Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Eat less, move more. This may seem like the straightforward solution to the increasing obesity epidemic. But it is not as simple as that. Weight loss and maintenance are challenging. 1 Seimon et al2 aim to provide some much-needed answers to questions regarding the health effects of very low-energy diets (VLEDs) compared with conventional caloric restriction diets. Postmenopausal women with obesity in the Type of for in Obesity (TEMPO) Diet Trial2 were randomized to a 25% to 35% caloric restriction diet for 1 year (moderate intervention) or a VLED (aiming at 65%-75% caloric restriction) for 16 weeks followed by a 25% to 35% caloric restriction diet (severe intervention). Compared with the moderate intervention, the severe intervention resulted in a greater loss of total body weight, whole-body fat mass, and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue as well as a greater reduction in waist to hip ratio at 1 year. There was also a greater loss of whole-body lean mass and thigh muscle area in the severe intervention group, which was proportional to the greater total body weight reduction. There was no significant difference between interventions in whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) or lumbar spine BMD loss. On the downside, the severe intervention resulted in an approximately 3. 3% reduction in total hip BMD compared with an approximately 1. 3% reduction in the moderate intervention group, which was not explained by the greater total weight loss in the severe group. 2 How do these findings compare with previous evidence on caloric restriction, particularly in relation to BMD? And what do these findings mean when considering the long-term risks and benefits of VLEDs as weight loss strategy? Some loss of whole-body lean mass, the primary outcome in the current study,2 is expected with weight loss, but excessive loss may be a concern for the risk of sarcopenia. 3 Reassuringly, the greater whole-body lean mass loss in the severe group compared with the moderate group was proportional to the greater total body weight loss,2 and the reported mean change was within a suggested ratio of 25 to 75 for lean to fat mass loss at 1 year. 4 Handgrip strength was not significantly reduced in either intervention group after 1 year.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Union represents an example where the different UAS regulations of each EU country are now unified under a common and simplified regulation (EU 2018/1139 and implementing acts). A review of worldwide UAS regulations is presented by Stöcker et al. (2017). Concurrently, advances in computer vision algorithms (Anderson et al. 2019) and hardware (e. g. , GPU) facilitated the use of photogrammetry through Structure from Motion (SfM) (Ullman 1979) and Multi-reconstruction (MVS) methods (Scharstein and Szeliski 2002). Today, SfM-MVS methods represent a core data capture and analysis approach widely used by earth and environmental scientists (Anderson et al. 2019; James et al. 2019). These technological and scientific advances facilitate the collection of centimeter-resolution continuous top-view data of shallow reefs at relatively low cost with more flexibility in the survey plan or experimental design (e. g. , Casella et al. , 2017). Although these are clear advantages for coral reef mapping and research, few studies surveying coral reefs with UASs and SfM-MVS exist compared to studies on terrestrial ecosystems (David et al. 2021; Fallati et al. 2020; Levy et al. 2018; Casella et al. 2017). The refraction of light by water, which causes features on the seafloor to appear shallower than they are may have led to this discrepancy because it introduces more significant errors than on-land environments. In addition, turbidity, water surface roughness, and the maximum depth for light penetration represent additional error sources (Joyce et al. 2018; Woodget et al. 2015). Some possible solutions to reduce the effect of the refraction of light on UAS SfM-MVS derived data exist or are being developed (Agrafiotis et al. 2020; Shintani and Fonstad 2017; Dietrich 2017; Ye et al. 2016; Woodget et al. 2015; Maas 2015). This study aims to investigate the relative accuracy of coral height reconstruction of two-media (air/water) SfM-MVS datasets derived from low-altitude UAS flights on shallow coral reefs (< 3 m depth). Rather then focusing on the geographic accuracy, our goal is to answer the question: “how accurately (relative accuracy) can we reconstruct coral height? ”.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Similarly, average Ne over generations is very similar regardless of lifespan. However, the parameters current Ne and current Ne/N are strongly affected (Table 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Average summary statistics from pedigree data over breeds obtained when assuming a lifespan of 6 vs. 12 years. Effects of removing individuals carrying deleterious alleles For several of the Swedish national dog breeds, hereditary defects occur and the SKC has set up so-called disease control programs for some of these disorders (cf. Table 1). Such disease control programs generally imply that animals should have a diagnosis with respect to the defect prior to breeding. Diagnosis might imply veterinary examination (necessary for diagnosing e. g. , hip dysplasia that occur in many of the breeds) and/or genotypic screening (available for e. g. , the progressive retinal atrophy that is caused by a single recessive allele which occurs in the Swedish lapphund and the Norrbottenspitz). lapphund exhibits prcd-PRA—an eye disease that results in blindness. The defect is caused by a single autosomal, recessive allele [27]. The SKC´s control program allows heterozygous carriers (type B), but not affected dogs (type C), to be included in breeding. SKC requires a DNA test to determine the genotype of individual dogs ( We analyzed the effect on the conservation genetic status of the Swedish lapphund population of removing not only type C dogs but also type B dogs (heterozygous carriers) from the population. We proceeded as follows: from the population of animals classified as alive (using the assumption 12 years as the maximum age) as of December 31, 2012 we removed type B and C dogs. This resulted in removal of 34 percent of the population. We then assessed the variables studied (population average F, MK, fge). The removal did not affect average inbreeding among remaining animals (F = 0. 079 versus 0. 081 with and without removal, respectively), and neither was mean kinship (MK = 0. 085 versus 0. 084) or fge (5. 95 versus 5. 93) among remaining animals affected.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: 2 This leaves us to speculate not only about adherence to the intervention diets, but also on how nutrient intake levels compared between groups. Additionally, biomarker data, such as circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, could have provided valuable information about effects on nutritional status. Too much is unknown about the optimal physical activity and dietary strategies to attenuate bone loss and potential subsequent fracture risk following different rates of weight loss, an issue that large trials with long follow-up may be best placed to investigate. Thus, the potential greater loss of hip BMD with severe caloric restriction, its long-term clinical implications, and strategies to prevent it warrant further investigation. Nevertheless, these findings need to be considered in the context of an ever-increasing obesity epidemic and the various obesity-related adverse health outcomes, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and all-cause mortality. 10 Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that greater weight loss can help achieve type 2 diabetes remission. 4 Finding strategies successful at achieving sustained weight loss in individuals with obesity should be an absolute priority in public health research. now adds to accumulating evidence that VLEDs can help achieve greater weight loss than moderate dietary interventions alone, well after the use of VLEDs is ended. 2,4 The estimated mean 15. 3 kg (95% CI, 12. 5-18. 1 kg) reduction in total body weight in the severe group is within the range previously reported with VLEDs,4 and almost twice that achieved with moderate caloric restriction. 2 The finding that more than 80% of women in the severe group achieved 10% or greater weight loss is encouraging, as this can provide clinically meaningful health benefits. 4 Eventually, policy makers need to consider whether the risks associated with reported greater hip BMD loss and a potentially associated higher fracture risk exceed the benefits of the greater weight loss4 achieved with VLEDs compared with moderate caloric restriction. Given the considerable burden of obesity, this seems unlikely at the population level, but may differ between individuals. Importantly, the 21% higher retention in the severe intervention should not be overlooked. 2 Indeed, the rapid weight loss, satiety, and feasibility of VLED use may contribute to improved adherence. 4 Successful weight loss and maintenance with VLEDs is generally reported when VLEDs are accompanied by additional weight loss maintenance support. 4 Going forward, we need a better understanding of the totality of (positive and negative) health outcomes with different weight loss strategies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: The Phantom-4 Pro has an integrated RGB sensor 1’’ CMOS (effective pixel: 20 M), a focal length of 9 mm, and a resolution of 5472 × 3648 pixels (as per technical specifications: dji. com/phantom-4pro). Nine different flights were programmed to survey the sites at an altitude of 10 m (see Supplementary Table). app (dji. com/de/ground-station-pro) was used to program the UAS flights so that each flight resulted in a 90% forward and lateral overlap. Two types of markers were placed on the seafloor of each site before the flights (Fig. 1c, d): ground control points (GCPs) and scale bars (SBs). A total of 45 30 × 30 cm bright-colored towels and 29 50 cm-long steel bars covered by bright-colored tape were used as GCPs and SBs, respectively. The geographic position of GCPs was collected using a handheld GNSS receiver (Garmin eTrex® 10) with a horizontal accuracy in the order of meters, and their vertical position (local depth) was measured with a handheld Hondex PS-7 dive sonar with reference to the local water level at the time of measurement. The position of GCPs and the length of SBs were used to scale the point cloud generated during the SfM-MVS process. The position of GCPs was also used to georeference the point cloud, optimize the image alignment, and minimize the sum of the re‐projection error and the georeferencing error of the estimated internal camera parameters and point cloud in the SfM-MVS method. The acquired photographs, GCPs, and scale bars were used as inputs in the SfM-MVS method through 1. 6. 2 (agisoft. com) to reconstruct a 3D model of the scene captured by aerial photographs. Specifically, DSMs and orthomosaics of each reef were reconstructed (Fig. 1d, e). For a comprehensive description of the SfM-MVS method, the reader is referred to Westoby et al. (2012) and Carrivick et al. (2016). To validate the DSMs, IMs were collected at each site. Over the entire study area, the height of 51 corals was measured with a meter rod in situ to the nearest centimeter.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Previous studies on wild animals bred in captivity for conservation purposes have shown that evaluation of effects of selective removal of animals carrying single deleterious alleles must be carried out on a case by case basis. For instance, removing high probability carriers of a single allele causing blindness in a captive wolf population did not affect retention of overall founder genetic variation. In contrast, removal of high probability carriers of an allele causing albinism in a captive brown bear population could not be done without substantial loss of genetic variation [46]. Our present results indicate that selective removal of affected animals can often be carried out without further loss of founder genetic variation. For the present breeds this seems to be the case for hip dysplasia in the Swedish lapphund, the Swedish white elkhound, and the Danish-Swedish farmdog and also for progressive retinal atrophy in Swedish lapphund. . Concluding recommendations In order to reduce the rate of loss of genetic variation and increase of inbreeding that has been documented in many dog breeds we recommend that conservation genetic criteria such as MK rankings are included when selecting animals for breeding. Further, a larger portion of existing dogs should be used in breeding. For the breeds of the present study current census sizes imply that future increase of inbreeding and loss of genetic variation has the potential to be miniscule if more dogs are used in breeding and extreme variation in offspring production between separate dogs are avoided. We note that both software applied here (PMx and mPed) are freely available and genetic monitoring using pedigree data is a cost effective method to improve breeding from a conservation perspective. It is important, however, that supplementary genomic studies are conducted for these and other dog breeds in order to find out, e. g. , how well the pedigree measurements reflect genomic inbreeding and levels of genetic variation. Our present analysis does not cover much of the period 2010–2020 during which the of the Convention of applies and where a specific Target referring to genetic diversity of domestic species applies (13; Thus, we urge for continued monitoring of these populations including the use of genomic tools. We also stress the importance of documenting dates of death of separate dogs in the SKC database to provide an opportunity of obtaining as correct a picture as possible with respect to the conservation genetic situation. Supporting informationS1 Fig. Inbreeding levels (F) over the monitored time period 1980–2012 for each of the 12 native Swedish dog breeds monitored in this study. 1. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4444363/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractobjective of this probe is to determine the effects of High-(HPD) on weight loss programs. January 2021 to May 2022, 133 patients, who were enrolled in a Chinese-based weight loss program, participated in a clinical trial aimed at investigating the impact of High-(HPD) on weight loss programs. The effects of the diet plan on the patients’ insulin, hemoglobin, and levels were assessed and the findings examined to evaluate the impact of HPD on muscle and skeletal mass. Results and Findings HPD was useful in catalyzing the effectiveness of weight loss programs. It led to reductions in skeletal and muscle mass during the trial period based on its impact on insulin, hemoglobin, and levels among the trial population. . ObesityHigh-is one of the most prevalent public health issues worldwide. The condition undermines a patient's physical and mental health, thereby leading to the development of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular complications and high blood pressure. In 2017, the number of obese people in China ranked first in the world at 89. 6 million [1]. In 2016, the of proposed changing the term “obesity” to “obesity-based chronic disease” to accommodate the scope of health complications associated with this disease [2]. According to the 2016 Therapy report, effective and safe reductions in body mass were based on the use of nutritional, exercise, psychotherapy, and behavioral interventions [3]. This statement indicates that diet control is the key to the success of obesity management programs. Nutritional solutions for weight management are linked to the assessment of changes in food portions to create positive health outcomes for obese patients. A reduction in blood pressure and a lowered risk of developing diabetes are commonly cited health outcomes linked to effective diet management [4]. Most of the attention directed at improving obesity management outcomes has been focused on restricting dietary intake as the sole method for realizing changes in body mass [5]. Consequently, nutritionists have proposed diverse interventions to treat obesity. Expert consensus recommends three effective diet patterns for weight loss treatment: calorie-restricted diets (CRD), high-protein diets (HPD), and intermittent fasting [6].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Both in situ and 2D rugosity were calculated by dividing the length obtained following the shape of the terrain (i. e. , bottom profile) with the linear distance (for our case, it is 20 m for each transect) between starting and ending points of the transect (Fig. 3a). The 3D rugosity was calculated using the same method but buffering the digital transect line 0. 5 m on each side. In this case, the 3D surface (DSM) was divided by 20 m2 (as the transect swath is 20 m long and 1 m wide). The closer the rugosity is to zero, the flatter is the terrain. Fig. 3a Difference between in situ vs 2D rugosity; b Histograms representing reef rugosity as calculated in situ and from the DSMs (2D and 3D rugosity, see text); c linear relationships (fitted lines and confidence intervals) between the in situ rugosity and the DSM-derived rugosity (both 2D and 3D). The dotted line shows the 1:1 relationship for referenceFull size imageResults and discussionThe average resolution of the reconstructed orthomosaics and DSMs is 0. 3 cm pix−1 and 0. 6 cm pix−1, respectively. The average XY and Z errors on GCPs are 120 and 7 cm, respectively (see and Report). Comparing the coral heights measured in situ (IMs) with those estimated using corrected and uncorrected DSMs, we find that using refraction-corrected DSMs reduces the root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 21 to 10 cm (Fig. 2b). The variation across sites is reported in the Supplementary Table. It is noteworthy that coral height is still underestimated in the corrected DSMs, albeit slightly. Compared to uncorrected DSMs, which underestimate coral heights by 35% (this is due to the current limits of the method and the propagation of DSM errors, James et al. 2017), corrected DSMs underestimate them by 13%. We argue that such correction is effective when flying at a low altitude (e. g. 10 m) and collecting near-nadir images on very shallow areas. The incident and refracted angles of the light ray should be very small (< 15°) for the correction equations to hold true.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Managing inbreeding in selection and genetic conservation schemes of livestock A. K. Breeding and output: Thesis › internal thesis deals with the definition of selection and mating criteria for animal breeding populations under selection and for genetic conservation populations, especially emphasizing on populations with small effective sizes that have known pedigrees. The thesis can be divided into four main parts. Firstly, 1. 0% to select against a single gene, selection directly on DNA-genotypes needed 2. 0 generations to half the frequency of the disease allele with additive effects and a population with 100 new-born animals. When only phenotypic records were available, selection on BLUP or on genotype probabilities calculated by segregation analysis (SEGR) needed 1. 0 or 2. 0 generations longer to half the frequency of the disease allele when allele effects were additive or recessive, respectively. Smaller schemes or schemes with a more stringent restriction onDF needed more generations to half the frequency of the diseased allele or the fraction of diseased animals. SEGR and BLUP were approximately equally efficient under both single gene and polygenic inheritance models, suggesting that efficient selection against a disease is possible without knowing its mode of inheritance. In conclusion, by taking account of the relationships of the selected group of selected animals, inbreeding is controlled in the selection and mating criteria presented in this thesis. This principle was extended to populations with overlapping generations, which makes the methods useful for practical selection and genetic conservation populations with known pedigree. Only in well-controlled breeding schemes, the optimum contributions of each selection candidate will be realized, some deviations may be corrected in later rounds of selection. The optimized contributions and thus also the restriction onDF affected the structure of the breeding schemes, e. g. whether progeny tested animals were selected or not. In general, older and more parents were selected with a more stringent selection onDF. Due to such dynamic adaptations of the breeding schemes, genetic gain reduced only little whenDF was lowered. Non-random mating can improve the family structure of the population under selection, thereby further increase the genetic gain. For the genetic conservation schemes, the contributions per family could not become completely equalized, because of the overlapping structure of the generations, resulting in a level of average coancestry being somewhat higher than the theoretical minimum. Use of frozen semen from sires of the oldest generations could reduceDF to zero and reduce the average level of coancestry in combined in situ ex situ conservation schemes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Calorie-restricted treatment plans have been associated with a reduction in body mass and diabetes management programs. At the same time, HPDs have had similar applications in the medical field with a bias toward understanding their efficacy in weight management. The three intervention programs have registered varied levels of success in managing changes to body mass based on differences in their effectiveness. 7 In this regard, it is vital to review the nutritional properties of various intervention programs to evaluate their efficacy. This investigation focuses on HPDs as one of the options for managing weight [8]. Little is known about its impact on specific weight loss contributors, such as muscle and skeletal mass. The importance of dietary reviews for assessing the impact of nutritional programs is crucial in identifying the best treatment framework to use. Therefore, there is a need to conduct a nutritional profile analysis of weight loss programs to determine their effectiveness in obesity management [9]. Differences in the efficacy of dietary interventions highlight the importance of understanding nutritional values when designing clinical trials [10]. At the same time, the effects of daily food intake on weight loss are contextual [11]. Stemming from this observation, the current investigation will be limited to reviewing the effectiveness of HPD on weight loss management. The HPD has been selected for review in the current probe because it is a common dietary intervention for body mass loss management [12]. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate its effectiveness in weight loss management based on an assessment of its impact on skeletal and muscle mass. Materials and MethodsPatients who were clinically diagnosed as obese or overweight in a Chinese healthcare facility participated in this study from January 2021 to May 2022. The ethical approval number for the investigation was [2022]074. The criteria for including patients in the clinical trial included a review of their medical history to determine its impact on weight loss outcomes. Notably, patients who had physical diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, liver, and kidney problems were excluded from the investigation to avoid distortions to the clinical trial findings based on their preexisting conditions. Guided by the need to isolate the effects of the HPD on the respondents’ health outcomes, the impact of the dietary plan was examined based on its influence on muscle and skeletal mass. (BCM) was instrumental in generating baseline and post-intervention data. Testing was done at the same time of day - in body 270 by in body provided baseline and post-intervention data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2023. The first revision was submitted on August 3rd, 2023 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on October 2nd, 2023 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. The 2023. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Oct 9, 2023 · authors have given responses to all the queries of the reviewers. Hence, I accept this manuscript after some minor revisions. However, I advise the authors to follow an important suggestion of the reviewer to include the graphical representations of the sponge morphology as described in the discussion. [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Xavier Pochon, a PeerJ covering this Section #] · Oct 3, 2023 Basic reporting This is the second version. The changes have been made by the authors. Experimental design Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Validity of the findings Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Additional comments Refer previous comments. No further changes required. Cite this review as (2023) #4 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 3)". PeerJ 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Oct 2, 2023 Version 0. 2 · Sep 14, 2023 · The authors have done substantial revision but it needs some more improvement for this manuscript to be published, hence I advise minor revision as per the reviewer's comments. · Sep 14, 2023 Basic reporting 1. The language is clear and comprehensible. 2. Literature cited is recent. 2022 (7), 2021(31) 3. The sources of the meta data have been cited. 4. 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Aug 3, 2023 Version 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some conservation projects use genetic data to breed species with reduced inbreeding risks. [SEP] Text: Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Managing inbreeding in selection and genetic conservation schemes of livestockAU - Sonesson, A. K. N1 - WU thesis 3226 Auteursvermelding op omslag: Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Engels en het WageningenPY - 2002/6/14Y1 - 2002/6/14N2 - This thesis deals with the definition of selection and mating criteria for animal breeding populations under selection and for genetic conservation populations, especially emphasizing on populations with small effective sizes that have known pedigrees. The thesis can be divided into four main parts. Firstly, 1. 0% to select against a single gene, selection directly on DNA-genotypes needed 2. 0 generations to half the frequency of the disease allele with additive effects and a population with 100 new-born animals. When only phenotypic records were available, selection on BLUP or on genotype probabilities calculated by segregation analysis (SEGR) needed 1. 0 or 2. 0 generations longer to half the frequency of the disease allele when allele effects were additive or recessive, respectively. Smaller schemes or schemes with a more stringent restriction onDF needed more generations to half the frequency of the diseased allele or the fraction of diseased animals. SEGR and BLUP were approximately equally efficient under both single gene and polygenic inheritance models, suggesting that efficient selection against a disease is possible without knowing its mode of inheritance. In conclusion, by taking account of the relationships of the selected group of selected animals, inbreeding is controlled in the selection and mating criteria presented in this thesis. This principle was extended to populations with overlapping generations, which makes the methods useful for practical selection and genetic conservation populations with known pedigree. Only in well-controlled breeding schemes, the optimum contributions of each selection candidate will be realized, some deviations may be corrected in later rounds of selection. The optimized contributions and thus also the restriction onDF affected the structure of the breeding schemes, e. g. whether progeny tested animals were selected or not. In general, older and more parents were selected with a more stringent selection onDF. Due to such dynamic adaptations of the breeding schemes, genetic gain reduced only little whenDF was lowered. Non-random mating can improve the family structure of the population under selection, thereby further increase the genetic gain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Patients’ basal metabolic rate was used to determine diet composition patients’ basal metabolic rate using the Harris-Benedict formula [13]. The formulas for determining the Rate (BMR) are distinguished as shown below: Male: (BMR) =66+ (13. 7*Weight (kg)) + (5*Height (cm))-(6. 8*Age (years)) Female: BMR=655+ (9. 6*Weight (kg)) + (1. 8*Height (cm))-(4. 7*Age (years)) Typically, the Harris-Benedict formula fluctuates between 1200-1700 Kcal/day. At the same time, it is fixed for the fasting days of 5+2 at 600kcal/day for men and 500kcal/day for women [14]. Based on these considerations, the dietary composition for the 5+2 intervention, which represents five days of energy restriction and two days of light fasting, was 15-20% protein, 40-55% carbohydrate, and 20-30% fat. Comparatively, the HPD had 20-30% protein, 40% carbohydrate, and 20-30% fat. Harris-Benedict formula and fluctuates between 1200-1700 Kcal/day, and was fixed for the fasting days of 5+2 at 600kcal/day for men and 500kcal/day for women15. The 5+2 diet had two non-consecutive days of light fasting - 600 for men and 500 for women. Overall, Participants closely adhered to the eating patterns established by the researcher. Simultaneously, a recording tool known as the "diet diary" was used to monitor their adherence to the eating schedules. The goal was to isolate the effects of the interventions on their weight. The effectiveness of the HPD was examined after analyzing differences in insulin, Vitamin D, and hemoglobin levels caused by exposure to the high protein diet. Changes in these variables were measured before and after the trial period. Fluctuations in muscle mass were measured by evaluating disparities in insulin levels. Associated changes were evaluated to assess the impact of the HPD on muscle mass [16]. The findings demonstrated that decreases in muscle mass were linked to insulin resistance [17]. This relationship was used to justify the use of insulin as a key variable for measuring the impact of the HPD on muscle mass.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 1 (original submission) · Mar 22, 2023 · This study is relevant to understanding the structure of sponge communities and sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs. Three reviewers have given their comments and suggestions to improvise the manuscript. Reviewer 2 has given elaborate guidance on how to improvise this manuscript and pointed out that "the ecological context and the hypotheses to elucidate an overall pattern beyond what previous studies have found are not clearly stated". Hence, follow all reviewers' comments and suggestions carefully and revise the manuscript. [# PeerJ Staff Note: Please ensure that all review and editorial comments are addressed in a response letter and any edits or clarifications mentioned in the letter are also inserted into the revised manuscript where appropriate. #] [# PeerJ Staff Note: The review process has identified that the English language must be improved. PeerJ can provide language editing services - please contact us at copyediting@peerj. com for pricing (be sure to provide your manuscript number and title) #] · Mar 12, 2023 Basic reporting - The authors should improve English grammar and usage. - The authors should provide locations in Figure 1 - The authors should give clear hypotheses Experimental design - Provide clearer research questions - The authors should provide details of the methods. Validity of the findings - Provide clearer conclusion Additional comments - This manuscript should be improved for better understanding of the readers. Cite this review as (2023) #1 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Mar 15, 2023 Basic reporting This manuscript evaluates through a meta-analysis (= a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies) the structural importance of sponge species in hos-guest interactions. The hosts' structural importance is based on two functional traits, sponge species' accumulated geographical area and sponge morphology. The meta-analysis is based on a filtrated version of the bibliographic database by Pérez-Botello and Simões, 2021( and includes records at the species level. An ecological network analysis, a Model (GLM), a Ordination (PCO), and an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were utilized to identify holistic properties within host-guest interactions. Overall this study is relevant to understanding how sponge communities structure and how much associated biodiversity they host.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity is critical to maintaining species resilience in changing environments. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 86060 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechDiversity in Characterization and by Mohamed A. El-the in - Characterization and by Mohamed A. El-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Genetic diversity and its assessment Genetic diversity is the raw material that helps plant species face a wide range of daily global changes [1, 2]. It also represents the number of alternations in the genetic makeup of populations and species, which take place under various evolutionary mechanisms such as genetic drift that involves random matings of individuals within the same population, changing their allele frequencies, and founder effect that causes individuals with new genetic information leading to a new population developed from a larger one [1, 2, 3]. Genetic composition of individuals varies from one population to another due to systematic differences that emerge among individuals from different places promoting their survival and reproduction. Genetic diversity becomes more potent and quick when gene flow among populations is little such as restricted dispersal of seeds or pollens [2, 3]. Plant breeders are able to develop large amount of new productive crops that are of improved tolerance to a variety of diseases and pests as well as its enhanced ability to stand against a changing world.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: According to Table 1, a mean change in insulin levels for all patients was registered as it increased from 15. 506 at the start of the clinical trial to 15. 707 at the end. The mode similarly increased from 7. 8 at the start of the trial to 9. 3 during its completion. Comparatively, changes in hemoglobin levels were examined by monitoring differences in HBA1. As depicted in Table 2, an assessment of this measure reveals a marginal increase from 4. 889 at the start of the experiment to 4. 985 at its end. However, the mode relatively remained the same at 5. 3. In terms of assessing the impact of the HPD on skeletal mass, changes in levels were tracked before and after the clinical trial period. The mean average for levels at the start and end of the experiment decreased marginally from 15. 558 to 15. 345. However, there was a significant increase of the mode from 9. 8 to 17. 3. Differences in these figures are highlighted in Table 3. DiscussionAs shown in the findings section above, an assessment of changes in HBA1 levels during the clinical trial period revealed a marginal increase from 4. 889 at the start of the experiment to 4. 985 at its end. This peripheral increase in HBA1 levels suggests a decrease in muscle mass - inferring the effectiveness of HPD on weight loss. However, given that the mode for the variable remained relatively constant throughout the trial period, it can be deduced that HPD was not as effective in changing HBA1 levels as it did insulin. However, the HPD diet had a negative effect on muscle mass, thereby underscoring its effectiveness in influencing weight loss programs. In terms of insulin changes, there was a significant increase in mode from 7. 8 at the start of the trial period to 9. 3 during the completion stage. The findings suggest that the impact of the HPD on insulin resistance could have been masked by the marginal increases in mean values reported during the clinical trial. Overall, the increase in insulin levels among the patients, supported by differences in mode, suggests a significant increase in insulin levels during the trial period. Alternatively, based on the relationship between insulin and muscle bulk identified in the methodology section of this document, one could assume that the HPD had a negative effect on muscle mass. The implication of this finding on the research question is that HPD is effective in promoting favorable weight loss outcomes through inferred reductions in muscle mass.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: accumulated geographic area, and 3. morphology of host sponges. Figure 3. Add the species in colors or morphological characteristics to this figure to detect any pattern in species or morphology and in relation to accumulated geographic area. Figure 4- The photograph selected to represent encrusting species is from an “excavating” sponge, not from an encrusting species, and the spherical representative species is a common massive species; as their growth patterns vary, please select a typically spherical species. Checking the supplementary list, I found several errors related to the morphology assigned to the species. I recommend you include/collaborate with a sponge expert taxonomist or ecologist to re-organize this data. 284-287- Vague sentence “However, our findings have the potential to provide new insights into predicting the functional responses of faunal assemblages associated with sponges to potential species extinctions in endangered coral reef ecosystems. ” Please specifically state how the study results provide new insights into predicting the functional responses. Lines 292-301- This section in the discussion has interesting statements. However, it is vague and does not express why the results are important and how this knowledge contributes to the structure of interaction networks in sponge communities and associated fauna “Galiana et al. (2018) proposed a relationship between geographic area and the probability of establishing a species interaction. Especially they found that widespread species are more likely to interact with other species. Our results indicate that as the sponge's accumulated geographic area increases, so does the potential for interactions with other organisms” The authors mention that widespread sponge species (as sponge accumulated geographic area) tend to have more potential for interactions with other organisms. Still, it does not specify which species of sponges are those and with which organisms those interactions occur. Instead, keep generalizing “Widely distributed sponge species are found to be particularly important in shaping the structure of the interaction network". Please explain what significance you found in your results. The following sentence is general and does not expose the relevance of the results or why it is important in the context of this study “The positive relationship between the importance of a sponge species within the contribution to network organization and its accumulated geographic area is crucial to understanding the significance of these widely distributed sponge species and the vulnerability of specific geographically restricted interactions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic diversity is critical to maintaining species resilience in changing environments. [SEP] Text: This depends on the volume and range of genetic variation among individuals within the same species, which allows for designing sampling programs [2, 4, 5, 6]. Accordingly, geneticists have focused on evaluating genetic differences within populations using morphological, cytological, biochemical, and molecular markers to identify the characteristics of domestication, propagation, and breeding techniques as well as conservation of plant genetic materials [2]. This work addresses various approaches related to genetic diversity in plants. Advertisement 2. Biochemical markers 2. 1. Storage proteins One important output of post-transcription and translation processes is the protein, which represents the genetic DNA as well as the structural and enzymatic material of an organism’s cells [2]. Genetic divergence is found to have impacts on proteins. For example, seed proteins that are of essential roles in species are tolerant to environmental occurrences. Recent approaches have employed several technologies to identify the characteristics of various plant cultivars and genotypes [2]. One quickly and precisely technology utilized for such purpose is electrophoresis. The genetic divergence was assessed within Lathyrus sativus through accurate electrophoretic analysis of its seed storage proteins [2, 7], suggesting its fundamental role in evaluating the relationship between taxonomy and genetics at and below the species level [2]. 2. 2. Isozyme markers Isozymes, also called isoenzymes, are proteins exhibiting same catalytic and quantitative function as the enzyme but, meanwhile, they differ in their molecular forms [2]. Various alleles within a single locus are encoded by structural genes to give the allozyme, an allelic variant of the enzyme. Biological analysis of isozymes reveals significant importance, including the assessment of genetic divergence as well as phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships [2]. It also helps to investigate population genetics and developmental biology as well as to conserve the genetic resources of plants [8, 9]. Advertisement 3. Molecular markers Molecular markers such as restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellites (SSRs), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are considered as effective and efficient tools for evaluating the genetic divergence within and among plant species [10]. 3. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: These findings imply that muscle loss is achievable after prolonged exposure to HPD [25]. Studies have supported the above-mentioned findings by re-affirming the effects of dietary effectiveness on weight loss [26]. Therefore, the findings generated have emphasized the importance of understanding the nutritional compounds of various dietary plans to comprehend their overall effectiveness [27]. Patients’ characteristics equally play an important role in determining the effectiveness of HPD programs. For example, some patients harbor a C-reactive compound in their genetic makeup, which may worsen, or improve, their metabolic reactions to HPD [28]. Such causative agents may lead to variations in muscle and skeletal mass during analysis [29]. At the same time, certain population groups, such as older adults or people with pre-existing health conditions, may require high levels of protein intake owing to age-related factors [30]. For instance, studies have shown that the elderly have a significant risk of skeletal and muscle mass reduction owing to age-related factors [31]. Therefore, they may require a higher protein intake than the general population. Most affiliated studies have taken a keen interest in understanding the impact of sex and age-related factors on weight loss programs. For example, women tend to lose skeletal muscle density faster than men [32]. This outcome remains consistent across various nutritional programs, including HPD [33]. However, scholars have used the Index (SMI) to investigate the effects of diets on weight loss programs. Their findings suggest that patients with low SMI are prone to several negative health outcomes, including low life expectancy and high rates of acute or chronic illnesses [34]. Similarly, obesity may lead to lower bone density, while its effects further worsen with aging [35]. Therefore, body mass gains lead to the deterioration of skeletal mass as a weight indicator [36 These statements suggest that the impact of HPD on weight loss could be moderated by patient’s demographic characteristics. Subject to the influence of the above-mentioned effects of dietary interventions on weight loss, some strategies adopted by healthcare practitioners to manage obesity involve making changes to protein-based diets [37]. The same plan has been used to assess the effectiveness of protein-based diets on weight loss programs [38]. For example, researchers who have used nutritional interventions aimed at promoting body mass reductions through variations in protein levels have employed nitrogen balance as a key determinant of clinical effectiveness [39]. Their studies have had mixed results on obesity management.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: ” Lines 328-329- The authors focus on functional characteristics of the sponge they did not measure, such as the physical structure of the sponges (volume, oscula size, number of tubes), but their never organized sponge species based on these characteristics for their analyses. The only morphological characteristic is general morphology, which seems biased, as not all photographs match the correct morphological characteristics for the representative species (i. e. , Figure 4). Lines 324-327- How do you verify that organisms inside the internal space were not excluded in encrusting species? Also, the internal space was not quantified, measured, or even supported by referenced research for each species. Therefore this statement is invalid “This sponge network importance, biological, translates to the fact that morphos that promote spatial micro-compartmentalization could support a more diverse community of associated fauna than morphos with less internal space”. What do you define as micro-compartmentalization? The limitations of this study are not clearly stated in the discussion. There is no clear context for the findings concerning previous literature and results. Lines 343-366- If you want to discuss the relevance of sponge-host interactions concerning chemical defenses, please categorize the species in your metanalyses based on chemical defenses and then evaluate directly in the network analyses your findings. I encourage the authors to include this hypothesis in their network analysis, make it part of this research, focus the network analysis, and develop a more substantial discussion. Additional comments Formatting and English language needs improvement to communicate ideas better so an international audience can understand your text. For example, the first line of the abstract, "Sponges have widely spread organisms in the tropical reefs", should be rephrased; sponges are organisms; they do not have organisms. Also, "behaving like ecosystem engineers" should be replaced by ecological terminology such as "they structure ecosystems". In addition, throughout the text, statements are placed without connecting ideas. For example, in the first paragraph of the introduction, the following three statements are three disconnected sentences of definitions that lack connective words between them "The ecology of a species or community can be studied based on the functional characteristics of organisms (Gagic et al. 2015; Schmitz et al. 2015; Pimiento et al. 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translators are commonly used in applications, such as chatbots and mobile apps. [SEP] Text: In addition to AI and ML, we see the rise of that has potential to act like, look like, talk like and reason like human, and eventually becoming an essential part of an organizational business infrastructure worldwide [1]. Some experts compare level of intelligence of new called Sophia to that of a one month old new born baby that is at the very beginning of discovering the world around and is beginning to observe and to learn to communicate with his or her parents. Yet, very young and tiny, babies have a that may be compared to a computational capacity of most performant Supercomputer in the world today. Many experts suggest that there are fundamental differences between the AI and (NI) and that future evolution of AI driven may have strong impact on the future Industry 5. 0 and 6. 0, Business to Business (B2B) and (mC). Given recent COVID relates crisis, applications of AI in business, industry, government, academia and other sectors have become ubiquitous showing more and more examples of Agents application. The next section, presents examples of the AI driven applications including chatbots and ChatGPT, and discus what, how and where they are. Advertisement 2. What are the Chatbots? Chatbots are one of the practical examples of AAI driven cyber automation. The software capable to facilitate human-machine conversation is known today as a chatbot. A chatbot software simulates and drives a real-time interaction between a customer a human partner, while bridging a client system and information acquisition domains. Chatbot is a conversational agent that utilizes AI to interpret the text of the chat using Processing (NLP). Instead of direct communication with human service personnel, the customer/client can make conversation via text or voice with the chatbot software [2]. The chatbots utilize the AI embedded conversational systems capable to recognize customers and information systems database driven keywords or word patterns to provide the human-like answer in real-time. Chatbots have become an essential part of organizational business infrastructures while improving a customer service with faster and cost effective best quality support. 2. 1 Chatbots are not perfect yetThe rise of AAI and chatbots have created collection of new tools that are often applied by students, faculty and others to write scholastic essays, 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: An overview of the above limitations suggests that the HPD nutritional program may be associated with significant changes in body mass outcomes. These results are consistent with research showing that a HPD is associated with the preservation of lean body mass [40]. Therefore, one could argue that the emergence of HPD as an effective dietary plan for influencing weight reduction programs is consistent with extant literature. The results highlighted in the findings section of this study revealed that the mean change for levels among the clinical trial group was 15. 558 at the start to 15. 345 in the end. Comparatively, out of all the three variables assessed in this investigation, changes in had the highest difference in mode. This statement means that there may have been significant differences in vitamin D response outcomes within the clinical trial group. However, they did not undermine the insignificance of the changes observed among the larger trial group after exposure to HPD. The rise of the HPD in promoting the efficacy of nutritional intervention programs could create a paradigm shift in the use of protein-based nutritional plans in obesity management. Relative to this assertion, restrictions on calorie intake and intermediate fasting are equally important to this review but less effective in causing weight loss [41]. The effectiveness of HPD could be contrasted to past uses of the dietary method in clinical studies. Indeed, most researchers used it to suppress hunger and enhance satiety, as opposed to reducing body mass [42]. At the same time, researchers have used HPD to promote muscle mass growth and minimize fat gain by supporting the intake of protein-rich foods above the recommended daily intake levels [43]. Researchers who have highlighted the use of HPD this way have the opportunity to expand it to improve the effectiveness of programs designed to manage obesity [44]. Relative to these findings, HPD emerged as an effective dietary plan for weight loss treatment. ConclusionDietary interventions are a source of knowledge for understanding the metabolic processes associated with obesity management programs. Overall, the findings of this study showed that reductions in muscle mass were more poignant than similar changes that occurred in the skeletal mass based on exposure to HPDs. These findings are consistent with other researchers who have affirmed the impact of HPDs on weight loss programs. The implication of this finding on the management of obesity is rooted in the continued use of HPD to support linked programs, relative to other dietary interventions. These findings are relevant to clinical practice because they promote the adoption of targeted interventions for different groups of patients.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: A functional trait is an organism's distinguishable and quantifiable attribute, typically evaluated at the individual level and compared across different species (Poff et al. 2006; Weiher 2011). Classifying biodiversity according to some trait or functional group emphasizes the phenotypic differences between taxa and breaks the species ancestor-descendent phylogenetic link (McGill et al. 2006; Weiher 2011; Gagic et al. 2015; Bagousse-Pinguet et al. 2019). " The connection between statements and ideas needs to be clarified throughout the document. Repetition of statements without explicitly mentioning how this study contributes and connects to previous work is found in the introduction and discussion. Format- Several mistakes, including misspellings of species names “ Aplisyna“ and words Line 503 “Graunds”, grammar Line 59 “2020). . ”, and scientific notation Line 222 “10m2”, are found throughout the text. Also, some 0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 3 · Mar 21, 2023 Basic reporting • language should be improved to ensure that an international audience can clearly understand your text. English grammar and punctuations to be thoroughly checked. • Spell checks to be done. • Spacing and alignment issues in manuscript to be looked into. • Introduction & background needs more elaboration, needs more detail. • Literature well referenced & relevant. • Discussion is not adequate, I felt. • Discussion should be focusing more on the results obtained. • Introduction portions are in Discussion, to be re framed. • Figures are relevant, quality needs to be improved in some figures, however, I have suggested some changes in legend colouring in the map. Experimental design • Research question well defined, relevant & meaningful. However, authors should clearly mention the knowledge gap their research fills. • Methodically explained the steps of conducting this research. The methodology looks good. • The text needs to be more seamless. It feels very disjointed as if each section is written by a different co-author. There is a dissonance in the writing, making it a little difficult for the reader to quickly comprehend. Validity of the findings • Conclusions are linked to the original research question & are supporting results. However, it does not link well with the discussion. It is advised to rework the discussion part for writing a better conclusion. • All underlying data have been provided.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translators are commonly used in applications, such as chatbots and mobile apps. [SEP] Text: 2 New generation of ChatbotsEvolution of AI driven chatbots brough a new Pre-(ChatGPT) technology utilizing a dialogue-based AI chatbot capable of understanding natural human language and generating quite detailed human-like written text. These ChatGPTs are part of text-generating AIs technologies and are becoming integrated in business, industry, government and other sectors worldwide. GTP systems are trained by AI & ML, and are capable to answer questions via a conversational interface. These new OpenAI systems are trained on a very large sample of text adopted directly from the Internet information System, enabling a dialogue format for ChatGPT to answer or follow-up questions, to admit its mistakes, to challenge incorrect premises, as well as to reject inappropriate requests [3]. The results produced by ChatGPT are based on the data available in the organizational information systems database only. The ChatGPT today, are not able to collect data from primary sources independently and to advance the AI driven technological evolution in social sciences. There are important challenges to make ensure data integrity and data accuracy in conjunction with the structural and legal frameworks regarding the copyright and the author’s rights. There are critical challenges to make sure that the future impact of AI driven chatbots on mental health is minimum. Current studies show, that the anxiety and paranoia levels have increased when interacting with chatbots acting like humans instead of humans communications with humans. Some social applications may mislead people with chatbots acting like humans to help people to socialize utilizing chatbots acting like humans. This may contribute to paranoia, and some users may not be able to distinguish whether they are talking to humans or chatbots. The studies show that extensive use of ChatGPT may contribute to paranoia caused by frequent interactions with chatbots instead of interaction with humans [4]. Advertisement 3. applications in B2BToday, the chatbots are well accepted in the B2B providing a business value and promote framework for training chatbots in order to to better serve B2B customers. Chatbots have potential to provide support for fast and effective B2B shopping experience by providing personalized support and guidance, helping customers to find the right products or services quickly and efficiently. The B2B chatbots are trained to understand the unique client’s needs and p4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: (2020) Leptin improves intestinal flora dysfunction in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. J Res 48: 445-454. Pocovi-Gerardino G, Correa-Rodríguez M, Rubio LC, Fernández RR, Ortego-Centeno N, et al. (2019) Diet quality and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nurs 21: 107-113. Kasprzak K, Wojtunik-Kulesza K, Oniszczuk T, Kuboń M, (2018) Secondary metabolites, dietary fiber, and conjugated fatty acids as functional food ingredients against overweight and obesity. Comm 13: 112-119. (2020) Two stories about diet and diabetes in Europe. Quar 33: 85-90. (2020) Exploring the impact of obesity on skeletal muscle function in older age. 7: 69-89. (2020) Weight loss and dietary interventions for Hidradenitis Suppurativa: a systematic review. J Surg 24: 64-72. (2021) Matter: – Aging Strong. eBookIt. com, London, UK. (2018) Muscle Atrophy. . (2021) for Mass Regulation. . Cruz-Jentoft A, Morley, J (2021) Sarcopenia. & Sons, London, UK. (2021) Obesogenic diets cause alterations in proteins and their post-translational modifications in mouse brains. Insights 14: 1-10. Javed A, (2018) Advances in Psychiatry. . Fang J, (2021) Blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin ratio independently predicts mortality in critically ill patients with acute pulmonary embolism. 27: 112-119. (2019) Effects of dietary protein quantity on bone quantity following weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 10: 1089-1107. McCarthy D, (2021) Weight loss strategies and the risk of skeletal muscle mass loss. Nutrients 13: 2473-2477. van der Plas SE, Visser M, et al. (2017) Effect of a high protein diet and/or resistance exercise on the preservation of fat-free mass during weight loss in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: • It would have made a stronger paper if there was also proper field collection collected and studied by the authors, to better support the dataset information. However, the outcome of this work seems to have potential in the future. Additional comments The manuscript PDF is annotated for authors to see and check. The manuscript needs to be restructured essentially in the Introduction and discussion part to convey the scientific potential of this research. In this context, I am recommending the manuscript for a major revisions to incorporate the suggestions mentioned in the PDF version of the Manuscript, which is attached here before the acceptance. Annotated reviews are not available for download in order to protect the identity of reviewers who chose to remain anonymous. Cite this review as (2023) #3 of "Geographic range size and species morphology determines the organization of sponge host-guest interaction networks across tropical coral reefs (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Feb 6, 2023 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translators are commonly used in applications, such as chatbots and mobile apps. [SEP] Text: Journal of and Applications > Vol. 17 No. 3, March 2024 of AI-Apps to Ecosystems () of Municipal and and Housing, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. DOI: 10. 4236/jsea. 2024. 173008 192 Downloads 1,081 Views 154. doi: 10. 4236/jsea. 2024. 173008. 1. applications have become a dominant form of delivering and consuming information across the globe. Unless the apps are integrated with AI capabilities, their relevance and usage cannot be attached to the vision. These AI integrated apps are revolutionizing urban mobility, health, safety, energy consumption and more. 1. 1. dramatic evolution of mobile devices over the past two decades has been radically accelerated in the last decade. Although smartphones were initially presented as simple and practical communication devices, they have evolved to become personal computers fully capable of replacing all desktop operations. Beyond mobile devices, the recent interest in machine learning has made AI very popular and has been the next big thing for some time—especially because of its apparent versatility when paired with intelligent digital systems like those found in smartphones. The rapid development of digital devices and the software to run on them has left cities unprepared to leverage their potential. A smart city can be seen as a broader view of a city’s ecosystem underpinned and offering an environment for the roadmap that future cities will be heading toward. 1. 2. main key objectives to be addressed within this research, are focus largely on exploring the current and potential impacts of AI-powered mobile apps within city-based ecosystem models, in order to arrive at a clear conclusion in relation to which key directions of focus should be taken with regard to the future development of these AI-powered mobile apps, in terms of city ecosystem optimization. 2. Whenever it’s on the news, it’s almost never a positive thing. Talk of money troubles, residents out in force and health scares, but what it’s forcing cities and counties to do is a good thing. It’s forcing them to up their game. It’s forcing them to begin working in coordination—almost like the synapses of a brain. With everything and everyone connected, it’s benefitting everyone. 2. 1. smart city is a city where utilizing different kinds of electronic data collection sensors to supply information which is used to manage assets and resources efficiently.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4802152/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractobjective of this probe is to determine the effects of High-(HPD) on weight loss programs. January 2021 to May 2022, 133 patients, who were enrolled in a Chinese-based weight loss program, participated in a clinical trial aimed at investigating the impact of High-(HPD) on weight loss programs. The effects of the diet plan on the patients’ insulin, hemoglobin, and levels were assessed and the findings examined to evaluate the impact of HPD on muscle and skeletal mass. Results and Findings HPD was useful in catalyzing the effectiveness of weight loss programs. It led to reductions in skeletal and muscle mass during the trial period based on its impact on insulin, hemoglobin, and levels among the trial population. Health sciences/EndocrinologyHealth sciences/Health care/NutritionObesityHigh-1IntroductionObesity is one of the most prevalent public health issues worldwide. The condition undermines a patient's physical and mental health, thereby leading to the development of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular complications and high blood pressure. In 2017, the number of obese people in China ranked first in the world at 89. 6 million [1]. In 2016, the of proposed changing the term “obesity” to “obesity-based chronic disease” to accommodate the scope of health complications associated with this disease [2]. According to the 2016 Therapy report, effective and safe reductions in body mass were based on the use of nutritional, exercise, psychotherapy, and behavioral interventions [3]. This statement indicates that diet control is the key to the success of obesity management programs. Nutritional solutions for weight management are linked to the assessment of changes in food portions to create positive health outcomes for obese patients. A reduction in blood pressure and a lowered risk of developing diabetes are commonly cited health outcomes linked to effective diet management [4]. Most of the attention directed at improving obesity management outcomes has been focused on restricting dietary intake as the sole method for realizing changes in body mass [5]. Consequently, nutritionists have proposed diverse interventions to treat obesity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: and old ideas about Earth's oxygen history 24 April 2014 Multiple approaches are being brought to bear on the question of when and how our planet's atmosphere acquired life-sustaining oxygen. DOI: Content License::1945-0699 Topics: Research & assert that oxygen first appeared in Earth's atmosphere 2. 3 billion years ago during the Event, when photosynthesizing bacteria started to release oxygen into the atmosphere. The free oxygen reacted with iron dissolved in the oceans, and settled to the ocean floor as iron oxide. Although rusty red bands in the sedimentary record support that idea, geochemical data prompt questions on the timing of free oxygen in the atmosphere and the related evolution of photosynthesis itself. The second major rise of atmospheric oxygen preceded the Cambrian explosion of 550 million years ago, when many lifeforms diversified. Recently, more detailed geochemical studies have started to complete the framework by which oxygenation and its cause-and-effect relationship with biological evolution may be understood. Sulfur isotopesIf you want to understand the origin of life, you have to understand the origin of oxygen. “At 2. 45 billion years ago, you get the red iron bands. The question is, between the oldest rocks and 2. 45 billion years, how much oxygen was there and where did it come from? ” says Mark Thiemens, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego. These red, banded-iron formations in are 3 billion years old. : Nic BeukesThe composition of rocks does not reveal oxygen levels. On our water-filled planet, original signatures that might have been left by oxygen have become unreliable. Other elements and isotopes are therefore required as proxies for determining oxygen levels over Earth's history. Thiemens and geologist James Farquhar, now at the University of Maryland, made a significant advance in that direction when looking at Martian rock samples to find evidence of water as revealed by sulfur isotopes. “If you have a reaction that occurs in solids or liquids, it's highly unlikely that you will fractionate isotopes in a way that does not preserve a certain linear relationship between all the different isotopes,” says Farquhar. The magnitude of an effect that results from the fractionation of 34S from 32S will be about twice the magnitude that results from the fractionation of 33S from 32S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translators are commonly used in applications, such as chatbots and mobile apps. [SEP] Text: For instance, AI mobile apps enable advanced methods of user profiling and personal assistant systems generated by user intentions through text and voice. Further AI applications in mobile apps can include image Editing, E-commerce and Shopping, Navigation and Maps, Financial Management, and Entertainment, Safety and Security, Control and (AR) and Gaming. 3. 2. This research extends the current understanding of AI-powered mobile apps in smart cities by elucidating their multifaceted impacts on urban ecosystems. Through detailed case studies and a comprehensive literature review, it highlights the nuanced roles these technologies play in enhancing urban mobility, safety, and environmental sustainability. The findings underscore the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach in developing AI-driven applications, advocating for a collaborative framework that includes policymakers, technologists, and citizens. This integrated perspective not only contributes to academic discourse but also offers actionable insights for practical implementation in smart city initiatives. One of the reasons for smart cities’ slow adoption of AI-powered mobile apps is lack of framework and guidelines. It can be hard for a city to deploy continuous network coverage given the geographic and demographic differences in smart cities. The paper discusses different approaches of wide and deep learning from the perspectives of computer science and backers. 4. includes an important distinction between the principle of data gathering and methodology with implications for the restrictions and followed avenues of research. The methodology used in this research is guided by the interpretive paradigm of research method that is anchored on a qualitative approach. Due to the qualitative approach, this methodology will involve case study as the main research method used in this research. The reason case study was chosen as the main research method was that such research findings were largely and thoroughly contextualised environmentally. Design and The focus group interview was mainly conducted with two software engineers from the of Technology, Akure, and facilitated by an interviewer. The interviewing process utilized open-ended questions, which were specifically designed to extract detailed information on the qualifications and existing capabilities of platforms related to smart city initiatives. These questions included inquiries about experiences with using AI in mobile apps to enhance smart city projects, the necessary qualifications or capabilities for platforms involved in such projects, and requests for specific examples or case studies of AI-powered mobile apps that have successfully contributed to smart city initiatives. Additionally, the interview aimed to gather perspectives on the evolving role of AI in the context of smart cities and its potential to improve quality of life, as well as the challenges or obstacles encountered during the implementation of AI solutions in smart city projects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Expert consensus recommends three effective diet patterns for weight loss treatment: calorie-restricted diets (CRD), high-protein diets (HPD), and intermittent fasting [6]. Calorie-restricted treatment plans have been associated with a reduction in body mass and diabetes management programs. At the same time, HPDs have had similar applications in the medical field with a bias toward understanding their efficacy in weight management. The three intervention programs have registered varied levels of success in managing changes to body mass based on differences in their effectiveness. 7 In this regard, it is vital to review the nutritional properties of various intervention programs to evaluate their efficacy. This investigation focuses on HPDs as one of the options for managing weight [8]. Little is known about its impact on specific weight loss contributors, such as muscle and skeletal mass. The importance of dietary reviews for assessing the impact of nutritional programs is crucial in identifying the best treatment framework to use. Therefore, there is a need to conduct a nutritional profile analysis of weight loss programs to determine their effectiveness in obesity management [9]. Differences in the efficacy of dietary interventions highlight the importance of understanding nutritional values when designing clinical trials [10]. At the same time, the effects of daily food intake on weight loss are contextual [11]. Stemming from this observation, the current investigation will be limited to reviewing the effectiveness of HPD on weight loss management. The HPD has been selected for review in the current probe because it is a common dietary intervention for body mass loss management [12]. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate its effectiveness in weight loss management based on an assessment of its impact on skeletal and muscle mass. Materials and MethodsPatients who were clinically diagnosed as obese or overweight in a Chinese healthcare facility participated in this study from January 2021 to May 2022. Institutional approvals were obtained from the organization’s licensing committee under the ethical approval number [2022]074. This ethical approval signature was assigned to the study after authorities confirmed that all methodological and clinical procedures that were to be employed in the study were consistent with the institution’s ethical procedures, including the non-disclosure of health data without a patient’s consent. In line with universal principles adopted by the Organization (WHO), the Declaration of Helsinki, which prioritizes a patient’s health and wellbeing as primary considerations for undertaking health-based research, was adopted as the philosophical foundation of the study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: But lab work shows that in gas-phase chemistry, other factors produce isotope variation. It turns out that sulfate, which forms when sulfur is oxidized, is a very complicated molecule in gas-phase reactions. In particular, reaction products that include the 33S isotope are anomalously large compared with those that contain 34S or 32S. Such anomalies are called mass-independent fractionation. On Mars, UV light photolyzes sulfate and leads to fractionation. Laboratory experiments revealed that sulfur isotopes in Martian rocks show a mass-independent distribution. If there were no oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, UV light would get through as well, and similar anomalies would appear in the sulfur isotope record. “We know that sulfur in today's atmosphere gets oxidized by peroxide in ozone,” explains Thiemens. Farquhar did indeed see this isotope variation in 2. 45 billion-year-old Earth rocks. “We realized that this variation existed and the only mechanism we knew of that could produce it was related to gas-phase reactions,” he says. All that remained was to figure out the atmospheric conditions. “The sulfur allows you to see at most how much oxygen there was at the time,” says Thiemens. During the period prior to 2. 45 billion years ago, the photolytic effect can be seen. Then, when there was sufficient oxygen in the atmosphere, normal mass-dependent chemistry appears in the isotope record. Models suggested that this oxygen threshold is about 10 ppm. “We have been able to show fine-scale differences between the [sulfur isotopes] that show up. They fall into bins in different places in Earth's early record, and might give insight to what's happening in the atmosphere and oceans at any given times,” summarizes Farquhar. The sulfur isotope study provided one of the first continuous records that could be used to demonstrate a long-advocated change in oxygen levels. Other studies have used metals to study reactions that might be related to air oxidation states and redox reactions that occur in oceans and during weathering. Earlier or later? “There are polarized views in the geochemical and early Earth community about when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved,” says of the University of British Columbia. One camp insists that oxygen appeared in the atmosphere 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translators are commonly used in applications, such as chatbots and mobile apps. [SEP] Text: on integration of AI-driven mobile applications in projects like the one at KAFD underscores the transformative power of technology on urban sustainability. By utilizing advanced algorithms for traffic management and offering a unified mobility platform, these applications not only streamline city transit but also contribute significantly to environmental conservation. This synergy between technology and urban planning paves the way for smarter, more sustainable cities, demonstrating a commitment to reducing carbon footprints and enhancing the quality of urban life. In a study by Lee and Cho (2019) they found that AI-powered mobile apps can significantly improve traffic flow and reduce congestion in urban areas. By analyzing real-time data and predicting traffic patterns these apps can suggest alternative routes to users thereby reducing travel time and emissions. This not only benefits individual commuters but also contributes to the overall sustainability of the city [4]. Furthermore AI-driven mobile apps have been instrumental in enhancing public safety in smart cities. By incorporating facial recognition technology and predictive analytics these apps can help law enforcement agencies in crime prevention and emergency response. For example the Safecity app in Singapore uses AI to analyze CCTV footage and detect potential security threats allowing authorities to take proactive measures. The environmental impact of AI-powered mobile apps in smart city ecosystems cannot be overstated. By optimizing energy usage reducing waste and promoting sustainable transportation options these apps play a crucial role in mitigating the effects of climate change. For instance the EcoMobility app in Barcelona incentivizes users to choose eco-friendly modes of transportation such as cycling or public transit thereby reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality. 6. 2. integration of AI and ML functionalities into mobile apps can significantly contribute to enhancing urban development. For instance, AI-powered mobile app in KAFD case study can play a crucial role in optimizing transportation systems within smart city ecosystems. Traffic congestion is a major issue in urban areas leading to increased carbon emissions and time wastage. By utilizing AI algorithms mobile apps can analyze real-time traffic data predict congestion patterns and suggest alternate routes to users thereby reducing travel time and fuel consumption [5]. This not only enhances individual commute experiences but also contributes to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore AI algorithms can be used to optimize energy usage within smart cities. By leveraging machine learning techniques, mobile app can gather data on energy consumption patterns of buildings, vehicles and other infrastructure allowing for intelligent energy management.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the researcher promoted and safeguarded the health and wellbeing of patients in the healthcare setting. All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the ethical approval form that was signed by all patients who took part in the study. This approval to take part in the study was obtained via informed consent, which was relevant to all participants and/or their legal guardians. The criteria for including patients in the clinical trial included a review of their medical history to determine its impact on weight loss outcomes. Notably, patients who had physical diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, liver, and kidney problems were excluded from the investigation to avoid distortions to the clinical trial findings based on their preexisting conditions. Guided by the need to isolate the effects of the HPD on the respondents’ health outcomes, the impact of the dietary plan was examined based on its influence on muscle and skeletal mass. (BCM) was instrumental in generating baseline and post-intervention data. Testing was done at the same time of day - in body 270 by in body provided baseline and post-intervention data. Patients’ basal metabolic rate was used to determine diet composition patients’ basal metabolic rate using the Harris-Benedict formula [13]. The formulas for determining the Rate (BMR) are distinguished as shown below: Male: (BMR) =66+ (13. 7*Weight (kg)) + (5*Height (cm))-(6. 8*Age (years)) Female: BMR=655+ (9. 6*Weight (kg)) + (1. 8*Height (cm))-(4. 7*Age (years)) Typically, the Harris-Benedict formula fluctuates between 1200-1700 Kcal/day. At the same time, it is fixed for the fasting days of 5+2 at 600kcal/day for men and 500kcal/day for women [14]. Based on these considerations, the dietary composition for the 5+2 intervention, which represents five days of energy restriction and two days of light fasting, was 15-20% protein, 40-55% carbohydrate, and 20-30% fat. Comparatively, the HPD had 20-30% protein, 40% carbohydrate, and 20-30% fat.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: 3-billion years ago, arguing that any signs of earlier oxygen are related to post-depositional processes that occurred after the formation of the sediments and after atmospheric oxygenation. The other camp votes for earlier evolution. Using chromium isotopes as a sensitive indicator for oxidative weathering, Crowe found evidence of oxygen traces in 3-billion-year-old Nsuze paleosol, an ancient soil sandwiched between volcanic and sedimentary rocks in South Africa. Lighter isotopes of chromium react more rapidly in chemical and biological reactions, so the ratio of heavy to light chromium is used to trace these reactions. It turns out that only reactions caused by separation of heavy and light chromium involve oxygen. Crowe and colleagues also looked at ancient soils and marine sediments in the in South Africa. The sequence provides relatively pristine samples that have not been subjected to high levels of metamorphism or modern day weathering. The sediments show enrichment of heavy relative to light chromium, while the soils show depletion. “That's what we would expect when weathering reactions that cause soil formation take place in the presence of oxygen,” says Crowe. Since the soil samples were recovered from a drill core several hundred meters below the surface, any modern-day weathering would be unlikely. Rather, signs of oxygen would be in the mineralogy and geochemistry. And while some marine sediments come from exposed outcrops, primary textures are preserved. What's more, the chromium isotope signal would be reversed by any post-depositional processes. Earlier signs of oxygen mean that “permanent accumulation of higher levels of oxygen was delayed from the time that photosynthesis evolved,” says Crowe. Ultimately, a combination of biological and geological processes had to combine, and volcanic reduced gases would have rapidly consumed most oxygen produced. The debate continues. and colleagues at Caltech suggest that a form of photosynthesis using manganese as an electron donor preceded the evolution of cyanobacteria and the rise of oxygen around 2. 4 billion years ago. Crowe plans to conduct chromium tests on other rocks, and study modern environments to “learn more about how the proxy works and how it would be altered by post-depositional processes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translators are commonly used in applications, such as chatbots and mobile apps. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the use of cloud-based servers for data storage and processing introduces risks that need to be mitigated through robust encryption and secure data management practices [15]. 8. In the near future, if AI’s integration with smart cities goes as planned, we can expect from a “smart” infrastructure to become a reality, because due to smart traffic, smart parking, smart energy and smart waste all the related Industry 4. 0 sectors like energy, automotive, and waste management are expected to grow drastically. The opportunities for business in industrial internet of things and AI is set to grow in the future as The Mcstates that the AI’s economic potential is to be in between 13 - 34 trillion dollars by the year 2025. There will be an increase in both productivity and efficiency, as AI is believed to handle the big data and the real time actions without errors, resulting in optimized solutions for the major problems today’s metropolises are facing. AI’s successful and important integration into cities will depend on the development of high quality algorithms [16]. city solutions are constantly evolving, so trends in the use of AI-Powered mobile technologies naturally reflect that dynamic process. In one view, the smart city AI agenda is still very much emerging. It reflects how data and technology could be integrated and how sensors and networks could empower consumers and optimize experience to improve self-awareness and communities. At one level, we could compare mobile markets to see how and when certain types of mobile applications with certain features are gaining traction and at what rate. We could compare how mobile and sensors are becoming more pervasive in smart city solutions. 9. cities are a widespread topic nowadays. Governments and corporations are opting for smart-city strategies in order to make urban living more efficient and comfortable. Mobile apps, orchestrated by AI, have a key duty to drive smart-city ecosystems. The apps promote a multitude of services spanning ticketing systems, intelligent traffic and parking systems, environmental monitoring, energy and utilities, lifestyle services and health, networks for public safety, and more. AI-supported mobile apps are used because of their distinct abilities to detect human motions, voices, faces and one’s daily activities. AI-powered mobile apps also offer complex computational and analytical services which could encompass the duty to figure out the logic behind delivering accurate and prompt services to the users as per their personal habits and social needs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Harris-Benedict formula and fluctuates between 1200-1700 Kcal/day, and was fixed for the fasting days of 5+2 at 600kcal/day for men and 500kcal/day for women15. The 5+2 diet had two non-consecutive days of light fasting - 600 for men and 500 for women. Overall, Participants closely adhered to the eating patterns established by the researcher. Simultaneously, a recording tool known as the "diet diary" was used to monitor their adherence to the eating schedules. The goal was to isolate the effects of the interventions on their weight. The effectiveness of the HPD was examined after analyzing differences in insulin, Vitamin D, and hemoglobin levels caused by exposure to the high protein diet. Changes in these variables were measured before and after the trial period. Fluctuations in muscle mass were measured by evaluating disparities in insulin levels. Associated changes were evaluated to assess the impact of the HPD on muscle mass [16]. The findings demonstrated that decreases in muscle mass were linked to insulin resistance [17]. This relationship was used to justify the use of insulin as a key variable for measuring the impact of the HPD on muscle mass. Insulin was measured in micro units per milliliter with the normal range being 2 - 20 mIU/mL. Hemoglobin levels were assessed using the ‘A1c” test, which measures average blood glucose levels throughout a clinical trial period [18]. The normal range for the “A1c” test results is below 5. 7 %, while a range of between 5. 7 % and 6. 4 % is “high. ” Comparatively, changes in skeletal mass were measured using as the main variable. This mutable effect was selected as the main adjustable factor for the present study because it supports weight loss management [19]. Relative to this assertion, empirical investigations suggest that patients with high body weights have low levels of Vitamin D, while those with lower body weights have a higher level of [20]. This variable was measured by evaluating changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitmain D levels via blood tests. Low or deficient levels of vitamin D are deemed to be less than or equal to 10 ng/ml (25 nmol/L), while sufficient levels are between 10 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml (25 to 50 nmol/L) [21].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: 3 billion-years-ago event, but the big question is whether the late neoproterozoic rise 600 million years ago was necessary before the appearance of animals,” says geobiologist of Caltech. Fossils of sponges—the simplest animals, and indeed ones whose physiology has remained the same throughout history—exist from 635 million years ago, suggesting that the first animals did start to appear before the second major oxygen rise. Daniel Mills, also of Caltech, Ward, and colleagues created a small aquarium in which they could vary, measure, and control oxygen levels, and observe the survival of sponges and their respiration rates at different concentrations. They determined that modern sponges can survive for reasonably long timescales at 0. 5 to 4% of current oxygen levels. oxygen levels are not tightly constrained, general consensus is that most of the proterozoic had 1–10% of modern oxygen levels. That's enough to support sponge-grade animals. One of the Halichondria panicea sea sponges that and his collaborators used to investigate the likely oxygen demands of early animals. : D. Mills“We now think that oxygen was extremely low in the period before the appearance of sponges,” agrees of the University of California, Riverside. But metabolically active animals, which demand energy and oxygen to diversify and grow in size, appeared later. “Oxygen levels could have been high enough to allow metozoans to thrive, but evolution could have triggered the rise in oxygen,” adds Planovsky. The chicken-or-egg question thus prevails. One curious anomaly is the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion at around 2 billion years ago. Oxygen from photosynthesis can combine with organic matter, and carbon isotopes get heavy when organic matter is buried. Thus a record of heavy carbon isotopes indicates a net gain of oxygen in the atmosphere. “That [excursion] followed a very dramatic fall [in oxygen levels]. It's a fascinating time,” adds Lyons. “What's interesting, as we construct more records from the time period, is that oxygen may have actually risen to significant levels during this time interval. This supports intervals of significant rise, then fall, in oxygen,” adds Planovsky.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI translators are commonly used in applications, such as chatbots and mobile apps. [SEP] Text: Hence, this research underscores the transformative potential of AI-powered mobile apps within smart city ecosystems, presenting a paradigm shift towards enhanced urban living, sustainability, and operational efficiency. The collaboration between KAFD and SCAI in Riyadh exemplifies how leveraging AI can streamline urban mobility, reduce environmental impacts, and foster economic growth. Future initiatives worldwide for similar projects require a multidisciplinary approach, involving policymakers, technologists, and citizens, to harness the benefits of AI, ensuring that smart city developments are inclusive, sustainable, and responsive to the needs of their inhabitants. As we navigate the complexities of urbanization, the integration of AI in mobile applications presents an invaluable tool for crafting the resilient and dynamic cities of tomorrow. To ensure the ethical integration of AI technologies in smart cities, we emphasize the importance of international coordination, open-source AI, and comprehensive security measures. By advocating for global collaboration and the use of open-source AI, we can share advancements and best practices, enhancing innovation while securing data privacy. Establishing robust security protocols is essential to protect personal information and maintain public trust. This approach not only safeguards individual privacy but also supports the sustainable and responsible development of smart urban ecosystems, fostering an environment of trust and inclusivity. 9. 1. use of AI in mobile applications is potent because of its capability User requests in the mobile ecosystem’s backend demand complex, real-time data processing, a core function of AI. AI technology will offer the decision-facilitated service users demand from their mobile applications. Decision-making is central to the user experience. Content may be requested, initiated or disabled, or activated on the mobile application Users demand that their devices conform to a fast, vibrant and real-time mobile ecosystem. The ecosystem delivers this usability because of the GUI: the data processed via mobile applications is ready in real-time, quicker, intelligible for the user and obtainable at the user’s discernment Organizing and indexing data from the unique environment that the mobile application operates in also depends on AI. Disorder sourced via the backend or crowd-sourced is handled by humans but nonetheless bar-coded or indexed by AI. Devices work in unison. Task-sized computers work together to report, function, and log data. AI will facilitate this and users can personalize their priorities on the mobile device. 9. 2.

Output: corroborate