Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In specific areas such as farming, attachments can be added to give the drone extra functions and increase its utilityhigh-definition cameras, IMUsRobots are used in controlled spaces; this configuration will give the robot the ability to autonomously accomplish tasks with accuracyMost robots will need around 2–4 cameras since there is no need to have complete control of the surrounding area 5 conclude this paper, autonomous vehicles are getting developed and used more than ever. Companies are investing in this new technology to provide new products and incorporate these vehicles into their production system to increase productivity. It is important to acknowledge that not every sensor configuration will work for every type of usage or implementation. Asking this question would be the initial motivation for this study to be conducted. Along with this paper, there was a detailed analysis of case studies of current autonomous vehicles available on the market and prototypes under development. Divided by industry, the study gathered data about sensors from several companies among four industries (and Logistics). A comparison was done in order to choose the best sensors based on vehicle type and functionality. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of each sensor configuration, this paper pretends to recommend general sensor configurations that will adapt properly to the properties of the vehicle and the usage when integrating them into the production process or to deploy them as products on the market. 6 The future of autonomous vehicles is promising, research and development are intensifying each day, and computer scientists are eager to discover new ways to introduce this technology into people’s lifestyles. The topic presented for this research paper is incredibly extensive. Regarding the findings of this study, many technologies of autonomous vehicles have been deployed in the past months or years. However, many others are still in the development stage. This is limiting the research because there are no sensor data or information to analyze. Future researchers should specifically address the new trends in autonomous vehicles and keep updating the information when a new vehicle is deployed. Moreover, sensor technology has few options in the market for RADARs and LIDARs. Velodyne, for example, is one of the most famous manufacturers of LIDARs for autonomous vehicles. Conflict of are no conflicts of interest. 1. Varghese, J. Z. , Boone, R. G. , 2015, “Overview of Sensors and Systems,” on and. 10–11, 191. 2. Campbell, S. , O’Mahony, N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: This aim is underpinned by management principles set down by the IUCN (Phillips, 2002), which in summary are as follows:Landscape, biodiversity and cultural values are at the heart of conservationManagement should occur at the intersection between people and naturePeople are stewards of the landscapePeople should be central to all managementManagement should be co-operative and multi-stakeholderGood management requires good political and economic supportEnhancement is as important as protectionIn cases of irreconcilable conflict, priority should be given to retaining the special qualities of an areaEconomic activities not essential to the area should take place outside itManagement should be highly professional and business-likeManagement should be flexible and adaptiveSuccessful management should be measured in environmental and social terms. All of these principles lend themselves to developing effective local and regional responses to climate change. They encompass all aspects of landscape management, require local people to be closely involved in and wherever possible leading management, they seek to avoid activities that are inappropriate in nature and scale, they require professional and flexible business management, they require improvements as a consequence of management and they account for social as well as environmental benefits. They are suited to influencing the behaviour of people in a positive and progressive, self-helping way so that rural resilience to the potentially undermining effects of climate change is nurtured and enhanced. As well as the physical raw materials within National Parks, the management principles provide the building blocks for successful responses to climate change. However, they post-date the statutory purposes for which were designated:The first purpose is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the National Parks. The second purpose is to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities (of the Parks) by the public. Section 61 of the 1995 Environment Act. In pursuance of these purposes, Authorities have a duty to seek to foster the economic and social well-being of local communities within the by working closely with the agencies and local authorities responsible for these matters. This duty brings the purposes closer to the management principles but it does not ‘drill down’ to achieving the self-help and self-determination that is expressed by them. Consequently, conservation work tends to resemble that undertaken by other conservation organisations working to different but overlapping remits centred on biodiversity conservation. Park Authorities, ecologists and biodiversity officers work within the broad family of conservationists that includes statutory agencies, national and regional trusts and non-governmental organisations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Plant and root height and plant and root fresh weight reached the highest values at 108 spore/ml concentration of BIM-001 isolate compared to other concentrations. In the BY2 isolate, there was non-statistical difference between 108 and 107 spore/ml concentrations in plant and root wet weight parameters, while the values were higher at 108 spores/ml in plant and root length parameters and the statistical difference was found between 108 and 107 spore/ml concentrations in terms of these parameters (P ≤ 0. 05) (Table 2). Although the root nematode density was determined higher than the control at BIM-001 and BY2 106 spore/ml concentration, there was non-significant difference in root length and wet weight parameters between the control at this concentration (Tables 1, 2). Table 2 Effects of single application of BIM-001 and BY2 isolates on Beauveria bassiana on wheat growthFull size tableDiscussionIn this study, the effect of concentrations of B. bassiana isolates on P. thornei varied. While the reproduction rate of P. thornei at 108 and 107 spore/ml concentrations in both isolates decreased than the control, at 106 spore/ml concentration was found to be similar to the control. Unfortunately, it was determined that the P. thornei density in the roots increased at 106 spore/ml concentration of both isolates, and accordingly, the total nematode density and reproduction rate increased. Interestingly, a positive effect on nematode reproduction was determined at low concentration. The reason for this was that the concentration of 106 spore/ml compared to the other concentrations could not infect P. thornei. Since this concentration cannot reach the nematode in the soil, it is thought that the nematode density increases. Secondly, B. bassiana remained at a low density in the soil, substances such as the secreted enzyme or toxin may not have developed enough to kill the nematodes (Petlamul and Boukaew 2019). Therefore, the study should be repeated using higher concentrations with the same or different isolates. It is known that nematicidal activity and endophytic abilities may vary depending on the characteristics of the different fungal strains used (Karabörklü et al. 2022). In addition, detection and monitoring of B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: , Krpalcova, L. , Riordan, D. , Walsh, J. , Murphy, A. , and Ryan, C. , 2018, “in Autonomous Vehicles: A Review,” Proceedings of the 9th (ISSC), June 21–22, IEEE, 4. 3. Zang, S. , Ding, M. , Smith, D. , Tyler, P. , Rakotoarivelo, T. , and Kaafar, M. A. , 2019, “of Conditions on Autonomous Vehicles: How Rain, Snow, Fog, and the Performance of a Self-driving Car,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. , 14(2), 111. 4. Steinbaeck, J. , Steger, C. , Holweg, G. , and Druml, N. , 2017, “in Fusion Systems,” 2017 Fusion: Trends, Solutions, Applications (SDF), Bonn, Germany, Sept. 10–12, IEEE, 6. 5. Hecht, J. , 2018, “Lidar for Self-driving Cars,” Opt. Photonics News, 29(1), 33. 6. Maddern, W. , Stewart, A. , McManus, C. , Upcroft, B. , Churchill, W. , and Newman, P. , 2014, “Imaging: Applications in Robust Vision-Based Localisation, Mapping and Classification for Autonomous Vehicles,” Proceedings of the Recognition in on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Hong Kong, China, May 31–June 7, Vol. 2, p. 3. 7. Yan, C. , Xu, W. , and Liu, J. , 2016, “Vehicles: of Self-driving Vehicle,” Def Con, 24(8), p. 109. 8. Rahiman, W. , and Zainal, Z. , 2013, “of Development GPS Navigation for Autonomous car,” Proceedings of IEEE 8th Conference on and Applications (ICIEA), Melbourne, Australia, June 19–21, IEEE, 1118. 9. Wang, Y. , Chao, W. -L. , Garg, D. , Hariharan, B. , Campbell, M. , and Weinberger, K. Q.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: This perhaps represents an absence of a distinctive approach within (where the other organisations are also active) and leaves room for adjustment in closer pursuance of the management principles. Currently, species and habitat conservation projects, farm-based conservation, historic landscape conservation and built environment conservation work are interchangeable with that undertaken by other organisations, with Authorities providing an extra pool of staff to fulfil a common end. In their responses to the inquiry undertaken by the of the for Wales in failures to meet the Convention of the Parties 2010 target to halt the losses of biodiversity (for Wales, 2011), the submitted a list of over 200 biodiversity conservation projects undertaken by them during the past decade. This was in response to criticism of the contribution made by the to biodiversity conservation, indicating an apparent lack of awareness at a Government level of the range and depth of such work undertaken by them. (Association) published a report (ENPAA, 2010) summarising the major contribution made to biodiversity conservation within in England. This helped to raise the profile of the hitherto ‘invisible’ biodiversity conservation work (Robins, 2008) and indicates the strength of achievement within these small organisations, in addition to the conservation work of other organisations. The stand-out feature within about biodiversity conservation work that can be achieved there is one of scale and focus, owing to the range, size and quality of habitats present in these large rural areas, together with the range of conservation organisations at work. The challenge is not only to achieve outcomes at appropriate scales but also to provide national and regional solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation based upon integrated landscape management within the National Parks. 2. 1. Defining a way forwardThe vision for the Parks has been stated as follows (Government, 2007):are protected landscapes of international importance which capture much of what is distinct and special about rural Wales, environmentally and culturally. Although predominantly rural in nature, the Parks contain a resident population of over 80,000, are close to important urban communities and have significant potential to enrich the lives of the people of, and visitors to, Wales and to contribute positively to public health and well-being and to the Welsh economy. They are living landscapes, moulded by their communities over thousands of years. They are places where sustainable development is promoted for the benefit of the environment, the economy and for Park communities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana remains a nascent field in the development of hypotheses on plant-fungus interactions, including resistance to biotic/abiotic stresses and plant growth promotion. Our laboratory currently examines the molecular mechanisms underlying B. bassiana endophytic growth and B. bassiana-mediated plant resistance toward insects to gain a fundamental understanding of these processes and to exploit B. bassiana applications better. : infect the insect, B. bassiana needs to adhere to the insect epicuticle, a hydrophobic layer consisting of lipids and other compounds, some of which have potent antimicrobial activities (e. g. , n-alkanes, fatty acids, and aldehydes). Much of the success of B. bassiana as an insect pathogen relies in its ability to overcome this antimicrobial barrier. B. bassiana contains a subset of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases which allows it to use (potentially antimicrobial) lipids as a sole source of carbon, generating fatty acyl coenzyme As (acyl-CoAs) for membranes, lipid storage, or β-oxidation (4). Assimilation of lipids by B. bassiana (and other pathogenic fungi) increases lipid droplet formation and lipid mobilization, which have been linked to virulence (i. e. , production of penetration structures and priming of more infectious spores) and to greater stress tolerance and spore dispersal (5, 6). Molecular analyses of host cuticular lipid hydrolysis by insect-pathogenic fungi remains scarce, despite being recognized as one of the major mechanisms utilized by these fungi to penetrate the cuticle (along with chitin and protein hydrolysis). One limitation to pursuing this line of research is the presence of multiple lipases (e. g. , 43 lipase genes identified in B. bassiana [7]) with potential overlapping or redundant activities. Further complicating these efforts is the variation in cuticular lipids across B. bassiana hosts, making it possible that a lipase gene may be central for virulence toward one host but not another. Application of comparative genomics and construction of 9-based multiple knockout mutants can help unveil the role of lipases in B. bassiana pathogenesis, virulence, development, and fitness, along with the likely need to test multiple different insect hosts.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make human-driven cars obsolete in the next five years. [SEP] Text: Home TOTJ-13-109 Back to All published 10. 2174/1874447801913010109 1. stations are common throughout the world [1]; however, in the near future there will be no need for them. They can be used for alternative purposes and in the times to come, there will be no need for them when planning new cities. The driverless cars are now legal in several states in the US with even no driver for backup (Arizona, California, Michigan and Ohio). Many states and other countries will join them in the coming years. When the driverless cars are widespread, passengers will prefer to ride them, because they will take them from their home to their destination and not from one train station to another. In addition, there will be no need for connections with other trains or other mean of transportation; therefore, the union stations will cease to exist. Driverless cars have been making progress [2]. This new technology requires appropriate operational models for assessing the driverless cars profitability. In order to show the practicability of these operational models, the competitiveness of their cost must be analyzed. In a study [3], the authors make a comprehensive analysis of the driverless car costs. Their conclusion is that, public transportation can only keep on being economically competitive to driverless cars, where transportation demands can be bundled to larger units. Particularly, such transportation demands occur in dense urban regions. In such regions, public transportation can be cost-effective and moneymaking even if the fares are lower than driverless pooled taxis fares or driver less cars costs. In most of the world, such a bundling is not feasible, so shared and pooled driverless cars will be more cost-effective. The current state of affairs that we are used to, will be changed. Nowadays, union stations are an attractive location for small businesses like fast food, inns and more. In a few years, there will be no union stations and the transportation setup will have a minor influence on the urban area, if any. 2. in various countries have shown that currently, traffic congestions and jams are mainly triggered by different responses to events on the roads and different driving patterns of different drivers [4, 5]. On the other hand, driverless cars of even competing companies will behave much the same way, so the trouble of traffic congestions is going to be significantly alleviate when driverless cars will be the standard.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: They are places that experiment with new approaches in sustainable development and environmental conservation, providing exemplars of best practice for wider Wales, and helping to shape and lead future rural policy and practice. They are also places where all who can influence the future of the Parks work together to conserve and enhance their natural beauty, biodiversity and cultural identity, in line with sustainable development principles. Guided by the Park Authorities, these special areas are becoming progressively richer and more diverse in terms of landscape, wildlife and heritage and are enjoyed and cherished by a full cross-section of society. This vision has pulled the purposes closer still to the IUCN management principles and invites Authorities to play a lead role in rural resilience. By referring to “sustainable development principles”, which are not included in the Park purposes and duty, it hints at a changing role for Authorities and the National Parks. This is the beginning of the policy and legislative groundwork that may be necessary to redefine the role of and their Authorities, in Wales at least: towards landscapes that make an explicit contribution to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and biodiversity conservation, as well as the food production, access and recreation that they are already recognised for. Redefinition is easier said than done. Public consciousness views in their historic context, providing free access for people to roam through wide open spaces, to adventure and to relax; biodiversity conservation and climate change responses are unlikely to be uppermost in the minds of most visitors, despite the primacy of biodiversity conservation within the Park purposes. During this Internet era when the world is changing rapidly, when ozone depletion, acid rain deposition within the British uplands (Batterbee, 2004), uncertainties about the impacts of genetically modified food crops on the environment and on public health, increasing public discomfort over the market distortions and environmental degradation produced by the and the attention that sustainable development and biodiversity conservation have drawn beyond the boundaries of National Parks, it has not been obvious that these relatively large, relatively undeveloped but modified agricultural and afforested landscapes serve a wider role than is reflected in their purposes. For example, the is the source of more than 25 rivers and streams affecting south Wales. It also includes many decaying peat-rich and water storing wetlands, which need to be restored to continue to provide the long term benefits that agriculture and settlements have relied upon for centuries.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: FIG 2FIG 2 Proposed mechanisms mediating the benefits of plant-Beauveria bassiana association. Growth promotion (brown boxes): enhanced nutrient transfer, for example, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe) (13, 14), could reduce fertilizer usage, offering savings and reducing greenhouse emissions. Resistance to insect pests and pathogens (green and red boxes) could reduce the need for fungicide and insecticide use, thereby alleviating their environmental and health burdens. B. bassiana may increase plant tolerance to abiotic stresses (blue boxes) via the activation of host stress responses and the production of antioxidant enzymes (15). Osmotic stress upregulates the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (indole-3-acetic-acid [IAA]), and ethylene, mediating stomatal closure, expression of stress resistance genes, and production of antioxidant enzymes (16, 17). ACC (aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic) deaminase regulates excessive ethylene levels in plants by cleaving the ethylene precursor ACC into ammonia and α-ketobutyrate, preventing arrested plant growth, chlorosis, senescence, and death (18). VOCs, volatile organic compounds. One of the major gaps in our understanding of the fungus-plant-insect interaction is the role(s) of communication signals arbitrated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Fungal endophytes can release VOCs causing major changes in the plant chemistry. However, it is not clear if B. bassiana and/or B. bassiana-induced plant VOCs attract or deter arthropod colonization. Potentially, these VOCs may enable herbivore and nonhost signaling (i. e. , recruiting enemies of herbivorous insects). By attracting insects, VOCs could benefit the fungus by providing hosts and potentially even benefit the plant via nitrogen transfer from fungus-mediated insect mortality (13), or by recruiting parasitoids that attack herbivores. Conversely, VOCs could result in insect deterrence and priming of antiherbivore responses in noncolonized plants via plant-to-plant communication via airborne or soilborne VOCs. As little is known in this regard, elucidating the underlying chemistry and molecular basis of VOCs within these interactions is an exciting novel research direction.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Autonomous vehicles will make human-driven cars obsolete in the next five years. [SEP] Text: In a study [44] it is claimed that in cities where the rail transit is a major component of the transportation system, there will be 36% lower per capita traffic fatalities (7. 5 versus 11. 7 annual deaths per 100,000 residents) even though a single rail accident on its own statistically claims more lives than a single car accident [45]. Accordingly, various authorities in more than a few countries believe that many lives can be saved by shifting some of the traffic to a train. However, all of this line of reasoning will be irrelevant when the driverless cars are available. By automating driving, 95% of car crashes could be eliminated [46], because many safety gadgets will be installed in the driverless cars [47-49]. Most of the trips in the US are currently undertaken by cars; whereas trains carry only a small percentage of passengers. According to the US Department of Transportation, 3,130,509 million miles have been traveled on US highway system in 2015; whereas in the same period only 532 million miles have been traveled by trains [50]. So even now, it is not clear the rail system is safer, but when the driverless cars are available, it will be as clear as daylight that driverless cars are much safer than conventional trains. On the other hand, the rail system and the buses will be also driverless [51], so their safety will be also improved and both the driverless cars and the driverless buses and trains will have an almost zero probability to have fatal accident [52-54], for that reason, it will unreasonable to subsidize public transportation with the aim of convincing people to travel in this means of transportation that essentially will have almost the same safety attributes and qualities. Since most the people will travel by driverless cars, the union stations will be of almost no use and most of them will be shutdown. transportation was invented more than 200 years ago [55]. The concept of union stations joined the public transportation only not many years later [56]. In this paper, we have shown that in the age of driverless cars, a means of transportation that takes many people from one central station to another central station has lost the justifications for its existence. The reasons detailed in the paper and were commonly accepted as true are no longer valid.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: Drinking water for south Wales, the largest conurbation in the country, is supplied from the reservoirs and catchments in the Brecon Beacons. These resources are likely to come under increasing resource management pressure as a consequence of rising demand and rising consumption on the one hand and uncertain supplies during prolonged dry summers or wet and stormy winters on the other (Environment Agency, 2008). So strategic investment in catchment management in the Park is essential, to provide these ecosystem services and lasting public benefits. Most of the carbon-rich peat soils and organo-mineral soils are situated in the British uplands (Clark et al. , 2010) and most of the Parks are upland or montane, co-incident with much of the soil carbon resource. The priority must be to restore and conserve these ‘carbon banks’ (Government, 2010). Water and soil carbon conservation are new tasks that must be achieved within National Parks, thereby modifying their role and increasing their significance to the nation. 2. 1. 1. Growing consciousness of climate change in national parksPanel on (IPCC) published its first assessment report on global climate change in 1990, leading to the publication of the on (). Whilst this produced some ripples at an intergovernmental level, it failed to register as an issue at the local conservation level, where sustainable development and biodiversity conservation had arrived as the take-home messages from the Summit in 1992Conference on Environment and Development 1992. . During the following decade, the UK conservation organisations invested significant resources in preparing and publishing national biodiversity action plans and steering group reports (DoE, 1994) and tranches of habitat and species action plans, as well as the formation of partnership local biodiversity action plans (LBAPs) at the county level. of Wales and England published their respective LBAPs and set about trying to implement them. Throughout this process climate change was not included as a relevant issue; this 2010. The process had been high on published strategies and plans, high on hyperbole, but low on achievement. This same period between the mid-1990s and 2010 saw the publication of three sets of climate change scenarios by the UK Programme (Hulme and Jenkins, 1998; Hulme et al. , 2002; UKCP, 2009). These led to a number of modelling studies on the effects of climate change on biodiversity (for example Berry et al. , 2006; del Barrio et al. , 2006; Harrison et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: : -the main participants in B. bassiana parasitic and mutualistic interactions requires a more complete insight into the cross talk between B. bassiana, insect host, and plant partners. In this regard, combined “omics” analyses (e. g. , transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics) of fungus-challenged insects and plants can provide simultaneous profiles of the nature of these interactions. Plants with low genetic redundancy, e. g. , liverworts, could represent simpler models than other land plant systems to dissect the molecular basis of the fungus-plant interaction. Cell biological (determining where in the plant) and genetic (gene knockout) approaches can provide more nuanced understanding of the mechanistic bases underpinning fungal infection and mutualism. Finally, knowledge gain from these studies can be translated into important applications impacting food safety and security, biodiversity, and crop yield and resilience. 1. Ortiz-Urquiza A, Keyhani NO. 2016. Molecular genetics of Beauveria bassiana infection of insects. 94:165–249. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2. Ortiz-Urquiza A, Keyhani ON. 2013. Action on the surface: entomopathogenic fungi versus the insect cuticle. Insects 4:357–374. CrossrefPubMed3. Ortiz-. 2015. Improving mycoinsecticides for insect biological control. Biotechnol 99:1057–1068. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4. Pedrini N, Ortiz-Urquiza A, Huarte-. 2013. Targeting of insect epicuticular lipids by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana: hydrocarbon oxidation within the context of a host-pathogen interaction. 4:24. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5. Fan Y, Ortiz‐. 2015. Involvement of a caleosin in lipid storage, spore dispersal, and virulence in the entomopathogenic filamentous fungus, Beauveria bassiana. 17:4600–4614. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. Ortiz-. 2016. Growth substrates and caleosin-mediated functions affect conidial virulence in the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Microbiology (Reading) 162:1913–1921.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offshore wind farms can generate significant amounts of electricity. [SEP] Text: Σημαντικό ρόλο θα διαδραματίσουν τα υπεράκτια αιολικά πάρκα (ΥΑΠ) σε αυτό το στόχο, τα επόμενα χρόνια. Οι συγκρούσεις χρήσεων γης, μαζί με την αυξανόμενη ζήτηση για πράσινη ενέργεια και το αναξιοποίητο υπεράκτιο αιολικό δυναμικό, θα συμβάλλουν στην ανάπτυξη των ΥΑΠ.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: , 2001, Honnay et al. , 2002; Hossell et al. , 2000, 2003; Hossell, 2000; Hulme et al. , 2003; Perry et al. , 2003; Thomas et al. , 2004). By now, climate change consciousness was growing within the conservation professions and devolved governments (DETR, 2000a, 2000b; Government, 2000a, 2000b; 2001) and twenty years after the Summit, climate change began to influence local policy setting. slowly started to pay attention to the impacts of climate change, with the Authority undertaking a literature review in order to provide information notes for circulation between the Authorities and preparing the first position statement for the Association of Authorities in 2004. These signalled that climate change was firmly at the heart of European and UK policy and that landscapes were likely to be affected significantly by climate change in the future. There was general acknowledgement of the important role that can play in helping Wales and the UK to adapt to climate change, for example as vehicles for promoting integrated planning responses to and assessment of climate change, though there were not (and still are not) specific national policy drivers to support this. For example, whilst the Government supported the development of regional climate models (Government, 2000b), such a model has yet to be provided for Wales 11 years later. The expectation in disseminating this information was that it would stimulate the Authorities, and their sponsoring bodies, into a flurry of activity to develop a co-ordinated leading role in mitigating and adapting to climate change within the landscape; this did not happen. Associations in Wales and England published Declarations on to which the Welsh and English local authorities, and Authorities, signed up. Whilst actions responding to the effects of climate change are now underway in (Table 1) this work is supported by position statements issued by the Associations of Authorities (ANPA, 2008; ENPAA, 2009) rather than guided or co-ordinated by an overarching national objective for Protected Landscapes. In the lead up to issuing their own statements, the Authorities have invested increasing effort in debate and discussion on the best options for National Parks, summarising the main impacts likely to affect them, identifying common issues affecting all of them, developing principles to guide work, and identifying opportunities within existing work plans to deploy these principles. These can be summarised as follows:Issuesare sparsely populated places that have been designated for specific purposes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana, as an endophyte in plants, have been shown. It has been reported as an endophytic fungus in many monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. It can colonize different parts of the plant such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds either as occurring naturally or as a result of inoculation (Vega et al. 2008; Ownley et al. 2010; Vidal and Jaber 2015; Card et al. 2016; Pus 2017). B. bassiana has been recorded as an endophyte in several plant species such as corn (Wagner and Lewis 2000), cacao (Posada and Vega 2006), date palm (Gómez-Vidal et al. 2006), opium poppy (Quesada-Moraga et al. 2006), banana (Barta 2011), coffee (Posada et al. 2007), sorghum (Tefera and Vidal 2009), jute (Biswas et al. 2013), bean (Mutune et al. 2016), grapevine (Jaber 2015), radiate pine (Brownbridge et al. 2012), cotton (Griffin 2007), wheat (Sánchez-Rodríguez et al. 2018), strawberry (Dara and Dara 2015), cabbage (Pus 2017), tomato (Omukoko and Turoop 2017), and potato (Alsaoud et al. 2017). It was also able to colonize some cucurbitaceous plants such as pumpkin (Gurulingappa et al. 2010), squash (Jaber and Salem 2014), and melon (Resquín-Romero et al. 2016). Recently, its ability to colonize cucumber plants has been shown, where Hassan et al. (2019) recorded a natural endophytic isolate of the fungus, B. bassiana, from cucumber leaves in Iraq. In addition, Shaalan and Ibrahim (2018) demonstrated an endophytic establishment of B. bassiana in cucumber plants, 10 days post seed immersion, and achieved about 50–60% recovery. Cucumber plants are exposed to numerous insect pests that decrease productivity, and the fungus, B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offshore wind farms can generate significant amounts of electricity. [SEP] Text: Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις, το υψηλό αιολικό δυναμικό εντοπίζεται στη θάλασσα και κυρίως σε περιοχές με μεγάλο βάθος, καθιστώντας αδύνατη την εγκατάσταση ανεμογεννητριών σταθερής έδρασης. Συνεπώς, καθαρή ενέργεια θα μπορούσε να παραχθεί από πλωτά αιολικά πάρκα, τα οποία μπορούν να αναπτυχθούν σε βαθιά νερά. Ως μέρος του ε. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: As a consequence of this they are generally not taken into consideration when developing strategic and policy responses to climate change. The collective size of Parks together with their dispersed location throughout Britain means that they offer the potential for significant strategic responses to climate change and can play a lead role in demonstrating the value of a natural resource-led approach. They cover ~10% of Britain (~7% of Scotland, ~20% of Wales and ~8% of England), are the source of several major river systems and watersheds (for example the and Exe in Dartmoor and Exmoor, Rivers Forth, Tay, Earn and Endrick in Loch Lomond, the Usk in the Brecon Beacons, the Derwent in the Moors, catchment is the sink for several major river systems including the Waveney, Yare, Wensum and Bure), as well as the highest peaks and most low lying areas. Together with the suite of Areas of Beauty, this strategic role expands further still. Whilst the geology, geomorphology, boundaries and distribution of are permanent features, the quality, robustness and patterns of landscapes and land uses within them are alterable by human intervention and by natural responses to human and environmental factors. The people-centric nature of the designation means that local people and wider society can be given every opportunity to be part of the decision making process in response to climate change. Involving new people beyond the realms of macro-economics and the natural sciences can help to ensure that communities are open minded to the changes ahead (Hulme, 2007). contain [parts of] ecosystems and [entire] human communities; in these fragile but also extreme environments natural resources and people are affected equally by the elements. At the same time, are especially vulnerable to the physical impacts of climate change given their upland and montane, wetland, riverine, woodland, floodplain and coastal habitats and biomes. Whether the long term prognosis remains one of longer, drier summers and warmer, wetter, stormier winters or colder, more severe winters as a consequence of changes to circulation systems, these habitats and biomes are still strongly affected.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: A 100 μl from the suspension was spread over the surface of a Petri plate containing PDA and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C for 24 h. After incubation, a drop of lacto-phenol cotton blue was added to each plate, overlaid with a coverslip, and examined under a microscope. The percentage of germination was determined by randomly counting at least 300 spores for each plate. Conidium was considered to be germinated when it had a germ tube at least as long as the smallest diameter of the conidia (Lacey 2012). Viability was up to 90% in all assessment times. Cucumber plantsRaade F1 hybrid cucumber (Elite Plant-Breeding and Seeds Company, Russia) was used in this study. Prior to application, seeds were immersed in sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 2. 5% for 3 min for surface disinfection, then in ethanol 70% for 1 min, and rinsed 3 times with sterilized distilled water. To ensure that the surface disinfection process worked, seeds selected randomly were put on PDA (9-cm Petri plate) at a rate of 5 seeds per plate. Three plates were prepared and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C in darkness for 2 weeks. The disinfection process was considered successful when no fungal growth was observed on the disinfected seeds. Inoculation methodsFive inoculation methods: seed dusting (T1), seed immersion (T2), soil drench (T3), seedling drench (T4), and foliar spray (T5) were tested. For seed dusting treatment, cucumber seeds before planting were placed in contact with conidia of a full-grown colony of the fungus for 2 h in a Petri plate, then placed onto sterilized moist filter paper for 10 min. In seed immersion treatment, seeds were immersed before planting into the fungal conidial suspension (4. 9 × 107 spores/ml) for 2 h with hand stirring every 30 min (Omukoko and Turoop 2017). For the soil drench, 5 ml of the spore suspension was applied to the surface of the soil in each pot immediately after seed planting. Also, in the seedling drench, each seedling was watered by 5 ml of the spore suspension. This treatment was applied on 14-day seedlings according to Pus (2017).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offshore wind farms can generate significant amounts of electricity. [SEP] Text: Ένας σημαντικός παγκόσμιος στόχος είναι η μείωση των εκπομπών των αερίων του θερμοκηπίου όσον αφορά στην παραγωγή ενέργειας. Σημαντικό ρόλο θα διαδραματίσουν τα υπεράκτια αιολικά πάρκα (ΥΑΠ) σε αυτό το στόχο, τα επόμενα χρόνια. Οι συγκρούσεις χρήσεων γης, μαζί με την αυξανόμενη ζήτηση για πράσινη ενέργεια και το αναξιοποίητο υπεράκτιο αιολικό δυναμικό, θα συμβάλλουν στην ανάπτυξη των ΥΑΠ.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: are at risk from a wide range of impacts including:loss of snow (which affects Arctic alpine flora and moisture availability for insects and birds)reduction in freezing and seed vernalisationdecline in heather (Calluna vulgaris) and other dwarf shrubsincreased winter survival of heather beetle (Lochmaea suturalis), affecting the viability of heather moorland, as well as the spread of other invasive species and plant pathogensincrease in bracken encroachment (Pteridium aquilinum)dry moorlands at risk from increased incidence of wildfiresincreased survival of agricultural pathogens and parasitesincreased erosion, run off and flash floodinglow river flows for prolonged periods each yearcoastal squeeze, accelerated coastal erosion and coastal and inland floodingsaline intrusion into freshwatersincreased leisure demand on natural resourcesrisk of lost income to habitat-related enterprises (shooting, angling, water recreation, farm-based tourism)decay and loss of limestone features in karstic landscapes. Cross-cutting themes that emerge from the issuesUsing natural processes to achieve reduced surface water runoff within river catchments, providing flood control within and ‘downstream’ of National Parks;Improving water quality and water conservation within and downstream of National ParksRestoring ecological connectivity between sites by restoring hydrological connectivityFocusing habitat connectivity within ecosystems on larger and more robust habitat patches, whilst reducing the incidence with other incompatible land usesConserving and restoring soilsTolerating and understanding changes within landscapes in response to contemporary societal and environmental needsChanges to human use of natural resources and landscape patternsInsufficient understanding of the issues affecting and effective action required to address themChanging landscapes will affect the special qualities of the Parks, the aesthetic, experiential, spiritual and sense of place elements that people come to enjoy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The last method, foliar spray, was performed according to Rondot and Reineke (2014), using 14-day cucumber seedlings with a hand sprayer and an average of 5 ml of the spore suspension per plant was applied. To avoid run-off of conidial spores to the soil, each pot was covered with aluminum foil. For adequate seed attachment, 2% of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) was mixed with spores before seed treatment by dissolving it first into 35–40 °C pre-gelatinized water. After treatment, each pot was covered with a plastic bag for 24 h to maintain a high level of humidity. Thirty plants were cultivated for each treatment,10 replicates for each sampling date. Control treatments received sterile Tween water which was applied in the same method as each treatment mentioned above. The soil used for planting was previously autoclaved at 121 °C for 20 min. All pots were placed on benches at room temperature. The experiment lasted 3 months, and the recovery of B. bassiana was evaluated every 30 days. Endophytic colonization assessmentEndophytic establishment of B. bassiana in cucumber plants was evaluated under laboratory conditions according to Barta (2011) as follows: for each sampling date, 10 plants of each treatment were uprooted. Different parts of each plant (leaves, stems, petioles, and roots) were washed out with running tap water. These parts were surface disinfected in a 2. 5% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, 70% ethanol for 1 min, and rinsed 3 times in sterile distilled water, 2 min for each time, then dried on sterile filter paper. A 100 μl of the final rinsed water was incubated on PDA for 2 weeks to determine whether the surface disinfection process was successful. It was considered successful when no fungal growth was found. After surface disinfection, sections of the leaves, stems, petioles, and roots were cut into similarly small pieces (about 4-mm pieces), using a sterile scalpel. Randomly, 6 pieces of each part for every plant were cultured on PDA plates (9 cm dia. ) and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C in darkness for 21 days and examined regularly to observe fungal growth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offshore wind farms can generate significant amounts of electricity. [SEP] Text: Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις, το υψηλό αιολικό δυναμικό εντοπίζεται στη θάλασσα και κυρίως σε περιοχές με μεγάλο βάθος, καθιστώντας αδύνατη την εγκατάσταση ανεμογεννητριών σταθερής έδρασης. Συνεπώς, καθαρή ενέργεια θα μπορούσε να παραχθεί από πλωτά αιολικά πάρκα, τα οποία μπορούν να αναπτυχθούν σε βαθιά νερά.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: Principles that could guide responses to cross-cutting themesBritain should have expectations of what can be achieved within in response to climate changeGiven the vital importance of enlisting public support and engagement, Protected Landscapes, where human biogeography is integral to the ecosystems within them, have a significant role in the national response to the impacts of climate changeWhere localised land abandonment occurs as a consequence of socio-economic changes, it is a short-term, temporary phase in the ever changing history of land useFarming has an expanded role through integrated land management and high nature value farming alongside food productionAs well as habitats and species, ecosystems need to be understood and conservedEcosytem services cannot be provided if the infrastructure for healthy biodiversity is not there or is functioning poorlyAir, soil and water quality are the backbone of all ecosystem managementIn the short term every effort must be made to maximise the quality and extent of current biodiversity in order to maximise opportunities for survival of species and maintenance of ecosystem services, ‘buying time’ for wildlife and conservation to adaptIn a changing climate, the role of site-based conservation for biodiversity is essential in the short term but needs adjusting for the mid- and long term (Edward-Jones et al. , 2007) to include conservation of the wider countrysideThere must be a willingness to make tough choices; in the short term (next 20 years) maximum effort should be made to conserve ‘at risk’ habitats such as upland hay meadows and lowland raised bogs until a better solution emerges or adverse impacts of climate change overtake best possible effortsThe wildlife corridor that is really required is the wider countryside itself; anthropogenic climate change underlines the extreme urgency of the need to concentrate on encouraging farmers and other land managers through real incentives, to produce good quality food and other products (such as timber) in a high quality landscape. This is arguably the biggest and best adaptation to climate change for biodiversity purposes (and also a mitigation measure, since it would imply sympathetic management of soil and water and achieving lower food miles etc. ) and it has always been the only sustainable way to manage land. However, twenty years since the Summit and nearly 10 years since climate change became a mainstream policy issue, Authorities still lack the national policy or legislative provision to play a lead national and regional role in responding to climate change through landscape management.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: No fungal growth was recorded from the last rinsed water and in plates with disinfected seeds, which demonstrated the effectiveness of surface disinfection procedure and confirmed that the fungi growing from the plant pieces were endophytes. Fig. 1Re-isolating of the fungus, Beauveria bassiana, from cucumber tissues under the laboratory conditions after different periods of treatment (a seed dusting, b seed immersion, c soil drench, d seedling drench, e foliar spray)Full size imageTable 1 Colonization of the fungus, Beauveria bassiana, in cucumber plant under laboratory conditions, 30 days post different inoculation methodsFull size tableAlthough all inoculation methods were effective in introducing the isolate B195, into the plant, they were at different levels of efficiency. Soil drench provided the highest colonization of various cucumber parts, followed by seed immersion and seed dusting, while foliar spray gave the lowest values. This may be attributed to the plant’s growth stage when it was infected with the fungus. The maximum colonization was achieved, 30 days after treatment, then it decreased gradually (F = 37. 43, p < 0. 0001 for inoculation methods; F = 147. 21, p < 0. 0001 for days; and F = 3. 49, p = 0. 0007 for days × methods). Table 1 also shows the differences in colonization rates among the methods in the first sampling date of the experiment. The fungal colonization in the upper parts of cucumber plants (leaves, stems, and petioles) was higher than that in the roots (F = 36. 540416, p < 0. 0001 for different parts; F = 88. 88, p < 0. 0001 for days; and F = 2. 608, p = 0. 0172 for days × parts). Stem colonization reached 94. 44 ± 7. 32, 85. 67 ± 9. 07, and 73. 68 ± 14. 39% (± SD), after 30, 60, and 90 days post soil drench, respectively, while it reached 16. 45 ± 12. 3 and 16. 31 ± 2. 87% (± SD) in foliar spray and seedling drench, respectively, after 90 days of treatment (Fig. 1). Colonization of leaves reached 77. 5 ± 10. 16, 81. 97 ± 9. 54, 80. 25 ± 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offshore wind farms can generate significant amounts of electricity. [SEP] Text: Με βάση τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης, η τελική διαθέσιμη περιοχή για την χωροθέτηση των ΥΑΠ ανέρχεται 205,5 km2. Τα 126,25 km2 από τη συνολική επιφάνεια αξιολογήθηκαν με υψηλή καταλληλόλητα και με χωρητικότητα εγκατεστημένης ισχύος περίπου από 620 έως 900 MW.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: In 2008, the former co-Chair of the explained that the world has only 100 months, that is only 8 years, to avoid the global average annual atmospheric temperature exceeding 2°C, i. e. , until 2016/2017, beyond which point there is a strong risk of runaway climate change. Minister for Environment, Sustainability and Housing repeated this 100 month deadline during her speech to the of Authorities on November 5th 2008 and also in her speech to the Association on November 20th 2008 At the current rate of progress, the author of this 3. Policy consultation fatigueDuring the development of national policy responses and the improving integration of climate change and biodiversity conservation policy (Natural England, 2009a, 2009b; Government, 2011), Authorities have found themselves responding repeatedly to overlapping and seemingly repetitive consultations (Table 1). Whilst on the one hand the welcome attention to environmental matters since the emergence of climate change as a leading issue has given the conservation profession a stronger voice, on the other hand the volume of consultation perhaps has betrayed a national uncertainty over what to do for the best, as well as a lack of sufficient political will across all sectors. Despite the publication of IPCC reports in 1990 (and three subsequent reports) and three UKCIP reports since then, there still is not a comprehensive land-based mitigation and adaptation action plan being implemented in Britain. In attempts to rationalise the consultations, the Ecologists of the 15 published a joint statement on climate change (Association of Authorities, 2008). In this, they highlighted that despite the space available within the Parks to experiment with mitigation and adaptation plans, generating the critical mass for public responses to climate change may be limited by their small populations and low economic base. They state that climate change has both accelerated the speed at which biodiversity conservation needs to take place and expanded the complexity of the task. The biodiversity within designated sites and in the wider countryside has developed in response to historic farming practices; therefore maintaining and enhancing it is equally dependent upon maintaining suitable farming practices. The increased numbers of people that may visit the Parks during prolonged warm and dry spells will increase the footpath erosion pressure on upland habitats, meaning that additional investment in erosion control measures will be required. In the short term, information needs include better inventories on soil carbon and water resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 6%, 13. 8% and 42. 6% of the identified Kac proteins which were predicted to possess the secondary structures of α-helix, β-strand and coil respectively (Fig. 1E). Surface accessibility analysis demonstrated that 89. 1% of all lysine residues and 86. 8% of acetylated residues were localized to the protein surface, respectively (Fig. 1F). Figure 1: Outline of B. bassiana acetylome. (A) Workflow for creation of the acetylome through digestion of proteins with trypsin and enrichment of acetylated peptides, nano-LC/MS/MS analysis and bioinformatic annotation. (B,C) Distributions of mass errors and lengths for all identified Kac peptides. (D) Percentages of Kac proteins vectoring 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 Kac sites, respectively. (E) Mean probabilities of lysine acetylation predicted for different types of protein secondary structures (α-helix, β-strand and coil). (F) Predicted surface accessibility of acetylated sites. The marked p values denote a significance of the non-paired Wilcox test for the predicted values in (E,F). Full size imageFunctional annotation and enrichment analysis of B. bassiana Kac proteinsAll of the identified Kac proteins were annotated with the predicted features of GO terms, subcellular localizations, motif logos, and FunCat and KOG classifications. Some of the Kac proteins identified from the acetylome were functionally diverse. As a result of the GO analysis, the Kac proteins enriched in the category were linked to metabolic (63. 25%) and cellular (49. 82%) processes (detailed in Table S2) respectively. Classified to the category were catalytic enzymes (52. 3%) and binding proteins (47. 7%). Component category comprised cell (35. 7%), organelle (25. 5%), macromolecular complex (23. 4%) and membrane (14. 5%). Different proportions of the Kac proteins with one or more Kac sites were predicted to localize mainly in cytoplasm (37. 1%), mitochondria (24. 0%), extracellular space (14. 1%), nucleus (11. 3%) and plasma membrane (5. 3%), respectively (detailed in Table S3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offshore wind farms can generate significant amounts of electricity. [SEP] Text: Επιπρόσθετα, τονίστηκε ο ρόλος που μπορούν να διαδραματίσουν τα πλωτά αιολικά πάρκα στην περίπτωση της Κρήτης, καθώς μπορούν να καλύψουν έως και το 56% των ενεργειακών αναγκών του νησιού και να παρέχουν ηλεκτρική ενέργεια σε 396. 000 νοικοκυριά. Η τεχνοοικονομική ανάλυση χρησιμοποίησε δύο σενάρια τιμών για την ενέργεια, μία μεσαία και μία υψηλή.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: In the mid-term, there may be value in undertaking habitat zoning exercises to identify core biodiversity zones and there is a need for joint working by the Authorities and for closer working relationships with the statutory conservation agencies. Table 1. A summary of points made in selected consultations by the of AuthoritiesA full list of consultation responses provided by the is available on its climate change position statement, ENPAA (2009) set a range of objectives shared by the English Authorities. These covered sustainable land management including conservation and restoration of peat lands and woodlands and the carbon reserves they contain; increasing natural carbon storage and supporting ‘low carbon farming’; using the town and country planning process to help develop low carbon rural communities including renewable energy generation appropriate for a protected landscape; adaptation to climate change within the landscape including identifying habitat networks and safeguarding access to the countryside; and communicating climate change issues and solutions to Park residents and visitors, including working with young people, influencing behaviour and increasing engagement and volunteering. In its position statement on climate change, the of Authorities (WANPA, 2010) stated that the contribution made by the Authorities is beginning to be recognised nationally. Through the Plans, land use development plans and Funds, the Authorities possess the tools for integrated approaches to land management. Being relatively undeveloped areas, successful carbon dioxide emissions reduction in the Parks will mainly be achieved within the existing built and historic environment and through improved land management. Being people-focussed designations, enable recognition of the barriers to behavioural change required to address climate change. Suitable renewable energy systems can be developed on land and inshore whilst economic and environmental resilience are achievable through integrated, co-operative land management. Major contributions to biodiversity conservation will adjust as the climate changes, as will the continuing contribution made to the provision and management of access to areas for recreation on landscape features. These sorts of policy initiatives show genuine intent by the Authorities to be taken seriously in the national response to climate change. They are also in step with international recommendations for managing ecosystems in order to continue to meet human needs (EASAC, 2009; TEEB, 2010; Institute, 2005) and with the IUCN management guidelines for Protected Landscapes. 3. 1. Climate change making more visibleAuthorities are striving to develop coherent responses to climate change (Table 2), with numerous initiatives underway in the Parks, many led by the Authorities themselves.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Noticeably, 27. 21% and 18. 02% of the Kac proteins in the categories were unclassified through the GO analysis. Further revealed by FunCat annotation, the identified Kac proteins were involved in protein binding (22. 1%), metabolism (17. 6%), cell rescue/defense/virulence (8. 0%), energy (7. 4%), protein synthesis (7. 1%), cell cycle and DNA processing (3. 9%), transcription (3. 9%), environmental interaction (3. 9%), cell fate (2. 9%) and several other functions (detailed in Table S4). The KOG analysis unveiled the links of most Kac proteins to metabolism (41. 6%), cellular processes and signaling (28. 2%), and information storage and processing (19. 6%), as detailed in Table S5. In enrichment analysis, the identified Kac proteins were functionally involved in structural constituent of ribosome, protein heterodimerization activity, rRNA binding, and activities of transferases, isomerases and antioxidant enzymes (Fig. 2A). All of them were significantly enriched to 20 cell components (Fig. 2B) and 27 biological processes, such as chromatin organization, translation, nucleosome assembly, glucose/hexose catabolic process, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and hexose biosynthesis at very high levels of significance (Fig. 2C). They were also significantly enriched to 20 KEGG pathways, such as ribosome, carbon metabolism, cirtrate cycle and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (Fig. 2D). Figure 2: Features of B. bassiana acetylome. (A–D) Fold enrichment and Fisher’s p values for the Kac proteins enriched to molecular functions, cellular components, biological processes and KEGG pathways through GO and KEGG analyses, respectively. Full size imageAll enrichment analyses indicated deep involvements of Kac events in multiple cellular events and processes, particularly metabolism, transcription and translation. These results highlight a significance of lysine acetylation for the life of B. bassiana. Kac motifs identified from the Kac sites of B. bassianaSome amino acid residues have been shown to preferentially surround Kac sites in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells16,17,34,43.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offshore wind farms can generate significant amounts of electricity. [SEP] Text: Τέλος, το 64% των ερωτηθέντων απάντησε θετικά όσον αφορά την εκμετάλλευση των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας, ενώ μόνο ένα μικρό ποσοστό της τάξεως του 11% απάντησε αρνητικά, ανεξαρτήτως ηλικίας. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα A major global goal is to reduce the carbon footprint of energy power generation. There will be a significant role for offshore wind farms (OWFs) in the new era of renewable energy. Land-use conflicts, together with the growing demand for green energy and the untapped offshore wind potential, contribute to the development of OWFs. It remains an open research question regarding their sustainable siting. This is because: (i) there is a need for the islands to generate energy on their own; (ii) there are long distances to the mainland; and (iii) there is a high potential for offshore wind. In most cases, wind power potential is located at sea and primarily in areas with significant depth, making it impossible to install fixed wind turbines. Clean energy could be produced by floating wind farms, which can be deployed in deep waters. As part of the next stage, it is essential to consider both the potential visual impact of the emerging sites as well as the techno-economic assessment to ensu. . A major global goal is to reduce the carbon footprint of energy power generation. There will be a significant role for offshore wind farms (OWFs) in the new era of renewable energy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: The scope and detail of the projects illustrate a strong commitment to addressing climate change but requires an over-arching strategy or championing of this work, either by the Authorities or their sponsoring bodies. In the absence of overarching guidance however, perhaps diversity and variety, rather than unification, are strengths of this work. It has the potential to generate added value and diversity of approach and it provides further impetus to help redefine the role of in the eyes of the public. To take two examples, the first a local initiative to make full use of natural resources and the second a regional initiative to identify how to reduce carbon emissions within the landscape. Based within the ://www. thegreenvalleys. org helps individuals and communities to survey for and install micro-hydro-electricity systems in order to generate renewable electricity. Profits earned from UK Government feed-in-tariffs can then be re-invested in further energy and community-based projects. Valleys also supports Table 2. A summary of actions led by nine Authorities in response to climate change, based upon information provided. Whilst other habitat conservation and sustainable development projects underway might also contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation (for example peat land restoration projects), the Table summarises only those that are underway in direct response to climate change. The absence of a particular project initiative does not necessarily indicate that this work is not underway but reflects the scope of information volunteered for this 4. Conclusions and way aheadAuthorities are responding to the climate challenge in the absence of a UK national policy for climate change in Protected Landscapes. The pace of the national response to climate change lags behind that of emerging evidence and behind the pace called for in 2008 by John Houghton. The recognition of a revised role for lags further behind still. Pioneering projects within (Table 2) are achieved under existing resource constraints relying on a historic skill set, and they are largely unnoticed by the British people. The array of natural resources in the Parks offers a cost-effective means of investing in climate change mitigation and adaptation measures; working with the grain of nature will be more cost-effective than not doing so (Stern, 2006; Pitt, 2007). V is a model designation for building resilient and adaptive approaches to life through integrated landscape management. Within the for example, the is centred upon the theme of “managing change together,” giving scope for the flourishing of nascent transition movements currently underway.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: We predicted possible motifs involved in all of the identified Kac proteins using the Motif-x software designed to extract overrepresented patterns from any sequence set44. As a result, six conserved lysine acetylated motifs were predicted from 243 identified Kac sites at differentially enriched abundance, including and KacxxxxK (Fig. 3A). In these motifs, Kac denotes an acetylated lysine, and Y, W, H, F, K and x represent tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, phenylalanine, lysine and random amino acid residue, respectively. As illustrated in Fig. 3B, Kac was present at the downstream positions of −5, −4, −2 and −1 for K, H, F and D residues or at the upstream positions of +5 for K or +1 for F, H, W and Y residues, respectively, in the predicted motifs. However, Kac did not occur in a preference to K at −1 and +1 positions and to R at −1 position. In other words, the six motifs showed the respective p1. Among the identified motifs, only KacW was enriched in the B. bassiana acetylome but was not found in the surveyed databases across organisms except the fungi C. albicans25 and P. sojae26. Other motifs were highly conserved because they appeared in the acetylomes of E. coli9,17, V. parahemolyticus22, S. roseosporus23, Triticum aestivum29, V. vinifera30, B. mori32, D. melanogaster33, R. norvegicus35 and/or human cells34,45. Figure 3: Kac motifs identified from the B. bassiana acetylome and their p42. As illustrated in Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Offshore wind farms can generate significant amounts of electricity. [SEP] Text: Land-use conflicts, together with the growing demand for green energy and the untapped offshore wind potential, contribute to the development of OWFs. It remains an open research question regarding their sustainable siting. This is because: (i) there is a need for the islands to generate energy on their own; (ii) there are long distances to the mainland; and (iii) there is a high potential for offshore wind. In most cases, wind power potential is located at sea and primarily in areas with significant depth, making it impossible to install fixed wind turbines. Clean energy could be produced by floating wind farms, which can be deployed in deep waters. As part of the next stage, it is essential to consider both the potential visual impact of the emerging sites as well as the techno-economic assessment to ensure their acceptability. In the first stage of this study, the objective was to examine the most commonly used methods and to identify what suggestions might be made to improve this approach. The aim was to evaluate already published methodologies in peer-reviewed papers during the last eight years, compare them, and identify them according to their geographical location, journal type, foundation type, and methodology dimension. The reviewed 205. 5 km2; 126. 25 km2 of high suitability with a potential of 620 to 900 MW. Additionally, the role floating wind farms can play in the case of Crete is emphasized, as they can cover up to 56% of the island's energy needs and provide electricity for 396,000 households. The techno-economic analysis revealed a range of values for energy, focusing on the middle and highest values. As a result of this observation, it was possible to determine the most ideal scenario for investment efficiency. Through its analytical approach, this thesis examined the factors that affect the efficiency, sustainability, and competitiveness of offshore wind energy in this special region, highlighting the opportunities and challenges associated with the adoption of this technology. As a final step, a strategic direction for political, economic, and environmental decision-making is provided. Lastly, the results of visual impact methodologies indicated that the original Spanish method deviated by 88. 0% from the public opinion, and, therefore, that the method needs to be improved considering current data. On the contrary, one of the new suggested scenarios was verified to be more concise and accurate, reaching a deviation of 19. 7%.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: Organisations like Valleys lead the way in micro-hydro-electricty generation and local capacity building and increase the scope for Authorities to assist local people to develop autonomous, sustainable and resilient solutions to future change. Given the slow pace of change at a national level, local collective effort and co-operation can help to speed up national responses as a consequence of the diversity of minds, energy and ideas at work. Just as conservation in the wider countryside, alongside the management of designated sites and nature reserves, is the only truly effective way to conserve biodiversity, so too the only effective response to climate change is through the diversity of thought and collective will achieved by local action, complimented by appropriate and responsive national strategies. A puzzling omission from all national policy responses to climate change is the likely influences of spiralling fuel costs in the face of declining supplies, so-called peak oil (Pitt, 2009; ODAC & PCI, 2008). Fuel and energy costs are of particular importance within where the ecological footprint (Dawkins et al. , 2008) is higher than the national average as a consequence of the poor rates of return on these resources. Mitigation and adaptation solutions that rely upon machinery and agriculture will be moderated by peak oil. On top of the effects of climate change, agricultural change is inevitable in response to the effects of peak oil and the energy descent that will follow. A possible outcome might be fewer or more targeted use of machines and increasing costs of plastic (for example silage wrap), lower petro-chemical inputs (pesticides and fertilisers) used in food production and higher costs of feedstuffs. This, and increasing water shortages in the face of climate change and unsustainable demand increases from all sectors, may have a negative impact on the scale and extent of farming, with production systems shrinking in size whilst intensifying in a smaller area overall, provided that fuel prices and water supplies support this. In other words, despite the current ‘feed the world’ mantra that is at large within agricultural policy circles, the heavy reliance of current farming practices on fossil fuel and water may inhibit this response. Consequently, as fuel costs take their toll, the area of land under productive farming may shrink, which may release more land for biodiversity by default, and which might or might not be managed. This land could enter into ‘high nature value’ systems within Areas (ELO & CLA, 2009) or within agri-environment schemes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 6A, the Pmt1 site-mutated strains Mpmt1K88R and Mpmt1K482R grew as well as wild-type (WT) and complemented strains on the plates of Sabouraud dextrose agar plus yeast extract (SDAY), 1/4 SDAY (amended with 1/4 of each SDAY nutrient) and Czapek agar (CZA) at 25 °C while Mpmt4K360R grew significantly faster than its control strains (Tukey’s HSD, p < 0. 05). Mpmt1K88R and Mpmt1K482R were more sensitive to oxidative stress of H2O2 (4 mM), but much less sensitive to cell wall stress of Congo red (80 μg/ml), than Δpmt1 during cultivation in 1/4 SDAY. Both H2O2 and Congo red facilitated significantly the growth of Mpmt4K360R but suppressed the growth of Δpmt4. However, all of the three Kac site-mutated strains showed null response to osmotic stress of 0. 8 M NaCl (Tukey’s HSD, p > 0. 05) although the fungal osmosensitivity increased in the absence of pmt1 or pmt4. Figure 5: LC-MS/MS spectra for identification of Kac sites from Pmt1 and Pmt4 (O-mannosyltransferases) in the B. bassiana acetylome. Relative abundance (left Y-axis) and peak density (right Y-axis) of accumulated ions over the marked m/z range indicate that the acetylated residues are K88 (A) and K482 (B) on Pmt1 and K360 (C) on Pmt4. Full size imageFigure 6: Phenotypes of B. bassiana altered by pmt1 or pmt4 deletion and singular Kac site mutations. (A) Diameters of fungal colonies after 7 days of incubation at 25 °C in rich SDAY, 1/4 SDAY and minimal CZA alone or in 1/4 SDAY supplemented with NaCl (0. 8 M), H2O2 (4 mM) and CGR (Congo red 80 mg/ml) respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reef restoration projects help recover damaged marine habitats. [SEP] Text: Lines 280-283 Here is an area where the authors note the need to continue to scale-up gardening activities and complement efforts with research “to identify combinations. . . or genotypes. . . to build resilience”. I think this is an instance where the authors should acknowledge how sexual reproduction techniques can also be used to complement the gardening efforts, and enhance gene diversity in the pool of corals in cultivation to mitigate climate change. Foundation, along with partner organizations, are currently collecting spawn from their nursery corals. largely working in Curacao, but also conducting research in Mexico and Guam, and expanding into the Bahamas, is conducting restoration using coral recruits produced from spawn collected in the wild [see Chamberland, et. al. (2015) Restoration of critically endangered elkhorn coral populations using larvae reared from wild-caught gametes. and Conservation 4: 526-537]. In addition, laboratory-fertilized gametes collected from wild and/or nursery spawning events can provide scientists with the tools for building coral reef resilience through selective breeding and “assisted evolution”, which is an exciting new area of study [see van Oppen et al (2015) PNAS, 2307–2313, doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 1422301112] Line 295 “. . . fact that nursery-grown corals behave reproductively…” - the same holds true for sexually-derived corals outplanted on the reef. Baria, Villanueva and Guest (2012) Sci 88:61-62 documented 3-year old Acropora millepora spawning with wild counterparts, and more recently, it was documented that Acropora palmata spawns 4 years after outplanting. . Four-year-old colonies reared from field-collected gametes are sexually mature. Bulletin of Marine Science, January 2016 DOI: 10. 5343/bms. 2015. 1074 Lines 308-314 Great section highlighting the importance of this approach in the Caribbean, where reproductive bottlenecks are a major concern. Lines 315-323 Another great section - yes - there needs to be a holistic approach to restoration, where gardening activities are complemented with fishery regulations/reforms, land management MPAs, etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: It could also be promoted to communities as new open space to provide for local food production (allotments, small holdings, farm gardens etc), woodland growth and so on. The agricultural pressures that affect farmers will be the same in every competitive nation including those providing farm export markets, with a possible outcome that export markets shrink as countries focus on becoming more self-sufficient and resilient and the costs of imports and exports rise with rising fuel prices. The gradual integration of national policy for biodiversity conservation and climate change is exemplified in two policy initiatives in Wales and England, “A Living Wales” (Government, 2011) and “for Nature” (Lawton et al. , 2010). Looking just at the Welsh policy initiative, A seeks to re-evaluate the current approaches to biodiversity conservation in follow up to the failures to meet the 2010 European commitment to halt biodiversity losses. The aim is to develop a Framework that achieves integrated environmental management incorporating biodiversity conservation, ecosystem management and mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change. Authorities and the for Areas of Beauty each submitted replies to consultation responses, with the Authorities also supporting the reply provided by the of Countryside and (Table 3). has the potential to embed environmental management within the governance and future economic development of Wales and to provide an overarching plan, within which a clear role for could be defined. With this comes an opportunity to redefine purposes, for example:Proposed first purpose:To conserve and enhance the ecosystems, biodiversity, cultural heritage and historic environment of the National ParksProposed second purpose:To achieve the sustainable use of the Park’s natural resources and ecosystem services whilst enhancing the special qualities of the National ParksProposed third purpose:To promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the Parks by peopleProposed duty for the Authorities:In pursuit of these purposes foster the environmental, social and economic resilience of local communities and individuals within the Park. This sort of redefinition of would acknowledge the wider role that they play, and it would give the Authorities the freedom to push further ahead with the sorts of initiatives summarised in this 3. A summary of the main issues raised in response to A consultation, to which and Areas of Beauty contributed. The response by Natur was very comprehensive (see footnote). ‘one size fits all’ methodology.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Each colony was initiated with 1 μl of a 106 conidia/ml suspension. (B) Conidial yields quantified daily from the SDAY cultures over the days of incubation at 25 °C in a light/dark cycle of 12:12 h. All cultures were initiated by spreading 100 μl of a 107 conidia/ml suspension per plate. (C,D) LT50 (no. days) for fungal virulence to G. mellonella larvae via cuticular penetration (immersed) and cuticle-bypassing infection (injected), respectively. Asterisked bars differ significantly from those unmarked in each group of bars within each chart (Tukey’s HSD, p < 0. 05). Error bars: SD from three replicates. Full size imageIntriguingly, conidiation capacity during optimal cultivation in SDAY was much more impaired by each Kac site mutation of Pmt1 than by the deletion of pmt1 (Fig. 6B). The mean (±SD) of conidial yields quantified from the WT cultures reached 5. 28 (±0. 39), 10. 02 (±1. 15) and 12. 10 (±0. 71) × 108 conidia/cm2 on days 6, 7 and 8 respectively. Compared with these quantities, conidial yields of Mpmt1K88R and Mpmt1K482R decreased by 70% and 73% on day 6, 68% and 65% on day 7, and 53% and 48% on day 8, respectively, while the yield decrease in the Δpmt1 culture diminished to 42% on day 6, 39% on day 7 and 23% and day 8. However, conidial yield was not affected in Mpmt4K360R compared with a significant reduction in Δpmt4. In standardized bioassays, median lethal time (LT50) for the WT against Galleria mellonella larvae was 4. 2 (±0. 07) days through the normal route of cuticle infection (Fig. 6C) and 4. 1 (±0. 04) days through cuticle-bypassing infection (Fig. 6D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Marine protected areas restrict human activities to preserve marine life. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the e. Browse more projects conserving species biodiversity across the tree of life? Rabearisoa, Rachel Meyer, and Camille GaynusBacked by and : 10. 18258/69033Grant: eDNA Innovation$10,005Raised of $10,000 Goal100%Funded on 6/11/24Successfully Funded$10,005pledged100%fundedFundedon 6/11/24? How does this work? assessments are a common tool for evaluating biodiversity richness, but they are costly and time-consuming. Their pertinence can also be limited by several factors, such as the accessibility of sampling areas or the quality of photographs and specimens. This project aims to use digital and molecular tools to 1) catalyze the development of next-generation biodiversity monitoring strategies for a comprehensive inventory and 2) expand environmental awareness in Black communities. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? In 2017, the of Sciences (CAS) team intensively surveyed the biotic communities on the headland California beach. The study surveyed the unprotected tidepool as well as the (SMCA) created in 2009 to assess how biologically different these areas are. The study found little overlap between eDNA and photographs, with eDNA covering lower trophic, but also that the unprotected tidepool and the SMCA looked identical based on eDNA. This project aims to update the data collected in 2017 and test if the SMCA is now different from the unprotected tidepool in terms of biodiversity richness after 7 years of protection, using the same method of comparing eDNA results to human observation records. What is the significance of this project? The results of this project could demonstrate that eDNA may be useful for finding proxies for diversity in sites that are difficult to monitor with photographs and better inform ecosystem management. Effectively, systematic collection of eDNA can describe differences in spatial and temporal biodiversity variation of the beach, and provides a rich view of the community ecological network, including holobiomes. The two-period data comparison can demonstrate the effectiveness of the SCMA in conserving biodiversity after 7 years of protection. The project will share the experiments and data with the public through interactive web pages of and Black in TV so that it can expand the number of eDNA adopters in California and beyond. What are the goals of the project?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All communities will be equally protected by climate adaptation methods. [SEP] Text: A diversified and localised market would be more likely to grow, based upon the expansion and multiplication of strong and successful models, the added value of recruiting new ideas and people locally and the increased localised confidence and positive feedback encouraging more people to become involved. It would also encourage new entrants to land management and farming, to help build the confidence and entrepreneurship that will be essential beyond the 2013 CAP reforms, as well as raise the profile of this modern approach to integrated land management. Larger landscape-based projects could be developed as cluster projects to provide a framework involving other initiatives to maximise the benefits of natural resource management, for example localised food production, wood biomass, hydro-electricity generation, linking with smaller site-based projects, education and interpretation projects. The smaller start up projects would find further support and gain contextualisation from the landscape-based projects. Initiatives such as Valleys could be invited to assist with the development of community-based carbon neutralisation projects, where for example investment in small scale, community-based hydro-electricity generation produces a profit from feed-in tariffs, which is then invested in further energy projects, as well as local food production and upland and wetland habitat restoration. Creating this sort of independent social enterprise could be a very cost-effective model for investing agri-environment cash too, producing real socio-economic returns that have public value because they can be measured in terms of publicly beneficial outcomes, as well as cash. This cost-effective and repeatable approach would help to ensure that a real, resilient and growing market is established for ecosystem services and public benefits. It offers real scope for agri-environment schemes to buy much more than a simple one-off transaction paid to individual farmers and landowners; it guarantees a real entrepreneurial market rather than a range of single PES ‘events’ based upon what is affordable. It keeps the money circulating. Advertisement 1. ANPA. 2008Britain’s as test beds for ecological mitigation and adaptation to the impacts of climate change- an agenda for action. A statement by the Ecologists of the of England, Scotland and Wales. Association of Authorities, May 2008. 2. BassM. S. FinerM. JenkinsC. N. KreftH. Cisneros-HerediaD. F. Mc CrackenS. F. PitmanN. C. A. EnglishP. H. SwingK.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The LT50s for the mutants Δpmt1, Mpmt1K88R and Mpmt1K482R against the model insect increased by 34%, 28% and 23% as compared with the WT estimate via the normal infection, respectively, and also elongated similarly at lesser level via the cuticle-bypassing infection. In contrast, the lethal action was significantly accelerated in Mpmt4K360R but delayed in Δpmt4 versus the WT irrespective of the cuticle or cuticle-bypassing infection. These experimental data indicated that all of the Kac sites were crucial for Pmt1 and Pmt2 to sustain vegetative growth, aerial conidiation, stress responses and/or virulence of B. bassiana. DiscussionOur acetylomic analysis revealed 283 Kac proteins and 464 Kac sites in B. bassiana. The proportion of the identified Kac proteins (2. 73%) in the fungal database of 10,364 proteins is relatively small compared with what was reported from the acetylome of S. cerevisiae (17. 93%)24 but close to those in the aceylomes of C. albicans (5. 28%)25 and P. sojae (4. 34%)26. These fungal acetylomes are based on different genetic backgrounds and life styles, which are represented by the B. bassiana strain lacking sexual type, the lysine auxotroph strain and the lysine auxotroph rpd3-deletion strain (Δrpd3) of S. cerevisiae, and the C. albicans and P. sojae strains with sexual and asexual types. The S. cerevisiae acetylome containing much greater proportion of Kac proteins than those of three other fungi implicates that proteins could be hyperacetylated in the used yeast strains. An expanded survey of reported lysine acetylomes from different organisms demonstrates a proportion of Kac proteins ranging from 0. 12% to 11. 73% in the protein databases of several representative eukaryotes except the yeast and from 1. 85% to 42. 83% in various bacteria, as summarized in Table 1. Indeed, the proportion of the Kac proteins identified from the acetylome of B. bassiana is higher than those in most acetylomes of other eukaryotes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: The operating theater has traditionally served as the main classroom for surgeons during their apprenticeship and medical students, as surgical skills necessitate repeated exposure to diverse scenarios and hands-on experience. However, the increasing complexity of procedures, introduction of new technologies and techniques, stricter work hour restrictions, greater legal scrutiny and heightened awareness of trainees' roles in patient care have created a need for more advanced training approaches. Although cadaveric training has been the gold standard, it is constrained by high costs, limited accessibility, non-pathologic states and ethical considerations (Mao et al. 2021). Similarly, simulated patients, role-play and mannequins are commonly used to improve clinical, surgical and decision-making skills, but they are often constrained by time, location, cost and limited reusability for most scenarios. In recent decades, computer-assisted training, particularly through technology-mediated learning platforms such as (VR), has gained significant traction (Jou and Wang 2013). VR has gained popularity in high-risk industries such as defense, aviation and medicine (Mehrotra and Markus 2021). According to the Association for and Learning () standards of best practice, VR is defined as “a simulation-based learning activity designed to provide an experience through the use of an alternative medium. Learners can complete specific tasks in a variety of potential environments, use information to provide assessment and care, make clinical decisions, and observe the results in action” (2016, p. 41). While VR has a long history in medical education and numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in improving skill mastery outside the operating room, assessing the translation of these skills to the clinical environment remains challenging (McKnight et al. 2020). The aims of the research were to: Determine whether VR training improves the skill acquisition of the candidates. Describe the short-term skill acquisition obtained by simulation training. Determine the factors affecting the magnitude of the skill acquisition. Therefore, an empirical study was performed using a within-and-between-subject design approach to validate the immersive VR as a training platform for medical students. The training scenario covered the topic of Gas (ABG) collection for second-year medical students. ABG collection includes an arterial blood sample being collected from an artery, primarily to determine arterial blood gases. The ABG gases are being used to assess patients in critical care. This process is a fundamental skill that students need to acquire during their education.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate adaptation projects can replace the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from rice production systems: Towards adaptation of more water-efficient and climate-smart agricultural practices Syed Faiz-PE&RCResearch output: Thesis › internal (1) the increasing world population and accelerated global warming, the main challenge faced today is to develop effective strategies to maintain or increase productivity and prevent environmental deterioration. Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important agricultural staple for more than half of the world’s population and is critically important for global food security. While rice is essential for ensuring global food security, traditional rice cultivation practised in flooded paddy soils demands unsustainably higher water inputs than other cereal crops, emits a large amount of greenhouse gases, especially CH4, and can accumulate heavy metals such as arsenic (As) in rice grain due to its connection with redox chemistry. In addition, in recent years the renewed interest in application of organic fertilisers, especially as in organically produced rice or amendments e. g. rice straw (produced in huge quantities in intensive cropping systems), can significantly increase CH4 emissions because they add an extra source of carbon substrates for methanogens (Snyder et al. , 2009) as well as increase heavy metals in rice grain. Water management practices can alter soil oxygen availability, thereby affecting various processes underlying the production of CH4 and N2O emissions and the uptake of heavy metals such as As in rice grain. The two strategies most often proposed to reduce CH4 emissions are to limit the period of soil submergence (i. e. draining the field) and reduce carbon inputs (through residue management). Alternative irrigation systems such as mid-season drainage and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation have attracted considerable interest among soil scientists as they can simultaneously save water and reduce CH4 emissions, but their effect on N2O emission and grain yield is less clear. However, irrigation management strategies that reduce yields may simply displace food production and associated GHG emissions to a different region. A deeper understanding of the timing and severity of drainage can shed light on the problem of such a practice. In particular, drainage during the early season (ED) could potentially be effective since the system still contains large amounts of available C from inherent or added soil carbon in the system. Finally, despite promising multiple benefits, the adoption of climate-smart techniques (CSA) by farmers has been observed to be relatively low.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Survey of Kac proteins and Kac sites in lysine acetylomes across organisms. Full size tableKac events are well outlined by Kac motifs. Previous acetylomic studies have revealed several Kac motifs more or less varying with organisms and preferential locations of their Kac sites adjacent to Y, H, F, and K residues16,17,34,43. In this study, we identified six Kac motifs and found that these Kac sites preferred to locate upstream of Y, W, H, F and K residues (and KacxxxxK) or downstream of F residue (FxKac) in B. bassiana. Five of these motifs also exist in the Kac proteins of prokaryotes and other eukaryotes and hence are highly conserved across organisms. The evolutionarily conserved traits of these motifs are often seen in some key Kac proteins and their Kac sites. For instance, paired Kac sites on the 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1 (K68 and K122) and Bmh2 (K70 and K124) in B. bassiana are well aligned with those (K70 and K125 on Bmh1 or K70 and K124 in Bmh2) in S. cerevisiae. Intriguingly, the KacW motif was characterized from 26 Kac sites of 17 uncharacterized Kac proteins in the B. bassiana acetylome and also found in the acetylomes of C. albicans25 and P. sojae26. This indicates that at least some Kac events are of special importance for the fungal pathogens and perhaps more fungi whose lysine acetylomes have not been explored. Moreover, many of the Kac proteins with one or more Kac sites are multifunctional, expanding largely the links of Kac events to biological aspects in B. bassiana. The fungal Kac events are distributed in all possible intracellular parts based on predicted subcellular locations and hence are enriched in plenty of molecular functions, biological processes and KEGG pathways at transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional levels. The biological importance of the identified Kac events was verified by functional analysis of the Kac sites on Pmt1 and Pmt2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: Following this brief introduction, the paper is structured into a further eight sections. Section 2 summarizes the recent literature around the applications of VR for surgical training, and Sect. 3 outlines a requirements framework derived from the literature which was then tailored for the system of interest within the case study. A methodology is then provided that describes the requirements-driven approach taken to design the study, gather data as evidence for fulfillment of requirements and finally the evaluation of the system against the requirements. Section 5 reports on the results of the study, with Sect. 6 specifically providing the results of the validation exercise. The paper finishes with a discussion of the research findings against the initial aims described prior and considers the limitations of the work. The paper concludes with a summary of the work and implications for the field of research. 2 Application of VR for surgical trainingWithin the literature around the applications of VR surgical training, VR tends to be used in two ways: as a surgical training tool or as a pre-surgical training and planning tool or both. 2. 1 Application of VR for surgical training skills and educationVR-based simulators have been extensively used for healthcare faculty education and nursing studies in the past ten years (Mäkinen et al. 2022). Barteit et al. (2021) in their review of using HMD-VR for medical training reported that HMDs were most often used for training in the fields of surgery and anatomy and it was perceived by trainees as a salient, motivating and engaging training platform. Previous literature also demonstrated the benefits of VR for surgical residency programs where post-training, residents were able to complete the procedures more quickly and displayed better accuracy in performing the surgical tasks (Mao et al. 2021). While training is important, it is also crucial to formulate proper skill acquisition and assessment programs, and VR can create an opportunity where novice or experienced surgeons can perform or practice a surgery where instructors can identify individual strengths, weaknesses and any areas for improvement (Mehrotra and Markus 2021). Bracq et al. (2021) investigated the use of VR for training scrub nurses to identify errors and situational awareness in the operating room. The results of their study suggested that students perform better than experienced nurses, which indicates the importance of providing refresher training for healthcare professionals. This can be useful in tracking development and acquisition of skills in residents, as well as helping to maintain skill level in senior surgeons (Pelargos et al. 2017).

Output: corroborate