting sustainable agriculture including organic farming. Differential approaches and policy instruments, however, will be required to address these problems. The shift from input-intensive to sustainable, particularly organic farming is a difficult task as it involves a number of policy measures dealing with a variety of issues ranging from the transfer of information and technology to the development of markets. Another difficult task, and perhaps more difficult, relates to marginal and small farmers – which comprise a substantial part of Indian agriculture. Although these marginal and small farmers have been considered organic by ‘default’, severe resource constraints make a shift to the modern sense of organic farming prohibitive. government has been undertaking measures to promote organic farming with the aim to improve soil fertility and help to double the farmers’ incomes by the year 2022. Minister had visited Sikkim—which is India’s first organic state—and encouraged other states to replicate the “Sikkim model”. Some of the policy initiatives to promote organic farming and exports include development of an organic regulation for exports by the Agricultural and (APEDA), removal of quantitative restriction on organic food exports, providing subsidies to farmers under the (PKVY) in partnership with the state governments, and other schemes such as the Development for Region.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 413, 241–252, 2010. Casini, M. , Kornilovs, G. , Cardinale, M. , Mollmann, C. , Grygiel, W. , Jonsson, P. , Raid, T. , Flinkman, J. , and Feldman, V. : Spatial and temporal density dependence regulates the condition of central clupeids: compelling evidence using an extensive international acoustic survey, Popul. Ecol. , 53, 511–523, 2011. Casini, M. , Kall, F. , Hansson, M. , Plikshs, M. , Baranova, T. , Karlsson, O. , Lundström, K. , Neuenfeldt, S. , Gårdmark, A. , and Hjelm, J. : Hypoxic areas, density-dependence and food limitation drive the body condition of a heavily exploited marine fish predator, Roy. Soc. Open Sci. , 3, 15, 2016. Casini, M. , Hansson, M. , Orio, A. , and Limburg, K. : Changes in population depth distribution and oxygen stratification are involved in the current low condition of the eastern cod (Gadus morhua), Biogeosciences, 18, 1321–1331, 2021. Christensen, O. B. , Kjellström, E. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , and Meier, H. E. M. : Atmospheric regional climate projections for the region until 2100, Earth Syst. Dynam. , 13, 133–157, 2022. Chust, G. , Allen, J. I. , Bopp, L. , Schrum, C. , Holt, J. , Tsiaras, K. , Zavatarelli, M. , Chifflet, M. , Cannaby, H. , Dadou, I. , Daewel, U. , Wakelin, S. L. , Machu, E. , Pushpadas, D. , Butenschon, M. , Artioli, Y. , Petihakis, G. , Smith, C. , Garcon, V. , Goubanova, K. , Le Vu, B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: RSchölerand SDing2008Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts by Oct4 and Klf4 with small-molecule compounds. Cell. 356857445. SlackJ. M2008Origin of stem cells in organogenesis. Science. 3221498150146. StroberST. 2011Translational studies in hematopoietic cell transplantation: treatment of hematologic malignancies as a stepping stone to tolerance induction. Semin Immunol. 2327328147. SungH. JS. CHongJ. HYooJ. HOhH. JShinI. YChoiK. HAhnS. HKimYParkand B. SKim2010Stemness evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells from placentas according to developmental stage: comparison to those from adult bone marrow. J Sci. 251418142648. 2007Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 13186187249. TangCA. SLeeJ. . RMosleyM. AInlayRArdehaliS. LChavezR. RPeraBBehrJ. CWuI. LWeissmanand MDrukker2011An antibody against SSEA-5 glycan on human pluripotent stem cells enables removal of teratoma-forming cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2982983450. TárnokAHUlrichand JBocsi2010Phenotypes of stem cells from diverse origin. Cytometry A. 7761051. TrounsonAR. 2011Clinical trials for stem cell therapies. BMC Med. 9:52. 52. . MBartoldand SGronthos2009Immunomodulatory properties of human periodontal ligament stem cells. J Cell Physiol. 21966767653. WagersA. Jand I. LWeissman2004Plasticity of adult stem cells. Cell. 11663964854. 2010The significance of CD14+ monocytes in peripheral blood stem cells for the treatment of rat liver cirrhosis. Cytotherapy. 121022103455. WilliamsA. Rand J. MHare2011Mesenchymal stem cells: biology, pathophysiology, translational findings, and therapeutic implications for cardiac disease. Circ Res.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Despite these initiatives, a recent survey-based study covering 418 organic farmers across different states of India suggests that a move to organic farming methods may not be that easy and organic farmers are not getting the expected premium price for their produce. 54 - 62 (9 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Plan (GoI 2002), for 2002 through 2007, has put emphasis on natural resource management through rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging measures and controlling groundwater exploitation, watershed development, treatment of waterlogged areas. With regard to application of agricultural inputs like fertilizer and pesticides, the Plan stated that factors such as imbalanced use of nitrogenous (N), phosphatic (P) and postassic (K) fertilisers, increased deficiency of micronutrients and decreased soil organic carbon would be addressed through a holistic agri-environmental approach stressing Nutrient and Pest Management. Further, the document recognizes organic farming as a ‘thrust area’ in the sustainable use and management of resources in agriculture. The trajectory of Indian agriculture and its associated environmental problems has brought about recognition that future agricultural growth and productivity will have to occur simultaneously with environmental sustainability. The environmental challenges, especially in terms of land degradation and groundwater depletion, water logging and excessive use of chemical inputs are posing problems for the future of Indian agriculture. To address the problems, policies have laid emphasis on promoting sustainable agriculture including organic farming. Differential approaches and policy instruments, however, will be required to address these problems. The shift from input-intensive to sustainable, particularly organic farming is a difficult task as it involves a number of policy measures dealing with a variety of issues ranging from the transfer of information and technology to the development of markets. Another difficult task, and perhaps more difficult, relates to marginal and small farmers – which comprise a substantial part of Indian agriculture. Although these marginal and small farmers have been considered organic by ‘default’, severe resource constraints make a shift to the modern sense of organic farming prohibitive. government has been undertaking measures to promote organic farming with the aim to improve soil fertility and help to double the farmers’ incomes by the year 2022. Minister had visited Sikkim—which is India’s first organic state—and encouraged other states to replicate the “Sikkim model”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The unknown future of central herring, Front. Evol. Ecol. , 7, 143, 2019. Doney, S. C. , Ruckelshaus, M. ,. ,. , Polovina, J. , Rabalais, N. N. , Sydeman, W. J. , and Talley, L. D. : Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems, in: of Marine Science, Vol. 4, edited by: Carlson, C. A. and Giovannoni, S. J. , Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. , Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, 11–37, 2012. Ducklow, H. W. , Morán, X. A. G. , and Murray, A. E. : Bacteria in the greenhouse: marine microbes and climate change, in: Environmental Microbiology, edited by: Mitchell, R. and Gu, J. -D. , Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey, 1–31, ISBN 978-0-470-17790-7, 2010. Dutheil, C. , Meier, H. , Gröger, M. , and Börgel, F. : Understanding past and future sea surface temperature trends in the Baltic Sea, Clim. Dynam. , 1–19, 2021. Dutz, J. and Christensen, A. M. : Broad plasticity in the salinity tolerance of a marine copepod species, Acartia longiremis, in the Baltic Sea, J. Plankton Res. , 40, 342–355, 2018. Eero, M. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Köster, F. W. , and Gislason, H. : Multi-decadal responses of a cod (Gadus morhua) population to human-induced trophic changes, fishing, and climate, Ecol. Appl. , 21, 214–226, 2011. Eero, M. , Vinther, M. , Haslob, H. , Huwer, B. , Casini, M. , Storr-Paulsen, M. , and Köster, F. W. : Spatial management of marine resources can enhance the recovery of predators and avoid local depletion of forage fish, Conserv. Lett.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 10992394056. WobusA. MHHolzhausenPJäkeland JSchöneich1984Characterization of a pluripotent stem cell line derived from a mouse embryo. Res. 15221221957. YuJM. AVodyanikKSmuga-ottoJAntosiewicz-bourgetJ. . . ISlukvinand J. AThomson2007Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 3181917192058. ZarzecznyAand TCaulfield2009Emerging ethical, legal and social issues associated with stem cell research & and the current role of the moral status of the embryo. Rev. 59610159. 2006Identification of stem cells from human umbilical cord blood with embryonic and hematopoietic characteristics. Res. 3122454246460. ZhengKXWuK. HKaestnerand P. JWang2009The pluripotency factor LIN28 marks undifferentiated spermatogonia in mouse. BMC Dev Biol. 9:38. 61. ZiporiD2005The stem state: plasticity is essential, whereas self-renewal and hierarchy are optional. Stem Cells. 2371972662. ZulliAB. FBuxtonMMerrileesand D. LHare2008Human diseased arteries contain cells expressing leukocytic and embryonic stem cell markers. Hum Pathol. 39657665 information 1. Introduction2. Pluripotent stem cells3. Isolation of pluripotent adult stem cells4. Characterization of pluripotent adult stem cells5. Advantages of pluripotent adult stem cells over embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells6. Potential applications of pluripotent adult stem cells7. Summary 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2013 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Continue reading from the same book by by Published: 28 August 2013 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Some of the policy initiatives to promote organic farming and exports include development of an organic regulation for exports by the Agricultural and (APEDA), removal of quantitative restriction on organic food exports, providing subsidies to farmers under the (PKVY) in partnership with the state governments, and other schemes such as the Development for Region. Despite these initiatives, a recent survey-based study covering 418 organic farmers across different states of India suggests that a move to organic farming methods may not be that easy and organic farmers are not getting the expected premium price for their produce. 4 Biodiversity and The word biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms (flora and fauna). Biodiversity or Biological diversity is defined as the variability among all living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are part. Wilson, 1988 defined ‘Biological diversity’ or ‘biodiversity’ as that part of nature which includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species, the variety and richness of all the plant and animal species at different scales in space i. e. local, regional, country wise and global, andvarious types of ecosystems- both terrestrial and aquatic-within a defined area. The diversity of agro-ecosystems Biological diversity deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the biosphere. This variety can be observed at three levels i. e. , genetic, species and ecosystem. a) Genetic diversity refers to the variation at the level of individual genes. Tremendous amount of genetic diversity exists within individual species. This genetic variability is responsible for the different characters in species. Genetic diversity is the raw material from which new species arise through evolution. Today, the genetic diversity is made use to breed new crop varieties, disease resistant crops. Organic producers, on the other hand, are looking for varieties that are suited to their local climatic and soil conditions and are not susceptible to disease and pest attack. Research has shown that in general these characteristics are more likely to be found in the older native cultivars. For example, conventional wheat grown in an organic system will have reduced protein content, whereas the selection of a variety suitable for the particular growing conditions will provide higher protein, and thus higher baking quality wheat to be grown.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 5, 486–492, 2012. Eero, M. , Andersson, H. C. , Almroth-Rosell, E. , and MacKenzie, B. R. : Has eutrophication promoted forage fish production in the Baltic Sea? , Ambio, 45, 649–660, 2016. Eero, M. , Cardinale, M. , and Storr-Paulsen, M. : Emerging challenges for resource management under ecosystem change: Example of cod in the Baltic Sea, Ocean Coast. Manag. , 198, 4, 2020. Eero, M. , Dierking, J. , Humborg, C. , Undeman, E. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Ojaveer, H. , Salo, T. , and Köster, F. W. : Use of food web knowledge in environmental conservation and management of living resources in the. Mar. Sci. , 78, 2645–2663, 2021. Eglite, E. , Wodarg, D. , Dutz, J. , Wasmund, N. , Nausch, G. , Liskow, I. , Schulz-Bull, D. , and Loick-Wilde, N. : Strategies of amino acid supply in mesozooplankton during cyanobacteria blooms: a stable nitrogen isotope approach, Ecosphere, 9, 20, 2018. Ehlers, A. , Worm, B. , and Reusch, T. B. H. : Importance of genetic diversity in eelgrass Zostera marina for its resilience to global warming, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 355, 1–7, 2008. Ehrnsten, E. : Quantifying biomass and carbon processing of benthic fauna in a coastal sea – past, present and future, 1–64, (last access: 30 March 2022), 2020. Ehrnsten, E. , Bauer, B. , and Gustafsson, B. G. : Combined effects of environmental drivers on marine trophic groups – a systematic model comparison, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 492, 2019a. Ehrnsten, E. , Norkko, A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The immune dampening was mediated by a special class of T cells that were different from helper T cells; this special type of T-cell population is known as suppressor T cells and is found in CD4+ population [6]. It is well understood that CD4+ Tregs are essential for normal immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Failure of immunologic self-tolerance often leads to the development of autoimmune disorders, which are estimated to afflict up to 5% of the population. Although there are a number of debates regarding the etiology of autoimmune diseases, it is well documented that T cells are the key mediators of many autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune arthritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). There are various mechanisms for establishing and sustaining immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. In addition to these, T cell-mediated suppression of immune responses toward self and non-self antigens (Ags) has recently attracted enormous interest [7]. T-cell–mediated suppression is mainly achieved by FoxP3+ Tregs, which play an important role in the prevention and suppression of autoimmunity. The deficiencies in Treg function have been identified in a wide variety of human autoimmune disorders, such as IPEX (immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome) [8–10]. As the Treg numbers are important for effective suppressive function, adoptive transfer of exogenous Tregs would be ideal for the treatment of autoimmunity or Treg-deficient diseases. Tregs comprise of 5–10% of the mature CD4+ T helper cell subpopulation in mice and about 1–2% of CD4+ T cells in human. As a result, it is crucial to develop large numbers of Tregs in vitro and adoptively transfer them for cell-based therapies. There has been no approach described for isolating a large number of Tregs with % specificity. Therefore, the attention has now been focused on utilizing pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as a source for obtaining Ag-specific Tregs. PSCs can be utilized to obtain a renewable source of healthy Tregs to treat autoimmune disorders as they have the ability to produce almost all cell types in the body, including Tregs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Research has also indicated that yields and disease resistance are better in native cultivars as opposed to modern varieties for vegetables (tomato, cucumber and melon) grown in an organic system. 63 - 90 (28 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart The word biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms (flora and fauna). Biodiversity or Biological diversity is defined as the variability among all living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are part. Wilson, 1988 defined ‘Biological diversity’ or ‘biodiversity’ as that part of nature which includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species, the variety and richness of all the plant and animal species at different scales in space i. e. local, regional, country wise and global, andvarious types of ecosystems- both terrestrial and aquatic-within a defined area. The diversity of agro-ecosystems Biological diversity deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the biosphere. This variety can be observed at three levels i. e. , genetic, species and ecosystem. a) Genetic diversity refers to the variation at the level of individual genes. Tremendous amount of genetic diversity exists within individual species. This genetic variability is responsible for the different characters in species. Genetic diversity is the raw material from which new species arise through evolution. Today, the genetic diversity is made use to breed new crop varieties, disease resistant crops. Organic producers, on the other hand, are looking for varieties that are suited to their local climatic and soil conditions and are not susceptible to disease and pest attack. Research has shown that in general these characteristics are more likely to be found in the older native cultivars. For example, conventional wheat grown in an organic system will have reduced protein content, whereas the selection of a variety suitable for the particular growing conditions will provide higher protein, and thus higher baking quality wheat to be grown. Research has also indicated that yields and disease resistance are better in native cultivars as opposed to modern varieties for vegetables (tomato, cucumber and melon) grown in an organic system. 5 Practices (GAP) The increasing awareness of the deleterious effects of indiscriminate use of artificial inputs in agriculture such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides hasled to the adoption of organic farming as an alternative method for conventional farming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Timmermann, K. , and Gustafsson, B. G. : Benthic-pelagic coupling in coastal seas – Modelling macrofaunal biomass and carbon processing in response to organic matter supply, J. Marine Syst. , 196, 36–47, 2019b. Ehrnsten, E. , Norkko, A. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Gustafsson, E. , and Gustafsson, B. G. : The meagre future of benthic fauna in a coastal sea – Benthic responses to recovery from eutrophication in a changing climate, Glob. Change Biol. , 26, 2235–2250, 2020. Eichner, M. , Rost, B. , and Kranz, S. A. : Diversity of ocean acidification effects on marine N2 fixers, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 457, 199–207, 2014. Ek, C. , Holmstrand, H. , Mustajärvi, L. , Garbaras, A. , Bariseviciute, R. , Sapolaite, J. , Sobek, A. , Gorokhova, E. , and Karlson, A. M. L. : Using compound-specific and bulk stable isotope analysis for trophic positioning of bivalves in contaminated sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol. , 52, 4861–4868, 2018. Engström-Öst, J. , Barrett, N. , Brutemark, A. , Vehmaa, A. , Dwyer, A. , Almen, A. K. , and De Stasio, B. T. : Feeding, survival, and reproduction of two populations of Eurytemora (Copepoda) exposed to local toxic cyanobacteria, J. Res. , 43, 1091–1100, 2017. Eveleens Maarse, F. , Salovius-Laurén, S. , and Snickars, M. : Long-term changes in the phytobenthos of the southern Åland Islands, northern Baltic Sea, Nord. J. Bot. , 38, 2020. Fleming-Lehtinen, V.

Output: pass