Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: In contrast, a species that requires repeated population augmentation or intensive control of invasive competitor or predator species or disease does conflict with the paradigm of listing as a temporary stage followed by recovery of self-sustaining populations. We agree with Scott et al. (2010) that conservation reliance is “a continuum encompassing different degrees of management,” and acknowledge that some examples straddle the border between species that are or are not potentially self-sustaining in the wild. For example, although delisted populations of Karner blue and Fender's blue butterfly may not be dependent on translocation, they will require continued prescribed fire or fire surrogates to maintain suitable habitat. Because prescribed burning might not be necessary if conservation areas were sufficiently large to accommodate natural disturbance regimes (Pickett & Thompson 1978), such populations could become self-sustaining in the absence of humans. In most landscapes, however, disruption of natural disturbance processes can be remedied only by continued intervention to maintain fire-dependent ecosystems. Because prescribed fire is typically not a “species-specific” intervention (as specified in Scott et al. 2005's definition of CRS), but rather an ecosystem restoration tool, it is consistent with the ESA's mandate for conserving the ecosystems upon which listed species depend. When the Services interpret the ESA's mandate using a definition of conservation-reliant species that include most or all listed species, they presuppose that costly or politically difficult obstacles to a species’ self-sufficiency need not be fully addressed to delist species if these species could be secure given continued intensive management. Removing self-sufficiency from the threshold for considering a species recovered has several undesirable consequences. If natural dispersal is achievable (e. g. , for highly vagile species such as the gray wolf or wolverine), delisting of populations still dependent on translocation rather than natural dispersal lowers the likelihood that delisted populations will meet other common recovery standards such as resiliency, redundancy, and representation (Shaffer & Stein 2000). Populations that require intensive management actions such as translocation by definition have lower resilience than those that are self-sustaining without such measures (Redford et al. 2011). Conversely, broad-scale connectivity is likely to increase the resilience of species to climate change by increasing adaptive potential (Lowe & Allendorf 2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In addition, extracellular and intracellular signal synergies regulate the formation, distribution, and turnover of focal adhesion spatially and temporally, which consequently affect cell migration. During cell migration, focal adhesion is a constant dynamic structure in the continuous links of assembly, depolymerization, and reassembly. Integrin, acting as a bridge, is a small and unstable adhesive complex that links ECM and intracellular protein formation61. When a large number of proteins are attracted to the adhesive complex, large and stable focal adhesions are formed. Cell mitosis is related to cell proliferation and differentiation, embryonic development, and tissue and organ formation. A series of processes such as integrin-mediated extracellular adhesion, focal adhesion assembly, stress fiber arrangement, and mitotic spindle orientation affect the mitosis of adherent mammalian cells. Myosin and dynein play important roles in these processes. In this study, the signaling pathway related to focal adhesion was significantly enriched and closely related to cell division in embryonic development. Moreover, myosin, dynein, and other proteins were identified. ECM receptors interact with the relevant pathway that is significantly enriched. The differentially expressed proteins are involved in functions of cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and ECM in three development stages. These proteins may contribute to the tissue remodeling during metamorphosis, for example, degradation of velum, foot and transitions of muscular and nervous systems. ECMs are composed of a complex mixture of proteoglycan, glycoprotein, aminoglycan, and other biomolecules; can interact with the aid of their surface receptors; and play important roles in cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and proliferation62. The ECMs have potential roles in tissue remodeling, ECM remodeling has been proved essential in metamorphosis of amphibian63,64, insects65, and bivalve C. gigas13. This study result speculate that ECMs may function in regulating cell fates in metamorphosis of B. areolata. In this study, the pathway that related to the interaction of ECM receptors may complement each other with that related with focal adhesion and bridge cell adhesions well. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which regulates cell metabolism and participates in the survival and antiapoptosis of cells, was also enriched.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In VIP knockout (KO) mice and those lacking VPAC2, there is a reduction in the coherence of the circadian rhythms which is due to a lack of coupling among neurons [92, 171]. Variations within individual animals in the relation between behavior and rhythmic expression in SCN have also been reported. Mostly mice lacking VPAC2 receptors do not sustain behavioral rhythmicity and do not have detectable electrical rhythms in vitro. While adult mice with no production of VIP show less severe disruption of locomotor activity, VIP KO mice show a broad range in both period and phasing of electrical rhythms. These varied results as well as much of the present information do not clearly state how VIP and its receptor participate in interneuronal coupling in the SCN. However, it strongly indicates the important role of the normal period and phase of SCN neuronal rhythms. Using bioluminescent circadian reporter mice now developed which are Cre dependent allows the genetically defined population of cells to be studied in real-time, it was observed [93] that among the two important peptidergic neurons studied, AVP and neurons and not VIP neurons are required for an essential autonomous network synchrony of the SCN. The role of VIP in SCN circuits, which is not yet fully known, was also studied using the DNA-editing enzyme Cre recombinase [172] and it was reported that VIP-IRES-Cre transgene interferes with VIP expression to affect clock function. However, it was also evident in their studies that molecular rhythms present in VIP-Cre-SCN are not due to residual VIP, but due to AVP signaling which helps to maintain SCN function at both intracellular and intercellular levels. VIP-expressing cells of the SCN and its cognate receptor VPAC2 are separate in nature neurochemically and electrophysiologically. It is reported [136] that there is a VIP/VPAC2 cellular axis that acts as a neurochemically and topographically specific pacemaker hub to determine the properties of the SCN network. 2, PACAP, and VIP along with their cognate receptor [173] are capable of mediating not only paracrine but also autocrine signaling [20, 150]. It is possible that neurons contributing to VIP to the VPAC2 axis can define the network-level properties for the role of SCN as a pacemaker.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Search withinThis JournalAnywhereSearch term Citation SearchSearch term Login login Institutional login SCB Member Log-in and SCB conbio. org Conservation Biology, Issue 2 e14200 of preemptive conservation efforts for species precluded from listing under the U. S. E. Stanley, Annabelle E. Stanley [email protected] orcid. org/0000-0002-7722-119X of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of for the. Stanley, of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St. , Athens, GA 30602, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRebecca Epanchin-Niell, Rebecca Epanchin-for the of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of for more papers by this authorTyler Treakle, orcid. org/0000-0002-1927-3215 Resources for the of for more papers by this authorGwenllian D. Iacona, Gwenllian D. for the of for for more papers by this author Annabelle E. Stanley, Annabelle E. Stanley [email protected] orcid. org/0000-0002-7722-119X of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of for the. Stanley, of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St. , Athens, GA 30602, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRebecca Epanchin-Niell, Rebecca Epanchin-for the of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of for more papers by this authorTyler Treakle, orcid. org/0000-0002-1927-3215 Resources for the of for more papers by this authorGwenllian D. Iacona, Gwenllian D. for the of for for more papers by this author First published: 11 October 2023 4. 3 initiatives (range 1–22) and 8. 2 partners (range 1–31) documented per precluded species; both measures of conservation effort were significantly and positively associated with the species’ range area and the proportion of private land across its range. The number of initiatives was also positively related to the number of threats affecting a species. Locations of conservation actions varied; more species had actions on public land than on private land (p = 0. 003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: This pathway also plays an important role in the early embryonic development of mammalians66, and regulates embryonic stem cells67. Therefore, enrichment of this signaling pathway may considerably affect the development process of B. areolata. of the Stages of Development and MetamorphosisCluster analysis results showed that in the horizontal direction, the protein expression modes at ZRZ_III and ZRZ_V were of the same branch, and that the expression mode at ZRZ_VI was of another branch at the three stages of early development of larval B. areolata. This result is consistent with the developmental characteristics of larval B. areolata and is more similar to those at ZRZ_III and ZRZ_V of the veliger stage than that at ZRZ_VI. Irreversible metamorphosis is necessary from the veliger stage to the juvenile stage; each larval undergoes a certain degree of change, which is largely reflected in the protein expression mode. Therefore, the cluster analysis results were consistent with the larval developmental process. In the vertical direction, DEPs were divided into two major branches. The protein expression in the first branch was upregulated with developmental stage. In addition, the proteins mainly participated in the formation of actin filament and corresponding biological process including cell adhesion, cytoskeleton construction, and ion transport. Actin is closely related with the growth of molluscs, and its genes are common in transcriptomics studies on the early development of molluscs. It mainly participates in actin filament formation, cell proliferation, intracellular signal transduction, as well as some other processes68. Proteins that participate in cell adhesion play important roles in important physiological processes, including cell migration, growth, stress tolerance, and immunity69. Thus, the enrichment of each protein involved in physiological activities such as the cell migration and growth exhibited a down-and-up trend. The result showed that at the veliger stage, the physiological activities such as the cell migration and growth of B. areolata larvae were slightly weaker than those from the metamorphosis stage to the juvenile stage. The protein expression in the second branch was downregulated, and the proteins mainly participated in gene expression, protein synthesis and modification, and ribosome biosynthesis. In the development process from the early veliger to late stage, various parts of the organs of B. areolata larvae grow quickly.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A study [174] had shown that VIP neurons of the SCN and the internal molecular clock present in it maintain locomotor activity rhythms, and circadian rhythm of body temperature in addition to sleep and wheel-running behavior. Recent studies are pointing to the participation of non-cell groups. An alternate but surprising viewpoint put forward is based on a combination of neurons expressing AVP, DA 1a receptor (Drd1a), or non-[43, 153, 175], present in the SCN, dominant to neurons controlling circadian pace making. However, this theory has not found much favor due to a lack of supporting evidence. synthesized in the SCN from glutamate with the help of GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is expressed by nearly all neurons. Multiple circadian oscillators are synchronized to each other through neurotransmitters and GABA is one among them for the oscillatory coupling mechanism. However, the role of GABA in the circadian clock function remains controversial [176]. Though initially recognized as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA is now reported to be both inhibitory and excitatory on SCN neurons [5, 46, 177] with the effects varying with the region within the SCN, time of the day, photoperiod, and even development. GABA effects on cellular activity have been studied with one study reporting inhibitory effects on SCN neurons [178] while others pointing both excitatory and inhibitory effects [119, 179]. Two major classes of GABA receptors namely GABA A (gamma subunit) and extra synaptic GABA A (delta subunit) [180] and GABA B have been identified in the SCN [118]. GABA can function through signaling and the two types of receptor subunits referred to as GABA A appears to be a chloride ion channel and GABA B is a G protein-coupled receptor. receptors are mainly expressed in the dorsal area of SCN [118] also containing AVP-positive neurons. Individual SCN cells with heterogeneous oscillators present in the SCN must couple with each other to have a robust output and synchronized circadian rhythms are required for coordinating peripheral circadian oscillators as well [181]. Synchronization process in the SCN can be supported [182] or impaired [183] by GABA coupling. The functional role of GABA in the clock has been elusive for some time now.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Even although greater effort and partnerships may be associated with improved conservation outcomes, the magnitude of both needed to achieve conservation outcomes is likely to vary with listing context. Important contextual factors can include landscape size, which influences the funds needed for effective protected area management (Armsworth et al. , 2011) and the number of stakeholders or jurisdictions that need to be engaged for successful management (Aslan et al. , 2021; Epanchin-Niell et al. , 2010; Guerrero et al. , 2013); the number of threats (Carwardine et al. , 2019), which can influence management needs (Iacona et al. , 2014); and the relative distribution of public and private jurisdiction across a species range (Treakle et al. , 2023). These factors can be important because rates of continued habitat loss for listed species are higher on private land than on public land (Eichenwald et al. , 2020) and more and different land managers are likely to intersect a species’ range on private land because of the smaller sizes of jurisdictions. Finally, the level of effort or number of partners involved in conserving species may vary by taxa because documented recovery costs vary greatly across taxa (Gerber et al. , 2018; Negrón-Ortiz, 2014) and because postlisting protections differ for plants versus animals under section 9 of the ESA (16 U. S. Code § 1538). The type of actions that contribute to preclusion of ESA listing also may have specific implications for conservation outcomes (BenDor et al. , 2017). For instance, conservation actions could be broadly considered prohibitive, in that they restrict activities that threaten a species, or restorative, in that they improve conditions for the species. This distinction is particularly relevant because under the ESA, harmful activities, such as direct take of a listed species or its habitat, are generally prohibited, but restorative activities, such as invasive species control, fuels management, or population augmentation (e. g. , reintroductions), are not mandated (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020; Henson et al. , 2018). Thus, species whose recovery depends on restorative actions may particularly benefit from preemptive conservation, and listing protections alone may not effectively conserve a species (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). Whether conservation actions are implemented on public or private land also likely affects preemptive conservation efforts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Additionally, there were different levels of carboxypeptidase and serine proteinase, and levels of amylase and cellulase were in the order of ZRZ_ V > ZRZ_ VI > ZRZ_III (1–3); the genes exhibited the same trend (Fig. 10). There were also different levels of esterase and chitinase, which are thought to be closely related to changes in the feeding habits of the larval B. areolata. Agrawal et al. 75 compared the activities of proteases, amylases, and lipases in carnivorous fish Wallago, omnivorous fish Clarias, and herbivorous fish Labeo, and found that the activity of carbohydrases is higher in the Labeo (herbivorous fish) than in the Wallago (carnivorous fish) and Clarias (omnivorous fish). Regarding proteases, maximum activity was found in Wallago (carnivorous fish). The difference in lipase activity was not as pronounced. Proteases and lipases exhibited the same activity in the order of carnivorous > omnivorous > herbivorous. Conversely, amylase activity was in the order of herbivorous > omnivorous > carnivorous. These results showed that there is a correlation between the normal diet of fish and the relative activity of digestive enzymes75. These findings are similar to the results of this study, which indicated that the activities of different digestive enzymes correlated with different feeding habits. Immune-related protein at the metamorphosis stageMollusks lack an adaptive immune system, and mainly depend on the innate immune response as a defense against various pathogens. In this study, a variety of immune proteins were identified including C-type lectin, lysozyme, stress protein A, GST, Hsp70, cathepsin L and marginal zone and B1 B cell-specific protein-like (as part of the natural immune memory). C-type lectin, GST, and cathepsin L levels were in the order of ZRZ_III > ZRZ_V > ZRZ_VI, and lysozyme was highly expressed at ZRZ_V. The abundance of stress protein A was in the order of ZRZ_VI > ZRZ_V > ZRZ_III.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Studies used to address the function of GABA in the SCN have mainly used a pharmacological approach since it is difficult to assess the role of GABA in the SCN by using a genetic study as mice with genetic GABA deficiencies like vesicular GABA transporters (VGAT) and GAD 65/67 deficient mice do not survive for long [184, 185] after birth. Two distinct forms of GAD namely GAD 65 and GAD 67 exist. VGAT is also present [118] in the GABAergic neurons of the SCN. Circadian oscillations occur at cellular, molecular, and systems level. A major reason for the dual excitatory/inhibitory effects of GABA in the SCN is the intracellular chloride (Cl–) concentration. GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter when intracellular Cl– concentration is low and excitatory when the Cl– concentration is high. GABA function also changes during development. GABA which has an excitatory effect initially during development because of the high intracellular Cl– concentration becomes inhibitory during development [186]. A study using genetically encoded radiometric probe Cl-Sensor has been reported [187] that [Cl–]i is under circadian regulation in AVP and VIP neurons and this has probably provided a basis for the reports of increased excitatory GABA transmission during day and early night. GABA A, a heteropentameric ligand-gated ion channel permeable to chloride [188, 189] takes part in GABA signaling [5, 29, 190]. It is also suggested that the functional role of GABA may be for the refinement of circadian firing rhythm, rather than for rhythmic generation and population synchronization [190]. Genetic studies of recent times have revealed that GABA refines circadian output rhythms but does not affect circadian oscillations in the SCN [29]. A new computational insight into GABA signaling has been developed to give more information regarding mammalian circadian timekeeping [180]. This also explains the interplay between gamma and delta GABA A receptors in the SCN which is crucial for signaling. It also tells us to some extent seasonal variation in circadian timekeeping. This acts as a pointer towards GABA-based therapeutic regimes for shift work or jet lag. The possibility of GABA levels and GABA A receptor densities balancing to time electrophysiological output of the SCN for neuronal firing [190–192] is also reported.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: We explored the attributes of conservation initiatives applied to species whose preclusion from listing was deemed by the USFWS to be due to preemptive conservation. These attributes are of interest because they represent efforts that successfully preempted listing. However, this association should be made with care for several reasons. First, although preclusion from listing can result from biological conservation improvements, avoided listing also can result from political or economic pressures. Thus, although we present preclusion from listing due to conservation as a positive outcome, this outcome may not always represent biological success. For instance, some species that have been precluded from listing due to conservation were subsequently listed (e. g. , copperbelly water snake [Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta]) or are under reconsideration for listing (e. g. , dunes sagebrush lizard [Sceloporus arenicolus]) (USFWS, 2023). Second, our study characterizes patterns of conservation efforts deemed successful based on an outcome of avoided listing but does not explicitly compare efforts for listed versus precluded species. This we leave to future researchers. Third, although we provide possible explanations for our results (e. g. , conservation mandates being more common on public vs. private lands or the ESA not mandating restorative actions), we cannot make causal statements about them. These findings complement past work that has provided more in-depth conceptualization of mechanisms underlying incentives for preemptive conservation (e. g. , Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020; Langpap & Wu, 2017; Treakle et al. , 2023). Our findings highlight the substantial complexity of preemptive conservation efforts that have precluded the need for listing under the ESA. Diverse partners across many conservation initiatives, with actions on both public and private lands, were involved in these efforts. Moreover, preemptive conservation efforts included actions to restore beneficial conditions and prevent harmful activities, providing benefits beyond those that could be mandated by ESA regulatory prohibitions. Our cross-species approach also enabled us to ascertain a positive relationship between conservation effort and the range size, private land extent, and threat level of species. These findings provide an important first look at attributes of preemptive conservation efforts across a range of imperiled species and how efforts may be shaped by a species’ conservation context in the presence of potential future regulation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Hsp70 was only detected at ZRZ_VI (1–3). Regarding the mRNA expression level, cathepsin L was upregulated from ZRZ_III to ZRZ_VI, the inconsistency at the mRNA and protein levels provokes that investigations are needed to reveal the changes of cathepsin L genes during metamorphosis. GST was downregulated from ZRZ_III to ZRZ_VI. The expression levels of C-type lectin, lysozyme, stress protein A, Hsp70, marginal zone and B1 B cell-specific protein-like genes were not statistically different among the three stages (p > 0. 05), C-type lectin and stress protein A were slightly upregulated at the ZRZ_V stage. Metamorphosis is the critical stage when larvae increase the expression of immune-related genes and respond to environmental stimulus1. Balseiro et al. 1 showed that at this metamorphic stage in Mytilus galloprovincialis, the expression levels of immune-related genes were higher than those in oocytes, suggesting that immune-related genes are active in mussel larvae. The upregulation of innate immune-related genes during metamorphosis was previously reported in ascidian Boltenia villosa76. Protein expression began to increase after the veliger stage to prepare larvae for settlement. The activation of innate immunity genes during metamorphosis may not only reflect maturation of the innate immune system but also might correlate with the resorption and re-structuring of larval tissues, as well as the ability of larval to detect and respond to bacterial settlement cues1,76. C-type lectins play important roles in the immunity of invertebrate. Intracellular lectins mainly play roles in protein trafficking and sorting, whereas extracellular lectins are important for cell signaling and pathogen recognition77. Bao et al. 78 investigated the expression of putative C-type lectin fold (MyCLF) during embryonic development from the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis. The authors found that the expression level increased in the gastrulae, trochophore, and early D-shaped larvae (veliger stage), and then decreased in D-shaped larvae, and increased hundreds of times in metamorphosing larvae.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Based on the evidence it may be thought that neuropeptides of and GABA by participating in network communication allow oscillators to work and bring out the interplay of molecular, electrical, and behavioral components of the clock. SCN neural network utilizes GABAergic neurotransmission for synchronization and all SCN neurons communicate using GABA [5, 176]. Light-induced phase shifts, synchronization between the dorsal and ventral SCN, and the sensitivity of the circadian clock to light-entraining signals are among the many functions of GABA in the SCN. Fast “phasic” signaling between the SCN neurons is achieved by the action of GABA on synaptic GABA A receptors whereas extra synaptic GABA A receptors activation provides “tonic” GABA A current [201]. and its receptor Gq-coupled Bombesin-2 (BB2) are synthesized in the SCN neurons of rodents, mice, and hamsters. Glu, identified as the main neurotransmitter for photic entrainment along with GRP and SP participates in photic response. It is observed [202] in rats and hamsters that GRP application causes phase delay in SCN neuron firing during early subjective night, and phase advance during late subjective night with no response to application during subjective day. Phase shift blocking by BB2 receptor antagonist confirmed GRP and its receptor participation in photic entrainment. The presence of GRP within CalB cells may indicate GRP for intra-SCN communication [203]. BB2 receptor is densely expressed in the shell [204]. GRP applied can mimic resetting actions of light and produce the response in both early and late subjective night. From a developmental point of view, it is interesting to note that GRP expression occurs at a later age as compared to some other neurotransmitters like VIP and SP in not only hamster SCN [146] but also in mice [205–207]. The difference in late timing in the expression of GRP seen at an early age is absent in adult mature SCN and are retinorecipient [206, 208]. GRP neurons in adults display light-induced increase in firing rate, IEG expression, and neuropeptide release [209, 210]. A subset of SCN neurons is found to co-express GRP and VIP and there is a synergistic response to combined GRP and VIP administration [200].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Can this research team reverse climate change? Global warming, climate change, the greenhouse effect, increasing carbon dioxide levels: we have all heard of these worrying events, but what can we do about them? Jones and his research team have been working on a new method to remove carbon dioxide from the air we breathe – potentially reversing climate change Imagine this … Global temperatures are increasing; polar ice caps are melting; sea levels are rising: our planet is in jeopardy, and much of this is a result of rising levels of CO2. Cars, planes, food, housing materials, deforestation – our very lifestyles – are resulting in soaring carbon dioxide (CO2) levels that are wreaking havoc on the environment. We need to reduce CO2 levels and FAST. ? • Trees and plants absorb CO2, so reforestation would be a good place to start • Changing to renewable energy sources would reduce the amount of fossil fuel combustion and therefore the amount of CO2 released • Simple lifestyle changes such as walking or cycling instead of taking the car would also help reduce CO2 But reducing the amount of CO2 we produce isn’t enough; we need to remove the CO2 that is already there – a process known as negative emissions. Could a chemical engineer develop a product that could remove the carbon dioxide from the air? Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA. As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In another study, lysozymes were selected for expression profile analysis throughout the different developmental stages (trochophore, veliger, metamorphosis, post-settlement, and spat) in mussel M. galloprovincialis, and it was observed that expression of lysozyme genes increased during the transition from trochophore to spat1. In this study, C-type lectin and lysozyme were highly expressed at ZRZ_III and ZRZ_VI, respectively, similar to previous studies. In addition, Hsps have dual functions, and are involved in the stress response and developmental processes79. Gunter et al. 79 observed higher levels of Hsp70 expression in tissues undergoing larval morphogenesis in the marine gastropod H. asinina. Hsp70 is expressed in unique and overlapping patterns in the prototroch, foot, and mantle, and returns to lower levels after morphogenesis is complete. These patterns of Hsp70 expression in H. asinina are similar to those observed in ecdysozoans and deuterostomes79. In this study, Hsp70 was only detected at ZRZ VI, akin to previous research studies. Proteins related to attachment and metamorphosisIn marine invertebrates, there are usually several metamorphosis events in early embryo development, which include development of the larvae internal structure, external morphology, physiological processes, and behavior. In planktonic life at the early veliger stage to the benthic life with gradually disappearing velum, the larvae undergo the attachment process. The nervous system plays an important role in the activation and regulation of the larval metamorphosis. GABA is a neurotransmitter that has been widely used in the chemical induction of marine shellfish larvae metamorphosis80. Fang et al. 81 proposed in their studies on larval Arca granosa L. that tryptophan, GABA, and acetyl choline within certain concentration ranges exert clear inducing effects. GABA may significantly induce the larval attachment of H. discus82, which is consistent with the findings of Morse et al. 83 on H. rufescens. GABA induced both settlement and metamorphosis in the mussel M. galloprovincialis, the clams Venerupis pullastra and Ruditapes philippinarum, and the oyster Ostrea edulis84.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: DA appears to be a neurotransmitter responsible for the non-photic entrainment of the above-mentioned behaviors. It is also interesting to note that perturbations of circadian rhythms are seen [220] in patients with psychiatric disorders, Parkinson’s disease, Schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Evidence is available to show that DA has a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and this is through modulation of SCN entrainment and behavioral oscillators [217]. The function of two important components namely the retina and the SCN of the circadian system is influenced by dopaminergic signaling [221, 222]. Light adaptation and visual acuity are two functions for which DA is required in the retina [221]. DA can control the amplitude of rhythmic gene expression in the clock [223]. Evidence is available to show that DA participates [224] in the rhythmic expression of melanopsin in the iPRGCs via D2 receptors (D2R). In this way, DA becomes a main modulator of the non-visual light detector for the photic entrainment of the clock. Many dopaminergic neurons having Drd1 expressing neurons are reported approximately 60% in rodents [175]. As stated, earlier DA is required for the entrainment of the developing SCN [225]. Recent investigations [108, 175, 216, 226] have revealed that DA modulation of the central clock exists in adulthood. Drd1 positive cells overlap with AVP and VIP neurons in the SCN and hence DA involvement in circadian function cannot be fully ascertained [226]. It is also demonstrated that Drd1 absence can reduce circadian entrainment and the same can be restored by the restoration process or presence of Drd1. Midbrain DA neurons innervating SCN if stimulated can also accelerate circadian entrainment. DA neurons can also release GABA, the inhibitory neurotransmitter that can modulate clock protein expression in the retina. GABA may likely influence the actions of DA neurons in the brain and SCN may have a direct bearing on circadian rhythms [227]. Two classes of DA receptors are seen, one D1-like receptor including D1 and D5, and D2-like receptors D2 D3, and D4 [228, 229]. The presence of D1 and D5 receptors is reported in the SCN.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure. As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: areolata. Proteins related to body torsion and neural developmentIn this study, 14-3-3 and SCO-spondin were identified. Comparison of the ZRZ-III and ZRZ-V stages showed that 14-3-3 was significantly upregulated at ZRZ-V (1–3). 14-3-3 participates in growth and development, tumorigenesis and receptor signal regulation, molecular chaperone, and activation or inhibition of the target protein activity91,92,93. The overexpression of 14-3-3 in the body plays an important role in nerve cell differentiation94. Studies on brain development in humans and mice showed that 14-3-3 deficiency may cause brain death or severe brain deformity95. In the embryonic development of frogs, 14-3-3 in the early development stage participates in determining the left and right in the axial direction of the embryo96. The body torsion of the larval B. areolata is likely related with 14-3-3, and 14-3-3ε is related with the neural development of B. areolata. Additionally, SCO-spondin is required for neurogenesis during early brain development, Vera et al. 97 suggested that SCO-spondin is a vital embryonic cerebrospinal diffusible factor regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation of the brain neuroepithelial cells. For 14-3-3 protein and SCO-spondin, the inconsistency at the mRNA and protein levels provokes the question of whether two gene participates in body torsion and neural development of B. areolata, that still suggest a further investigation. Other proteinsIn this study, the radial spoke head protein was identified, which is structural components of the axoneme and are suggested to be involved in producing flagellar patterns through regulation of the dynein arms28. The radial spoke head protein decreased from ZRZ_III to ZRZ_VI, indicating that it might be related to velum atrophy. Kyphoscoliosis peptidase plays a vital role in muscle growth98, and at the protein and mRNA level, the pattern was ZRZ_V > ZRZ_III > ZRZ_VI, indicating that it might correlate with muscle growth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: While studying the effect of glycine on the sleep-promoting mechanism it was observed that glycine produces the effect through the activation of NMDA receptors in the SCN shell by causing peripheral vasodilatation in the case of rats [233]. It was also observed that when bilateral microinjection of glycine was made into the SCN, there was an increased cutaneous blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and ablation of SCN could abolish the sleep-promoting effect of glycine [233]. In effect, glycine promotes sleep by modulating thermoregulation and circadian rhythms through NMDA receptors of the SCN. In yet another study [235] it has been reported that glycinergic transmission has a role in the synchronization of the circadian network in the SCN which leads to the organization of circadian behavior. GluGlu is required for the molecular timekeeping mechanism in the SCN, especially the extracellular glutamate levels are important. These extracellular levels and their rhythmic oscillation are controlled by astrocytes [236]. Glu release from astrocytes is mediated by the ultimate Glu metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which when activated causes an increase in astrocytic [Ca2+]i with ultimate Glu release from astrocytes. Glu seems to be involved in photic signaling and this is now well established. SCN neurons express all the 3 subtypes of glutamate receptors Glu addition to SCN explants induces neuronal firing whereas optic nerve stimulation causes the release of glutamate. These effects are mostly due to NMDA and non-NMDA-dependent glutamate receptors as seen in experiments using receptor antagonists in vitro and in vivo [237]. SCN astrocytes release glutamate [122] and thereby raise levels of extracellular glutamate during the night. During subjective day astrocytes release less glutamate and will lead to reduced spontaneous activity of SCN neurons. RHT mainly uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter but PACAP and SP also act as other two peptide co-transmitters in RHT transmission. Surprisingly these co-transmitters regulate glutamate transmission but the mechanism of such an action is not known [238]. Glu receptors present in the SCN belong to metabotropic and ionotropic types. However, the distribution and abundance of Glu receptor subunits varies and this leads to different effects of Glu on SCN neurons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. Download the 10. 33424/17 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 honeycomb, monolithic air/solid contactor is lined with CO2-absorbing amine materials (green). and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We also noticed a discrepancy between the protein level and mRNA expression of the EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein, cathepsin L, 14-3-3 protein, and SCO-spondin (Table 6). Thus, it still remains unclear whether transcription/translation inhibitors would affect the metamorphosis of B. areolata. Post-translational modifications may be responsible for this discrepancy. Changes at the mRNA level may not indicate changes at the protein level. Validating protein expression experiments are required to estimate the roles of transcription/translation-related genes in metamorphosis. ConclusionsThis study provides the first comparative analysis of proteomic profiles at different embryonic development stages of B. areolata. A total of 5583 proteins were identified. The DEPs were annotated and enriched in the GO and KEGG databases. Identification of these proteins will provide a basis for exploring larval development and metamorphosis mechanisms. We identified the protein profiles of B. areolata development related to shell formation, body torsion, changes in feeding habits, attachment and metamorphosis, and immune response. Materials and MethodsSamplingB. areolata were purchased from the Dongshan farm, Fujian province, selected individuals with vitality. Snails were maintained in an ecological flow-through water pond (20. 0–30. 0 °C, salinity 28. 3–35. 1, pH 7. 8–8. 5, oxygenated). The snails were fed daily with oysters and chopped fresh fish. Embryos were cultured, and fertilization, hatching, and developmental conditions were measured. Three groups of larval B. areolata at different developmental stages including the middle veliger stage before attachment (ZRZ-III), later veliger stage (velum atrophy) (ZRZ-V), and juvenile stage (ZRZ-VI) were used. Each group was replicated three times. Early veliger larvas were fed daily with algae. The late veliger stage sinks to the substratum and leads a benthic life, the feeding habits also gradually changed from phytophagy to sarcophagy, the snails were fed daily with oysters. Larval B. areolata were sampled from a culture pond containing 2,000,000–3,000,000 larvae.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: With the aging process and certain neurodegenerative diseases, circadian disorders are observed with reduction as well as change in the structure of melanopsin ganglion cells which indicates a correlation between circadian alterations and pathological states. It is known that conventional photoreceptors, rods, and cones, are not required for circadian photoreception, instead, it is RGCs with expression of melanopsin that are required indicating the inner retinal layer might contribute to circadian photoreception [265]. PK2PK2 is a cystine-rich secreted protein and is identified as an output signaling molecule for the SCN. PK2 oscillates in a circadian phase with peaks in subjective daytime. PK2 is a CCG and has a crucial role in the functioning of SCN. SCN, the epicenter of daily rhythms is entrained by light and PK2 expression responds to light-dark cycles. The molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN seems to be a delicate interplay between the endogenous circadian clock and light and this clock governs PK2 while light has a modulatory role. Vasopressin and PK2 are two SCN output molecules derived from two different CCGs [266, 267]. The receptor for PK2 namely PKR2 is expressed in the SCN target sites abundantly [268] which emphasizes that it is an output molecule. PK2 is involved within the SCN to synchronize the output as well as in the transmission of behavioral circadian rhythm. An earlier study [269] reported that PK2 is not necessary for SCN timekeeping or entrainment, but is required for coordination of circadian behavior and physiology. Many lines of evidence involving experiments have shown and confirmed PK2 signaling in input and output pathways. Further confirmation of PK2 as an output signal for SCN has been reported [270]. Reduced circadian rhythms in mice deficient in PK2 or its receptor and reduced oscillation of PK2 expression in transgenic mice are observed. One report [271] also observed that PK2 from ipRGCs to the SCN neurons has a signaling role. Overexpression of PK2 caused a significant reduction of BMAL1, Per 1, Per 2, and Cry 2 genes in the SCN. Thus, it becomes evident that PK2 signaling has a role in both the input and output pathways of the SCN.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society. In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The sampled larvae were flushed with clean seawater, transferred to a 1. 5 mL centrifuge tube with a suction pipe, rinsed twice with normal saline, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C. Extraction and Quantification of ProteinsSamples were thawed at 4 °C. Subsequently, 60 mg sample was weighed. Then 200 μL SDT lysis buffer (4% SDS, 100 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM DTT, pH7. 6) was added to the sample, followed by solubilization for 20 s with a tissue homogenizer; this was repeated three times. Then, 500 μL SDT lysis buffer is added. The mixture was shaken and heated for 10 min in a water bath. After 30 min ultrasonic treatment, the mixture was centrifuged for 30 min at 12,000 × g and 4 °C, and the supernatant was saved for subsequent experiments. The BCA assay was used for protein quantification. SDS-PAGE for Protein SeparationApproximately 20 μg of each protein sample was resolved and mixed with 5× loading buffer added at 1:5 ratio. The mixture was boiled for 5 min in a water bath and centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g. The supernatant was used, and the mixture was electrophoresed for 60 min on 12. 5% SDS-PAGE gels at 15 mA. Protein bands were visualized by R-250 staining. Filter-PreparationAbout 300 μg samples were collected and mixed with DTT until a final concentration of 100 mM was reached. The mixture was boiled for 5 min in a water bath and cooled to room temperature. Approximately 200 μL UA buffer (8 M Urea, 150 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8. 0) was added and mixed well. The mixture was transferred to a 30 kDa centrifuge tube for ultrafiltration and centrifuged for 15 min at 14,000 × g, after which the filtrate was discarded. After adding 200 μL UA buffer, the mixture was centrifuged for 15 min at 14,000 × g, and the filtrate was discarded. Then IAA (50 mM IAA in UA) was added in UA buffer (100 μL), and the mixture was oscillated for 1 min at 600 rpm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The involvement of orexin in a multitude of functions from energy homeostasis to cognition and dysfunction of the orexinergic system leading to pathological states has prompted to describe its role as necessary for a healthy life. It is equally noteworthy that the role of orexin is not limited to brain areas as it finds its way in metabolic regulation too. Pigment-dispersing factorThe pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is an 18-aminoacid peptide that acts as a neuromodulator and is produced by circadian clock circuit neurons [276]. It is a neuromodulator signaling peptide produced only by circadian clock circuit neurons. Two important functions of PDF appear to be the regulation of locomotor activity timing and the maintenance of clock circuit intracellular cycling. Both functions are mediated through the activation of PDF receptor (PDFR) in neurons [276]. PDF has an important but complex role in the phasing of Drosophila activity rhythm [277]. Another observation is that loss of PDF produces desynchrony among clock neurons under DD conditions but not under LD 12:12 and retains the neurons synchronized. This may indicate PDF is not very essential to maintain synchrony under entrained conditions [277]. PDF-present pea aphids are likely to mediate photoperiodic signaling to insulin-producing cells [278]. Thus, PDF has a pivotal role in the circadian clocks of many insects, fruit flies, and cockroaches. It is considered an output molecule of specific circadian clock neurons. Some of the findings suggest that PDF conveys day-length information to the photoperiodic system. In some insects, PDF may signal LDs, while in others it signals short days (SDs). NONO of the SCN plays a pivotal role in regulating the body’s circadian rhythms. It helps to synchronize the body’s internal clocks with the external environment. Neurons release NO and it acts as a neurotransmitter to communicate with neighboring cells and this helps to maintain proper phase relationship between internal rhythms and the night cycle. NO also affects the expression of clock genes like Per 1, Per 2, and Cry 1 of the SCN neurons which regulate the mechanism responsible for circadian rhythms. Exposure to light during the daytime causes the release of NO and this reinforces the synchronization of the body’s clocks to the external day-night cycle.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end! Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. ? “Until recently, there hasn’t been a strong market for NETs and DAC,” says Chris. “And therefore fewer ways for companies to monetise DAC technologies. While the amine-oxide hybrid materials we work with are relatively easy to make, they’re not being produced at commercial scale yet. As the market develops, I anticipate an array of companies, both established and start-ups, will be poised to manufacture such materials. We’re working with several of them today. ” The first commercial DAC unit on the market was produced by a company called Climeworks and is in use in Switzerland. Hopefully, this is the start of many. However, while large scale use of DAC could negate the effects of our fossil fuel-burning lifestyles, it’s vital that we move to renewable and more sustainable energy sources. What’s exciting is that Chris’ technology could help give us more time: “This would allow a slower transition to a renewable, energy-rich future, offering less economic disruption and loss of jobs associated with fossil energy,” he says. “It could be both a climate and market stabiliser. ” WHAT’? Let’s describe acids and bases even more scientifically.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The mixture was allowed to settle for 30 min in the dark at room temperature and centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g. UA buffer (100 μL) was added, and the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g; the procedures were repeated twice. Next, 100 μL of NH4HCO3 buffer was added, and the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g, the procedures were repeated twice. Subsequently, 40 μL trypsin buffer (2 μg Trypsin in 40 μL NH4HCO3 buffer) was added. The mixture was oscillated for 1 min at 600 rpm and allowed to settle for 16–18 h at 37 °C. The mixture was transferred into a new collecting tube and centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g, after which the filtrate was collected. The filtrate was desalinized with C18 SD Cartridge and quantified at OD280. LC-MS/MS Analysis on the ProductApproximately 2 μL product of protein digestion was used for LC-MS/MS analysis and separated using a nanoliter -nLC1000 system. The mobile phase A was 0. 1% formic acid solution with 2% acetonitrile, and the mobile phase B was 0. 1% formic acid solution with 84% acetonitrile. The chromatographic column EASY column SC200 150 μm * 100 mm (RP-C18) was balanced with 100% A solution. The sample was loaded onto the EASY column SC001 traps 150 μm * 20 mm (RP-C18) through an automatic sampler and separated by a chromatographic column at the flow rate of 400 nL/min. The gradient elution procedure was as follows: the percentage change of the mobile phase B for 0–100, 100–108, and 108–120 min is 0–45%, 45–100%, and 100% of the linear change, respectively. After the capillary separation by HPLC, the product of protein digestion is determined using Q-Exactive mass spectrometer with the following parameters: duration: 120 min; detection method: positive ion detection; parent ion scanning scope: 300–1800 m/z; MS1 resolution at M/Z 200: 70,000; and MS2 resolution at M/Z 200: 17,500.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SCN neurons nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity are seen in dwarf hamsters and rats which indicates the participation of NO in SCN [279]. Although presently NO has been reported to be an extracellular modulator of photic transduction in the SCN it can also perform both intracellular and transcellular signaling in the SCN as per some experimental evidence [280–282]. Production of NO in the SCN is linked to NMDA induced cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production and administration of cGMP produces phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro. NOS inhibitors prevent NMDA-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro and in vivo. Light transmission to the SCN is disrupted by blocking NO production suggesting a role in the light-input pathway. Glu release from retinal terminals can also be interrupted by blockade of NO action in intact animals. Other effects of NO blockade include interruption of expression of IEGs, intracellular increase in calcium activation of nNOS, augmented production of cGMP, and others, all indicating the requirement of NO in the SCN. NO appears to be an important neurotransmitter in generating the phase shifts of circadian rhythms. Aging-induced alteration of NO levels seen was significant in the liver. Melatonin, a known antiaging agent decreases with aging and on exogenous administration could produce a differential restoration of age-induced alterations NO daily rhythms [283]. The role of extracellular NO communication within SCN for synchronization to LD cycles has been demonstrated [281]. This occurs by single light pulses activating NO intracellular signaling which leads to phase shifts and synchronization. Since the knowledge about the 3 different forms of NOS is limited at present, the exact role of NO is not established yet. However, NO is now known as a crucial mediator for aligning our internal rhythms with the outside world, for healthy functioning of rhythms. HistamineHistamine is a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator and has a role in mammalian timekeeping. was first identified in the brain about 50 years ago, its role as a neurotransmitter in physiological functions was identified only later. Despite substantial evidence suggesting a role for histamine as a neurotransmitter in circadian entrainment, its role has not been identified with authenticity. Histamine can induce phase shifts in circadian rhythms in a manner like that of light pulses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Phenology and growth of European trees in relation to climate change K. Kramer PE&RC Research output: Thesis › external topicsThe relationships between climate and both phenology and growth of some important European tree species were studied to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on trees and forests in Europe. In order to make such assessments, insight is required on the mechanisms how climatic variables interact with plant processes. The topics addressed in this study were: (1) the modelling of phenology, (2) the consequences of climate change on spring frost damage, (3) the importance of phenotypic plasticity, (4) the importance of phenology on the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies deciduous forests, and (5) the importance of phenology on the effects of climate change on growth of mixed-species deciduous forests. Modelling phenologyTo evaluate the impacts of climate change on growth of temperate deciduous tree species, the onset and cessation of the growth must be accurately described. A review is presented on eight models predicting the date of leaf unfolding depending on temperature. These models were fitted using 57 years of observations on the date of leaf unfolding of Fagus sylvatica in The Netherlands, and used to predict 40 years of similar observations collected in Germany. As conflicting experimental evidence exist on the role of photoperiod on leaf unfolding of Fagus sylvatica, photoperiod was incorporated into each of these models. The timing of leaf unfolding could best be described by a model in which the effects of chilling temperatures (-5 to +10°C) and forcing temperatures (>0°C) operate sequentially in time, according to a triangular and logistic function, respectively. Including photoperiod reduced the predicting power of this model. Spring frost damageTwo studies presented in literature evaluate the effect of increasing winter temperature on the probability of spring frost damage to trees. However, one study predicted an increase, while the other predicted a decrease in the probability of spring frost damage. It is unclear whether the disparity is because: (1) different models were used, (2) different climatic warming scenarios used, or (3) the tree species at the different locations respond differently to warmer winters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The mass-to-charge ratios of polypeptides and polypeptide fragments are obtained by collecting 20 fragment patterns (MS2 scan, HCD) after each full scan. Maxquant Label-AnalysisThe nine resulting raw LC-MS/MS files were imported to the Maxquant software (1. 3. 0. 5) for database inquiry and LFQ label-free quantification analysis. The database was Uniprot_Bivalvia_44359_20160420. fasta (containing 44359 sequences, downloaded on April 20, 2016). The database search parameters were as follows: main search ppm:6; missed cleavage: 2; MS/MS tolerance ppm: 20; De-Isotopic: ture; enzyme: trypsin; database:Uniprot_Bivalvia_44359_20160420. fasta; fixed modification: carbamidomethyl (C); variable modification: oxidation (M), acetyl (protein N-term); decoy database pattern: reserve; LFQ: ture; LFQ min ratio count: 1; match between runs: 2 min; peptide FDR: 0. 01; protein FDR: 0. 01. The resulting inquiry files from Maxquant were analyzed using Perseus (1. 3. 0. 4) software. The samples from each of the three stages, namely ZRZ--V, and ZRZ-VI, were prepared in triplicate. Analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA, and P < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. GO Functional AnnotationsThe steps for GO annotation were as follows99. Target proteins were assembled and prepared through sequence alignment and batch extraction of target protein and BLAST of GO terms (mapping). GO annotation is a process of scoring the similarity between the target sequence and the sequence to be aligned to determine the reliability of the source of the GO term and the GO term structure in directed acyclic graphs. Only the GO term that satisfies the preset score may be annotated to the target protein sequence. For the supplementary annotation augmentation, the conservative motif in the EBI database of InterProScan is aligned with the target protein. The motif-related functional information is annotated to the target protein sequence. The annotation is further supplemented with ANNEX. The links between different GO terms were established, thereby improving the accuracy of the annotation. Consequently, the GO annotation results are obtained.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SP by itself did not enhance GRP-induced phase shifts in the early-subjective night and significantly attenuated GRP-induced phase shifts during the late-subjective night. Based on SP-induced Fos expression only in the late subjective night, it was suggested [296] that SP may not be a part of the photic phase shifting during the early-subjective night, but may participate in modulating phase shifts during the late-subjective night. Based on this reliable evidence, it is considered that SP is useful in orchestrating our daily rhythms and thereby essential for internal timekeeping. NMSThe presence of NMS, a 36 amino acid neuropeptide in the SCN was reported in 2004 [297]. NMS, seen in the core part of the SCN is a neurotransmitter of the circadian oscillator system and has a diurnal peak under the LD cycle [298]. NMS-containing neurons contribute about 40% among the SCN neurons and these neurons have an essential role in the generation of daily rhythms in behavior [153]. NMS neurons appear to be sufficient to lengthen the period of the SCN and behavioral circadian rhythms. Interestingly, it is closely related to another neuropeptide called neuromedin U which is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system. NMS neurons appear critical and it is reported [299] that deletion of the gene that decodes for the VGAT from NMS neurons can lead to arrhythmia of locomotor activity and sleep as well as impairment of intrinsic clock gene rhythms. This suggests that the removal of GABA release from the adult SCN does not affect the pacemaker’s ability to sustain overt circadian rhythms, but its removal from NMS neurons within the SCN throughout development removes the SCN’s ability to sustain circadian rhythms. It is also known that NMS can regulate circadian rhythms through autocrine and/or paracrine actions [298]. NMS, thus appears as one among the ever-growing list of neurotransmitters of the SCN having multiple functions. It operates like a conductor orchestrating the timing symphony of SCN to maintain the integrity of the clock for the expression of robust circadian rhythms and participates in the integration and coordination of the thousands of clocks of the SCN. synthesized in both the core and shell of the SCN has been assigned a significant role in SCN function.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: To evaluate the effects of climatic warming to Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia platyphylla, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Quercus rubra, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelcior, Quercus petraea, Picea abies and Pinussylvestris in and in Germany, both models were fitted to long series of observations on the date of leaf unfolding of these tree species. The impact of the two scenarios (uniformly and non-uniformly changing winter temperature) on the date of leaf unfolding and on the probability of freezing temperature around that date was evaluated. To test the importance of adaptation to local climate, hypothetical provenance transfers were analysed. For tree species in and Germany the probability of spring frost damage will decrease, provided the variability in temperature does not change. The contradictory results found in literature could be ascribed to differences among provenances adapted to their local climate, rather than to differences between either the models or the climatic warming scenarios used in these studies. PlasticityTo evaluate the potential response of individual trees to climatic warming, phenological observations of clones of Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia cordata, Populus canescens, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, and Picea abies transferred over a large latitudinal range in Europe were analysed. The magnitude of the clone's response was compared to that of genetically different trees of the same species along a part of the latitudinal range, which were assumed to have adapted to their local climate. The responses of the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall of the clones to temperature are similar in magnitude to those of the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess a considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate. For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: GO on DepsFisher’s exact test was used to evaluate the significance level of protein enrichment under each GO term. steps were as follows. The protein sequence is aligned with the KEGG database100, and homologous KEGG genes are obtained. The resulting gene was screened through Bi-Directional hit rate, and the orthologous candidate genes were obtained. The KO grouped data were obtained by KO based on the probability and Heuristic scoring, and the KO ranking chart is obtained. Finally, KEGG pathway mapping were finished. on pathway enrichment analysis was similar to the GO enrichment analysis. In this analysis, the KEGG pathway was the unit, and all of the qualitative proteins were background. The significance level of protein enrichment of each pathway was calculated by Fisher’s exact test to determine the significantly affected metabolism and the signal transduction mode. Experimental validation using qPCRThe differentially expressed protein genes were validated by qPCR to confirm the proteomic results, which was conducted using a QuantStudio 6 Flex Real-Time PCR System with qPCR Kit according to manufacturer instructions. Primer sequences were designed based on each identified gene sequence using 6 software (Premier Biosoft, USA) (4). PCR amplification experiments were conducted in triplicate under the following conditions: Initial denaturation, 95 °C for 7 min, then denaturation 40 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s, Annealing/extension 60 °C for 30 s. The results were normalized using actin (c264956_g1; gi|404452331|gb|AFR74960. 1| actin, partial [Rana clamitans]) and EF1-F (c233532_g1; gi|524916452|ref|XP_005113003. 1| :elongation factor 1-alpha [Aplysia californica]) for each sample and the 2−ΔΔCT method. The expression levels of each gene in the three developmental stages were compared using a two-sided Student’s t-test, and differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0. 05. Change history23 July 2018A correction to this 10. 1186/1742-9994-9-2 (2012). 1. J 280(23), 21981–21986 (2005). 2500.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Length of the day influences the expression of SSA and studies have shown [300] the involvement of SCN responses to light. SSA produced by a group of SCN neurons is an inhibitory neuropeptide that acts as a neuromodulator to regulate SCN function. SSA acts through 5 receptors [6] to perform its action. Some of the SSA and SP peptides are found colocalized in the SCN. This is mostly due to the synapse of SSA on VIP and AVP neurons and the presence of SSA receptors in the SCN. SSA likely has a regulatory role on the other peptidergic neurons of the SCN. A study [301] reported an increase in SSA and SP immunoreactivity in aged Wistar rats, while another study [302] in Syrian hamsters reported no effect of age of SSA m RNA. Though this can be explained based on the species-specific effect seen in the SCN, an increase in SSA immunoreactivity may be related to the VIP decrease with aging, especially given the inhibitory modulatory role of SSA on VIP rhythmicity in the SCN. SSA influences retinorecipient neurons of the SCN core which can reset the molecular clock and this clearly shows a direct role of SSA in the entrainment of circadian activity to the external LD cycle. Studies also suggest SSA signaling [49, 116, 303] can influence the circadian mechanism responsible for the waveform of daily rhythms more than period or phase. Based on these reports one can suggest that SSA may not be necessary for intrinsic circadian timekeeping or photoentrainment, but can contribute to the robustness of circadian activity with change in lighting conditions. CalB and CALRTwo calcium-binding proteins, CalB and CALR, have a role in SCN function. These peptide-containing neurons of the SCN have a complex organization and this is similar among all species [304]. Both proteins are involved in buffering intracellular calcium levels, crucial for the regulation of neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release. Both the core and shell parts of the SCN have CalB neurons with more density in the caudal part and receive direct retinal input [305]. CalB neurons are essential for circadian locomotor activity rhythm.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: These differences in the duration of the growing season in response to increasing temperature may alter the competitive balance between the species in mixed stands. Descriptive dynamic models showed that most of the variance of the date of leaf unfolding can be accounted for by temperature. However, a generally applicable model of leaf fall based on temperature and/or photoperiod could not improve the null model, i. e. the mean date of leaf fall, because of variability in other environmental factors. The lowest temperature around the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall differed among the clones. The hypothesis that the survival of the clones is curtailed by spring frosts was supported. Thus, these lowest temperatures around leaf unfolding may represent thresholds below which the species cannot survive. It is argued that these thresholds may be a particularly sensitive means to evaluate the impacts of climatic warming on the geographical distribution of tree species. Growth of monospecies forestsThe importance of three phenological types of deciduous tree for the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies forests was evaluated using the model. The climate change scenarios used were a doubling of the C02 concentration (700 μmol mol -1) and an increase in temperature ranging from 0 to 7°C. To elucidate the relative importance of photosynthesis and allocation for this evaluation, models with different levels of mechanistic detail of photosynthesis and allocation were used. The photosynthesis approach of was compared to the Farquhar and approach as formulated in PGEN (-PGEN). Similarly, the allocation approach of was compared to the transport-resistance approach, as formulated in the ITE-Edinburgh model (ITE-). A sensitivity analysis was performed to ascertain whether the response of gross photosynthesis to a climate change scenario depends on the value assigned to parameters in these models, and to compare this sensitivity with the differences found between the phenological types. The differences in the response of annual gross photosynthesis ( Pg,a ) to the climate change scenarios between the phenological types were smaller according to ITE- as compared to. These differences are of a similar magnitude when comparing the two photosynthesis models. -PGEN showed that the response of Pg,a to a 2 x [ 2 CO ] increases with rising temperature, thus compensating for the increase in respiration. For both and this C0 2 and temperature interaction was not found.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe morphogenetic transition of motile coral larvae into sessile primary polyps is triggered and genetically programmed upon exposure to environmental biomaterials, such as crustose coralline algae (CCA) and bacterial biofilms. Although the specific chemical cues that trigger coral larval morphogenesis are poorly understood there is much more information available on the genes that play a role in this early life phase. Putative chemical cues from natural biomaterials yielded defined chemical samples that triggered different morphogenetic outcomes: an extract derived from a CCA-associated Pseudoalteromonas bacterium that induced metamorphosis, characterized by non-attached metamorphosed juveniles; and two fractions of the CCA Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) that induced settlement, characterized by attached metamorphosed juveniles. In an effort to distinguish the genes involved in these two morphogenetic transitions, competent larvae of the coral Acropora millepora were exposed to these predictable cues and the expression profiles of 47 coral genes of interest (GOI) were investigated after only 1 hour of exposure using multiplex RT–qPCR. Thirty-two GOI were differentially expressed, indicating a putative role during the early regulation of morphogenesis. The most striking differences were observed for immunity-related genes, hypothesized to be involved in cell recognition and adhesion, and for fluorescent protein genes. Principal component analysis of gene expression profiles resulted in separation between the different morphogenetic cues and exposure times, and not only identified those genes involved in the early response but also those which influenced downstream biological changes leading to larval metamorphosis or settlement. Citation: (2014) Patterns during the of and Settlement of the millepora. 9(3): e91082. : October 16, 2013; Accepted: February 6, 2014; Published: March 14, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Siboni et al. This is an open-access 2233. TH was partially supported by a awarded by the Foundation (HA 3496/5-1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: TH currently serves as an academic editor for. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the policies on sharing data and materials.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Lesion and transplantation studies in animals have shown that lesions that destroyed CalB neurons but spared other neurons of the SCN lost rhythmicity of locomotor activity and transplants with CalB neurons promptly restored the same. There is colocalization of CalB with peptides like and SP. CalB also has interconnections with and VIP and some interconnections are bilateral while others are not [31]. In addition, CalB cells also have intra-SCN as well as a projection to extra SCN region [31]. CalB cells are non-rhythmic and receive input from RHT and GHT and the light information to CalB facilitates circadian output [306]. Various pieces of evidence suggest that CalB cells in the SCN may function as gates to relay photic signals. CALR, another calcium-binding protein seen in the SCN is small to medium-sized and is found in the core ventral part of dorsal and lateral SCN It is co-localized with VIP neurons. Optic tracts show immunoreactivity for CALR and there is a reduction in CalB-D28k expression parallel to RHT formation There is also an increase in CALR expression with development [307]. Although the precise roles of CalB and CALR are not yet known, it is expected that they are important for the fine tuning of circadian rhythms. is an octapeptide found in the shell part of the SCN [6] whose presence has been confirmed by light microscopy and electron microscopy in normotensive rats [308]. SCN-derived ANGII has been reported to act as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and their effects are mediated through angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1). SCN has ANGII and AT1 [309]. Its influence on circadian rhythms is likely to be indirect as there is no evidence of a direct effect. Its effect on blood pressure and electrolyte balance may have indirect effects on the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian functions. ANGII stimulates the synthesis, and release of AVP and increases its production. AVP also enhances the coupling of SCN with the LD cycle and helps in the synchronization of circadian rhythms in the SCN. Modulating neuronal activity, and altering the firing rate and phase of SCN neurons are listed as some other functions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Consequently, in these models the increase in respiration exceeded the increase in gross photosynthesis at the higher range of temperature rise. The sensitivity analysis showed that the models differ in the sensitivity of the response of Pg,a to a 2 x [C 2 O ] scenario combined with a temperature rise of 2°C ( C700 T2 ), when parameter values change by ±25%. -PGEN, the magnitude of the response of Pg,a depended on the values of some of its parameters, especially those determining the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of Rubisco, which for these parameters exceeded the differences between the phenological types in this scenario. In both and ITE-this sensitivity is similar to or less than the difference between the phenological types in the C700 T2 scenario. Growth of mixed-species forestsUsing the same three phenological types and climate change scenarios, the effects of differences in phenology and spring frost damage on growth in mixed-species stands were evaluated using the models and. highlights potential growth in managed forests, whereas highlights feedbacks of carbon, water and nitrogen cycles in Types, based on gap model theory. Furthermore, the importance of inaccuracy of the phenological model for growth in mixed-species stands was evaluated by comparing the modelling approach with a regression approach. The results of the climate change scenarios indicate for both and that: (1) the differences in NPP of the three phenological types considered are enhanced when grown in a mixed-species stand compared to a monospecies stand; and (2) the consequences of frost damage on growth is more prominent in mixed-species stands than in monospecies stands. Considering the accuracy of the modelling approach compared to the regression approach for the timing of leaf unfolding and spring frost damage, the sequential model of leaf unfolding shows a similar response of the NPP as the regression approach, both for the monospecies and the mixed-species situation. The modelling approach yields, however, larger differences in the NPP between the phenological types because the model predicts a greater advancement of leaf unfolding than the regression model. Comparing the regression approach to the modelling approach for frost hardiness, the regression approach shows a greater frequency of frost damage, because according to the model, the minimum level of frost hardiness is attained after the date of leaf unfolding, thus reducing this frequency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: IntroductionAmong the cues that trigger the pelago-benthic transition of coral larvae, biomolecular cues associated with the natural habitat, such as coral rubble, crustose coralline algae (CCA) and marine bacteria, have received considerable attention in the literature [1]–[4]. Previous investigations of gene expression profiles in coral larvae after exposure to these natural morphogenetic cues have focussed on the regulation of candidate genes with presumptive key functions in coral development, such as those implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, adhesion, biomineralization and immunity [5]–[11]. These investigations identified a large number of genes that were differentially expressed across the complete developmental transition, from competent swimming larvae to post-metamorphosis primary polyps [7], and that regulatory changes in gene expression occurred between 4 to 12 h post incubation (hpi) to a variety of morphogenetic stimuli [6]–[8], [12]. The general conclusion was that, at the transcriptional level, coral larvae appear to anticipate metamorphosis [6]. Changes in gene expression profiles of larvae exposed to morphogenetic stimuli have mostly been investigated using non-targeted approaches [6], [8] primarily due to the variable and complex composition of coral rubble obtained in the field, typically characterized by a mix of live and dead CCA, endolithic green algae, polychaetes, diatoms, protozoa and bacteria. Further compounding this issue is the likelihood that changes to the gene expression profiles of larvae exposed to CCA are in fact an integrated response to a multitude of qualitatively different triggers possibly affecting gene expression at multiple and unrelated levels. A bioassay-guided chemical isolation strategy was employed to generate chemically refined and quantifiable putative morphogenetic cues from these natural biomaterials that would trigger larval morphogenesis in vitro. This strategy yielded (1) an organic and an aqueous fraction of the CCA Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) that, under laboratory conditions, triggered in a highly reproducible manner, settlement, characterized by attached metamorphosed juveniles [13] and (2) a crude extract of Pseudoalteromonas strain J010 (J010-E) isolated from H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1. Comparing label-free quantitative peptidomics approaches to characterize diurnal variation of peptides in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Anal Chem. 2014;86:443–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]2. . The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems. Neuroreport. 2001;12:435–40. [DOI] [PubMed] 3. Output from VIP cells of the mammalian central clock regulates daily physiological rhythms. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1453. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]4. Spatiotemporal single-cell analysis of gene expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23:456–467. [DOI] [PubMed] 5. 4th. The dynamics of GABA signaling: Revelations from the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017;44:35–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]6. . Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections. Brain Res. 2001;916:172–91. [DOI] [PubMed] 7. . Suprachiasmatic nucleus organization. Res. 2002;309:89–98. [DOI] [PubMed] 8. NPAS4 regulates the transcriptional response of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to light and circadian behavior. Neuron. 2021;109:3268–82. e6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]9. Cell-autonomous clock of astrocytes drives circadian behavior in mammals. Science. 2019;363:187–92.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: The contradictory results found in literature could be ascribed to differences among provenances adapted to their local climate, rather than to differences between either the models or the climatic warming scenarios used in these studies. PlasticityTo evaluate the potential response of individual trees to climatic warming, phenological observations of clones of Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia cordata, Populus canescens, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, and Picea abies transferred over a large latitudinal range in Europe were analysed. The magnitude of the clone's response was compared to that of genetically different trees of the same species along a part of the latitudinal range, which were assumed to have adapted to their local climate. The responses of the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall of the clones to temperature are similar in magnitude to those of the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess a considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate. For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature. These differences in the duration of the growing season in response to increasing temperature may alter the competitive balance between the species in mixed stands. Descriptive dynamic models showed that most of the variance of the date of leaf unfolding can be accounted for by temperature. However, a generally applicable model of leaf fall based on temperature and/or photoperiod could not improve the null model, i. e. the mean date of leaf fall, because of variability in other environmental factors. The lowest temperature around the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall differed among the clones. The hypothesis that the survival of the clones is curtailed by spring frosts was supported. Thus, these lowest temperatures around leaf unfolding may represent thresholds below which the species cannot survive. It is argued that these thresholds may be a particularly sensitive means to evaluate the impacts of climatic warming on the geographical distribution of tree species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: onkodes, known to contain tetrabromopyrrole (TBP), that triggered larval metamorphosis, characterized by non-attached metamorphosed juveniles [4], [12]. The conceptual approach taken in the present study targeted genes of interest (GOI) putatively involved in the early stages of coral larval morphogenesis (1–3 hpi), using multiplex RT-qPCR [12] to measure the gene response after short-term exposure to the chemically refined morphogenetic cues, and ultimately to discriminate between their possible modes of action. This approach had several advantages over previous studies: (1) it reduced the variance within biological replicates [14], (2) improved the resolution of gene expression levels, (3) lowered possible interferences from other components normally present in environmental biomaterials (see above) that may elicit non-specific changes in gene expression levels [7], and (4) decreased secondary time-related effects of cues on downstream gene expression. Discussed here are the putative roles of GOI in the early stages of coral larval settlement and metamorphosis based on changes in their expression profiles prior to any observed morphogenetic transformation. Materials and work was undertaken under permit G10/33440. 1, issued by the. No ethical approval was required for any of the experimental research described herein. Sample collections and larval maintenance Colonies of the scleractinian coral A. millepora were collected from on the Reef (GBR; 18°33′S 146°29′E) and transported to the of (AIMS) prior to the predicted spawning events in November 2010 and November 2011. Chips of the CCA Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) were collected from (GBR; 18°24′S, 146°48′E) and transported to AIMS in November of 2010, 2011 and 2012. The taxonomic identity of all CCA samples was confirmed prior to use [15]. Each CCA chip was carefully removed from the solid substrate using sterile bone cutters creating a thin layer without any other visible algae or invertebrates and subsequently washed with 0. 2 µm filtered seawater (FSW). Coral larvae were obtained after fertilization of gametes as described previously [4].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]10. Takahashi JS. Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Genet. 2017;18:164–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]11. Transcriptional architecture and chromatin landscape of the core circadian clock in mammals. Science. 2012;338:349–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]12. Bano-. Daily electrical activity in the master circadian clock of a diurnal mammal. bioRxiv. 2020;2020. 12. 23. 424225. [DOI] 13. . Neuronal oscillations on an ultra-slow timescale: daily rhythms in electrical activity and gene expression in the mammalian master circadian clockwork. Neurosci. 2018;48:2696–717. [DOI] [PubMed] 14. . Genetics of circadian rhythms in Mammalian model organisms. Adv Genet. 2011;74:175–230. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]15. . Intrinsic, nondeterministic circadian rhythm generation in identified mammalian neurons. . 2009;106:16493–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]16. Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Science. 2003;302:1408–12. [DOI] [PubMed] 17. . Temporal precision in the mammalian circadian system: a reliable clock from less reliable neurons. J Biol Rhythms. 2004;19:35–46. [DOI] [PubMed] 18. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:476–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]19. '. A diversity of paracrine signals sustains molecular circadian cycling in suprachiasmatic nucleus circuits. . 2011;108:14306–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]20. Mice genetically deficient in vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors are resistant to jet lag. Science. 2013;342:85–90. [DOI] [PubMed] 21. .

Output: corroborate