Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Additionally, given how heavily agrarian the state of Indiana is, future research should explore perceptions of different land manager populations and in other parts of the US and world where land may be used and valued differently. Overall, the majority of land managers in our study agreed with a variety of advantages and purposes of use for hybrid and GM trees compared to disagreement or neutrality. Thus, if or when using these tree types are deemed an appropriate choice for restoring at-risk species (and approved legally), most land managers in Indiana might be agreeable to recommendations from researchers about using these tree types. It was also made very clear throughout the study that despite indicating a high degree of agreement towards using hybrid and GM trees, land managers still had very strong ecological concerns about their use and suitability as a native replacement. In order to alleviate these concerns, it will be essential that the traits of hybrids and GM trees be thoroughly vetted, particularly ecologically. Land managers have a clear stake in the issue and would ultimately be responsible for any widescale implementation of hybrid and GM trees. It is important for scientists to understand that land managers, as well as other environmental managers, are specialists with pre-existing knowledge and experience with at least some of the issues surrounding hybrid and GM trees and other environmental issues, and have formed a set of values and perceptions around them. Rather than assuming an information deficit, this pre-existing knowledge and set of values should be acknowledged and used as a starting point when scientists engage with land and environmental managers about management decisions in a rapidly changing world (Nisbet and Scheufele 2009). Further, researchers evaluating hybrid and GM trees should not only clearly and regularly communicate the results and recommendations from their work after completing a project, but seek to engage, consult, and co-generate ideas and solutions with land managers, environmental managers, and other stakeholders from the beginning. This can provide useful direction for research projects, such as identification of key tree traits and areas of concern to focus on that might not be as readily apparent to scientists who often work in more controlled, smaller scale settings. Ultimately, inclusion of land managers in the research process will also build greater ownership and involvement, and thus, greater success for hybrid and GM tree research and its applications.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones will replace all traditional delivery vehicles within the next few years. [SEP] Text: In contrast, employing Multi-trip approach allows for the delivery of all loads. Figure 5. Results of scenarios where total payload exceeds drone’s capacity. (a) Normalized total flight distance; (b) Normalized total flight time. 5. this study, we introduced the concept of the FSVRP tailored to scenarios involving multiple deliveries. By segmenting deliveries across several trips, our approach not only augments the capacity for deliverable loads but also yields a decrease in overall delivery time. To evaluate the efficacy of our proposed methodology, we conducted a series of experimental analyses, contrasting it against traditional methods across a diverse set of 320 problem scenarios. The empirical data revealed that, in instances where the parcels were within the payload capacity, the FSVRP-Multi-trip approach resulted in a reduction of total flight time by approximately 10%. Looking forward, our research will venture into exploring the application of multiple drones in addressing routing problems that consider load-dependent variations in flight speed. 1. ’. Energy use and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of drones for commercial package delivery. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1–13. [2. Ma Y-H, Shieh T-H, Hung L-C, Tsai L-C. Research on the new drones design to improve transportation of supplies and medical care for remote mountain area in Taiwan. of the 2021 9th on (ICOT), Tainan, Taiwan, 16–17 December 2021. 3. Maximilian K, Christian W. Containing the COVID-19 pandemic with drones—Feasibility of a drone enabled back-up transport system. Transp. Policy 2021, 106, 141–152. [4. . Assessing the sustainability of using drone technology for last-mile delivery in a blood supply chain. J. Modell. Manag. 2021, 16, 1376–1402. [5. Hossein E, Enkhsaikhan B. Last-mile drone delivery: Past, present, and future. Drones 2023, 7, 77. [6. Mohammad M-J, Matthias W. Applications and research avenues for drone-based models in logistics: A classification and review. Expert Syst. Appl. 2021, 177, 114854. [7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Приходится возвращаться назад к вопросу: а что такое вообще музыка? И порой встречаются такие, кто удивляется, что не все то музыка, что звучит. Студентам-первокурсникам очень важно сразу объяснить, как работают интуитивное и рациональное начала, то есть где следует опираться на ощущение, а где — на расчет.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: AbstractGenetic modification using Agrobacterium- or biolistic-mediated gene transfer can overcome the limitations of conventional tree breeding. Alternatives to the use of antibiotic resistance selectable markers and how they might be used to overcome potential public concerns are described. Applications of genetic modifications to trees include altered wood properties, speeding up breeding cycles, forests as pharmaceutical factories, dendroremediation, and improved resistance to pests and diseases, as well as the restoration of sensitive landscapes. Key WordsGenetic modificationtreesforest biotechnologyforestrygeneticsTrees make up more than 30% of the land biosphere and play an essential part in our lives by photosynthesizing, cleaning the air, and contributing to the beauty of landscapes as well as being a major source of fuel and processed products. Progress in improving trees using genetic modification (GM) is discussed herein. Technologies for speeding up tree breeding using biolistics and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic modifications are described. These technologies lead to applications including modifying wood composition and structure, manipulating growth and development, improving pest or disease resistance, and landscape restoration. approaches to tree improvement have involved the identification of mature trees with desirable phenotypes, followed by their incorporation into breeding programs. The length of time needed for trees to reach reproductive maturity, often in excess of 20 years, before controlled crosses can be made is the limiting factor for tree improvement (Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the desired progeny phenotypes will be identified. The application of biotechnology can overcome many of the drawbacks associated with conventional breeding strategies. This may be achieved using micropropagation or somatic embryogenesis techniques (Dandekar and James 1998) to produce large numbers of phenotypically similar plants, at rates exceeding those attainable in nurseries, or via the use of genetic modification technologies (Trick and Finer 1999) (Table 1). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 1 Genetic manipulation technologies. There is enormous potential for speeding up tree breeding cycles by the use of genetic modification. Systems have been developed for gene transfer, selection of novel gene-containing shoots, and stimulating regeneration for both broadleaved and coniferous trees (Fenning and Gartland 1995; Wenck et al. 1999). The systems use either the soil-based microorganism Agrobacterium or DNA-coated p1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones will replace all traditional delivery vehicles within the next few years. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of F - of O - of P - 1 EP - 6 PB - Group SN - 2328-7616 UR - AB - In a world where most businesses are innovating or digitally transitioning, neglecting to experiment puts businesses at a disadvantage by making them increasingly irrelevant to the consumers, resistant to change, and unable to compete with larger and more efficient rivals. According to a survey by McKinsey, 84% of professionals feel that future success is dependent on continuous innovation in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry and respond to the competition. 13, 2022, Amazon announced its plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. The idea of delivery with the help of drones represents a true innovation in the e-commerce business, fastening the delivery service in a way that was almost unimaginable a few years back. However, the company faces diverse challenges endangering its project, including ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns. All of this leads to a launch that has been postponed for years, questioning the viability of the project. Indeed, Amazon has the potential to be a huge success once it finally launches its operations as it can develop a strong competitive advantage. This case analysis aims at discussing the factors involved in the implementation of the Air project to investigate whether delivery drones can possibly be a disruptive technology. This case analysis is intended to be a helpful source for class discussions as well. VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: И очень важно, чтобы студент действительно осознавал, что такое фундаментальные понятия в музыке — не как-то интуитивно, а чтобы мог четко изложить, что такое гармония и форма… Парадоксально, но многие даже опытные музыканты, уже в возрасте, не понимают элементарных вещей. Именно поэтому периодически вспыхивают острые и оживленные дискуссии, например, о том, умерла мелодия или еще жива.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Hairy roots of willow (Salix spp. hybrid). P62. 5 million) of research by more than 400 multinational research consortia, that GM crops are “probably … safer than conventional plants and foods” for both the environment and human consumption (Bouchie 2001). Additionally, coordinated studies from U. S. and Canadian scientists have shown that the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterflies is negligible (Sears et al. 2001). Antibiotic resistance markers have been extensively used in food crop trials for at least 15 years (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). Alternative selectable markers being developed include the isopentenyl transferase gene from the plasmid embedded within a transposable element (Ebinuma et al. 1997). An estradiol-induced recombinase protein can excise DNA at specific recognition sites flanking a selectable marker gene (Ow 2001). Genes for detoxifying unusual substrates such as 2-deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate, or genes enabling unusual nutrients to be assimilated, such as phosphomannose isomerase (Hansen and Wright 1999), have also become available. Recent EU legislation limits the use of antibiotic resistance marker genes where there is evidence of significant potential damage to human health or the environment. Similarly, the potential risks from individual herbicide resistance genes being transferred to other plants must be put into context. Resistance to herbicides, such as Round-Up® or glyphosate, the most commonly quoted in anti-GM literature, can only become a significant problem if we rely on it as a sole source of killing weeds (Strauss et al. 1997). More important, it is often overlooked that use of herbicides in forestry is infrequent due to health concerns and there are distinct advantages in using non-persistent formulations with low ecotoxicity. It is likely that new and future generations of herbicides, with different modes of action, will be transferred from the annual crops arena to forest trees. This is likely to greatly reduce our reliance on glyphosate, the active ingredient in Round-Up®, as other herbicides become commonplace. Herbicide resistance genes may also provide new alternatives to the use of antibiotic resistance in future GM trees. The potential for trees to spread pollen over long distances is not disputed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones can operate in any weather condition without issues. [SEP] Text: 5) A i ≤ 2 ( x i + 1 − ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ) + ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) − x i ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ) = ( 2 x i + 1 − ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) − x i ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ) ≤ 2 ( x i + 1 − x i ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ). Similarly, we have (4. 6) B i ≤ 2 ( x i + 1 − x i ) g i ( ξ ( x i x i + 1 ) ). On the other hand, for all x i ≤ x s ≤ x i + 1 we have G i ( x s ) ≤ G i ( s s ) ≤ ‖ α ‖ ∞ x i + 1 − x i 1 α ∞ 2 ( x i + 1 − s ) ( s − x i ) ≤ ‖ α ‖ ∞ 1 α ∞ 2 x i + 1 − x i 4 which implies that (4. 7) g i ( x ) ≤ ‖ α ‖ ∞ 1 α ∞ 2 x i + 1 − x i 4 ∫ x i x i + 1 w ( s ) d s ≤ 1 4 ‖ α ‖ ∞ 1 α ∞ 2 ‖ w ‖ ∞ ( x i + 1 − x i ) 2. Thus, it follows from (4. 4), (4. 5), (4. 6), and (4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Никому не приходит в голову, что ответ на этот вопрос лежит на поверхности — в определении понятия мелодии. И когда говоришь или пишешь, что мелодия — это просто главный голос в гомофонной (или гомофонической) фактуре, на тебя смотрят с таким изумлением, будто ты изложил теорему Гаусса. То же самое с гармонией. Необходимо знать, что гармония — это система связи формообразующих элементов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Where GM trees are concerned, scientists cannot yet completely guarantee that pollen formation can be prevented in every individual tree, although exercising flowering control has been suggested both for limiting invasiveness as well as potential for pollen transfer (Adams et al. 2002). Such an expectation, however, misses an important question: What impact would GM pollen grains have if released into the environment? There is currently no clearly compelling evidence of significant damage due to limited amounts of GM tree pollen being able to spread within the environment (Strauss et al. 2001). Plants, including trees, have been exchanging genetic material within and between species on a large scale for millions of years. As yet, this exchange does not appear to have produced large-scale ecological problems. If transfer of GM tree pollen really is a significant issue, then sterility systems for inducing reproductive incompetence (Mouradov and Teasdale 1999) or trunk grafting (Lev-Yadun and Sederoff 2001) will become more useful in alleviating these concerns and their use encouraged in GM trees (Strauss et al. 1995). Even if a distinct adverse effect of allowing GM trees to flower is found, beyond that of simply promoting genetic exchange, it is likely that any such effects could be ameliorated using short rotation forestry, with limited, or indeed no flowering potential. Once again, any risks introduced from limited GM tree pollen transfer must be placed into context versus the risks from introduced exotic germplasm (Richardson 1998). Additionally, recent evidence suggests that transgenic poplar DNA is unlikely to persist in soils for more than 4 months before being degraded, limiting potential for transfer to soilbased microbes (Hay et al. 2002)Two other potential concerns expressed about GM trees relate to their longevity and the potential for unexpected effects, once released into the environment. Unexpected effects might include gene silencing, in which expression of an inserted gene ceases. Releasing and monitoring a large number of independently genetically modified trees could overcome this potential problem, because the available evidence suggests the frequency of gene silencing events is rare (Dominguez et al. 2002a). A similar approach is already taken by commercial foresters, who generally wish to avoid monocultures. Additionally, our understanding of genetic stability is increasing as sequences such as matrix attachment regions (MARs), which appear to improve the consistency of gene expression, become more widely used (Allen et al. 2000).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones can operate in any weather condition without issues. [SEP] Text: Its low cost (~$3,500), programmability, and scalability permit large-scale experiments that take advantage of the many benefits lab model organisms offer, such as huge fly genetic libraries containing thousands of lines (Jenett et al. , 2012; Thibault et al. , 2004). After demonstrating MAPLE’s breadth of utility across species, we highlight the depth of its capabilities with two particularly time- and manual labor-intensive fruit fly tasks: rapidly collecting virgin females, and large-scale longitudinal measurement of fly social networks and behavior. The latter experiment reveals previously unknown stability of Drosophila social interactions, and confirms that both olfaction and vision are required for dyad-specific social interactions in this context. physical implementation With the high level goals of modularity, scalability, and automatability in mind, we designed the MAPLE system with the following design constraints: (1) It features a large, flat experimental workspace with room for multiple flexibly-configurable experimental modules. (2) This workspace is physically open for user convenience, and transparent on the top and bottom for in situ optical phenotyping. (3) Multiple end-effectors can move throughout the workspace to handle organisms, capture images, and manipulate experimental modules. (4) It features failsafe mechanisms so that users can leave it unattended without worrying that it would damage itself or experimental modules. (5) It is relatively inexpensive and scalable. MAPLE (Figure 1, Figure 1—figure supplement 1A) was built using extruded aluminum rails to support x-, y-, and z-carriages mounted on linear rails in a Cartesian configuration. We employed the CoreXY system (Moyer, 2012), which reduces the mass of the moving part of the X/Y gantry by fixing the stepper motors on the frame. (However, for the speeds at which we run MAPLE, which are roughly 80% as fast as human hands conducting experiments (Video 1), mounting the y-axis stepper motor on the x-axis carriage would likely not reduce performance. ) Figure 1 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset MAPLE, a robotic platform for conducting experiments with many species. (A) Schematic of MAPLE with workspace dimensions indicated and an expanded schematic of the end effectors. Colors indicate different robotic systems. (B–F) Demonstrations of MAPLE experiments in yeast, C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: На уровне формы целого она применяется не к «первокирпичам», а к уже полученным минимальным структурно-семантическим единицам музыкального языка, и выстраивает смысловую организацию на следующем этапе, где, если условно провести параллели с естественным человеческим языком, слова соединяются в осмысленные предложения.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: The relative longevity of trees is as much a benefit as a potential concern, because their potential economic or amenity value can extend for hundreds of years. Many of the publicized potential concerns about GM trees are either misplaced due to a lack of public understanding, or they may be actively managed until such times as further research, including field trials, can resolve these issues. It should not be forgotten that, since 1994, more than 3. 5 trillion GM plants have been grown in the alone, without any significant ecological or human health consequences being identified (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). These numbers include more than 250 field trials of GM trees, although most of these have been with poplars and eucalypts (Rautner 2001; Gartland et al. 2003). Our knowledge and understanding of how GM trees function and perform in the wider environment can only be aided by further field trials, using a wider range of trees, as they become available through advances in genetic modification and regeneration technologies. of the potential benefits that genetic modification can bring to forestry and arboriculture include improved yields; modifying lignin content; speeding up breeding cycles; the production of valuable pharmaceuticals from trees; cleaning up environmental pollution; more effective management of pests and diseases; and enhanced amenity and landscape restoration value. Increasing yields from plantation forests by genetic modification will allow more wild forests to be left undisturbed. To this end, findings that at least two species of aspen (Populus tremuloides and P. tremula) grow faster after genetic modifications are most encouraging (Hu et al. 1999; Tzfira et al. 1999) (Figure 2). Among the wood quality traits that can now be altered by genetic modification are the composition and processing properties of lignins. Using antisense technology to reduce expression of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, a key step in lignin biosynthesis, reductions of up to 45% in the lignin content and increases of up to 15% in the cellulose content have been obtained in aspen. Enhanced leaf, root, and stem growth were also observed (Hu et al. 1999; Sederoff 1999). Being able to reduce the lignin content of trees or to improve pulping properties has also been achieved by reducing cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in 2-year-old poplar (P. tremula × P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones can operate in any weather condition without issues. [SEP] Text: Either significantly positive or negative values of this index indicate social interaction. We found that male-female and female-female, although not male-male, dyads produced the same distribution of interactivity indices (Figure 5—figure supplement 1A). Most social experiments were performed with virgin female-female dyads, although for some control groups we also included male-female dyads. We programmed MAPLE to load pairs of flies from the FlyPlate into social arenas according to three different dyad schemes (Figure 5E). These varied from high-throughput (testing 162 flies at a time), with each fly tested in just a single dyad, to low-throughput (10 flies total) but saturated with respect to all possible dyadic pairings. Using the high-throughput scheme, we first measured the interactivity indices of wild type (Canton-S) flies separated by open-clear barriers. The observed distribution was significantly different compared to shuffled controls that scramble dyadic pairings (Figure 5—figure supplement 1B; p<0. 0001 by KS-test), indicating that interactions are dyad-specific. Dyads separated by barriers that limit sensory cues exhibited significantly lower mean absolute interactivity indices (Figure 5F), indicating that both olfactory and especially visual cues drive differences in dyadic interactions. This is consistent with reports that visual cues can mediate social modulation of behavior (Kim et al. , 2012). Consistently, anosmic Orco mutant flies (Vosshall and Hansson, 2011) showed a significant 65% reduced mean absolute interactivity index, even with open-clear barriers (p=0. 00048 by t-test). Blind NorpA mutant flies (Kim et al. , 1995) did not differ significantly from wild type flies in mean absolute interactivity index (p=0. 26 by t-test). Flies with mutations in the white gene (w1118) have reduced visual acuity (Markow and Scavarda, 1977) but showed a 50% increase in absolute interactivity index which was statistically significant (p=0. 013 by t-test), suggesting that social partner visual recognition does not require fine acuity (Justice et al. , 2012). The increased inter-dyad variability seen in w1118 animals may be consistent with increased inter-individual variability in phototactic preference exhibited by this genotype (Kain et al. , 2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Эта иерархия также обязана иметь центральный элемент, и тональность, таким образом, есть сквозное главенство центрального элемента на уровне композиции в целом. На определенном этапе гармония превращает множество в пространство, в котором появляются измерения (координаты). Считается, что звук не имеет отношения к пространству — очевидно, речь здесь идет о привычном трехмерном пространстве «длина-ширина-высота».

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: alba) (Lapierre et al. 1999). This process could reduce the energy inputs required and pollutants released by the pulping industry. Further enhancements of vegetative growth and rate of biomass increase may become possible by manipulating ammonium metabolism in trees. Increased cellular glutamine synthetase activity can enhance synthesis of nitrogenous compounds and biomass growth (Suarez et al. 2002). The understanding of how wood is laid down under stress conditions is being enhanced by studies on xylem tension stress-responsive genes (Samuga and Joshi 2002) and the effects of rol C gene expression in developing xylem in aspen (Grunwald et al. 2002). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Genetically modified Populus species hybrid. Some of the time-related limitations of conventional tree breeding may be overcome by expressing thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, such as apetela 1, or leafy in trees. Already, apetela 1 expression has shortened generation times from seed to seed from at least 5 years to a single year in the commercial citrus production rootstock citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) (Pena et al. 2001). This result was achieved by converting apical and lateral shoots to flowers, and it is likely to have significant economic implications for the fruit tree industry. Similar results have been demonstrated in aspen, reducing flowering time to a mere 7 months (Nilsson and Weigel 1997; Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Although greater understanding of flowering control is still required, the combination of genetic modification and DNA sequence information gained from analysis of earlyflowering mutants from Arabidopsis seems very likely to speed up future breeding programs considerably (Egea-Cortines and Weiss 2001). GM trees also have potential to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Although at an early stage, rubber trees in Malaysia have been engineered to secrete human serum albumin. Other high-value commodities produced and easily harvested from GM trees, including vaccines in fruit, will no doubt become commercial realities in due course (Langridge 2000). GM trees have significant potential for dendroremediation—using trees to clean up environmental pollutants. Restoring contaminated land sites reduces risks to the environment and greatly enhances the value of these sites. Considerable progress has been made with both heavy metals and with organic pollutants.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones can operate in any weather condition without issues. [SEP] Text: Its effectors move slightly slower than the hands of a trained experimentalist, so its advantages derive from it not growing tired or losing focus. MAPLE does not execute every action with 100% success. For example, attempts to remove an awake fly from a behavioral arena, using vacuum through a loading port, succeed approximately 90% of the time. Given this error rate, the experimental procedures that include removing flies from arenas use the camera to inspect the arena after each attempt to confirm if the fly has been successfully removed. Similarly, our procedure to transfer yeast colonies used the collision-detector to confirm that the object manipulator had successfully removed petri dish lids. These checks reduce the efficiency of MAPLE-conducted experiments (particularly compared to manual experiments), but mean that the operator can walk away from the device confident that MAPLE will eventually get it right. Given its redundancies and fail-safes, MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e. g. 12 hr for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. A potential advantage of using MAPLE for fly experiments specifically is the option to avoid anaesthesia. Dispenser releases awake animals into the MAPLE system, and these can then be moved between the FlyPlate and behavioral arenas using the multi-position loading ports we developed. Avoiding anesthesia has multiple benefits, including reducing the distortion of behavioral (Bartholomew et al. , 2015) and physiological measurements (Colinet and Renault, 2012), which, depending on the form of anaesthesia, can last for hours or days (MacMillan et al. , 2017). Even seemingly benign manual aspiration can disrupt the expression of sensitive phenotypes (Trannoy et al. , 2015). Automated, anesthesia-free animal-handling thus has the potential to standardize handling effects. MAPLE’s modularity means that the platform's versatility and capabilities can be expanded in the future. As examples, we are developing fly sink modules for culturing thousands of animals in the style of population cages, facilitating selection experiments and experimental evolution. We are developing a high-resolution imaging source/sink module into which flies could be deposited, imaged in dorsal and ventral views, and released back into experimental workflows. This device is inspired by the system (Medici et al. , 2015) but can be loaded with a fly on demand, rather than relying on flies to enter the imaging chamber on their own.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Это так, конечно, но музыка создает свое пространство, причем многомерное! Я не стану загромождать текст лишними определениями — каждый может сам посмотреть, что такое пространство в математике, и убедиться, что любое музыкальное произведение точно отвечает всем необходимым и достаточным условиям этого определения. Международные мастер-классы — вещь, безусловно, полезная.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) modified to express bacterial mercuric reductase grows vigorously in normally toxic levels of ionic mercury, being able to convert the highly toxic ionic mercury (Hg [II]) to the much less toxic elemental form (Hg [0]) up to twelvefold faster than untransformed poplars (Rugh et al. 1998; Meagher 2000; Rugh 2001). Using cultures of genetically modified poplar cells, Gordon et al. (1998) were able to degrade trichlorethylene, one of the world’s major pollutants. Field study data have shown that up to 95% of available trichlorethylene was degraded to chlorine ions and CO2. Similar approaches are being followed with a range of other organic pollutants, including the explosives RDX and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (Thompson et al. 1999). Using trees to clean up environmental pollutants, contaminated sites can be returned to useful service for housing, leisure, or light industry. Arboricultural benefits from genetic modification are also likely to come from improved resistance to pests and diseases. Examples include introduced resistance to the fungal pathogen Septoria musiva in poplar expressing chitinbinding proteins Ac-AMP1. 2 and ESF12 (Liang et al. 2002) and plum pox virus in Prunus domestica following expression of the viral coat protein (Ravelonandro et al. 1999). In Polish, Spanish, and Rumanian field tests, the GM plum trees allowed only low levels of viral multiplication from which the trees rapidly recovered. One such line was not infected at all over the 3-year duration of these trials, in contrast to the untransformed trees that all became infected during the first year (Ravelonandro et al. 2000). Resistance to the cottonwood leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta), a major pest, may soon be possible among poplars following their genetic modification with Bt toxin genes (James et al. 1999). Similar trials are under way in China using the Cry 1 Ac gene in P. nigra to protect against the defoliators (Hu et al. 2001). Particular care is, however, likely to be needed when selecting appropriate Bt toxin strain genes due to regional differences in cottonwood leaf beetle susceptibility.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4384267/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published31 Jul, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAlthough plastic mulching films can help increase agricultural productivity, their removal poses a significant environmental danger. The use of biodegradable plastic mulches is an appealing eco-sustainable solution to environmental contamination problems for agroecosystems. Because the biodegradation of plastic pieces in soil is strongly dependent on microbial populations, it is critical to investigate whether and how microbial communities affect different types of mulch residuals in the soil. Through the study of the degradation of different mulches residues and of the microbial dynamics for a 6-month incubation of soil trial at three different incubation temperatures (room temperature, 30°C and 45°C) it was possible to evidence that biodegradation of mulch residual depending on of the catabolic activities of specific microbial population and the temperature of incubation. In particular, the increase of temperature up to 45°C determined a reduction of the degradation capacity for all types of mulch considered. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing bacterial alpha diversity was primarily influenced by plastic type and temperature, while fungal populations were mainly affected by temperature. Beta diversity was impacted by all experimental variables. Predicted functional genes crucial for degrading complex substrates, including those encoding hydrolases, cutinases, cellobiosidases, and lipases, were derived from 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. Cluster analysis based on predicted enzyme-encoding gene abundance revealed two clusters, mainly linked to sampling time. Finally, core microbiome analysis identified dominant bacterial and fungal ASVs in various soil-plastic ecosystems during degradation, pinpointing species potentially involved in plastic breakdown. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5on the practical qualities of plastics and their wide range of uses, 391 metric tons (Mt) of it were produced only in 2021 [1, 2]. This huge production along with ineffective plastic management techniques comprises a notable amount of plastic residues in the environment [3]. Several studies showed that severe plastic pollution compromises environmental protection [4–6].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Хотя бы потому, что молодые композиторы точнее узнают, чем дышат коллеги-ровесники, что происходит в мире. На мастер-классах существенно расширяется кругозор. Но ни на каких мастер-классах — мне, во всяком случае, такие неизвестны — никто не объясняет, как из такого-то тематизма сделать пьесу или симфонию, или концерт… Это возможно только в классе.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Expression of the CTV viral p25 coat protein gene significantly increased viral resistance or delayed disease symptom onset in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) (Dominguez et al. 2002b), while commercialscale production of GM papaya resistant to ringspot virus is well established in Hawaii (Ferreira et al. 2002). Genetic modifications can be used to restore trees to pest-damaged landscapes. Three potential examples are American chestnut (Castanea sativa), English elm (Ulmus procera), and some Southern pines (Pinus spp. ) in the United States. More than 3 billion American chestnuts have been lost since the 1930s to Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus. Genetic modification may prove beneficial in speeding up the breeding programs sponsored by the Foundation (Mehlenbacher et al. 2000). Hundreds of millions of elms throughout the northern hemisphere have been devastated by Dutch elm disease, a vascular wilt caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi (Dunn 2000). Within the alone, more than 20 million mature elms were lost in the 1970s, with fresh outbreaks still occurring as elm populations struggle to recover. However, biotechnology is making significant progress with English elm. Techniques for the transfer of genes into leaf and stem tissues using DNA-coated microprojectiles, and with both A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens, have been established. These techniques allow transgene expression to be investigated using biochemical reporter genes such as gus A and gfp (Davey et al. 1998). English elms with modified growth habit as a result of Ri plasmid gene expression and phenotypically normal English elms genetically modified with β-glucuronidase antifungal protein genes have been produced (Gartland et al. 2000, 2001a, 2001b) (Figure 3). Ulmus procera has some measure of in-built containment, as it does not form viable seed in UK conditions being propagated vegetatively. Elms in the United Kingdom, as well as in North America, hold great cultural, as well as landscape, amenity, and potential economic value. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 3. Genetically modified English elm (Ulmus procera) growing in soil.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Although aquatic environments represented the focus of several studies addressing plastic pollution [7–10], it is important to provide consideration to soil ecosystems, particularly in agricultural soils. The use of plastic in agriculture (referred to as "agri-plastics") began in 1948, replacing conventional materials previously employed, like glass and paper, and allowing enhanced production yield in terms of quantity, quality, and crop conservation [11]. It was recently estimated that the agriculture industry, including gardening and farming, accounted for 4% of the global plastic market in 2021 [2]. The estimated rate of agri-plastic is expected to rise by about 64% by 2030 to meet the growing population demand for food [2]. Plastic mulching films, pivotal in agricultural practices, significantly boost crop production and quality, with approximately 6500 km2 of cropland employing these films for agricultural purposes [12]. Polyethylene (PE) or low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch plastic films are typically used in agriculture, for example, for soil solarization. Nevertheless, since they require over 100 years to decompose, they have a significant negative influence on the environment [13]. Their disposal methods include burning, burying, and recycling [14, 15]. However, because of soil contamination, recycling can be challenging and costly [16]. The use of biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) is an attractive eco-sustainable alternative approach to overcome the environmental pollution problems caused by the use of plastic films [17], because they can be degraded progressively in the soil without releasing toxic residues [18]. After the growing season, if, as stated, PE or LDPE films should be removed from the soil's surface, BDMs could instead be tilled in and biodegraded by microorganisms. BDM fragments provide both a physical and biogeochemical input. This feature is specific to BDMs; therefore, research on non-biodegradable polymers like PE cannot be used to forecast the potential effects of BDMs on soil ecology and functioning. [19]. BDMs tilled into soil, provide a carbon input, several studies showed that soil microorganisms respond to these inputs even if tiny; especially in agricultural soil where microbial development is carbon limited. Previous research demonstrated that BDMs increased microbial biomass, and enzyme activity [20, 21], and altered soil microbial community structure [22, 23].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: И педагог должен быть достаточно эрудированным и обладать хорошей реакцией, чтобы объяснить, что из принесенного студентом может быть строительным материалом, а что лишнее, ненужное; как этот материал изложить, организовав экспозицию, и как его развивать в дальнейшем. Во времена Баха можно было говорить о двухмерном пространстве. Во всяком случае, Бах фиксировал только две координаты: звуковысотность и метроритм.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has attacked pines in the (Pena and Seguin 2001). These trees, described by as the priests of pines addressing the surrounding forest, may benefit from a combination of genetic modification and genomics—the application of computer science to genetic structure and function. Gene mapping and genomic sequencing advances are likely to identify potential genes for resistance to white pine blister rust fungus. Such genes, once allied to suitable regulatory elements, could be transferred back into the pines by genetic modification, reducing future damage to the landscape. genetic modification is most likely to be acceptable to the public in two areas: where greater productivity from reduced plantation forest areas can be shown to increase areas left to nature’s own devices, and in restoring threatened trees to damaged landscapes, such as the elm. Whichever aspects of GM trees advance most rapidly in the future, environmental risk assessment should always be carried out, on a case-by-case basis, until a sufficient body of knowledge on the anticipated benefits and the possible risks of this exciting technology is established. © 2003, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. ↵Adams, J. M. , G. Piovesan, S. Strauss, and S. Brown. 2002. The case for genetic engineering of native and landscape trees against introduced pests and diseases. Conserv. Biol. 16:874–879. OpenUrl↵Allen, G. C. , S. Spiker, and W. F. Thompson. 2000. Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:361–376. ↵Bouchie, A. 2001. Safety of GMOs reaffirmed by EU. Nat. Biotechnol 19:1095. OpenUrl↵Dandekar, A. M. , and D. J. James. 1998. High levels of expression of full-length cry IA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic somatic walnut embryos. Plant Sci. 131:181–193. OpenUrl↵Daniell, H. , and A. Dingra. 2002. Multigene engineering:Dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:136–141. ↵Davey, M. R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: The addition of residual plastic film in soil seemed to harm the bacterial community's richness and diversity on plastic surfaces, but it did not influence on the surrounding soil community [24]. Other studies found increased fungus abundances in soil as a result of BDMs incorporation [20, 23]. Nevertheless, the microbial response to BDMs is influenced by environment, soil type, and/or management practices. Confirming this, Li et al. , [20] find enrichment of fungus in one location and of Gram-positive bacteria in another. On the other hand, the action of microorganisms on biodegradable polymers in soil is well known and can be simplified into three steps: (i) microbial colonization of the polymer surface, (ii) enzymatic depolymerization of polymers, and (iii) microbial assimilation and utilization of the monomers and oligomers released from polymers by enzymatic hydrolysis [25]. Other enzymes typically related to plastic breakdown include those from the esterase family, both bacterial and fungal, such as cutinases and lipases [25]. In this scenario, microbial populations emerge as pivotal players in the degradation of plastic fragments within the soil environment. Critical gaps remain in our understanding effects of BDMs on soil ecosystems; also due to the absence of studies including a direct comparison of PE with BDMs to determine whether they affect soils differently. The presented study aimed to assess the degradation potential and microbial dynamics associated with biodegradable (MB and TMB) and non-biodegradable (LDPE) plastic mulch residues when mixed in soil under various temperature conditions. Evaluation of plastic degradation involves separating and weighing large plastic fragments at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze changes in bacterial and fungal communities throughout, and the predicted functions of the trials, shedding light on the intricate interactions between plastic mulches and soil microbiota. Materials and methods Soil samples and plastic mulch residuals preparation Soil samples (pH-H2O 7. 21; electrical conductivity 263. 5 µS cm− 1; CaCO3 4%; organic matter 9. 30%; organic carbon 5. 39%; total nitrogen 0. 47%; C/N ratio 11. 42%; phosphorus available 475. 16 ppm; potassium exchangeable 716. 87 ppm) were collected in a rural area of Castellammare di Stabia (NA) (40.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Ни динамика, ни агогика в его партитурах системообразующими не являлись. В ХХ веке количество координат музыкального пространства значительно увеличилось, и сегодня композитор должен точно понимать, в каком пространстве он работает. Кроме того, музыкальное пространство анизотропно, и значимость координат неодинакова.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: Tom 77 Nr 3 (2022) Artykuły Genetycznie modyfikowane topole o zwiększonej odporności na stresy abiotyczne - najnowsze osiągnięcia. Praca przeglądowa. Magdalena Sozoniuk+− Krzysztof Kowalczyk+− Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland PDF (English) DOI: Przesłane: 15 czerwca 2022 Opublikowane: 28-10-2022 ostatnich latach dokonał się ogromny postęp w zakresie poprawy odporności drzew leśnych na stres abiotyczny. Zastosowanie technik modyfikacji genetycznej pozwala na otrzymanie drzew odznaczających się dobrym wzrost w warunkach różnych czynników stresowych, takich jak wysokie zasolenie, susza, niska temperatura i zanieczyszczenie środowiska. Szczególnie podatna na modyfikacje genetyczne jest topola. Wobec nadchodzących zmian środowiskowych zastosowanie transformacji genetycznej w hodowli leśnej wydaje się być atrakcyjną perspektywą.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Heatmaps were generated in R using the package pheatmap 1. 0. 12 [39]. Venn diagrams were created to assess the unique and shared core microbiota, identifying overlap between soils treated with different plastic mulch residues () at RT and 30°C (detection > 0. 01% and prevalence = 70% for bacteria; detection > 0. 01% and prevalence = 99% for fungi, based on prevalence plot). Finally, ASV sequences of the core were compared with the GenBank nucleotide data library using BLAST software on the for website (ASVs belonging to the same species were collapsed). of temperature on plastics degradation After six months of incubation of soil, plastic mulch residues greater than 2 mm were weighed for comparison with the initial weight (Fig. 1, 1). The incubation temperature used in the experiment influenced the degree of degradation of the plastic mulching films. At RT, biodegradable mulch residues, MB and TMB, showed a high percentage of degradation (69. 15% and 51. 36% respectively). The increase of temperature at 30°C, allowed an increase of the MB mulch film residues degradation (88. 90%), and a decrease of TMB degradation to 38. 86%, while at 45°C no biodegradation activity, was observed. After six months, no degradation of LDPE was observed at all temperature assayed (Fig. 1, 1). Dynamic of microbial communities in soil with mulching films at different temperature Dynamic of bacterial communities Amplicon sequencing yielded a total of 38,723 bacterial ASVs obtained from 61 samples. and Proteobacteria were the dominant groups at the beginning of the process (Fig. 2A). After 3 months of incubation at RT the major differences were highlighted between MB-or TMB-amended soil. In MB-soil Cyanobacteria and Planctomycetes drastically decreased from ~ 68. 84–0. 01% and from 7. 15–0. 08%. Instead, there was an increase in Actinobacteria (from 14. 20–32. 81%), Proteobacteria (from 8. 47–29. 29%), Chloroflexi (from 4. 10–11. 45%), Firmicutes (from ~ 1–18. 39%), and Acidobacteria (from 2. 42–10. 28%), which remained stable up to 6 months (Fig. 2A).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Следовательно, когда композитор находит материал, который ляжет в основу будущего сочинения, он должен ясно понимать, по каким координатам музыкального пространства пойдет развитие. Часто бывает так, что тембровая координата имеет исключительное значение, а звуковысотность — практически никакого. Еще чаще звуковысотность становится производной от функции тембра или от какой-то еще. Это, кстати, очень важный момент, о котором никто никогда не говорит.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: W niniejszej pracy omawiamy najnowsze osiągnięcia dotyczące genetycznie modyfikowanych drzew charakteryzujących się zwiększoną odpornością na niesprzyjające warunki środowiska. A. , Kim J. -K. , 2020. Transgenic breeding approaches for improving abiotic stress tolerance: recent progress and future perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(8), 2695. DOI: Bakhsh A. , Hussain T. , 2015. Engineering crop plants against abiotic stress: current achievements and prospects. Emir. J. Food Agric. 27(1), 24–39. DOI: Bian Z. , Wang X. , Lu J. , Wang D. , Zhou Y. , Liu Y. , Wang S. , Yu Z. , Xu D. , Meng S. , 2021. The yellowhorn AGL transcription factor gene XsAGL22 contributes to ABA biosynthesis and drought tolerance in poplar. Tree Physiol. 42(6), 1–14. DOI: Brodribb T. J. , Powers J. , Cochard H. , Choat B. , 2020. Hanging by a thread? Forests and drought. Science 368(6488), 261–266. DOI: Castro‐Rodríguez V. , García‐Gutiérrez A. , Canales J. , Cañas R. A. , Kirby E. G. , Avila C. , Cánovas F. M. , 2016. Poplar trees for phytoremediation of high levels of nitrate and applications in bioenergy. Plant Biotechnol. J. 14(1), 299–312. DOI: Chang S. , Mahon E. L. , MacKay H. A. , Rottmann W. H. , Strauss S. H. , Pijut P. M. , Powell W. A. , Coffey V. , Lu H. , Mansfield S. D. , Jones T. J. , 2018.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: After 3 months at RT, soils treated with TMB had ~ 43% of Cyanobacteria. The extension of the incubation time to 6 months determined similar profiles of bacterial communities in soil treated with TMB or MB (Fig. 2A). After three months at RT, the percentage of Cyanobacteria and Acidobacteria in LDPE-treated soil decreased (from 64. 84–23. 85%, and from 2. 42–0. 77% respectively), while an increase of Actinobacteria (from 14. 20–29. 43%), Proteobacteria (8. 47–23. 93%, Chloroflexi (from 4. 10–7. 50%), Planctomycetes (from 2. 07–3. 85%), and Firmicutes (from ~ 1–1. 78%), was detected. By 6 months, the bacterial composition returned similar to the control (Fig. 2A), except stable Gemmatimonadetes population at ~ 3%. At 30°C, significant change in bacterial community structure occurred after 3 months of incubation for the MB and TMB soil samples (Fig. 2A) that showed similar profiles, characterized by the higher presence of Proteobacteria (36. 79% and 29. 76%, respectively), Actinobacteria (30. 46% and 31. 0%, respectively) followed by Chloroflexi (11. 56% and 13. 16%), Planctomycetes (6. 62% and 8. 45%), Acidobacteria (5. 29% and 7. 57%), Gemmatimonadetes (about 3. 5%) and Firmicutes (2. 92% and 3. 52%). After six months the bacterial profile returned close to the control (Fig. 2A). The bacterial community associated with LDPE at 30°C showed the increase of Actinobacteria (from 14. 20–29. 61%), Proteobacteria (from 8. 47–36. 79%), Chloroflexi (from 4. 10–11. 04%), Gemmatimonadetes (from 1. 14–3. 19%), Planctomycetes (from about 2. 00–4. 12%) and Firmicutes (from about 1% to about 2%), and a decrease in Cyanobacteria (from 64. 84–22. 23%), after 3 months of incubation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Ведь звуковысотность как была, так и остается, но ее роль сегодня кардинально меняется. Она может иметь чисто колористическое значение, поменявшись функциями с темброфактурой. Многие необычные приемы звукоизвлечения на традиционных музыкальных инструментах, в частности на инструментах симфонического оркестра, имеют свою логику развития, и логика эта может заключаться в изменении тембровой окраски или плотности фактуры мультифоников.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Developing a faster way to identify biocontamination in the air of controlled environment rooms with HEPA filters: airborne p2018. The study was divided in two periods and the measurements were performed in different controlled environment rooms with HEPA filters. (EBC) was defined as the absence of fungal and bacterial contamination. In the training period, the area under the ROC curve (aROC) of airborne p0. 760, 95% (95% CI) 0. 695–0. 825 was observed for 0. 3 µm p0. 797 (95% CI 0. 734–0. 860) for 0. 5 µm p0. 751 (95% CI 0. 673–0. 829) for 5 µm p9. 0 × 103 for 0. 3 µm p3. 6 × 103 p0. 5 µm, and 3. 2 × 102 p1. The presence of environmental fungal contamination establishes the hygiene status of the controlled environment rooms. Furthermore, the airborne level of bacteria in the controlled environment rooms is another way to evaluate the hygiene status of these rooms. A controlled environment room is classified as a clean room when the air samples revel less than 100 Colony-per m3 (CFU/m3), and acceptable when the room is between 100 and 200 CFU/m3 2. A fungal contamination and/or an airborne level of bacteria superior to 200 CFU/m3 in a controlled environment room compels the hospital to suspend the activity in the room, inspect the air-conditioning system, and conduct a cleaning and terminal disinfection of all the surfaces. The usual activity cannot be resumed until new environmental biosafety verification is confirmed with the identification of no environmental fungal contamination and the detection of an airborne level of bacteria less than 200 CFU/m3. This process includes new air samplings of the room and their corresponding microbiological testing. The definitive microbiological results of the air samplings require a minimum of 2 days for bacteria and 5 days for specific fungi3,4,5. Thus, if biocontamination is present, prompt corrective actions needed to be carried out and followed by new air samplings of controlled environment rooms. Usually, all the process implies closing the corresponding rooms for a week until the definitive results of the new microbiological measurements are available.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: However, at the end of the experiment, the profiles were comparable to the control (Fig. 2A). At 45°C the bacterial composition of all analyzed soil samples remained quite stable up to 6 months. Slight changes were observed after 3 months of incubation due to a decrease of Cyanobacteria and an increase of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes. After six months, the bacterial composition was similar to the control after 3 months of incubation (Fig. 2A). Dynamic of fungal communities Amplicon sequencing yielded 11,537 fungal. At RT and 30°C the phylum Ascomycota was dominant with relative abundances ranging from 62. 96–82. 41%, followed by the phylum Basidiomycota (from ~ 3. 21–22. 26%). In addition, the phylum Mortierellomycota (from 1. 03–9. 64%) and Unclassified fungal populations (from 4–27%), were present in all soil samples (Fig. 2B). At 45°C there was a shift in fungal community with an increase of unclassified fungi, (from 13. 99% to 77. 86), followed by a decrease in the phyla Basidiomicota (ranging from 0. 83–5. 31%) and Ascomycota (ranging from 18. 20–84. 42%). Microbial diversity Analysis of variance of Shannon's index for mulch plastic-type, sampling time, and temperature showed that bacterial diversity was affected by mulch type and temperature, whereas fungal diversity was affected only by temperature (2A and 2B). After 6 months, significant differences were found between soil incubated at RT and at 30°C, and also between 30°C and 45°C (Fig. 3A). index of the fungal community showed significant differences between soils incubated at RT compared to 30°C after 3 months (Fig. 3B). Whereas after 6 months both soils incubated at RT and 30°C differed from 45°C (Fig. 3B). Furthermore, a higher Shannon index was found in MB and TMB- treated soil compared with soil added with LDPE mulch residues as well as control (Supplementary Fig. 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Изменения в тембре или фактуре неизменно влекут за собой изменения в звуковысотной области, но они, во-первых, в данной ситуации непринципиальны для композитора, а во-вторых, при каждом исполнении могут быть разными, зависящими от инструмента и от исполнителя. Таким образом, звуковысотность часто становится функцией от аргументов иных измерений.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: for and Prevention (CDC) published in 2003 the Guide to infection control related to the hospital environment6, where the scientific evidence of each published recommendation made so far was verified. One of these measures is to verify the effectiveness of the air-conditioning systems (filtration, air renewal, and pressurization) to guarantee an optimal performance in the removal of all kind of airborne p8. The UNE 171340:2012 regulation, Validation and evaluation of controlled environment rooms in hospitals, offers an excellent tool to design and check the biosafety systems and biocontamination control. The regular or preventive verification of biocontamination in the air of the hospital controlled environment rooms consists of the inspection of the hygiene status of the rooms, the temperature, the relative humidity measurement, and the collection of samples to ascertain the presence and the counting of bacteria and fungi9,10,11,12,13. The airborne p14. The p0. 3 μm and 10 μm are useful to establish the clean status of the air and to classify the rooms according to the for Standardization (ISO) guidelines. According to the UNE 171340:2012 regulation, the 0. 3 μm airborne p0. 3 μm, 0. 5 μm, and 5 μm p2018. The study was divided in two periods: training and testing periods. The aim of the measurements carried out during the testing period was to validate the results obtained during the training period. The duration of the training period was 2 semesters (the last semester of 2016 and the last semester of 2017) and the duration of the testing period was 1 semester (the first semester of 2018). The measurements were carried out by trained staff in a systematic way, while being supervised by a senior doctor. The measurements were performed in different controlled environment rooms with HEPA filters: 14 operating rooms in the hospital, 6 rooms in the Unit and the anterooms, 5 rooms in the Endoscopy Unit, 8 cubicles in the Unit (ICU), as well as 2 nursing stations. The controlled environment rooms had a mixed-flow ventilation system equipped with HEPA filters (High-air Filters). These filters efficiently removed 99. 97% of airborne p0. 3 µm or larger, are replaced every year, and maintenance work on them is performed periodically. The median sizes of the rooms were 45 m² for operating rooms and 30 m² for the rest of the rooms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: analysis on beta diversity performed on all the experimental factors allows to state that each variable affects the bacterial and fungal community structures (Fig. 4A and 4C; 3). Based on the statistical analysis, a constrained ordination (db-RDA) was performed for both plastic type and sampling time (p < 0. 05) for bacterial and fungal communities (Fig. 4B and 4D). No distinct separation pattern could be observed for bacterial community (Figs. 4A and 4B). Fungal communities showed temperature-specific clustering (Fig. 4C), constrained ordination revealed a distinct trend in soil amended with MB mulch residues (Fig. 4D). Functional prediction analysis Functional profiles were predicted from the 16S rRNA gene sequencing data to compare soil treated with different mulch plastic residuals. While over 6000 functional genes were predicted, the focus was on enzyme-encoding genes like hydrolases, lipases, cutinase, and cellobiosidase. ANOVA analyses pinpointed 57 predicted genes significantly affected by the experimental factors (p < 0. 05; 4). After identifying the encoding genes predicted abundances significantly affected by experimental variables, the pool of encoding genes was further narrowed down. Only genes associated with the degradation of complex substrates, including cellulose, starch, and other organic compounds, were investigated (Fig. 5). Identified enzymes included cellulase, lipases, esterases as well as hydrolases. Two main clusters resulted from the functional profiles of the bacterial communities, which were mostly associated with the sampling time (Fig. 5). The first cluster (Cluster I) includes soil samples with MB and TMB mulch plastic residues collected after three months of incubation at 30°C and RT. This cluster also contains soil samples enriched in TMB and LDPE residues after three months at 45°C and 30°C, along with one control sample (C) after 6 months at 30°C (Fig. 5).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Существуют техники, где используются привычные нам тоны хроматического звукоряда, но несущая конструкция обеспечивается, опять же, построениями в иных координатах. И в звуковысотной плоскости мы получаем вполне традиционные мелодические обороты, которые выскакивают вне контроля композитора, будучи «испарениями» специфической логики. Все это надо понимать и доносить до сознания учеников. Вернусь к исходному этапу работы над новым сочинением.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: -19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 presented significant challenges for public health, particularly indoors where transmission occurs through respiratory fluids and airborne routes (Centers for and Prevention, n. d. ; Prather et al. , 2020; Tabari et al. , 2020). To mitigate these risks, supplemental measures such as the increased natural ventilation and the use of portable air cleaners (PACs) with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system upgrades have been proposed (Lindsley et al. , 2021). Early in the pandemic, a number of studies demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in air samples, using specialized air sampling equipment in hospital settings (Chia et al. , 2020; Faridi et al. , 2020; Liu et al. , 2020). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of readily available low-cost air purifiers with HEPA filters in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in community-based settings, with a particular emphasis on early identification and containment of potential outbreaks. The presence of the virus was investigated on high contact surfaces such as door handles, toilet handles, elevator call buttons, sink fixtures, and children’s tables and within air purifier filters at various community-based organizations in underserved minority neighborhoods in North Miami-Dade County, Florida. Through the development and testing of a technique to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in HEPA filters under realistic conditions in a diverse range of community settings, this study aimed to provide insights into the efficacy of small personal air purifiers (priced at $35 USD) and replacement filters ($16 USD) as a cost-effective alternative to expensive air sampling techniques used in previous research (Chia et al. , 2020; Faridi et al. , 2020; Liu et al. , 2020), thereby facilitating widespread accessible monitoring strategies for respiratory viruses. Materials and methodsPartner engagementThis study leverages community infrastructure, outreach staff, and trust-based relationships of the (NeighborhoodHELP), an academic–community partnership addressing the social determinants of health (SDOH) at the of Medicine (Greer et al. , 2018). outreach team worked with representatives of partner organizations to identify interested participants and gather information about their facility layout, utilization, and areas of congregation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: The most abundant enzyme-encoding genes in these samples were 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (K01225), acylglycerol lipase (K01054), esterase/lipase (K01066), maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (K01236), cutinase (K08095), 3D-3,5/4-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase (K03336), putative hydrolase (K04477), 2-hydroxy-6-ketonona-2,4-dienedioic acid hydrolase (K05714), and carbon-nitrogen hydrolase family protein (K08590). The second cluster (Cluster II), includes MB samples incubated at 45°C, soil supplemented with LDPE residues incubated at RT and 45°C, and samples incubated at 45°C after six months. The most abundant enzyme-encoding genes in Cluster II were phospholipase D (K01115), lysophospholipase (K01048), phospholipase/carboxylesterase (K06999), 6-aminohexanoate cyclic dimer hydrolase (K01471), ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase (K05521), peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (pth2 family) (K04794), and phosphonoacetate hydrolase (K06193). Lastly, ureidoacrylate peracid hydrolase increased after six months in two soil samples supplemented with MB and TMB and incubated at RT. Core microbiota The microbial core was calculated in soil samples associated with the degradation of mulch residuals at RT and 30°C (Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2). The bacterial core consists of 84 ASVs for bacteria and 45 for fungi. Among the three plastic types, 4 ASVs were shared among bacteria and 30 among fungi (Supplementary Fig. 2). ASVs collapse within their respective taxa led to a reduction in taxonomic diversity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Обычно все начинается с того, что студенты приносят какой-то дикий замес сонорных комплексов, пассажей, кластеров, невообразимых глиссандо, мультифоников, трелей… Элементы могут быть иными, но замес есть всегда! И мы начинаем разбираться, что здесь нужно, а что лишнее. Прежде всего надо расчистить эту кучу и отобрать только те элементы, которые действительно будут участвовать в развитии материала.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: positive test samplesFull size tableTable 2 Community facility sample locations and test resultsFull size tableThe positive samples obtained in this study underscore the importance of understanding transmission dynamics in high-traffic areas, especially in child daycare centers and other areas of indoor crowding in lower socioeconomic status and minority neighborhoods. Mask mandates varied during the study period, with adults required to wear masks in the child daycare facilities, while children were not mandated to do so. The one child daycare center that never tested positive had undertaken extensive non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for risk mitigation. The absence of positive surface swabs suggests that surface transmission may not have been a primary mode in these settings, with close contact, droplets, and aerosols likely playing a more significant role. On the other hand, it may be related to the frequent wipe down with sanitizers common during the pandemic. Air filtration with HEPA filters provides a potential strategy for reducing the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in community-based organizations since they are low-cost, easily accessible to the community, and easy to use. HEPA filters have high efficiency in capturing p0. 3 μm (Chia et al. , 2020; Ventilation and Coronavirus (COVID-19) | US EPA, n. d. ). Although the size of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory p0. 3 μm due to the presence of the respiratory fluids that surround it (Bhat et al. , 2022). Another reason may be the Brownian motion effect which allows for the entrapment of smaller p19. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of different air purifiers and filtration systems, especially in child daycare centers, for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in indoor environments. Environmental monitoring for respiratory viruses in public settings gains significance through this study. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in HEPA filters of PACs shows their effectiveness in detecting the virus within indoor environments. Recently, others have also reported detecting SARS-CoV-2 with an air pump connected to a filtration membrane (López et al. , 2021) and in HEPA filters from commercially available and/or low-cost PACs (Fernández de Mera et al. , 2022) and HVAC filters (Pan et al. , 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Thermoanaerobaculum aquaticum MP-01, Arthrobacter nitrophenolicus SJCon, Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans Sphe3, Sphaerobacter thermophilus DSM 20745, and Neobacillus endophyticus BRMEA1 were detected only in the microbiota of soil with MB degradation (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 2A). Other species present only in soils with LDPE belonged to the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria (Table 1). Soil with TMB was characterized by three species Dehalogenimonas alkenigignens IP3-3, Thermoflavimicrobium daqui FBKL4. 011, and Hydrogenispora ethanolica LX-B, shared with soils containing MB and LDPE (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 2A). All fungal shared core members of the TMB-treated soil were in common with the other two mulch types (Table 2 Supplementary Fig. 2B). Between them, Lophiotrema rubi, unclassified Nectriaceae, and unclassified Agaricaceae were shared with both MB and LDPE soils. Cheilymenia sp. and Solicoccozyma aeria, were common between TMB and MB treated soils. Whereas TMB and LDPE shared Gibberella sp. , Preussia flanaganii, and Preussia flanaganii. Finally, Metacordyceps chlamydospore, Niesslia mucida, Unclassified Fusarium, and Unclassified Mortierellaceae, were detected only in the core microbiota of LDPE-treated soils (Table 2). degradation The findings of this study provide important insights into the biodegradation dynamics of various mulch films at different temperatures. The considerable degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films (MB and TMB) during six months at RT demonstrates their promise as long-term alternatives to non-biodegradable options (LDPE). The biodegradation of TMB by 51. 36% and MB mulch by 69.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Далее при необходимости можно прибавлять к ним и другие элементы, но это неизменно должно быть естественным и логичным следствием развития. Отобранные элементы необходимо сложить в какую-то структуру, чтобы организовать разность потенциалов, обеспечивающую дальнейшее естественное движение, и донести материал до слушателя.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: HVAC filters have previously been proposed as a source for sampling for airborne viruses in public settings (Goyal et al. , 2011). ConclusionThe findings demonstrate that even low-cost purifiers with relatively low clean air delivery rates (CADR) can play a valuable surveillance role, making widespread monitoring strategies more accessible and feasible. Past research on aerosol sampling for SARS-CoV-2 focused on hospital settings and used laboratory sampling methods not well suited to community settings (Chia et al. , 2020; Faridi et al. , 2020; Liu et al. , 2020; López et al. , 2021; Rahmani et al. , 2020). Future research could explore the development of portable devices for on-site virus detection or routine testing of HVAC or PAC filters in selected high-traffic facilities. Rapid and efficient detection of viruses in public settings could aid in early identification and mitigation of outbreaks, reducing the impact of infectious diseases on public health. In addition to wastewater (Hamouda et al. , 2021), HVAC systems (Goyal et al. , 2011; Pan et al. , 2022) and PACs (Fernández de Mera et al. , 2022) offer another option for environmental monitoring. In conclusion, our study provided evidence for the effectiveness of widely accessible and affordable HEPA filters in monitoring the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in community-based settings, particularly in child daycare facilities. These results have significant implications, emphasizing the role of environmental monitoring and the potential for widespread strategies using air purification systems for monitoring respiratory viruses in the urban microbiome.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: 15% indicates their ability to decompose over time, concerning LDPE mulch recalcitrant to biological decomposition during the six-month trial, according to previous establishment [13]. Further, the impact of temperature on degradation rates is an important inquiry. The rapid breakdown seen at 30°C, particularly with MB mulch (88. 90%) as well as no degradation at 45°C, indicates that temperature impact on biodegradation efficiency is linked to microbial catabolic activity. Sintim et al. [40], observed that mulch films' biodegradability in soil field conditions varied with temperature, and higher temperatures considerably increased the biodegradability of polymers. Nevertheless, our study demonstrated that the increasing of temperatures up to 45°C affects survival rate of mesophilic bacterial population, corresponding to the non-degradation of mulch residue [41]. This evidence concerning the impact of temperatures emphasizes the need to consider this environmental variable to optimize the degradation rates based on local climate. Nevertheless, it must be considered that in a real scenario, the temperature along with other biotic (variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and Archaea) and abiotic factor (e. g. light, oxygen concentrations, humidity, and acidity) affects polymer biodegradability [42, 43]. Microbial community composition and diversity This work elucidated the impact of biodegradable mulch films tilled in soil ecosystems comparing the effects of biodegradable and non- biodegradable mulch film residues on soil microbial community diversity and functionality. Within the presented study, MB and TMB amended soils showed similar trends with general decreases of Cyanobacteria and Planctomycetes after 3 months of incubation, whereas bacterial composition was dominated by Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria, confirming the observations of other research on plastics in different environments [44–46]. Previous research showed that biodegradable plastic mulches enrich Proteobacteria [19, 23]. This phylum has a strong correlation with the total N and organic C levels of soil, indicating its involvement in biogeochemical cycles [47]. The phylum Bacteroidetes is widely dispersed throughout various ecosystems and serves a functional role in the degradation of complex organic materials [48].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: На самом раннем этапе крайне важно понять, как реализуется эта структура, какие принципы могут собрать отобранные элементы в некое интригующее целое, заключающее в себе потенциальный заряд для последующего развития.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Indoors, a variety of techniques can be utilised to reduce NO2 concentrations; these include filtration, designing ventilation systems to provide sufficient fresh air and appropriate fans and indoor ventilation for combustion systems. These all require ongoing maintenance and often large initial costs for installation. It should be noted that out of these approaches only filtration can reduce the local indoor pollutant levels to below the outdoor concentrations: ventilation systems will simply lead to an equilibration of indoor and outdoor pollutant levels which only improves indoor air quality if there is a significant concentration gradient with initially higher indoor pollution. Established filtration systems for removal of NO2 indoors include high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and carbon filters (e. g. Paulin et al. 2014). Our study investigates the feasibility of a simpler approach to remove NO2 from the gas-phase similarly to a filtration system—low-cost potted indoor plants to remove the pollutant indoors and supplement already existing mitigation techniques. NO2 removal by vegetationThe ability of vegetation outdoors (i. e. trees/plants) to remove NO2 has been extensively studied (Morikawa et al. 1998; Teklemariam and Sparks 2006; Jim and Chen 2008; Vallano and Sparks 2008; Nowak et al. 2014). Plants have been shown to remove NO2 through the stomata, simultaneously with CO2 or O2, or through absorption by the water present in the leaves—it can therefore be hypothesised that potted plants would do the same, and the water content of plant and growing media would play an important role (Nowak et al. 2014; Gourdji 2018). Moreover, a clear variation between plant type ability to remove NO2 has been previously measured in a study looking at 217 different plant taxa (including indoor plant species, albeit from dry leaf analysis post-fumigation not in situ, Morikawa et al. 1998). Additionally, it has been suggested that plants with elevated leaf ascorbate concentrations are able to remove more NO2 (Teklemariam and Sparks 2006). It can therefore also be hypothesised that different types of cultivated potted plants will remove NO2 at different rates. The uptake of NO2 by plants has previously shown to be concentration-dependent; thus, testing at an appropriate guideline concentration is important (Hu and Sun 2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Members of the Bacteroidetes family, including Flavobacterium, can facilitate the breakdown and use of complex polysaccharides [49], hence influencing the process of denitrification [50]. Evidence that biodegradable plastics tilled in agricultural soils contribute a little amount of carbon is another factor supporting these shifts. Soil bacteria in agricultural settings are often limited by carbon availability, therefore these inputs cause a response [19]. Furthermore, main variations were at RT and 30°C supporting the results of plastic breakdown and highlighting that burial of biodegradable plastics can lead to changes in soil microbial community structures [20, 22, 23]. LDPE treated soil showed slight changes in its bacterial community composition, as well as its profile was comparable to the control after six months. Otherwise, according to the phyla found, the literature suggests that microplastic cultures were enriched in polyethylene (or other polymers) degrading taxa, such as Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria [51, 52]. All samples incubated at 45°C showed a stable bacterial composition up to 6 months, probably due to bacterial decrease in activity with higher temperature occurrences [41], aligning with the absence of plastic degradation No fluctuations in the abundance of predominant fungal phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were observed at RT and 30°C. Previous research showed that the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were responsible for the breakdown of oil-based polymeric polymers [19, 23, 53]. Therefore, these findings suggest that, at least throughout the 6-month trial, no mesophilic fungal communities linked to plastic degradation emerged. Otherwise, the shifts observed at 45° C in fungal community composition highlight the influence of both plastic and temperature on fungal dynamics, in absence of plastic degradation. In all samples, the Ascomycota and Aphelidiomycota decreased, and the unclassified fungi increased. These last can be assumed that the thermophilic phyla selected by the plastic and temperature are responsible for the shift in fungal profiles at 45°C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Большая проблема нашего образования — отсутствие понимания у многих композиторов-педагогов того, что гомофоническая двухладовая тональная система уже более ста лет как исчерпала себя, и искать в ней что-то новое так же бессмысленно, как пытаться открыть новые законы в механике инерциальных систем.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: For natural ventilation, air change rates are incredibly difficult to predict due to uncertainties around wind speed, pressure coefficient, air temperature and ventilation area (Clements-Croome 2005; HM Government 2015). With mechanical ventilation, various guidance bodies specify a minimum air supply criteria in litres per second per person with UK building regulations (Part F) suggesting a minimum of 10/L/s/per person (HM Government 2015). Taking into account volumetric loading differences (Girman 1992) between the test chamber (0. 15 m3) and the small office (15 m3), the rate of NO2 removal is reduced by a factor of 100. Therefore, using measured removal rates (Fig. 2) and reducing by a factor of 100 allows us to derive the removal rate in a small office (Table 4). We therefore estimate that 1 m2 of the highest NO2 removing taxa per m2—Zamioculcas zamiifolia—in optimal environmental conditions, namely ‘typical’ light and ‘wet’ growing medium, would reduce a concentration of 100 ppb by 3 ppb after 1 h (data not shown). Furthermore, the highest removing potted plant (not considering leaf area), namely Dracaena fragrans ‘Golden Coast’ potted in wet growing media under ‘typical’ light conditions, was able to reduce a concentration of 100 ppb by 0. 62 ppb after 1 h. Results from all plant types under these presumed conditions are presented below, in Table 4. Table 4 The derived ability of each studied potted plant to reduce a concentration of 100 ppb inside a 15 m3 room in ‘wet’ (SMC > 30%, 0. 3 m3 m−3) substrate moisture conditions at ‘typical’ (~ 500 lx) light levelsFull size tableDiscussionInterpretation of chamber-based experimental resultsThis work investigates the ability of three common indoor potted plants to remove—in real-time, over a period of 1 h—an in situ concentration of 100 ppb of NO2 from a 150-L chamber. We demonstrate that the studied potted plants are able to remove significant amounts of NO2 under common indoor conditions, i. e. 0 and 500 lx. As per the hypothesis, different taxa were able to remove NO2 at differing rates—per m2 of leaf area (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Thermophilic fungi are characterized by their ability to thrive at temperatures ranging from 20 to 62°C [54]; however, there are an estimated 3 million thermophilic fungal species on Earth, of which only about 100’000 have been identified, so the increase in unclassified ASVs at 45°C may be due to the presence of species yet to be classified [54]. Analyses of alpha diversity across the entire data set confirmed that the mulch plastic type was the most discriminating factor shaping bacterial communities, followed by temperature that impact also fungal communities. It was interesting to note that the bacterial community responded differentially to each source of plastics tilled in the soil. The bacterial Shannon diversity index was higher in soils treated with TMB and MB mulch residues and decreased in LDPE-amended soils as well as in controls. The introduction of available carbon sources for bacteria through biodegradable mulch residues affected the Shannon index, confirming the response of soil microbes to these inputs. [19]. According to previous studies [41], the effect of the different temperatures on the microbial community was particularly evident at the end of the experiment, e. g. by reducing the activity of mesophilic bacteria or selecting thermophilic fungi (45°C). In addition, the beta-diversity analysis of the microbiota associated with mulch residues, investigated with showed the significant influence of sampling times that reflect the temporal dynamics of plastic degradation process. The distinct sampling stages could help to determine the interaction between microorganisms and plastic tilled in the soil. Over time, enzymes break down the plastic and microbes use the resulting fragments for their nutrition by a process involving the turnover of different populations with distinct enzyme kits [25]. Moreover, using biodegradable mulch can benefit the soil's biogeochemical cycles by promoting a dynamic microbial community, due to increased carbon intake. Predicted enzymatic activity In this study, particular focus is placed on genes encoding hydrolases, lipases, cutinase, and cellobiosidase, due to their significant role in natural or synthetic polymer biodegradation [55, 56].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Я очень много раз и говорил об этом, и писал, проводя параллели с физикой, ссылался на статьи авторитетных ученых-музыковедов, объяснял, что в начале ХХ века додекафонию открывали «всем миром» — во всяком случае, вся музыкальная Европа работала над этим, включая Россию. Но это знание почему-то не уживается в умах многих коллег.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: AbstractAir purifiers with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters remove not only particulate matter but also airborne microorganisms in indoor environments. We investigated the bacterial community in HEPA filters (used for 1 year) and that in the floor dust of 12 office rooms in Beijing. We found that the viable bacteria proportion in the filter was significantly higher than that in the floor dust (p < 0. 001). The Non-Metric Multi-analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the filters and dust were significantly different (p = 0. 001). The Chao1, Shannon–Wiener and phylogenetic diversity values in the filter were significantly higher than those in the dust (p < 0. 001). The predominant bacterial classes in the filter were Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria, whereas those in the dust were Bacteroidia, Clostridia and Bacilli. Human occupancy contributed more to the bacterial community in the filter than that in the dust. Klebsiella and Alloprevotella in the dust and filters positively correlated with the occupancy density. Soil bacteria contributed to a significantly higher proportion of the bacteria in the HEPA filter (p < 0. 001). In contrast, human oral, indoor air and outdoor haze contributed to a higher proportion of the bacteria in the dust samples (p < 0. 001, p < 0. 01 and p < 0. 05, respectively). As HEPA filters serve as an ecological niche for indoor bacteria, they should be carefully investigated during the assessment of indoor environmental health. Similar content being viewed by others Diversity and compositional differences of the airborne microbiome in a biophilic indoor environment 6. In recent years, haze pollution, fine particulate matter (PM) in particular, has been reported to increase human mortality rates owing to the development of heart disease7,8, stroke, respiratory disease9 and lung cancer10,11. The level of air pollution in China is substantially higher than in many developed countries12. Moreover, its threat to public health has become a serious concern, particularly concerning haze events13. Thus, an effective technology is essential for the removal of PM from indoor environments during periods of haze. To this end, air purifiers with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are widely used in the indoor environment, particularly in areas with heavy haze14. People are exposed to various microbes in indoor environments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: The clustering of predicted functions demonstrated that potential gene abundances were strongly affected by sampling time since two major clusters were observed: I) samples collected after three months of incubation at 30°C and RT tilled with biodegradable mulch residues (MB and TMB), comprising three exceptions: t3-TMB_T 45°C, t6-C_T30°C and t3-LDPE_T 30°C; and II) all remaining samples. The increase in several encoding genes in cluster I, like cutinase (K08095) and esterase/lipase (K01066) suggests a potential active response to the presence of plastic residues [55, 57]. These enzymes are known to cleave the ester bonds and degrade polyurethane substrate, and therefore can act also on non-biodegradable plastics [56]. Cutinase can hydrolyze a broad variety of synthetic polymer esters, both soluble and insoluble, that are structurally related to cutin [57]. The increase of cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (K01225, cluster I) that hydrolyze cellulose releasing cellobiose, was probably induced by the presence of biodegradable mulch residues in soil [58]. Cluster II comprises all samples at the latter sampling time, controls, and samples incubated at 45°C. In particular, the presence of MB and TMB from later sampling times where plastic degradation occurred, suggests that there may be significant differences in some metabolic activities compared to the same samples after three months of incubation. This confirms that changes in the activities of bacterial populations over time reflect the dynamics of plastic degradation in soil. Over time, polymers degrade enzymatically, and microorganisms assimilate and utilize the degradation products, potentially causing shifts in the predicted coding genes [25]. Core microbiota associated with mulch plastic residues The microbial core investigation aimed to provide hints of potential microorganisms involved in plastic breakdown. The analysis was performed on all plastic-type soil systems at temperatures where breakdown occurred (RT and 30°C). There is still a lack of literature, on information on microbial species known for their ability to degrade plastics. Thus, core members found in this work could be evaluated based on their enzymatic kit to assess their potential action on natural and non-natural polymers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Додекафонию у нас ненавидят лютой ненавистью, и все шишки в основном валятся на голову бедного Шёнберга, хотя его «вина» только в том, что именно он первым изложил принципы додекафонии в своей Сюите для фортепиано op. 25. Как правило, коллегам-ровесникам невозможно объяснить, что додекафония — это не адекватная замена гомофонической двухладовой тональной системе, а демонстрация того, как можно и нужно переосмысливать основополагающие понятия в музыке.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: The higher proportion of human oral source as well as indoor air in the separated samples in the dust also suggested that there were two main sources of dust bacteria (Fig. 7b). This is consistent with the findings shown in Fig. 7a. Figure 7Bacterial source analysis in the dust and filter. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of samples from different sources based on Bray–Curtis distance of bacterial genera (a); source tracking using Knight’s method (b). Full size imageDiscussionBacteria in the environment exist primarily by attaching to living and inanimate surfaces50. Two typical inanimate surfaces were analyzed in this research. After attachment to the surfaces, sufficient moisture and nutrients are needed for microbial growth51. Floor dust collects the airborne microorganisms around the sampling site by natural settlement, and thus, it can accurately reflect the microbial composition and the microbial levels in indoor air52. Indoor bacteria that originate from various sources coexist with PM40,53,54. Airborne microorganisms, along with PM, moisture and organic matter from the whole room, are pumped into the air purifier compulsively and intercepted on the filter in an air purifier via its high dust-holding capacity55,56. Indoor bacteria are trapped in the fine porous structures of the HEPA filters55, but the trapped bacteria are not killed57. Atmospheric dust deposited in air filters may serve as a nutrient for microbes20. Accompanied by the absorption of organic matter to the filter, the filter changes gradually, forming a more favorable habitat for the microorganisms57. The more nutritious habitat might explain the higher proportion of viable bacteria in the filter (Fig. 1). Two distinct bacterial community types were formed consistent with the sample types (HEPA filter and dust) (Fig. 2). Indoor microbes might be influenced by the outdoor environment owing to the continual flow of outdoor microbes into homes43,58 or because indoor environments are incompletely buffered from outdoor microbes59. During the usage of the air purifier, indoor air is purified, and p60. Thus, more soil microorganisms are enriched on the HEPA membrane than on the dust because of the high volume of filtered air. The enriched particulate matter membrane helps these microorganisms to survive or reproduce, forming microbial communities similar to the soil environment (Fig. 7a).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Among the identified bacterial species, Hydrogenispora ethanolica LX-B isolated from the mesophilic (35°C) anaerobic fermentation process of sludge, can ferment substrates with different carbon sources, including starch, glucose, maltose, and fructose [59], suggesting its potential involvement in the degradation of starch-based plastics. The species Thermoflavimicrobium daqui FBKL4. 01, a thermophilic bacterium isolated from the Daqu used to produce Chinese liquor Moutai, can ferments pure wheat [60], confirming its involvement in the degradation of starch and cellulose. The analysis of fungal core revealed 12 different species. Among them, Solicoccozyma aeria (Cryptococcus aerius) is known for its ability to produce amylases at 30°C, to digest raw starch [61]. These three microbial species were found in soils amended with MB and TMB and could therefore be of interest for the biodegradation of starch-based plastics. ConclusionsSustainable agricultural systems require to minimize the accumulation of plastic waste in soils through transitioning to effective biodegradable alternatives. This study examines how integrating both biodegradable and non-biodegradable mulch types into soil affects the microbial community over a six-month trial period. providing a direct comparison among the mulch sheets applied under the same conditions. The research observed a notable reduction in the weight of biodegradable plastics (MB and TMB), which is related to changes in bacterial community dynamics and their associated functions under mesophilic conditions. By analyzing the core microbiota of the plastic-influenced soil ecosystem, the study offers insights into identifying microbial groups with potential roles in plastic degradation. Nevertheless, the degradation of plastics in agricultural settings should take into account both biotic and abiotic factors, necessitating further study to inform and guide more sustainable agricultural management practices. DeclarationsAuthor ContributionI. R. and M. S. carried out the experiments and data analysis. I. R. wrote the main manuscript text. G. M. data analysis. V. V. reviewed and edited the manuscript. I. R. and V. V. participated in the experimental design. O. P. reviewed and edited the manuscript, conceived the concepts of the study and participated in its design. Data AvailabilityThe datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: В данном случае — тональность. После нововенцев и структуралистов в мире не просто начали работать иные тональные системы, но в творчестве каждого композитора стали появляться свои, глубоко индивидуальные тональные системы! И наконец, в процессе обучения необходимо периодически касаться проблем музыкальной формы. Под ней я, по сути, понимаю то же самое, что и под архитектурной.

Output: pass