Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges with nonrandom distributions of fossil horizons. Paleobiology 23:165–73 [1996. Sudden and gradual molluscan extinctions in the latest Cretaceous of western European Tethys. Science 274:1360–63 [2017. Response of macrobenthic communities to the in northeastern Panthalassa (Tinda, Alberta, Canada). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478:103–20 [2019. The survival, recovery, and diversification of metazoan reef systems following the end-Permian mass extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:100–15 [1996. : Columbia Univ. Press [1988. Spatial resolution in subfossil molluscan remains: implications for paleobiological analyses. Paleobiology 14:91–103 [1994. Miocene stable isotopic stratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of Buff Bay, Jamaica. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 106:1605–20 [2007. Species abundance changes during mass extinction and the inverse Signor-Lipps effect: apparently abrupt graptolite mass extinction as an artifact of sampling. Acta Palaeontol. Sin. 46:340–44 [2018. Stratigraphic signatures of mass extinctions: ecological and sedimentary determinants. Proc. R. Soc. B 285:20181191 [1965. Biomere: a new kind of biostratigraphic unit. J. Paleontol. 39:149–53 [1984. The biomere problem: evolution of an idea. J. Paleontol. 58:599–611 [1996. Extinction, invasion, and sequence stratigraphy: patterns of faunal change in the Middle and of the eastern United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 306:131–42 [2012. Stratigraphic Paleobiology: Understanding the Distribution of in Time and Space Chicago: Univ. [2011. Early and trends in diversity, evenness, and size of foraminifers on a carbonate platform in South China: implications for tempo and mode of biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Fig. 1Curcumin or SLCP cross the blood brain barrier and binds with amyloid plaques. After intraperitoneal injections of Cur or SLCP (50 mg/kg), the 5xFAD brains were sectioned and images were taken from DG area of hippocampus using a fluorescent microscope with green filters. a and SLCP permeated into the brain tissue, and SLCP appeared to be more permeable than Cur, and those receiving 5 days of treatment appeared to have more Cur in the brain than those receiving only 2 days of injections. b Images of sections from the DG area of the hippocampus in the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice were immunolabeled with Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) as observed by using a fluorescent microscope with green and red filters. Cur or SLCP colocalized with 6E10, confirming the green signal coming from Aβ plaques upon binding with Cur or SLCP. Red arrows: Cur or SLCP bound to the Aβ plaque; green arrow: 6E10 bound to Aβ plaque; and white arrow: merged images of Cur or SLCP and 6E10 with Aβ plaque. Scale bars indicate 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur or SLCP treatment decreased Aβ plaque load in 5xFAD mice brainAfter stipulated periods of Cur or SLCP treatment in 5xFAD mice, the brain sections were stained with SLCP (100 µM) (Fig. 2a) and Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) (Fig. 2b), followed by counts of the number of Aβ plaques. We observed that after 5 days of treatment with Cur or SLCP, the number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in the PFC (Cur: 49% and SLCP: 56. 31%) (Fig. 2c) and in DG area of hippocampus (Cur: 36. 30% and SLCP: 50. 50%) (Fig. 2d) in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD group. Further, SLCP-treated mice had fewer Aβ plaques than did Cur-treated mice (Fig. 2c, d). Similarly, our dot blot assays showed that both Cur and SLCP significantly inhibited Aβ42-oligomers (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: The first is the computer model: Liu and Bette use the (CESM), which incorporates the latest scientific understanding and technological capabilities to build a computer model that is as true to the real world as possible. The second is paleodata: this is prehistorical evidence left behind on the Earth that we can use to infer what past climates would have been like. Examining how closely the simulation and real-world data match up helps scientists ascertain both the quality of the computer models and the conclusions drawn from the paleodata. If they ‘predict’ past consequences of climate change that we know did happen, then they are good models. “Studying past climates provides a natural ‘laboratory’ to fully understand the Earth system beyond what people have measured directly in the last couple of centuries,” says Bette. “The Earth’s climate has fluctuated a lot in the past – it has gone through periods of much warmer and colder climates, and rapid transitions between the two. ” models are becoming ever-more sophisticated and much of this is down to the increasing capabilities of computers. “Enhanced supercomputers have made it possible to run state-of-the-art climate models for ultra-long simulations, which is what TraCE is based on,” says Liu. CESM’s simulation accounts for atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar radiation entering our atmosphere, the role of ice sheets, ocean currents and meltwater, among many other factors. It also models how these all interact with one another. CESM can also account for how things have physically changed over the last 21,000 years: the distance between the Earth and the Sun, which affect sunlight reaching the earth; the shape of continents and oceans; ice sheets and mountains; and the composition of the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases. The model is regularly supplemented with an ever-growing depth of scientific understanding. “By incorporating our new knowledge of planetary processes and how they interact into the models, we can make them ever-more accurate,” says Bette. is all very well building all these factors into computer models, but there must be a way to check that they are making accurate predictions. This can be done by ‘calibrating’ the model with data gleaned from the prehistorical record. Scientists are finding increasingly insightful ways of making inferences from the clues left behind on Earth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Sea-level change and rock-record bias in the Cretaceous: a problem for extinction and biodiversity studies. Paleobiology 27:241–53 [2001. Benthic response index for assessing infaunal communities on the southern California mainland shelf. Ecol. Appl. 11:1073–87 [2018. Early mammalian recovery after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: a high-resolution view from Mcarea, Montana, USA. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 130:2000–14 [2002. Recovery after mass extinction: evolutionary assembly in large-scale biosphere dynamics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 357:697–707 [2011. Recovery tempo and pattern of marine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 39:739–42 [2013. Two pulses of extinction during the Permian–Triassic crisis. Nat. Geosci. 6:52–56 [2015. Recovery dynamics of foraminifers and algae following the Permian-Triassic extinction in Qingyan, South China. Geobios 48:71–83 [1994. How synchronous are Neogene marine plankton events? . Paleoceanography 9:739–63 [1977. and : Univ Okla:. [1989. Classical confidence intervals and Bayesian probability estimates for ends of local taxon ranges. Math. Geol. 21:411–27 [2016. Mercury anomalies and the timing of biotic recovery following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 7:11147 [2017. Recognition of a likely two phased extinction at the K-Pg boundary in Antarctica. Sci. Rep. 7:16317 [2012. Extinction patterns, δ18O trends, and magnetostratigraphy from a southern high-latitude Cretaceous–Paleogene section: links with Deccan volcanism. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 350–52:180–88 [2018. The end-Triassic mass extinction: a new correlation between extinction events and δ13C fluctuations from a Triassic-Jurassic peritidal succession in western Sicily. Sediment. Geol. 368:105–13 [2006.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results were expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. **p < 0. 01 and ***p < 0. 001 in comparison to Aβ42-vehicle treated groupFull size image Neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCPOne of the aims of this study was to investigate whether short-term treatment of Cur or SLCP can protect neuronal morphology. Therefore, the treated brain tissue was stained with cresyl violet and many pyknotic or tangle-like neuron, along with vacuolization within the pyramidal cell layers, were observed in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus in the 5xFAD mice. After 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment (but not at 2 days of treatment), we observed significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of pyknotic, or tangled-like, cells in PFC (Cur: 27%; SLCP: 33%; Fig. 4a, b), in CA1 (Cur: 24%; SLCP: 36%; Fig. 4a, c) and in CA3 area (Cur: 13%; SLCP: 26%; Fig. 4a, d) of the hippocampus. Fig. 4Cur and SLCP treatments partially protect neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mice brain tissue. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were stained with 0. 1% cresyl violet, from which images were taken using Olympus microscope (total magnification: 1000x) in the PFC and the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus. a Pyknotic, tangle-like, neurons along with vacuoles were observed in 5xFAD tissue with Cur- or SLCP-treatment reducing this abnormal morphology in the PFC and hippocampal neurons following 5-, but not 2-days of treatment. b The number of pyknotic cells were less after 5 days of treatment (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in all three areas, when compared to the 5xFAD mice receiving only vehicle or the 5xFAD mice receiving only 2 days treatment. Scale bar indicates 25 µm and is applicable to other images.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: We are witnessing our climate change at an unprecedented pace and, so, it is not easy to say what will happen next. Our best way of predicting the future is by using computer models that simulate the Earth’s systems and make projections about what lies in store. However, to ensure that these models are accurate and not making misleading predictions, we have to make sure they match up to the real world – in other words, we must compare them to past incidents of climate change. Liu, of University, and Otto-Bliesner, of the for in Colorado, have joined forces to do just this, building models that simulate what the planet’s climate has been through over the last 21,000 years. They call their project Evolution, or TraCE for short. “To predict the future, we need to know the past,” says Liu. “Climate models used to project future impacts need to be tested against past climate records. ” TraCE compares two distinct lines of scientific enquiry, looking for similarities and differences between the two. The first is the computer model: Liu and Bette use the (CESM), which incorporates the latest scientific understanding and technological capabilities to build a computer model that is as true to the real world as possible. The second is paleodata: this is prehistorical evidence left behind on the Earth that we can use to infer what past climates would have been like. Examining how closely the simulation and real-world data match up helps scientists ascertain both the quality of the computer models and the conclusions drawn from the paleodata. If they ‘predict’ past consequences of climate change that we know did happen, then they are good models. “Studying past climates provides a natural ‘laboratory’ to fully understand the Earth system beyond what people have measured directly in the last couple of centuries,” says Bette. “The Earth’s climate has fluctuated a lot in the past – it has gone through periods of much warmer and colder climates, and rapid transitions between the two. ” models are becoming ever-more sophisticated and much of this is down to the increasing capabilities of computers. “Enhanced supercomputers have made it possible to run state-of-the-art climate models for ultra-long simulations, which is what TraCE is based on,” says Liu.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : are borrowing techniques from magicians to explore animal cognition. Abracadabra! How magic can help us understand animal minds By performing tricks for birds, monkeys and other creatures, researchers hope to learn how they perceive and think about their world Mason 06. 05. 2024 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español To help pay for his undergraduate education, Elias Garcia-Pelegrin had an unusual summer job: cruise ship magician. “I was that guy who comes out at dinnertime and does random magic for you,” he says. But his latest magic gig is even more unusual: performing for Eurasian jays at Cambridge University’s Lab. Birds can be harder to fool than tourists. And to do magic for the jays, he had to learn to do sleight-of-hand tricks with a live, wriggling waxworm instead of the customary coin or ball. But performing in an aviary does have at least one advantage over performing on a cruise ship: The birds aren’t expecting to be entertained. “You don’t have to worry about impressing anybody, or tell a joke,” Garcia-Pelegrin says. “So you just do the magic. ” are much smarter than you think Animal personalities can trip up science, but there’s a solution Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it. In just the last few years, researchers have become interested in what they can learn about animal minds by studying what does and doesn’t fool them. “Magic effects can reveal blind spots in seeing and roadblocks in thinking,” says Nicky Clayton, who heads the Cambridge lab and, with Garcia-Pelegrin and others, cowrote an overview of the science of magic in the of Psychology. What we visually perceive about the world is a product of how our brains interpret what our eyes see.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Arrows indicate pyknotic or tangle-like neuronsFull size image Changes in microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceTo investigate the changes of microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP, the 5xFAD brain sections were immunolabeled with Iba-1 antibody. There was profound branching and intense expression of Iba-1 protein in 5xFAD tissue, whereas treatment with Cur or SLCP appeared to decrease the number of branches and the amount of Iba-1 levels in PFC and in different subfields of hippocampus, as well as in the striatum after both 2- and 5-days of treatment with Cur or SLCP (Fig. 5). We also observed that the levels of Iba-1 and the extent of microglial branching tended to be less only in the 5-days treatment group in comparison to the 2-day group. Fig. 5Morphological changes of single microglial cells in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The Iba-1-IR appeared to be more intense and the branching of microglia were more diffuse in the brain tissue of the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice compared to those mice treated with Cur or SLCP for either 2- or 5-days. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Microglial aggregation morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceWhen we looked at the morphology of microglial aggregation, or clumping, we observed that there was a noticeable aggregation of microglia in the vehicle-treated 5xFAD group, which was less noticeable in the brain tissue of mice treated with Cur or SLCP, with the latter groups also showing a reduction in Iba-1 labeling (Fig. 6). Further, we found a trend towards less aggregation of microglia and Iba-1-IR in 5xFAD mice given 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment, relative to those receiving 2 days of treatment and with those given SLCP showing less microglial aggregation in comparison to those given Cur (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: What if we understood the genetic causes of cancer? Cancer is a disease caused by mutations in the genes within our cells. Prior, at the University of Liverpool in the UK, is trying to find out why some gene mutations are more likely to contribute to cancer than others. This knowledge could lead to the development of new treatments for this widespread and deadly disease – a branch of medicine relating to the study, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer – able to cause cancer DNA – the molecule that stores the genetic information in our cells – a group of genes involved in controlling cell growth and reproduction. The main members of the Ras gene family are and NRAS. Many human cancers, such as colorectal, lung and pancreatic cancers, are driven by mutations in Ras genes – a gene editing technique used to introduce mutations into – the study of the structure, function and interactions of proteins produced by genes of a particular cell, tissue or organism – the study of an organism’s genes (the genome), including interactions of genes with each other and Around 1,000 people are diagnosed with cancer in the UK every day. This equates to around one person every two minutes. Of these 1,000, around 450 will die from their cancer but the number of deaths from the disease has decreased dramatically over the past 50 years. This is partly due to changes in behaviour. For example, smoking is the largest cause of cancer in the UK, but with fewer people smoking, fewer people are dying from cancer. However, advances in diagnosing and treating cancer have also made a huge difference to the chances of survival. is a professor of molecular oncology and Head of the at the University of Liverpool. He has spent the past 25 years researching the causes of cancer and how this knowledge might be used to find new methods for treatment. His current research focuses on why a certain type of gene, called Ras, seems to contribute to a large percentage of cancer cases, and how defects in this gene could be corrected in order to slow or reverse the onset of disease. ? The DNA stored within cells carries the instructions for them to function, grow and reproduce. Cells reproduce by dividing into two new (daughter) cells. During division, the cell copies its DNA and passes it on to the daughter cells. “DNA is constantly being damaged by stresses that cells experience,” explains Ian. This damage causes mistakes to be made when the DNA is copied, creating mutations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Humans and other animals have evolved to handle the immense amount of visual information we’re exposed to by prioritizing some types of information, filtering out things that are usually less relevant and filling in gaps with assumptions. Many magic effects exploit these cognitive shortcuts in humans, and comparing how well these same tricks work on other species may reveal something about how their minds operate. Clayton and her colleagues have used magic tricks with both jays and monkeys to reveal differences in how these animals experience the world. Now they are hoping to expand to more species and inspire other researchers to try magic to explore big questions about complex mental abilities and how they evolved. The science of magicProfessional magicians have always had an intuitive grasp of human psychology, but the formal scientific study of how magic works on people is only two decades old. It’s still a niche discipline, says psychologist Gustav Kuhn, who helped kick-start the field and heads the at the University of Plymouth in the United Kingdom. But there’s now a Science of that holds international conferences (the next one is in Las Vegas), and in the last two decades or so, scientists have published over 100 papers on magic’s effects on humans, covering topics including perception, consciousness, free will and beliefs. “I think it can provide you with a new perspective on science,” Kuhn says. and her colleagues are bringing that perspective to the science of animal cognition. Cuttlefish have been known to use their ability to change the color and texture of their skin in deceptive ways. This may make them good candidates for experiments that use magic tricks. :. COM inspiration to use magic tricks came to Clayton from Clive Wilkins, the Cambridge psychology department’s artist in residence, who also happens to be a magician. perform sleight-of-hand tricks and stash objects in secret pockets reminded Clayton of someone else she knows well: the California scrub jay. Her earlier work found that when scrub jays who are hiding food know they’re being watched by other scrub jays, they will come back to re-hide the food once the other birds have left. “A lot of the deceptive techniques that the jays use to protect their caches are things that magicians do in their performances,” Clayton says.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6). Fig. 6Morphological changes of aggregated microglia in 5xFAD mice brains after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The tissue from the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice showed significant clumping, or aggregation of activated microglia, whereas, those of 5xFAD mice that were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days had fewer aggregations of microglia and less intense labeling of Iba-1. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Morphological changes of astrocytes after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceSimilar to the microglial changes, we have also investigated the morphological changes of activated astrocytes by immunolabeling with GFAP antibodies after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD mice. The brains of the 5xFAD mice showed activation of astrocytes, as evidenced by extensive branching, along with increased level of GFAP-IR, whereas brains of the 5xFAD treated with Cur or SLCP appeared to have decreased activation, with a trend toward less GFAP-IR and astrocyte branching in the PFC and in different subfields of the hippocampus (Fig. 7). We did not find any significant differences in morphology of activated astrocytes between the 5xFAD mice given Cur or SLCP, whether the treatments were given for 2- or 5-days. Fig. 7Morphological changes of activated astrocytes from brain tissue of 5xFAD mice after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were immunolabeled with GFAP antibody. The GFAP immunofluorescence appeared to be more intense and the branching of astrocytes was more extensive in vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, compared with those given Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: Another image of the University of Liverpool campus, showing a rich mixture of historic and modern architecture – a branch of medicine relating to the study, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer – able to cause cancer DNA – the molecule that stores the genetic information in our cells – a group of genes involved in controlling cell growth and reproduction. The main members of the Ras gene family are and NRAS. Many human cancers, such as colorectal, lung and pancreatic cancers, are driven by mutations in Ras genes – a gene editing technique used to introduce mutations into – the study of the structure, function and interactions of proteins produced by genes of a particular cell, tissue or organism – the study of an organism’s genes (the genome), including interactions of genes with each other and Around 1,000 people are diagnosed with cancer in the UK every day. This equates to around one person every two minutes. Of these 1,000, around 450 will die from their cancer but the number of deaths from the disease has decreased dramatically over the past 50 years. This is partly due to changes in behaviour. For example, smoking is the largest cause of cancer in the UK, but with fewer people smoking, fewer people are dying from cancer. However, advances in diagnosing and treating cancer have also made a huge difference to the chances of survival. is a professor of molecular oncology and Head of the at the University of Liverpool. He has spent the past 25 years researching the causes of cancer and how this knowledge might be used to find new methods for treatment. His current research focuses on why a certain type of gene, called Ras, seems to contribute to a large percentage of cancer cases, and how defects in this gene could be corrected in order to slow or reverse the onset of disease. ? The DNA stored within cells carries the instructions for them to function, grow and reproduce. Cells reproduce by dividing into two new (daughter) cells. During division, the cell copies its DNA and passes it on to the daughter cells. “DNA is constantly being damaged by stresses that cells experience,” explains Ian. This damage causes mistakes to be made when the DNA is copied, creating mutations. For example, tobacco smoke contains chemicals that attach themselves to DNA, causing a mutation in the DNA when it is copied. Usually, these mutations are corrected by the cell’s repair mechanisms, but sometimes errors slip through.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Jays try to obscure their actions as they hide food by choosing dark places, burying it in quiet material like sand rather than gravel, or using their bodies to block another bird’s view. Clayton has observed that if jays can’t obscure what they’re doing, they will try to confuse onlookers by moving their food a half-dozen times, sometimes feigning a cache while concealing the food in a throat pouch. Serendipitously, Garcia-Pelegrin was one of Clayton’s graduate students at the time and was game to perform tricks for an avian audience in the name of science. This involved a lot of waiting for the lab’s Eurasian jays to volunteer by flying into a room connected to the aviary and hopping onto a perch in front of him. “The papers don’t tell you the hours and hours of me just sitting there alone, in a room in Cambridge, just cold because we have no heating, just waiting for a bird to show up,” he says. “But they do show up. ”Tricks for tweetsOne of the tricks that Garcia-Pelegrin performed for the jays is the “fast pass,” where a coin — or in this case a waxworm — is tossed between the magician’s hands so quickly that the visual system of a human would miss it altogether. When we rapidly switch our gaze from one object to another, our eyes move in fast jumps known as saccades, rather than in a smooth motion that would cause the world to blur. During each jump, there’s a split second when we don’t see anything at all, a momentary blindness during which a skilled magician can throw an object from one hand to another right in front of an audience without their seeing it. Birds, however, are able to see much faster movements than we are, and consequently don’t depend on saccades as much. “They are aerial beings. Being fast and being able to accurately perceive the fast world around them is their niche, is their specialization,” Garcia-Pelegrin says. “I would expect them to never fall for the trick. ”Sleight-of-hand tricks exploit specific aspects of human perception and cognition.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in PFC of 5xFAD miceWhen we counted the number of Iba-1-IR cells in PFC, we observed that Cur or SLCP treatments significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) the number of Iba-1-IR cells in comparison to those of the untreated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 8a, b). In addition, 5 days of either SLCP or Cur treatment showed greater reduction (p < 0. 05) of Iba-1-IR in comparison to 2 days of treatment. Furthermore, SLCP showed greater reduction of Iba-1-IR in comparison to those given Cur for either 2- or 5-days (Fig. 8a, b). Similar findings were observed for counts of GFAP-IR cells in the PFC (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 8Cur or SLCP treatment reduces neuroinflammation in the PFC of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with either Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR- (a, b) and GFAP-IR- (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the PFC in all Cur- and SLCP-treated mice in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment, for both the GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA1 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceOne of our interests was to investigate the neuroinflammation profile in hippocampal subfields of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment with Cur or SLCP. We observed that both Cur and or SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: Most of these mutations have no effect on the cell’s function, but mutations in genes that control cell division and growth can cause cancer. If a mutation causes these genes to become too active, it leads to uncontrolled cell growth and, therefore, a tumour will form. Sourced from Adobe, credit: designua Ras genes control the activation of many other genes involved in cell division, growth and survival. Mutations in Ras genes can cause them to be permanently switched on, which means that they are constantly instructing the cell to divide and grow. Ras gene mutations are found in around 20% of all cancer patients, but are especially common in pancreatic (90%), colon (45%) and lung cancer (30%). There are three Ras genes: and NRAS. KRAS is the most important for human development and is also the most frequently mutated. KRAS is the main focus of Ian’s research. ? Ian’s team uses cell models and mice in its studies. The researchers use a gene editing technique called to introduce various combinations of Ras mutations in mice, which, in turn, enables the researchers to find the mutations that are responsible for causing cancer. In traditional mouse-based studies, different mouse bloodlines would be created, each with a different mutation. ’s team can introduce multiple mutations into one mouse. “It means we can significantly reduce the number of mice that we use whilst at the same time increasing our ability to directly compare panels of cancer gene mutations,” says Ian. The researchers also use genomics to study genes that are activated or deactivated by different mutations, and proteomics to study proteins regulated by Ras genes and how they are affected by different Ras mutations. ? Most drugs work by binding to a specific location within a protein molecule that controls the protein’s interactions with other molecules. When the drug binds to the protein, it blocks the active site and prevents the protein from carrying out its functions in the cell. Kinases are a type of enzyme that are involved in controlling major cancer-causing cell processes and many successful cancer drugs have been developed that bind to kinases. Ras genes are not kinases, however, and the drugs that have been used to target kinases will not affect Ras-controlled processes. Ian explains: “Most successful drugs have been designed to bind to a pocket in a protein (like a key in a lock).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: By trying those same tricks on other animals, scientists can learn something about how their minds differ from ours. But they did. In a video of the experiment, a jay named Homer turns his head to the side to focus with one eye on the worm as it sits in an open hand. As soon as Garcia-Pelegrin’s hands move laterally, Homer quickly rotates his head to face forward and watch the rest of the trick with both eyes. With his beak, he chooses the hand the worm started in, staring intently as that hand opens to reveal that it’s empty. It seems that during the switch from monocular to binocular vision, there’s a split second where Homer’s world goes blank — a previously unknown blind spot. “The beauty here is that this magic trick capitalized on a completely different blind spot that has zero to do with being mammal, zero to do with being human, and 100 [percent] to do with being a bird,” says Garcia-Pelegrin, now an animal behaviorist at the of Singapore. A trick called the French drop, on the other hand, did not fool the birds. For this trick, Garcia-Pelegrin has the back of his hand facing the bird, holding a worm with fingers and thumb pointed up. A bird named Stuka watches as he sweeps his other hand in front of the worm as if he is grabbing it with his thumb. chooses the original hand, where the worm was secretly dropped. At first the scientists were unsure why Stuka and the other birds weren’t fooled by this trick. Some thought it might be something about their vision, but Clayton had a hunch it came down to the fact that birds don’t have hands. Instead of a blind spot, the French drop relies on expectations: A person moving their hand that way grasps the object with their thumb. People in the audience never see the magician’s thumb actually do this, they just expect that it does. It’s a perceptual shortcut that helps us to react quickly to the world around us with incomplete information. Apparently, the jays don’t have the same expectations. Being raised by humans, the birds are used to seeing humans use their thumbs to pick up and hold food, Clayton says. “But they can’t do it themselves.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells in CA1 region, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 9a–c). We also found a significant difference (p < 0. 05) between the 2- and 5-day treatment groups in Iba-1-IR labeling and between the Cur and SLCP groups (p < 0. 05) (Fig. 9b), but these differences were not observed for GFAP labeling (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 9Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA1 subfield of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA1 area, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, with further reductions were observed after 5 days of treatment, compared with that of at 2 days (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceSimilar to CA1 region, there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 subfield of hippocampus after treatment with either Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a–c). The Iba-1-IR was less in the 5-day SLCP group, relative to the 2-day SLCP group (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 10b). No differences of GFAP-IR were observed between 2- and 5-day treatment groups were observed, irrespective of whether the 5xFAD mice received Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a, c). Fig. 10Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA3 region of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: This involves studying the chemical pathways in the cell that translate the genetic information of genes into cell processes, and why these go wrong in cancer cells. By understanding what goes wrong, we can develop new targets for cancer drugs or other treatments. Molecular oncology is a field which has advanced rapidly in recent years, as Ian explains: Our understanding of cancer genetics via large-scale sequencing of cancer samples (exemplified by Program) has turbocharged our ability to identify the causes of cancer and how it evolves over time, new therapeutic targets and mechanisms of resistance to therapies. New clinical approaches are starting to include regular sequencing to get real time data on tumour responses to therapy. These provide the foundations for a future where each patient can be offered personalised therapies that are continuously optimised to keep the disease at bay. I would definitely recommend a career in molecular oncology. I’d love to be at the start of my career again! It’s a very exciting time to be working in biomedical research and especially cancer research. There have already been significant advances in cancer treatment and, as a result, more than 50% of people diagnosed with cancer now survive. We are entering a new era where personalised medicine will become increasingly common and there are many opportunities in industry and academia to contribute to developing these treatments. I have enormous respect for all of the people who have contributed to our understanding of cancer biology. It has been a huge team effort. A good book to read to find out about many of these achievements is of by Siddhartha Mukherjee. I am also grateful for the funding that has been invested to make this possible. My own research, in part, relies on funding from a local cancer charity (Cancer Research) and it’s always humbling when I meet the fundraisers who work so hard to make this possible. • of runs an internship scheme for undergraduate students every summer: www. icr. ac. uk/studying-and-training/undergraduate-vacation-scholarship-scheme • “Don’t be afraid to contact people to ask for advice or an opportunity,” says Ian. Contact universities and laboratories near you to find out whether they offer tours, talks or internship opportunities. • Society for Biochemistry and has a useful resource for students that provides information on careers in these fields: www. asbmb.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: ” She says her own experience with performing and teaching dance has given her insight into the difficulty of trying to embody the movement of others who are built differently — whether they simply have longer arms or they have wings or flippers instead. “For me, as a dancer, there’s a big difference between observing someone do something beautiful and actually imagining how you would do it yourself. ”To test Clayton’s hypothesis, the scientists came up with an ingenious experiment involving three species of monkeys with different thumb anatomy: capuchins with fully opposable thumbs, squirrel monkeys with pseudo-opposable thumbs, and marmosets without opposable thumbs. Garcia-Pelegrin tried the French drop on all of them and, sure enough, the monkeys who are able to grasp objects with their thumbs — capuchins and squirrel monkeys — were fooled. The marmosets responded just like the jays. Squirrel monkeys like this one are able to grasp objects using their thumbs, and are fooled by the French drop magic trick the same way humans are. Marmosets, who don't have opposable thumbs, are not fooled. : E. -these experiments reveal something interesting about embodied cognition, the idea that the body, and how it interacts with the environment, is an important aspect of how minds work. The brain isn’t alone in a vacuum making sense of what it sees, she says. “It’s about how the whole body interprets the movements. ”Magic cupsThough performing magic for animals in the name of science is a relatively new idea, methods akin to magic effects have been used for decades. One type of experiment, borrowed from psychology studies with human infants, reveals what animals understand about the world by seeing if they’re surprised by the impossible. Babies stare longer at something that surprises them, and scientists think the same is true for many animals. Based on staring times, scientists have learned that orangutans are bewildered when a grape goes into a container but a piece of carrot comes out, dogs are perplexed if a bone magically disappears, and crows think it’s strange if a tool moves on its own. These experiments are quite similar to the classic “cups-and-balls” magic trick where balls seem to appear and disappear under cups.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA3 region of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days, of treatment in the amount of labeling for both GFAP and Iba-1 (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in dentate gyrus of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceThe number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells were significantly less (p < 0. 01) in DG area in Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice, as was the case with the CA1 and CA3 regions (Fig. 11a–c). There were significant decreases in Iba-1-IR between the 2- and 5-day groups given treatment of either of Cur (p < 0. 01) or SLCP (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 11b). In addition, the SLCP treatment reduced Iba-1-IR at both 2-and and 5-day treatment periods, relative to what was observed with Cur (Fig. 11b). Similarly, there were significant decreases (p < 0. 05) in GFAP-IR after 5 days, relative to 2 days, following either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Differences in GFAP-IR measures were also observed between Cur and SLCP treatments (p < 0. 05) at 2 days, but not at 5 days of treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Fig. 11Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in DG area of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: org/getmedia/f7c551d5-682e-44b1-a7a3-0cb3bcef9eac/asbmb-career-brochure-2017. pdf • The average salary for an oncologist in the UK is £39,000 according to PayScale. com but this can be considerably higher for experienced researchers. • A strong background in science subjects is important, in particular chemistry and biology. • Many medical research projects involve analysing large datasets using computational techniques, so having some programming and statistics knowledge is useful. Most undergraduate science degrees now offer some form of training in these skills. • offers an overview of oncology and cancer biology degree options: www. careerexplorer. com/degrees/oncology-and-cancer-biology-degree/ I liked most subjects at school, but the sciences were the most interesting. I didn’t have a clear idea of the range of careers that you could have in those areas; it always seemed like a good idea to keep focusing on the things that I enjoyed the most. . ? Zoology was a very enjoyable degree, but it became obvious to me that there were many more lab-based jobs available if I wanted to have a career in scientific research. I had no fixed idea of the type of lab science I wanted to do, but that flexibility was an advantage when making the transition. -? Biomedical research requires a wide range of expertise to deliver big results and it’s not unusual to find people with chemistry, physical science, mathematics and computing backgrounds. Switching disciplines often involves retraining (e. g. via a postgraduate degree). Alternatively, take your specialised experience to a new discipline that needs it – such as programmers who help with big data analysis of cancer genetics patterns. ? I really value the opportunities that I have had to help my students and lab members to develop as scientists and then go on to achieve their career goals. ? I like to draw. Research can be frustrating at times, not every idea works out and sometimes you work really hard and have nothing to show for it. Drawing always results in an end product and it’s a nice way to switch off. IAN’01 Be flexible. There are many routes to a career in science, but it is much harder if you are only prepared to consider one route.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Comparative psychologist tested Clayton’s jays with a similar trick when she was a postdoctoral researcher in Clayton’s lab. But instead of disappearing balls, the birds were presented with magically transforming treats. In one variation of the trick, a bird named Jaylo sees Schnell drop a waxworm — the Belgian truffle of the jay world, Clayton says — into one of two cups. Both cups are then turned upside down. doesn’t know is that Schnell pre-baited the cup with a less exciting piece of cheese and faked the waxworm drop using sleight-of-hand. Jaylo topples the cup she thinks the worm is in, only to find cheese instead. She double checks the cup for the worm and then leaves without eating the cheese, which is normally a perfectly acceptable treat. In this video of an experiment in Nicky Clayton’s lab, a Eurasian jay named Jaylo reacts to a magically transformed treat. : A. K. / 2021Animal cognition researcher has recently tried a similar trick with Goffin’s cockatoos and keas — large, gregarious parrots from — at the Institute at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. Using magic appealed to Smith because it doesn’t require training the animals and allows them to behave naturally. “It’s a different approach to cognitive study, in that you are creating a stage for an animal to express its expectations,” she says. “And what you’re recording is the behavior in response to their expectations and what happens when you violate their expectations. ”Keas are known for exploring the belongings of tourists and occasionally stealing things (including a GoPro camera, as seen in the resulting kea home movie). The birds in the research aviary are very curious and usually game to participate in experiments, coming when their names are called and lining up to wait their turn — though some parrots will cut the line, rush into the testing compartment, try to steal food and refuse to leave. “Kea are like toddlers with very sharp clamps on their face,” Smith says. For the trick, Smith uses open-ended wooden boxes similar to hollow ones the birds have explored before. But unlike those boxes, these have a hidden shelf.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the DG area of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment in the amount for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in subicular complex of 5xFAD miceThe subicular complex lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper and is very important for neurotransmission from the hippocampus to the cortex. We found a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in Iba-1-IR cells in subicular complex in the 5 versus the 2-day, groups treated with Cur (Fig. 12a, b). In addition, SLCP treatment decreased Iba-1-IR in both the 2- and 5-day treatment groups, in comparison to Cur (Fig. 12a, b). Similar findings were also observed in the case of GFAP-IR in these regions (Fig. 12a, c). Fig. 12Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in subicular complex of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in subicular complex of hippocampus of Cur- or SLCP-treated, versus vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days of treatment in comparison to 2 days, of treatment for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling in both the Cur- and SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice (b, c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: in a Download book PDF Download book -Sekuła2 Part of the book series: ((IMIS)) 1325 Accesses AbstractPresenting the engagement of immigrants, their descendants and native Norwegians with Day celebrations, this 2. 1 Heritage in BecomingTo analyse the practices of minorities around Norwegian national-day celebrations as a way of engaging with the heritage of the dominant population, this 2. 2 Space as a Space of ResistanceThe concept of a third space, developed by various scholars under different names, was popularised in social sciences upon a spatial turn, which spoke for the acknowledgement of a spatial dimension of social life. The origins of the third-space concept, as it is understood in this 9. 6). There is an ongoing discussion about whether the presented shortcomings can be assigned to multiculturalism itself or are, instead, the result of other structural, cultural and political processes (see Ley, 2010; Vertovec & Wessendorf, 2010), targeting multiculturalism as “the only target that is visible” (Ley, 2010, p. 201). This 28. 5% of its population made up of immigrants and Norwegians born to immigrant parents (SSB Statistics Norway, 2021). The area of Stromsø is a business district with many immigrant-owned shopping facilities. Over the years, Drammen municipality has enforced a narration of diversity as a resource (conversation with an expert from Drammen municipality). It has patronised and financed several initiatives aimed at giving visibility to minority culture, including the Festival and Interkultur, a national competence centre for multicultural communication. 5 in Private SettingsThe findings from my research conjure up an image of a wide range of private celebrations of that involve the multicultural character of Drammen. In these celebrations, minorities prevail but native Norwegians are also present and contributing to the cultural change. I classified performed practices into five categories, placing them on a scale from full engagement in official narrations of to the celebration of minority culture. The categories are as follows: (1) celebrations with explicit reference to Norwegian heritage and following celebration patterns traditionally associated with Day, (2) celebrations with explicit reference to Norway and following alternative celebration patterns, (3) practices following minority celebration patterns and with limited reference to Norwegian heritage, (4) instrumental practices lacking engagement in Norwegian heritage and, (5), reactionary practices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Into the top of the box, she drops an average treat, such as a piece of apple, which lands on the hidden shelf, and then she lifts the box to reveal a tastier peanut that was secretly placed in the bottom beforehand — or vice versa. In the case of cockatoos, Smith is looking to see whether the birds flare their crests when they’re surprised. With keas, she uses infrared thermal imaging cameras to detect changes in blood flow in the exposed skin around their eyes. One question she hopes to address with this setup is whether the animals respond differently to downgraded and upgraded treats. “I was really interested in finding the elation effect,” she says — the “Oh, that’s nice” feeling you get when you find a forgotten five-dollar bill in your pocket. There’s a dearth of work on positive emotions in animals, Smith says, and magic might be a way to explore that. Stay in the KnowSign up for the newsletter todayExpanding the magic circleFor Clayton, jays seemed a natural starting point because they themselves use deceptive tactics in the wild. But they aren’t the only ones. Like jays, rooks have been known to act like they’re caching food while instead holding it in a throat pouch. Apes are known to use their gaze to redirect attention away from something they don’t want others to discover. And male cuttlefish, which can change the color and texture of their skin, sometimes display a courting pattern to a female on one side of their body while hiding what they are doing from nearby males by disguising their other side with female coloration. This kind of behavior might make these tricksters good candidates for being tricked themselves. “We haven’t designed the experiments yet, but our next stop is the cuttlefish,” Clayton says. “I think we could use magic effects in interesting ways to see what they are confused by. ”With more experiments involving different species, especially ones as distant as cephalopods like cuttlefish, scientists may gain insight into some of the biggest questions about animal minds, such as whether they are consciously aware of the past and can imagine the future. Discovering which species have which abilities could help to piece together how these mental capacities evolved.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in striatum of 5xFAD miceThe striatum is a subcortical part of the forebrain and is a critical component of the reward system, as well as playing a role in learning and memory. Similar to the other brain structures, the striatum had fewer (p < 0. 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells than in control mice after 2- and 5-day of either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 14a–c), with the SLCP treatments providing greater reductions than Cur on both of these parameters (Fig. 14a–c). Fig. 14Cur or SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in the striatum of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the striatum in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Significant reductions were observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days of treatment, on measures of both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image DiscussionBecause of its unique physicochemical, anti-amyloid, and anti-inflammatory properties, Cur is being considered as a potential treatment for AD [13, 15, 45, 46]. The objectives of the present study were to: (1) compare the permeability of Cur and SLCP into the brain; (2) compare anti-inflammatory activities of Cur with those of SLCP after acute treatment in 5xFAD mice; (3) assess microglial and astrocytic activation in different brain regions, especially those areas associated with AD, after treatment with Cur and or SLCP; and (4) determine which short-term treatment protocol (2 or 5 days) with Cur or SLCP would most effectively decrease Aβ plaque loads and reduce aberrant neuronal morphology in different brain parts of 5xFAD mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: The categories are ideal types and the actual celebrations of the respondents often combined practices from different categories. Celebrations with to Associated with Polish couple, Anna and Grzegorz, were eagerly engaging with celebrations. They admitted decorating their house with Norwegian flags, preparing food for the day – including a cake in the colours of the Norwegian flag – and participating in a local parade with their child. They also showed me a picture of their daughter wearing a bunad, the Norwegian folk costume popular among adults (especially women) and children. couple with children also reported celebrating in a customary way together with Norwegian families, including breakfast with champagne: Usually, we are invited to join a Norwegian family. And we are celebrating as it should be – with a parade and so on (…) We do not hang a Norwegian flag though. We haven’t got soaked in here that much yet but our children have flags. (Katarzyna, female, 37; Wojtek, male, 39)Footnote 2 Cansu, a Turkish respondent who usually celebrates in a Turkish ethnic association, revealed a deeper attachment to and meaning of the event at an individual level: 17 May is very important to me because I live in Norway and I feel that I have to respect the country that gives me bread. I have to be a part of them. (Cansu, female, 24) Additionally, the members of the Turkish association which organises the yearly celebrations of admitted that the gathering takes place after a city-wide parade, which most of the participants attend. The celebrations presented here are performed by minorities in a way that attempts to recreate practices traditionally associated with Constitution Day. The change of national culture is therefore limited here to the overall change which cultural practices undergo along temporal lines. They feature the negotiation of Norwegian heritage by minorities and hence constitute a third space. Interestingly, many respondents adopted these new practices as part of their heritage, enriching the sets of their cultural practices originating from their background cultures. Celebrations with to Norway and Kemal, a Norwegian-Turkish respondent, stated that his private celebrations involve wide reference to Norwegian nationalism, even though the food he eats is ethnic: “We hang up flags and celebrate, even though we do not eat 100% Norwegian food. ” (Kemal, male, 27) Interestingly, some native Norwegians follow similar celebration patterns (Fig. 9. 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: “You wouldn’t necessarily think that [magic] says anything about memory or future planning,” Clayton says. “But it does — because when an object disappears, you have to have a memory of where you think it was, and you have to have an expectation of where you think it will be. ” 10. 1146/knowable-060524-1 is a freelance science journalist based in the covering animal behavior and cognition and our relationships with other animals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: We found that, following short-term i. p. injections, both Cur or SLCP permeated into the brain in therapeutically significant amounts, decreased Aβ plaque loads, and improved neuronal morphology after 5 days of treatment. and SLCP also decreased the GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in different brain areas of 5xFAD mice. The SLCP tended to confer more effective anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effect, than did Cur. Unfortunately, the low solubility in body fluids and its rapid degradation after intestinal absorption limit the bioavailability of natural Cur, reducing its clinical utility for treating AD [15, 28]. However, the use of SLCP, a lipidated formula of Cur, shows significant promise in providing greater neuroprotective effects in animal models [31, 32] and clinical trials of AD [26]. In the present study, we observed that SLCP tended to have greater affinity to Aβ plaques, compared to Cur. Our findings suggest that the lipid bilayer of SLCP facilitates its permeability into the brain. Further, we observed that after 5 days of intraperitoneal injection of either Cur or SLCP, an increase in binding to Aβ plaque was observed, indicating that more Cur accumulates in the tissue with extended treatment. Although we did not measure the free Cur concentration in the brain tissues of the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice, we have previously found 300–400 nM of free Cur in the mouse brain and 2–3 folds more in their plasma, when mice were fed orally for 2 months [24, 30,31,32, 47] with a similar formula of Cur, when given at a dose of 500 ppm. This was also observed during a clinical trial of AD [26]. Moreover, we have compared the permeability of Cur in different cells, such as 7-DIV primary hippocampal neurons and N2a cells (Additional file 1: Fig. S1) and found that SLCP tended to deliver more free Cur into the cells than did natural Cur [31, 32]. In addition, we also compared the Aβ-binding capability of Cur and or SLCP, in the brain tissue of 5xFAD mice given i. p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: The landscape of Drammen is filled with ethnic restaurants and many native Norwegians reserve tables for a dinner in local ethnic restaurants, de facto celebrating Norway over ethnic meals (and often wearing bunads). Most probably these actions are not meant to transform the Norwegian heritage but, rather, represent the mere act of adjusting inherited practices to present circumstances – i. e. heritage in becoming (Ingold & Kurttila, 2000; Nikielska-Sekula, 2019). Nevertheless, they de facto change culture. These negotiations of heritage by both minorities and natives, with their unique, hybrid outcome, definitely constitute a third space. Fig. 9. 1A woman in Norwegian traditional costume entering a in Drammen on Day. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size image Patterns and with to Respondents of Turkish background often described gatherings as involving an extended family meeting accompanied by Turkish food. Several respondents stated that these meetings resemble the gatherings organised on other occasions, including Ramazan and Kurban Bayramı – Islamic holidays widely celebrated in Turkey. associations organise common celebrations at their premises. They order food from a local Turkish restaurant and spend time dining together. The celebrations are accompanied by customary occasional congratulations; however, more elaborate 9. 2a) but also on (Fig. 9. 2b) and Women’s Day. Others were committed to presenting positive aspects of ancestral culture through wearing clothing that referenced Polish folklore (Fig. 9. 3). Some of the Polish respondents openly stated that they very much enjoy seeing how Norwegians are proud of their nation and they would like to see this kind of pride free from political battles in their ancestral homeland too. Their attitudes towards national-day celebrations in Poland were complex. These celebrations were imposed by the government in the communist era and their disgust with this compulsion restrained many from participating after 1989. Today, in turn, national-day celebrations are claimed by right-wing policy supporters. Simultaneously, representatives of other political options, including leftists, are making constant attempts to reclaim them, which altogether entangles Polish national days in political disputes. Fig. 9. 2aDecoration for a celebration of Day in the colours of the Polish flag. (Photo: Anna – research participant)Full size imageFig. 9. 2bFood for a Thursday celebration decorated with Polish flags. (Photo: Anna – research participant)Full size imageFig. 9.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-5mhkq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-05T20:22:47. 591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false Home >Journals >> >? English Français 0. 15 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] paper examines Origen's views of “Adam” and considers whether aspects of Origen's views might prove helpful in contemporary debates about Adam and original sin. The question “who was Adam” presents difficult issues for Christian theology. In response to these concerns, many contemporary theologians suggest that “Eastern” traditions, which are less connected to the “Western”/Augustinian view of original sin, can more easily manage these tensions. These gestures towards “Eastern” thought are helpful in the sense that they do highlight the “mythic” dimensions of the Biblical creation narratives and the irreducibly social construction of human identity. They tend, however, towards broad generalizations that often do not account for the more nuanced and complex philosophical matrix that informed many of the Fathers as they thought about creation, humanity, and the Fall. In this regard, Origen is an interesting figure to study because of the historic anathemas against his supposedly aberrant neo‐Platonic views about the pre‐existence of souls. Origen did indeed draw heavily on Platonism, but his views about Adam and the Fall were far more subtle than is often supposed. Elements of Origen's views could be useful to a contemporary Christian theology of Adam and original sin. 10. 1111/nbfr. 12277 [Opens in a new window] © 2017 of the of the Order of Preachers 1. paper examines Origen's views of “Adam” and considers whether aspects of Origen's views might prove helpful in contemporary debates about Adam and original sin. The question “who was Adam” presents difficult issues for Christian theology. Following the lead of St. Augustine, “Western” Christian theology historically has emphasized the implication of each human being in the primordial sin of Adam – that is, Western theological traditions tend toward robust versions of the doctrine of “original sin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 2), which indicates that Cur and SLCP can reduce soluble Aβ, as reported by several researchers previously [14, 48, 49]. One of the aims of the present study was to investigate whether short-term treatments of Cur or SLCP could provide neuroprotection. To this end, we have investigated neuronal morphology using cresyl-violet stained tissue. Interestingly, we observed a significant decrease (30%) in the number of pyknotic, or tangle-like, neurons in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus after 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment, but not after 2 days (Fig. 4). This finding suggests that increasing the duration of Cur- or SLCP-treatments may be required to achieve optimal neuroprotection. Although the exact mechanism of neuroprotection following Cur-treatment remains to be delineated, several investigators have demonstrated that Cur can stimulate numerous neurotropic factors, including increases in brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), glial derived neurotropic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), which preserve the function and viability of neurons [10, 50, 51]. Increased in trophic factors may underlie the reduction in pyknotic cells in the SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice, relative to those receiving Cur, and this which may be due to the presence of more Cur in the brain made available due to the greater permeability of SLCP. As a potent anti-inflammatory polyphenol, Cur can also produce its therapeutic effects by reducing neuroinflammation in AD via activation of cytokine production, as well as the inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway [10]. We found that Cur and SLCP treatments significantly reduced microglial activation (Iba-1-IR) in different brain regions. Surprisingly, when we investigated the morphology of microglial aggregation, we observed a significant reduction of both microglia arborization and the level of Iba-1-IR, which suggests that both Cur and SLCP may inhibit activation of microglia (Fig. 6), as reported by others [10]. Similarly, both Cur and SLCP treatments significantly decreased GFAP-IR and branching of astrocytes by inhibiting their activation (Fig. 7).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 3Everyday outfit inspired by Polish folklore. (Photo: Justyna – research participant)Full size image These practices reflect Foucaldian heterotopias, constituting yet another third space in Norwegian society. They are parallel to the dominant society – real and existing but not ordinary in a Norwegian socio-cultural environment, yet created in close association with it. They are triggered by both a feeling of foreignness in Norway and admiration for the Norwegian nationalism that the actors attempt to recreate. In contrast to the respondents who, out of symphaty for the Norwegian celebrations of Constitution Day, joined the mainstream replicating Norwegian heritage, here the positive reception of Norwegian nationalism was channeled into a mild reactionist nationalism of origin. Sometimes these acts are met with criticism from both fellow immigrants and, less often, from mainstream society, as reported by my respondents. Celebration of Constitution Day: matter whether it is celebrated with elaborate or limited reference to Norway, is marked by the inhabitants of Drammen municipalitiy and the surrounding area, often through a mix of joining in with mainstream events and combining them with private ones, shared within the ethnic group. They make use of Norwegian heritage, adjusting it to the surrounding circumstances: be they mainstream celebrations with native Norwegians and/or members of ethnic minorities, minority festivity patterns or the diverse setting of Drammen. These negotiations of heritage reflect how the genealogical idea of Norwegian national heritage is adjusted to the cultural, structural and spatial circumstances which individuals have created and\or within which they act. They represent heritage in becoming (Nikielska-Sekula, 2019). The alternative festivity practices performed on that day contribute to the emergence of third spaces on the backstage of Norwegian society and with alternative meanings surrounding the celebrations. These practices have taken on a repetitive nature over the years and are part of an ongoing change of the national heritage of Norway. 6 Third-in the Children’s Parades in the City of Drammen in Pre-pandemic the emergence of various third spaces in private settings is evident, the question I attempt to answer in this section is whether these third spaces are visible in the public, city-wide celebrations. My data from the yearly observation of the parades over 3 years in the city of Drammen show that signs of minority identity were featured during the parades, reflecting the ethnic diversity of the city’s inhabitants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: ”Footnote 1 There are significant philosophical, critical, and scientific problems with this approach. Footnote 2 Philosophically, it is unclear why it is just for God to hold the rest of humanity accountable for Adam's actions. Footnote 3 Critically, it is unclear that the Hebrew scriptures ever meant to suggest any doctrine of “original sin” or whether the locus classicus for the doctrine in the Testament literature was properly translated and understood by Augustine. Footnote 4 Scientifically, it is now clear from various lines of evidence that the population of anatomically modern humans evolved gradually over millions of years from a common ancestor shared with the great apes, and that the present human population could not have genetically derived from a single common ancestral pair. Footnote 5 In other words, a flatly literal “Adam and Eve,” which seems to be required by the Augustinian view, is scientifically impossible. In response to these concerns, many contemporary theologians suggest that “Eastern” traditions, which are less connected to the “Western”/Augustinian view of original sin, can more easily manage these tensions. Footnote 6 Some of these writers seek to bring Eastern views into conversation with modern liberal or neo‐orthodox theology, which tends to emphasize the metaphorical nature of the Biblical creation accounts, and with the trend in recent theology towards social Trinitarianism, which can map onto a social (rather than Western “individualistic”) ontology of what it means to be “human. ”Footnote 7 These gestures towards “Eastern” thought are helpful in the sense that they do highlight the “mythic” dimensions of the Biblical creation narratives and the irreducibly social construction of human identity. They tend, however, towards broad generalizations that often do not account for the more nuanced and complex philosophical matrix that informed many of the Fathers as they thought about creation, humanity, and the Fall. In this regard, Origen is an interesting figure to study because of the historic anathemas against his supposedly aberrant neo‐Platonic views about the pre‐existence of souls. Footnote 8 As we shall see, Origen did indeed draw heavily on Platonism, but his views about Adam and the Fall were far more subtle than is often supposed. Indeed, I will argue that elements of Origen's views could be useful to a contemporary Christian theology of Adam and original sin. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: When we counted the number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells in different brain areas, especially, in the PFC, CA1, CA3, DG, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, and striatum, we observed an inhibition of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in the Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice. The GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR profile in hippocampal subfields and the areas associated with hippocampus, especially subicular complex and entorhinal cortex, the junctional areas which connect with cortex, revealed that 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment reduced neuroinflammation to a greater extent than 2 days of treatment, which, again, suggests that a longer duration of treatment is required to optimize the anti-inflammatory effects of Cur and or SLCP. Interestingly, we achieved greater anti-inflammatory effects in the case of SLCP treatment, which, again, confirmed that the SLCP facilitates permeability of Cur across the blood brain barrier (BBB) so it can inhibit neuroinflammation to a greater degree than Cur. Although we did not investigate the molecular mechanism of inhibition of reactive microglia and astrocytes after Cur or SLCP treatments, others [10] have demonstrated that Cur attenuates Aβ-induced neuroinflammation by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in a rat model of AD. Indeed, Cur can reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NF-kB [52] and ERK [53] signaling pathways, which are regulated by PPAR-γ [10]. Moreover, Cur also inhibits other inflammatory cytokines, by inhibiting further activation of astrocytes and microglia in AD brain [14, 54, 55]. ConclusionsAs a potent, anti-amyloid and anti-inflammatory natural polyphenol, Cur is a promising therapy for AD. It significantly reduced neuroinflammation as measured by GFAP and Iba-1 immunoreactivity in different key brain areas of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment. Short-term treatment of Cur and or SLCP decreased amyloid plaque load and reduced abnormal neuronal morphology in 5xFAD mice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: These signs included visibly and sensually observable elements of clothing, hairstyles and languages spoken. The impression was that the initiatives taken by some participants in the parade were freely recreating the third spaces of alternative meanings and practices in private spaces. Some highlights from the parades included a group of Indian dancers in traditional Indian clothing (Fig. 9. 4), school children wearing ethnic or religious elements of clothing (Figs. 9. 5 and 9. 6), variations on traditional Norwegian folk dresses, including combining the bunad with Islamic hijabs (Fig. 9. 7) – the latter representing a telling visual example of heritage in becoming. These public performances of alternative engagement with Norwegian heritage pave the way for a wider acknowledgment of the practices, currently happening in the third space on the backstage of Norwegian society, within the national heritage of Norway. These practices are both unbarred and unobtrusive – giving a visible voice to minority identities but also generally refraining from involving foreign national symbols in the celebrations of Norwegian heritage, with a few exceptions. A lack of foreign flags in celebrations intensifies the impression that these not-obvious interpretations of Norwegian heritage belong nowhere else but to Norway. This strong statement, however, does have a few doubts associated with it, one being: To what extent are alternative practices acknowledged and accepted in official narrations of the event? The answer remained blurred until the 2020 celebrations, which were conducted according to a strict sanitary regime and hence with little space for the free public initiatives of individuals. Fig. 9. 4Indian dancers at the parade for the Day. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size imageFig. 9. 5Schoolchildren at the parade wearing ethnic elements of clothing. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size imageFig. 9. 6Schoolchildren at the parade wearing religious elements of clothing. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size imageFig. 9. 7Variations on traditional Norwegian folk dresses, including combining the bunad with Islamic hijabs. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size image 2020 “Corona” Celebrations of a in sensitising concepts to steer my attention towards visual, sensory and verbal 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Locating Origen's Views on Adam, Sin, and the Origen is widely recognized in both the Western and Eastern branches of the Church as one of Christianity's great early thinkers, even if some of the details of his protology and eschatology remain suspect, or at least subject to historical dispute. Footnote 9 However, several problems confront anyone who seeks to understand “Origen's view” of Adam, sin, and the Fall. First, like all of the early Church Fathers, Origen did not produce a definitive “systematic theology” treatise. Footnote 10 Origen is, of course, recognized as one of the first “systematic” Christian thinkers because of his effort to produce a sustained, philosophically and Biblically integrated argument in his treatise Principles, from which this paper will draw heavily. Much of what we know today about Origen's thought, however, is derived from more occasional, less systematic sources, in particular his extensive Biblical commentaries and homilies. Bouteneff has argued, Origen's theology primarily was an exercise in Biblical exegesis in conversation with the Church's experience with Christ and the Rule of Faith. Footnote 11 A second problem is that the textual tradition for some of Origen's key writings sometimes is ambiguous. For some key writings, such as his Commentary on Genesis, only isolated fragments survive. For other key writings, such as Principles, there is a Latin translation by Rufinus that might gloss some potentially heterodox passages, and some Greek fragments preserved in the Philocalia that may or may not always be faithful to the lost original Greek text. Footnote 12 A third problem is a significant reason for the textual issues: some of Origen's ideas, which were controversial even in his lifetime, were seemingly anathematized by the of Constantinople in 553 C. E. upon the urging of the Emperor Justinian, about three hundred years after Origen's death. Footnote 13 The circumstances leading up to the anathemas included numerous intellectual and political disputes and intrigues between “Origenist” and “anti‐Origenist” schools that developed after Origen's death. There is considerable question today about whether the concepts condemned at the of Constantinople could really be fairly traceable unalloyed to Origen himself. Footnote 14 The result is that Origen's intellectual legacy is somewhat obscured.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, various in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies suggest that Curcumin and derivatives have extensive biological activity as an antioxidant, neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory 12–15. Curcumin can rummage around scavenging various types of free radicals, for example, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, individually), it can adjust movement of GSH, catalase, and SOD enzymes active in their neutralization 16. Additionally, curcumin can inhibit ROS-producing enzymes lipoxygenase cyclooxygenase and xanthine dehydrogenase oxidase 16. Curcumin has been studied in numerous human carcinomas 17. The mechanisms by which it exerts its anticancer effects are diverse, targeting many levels of regulation involved in processes of cellular growth and apoptosis 18. Other than the curcumin’s effects on different transcription factors, oncogenes and signaling proteins 17; 18,19 it also acts at various temporal stages of carcinogenesis 17. Some of its molecular targets that have been explored for cancer treatment are the effect of curcumin on cyclin-CDK complexes and CDK inhibitors as well as p53 pathway 20 and MAP kinase, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways 20. Despite the fact that curcumin has been successfully evaluated for wide-ranging biological activities, the two main concerns related to its poor bioavailability and fast metabolization incited scientists to search for novel synthetic analogs in order to overcome these drawbacks and to gain in efficacy. Iten M. Fawzy and his colleagues (2014) synthesized different curcumin analogs including PAC, 3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone 21;22) Another derivative 5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone, represses expansion through delaying the cell cycle at G2/M phase both in breast and colorectal cancer cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 1 Spaces of vs in Multicultural SocietiesThere is an inconsistency between a wide range of alternative practices around Day celebrations – which constitute heritage in becoming and are exercised within the described third spaces – and the extent to which they are acknowledged in official narrations of the event. (2000), and Bissoondath (1994) criticised about Australian and Canadian multiculturalism seems to be true for the municipality of Drammen’s idea of accommodating diversity within the national-day celebrations. They both pointed out a paradox present in the respective countries, where cultural difference is accommodated within a common discourse to legitimise the multicultural character of the nation. However, this is done in a superficial way and with no recognition of alternative cultural practices. My data show that the municipality of Drammen, in its design of the 2020 celebrations, prioritised sameness in relation to cultural practices throughout the streaming, omitting alternative celebration practices popular among the ethnically diverse population of Drammen. Featuring the diversity focused mostly on a (somewhat limited) inclusion of minorities in the live streaming: a presenter of colour, performers of minority background and a few oral 7. 2 ChangeThe alternative practices described here, along with the attempts at their manifestation in a public space of dominant cultural discourse, initiate the de facto change of the Norwegian national heritage. This change happens through the everyday negotiations of cultural difference (Neal et al. , 2013, p. 310; see also Vertovec, 2015) by the actors. Individuals, of both minority and native background, engage with the national heritage of Norway, adapting it to the multicultural setting of the localities which they inhabit. Through their practices, the third space emerges, featuring what I call a “heritage in becoming” (Nikielska-Sekula, 2019): individual interpretations of the genealogical model of national heritage adjusted to the current circumstances of the present, whether spatial, cultural, structural or other. Along with the agents of change, those of non-change are active in the form of powerful actors shaping official narrations of Norwegian heritage, as well as bottom-up commentators and the media opposing or criticising the change. (2004) and Soja (2009, p. 58) indicate that the third space resembles the space of cultural difference beyond the universalist frameworks of liberal democracies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: These three problems suggest that we cannot truly claim to know “what Origen thought” about Adam, sin and the Fall. We cannot cite Origen as some sort of counter‐authority to Augustine, even if an argument from authority in this context could otherwise be valid. What we can do, and what this paper seeks to do, is peek into the workings of this great early Christian mind for insights that might help us make sense of these questions today. 3. Origen, Adam, and the “Literal” Sense of the Narratives 3. 1 Origen's Interpretive Strategies: Impossibilities and “Stumbling Blocks” Any discussion of Origen's view of Adam and the Fall must begin with Origen's strategies for interpreting the Biblical creation narratives. Origen is often cited, and faulted, for an excessive reliance on fanciful allegorical Biblical interpretation. But Origen's method was crafted in significant part because of the challenges the Hebrew scriptures presented to any highly educated in the Second or Third Centuries. Origen read the Biblical texts carefully and knew, well before modern historical criticism or Darwinian science, that many of the narratives could not constitute literal history. At the same time, Origen did not simply write off those narratives as merely non‐historical. Footnote 15 Instead, Origen suggested that elements of the narratives should be taken as essentially historically accurate, while other elements should be understood as “stumbling blocks” intentionally included by the Holy Spirit. First Principles, for example, Origen states that If the usefulness of the law and the sequence and case of the narrative were at first sight clearly discernible throughout, we should be unaware that there was anything beyond the obvious meaning for us to understand in the scriptures. Consequently, the Word of God has arranged for certain stumbling‐blocks, as it were, and hindrances and impossibilities to be inserted in the midst of the law and the history, in order that we may not be completely drawn away by the sheer attractiveness of the language, and so either reject the true doctrines absolute, on the ground that we learn from the scriptures nothing worthy of God or else by never moving away from the letter fail to learn anything of the more divine element.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 9, there is a concentration-dependent effect of PAC on MMP intensity in Ca9-22 cells. Indeed, the MMP intensity decreases from 89. 4% for controls to 62. 9% and 9. 1% for Ca9-22 treated cells with 5 µM or 10 µM respectively for 24 h (Fig. 9). Mitochondrial superoxide production during treatments with PAC in oral cancer cells. Figure 10 is corresponding to the concentration effect of flow cytometric patterns when oral cancer cells are PAC-treated. Our results show that the percentage of MitoSOX (+) among Ca9-22 cells under treatment with PAC at 5 µM or 10 µM for 24 h is higher than controls. The key role of PAC inducing mitochondrial superoxide production was clarified. oral cancer treatments rely on surgery, along with radiation therapy (external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy), as well as coadjutant therapy (chemotherapy with agents like cisplatin), it still involves high economic costs and highly damaging options30;31. To reduce this burden, plant products as complementary and alternative therapies could become solutions. Some recent discoveries demonstrated the superiority of the plant world to prevent cancer 32;33. Several research studies over the last century have revealed several important functions of curcuminoids. And it has been shown that curcumin has a capacity to influence multiple natural targets and seemed to have activity against different diseases 12; 15. Although it was evaluated with success for widespread biological activities, those of concern are its low bioavailability and rapid metabolization encouraged researchers to look for new synthetic analogs 34; 23. In a search for novel compounds active against cancer, PAC was found out. This curcumin analog demonstrated that it has a great potential as an anti-breast cancer agent 21;24. Until today, there had been no available study investigating the properties of PAC to be a possible complementary treatment for oral cancer. Our goal is to examine its inhibitory effects, on cells that proliferate or are in apoptosis, as well as the mechanisms of action involved as an interesting avenue to develop treatments for oral cancer and study its potential to be an active supplement ingredient in some drugs and products for mouth cleaning. Our data shows that PAC is exhibiting preferentially ability to kill oral cancer cells. Our data are supportive to those reported by Al-Howail et al. (2016) and Al-Hujaily et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: The third space, therefore, goes beyond the generalised oppositions in a given social setting, revealing the alternative social and cultural formations that can be classified neither as a majority nor as an “opposition”. The alternative practices presented in this 1. In this 2. All translations from Polish and Norwegian are the author’s. 3. Some researchers argued that the concept of whiteness is fundamental to the construction of Norwegianness (Jacobsen & Andersson, 2012, p. 14), imposing a binary opposition between the definition of Norwegians and immigrants (Gullestad, 2006, 4. However, there are institutional attempts to do so, e. g. through various exhibitions and events hosted by the Museum in Oslo. 214. M. (2018, May 11). Det er en naturlig og logisk reaksjon å ikke like andre flagg på nasjonaldagen. Nettavisen. H. (2004). The location of culture (2nd ed. ). Routledge. 120. M. (2008). Heterotopias of difference. In M. Dehaene & L. (Eds. ), Heterotopia and the city: Public space in a postcivil society (27. B. (2009). A place where the soul can rest. In B. Hooks (Ed. ), Belonging: A culture of place (196. R. (1972). Verbal communication. Scientific American, 227, 72–80. 641. M. (2018). Local communities of artistic practices and the slow emergence of a “post-racial” generation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(6), 1146–1162. 1127. S. (2015). Diversities old and new: Migration and socio-spatial patterns in New York. Palgrave Macmillan. Book 10. 1186/s40878-017-0057-zDownload 4. 0 ( which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 10. 1007/978-3-031-39900-8_9Download citation. RIS. ENW.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Footnote 16 These “stumbling‐blocks,” Origen said, included things “which did not happen, occasionally something which could not happen, and occasionally something which might have happened but in fact did not. ”Footnote 17 In particular, Origen argued that parts of the creation narratives obviously were not literal: “who is so silly,” he asked, “as to believe that God, after the manner of a farmer, ‘planted a paradise eastward in Eden,’ and set in it a visible and palpable ‘tree of life,’ of such a sort that anyone who tasted its fruit with his bodily teeth would gain life; and again that one could partake of ‘good and evil’ by masticating the fruit taken from the tree of that name? ”Footnote 18 Nevertheless, he thought parts of the narratives might still be historically true: “[s]ometimes a few words are inserted which in the bodily sense are not true, and at other times a greater number. ”Footnote 19 Origen never fully articulated a method for separating the historical from the non‐historical other than to “carefully investigate how far the literal meaning is true and how far it is impossible” and then to “trace out from the use of similar expressions the meaning, scattered everywhere through the scriptures of that which when taken literally is impossible. ”Footnote 20 3. 2 Adam and Eve as Historical, did not regard the “Trees” in the “Garden” as literal things, in Principles he did seem to suggest that Adam and Eve were both real individuals and symbolic of larger dimensions of humanity. For example, in DP IV. III. 7, in a complex passage commenting on Paul's distinction between physical and “spiritual” Israel in 1 Corinthians 15, Origen traces the historical lineage of the Israelites and says Jacob was “born of Isaac, and Isaac descended from Abraham, while all go back to Adam, who the apostle says is Christ. …” Origen then noted that “the origin of all families that are in touch with the God of the whole world began lower down with Christ, who comes next after the God and Father of the whole world and thus is the father of every soul, as Adam is the father of all men.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: J (Engl) 121, 1945–1952 (2008). Galluzzi, L. et al. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance. Oncogene 31, 1869–1883, doi:10. 1038/onc. 2011. 384 (2012). Bansal, R. & Singh, R. Exploring the potential of natural and synthetic neuroprotective steroids against neurodegenerative disorders: A literature review. Rev 38, 1126–1158, doi:10. 1002/med. 21458 (2018). Chhabra, G. et al. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by natural agents: Clinical evidence and potential implications. 422, 9–18, doi:10. 1016/j. canlet. 2018. 02. 025 (2018). Ramana, K. V. , Reddy, A. B. M. , Majeti, N. & Singhal, S. S. of Natural Antioxidants. 2018, 9471051, doi:10. 1155/2018/9471051 (2018). Menon, V. P. & Sudheer, A. R. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. 595, 105–125, doi:10. 1007/978-0-387-46401-5_3 (2007). Amalraj, A. , Pius, A. , Gopi, S. & Gopi, S. Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives - A review. J Med 7, 205–233, doi:10. 1016/j. jtcme. 2016. 05. 005 (2017). Mahmood, K. , Zia, K. M. , Zuber, M. , Salman, M. & Anjum, M. N. Recent developments in curcumin and curcumin based polymeric materials for biomedical applications: A review. 81, 877–890, doi:10. 1016/j. ijbiomac. 2015. 09. 026 (2015). Dohare, P. , Varma, S. & Ray, M. Curcuma oil modulates the nitric oxide system response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. 19, 1–11, doi:10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 조선 왕족과 가까운 사이를 유지하며 명성황후의 암살과 장례식·제사를 경험하고, 고종과 순종의 죽음과 국장도 경험했고 이런 사건들에 대한 기록 역시 남겼다. 게다가, 일본 총독부의 한국 장례식, 무덤 문화에 관한 개입을 목격했고, 양화진 외국인 묘지와 기타 근대적 공동묘지에 대해도 알고 있었으며, 기타 동시대의 역사적 인물의 죽음과 장례에 대해도 언급했다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: ”Footnote 21 Further, Origen suggested, “Eve is interpreted by Paul as referring to the Church [and] it is not surprising (seeing that Cain was born of Eve and all that come after him carry back their descent to Eve that these two should be figures of the Church; for in the higher sense all men take their beginnings from the Church. ”Footnote 22 In texts such as these Origen seemed to assume that Adam and Eve were real people even as they symbolize larger truths. Yet it is unclear whether in these texts Origen was simply reading off the literal sense of the Biblical text without commenting on its historicity. In other texts, Origen seemeed to limit the historical content of the Biblical 3. 3 the same time, in this passage in Origen also hints at a notion of the human fall that extends beyond the “historical”: And the expulsion of the man and woman from paradise, and their being clothed with tunics of skins (which God, because of the transgression of men, made for those who had sinned), contain a certain secret and mystical doctrine (far transcending that of Plato) of the souls losing its wings, and being borne downwards to earth, until it can lay hold of some stable resting‐place. Footnote 28 3. 4 of “Matter” One hint at a constructive resolution of the ambiguities in Origen's views about the Fall might lie in Origen's lengthy discourse on “matter” in Book IV, 4. 4. 1 A Platonism? In the Introduction to this paper I noted the philosophical, critical, and scientific problems with an “Augustinian” view of Adam, the Fall and original sin. Origen's approach to the problem can help us navigate through these treacherous shoals. Philosophically, the ontological idealism suggested by Origen's selective use of Greek thought can help us articulate how the universal of “human nature” is to some extent corrupted by the sin of the “one man,” Adam. In response to modern historical criticism, Origen's hermeneutic centered on the Rule of Faith can help us understand how Paul, and the later Patristic tradition, “read backward” into the and saw the sign both of universal human depravity and universal human redemption in the “one man,” Adam.

Output: pass