Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: Three millet varieties were studied, and for all of these, out of a range of sowing depths from 1 to 7 cm, a sowing depth of 3-5 cm resulted in the highest percentage emergence, the highest above-ground biomass, and most secondary roots. High soil temperatures are common during establishment, typical maximum temperatures at a depth of 1 cm exceed 46 °C. It was found that the adverse effects of wind erosion and these high temperatures were least when sowing in hills (the traditional hand-method); establishment, crop stand survival, and yield were better under hill planting than drilling seed. Tillage of the field before sowing increased initial stands and their survival, the latter also depending on fertility. Thus, improved crop yields result from better stand survival and higher yields per hill. Fertilizer application (17 kg ha -1P and 40 kg ha -1of N) caused a threefold increase in grain yields. Ridging without prior tillage and ploughing increased grain and stover yields two- to three-fold. In combination with fertilizer application, sixfold yield increases were obtained. In view of the time limitations, ridging without prior tillage was preferable to ploughing, as it is a much faster operation giving equally good results in terms of crop establishment and yield. 1. It was tried to quantify the effect of tillage as it destroys the crust and increases the surface storage for rainwater. The crust-breaking effect was found to last for only a few rainshowers, but the increase of surface storage is more permanent. The effect of a tillage system on the water balance of a millet crop was calculated. From this calculation it was concluded that tied ridges, giving a surface storage of 20-30 mm, could completely prevent runoff, compared to about 50% loss under the conventional system. Such a savings would allow earlier sowing and thus prolong the vegetative growth by as much as 20 days, which might increase the average millet yield (500 kg ha -1) by 40%. In 10. 18174/198424 Publication statusPublished - 2 Mar 1999 Keywordstillagesealinglooseningcrustssoil conservationconservation tillageinfiltrationwest africabrazil output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: We now compare the performance of different scenarios with the objective of identifying models that can predict contamination with minimal socioeconomic information. We examined models with the following features: (i) water source type only, (ii) water source and selected household-level variables but excluding geospatial variables, (iii) geospatial variables only, and (iv) geospatial and household level variables but excluding water source types. These scenarios were selected based on their availability in a range of household surveys and other data collection activities. For example, water source type is an important indicator often included in household surveys and is used to measure access to improved sources of drinking water22. Similarly, recent surveys often capture GPS coordinates of the sampled households or the center of the census enumeration area. GPS coordinates can be used to generate several geospatial variables without extra burden to the survey but not all surveys currently make these coordinates available to researchers. Other household-level characteristics and basic demographic information about household members are often included in LSMS or DHS type surveys but may not be available in other assessments, such as Ethiopia’s national WASH inventory23. Table 3 presents results of different feature scenarios for the RF model. As noted earlier, the full model that uses all the features has a strong discrimination ability (AUC 0. 91; 95% CI 0. 89, 0. 94). The rest of the models have lower discrimination ability with the least performing being the model when water source type is considered as the only predictor (AUC 0. 80; 95% CI 0. 77, 0. 84). However, augmenting water source variables with selected household-level variables, but excluding geospatial variables, resulted in a performance comparable to the full model (AUC 0. 89; 95% CI 0. 86, 0. 91). The geospatial features only model has a performance (AUC 0. 91; 95% CI 0. 88, 0. 93) which is also comparable with the full model. The performance did not however improve when selected household characteristics were added to the geospatial features model (AUC 0. 90; 95%CI 0. 87, 0. 89). This is also illustrated in the ROC curves for the RF and XGBoost models, i. e. , the ROC curve for the water source only model is the shallowest in both cases (Fig. 2). Table 3 Prediction performance results in different model scenarios.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: A. 554. 14. Olson, C. & Colby, C. , (2013). The organization of cognition. In: Kandel, E. , et al. (Eds). Principles of Neural Sciences. Fifth ed. . McGraw and Hill. U. S. A. 411. 15. González-Burgos, I. , Velázquez-Zamora, D. A. , González-Tapia, D. , & Cervantes, M. , (2015). A golgi study of the plasticity of dendritic spines in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus during the estrous cycle of female rats. Neuroscience. 9, (298) 74–80. 16. González-Burgos, I. , (2009). Dendritic spines plasticity and learning/memory processes: theory, evidence and perspectives. In: Baylog, L. R. (Ed). Dendritic Spines. Biochemistry, Modelling and Properties. Neuroscience research progress series. Publishers, Inc. New York. 186. 17. González-Burgos, I. , (2012). From synaptic transmission to cognition: an intermediary role for dendritic spines. Brain Cogn. 80, (1) 177–183. 18. Horn, J. P. & Swanson, L. W. , (2013). The autonomic motor system and the hypothalamus. In: Kandel, E. , Schwartz, J. , Jessell, T. , Siegelbaum, S. , Hudspeth, A. J. (Eds). Principles of Neural Science. Fifth ed. McProfessional. U. S. A. 1078. 19. Rubin, B. S. & Barfield, R. J. , (1980). Priming of estrous responsiveness by implants of 17 beta-estradiol in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus of female rats. Endocrinology. 106, (2) 504–509. 20. Rubin, B. S. & Barfield, R. J. , (1983). Induction of estrous behavior in ovariectomized rats by sequential replacement of estrogen and progesterone to the ventromedial hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: The capacities of the chisel ploughs were comparable to the heavy disc harrow. On the other hand, weeds and large amounts of straw may cause considerable practical difficulties and require adequately dimensioned chisel ploughs. Thus when applying the alternative tillage, adapted sowing equipment, able to cope with surface residue is required. In case 4, studies on the agronomic effect of tillage systems fit for animal traction in are reported. Crop establishment is an important yield factor for pearl millet in the Sahel. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to determine the effects of seed size, depth and method of planting, millet variety, tillage, and soil fertilization upon seedling emergence, crop establishment, and yield. All experiments were conducted on a sandy in Niger. Three millet varieties were studied, and for all of these, out of a range of sowing depths from 1 to 7 cm, a sowing depth of 3-5 cm resulted in the highest percentage emergence, the highest above-ground biomass, and most secondary roots. High soil temperatures are common during establishment, typical maximum temperatures at a depth of 1 cm exceed 46 °C. It was found that the adverse effects of wind erosion and these high temperatures were least when sowing in hills (the traditional hand-method); establishment, crop stand survival, and yield were better under hill planting than drilling seed. Tillage of the field before sowing increased initial stands and their survival, the latter also depending on fertility. Thus, improved crop yields result from better stand survival and higher yields per hill. Fertilizer application (17 kg ha -1P and 40 kg ha -1of N) caused a threefold increase in grain yields. Ridging without prior tillage and ploughing increased grain and stover yields two- to three-fold. In combination with fertilizer application, sixfold yield increases were obtained. In view of the time limitations, ridging without prior tillage was preferable to ploughing, as it is a much faster operation giving equally good results in terms of crop establishment and yield. 1. It was tried to quantify the effect of tillage as it destroys the crust and increases the surface storage for rainwater. The crust-breaking effect was found to last for only a few rainshowers, but the increase of surface storage is more permanent. The effect of a tillage system on the water balance of a millet crop was calculated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Full size tableFig. 2: ROC curves for model scenarios. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for model scenarios using RF and XGBoost classification algorithms. Full size imageClassification resultsTable 4 presents the distribution of classification results for the full features RF model by residence and water source type (5 includes performance metrics). Overall, the predictive model classified 88. 4% of the cases correctly. The performance is higher in rural (93. 6%) than urban (77. 8%) areas. There was some variation in classification performance by water source type, with at least 79. 4% of cases correctly classified except for truck/vendor where performance dropped to 61%. Table 4 Classification results from RF prediction model by residence, water source type, and model scenario. Full size tableTable 4 also presents classification results for the four scenarios. The water source-only model predicted that all water sources were contaminated and thus correctly classified all the contaminated sources but misclassified all the non-contaminated sources as contaminated. Addition of selected household variables in the Plus model, greatly improved specificity and the classification results became comparable with the full model. The geospatial features only model performed well and provided a comparable performance with that of the full model (88. 1%). Model application in different datasetsLastly, we applied the predictive model to two other waves of the ESS fielded in 2013/14 and in 2018/19 which did not include a water quality testing module. These two surveys have information on all the socioeconomic and geospatial features identified in the predictive model using the 2015/16 survey data. Whereas the 2013/14 and the 2015/16 survey waves interviewed the same households, the sample was refreshed for the 2018/19 wave of the ESS and thus fielded in different households. Figures 3 and 4 compare the actual proportions of contaminated and non-contaminated water sources in 2015/16 against the predicted values in all three survey waves. The results are for the full model and the scenarios (Fig. 3) and water source types (Fig. 4). As expected, the actual and predicted values are very close for 2015/16. The comparison of prediction results across survey waves shows slight differences in the households’ access to drinking water free from E. coli; access was better in the reference survey than in the preceding and subsequent rounds of the ESS. This pattern is reflected in all models. Fig. 3: Prediction results by model scenario.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: 37, (3) 218–224. 21. Guillazo, G. , Redolar, D. A. , Torras, M. , Vale, M. , (2007). Fundamentals of neuroscience. Soriano, C. (coord. ); UOC, Barcelona. 22. Calizo, L. H. & Flanagan-Cato, L. M. , (2002). Estrogen-induced dendritic spine elimination on female rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray. J. Comp. Neurol. 447, (3) 234–248. 23. . , (1992). Three-dimensional structure of dendritic spines and synapses in rat hippocampus (CA1) at postnatal day 15 and adult ages: implications for the maturation of synaptic physiology and long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci. 12, (7) 2685–2705. 24. Koch, C. , Zador, A. , Brown, T. H. , (1992). Dendritic spines: convergence of theory and experiment. Science. 256, (5059) 973–974. 25. Koch, C. , Zador, A. , (1993). The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical compartmentalization. J. Neurosci. 13, (2) 413–422. 26. González-Burgos, I. , González-Tapia, D. , Feria-Velasco, A. , (2015). Neuronal plasticity associated to learning and memory. In: González-Burgos, I. (Ed). Psychobiology of memory: an interdisciplinary view. México. Bios Médica. 190. 27. Agmo, A. , (2015). Brain circuits relevant to sexual behavior. In: Hernández-González, M. , Sanz-Martin, A. , & Guevara-Pérez, M. A. (Eds). Brain circuits involved in cognition and behavior. University of Guadalajara. México. 46. 28. Heimer, M. & Larsson, K. , (1966).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: In view of the time limitations, ridging without prior tillage was preferable to ploughing, as it is a much faster operation giving equally good results in terms of crop establishment and yield. 1. It was tried to quantify the effect of tillage as it destroys the crust and increases the surface storage for rainwater. The crust-breaking effect was found to last for only a few rainshowers, but the increase of surface storage is more permanent. The effect of a tillage system on the water balance of a millet crop was calculated. From this calculation it was concluded that tied ridges, giving a surface storage of 20-30 mm, could completely prevent runoff, compared to about 50% loss under the conventional system. Such a savings would allow earlier sowing and thus prolong the vegetative growth by as much as 20 days, which might increase the average millet yield (500 kg ha -1) by 40%. In 3. In a highly mechanized farming situation, erosion problems on sloping, red soils in the state of Paraná are high. Conventional tillage is based on the use of heavy disk ploughs and repeated passes with disk harrows in order to prepare a seedbed. This system causes severe erosion damage because of reduced infiltration rates and unstable topsoil. The zero-tillage system is a promising and realistic alternative, but is not suited for all farms in the state (small fields, high capital investment for equipment required, lacking knowledge and experience of farmers). The possibilities for the use of chisel ploughs (as an alternative between these two systems) on wheat stubble in a wheat-soybean rotation were investigated. Experiments showed that, compared to conventional tillage systems with disc implements, chisel ploughing left more plant residue at the surface. Except for the duckfoot type, the chisels were able to penetrate down to the bottom of a compacted layer at 12-20 cm depth. In addition, fuel consumption was significantly lower than disc ploughing and slightly higher than heavy disc harrowing. The capacities of the chisel ploughs were comparable to the heavy disc harrow. On the other hand, weeds and large amounts of straw may cause considerable practical difficulties and require adequately dimensioned chisel ploughs. Thus when applying the alternative tillage, adapted sowing equipment, able to cope with surface residue is required.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Prediction results of E. coli contamination of drinking water sources in three survey waves by model scenario. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Full size imageFig. 4: Prediction results by water source type. Prediction results of E. coli contamination of drinking water sources in three survey waves by water source type. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Full size imageDisaggregating predictions by water source type shows that the results are comparable for most source type categories (Fig. 4). The actual in 2015/16 and the predicted values in the three survey waves are close or within the 95% confidence interval for the following water source types: piped on-premises, rainwater, unprotected springs and wells, and surface water. The differences across survey waves are concentrated in two categories of improved sources namely public standpipes and water tanker and water kiosk/vendors. Overall, the prediction results in Figs. 3 and 4 show that the general pattern is maintained, i. e. , the average contamination rate is always close to 90% and by source type, it is the highest in the unimproved source categories and the lowest in the pipes on-premises category. DiscussionThis study has examined the performance of a range of machine learning algorithms to predict the quality of drinking water sources in Ethiopia from household survey data. The models performed well in predicting E. coli contamination at point of collection. RF performed the best across most metrics with XGBoost a close runner up. Overall, predictions for ESS3 (2015/16 ESS) were comparable to the actual data and the proportion of misclassified results was low (2. 4%). There was some variation in model performance by water supply type and by residence. Among water source types, misclassification rates were highest for tanker truck/vendor and piped water. Water quality in piped supplies and truck/vendor water is highly dependent on the management which may be poorly predicted by the available variables. Notably, we were unable to include operational parameters such as chlorine residual in our models as this information was only available for a subset (n = 1297) of households in wave 3. In contrast, misclassification was very uncommon for protected wells and springs, unprotected wells and springs, rainwater, and surface water, reflecting the very low chance of these water sources not containing E. coli in Ethiopia. The misclassification rate was lower in rural (1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Impairment of mating behavior in male rats following lesions in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic continuum. Brain Res. 3, 248–263. 29. Agmo, A. , (2007). Functional and Behavior. A Synthesis of Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology. Academic Press: San Diego. E. U. A. 30. Agmo, A. , (2015). The role of the prefrontal cortex in male sexual behavior. In: Hernández-González, M. , Chacón-Gutiérrez, L. , Barradas-Bribiesca, J. A. , Guevara-Pérez, M. A. (Eds). Prefrontal cortex. Cognition and behavior. University of Guanajuato. México. 328. 31. Davis, J. F. , Loos, M. , Di & Coolen, L. M. , (2010). Lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex cause maladaptive sexual behavior in male rats. Biol. Psychiatry. 67, (12) 1199–1204. 32. . , & Coolen, L. M. , (2006). Potential contributions of afferents from medial prefrontal cortex to neural activation following sexual behavior in the male rat. Neuroscience. 137, (4) 1259–1276. 33. Agmo, A. , Villalpando, A. , Picker, Z. , & Fernández, H. , (1995). Lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex and sexual behavior in the male rat. Brain Res. 696, 177–186. 34. Hausmann, M. , (2010). Hormonal effects on the plasticity of cognitive brain functions. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci. 1, (4) 607–612. 35. Cervantes, J. M. , Velázquez-Zamora, D. , González-Burgos, I. , (2015). Estrogenic modulation of cognitive functions during the menstrual cycle and menopause. In: González-Burgos, I. (Ed). Psychobiology of memory: an interdisciplinary view. México. Bios Médica. 290. 36. Fernández, G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Conservation tillage helps reduce soil erosion and water loss. [SEP] Text: In case 4, studies on the agronomic effect of tillage systems fit for animal traction in are reported. Crop establishment is an important yield factor for pearl millet in the Sahel. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to determine the effects of seed size, depth and method of planting, millet variety, tillage, and soil fertilization upon seedling emergence, crop establishment, and yield. All experiments were conducted on a sandy in Niger. Three millet varieties were studied, and for all of these, out of a range of sowing depths from 1 to 7 cm, a sowing depth of 3-5 cm resulted in the highest percentage emergence, the highest above-ground biomass, and most secondary roots. High soil temperatures are common during establishment, typical maximum temperatures at a depth of 1 cm exceed 46 °C. It was found that the adverse effects of wind erosion and these high temperatures were least when sowing in hills (the traditional hand-method); establishment, crop stand survival, and yield were better under hill planting than drilling seed. Tillage of the field before sowing increased initial stands and their survival, the latter also depending on fertility. Thus, improved crop yields result from better stand survival and higher yields per hill. Fertilizer application (17 kg ha -1P and 40 kg ha -1of N) caused a threefold increase in grain yields. Ridging without prior tillage and ploughing increased grain and stover yields two- to three-fold. In combination with fertilizer application, sixfold yield increases were obtained. In view of the time limitations, ridging without prior tillage was preferable to ploughing, as it is a much faster operation giving equally good results in terms of crop establishment and yield. 1. It was tried to quantify the effect of tillage as it destroys the crust and increases the surface storage for rainwater. The crust-breaking effect was found to last for only a few rainshowers, but the increase of surface storage is more permanent. The effect of a tillage system on the water balance of a millet crop was calculated. From this calculation it was concluded that tied ridges, giving a surface storage of 20-30 mm, could completely prevent runoff, compared to about 50% loss under the conventional system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 6%) than urban (5. 1%) areas, again reflecting the higher risk of contamination in rural areas. Examining variable importance from the RF model we find that the top five predictors were: distance to nearest market, mean rainfall, mean temperature, source type—piped own, and open defecation in the EA. That water source type is among the top predictors is expected given the considerable variations in quality by water source type observed in the ESS water quality module and in other countries2. For example, a systematic review of water quality studies in LMICs found piped water to be considerably less likely to be contaminated than other types of improved drinking water24. Notably, many of the top features are either basic geospatial information generated using the household’s location or socioeconomic variables that are routinely captured in many household surveys such as and MICS. We examined the relative performance of RF models across scenarios depending on the types of data available. This analysis was conducted to understand the contributions water source type, household-level and geospatial variables to model performance. In comparison with the reference “full features model”, the scenario relying solely on information about the type of water source performed poorly (AUC = 0. 80 vs 0. 91). This is expected given the wide range of reported contamination rates for users of the same water source type as observed in Ethiopia and elsewhere2,25. Scenarios that relied only on geospatial information (AUC = 0. 91) or household-level variables (AUC = 0. 88) performed surprisingly well with performance equivalent to or approaching that of the reference scenario. This finding suggests that predictive models relying only on geospatial variables may suffice for the purposes of understanding variations in risk of E. coli contamination at the point of collection and support the use of machine learning to generate risk maps13. Similarly, the finding that household-level variables alone can provide good predictive performance. The finding suggests that the approach taken in this study could be applied to the 25 + MICS that are not disseminated with GPS coordinates2. Lastly, we predicted water quality at the point of collection for households in wave 2 (the 2013/14 ESS) and wave 4 (the 2018/19 ESS). The results provided a similar picture to that of the reference data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: , Weis, S. , Stoffel-Wagner, B. , Tendolkar, I. , Reuber, M. , Beyenburg, S. , Klaver, P. , Fell, J. , de Greiff, A. , Ruhlmann, J. , Reul, J. , & Elger, C. E. , (2003). Menstrual cycle-dependent neural plasticity in the adult human brain is hormone, task, and region specific. J. Neurosci. 23, (9) 3790–3795. 37. Fort, P. , Bassetti, L. , & Luppi, T. H. , (2009). Alternating vigilance state: new insights regarding neuronal networks and mechanisms. Eur. J. Neurosci. 29, 1741–1753. 38. King, P. & Takahashi, S. , (2000). Molecular genetics of circadian rhythms in mammals. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 713–742. 39. Girardet, C. , Blanchard, M. P. , Ferracci, G. , Lévêque, C. , Moreno, M. , François-Bellan, A. M. , Becquet, D. , Bosler, O. , (2010). Daily changes in synaptic innervation of PVI neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: contribution of glutamatergic afferents. Eur. J. Neurosci. 31, (2) 359–370. 40. Girardet, C. , Becquet, D. , Blanchard, M. P. , François-Bellan, A. M. , & Bosler, O. , (2010). Neuroglial and synaptic rearrangements associated with photic entrainment of the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 32, (12) 2133–2142. 41. Millhouse, O. E. , (1979). A Golgi anatomy of the rodent hypothalamus. In: Morgane, P. J. , Panksepp, J. (Eds). Handbook of the Hypothalamus. Marcel Dekker. USA. 265. 42. Güldner, F.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation is an effective method for pest control and nutrient management. [SEP] Text: Planting of flowers as pollen and nectar sources may also provide necessary food for parasitic fly and wasp adults. This would include the spraying of bacteria or virus as well as releases of parasites and predators. Importation is bringing exotic parasites and predators into the country for release against pests. This tactic is especially useful when combatting imported pests. Cultural controlWe finally come to the cited topic of this paper, cultural controls of insect pests of urban ornamentals. A useful definition of cultural control is the manipulation of the physical environment so as to reduce the survivorship of a pest. In essence, any changing of the environment or habitat which makes it difficult for a pest to survive and reproduce falls in this category. Crop rotation, sanitation and resistance were picked because these are claimed, almost exclusively, for use in field crops and vegetables. However, these controls are used and could be more useful if modified for urban arborists. It would be prudent to state that the following suggestions have not been generally investigated in a scientific manner and the recommendations often do not fit within the norm for arborist training. Crop RotationCrop rotation is the switching from one species of crop to another. This time honored agronomic practice has generally been ignored by growers of ornamental plants. However, if we consider that trees are merely a crop which is planted, matured, harvested and replanted, the only difference is in the time of maturation. Also, if the trees had continuing pest problems in the past, why replant with the same type of trees? Why not go with a new species? Christmas tree growers in Pennsylvania are having a similar problem. New growers who planted their acreage with Scots pine usually didn’t have severe pest problems until a few years before harvest. However, after harvest, if the land was replanted in Scots pine the pest problems were immediate and continuing. Some growers have recently experimented with crop rotation and have had good success. On land that will only support pine, these growers have planted a cover crop of grass or buckwheat for a year before replanting with trees. Other growers have land which will support spruce or fir and have successfully rotated to these species. Another anticipated problem with urban tree crop rotation is the American ideal of “biggest and oldest tree. ” Let’s face facts, the urban environment is not the place to grow the biggest and oldest trees.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractWithin the context of the water-energy nexus in drinking water provision, it is crucial to evaluate temporal shifts in energy efficiency. Utilizing the Envelopment of Data (StoNED) approach, this research estimates longitudinal variations in the energy efficiency of drinking water services integrating multiple environmental variables. The analysis, conducted in England and Wales from 2008 to 2020, indicates that the source and quality of raw water, as well as population density, influenced the energy performance of water utilities. Quantitative findings evidenced marked disparity in energy efficiency among different companies, with an average efficiency of 0. 617 and a range from 0. 437 to 0. 944. The dynamic assessment indicates an average annual enhancement of 1. 1% in the sector, predominantly propelled by technical advancements (0. 9%) rather than by improvements in efficiency (0. 2%). This study emphasizes the critical need for bespoke policies and incentives to boost energy efficiency and support sustainable urban water management. Similar content being viewed by others Evaluation of dynamic eco-efficiency of water companies: the influence of non-revenue water and water supply interruptions 2. The imperative of using energy sustainably while progressing in the provision of clean and affordable water aligns with key Goals set by the United Nations3. A sustainable approach to energy use in drinking water provision not only has the potential to reduce production costs, thereby lowering consumer tariffs, but also plays a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions4. Consequently, understanding the factors that influence energy consumption and identifying pathways towards its efficient use are of paramount importance for researchers and policymakers. To enhance the understanding of the water-energy nexus within the urban water cycle, extensive research has been conducted. Several past studies have focused on quantifying energy consumption in drinking water provision and estimating the potential increase in energy demand driven by socio-economic and demographic factors5,6,7,8. Additionally, research has been conducted to identify potential energy savings across the water supply chain9,10,11. Alternative studies have focused on assessing the environmental impacts of the provision of drinking water by using life cycle analysis tools12,13. Despite these significant contributions, there remains a gap in these studies regarding the evaluation of energy efficiency (EE) in the provision of drinking water. EE is a synthetic index and therefore, incorporates multiple variables (inputs and outputs) into the assessment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: H. , (1976). Synaptology of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Res. 165, (4) 509–544. 43. O’Bryne, J. N. , Berman-Rosa, M. , Gouin, J. P. , & Dang-Vu, T. T. , (2014). Neuroimaging findings in primary insomnia. Pathol. Biol. Paris. 62, (5) 262–269. 44. Desseilles, M. , Dang-Vu, T. , Schabus, B. , Sterpenich, V. , Maquet, P. , & Schwartz, S. , (2008). Neuroimaging insights into the patophysiology of sleep disorders. Sleep. 31, (6) 777–794. 45. Nie, X. , Shao, Y. ,. , Peng, D. C. , & Dai, X. J. , (2015). Functional connectivity of paired default mode network subregions in primary insomnia. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 11, 3085–3093. 46. Altena, E. , Werf, Y. D. , Sanz-& Van Someren, E. J. , (2008). Prefrontal hypoactivation and recovery in insomnia. Sleep. 31, (9) 1271–1276. 47. Perez-Cruz, C. , Simon, M. , Flügge, G. , Fuchs, E. , Czéh, B. , (2009). Diurnal rhythm and stress regulate dendritic architecture and spine density of pyramidal neurons in the rat infralimbic cortex. Behav. Brain Res. 205, (2) 406–413. 48. Altena, E. , Vrenken, H. , Werf, Y. D. , van den Heuvel, O. A. , & Van Someren, E. J. , (2010). Reduced orbitofrontal and parietal gray matter in chronic insomnia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Biol. Pshychiatry. 67, (2) 182–185. 49. Amaral, D, (2013). The functional organization of perception and movement. In: Kandel, E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Latest 10. 17221/350/2021-PSE Variation of soil organic matter depends on light-fraction organic matter under long-term monocropping of different cropsFutao Zhang1,2,3, Yunfa Qiao*,4, Xiaozeng Han1, Bin Zhang*,1,2,3 1 Station of System, of Mollisols Agroecology, of Geography and Agroecology, of Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China 2 University of of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China 3 Laboratory for of Arable Land, Institute of of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China 4 of and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. crops influences soil organic matter (SOM), but the effect of different crops remains unclear, particularly under long-term monocropping. The objective of this study was to identify how different crops influence the content and chemical structures of SOM under long-term monocropping. Here, soils were sampled (0-20 cm) under 27-year soybean and maize monocropping and separated into different physical fractions. The content and chemical structures of SOM in all fractions were determined. SOM contents were higher under soybean than maize in bulk soil and macroaggregates and their light-fractions instead of microaggregates and silt and clay. The difference in SOM chemical structure was observed in aggregates and density fractions rather than bulk soils and supported by the result of principal component analysis. The proportion of O-alkyl C in macro- and microaggregates and all free light fractions and that of aromatic C in mineral-associated fractions were higher, while that of carbonyl C was lower under maize than soybean. These results demonstrated that different crops monocropping influences the content and chemical structures of SOM, and the variations were mainly in the light-fraction SOM and highlight a higher sensitivity of physical fractions than bulk soil to different crops. Keywords: Mollisol; crop species; chemical stability; farmland; carbon turnover Published: October 31, 2021 Show citation 690. Variation of soil organic matter depends on light-fraction organic matter under long-term monocropping of different crops. Environ. . 2021;67(10):588-599. doi: 10. 17221/350/2021-PSE. Share. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 3% to provide the same volume of drinking water and number of properties if they operated at full energy efficiency. EE scores varied between 0. 437 and 0. 944, demonstrating significant differences among water companies. This finding reveals the need of adopting tailored strategies to enhance EE in the water sector. It is also noteworthy that none of the evaluated water companies achieved the maximum EE score of 1. 0, indicating none were fully energy efficient. Estimations based on the StoNED method yielded slightly higher EE scores than those reported by Molinos-Senante and Maziotis16 using artificial neural networks and DEA, which were 0. 411 and 0. 436, respectively. This discrepancy underscores the importance of employing adequate and robust methods for assessing energetic performance in the water industry—and potentially other industries—to avoid biased conclusions. Fig. 1: Statistics of energy efficiency scores for assessed water companies for 2008–2020. Blue color refers to water only companies (WoCs), orange color to water and sewerage companies (WaSCs) while green color integrates both water only companies and water and sewerage companies. Lower error bars corresponds to the 25th percentile, while the upper error bars corresponds to the 75th percentile. The solid line inside the box refers to the 50th percentile while the cross is the median. The points correspond to outliers. Full size imageDelving into the results by type of water company, it was found that on average, water and sewerage companies (WaSCs) were more energy efficient than water only companies (WoCs). The mean EE for WaSCs was 0. 677, while for WoCs it was 0. 537. This implies potential average energy savings of 32. 3% for WaSCs and 46. 3% for WoCs, respectively, to achieve the same level of water delivered and number of connected properties. The differences in EE between the two types of water companies were statistically significant, as indicated by a p-value of <0. 05 from the Mann-Whitney test Mann-Whitney is a non-parametric test that is used to compare two sample means that come from the same population, and used to test whether two sample means are equal or not18. From a policy perspective, the results from this study highlight the necessity of setting specific EE targets for each water company that take into account their structural characteristics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: , Schwartz, J. , Jessell, T. , Siegelbaum, S. , Hudspeth, A. J. (Eds). Principles of Neural Science. Fifth ed. McProfessional. U. S. A. 369. 50. Kalaska, J. F. & Rizzolatti, G. , (2013). Voluntary movement: the primary motor cortex. In: Kandel, E. , et al. (Eds). Principles of Neural Sciences. Fifth ed. McGraw and Hill. U. S. A. 864. 51. Noback, R. & Demarest, R. , (1975). Nervous System. of Neurobiology. McGraw-Hill. EUA. 52. Gloor, C. , Luft, A. R. , & Hosp, J. A. , (2015). Biphasic plasticity of dendritic fields in layer V motor neurons in response to motor learning. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 125, 189–194. 53. Rao, B. S. , Desiraju, T. , Meti, B. L. , & Raju, T. R. , (1994). Plasticity of hippocampal and motor cortical pyramidal neurons induced by self-stimulation experience. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 38, (1) 23–28. 54. Shankaranarayana Rao, B. S. , Raju, T. R. , & Meti, B. L. , (1999). Self-stimulation rewarding experience induced alterations in dendritic spine density in CA3 hippocampal and layer V motor cortical pyramidal neurons. Neuroscience. 89, (4) 1067–1077. 55. González-Burgos, I. , González-Tapia, D. , Zamora, D. A. , Feria-Velasco, A. , & Beas-Zárate, C. , (2011). Guided motor training induces dendritic spine plastic changes in adult rat cerebellar purkinje cells. Neurosci. Lett. 491, (3) 216–220. 56. Ramnani, N. , Tini, I. , Passingham, R. E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: However, conventional agricultural practices with monocropping or short rotations and high use of energy and external inputs, such as mineral fertilizers, chemical pesticides and herbicides, are leading to soil degradation, a major concern worldwide (Gomiero 2016). Degraded soils, do not provide the expected goods and services of the particular healthy soil in its ecosystem (FAO 2020). Depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) is the main underlying process of soil degradation, with losses ranging from 25 to 75% of the original SOC pool depending on climate, soil type and historic land use (Lal 2011). Strategies to restore SOC and soil health by the adoption of recommended management practices—like reduced tillage, integration of cover crops, organic amendments and appropriate crop rotations—are suggested to improve agronomic productivity along with crop health and nutrition. Furthermore, they can help to promote global food security, enhance soil resilience to adapt to extreme climatic events, and mitigate climate change by counteracting CO2 emissions (Scholberg et al. 2010; Lal 2011; Larkin 2015; Frasier et al. 2016; Kim et al. 2020). Soil degradation is often accompanied by a loss of biodiversity (above and below ground) jeopardizing productivity, stability and sustainability of agricultural systems. Soil bacteria and archaea are essential for soil functioning by contribution to, e. g. C cycling (decomposition of organic matter and sequestering C), nutrient cycling, maintenance of soil aggregates and structure and regulation of biodiversity (Kibblewhite, Ritz and Swift 2008; Fierer 2017; Armbruster et al. 2020). The rhizosphere microbiota can stimulate plant growth, control pathogens, prevent diseases and promote stress resistance and general plant fitness (Berg et al. 2017). Bender, Wagg and van der Heijden (2016) proposed the concept of a targeted soil biological engineering approach that enhances general soil biodiversity and manipulates soil microbiota, to improve ecosystem functioning and services like sustainable food production. However, a deeper insight into the soil microbiota in agro-ecosystems is required in order to better understand how agricultural management practices can contribute to sustain and improve the biological potential of soil. In Uruguay, as in other vegetable producing regions worldwide, farming systems are highly intensive in terms of external input and continuous cropping of high value commodities (Yan et al. 2012; Dogliotti et al. 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Water companies were allowed to retain any savings in operating expenditure they achieved, irrespective of the year these savings were made. This policy was intended to encourage water companies to find cost-effective solutions and efficiencies that would benefit both their operations and their customers over the long term. Additionally, the regulator introduced financial rewards and penalties tied to service quality improvements. This was facilitated through the Assessment (OPA) framework20. During the period from 2008 to 2010, the EP of water companies improved by 4. 8%, which was primarily driven by an increase in EEC of 3. 8%, while ETC contributed only 0. 8%. This indicates that the improvement in EP was largely due to the companies moving closer to the efficient frontier, rather than a positive shift in the frontier itself. During the 2011–2015 sub-period, which followed the 2009 price review, regulatory strategies continued to emphasize cost-efficiency but with an adjusted focus that included sharing any savings in infrastructure maintenance between utilities and customers. This was an extension of the previous period’s rolling incentive concerning operating expenditures. However, the OPA framework was discontinued and replaced with the Mechanism (SIM), which specifically targeted improvements in customer service. The results from this sub-period demonstrate that the EP of the water industry remained largely stable, with a negligible average increase of 0. 01%. A notable shift occurred in the contributions of the components of EP: EEC regressed, contributing negatively to EP with an average decrease of 1. 38% per year, whereas ETC saw an annual increase of 1. 3%. The negative contribution from EEC during this period suggests that, despite regulatory incentives aimed at enhancing operational efficiency, there might have been challenges or inefficiencies that prevented EE improvements. During the last sub-period (2016–2020), which followed the 2014 price review, the regulator implemented a new framework that further refined the focus on service quality and environmental performance within the water industry. This period was marked by the introduction of common performance commitment indicators, alongside Incentives (ODIs). These ODIs were designed to financially reward utilities for outperforming set targets and penalize them for underperformance, thus strongly incentivizing the delivery of promised outcomes. The results from this sub-period reveal that the EP of the industry increased by an average of 0. 5% per year, driven primarily by improvements in ETC, which also saw an increase of approximately 0. 48% per year.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: , & Haggard, P. , (2001). The cerebellum and the parietal cortex play a specific role in coordination: a PET study. Neuro Image, (14) 899–911. 57. González-Tapia, D. , González-Ramírez, M. M. , Vázquez-Hernández, N. , & González-Burgos, I. , The fast period of motor learning is associated with an increase in thin spines on rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. Behav. Brain Res. Submitted to publication. 58. Leuner, B. , Shors, T. J. , (2013). Stress, anxiety, and dendritic spines: what are the connections? Neuroscience. 251, 108–119. 59. Lee, S. A. , Kim, C. Y. , & Lee, S. H. , (2016). Non-conscious perception of emotion in psychiatric disorders: the unsolved puzzle of psychopathology. Psych. Inv. 13, (2) 165–173. 60. Suslow, T. , Kugel, H. , Ohrmann, P. , Stuhrmann, A. , Grotegerd, D. , Redlich, R. , Bauer, J. , Dannlowski, U. , (2013). Neural correlates of affective priming effects based on masked facial emotion: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Res. 211, (3) 239–245. 61. Brooks, S. J. , Savov, V. , Allzén, E. , Benedict, C. , Fredriksson, R. , Schiöth, H. B. , (2012). Exposure to subliminal arousing stimuli induces robust activation in the amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, insular cortex and primary visual cortex: a systematic meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neuroimage. 59, (3) 2962–2973. 62. Tamietto, M. , de Gelder, B. , (2010). Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, (10) 697–709. 63. Pessoa, L. , Japee, S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Type of crop. Fertilization. Tillage. Cover crop. CTMFTwo commercial crops per yearMineralConventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropNo cover cropCTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Conventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropCover crop incorporated into the soil 60–90 days before planting the commercial cropRTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Reduced: chisel plough and beds raised once a year-before cover crop establishmentCover crop left as mulch on the soil surface. Cover crop was terminated 60 days before planting the commercial cropTable 1. Open in new tab Summary of the crop and soil managements evaluated in the field experiment. CTMF (conventional tillage + mineral fertilization), CTOF (conventional tillage + cover crop incorporated + organic fertilization), RTOF (reduced tillage + cover crop left as mulch + organic fertilization). Agricultural management. Type of crop. Fertilization. Tillage. Cover crop. CTMFTwo commercial crops per yearMineralConventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropNo cover cropCTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Conventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropCover crop incorporated into the soil 60–90 days before planting the commercial cropRTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Reduced: chisel plough and beds raised once a year-before cover crop establishmentCover crop left as mulch on the soil surface. Cover crop was terminated 60 days before planting the commercial cropAgricultural management. Type of crop. Fertilization. Tillage. Cover crop.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractCharacterizing fecal contamination exposure from drinking water can introduce exposure measurement errors, i. e. , differences between the observed and true exposure. These errors can mask the true relationship between fecal contamination exposure and waterborne diseases. We present a framework to quantify the impact of measurement errors on exposure–outcome health effect estimates introduced by variability in measured drinking water fecal contamination levels and household versus community sampling strategies. We matched fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) data for >37,000 drinking water samples to children aged 0–72 months from 19 studies in low- and middle-income countries and took two complementary analytical approaches. We found that household-level exposure assessments may attenuate effect estimates of FIB concentrations in drinking water on diarrhea, and single water samples may attenuate health effect estimates of FIB concentrations on linear growth. To understand the health effects of fecal contamination exposure, measurement error frameworks can be used to estimate more biologically relevant exposures. Similar content being viewed by others Public drinking water contaminant estimates for birth cohorts in the on Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort 1. These are proxy measures, in the sense that rather than measuring the actual ingestion of enteric pathogens associated with fecal contamination, they infer exposure by measuring fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations in the environment and are heavily based on assumptions on the interactions of individuals with that environment. In addition to the well-documented shortcomings of using FIB as a proxy for enteric pathogens2, the difference between the observed exposure, i. e. , the exposure assigned from these proxy measures, and the true exposure represents a potential form of exposure measurement error. Other areas of environmental health have detailed how exposure measurement error may introduce bias and uncertainty in estimated exposure–outcome relationships, thereby obscuring true associations3. Correspondingly, fields such as air pollution epidemiology have seen increased emphasis on understanding errors associated with differences between individual or personal exposures and other proxy exposure measures used in health effects modeling4. We recently compiled individual participant data (IPD) for a systematic review and meta-analysis. We matched household-level drinking water FIB concentrations as a proxy measure for individual-level enteric pathogen exposure to >43,000 diarrhea reports and >10,000 growth measures for children under the age of 5 years across 19 studies in low- and middle-income countries (Goddard et al. , under review).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/65704 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. empirically know that we can learn things more easily, accurately, and quickly when we are interested, motivated, and reward‐driven. Numerous animal models of learning have placed experimental subjects under fasted conditions in order for successful acquisition of specific tasks by using food as a reward [1]. This suggests the possibility that a molecule, which plays a critical role in appetitive behavior and/or reward‐related feeling, may also be involved in the acquisition of learning. 1. 1. Hippocampus in reward‐related learning Although the mesolimbic dopaminergic system is central to the study of motivational and reward‐related learning, the neurobiological basis of reward‐related learning cannot be explained completely without the participation of the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a primary site of activity‐dependent plasticity and neuromodulation that have been hypothesized to be the neuronal substrate for learning and memory. The hippocampus lies upstream of the dopaminergic reward circuit and sends a major output to the reward system. More specifically, the hippocampal glutamatergic outputs regulate reward responses in the nucleus accumbens [2].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: CTMFTwo commercial crops per yearMineralConventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropNo cover cropCTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Conventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropCover crop incorporated into the soil 60–90 days before planting the commercial cropRTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Reduced: chisel plough and beds raised once a year-before cover crop establishmentCover crop left as mulch on the soil surface. Cover crop was terminated 60 days before planting the commercial cropIn addition to agriculturally managed soils, four composite soil samples were taken from the UND site, with a distance of 5 m between each other. The vegetation of the UND site had been spontaneous (mainly grasses) for 40 years. In CTMF two commercial crops were established each year, while in CTOF and RTOF only one commercial and one cover crop were grown (Table 1 and Table S1, Supporting Information). The commercial crops used since the establishment of the experiment were: carrot (Daucus carota L. ), sweet corn (Zea mays L. convar. saccharata var. rugosa), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), onion (Allium cepa L. ), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. ), butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata D. ), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) and finally table beet, also known as red beet or beetroot. The cover crops used were black oat (Avenastrigosa L. ) as winter cover crop (on the first year) and forage sorghum (Sorghum sudanense x S. bicolor) as summer cover crop. Table beet was harvested in mid-November 2017 and yield was measured as tons of roots and leaves per hectare. Bulk soil and rhizosphere sampling Bulk soil and table beet rhizosphere samples were collected in spring (October) 2017, when table beets were at BBCH37 growth stage, i. e. leaves covering 70% of soil surface (Meier 2018).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: This analysis was an update and expansion of previous meta-analyses that found mixed results on the relationship between FIB concentrations in drinking water and diarrhea and did not consider a more chronic health outcome such as child growth5,6,7. Our findings suggest that FIB concentrations in household drinking water are associated with both reported diarrhea (odds ratio (OR) 1. 09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1. 04, 1. 13) and lower height-for-age Z (HAZ) scores (HAZ −0. 04; 95% CI −0. 06, −0. 01). Notably, we also observed moderate heterogeneity among studies in the strengths of association for both the diarrhea (I2 = 34%; 95% CI 0–62%) and linear growth analyses (I2 = 19%; 95% CI 0–63%). A primary limitation of this analysis was potential error in outcome measurement. In these studies, most of the data are from non-blinded intervention protocols where caregiver-reported diarrhea and linear growth measures are subject to participant and enumerator bias8. Another possible source of bias and uncertainty in our analysis may be in part due to errors in the assigned exposure. Prior research studying the effects of exposure measurement error from proxy measures of exposure in air pollution epidemiology suggest that these proxy measures can introduce uncertainty and bias risk estimates toward no observed effect9,10,11. Similar effects of exposure measurement error have also been shown in other areas, such as chemical exposures12 and diastolic blood pressure measurements13. Based on these findings, it is possible that findings from our IPD analysis may also exhibit similar uncertainty and bias due to exposure measurement error from the use of FIB concentrations in household drinking water as a proxy for personal exposure to enteric pathogens. Theoretically, there are a number of different potential sources of error in enteric pathogen exposure assessments. Some examples include (1) temporal or spatial variability in water quality, (2) assigning household- or community-level water quality to individuals, (3) the use of FIBs as proxies for enteric pathogens, and (4) processing errors (i. e. , during sample collection, transport, or laboratory instrumentation errors). This is not an exclusive list of sources of error, and each source could be further broken down into underlying sources of error. Here we introduce a conceptualized model of potential sources of measurement error using a formal measurement error framework14.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Investigating hippocampal GHSR1a in isolation The hippocampus receives hypothalamic and arcuate projections directly from the fornix, while being situated centrally for functional interactions with other limbic cortexes by exchanging reciprocal synaptic connections. Thus, GHSR1a in the hippocampus is likely a direct target of hypothalamic and limbic cortical inputs including those from the septum. Each of these inputs may provide ghrelin independently or collectively to the hippocampal GHSR1a. Identifying the source(s) of ghrelin that affects hippocampal neuron function is an important scientific issue. Unfortunately, it is beyond the scope of this 2. Localization of GHSR1a in the hippocampus of cultured slices 2. 1. Fluorescent ghrelin binding We demonstrate the localization of GHSR1a in the cultured hippocampal slices with the use of three different methods. First of all, an octanoylated form of FITC‐conjugated ghrelin (1 μM) was used in the rat hippocampal slice culture. Ghrelin can bind to GHSR1a only when it is octanoylated [17]. Thus, FITC‐conjugated octanoylated ghrelin is a useful and reliable molecule that specifically binds to the receptor [18]. Non‐octanoylated form of FITC‐conjugated ghrelin was used as a control in order to confirm the specificity of octanoylated ghrelin binding. After 1 h of incubation followed by fixation (with 4% paraformaldehyde), intense binding was detected in the pyramidal cell layer of all CA fields with the given focal plane shown in Figure 1a [19]. However, by imaging FITC signals in many different focal planes in the same specimen using a confocal microscope (Fluoview 1000, Olympus), we learned that the actual binding ranged from dentate gyrus granule cell layer to CA1, CA2, and CA3 pyramidal cell layers, suggesting that GHSR1a has ample expression in the cultured hippocampus and is widely distributed throughout the dentate gyrus and Ammons horn. Figure 1. Localization of GHSR1a in cultured hippocampus in slices. a. Binding of the octanoylated form of FITC‐conjugated ghrelin. b.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 1ChloroflexiA4bA4b_unclassified5. 3 ± 1. 80. 4 ± 2. 13. 2 ± 2. 2↑1. 4 ± 0. 2PatescibacteriaSaccharimonadales_unclassifiedSaccharimonadales_unclassified0. 3 ± 0. 22. 1 ± 3. 51. 8 ± 3. 0↑0. 3 ± 0. 2ProteobacteriaBurkholderiaceaeBurkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia0. 0 ± 0. 00. 0 ± 0. 00. 1 ± 0. 1↑0. 0 ± 0. 0. . . Bulk soil. Rhizosphere. Phylum. Family. Genus. CTOF. RTOF. CTOF. RTOF. FirmicutesBacillaceaeBacillus7. 4 ± 1. 9↑6. 5 ± 1. 20. 4 ± 0. 30. 4 ± 0. 1ChloroflexiA4bA4b_unclassified5. 3 ± 1. 80. 4 ± 2. 13. 2 ± 2. 2↑1. 4 ± 0. 2PatescibacteriaSaccharimonadales_unclassifiedSaccharimonadales_unclassified0. 3 ± 0. 22. 1 ± 3. 51. 8 ± 3. 0↑0. 3 ± 0. 2ProteobacteriaBurkholderiaceaeBurkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia0. 0 ± 0. 00. 0 ± 0. 00. 1 ± 0. 1↑0. 0 ± 0. 0 of fertilization source, tillage and cover crop management on soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities Several previous studies reported effects of agricultural management on soil properties (reviewed by Bender, Wagg and van der Heijden 2016). In the present study, we found that fertilization source and, to a lesser extent, tillage and cover crop management had an impact on soil characteristics and on the microbial community diversity and structure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: We demonstrate how such a framework might be evaluated and its ability to quantify the relative contributions of measurement error, using empirical data of drinking water across several global low- and middle-income settings. Although quite limited, prior research on the effects of exposure measurement error on waterborne disease epidemiology has found preliminary evidence of regression dilution bias between 14% and 57% from the use of FIB on the relationship between fecal contamination in recreational water and swimming-associated illness15. Another study found that spatiotemporal variability in rainfall data attenuated subsequent associations between heavy rainfall and diarrhea between 35% and 45%16. These studies focused on single components of error, and we did not find any formal discussions pertaining to multiple sources of measurement error for exposure to fecal contamination in the peer-reviewed literature. Here we introduce an exposure measurement error framework to conceptualize multiple possible components of error. We adapt a framework for fecal contamination exposure in drinking water based on an approach presented in Zeger et al. to distinguish sources of exposure measurement error14. While our analysis borrows from extensive work examining air pollution health effects and is limited to fecal contamination as a proxy for enteric pathogens, we intend that this paper serves as an initial step for discussing ways of incorporating estimates of exposure measurement error for enteric pathogen exposures. Zeger et al. consider sources of error in the assignment of ambient air quality to a population from central monitoring sites, a more distal measure of exposure than attempting to quantify personal exposures. While this framework is contextual to time series studies of air pollution health effects, we see parallels in the proxy measures commonly used for fecal contamination exposure assessments to central-site air pollution exposure assessments, although we do not claim this framework includes all possible sources of error. In the current example involving fecal contamination exposure and response, as in the air pollution design settings that Zeger et al. used, technical and logistical constraints as well as limited resources lead to an inability to obtain measures of true personal exposure x for individual i at time t. Instead, exposure may be estimated by measuring household FIB concentrations z at time t. In Fig. 1, we summarize the differences between measured FIB concentrations zt, the only component in this framework that is actively measured, and true personal exposure to fecal contamination xit as a proxy for fecal contamination exposure. Fig. 1: Fecal contamination in drinking water exposure measurement error framework (adapted from Zeger et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: eGFP signals from GHSR1a‐expressing cells in mouse hippocampal slices. c. eGFP signals from CA1 pyramidal cell layer. d. GHSR1a immunoreactivity. e. GHSR1a expression was quantified in an arbitrary scale in control, 1‐h incubation in ghrelin, 23‐h incubation in ghrelin, and 1‐h incubation in ghrelin followed by 22‐h incubation in control media without ghrelin. Calibrations: (a) and (b) 500 μm, (c) 200 μm, and (d) 5 μm. (Modified with permission from Muniz and Isokawa [19]). 2. 2. eGFP‐tagged GHSR1a expression in transgenic mouse hippocampus in slice culture According to the eGFP‐tagged reporter gene mapping of the whole mouse brain, GHSR1a is reported to be highly localized in the hippocampus [20]. However, it is not determined whether transgenic mouse hippocampus retains the expression of functional GHSR1a in the in vitro culture. Hippocampal slices were prepared from eGFP‐tagged GHSR1a‐expressing transgenic mouse brains, where the eGFP gene was inserted downstream of the GHSR1a promoter (Jackson Lab, B6;129S7‐Ghsr<tm2Rgs</J/Stock# 019908). Up to 3 weeks in culture, the localization of GHSR1a was identified by live‐imaging eGFP fluorescence. Figure 1b shows eGFP signals that are visible in the infra‐pyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 region. With higher magnification, the CA1 pyramidal cell layer became clearly detectable with resolution that is sufficient to identify individual neurons (Figure 1c). Under different focal planes, eGFP signals were detected in other CA fields (i. e. , CA2 and CA3) in the pyramidal cell layer and from the supra‐pyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus granule cell layer. 2. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Besides the relative short experimental running time of 5 years, we could see that combining different soil restoration measures such as reduced tillage, crop residue retention as green manure and organic fertilizer application in the form of compost and poultry manure (RTOF) increased available and Ntot in comparison to the conventional production system (CTMF) although both managements were fertilized with the same amount of available N (50 units of N/ha for table beets). Thus soil restoration measures increased soil fertility. The combination of reduced tillage and organic fertilization promoted the retention of soil organic matter. The high N content in RTOF is probably due to the application of organic rich N in the form of compost, poultry manure and green manure in contrast to conventional systems where urea is applied (CTMF), which is more susceptible to losses (Moreno-Espíndola et al. 2018). in CTOF and RTOF was far higher than in CTMF and in UND soils. This could be due to the natural low plant bioavailable P (Hernández and Zamalvide 1998) and the type of organic fertilizers added in CTOF and RTOF (poultry manure and compost). Poultry manure, either used directly or as compost constituent, contains between 11 and 14 g P/kg manure, roughly equally composed of inorganic (mainly orthophosphate) and organic P (mainly phytate) (Li et al. 2014; Tiecher et al. 2014). CTMF decreased soil pH in comparison to CTOF and RTOF which has often been observed before (Geisseler and Scow 2014). RTOF exhibited more large-medium aggregates (1–2 mm) and less smaller aggregates (<0. 25 mm) in comparison to CTMF. Thus, RTOF soil aggregate distribution became similar to UND. The added organic matter in RTOF increased SOC and PoxC, which soil microorganisms can feed on and proliferate. C available to bacteria determines the metabolic activity of the soil microbiota and their ability to produce gluing agents such as exopolysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, which in turn contribute to soil aggregation and reduce erosion risks (Cania et al. 2019; Zethof et al. 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: In conducting this analysis, we sought to assess evidence and magnitude of exposure measurement error from: (1) from assigning household-level FIB concentrations \(z_t^ \ast\) as the exposure and not considering community-level FIB concentrations \(w_t^ \ast\) (component 2) on health effect estimates of FIB concentrations in drinking water on child diarrhea and (2) from using single FIB measure zt compared to repeated longitudinal measures \(z_t^ \ast\) (component 3) on health effect estimates of FIB concentrations in drinking water on linear growth. ResultsThe dataset we compiled included studies of varying sizes with FIB data for drinking water available from 98 to 2137 households per study (Table 1). Four studies included only cross-sectional water sample collection, but most had collected repeated water samples over time with samples typically being collected monthly, quarterly, or annually. To evaluate findings from our simulations, matched diarrhea data were available from all included studies and matched growth data were available from seven studies. Table 1 Summary characteristics of the included studies. Full size tableHousehold versus community exposureThe simulations comparing household to community exposure included 37,119 observations (82% rural, 18% urban) from 16 of the included studies, with between 1 and 12 observations per child. Studies by Arnold et al. 26, Brown et al. 36, and Pickering et al. 46 were excluded from these simulations because the data were not compatible for estimating median community water FIB concentrations (i. e. , specific sample collection dates were not available or only one sample was collected in every community). The simulations found that if children experienced exposure to fecal contamination in drinking water outside of their household, then using household FIB concentrations \(z_t^ \ast\) exclusively as the error-prone exposure variable may lead to an attenuation in the observed FIB–diarrhea relationship even at low levels of community exposure (Fig. 2). If the aggregate exposure \(\bar x_t\) was represented by 90% household and 10% community exposure, we found that the estimated odds of diarrhea for 1 − log10 higher FIB concentrations in drinking water, using household FIB concentrations in drinking water \(z_t^ \ast\) as the error-prone exposure variable, were OR = 1. 32 compared to the assigned odds of diarrhea OR = 1. 50 (α = 0. 69).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Immunohistochemistry of GHSR1a In addition to receptor binding and eGFP tagging, we investigated the localization of GHSR1a immunohistochemically in the cultured rat hippocampal slices using two different antibodies raised against GHSR1a (rabbit polyclonal anti‐GHSR1a from Phoenix Pharmaceutical, Burlingame, CA, and from ). With both antibodies, GHSR1a immunoreactivity was successfully detected in the dentate gyrus and the Ammons horn of our rat hippocampal slice culture. More specifically, fluorescent signals collected from secondary antibody (Alexa 488, ) by confocal imaging revealed that GHSR1a was localized primarily as numerous aggregates surrounding the soma (Figure 1d). Together, these observations provide cellular and molecular evidence that the ghrelin receptor, GHSR1a, is expressed and localized in the cultured rat and mouse hippocampus in slices in a similar manner to what was reported in the in vivo whole brain specimen. 2. 4. Receptor internalization in the hippocampal slice culture GHSR1a exhibits an unusually high constitutive activity, which is the ability to propagate the intracellular signal in the absence of agonist [21, 22]. Thus, it may be possible that the downstream‐signaling level, determined by constitutive activity, could reflect membrane expression of the receptor. In addition, agonist‐induced internalization is a widely acknowledged process among all G‐protein–coupled receptors including GHSR1a [23]. Thus, we were concerned whether GHSR1a in our hippocampal slice culture might have undergone such a process during the application of ghrelin in our experiments. Live slice cultures were incubated in ghrelin (100 nM) for either 1 or 23 h. At the end of the incubation, the specimens were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. GHSR1a immunoreactivity was imaged with a confocal microscope and quantified using image analysis software (). We did not find any difference in the magnitude of GHSR1a immunoreactivity between 1‐h incubation and 23‐h incubation, when compared with control (Figure 1e) [24].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Thus, most likely, the RTOF microbial community might have contributed to the increased soil aggregation by the production of different binding agents. It has been already reported that conservation tillage (no-till, reduced or stripped tillage) in combination with cover crops, mulching and organic amendments promotes the soil biota by modifying SOC availability for both plants and microbes (Bender, Wagg and van der Heijden 2016; Brennan and Acosta-Martinez 2017; Wang et al. 2017). The CAP analysis also showed that large aggregates (>2 mm) and large-medium aggregates (1–2 mm) strongly correlated with the observed differentiation in the soil microbial communities. Conventional tillage had a strong negative effect on soil aggregation, which in turn promotes soil compaction (Ussiri and Lal 2009). CTMF soil compaction led to a decrease in the number of table beet emerged plantlets (data not shown) and consequently, to a decrease in the table beet yield, in comparison to CTOF and RTOF. Furthermore, table beet yields under CTOF and RTOF were higher than the average Uruguayan national yield (15–20 t/ha; 2000). Table beet, as a directly seeded root crop, was selected in this study as indicator of the quality of soil structure. Specifically, the emergence of table beet seeds and the shape and size of the harvestable root allow to assess the degree of soil crusting and soil compaction (“soil hardiness”), respectively. Total bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were higher in CTOF and RTOF soils in comparison to CTMF. Microbial diversity was increased in RTOF in comparison to CTMF and became similar to that of UND soil. Accordingly, it has been reported that soils under long-term organic fertilization strategies harbor higher microbial biomass (Fließbach et al. 2007) and increased microbial diversity (Esperschütz et al. 2007; Hartmann et al. 2015; Schmid et al. 2017) than soils under long-term mineral fertilization. In the present study, fertilization source had the major effect on soil microbial community structure and significantly affected soil physicochemical properties. Several previous studies compared mineral vs. organic fertilization and suggested a strong effect of fertilization source on soil microbial communities (Hartmann et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Full size imageAfter stratifying by age, the odds of diarrhea for 1 − log10 higher FIB concentrations in drinking water for children aged 0–23 months were similar to the odds of diarrhea for children aged 24–72 months when household water fecal contamination \(z_t^ \ast\) was assigned as the exposure variable. However, when replacing household water fecal contamination with community water fecal contamination \(w_t^ \ast\) in 10% increments, there was a trend of higher odds of diarrhea for children aged 24–72 months but not for children aged 0–23 months for up to 20% household and 80% community water quality (Fig. 4). Fig. 4: Estimated odds of diarrhea for 1 − log10 higher FIB concentrations in drinking water for different household–community exposure assignments, stratified by non-ambulatory and ambulatory pre-school-aged children, and the corresponding attenuation factors. Attenuation factors are derived from comparing the log odds of diarrhea for a 100% household exposure assignment to the log odds of diarrhea from community assignments. Full size imageSingle versus multiple samplesThe simulations comparing the effects of defining exposure with a single water sample compared to multiple samples included 24,806 unique children from the 19 included studies that had ≥1 matched FIB concentration estimates in drinking water. These simulations indicated that using FIB concentrations from single water samples zt compared to the median of multiple samples attenuated estimated differences in HAZ scores associated with fecal contamination in drinking water, with similar findings between wet and dry season months (Fig. 5). If the household water fecal contamination \(z_t^ \ast\) was represented by the median of two samples, then randomly selecting one of the two samples almost halved the observed difference in HAZ scores associated with FIB concentrations in drinking water from the assigned HAZ = −0. 20 to HAZ = −0. 11 (α = 0. 56). This finding was more pronounced when household water fecal contamination \(z_t^ \ast\) was represented by three (HAZ = −0. 10; α = 0. 52) or four samples (HAZ = −0. 09; α = 0. 43). Sensitivity analyses for these findings are detailed in S3 and S4. Fig. 5: Simulated difference in HAZ scores for 1 − log10 higher FIB concentrations in drinking water and the corresponding attenuation factors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: We also conducted a “second” control, which was to incubate the slices in ghrelin for 1 h and the additional 22 h in control media (without ghrelin). At the end of the experiment, slices were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. There were no differences in the GHSR1a immunoreactivity between control and the “second” control. This finding suggested that GHSR1a did not appear to be internalized by the exogenous application of agonist to a significant extent even if a long‐term incubation of 23 h was employed. There was a report that GHSR1a hardly desensitized with the nM range of concentrations of ghrelin [25], which is in agreement with our observation and supports the present finding. Advertisement 3. Phosphorylation of GluN1 by ghrelin Subunit phosphorylation is a critical step to facilitate the NMDAR channel function and to induce plasticity in excitatory synapses [26]. Among various phosphorylation sites in the NMDAR we focused on the phosphorylation of Ser 896 and Ser 897 in the GluN1 subunit. The phosphorylation of Ser 896 is dependent on protein kinase C, and the phosphorylation of Ser 897 is dependent on protein kinase A [27]. The reason for investigating these two phosphorylation sites are as follows: (1) GHSR1a is a Gq‐coupled receptor, so that the activation of GHSR1a initiates inositol trisphosphate‐mediated‐signaling pathways leading to the activation of protein kinase C [28]; and (2) GHSR1a can cause a robust activation of cAMP/PKA‐signaling cascade, which has been reported in the process of procuring sufficient energy [29]. 3. 1. Dose‐dependent increase of pGluN1 Phosphorylation of GluN1 was studied using a goat polyclonal anti‐pGluN1 at Ser 896/897 () and Alexa 488 secondary antibody. Phosphorylated GluN1 (pGluN1) was quantified based on the fluorescent signal, captured by a confocal microscope.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Soil aggregation, soil organic carbon and nutrient availability were improved and became more similar to levels found in an adjacent undisturbed site (reference of a healthy soil). We could also show that alpha- and beta-diversity and composition of the soil microbiota were affected. Alpha-diversity increased and approached the undisturbed site level, although in terms of beta-diversity, soil microbial communities of UND remained different from the agriculturally managed soils. Table beet exhibited a strong rhizosphere effect resulting in the enrichment of taxa for which isolates with potential PGPR activities were previously reported. However, the fertilization source effect also shaped the assemblage of the rhizosphere microbiota. The improvement of soil health was translated into an increase of table beet yields in soils under restoration management, although, the implications of these management-dependent differences in microbiological and physicochemical properties for plant health need further long-term assessment. acknowledge Alfredo Fernandez, Gonzalo Vazquez, Gastón Tejera, for assisting with sampling. We thank Gilsanz and Sebastián Aranda for experimental setting and maintenance of the experimental site. We acknowledge Heuer for his helpful assistance with statistical data analysis and Mrs Ilse-for carefully proofreading the manuscript. work was supported by de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay (35—Effect of agricultural management on soil microbiome—implication for plant growth and health), and by Institute, Germany. The work of was supported by the Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Germany) in the framework of the project DiControl ( grant number 031B0514C) as part of the BonaRes initiative “Soil as a sustainable resource for the bioeconomy” ( Conflicts of interest None declared. 2000. 19. 25. 46. 253. 15. . DOI: 10. 1111/ejss. 12977. 28. 10. 1186/s40168-020-00833-w. 52. 94. 050. 13. 18. 2000. 1459. 2. 45. 204. 83. 1. 22. 9949. 2009. écnica. 2011;193. ISBN: 978-9974-38-330-2. 1. 6. 20. 2018. 2020. https Madison: of Agronomy, 1965, 499–509. 701. 93. 7701. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Our analyses showed how components of error may attenuate estimated exposure–outcome relationships using empirical data from an extensive dataset of studies collected in low- and middle-income settings. Our findings provide indication that the previously reported odds of diarrhea and reduction in HAZ scores associated with fecal contamination in drinking water (Goddard et al. , under review) may be prone to regression dilution bias and thus may be underestimating true exposure–outcome relationships. We introduced three different components of exposure measurement error. The first component may emerge from assigning household water fecal contamination data to individual household members who interact with their environment differently. Substantial heterogeneity of between-child interactions with their domestic environment has been shown in both urban and rural settings for different age groups in the 0–5-year age range17,18. In addition, differential drinking water ingestion rates by age can lead to heterogeneity in the ingested doses of fecal contamination19, and infants may experience limited exposure to household water from ingestion before weaning20. This may lead to differences in dose–response between members of the same household. To test how the first component of this exposure measurement error framework can be applied, small controlled panel studies are needed to generate estimates of personal exposure and compare those to household-level estimates9. The second component of error may occur when exposure to fecal contamination in drinking water outside of the household is not incorporated into exposure assessments. A recent study characterizing fecal exposure in Accra, Ghana as part of the SaniPath research program reported widespread fecal contamination in both domestic and public domains21. Measurement error from assigning household water fecal contamination as the exposure does not only depend on the presence of fecal contamination in the public domain but also on the study population’s interaction with water in that domain. To our knowledge, no published studies have quantified child exposure to contaminated water in different microenvironments in the domestic and public domains, but time–activity analyses in air pollution studies have long been conducted for exposure assessments22 and have shown that children spend extensive amounts of time outside of their domestic environment23. Findings from our diarrhea simulations suggest that, if children are experiencing exposure to fecal contamination in drinking water outside of their households, then using household water FIB concentrations as a proxy for their overall exposure may result in attenuated health effect estimates for FIB concentrations in drinking water and diarrhea.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Representative pGluN1 signals were manually selected as a strongly fluorescing small puncta (examples are shown by yellow arrows in Figure 2a). A total of 236 representative puncta were manually selected from 30 confocal images, and the area and intensities of these puncta were measured using IPLab (). Based on the measurement, selection criteria were established and applied to 2024 confocal images taken from 157 hippocampal slices. Among them, 35513 pGluN1 immunoreactive puncta, taken from 1714 confocal images, satisfied the selection criteria, and were used for data analysis. Figure 2. pGluN1 immunoreactivity in cultured rat hippocampal slices. a. Representative pGluN1 signals are indicated by yellow arrows. b. Dose‐dependent changes in pGluN1. c1–c4. pGluN1 in control (c1), ghrelin (c2), ghrelin and d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (c3), and ghrelin and substance P‐analogue (c4). d. Quantification of pGluN1 in control (c), ghrelin (ghr), ghrelin and d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (ghr + DL), ghrelin and substance P‐analogue (ghr+SP), d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 alone (DL), and substance P‐analogue alone (SP). e. pGluN1 in control (cnt) and ghrelin (ghr) in wild type (+/+), heterozygous GHSR1a knockout mice (+/-), and homozygous GHSR1a knockout mice (-/-). f. Quantification of pGluN1 in wild‐type and GHSR1a knockout mice. (Modified with permission from Muniz and Isokawa [19]). Exogenous application of ghrelin (1–1000 nM) increased the magnitude of phosphorylation in GluN1 in a dose‐dependent manner. The ghrelin‐induced increase in pGluN1 immunoreactivity peaked at a concentration of 10 nM (r2 = 0. 899, p < 0. 0001, n = 56; analysis of variance (ANOVA)) (Figure 2b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-408774/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 2posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstracthow straw checkerboard barrier technology, as a sustainable and environment-friendly method, may affect soil chemical properties and water status despite wind erosion control directed us to evaluate this technique as a vital component of management plans in sloping lands of semi-arid areas. We were interested to know if it could support the soil capabilities to grow pilot plants and recover some ecological services via alleviate drought stress or amendment of soil attributes. order to study soil characteristic and growth performance of winter cover crops, an experiment was carried out in 2018. Checkerboards were setup in a 1×1 m pattern with rice residues. Seeds of sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), rye (Secale montanum) and tall wheatgrass (Agropyron sp) were sown at the checkerboards and bare ground as the control. Detailed analyses include growth characteristics, physiological attributes i. e. photosynthetic pigment contents, proline and malondialdehyde contents and relative water contents of mentioned crops and the related soil properties during the growing season were carried out in borders and centers of the straw checkerboards and bare ground. covered with straw checkerboard barriers was the most effective for improving vegetation growth and establishing taller plants with higher biomass. Based on the physiological analyses, the rye grown in straw checkerboard plots coped well with dry conditions. Higher proline content and more efficient osmotic adjustment indicates improvements of soil water retention status, which may alleviate drought stress damages and improve cover crop performance in straw checkerboard plots. Photosynthetic pigments also showed higher contents in checkerboards for rye. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium and water storage increased in checkerboards too, however, such effects vary with the crop type. Conclusions straw checkerboards could be deemed as an effective management strategy in semi-arid areas, as an important method for conserving natural resources and sustaining productivity. and 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionSuccessful recovery of soil and vegetation in semi-arid regions is a challenge because water availability severely limits germination, plant establishment, growth and survival (Wilson et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The results from our analyses need to be interpreted with caution. First, due to data availability we were limited to applying this framework to two sources of error. There are many more possible sources of error that we were not able to consider here, such as assigning household-level exposures to individuals and the use of FIB as proxies for enteric pathogens. Second, this analysis was limited to quantifying the effects of measurement error on the magnitudes of health effects and not on the precision of those effect estimates. Uncertainty in health effect estimates introduced by exposure measurement error may obscure associations where they exist, thus increasing the likelihood of false-negative findings. Third, the current framework is limited to drinking water, but there are a number of other important fecal–oral transmission pathways, such as hands, food, soil, fomites, and flies. Findings from our IPD analysis suggest that fecal contamination along select pathways is associated with child diarrhea and growth, so a similar framework could be applied to other pathways to test whether those findings may have suffered from regression dilution bias. Fourth, we did not have access to repeated water samples within the shorter timeframe of pathogen incubation periods for acute gastroenteritis, so were not able to quantify measurement error on health effects from FIB concentrations in drinking water on diarrhea from the use of single samples used to estimate household water fecal contamination. Our results suggest that exposure measurement error can contribute to attenuated fecal exposure–outcome relationships for outcomes that are typically acute, such as diarrhea, as well as for more chronic outcomes such as linear growth. Fecal exposure assessments in drinking water may consider exposure outside of the household as well as attempting to characterize fecal contamination with repeat samples to account for variability in water quality. They may leverage measurement error frameworks to design exposure assessments that are more proximal to the true exposure experienced by individuals, which in turn may inform the design of more effective interventions to reduce waterborne disease burdens. MethodsDataWe used data from 19 studies conducted in South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and South-East Asia29,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49. We requested permission from data owners for use of these data for this study. Eligible datasets included variables describing FIB concentrations in household drinking water, child age, and intervention status.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: The ghrelin‐induced changes in pGluN1 immunoreactivity were sensitive to and inhibited by the GHSR1a antagonist, D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (1 μM), and an inverse agonist, substance P‐analog (10 μM), when they were applied with ghrelin (100 nM). However, the application of D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 or substance P‐analog alone (without ghrelin) did not have any effect as compared with control (p < 0. 001, n = 47, unpaired t‐test) (Figure 2c and d). This suggested the possibility that (1) there were few endogenous ghrelin molecules present in our cultured hippocampal slices, or (2) constitutive activation of GHSR1a (if any) did not appear to affect the phosphorylation state of GluN1 in cultured hippocampus in slices. 3. 2. Effect of ghrelin on pGluN1 in GHSR1a knockout mouse In cultured hippocampal slices prepared from homozygous GHSR1a knockout (-/-) mice, exogenous application of ghrelin (100 nM) failed to cause any change in pGluN1 immunoreactivity (Figure 2e and f) when compared with the wild‐type GHSR1a (+/+) mouse hippocampus (p < 0. 005, n = 31, unpaired t‐test) (Figure 2e and f). Slices prepared from heterozygous GHSR1a knockout (+/-) mouse hippocampus also failed to show any change in pGluN1 immunoreactivity in response to ghrelin (100 nM) (Figure 2e and f). This suggested that a small reduction in the expression of GHSR1a could negate the ghrelin’s effect on the GluN1 subunit phosphorylation at Ser 896/897. Furthermore, we found that the baseline pGluN1 was elevated in homozygous GHSR1a knockout (-/-) mice as compared with wild‐type GHSR1a (+/+) mice in both control and ghrelin. This suggested that the NMDAR channel may be hyperactive in the hippocampus of homozygous GHSR1a knockout (-/-) mouse.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 2004; Munson and Lauenroth 2012). In bare soil, the evaporation process evacuates water from the soil surface, and microclimate conditions are rarely favorable for the establishment of plants, therefore poorly covered soil can lead to erosion (Hadas 2004). Soil erosion is one of the most important soil problems in arid and semiarid Mediterranean areas, which reduces soil fertility, plant productivity and also environment healthy (Yüksek and Yüksek 2015). Therefore, in arid and semiarid sites, with undesirable seedbeds, field techniques may support soils conserving water, improve seedbed microclimate and seedling establishment, increase soil fertility, reconstruct ecological community and reduce erosion. Straw checkerboard barrier technique is widely used for controlling of erosion and habitat recovery in arid and semi-arid areas (Li et al. 2006). This technique, as an environmentally-friendly strategy, is cheap and easy to install (Zhang et al. 2018). Straw of wheat, rice, reeds and other plants are installed in the square shape 20 cm buried in the soil and about 20 cm exposed above the soil surface (Wang et al. 2020). The checkerboard barriers can be placed at various dimensions, including 0. 5×0. 5,1×1, 1. 5×1. 5 m and so on (Qu et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2018). Straw checkerboards reduce the wind speed which decrease water loss through evaporation (Bo et al. 2015; Li et al. 2020). After the establishment of straw checkerboard barriers, straw can improve soil water holding capacity (Li et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018; Li et al. 2006; Li et al. 2020), increase the microorganism numbers (Li et al. 2006), available soil nitrogen and potassium (Li et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018), organic matter content (Dai et al. 2019; Lie 2017; et al. 2004), roughness of the underlying surface (et al. 2004), and improve the soil structure (Lie 2017). Straw checkerboard barriers have the potential to create favorable conditions for plant establishment, increase the survival rate of shrub and reduce erosion risk (Li et al. 2006). Li et al. (2000) and Williams et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractDrinking water contains emerging contaminants, i. e. , endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). However, the extent to which it is publicly viewed as a potential risk that requires attention (public awareness, political obligation, and regulatory efforts) is substantially underrated. Thus, this study investigated drinking water consumption patterns among consumers of different life stages, evaluated household practices using tap water as daily drinking water, and examined the actual risk as well as consumers’ perception of tap water quality for drinking with the potential EDCs contamination. Collectively, the present study is of great concern for regional database profiling and supporting human health risk assessment in regulating contamination and exposure of EDCs. It also provides an empirical and theoretical contribution to current public risk perception of EDCs in tap water, and promoted the formulation of risk communication and governance strategies for the development of risk behaviors in adopting public participation in the drinking water supply system monitoring and management framework. Similar content being viewed by others Occurrence and seasonal disparity of emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals in a drinking water supply system and associated health risk 1. Water is also influential in human health, comfort, and performance, as body water regulates human thermal environments (human thermoregulation), thereby controlling physiological and psychological responses2. Dehydration of body mass (≥2%) can cause impaired thermoregulatory function and elevated cardiovascular strain, also taking time to accumulate3. Thus, drinking enough water is essential to restore the large quantity of water lost daily. While drinking water is mandatory to maintain life for survival, there is little consensus on safe drinking water access for consumption. Over the past few decades, the concerns about quality of drinking water supply were limited to (i) microbial contamination, (ii) aesthetic problems, and (iii) chemical contents4,5,6,7,8. The chemical contaminants were mostly disinfectants, disinfection by-products, nutrients, metals, and major ions. Water contamination and the subsequent health issues were due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities originating primarily from the industrial revolution9. To date, threats to the global drinking water supply system (i. e. , water source pollution, incomplete removal, and water supply insecurity) and insufficient regulatory frameworks have prompted human exposure to emerging organic pollutants, especially endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) via daily consumption of drinking water, especially tap water.

Output: contrast