Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Mountains are part of seismically active Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt and has been a center of significant volcanic activity during the Quaternary period, which led to the formation of the number of high altitude (> 600 m above sea level) and mineralized geothermal springs with different geochemical properties (Karakhanian et al. 1997; Henneberger et al. 2000). Some of the studied springs have been identified as prospective sources of geothermal energy and are commercially usable for agriculture, space heating, hot water supply, and tourism (often used as spas) (Henneberger et al. 2000). The most famous hot springs of the Caucasus region are Baths in Georgia, Jermuk hot springs in Armenia, Karvachar hot springs in Nagorno-Karabakh, Ganja hot springs in Azerbaijan, and Karmadon hot springs in North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. The hot springs in the Caucasus region are known for their unique microbial diversity. The first investigation on thermophiles from Caucasian hot springs was set in 1990s by the isolation of several thermophilic Bacillus and Thermus strains from samples of hot springs located in (Akhmedova; 1991). Recently the microbiome of several Caucasian geothermal hot springs were published (Guliyeva et al. 2015; Panosyan et al. ; 2018a; Saghatelyan et al. 2021a; Geliashvili et al. 2021; Toshchakov et al. 2021). Despite these previous efforts, a comprehensive census of the microbial communities in whole Caucasus region is still lacking. Armenia and Nagorno-KarabakhOn the territory of Armenia, numerous geothermal springs with different geotectonic origins are found (Henneberger et al. 2000). hot springs, the temperature varies from 25. 8 to ≥ 64 °C, pH value is neutral, moderately alkaline, or alkaline in nature and have mainly mixed cation–mixed anion compositions (Panosyan et al. 2018a, b). The highest temperatures are measured in Jermuk (64 °C), Arzakan (44 °C), Hankavan (42 °C), Bjni (37 °C), and Sayat-Nova (36 °C) hydrothermal systems (Fig. 10).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 5 study demonstrates that the stability of macroaggregates and OC distribution in aggregate fractions in arable soils partially depend on crop rotation and incorporation of CCs. We argue that CC aggregate formation depends on the litter quality, root morphology, and rhizosphere input of CCs, which stimulate microbial mediators for aggregate formation. Litter quality had positive effects in the topsoil (0–10 cm) when CC residues with low C:N ratios were incorporated into the topsoil. Layers below the cultivation depth (>15 cm) showed the strongest response to CC treatments, and root morphology together with exudate-stimulated microbial growth was more likely to be the factor for the positive effects observed. Cover crop mixtures tended to have additional benefits for the MWD over single CCs and increased OC accumulation in large aggregate fractions (16–8 mm). The consecutive integration of CCs in crop rotation can be used to ameliorate aggregate stability in cultivated soils. Reduced soil cultivation depth can be even more beneficial for soil structure amelioration if CCs are incorporated into the crop rotation. Stable and agglomerated aggregates are core parameters for soil quality and one of the key indicators in the soil health concept. Aggregation affects root penetration, decreases the risk of soil erosion, and increases hydraulic functions. Aggregates are hotspots for biogeochemical cycling and contribute to plant nutrition. Therefore, we conclude that the improvement of soil structure that we observed is one of the factors mediated by CCs, leading to higher and resilient crop yields. Soil structure improvement is one of the multiple services that CCs fulfil in agroecosystems and, as such, is part of a multifunctional concept of CC. Further research might explore multiple functional traits in CC mixtures and identify smart plant species combinations to maximize the benefits of cover cropping. Code and data availability All metadata and R code to reproduce the content of this study are publicly available under the Attribution 3. 0 Germany. The files are accessible from the Zenodo archive through the following DOI: (Gentsch, 2022). supplement related to this 10. 5194/soil-10-139-2024-supplement. Author contributions NG designed the experiment and carried out the fieldwork and all statistical analyses. FLR participated in field work carried out most of the laboratory work and provided raw data. NG and FLR were writing the paper.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: However, temporarily shifting from PAYF to monthly fees during periods when domestic water demand falls or rural incomes are reduced may foster affordable access while maintaining a lifeline of revenue to protect local service providers. Such an approach is likely to be more effective at achieving social and political goals of non-discriminatory access to reliable services than providing free access to water. Rural water service providers may struggle to sustain operations with fluctuating or chronically reduced revenues, particularly under emergency conditions when operational costs are likely to increase. Performance-based subsidies that can mitigate short-term revenue risk for rural schemes require verifiable information. However, high quality financial and operational records of rural water services are rare. Our findings suggest sentinel sites in Africa that routinely monitor metered water usage and rainfall could be networked to generate spatial and temporal signals of revenue risk. In conclusion, we highlight two implications for policy and practice. First, the nature and timing of the transition between wet and dry seasons in sub-will compound the impacts of socioeconomic shocks on rural water supplies. Emerging approaches for forecasting the onset of rainfall18 coupled with reliable and timely dissemination of information on water service delivery can generate warning signals in regions susceptible to public health, economic, and climate shocks. These signals can aid in prioritising and targeting response measures. Second, financial support to local, professional service providers through affordable tariff design and performance-based subsidies can keep water flowing through crises, as exemplified in Republic17. We acknowledge that reliable water service provision in much of Africa is unregulated and characterised by slow repairs, questionable water quality, and ad hoc user payments. Responses to subsidise services amid climatic and socioeconomic shocks should consider the long-term implications on sustainability and invest in monitoring systems that enhance transparency and accountability and potentially unlock new funding flows19. MethodsThis study utilised validated data from Water Mission, an international non-governmental organisation that supports rural water services in eleven countries. The organisation installs and maintains digital water meters fitted with data loggers and satellite-based transmitters on rural water schemes, with some schemes providing ongoing information dating back to 2016. Scheme types included kiosks with piped point-source access as well as reticulated systems with multiple communal and private connections serving households, schools, and healthcare facilities. For all schemes, payment modalities and tariff levels are formally established and are not allowed to fluctuate unless agreement is reached together with users and local authorities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: One of the most famous hot springs known for its natural beauty and clean air is the Jermuk hot spring located in the town of Jermuk. Fig. 10Major sampling sites of geothermal springs in Armenia (grey) and (light grey)Full size imageNagorno-Karabakh is located in the southeastern part of the Lesser Caucasus. It is typically mountainous, embracing the eastern part of the with the Artsakh valley, forming the great part of the Kura-Araks lowland. Numerous geothermal springs at high elevations with different physicochemical properties are found also on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh (Panosyan et al. 2018a). Geothermal springs found on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh are also mainly classified as springs with moderate temperature. Two of Nagorno-Karabakh geothermal springs located in Karvachar (≥ 70 °C) and Zuar (42 °C) are characterized with higher water temperature. A majority of the hot springs found in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh are anthropogenically influenced and often used by tourists and local people for bath. Some of the geothermal springs like Jermuk and Karvachar hot springs are used for balneology for curing rheumatismal and dermatological as well as digestive disorders and physical exhaustion (Panosyan et al. 2018a). Overall, the hot springs in the Caucasus region are a unique and fascinating natural resource. During the past decades, the phylogenetic diversity of microbial community thriving in Armenian and geothermal springs has been explored following both cultivation-based and culture-independent approaches. The studies of taxonomic diversity of hot spring microbiomes examined using DGGE, 16S rRNA gene library construction, 454 pyrosequencing, and Illumina HiSeq have revealed abundance of bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes. Archaea mainly include the phyla Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota, and comprise less than 1% of the prokaryotic community (Panosyan and Birkeland 2014; Panosyan et al. 2017, 2018a; Hedlund et al. 2013).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: : Decomposition of mixtures of cover crop residues increases microbial functional diversity, Geoderma, 361, 114060, 2020. Dungait, J. A. J. , Hopkins, D. W. , Gregory, A. S. , and Whitmore, A. P. : Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance, Glob. Change Biol. , 18, 1781–1796, 2012. Eisenhauer, N. , Lanoue, A. , Strecker, T. , Scheu, S. , Steinauer, K. , Thakur, M. P. , and Mommer, L. : Root biomass and exudates link plant diversity with soil bacterial and fungal biomass, Sci. Rep. -UK, 7, 1–8, 2017. Gentsch, N. : Cover crops improve soil structure and change OC distribution in aggregate fractions (Version 2), Zenodo [data set and code], 2022. Gentsch, N. , Boy, J. , Batalla, J. D. K. , Heuermann, D. , von Wirén, N. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Groß, J. , Bauer, B. , Reinhold-Hurek, B. , Hurek, T. , Céspedes, F. C. , and Guggenberger, G. : Catch crop diversity increases rhizosphere carbon input and soil microbial biomass, Biol. Fert. Soils, 56, 943–957, 2020. Gentsch, N. , Heuermann, D. , Boy, J. , Schierding, S. , von Wirén, N. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Kümmerer, R. , Bauer, B. , and Guggenberger, G. : Soil nitrogen and water management by winter-killed catch crops, SOIL, 8, 269–281, 2022. Halder, M. , Liu, S. , Zhang, Z. B. , Guo, Z. C. , and Peng, X. H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: For schemes where fixed monthly fees are employed, the median fee in current US dollars is $2. 74 per household per month. The median constant volumetric tariff where the PAYF modality is utilised is $3. 28 per cubic meter. Mean monthly water usage from the period of January to April 2020 for each scheme was compared to usage in April alone. Historic period means from January to April were calculated for every year between 2016 and 2019 where at least three months of data were available, as well as historic means in April, to determine if changes observed in 2020 differed from what has historically occurred. Geospatial rainfall data corresponding to each scheme for the first four months of all available historical years and 2020 were obtained from the publicly available with Station data () dataset20. The rainfall anomaly in 2020 was calculated relative to the 1983–2012 climatology. Schemes were classified as experiencing either a wet or dry season in April 2020 based on whether rainfall in April 2020 increased or decreased, respectively, compared to mean rainfall from January to April 2020. Paired sample T-tests and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were performed to determine statistical significance (α = 0. 05) and account for small sample sizes and the potential influence of outliers. Differences in means across several groups of schemes were also tested to explore plausible explanations for variations observed in water usage. Subpopulations examined included: Country (Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, Tanzania) Payment modality (fixed monthly fees, pay-as-you-fetch) Scheme type (kiosk with single access point, reticulated) Scheme size (small serving <500 people, medium serving 500 to 5,000, large serving >5,000) Institutions served (schools and healthcare facilities using and paying for water) Season experienced in April 2020 (wet, dry) The study complied with ethics approval granted by the School of Geography and Environment at the University of Oxford (SOGE 1A020 – 06). No human subjects were involved other than expert interviews with staff in the process of data collection, data cleaning, and validation. Data availability The data analysed during this study are part of an ongoing PhD project. Rainfall data are available at and water usage data are available on request from the lead author. 10. 1017/CBO9781107415379. 003. (and New York, 2014). Hoque, S. F. & Hope, R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: The microbial diversity of Karvachar hot spring was represented by phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus (Saghatelyan et al. 2021a). Several cultivation-based studies have been performed to describe novel strains/species derived in Armenian geothermal springs. Many thermophilic microbes as producers of exopolysaccharide (EPS) and thermozymes like lipase, protease, amylase, and DNA polymerase have been isolated from targeted geothermal springs. More than 22 distinct species belonging to the eight genera and Ureibacillus were identified (Panosyan et al. 2020). Many isolated bacilli shared 91–97% sequence identity with their closest matches in GenBank, indicating that they belonged to novel taxa, at least at the species level. 71% of the isolates were found to actively produce at least one or more extracellular protease, amylase, or lipase (Shahinyan et al. 2017; Panosyan et al. 2020; Tadevosyan et al. 2022). Two active producers of EPSs, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans ArzA-6 and Geobacillus (Parageobacillus) toebii ArzA-8 have been isolated from Arzakan hot springs (Panosyan et al. 2018b). A thermophilic spirochete Treponema sp. J25 was isolated from Jermuk geothermal spring. It showed only 95. 1% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with Treponema caldarium H1T, indicating that strain J25 potentially represents a novel species in the genus Treponema. Genomic analyses further confirmed that Treponema sp. J25 is the only known thermophilic free-living treponeme with metabolic potential for nitrogen fixation (Poghosyan 2015). Two aerobic thermoactinomycetes with growth Topt 50–55 °C and pHopt 7. 0–7. 4 able to produce extracellular hydrolases were isolated from Akhurik and Tatev geothermal springs (Panosyan 2019). A gammaproteobacterial methanotroph, Methylocaldum sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: : Effects of residue stoichiometric, biochemical and C functional features on soil aggregation during decomposition of eleven organic residues, 202, 105288, 2021. Hartge, K. H. and Horn, R. : Die physikalische Untersuchung von Böden, 4th edn. , E. Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele u. Obermiller), Stuttgart, 2009. Heuermann, D. , Gentsch, N. , Boy, J. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Groß, J. , Bauer, B. , Guggenberger, G. , and von Wirén, N. : Interspecific competition among catch crops modifies vertical root biomass distribution and nitrate scavenging in soils, Sci. Rep. -UK, 9, 1–11, 2019. Heuermann, D. , Gentsch, N. , Guggenberger, G. , Reinhold-Hurek, B. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Heuermann, M. C. , Groß, J. , Kümmerer, R. , Bauer, B. , and von Wirén, N. : Catch crop mixtures have higher potential for nutrient carry-over than pure stands under changing environments, Eur. J. Agron. , 136, 126504, 2022. Heuermann, D. , Döll, S. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Gentsch, N. , and von Wirén, N. : Distinct metabolite classes in root exudates are indicative for field- or hydroponically-grown cover crops, Front. Plant Sci. , 14, 1122285, 2023. Hudek, C. , Putinica, C. , Otten, W. , and De Baets, S. : Functional root trait-based classification of cover crops to improve soil physical properties, Eur. J. Soil Sci. , 73, e13147, 2022. Husain, H. and Dijkstra, F. A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractDrinking water contamination by per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) is a global concern. Nanofiltration is a promising PFAS removal technology due to its scalability and cost-effectiveness. However, nanofiltration cannot typically reduce PFAS concentrations below current drinking water recommendations. To enhance PFAS removal, we developed mixed-matrix-composite nanofiltration (MMCNF) membranes—an active nanofiltration layer on porous adsorptive support that synergetically combines filtration and adsorption. We synthesized MMCNF membranes comprising thin polyelectrolyte multilayer films deposited on thick (~400 µm) polyethersulfone supports incorporating β-cyclodextrin microp99. 9%) of model PFAS (PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid) for significantly longer filtration times compared to a control membrane without β-cyclodextrin, but otherwise identical. The spent MMCNF membrane was regenerated using ethanol, and high PFOA removal performance was regained during three filtration cycles. Perfluorooctanoic acid was concentrated 38-fold in the ethanol eluent. Further concentration by evaporation is straightforward and can enable eluent recycling and effective PFAS removal. Similar content being viewed by others Removing forever chemicals via amphiphilic functionalized membranes 4. PFAS are persistent organic micropollutants considered potentially harmful to human health at very low concentrations (in the range of parts per trillion)3,5. They were shown to affect the immune system and are associated with a higher incidence of infectious diseases and varying cancer species6. To minimize the risk of PFAS exposure through drinking water, different regulatory agencies are developing regulations for maximum levels of PFAS in drinking water (as specific compounds and when addressed as the total PFAS concentration). The most environmentally abundant and regulated PFAS are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFOS). In addition, the evidence showing adverse health impacts is the most established for these two compounds3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: AK-K6 strain was isolated from Akhurik geothermal spring and identified based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics (Islam et al. 2015). Sediment samples from Arzakan and Jermuk geothermal springs were used to enrich nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) at 45–50 °C. It was shown that Nitrospira calida and Nitrospira moscoviensis were the dominant species in examined samples (Edwards et al. 2013). Acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic enrichment at 45 °C and 55 °C using sediments from Jermuk and Arzakan geothermal springs also were obtained (Hedlund et al. 2013; Panosyan and Birkeland 2014). Thermophilic keratinolitic bacteria were isolated from water and sediments samples of Arzakan, Karvachar, and Zuar geothermal springs by accumulation cultures using a chicken feather as a source of carbon and nitrogen. The strains were identified as B. licheniformis, B. borbori and Thermobacillus sp. , and able to hydrolyze feather after 96 h of incubation, at 55 °C (Tadevosyan et al. 2022). A new species of thermophilic bacterium belonging to the genus Anoxybacillus named Anoxybacillus karvacharensis sp. nov. (= DSM 106524 T = KCTC 15807 T) has been discovered from Karvachar hot spring (Panosyan et al. 2021). Recently a novel strain of Thermus scotoductus (designated K1) was isolated from sludge samples of Karvachar hot spring. The DNA polymerase (TsK1) obtained from the thermophile T. scotoductus K1 has the potential to be commercialized. The better base insertion fidelity of TsK1 DNA polymerase is a feature that demonstrates an advantage over Taq DNA polymerase and can be used in various high-temperature polymerization reactions (Saghatelyan et al. 2021b). Recently, metagenomic library was obtained from Jermuk hot spring. Sequence-based screening of metagenomic datasets let to two characterized carbohydrate active enzymes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computers leverage qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously. [SEP] Text: You might be wondering why we need three qubits in the definition above, and, perhaps surprisingly, we’ll see that AND and OR require us to work with three qubits. Because how would one compute an AND of two qubits? Taking a naive approach from how we did the quantum NOT, we would label $ e_0$ as “false” and $ e_1$ as “true,” and we’d want to map $ e_1 \otimes e_1 \mapsto e_1$ and all other possibilities to $ e_0$. The main problem is that this is not an invertible function! Remember, all quantum operations are unitary matrices and all unitary matrices have inverses, so we have to model AND and OR as an invertible operation. We also have a “type error,” since the output is not even in the same vector space as the input, but any way to fix that would still run into the invertibility problem. The way to deal with this is to add an extra “scratch work” qubit that is used for nothing else except to make the operation invertible. So now say we have three qubits $ a, b, c$, and we want to compute $ a$ AND $ b$ in the sensible way described above. What we do is map$$\displaystyle a \otimes b \otimes c \mapsto a \otimes b \otimes (c \oplus (a \wedge b))$$Here $ a \wedge b$ is the usual AND (where we interpret, e. g. , $ e_1 \wedge e_0 = e_0$), and $ \oplus$ is the exclusive or operation on bits. It’s clear that this mapping makes sense for “bits” (the true/false interpretation of basis vectors) and so we can extend it to a linear map by writing down the matrix. quantum-ANDThis gate is often called the Toffoli gate by physicists, but we’ll just call it the (quantum) AND gate. Note that the column $ ijk$ represents the input $ e_i \otimes e_j \otimes e_k$, and the 1 in that column denotes the row whose label is the output.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: According to the Agency (US EPA), the maximum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in drinking water should be less than 70 ng L−1, and according to the EU 2020 advisory for PFOA and PFOS is 100 ng L−1[ 7,8. The maximum allowed concentration was recently modified (US EPA 2023) to a stricter value of 4 ng L−1 for PFOS and PFOA9. Unfortunately, the most common technologies used by water treatment facilities (e. g. , coagulation, sand filtration, etc. ) have an insignificant impact on PFAS concentrations10,11. Various technologies have been developed and demonstrated for PFAS removal from aqueous systems2,5,12,13,14,15, e. g. , adsorption, oxidation, photolysis, UV degradation, and membrane separation. Among these technologies, membrane separation and adsorption stand out as practical and cost-effective2,16. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes can remove and concentrate most PFAS species. RO was shown to remove more than 99% of PFAS, while NF was shown to remove only 70–99%, depending upon membrane characteristics, type of PFAS, and operating conditions2,17,18,19,20. Although effective, membrane separation has critical limitations. While RO membranes present higher PFAS rejection, they require more energy (higher applied pressure) due to their higher density and salt rejection (higher osmotic pressure gradient)3,6. Conventional polyamide-based NF membranes typically remove 70 to 90%, often insufficient to meet drinking water quality regulation7,18,19,21. The widely studied and recently commercialized tunable, chemically stable, and antifouling NF membranes—based on multilayer assembly of polyelectrolytes—also give similar insufficient PFAS rejection (60 to 90%)22. In addition to membrane rejection, PFAS adsorption was performed using a range of adsorbers, including activated carbon, ion exchange resins, etc. 3,23 Recently, cross-linked β-cyclodextrin-based adsorbents24,25 were reported to exhibit high removal, an exceptionally high uptake rate, and good regeneration potential. These properties can be attributed to unique cavities of ~0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: A Jermuk-lamM gene (accesion number OK490392) encodes a putative GH family 16 laminarinase and a Jermuk-celP encodes a putative GH family 5 cellulase. Jermuk-LamM is a novel 1,3-β-glucanase as it shares only 69% amino acid sequence similarity to the endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase available in the NCBI database. For today, this is the only characterized endo-1,3-β-D-glucanase in Marinmicrobia genus. The product of the gene Jermuk-CelP is a novel 1,4-β-glucanase showing the highest 49. 1% identity with the biochemically characterized endo-β-1,4-endoglucanase of Thermotoga maritima. Both enzymes have similar temperature and pH optima, being active at temperature range of 45–60 °C and pH range of 5–7. Both enzymes showed resistances to various additives and metal ions, thus are suitable candidates for a wide range of industrial applications including the production of biofuels and pharmaceuticals (Paloyan et al. 2022). Overall, the microbial diversity of the geothermal springs in Armenian and Nagorno-Karabakh is incredibly rich and diverse, and there are many different species and strains that have yet to be fully characterized. The study of these microorganisms is an important area of research that has the potential to yield insights into the evolution of life on Earth, as well as to develop new biotechnologies and medical treatments. GeorgiaGeorgia is located between the in the north and the range in the South, and has considerable resources of natural thermal waters. Over 250 natural thermal springs and artificial wells as well as spring clusters are known with water temperatures ranging from 30 to 108 °C. Mesothermal springs (with outlet temperature 30–35 °C) are mainly found in Borjomi, Tsikhisjvari, Tskaltubo, and Saberio areas, while hot springs (with outlet temperature > 78 °C) are found in Zugdidi-Tsaishi, Kvaloni, and Kindgi regions (Fig. 11). The drilled wells are mainly used in balneology and as a thermal source for greenhouses (Melikadze et al. 2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: For example, a partial FTQC architecture was proposed in which circuit elements called Clifford gates, which have small encoding overhead, are error corrected, while the rotating gate circuit elements, which are known to incur large overhead for error correction in quantum computation, are not error corrected [11]. In this case, errors accumulate in the rotation gates, so quantum-computation size is limited by this characteristic. However, compared with NISQ computers, this architecture is believed to enable larger quantum computation. We have also proposed a virtual quantum-error-detection protocol that seeks an intermediate procedure between QEM and quantum error correction [12]. Research and development such as that to bridge the gap between NISQ computers and FTQCs have begun. If it becomes possible to freely choose the appropriate error-correction capability and connect a NISQ computer and FTQC, it will be possible to continue to develop quantum computers that perform better than before as computation size increases without incurring gaps from encoding overheads. This new era may soon be a reality. 2023. [2] F. Arute, K. Arya, R. Babbush, D. Bacon, J. C. Bardin, R. Barends, R. Biswas, S. . Burkett. Y. Chen, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, R. Collins, W. Courtney, A. Dunsworth, E. Farhi, B. Foxen, A. Fowler, C. Gidney, M. Giustina, R. Graff, K. Guerin, S. . Ho, M. Hoffmann, T. . Jeffrey, Z. Jiang, D. Kafri, K. Kechedzhi, J. Kelly, P. V. Klimov, S. Knysh, A. Korotkov, F. Kostritsa, D. Landhuis, M. Lindmark, E. Lucero, D. Lyakh, S. Mandrà J. R. McClean, M. McEwen, A. Megrant, X. Mi, K. Michielsen, M. Mohseni, J. Mutus, O. Naaman, M. Neeley, C. Neill, M. Y. Niu, E. Ostby, A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The results thus suggest that in long-term filtration, ~70% of PFOA will remain in the concentrate, ~30% will be adsorbed and ~0. 1% will pass to the permeate. Optimizing the NF active layer for higher PFAS rejection can prolong the time between regeneration steps. We propose that the increasing rejection of PFOA by the NF active layer (Fig. 6a) is partially due to enhanced negative surface charge induced by PFOA adsorption (Fig. 6c). PFOA molecules are negatively charged at ambient pH27 and can be electrostatically adsorbed to the positively charged quaternary ammonium groups in the polyelectrolyte layer (the poly’s charge that the PSS did not neutralize). PFOA adsorption, therefore, induces excess negative charge, which is confirmed by zeta potential measurements of unused and spent M0 (Fig. 6b). In the MMCNF membrane, PFOA also adsorbs to the surface-bound Dexsorb® sorbent (Fig. 1c, e). The latter is a mix of positively charged and neutral p99. 9%, a ten-fold decrease in PFOA permeate concentration compared to 99% rejection. The removal was in-par with removal by reverse-osmosis membranes with the advantage of generating a lower salinity retentate, thus saving energy and brine treatment costs. developed here also significantly exceeds the performance of a recently introduced dual-functional membrane30, which achieved 70% PFOA removal. Moreover, the membrane was reusable after a simple regeneration cycle. Therefore, our dual-functional MMCNF membrane is a significant step forward in PFAS removal technology from drinking water. Table. 2 Comparison of the current work with similar recently published work on PFOA removal by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes. Full size tableThe composite mixed-matrix membrane synthesis approach presented in this work can be further optimized and adjusted for treating a wide range of microcontaminants. Porous PES filters (used in this study) support the thin active film in most commercial composite membranes and many novel ones. Therefore, the active layer can be modified based on separation needs, e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: geothermal springs are characterized by diverse chemical composition, with mineralization ranging from 0. 2 mg/L (Borjomi region) to 11. 3 mg/L (Aspindza region). thermal waters have mixed cation and mixed anion ratios mainly composed of hydrocarbonate, chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium ions. All studied springs are rich in heavy metals and majority of them contain gasses such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide (Melikadze et al. 2010). Fig. 11Major sampling sites of geothermal hot springs in GeorgiaFull size imageThe investigation of microbial community structure in Georgian geothermal springs has been explored recently following culture-independent approaches. The sequence reads from the Samtredia geothermal spring (Georgia) water sample with an outlet temperature of 58 °C and pH 7. 15, obtained from the whole-genome shotgun sequencing on Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, showed that majority of bacterial sequence reads were affiliated with the Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Chlamydia, and Bacteroidetes. Archaeal sequence reads were affiliated with Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota (Panosyan et al. 2018a). Microbial assemblages of the second studied spring, Tsaishi sediment, were dominated by Deinococcus-Thermus, Actinobacteria, and Aquificae. Zugdidi-Tsaishi hot spring is characterized by an outlet temperature of 82–90 °C and pH 6. 0 (Geliashvili et al. 2021). One of the most famous hot springs in the Caucasus region is the Baths in Georgia. These baths have been a popular destination for centuries, and they are renowned for their healing properties. The water is naturally heated and infused with minerals like sulfur, which is believed to have therapeutic effects on the body. The microbial diversity of the Tbilisi sulfur spring (Georgia) was analyzed using whole-genome shotgun sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum algorithms like Shor's can theoretically break traditional encryption systems. [SEP] Text: Pie charts are color-coded according to the top label: single club HFs (purple), double club HFs (blue), triple clubs HFs (green) and multiple club HFs (more than 3, orange). Scale bars: A-C – 200 um. 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 037 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 038 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 039 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 040 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 041 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 042 Hair typeControlKrt14-NogginKrt14-Bmp4ControlKrt14-Cre; Wnt7b-/-Krt5-rtTA; tetO-Dkk1 controlKrt5-rtTA; tetO-Dkk1 induced Auchene52432350253043 Awl70554050253045 Guard73484052253045 Zigzag54644018281933 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractWater treatment processes are known to consume substantial amounts of energy, making it crucial to understand their efficiency, drivers, and potential energy savings. In this study, we apply Tree (EAT), which combines machine learning and linear programming techniques to assess the energy performance of 146 Chilean drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) for 2020. Additionally, we utilize bootstrap regression techniques to examine the influence of operating characteristics on energy efficiency. The results indicate that the evaluated DWTPs exhibited poor energy performance, with an average energy efficiency score of 0. 197. The estimated potential energy savings were found to be 0. 005 kWh/m3. Several factors, such as the age of the facility, source of raw water, and treatment technology, were identified as significant drivers of energy efficiency in DWTPs. The insights gained from our study can be valuable for policymakers in making informed decisions regarding the adoption of practices that promote efficient and sustainable energy use within the water cycle. Similar content being viewed by others Assessing the influence of environmental variables on energy efficiency changes in the provision of drinking water services 1. In particular, the production of drinking water is an energy intensive activity because raw water needs to be cleaned by removing high levels of pollutants2. established by the United Nations, specifically Goals 6 and 7, impose an obligation on governments to ensure universal access to clean water and enhance energy efficiency3. Consequently, it is crucial for water resources to meet rigorous quality standards before being deemed suitable for drinking purposes. Simultaneously, the challenges posed by climate change and population growth necessitate the sustainable and efficient utilization of water resources4,5. Moreover, drinking water needs to be provided to people at an affordable price6. To address the aforementioned challenges, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the energy efficiency of the water treatment process, including the factors that influence energy performance and the potential for energy savings. By examining the energy efficiency of the water treatment process and exploring opportunities for energy conservation, we can work towards achieving sustainable and efficient use of energy in the water sector. Previous studies, such as those conducted by Loubet et al. 7, Chini et al. 8, and Lam et al. 9, have examined the relationship between energy intensity and the water treatment process. These studies have highlighted the growing energy demands in water treatment resulting from factors like climate change, population growth, and urbanization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: The sequences obtained from metagenomic DNA showed exclusive prevalence of Proteobacteria, followed by minor phyla such as, Nitrospirae, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi archaeal sequence reads were also in the minority, belonging to the Euryarchaeota and comprising < 1% of total reads (Panosyan et al. 2018a). At the genus level, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of genus Sulfurihydrogenibium and anaerobic thermophilic bacteria of genus Ammonifex, capable to reduce nitrate to ammonium prevailed in the Samtredia, whereas the spring was highly represented by chemoorganotrophic thermophilic community, belonging to Acidovorax and Polaromonas (Panosyan et al. 2018b; Geliashvili et al. 2021). Three novel thermophile bacteria were isolated from water and mud samples of hot spring in the central Georgia villages Shakshaketi and Agara where temperatures around 82 °C are measurable (Vardigoreli et al. 2005). According to biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, isolated strains were identified as Fervidobacterium sp. , Caloramator australicus and Pseudothermotoga lettingae. An anaerobic strain Fervidobacterium sp. GSH with optimal growth at 75 °C showed high ability to degrade keratin (native chicken feathers), which is a challenge for the current field of biotechnology. By following a multi-omics approach, its proteolytic system was explored, and new keratinase encoding genes were cloned (Geliashvili et al. 2021). Subsystem-based functional annotation approach suggested high prevalence of genes associated with clustering-based subsystems, protein metabolism, amino acids and its derivatives, and carbohydrates metabolism in both springs. The genes for secondary metabolism and metabolism of aromatic compounds have also been detected, but with higher representation in the Spring, indicating possible presence of genes of biotechnological importance in the studied thermal springs. North Ossetia-Alania, RussiaNorth Ossetia-Alania is located in the southern part of the and separated from Georgia and by Range.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: Root number (RN), root weight (RY) (tons/ha), leaf weight (tons/ha) (LY), gross sugar content (SC) (%), the amount of sodium (Na), the amount of potassium (K), the amount of nitrogen (N), white sugar content (WSC), white Sugar yield (WSY) (tons per hectare), extraction coefficient (ECS) (%), molasses content (MC) (%), root dry matter (DM) (%), the average of length (L) and the average of diameter (D). The amount of sodium, potassium and nitrogen was measured by Betalyzer device (mill equivalent grams per hundred grams of root pulp). Pure sugar content (PSC) (%); grams of pure sugar per 100 grams of sugar beet roots was measured by this formula. PSC = SC – (MC + 0/6) Gross sugar yield (SY) (%); Gross sugar content of root was measured by polarimetric method. SY = SC × RW White sugar yield: WSY = WSC × RY Extraction coefficient (ECS) (%): ECS = (WSC ÷ SC) × 100 Statistical analysis Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Test using the SAS software program. SPSS Ver 26 was used for measuring coloration, cluster analysis and principal and, Minitab was used for measuring biplot analysis. Results and discussionresults for the measured traits are displayed in Table 2. The analysis indicated that there is significant variation among the sugar beet populations for gross sugar content, white sugar content, white sugar yield, extraction coefficient, and root dry matter (P < 0. 01). Additionally, significant variation was observed for roots number, root weight, the amount of sodium, the amount of potassium, and the average length (P < 0. 05). The existence of notable variations among population implies their distinctive genetic diversity. Table 2 Analysis of variance for the measured traits in sugar beets genotypes S. O. V df 4 1. 91 1. 26 0. 68 2. 72 0. 2 0. 55 0. 07 5. 48 0. 08 59. 64 0. 58 3. 22 4. 75 1. 56 Pop 7 3. 67* 1. 57* 0. 63 ns 5. 28** 0. 08* 1. 36* 0. 06 ns 8. 27** 0. 2** 66. 9** 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Considering that the average volume of water produced adjusted by arsenic removal is 1,998,544 m^−3 per year, results on Fig. 1, illustrate that smaller facilities can have an energy intensity as low (or lower) than larger ones as even the quantity of sulfates to be removed is large (>428,440 m^−3 per year). Fig. 1: Tree (EAT) for estimating optimal energy consumption in DWTPs. The volume of drinking water produced and the quantities of arsenic and sulphates removed from raw water influences of the energy use of DWTPs. Full size imageIndeed, the results of our study indicate that optimal energy utilization in DWTPs can vary based on different thresholds of water treated to remove specific pollutants such as sulfates and arsenic. This finding underscores the importance of tailoring energy consumption to the specific requirements of pollutant removal in order to achieve optimal energy efficiency. By considering different thresholds or levels of pollutant removal, DWTPs can determine the appropriate energy usage for their particular circumstances. The results suggest that the energy required to remove pollutants like sulfates and arsenic can have a significant impact on overall energy consumption in DWTPs. Therefore, by optimizing energy usage based on these thresholds, water treatment facilities can enhance their energy efficiency and reduce unnecessary energy consumption. Energy efficiency of drinking water treatment plantsThe findings of our study indicate that the water treatment processes examined exhibit high levels of energy inefficiency, with an average energy efficiency score of 0. 197 (Fig. 2). This implies that, on average, there is significant room for improvement in terms of energy consumption, with a potential reduction of almost 80% in energy usage. The distribution of energy efficiency scores among DWTPs is shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. Fig. 2: Energy efficiency scores of drinking water treatment plants evaluated. Relevant differences on the energy efficiency among drinking water treatment plants are reported. Full size imageMoreover, it is observed that a small proportion of the evaluated facilities demonstrated full energy efficiency. Specifically, out of the 146 DWTPs analyzed, only four facilities, representing ~2. 7% of the total, achieved a full efficiency score of 1. 00. This indicates that these particular facilities have effectively optimized their energy usage and are operating at the highest level of energy efficiency within the context of our study. The four energy-efficient facilities utilize pressure filters (PF) for drinking water production.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: On the territory of North Ossetia-Alania, a number of subterranean thermal reservoirs and terrestrial geothermal springs were found (Zaalishvili et al. 2015). These habitats are characterized mainly by moderate temperature (55 °C) and mineralization ranging from 1. 1 to 2. 1 g/L. Thermal water of the sources is used by local people as a thermal spa. Recently microbial diversity of those springs has been investigated. In total, representatives of 50 phyla were detected with Bacteria having total dominance over Archaea. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota which represented ~ 70 to 80% of the communities. The microbial community of the hot springs is significantly influenced by anthropogenic factors but is dominated by moderate thermophiles (Toshchakov et al. 2021). ConclusionThe potential for the discovery of unique microorganisms and novel enzymes of thermophilic origin is still a long way from being exhausted. The majority of thermostable enzymes that have been isolated and characterized from European terrestrial hot springs and geothermal areas have been derived from Bacteria or Archaea. Culture-independent approaches like metagenomics and other “-omics” show great potential to close the gap between the unknown and unculturable microorganisms to unveil the immense magnitude of potential enzyme variants. Even though the major hot spots in Europe such as Iceland, the Azores, and Italy have been well investigated, utilizing metagenomic analyses methods and microbial isolates, their manifold sequence data still comprise an unused treasure of enzymes. Furthermore, there is still a high number of lesser known and unexplored hot springs above 50 °C, harboring a great potential for undiscovered thermostable enzymes and microbial diversity to confront the ever-growing demand for the development of future sustainable bio-based industry. 92. (in Russian) Albers S-é R et al (2006) Production of recombinant and tagged proteins in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Microbiol 72:102–111. Extremophiles 10:321–326. Biotechnol 22:63–70. Biotechnol 49:277–284. Microbiol 63:1088–1094. Res 42(D1):D490–D4951291.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: The largest positive factor coefficients in this factor belonged to and DM, respectively. The second factor, called RY, accounted for 22. 8% of the total variance. In this factor, the largest positive factor coefficients were RN, WSY, and RY. The third factor contributed to 10. 2% of the total variance, and the two attributes D and RY had the largest positive factor coefficients. The remaining 12. 6% of the variance was divided among four other factors. Liu et al. (2022) conducted that principal component analysis of ten quantitative traits showed that the cumulative contribution of the first four principal components was 71. 325%. Table 5 The total variance is explained using principal component analysis. Eigenvalues % of % 1 7. 6 54. 5 54. 5 2 3. 2 22. 8 77. 3 3 1. 4 10. 2 87. 6 4 1 7. 0 94. 6 5 0. 3 2. 4 97. 1 6 0. 3 1. 9 99 7 0. 1 1. 0 100 Table 6 The coefficient matrix for component scores underwent varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. Traits/Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RN -0. 086 0. 408 -0. 027 -0. 14 0. 512 -0. 585 0. 437 RY -0. 057 0. 313 0. 228 0. 119 -0. 197 0. 084 -0. 462 LY 0. 096 0. 079 -0. 089 -0. 106 -1. 381 0. 315 -0. 547 SC 0. 166 0. 029 -0. 048 0. 05 0. 281 0. 61 -0. 009 Na -0. 055 0. 033 0. 075 0. 04 0. 292 -0. 031 1. 58 K -0. 223 0. 122 -0. 129 -0. 131 0. 48 0. 101 -0. 947 N -0. 07 0. 107 0. 012 -0. 079 0. 265 -1. 589 0. 289 WSC 0. 181 0 -0. 047 0. 048 0. 06 0. 58 -0. 164 WSY 0. 018 0. 317 -0. 112 -0. 093 0. 516 -0. 101 0. 147 ECS 0. 204 -0. 046 0. 027 0. 048 -0. 41 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: No common characteristics were observed in terms of source of raw water, treatment train, and ownership for this group of DWTPs. The treatment trains employed are coagulation-flocculation with rapid gravity filters (CF-RGF) by 8 facilities, coagulation-flocculation with pressure filters (CF-PF) by 5, and PF alone by another 5. Similarly, the distribution of the main source of raw water varies, with 8 DWTPs treating mixed raw water, 5 treating groundwater, and 5 treating surface water. Ownership-wise, 14 of the 18 DWTPs are fully privately owned, while the remaining 4 are operated by concessioned companies. Fig. 3: Energy efficiency scores across DWTPs. Most of the facilities evaluated present a very poor energy efficiency with a score lower than 0. 21. Full size imageFurthermore, the analysis reveals a group of 11 DWTPs that can be considered as best performers. These facilities attained energy efficiency scores ranging between 0. 81 and 1. 00, indicating a high level of energy efficiency. These best performers serve as examples of successful energy management practices and provide insights into the potential for achieving optimal energy efficiency in the water treatment sector. The shared characteristic among this group of DWTPs is their use of PF as the primary treatment method for producing drinking water. Additional information of the influence of treatment train on the energy efficiency of DWTPs is shown in Fig. 5. As with the previous group, diverse features are observed in terms of ownership and the main source of raw water. Of these DWTPs, 8 out of 11 are owned by full private water companies, while the remaining three are operated by concessioned water companies. Regarding the source of water, the distribution is as follows: 5 out of 11 DWTPs treat mixed water, 4 out of 11 treat groundwater, and 2 out of 11 treat surface water. In our study, we investigated the energy-saving potential of the energy-inefficient DWTPs. By applying Eq. (5) and considering the current energy use of the 146 assessed DWTPs, we estimated the potential energy savings for these facilities, as depicted in Fig. (4). The results revealed that the assessed DWTPs have a combined potential energy-saving of 13,344,093 kWh/year.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: (AAS), established in 1899 and based in Washington, DC, is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America. Its membership of about 7,000 individuals also includes physicists, mathematicians, geologists, engineers, and others whose research and educational interests lie within the broad spectrum of subjects comprising contemporary astronomy. The mission of the AAS is to enhance and share humanity's scientific understanding of the universe. of Physics (IOP) is a leading scientific society promoting physics and bringing physicists together for the benefit of all. It has a worldwide membership of around 50 000 comprising physicists from all sectors, as well as those with an interest in physics. It works to advance physics research, application and education; and engages with policy makers and the public to develop awareness and understanding of physics. Its publishing company, IOP Publishing, is a world leader in professional scientific communications. A publishing partnership 2012. Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Journal, Number 1 J. Hargreaves et al 2012 ApJ 757 46 DOI 10. 1088/0004-637X/757/1/46 Download 2. 0–10. 4 μm) region of the infrared. This range encompasses the dyad, pentad, and octad regions, i. e. , all fundamental vibrational modes along with a number of combination, overtone and hot bands. Using our CH4 spectra, we have estimated empirical lower state energies (Elow in cm−1) and our values have been incorporated into the line lists along with line positions ( in cm−1) and calibrated line intensities (S' in cm molecule−1). We expect our hot CH4 line lists to find direct application in the modeling of planetary atmospheres and brown dwarfs. Export citation and abstract 1. (CH4) is the most fundamental alkane molecule and is second only to CO2 in causing climate change (IPCC 2007). The presence of CH4 in Earth's atmosphere is a consequence of both anthropogenic (e. g. , landfills, rice cultivation, waste water treatment) and natural sources (e. g. , methanogens, wetlands, wildfires). CH4 can also be found throughout the solar system (Karkoschka 1994) including the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and tentatively in the Martian atmosphere (Mumma et al. 2009).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: Genetic diversity of cacao (Theobroma cacao L. ) populations and agronomic traits for breeding by Nieves Orduña Doctoral thesis Date of Examination:2023-11-28 Date of issue:2023-12-11 Advisor:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Ralph Mitlöhner Persistent Address: Files in this item Name:Dissertation_Helmuth_E_Nieves_Orduña. pdf Size:13. 3Mb Format:following license files are associated with this item: The tropical cacao tree, Theobroma cacao L. , is cultivated to produce seeds, the unique raw material for the chocolate industry. Thus, conservation and use of cacao genetic resources in breeding programs are vital for the cacao-chocolate global economy. Wild cacao populations have a wide geographic distribution in their native range along the Amazon basin, but northwestern Amazonia is the hotspot of cacao genetic diversity. From the rich diversity of cacao (at least twelve genetic clusters are identified) the domestication of cacao in led to the development of Criollo, whose seeds are characterized by reduced bitterness, a trait appreciated for the international cacao market. Criollo ancestry still is a primary source for the development of cultivated cacao varieties. A narrow genetic base in cultivated cacao and disease vulnerability led to collecting disease resistant genotypes in Amazonia since the 1930s. This was followed by conservation via ex situ collections, agronomic evaluation of accessions to improve and broaden the genetic base of cultivated cacao. Disease resistance and yield are the most important economic traits in cocoa breeding, as diseases can destroy up to 40% of cocoa production. The conservation and utilization of the rich cacao diversity are the primary source of novel alleles necessary to address current and future cacao breeding objectives. The first paper reviews key topics in cacao genetics essential for crop improvement. By analyzing the geographic distribution of wild cacao in Amazonia, which consisted of 4413 observation points compiled from the years 1938 to 2022, and mapping the patterns of genetic variation, new areas for germplasm collection were identified in the border region between Ecuador and Peru in northwestern Amazonia. Despite the deforestation in Amazonia, this analysis suggests that it is still possible to collect wild material in the identified areas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Conversely, the study by Molinos-Senante and Maziotis26 did not provide a definitive conclusion on how the age of a facility influences its energy efficiency, indicating that the relationship between these factors remains unclear and further research is needed. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that DWTPs relying on mixed water resources, such as both surface and groundwater, experience a decrease in energy efficiency. This implies that treating water from multiple sources necessitates extensive treatment processes, potentially leading to higher energy consumption. Consequently, this combination of surface and groundwater treatment may have a detrimental impact on overall energy performance. This finding is consistent with those reported by Molinos-Senante and Maziotis26 whereas Molinos-Senante and Sala-Garrido15 did not identify the source of raw water as an explanatory factor of energy efficiency of DWTPs. When focusing on the primary technology used for treating raw water, there are statistically significant differences in energy efficiency scores. Figure 5 provides an illustration of these differences, highlighting that the most energy-efficient technology is PF. On the other hand, treatment plants utilize rapid gravity filters (RGF) technology to remove pollutants from raw water are the least energy-efficient. Treatment plants that utilize a combination of coagulation and flocculation (CF) and PF or RGF to purify water demonstrated slightly higher energy efficiency scores. However, there is still considerable room for improvement in their energy performance to catch up with plants utilizing more energy-efficient technologies. These findings present a partial divergence from the conclusions of Molinos-Senante and Sala-Garrido10, who conducted a metafrontier DEA assessment on DWTPs. Their study concluded that DWTPs utilizing a combination of CF and rapid gravity filtering (CF + RGF) were the most energy-efficient. They also found evidence that facilities employing RGF as their treatment process were the least energy-efficient. It is important to note that differences in methodologies, data sources, and specific contexts may contribute to variations in the results between studies. Fig. 5: Energy efficiency scores across water treatment technologies (PF: pressure filters; RGF: rapid gravity filters; CF-PF: coagulation-flocculation and pressure filters; CF-RGF: coagulation-flocculation and rapid gravity filters). DWTPs using PF are those with the best energetic performance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: The interesting polyad structure of the infrared spectrum of CH4 arises because the bending frequencies are approximately equal (ν2 ≈ ν4), the stretching frequencies are also approximately equal (ν1 ≈ ν3) and approximately twice the bending frequencies (Albert et al. 2009). For example, the pentad region near 3 μm has five vibrational bands since ν1 ≈ ν3 ≈ 2ν2 ≈ 2ν4 ≈ ν2 + ν4. Table 1. of CH4 Type (cm−1) ν1 (a1) 1 2916. 481 Symmetric C–H stretch ν2 (e) 2 1533. 333 Bend ν3 (t2) 3 3019. 493 Antisymmetric C–H stretch ν4 (t2) 3 1310. 761 Bend Note. aTaken from Albert et al. (2009). Download table as: imageCH4 has also frequently been the target of high-quality theoretical calculations based on the solution of the vibration-rotation Schrödinger equation (Wang & Sibert 2002; Wang & Carrington 2004; Cassam-Chenaï 2003) using ab initio potential energy surfaces (Schwenke & Partridge 2001; Schwenke 2002; Nikitin et al. 2011). The accuracy of vibration-rotational calculations are typically far from experiment; however, recent calculations of nominally forbidden pure rotational lines (Cassam-Chenaï & Liévin 2012) are able to approach experimental accuracy. Albert et al. (2009) have reported a study of CH4 in the 0–4800 cm−1 region and these lines form the basis of the 2008 database (Rothman et al. 2009). Extensive work has been carried out in Grenoble including the preparation of a cold CH4 line list (Mondelain et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2011, 2012; Campargue et al. 2012a) which has been successfully applied to the atmosphere of Titan (Campargue et al. 2012b). Recently focus has shifted to the generation of hot line lists for use in brown dwarfs and exoplanet models, either from ab initio calculations (Warmbier et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: Hierbei liegt der „Hotspot“ der genetischen Vielfalt von Kakao im Nordwesten Amazoniens. Insgesamt wurden in der Art zwölf genetische Gruppen (Cluster) identifiziert. Aus dieser reichen Vielfalt des Kakaos führte die Domestizierung des Kakaos in Südamerika zur Entwicklung der Sorte Criollo, dessen Samen sich durch eine reduzierte Bitterkeit auszeichnen. wird auf dem internationalen Kakaomarkt hochgeschätzt. Die Criollo-Abstammung ist nach wie vor eine Hauptquelle für die Entwicklung kultivierter Kakaosorten. Eine schmale genetische Basis in den kultivierten Kakaosorten und deren Anfälligkeit für Krankheiten führten dazu, dass seit den 1930er Jahren krankheitsresistente Genotypen in Amazonien gesammelt wurden. wurden in ex-situ-Sammlungen erhalten und eine agronomische Bewertung durchgeführt. Sie erhielten Einzug in die Zuchtprogramme, um die genetische Basis des angebauten Kakaos zu verbessern und zu erweitern. Krankheitsresistenz und Ertrag sind die wichtigsten wirtschaftlichen Merkmale in der Kakaozüchtung, da Krankheiten bis zu 40% der Kakaoproduktion zerstören können. und Nutzung der reichen Kakaovielfalt sind die Hauptquelle für neue Allele, die notwendig sind, um aktuelle und zukünftige Ziele der Kakaozüchtung zu erreichen.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Full size imageResults from this study provide evidence that the evaluated DWTPs exhibit inadequate energy performance, highlighting significant opportunities to reduce energy consumption. Such reductions can lead to cost savings and help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, particularly if the energy sources are non-renewable. Water managers and regulators can implement various actions and policies to enhance energy efficiency in water treatment processes (Fig. 6). Potential strategies could be categorized as follows:Fig. 6: Some strategic actions to promote energy efficiency in drinking water treatment plants. Energy efficiency improvement can be achieved by applying a diverse range of approaches. Full size imageDWTPs can improve energy efficiency by both reducing energy use and by removing more pollutants from raw water. Focusing on the first alternative, as it has reported by Sowby et al. 28, some practices for managing energy in DWTPs are: (i) Implementing optimized operational procedures can help minimize energy waste. This includes strategies such as optimizing flow rates, ensuring appropriate maintenance of equipment, and adopting efficient operating schedules; (ii) Energy recovery systems, such as energy-efficient pumps or turbines, can be installed to capture and utilize energy that would otherwise be wasted during the treatment process and (iii) Deploying advanced monitoring and control systems can enable real-time monitoring of energy consumption and process optimization. This allows operators to identify areas of energy inefficiency promptly and take corrective actions. Results from this study evidenced that older DWTPs tend to have lower energy performance. Thus, water managers can invest in modernizing treatment plant equipment to utilize more energy-efficient technologies. This may involve replacing outdated machinery with newer models that offer improved energy performance. Generation and transfer of specific knowledge is also a valuable tool for improving energy efficiency. Thus, training programs and awareness campaigns can educate DWTP staff about the importance of energy efficiency and provide them with the necessary knowledge and skills to identify energy-saving opportunities in their daily operations. Moreover, establishing platforms for collaboration and knowledge sharing among water managers, researchers, and industry experts can facilitate the exchange of best practices and innovative approaches to energy efficiency in water treatment processes. Finally, given the large room of Chilean DWTPs to improve energy efficiency, the Chilean water regulators can introduce incentives and policies to encourage water companies to prioritize energy efficiency. These can include offering financial incentives for adopting energy-efficient technologies or setting energy efficiency targets that must be met to ensure tariff adjustments or other benefits.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: 2009) or from experiment (Nassar & Bernath 2003; Perrin & Soufiani 2007; Thiévin et al. 2008). Radiative transfer models are typically used to identify molecules in the atmospheres of exoplanets (Swain et al. 2008). Adaptations for hot-Jupiter atmospheres include known strongly absorbing molecules (i. e. , H2O and CH4) and one of the options for CH4 has been the 2008 database (Rothman et al. 2009) combined with experimental data obtained by Nassar & Bernath (2003). covers a broad spectral range but is intended for room temperature applications whereas the Nassar & Bernath (2003) data are only recorded at three higher temperatures (800, 1000, and 1273 K). This limits the accuracy of the modeled SEDs and leads to errors in deriving effective temperatures (Hauschildt et al. 2009). We hope to address this issue by providing a series of high-resolution, hot CH4 line lists at temperatures relevant to exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres with the inclusion of empirical lower state energies where possible. This work will cover the dyad (ν2, ν4), pentad (ν1, ν3, 2ν2, 2ν4, ν2 + ν4), and octad (3ν2, 3ν4, ν1 + ν2, ν1 + ν4, ν3 + ν2, ν3 + ν4, 2ν2 + ν4, ν2 + 2ν4) regions of the infrared including numerous hot bands. Similar work has already been carried out on NH3 (Hargreaves et al. 2011, 2012). Our data sets, and molecular opacities derived from them, can be used directly in exoplanet and brown dwarf models. 2. -resolution laboratory emission spectra of hot CH4 were recorded in four separate parts in order to maximize the signal-to-noise for each spectral region. The four spectral regions are shown in Figure 1 for 1000°C. A similar setup was used in our previous work on NH3 (Hargreaves et al. 2011, 2012) and only key experimental features will be summarized here. Reset image size Figure 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: The present papers analyses the potential contribution of germplasm improvement on the production and environmental function of grasslands and how this potential is determined by the different grassland types. While grassland husbandry is interested in beneficial traits of the grass sward as a whole, plant breeding is always centered around single species. Breeding progress in individual species must be assessed by the performance of the sward and the harvestable herbage. This includes that the performance of new germplasm has to be tested in species mixtures that are common in the farming practice. Apart from forage provision, environmentally important services such as carbon sequestration or biodiversity are becoming more important whereby changes in climate force to explore new candidate species that are not yet part of intensive breeding programs. New species will deliver traits with beneficial effects for grassland farming. Breeding will need to be more focused on bringing together species with complementary traits by selectively combining varieties of different species in a way to capture synergies. . Making the most of multi-species mixtures: the role of species and functional diversity in intensively managed grasslands : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 02 Intensively managed grasslands with low species diversity and high inorganic nitrogen fertiliser regimes can be economically and environmentally expensive. Multispecies mixtures have the potential to provide solutions to improve the sustainability of productive systems. We review landmark studies that investigate the role of species and functional group diversity, and extreme weather events, on intensively managed grassland outcomes. We also introduce a new global network of experiments (LegacyNet) investigating the role of multispecies grassland mixtures within crop rotations. Multi-site experiments across wide spatial gradients help to generalise ecological results and can identify climatic zones that may benefit from local selection of species and cultivars to facilitate persistence and optimise the performance of each functional group in multispecies mixtures. Data management for preserving genetic diversity: Experiences and challenges DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 03 Genebanks play an important role in the preservation of global biodiversity. Here, more than seven million samples are conserved ex situ worldwide. Well-structured documentation of all associated data and information is the basic prerequisite for the operation of genebanks. This makes it possible to unlock the treasures stored in them for research and breeding.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: IntroductionWastewater discharges into the natural environment can deteriorate surface water. In the of America (USA), the Act regulates municipal wastewater discharges to keep the nation’s surface waters quality fishable and swimmable. (USEPA) System (NPDES) regulates point source discharge of wastewater to surface waters, but it rarely considers impacts on downstream drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Studies have detected contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial chemicals, originating from wastewater in DWTPs downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). 1,2,3,4,5 A previous study on the 50 very large WWTPs (between 15 and 660 million gallons per days (MGDs)) across the US reported 6000 MGD (263 m3/s) discharging to surface waters and measured 56 active pharmaceutical ingredients in effluent samples. 6 Additionally, some CECs lead to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) disinfection by-product formation in drinking waters after chlorination. 7,8,9 Furthermore, the public perception of CECs is unfavorable, despite evidence of their minimal human health risk because of the low exposure potentials in drinking water. 10,11,12,13De facto reuse (DFR) occurs when a municipality withdraws water from a river or reservoir that includes treated wastewater discharged from upstream WWTPs. 14,15 The previously developed () model16 analyzed treated municipal wastewater discharges from WWTPs and included combined sewer systems, although it does not consider combined sewer overflows or wet weather by-passes. model has been used and validated through field sampling in several case studies. 5,15,17,18 Our prior study concluded that >50% of DWTPs in the US serving 10,000 or more people with treated surface water have at least one WWTP discharge upstream of the drinking water intake. 16 While the frequency of DFR is high, its magnitude is relatively low under average streamflow condition. That previous study, which considered only DWTPs serving 10,000 people or more, found among the highest DFR occurs in the region (US (USGS) 12) with DFR occurring at 90% of the DWTP intakes. Other studies also indicate high levels of wastewater in surface waters in Texas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: High-resolution laboratory emission spectra of CH4 at 1000°C for all four regions (black) with the corresponding normalized instrument response function (blue). The baseline is caused by residual thermal emission from the tube walls and a small amount of absorption due to cold CH4, CO2 (ν3 near 2350 cm−1), and H2O can be seen. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image The experiment coupled a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with a temperature controllable tube furnace capable of maintaining stable temperatures up to 1400°C with an accuracy ±10°C. The tube furnace surrounds the central portion of an alumina (Al2O3) tube which is sealed at both ends by infrared windows. CH4 gas is allowed to flow through the alumina tube at a stable pressure in order to avoid the build up of impurities. The infrared emission from the alumina tube was focused onto the aperture of the FT-IR spectrometer using a lens. The small region between the spectrometer and tube furnace was purged with dry air in order to minimize H2O absorption lines in the recorded spectra. Table 2 contains the experimental parameters used for all four regions. Table 2. file coverage (cm−1) 600–1900 1000–3000 1500–5000 2500–8000 Temperature range (°C) 300–1400 300–1400 300–1400 500–1300 splitter KBr CaF2 CaF2 CaF2 Windows KRS-5 CaF2 CaF2 CaF2 Lens ZnSe CaF2 CaF2 CaF2 Total scans 240 300 300 800 Resolution (cm−1) 0. 01 0. 015 0. 015 0. 02 Aperture (mm) 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 1. 7 CH4 pressure (Torr)a 4. 0 4. 0 4. 0 60. 0 Zero-fill factor × 16 × 16 × 16 × 16 Note. aThis is an average pressure to the nearest 0. 1 Torr. Download table as: imageSpectra were recorded at 100°C intervals between 300 and 1400°C for regions A, B, and C and between 500 and 1300°C for region D as this was the temperature coverage of observable CH4 emission. Each region was limited using an appropriate filter chosen to allow for overlap between neighboring regions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: The background to the documentation of genebank collections is presented and cooperation at international level is described. In addition, challenges facing documentation are illustrated. New insights on the genetic structure of lucerne with GBS markers Marie Pégard, : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 04 GBS markers at the population level were used to study the genetic structure of lucerne in a set of 395 accessions from Europe, North and and China. More than 100K SNP without missing data were obtained. The structure revealed a certain genetic distance between European and American accessions, with a continuous variation between these groups. Contrastingly, Chinese accessions were genetically separated from the other accessions. This analysis is an invitation to go more deeply into a phenotypic analysis of these genetic resources to exploit them in breeding. Tolerance and in Silvia Bachmann-: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 05 Diploid perennial ryegrass progenies derived from a cross of parent plants differing in drought tolerance were phenotyped in rainout shelters for two years at two locations. Four crossing populations with considerable drought tolerance were identified, indicated by a high number of vigorous plants (80 - 90 %) after two drought periods per year. Preliminary results of experiments in mini-rhizotrons identified the total root length as one component of drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass which should be studied in more detail. Genomic and phenotypic diversity for adaption to future climate in natural populations of perennial ryegrass José Luis Blanco--Gutiérrez, Evelin Willner, Klaus J. Dehmer,. . . DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 06 Germplasm from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ) natural populations is useful for breeding because of its adaptation to a wide range of climates. We identified adaptive loci in perennial ryegrass and their association with seasonal growth traits and climatic gradients. Adaptive loci associated with autumn growth under cold winters and summer growth under dry and long summers were common to only a limited extent, pointing to a moderate trade-off along the winter-summer stress gradient due to antagonistic pleiotropy. Meanwhile, most adaptive loci were found specific to one type of stress or the other.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 19,20 Therefore, this paper focuses on the state of Texas (USA) and DWTPs that contrasts larger (>10,000 people) to smaller (<10,000 people) sized communities. CECs undergo biogeochemical transformations (e. g. , hydrolysis, oxidation, hydroxylation, conjugation, cleavage, de-alkylation, methylation, and demethylation) in surface waters, and the transformations are impacted by stream geometry and travel times. 21,22,23 Transformation products are often more polar, less bio-accumulative, and can be less toxic than parent compounds in the aqueous environment. 15,18,24 However, some derivative compounds can be more persistent and may have adverse human health effects. 25 CEC removal at DWTPs depends on raw water quality, chemical structure of target CECs, and specific unit processes in place. 26,27modeling and nearly all field campaigns to quantify DFR has focused on DWTPs serving larger populations (e. g. , >10,000 people), thereby potentially overlooking impacts from DFR on DWTPs serving smaller (or potentially underserved) communities. The value of the data science approach behind can allow screening or prioritization for CEC monitoring or treatment, after inclusion of DWTPs serving smaller-sized communities (<10,000 people) are included in the models. In this study, we expanded the model from only 156 DWTP intakes serving 10,000 or more people to include all DWTPs in Texas (US) by locating, ground truthing, and adding an additional 244 DWTP intakes serving 10,000 or fewer people. 16 De facto wastewater reuse was modeled under average and variable streamflow conditions. only includes treated and discharged wastewater effluent, but not contributions from stormwater discharges or non-point sources (e. g. , septic systems, surface runoff). Using a Dijkstra’s algorithm,28 proximal distances between WWTP discharges and DWTP intakes, and their frequency distribution when multiple WWTPs were located upstream, were incorporated for the first time into. Using information about the specific unit processes installed at each DWTP, we evaluated the capability of the DWTPs to remove CECs, should they be impacted by upstream WWTP discharges (i. e. , DFR).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: The resolution of each spectral region was based on the Doppler and pressure broadening widths, and was selected to minimize the acquisition time whilst maintaining the maximum line resolution. The temperature of the tube furnace was measured and maintained at high temperatures using a thermocouple combined with a programmable controller. The ends of the alumina tube required cooling to avoid damaging the rubber o-rings (which maintain the pressure seal) and the consequence of this is a temperature gradient within the tube. The observed infrared emission spectra are dominated by the high temperature central portion of the tube (see Figure 1) and the emission lines are assumed to be formed at the same temperature as the furnace. The emission lines in each spectrum were picked using the program WSpectra (Carleer 2001) and the line intensity of each line was obtained by fitting a Voigt line profile. The number of CH4 emission lines recorded for each region is given in Table 3. Table 3. Lines of CH4 (°C) 300 4,365 2,589 4,118. . . 11,072 400 6,656 3,566 7,752. . . 17,974 500 7,950 4,725 9,438 5,242 27,355 600 9,524 6,021 14,109 7,766 37,420 700 10,381 6,344 15,376 10,067 42,168 800 11,189 6,951 19,297 12,696 50,133 900 11,607 7,276 21,148 14,688 54,719 1000 12,005 7,889 21,042 16,563 57,499 1100 12,105 7,667 21,850 16,062 57,684 1200 12,368 7,637 22,511 10,269a 52,785 1300 12,235 8,118 23,332 9,640a 53,325 1400 12,510 6,095b 10,590b. . . 29,195 Notes. aThese spectra were contaminated by C2H2 and C2H4 emission lines and have not been included in our analysis as the impurity lines could not be completely removed. bThese spectra were unusually noisy and as a result the number of lines observed is reduced.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: It should therefore be possible to combine adaptation to winter and summer stresses by genetic recombination. This would be particularly useful in view of foreseen increasing climate variability due to climate change in Europe. On the other hand, the climatic distribution models of adaptive allele frequencies revealed a risk of local extinction in regions with much drier and warmer summers in the future such as the and southern France. Variability for organic matter digestibility at heading date in a collection of perennial ryegrass genotypes Vincent Colas, Philippe Barre, Frederik van Parijs, Lukas Wolters, Yannik Quitté, Isabel Roldán-Ruiz,. . . DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 07 Digestibility is essential to determine the value of a forage perennial ryegrass variety. We observed a large variability for Digestibility (OMD) in a panel of 580 perennial ryegrass genotypes when harvested at heading date. This variability was explained by the proportion of blades and by both, the cell wall content (NDF content) and its digestibility (NDFD). These last two traits showed no correlation in this experiment. The broad sense heritabilities of content and NDFD were 0. 77, 0. 76 and 0. 73, respectively. Blades showed slightly higher OMD than ‘stems’ (sheaths and flowering stems) but the distributions overlapped largely with some ’stems’ showing higher OMD than some blades. These findings for the whole collection were also obtained within maturity groups and are encouraging for breeding for high OMD via a decrease of NDF content and an increase of NDFD in both blades and ‘stems’. Red clover adaptation to a Nordic climate Stefano Zanotto, Helga Amdahl, Åshild Ergon DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 08 We analyzed traits related to yield and persistency from a single field trial over 2 years in south-eastern Norway involving 110 red clover (Trifolium pratense L. ) populations of various origin. A significant differentiation was found between Nordic populations and other material. The first group showed better stand density and yield over time, while the latter tended to grow longer during the first autumn after establishment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: This information was then used to discuss social equity issues and the need to increase CEC monitoring in less populated, often rural, communities. Results and discussionDFR occurrence and magnitude under mean annual streamflowsFigure 1 shows the spatially distributed levels of DFR under mean streamflow conditions for all DWTPs with surface water intakes within Texas. Two-thirds of the DWTP intakes (422 out of 595) were impacted by the potential presence of wastewater, as defined up having at least one upstream wastewater discharge. This includes 222 intakes at 182 DWTPs that serve populations of ≤10,000 (Table 1). DWTP intakes impacted by at least one upstream WWTP discharge included intakes located on lakes and reservoirs (n = 225), streams or creeks (n = 108), or canals (n = 89). While the frequency of DFR is high (~67%), roughly 60% of impacted DWTP intakes have <5% DFR under mean annual streamflows; 5% DFR equates to 5% of the water at a DWTP intake potentially being of wastewater origin based upon Eq. 2. However, DFR was higher in southwestern Texas with most having >20% DFR under annual mean streamflows. Thirty-four surface water intakes by DWTPs supplied by in the southwestern of Texas (Strahler stream order = 8) have high DFR (>20%). There were 173 surface water intakes by 97 DWTPs in Texas not impacted by upstream WWTP discharges, and 61 of these serve 10,000 or fewer people. Fig. 1Drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) affected by upstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharge under mean annual stream flows in TexasFull size imageTable 1 Summary of DWTPs serving different community sizes in Texas (USA)Full size tableStrahler stream orders play an important role in DFR magnitude at drinking water sources. 16 Figure 2 shows that the highest DFR levels were in the smallest and largest rivers in Texas, or lower to higher Strahler stream orders. DFR varies substantially among DWTPs located on different stream orders. First-order streams are smaller and therefore rely more on WWTP discharges to maintain even mean annual streamflows. Hence, smaller streams are more likely to contain CECs throughout the year. Most DWTPs on second- through fifth-order streams had DFR below 5%.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: Download table as: imageA system response function was measured for each region by recording a blackbody spectrum emitted from a graphite rod placed at the center of the alumina tube (i. e. , at the center of the furnace). This accounts for the relative contribution of the system (e. g. , windows, lens, filters, etc. ) to the intensity of the observed lines. The spectrum is compared to a theoretical blackbody at the temperature of the furnace and then normalized. These instrument response functions are shown in Figure 1 along with the CH4 emission lines at 1000°C. It was necessary to calibrate both the wavenumber scale (x-axis) and the intensity scale (y-axis) using the line list. The wavenumber scales were calibrated by selecting 20 strong, clear, symmetric lines and averaging the correction factor. Each temperature spectrum had similar calibration factors and typical values (for the 1000°C spectra) were 1. 000001351 for region A, 1. 000001677 for region B, 1. 000001051 for region C, and 1. 000000091 for region D. This results in a typical shift of 0. 005 cm−1 at 3000 cm−1 for the ν3 band. We therefore expect the accuracy of each line list to be ±0. 005 cm−1 or better. The intensity scales have also been calibrated according to. First, each emission line list was converted into an arbitrary absorption scale to make them comparable to the intensities of the lines contained in. This method has previously been used by Nassar & Bernath (2003) and more recently by Hargreaves et al. (2011, 2012) using the equation: where Sa/Se is the intensity of the absorbed/emitted line, ν is the frequency and T is the temperature. Each line list was then put onto the same intensity scale as recorded by region A, and comparisons to were made. lines had to be scaled to the appropriate temperatures using where S' is the intensity, Q is the partition function, T is the temperature, ν10 is the line frequency, and Elow is the empirical lower state energy (Bernath 2005). A zero subscript refers to the same parameters but at the reference temperature. The partition functions can be found in Table 4 and were calculated for each temperature using the TIPS2011. for program (Laraia et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Cluster analysis of DArT markers revealed several distinct clusters of clonally replicated genotypes in one of the fields (Stoos), but no clustering in the other field (Gotthard). The largest clone at Stoos comprised 24 plants covering an area of 2. 3 hectares with a maximum distance of 304 m between two plants. It is concluded that vegetatively propagated, sterile species hybrids can conserve heterosis and have the potential to produce a high yielding sward in mountain pastures. Understanding forage grass genomes beyond single nucleotide variation – an example on self-incompatibility Bruno Studer, Marius Rohner, Chloé Manzanares, International Lolium-: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 11 The genera Lolium and Festuca comprise the most important forage and turf grass species of temperate regions worldwide. Despite tremendous advancements in DNA sequencing technologies and genome assembly methods, genome sequences of highest quality in terms of completeness, correctness and contiguity are yet to be established for the Lolium-Festuca species complex. Lolium-Consortium (ILFPC) has set out to fill this gap and aims at establishing multiple high-quality genome sequences to advance forage and turf grass research and breeding. Here we report about first results of the joint efforts within ILFPC and, more importantly, how the established genomic resources can help answering biological questions. Using self-incompatibility (SI) as an example, we present how whole genome assemblies can be used to resolve the gene content and order at one SI locus, previously identified by fine-mapping. The multiple genomes obtained through ILFPC also enabled us to compare the gene constitution of different genotypes within and across species and link this information to SI functionality. The availability of multiple high-quality genome assemblies constitutes a milestone for genetic studies, functional biology and genomics-assisted breeding. Moreover, comparing genomes and moving towards pangenomics opens new opportunities to describe structural genome variation and unlock genetic diversity in the Lolium-Festuca species complex. Climate change adaptation in forage grasses: from phenotype to genotype Kristina Jaškūnė, Gražina Statkevičiūtė DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: In contrast to national trends where DWTP intakes on higher stream orders have lower DFR,29,30 presumably due to natural runoff diluting wastewater, streams of sixth, seventh, and eighth order in Texas show higher DFR. This illustrates how geographical location within the arid southwestern US can impact DFR perhaps more than general stream order classification on a national basis. Nearly all DWTPs on the higher stream orders are in Texas were impacted by at least one upstream wastewater discharge. Fig. 2De facto reuse (DFR) magnitude at drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) intakes under average flow condition in Texas (top and bottom of box = 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively; top and bottom of whisker = 90th and 10th percentiles, respectively; line inside box = 50th percentile (median); dot (•) = average; dashed line = 5% DFR). Numbers above each bar-and-whisker diagram indicate the number of DWTP intakes with DFR >0 included in the analysis for each stream order relative to the total number of DWTPs in Texas on surface water supplies having that stream orderFull size imageEffects of variable streamflow on DFR magnitudeReduced streamflow during drought may increase DFR. However, unlike the mandated requirement to have streamflow data or predictions at the WWTP discharge locations to calculate dilution factors, there are rarely in-stream gauging stations or long-term streamflow datasets available at DWTP intake locations. Lack of long-term (>30 years) data limits the ability to perform statistical analysis of drought or flood impacts on DFR. With the use of USGS stream gauge database within Dataset (NHD) Plus suite, 22 of the 595 DWTP intakes had adequate long-term (>30 years) historical streamflow data, and DFR trends as a function of increasing streamflow were assessed. Figure 3 illustrates DFR for DWTPs as a function of both Strahler stream order and historical streamflow. Fifteen of the 25 sites have >10% DRF at the 50th percentile flow. At the 7Q2 condition (~10th percentile streamflow), treated wastewater made up ~100% of the water supply for 14 of 25 DWTP intakes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: 2011) based on calculations made by Wenger et al. (2008). Table 4. (K) 296 590. 52 573 1,856. 19 673 2,648. 82 773 3,745. 99 873 5,267. 13 973 7,372. 47 1073 10,276. 30 1173 14,266. 42 1273 19,723. 43 1373 27,161. 91 1473 37,273. 63 1573 50,996. 68 1673 69,611. 60 Note. aCalculated using the TIPS2011. for program (Laraia et al. 2011) based on calculations made by Wenger et al. (2008). Download table as: imageWavenumber matches between our data and the temperature-scaled lines were made (±0. 005 cm−1) and these intensities were compared. A calibrating factor could then be deduced but as the frequency increased, the intensity calibration factors became larger and more inconsistent. Regions A, B, and C could all be matched without difficulty since these regions cover strong emission bands; however, region D proved to be a problem. In the end, it was decided that an intensity calibration function could be extrapolated into region D based on the matches from regions A, B, and C. The intensity calibration used to convert the observed arbitrary intensity (S'arb) to intensities in units (S'H) is where is in cm−1 and S'H is in cm molecule−1. The calibration function is temperature dependent and was applied to all regions; the constants are given in Table 5. Table 5. a b c (°C) (/1012 cm3 molecule−1) (/1015 cm2 molecule−1) (/1018 cm molecule−1) 300 2. 92 −9. 75 12. 00 400 1. 48 −2. 15 4. 98 500 2. 82 −6. 67 9. 03 600 3. 62 −9. 87 12. 30 700 4. 04 −10. 70 13. 30 800 2. 56 −3. 35 6. 02 900 3. 24 −6. 17 8. 63 1000 4. 87 −12. 40 14. 20 1100 4. 00 −7. 77 9. 33 1200 4. 07 −7. 18 7. 95 1300 5. 06 −12. 00 12. 60 1400 4. 68 −7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 12 Precise, non-invasive and high-throughput phenotyping methods are a crucial part for the identification of genes underlying plant adaptivity to abiotic stresses and for transferring this knowledge to practical breeding. Baltic and Nordic regions of Europe are facing an increased frequency of mild summer droughts. Therefore, securing stable forage production by improving grass tolerance to water deprivation is a pressing issue. Dissecting biomass accumulation by precise phenotyping of leaf growth under optimal and drought stress conditions, associating adaptive traits with candidate genes and subsequently validating their functions by employing -Cas based genome editing, can be an efficient strategy to increase sustainability in agriculture through improvement of perennial ryegrass adaptation to current and future climates. Development of a metabolic profiling method for ryegrass phenotyping and breeding on drought tolerance : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 13 The project focused on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ), as one of the most important forage grass species. One goal of the project was to efficiently improve tolerance to temporary drought using innovative selection methods. Therefore, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolic profiling method was developed. The resulting method provides quantitative metabolite data in sufficient quality and is still affordable for breeders. It combines a highly automated process from sampling to the final processed NMR spectrum and a profiling software that was developed in the project. This software produces a quantitative profile comprising 48 metabolites. Using this method >1400 individual plant samples from a two-year trial at two locations were analysed. Finally, the resulting metabolite profiles were used to train a prediction model using machine learning. This model enables the selection for tolerance to temporary drought at an early stage of a breeding process. In summary, a useful complementary method for phenotyping was developed and exemplarily applied for biomarker research in the breeding on drought tolerance. Pooled sequencing reveals genome regions involved in resistance to bacterial wilt in Italian ryegrass ölliker DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 14 Xanthomonas translucens pv. graminis (Xtg) is the causal agent of bacterial wilt, one of the main diseases of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ). One major QTL for resistance was previously discovered, but the underlying genes are yet to be determined.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: During seasonal low flow or drought periods, which is the design condition for WWTP effluents, there is a high occurrence of DFR (and associated CECs) at downstream drinking water intakes. Fig. 3De facto reuse (DFR) variation at 22 drinking water intakes in Texas under different flow conditions across six different stream orders. Exact drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) locations on each stream are not shown to protect the utility confidentialityFull size imageProximity distribution of WWTPs upstream to DWTPs within the BasinFigure 4 shows the location of 151 WWTPs discharges upstream of 10 surface water DWTP intakes in the Basin. Located at the upstream end of the lake, DWTP 10 withdrew water from Lake Lewisville, while DWTP 04 and DWTP 05 also used as drinking water source. Other DWTPs withdraw water from tributaries (Trinity River) or mainstream of the Trinity River. Fig. 4Locations of ten drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) used as a case study impacted by 151 upstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in basinFull size imageTwenty-one WWTPs influenced the most up-river drinking water facility (DWTP 10), whereas 151 WWTP discharges were upstream of DWTP 01. Because WWTPs discharge into tributaries and the main stream of the Trinity River, linear addition of treated wastewater does not occur. Instead, there is a distribution of distances from different tributaries that affect an individual DWTP. Figure 5 and Table SI. 3 present cumulative distributions for the number of WWTPs located at different distances upstream from each of the 10 DWTPs. Figure SI. 4 and Table SI. 2 show cumulative wastewater discharges, instead of number of facilities, using a similar x-axis. There are no DWTPs within this watershed with a WWTP located fewer than 16 km upstream (10 miles), except two facilities (DWTP 04 and 10) are located on lakes that receive WWTP discharge. Lakes can have complex stratification and mixing patterns and would necessitate site-specific hydrologic modeling to understand precise levels of DFR. helps identify such site-specific needs. Eight DWTPs have WWTPs located 16–40 km upstream (10–25 miles), and most of the WWTP discharges are located 160–500 km (100–300 miles) upstream of DWTP intakes. Figure SI.

Output: contrast