Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: In the early 1930s, he did an experiment on production of agricultural crops through nutrient culture and termed it as aquaculture. The term so used was dropped due to culturing of aquatic organisms as aquaculture. During 1930s refinement work on hydroponics was expanded toward Europe, Japan, and worked and Sweden. In 1937, W. A. Setchell introduced the term “hydroponics. ” The hydroponic nutrient solution includes minerals in the raw water and nutrients added with fertilizers. The right fertilizer, right dose, and right concentration in the hydroponic nutrient solution greatly depend on the quality of the raw water to be used. This technique has advantages over other methods such as high water use efficiency, improved growth rate, and disease control and also offers more controlled environmental conditions for plants growth and development. Advertisement 2. Nutrient solution technique Hydroponics is a technology in which nutrient uptake occurs through plant roots dipped in the nutrient culture. Prior to use of hydroponic culturing, the crop physiological functioning system must be clear. For optimum crop growth and functioning, mixture of sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrient elements for photosynthetic efficiency is needed. Besides, the minerals are either found naturally in the soil or supplied through the fertilizers to the soil. Thus, it is evident that plant needs mineral derived from the soil for its growth, not the soil which becomes a basic idea behind the development of hydroponics. Moreover, the roots also need an optimum supply of oxygen for uptake and transport of metabolites to the whole plant. In hydroponic system, the roots of plants are in direct contact with the nutrient solution only vis-a-vis the absorption of nutrients occurs more easily than soil grown plants. This system also performed the crop plants with faster growth and higher yields and in turn saves energy for extensive root system development and thus, more of energy can be diverted toward leaf and stem growth. Besides, it also offers significant advantages over traditional farming, producing greater yields, faster growth, and possibly year-round crop production. This system further allows recycling of nutrient solution without wastage of water. The amount and composition of the nutrients to which plants have access can be monitored precisely by the grower. It also allows the grower to control the pH level of the solution and protects plants from pests and diseases. However, the literature is still scanty with respect to production of hydroponic fruits [1, 2].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: This sharp increase in extent of bleaching-level thermal stress is mirrored in all basins with the exception of the Atlantic, where 2005 was a standout year with 61% of reefs reaching DHW ≥ 4 °C-weeks. Nevertheless, the Atlantic continued to experience widespread bleaching-level thermal stress during 2010 and 2015, and although these years were slightly less than the extent during 2005, the values of 51% and 39% remain alarmingly high. While severe heat stress events (DHW ≥ 8 °C-weeks) have been observed at some reef pixels in all years (Fig. 3c), the increase through the study period has been dramatic. Prior to the 1998 event, the average global percentage of reef pixels exposed at this level was 0. 3% (1986–1997). From 1998 to 2009, this exposure increased to 1. 1% of reef pixels, on average. Since 2010, 5. 5% of reef pixels have, on average, reached or exceeded 8 °C-weeks. Prior to 1998, there was no instance of the global proportion of severe heat stress exceeding 1% in the study period; of the 20 years since, ten have had severe heat stress at over 1% of reef pixels. The high percentage of reef pixels exposed to severe heat stress in 2005 was strongly driven by the regional event in the Caribbean (Atlantic basin), during which many reefs were severely damaged. The 1998 value for the global percentage of reef pixels with DHW ≥ 8 °C-weeks of 2. 1% was surpassed in seven subsequent bleaching years (Eakin et al. 2010, 2017; Heron et al. 2016b): 2005 (3. 1%), 2009 (2. 6%), 2010 (8. 3%), 2014 (3. 0%), 2015 (2. 7%), 2016 (17. 2%) and 2017 (10. 2%). That the four consecutive years 2014–2017 each had an extent of severely bleached reefs greater than in 1998 is an alarming fact that underlines the overall trend in the heat stress trend analyses presented here. The combined extent of severe heat stress from 2015 to 2017 was a more than 15-fold increase from the percentage of reefs with severe heat stress in 1998, affecting nearly one-quarter of reef locations (23. 5%). The CoralTemp dataset will soon be extended back to 1981, with plans to integrate data from phase 2 of the Agency’s programme (Merchant et al. 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: Seedlings of fruit crops can also be grown hydroponically in earlier stages of growth and then transplanted to the field. Different fruit crops namely, grapes, raspberry, blackberry, blueberry, and strawberry can be grown hydroponically. Strawberries and blueberries perform best under hydroponics system because of acidic soil requirement are best suited to blueberries and be grown under hydroponic system as pH level and nutrient content are easily controlled and maintained in hydroponics. 2. 1 Hydroponics technique There are different types of hydroponics technique being employed for growing of plants. There are mainly three types of hydroponic systems. 2. 1. 1 Nutrient film technique It is a system in which the nutrient solution is passed through the roots of plants placed in a channel. The plants are placed on channels made up of wood, rigid to flexible tubes or plastic and the nutrient rich solution is either pumped through it or passed under gravitation reaching the root system effectively. This technique is effective only for the plants with large root system. The nutrient film technique (NFT) was developed during the late 1960s by Dr. at the in the U. K. NFT is the growing of plants, bare-rooted in long, waterproof channels, down which flows a very shallow stream of re-circulating water, into which are dissolved all the minerals required to grow healthy plants. NFT is a hydroponic technique wherein a very shallow stream of water containing all the dissolved nutrients required for plant growth is re-circulated past the roots of plants in a watertight gully, also known as channels. According to the pre-requisite to achieve a nutrient film situation more effectively is described as (i) ensuring the gradient down where water flows is uniform and not subject to localized depressions, (ii) rapid inlet flow rate that a considerable depth of water flows down to the gradient, (iii) adequate width of the channels to avoid any damming up of the nutrients, and (iv) flat channel base but not curved due to which otherwise will be a considerable depth of liquid along the center of a channel with a curved base. N. F. T. system is fairly a simple design. However, this is not best suited for smaller quick growing plants. 2. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: This will allow the inclusion of heat stress from the 1982/83 ENSO event, which was at least the first widespread bleaching event (Coffroth et al. 1990) and may have been the first global bleaching event. Information from these earlier years will likely further contrast with the recent, rapid increase in heat stress and associated bleaching that has resulted from global warming. Defining a heat stress yearThe outcome of the analysis to define the heat stress year (HSY) periods supports the methodology of separating Northern from Southern Hemispheres, even for reef locations near the equator. The starting dates for each HSY (February 1 in the Northern Hemisphere; and August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere) were defined as the month with the minimum climatological average percentage of reef pixels with heat stress. These dates are sufficiently separated from the equinox timings (late March heading into the boreal summer; and late September heading into the austral summer), when the sun is directly over the equator (local solar maximum) that any heat stress near the equator would fall completely within the relevant HSY. Additionally, peak ocean temperature typically lags the local solar maximum by 1–2 months, which further separates near-equatorial heat stress from the starting date of the relevant HSY. The climatological minimum percentage of heat stress extent for both hemispheres was well below 0. 1% (Fig. 1); such a low proportion indicates that any historical occurrence of heat stress during the minimum month is exceptional. Temperature variability and resultant heat stress events in the equatorial region are exceptional, not conforming to the seasonality of non-equatorial regions (e. g. Barkley et al. 2018). Instead, equatorial oceans (especially the Pacific) are dominated by interannual, rather than intra-annual, variability (Donner 2011; Langlais et al. 2017). As such, equatorial heat stress events can occur independent of seasonal patterns—as transpired in the where El Niño-driven heat stress was present from April 2015 to May 2016 (Eakin et al. 2017). While the analysis here indicates that long equatorial events, spanning HSYs, are exceptional in the historical record, this may not hold as climate change progresses. It may become necessary to consider the equatorial region (in which there may not be annual periodicity) separately from the Northern and (in which the existing seasonal cycles persist).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: 2 Deep film technique It is a technique in which the plants are grown with roots submerged in floating nutrient solutions (10–20 cm deep) on a flat table. This method is effective for growing plants with short root system and is relatively cheaper. 2. 1. 3 Substrate method In this method, the plant growth is supported by using materials such as stones, vermiculite, perlite, etc. in structures such as tubes and pots. This system results in affective utilization of nutrients and reusing of the nutrient solution as the drained solution is re-circulated in the system. This system is commonly utilized in Asia, Europe, and Israel for strawberry cultivation by using several trough systems. Among the three systems, NFT and DFT are the most commonly used methods. The basic idea behind the working of NFT is the recycling of the nutrient solution. This technique offers major advantages over other systems like low cost of installment, easy operation and management as well as conservation of nutrients and water. In this system, nutrient solution enriched with material like sand, vermiculite or rock wool is passed and re-circulated through a slope consisting of plants placed in a plastic trough. It provides the optimum amount of nutrients to the plant through its root system. It is best suited for short period crops like lettuce, strawberry, and raspberries. Nutrient film technique has been termed as a promising tool in the areas with limited land resources. Various materials that can be used for hydroponics in fruit crops include that of mineral origin and organic origin. Vermiculite is one of the mineral substances utilized in pears, peach, and tangerine seedlings as it is free of pathogens attack and have high water retention capacity. In case of grapevine, sand because of its easy acquisition is used as it results in the increased absorption of macronutrients. Rice hulls have been found to be effective organic source in growing strawberry plants under hydroponics. For strawberry, perlite or vermiculite is the best growing medium. Materials like coconut coir or peat moss should be avoided as they absorb too much of nutrient solution and cause condition of suffocation to the plants. For growing strawberries through hydroponics, two systems viz. , “closed” and “open” are employed. Among these two, recirculation of nutrient solution occurs in the closed system with plants grown in channels or pipes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: The heat stress on coral reefs has successively increased over the past 3 decades, but the 3-yr event from June 2014 to May 2017 stands out as unique in the multi-decadal record (Skirving et al. 2019). The 2014–2017 GCBE lasted 36 months, spanned four calendar years, and included positive (El Niño), negative (La Niña), and neutral phases of the El Niño–cycle (Blunden and Arndt 2018; Eakin et al. 2018a). While the full extent and impacts of the 2014–2017 GCBE are still emerging, this was the longest-lasting, most widespread, and most likely the most damaging on record. Heat stress values in some locations, including the central tropical Pacific, were the highest ever recorded as heat stress lasting for months, with continuous heat stress lasting up to a full year and resulting in almost complete coral loss (Eakin et al. 2017; Brainard et al. 2018; Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019). Even some of the hottest coral reef areas in the world succumbed to heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE, showing that heat stress had even exceeded their limits (Burt et al. 2019). In the western Pacific US territories of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands, the 2014–2017 period was only part of a series of repeated heat stress events in a place where we are beginning to see how the annual return of bleaching levels of heat stress may impact reefs (Raymundo et al. 2019). Successive years of extreme summer temperatures have been predicted to occur a few decades from now (Donner et al. 2018)—so why are we already seeing it before 2020? While it may have resulted from random variations in climate extremes, it is most likely the result of a common problem that climate models underestimate both extreme events and rates of change (Fischer et al. 2018; Schewe et al. 2019). Heat stress during this event was not distributed evenly across reefs, devastating some areas while leaving some areas relatively unscathed. On the Reef (GBR), heat stress in 2016 was most concentrated in the northern third of the reef (Hughes et al. 2017b), while heat stress in 2017 was farther south (Hughes et al. 2019a). Similarly, 2016 heat stress in was strongest above 20°S latitude, diminishing to the south (Le Nohaïc et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Research 15. 11. 2018 ve Kuzey İtalya’da özellikle Dönemi’nin sonlarında ve aynı zamanda İmparatorluk Dönemi’nin başlarında ve ortalarında sanatçıların birçoğu eserlerini Yunan dilinde imzaladıkları için bu durumun sanatçının etnik kökenini gösteren bir işaret olduğu düşüncesi bilim dünyasında bugüne kadar ortak bir kanaat (communis opinio) olarak algılanmıştır. Fakat en azından İtalya’da kölelerin ve azatlıların Yunan isimleri ve lakaplarının (cognomina) onların doğum yerlerini istisnasız olarak göstermediği gerçeği dikkatli olmamızı gerektirmektedir. Ayırca çok sayıda belge bazı meslek gruplarında (örneğin atletler, gladyatörler, at arabası sürücüleri, doktorlar ve sahne sanatçıları) Latince ve Yunanca takma isim (pseudonim) kullanılmasının olağan bir durum olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun nedeni ise uzun ve pozitif anlam taşıyan bir geleneğe dahil olma isteğidir. Aynısı sanatçılar için de geçerli olmalıdır.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: Plants require same macro and micronutrients but in different ratios. So, the nutrients supplying fertilizers must be bought based on the plants’ need as each nutrient has distinct function in different plants. For the preparation of nutrient solution, the nutrient fertilizers are mixed with water which breaks downs to release nutrients. The selection of fertilizers should be such that the amount of water and nutrients present in the solution are equal to the amount of water and nutrients taken up by the plants. The nutrient solution preparation requires water of good quality which is contamination free for which chemical analysis is important. The formulations must be based upon the targeted crop and must supply all the essential nutrients. The nutrient solution preparation also requires maintaining optimum levels of pH and EC. For the proper growth of strawberry plants, the pH of nutrient solution used must be between 5. 5 and 6 and the ideal EC range is 1. 8–2. 0 dS/m during growth period and 1. 8–2. 5 dS/m during fruiting stage. The pH of the solution can be maintained through potassium hydroxide used to increase pH or through phosphoric acid to lower down the pH. At EC higher than 1. 2 dS/m to prevent the damage to strawberry plant root area of plants can be flushed with clean water for the removal of accumulated salts. Advertisement 4. Recycling of nutrient solution To meet the requirement of plant without any loss of nutrients, the closed system of hydroponics offers a huge benefit for recycling of nutrients reducing economic as well as environmental costs. In a closed system, the water and nutrient supply is equal to their quantity taken up by the plants [6]. This system provides controlled nutrient supply with minimal leaching losses and reduced environmental contamination. There is a continuous supply of nutrient solution touching the roots of the plant which after passing down is recirculated and is again available for the use of the plants. Among the added fertilizers, only 50% is utilized by the plant and 70% of the added water is utilized by the plant for its proper growth and transpiration [7]. Recycling of nutrients through closed system of hydroponics and nutrient film techniques is very efficient as it uses only 10% of the water and 25% of fertilizer to that of conventional systems. The mineral content of the added fertilizers may be reduced due to the uptake by plants which may be replenished from time to time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: Past studies have suggested that either the ability of corals to resist heat stress or to recover after heat stress may be related to other environmental factors such as local anthropogenic stress (McClanahan et al. 2012). At one of the hardest-hit locations, local stress and heat stress interacted to influence the survival of the heat-tolerant coral Porites lobata in (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2019). Examination of the microbiome of these corals showed that heat stress in 2016 had a similar impact on microbiome diversity as local stressors (subsistence fishing pressure, minor pollution from sewage runoff, and dredging) during the prior non-bleaching year. However, there was no indication of synergistic interaction between local stress and heat stress in terms of the corals’ bleaching response, showing that these patterns may be more complicated than previously thought. Elsewhere, now-familiar patterns of symbiont shuffling were seen in some of the most heat-sensitive coral species but not in those more resistant (Gong et al. 2019; Thinesh et al. 2019). There are winners, losers, and surprises. Some reefs bleach heavily and suffer significant coral mortality at low levels of heat stress (Hughes et al. 2017b, 2018a). In other cases, high heat stress may cause minimal mortality as corals recover well from bleaching (Fox et al. 2019). Some of this may be the result of inaccuracies in the heat stress products, especially in areas close to the equator with poor seasonal cycles. In some cases, local conditions like upwelling (Riegl et al. 2019) or high turbidity (Morgan et al. 2017; Teixeira et al. 2019) may help corals survive, while local growth of fleshy algae may increase bleaching susceptibility (Smith et al. 2019). In others, reefs may be predominated by a few species that are resilient to bleaching and recover well (Johnston et al. 2019) but may have reduced reproductive output or success (Fisch et al. 2019; Hughes et al. 2019b). Repeated years of heat stress may result in less bleaching during later events (Harrison et al. 2018; Fisch et al. 2019; Hughes et al. 2019a) or may overwhelm reefs to the point that their persistence is in question (Riegl et al. 2018; Raymundo et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Bu bağlamda bilim dünyasında uzun süredir farkedilen bir gerçek vardır ki, o da, bazı kereler ünlü birisinin taşıdığı bir takma ismin sonraki taşıyıcısı tarafından açıkça üstlenilmiş olmasıdır. İsim tabi ki akraba bağlarının bir göstergesi de olabilir, fakat bu yüzyıllarca geriye giden alıntılar her örnekte ikna edici değildir. İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne ait üç örnek yazıt (iki mezar ve bir bağış yazıtı) sayesinde takma isim seçimine açıklık getirilebilir. Takma ismin alınmasının nedenleri, örnek aldıkları kişilerin temsil ettikleri (rol model oldukları) sanat türünde, sanat konusunda veya sanatsal stilde yatıyor olmalıdır. Ama sadece ünlü temsilcilerin isimleri seçilmiyordu; görünüşe göre hayali bir Yunan ismi ve/veya bu dildeki bir imza reklam karakterli pozitif bir ifade olarak yeterliydi.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: So, it must be dumped after a period of time to avoid any interruption in the growth of pant. If the reservoir is small, the solution must be dumped after every 10–15 days while in case of large reservoirs once a month. Advertisement 6. Nutrient need through hydroponics In soil grown plants, the fertilizers are added into the soil or applied through foliar application, but in hydroponics, a solution of ionic compounds helps in delivering nutrients into the plant system. Hydroponics is better in meeting plants nutrient need as under the manipulated set of conditions nutrients are directly supplied to the roots by coming in contact with them. Hydroponics, due to their better control over the environmental conditions, has been proved to be superior and sustainable for growing of different crops. Particularly in case of berry crops like strawberry, it has turned to be a very effective method producing fruits of superior quality with high yielding potential. Hydroponically, grown strawberries have been found to produce fruits with higher amount of vitamin C, vitamin E, and total polyphenols. By following different systems in hydroponics and different substrates, the nutrient demand of the plant can be met more efficiently. The supply of optimum amount of nutrients and water must be ensured depending upon the crop need so that the plant continues to grow without any lack or excess of both nutrients and water. With several discussed advantages, hydroponics is better choice over conventional methods to produce fruits with reduced water and fertilizer use. Advertisement 7. Work done Maximized growth and yield with mixture of perlite (60–80%) and peat (20–40%) in strawberry [10]. Maximum yield was recorded in strawberry grown in perlite mixed with coco coir or vermiculite in vertical hydroponic system [11]. Takeda [12] suggested that transplant plug plants were superior in increasing yield to fresh plants for hydroponic production of strawberry cv. and Camarosa. Costa et al. [13] concluded that the carbonized rice husk substrate produced more than one crop (off-season) in soilless culture in strawberry cv. Albion frigo. Treftz et al. [14] reported combined benefits of environment and better sensory attributes, and it is desirable to grow strawberry hydroponically.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: 2016), subsequent work has yet to bear this out. In fact, work has shown mesophotic reefs generally contain different coral species than shallow reefs and are no less susceptible to anthropogenic and natural impacts (Rocha et al. 2018). In the course of the 2014–2017 GCBE, the answer to this question remains cloudy as two groups working on deep GBR corals found conflicting results. et al. (2018) found a decline in bleaching with depth in a small part of the northern GBR during April of 2016, Frade et al. (2018) worked across a wider set of northern GBR reefs over a longer time found that upwelling only kept corals cool during the early part of the 2016 marine heatwave, only delaying bleaching until later in the event. As was discussed for shallow reefs, timing matters for deep reefs—perhaps more so as our observations of these reefs are far more limited. Much more work is needed to document the environmental change and bleaching incidence in deeper habitats, but the “lifeboat” hypothesis still remains an unlikely means of coral reef salvation. What role does conservation play in bleaching events? While marine protected areas (MPAs) provide protection from local stressors, they can do nothing to protect reefs from global-scale stressors like the marine heatwaves that caused the 2014–2017 GCBE. The worst heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE hit Jarvis Island, one of the most remote coral reefs in the world (Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019), and high heat stress again hit the remote reefs far offshore from (Gilmour et al. 2019). Examining the patterns of the 2016 bleaching across a gradient of local stressors in the GBR showed no sign of bleaching protection where water quality was high (Hughes et al. 2017b). Examination of some of the world’s best-managed reefs, those falling in properties, showed that 72% of these were exposed to severe and/or repeated heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE (Heron et al. 2017). Fortunately, studies of reef recovery after severe bleaching and mortality in 1998 showed that some reefs have an ability to bounce back (Golbuu et al. 2007; Gilmour et al. 2013; Graham et al. 2015). However, recovery success was controlled by reef morphology (Graham et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Bu durum sadece heykeltıraşlık sanatı için değil, özelikle metal ve taş işleme sanatları için de geçerlidir; bu sanatlar Antikçağ’ın sanatla ilgili tarihi bibliyografyası aracılığıyla günümüze birçok ünlü ismin ulaştığı sanat alanlarıdır. Bu söylenenlere uygun olarak, Orta ve Kuzey İtalya’da -iki gerekçelendirilmiş örnek haricinde- bir mozaik sanatçısına ait hiç Yunanca imza bulunmamaktadır. Çünkü antik sanat tarihinde -bir istisna hariç- bu tekniğin hiçbir temsilcisi adlandırılmamaktadır. Bu durumdan çıkan şaşırtıcı sonuç ise, her Yunanca imzanın ardında bir Yunan’ın olmasının gerekmediğidir. Sanatçı isimlerine bakarak, bir sanatçının adının ne zaman o kişinin memleketine yönelik bir gösterge olduğu veya ne zaman olmadığı maalesef kesin olarak söylenememektedir. Ayrıca Yeniçağ’ın erken dönemlerinden beri benzer bir durum İtalya’da bazı ressam imzalarında da gözlemlenmektedir. Bu da bu olguda bir süreklilik olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: Treftz and Omaye [15] noted that growing strawberries in hydroponic systems are more sustainable and superior to soil grown systems. Ramirez-Gomez et al. [16] reported maximum yield with vertical hydroponic pots system; the maximum number of fruits with vertical four pipes system and inferior quality fruit were produced with vertical three pipes system in strawberry. Ramirez-Arias et al. [17] reported maximum yield with vertical hydroponics system and the lowest was found in three level horizontal systems in strawberry cv. Festival. Peralbo et al. [18] concluded that maximum yield was produced by peat as compared to cork compost in both open and closed hydroponics system in strawberry. Miranda et al. [19] found that closed hydroponic system of gutters and grow bags was superior than the open system in saving water and fertilizer in strawberry. Roosta and Afsharipoor [20] concluded that dry weight, leaf area, number of runners, and yield was significantly higher in hydroponics as compared to aquaponics except for soil perlite. Portela et al. [21] noted higher yield through nutrient solution between EC ranges of 1. 2–1. 5 dS/m in NFT hydroponics system in strawberry cv. Camarosa. Vikas et al. [22] reported maximum plant height and maximum number of fruits with sewage sludge and cocopeat (20:80), whereas the maximum number of leaves and yield was observed with sewage sludge and cocopeat (30:70) in strawberry under hydroponics. Choi et al. [23] concluded that FAI technique for coir substrate was best in hydroponics due to sustainable use of water and fertilizers in strawberry. Albaho et al. [24] concluded that continuous sub irrigation capillary system is the best among hydroponics in strawberry. Jun et al. [4] reported that nutrient solution with EC ranges between 0. 8 and 1. 2 dS/m during low temperature season in hydroponically grown strawberry cv. Maehyang. Lee et al. [25] noted that nutrient solution with EC of 1. 0 dS/m is best for hydroponically produced strawberry cv. Albion and Goha. Andriolo et al. [26] reported maximum fruit yield with EC 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: 2015) and hydrodynamics (Golbuu et al. 2007), not protection from fishing (Graham et al. 2015)—one of the stressors most often controlled in MPAs. Studies of mortality from heat stress over the last 2 decades, along with the multi-year bleaching in 2014–2017, are leading to a new hypothesis: While local protection such as MPAs can protect reefs against local stressors, they neither protect reefs against marine heatwaves caused by climate change nor even provide significant aid in reef recovery (Hughes et al. 2017b; Bates et al. 2019). Past conservation approaches do not address the scale of the greatest threats corals face in the Anthropocene—the growing climate crisis (Hughes et al. 2017a; Bellwood et al. 2019). Clearly, this points to the need for action to avert the growing climate crisis rather than relying on local action. In fact, perceptions of the importance and impact of climate change increased among GBR visitors after the bleaching events of 2016 and 2017, suggesting a strengthening base of support to address the sources of climate change (Curnock et al. 2019). Closing thoughtsThe papers in this special issue of Coral Reefs, together with the numerous papers on the 2014–2017 GCBE published elsewhere, and the papers still being prepared, provide significant insights into this multi-year bleaching event. However, as we saw with the 1998 global-scale bleaching event, the full impacts will not be known for years to come. Hopefully, papers will emerge on the recovery of coral reefs after the damage from the 2014–2017 GCBE. However, marine heatwaves have increased in frequency and intensity across the oceans, increasing heat stress on coral reefs (Eakin et al. 2018b; Oliver et al. 2018). This has resulted in an increase in the frequency of severe bleaching from once in every 25–30 yrs in the 1980s to once in 5. 9 yrs today (Hughes et al. 2018b). Given 10–15 year recovery times for fast-growing corals on the most ideally located, least-disturbed reefs (Riegl 2002; Baker et al. 2008; Gilmour et al. 2013; Head et al. 2019), it is far more likely we will witness the repeat of severe bleaching on most reefs around the world rather than their recovery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Tabi Yeniçağ için tarihi kaynak durumu çok daha iyi olduğundan takma isim (pseudonym) konusuyla ilgili sorunlar daha kolay çözülebilmektedir. Keywords sanatçı imzaları, takma isimler, pseudonimler, lakaplar, cognomina, meslekler 1990. B. Andreae, Römische Kunst, Freiburg/Br. -Basel 1973. B. Andreae, Plinius und der Laokoon, TrWPr 8, 1986 (1987). B. Andreae, Eine weniger elegante Lösung. Noch einmal zu Plinius, Naturalis historia 36, 37, RM 96, 1989, 433-438. B. Andreae, Antike Bildmosaiken², Darmstadt-Mainz 2012. A. Andrén, Deeds and misdeeds in classical art and antiquities, Partille 1986. G. Baader, Ärzte auf pannonischen Inschriften, Klio 55, 1973, 273-297. M. Bang, im römischen Dienst bis zum I. , Diss. , Berlin 1906. G. Becatti, Ἀττικά. Saggio sulla scultura attica dell’ellenismo, RIA 7, 1940, 7-116. H. Bellen, Die germanische Leibwache der römischen Kaiser des julisch-claudischen Hauses, Mainz 1981. A. Bernand, Pan du désert, Leiden 1977. A. Berthold, antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen, in: R. Einicke u. a. (edd. ), Zurück zum Gegenstand, Furtwängler II, Langenweißbach 2009, 549-554. A. Berthold, Entwurf und Ausführung in den artes minores.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: 9 dS/m under closed soilless growing system in strawberry. El-Sayed et al. [27] noted significant improvement in vegetative growth characters, leaf chemical content, and yield in perlite: peat moss substrate under hydroponics in strawberry cv. Festival. Ebrahimi et al. [28] reported maximum number of fruits and yield with cocopeat + perlite substrate and improved quality with peat + sand + perlite substrate in strawberry cv. Camarosa and Selva. Marinou et al. [29] concluded that sawdust was best substrate medium under hydroponics in strawberry. Caruso et al. [30] reported improved fruit quality through nutrient solution with EC 1. 3 dS/cm in spring season and through 2. 2 mS/cm in winters under NFT in strawberry cv. Alpine. Souza et al. [31] observed fastest transplanting stage and grafting stage at 30 and 61 days after transplanting under hydroponics system for commercial grafts production in peach. Motosugi et al. [32] reported increase in anthocyanin level with ammonium nitrogen nutrient solution at pH 3–3. 5 under NFT in grapevines. 1. . Comparative study of ascorbic acid and tocopherol concentrations in hydroponic- and soil-grown lettuces. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2013;4:1047-1053 2. - Sensory quality, bioactive constituents and microbiological quality of green and red fresh-cut lettuces (Lactuca sativa L. ) are influenced by soil and soilless agricultural production systems. and Technology. 2012;63:16-24 3. Hewitt EJ. Sand and in the Study of Plant Nutrition. 2nd ed. Farnham Royal, England: Bureaux; 1966. 547p 4. . Effect of nutrient solution strength on growth, fruit quality and yield of strawberry ‘Maehyang’ in hydroponics. of and Technology. 2013;31:173-178 5. Cooper A. The ABC of NFT: Technique: The World’s of Without a Medium. London: Grower Books; 1979. 181p 6. Voogt W, Sonneveld C. Nutrient management in closed growing systems for greenhouse production.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: Re(de)fining degree-heating week: coral bleaching variability necessitates regional and temporal optimization of global forecast model stress metrics : orcid. org/0009-0000-9827-29251 & Thomas DeCarlo1,2 1619 Accesses 1 Citation 3 all metrics AbstractTropical coral reefs are a critical ecosystem in global peril as a result of anthropogenic climate change, and effective conservation efforts require reliable methods for identifying and predicting coral bleaching events. To this end, temperature threshold-based models such as the ’s (NOAA) degree-heating week (DHW) metric are useful for forecasting coral bleaching as a function of heat stress accumulation. DHW does not adequately account for regional variation in coral stress responses, however, and the current definition consistently underpredicts coral bleaching occurrence. Using a weather forecasting skill-based framework, our analysis cross-tested 1080 variations of the DHW-based bleaching occurrence (presence/absence) model against 22 years of contemporary coral bleaching observations (1998–2019) in order to optimize bleaching forecast skill at different levels of geographic specificity. On a global basis and relative to the current definition, reducing the current 1 °C warming cutoff to 0. 4 °C, adjusting the accumulation window to 11 weeks, and defining a bleaching threshold of 3 DHW improved forecast skill by 70%. Allowing our new DHW definitions to vary across regions and ocean basins further doubled model skill. Our results also suggest that the most effective bleaching forecast models change over time as coral reef systems respond to a shifting climate. Since 1998, the coral bleaching threshold for the globally optimized forecast model has risen at a significant rate of 0. 19 DHW/year, matching the pace of ocean warming. The bleaching threshold trajectory for each ocean basin varies. Though further work is necessary to parse the mechanism behind this trend, the dynamic nature of coral stress responses demands that our forecasting tools be continuously refined if they are to adequately inform marine conservation efforts. Similar content being viewed by others Coral bleaching pathways under the control of regional temperature variability 2015. The maximum monthly mean (MMM; the long-term average temperature for an area’s warmest month; solid line) is the climatological average from 1985 to 2012 and represents the area’s typical summertime high. MMM serves as the baseline for defining temperature anomalies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Münz- und Gemmenkünstler des 6. -4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. , Hamburg 2013. M. Bonaria, Dinastie di pantomimi latini, Maia N. S. 11, 1959, 224-242. G. Botti – P. Romanelli, Le sculture del Egizio, Vatikanstadt 1951. P. Boyancé, La connaissance du grec à Rome, REL 34, 1956, 111-131. O. J. Brendel, Prolegomena to the study of Roman art, New Haven-London 1979. Ph. Bruneau, Philologie mosaïstique, JSav 1988, 3-73. Chr. Bruun, Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome, in: M. George (ed. ), Roman slavery and Roman material culture, Toronto u. a. 2013, 19-42. A. Buonopane, Statuarius. Un nuovo documento epigrafico, ZPE 120, 1998, 292-294. I. Bourtzinakou, von Aphrodisias, Diss. Heidelberg 2011, Heidelberg 2012. H. -U. Cain – O. Dräger, Die sogenannten neuattischen Werkstätten, in: G. (ed. ), Das Wrack. Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1994/95, Köln 1994, II 809-829. I. Calabi Limentani, Studi sulla società romana. Il lavoro artistico, Mailand-Varese 1958. I. 1958, 619-621. I. 1965, 156-159. I. 1966, 484 f. I. Calabi Limentani, Epigrafia latina³, Mailand 1974. A. Cameron, Porphyrius the charioteer, Oxford 1973. A. Chaniotis, Second thoughts on second names in Aphrodisias, in: E. Parker (ed. ), Personal names in ancient Anatolia, Oxford 2013, 207-229. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: In: Goto et al, editors. in Closed Ecosystems. Press; 1996. 7. . Nutrient uptake, growth and yield of cucumber cultivated with different growing substrates under a closed and an open system. Acta Horticulture. 2001;548:543-550 8. Barth G. Filtration. Extracts of. 1998. Available from: 9. . Hydroponic vegetable production. Horticultural Reviews. 1985;7:483-558 10. Anagnostou K, Vasilakakis MD. Effect of substrate and cultivar on earliness, plant productivity, and fruit quality of strawberry. Acta Horticulturae. 1995;379:267-274 11. . Cultivar, growing media, and nutrient source influence strawberry yield in a vertical, hydroponic, high tunnel system. HortTechnology. 2016;26:466-473 12. Takeda F. Strawberry production in soilless culture systems. Acta Horticulturae. 1999;481:289-295 13. ça. Performance of day-neutral strawberry cultivars in soilless culture. of Crop Science. 2016;10:94-100 14. . Comparison between hydroponics and soil-grown strawberries: Sensory attributes and correlations with nutrient content. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2015;6:1371-1380 15. Treftz C, Omaye ST. Nutrient analysis of soil and soilless strawberries and raspberries grown in a greenhouse. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2015;6:805-815 16. Ramirez-Gomez H, Sandoval-Villa M, Carrillo-Salazar A, Muratalla-Lua A. Comparison of hydroponic systems in the strawberry production. Acta Horticulturae. 2012;947:165-172 17. Ramirez-Arias JA, Hernandez -Ibarra U, Pineda- Pineda J, Fitz- Rodriguez E. Horizontal and vertical hydroponic systems for strawberry production at high densities. Acta Horticulturae. 2018;1227:331-338 18. Peralbo A, Flores F, Lopez-Medina J. Recirculating nutrient solution in strawberry. Acta Horticulturae. 2005;697:101-106 19. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: These findings would imply that under a warming climate, we will observe an increase in the bleaching threshold (Donner 2009) as corals acclimate to rising water temperatures, or as community composition shifts toward more robust individuals and species when the reef’s more sensitive constituents die off (Hughes et al. 2018b). Overall, there exists a great deal of uncertainty in our understanding of coral bleaching trajectories, and assessing potential trends in bleaching thresholds relative to the rate of climate change will ensure predictive models are evolving appropriately. Optimizing the DHW model: meteorological skill scoresThere are four parameters we can modify in the DHW-based bleaching forecast model to better account for spatiotemporal variation in coral stress responses (Table 1, Fig. 1). Different combinations of (1) thermal baseline, (2) anomaly cutoff, and (3) accumulation window size will yield different heat stress accumulation (DHW) values, and we can adjust (4) the bleaching threshold defining how much heat stress must accumulate before corals are expected to bleach. DeCarlo (2020) applied a skill-based approach to refine the DHW calculation, altering anomaly inclusion criteria and accumulation window size to improve bleaching forecast performance using tools from another predictive analog: meteorology. Here, we build upon these analyses using higher-resolution SST measurements and a larger bleaching dataset for forecast validation. Table 1 Elements of the degree-heating week (DHW) definition and the DHW bleaching forecast modelFull size tableModels used to forecast binary (i. e. , presence/absence) weather occurrences, such as rain or tornado formation, undergo continuous refinement via a suite of skill tests that assess the correspondence between predicted and observed outcomes (Table 2). Together, six skills describe all relevant facets of presence/absence forecast performance (Table 3). Models that maximize hits (H) and correct negatives (CN) while minimizing misses (M) and false alarms (FA) generally demonstrate greater skill, as reflected in larger accuracy scores, high probability of detection (PoD), small false alarm ratios (FAR), and a low probability of false detection (PoFD). For forecasts where only event occurrences are important, accuracy (which rewards hits and correct negatives equally) is less useful than threat (which emphasizes events over non-events).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur, Wiesbaden 1967. J. Christes, Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom, Wiesbaden 1979. G. Cultrera, Fiano Romano, NSc 1915, 158-165. L. R. Dean, A study of the cognomina of soldiers in the Roman legions, Princeton 1916. W. Decker, Beinamen antiker Athleten, in: P. Mauritsch u. a. (edd. ), für Ingomar Weiler, Wiesbaden 2008, 161-173. S. Deyts u. a. , Musée Archéologique de Dijon, Dijon 1995. S. Kansteiner u. a. (edd. ), Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den Bildenden Künsten der Griechen I-V, Berlin-Boston 2014. M. Donderer, Die antiken Pavimenttypen und ihre Benennungen, JdI 102, 1987, 365-377. M. Donderer, Nicht Praxiteles, sondern Pasiteles. Eine signierte Statuenstütze in Verona, ZPE 73, 1988, 63-68. M. Donderer, der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung, Erlangen 1989. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102, 1995, 97-122. M. Donderer, der späten römischen Republik und der Kaiserzeit. Epigraphische Zeugnisse, Erlangen 1996. M. Donderer, für Agone in den Bildenden Künsten, in: F. Blakolmer u. a. (edd. ), Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt, Wien 1996, I 329-338. M. Donderer, Mosaikemblemata.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: Production of strawberry cultivars in closed hydroponic systems and coconut fibre substrate. Agronomica. 2014;45:833-841 20. Roosta HR, Afsharipoor S. Effects of different cultivation media on vegetative growth, ecophysiological traits and nutrients concentration in strawberry under hydroponic and aquaponic cultivation systems. Advances in Environmental Biology. 2012;6:543-555 21. . Effect of nutrient concentration on growth, yield and quality of strawberries in hydroponic system. Horticultura Brasileira. 2012;30:266-273 22. Influence of different nutrient concentration on strawberry under hydroponic cultivation system. of. 2017;6:2999-3006 23. . Improving water and fertilizer use efficiency during the production of strawberry in coir substrate hydroponics using a FDR sensor automated irrigation system. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology. 2016;57:431-439 24. . Evaluation of hydroponic techniques on growth and productivity of greenhouse grown bell pepper and strawberry. of Vegetable Science. 2008;14:23-40 25. . Influence of various nutrient concentrations on the growth and yield of summer strawberry cultivars cultivated in a hydroponic system. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology. 2015;56:421-426 26. . Nutrient solution concentration on plant growth, fruit yield and quality of strawberry crop. Ciencia Rural. 2009;39:684-690 27. El--. Effect of substrate mixtures and nutrient solution sources on strawberry plants under closed hydroponic system. of Product Development. 2016;21:97-127 28. . Growth and yield of strawberries under different potassium concentrations of hydroponic system in three substrates. Sciences Journal. 2012;16:1380-1386 29. . Use of sawdust, coco soil and pumice in hydroponically grown strawberry. Plant, Soil and Environment. 2013;59:452-459 30. . Effects of cultural cycles and nutrient solutions on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca L. ) grown in hydroponics. Scientia Horticulturae. 2011;129:479-485 31. . Production of peach grafts under hydroponic conditions. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia. 2011;35:322-326 32. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: The literature agrees: Geographic location was the single strongest predictor of coral bleaching in McClanahan et al. ’s (2019) analysis. After assessing seventeen different variables, their best-performing model focused on the interaction between geography and temperature. Additionally, Heron et al. (2016a) found that their bleaching models only performed satisfactorily (r2 > 0. 4) when bleaching sites were grouped geographically or by site type. Prior applications of meteorological skill testing to coral bleaching forecasts confirmed that optimal bleaching threshold varies substantially from region to region, and accounting for this specificity drastically improves forecast skill (van Hooidonk & Huber 2009; DeCarlo 2020); we simply took this a step further and allowed all forecast parameters to vary regionally, with a corresponding increase in forecast skill. Our results validate the power of addressing geographic variation in coral stress responses even without fully understanding the specific variables at play. The broad regional variation that we found across optimized DHW definition parameters (Table 4) reflects the variability in bleaching responses observed in the literature across individual reefs as well as on the geographic scale detectable by remote sensing tools (Guest et al. 2012; Bowdler 2021). Adjacent basins and regions (which are more likely to share some of the traits enumerated above) tended toward similar parameters during DHW optimization. The best-performing forecast model for the Atlantic Ocean, for example, varied substantially from those produced for the Indian and Pacific Oceans, which were more alike: the Atlantic’s optimal definition used a 0. 2 °C cutoff, 4-week accumulation window, and 2 DHW bleaching threshold, while the Pacific and favored a larger 9-week accumulation window (twice the duration) and much higher bleaching thresholds (triple the allowed accumulation; Table 4). In practice, these values imply that Atlantic reefs during this period were more susceptible to coral bleaching than their counterparts in the Indo-Pacific, a well-established pattern in the literature (e. g. , Cramer et al. 2021). Its biogeographic isolation from the Pacific and produces differences in species composition and oceanographic conditions. Moreover, high levels of human impact, historical loss of coral cover and complexity due to storms and disease, and overall lower biodiversity have had devastating effects on Caribbean reef resilience (Roff & Mumby 2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: und schwunghafter Gebrauchtwarenhandel, BAParis 28, 2001, 101-132. M. Donderer, - wo man sie nicht erwarten würde, ÖJh 73, 2004, 81-96. M. Donderer, Rez. zu Andreae 2007/2012, Gnomon 79, 2007, 164-170. M. Donderer, der Antike II. Epigraphische Quellen. Neufunde und Nachträge, Erlangen 2008. M. Donderer, Nicht immer wörtlich zu verstehen. mit griechischen betrieben, BABesch 86, 2011, 185-207. H. Dragendorff, Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefäßen, in: H. von Petrikovits (ed. ), Festschrift für August Oxé zum 75. Gebutstag, Darmstadt 1938, 1-8. F. Drexel, Über den häufigen Gebrauch berühmter Künstlernamen, in: L. Friedländer – G. Wissowa (edd. ), Darstellungen aus der IV, 10. Auflage, Leipzig 1921, 197-202. S. Düll, Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München 1977. K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world, Cambridge 1999. F. Duthoy, Sculpteurs et commanditaires aux IIe siècle après J. -C. Rome et Tivoli, Rom 2012. Enciclopedia dell’Classica e ff. , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: rockwool plant nutrition manganese boron Show + Department of Plant Nutrition, University of of Plant Nutrition, University of of Plant Nutrition, University of Life Sciences, Poland *Address all correspondence to: 1. to the quantitatively and qualitatively inferior plant yielding, conventional field cultivation of tomato using fertilizer broadcasting and irrigation is less economically viable in comparison with advanced soilless cultivation systems [1]. Such cultures may be run either applying fertigation (hydroponics) or without it [2] (Figure 1). Figure 1. Classification of soilless cultures [2]. In horticultural practice, the applications of cultures without a conventional substrate are found, namely aeroponic systems (in which the air is the medium for growth of plant root systems—as the isolated space, periodically filled with injected nutrient solution) [3], the nutrient film technique (NFT; in which a thin film of the surrounding medium is the root growth medium), and the static hydroponic system [4]. In soilless cultures, mineral, synthetic, and organic substrates are used [2,5]. However, currently, mineral substrates, e. g. rockwool, are becoming increasingly popular, among other things, thanks to the precision of plant nutrition in comparison with cultures run in organic substrates, e. g. a mixture of peat and bark or sawdust [6]. Mineral substrates used in plant hydroponic cultures should have low contents of the solid phase and good, stable air and water properties. Rockwool is a substrate with such properties, and it has been produced for plant culture systems since 1969 by I/S H. J. Henriksen and V. Kähler (Denmark). Rockwool, classified to the group of mineral substrates, is produced by melting a natural rock mixture, composed of diabase (60%) and calcium (20%) with coke (20%) at a temperature of 1500–1600°C. Next from such lava rockwool of 0. 5 mm in diameter is formed in spinners; it is cooled with air to 200°C; phenolic resins are added (up to 1. 3 mg·10 g−1 d. m. rockwool) along with binders; and compounds facilitating moisture absorption, providing it with hydrophilic properties. Such prepared rockwool is pressed to form blocks of different sizes, growing mats (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: “Peak DHW” is the DHW maxima averaged across each grid cell in the analysis on an annual basis and represents the temporal trend in reef heat stress from 1998 to 2019Full size tableEvidence from coral cores, field surveys, and both field and laboratory experiments suggest that we can expect some degree of coral acclimation as environmental conditions shift to extremes (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; DeCarlo et al. 2019), although concern remains that climate change may be progressing too rapidly for corals to keep pace (Ainsworth et al. 2016). In the short term, corals may modify their behavior, symbiont community, or gene expression to cope with stressful conditions more effectively (e. g. , Turnham et al. 2023). However, population resilience only develops as a result of adaptation, wherein coral species and individuals predisposed to surviving extreme temperatures outlive and replace their less resilient neighbors, though this process is a slow one. Still, acclimation and adaption are essential drivers of community development and population maintenance, and not all ecosystem shifts are created equal. Low-resilience species and individuals, many of which are major habitat builders essential for the reef’s diversity-supporting structural complexity, are disproportionately killed during mass bleaching events severe enough to reduce coral cover (Hughes et al. 2018b; Darling et al. 2019). The extant assemblage is typically comprised of slow-growing, heat-tolerant reef builders and a contingent of opportunistic species: weedy corals providing limited structural complexity, as well as algae, sponges, and other competitive space occupiers that may interfere with coral recovery (Hughes et al. 2018b; Darling et al. 2019). This shift toward hardier, less diverse, and less abundant assemblages also reduces the reef’s susceptibility to bleaching, but at a price—an associated reduction in function, coral cover, biodiversity, and resilience in the face of non-bleaching stressors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. Gummerus, Darstellungen aus dem Handwerk auf römischen Grab- und Votivsteinen in Italien, JdI 28, 1913, 63-126. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 14, 1915, 129-189. H. Gummerus, Industrie und Handel, RE IX, 1916, 1381-1535. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research on biodomes aims to find efficient ways to grow crops in extreme climates. [SEP] Text: This will allow researchers across the continent to contribute to the expanding field of plant phenotyping, enabling plant biologists and computer scientists to ensure crops will be able to feed the population of the future. Download the 10. 33424/217 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 phenotyping in a glasshouse at the Hounsfield Facility, University of Nottingham. A 3D model of wheat roots, extracted from X-ray images, created by Stefan Mairhofer. Phenotyping in the field – Research Gantry. © Rothamstead Research. Detecting wheat heads in a colour image. © Michael Pound. Lab-based imaging of plant shoots. © Darren Wells. Building a 3D plant model from multiple colour images. © PhenomUK, the UK’s national plant phenotyping network. © (from Pexels. com) – a measure of plant density in an area – a branch of computer science aimed at extracting information about a viewed scene from images – the genetic makeup of an organism – a computer program that can teach itself to perform a task (MRI) – an imaging technique using magnetic fields to view the internal structure of an organism – the observable physical properties of an organism resulting from its genotype and the environment it inhabits – the assessment of plant traits – any feature of a plant that is measurable (e. g. , growth rate, drought tolerance) from a cellular to organism level With an ever-increasing population, the world needs more food. Yet climate change and ecological destruction mean food must be produced in increasingly hostile environments. We therefore need crops that are not only more productive but are also productive in harsher conditions, with significantly less or significantly more water than before, for example. Plant phenotyping is changing the way crops are developed by assessing how plants grow in different environments. Images of plants are captured and converted into data that can be statistically analysed, allowing researchers to determine which plants are most suitable for which conditions. While plant scientists are needed to conduct plant experiments and interpret the results, the process of converting images into data requires computer scientists like Pridmore. A professor of computer science and head of the Laboratory at the University of Nottingham, Tony is also director of PhenomUK, the plant phenotyping network that aims to address issues in plant biology by bringing computer scientists and engineers into the field.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: In fact, studies assuming a constant bleaching threshold into the future (4 DHW, the threshold for 1, is common) warn that coral reefs in the may reach an unrecoverable tipping point—a climate under which we can expect bleaching-level conditions on an annual basis—as early as 2030 (van Hooidonk et al. 2016). Yet a static bleaching threshold implies that these coral assemblages have reached their adaptation limit and can adapt no further or at least no faster, and we have evidence that this may not always be the case (Donner 2009; Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo et al. 2019). At the very least, our findings draw attention to areas in which bleaching projections might be improved, perhaps by implementing a graded bleaching threshold in models developed for reef systems where this value seems to be changing over time. With each successive year, the conditions that coral reefs must contend with for their continued survival and function grow more extreme. Since we have observed increasing bleaching thresholds over the past two decades, regardless of the mechanism, projections of future bleaching should consider that present-day tolerance may underrepresent future tolerance, even if reefs in the future are composed of different coral assemblages. Holding window size and anomaly cutoff constant is necessary to assess changes in bleaching threshold over time, as these model parameters covary and thus cannot be interpreted in isolation (Fig. 4, Supplement 4). In a similar vein, adjusting only one element of the DHW definition at a time (holding the other two constant) can reveal their relative contributions to forecast skill—and tell us to which improvements our forecast models are most sensitive (Supplement 4). This sensitivity refers to model fit rather than an inherent ecological trait. That is, a higher anomaly cutoff alone does not necessarily indicate a robust, heat-tolerant coral assemblage; rather, it represents some combination of underlying processes that allow us to predict bleaching more accurately when we are stricter about the temperature anomalies considered stressful. ConclusionsOur results highlight the benefits of continually reassessing our heat stress metrics and coral bleaching forecast models.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 15, 1918, 256-302. H. Gummerus, Cognomen und Beruf, in: Commentationes philologicae in honorem I. A. Heikel, Helsinki 1926, 48-74. H. Gummerus, Der Ärztestand um römischen Reich nach den Inschriften, Helsinki 1932. G. Hafner, Sternstunden der Archäologie, Düsseldorf-Wien 1978. M. -Chr. Hellmann, Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon 1999. N. Himmelmann, in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit, Berlin 1994. G. Horsmann, der römischen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 1998. A. Hug, Spitznamen, in: 1929, 1821-1840. J. M. Hurwit, Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, 2015. P. Huttunen, The social strata in the imperial city of Rome, Oulou 1974. M. Junkelmann, mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000. J. Kaimio, and the Greek language, Helsinki 1979. I. Kajanto, A study of the Greek epitaphs of Rome, Helsinki 1963. I. Kajanto, Cognomina, Helsinki 1965. I. Kajanto, The significance of Non-Latin cognomina, Latomus 27, 1968, 517-534. I. Kajanto, Minderheiten und ihre Sprachen in der Hauptstadt Rom, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 83-102. F. Kiechle, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich, Wiesbaden 1969. R. Vollkommer (ed. ), Künstlerlexikon der Antike I. II, München-Leipzig 2001-2004. N. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome agriculture requires initial investments but can provide stable crop yields. [SEP] Text: Replacing fallow with field pea did not affect geometric mean diameter of dry aggregates nor the wind erodible fraction (aggregates <0. 84 mm). Field pea also did not affect mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates relative to fallow. Replacing fallow with field pea improved volumetric water content at −33 kPa (field capacity); but not volumetric water content at −1500 kPa (permanent wilting point) nor water infiltration rate. Compared with fallow, field pea increased volumetric water content at field capacity by 39% (0. 23 vs 0. 32 cm3 cm−3), and plant available water by 57% (0. 14 vs 0. 22 cm3 cm−3). At the 5–10 cm depth, field pea had no effect on any soil physical property compared with fallow. Correlation analysis showed few relevant correlations among soil properties (data not shown). Soil bulk density was negatively correlated with mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates (r = −0. 68; P < 0. 05). Crop yields and economics Field pea affected subsequent grain yield in two of three years. Because of the rotation cycle, which was field pea (in place of fallow)–winter wheat–corn, field pea was grown in years 1 and 4, winter wheat in years 2 and 5, and corn in year 3. Field pea yields were 2. 45 Mg ha−1 in year 1 (2015) and 2. 04 Mg ha−1 in year 4 (2018) (Fig. 1). Replacing fallow with field pea reduced winter wheat yield in year 2 (2016) by 25% and corn yield in year 3 (2017) by 15%. Field pea did not reduce winter wheat yield in year 5 (2019) compared with fallow. Field peas added $419–$616 ha−1 of income during the fallow year; however, after expenses, the net income ranged from –$17 to $147 ha−1 (Table 6). In subsequent years, net income from wheat ranged from $173 to $442 ha−1 after fallow and –$5 to $323 ha−1 after field pea. Net income from corn was $780 ha−1 after field pea and $994 ha−1 after fallow.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: Based on global bleaching observations from 1998 to 2019, we could forecast coral bleaching events on a reef-sized scale (5 km \(\times\) 5 km) more effectively by lowering the anomaly cutoff temperature to 0. 4 °C, adjusting the size of the accumulation window to 11 weeks, and setting a slightly lower bleaching threshold of 3 DHW. Together, these modifications confer a 70% increase in forecast skill relative to the current standard DHW model, as well as ameliorate its bias toward underpredicting coral bleaching occurrences. Optimizing the DHW definition on a geographic basis further doubled forecast performance and corrected the global model’s compensatory tendency to overpredict bleaching events. Optimizing the forecast model on a temporal basis revealed a global increase in coral bleaching threshold that keeps pace with rates of ocean warming. For all the complexities governing coral stress responses, even a simple threshold-based model like the DHW metric optimized in this study can maintain its status as a powerful monitoring and forecasting tool by factoring in the effect of geographic location. Many of the complex environmental and ecological factors that drive, exacerbate, and mitigate coral bleaching possess a strong spatial component, so accounting for regional variability is a prerequisite for competent bleaching models. The utility of a spatial proxy for something like real-time coral bleaching risk assessment does not preclude the necessity of nuanced, explanatory multivariate models, however; both have their place. In the effort to preserve the world’s coral reefs, success hinges on our ability to allocate limited resources (monitoring, mitigation, management) to areas that are particularly valuable, vulnerable, or versatile players in their respective ecosystems. This, in turn, requires an intimate and accurate understanding of 1) the current state of our reefs, and 2) how we expect them to evolve in a rapidly changing environment. Our long-term projections and short-term forecasts should anticipate change, and revisiting and refining our existing toolkit is a necessary step. The results of our study provide new definitions of DHW that can be applied now, and suggests that projections of future bleaching events should reconsider the use of static heat stress sensitivities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Koch, Techne und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei. Eine terminologische Untersuchung, München 2000. J. Korpela, im antiken Rom, Helsinki 1987. D. Kreikenbom, Originale und Kopie. Signaturen an späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Skulpturen, in: N. Hegener (ed. ), Künstler-Signaturen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Petersberg 2013, 60-75. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Künstler, Leipzig 1883. F. Kudlien, des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft. Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte, Stuttgart 1986. B. Kübler, Decurio, in: RE IV, 1901, 2319-2352. E. Künzl, Quod sine te factum est hoc magis archetypum est? (Martialis 8,34), AKorrBl 8, 1978, 311-317. G. Lahusen, Grabrelief des Alcamenes, in: P. C. Bol (ed. ), Forschungen zur Villa Albani. Katalog der Bildwerke I, Berlin 1989, 271-274. M. Lambertz, Die griechischen Sklavennamen, LVII. Jahresbericht über das k. k. Staatsgymnasium im VIII. für das Schuljahr 1906/1907. K. Lapatin, Luxury arts, in: B. E. Borg (ed. ), A companion to Roman art, Chichester 2015, 321-343. M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985. H. Leppin, Histrionen.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biodome systems are universally affordable for small-scale farmers worldwide. [SEP] Text: This concurs with FAO report which observed that small and poor farmers, who may not be fully integrated in markets, choose to produce their main staple but also diversify their production to achieve better diets (Rapsomanikis, 2015), (D’Alessandro, Caballero, Lichte, & Simpkin, 2015). Perhaps this explains why only a few of the small-scale farmers in our study were involved in cash crops and maize and beans were among the most grown crops. This also concurs with Maize, (Zea mays) is one of the most important food and cash crops for both commercial and many rural farm families in Africa Interestingly, there was a relationship between crops and pesticides infection. Crops mostly grown by farmers were the most affected by pests. Maize is mostly grown in Kenya. (Midega, Pittchara, Pickett, Hailua, & Khana, 2018) Common agricultural pest species and state of crops affected Pests were majorly indicated as insects and rodents. It was observed that crops were also infested by fungus, viral infections. Several studies indicate common pests that affect the major crops like maize as follows: Stalk borers (Busseola fusca), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), Seedling weevils (Tanymecus spp. & Mesokeuvus spp), Larger grain borer (LGB) Weevils Moths, Red flour beetle, Dried bean beetles, Grey leaf spots (GLS), Maize streak virus, Northern leaf blight, Maize streak virus (MSV)(Cicadulina mbila), Leaf rusts (Puccinia sorghi), Leaf blights (Helminthosparium turcicum and maydis) and Common smut (Ustilago maydis)(Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Agricultural and Rural inclusive (), 2018), (D’Alessandro, Caballero, Lichte, & Simpkin, 2015). This is important to note that pesticides were used to kill pests and to treat infections. The common pests were those that affected crops in the farms and during storage. This is an important finding which relates to the farming practices mostly used by small scale farmers. Environmental conditions that encourage pests The study established that farming methods and changes in the environment contributed to thriving pest.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artificial reefs attract more marine life than natural coral formations. [SEP] Text: As such, no significant difference was found in hard and soft coral cover (%) between sites (Table S4). In contrast, macro-algal cover was variable ranging from 8% ± 6. 4% (at Eva) to 31% ± 15% (at Somerville) (p = 0. 02, Fig. 3, Tables S4, S5. ). 2021, total hard coral cover remained relatively stable at Bundegi and Somerville but dropped from 29. 5 ± 7. 7% to 20. 5 ± 11. 7% at Eva and from 20. 8 ± 13. 8% to 12 ± 5% at Fly (mean ± sd; Fig. 3). At all sites, there was no significant difference in soft coral and macroalgae cover over time (Table S4; Fig. 3) although there was an increase in soft corals at Fly (0. 25–1. 3%) and Somerville (0. 58–1. 7%), and macro-algae at Eva (7. 9–15. 4%). Fig. 3Per cent cover of a hard coral, b soft coral and c macroalgae at the four survey sites in March and October 2021. Line in box represents median, whiskers represent minimum and maximum values, dots represent outliersFull size imageThe coral morphology composition in March 2021, varied among sites with Bundegi containing significantly more branching corals (68% ± 13. 6%; p < 0. 0001) and significantly less massive (15% ± 8. 8%, p < 0. 0001) than all three eastern sites (Fig. 4, Tables S6 and S7. ). Encrusting corals were significantly higher at Eva (23. 4% ± 6. 9%) compared to Somerville (14% ± 6%, p = 0. 006), whereas foliose corals increased significantly (p < 0. 0001) from west (0. 3% ± 0. 1%; at Bundegi) to east (30. 5% ± 10%; at Somerville; Table S7). 2021, the encrusting coral community had the greatest declines (p < 0. 006, Table S6), with mean cover dropping to 17 ± 6. 8% at Eva (March = 23. 4 ± 6. 8%), 10. 2 ± 5% at Fly (March = 17. 3 ± 8. 7%) and 8. 6 ± 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats, Bonn 1992. W. Liebenam, und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1890. W. Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900. W. Liebenam, Duumviri, in: RE V, 1905, 1798-1842. G. Lippold, Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen, München 1923. G. Lippold, Praxiteles 5, in: 1954, 1788-1808. J. Liu, Professional associations, in: P. Erdkamp (ed. ), companion to ancient Rome, Cambridge 2013, 352-368. E. Loewy, Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer, Leipzig 1885. R. Marichal, de la Graufesenque, Paris 1988. M. Mattern, Römische Steindenkmäler aus Hessen südlich des Mains sowie vom bayerischen Teil des 13, Mainz 2005. R. Merkelbach, Mithras, Königstein 1984. H. Mielsch, und Datierung der Knöchelspielerinnen des Alexandros, RM 86, 1979, 233-248. H. Mielsch, und die Kunstsammlung der Könige von Pergamon, AA 1995, 765-779. G. Mihailov, in Bulgaria repertae II/IV, Sofia 1966/1968. E. M. Moormann, La bellezza dell’immondezza. Raffigurazioni di rifiuti nell’arte ellenistica e romana, in: Sordes urbis. La eliminación de residuos en la ciudad romana, Actas de la reunión, Roma 1996, Rom 2000, 75-94. L. Moretti, urbis Romae IV, Rom 1990. C. W.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban wildlife conservation initiatives help protect native species in city environments. [SEP] Text: ) will be working with the House leadership to get the bill on the House calendar. He also related that Rep. Raúl Grijalva (D-Ariz. ), chair of the on Natural Resources, has indicated that he wants to push this legislation in that committee. Beyer optimistically stated that he expects “scores of Republican votes when it gets to the House floor. ” had signed onto earlier versions of the bill introduced during previous sessions of Congress. “We don’t get a second chance once a species becomes extinct. ” Buchanan, who so far is the sole Republican cosponsoring the new legislation, said in a press release issued by conservation groups supporting the bill that protecting wildlife and promoting biodiversity “are of critical importance” in light of the UN report. “We don’t get a second chance once a species becomes extinct,” he said. At the briefing, Ron Sutherland, chief scientist with the Wildlands Network, a Seattle-based conservation group that supports the legislation, speculated about why concern about biodiversity hasn’t yet caught on as a hotter issue in the same way that climate change has. “One perspective might be that there was a huge push to protect biodiversity for its own sake in the ‘90s, and I think that that push eventually earned the sort of inevitable fatigue on all the champion for it. Climate change became kind of the new cause, and a lot of young folks have joined into that movement,” Sutherland said. “I think we’re remembering the fact that that we depend on the Earth’s biodiversity. Now, pollinators have become such a huge cause lately. think that the pendulum is shifting or at least is broadening again, so that there’s room again to talk about the other environmental challenges that we’re facing. It’s not just climate change. It’s land use change that is causing a huge threat to biodiversity. ” Sutherland noted, “That’s where this bill really could help out here in the United States: by helping repair the landscape to help species to survive and also to respond to climate change. ” Beyer said that his sense as to why the threat to biodiversity hasn’t yet caught on like climate change is because “climate change is so visible” as an immediate threat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: In addition, while recycling aims to reuse materials that would otherwise go to waste, goods made from recycled materials decrease in quality after each reuse, leading to a product that cannot be further recycled. This downcycling perpetuates the production of waste. Our team decided mainstream recycling was not enough. There is a need to reduce waste rather than simply slow its accumulation. Thus, we are tackling the transformation of Styrofoam into biodegradable plastic. What are the goals of the project? The primary aim of the project is to create an industrially-comparable method of producing PHAs from waste. This will be achieved through engineering E. coli to convert styrene (monomerized polystyrene) to P3HB with just two plasmids. The first contains the sty sequence, which converts styrene into phenylacetate. Phenylacetate is converted to acetyl-CoA through the endogenous paa sequence, which is maximized in E. coli K12, our chassis organism. The second plasmid contains the pha sequence which converts acetyl-CoA into P3HB. To prevent plasmid loss, each plasmid will contain complimentary halves of the kanamycin resistance gene. The success of each step will be validated by acetyl-CoA and P3HB assays. We plan to maximize P3HB production by optimizing conditions. wait. . . Our budget will go towards the construction and validation of two plasmids. This utilizes molecular cloning which requires several reagents, gels, and purification kits. The construct sequence will be commercially verified. With the correct sequences, the functionality of our plasmids will be tested through various assays. The aforementioned costs in addition lab consumables are vital for the execution of our experiments. Endorsed byI’m looking forward to what this project will offer for biomanufacturing and sustainable technologies. of VirginiaThis project is being undertaken by a student-led undergraduate research team for the international iGEM competition. During my undergraduate studies, I was fortunate enough to be a part of an iGEM team, it was one of the most important experiences of my time at University, and directly landed me my first job out of college. I urge everyone interested in the future of STEM education to consider supporting this project! Alexander J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Müller, der Silberbecher von Hoby. frühgriechischer Literatur in der römischen Bildkunst der augusteischen Zeit, JdI 109, 1994, 321-352. R. Osborne, The art of signing in ancient Greece, Arethusa 43, 2, 2010, 231-251. A. Oxé, Zur aelteren Nomenklatur der römischen Sklaven, RhM N. F. 58, 1903, 107-140. A. Oxé – H. Comfort, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum. A catalogue of the signatures, shapes and chronology of Italian sigillata, Bonn 1968. R. Pagenstecher, Die calenische Reliefkeramik, Berlin 1909. D. Palombi, Un nuovo esemplare di ceramica «calena», ArchCl 44, 1992, 273-286. M. Paz de Hoz, Inscripciones griègas de España y Portugal, Madrid 2014. H. von Petrikovits, des römischen Handwerks, in: H. Jankuhn u. a. (edd. ), in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I, AbhGöttingen 3. Folge 122, 1981, 63-132. H. Philipp, Tektonon Daidala. Der bildende Künstler und sein Werk im vorplatonischen Schrifttum, Berlin 1968. Ch. Picard, Dionysios de Colophon exportateur a Rimini (Italie). Terres cuites architecturales et «pocula» inscrits, RA 1965, I, 210-213. M. G. Picozzi, Una collezione romana di antichità tra XVII e XVIII secolo. La raccolta Vitelleschi, BdA 78 Nr. 82, 69-82. L. Stefanelli, L’argento dei Romani, Rom 1991. H. Poeschel, Kunst und Künstler im antiken Urteil, München 1925. V. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some cities create wildlife corridors to facilitate safe movement for animals. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: ina System to In the wake of a recent report about threats to biodiversity, congressional legislation aims to protect wildlife that faces habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. by 20 May 20194 April 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Pronghorn antelope, which migrate more than 250 kilometers from winter to summer feeding grounds in the West, would be among many species to benefit from protected wildlife corridors. Credit: iStock. com/Dean_legislation to establish a national system of wildlife corridors in the comes just days after a (UN) report on threats to biodiversity warned that about 1 million species worldwide are threatened with extinction. The legislation, known as the of 2019, would establish the wildlife corridors system to help native animal and plant species—including protected species—that face habitat loss, degradation, fragmentation, or obstructions to connectivity between their habitat areas. The bill, which was introduced in Congress on 16 May, aims to help restore movement by wildlife and “to provide long-term habitat connectivity for native species migration, dispersal, adaptation to climate and other environmental change, and genetic exchange. ” In addition, the bill would establish a wildlife movement grant program on nonfederal land and water to increase wildlands connectivity. It would also include a wildlife corridors stewardship fund to help manage and protect the corridors. “A to Protect Wildlife” The legislation is “a critical step to protect wildlife,” Sen. (D-N. M. ), who introduced the legislation in the Senate, said at a 16 May briefing about the bill. “While we are in the middle of a human-caused sixth mass extinction, scientists are raising the alarm. We are almost out of time to save the planet as we know it. ” This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: waste (PW) poses a significant threat as a hazardous material, while the production of cement raises environmental concerns. It is imperative to urgently address and reduce both PW and cement usage in concrete products. Recently, several experimental studies have been performed to incorporate PW into paver blocks (PBs) as a substitute for cement. However, the experimental testing is not enough to optimize the use of waste plastic in pavers due to resource and time limitations. This study proposes an innovative approach, integrating experimental testing with machine learning to optimize PW ratios in PBs efficiently. Initially, experimental investigations are performed to examine the compressive strength (CS) of plastic sand paver blocks (PSPBs). Varied mix proportions of plastic and sand with different sizes of sand are employed. Moreover, to enhance the CS and meet the minimum requirements of ASTM C902-15 for light traffic, basalt fibers, a sustainable industrial material, are also utilized in the manufacturing process of environmentally friendly PSPB. The highest CS of 17. 26 MPa is achieved by using the finest-size sand p70. Additionally, the inclusion of 0. 5% basalt fiber, measuring 4 mm in length, yields further enhancement in outcome by significantly improving CS by 25. 4% (21. 65 MPa). Following that, an extensive experimental record is established, and multi-expression programming (MEP) is used to forecast the CS of PSPB. The model’s projected results are confirmed by using various statistical procedures and external validation methods. Furthermore, comprehensive parametric and sensitivity studies are conducted to assess the effectiveness of the MEP-based proposed models. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the size of the sand p0. 89 and possesses a strong ability to predict. The study also provides a graphical user interface to increase the significance of ML in the practical application of handling waste management. The main aim of this research is to enhance the reuse of PW to promote sustainability and economic benefits, particularly in producing green environments with integration of machine learning and experimental investigations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Poulsen, von Hoby, AntPl 8, 1968, 69-74. B. Poulsen, A signed mosaic from a Roman villa by lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria, in: St. Faust u. a. (edd. ), Antike, Architektur, Geschichte, Festschrift für Inge Nielsen, Aachen 2015, 167-179. G. Prachner, und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe, Wiesbaden 1980. G. Prachner, Bemerkungen zu den ältesten römischen Sklaveninschriften, in: Migratio et commutatio. Studien zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Thomas Pekáry zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, St. Katharinen 1989, 201-217. J. L. Ramírez Sádaba, La epigrafía griega hallada en la Península Ibérica, in: A. Martínez Fernández (ed. ), Estudios de epigrafía griega, 2009, 57-77. G. M. A. Richter, Three critical periods in ancient Italy, Oxford 1951. G. M. A. Richter, Ancient Italy. A study of the interrelations of its peoples as shown in their arts, 1955. G. M. A. Richter, Inscriptions on engraved gems of the Roman period and some modern or problematical representations, ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 631-638. L. Robert, Pantomimen im griechischen Orient, Hermes 65, 1930, 106-122. L. Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec, Paris 1940. R. Robert, Ars regenda amore. Séduction érotique et plaisier esthétique: de Praxitèle à 104, 1992, 373-438. C. Roueché – K. Erim, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some cities create wildlife corridors to facilitate safe movement for animals. [SEP] Text: Sign up now “While we are in the middle of a human-caused sixth mass extinction, scientists are raising the alarm. We are almost out of time to save the planet as we know it,” Udall commented, referring to the 6 May UN report by the Intergovernmental Science-on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. The report, which was compiled by 145 expert authors, states that the rate of global change in nature during the past half century “is unprecedented in human history. ” It also found that the global rate of species extinction “is already at least tens to hundreds of times higher than the average rate over the past 10 million years and is accelerating. ” The report calls for urgent “transformative changes” to reverse the situation and states that direct drivers of change in nature that have the largest global impact are, in order, changes in land and sea use, exploitation of organisms, climate change, pollution, and the invasion of alien species. It warns that the future impacts of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are projected to become more pronounced over the coming decades. Speakers at the briefing said that biodiversity is important to protect not only because species have their own purposes in the ecological web but also because they provide substantial benefits to people. “If anyone thinks that biodiversity is not crucial to human existence, think again,” Udall said, noting that at least 40% of the world’s economy is based on biological resources and that the diversity of life provides humanity with food, shelter, medicine, and economic development, among other benefits. Establishing a wildlife corridors system “is something that shouldn’t be about party. It should be about just saving our planet. ” “Living ecosystems support us. America’s wildlife is in great jeopardy,” he said. “We must act now. ” a a wildlife corridors system “is something that shouldn’t be about party. It should be about just saving our planet,” said Rep. (D-Va. ), who introduced companion legislation in the House. “This is an absolutely critical time considering the UN report on accelerated species extinction rate. ” Beyer, who is cochair of the Coalition’s Task Force, said that he and Republican cosponsor Rep. (R-Fla.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can reduce plastic waste by using biodegradable materials. [SEP] Text: In that case, the procedure is then rerun by progressively increasing both the number of subpopulations and their overall size. Following that, the model with the lowest OF is chosen as the best one. It is important to remember that the evolving time of the number of generations has an influence on the correctness of the model. Due to the introduction of additional variables in such methods, a model may keep evolving continuously. However, in this study, the model was terminated after 1,000 generations or when the variation in fitness value was smaller than 0. 1%. The efficiency of the proposed models is determined by determining various statistical error indices. The metrics used in this analysis are the performance index (PI), the relative squared error (RSE), the relative root mean square error (RRMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and RMSE. Similarly, an alternative approach to mitigate overfitting is to select the optimal model by reducing the OF, as recommended by Iqbal et al. [55]. This methodology was chosen to address the problem in this study, and the term fitness function is used for OF. Eqs. (1)–(6) show the mathematical expressions for these statistical indices: (1) RMSE = ∑ i = 1 n ( exp i − mod i ) 2 n (2) MAE = ∑ i = 1 n | exp i − mod i | n (3) RSE = ∑ i = 1 n ( mod i − exp i ) 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( exp ¯ − exp i ) 2 (4) RRMSE = 1 | exp ¯ | ∑ i = 1 n ( exp i − mod i ) 2 n (5) R = ∑ i = 1 n ( exp i − exp ¯ i ) 2 ( mod i − mod ¯ i ) 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( exp i − exp ¯ i ) 2 ∑ i = 1 n ( mod i − mod ¯ i ) 2 (6) PI = ρ = (7) OF = n T − n v n ρ T + 2 n v n ρ v. In the given expressions, exp i and mod i indicate the experimental and model anticipated outcomes, mod ¯ i and exp ¯ i signify the average model anticipated and experimental outcomes, respectively, and n represents total occurrences. A model is considered accurate when it has a high R-value and minimal statistical errors.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R. Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H. Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H.

Output: pass