Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: Moreover, investments in AI platforms that leverage patient data can enable precise recommendations tailored to individual needs, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes through data-driven insights. For example, we recently partnered with to leverage key data points about many different patients affected by Alzheimer’s disease, and the platform was able to make treatment recommendations. So, what does this mean? The more data that AI platforms have and the more oversight to ensure accuracy, the more confidence we will have in AI’s ability to make recommendations. It’s really a matter of time. For patients, rather than sifting through an ocean of generalized information on reputable cancer websites or reading lengthy and often wordy pamphlets, AI delivers the promise of answers that are based on knowledge of each individual’s condition and needs. Limitations and are still limitations to using AI in patient care. Statistically speaking, AI is outperforming doctors in accurately diagnosing patients. A peer-reviewed study showed the average diagnostic accuracy of doctors as 71. 40%, whereas the counterfactual algorithm scored higher at 77. 26%. This score placed AI in the top 25% of doctors that achieved “expert clinical accuracy. ” However, we aren’t out of the dark yet for when an AI inevitably gets a few diagnoses wrong; society will easily lose faith in the system, even though it’s proven that AI is already outperforming doctors. Although trust is growing, we will need to identify ways to build and sustain this trust in AI. Further, AI hallucinations can run the risk of providing rogue answers that are not accurate. This is an unresolved issue that can hinder the potential mass adoption of AI for regulated organizations. In an industry that often struggles to deliver hope, there’s a glimmer of light breaking through in medicine in the form of AI. What will happen to patient outcomes and addressing physician burnout when AI is used to help bridge the messaging gap? How quickly will we see physicians leveraging these tools? How quickly can we demonstrate improved patient outcomes as a result of getting a more accurate diagnosis faster? The future is bright, and the way we utilize these tools is the key to how helpful they become. Health literacy is a health crisis in America and around the globe. It is estimated that people’s lack of understanding about their health adds up to a cost of $238 billion to the healthcare system, representing upward of 17% of all personal healthcare expenditures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming methods guarantee higher yields than conventional farming. [SEP] Text: In some years, the legume- based system performed poorly because of other management decisions-late planting in one year to allow for more spring growth from a green manure crop, for example, and use of a short-season variety another year so that the corn crop would be out of the field in time to plant a winter wheat crop [1]. In 1982, for example, nitrogen concentration in corn leaves grown in the legume-based system was not significantly different from that in the conventional system, suggesting that the soil contained enough nitrogen for the corn. Still, the legume- based system produced 60% of the yield of the conventional system, partly because of excessive weeds and partly because it was planted to a short-season variety that is inherently less productive than a long-season one. These adjustments in farming practices make it more difficult to directly compare the performance of the three systems, but they are important to the overall goal of the Trial. The experiment was designed from the outset to operate as commercial farms would operate. An organic farmer, noting losses in yield from weeds or the use of certain varieties of corn, would surely change his or practices to prevent further losses. The organic systems tended to produce better corn crops than the conventional system in dry years. Soil analysis also revealed that soils in the organic fields, having better soil structure, conserved and retained moisture for a considerable period of time in dry spells, and furthermore, better able to absorb and retain precipitation. yielded less in all systems in the first year, which was attributed to the seed inoculant that is commonly used to enhance the ability of legumes to fix nitrogen. Either not enough inoculant was used, or the powdered product used as seed coating was not viable enough for seed emergence. This problem was taken care of during latter years. As soybeans could fix their own nitrogen, yields were not affected by the lower nitrogen levels in the organic systems in the early years, as were corn yields [7]. However, in the first 10 years of the trial (1981-90) soybean yields in the organic systems were occasionally lower than in the conventional one, as researchers experimented with cropping methods and rotations to achieve the complementary goals of yield, income, soil fertility, and weed management. In the last five years, soybean yields had been stable across all systems [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Золотоносность раннедокембрийских железитых кварцитов. Обзор ВИЭМС Геология, методы поисков и разведки месторождений металлически полезных ископаемых. М. : ВИЭМС, 1988. 54 с. Рябчиков И. Д. Глобальные потоки рудных металлов в глубинных процессах/ Геология руд. месторождений. 1997. Т. 39. № 5. С. 403-408. Саттран В. Эволюционные тренды в месторождениях золота и олова/ Металлогения и рудные месторождения. Доклады 27-й сессии МГК. Т. 12. М. : Наука, 1984. С. 10-19. Сафонов Ю. Г.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: :of Frank G. of BusinessHempstead, NY, 11549United StatesPhone: 1 516 463 8823Fax:1 516 463 8823Email: Jingquan. Li@hofstra. eduAbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) chatbots like ChatGPT and are computer programs that use AI and natural language processing to understand customer questions and generate natural, fluid, dialogue-like responses to their inputs. ChatGPT, an AI chatbot created by OpenAI, has rapidly become a widely used tool on the internet. AI chatbots have the potential to improve patient care and public health. However, they are trained on massive amounts of people’s data, which may include sensitive patient data and business information. The increased use of chatbots introduces data security issues, which should be handled yet remain understudied. This paper aims to identify the most important security problems of AI chatbots and propose guidelines for protecting sensitive health information. It explores the impact of using ChatGPT in health care. It also identifies the principal security risks of ChatGPT and suggests key considerations for security risk mitigation. It concludes by discussing the policy implications of using AI chatbots in health care. J Res 2023;25:e47551doi:10. 2196/47551Keywordssecurity; privacy; chatbot; AI; artificial intelligence; health information; HIPAA; ChatGPT; computer program; natural language processing; tool; improvement; patient care; care; data security; guidelines; risk; policy IntroductionA chatbot is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing to understand customer questions and automate responses to them, simulating human conversation [1]. ChatGPT, a general-purpose chatbot created by startup OpenAI on November 30, 2022, has become a widely used tool on the internet. AI chatbots have the potential to improve patient care and public health. They can help automate routine tasks that take up unnecessary time and manpower. They can assist health care providers in providing patients with information about a condition, scheduling appointments [2], streamlining patient intake processes, and compiling patient records [3]. The chatbots can potentially act as virtual doctors or nurses to provide low-cost, around-the-clock AI-backed care. According to the US Centers for and Prevention, 6 in 10 adults in the have chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and Alzheimer disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming methods guarantee higher yields than conventional farming. [SEP] Text: Studies conducted elsewhere also documented that, average soybean yields in the manure-based system had been as high as those in the conventional system, even though the organic system tended to be weedier than the conventional, which applied herbicides. In the legume-based system, vegetables grown after soybeans intercropped with small grain crop, reduced soybean yield to about 85% of the yield, but increased vegetable yields and quality by about 45%. The overall production loss in soybean was partly made up by vegetables, also grain crop suppressed weeds and contributed organic matter, hence the tradeoff was considered reasonable Teasdale et al. [27]; Xu et al. [28]. Small grains and forage The conventional system, which followed a standard commercial rotation of corn and soybeans, did not grow small grains or forage crops such as hay or corn for silage. However, these crops were a part of the more complex rotations in the two organic systems. The manure-based system required forage crops because of the need to produce feed for livestock. In the legume-based system, the experiment initially included forage crops in the rotation as a secondary cash crop, when the rotation did not call for corn or soybeans, as well as, for their value in contributing to soil fertility and weed suppression. Because the conventional system did not grow these crops, it was not possible to directly compare yields from the organic systems to those in the conventional system. In general, yields of wheat, oats, barley, hay, and corn grown for silage rather than for grain were comparable to or slightly above the average for conventionally managed farms. Eventually, the extensive studies documented that, after a transition period of several years, the two organic systems were capable of crop yields comparable to those of the conventional systems [29,30]. Go to Review 582. (2005) US Department of Agriculture's Service. Altieri M, (2001). Alternatives to conventional modern agriculture for meeting food needs in the next century. Institute for Food, Agriculture Development. (2003) Global potential of soil carbon sequestration to mitigate greenhouse effect. in 22(2): 151-184. Lotter DW, Seidel R,l (2003) The performance of organic and conventional cropping systems in an extreme climate year. of 18(3): 146-154. (1997) Organic versus conventional grain production in the mid-Atlantic. An economic overview and farming system overview.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Гидротермальные золоторудные месторождения: распространенность – геолого-генетические типы – продуктивность рудообразующих систем/ Геология руд. месторождений. 1997. Т. 39. № 1. С. 25-40. Сафонов Ю. Г. Золоторудные и золотосодержащие месторождения мира – генезис и металлогенический потенциал/ Геология руд. месторождений. 2003. Т. 45. № 4. С. 305-320. Сафонов Ю. Г. , Прокофьев В. Ю. Модель конседиментационного гидротермального образования золотоносных рифов бассейна Витватерсранд/ Геология руд.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: Under the traditional office-based, in-person medical care system, access to after-hours doctors can be very limited and costly, at times creating obstacles to accessing such health care services [3]. The chatbots can provide health education about disease prevention and management, promoting healthy behaviors and encouraging self-care [4]. For example, ChatGPT may help patients with chronic conditions in various ways. It can provide reminders for scheduling routine screenings and filling prescriptions; it can assist with other wellness matters, such as monitoring steps taken, heart rates, and sleep schedules; it can also customize nutrition plans [3]. However, the use of AI chatbots requires the collection and storage of large volumes of people’s data, which raises significant concerns about data security and privacy. The successful function of AI models relies on constant machine learning, which involves continuously feeding massive amounts of data back into the neural networks of AI chatbots. If the data used to train a chatbot include sensitive patient or business information, it becomes part of the data set used by the chatbot in future interactions. In other words, the data can be disclosed to any intended and unintended audiences and used for various purposes without authorization. Even though AI chatbots are perceived to have limited capacity, they have an enormous potential to acquire and collect new information from various data sources and capture people’s responses. The tasks of ensuring data security and confidentiality become harder as an increasing amount of data is collected and shared ever more widely on the internet. Additionally, it will be important to consider security and privacy concerns when using AI chatbots in health care, as sensitive medical information will be involved. Once the information is exposed to scrutiny, negative consequences include privacy breaches, identity theft, digital profiling, bias and discrimination, exclusion, social embarrassment, and loss of control [5]. In the United States, covered entities, including health care providers, health plans, and health care clearinghouses, disclose protected health information (PHI) without patient authorization in violation of the 1996 HIPAA (Portability and Accountability Act) and can be subject to fines and other penalties. PHI refers to any information in the medical records or designated record set that can be used to identify an individual; this information was created, used, or disclosed in the course of providing a health care service, such as diagnosis or treatment [6].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All renewable agriculture practices are easily affordable for small-scale farmers. [SEP] Text: Majority of those who live in rural areas are poor and depend on the agriculture for food and income. The concern on the threat posed by poverty has led the Nigerian government over the years to devote considerable attention to alleviating its scourge through various policy projects and programmes which seems not to have stem the ugly situation till date. In view of these, the question about the poverty status of rural dwellers especially the small scale farmers remained unanswered. It is on this premise that this study was carried out to answer these questions. a) What are the socio-economic characteristics of these small scale farmers? b) Are the small-scale farmers really poor? c) What are the factors influencing poverty status of the small scale farmers? and d) What options are available to small scale farmers in reducing their poverty levels? Thus, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the poverty status of small scale farmers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to: a) Describe the socio-economic characteristics of small scale farmers. b) Compare the poverty status of crop and livestock farmers in the study area; c) Determine the factors influencing poverty status of the farmers; and d) Make policy suggestion towards poverty alleviation. to 2. The poverty line is a predetermined and well defined standard of income and value of consumption. In this study, the poverty line was based on the income of the households. A relative poverty line was used in which a household was defined as poor relative to others since they are all farmers. Two third of the mean per capita income (MPCI) was used as a moderate poverty line while one third was taken as the line for extreme poverty. Thus, the farming households were grouped into three categories based on their levels of poverty: the extremely poor (those whose income was less than one-third of MPCI), the moderately poor (those whose income lies between onethird and two-third of the poverty line) and the non-poor (those whose income was above two-third of the poverty line). Adult equivalents were generated following Nathan and Lawrence [14], thus: AE =1+ 0. 7(N1 −1) + 0. 5N2 Where AE = Adult equipment N1 = Number of adults aged 15 years and above N2 = Number of children aged less than 15 years. binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the determinants of poverty.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: месторождений. 2006. Т. 48. № 6. С. 475-511. Сидоров А. А. Золото-серебряная формация Восточно-Азиатских вулканогенных поясов. Магадан: СВКНИИ ДВНЦ АН СССР, 1978. 350 с. Сидоров А. А. Рудные формации и эволюционно-исторический анализ благороднометалльного оруденения. Магадан: СВНЦ ДВО – ИГЕМ РАН, 1998. 246 с. Синицын А. В. Региональная тектоника и металлогения раннего докембрия. Ленинград: Недра, 1990. 491 с. Спиридонов Э. М.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: However, OpenAI is a private, for-profit company whose interests and commercial imperatives do not necessarily follow the requirements of HIPAA and other regulations, such as the European Union’s Protection Regulation. Therefore, the use of AI chatbots in health care can pose risks to data security and privacy. There is an urgent need to address the security and privacy issues of AI chatbots as they become increasingly common in health care. The importance of security and privacy issues in health care is well recognized by previous research [3-12]. Although several studies have attempted to address the security and privacy issues in big data and the Internet of Things from a technological standpoint [13-17], literature specifically on policy considerations of AI chatbots in health care is quite limited. This paper addresses the gap by identifying the security risks related to AI tools in health care and proposing some policy considerations for security risk mitigation. AI Chatbots in Health CareSince its launch on November 30, 2022, ChatGPT, a free AI chatbot created by OpenAI [18], has gained over a million active users [19]. It is based on the GPT-3. 5 foundation model, a powerful deep learning algorithm developed by OpenAI. It has been designed to simulate human conversation and provide human-like responses through text box services and voice commands [18]. OpenAI officially released GPT-4 on March 13, 2023. GPT-4 surpasses ChatGPT in its advanced understanding and reasoning abilities and includes the ability to interact with images and longer text [20]. At present, GPT-4 is only accessible to those who have access to ChatGPT Plus, a premium service from OpenAI for which users have to pay US $20 a month. As an AI chatbot, ChatGPT is designed to interact with humans and respond to their conversations and requests. It can be used to answer questions; write essays, poetry, or music; and compose emails and computer code. It is used by entities in a wide variety of industries, such as customer service, e-commerce, and health care. In health care, it can be used to schedule appointments, answer medical questions, and do paperwork. Dr ChatGPT [21] can potentially help create a personalized treatment for patients by considering their medical history, symptoms, social drivers, genomic data, health monitoring information, and other factors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All renewable agriculture practices are easily affordable for small-scale farmers. [SEP] Text: Small scale agriculture, marginal conditions and market access: impacts on natural resources and farmers' welfare R. Economics and output: Thesis › internal (1) Abstract Keywords: small-scale farmers, food security, impact evaluation, Ecuador, Ethiopia, crop choice, social capital, crop genetic diversity, pesticides. Numerous are the obstacles and difficulties smallholder farmers from developing countries have to face to achieve food security or improve their wellbeing. Challenges and opportunities may vary dramatically from having to cope with harsh climatic and production conditions to having the option of entering the market, yet farming systems and production decisions are crucial elements to reduce poverty and improve wellbeing. This is particularly true in a time in which growing population, climate change and energy requirements pose increasing pressure on land and natural resources. In either context, the use and exploitation of natural resources is thus a key aspect to consider particularly with regard to the variety choices that can affect genetic diversity and to the use of pesticides that might be induced to achieve standards required by the market. This thesis attempts to address these elements by analysing how small-scale farmers deal with achieving food security and improving their wellbeing through crop production choices, farming technologies and strategies adopted to access the market in marginal but market-oriented conditions as opposed to manage production in harsh agro-ecological conditions. After analyzing in detail the role of agriculture, of Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) and of agricultural markets and seed systems, the thesis is divided in two parts. The first part deals with analyzing how small-scale farmers from the benefit from dynamic changes in the agricultural economy and what is the impact of their production choices on the use of pesticides and of potato varieties adopted. The second part examines how smallholder farmers from the Hararghe region of Ethiopia deal with frequent production difficulties and with production shocks mainly determined by drought through variety adoption choices and what are the impacts of these choices on production efficiency and genetic diversity. The importance of social capital, evident throughout the work presented, is specifically analyzed for the case of Ethiopia. By using different approaches, methodologies and data, among which rigorous impact assessment plays a key role, findings show the unequivocal importance of market access, seed sources, production technologies and social capital. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that programs and policies to be effective need to be implemented throughout the entire value chain: from input use to produce commercialization, whereas social capital might dramatically facilitate the successfulness of variety adoption, seed access and program implementation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Закономерности формирования и размещения плутоногенных месторождений золота в Северной части Центрального Казахстана. Дисс. … докт. геол. -минерал. наук в форме научн. докл. Москва: МГУ, 1991. 79 с. Тектоника, геодинамика и металлогения территории республики Саха (Якутия). Ред. Л. М. Парфенов и др. М. : МАИК “Наука/Интерпериодика”, 2001. 571 с. Умитбаев Р. Б. Охотско-Чаунская металлогеническая провинция. М. : Наука, 1986. 287 с. Хаин В. Е.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: In addition to AI and ML, we see the rise of that has potential to act like, look like, talk like and reason like human, and eventually becoming an essential part of an organizational business infrastructure worldwide [1]. Some experts compare level of intelligence of new called Sophia to that of a one month old new born baby that is at the very beginning of discovering the world around and is beginning to observe and to learn to communicate with his or her parents. Yet, very young and tiny, babies have a that may be compared to a computational capacity of most performant Supercomputer in the world today. Many experts suggest that there are fundamental differences between the AI and (NI) and that future evolution of AI driven may have strong impact on the future Industry 5. 0 and 6. 0, Business to Business (B2B) and (mC). Given recent COVID relates crisis, applications of AI in business, industry, government, academia and other sectors have become ubiquitous showing more and more examples of Agents application. The next section, presents examples of the AI driven applications including chatbots and ChatGPT, and discus what, how and where they are. Advertisement 2. What are the Chatbots? Chatbots are one of the practical examples of AAI driven cyber automation. The software capable to facilitate human-machine conversation is known today as a chatbot. A chatbot software simulates and drives a real-time interaction between a customer a human partner, while bridging a client system and information acquisition domains. Chatbot is a conversational agent that utilizes AI to interpret the text of the chat using Processing (NLP). Instead of direct communication with human service personnel, the customer/client can make conversation via text or voice with the chatbot software [2]. The chatbots utilize the AI embedded conversational systems capable to recognize customers and information systems database driven keywords or word patterns to provide the human-like answer in real-time. Chatbots have become an essential part of organizational business infrastructures while improving a customer service with faster and cost effective best quality support. 2. 1 Chatbots are not perfect yetThe rise of AAI and chatbots have created collection of new tools that are often applied by students, faculty and others to write scholastic essays, 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All renewable agriculture practices are easily affordable for small-scale farmers. [SEP] Text: Challenges and opportunities may vary dramatically from having to cope with harsh climatic and production conditions to having the option of entering the market, yet farming systems and production decisions are crucial elements to reduce poverty and improve wellbeing. This is particularly true in a time in which growing population, climate change and energy requirements pose increasing pressure on land and natural resources. In either context, the use and exploitation of natural resources is thus a key aspect to consider particularly with regard to the variety choices that can affect genetic diversity and to the use of pesticides that might be induced to achieve standards required by the market. This thesis attempts to address these elements by analysing how small-scale farmers deal with achieving food security and improving their wellbeing through crop production choices, farming technologies and strategies adopted to access the market in marginal but market-oriented conditions as opposed to manage production in harsh agro-ecological conditions. After analyzing in detail the role of agriculture, of Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) and of agricultural markets and seed systems, the thesis is divided in two parts. The first part deals with analyzing how small-scale farmers from the benefit from dynamic changes in the agricultural economy and what is the impact of their production choices on the use of pesticides and of potato varieties adopted. The second part examines how smallholder farmers from the Hararghe region of Ethiopia deal with frequent production difficulties and with production shocks mainly determined by drought through variety adoption choices and what are the impacts of these choices on production efficiency and genetic diversity. The importance of social capital, evident throughout the work presented, is specifically analyzed for the case of Ethiopia. By using different approaches, methodologies and data, among which rigorous impact assessment plays a key role, findings show the unequivocal importance of market access, seed sources, production technologies and social capital. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that programs and policies to be effective need to be implemented throughout the entire value chain: from input use to produce commercialization, whereas social capital might dramatically facilitate the successfulness of variety adoption, seed access and program implementation. Lastly, this work demonstrates that rigorous impact evaluation can help identify aspects of programs and policies crucial to suggest the way forward on achieving sustainable economic development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Основные этапы тектонического развития Земли и их отражение в минерагенезе/ Геология руд. месторождений. 2000. Т. 42. № 5. С. 403-408. Ханчук А. И. , Голозубов В. В. Режим трансформных окраин и орогенез/ Тихоокеанский рудный пояс. Материалы новых исследований. К 100-летию Е. А. Радкевич. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2008. С. 340-345. Шарапов В. Н. , Борисенко А. С. , Мазуров М. П. , Перепечко Ю. В. , Черепанов А. Н. , Бессонова Е. П. , Павлова Г. Г. , Боровиков А. А. , Житова Л. М. , Пономарчук В. А.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: 2 New generation of ChatbotsEvolution of AI driven chatbots brough a new Pre-(ChatGPT) technology utilizing a dialogue-based AI chatbot capable of understanding natural human language and generating quite detailed human-like written text. These ChatGPTs are part of text-generating AIs technologies and are becoming integrated in business, industry, government and other sectors worldwide. GTP systems are trained by AI & ML, and are capable to answer questions via a conversational interface. These new OpenAI systems are trained on a very large sample of text adopted directly from the Internet information System, enabling a dialogue format for ChatGPT to answer or follow-up questions, to admit its mistakes, to challenge incorrect premises, as well as to reject inappropriate requests [3]. The results produced by ChatGPT are based on the data available in the organizational information systems database only. The ChatGPT today, are not able to collect data from primary sources independently and to advance the AI driven technological evolution in social sciences. There are important challenges to make ensure data integrity and data accuracy in conjunction with the structural and legal frameworks regarding the copyright and the author’s rights. There are critical challenges to make sure that the future impact of AI driven chatbots on mental health is minimum. Current studies show, that the anxiety and paranoia levels have increased when interacting with chatbots acting like humans instead of humans communications with humans. Some social applications may mislead people with chatbots acting like humans to help people to socialize utilizing chatbots acting like humans. This may contribute to paranoia, and some users may not be able to distinguish whether they are talking to humans or chatbots. The studies show that extensive use of ChatGPT may contribute to paranoia caused by frequent interactions with chatbots instead of interaction with humans [4]. Advertisement 3. applications in B2BToday, the chatbots are well accepted in the B2B providing a business value and promote framework for training chatbots in order to to better serve B2B customers. Chatbots have potential to provide support for fast and effective B2B shopping experience by providing personalized support and guidance, helping customers to find the right products or services quickly and efficiently. The B2B chatbots are trained to understand the unique client’s needs and p4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All renewable agriculture practices are easily affordable for small-scale farmers. [SEP] Text: Challenges and opportunities may vary dramatically from having to cope with harsh climatic and production conditions to having the option of entering the market, yet farming systems and production decisions are crucial elements to reduce poverty and improve wellbeing. This is particularly true in a time in which growing population, climate change and energy requirements pose increasing pressure on land and natural resources. In either context, the use and exploitation of natural resources is thus a key aspect to consider particularly with regard to the variety choices that can affect genetic diversity and to the use of pesticides that might be induced to achieve standards required by the market. This thesis attempts to address these elements by analysing how small-scale farmers deal with achieving food security and improving their wellbeing through crop production choices, farming technologies and strategies adopted to access the market in marginal but market-oriented conditions as opposed to manage production in harsh agro-ecological conditions. After analyzing in detail the role of agriculture, of Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) and of agricultural markets and seed systems, the thesis is divided in two parts. The first part deals with analyzing how small-scale farmers from the benefit from dynamic changes in the agricultural economy and what is the impact of their production choices on the use of pesticides and of potato varieties adopted. The second part examines how smallholder farmers from the Hararghe region of Ethiopia deal with frequent production difficulties and with production shocks mainly determined by drought through variety adoption choices and what are the impacts of these choices on production efficiency and genetic diversity. The importance of social capital, evident throughout the work presented, is specifically analyzed for the case of Ethiopia. By using different approaches, methodologies and data, among which rigorous impact assessment plays a key role, findings show the unequivocal importance of market access, seed sources, production technologies and social capital. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that programs and policies to be effective need to be implemented throughout the entire value chain: from input use to produce commercialization, whereas social capital might dramatically facilitate the successfulness of variety adoption, seed access and program implementation. Lastly, this work demonstrates that rigorous impact evaluation can help identify aspects of programs and policies crucial to suggest the way forward on achieving sustainable economic development. AB - Keywords: small-scale farmers, food security, impact evaluation, Ecuador, Ethiopia, crop choice, social capital, crop genetic diversity, pesticides. Numerous are the obstacles and difficulties smallholder farmers from developing countries have to face to achieve food security or improve their wellbeing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , Попов В. Н. , Черепанова В. К. , Чудненко К. В. Модельный анализ развития континентальных мантийно-коровых рудообразующих систем. Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 2009. 409 с. Шер С. Д. Металлогения золота. Сев. Америка, Австралия и Океания. М. : Недра, 1972. 295 с. Шер С. Д. Металлогения золота. Азия, Южн. Америка. М. : Недра, 1974. 256 с. Эволюция южной части Сибирского кратона в докембрии (ред. Е. В. Скляров). Серия Интеграционные проекты СО РАН, вып. 11. Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 2006. 367 с.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4220766/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractpresent significant lifestyle and psychological challenges for patients, requiring comprehensive education and support. Current educational methods have limitations in offering relevant information to the patient, highlighting a potential role for (AI). This study examined the utility of AI in enhancing stoma therapy management following colorectal surgery. Material and compared the efficacy of four prominent Models (LLM)—OpenAI's ChatGPT-3. 5 and ChatGPT-4. 0, Google's Gemini, and Bing's CoPilot—against a series of metrics to evaluate their suitability as supplementary clinical tools. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, including readability scores (Flesch-Kincaid, Flesch-Reading Ease, and Coleman-Liau index) and reliability assessments (Likert scale, score and QAMAI tool), the study aimed to assess the appropriateness of LLM-generated advice for patients managing stomas. are varying degrees of readability and reliability across the evaluated models, with CoPilot and ChatGPT-4 demonstrating superior performance in several key metrics such as readability and comprehensiveness. However, the study underscores the infant stage of LLM technology in clinical applications. All responses required high school to college level education to comprehend comfortably. While the LLMs addressed users’ questions directly, the absence of incorporating patient-specific factors such as past medical history generated broad and generic responses rather than offering tailored advice. complexity of individual patient conditions can challenge AI systems. The use of LLMs in clinical settings holds promise for improving patient education and stoma management support, but requires careful consideration of the models' capabilities and the context of their use. large language modelsstomaartificial intelligencecolorectal surgeryeducationIntroductionPatient management of stomas can be challenging requiring access to key information. Approximately 49,000 Australians are living with stomas from broad cultural and linguistic backgrounds, highlighting the need for readily accessible and tailored information for patients and their carers. Due to the physical and psychological changes associated with this procedure, patients may raise a multitude of questions regarding stoma management.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All renewable agriculture practices are easily affordable for small-scale farmers. [SEP] Text: Challenges and opportunities may vary dramatically from having to cope with harsh climatic and production conditions to having the option of entering the market, yet farming systems and production decisions are crucial elements to reduce poverty and improve wellbeing. This is particularly true in a time in which growing population, climate change and energy requirements pose increasing pressure on land and natural resources. In either context, the use and exploitation of natural resources is thus a key aspect to consider particularly with regard to the variety choices that can affect genetic diversity and to the use of pesticides that might be induced to achieve standards required by the market. This thesis attempts to address these elements by analysing how small-scale farmers deal with achieving food security and improving their wellbeing through crop production choices, farming technologies and strategies adopted to access the market in marginal but market-oriented conditions as opposed to manage production in harsh agro-ecological conditions. After analyzing in detail the role of agriculture, of Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) and of agricultural markets and seed systems, the thesis is divided in two parts. The first part deals with analyzing how small-scale farmers from the benefit from dynamic changes in the agricultural economy and what is the impact of their production choices on the use of pesticides and of potato varieties adopted. The second part examines how smallholder farmers from the Hararghe region of Ethiopia deal with frequent production difficulties and with production shocks mainly determined by drought through variety adoption choices and what are the impacts of these choices on production efficiency and genetic diversity. The importance of social capital, evident throughout the work presented, is specifically analyzed for the case of Ethiopia. By using different approaches, methodologies and data, among which rigorous impact assessment plays a key role, findings show the unequivocal importance of market access, seed sources, production technologies and social capital. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that programs and policies to be effective need to be implemented throughout the entire value chain: from input use to produce commercialization, whereas social capital might dramatically facilitate the successfulness of variety adoption, seed access and program implementation. Lastly, this work demonstrates that rigorous impact evaluation can help identify aspects of programs and policies crucial to suggest the way forward on achieving sustainable economic development.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Bierlein, F. P. , Crowe, D. E. Phanerozoic orogenic lode gold deposits Hageman, S. G. , and Brawn, P. E. (Eds). Gold in 2000, SEG Reviews in Economic Geology. 2000, 139. Boyle R. W. The geochemistry of gold and its deposits. Geol. Surv. Canada Bull. 1979, no. 280, 584 p. Cawood, P. A. , Hawkesworth, Ch. J. Temporal relations between mineral deposits and global tectonic cycles/ Jenkin, G. R. T. , Lusty, P. A. J. , McDonald, I. , (eds). 2015. Ore deposits in Evolving Earth. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 393, 21. First published online October 24, 2013, Condie K. C. , Aster R. C. Episodic zircon age spectra of orogenic granitoids: the supercontinent connection and continental growth/ Precambrian Research. 2010. Vol. 180, 236. Condie K. C. , Aster R. C. Reﬁnement of the supercontinent cycle with Hf, Nd and Sr isotopes/ Geoscience Frontiers. 2013. Vol. 4, no. 6, 680. Condie, K. C. , Belousova, E. , Griffin, W. L. , Sircombe, K. N. Granitoid events in space and time: Constraints from igneous and detrital zircon age spectra/ Gondwana Research. 2009. Vol. 15, no. 3-4, 242. Corfu F. , Andrews A. J. Geochronological constrains on timing of magmatism, deformation, and gold mineralization in the greenstone belt, northwestern Ontario/ Can. J. Earth Sci. 1987. Vol. 24, no. 7, 1320. Dawson K. M. , Panteleyev A. , A, Woodsworth G. J. Regional metallogeny Regimes/ of Canada, Geology of Canada. 1991, no. 4, 768. De Ronde, C. E. J. , Spooner, E. T. C. , De Wit, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: While many health services employ stoma care nurses to interact with and educate patients, potential barriers to optimal self-care can arise due to factors such as the availability of stomal therapists, language barriers, and the intensity of preoperative patient education. These factors may hinder patients' understanding of their stoma and contribute to deficiencies in self-care [1, 2]. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) such as Models (LLM) in healthcare has increased in recent years [3, 4]. These applications can be implemented across a wide spectrum of healthcare activities, encompassing diagnosis, treatment, research, education, and preparation for surgery [3, 5]. The capability of these LLMs to utilise Processing (NLP) allows a generation of text in response to prompts by predicting the most probable subsequent word from a vast repository of training data. This study aims to ascertain the viability of deploying LLMs as a supplementary educational tool for patients by providing AI-generated responses to inquiries on stoma management. Material and MethodsTwo authors independently assessed and compared the efficacies of four prominent LLMs; Open AI’s ChatGPT-3. 5 and ChatGPT-4. 0, Google’s Gemini, and Bing’s CoPilot. A third (senior author) was available if there were any queries within the assessments. Each LLM was given 10 distinct prompts (Table 1) and their outputs were evaluated utilising a variety of metrics. These prompts were crafted based on the top 10 questions frequently asked during stomal therapy sessions, as observed by our stoma therapist at a major tertiary metropolitan institution, highlighting key areas of concern and interest for patients adjusting to life post-stoma surgery. Efforts were made to employ the browser's incognito mode to minimise the influence of prior internet activities potentially affecting the LLMs’ responses. To ensure consistency, all inputs were submitted to the LLMs on a single day by the same author, using one device and one account. Table 1 Prompts inputted into the LLnumber Prompt 1 I just got my stoma yesterday. When can I get my stoma reversal? 2 I just got my stoma yesterday. Is it permanent or temporary? 3 I just got my stoma yesterday. What can I eat and drink now? 4 I just got my stoma yesterday. What should I avoid eating or drinking? 5 I just got my stoma yesterday.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No fertilizers or pesticides are needed if farms adopt sustainable practices. [SEP] Text: pesticides to protect against damage caused by pests. Nansen researches how pest management, based on pesticide applications, can be optimised to ensure both profitability and sustainability. To put his research into practice, he enlisted the help of two computer science undergraduate students to develop the innovative smart spray app, which helps farmers decide when and where to apply pesticides -being the manager/owner of a farm with several individual strawberry fields – all of them larger than five soccer fields, meaning there is a lot of high-value crop under your management. You have a worker helping you with crop scouting: on a regular basis, the worker walks into the fields and looks for crop damage by pests. At some point, your worker finds ‘hot spots’ in some of the fields (groups of strawberry plants) with emerging outbreaks of a pest you have identified. What is the best thing to do? And what needs to be considered when making a decision on how to respond to such a pest outbreak in a crop field? • It takes time and labour costs to perform crop scouting, so there will be a limit to how much crop scouting can be performed. But without crop scouting, farmers won’t know whether they have pest outbreaks – so, what is the optimum level of scouting? Is it possible that the worker performing the crop scouting missed some emerging hot spots of pest outbreaks? • Applications of pesticides to control pest outbreaks require spraying equipment, labour, chemicals, fuel and other expenditures – so, pesticides should not be applied unless necessary. But should the whole field be sprayed or only portions of fields? For instance, only the detected hot spots? • Agricultural pests, such as insects causing crop damage, are known to develop resistance to pesticides. Once that happens, a particular pesticide is no longer effective against a given pest. So, the only real way to minimise the risk of pest populations developing resistance is by only using pesticides when they are causing significant crop damage. But how is that determined? And what if the prediction of risk of the pest causing significant crop damage is wrong? • There are regulations/restrictions on how many times crops can be sprayed with specificpesticides, and applying one pesticide to control one pest may in some cases also kill ‘beneficial insects’ (natural enemies – other insects that actually help farmers by controlling certain pest species). It is possible that applying one pesticide to control pest A causes an outbreak of pest B.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: J. , Bray, C. J. Shear zone-related, Au quartz vein deposits in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Field and petrographic characteristics, fluid properties, and light stable isotope geochemistry/ Econ. Geol. 1992. Vol. 87, no. 2, 402. Evans, D. A. D. , Mitchell R. N. Assembly and breakup of the core of Paleoproterozoic – Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna/ Geology. 2011. Vol. 39, no. 5, 446. . , Ruiz, J. , Chesley, J. , Minter, W. E. L. and Preservation of the Witwatersrand Goldfields, the World’s Province/ 100th Anniversary Volume, 2005, 797. Girdwood, Ch. P. , Jones, L. F. , Lonn, G. Dome over of in Canada Toronto, Canada, Incorporated, 1983, 249 p. Goldfarb, R. J. of Alaska Goldfarb, R. J. , Miller, L. D. , eds, of Alaska: Monograph 9, 1997, 34. Goldfarb, R. J. , Miller L. D. , Leach, D. B. , and Snee, L. W. Gold deposits in metamorphic rocks of Alaska/ Ore deposits of Alaska. Economic Geology. Monograf. 1997. no. 9, 190. Goldfarb R. J. , Phillips G. N. , Nokleberg W. J. Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the/ Ore Geol. Rev. 1998. Vol. 13, 218. . Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis/ Ore Geol. Rev. 2001. Vol. 18, 75. Goldfarb, R. J. , Baker, T. , Dube, B. , Groves, D. I. , Hart, C. J. R. , Gosselin, P. Distribution, Character, and Genesis of in/ 100th Anniversary Volume, 2005, 450. Goldfarb, R. J. , Bradley, D. , Leach, D. in/ Econ. Geol. 2010. Vol. 105, no. 3, 465. Goldfarb, R. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: 5 ChatGPT-4 3 4 4 4 Comprehensiveness 3 4 4 2 Readability 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 Informativeness 3 3 4 3 Total 15 18 20 18 ChatGPT-3. 5 Overall, ChatGPT-3. 5 predominantly adopted a “bullet-point” format to convey its key messages, thereby enhancing clarity and succinctness, which in turn facilitated readability. However, in instances where this format was not utilised, such as in prompts 1, 2, and 8, the readability of its answers diminished. Comprehensively, ChatGPT-3. 5’s responses were satisfactory, accurately offering management recommendations such as advising against the consumption of alcohol, caffeine, and spicy foods in response to prompt 4. Notably, ChatGPT-3. 5 consistently advised users to seek guidance from healthcare professionals in every response, embodying a prudent approach that centred around patient safety. While the language employed maintained a “professional tone”, this methodical approach may inadvertently detract it from being seen to convey empathy and therefore unable to foster a sense of approachability with patients. ChatGPT-3. 5 also failed to provide any evidence to substantiate its responses, resulting in a lower reliability. ChatGPT-4. 0 The responses generated by ChatGPT-4 are distinguished by their enhanced length and detail, affording greater elucidation for each prompt. For instance, while the initial two paragraphs of its response to the first prompt bear resemblance to those provided by ChatGPT-3. 5, ChatGPT-4 enriched its answer with the inclusion of two potential scenarios where a stoma reversal may be feasible. Its elaboration for the third prompt was noteworthy, delineating the circumstances and times under which various foods and drinks might be appropriate for consumption post-operatively. Furthermore, ChatGPT-4 employed varied font sizes and headers to augment the structural organisation and readability of its answers. The professional tone of its language potentially limits its accessibility and friendliness towards users. ChatGPT-4 did not provide evidence to support its replies, negatively impacting its reliability as a trusted source. Bing’s CoPilot CoPilot’s responses were detailed and well-formatted. Answers were typically dot-point responses bookended by an introductory and concluding paragraph.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No fertilizers or pesticides are needed if farms adopt sustainable practices. [SEP] Text: This is very similar to what is referred to, in the medical world, as the ‘side effects’ of drug treatments. So, which pesticide should be applied? And if you decide to apply a pesticide that can only be applied once to a given crop per season, how do you know that you won’t need it again later in the growing season? • Finally, if we assume that it is deemed necessary to apply a certain pesticide, what factors may affect the performance (how well the pest outbreak was controlled) of a particular pesticide application? The farmer needs to select the right spraying equipment as well as consider how weather conditions might affect the pesticide application performance. For example, what do you think happens if a pesticide spray application is performed under dry and windy conditions? As you can hopefully appreciate from this brief introduction about the decision-making process associated with pest management, there are lots of factors to take into account, and making the ‘right’ decision is difficult. Also, the possible consequences of making the ‘wrong’ decision can be very costly – either wasting money on pesticide applications that were not necessary or losing money because the pest ruined the crop! In addition, you can hopefully appreciate the many similarities in decision-making between the medical diagnostics of our own health and the diagnostics used to successfully manage risks of pest outbreaks in farming systems. Just as doctors in the health care sector need equipment and guidelines to make decisions – these are generally referred to as decision support tools – applied research in pest management is heavily geared towards developing user-friendly and reliable decision support tools for farmers. This 10. 33424/60 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Gabriel, Christian and Alex with the app Gabriel, Alex and Christian looking at features of the app. Imagine working with a researcher in this way! Yellow spray cards turn blue when hit by liquid such as a pesticide formulation. Farmers use the app to calculate the spray coverage -being the manager/owner of a farm with several individual strawberry fields – all of them larger than five soccer fields, meaning there is a lot of high-value crop under your management. You have a worker helping you with crop scouting: on a regular basis, the worker walks into the fields and looks for crop damage by pests. At some point, your worker finds ‘hot spots’ in some of the fields (groups of strawberry plants) with emerging outbreaks of a pest you have identified.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , Taylor, R. , Collins, G. , Goryachev, N. A. , Orlandini, O. F. Phanerozoic continental growth and gold metallogeny of Asia/ Gondwana Research. 2014. Vol. 25, no. 1, 102. Goryachev, N. A. , Pirajno, F. Gold deposits and gold metallogeny of Russia/ Ore Geol. Rev. 2014. Vol. 59, 151. Green J. Precious metals in time and place. A geological overview/ Precious Metals: Mining, Extraction, and Process. 27-29, 1984 – Precious metals: mining, extraction, and processing подред. V. Kudryk [et al. ]. ,Warrendale, Pa: of AIME, 1984, 62. Groves D. I. , Phillips N. , Ho -of Gold Deposits: of the/ Econ. Geol. 1987. Vol. 82, no. 8, 2058. on the heterogeneous distribution of mineral deposits through time/ McDonald, I. , (eds). . Geological Society, London, Special Publucations, 2005, 248, 101. Hartman L. A. , Delgado I. M. Cratons and orogenic belts of the and their contained gold deposits/ Miner. Deposita. 2001. Vol. 36, no. 3-4, 217. -Urien E. Exploration for epithermal gold deposits/ Hagemann S. G. , Brown P. E. (eds) Gold in 2000/ SEG Short- course, Tahoe, Nevada. 2000, 277. Hou, G. , Santosh, M. , Qian, X. , Lister, G. S. , Li, J. Configuration of the supercontinent Columbia: Insights from radiating mafic dyke swarms/ Gondwana Research. 2008. Vol. 14, 409. Hutchison, R. W. Metallogeny of Deposits: Space and/ Econ. Geol. 1987. Vol. 82, 2007. Hutchisson, C. S. , Taylor, D. Metallogenesis in SE Asia/ J. of the Geological Society, London. 1978. Vol. 135, 428. Huttori, K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: The answers detailed several treatment options and scenarios that broke down the response into easy-to-understand points, even highlighting key words in bold. The use of emojis, prompts to seek guidance from healthcare professionals, and affirmations towards the reader enhanced CoPilot’s patient friendliness. While some responses provided links for further reading, most responses did not highlight any 4. 0 and CoPilot were ranked in the top two, ahead of Gemini and ChatGPT-3. 5 across all three readability scores. In addition, all LLM outputs were found to be at a college reading level and therefore marked as difficult to read. As readability scoring is contingent on the number of words and syllables, the lengthy responses generated by our prompts probably contributed to such high scores. Furthermore, the quality of each LLM response was graded only as ‘fair’ in relation to their score, and analysis of this in conjunction with their QAMAI scoring highlighted a deficiency in the provision of any relevant reference material. Therefore, while responses were mostly easy to read, were clear and also relevant to the questions posed, the reliability of these responses were difficult to appraise. This suggested a need for LLMs to improve their response algorithms through more adequate referencing of their information from trusted guidelines and resources. The comparative analysis of ChatGPT-3. 5, ChatGPT-4. 0, CoPilot, and Gemini, revealed distinct superiority in ChatGPT-4. 0 and CoPilot’s ability to respond to patient queries. While both versions of ChatGPT maintained a professional tone, ChatGPT-4. 0 demonstrated a greater ability to deliver more detailed and structured answers, notably through the inclusion of additional scenarios and the use of varied font sizes and headers to enhance readability. This was also reflected in CoPilot’s responses, which used bolded text and headers. In addition, CoPilot adopted a “friendlier” response combining written information with emojis and affirmations, in particular directed towards the younger reader. The more professional tone used by ChatGPT and Gemini may lead patients to perceive it to be a more formal source of information but by doing this, may lack some degree of empathy. There is evidence within the literature to suggest empathetic responses from AI resources are often viewed as more approachable, and therefore may be perceived as being more trustworthy [13, 14].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: No fertilizers or pesticides are needed if farms adopt sustainable practices. [SEP] Text: What is the best thing to do? And what needs to be considered when making a decision on how to respond to such a pest outbreak in a crop field? • It takes time and labour costs to perform crop scouting, so there will be a limit to how much crop scouting can be performed. But without crop scouting, farmers won’t know whether they have pest outbreaks – so, what is the optimum level of scouting? Is it possible that the worker performing the crop scouting missed some emerging hot spots of pest outbreaks? • Applications of pesticides to control pest outbreaks require spraying equipment, labour, chemicals, fuel and other expenditures – so, pesticides should not be applied unless necessary. But should the whole field be sprayed or only portions of fields? For instance, only the detected hot spots? • Agricultural pests, such as insects causing crop damage, are known to develop resistance to pesticides. Once that happens, a particular pesticide is no longer effective against a given pest. So, the only real way to minimise the risk of pest populations developing resistance is by only using pesticides when they are causing significant crop damage. But how is that determined? And what if the prediction of risk of the pest causing significant crop damage is wrong? • There are regulations/restrictions on how many times crops can be sprayed with specificpesticides, and applying one pesticide to control one pest may in some cases also kill ‘beneficial insects’ (natural enemies – other insects that actually help farmers by controlling certain pest species). It is possible that applying one pesticide to control pest A causes an outbreak of pest B. This is very similar to what is referred to, in the medical world, as the ‘side effects’ of drug treatments. So, which pesticide should be applied? And if you decide to apply a pesticide that can only be applied once to a given crop per season, how do you know that you won’t need it again later in the growing season? • Finally, if we assume that it is deemed necessary to apply a certain pesticide, what factors may affect the performance (how well the pest outbreak was controlled) of a particular pesticide application? The farmer needs to select the right spraying equipment as well as consider how weather conditions might affect the pesticide application performance. For example, what do you think happens if a pesticide spray application is performed under dry and windy conditions?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Magnetic felsic intrusions associated with god deposits/ Geology. 1987. Vol. 15, 1111. Kerrich, R. , Feng, R. Archean geodynamics and the Abitibi – Pontiac collision: implications for advection of fluids at transpressive collisional boundaries and the origin of giant quartz vein systems/ Earth-Science Reviews. 1992. Vol. 32, 60. Kerrich, R. , Goldfarb, R. , Groves, D, Garwin, S. , Jia Y. The characteristics, origins, and geodynamic settings of supergiant gold metallogenic provinces/ Science in China (Series D), Supp. December 2000. Vol. 43, 68. Kirk J. , Ruiz J. , Chesley J. , Walshe J. , England G. A Major Archean, Gold- and Crust-in the Kaapvaal Craton,/ Science. 2002. Vol. 297, 1858. Kulish, E. A. , Komov, I. L. Epochs of metamorphogenic gold mineralization/ 8th in conjunct. with 12-18, 1990: Program with Abstracts, Ottawa, 1990, p. 76. Law, J. D. M. , Phillips, G. N. Model for/ 100th Anniversary Volume. 2005, 811. Leahy, K. , processes that control the global distribution of giant gold deposits/ McDonald, I. , (eds). . Geological Society, London, Special Publucations, 2005, 248, 132. . ,. , Romano, S. S. , Maas, R. ,. Crustal evolution, intra-cratonic architecture and the metallogeny of an Archaean craton/ Jenkin, G. R. T. , Lusty, P. A. J. , McDonald, I. , Smith, M. P. , Boyce, A. J. &Wilkinson, J. J. (eds). in an Evolving Earth. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2015, 393, 80. Nelson, J. L. , and Colpron, M. Tectonics and metallogeny of the Canadian and Alaskan Cordillera, 1. 8 Ga to present. In: Goodfellow, W. D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: ReviewSofia Fernandes1,2,3, MScN Armin von Gunten4, MPhil, MD Henk Verloo1,4, PhD 1School of Health Sciences, University of Switzerland (HES-SO), Sion, Switzerland2de la Home, Le Châble, Switzerland3Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of and Research in Healthcare, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland4Service of and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandCorresponding Author:of Health SciencesUniversity of Switzerland (HES-SO)Chemin de l’Agasse 5Sion, 1950SwitzerlandPhone: 41 00415860861Email: sofia. fernandes@hevs. chAbstractBackground: The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common among people with dementia and have multiple negative consequences. Artificial intelligence–based technologies (AITs) have the potential to help nurses in the early prodromal detection of BPSD. Despite significant recent interest in the topic and the increasing number of available appropriate devices, little information is available on using AITs to help nurses striving to detect BPSD early. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the number and characteristics of existing publications on introducing AITs to support nursing interventions to detect and manage BPSD early. Methods: A literature review of publications in the PubMed database referring to AITs and dementia was conducted in September 2023. A detailed analysis sought to identify the characteristics of these publications. The results were reported using a narrative approach. Results: A total of 25 publications from 14 countries were identified, with most describing prospective observational studies. We identified three categories of publications on using AITs and they are (1) predicting behaviors and the stages and progression of dementia, (2) screening and assessing clinical symptoms, and (3) managing dementia and BPSD. Most of the publications referred to managing dementia and BPSD. Conclusions: Despite growing interest, most AITs currently in use are designed to support psychosocial approaches to treating and caring for existing clinical signs of BPSD. AITs thus remain undertested and underused for the early and real-time detection of BPSD. They could, nevertheless, provide nurses with accurate, reliable systems for assessing, monitoring, planning, and supporting safe therapeutic interventions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: S M L You need 7. 0 or later in order to read PDF files on this site. Reader is not installed on your computer, click the button below and go to the download site. Feature 2023. Fault-tolerant 1. Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers and fault-tolerant quantum computers Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers, which do not execute quantum error correction, do not require overhead for encoding. However, because errors inevitably accumulate, there is a limit to computation size. Fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQCs) carry out computation on encoded qubits, so they have overhead for the encoding and require quantum computers of at least a certain size. The gap between NISQ computers and FTQCs due to the amount of overhead is shown in Fig. 1. Is this gap unavoidable? Decades ago, many researchers would consider the answer to be in the negative. However, our team has recently demonstrated a new, unprecedented method to overcome this gap. Motivation to overcome this gap has also led to a research trend that started at around the same time worldwide. These efforts, collectively called early fault-tolerant quantum computing “early-FTQC”, have become a worldwide research movement. In this 1. Gap between NISQ computers and FTQCs. 2. Possibilities and limitations of NISQ computers In the 0. 1 to 1% for a single gate operation. Roughly speaking, the total error rate increases with the number of gates, so 1000 gate operations would be difficult to achieve without error countermeasures. As introduced in the 3. Improving FTQC efficiency Is it the case, then, that quantum computers cannot overcome noise and errors and scale up further? It is known that error-correcting codes can also be applied to quantum computers. A fault-tolerant quantum computer (FTQC) can execute quantum computation on encoded qubits. An FTQC requires overhead, and the number of qubits needed is considered to be 1000 to 10,000 times that without encoding. As research and development of FTQC-architecture-based efficient encoding and decoding systems and compilers have just begun, improvement in efficiency is highly expected. We carried out several research projects to date on such improvements, and two are introduced as follows.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: (Eds. ), of Canada: A Synthesis of Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods. Division, of Canada, Special Publication. 2007. Vol. 5, 791. Nesbitt, B. Gold deposit continuum: a genetic model for lode Au mineralization in the continental crust/ Geology. 1988. Vol. 16, 1048. -Ores in Alaska: Igneous vs. // Resource Geology, Special Issue, 1995, no. 18, 100. . F. ,. ,. L. M. , Scotese, C. R. , and Sidorov, A. A. Metallogenesis and tectonics of the East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera. 1697, 2005, 429 p. Padgham, W. A. Turbidite-Hosted Gold-in the/ Turbidite-Deposits (J. D. Keppie, R. W. Boyle, and S. J. Hayneseds. ) of Paper 32, 1986, 134. Phillips, G. N. , Powell, R. Origin of the Witwatersrand gold: devolatisation-hydrothermal replacement model/ Science (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B). 2011. Vol. 120, no. 3, 129. . and Willman, C. E. Gold: Historical wealth, future potential. In Birch, W. D. (ed. ), Geology of Victoria, of Publication 23, of Australia (Victoria Division). 2003, 433. Percival, J. A. Geology and metallogeny of the Superior Province, Canada/ Goodfellow, W. D. , ed. , of Canada: Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, Districts Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods: of 2007. No. 5, 928. Pirajno, F. of China’s Mineral Deposits. Springer, Dordrecht, 2013, 44. Robert, F. , Metallogeny of the Superior and/ 100th Anniversary Volume. 2005, 1033. Roberts, N. M. W. The boring billion? Lid tectonics, continental growth and environmental change associated with the Columbia supercontinent/ Geoscience Frontiers. 2013. Vol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: The literature suggests different models or approaches, but all agree on three distinct steps which are (1) assessing manifestations of the BPSD that the patients present with, (2) formulating a hypothesis to help understand them, and (3) designing 1 or more interventions targeting their trigger factors [4,13-15]. Interventions can be psychosocial, pharmacological, or a combination of both [4,13-15]. Traditionally, detecting symptoms, monitoring their evolution, and evaluating treatment efficacy are based on nursing observations documented using assessment scales (and Cohen-Inventory) or solely using written notes in the patient’s medical record [15,16]. However, this process may prove ineffective for the early detection of the signs of BPSD, and nurses may perceive it as a potential factor in work overload [12]. Indeed, the first 2 steps require the investment of health care professionals, informal caregivers, and other individuals, and the third is more complex due to the variability and multifactorial nature of the BPSD. The BPSD challenges nurses daily, often triggering crises that are extremely complex to manage. Responding effectively and efficiently to these clinical issues requires more intensive observation and specialized care, with a greater emphasis on the prodromal detection of warning signs. However, due to an aging workforce and difficult working conditions (eg, high levels of stress and burnout, job dissatisfaction, and low levels of retention), the health care sector is facing a shortage of nursing staff [17]. Council of Nurses estimates a need for 13 million extra nurses to fill the worldwide shortages in the profession [18]. This shows the limitations of current human resources–based strategies, with the corollary need to explore innovative and sustainable solutions. In recent decades, new information technologies have been adopted by every area of health care [19]. The first information technologies to be integrated into health care were electronic medical and health records, clinical information systems, and health information exchanges. More recently, other technologies have emerged, such as clinical decision support systems, mobile health apps, telehealth, telemedicine, robotics, wireless medical devices, and virtual reality [19-21]. Technological development in the health care sector, including nursing, is currently focused on artificial intelligence (AI) [19]. In the field of health care, AI usually refers to software capable of interpreting clinical data, learning from it, and helping clinical decision-making [19,22].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: The first project is on improving the efficiency of the computational process on encoded data. The standard method of quantum error correction is encoding with what are called surface codes. These codes work relatively efficiently with nearest-neighbor interactions between qubits arranged in a two-dimensional lattice and have a high fault-tolerant threshold. A promising method for executing quantum computation with surface code is lattice surgery. As shown in Fig. 2, we have shown that improving the efficiency of lattice surgery can be treated as a scheduling problem of computational paths in three dimensions, which takes into account the time axis of the computation, and have achieved several promising improvements in efficiency [5]. Fig. 2. A scheduling problem of lattice surgery on FTQC. The second project is on improving the circuit efficiency of quantum algorithms. The task for determining the eigenenergy of the Hamiltonian in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics by quantum phase estimation, a key quantum algorithm, is a representative approach of FTQC, showing quantum supremacy in practical problems. Compared with previous methods, qubitization [6, 7] converts the Hamiltonian into a form for which quantum-phase estimation is executable with fewer resources. To execute quantum-advantageous computation in the early-FTQC era, it is necessary to optimize the circuit elements in this qubitization. We reduced the number of T-gate operations, which incur computational costs in FTQCs. Specifically, we succeeded in reducing the number of T-gates in a quadratic polynomial manner for circuits for the Schwinger model [8]. 4. Early-FTQC In the previous section, FTQCs and efforts to improve their efficiency were introduced. There are limits to improving the computation efficiency of an FTQC, and some overhead is inevitable. What costs are then incurred to run a useful FTQC? Figure 3 illustrates the FTQC regime. The horizontal axis represents the number of logical operations executed on the encoded quantum state. A logical operation including the overhead of computing on the encoded data is counted as one operation. The vertical axis represents the error rate of logical operations, i. e. , the probability that an error will occur for each logical operation, which cannot be corrected despite using quantum error correction. The greater the number of logical operations and lower the logical error rate, the greater the scale of an FTQC can be run.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 4, no. 6, 691. Rundqist, D. V. Kravchenko, S. M. The role of geologic time in the genesis of giant mineral deposits/ and Metallogeny. 2001. Vol. 7, no. 3-4, 201. Van Staal, C. R. Pre-Carboniferous tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the/ Goodfellow, W. D. , ed. , of Canada: Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, Districts Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods: of. 2007, no. 5, 818. Viljoen R. Р. , Saager R. , Viljoen М. J. Some thoughs on the origin and processes responsible for the concentration of gold in the early precambrian of Southern Africa. Miner. Deposita. 1970. Vol. 5, no. 2, 180. Zhou, T. , Goldfarb,R. J. , Phillips, G. N. Tectonics and distribution of gold deposits in China – an overview/ Miner. Deposita. 2002. Vol 37, no. 3-4, 282. Supplementary files Action 1. 2. FIG. 1. The productivity of the most important gold ore epochs, according to R. Goldfarb et al. (Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2005, 2010), with simplifications, and supercontinental cycles in the history of the Earth with dating of alluvial, detrital and granite zircons (bold line) and actually zircons of orogenic granitoids (dashed line) according to K. Condi and R. Aster (Condie and Aster, 2010) with simplifications. Download (84KB) Indexing metadata 3. FIG. 2. Gold ore belts and ranges of different ages (Goryachev et al. , 2005): 1 - Cenozoic, 2 - Meso-Cenozoic, 3 - Mesozoic, 4 - Paleozoic, 5 - Precambrian, 6 - areas of manifestation of large paleo-placer deposits. The black curve shows the conditional boundary of the metallogenic (in gold) heterogeneity of Precambrian cratons. Download (129KB) Indexing metadata 4. FIG. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Combined with critical thinking and human judgment, AI has the potential to improve nurses’ clinical reasoning by increasing the speed and accuracy of assessment, anticipation, synthesis, and knowledge generation [23]. From 1985 to date, the PubMed database lists 1086 publications on AI in nursing. There has been a significant growth in the number of these publications since 2020, reinforcing the nursing sciences’ aims of developing and adapting nursing practices in line with sociodemographic changes and health care system, and medical and technical progress. [24]. Promoting the development, adoption and effective use of AI-based technologies (AITs) in health care has been identified as a key strategy to address the challenges related to both the complexity of managing the BPSD and limited resources [19,25-28]. Despite significant recent interest in the topic and the increasing number of technical devices on the market, little information is available on introducing AITs to help nurses attempting to detect BPSD as early as possible. This narrative review aims to identify and summarize the characteristics of existing publications concerning the use of AITs to support nurses in the early identification and management of BPSD. MethodsSearch StrategyThis narrative review was conducted following the Toronto and Remington guidelines [29]. The research question used to guide it was as follows:What are the available publications on the use of artificial-intelligence-based technologies in neuropsychiatric symptoms related to dementia? We consulted the PubMed database in September 2023 using the descriptors and keywords “artificial intelligence,” “behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia,” and “neuropsychiatric symptoms” (Multimedia 1. A total of 30 publications were identified and included after their titles and abstracts were reviewed. Following a thorough examination of their full texts, 5 publications were excluded because they focused on mental health issues unrelated to dementia or BPSD. In total, 25 publications were included. Textbox 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: The region to the left of the green line in this figure indicates the region where the scale of computation is tractable enough for classical simulation. The green line is curved at the top because a higher error rate makes it even easier to carry out classical simulation. The region to the right of the brown line represents long-term FTQCs. In this region, we can run algorithms in which the quantum advantage can be demonstrated for meaningful applications. The region between the green and brown lines is what we call early-FTQC [9]. This is the region from the boundary satisfying logical quantum supremacy to the boundary of long-term FTQCs. We believe that heuristic quantum algorithms exist in this region, and it is the region where an FTQC will be first run. Quantum algorithms used in the early-FTQC regime share many traits with NISQ algorithms. The major difference from NISQ era is that because early-FTQC have acquired fault tolerance, they will continue to execute larger computations as quantum computers are scaled up. In other words, as the size of the quantum computer increases, the potential for better computation increases. Fig. 3. FTQC regime. Are there ways to further hasten the achievement of early-FTQC? The efficiency-improvement methods described in the previous section are of course significant and effective. Another proposal is rewriting the circuit for algorithms to reduce the number of qubits by incorporating the classical post-processing procedure [10]. Our team has also presented a novel method of applying QEM, considered to be a class of techniques for the NISQ era, to hasten the achievement of early-FTQC [9]. This method adapts a quasi-probability method, a QEM technique mentioned above, to an FTQC. Unlike quasi-probability methods for the NISQ era, we do not mitigate physical errors but logical errors. As shown in Fig. 4, recovery operations for error correction in an FTQC are carried out using fundamental quantum operations called Pauli operations. operations are simple, they can be efficiently carried out in batches as the final classical post-processing procedure. In many cases, quasi-probability-based QEM can also be carried out using Pauli operations, so it can be incorporated into the classical post-processing procedure. In some cases, it cannot be carried out with Pauli operations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Congress 2024 Building, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 8–13 September 2024 Congress 2024 Building, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 8–13 September 2024 Congress 2024 Building, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 8–13 September 2024 committee & media by session Session overview Licence & copyright Exhibition & sponsorship List of exhibitors & sponsors My profile My network HomeTPTP6EPSC2024-1222 Multiple terms: term1 term2 red apples returns results with all terms like: Fructose levels in red and green apples Precise match in quotes: "term1 term2" "red apples" returns results matching exactly like: Anthocyanin biosynthesis in red apples Exclude a term with -: term1 -term2 apples -red returns results containing apples but not red: Malic acid in green apples Close hits for "" in Search in: All Pare no results for your search term. Network problems We are sorry, but your search could not be completed due to network problems. Please try again later. Server timeout We are sorry, but your search could not be completed due to server timeouts. Please try again later. Invalid search term We are sorry, but your search term seems to be invalid. Please refine your search. Too many requests We are sorry, but we have received too many parallel search requests. Please try again later. Searching [Back] [Session TP6]. 17, EPSC2024-1222, 2024, updated on 03 Jul 2024 Congress 2024 © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. U-Record of Zircons from and the Lindner1, Jasper Engelmann2, Harry Becker1, Frederic Couffignal3, and Scicchitano3 et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: We identified three categories of publications depending on the AIT’s use and they are (1) predicting behavior and the stage and progression of dementia, (2) screening and assessing clinical symptoms, and (3) managing dementia and the BPSD (Figure 3). A total of 4 publications reported on the use of machine learning technology to predict dementia behavior and the stage and progression of dementia [34,36-38]. Three publications referred to the use of natural language processing for screening and assessing clinical symptoms [35,48,49] and 1 reported on the use of machine learning [50]. One publication described the use of wearable technologies [40], and 1 combined this type of AIT with machine learning [46]. Finally, 10 publications reported on the use of robotics as a psychosocial approach to managing dementia and BPSD [32,39,41,42,44,45,51-54] (Table 1). One publication reported on the use of AITs to predict the stage and progression of dementia [31], 1 described the detection and measurement of dementia’s clinical symptoms [48], and 6 examined dementia management [39,41,44,51-53]. As for the BPSD, 5 publications reported using AITs to predict behavior [33,36,37,46,47], 3 described the detection and assessment of clinical symptoms [35,40,49], and 5 looked at managing behavior [32,42-44,55] (Figure 4). In the context of the BPSD, behavior management refers to interventions carried out to identify and act on trigger factors. Figure 2. Number of publications by type of artificial intelligence–based technology. Figure 3. Number of publications by artificial intelligence–based technology use. Table 1. Publications by type of AITa and use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: In this case, the process is carried out physically (see [9] for details). Fig. 4. Application of QEM to an FTQC. What becomes important is the cost of QEM. Because the variance of results increases as the amount of errors increases, we need the cost of repeating computations to statistically estimate errors and obtain the correct result. Because there is no error-correction function in NISQ computers, the amount of errors increases as the quantum-computation size increases. Because QEM cost increases exponentially, there is a practical limit to the computation size for which QEM can be used. An FTQC is equipped with error correction, so a region where QEM can be used within reasonable parameters always exists when computation size increases. In an FTQC, the code distance and overhead are normally set so that the number of errors remaining in the computation results to obtain the correct result is sufficiently smaller than 1 (the line Ne = 10−3 in Fig. 3). If QEM is applied to an FTQC, the number of errors can be relaxed to about 1 (the line Ne = 1 in Fig. 3), code distance can be shortened, and overhead needed for error correction can be reduced. As indicated with the red arrows in Fig. 3, the region of early-FTQC is expanded (the region of long-term FTQC is also similarly expanded. ) In fact, we have shown that by using QEM, the number of qubits required for an FTQC can be reduced by about 80%. In other words, using the same number of qubits, quantum computation size can be increased 1000-fold in terms of the number of quantum operations due to the effect of QEM. 5. Further development of early-FTQC Early-FTQC has been progressing with various implications. Early-FTQC in a broader sense has also been investigated so far. Early-FTQC described in the previous section meant the initial stages of an FTQC and efforts to hasten the achievement of FTQCs. However, the concept of early-FTQC as a “partial” FTQC, occupying the intermediate stage between a NISQ computing and full-fledged FTQC, has recently emerged.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Anne Lindner1, Jasper Engelmann2, Harry Becker1, Frederic Couffignal3, and Scicchitano3 1Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany 2-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung, Kiel, Germany 31Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany 2-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung, Kiel, Germany 3: The Moon's impact basins and their deposits retain information about the timing, flux and composition of late accretion in the inner solar system. However, isotopic ages of particular basins have been difficult to determine reliably because reheating by later impacts have affected chronometers to variable extent and gardening of impact ejecta has led to additional complexity. Recently, in situ U-Pb geochronology of zirconium minerals and calcium phosphates coupled with petrographic, geological and geochemical studies have provided more evidence for the most likely ages of at least some lunar basins [1-8]. These data can be compared with advanced models of ejecta distribution and the contributions of impact melt from specific basins to the lunar landing sites [9] and with absolute model ages obtained by improved crater counting data (e. g. [10, 11]). It is important to expand the still limited database of reliable lunar impactite ages to better define basin ages. Because of the robustness of zircons, in situ U-Pb ages of these minerals in lunar impactites have the potential to provide clues for the early lunar bombardment history as they are more resistant to resetting than for instance K-Ar ages. The present study is focusing on Apollo 16 and 17 ancient regolith breccias, which contain a mixture of mineral and lithic clasts from different highland and other lithologies. The goal of the study was to test if they contain zircons that can be dated and if ages match those found in other lithologies at these landing sites. Ancient regolith breccias: Four thin sections were screened with SEM for zirconium phases (67035,13; 67115,29; 74115,18; 76565,8). 16 samples were collected at the Crater rim. 67115,29 contains impact melt and some glass coated fragments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Yet, in different health care settings and contexts, AITs could provide nurses with accurate and reliable systems for assessing, monitoring, planning, and supporting safe therapeutic interventions [27,56]. Based on our findings, it appears that the use of AITs has been explored more in acute care than in long-term care settings, which include community care and nursing homes. However, the prevalence of BPSD seems to be higher in the context of long-term care, particularly in nursing homes where 80%-90% of residents exhibit at least 1 of the BPSD and institutional resources tend to be more limited [57]. As mentioned above, BPSD has traditionally been assessed and monitored by health care professionals’ observations of patients’ behaviors [15,16]. However, this process may have limited success in the early detection of warning signs of the BPSD, and health care professionals perceive it to be another task or factor leading to work overload [11]. Therefore, it seems appropriate to anticipate symptom escalation and optimize staff and financial resources. Multimodal sensors for capturing physiological parameters, activity trackers, and facial expression recognition are all promising AITs that make the process of managing the BPSD more efficient and personalized [40,58-61]. By mining information from such devices, nurses could detect early warning signs of BPSD and their trigger factors. By combining this information with their clinical knowledge and experience, nurses could be equipped with a clinical decision-making support system enabling them to guide and personalize their therapeutic interventions [56,62-64]. Although nurses agree about the potential usefulness of AITs, most do not fully understand AI’s underlying principles, and they are concerned about the potential consequences of its use in clinical practice [65-68]. Other obstacles pertaining to AITs include the unknown cost-benefits of their use in health care settings, the current lack of use and data management protocols in those settings, and the lack of information technology capacity there to support them [69,70]. The published papers identified in this review reinforced these points as the involvement of nurses in designing studies and the use of AITs was low. However, in interdisciplinary contexts, nurses have key roles to play in the conception and design of AIT devices, verifying their effectiveness and adapting their use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum algorithms like Shor's can theoretically break traditional encryption systems. [SEP] Text: Epidermal and dermal cell suspensions were combined and stained with anti-CD11b (eBioscience) and anti-F4/80 antibodies (eBioscience). Due to small tissue size, chin skin cells from three mice were combined for each experiment. FACS data were analyzed using FlowJo. RNA-sequencing and analyses Request a detailed protocol Total RNA was isolated using the RKit (Qiagen). RNA samples with RIN >8. 0 were considered for cDNA library preparation. Full-length cDNA library amplification and tagmentation was performed as previously described (Picelli et al. , 2014). Libraries were multiplexed and sequenced as paired-end on an Illumina Next-Seq500 platform. Paired-end reads were aligned to the mouse genome (mm10/gencode. vM8) and quantified using the RNA-seq by Expectation-Maximization algorithm (RSEM) with standard parameters (version 1. 2. 25) (Li and Dewey, 2011). Samples were batch-effect corrected. EdgeR (version 3. 14. 0) was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across samples of interest. FPKM values were taken as inputs for PCA analysis and DEG analyses. Data is available at GEO: GSE85039. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 1. The putative inhibitor set includes multiple BMP ligands (Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp6, Bmp7), BMP receptors (Bmpr1a, Bmpr1b and Bmpr2), BMP-specific transcription factors (Smad2, Smad5 and Smad7), and soluble (Wif1, Sfrp1), transmembrane (Kremen1), and intracellular WNT antagonists (Nkd2, Prickle1). Validating model-predicted roles for BMP signaling in hair cycle control For BMP signaling, we examined Krt14-Bmp4 (Guha et al. , 2004) and Krt14-Noggin mice (Plikus et al. , 2004, 2005) overexpressing BMP ligand and soluble antagonist, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 67035,13 contains highly feldspatic matrix, pristine highland material, melt breccias and granulitic clasts. Most of the bigger clasts are anorthosites. 74115,18 is a compacted soil breccia, collected in the ‘light mantle’ area and contains fragments of orange glass spheres and shards, granulites and high-Ti mare basalts. 76565,8 is a dimict breccia rake sample from the North massif with a similar clast inventory. Zircon grains occur as individual mineral clasts in the matrix of the breccias, within larger lithic clasts or as coronas onilmenites. U-Pb age record in zircons: The new data show little to no common Pb in zircons and ancient 207Pb206Pb ages ranging from 3. 92 to 4. 37 Ga with uncertainties ranging from 9 to 29 Ma (2s). Breccia 67035,13 yields ages of 4. 25 to 4. 37 Ga, whereas 67115,29 shows an age of 4. 21 Ga. Breccia 74115,18 shows age clusters at 3. 92-3. 93, 4. 11-4. 17 (most analyses) and 4. 34 Ga, 76565,8 at 4. 16-4. 33 Ga. The oldest age of 4. 33 Ga in 76565,8 belongs to a zircon grain attached to clinopyroxene in a evolved lithology. The oldest measured zircon (4. 34 Ga) in 74115,18 is an individual grain in a clinopyroxene rich clast, the youngest ages at ~3. 9 Ga belong to grains attached to ilmenite or noritic compositions. The 4. 11-4. 17 Ga cluster occurs in anorthositic clasts with granulitic texture and may reflect 2 or more discrete events or discordance from reheating of older zircon by the 3. 92 Ga event. The youngest age of breccia 67035,13 (4. 25 Ga) was found for an individual zircon grain associated with olivine and anorthite clasts in the matrix. 67115,29 yields an age of 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]König A, Mallick E, Tröger Measuring neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with early cognitive decline using speech analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2021;64(1):e64. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Mallo SC, Valladares-Rodriguez S, Facal D, Lojo-Seoane C, Fernández-. Neuropsychiatric symptoms as predictors of conversion from MCI to dementia: a machine learning approach. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2019;32(3):381-392. [CrossRef]Á, et al. Validation of random forest machine learning models to predict dementia-related neuropsychiatric symptoms in real-world data. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;77(2):855-864. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]ñaga I, Alberdi A, Cernuda C, et al. Estimation of the epidemiology of dementia and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms by applying machine learning to real-world data. (Engl Ed). Mar 25, 2021;15(3):167-175. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Effects of a humanoid companion robot on dementia symptoms and caregiver distress for residents in long-term care. J Dir Assoc. 2020;21(11):1724-1728. e3. [CrossRef] [Medline]Favela J, Cruz-Sandoval D, Morales-Tellez A, Lopez-Nava IH. Monitoring behavioral symptoms of dementia using activity trackers. J Biomed Inform. 2020;109:103520. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Socially assistive robots for people living with dementia in long-term facilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gerontology. 2023;69(8):1027-1042. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. "She had a smile on her face as wide as the great Australian bite": a qualitative examination of family perceptions of a therapeutic robot and a plush toy. Gerontologist. 2019;59(1):177-185.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum algorithms like Shor's can theoretically break traditional encryption systems. [SEP] Text: Pie charts are color-coded according to the top label: single club HFs (purple), double club HFs (blue), triple clubs HFs (green) and multiple club HFs (more than 3, orange). Scale bars: A-C – 200 um. 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 037 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 038 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 039 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 040 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 041 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 042 Hair typeControlKrt14-NogginKrt14-Bmp4ControlKrt14-Cre; Wnt7b-/-Krt5-rtTA; tetO-Dkk1 controlKrt5-rtTA; tetO-Dkk1 induced Auchene52432350253043 Awl70554050253045 Guard73484052253045 Zigzag54644018281933 1.

Output: pass