Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the size–frequency distributions of populations recovering from a bleaching event were skewed positively (dominated by juvenile size classes) at a location exposed to infrequent floods, whereas it was platykurtotic (flattened) at a location with a higher flood frequency (Smith et al. 2005; Table 2). Population size–frequency distributions of corals are affected by a range of other confounding variables such as flow, irradiance, connectivity to larval sources and disturbance history (Hughes 1989; Hughes and Connell 1999), indicating a low specificity to changes in water quality. Thus, population structure ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long- and short-term monitoring programmes (Table 3). The population structure of a coral reef can be assessed by measuring sizes and determining the abundance of colonies along transects. Coral diseasesCoral diseases are recognised as a major form of disturbance for coral reefs (Sutherland et al. 2004) and anthropogenic influences are considered to increase their prevalence (Green and Bruckner 2000; Bruno et al. 2003). At present, approximately 20 diseases have been identified that affect more than 100 species of corals (Sutherland et al. 2004). Most diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi. Pathogens can be delivered to coral reefs via terrestrial runoff (Sutherland et al. 2004), or transmitted by biological vectors (Sussman et al. 2003). Recent studies have highlighted the role of elevated levels of dissolved organic carbon, a common component of sewage and organic discharge, to tissue sloughing (symptomatic of many diseases) and increased coral mortality (Table 2; Kuntz et al. 2005; Kline et al. 2006). However, elevated water temperatures can also increase the spread and virulence of pathogens on reefs with high coral cover (Bruno et al. 2007) and reduce the immune response in corals, indicating a moderate specificity to changes in water quality. The incidence of coral disease ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long-term monitoring programmes (Table 3). Notwithstanding this, relative changes in the incidence of coral diseases may provide useful information for control-impact type studies. Coral disease prevalence can be quantified as the proportion of colonies with visible disease symptoms in large quadrats or along transects (e. g. Cervino et al. 2001).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: One impressive point is the ability to longitudinally track the same microglial cells in the field of view for many hours, which is highly valuable and was impossible to achieve with head fixed imaging. The authors support their observation by using a global b2AR KO mice, which ravel impaired microglial dynamics during sleep states. While previous evidence supports high expression and function of b2AR in microglia, these receptors are expressed throughout the brain and periphery. Therefore, the authors correctly state that the current data they show, using global b2AR KO mice, cannot be used to state a direct effect on microglia dynamics and this would warrant future experiments with cell-specific genomic manipulation. To summarize, the main conclusions of the paper are well validated and supported with the experimental layout and analysis. Author response The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews. Response to the Referee CommentsWe would like to express our appreciation to the editor and the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and constructive suggestions on the manuscript. We agree with most of the comments and have carefully revised the manuscript accordingly. The revisions are highlighted in red font in the revised manuscript. Below are point-by-point responses to the referee’s comments. Public Reviews: Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Microglia are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in shaping the synaptic circuit and regulating neural dynamics in response to changes in their surrounding environment and in brain states. While numerous studies have suggested that microglia contribute to sleep regulation and are modulated by sleep, there has been little direct evidence that the morphological dynamics of microglia are modulated by the sleep/wake cycle. In this work, Gu et al. applied a recently developed miniature two-photon microscope in conjunction with EEG and EMG recording to monitor microglia surveillance in freely-moving mice over extended period of time. They found that microglia surveillance depends on the brain state in the sleep/wake cycle (wake, non-REM, or REM sleep). Furthermore, they subjected the mouse to acute sleep deprivation, and found that microglia gradually assume an active state in response. Finally, they showed that the state-dependent morphological changes depend on norepinephrine (NE), as chemically ablating noradrenergic inputs from locus coeruleus abolished such changes; this is in agreement with previous publications.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 4 Build a community around the coinA nature conservation-based project supported by a responsible token and blockchain should clearly address the areas and beneficiaries to relate, being entities and/or individuals. The scope of the project must be outlined for each purpose, such as nature restoration, fauna protection, income generation, social improvements, education and health support, for instance. The project must have specific, and measurable data to be collected with identified participants and provide veracity and control in DLT (blockchain) for the the guarantee of successfull objectives. The governance structure should join stakehokders, investors and beneficiaries enrolled in the project’s activities with clear roles. As seen below, the beneficiaries will have a role to provide key forest information for the project to be effectively measured, thus helping to its better effectiveness. These roles and obligations are better implemented by a Organization (DAO)5 linked to the project’s token blockchain. The major steps to initialise the funding are:Define the project area and beneficiaries with attention to fundraising, financial needs and related issues, as listed in Table 2. Preview and model an ICO, where buyers acquire tokens and the beneficiaries become providers, and receive tokens for free. The value of the token is tied to the providers’ obligation as the value of the coin is likely to trend higher if those obligations are fulfilled. The incentive for providers to fulfill their obligations is linked to the increase and preservation of the coin value over time. The incentive for investors is to hold their coin, buying and staking or bonding their investmets pegged to the currency. The community around a coin should include the coin’s object providers and investors with mutual interest in conserving the forest, because both will prosper with the standing forest. A third group takes part in this DAO in the roles of field implementation, analyses and data verification about the forest and people’s social indicators. In a forest carbon project, for instance, the providers are the forest inhabitants or those with access to the forest’s dynamics. The coin investors, without access to the land, have a financial interest in preserving the land. The third group is made, possibly, of service partners, such as a nonprofit organizations to implement field projects; auditors; and scientists and researchers providing data verification and technical proposal roles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Therefore, changes in coral cover have a low specificity to changes in water quality, and using it as a co-variate in water-quality assessments will require knowledge of the disturbance history. Response times of loss of coral cover vary from weeks for acute changes in water quality (Brown et al. 1990), to years for chronic exposure. Thus, benthic cover of hard corals ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long- and short-term monitoring programmes (Table 3). In contrast, increases in macroalgal cover associated with declines in water quality are well known, with perhaps the best evidence being provided by the shift in the coral reef assemblage from one dominated by hard corals to a high cover of macroalgae due to the introduction of sewage into (Smith et al. 1981). Changes in macroalgae have a high specificity, and are highly relevant in the public perception, making it a high priority for use in long-term monitoring programmes provided the confounding influences of seasons and grazing pressure of herbivores are taken into consideration (Hughes et al. 2007). Community structureCommunity structure is defined as the relative abundance of different taxa at a location. Links are often drawn between coral community structure and exposure to water quality because species’ abundances generally reflect environmental conditions (e. g. van Woesik et al. 1999; Table 2). For example, the community structure of macroalgae may be explained by responses to water quality. Fabricius et al. (2005) reported strong gradient effects in macroalgae at different spatial scales, with greater relative abundances of Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta on coastal reefs adjacent to a region exposed to elevated loads of terrestrial runoff, compared with a region with lower nutrient and sediment inputs. This measure, however, has a variable response time, with rapid changes after acute disturbances that result in mortality, and gradual shifts in response to chronic water-quality changes (Brown et al. 1990). Being a multivariate measure, the interpretation of changes in community structure requires knowledge of the biology of the individual species involved, as well as the disturbance history of a location. Thus, community structure ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long- and short-term monitoring programmes (Table 3). The methods to monitor coral community structure are established, and are based on standard monitoring techniques such as photo-transects (English et al. 1997).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The authors also showed that the effect of NE is partially mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors, as shown with β2-adrenergic receptor knock-out mice. Overall, this study is a technical tour de force, and its data add valuable direct evidence to the ongoing investigations of microglial morphological dynamics and its relationship with sleep. However, there are a number of details that need to be clarified, and some conclusions need to be corroborated by more control experiments or more rigorous statistical analysis. Specifically: 1. The number of branch points per microglia shown here (e. g. , Fig. 2g) is much lower than the values of branch points in the literature, e. g. , et al. , Neurobiol. Stress 15: 100342, 2021 (mouse dm); Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22: 1771-81, 2019 (mouse S1, in vivo 2P imaging). The authors need to discuss the possible source of such discrepancy. Thank you for raising this important point. Two reasons may account for this difference. Firstly, the difference in the definition of branch points in the software. Liu YU et al. used the Sholl analysis of image J software to analyze the number of branch points of microglia. Sholl analysis defines the number of branch points as the number of crossings between branches and concentric circles of increasing radii. We reconstructed microglia morphology using Imaris, a software that defines branching points based on the number of bifurcation points. The number of bifurcations calculated represents the number of microglia branch points. Secondly, this and previous studies found that more branching points present in the state of anesthesia. The morphological characteristics of microglia in head-fixed mice under anesthesia was reported by et al. and the microglia reconstruction results presented by the authors are indeed more complex than ours. In short, this is an aspect that we have been paying attention to, and the main reasons for this difference may lie in the definition of branch points, analysis methods and related choice of thresholds. True differences in brain states and the heterogeneity of microglia in different brain regions may also contribute to the apparent discrepancy. 1. Microglia process end-point speed (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: This last role, may be applicable in changing scenarios, where specific metrics and data may loose value for accounting the forest carbon and environmental preservation, at the same time giving room to new indicators that make better sense for the coin objective of supporting a standing forest, thus a carbon storage. The tokenomics must address the coin value linked to forest key indicators in a model requiring constant observations and verified contributions. At the ICO, providers are issued with coins, aside from the investors’ purchase. The role of providers is to report positive and negative observations, to contribute to modeling the future of the forest; whether it will be in a sink or source state. The better the providers accomplish their role, the more is the certainty over whether the forest will be in a sink or source state. At the same time, the value of the tokens received during the ICO will trend upward, thereby incentivizing them to keep providing observations to the model. Internal data providers contribute to the model by changing the value of the parameters of the model, in accordance of governance principles, pre defined in the DAO agreements. Internal data providers, like researchers or scientists, keep their role to permanently assess and review the intrinsic dynamics of the forest considered in the project objectives as laid out in the digital currency model of contribution to the forest and their inhabitants, the beneficiaries and data providers for the model. Additional attention to this model must relate to forest protection issues, such as the avoidance of illegal ownership of forest areas under carbon and coins’ incentives; the issuing of forest leasing mechanisms, when applicable; and carbon verification to assure a legal framework of compliance with applicable legislations and the avoidance of double accounting of carbon credits. Finally, a responsible token initiative should address their results to nature and social issues according to the Goals (SDGs) [15] as a measurement for its key project indicators, thus, providing material, measurable and comparable results for all. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsThis study raised questions about cryptocurrencies and blockchains effectiveness to provide nature conservation support. The world has seen the rise and exponential growth, valuation, an extreme devaluation of cryptocurrencies, in short period of time. Most cryptocurrencies have been launched with weak and unclear objectives, leading them to just speculative ends. Among them, many coins have been launched claiming to support forest, fauna and nature related projects; and a relevant group of tokens have been launched to link carbon credits to blockchains providing easy and secured carbon trades.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant native: comparing biodiversity benefits, ecosystem services provisioning, and plant performance of native and non-native plants in urban horticulture. Tartaglia1 & Myla F. J. Aronson1 1310 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractPlant species used in urban horticulture are frequently non-native despite evidence that urban areas are regular points of introduction, often leading to invasions and negative impacts on biodiversity. Many horticulturalists assert that non-native plants are more successful and provide equal or greater habitat and ecosystem services than native plants. However, little research has compared native and non-native plants in urban systems. We present here a systematic literature review, using the methodology, to assess three questions: (1) Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their ability to support faunal biodiversity in urban green spaces? (2) Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their provisioning of urban ecosystem services? 3)Do non-native species outperform natives in urban environments in terms of survival, growth, and fitness? We extracted data from 165 total papers. One hundred and twenty studies found that native plants outperform non-native plants on the response metric evaluated in the study, 57 demonstrated mixed impacts, 56 demonstrated no differences among plant origin, and 26 found non-native plants outperformed native plants. We found overwhelming evidence that native plants support higher faunal abundance and diversity than non-native plants in urban landscapes. Relatively few studies examined ecosystem services and plant performance, but we found that native plants support higher levels and diversity of ecosystem services and that many native plants can be used for horticulture, that is, they will survive and thrive in urban conditions. Native plants provide multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces, supporting urban biodiversity and provisioning ecosystem services than non-native plant species and should be prioritized in urban horticulture activities. Similar content being viewed by others Are urban systems beneficial, detrimental, or indifferent for biological invasion? 1. Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their ability to support faunal biodiversity in urban green spaces? 2. Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their provisioning of urban ecosystem services? 3. Do non-native species outperform natives in urban environments in terms of survival, growth, and fitness?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 2h, o): here the authors show that the speed is highest in the wake state and lowest in NREM, which agrees with the measurement on microglia motility during wakefulness vs NREM in a recent publication (et al. , Nat. Commun. 13: 6273, 2022). However, Hristovska et al. also reported lower microglia complexity in NREM vs wake state, which seems to be the opposite of the finding in this paper. The authors need to discuss the possible source of such differences. This is also an important point. Hristovska et al. reported the morphodynamic characteristics of microglia during wakefulness and NREM sleep. It is worth noting that the sleep state of the mice in their experiments was unnatural due to the head fixation and body limitations, the duration of NREM sleep (sleep stability) being quite different from the NREM sleep analyzed under natural sleep. The limitations of this approach are also discussed by Hristovska et al. “Even though sleep episodes were, as anticipated, shorter than those observed in freely moving animals, changes in neuronal activity characteristic of NREM sleep were monitored by EEG recordings, and changes in morphodynamics were observed during single episodes. Several episodes of REM sleep were detected, but they were too short and rare to be analyzed reliably. ” The unnatural sleep state would lead to an increase in the microarousal state, and ultimately a change in the structure of the sleep state, which may be the main reason for the difference in microglia behavior from our natural sleep. We have discussed this in the revised manuscript. Please see line 292298. 1. Fig. 3: the authors used single-plane images to analyze the morphological changes over 3 or 6 hours of SD, which raises the concern that the processes imaged at the baseline may drift out of focus, leading to the dramatic reduction in process lengths, surveillance area, and number of branch points. In fact, a previous study (et al. , J. Neurosci. 37(21): 5263-73, 2017) shows that after 8 h SD, the number of microglia process endpoints per cell and the summed process length per cell do not change significantly (although there is a trend to decline). The authors may confirm their findings by either 3D imaging in vivo, or 3D imaging in fixed tissue.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: In addition, many other cryptocurrencies have been launched with the promise to help nature related projects. The general observation of these blockchains is that the ones related to carbon projects claims to deliver trustable accounts of carbon credits, especially in voluntary markets; and the non carbon coins present vague information about the nature related objects they claim to support. In the carbon trading projects, specifically for forest conservation, the issue of verified standards and the inclusion of local populations must be improved for a better assurance of the continuous forest coverage and their inhabitants’ lifequality. The general perception about most coins and blockchains related to nature is that they are more relevant than the project itself, thus, placing the solution mechanism on top of the object, presenting few evidences that the nature and local population are really being benefited. Instead, they should place clear and objective nature conservation and social indicators on top of the blockchain solutions. Blockchain and coin solutions shall be framed as intermediary activities because the nature conservation and people benefited by their claimed projects are the “Final/End activities”. This study offered initial ideas for a better use of cryptocurrencies and blockchains for nature conservation projects. The outlined proposals are in the line of a deeper project appraisal, such as defining the fundraising modalities and distribution to beneficiaries, including them in the asset valuation and protecting them from massive devaluations. Such efforts would be better addressed with responsible tokenomics and a fintechc focused in the flows os funds from investors to the projects and its beneficiaries. The safeguards for this responsible approach lies also on clear governance and selection of the projects, after all, placing them above the tokens and ledgers. In a final conclusion digital currencies, cryptocurrencies, tokens, coins and blockchains related to nature conservation and social issues should be tailored to serve a purpose with a clear value proposal to their supported objects, showing a real concern for nature and people, with all possible barriers to speculation. The ideal framework for a coin and blockchaim relationship with nature conservation projects, should firsthand, include the beneficiaries and stakeholders in the value chain. In this perspective, forest family, landowners become providers of data, supporting value under verified mechanisms. Providers are issued tokens with their value tied to conservation actions. Providers are incentivized to conservation action to either preserve or increase the value of the currency they already own.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: While there is some evidence that non-native plants offer resources to birds and pollinator communities in cities (e. g. , Schlaepfer et al. 2011; Baldock et al. 2019), there is also ubiquitous evidence that non-native plants drive population declines of native species, even of common suburban birds (e. g. , Narango et al. 2018), and particularly drive declines in insect populations (e. g. , Tallamy et al. 2021). Additionally, although pollinating insects may use non-native plants, they still often prefer native pollen and nectar resources (Williams et al. 2011). To examine the difference between native and non-native plants for supporting faunal diversity, we reviewed literature that compared plant-animal interactions such as pollination/flower visitation, herbivory, frugivory, nesting, or preferential occupancy in native and non-native plants in urban areas. Plants in urban greenspaces are critical providers of ecosystem services including food provisioning (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021), improving air (Schlaepfer et al. 2020) and water quality (Nelson 2011), nutrient cycling (Ferreira et al. 2021), oxygen production (Riley et al. 2018), carbon sequestration and storage (Horn et al. 2015), mitigating the urban heat island effect (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021), and augmenting human health and wellbeing (Potgieter et al. 2017). Vegetation also offers cultural benefits such as enhancing sense-of-place and aesthetics (Castro-Diez et al. 2019). Both native and non-native plants provide ecosystem services (Sjöman et al. 2016), but non-natives may also contribute to more to biotic homogenization (McKinney 2002) as well as increased ecosystem disservices such as disease vectoring (Juliano and Lounibos 2005), allergenicity (Nentwig et al. 2017), increasing fire frequency (van Wilgen 2012), and loss of revenue (Pejchar and Mooney 2009), among others (Potgieter et al. 2017) compared to native plants. For this section of our review, we surveyed papers that compared the contributions of native and non-native plants to ecosystem services in urban areas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Three lines of evidence indicate that microglia morphology changes in Fig 3 are due to SD, rather than variations in the focal plane. First, our single-plane images were quite stable over 3 or 6 hours of SD, though occasional reversible drifts might happen due to sudden motions. Second, per your suggestion, further experiments and analysis of 3D imaging were performed to monitor microglia dynamics during sleep deprivation. The new result is shown in revised Fig. S3 C-D: the length of microglia branches and the number of branching points were significantly reduced after SD, in agreement with the results of single-plane imaging. Furthermore, we detected no significant difference in microglia branching characteristics during 6h sleep deprivation in β2AR KO mice (Fig. S4), and this indirectly affirmed that singleplane imaging is stable enough for detecting true changes in branching during SD. 1. Fig. 4b: the EEG and EMG signals look significantly different from the example given in Fig. 2a. In particular, the EMG signal appears completely flat except for the first segment of wake state; the EEG power spectrum for REM appears dark; and the wake state corresponds to stronger low frequency components (below ~ 4 Hz) compared to NREM, which is the opposite of Fig. 2a. This raises the concern whether the classification of sleep stage is correct here. Thank you for insightful comments. We carefully examined the behavioral video of Figure 4b, there were occasionally microarousal events indicated by slow head rotation during NREM sleep, while the companion EMG signals were completely flat, which is atypical during sleep wake cycle. The microarousal events were not excluded from sleep, which makes this set of data unrepresentative and contrary to Fig. 4b. In our revised manuscript, we replaced it with more representative data that can clearly and consistently distinguish between different brain states in mice on EMG and EEG. Please see revised Fig. 2a, page 34; revised Fig. 4b, page 37. 1. Fig. 4 NE dynamics. • How long is a single continuous imaging session for NE? • When monitoring microglia surveillance, the authors were able to identify wake or NREM states longer than 15 min, and REM states longer than 5 min. Here the authors selected wake/NREM states longer than 1 min and REM states longer than 30 s. What makes such a big difference in the time duration selected for analysis?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: After all, this is a model based on “Conserve to Earn” principles, where investors do not aim at speculating with a coin, rather, they own, trade, learn and exchange information with stakeholders to effectively provide social and environmental improvements in nature based projects. Future research and actions on this scope should explore detailed tokenization and project safeguards for effective nature conservation. Contributing technologies must take place, such as web3 platforms, linked to and Internet of Things devices to better monitor the projects’ indicators. In addition an advanced DAO governance and operations shall set the path for a more responsible and effective use of cryptocurrencies and blockchains for the environment and social improvements. Finally, sound projects supported by crytocurrencies must include social technologies to better engage all beneficiaries and stakeholders to the assets and exchanges providing a positive perspective of value sharing and nature conservation for all. Advertisement 1. Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Cash System. 2009. Available from: Jake Frankenfield: Shitcoin. Investopedia. Cyrptocurrency. Altcoins. 2022. Available from: Newspaper Limited: Why Cryptos’s Matters. 2022. Available from: Limited: Crypto and Digital Currencies–Priorities. 2022. Available from:. Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis. of Financial Analysis, Volume. 2019;62:182-1996. University of Cambridge. Centre for Alternative Finance. Index. 2022. Available from: Mining Council: Consumption from Sources. 2022. Available from: CoinMarketCap. 2022. Available from: Mordor Intelligence: Gaming Market—Growth, Trends, Covid 19 Impact, and Forecasts (2022-2027). 2022. Available from:. Smart, commodified and encoded. Conservation & Society. 2022;20(1):12-23. for Research in Ecology and the Environment and India Pvt. Ltd11. Vatn A. The environment as a commodity. Environmental Values. 2000;9(4):493-50912. . A Blueprint for to Meet, Challenge. Zurich, Switzerland/London, UK/San Francisco, USA: McKinsey & Company; 202113. . on Carbon Markets. TSVCM. Washington, D. C. USA: Institute of International Finance; 202114. Accounting System. Foundation. 2022.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: There is ubiquitous evidence that non-native plants reach high population densities in urban areas, often attributed to traits that enable these species to be successful, such as tolerance to novel urban environmental conditions (i. e. , heat, soil pollution, drought, disturbance), dispersal strategies, and competitive ability (e. g. , Kendle and Rose 2000; Aronson et al. 2007; Cadotte et al. 2017). Because of this evidence, some argue that plants should be assessed for fitness in urban plantings on the basis of performance rather than origin (Davis et al. 2011). However, evidence to the contrary can also be found citing natives as better at growth and survival (Worrell 1992; Jones and Evans 1994; Kendle and Rose 2000). For this section of our review, we examined studies that tested the physiological performance of native plants or compared native and non-native plants in urban areas to determine whether differences exist in response metrics such as growth, fitness, and survival. Some horticulturalists contend that because urban habitats are novel ecosystems, with interacting native and non-native species mixes, plantings of non-native ornamental species, particularly non-invasive species, increase overall urban biodiversity and are not harmful to native ecosystems. Certainly, not all non-native plant species become invasive, so planting species of exotic origin does not necessarily lead to invasions. However, our ability to predict which species will become invasive is poor, and often there are long lag times between introduction, extensive use of a species in horticulture, and invasion (Kowarik 1995). This review extends our understanding of the differences among native and non-native plants in urban horticulture and points to critical research needs for increasing global urban biodiversity. MethodsSearches, selection criteria and paper categorizationThe methodology for conducting this review was based on the Items for and Meta-(-P) Statement (Sarkis-Onofre et al. 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: • Also, the definition of F0 is a bit unclear. Is the same F0 used throughout the entire imaging session, or is it defined with a moving window? A single continuous session of NE imaging usually took about 1 hour. Subsequent analysis was performed on imaging data from each recording that included wake, NREM sleep, and REM sleep. Because of the different time scales of microglia morphological dynamic (relatively slow) and NE signals (fast), we used different time windows in the previous analysis in the previous version of the manuscript. Per your suggestion, we have now set the same time window selection criteria for both microglia morphological and NE dynamic analysis: for wake and NREM sleep durations longer than 1 minute, and REM sleep durations longer than 30 seconds. We updated the Methods and all statistics in related figures, please see line 151-154, 481-485, 490-492; Fig. 2e-g and 2l-n, page 34. F0 definition is now explained in the Methods section. Please see line 521-522. 1. Fig. 5b: how does the microglia morphology in LC axon ablation mice compare with wild type mice under the wake state? The text mentioned "more contracted" morphology but didn't give any quantification. Also, the morphology of microglia in the wake state (Fig. 5b) appears very different from that shown in Fig. S3C1 (baseline). What is the reason? The morphology of microglia is indeed heterogeneous and variable, affected by factors including brain state, brain region, microenvironmental changes, along with animal-to-animal difference. We didn’t perform the microglia morphology comparison between the LC axon ablation mice and wild type mice and, in view of this, we removed the description of “more contracted morphology” from the main text. It should also be noted that, as we primarily focused on changes of a microglia in different states over time by selfcomparison, we minimized possible effects of heterogeneity in microglia morphology on our conclusions. 1. The relationship between NE level and microglia dynamics. Fig. 4C shows that the extracellular NE level is the highest in the wake state and the lowest in REM. Previous studies (Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 109550 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation. . . Edited by From the - Transforming Industries, Enhancing Security, and by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionBlockchain is now one of the most important technologies to have emerged in recent years. Many experts believe that this technology has the potential to change the world over the next two decades. Although it is still in its infancy, corporate giants are interested in its applications in several areas. So far, venture capitalists have invested billions of dollars in this field, with several applications [1]Indeed, the applications of blockchain seem close to infinite [2]. While one immediately thinks of its financial applications—international payments, money transfers, complex financial products—blockchain can also solve problems and create new opportunities in healthcare, defense, management, supply chains, luxury, and other industries. At more advanced stages, blockchain could give rise to what Gartner calls the “programmable economy” [3], powered by entirely new business models that eliminate all kinds of middlemen. Given the importance of blockchain in the technological evolution of society, including across industries, especially the financial sector, researchers have undertaken considerable work to further strengthen the security level of this technology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: We performed searches using Web of Science using the following search terms: TS=(native AND (exotic OR non-native OR nonnative OR alien) AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (horticultur* OR ornamental); TS=(native AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (horticultur* OR ornamental); TS=(native AND (exotic OR non-native OR nonnative OR alien) AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (ecosystem service* OR ecosystem function*); (TS=(native AND (exotic OR non-native OR nonnative OR alien) AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (insect* OR bird* OR trophic)). All searches were conducted in February of 2023 and included literature from 1990-present. methodsOf 708 total papers found in these searches, 213 matched the criteria for this analysis: (1) study compared native and non-native species or examined native plant performance; (2) study was conducted in suburban or urban landscapes; (3) response variables included diversity and/or abundance of invertebrates, birds, or other animals to individual species or vegetation composition, native plant growth or physiological performance, or ecosystem services (e. g. , carbon sequestration, water use efficiency). We then reviewed the 35. 7% of studies. Occupancy in and around native plants was the most studied interaction type (54 studies) followed by pollination (33), and herbivory (17). Abundance was the most studied response metric for the top three studied taxa (46 studies for birds, 17 for bees, and 19 for Lepidoptera) The majority of studies (105) examined interactions among two trophic levels (ex. plant-insect). Across all PAI studies, 83 (49. 7%) demonstrated response taxa favoring or benefitting from native plants over non-native plants, 39 (23. 4%) demonstrated neutral effects, 32 (19. 2%) mixed effects, and 14 (8. 4%) showed response taxa favoring or benefitting from non-native plants over native plants in urban areas (Fig. 4).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 22(11):1771-1781, 2019; Stowell RD et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22(11): 1782-1792, 2019) suggest that high NE tone corresponds to reduced microglia complexity and surveillance. Hence, it would be expected that microglia process length, branch point number, and area/volume are higher in REM than in NREM. However, Fig. 2l-n show the opposite. How should we understand this Your point is well-taken. On the one hand, our data clearly showed that NE is critically involved in the brain state-dependent microglia dynamic surveillance, with evidence from the ablation of the LC-NE projection and from the β2AR knockout animal model. On the other hand, we also understand that NE is not the sole determinant, so the relationship between the NE level and the complexity and surveillance may not be unique. In this regard, other potential modulators also present dynamic during sleepwake cycle and may partake in the regulation of microglia dynamic surveillance. previous studies (Liu YU et al. , 2019; Stowell RD et al. , 2019) have shown that microglia can be jointly affected by surrounding neuronal activity and NE level during wake. It has been reported that LC firing stops (Aston-Jones et al. , 1981; Rasmussen et al. , 1986), while inhibitory neurons, such as PV neurons and VIP neurons, become relatively active during REM sleep (Brécier et al. , 2022). ATP level in basal forebrain is shown to be higher in REM than NREM (Peng et al. , 2023). In addition, our own preliminary result (Author response image 1) also showed a higher adenosine level in REM than NREM in somatosensory cortex. Last but not the least, we found that β2AR knockout failed to abolish microglial responses to sleep state switch and SD stress altogether. In brief, microglia are highly sensitive to varied changes in the surrounding environment, and many a modulator may participate in the microglia dynamic during sleep state. This may underlie the microglia complexity difference between REM and NREM. Future investigations are warranted to delineate the signal-integrative role of microglia in physiology and under stress. We have discussed the pertinent points in the revised manuscript. Please see line 343-354.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The global COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant driver of the digitalization process, creating an objective need for online services and services. The problem is that in the face of growing uncertainty that threatens the economic security of the country, and the rapid digital transformation of the economy, the need for rational use and optimization of the management of the tourism industry is becoming more urgent. It is required to develop an integrated scientific and methodological approach to modeling and designing systems for monitoring and managing tourism products, facilities, and processes in order to maximize the contribution of the tourism industry to the socioeconomic development of regions. The need to develop a tourist destination is primarily related to such problems as security [1], the presence of intermediaries, high demand for a national product, etc. The development of information technology has made it possible to solve some of the identified problems using distributed registry technologies. Distributed ledger technologies are at the initial stage of development, but their influence is observed in many areas: science, manufacturing, economics, etc. They set new development trends, as they offer data anonymity, the absence of a third party in commodity-money relations [2], and low commission for economic transactions [3]. Since 2020, distributed registry technologies have been gaining ground in the travel and tourism industry [4]. The main direction was the development of smart platforms for the implementation of new systems and methods of conducting tourism activities [5]. The significance of this system in the field of tourism was confirmed in the study of a trial product. To demonstrate the usability and effectiveness of the developed approach, [6] present a hotel booking case, the analysis of which shows the significance of the proposed system. A similar result was achieved by other researchers [7]. It is important that the development also concerns such a fairly new phenomenon as medical tourism, which is travel abroad to receive medical services. Medical tourists as well as healthcare providers can benefit from technology that makes it easier to find a healthcare provider, make fast and secure payments, and keep data secure and private [3]. The further development of the tourism industry is closely related to the development of smart platforms, which are similar in technical characteristics to technological platforms. The term “technology platform” was introduced in 2004 by the to identify prioritized scientific and technical areas for the development of the to ensure Europe’s technological independence [8].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: For the top three studied taxa, native plants outperformed non-native plants in supporting birds in 30 (62. 5%), bees in 12 (40. 0%), and Lepidoptera in 15 (51. 7%) studies. 3. Fig. 4Number of studies reporting Native > Non-native, Native = Non-native (neutral), Native ~ Non-native (mixed) and Native < Non-native effects across all taxa in the PAI categoryFull size image Table 3 interactions: all 41. 8%) found that native plants outperformed non-native plants, 18 demonstrated neutral results, and 17 demonstrated mixed results. Five studies found arthropods favoring non-native plants. Arthropod assemblagesTwenty-seven studies focused on arthropod assemblages or focused on arthropod taxa that were not bees, Lepidoptera, spiders, or beetles, with 12 (44. 4%) showing native > non-native, eight (29. 6%) demonstrating mixed effects, five (18. 5%) neutral effects, and two (7. 4%) demonstrating native < non-native. Twelve of these studies examined pollination, with five demonstrating native > non-native. Eight studies evaluated occupancy of arthropods in and around native plants in urban areas. Four reported that native plants increased arthropod abundance, richness and diversity when compared to non-native plants. Six studies evaluated herbivory, of which two reported native > non-native effects, one reported neutral effects, two reported mixed effects, and one reported native < non-native. BeesBees were the second most studied animal taxon represented in this review (30 studies), and the top most-studied arthropod. Bees responded positively to native plants, with 12 studies (40. 0%) demonstrating native > non-native, eight (26. 7%) demonstrated neutral effects, eight (26. 7%) mixed effects, and two (6. 7%) native < non-native. Twenty-three of these studies examined bee pollination specifically. In eight (34. 7%) of these, bees favored native plants over non-natives. Native plants also had positive effects in four of five papers examining richness, abundance, composition, and/or diversity of bee communities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Extracellular adenosine levels in somatosensory cortex in different brain states. AAV2/9-hSyn-GRABAdo1. 0 (Peng W. et al. , Science. 2020) was injected into the somatosensory cortex (A/P, -1 mm; M/L, +2 mm; D/V, -0. 3 mm). Data from the same recording are connected by lines. n = 9 from 3 mice. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): The manuscript describes an approach to monitor microglial structural dynamics and correlate it to ongoing changes in brain state during sleep-wake cycles. The main novelty here is the use of miniaturized 2p microscopy, which allows tracking microglia surveillance over long periods of hours, while the mice are allowed to freely behave. Accordingly, this experimental setup would permit to explore long-lasting changes in microglia in a more naturalistic environment, which were previously not possible to identify otherwise. The findings could provide key advances to the research of microglia during natural sleep and wakefulness, as opposed to anesthesia. The main findings of the paper are that microglia increase their process motility and surveillance during REM and NREM sleep as compared to the awake state. The authors further show that sleep deprivation induces opposite changes in microglia dynamics- limiting their surveillance and size. The authors then demonstrate potential causal role for norepinephrine secretion from the locus coeruleus (LC) which is driven by beta 2 adrenergic receptors (b2AR) on microglia. However, there are several methodological and experimental concerns which should be addressed. The major comments are summarized below: 1. The main technological advantage of the 2p miniaturized microscope is the ability to track single cells over sleep cycles. A main question that is unclear from the analysis and the way the data is presented is: are the structural changes in microglia reversible? Meaning, could the authors provide evidence that the same cell can dynamically change in sleep state and then return to similar size in wakefulness? The same question arises again with the data which is presented for anesthesia, is this change reversible? As revealed by long-term free behavioral mTPM imaging, the brain-statedependent morphological changes in microglia were reproducible and reversible.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: According to the authors [8], the tourism technological platforms “must provide the solution to the following main tasks:the influx of private investment in the tourism sector;improving the technology level of the reproduction process of both local tourism products and regional tourism products in general;expansion of high-tech exports, including tourism technology exports (tourism products are referred to as so-called hidden exports, when the currency or financial resources directly enter the region from other countries and regions together with tourists);providing the conditions for business growth, the formation of new high-tech companies in the region’s economy (a smart resort city, digital technologies);increasing the efficiency of the use of tourism and other resources, as well as preventing their deterioration and even more so exhaustion, since otherwise the sustainable reproduction of regional tourism products will be undermined;solving significant social problems (preserving and building up the human potential of a region, industry, corporation, country, and civilization; improving the environmental situation; ensuring safety). ”Tyan et al. [5] highlighted the following positive aspects of developing a smart platform for tourism:enhancing tourism experience;rewarding sustainable behavior;ensuring the benefits for local community;reducing privacy concerns. As noted in the study [9], the most important advantage of such a system is the creation of new forms of communication between the supplier and the consumer. In decentralized systems, there is no need for outside support to complete a transaction. The transaction occurs due to a consensus mechanism that protects the network and provides a mechanism for the interaction of its participants. The development of this technology will especially affect the SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) sector [10], where there is the greatest pressure from large companies [7]. Developers of smart platforms for various industries, including the tourism industry, are faced with the task of choosing the optimal technology that provides a mechanism for interaction between participants, maintaining confidentiality, eliminating intermediaries, etc. This study also aims to substantiate the need for a tourism smart platform based on distributed ledger technology as a tool and mechanism for optimizing tourism industry development via digital transformation under the influence of current challenges. Advertisement 2. Tourism and sustainable developmentIt is extremely important for tourism to develop in the context of the sustainable development goals proclaimed by the UN in 2015 (Agenda 2030). This poses new challenges for the industry, the solution of which is possible with the use of the latest information technologies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Only two studies examined nesting or reproductive behaviors of bees, with one reporting native > non-native effects on bee richness, abundance, and composition and one reporting mixed effects of native plants on reproduction in a single bee species. BeetlesFourteen studies examined the effects of native versus non-native plants on beetles in urban areas. Five (35. 7%) studies found native > non-native, five (35. 7%) found neutral effects, three (21. 4%) mixed effects, and one (7. 1%) native < non-native. Occupancy was again the most frequently studied interaction (n = 8). In three studies (37. 5%) urban beetle abundance composition and richness was higher in native plants than non-native plants (native > non-native). Neutral effects were found in three studies (37. 5%) and mixed effects in two studies (25. 0%). Beetle pollination was examined in five studies, in which beetles favored native plants in two studies (40. 0%). One study reported neutral effects, one mixed, and one native < non-native on beetle pollination. The effect of predation on urban beetle richness and abundance was assessed in one study, with neutral effects. BirdsThe largest single taxon represented in PAI studies was birds. Of the 48 studies that examined birds, 30 (62. 5%) found native > non-native. Nine studies (18. 8%) demonstrated neutral effects, 5 (10. 4%) found mixed effects, and five (10. 4%) found native < non-native. Of avifauna-focused studies, 29 assessed occupancy and abundance of birds in and around vegetation types, as evidenced by terms such as “abundance” “occupancy”, “assemblages”, “usage”/ “avoidance” “community structure” or “community composition”. There was an increased tendency for birds to physically occupy native vegetation (19 studies, 65. 5%). Only one study found neutral effects and two reported mixed effects. Studies comparing bird physiology such as nesting and breeding or feeding and foraging such as nectarivory or frugivory in or on native and non-native plants were less common than those examining occupancy and abundance. Birds do have an increased tendency to forage in and on native plants as evidenced in six of the 11 papers examining foraging (54.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Author response image 2 shows that microglia displayed reversible dynamic changes during multiple rounds of sleep-wake transition. Author response image 3 shows that microglia dynamics induced by anesthesia also exhibited reversibility. Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Long-term tracking of microglia process area in different brain states. Data analysis used 8 cells. Data total of 31 time points were selected from in vivo imaging data and were used to characterize the morphological changes of microglia over a continuous 7-hour period. Author response image 3 Download asset Open asset Reversible changes of microglial process length, area, number of branch points under anesthesia. Wake group: 30 minute-accommodation to new environment; Isoflurane group: 1. 5% in air applied at a flow rate of 0. 4 L/min for 30 minutes; Recovery group: 30 minutes after recovery from anesthesia. n = 9 cells from 3 mice for each group. 1. The binary comparison between brain states is misleading, shouldn't the changes in structural dynamics compared to the baseline of the state onset? The authors method describes analysis of the last 5 minutes in each sleep/wake state. However, these transitions are directional- for instance, REM usually follows NREM, so the description of a decrease in length during REM sleep could be inaccurate. As you know, the time scale of microglia morphological dynamic is relatively slow, so we analyzed the microglia morphological dynamic of the last part (30s in the revised manuscript) of each state instead of the state onset, allowing time for stabilization of the microglia response to inter-state transition. Further, we compared microglia dynamic between two NREM groups transiting to different subsequent states: group1 (NREM to REM) vs group2 (NREM to Wake). This precaution was to exclude the directional effect of state transitions. Our results showed that there was no difference in microglial length, area, number of branching points between the two NREM groups (Author response image 4), indicating that the last 30s of each NREM was not affected by its following state and that it’s reasonable to perform binary comparison. Author response image 4 Download asset Open asset Microglial morphological length, area change, and number of branch points of the last 30s of NREM sleep followed by REM or Wake. n = 9 cells from 3 mice for each group. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 3 TraceChainIn 2017, TraceChain technology was developed. The technology is based on AI, which determines the structure of the network, and distributes nodes to ensure maximum speed [19]. Checking the correctness of transactions is extremely fast, as it is performed immediately on all devices at the same time. The outer radius of the network keeps connections with many clients, the middle one—the load from slow intercontinental connections, and the central parts of the network are responsible for the complete synchronization of lost transactions. This forms a new type of consensus called multi-PoS (Figure 3). The average transaction processing speed is up to 3 seconds [21]. This technology at this moment belongs to MetaHash AG () [22], which develops and promotes the product on the technology market. The transaction approval rate of more than 50,000 transactions per second is achieved by the optimal location of the nodes in the network. Like competitors, this technology has vulnerabilities, the main of which is the cybersecurity problem, which is being optimized by the developer company. Distributed ledger technologies may become new growth points in the tourism industry (Table 1). per secondUp to 3010,00050,000Consensus mechanismProof-of-WorkGossip about gossipmulti-PoSTransaction confirmation15 seconds3–5 seconds<3 secondstestedTable 1. Comparative analysis of the existing technologies of distributed ledger. The introduction of distributed ledger technologies in the tourism sector opens up new opportunities, which determines the importance of technology in this area [23]. Decentralization, fee reduction, smart platform applications, elimination of intermediaries, and security will allow tourism to move to the next level. The choice of a system for the transition depends on the starting conditions (financial resources, the required speed of transactions, etc. ). For example, blockchain is reliable and low in cost, while limited in the speed of transactions, Hashgraph is expensive, while providing a high transaction speed, TraceChain is budgetary, and provides a high transaction speed, while the security of this option, at this moment, is inferior to competitors. Studies conducted by other research and development organizations [18, 24] have the same results. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThe formation and development of smart platforms can take place both in an evolutionary way in the conditions of market relations, and by a decision from above, that is, at the initiative of state bodies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 5% native > non-native) 4 reporting neutral results and only one study finding increased foraging in non-native plants. Bird reproduction, nesting and survival was also found to be greater in native plants than non-native plants. HerpetofaunaFour studies assessed amphibians and/or reptiles, all of which evaluated occupancy in or around native vs. non-native plants in urban areas. 75% of these found native > non-native on herpetofauna abundance, richness, and/or composition, and one study reported neutral effects. LepidopteraFifteen of the 29 studies examining Lepidoptera interactions with urban plants found native > non-native (51. 7%), eight (27. 6%) demonstrated mixed effects, four (13. 8%) native < non-native, and two (6. 9%) neutral effects. Pollination was again the most-studied interaction (11 studies), with three papers demonstrating native > non-native, one demonstrating neutral effects, five demonstrating mixed effects, and two demonstrating native < non-native. Papers examining Lepidoptera herbivory (n = 4) found mostly mixed effects. Of two studies examining oviposition, one study demonstrated mixed effects and one observed native < non-native. One study assessed bird predation of Lepidoptera larvae and found that native plants promoted greater predation. MammalsEight studies focused on mammals, four of which examined bats. Four (50. 0%) studies demonstrated native > non-native, three (37. 5%) demonstrated neutral results, and one (12. 5%) native < non-native. Five studies examined occupancy of mammals in and around native vs. non-native plants. Of these, four (80%) demonstrated native > non-native on mammal abundance, richness, and/or composition. Three studies assessed foraging, with two studies reporting neutral effects on abundance and one reporting native < non-native. SpidersEight studies examined spiders, with six (75. 0%) reporting neutral effects and two (25. 0%) reporting native > non-native. Six studies assessed spider occupancy in urban native vs. non-native plants, all of which reported neutral effects on spider abundance and richness. Two studies examined spider predation in native vs. non-native plants, both of which reported spiders favoring native plants. Arachnids did not favor non-native plants in any of the studies reported here.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Sleep deprivation- again, it is unclear whether these structural changes are reversible. This point is straightforward to address using this methodology by measuring sleep following SD. In addition, the authors chose a method to induce sleep deprivation that is rather harsh. It is unclear if the effect shown is the result of stress or perhaps an excess of motor activity. We adopted the method of forced exercise as it has been commonly used for sleep deprivation (Pandi-Perumal et al. , 2007; et al. , 2020), though it does have the potential limitation of excess of motor activity. In light of your comments and suggestion, we presented new data demonstrating that sleep duration of the mice, mostly NREM sleep, increased compensatively (ZT9-10) after the 6-hour sleep deprivation (ZT2-8) (revised Fig. S3B). This result shows that sleep deprivation indeed increase sleep pressure in the mice. As the sleep pressure was eased during recovery sleep, morphological changes of microglia were reversed over a timescale of several hours (revised Fig. S3 E-J). 1. The authors perform measurements of norepinephrine with a recently developed GRAB sensor. These experiments are performed to causally link microglia surveillance during sleep to norepinephrine secretion. They perform 2p imaging and collect data points which are single neurons, and it is unclear why the normalization and analysis is performed for bulk fluorescence similar to data obtained with photometry. We did not perform single-neuron analysis for two reasons. First, our experimental conditions, e. g. , the expression of the NE indicator and the control of imaging laser intensity, did not yield sufficient signal-to-noise to clearly discriminate individual neurons with two-photon imaging. Second, NE signal may play a modulatory role, and fluorescence changes appeared to be global, rather than local or cell-specific. Therefore, we analyzed fluorescence changes in different brain states over the whole field-of-view in Fig. 4, rather than at the subregional or single-cell level. 1. The experiments involving b2AR KO mice are difficult to interpret and do not provide substantial mechanistic insight. Since b2AR are expressed throughout numerous cell types in the brain and in the periphery, it is entirely not clear whether the effects on microglia dynamics are direct.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: At the same time, a smart platform, as a rule, unites all participants in business processes within a single sector of the economy (manufacturing, trading, service enterprises, their customers, public authorities, and other economic entities), creating and structuring information flows between all stakeholders in a digital format and market participants within the industry. The digital industry platform in order to improve management efficiency allows you to form a holistic objective picture of the state of the industry. In technological terms, an industry smart platform based on blockchain is an information system for accumulating, exchanging, and managing data in a structured form, as well as for creating an ecosystem of services with information systems of smart platform participants connected to it. Thus, with the help of a smart platform, horizontal integration of information systems of market participants in a specific sector of the economy is ensured. Obviously, for interested participants, the formation of a smart platform for the tourism industry has many positive consequences, as it opens up access to a wide range of opportunities and allows the implementation of a sustainable model for the development of the industry [25]. Therefore, the essence of the formation of a business model should be to organize work with all interested parties (external partners, contractors, government, and control bodies) without creating a rigid vertical hierarchical management system. On the other hand, the quality and efficiency of the control function are improving to assess the latent factors of growth or decline in the development of both individual business entities and the tourism industry as a whole. A promising direction for further research is the development of universal mechanisms for modeling and synthesizing the architecture of intelligent cyber-physical systems of a new generation based on the blockchain, which is a digital ecosystem. The latter is designed to provide decision support processes based on the monitoring of tourism products and processes at distributed cyber-physical objects of the regional tourism industry. The solution to this problem requires the development of a new scientific and methodological approach to modeling and designing cyber-physical systems for monitoring and managing distributed objects and processes in order to optimize management at all stages of the life cycle of a regional tourism product. This will eliminate the gaps between the stages of the life cycle (design, planning, promotion and commercial implementation, implementation on the ground, and optimization), ensure the control of the life cycles of all tourism products and regulate the processes of changing the shape and duration of the life cycle of each individual product at all stages in order to rationally use of tourist and recreational resources of the region.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Ecosystem servicesThirty-five papers examined the contributions of native and non-native plants to ecosystem services in urban areas. Eighteen ecosystem services were evaluated: biodiversity support (10 studies), air quality (7 studies), pest control (7 studies), carbon storage (6 studies), health and wellbeing (5 studies), carbon sequestration (4 studies), heat reduction (3 studies), decomposition (3 studies), food provisioning (2 studies), pollination (2 studies), stormwater reduction (2 studies), water use efficiency (2 studies), cultural value (1 study), economic value (1 study), groundwater recharge (1 study), nitrogen cycling (1 study), oxygen production (1 study), and water quality (1 study). Trees were the most studied taxa in ESS papers, with 18 out of 35 (51. 4%) papers specifically assessing ESS contributions of urban trees. All 4. Table 4 Ecosystem services: all 48. 3%) demonstrated native > non-native on the evaluated ecosystem service or services, 15 studies (25. 8%) showed neutral impacts, 10 (17. 2%) mixed impacts, and 6 (10. 3%) native < non-native on ecosystem services (Fig. 5). Fig. 5Number of studies reporting Native > Non-native, Native = Non-native (neutral), Native ~ Non-native (mixed) and Native < Non-native effects across ecosystem service typesFull size imageWe combined air quality, heat reduction, and oxygen production into an “air services” category comprised of 11 studies, of which six (54. 5%) demonstrated native > non-native. Carbon services (carbon sequestration combined with carbon storage) and biodiversity support were the second largest categories (10 studies each). These categories native > non-native in 40% and 50% of studies, respectively. Native performanceTwenty-three papers evaluated the performance of native-only or native and non-native plants within urban areas. Performance metrics examined included growth (11 studies), survival (8 studies), fitness (3 studies), water use efficiency (3 studies), leaf area (2 studies), drought tolerance (1 study), nutrient usage (1 study), resource acquisition (1 study), and plant health (1 study). All 5. Table 5 Native performance: all 25. 8%) reported greater performance of native plants (native > non-native), with most studies reporting mixed effects (n = 15, 48.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The conclusion and the statement regarding the expression of b2AR in microglia is not supported by the 354. As you suggested, we added 1. In vivo imaging preparation: how long is the recovery time between window/EEG implantation surgery and imaging/recording? Imaging data were collected one month after the surgery. We have added descriptions to the methods section of the revised manuscript. Please see line 419. 1. Statistical analysis: the authors used t-test or ANOVA without first checking whether the data pass the normality test. If the data does not follow a normal distribution, nonparametric tests would be more appropriate. Per your suggestion, we performed the test of statistical significance using parametric (ANOVA) if past the normality test, or the non-parametric (Friedman) tests for non-normal data. Please see line 533-535. 1. Fig. 1b needs a minor change. In the figure, the EMG electrodes appear to be connected to the brain as well. We have corrected this oversight. Thank you. 1. Fig. 1c: it would be helpful to give examples of raw EEG and EMG traces for REM and NREM separately. Raw traces are now shown as suggested. Please see Fig. 1c, page 32. 1. Fig. 1h: is each data point one microglia or one end-point? In Fig. 1h, each data represents the average speed of all branches of one microglia, not one end-point. 1. Sleep deprivation starts at 9 am. What time corresponds to 0 (ZT0, the beginning of the light phase)? We now clarified that 9 am corresponds to Zeitgeber time 2. Please see line 196. 1. Line 61: the authors referred to Ramon y Cajal's original suggestion that microglia dynamics are coupled to the sleep-wake cycle. However, the cited paper only indicates that Cajal suggested a role of astrocytes in the sleep-wake cycle, not microglia. In addition, there is a typo in the line: there should be a space between "Ramon" and "y" in Cajal's name. We have updated the statement and reference literature to point out the microglia’s involvement in the sleep-wake cycle. The typo was corrected. Please see line 64-65. 1. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The results of the study create a methodological and practical basis for the creation of new artificial intelligence technologies, which corresponds to the priority direction of the Strategy for Scientific and of the until 2035 “Transition to advanced digital, intelligent manufacturing technologies, robotic systems, new materials and design methods, creation of processing systems big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence. In future research, we are planned to continue our research work on the sustainable development of tourism, as well as methods of implementing distributed ledger technologies in the tourism areas. Advertisement 1. Tarlow P. Tourism Security. 1st ed. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2014. DOI: 10. 1016/C2012-0-06812-32. Rashideh W. Blockchain technology framework: Current and future perspectives for the tourism industry. W. Rashideh. Tourism Management. 2020;80:104125. DOI: 10. 1016/j. tourman. 2020. 1041253. Tyan I, Guevara-Plaza A, Yagüe MI. The benefits of blockchain technology for medical tourism. Sustainability. 2021;13(22):12448. DOI: 10. 3390/su1322124484. Thees H. The application of blockchain in tourism: Use cases in the tourism value system. of Tourism Research. 2020;26:1-21. DOI: 10. 54055/ejtr. v26i. 19335. Tyan I, Yagüe MI, Guevara-Plaza A. Blockchain technology for smart tourism destinations. Sustainability. 2020;12(22):9715. DOI: 10. 3390/su122297156. . Interoperable multi-Blockchain platform based on integrated for reliable tourism management. Electronics. 2021;10(23):2990. DOI: 10. 3390/electronics102329907. ć I. Blockchain in the tourism industry—A review of the situation in Croatia and Macedonia. Informatics. 2020;7(1):5. DOI: 10. 3390/informatics70100058. . Tourism technology platforms as a tool for supporting competitiveness of regional tourism products. of Russia. 2020;10:48-55. DOI: 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4%), six reporting greater performance of non-native plants (native < non-native;19. 4%) and two reporting neutral effects (6. 5%) (Fig. 5). Growth was the most examined performance metric (11 studies), followed by survival (8 studies). For growth, the majority of studies (63. 6%) reported mixed results for natives, and for survival, 50. 0% reported native > non-native. DiscussionIt has been well-documented that non-native species are a major driver of extinctions (Bellard et al. 2016) and are known to contribute to a variety of ecosystem disservices (Pejchar and Mooney 2009), yet non-native species dominate the urban horticulture trade. Contrary to this practice, there is a growing body of evidence that validates the use of native plants in urban horticulture, particularly for enhancing the quality of urban green spaces and the ecology of cities as a whole. Our results support other findings (i. e. , Berthon et al. 2021) that native plants overwhelming support higher faunal diversity when compared to non-native plant assemblages. We also found that when compared to non-native plants, native plants often lead to higher provisioning of ecosystem services. Finally, we found little evidence to support claims that non-natives plant species are better adapted to urban environments, though there is also a lack of evidence to significantly refute such claims. Few studies compare native and non-native species performance, growth, and/or tolerance to urban conditions. Plant-animal interactionsPlant origin unequivocally matters for supporting animal biodiversity in urban areas. The results presented in this review validate policies mandating the use of native plants in cities, as the majority of studies represented here found that native plants supported greater faunal presence, abundance, and diversity. Native plants also support more specialist animals, particularly for arthropods (Frankie et al. 2013; Jain et al. 2016; Burghardt et al. 2010), and more specialists contribute to overall increased biodiversity and decrease biotic homogenization. Furthermore, when herbivorous arthropods did feed on non-natives, they preferred the congeners of natives (Clem and Held 2015; Jain et al. 2021). The largest single taxon represented in PAI studies was birds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: S3B: As each group has only 3 mice, it is unclear how t-test can yield p < 0. 01 or even 0. 001. We checked the original data again and it was correct. This small p-values may be due to the small intra-group difference of control group. 1. Line 251-253, "Figure 4h-n" should be "Figure 5h-n"? We have revised it. Please see line 265-266. 1. Fig. 5h: the receptor should be "adrenergic receptor", not "adrenal receptor". We changed the term to “adrenergic receptor”. Please see Fig 5h. 1. Fig. 5g, n: the number of data points is apparently less than the sample size given in the figure legend. Perhaps some data points have exactly the same value so they overlap? The authors may consider plotting identical values with a slight shift so that the number of data points shown matches the actual sample size, to avoid confusion. Yes, we have added small jitters so different data points can be seen to avoid confusion. Please see Fig. 5n. 1. There are some typos (e. g. , Line 217, "he" should be "the") and some incomplete 27. Reviewer #2 (The Authors): Major issues: 1. Re-analyze the data in a manner that allows to follow and compare the same cells over different state transitions. This is necessary to evaluate the reversibility of microglia structure. In addition, consider analysis of the change from the beginning to the end of each state. As shown in response figure 2, microglia dynamics were reversible during multiple rounds of sleep-wake transition. 1. It would be nice to see the raw data obtained over time, at least for Figure 1, before offline correction of movement to evaluate the imaging quality and level of drift during imaging. We agree to your good suggestion. Please see the supporting material video. 1. It would be helpful to add an analysis of the percent time spent in each state for the 10 hour recordings. Advice has been adopted. Please see revised Fig. S4C. 1. 2 the results are from 15 cells from several animals. How much do the results vary between mice? It will be helpful to show if this varies between different mice by labeling cells from each mouse differently.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 1134/S20799705200101049. Raluca-Florentina T. The utility of in the of tourism services: An exploratory study on Romanian consumers. Sustainability. 2022;14(2):943. DOI: 10. 3390/su1402094310. Nuryyev G, Wang Y-P, Achyldurdyyeva J, Jaw B-S, Yeh Y-S, Lin H-T, et al. Blockchain technology adoption behavior and sustainability of the business in tourism and hospitality SMEs: An empirical study. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):1256. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203125611. íquez AR. Sustainability and effectiveness of Chinese outline for and leisure. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):1161. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203116112. . Managing sustainable urban tourism development: The case of Ljubljana. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):792. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203079213. Rodríguez AJG, Barón NJ, Martínez JMG. Validity of dynamic capabilities in the operation based on new sustainability narratives on nature tourism SMEs and clusters. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):1004. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203100414. Mercadé Melé P, Molina Gómez J, Sousa MJ. Influence of sustainability practices and green image on the Re-visit intention of small and medium-size towns. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):930. DOI: 10. 3390/su1203093015. . Applications of Blockchain and for Ecosystems. 2021. DOI: 10. 1007/978-981-15-5258-8_7116. . Blockchain technologies are an innovative breakthrough in tourism. Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. 2018;2:218-220. DOI: 10. 33693/2541-802517. . Data integrity Management for Laboratory of the control of lifecycle of domestic Russian tour products. In: and Quality. London, UK: IntechOpen; 2021. DOI: 10. 5772/intechopen.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: We found that the presence and fitness of bird species is positively related to native plant assemblages in urban green spaces, although they will use what is available to them in the absence of native plants (Dragoș et al. 2018). In some of the studies in this review, native birds preferred to occupy native plants and non-native birds preferred non-native plants (Daniels and Kirkpatrick 2006; Paker et al. 2014; Shackleton 2016; Wood and Esaian 2020). Interestingly, avian preference for fleshy fruit may facilitate the spread of non-natives plants in urban landscapes (Aronson et al. 2007; Møller et al. 2012). Additional work comparing specific usages of native and non-native plants for various aspects of birds’ life history would deepen our understanding of the drivers of native plant usage/non-native plant avoidance in birds. Arthropods were also well-represented in the literature. Plant-insect interaction theories postulate that herbivorous insects are highly sensitive to shifts from native to non-native dominant communities (Tallamy 2004). Our results corroborate this, with 28 studies (41. 8%) finding that native plants were preferred over non-native plants and that native plants lead to greater population growth of herbivorous insects. We found that taxa that rely on plants for food such as herbivores, nectarivores and frugivores were more closely associated with native plants than predatory taxa. However, predators’ prey, which tend to be herbivorous, are more commonly found in native plants so the predator trophic level is also affected by plant origin. For example, of the eight studies that assessed arachnids in this review, the ones demonstrating positive associations (25. 0%) examined predation on arthropods visiting plants (Greenstone et al. 2017; Narango et al. 2018) and the remainder, which assessed simple occupancy in plants without examining further trophic interactions, demonstrated neutral effects (Buchholz et al. 2015; Kowarik et al. 2019; Mody et al. 2020; Parsons et al. 2020; Schirmel 2020, Jensen et al. 2023). Of the four studies that demonstrated arthropods favoring non-native plants, one such study found that non-native plants were favored by non-native pest arthropods (Ciceoi et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: response image 5, in which we have labeled the distribution of data points from seven mice, there was mixed distribution of data from different animals at each brain state, but no clear animal-to-animal difference. Author response image 5 Download asset Open asset Quantitative analysis of microglial length based on multi-plane microglial imaging. n = 17 cells from 7 mice for each group. In right panel, each color codes data from the same animal. 1. SD- please add some quantification for sleep and EEG to show that the manipulation really caused sleep deprivation. To address the confound of forced movement and stress, it might be helpful to add quantification of movement compared to an undisturbed wakefulness. We have added related data (revised Fig. S3B), as suggested. Please see line 196-197. 1. The DSP4 application should be also performed with NE measurements to verify the specific of the NE signal measured as well as the DSP4 toxin. Following your suggestion, we have added DSP4 data in revised Fig. S4B. 1. Some suggested refined experiments for the b2AR KO are: a-A conditional b2AR KO in microglia, as cited in the work. b- Local application of a b2 blocker during SD. c- Imaging of NE dynamics in the b2 animals. If NE dynamics during natural sleep cycle are perturbed, then this suggests upstream mechanisms rather than direct microglia effects as suggested by the authors. We agree that the current study cannot pinpoint a direct effect of microglia harbored β2AR. We have discussed this limitation in the revised manuscript. Please see line 324-354. Minor: 1. Typo on page 4 (microcopy instead of microscopy). It was corrected. Please see line 87. 1. Typo page 11- 'and he largest changes in NE' - supposed to be 'the'. We have corrected these mistakes. Please see line 228. 1. Fig. 4- there are several units missing in the figure in panel b: the top is Hz, but what does the color bar indicate exactly? 2 what? both for theta/delta and for NE. We have modified this figure and legend for clarity. Please see Fig. 4, page 37. 1. Bottom of page 12- referring to figure 4 but talking about figure 5. The typo was corrected. Please see line 265-266. Reference 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: In both cases, tokenization is used in blockchain DLT markets for fast, safe, and law-compliant:Transmission of the rights represented and possibly incorporated to the token, after the issuance and legal configuration of such rights in accordance with an off-chain contract (ordinarily under initial coin or token offering -ICO/ITO- regulation) between token issuer/offeror and accepting investors, documented in an informative whitepaper similar to the initial public offering prospectus. Exercise of such rights and fulfillment of the corresponding obligations, as the token holder is entitled to claim the contents of the represented rights against the issuer or linked third party. During the issuance of the tokens, the phenomenon of tokenization technically occurs. It can consist either in the creation of virtual assets (connected or not to a metaverse of investors, as is typical of NFTs) or in the representation of preexisting rights, which have arisen from the celebration of an investment contract, a service or purchase agreement, a specific non-investment contract celebrated to grant tokenized or digitally represented rights between the issuer or creator of such rights and token buyers; or between a generator or creator of tokens other than a financial issuer or financed subject (legal person within the context of the Proposal for a Regulation of the and of the Council on Markets in Crypto-assets, and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 -Brussels 24. 9. 2020, COM(2020) 593 final, 2020/0265 (COD); hereinafter, MiCA). A previous contract between platform manager and issuer is necessary in order to operate under DLT and decentralized financial (DeFi) platform. Such a contract is complementary and additional to the previous contract between the financial issuer and the investing public or interested in receiving tokenized services or products. In any case, the tokenization or creation of tokens as a mechanism for holding and disposing of virtual assets is an efficient technique for both the creator and the target public of the offer, especially when compared to the classic non-DLT or off-chain (off the DLT network) centralized process. Three practical basic reasons of efficiency linked to the use of DLT support this affirmation:Substantial reduction of issuance and other transaction costs of the issuer (ITO structuring, fees in auxiliary management contracts, global coordination, guarantee,. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2017) and another found that the non-native host plant was a congener of the typical native host (Jain et al. 2021). Another study (Nagase et al. 2019) demonstrated correlations between increased Lepidoptera richness diversity and abundance and non-native plant richness diversity and abundance, but did not further delve into the composition of butterfly communities and did note that generalist larval host plants, though non-native, were abundant at study sites. Bees also favored to native plants, even though the majority of bee species are able to utilize pollen from a wide variety of floral resources (Michener 1979). Bees also commonly exhibit generalist behaviors in the flowers they visit (Ebeling et al. 2011), with specialization on a single pollen source being rare. However, even where non-natives were common in the habitat, bees still choose native plants (ex. , Williams et al. 2011; Palmersheim et al. 2022). Native plants had a positive effect on urban Lepidoptera abundance, richness, composition, and diversity. Lepidoptera require both nectar sources and host plants which may or may not be the same plant. The majority of Lepidoptera are specialists, relying on a single species or family to sustain their larval stage (Narango et al. 2020; Tallamy et al. 2021; Kawahara et al. 2023), particularly in the tropics (Anstett et al. 2016). Natives plants are crucial to maintaining specialist populations (Burghardt et al. 2010). Most studies of Lepidoptera reviewed here examined pollination with too little attention paid to oviposition (2 studies) and herbivory (4 studies) which are the stages of their life history where Lepidoptera tend to be specialists, rather than on the plants from which they take nectar. Understanding how fauna, particularly Lepidoptera, utilize plants over multiple life stages is critical to conservation of these taxa in urban habitats. Despite PAI being the largest category in this review, gaps remain in our knowledge of how native and non-native plants affect urban fauna. First, the most-examined response across all taxa was occupancy, but further research on specific interactions should be examined to elucidate the mechanisms driving species responses to native and non-native plants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Aston-Jones G, Bloom FE. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J Neurosci. 1, 876–886 (1981). 2. Bellesi M, de. Sleep loss promotes astrocytic phagocytosis and microglial activation in mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 37, 5263–5273 (2017). 3. Brécier. Vigilance and behavioral state-dependent modulation of cortical neuronal activity throughout the sleep/wake cycle. J Neurosci. 42, 4852–66 (2022). 4. . Sleep and brain energy levels: ATP changes during sleep. J Neurosci. 30, 9007-16 (2010). 5. Gyoneva S. , Traynelis SF. Norepinephrine modulates the motility of resting and activated microglia via different adrenergic receptors. J Biol Chem. 288, 15291302 (2013). 6. . Memory-enhancing properties of sleep depend on the oscillatory amplitude of norepinephrine. Nat Neurosci. 25, 1059–1070 (2022). 7. . Stress induces microglia-associated synaptic circuit alterations in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiology of Stress. 15, 100342 (2021). 8. . Neuronal network activity controls microglial process surveillance in awake mice via norepinephrine signaling. Nat Neurosci. 22, 1771–1781 (2019). 9. . Sleep deprivation and stress: a reciprocal relationship. Interface Focus. 10, 20190092 (2020). 10. Pandi-. 2007. Neuroimmunology of sleep. New York, NY: Springer. 11. . Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep-wake cycle by astrocyte activity. Cell Discov. 9, 16 (2023). 12. . Regulation of sleep homeostasis mediator adenosine by basal forebrain glutamatergic neurons. Science. 369, 6508 (2020). 13. . Single unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the freely moving cat: I. During naturalistic behaviors and in response to simple and complex stimuli. Brain Research. 371, 324–334 (1986). 14. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: It is to be well noted, finally, that in order for a token market to be successfully deployed with full compliance control capacity by market authorities, the optimal solution seems to combine the advantages of permissioning under proof of authority (PoA) protocols and the publicness or public nature of the network, meaning public access to operate and openness for the public control of nodal activity, and therefore, decentralized control of the network, which is not possessed or dominated by a single entity. The standards of the Union outline the distinction between public and private blockchains; for instance, in ITU-and of 2019, namely D1. 1, D3. 1and D3. 3. Institute develops a layered architecture in documents like -012 and 003 V1. 1. 1 (2020-12), and a concept of PDL in several key documents like [1]. The concept of public-permissioned network as a distributed ledger (PPDL) has been introduced in the Ethereum blockchain practice by Alastria, the generator of the first worldwide essay or alpha version of a PPDL, encompassing standards and functioning philosophy recently detailed [2], situating the governance and access control in the Layer within the PDL network architecture. 3. 2 Significance of authority proofing in PDLs for token contractsIn the case of PDLs based on the Ethereum blockchain protocol, transactions are developed applying IBFT or Byzantine-type consensus protocols to grant permission to record transactions on blocks, under a DLT network system configuration where different alternative tests or validation protocols can coexist (e. g. , specific test of permission or authorization by validator nodes, known as Proof of Authority or PoA [3]). For the proper execution of such protocols and the deployment of smart contracts to automate the fulfilment of programmed transactions related to payment and transmission of tokens, and other effects linked to their normalized trading on exchange platforms (and their corresponding asset and benefit transference among node addresses), the developers of Ethereum have devised different standards, called for Comments, ERCs, which entail substantially different characteristics, serving to carry out transactions a variety of tokens. Derived from Proof of Stake (PoS) and in the Ethereum 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: For example, examining the intensity of herbivory, coupled with leaf chemical analysis, may lead to a greater understanding of why native herbivores prefer native plants. For other trophic levels, the benefit may be due to changes in prey abundance or differences in vegetation structure. Rowe and Garcia (2013), found that the movements of small anurans were negatively impacted by rhizomatous mats formed by invasive Phalaris arundinacea, and as a result the amphibians benefitted from removal of the non-native plant. Second, more thorough investigations of whether non-native plants support more non-native fauna, particularly in the case of facilitation of invasive insects (e. g. Ailanthus altissima and Lycorma delicatula; Ciceoi et al. 2017) is warranted to develop better management protocols to limit the spread of invasive species. Third, non-avian vertebrates need more attention, especially herbivores and frugivores, as trends for these organisms were not possible to interpret due to the lack of studies. Finally, trait-based studies, including examining functional diversity, will allow for a deeper understanding of how flora origin may drive trait shifts in co-evolved organisms. Ecosystem servicesPlants provide a variety of ecosystem services that are of critical value for human survival. Although we found relatively few studies that compared ecosystem service provisioning between native and non-native plants, overall native plants provide greater intensity and diversity of ecosystem services over non-native plants. Trees, the most studied ESS provider across all papers in this review, are crucial for ESS provisioning. Regardless of origin, trees provide services such air quality improvements and heat reduction in the form of shade by nature of their morphology alone but native plant still outperformed non-natives for the majority of ecosystem services assessed in the studies in this review. Non-native plants may in some instances be planted over natives for possessing particular desirable traits. For example, in Santiago, Chile, where native urban trees are primarily evergreen, non-native trees with broad leaves were chosen to provide increased shade and heat reduction (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Author ResponsePeer review processRevised: Preprint has been revised by the authors in response to the previous round of peer review; the eLife assessment and the public reviews have been updated where necessary by the editors and peer reviewers. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. for Neuroscience, Jupiter, of of Texas at Austin, Austin, of AmericaReviewer #1 (Public Review): Microglia are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in shaping the synaptic circuit and regulating neural dynamics in response to changes in their surrounding environment and in brain states. While numerous studies have suggested that microglia contribute to sleep regulation and are modulated by sleep, there has been little direct evidence that the morphological dynamics of microglia are modulated by the sleep/wake cycle. In this work, Gu et al. applied a recently developed miniature two-photon microscope in conjunction with EEG and EMG recording to monitor microglia surveillance in freely-moving mice over extended period of time. They found that microglia surveillance depends on the brain state in the sleep/wake cycle (wake, non-REM, or REM sleep). Furthermore, they subjected the mouse to acute sleep deprivation, and found that microglia gradually assume an active state in response. Finally, they showed that the state-dependent morphological changes depend on norepinephrine (NE), as chemically ablating noradrenergic inputs from locus coeruleus abolished such changes; this is in agreement with previous publications. The authors also showed that the effect of NE is partially mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors, as shown with β2-adrenergic receptor knock-out mice. Overall, this study is a technical tour de force, and its data add valuable direct evidence to the ongoing investigations of microglial morphological dynamics and its relationship with sleep. Nevertheless, microglial morphodynamics likely reflect the integrated influence of neighboring neuronal activities and neuromodulatory factors; the pan-tissue β2AR knockout mouse model may also broadly affect the animal's physiology and sleep behavior. Therefore, future studies are needed to address the specific role of microglial β2AR on its morphodynamics in sleep. #2 (Public Review): The MS describes an approach to monitor microglial structural dynamics and correlate it to ongoing changes in brain state during sleep-wake cycles.

Output: pass