Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 8 (2018) 19964-19970. [45] B. Mensah, S. I. Kang, W. Wang, C. Nah, Effect of graphene on polar and nonpolar rubber matrices, Mech. Adv. Mater. Mod. Process 4 (2018) 1. [46] spacing of few-layer graphene sheets using molecular spacers: capacitance that scales with sheet number, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 1 (2018) 11420-11429. [47] W. Lv, F. . sandwich structure of graphene and nickel oxide with excellent supercapacitive performance, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 9014-9019. [48] J. Z. Wang, C. Zhong, D. -encapsulated Fe3O4 nanop667. [49] D. Chen, G. Ji, Y. Ma, J. Y. Lee, J. Lu, Graphene-encapsulated hollow Fe3O4 nanop3083. [50] Z. S. Wu, D. -W. Wang, W. Ren, J. Zhao, G. Zhou, F. Li, H. -M. Cheng, Anchoring hydrous RuO2 on graphene sheets for high performance electrochemical capacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 (2010) 3595–3602. [51] G. Wang, T. Liu, Y. Luo, Y. Zhao, Z. Ren, J. Bai, H. Wang, Preparation of Fe2O3/graphene composite and its electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, J. Alloys Compd. 509 (2011) L216–L220. [52] S. Yang, X. Feng, L. Wang, K. Tang, J. Maier, K. Müllen, Graphene-based nanosheets with a sandwich structure, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 49 (2010) 4795–4799. [53] S. Yang, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Sandwich-Like, Graphene-based titania nanosheets with high surface area for fast lithium storage, Adv. Mater.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon has been utilized in application of such microbes as psychobiotics [31]. 7. --causal effects of gut micro-biota on emotional experience particularly stress, depression and anxiety in patients enhanced the focus of the researchers on their contributions there has been enhanced studies dealing with neuroscience and biopsychology of interaction in the axis of brain-gut-microbiome [37]. Recent studies have revealed the use of this gut microbiome-brain axis in modifying cognitive and behavioral properties of patients using live beneficial microorganisms termed “Psychobiotics. ” Here, the introduction of these bacteria can either engage directly one or more gut-brain circuits or to alter the established gut micro-biota of the recipient modulating the signaling to the brain [38]. Elucidation of the effect of introduced gut-micro-biota on the germ-free laboratory animals (Mice) showed the increased effects on the function of hippocampus and amygdala resulting in effects on short-term recognition, working memory and display of altered social behavior [37]. Studies have found associations of microbiome function and composition influencing the neuro-behavioral and affective disorders including parameters of neuroimaging. The microbial re-colonization with respect to the age of the patients shows time-sensitive efficacy for microbial reconstitution with possibility of critical window for neurodevelopment within which abnormalities arising due to the absent micro-biota can be reversed by time dependent microbial re-colonization [38]. The uncertainties about the clinical applications of psychobiotics persists as the mechanics of action have not been identified yet and the time period as well as durability of their usage. The reports of changes in responses to psychobiotics in a wide range of brain regions have been questioned for possible inadequate questionnaires used for short-term studies. Effects of psycho-biotic-intervention may also depend on the pre-existing microbiome and neuro-anatomy, diet as well as genetics of the recipients. The studies on their clinical interventions in humans and corresponding effects on emotion, cognition and behavior have been met with scepticism due to the worldwide use of psycho-biotic microorganisms as probiotics without significant effects on psychological traits [37,38]. Various microorganisms breaching the gut-brain barrier and influencing the health of individual in positive and negative ways are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Effects of reported microorganisms on the brain health during Parkinson’s disease. S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Neurosci. Letters. 343, 62-66 (2003) Tatum, A. L. and Seevers, M. H. Experimental cocaine addiction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 36, 401-410 (1929) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by MK-801 of cocaine-induced sensitization, conditioned place preference, and dopamine-receptor supersensitivity in mice. Brain Res. Bull. 40, 201-207 (1996). , and Park, W. K. : Effects of ginseng total saponin on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 60, 33-42 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Ginseng total saponin inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 66, 83-90 (1999). , Park, W. K. and Jang, C. G. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 30, 783-789 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference, and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63, 407-412 (1999) Verkhratsky, A. and Kirchhoff, F. : NMDA Receptors in glia. Neuroscientist. 13, 28-37 (2007) Gardoni, F. and Di, L. M. : New targets for pharmacological intervention in the glutamatergic synapse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 545, 2-10 (2006) Fan, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Hu, H. Xue, H. Pang, Hierarchically nanostructured transition metal oxides for supercapacitors, Sci. China Mater. 61 (2018) 185–209. [61] unique strategy for preparing single-phase unitary/binary oxides–graphene composites, Chem. Commun. 46 (2010) 7957. [62] A. K. Mishra, S. Ramaprabhu, Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor application, J. Phys. Chem. C. 115 (2011) 14006–14013. [63] W. Shi, J. . Lu, X. Zhang, Y. Sharma, M. Srinivasan, H. Zhang, H. H. Hng, Q. Yan, Achieving high specific charge capacitances in Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 3422. [64] S. Huang, G. -N. Zhu, C. . Liu, Immobilization of Co–Al layered double hydroxides on graphene oxide nanosheets: Growth mechanism and supercapacitor studies, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (2012) 2242–2249. [65] X. Dong, L. Wang, D. Wang, C. Li, J. Jin, Layer-by-layer engineered Co–Al hydroxide nanosheets/graphene multilayer films as flexible electrode for supercapacitor, Langmuir 28 (2012) 293–298. [66] W. Zhou, J. Liu, T. Chen, K. S. Tan, X. Jia, Z. Luo, C. Cong, H. Yang, C. M. Li, T. Yu, Fabrication of Co3O4-reduced graphene oxide scrolls for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (2011) 14462-14465. [67] X. C. Dong, H. -Park, H. Zhang, L. H. Wang, W. Huang, P.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: No. OrganismProductInteraction8. specific communication channels between the gut micro-biota and brain have already been elucidated to include - vagal nerve signaling, enteric nerve activation, entero-endocrine, and entero-chromaffin cells stimulation and the release of neuro-active products into circulation leading to modulation of neuro-immune response. As seen in the present review, the “functional amyloids” of microbial origin have the sites for interaction with wild type α-synuclein which are similar to the interaction of anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Thus these sites of interaction can be utilized for enhancement or control of amyloidosis and fibrillation in patients with PD earning the suitable name of – “Psychobiotics. ” Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary for tapping the potential of psychobiotics and their “functional amyloids” for controlling PD. Elucidating the effects of psychological developments as well as cultural and social factors on the brain-gut microbiome axis can help for contextualizing the role of this axis and corresponding psychological interventions to improve the human health. 9. 10. ’ authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the 11. authors declare that no funding was received for the present work. 12. authors declare that there is no financial or any other conflicts of interest in this work. 13. study does not involve experiments on animals or human subjects. 14. data generated and analyzed are included within this research 15. ’journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation. 1. . Microcosm-based interaction studies between members of two ecophysiological groups of bioemulsifier producer and a hydrocarbon degrader from the Indian intertidal zone. 2016;23:14462-71. [CrossRef]2. . Analysis of nutritional factors influencing the biosynthesis of amyloid bioemulsifier BE-AM1 applicable in food industry. J 2021;11:e3170. [CrossRef]3. Giraldo R. SynBio and the boundaries between functional and pathogenic RepA-WH1 bacterial amyloids. mSystems 2020;5:e00553-20. [CrossRef]4. Mehta K, Markande A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng. Phytother. Res. 13, 641-644 (1999) Nishiyama, N. , Cho, S. T. , Kitagama, I. and Saito, H. : Malonylginsenoside $Rb_1$ potentiates nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth of cultured chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17, 509-513 (1994) Bormann, J. and Feigenspan, A. : $GABA_C$ receptors. Trends in Nneurosci. 18, 515-519 (1995) Turner, A. J. and Whittle, S. R. : Biochemical dissection of the gamma-aminobutyrate synapse. Biochem. Journal. 209, 29-41 (1983) Fritschy, J. M. and Panzanelli, P. : Molecular and synaptic organization of GABAA receptors in the cerebellum: Effects of targeted subunit gene deletions. Cerebellum. 5, 275-285 (2006) Johnston, G. A. R. : $GABA_C$ receptors: relatively simple transmitter-gated ion channels? Trends in Pharmacol. Sci. 17, 319-323 (1996) Bao, H. Y. , Zhang, J. ,. and Kang, J. S. : Memory enhancing and neuroprotective effects of selected ginsenosides. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28, 335-342 (2005) Yun, Y. J. , Lee, B. , and Shim, I. : Neuroprotective effect of palmul-chongmyeong-tang on ischemia-induced learning and memory deficits in the rat. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 337-342 (2007) Bahrke, M. S. and Morgan, W. R. : Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng: an update. Sports Medicine. 29, 113-133 (2000) and Liu, D. : Modulation of American ginseng on brainstem GABAergic effects in rats. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chen, 3D graphene–cobalt oxide electrode for high-performance supercapacitor and enzymeless glucose detection, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 3206–3213. [68] G. Xu, P. Nie, H. Dou, B. Ding, L. Li, X. Zhang, Exploring metal organic frameworks for energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors, Mater. Today 20 (2017) 191–209. [69] properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites, Prog. Mater. Sci. 90 (2017) 75–127. [70] Q. Xiao, X. Yi, B. Jiang, Z. Qin, J. Hu, Y. Jiang, H. Liu, B. Wang, D. Yi, In-situ synthesis of graphene on surface of copper powder by rotary CVD and its application in fabrication of reinforced Cu-matrix composites, Adv. Mater. Sci. 2 (2017). [71] -Phase MnO2/N-containing graphene composites applied as electrode active materials for flexible asymmetric solid-state supercapacitors, Nanomaterials 8 (2018) 924. [72] J. Wu, Z. Lan, J. Lin, M. Huang, Y. Huang, L. Fan, G. Luo, Y. Lin, Y. Xie, Y. Wei, Counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells, Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 (2017) 5975–6023. [73] Q. Wu, Y. Xu, Z. Yao, A. Liu, G. Shi, Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 1963–1970. [74] D. W. Wang, F. Li, J. Zhao, W. Ren, Z. G. Chen, J. Tan, Z. S. Wu, I. of graphene/polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode, ACS Nano 3 (2009) 1745–1752. [75] H. Wang, J. Lin, Z. X.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: No. Organism name1Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3LL3_02659PM00808812Bacillus atrophaeus 1942 1942_10625PM00809073Bacillus halodurans C-125_flagellinBH1477PM00809084Bacillus licheniformis 9945A_TasABaLi_c27210PM00808825Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13_TasABli02637PM00808836Bacillus subtilis spizizenii W23 major biofilm matrix componentBSUW23_12190PM00808847Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki YBT-1520_TasApBMB7635_08PM00808858Caulobacter phage CcrSwiftD870_gp256PM00808869Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL_12Dshi_4130PM008088710Escherichia coli BW2952 curli assembly protein CsgEBWG_0888PM008088811Escherichia coli K12 DH10B curli assembly protein 10B_1111PM008088912Escherichia coli (strain K12)_CsgA_P28307PM008089013Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curli assembly proteinS1105PM008089114Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curlinNC_000913PM008089215Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curlin subunitb1042PM008089316Escherichia coli O157H7 Sakai curli assembly protein CsgENC_002695. 1PM008089417Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curlinNC_000913. 3PM008089718Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 curlin subunitb1042PM008089819Escherichia coli O157H7 Sakai curli assembly protein CsgENC_002695.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Ethnopharmacol. 62, 215-222 (1998) Jang, S. , Ryu, J. H. , Kim, D. H. and Oh, S. : Changes of [3H]MK-801, [3H]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of transformed ginsenosides. Neurochem. Res. 29, 2257-2266 (2004) and Oh, S. : Changes of [$^3H$]MK-801, [$^3H$]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of ginsenoside Rc and $Rg_1$. Pharmacol. Res. . 43, 473-479 (2001) Shiah, I. S. and Yatham, L. N. : Serotonin in mania and in the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers: a review of clinical studies. Bipolar Disord. 2, 77-92 (2000) Mahmood, T. and Silverstone, T. : Serotonin and bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 66, 1-11 (2001) Shastry, B. S. : Bipolar disorder: An update. Neurochem. Int. 46, 273-279 (2005) Saxena, P. , Sitholey, A. K. , Saxena, S. , Vrat, S. , Kumar. and Shanker, K. : Platelet serotonin in juvenile mania. Biogenic Amines. 15, 413-421 (1999). , Dwivedi, Y. and Janicak, P. G. : Serotonin receptors in platelets of bipolar and schizoaffective patients: effect of lithium treatment. Pyschopharmacology. 170, 115-123 (2003) Pivac, N. , Kozaric, D. , Mustapic, M. , Dezeljin, M. , Borovecki, A. , Grubisic, M. and Muck, D. : Platelet serotonin in combat related posttraumatic stress disorder with psychotic symptoms. J Affect Disord. 93, 223-227 (2006) Plain, H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Shen, Polyaniline (PANi) based electrode materials for energy storage and conversion, J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices 1 (2016) 225–255. [76] B. Ma, X. Zhou, H. Bao, X. Li, G. Wang, Hierarchical composites of sulfonated graphene-supported vertically aligned polyaniline nanorods for high-performance supercapacitors, J. 215 (2012) 36–42. [77] K. . Wu, Graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 1392–1401. [78] W. Fan, C. . He, T. Liu, Graphene-wrapped polyaniline hollow spheres as novel hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor applications, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013) 3382–3391. [79] F. Chen, P. Liu, Q. Zhao, Well-defined graphene/polyaniline flake composites for high performance supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 76 (2012) 62–68. [80] X. Lu, H. Dou, B. Gao, C. Yuan, S. Yang, L. Hao, L. Shen, X. Zhang, A flexible graphene/multiwalled carbon nanotube film as a high performance electrode material for supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 5115–5121. [81] H. Wang, Q. Hao, X. Yang, L. Lu, X. Wang, Graphene oxide doped polyaniline for supercapacitors, Electrochem. Commun. 11 (2009) 1158–1161. [82] D. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, P. Yu, C. Wang, Y. Ma, Enhanced capacitance and rate capability of graphene/polypyrrole composite as electrode material for supercapacitors, J. 196 (2011) 5990–5996. [83] C. Zhu, J. Zhai, D. Wen, S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Effort-reward imbalance and common mental disorders among public sector employees of Iran: a cross-sectional analysis access Published: 30 May 2024 Effort-reward imbalance and common mental disorders among public sector employees of Iran: a cross-sectional analysis Nastaran Nasirpour1, Mohammadreza Shalbafan2, Ebtesam Savari1, Ahmad Pirani2, Baradaran3 & …Abbas Motevalian1,4 Show authors BMC 2. 1) during the baseline assessment to identify common mental disorders. Additionally, the validated Persian version of the 23-item ERI questionnaire was employed to assess effort, reward, overcommitment, and effort-reward ratio. To examine the association of ERI components with three common mental disorders (and OCD) over the past twelve months, multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. ResultsThe prevalence of effort-reward imbalance in the study sample was 47. 1%. Higher ERI score was significantly associated with MDD (OR: 3. 43, 95% CI: 2. 30–5. 13), GAD (OR: 2. 42, 95% CI: 1. 27–4. 63), and OCD (OR: 2. 23, 95% CI:1. 19–4. 19). The study participants who reported higher scores on work overcommitment had a higher likelihood of having MDD (OR: 1. 16, 95% CI:1. 10–1. 23), GAD (OR: 1. 07, 95% CI: 1. 01–1. 14), and OCD (OR: 1. 19, 95% CI: 1. 09–1. 29). ConclusionsAccording to the study’s findings, work-related stress, as determined by the ERI model, is a significant factor in the development of common mental disorders among employees in the public sector. reports BackgroundThe global prevalence, of major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders stands at 4. 7% and 8. 3% respectively over 12 months. However, in Iran, the prevalence of these disorders is higher with MDD affecting, around 12. 7% of the population and anxiety disorder impacting 15. 6% [1, 2]. Mental disorders are progressively emerging as the predominant factor necessitating sick leave and prolonged work disability [3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: and Berk, M. : The platelet as a peripheral marker in psychiatric illness. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 16, 229-236 (2001) Askenazy, F. , Caci, H. , Myquel, M. , Darcourt, G. and Lecrubier, Y. : Relationship between impulsivity and platelet serotonin content in adolescents. Psychiatry Res. 94, 19-28 (2000). , Berk, M. , Plein, H. and Cloninger, C. R. : Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res. 89, 29-37 (1999) Muck, M. , Jakovljevic. and Pivac, N. : Platelet 5-HT concentrations and suicidal behavior in recurrent major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 39, 73-80 (1996) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Brzovic, Z. : Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function and platelet serotonin concentrations in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 73, 123-132 (1997) Meszaros, Z. , Borsiczky, D. , Mate, M. , Tarcali, J. , Szombathy, T. , Tekes, K. and Magyar, K. : Platelet MAO-B activity and serotonin content in patients with dementia: effect of age, medication and disease. Neurochem. Res. 23, 863-868 (1998) Goveas, J. S. , Csernansky, J. G. and Coccaro, E. F. : Platelet serotonin content correlates inversely with life history of aggression in personality-disordered subjects. Psychiatry Res. 126, 23-32 (2004) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. and Jakovljevic, M. : Platelet 5-HT levels and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms. Neuropsychobiology. 36, 19-21 (1997) Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Deanovic, Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Dong, Graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposites: one-step electrochemical doping, coating and synergistic effect for energy storage, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 6300-6306. [84] Y. Xu, Y. Wang, J. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, X. Wan, Y. Chen, A hybrid material of graphene and poly (3,4-ethyldioxythiophene) with high conductivity, flexibility, and transparency, Nano Res. 2 (2009) 343–348. [85] asymmetric supercapacitors consisting of polyaniline nanofibers and graphene nanosheets with proper complementary potential windows, Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010) 6015–6021. [86]. Lee, Y. S. Huh, High performance of a solid-state flexible asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene films, Nanoscale 4 (2012) 4983-4988. [87] H. Gao, F. Xiao, C. B. Ching, H. Duan, High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene hydrogel and nanostructured MnO2, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (2012) 2801–2810.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Mental well-being is linked to heightened productivity, creativity, enhanced social interactions, and elevated socioeconomic standing [3]. Stressful socio-environmental conditions are a pivotal factor influencing the development of mental disorders in workplace settings [4]. The Effort-(ERI) model, developed by Siegrist, stands as a widely accepted theoretical framework for assessing workplace stress [5, 6]. This model centers on the notion of an imbalance between the efforts exerted at work and the rewards garnered in return. Furthermore, the ERI model encompasses an overcommitment element, a personality trait that amplifies work-related stress and heightens susceptibility to this imbalance [4, 7]. A systematic review of 18 studies found that the range of effort-reward imbalance was between 4 and 81% [8]. Moreover, a cross-sectional study conducted in five educational medical centers in Iran reported that the prevalence of ERI was 55% among nurses [9]. Health workers who work under intensive workloads are at risk of experiencing ERI [8, 10]. The epidemiological evidence regarding the association between workplace stress and mental health is predominantly derived from high-income countries, specifically limited to the investigation of depression [11,12,13,14]. Based on the findings of two meta-analysis studies, it has been determined that exposure to ERI is a significant risk factor for the development of stress-related disorders and mental illnesses [15, 16]. Similarly, a cross-sectional study among Chinese public health workers revealed that effort and overcommitment were positively associated with depression and anxiety, while the reward was negatively associated with these disorders [17]. However, another similar study did not confirm the relationship between ERI factors with MDD and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) [18]. Some studies have shown that the effect size of the effort-reward ratio is greater than the effect size of individual effort or reward factors [19]. To date, there has been no research conducted on the impact of the ERI model on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is recognized that stress in the work environment can contribute to the development of this disorder [20]. The possible association between the ERI model and mental disorders may be ascribed to physiological, biological, and lifestyle risk factors [21, 22]. This imbalance can result in the experience of negative emotions and sustained autonomic activation, which in turn can have detrimental long-term effects on mental health [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Platelet serotonin in subtypes of schizophrenia and unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 38, 105-113 (1991) Muck-Seler, D. , Pivac, N. , Jakovljevic, M. , Sagud, M. and Mihaljevic, A. : Platelet 5-HT concentration and comorbid depression in war veterans with or without posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 75, 171-179 (2003) Praag, H. M. : The cognitive paradox in posttraumatic stress disorder: a hypothesis. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 923-935 (2004). , and Charney, D. S. : Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54, 749-758 (1997) Brady, K. , Pearlstein, T. , Asnis, G. M. , Baker, D. , Rothbaum, B. , Sikes, C. R. and Farfel, G. M. : Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA. 283, 1837-1844 (2000) Bhattcharyya, D. and Sur, T. K. : Effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and its modification by diclofenac in rat. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 43, 505-509 (1999) Sheikh, N. , Ahmad, A. ,. and Palit, G. : Effect of Bacopa monniera on stress induced changes in plasma corticosterone and brain monoamines in rats. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 111, 671-676 (2007) and Kim, C. J. : Red ginseng inhibits exercise-induced increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal raphe of rats. J. of Pharmacol Sci. 93, 218-221 (2003) and Kim, S. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Home 28. 50 Correlation between Synthesis and Properties of Graphene quantity Add to cart Category: 10. 21741/9781644900550-2 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 825. [2] M. Winter, R. J. and Supercapacitors? , Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 4245-4270. [3] L. L. Zhang, X. S. Zhao, Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 (2009) 2520-2531. [4] A. Balducci, R. Dugas, P. L. Taberna, P. Simon, D. Plée, M. Mastragostino, S. Passerini, High temperature carbon–carbon supercapacitor using ionic liquid as electrolyte, J. 165 (2007) 922-927. [5] R. R. Rajagopal, L. S. Aravinda, R. Rajarao, B. R. Bhat, V. Sahajwalla, Activated carbon derived from non-metallic printed circuit board waste for supercapacitor application, Electrochim. Acta 211 (2016) 488-498. [6] C. flexible super-capacitive solid-state power supply for miniature implantable medical devices, 15 (2013) 973-983. [7] Q. Ke, J. Wang, Graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes – A review, Journal of Materiomics 2 (2016) 37-54. [8] M. Kaempgen, C. K. Chan, J. Ma, Y. Cui, G. Gruner, Printable thin film supercapacitors using single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 9 (2009) 1872-1876. [9] S. Ruben, Electric condenser, in: U. S. P. Office (Ed. ) USA, 1925. [10] H. Becker, Low voltage electrolytic capacitor: US, 2800616, 1957. [11] P. Simon, Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: We found that effort did not significantly influence these mental disorders in any of the three models. Moreover, it was observed that an increase of one standard deviation in work reward had a small but significant effect on reducing the likelihood of having mental illnesses. 3, fully adjusted Model 3 indicates that a one standard deviation increase in the overcommitment score revealed a weak yet statistically significant association with MDD, yielding an OR of 1. 16 (95% CI: 1. 10–1. 23). Additionally, a higher ERI score by one standard deviation demonstrated a strong positive correlation with MDD, as reflected by an odds ratio of 3. 43 (95% CI: 2. 30–5. 13). Similarly, Table 4 shows that a one standard deviation increase in the overcommitment score displayed a weak OR for GAD, measuring at 1. 07 (95% CI: 1. 01–1. 14). Moreover, the odds of GAD were found to be 2. 42 times higher for each standard deviation increase in the ERI score (95% CI: 1. 27–4. 63). As demonstrated in Table 5, the overcommitment score was associated with OCD (OR: 1. 19, 95% CI: 1. 09–1. 29). Furthermore, the likelihood of OCD increased by an OR of 2. 23 for every standard deviation rise in the ERI score (95% CI: 1. 19–4. 19). The odds ratios associated with each mental disorder in relation to the ERI score exhibited greater effect sizes compared to the ORs linked to the separate components of effort or reward within each model. Based on our findings, none of the proposed hypotheses was rejected. However, the hypothesis suggesting that effort is a contributing risk factor for mental disorders did not receive support. Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects according to twelve-month and OCD in size tableTable 2 Means and SDs for ERI questionnaire scales by genderFull size tableTable 3 Logistic regression analysis of factors in the ERI model on twelve-month MDDFull size tableTable 4 Logistic regression analysis of factors in the ERI model on twelve-month GADFull size tableTable 5 Logistic regression analysis of factors in the ERI model on twelve-month OCDFull size tableDiscussionThe current study investigated the prevalence of ERI among the study population, which was found to be 47. 1%.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: potential of triethylene glycol and quercetin in stressed mice Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2379-6367 Pharmacy & 206. DOI: 10. 15406/ppij. 2015. 02. 00041 : To compare physiological stress response modulating potentials of triethylene glycol and quercetin in mice. Methods: Effects of single and 10 daily oral doses (5, 20, 100 and 400mg/kg/day) of quercetin and triethylene glycol (TEG) to male mice on foot shock stress induces transient hyperthermia and on basal rectal temperatures and body weight changes, and of their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test and on pentobarbital induced sedation were compared. In further experiments, the effects of their 11 and 12 daily minimally effective stress response suppressing doses (5mg/kg/day) in two versions of the marble burying test for anxiolytics were assessed. Results: Dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG for suppressing transient hyperthermia triggered by 1min duration of foot shock stress increased with increasing numbers of their daily dose, and body weight losses and slight elevation of basal core temperatures triggered by daily handling and occasional foot shocks were also antagonized by both of them. Significant effects of even the lowest tested (5mg/kg/day) doses of both of them were observed after their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test in mildly stressed mice, bur after such treatments only quercetin had statistically significant effects in one of the two versions of the marble burying tests in stressed mice. Conclusion: Fairly low daily, but not single, oral doses of quercetin and TEG desensitize physiological stress responses of male mice triggered by occasional exposures to short duration of foot shocks. Both of them possess daily dose dependant antidepressant like activities, and after their low stress response suppressing doses only quercetin possess some anxiolytics like activity in stressed mice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Zhang, Graphene-based composites, Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 (2012) 666-686. [23] N. Savage, Materials science: Super carbon, Nature 483 (2012) S30. [24] K. S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. . -scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes, Nature 457 (2009) 706. [25] S. Park, J. -based actuators, Small 6 (2010) 210-212. [26] A. C. H. Tsang, H. Y. H. Kwok, D. Y. C. Leung, The use of graphene based materials for fuel cell, photovoltaics, and supercapacitor electrode materials, Sci. 67 (2017) A1-A14. [27] X. Cai, L. Lai, Z. Shen, J. Lin, Graphene and graphene-based composites as Li-ion battery electrode materials and their application in full cells, J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (2017) 15423-15446. [28] N. Kheirabadi, A. Shafiekhani, Graphene/Li-ion battery, J. Appl. Phys. 112 (2012) 124323. [29] R. S. Dey, H. A. Hjuler, Q. Chi, Approaching the theoretical capacitance of graphene through copper foam integrated three-dimensional graphene networks, J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 6324-6329. [30] H. Huang, L. Xu, Y. Tang, S. Tang, Y. Du, Facile synthesis of nickel network supported three-dimensional graphene gel as a lightweight and binder-free electrode for high rate performance supercapacitor application, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 2426-2433. [31] T. Kuila, A. K. Mishra, P. advances in the efficient reduction of graphene oxide and its application as energy storage electrode materials, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 52-71. [32] S. . Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: 4) are associated with an elevated risk of depression [19]. Likewise, this cohort study reported associations between anxiety with ERI (OR for men = 2. 3, OR for women = 4. 5) and overcommitment (OR for men = 2. 5) [19]. Besides, the results of a cross-sectional study in China showed relationships between effort (OR = 1. 33), overcommitment (OR = 1. 19), and reward (OR = 0. 91) with GAD [17]. However, a cross-sectional study in the UK did not confirm the relationship between ERI factors and depression or anxiety symptoms, possibly due to the small sample size [18]. The connection between the constituents of the model and mental illnesses can be clarified by psychological mechanisms such as humiliation, helplessness, and diminished self-esteem [12], as well as physiological alterations such as the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system [21]. Stress can trigger the dysregulation of neurotransmitter and hormone release, which can result in a range of symptoms associated with biological, affective, cognitive, and behavioral functions [4]. Likewise, people who overcommit, exert effort beyond normal levels, or often find themselves exposed to high demands at work may experience reduced potential to recover from job demands and increased sensitivity to disappointment when expected rewards are not met. These factors may ultimately lead to poor mental health [36]. The current investigation provides evidence in favor of the notion that the composite evaluation of effort and reward has a more potent impact on mental illnesses than individual evaluations of effort or reward. This finding is in line with the previous research [37]. It could be attributed to a combination of factors, including a synergistic effect, psychological mechanisms, and measurement validity [38]. Although, a different study that tested the same hypothesis discovered that the stressful effects of reward were more pronounced than the stressful effects of the ERI [11]. This study has several strengths. First, the study employed a valid diagnostic tool to measure and OCD, which is a notable strength [12]. This is in contrast to many previous studies that relied on hospital records, self-reporting, or symptom scales, which are more prone to reporting and recall biases. Second, this study assesses multiple mental outcomes, unlike other similar studies that have limited their analysis scope to one dimension of mental health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 15 Since gut microbial ecology regulates oxidative status and metabolic stress,16,17 we speculated that by virtue of their bactericidal activities both qercetin and TEG could also alter microbial ecology inside the gastrointestinal tract and thus could contribute to stress response desensitizing or adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera extracts. Consequently, efforts to experimentally very this possibility are now being made in our laboratories. Results of the very first set of experiments revealing and reconfirming stress response desensitizing potentials of their fairly low oral daily doses will be presented in this communication. The pharmacologically validated and standardized mouse bioassay procedure used in these experiments evolved during our efforts to define therapeutically interesting psychopharmacological activity profiles of diverse types of plant extracts according to Ayurvedic therapeutic principles. 18 Usefulness of the procedure for estimating pharmacologically interesting doses and dosage regimen of a Withania somnifera 19 or of those of bioactive constituents of other stress response suppressing or adaptogenic herbs have also been reconfirmed. 20-24 Since anxiolytics like efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts have been observed in several clinical trials,25 further analogous experiments were conducted to verify whether low daily stress response suppressing doses of quercetin and TEG also possess anxiolytic activity or not. Possible implications of the observations reported in this communication for better understanding of biological process involved in traditionally known medicinal plants for dietary and herbal therapies will be disused also. Material and method male albino mice (20±5 g) were used in this study. Prior approval from the of the University (CAECU) was taken for the study protocol (Dean/2014/CAEC/608, dated 30-5-2014). All animals were acclimatized to steady laboratory environment at least one week before starting the experiment. They were randomly housed in groups (n=6) in polypropylene cages (28×19×12. 5) and maintained at an ambient temperature (25±1°C) and relative humidity (45-55%) with a 12:12 hr light/dark cycle. Cages were provided with husk and were cleaned routinely. Animals were freely provided or access to standard rodent pellets and water ad libitum. All experimental groups in a given experiment were tested in parallel (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Shim, Facile synthesis of Fe3O4 nanorod decorated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for supercapacitor application, RSC Advances 6 (2016) 107057-107064. [61] T. Purkait, G. Singh, D. Kumar, M. Singh, R. S. Dey, High-performance flexible supercapacitors based on electrochemically tailored three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide networks, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 640. [62] Chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls, Science 299 (2003) 1361. [63] C. Vallés, C. Drummond, H. Saadaoui, C. A. Furtado, M. He, O. Roubeau, L. Ortolani, M. Monthioux, A. Pénicaud, Solutions of negatively charged graphene sheets and ribbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 15802-15804. [64] X. Li, G. Zhang, X. Bai, X. Sun, X. Wang, E. Wang, H. Dai, Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir–Blodgett films, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3 (2008) 538. [65] H. Huang, Y. Xia, X. Tao, J. Du, J. Fang, Y. Gan, W. Zhang, Highly efficient electrolytic exfoliation of graphite into graphene sheets based on Li ions intercalation–expansion–microexplosion mechanism, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 10452-10456. [66] and exfoliation routes to graphite nanoplatelets, J. Mater. Chem. 15 (2005) 974-978. [67] D. Chung, Exfoliation of graphite, J. Mater. Sci. 22 (1987) 4190-4198. [68] T. Wei, Z. Fan, G. Luo, C. Zheng, D. Xie, A rapid and efficient method to prepare exfoliated graphite by microwave irradiation, Carbon 47 (2009) 337-339. [69] S. Malik, A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of mental health disorders are caused entirely by an imbalance in gut bacteria. [SEP] Text: Previous studies on the relationship between the ERI model and mental disorders have primarily focused on depressive disorders, and data collection relied on self-reporting [12, 39]. In addition to depression, the present study has addressed GAD and OCD, which are relatively common mental disorders with a high disease burden. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship between the ERI model and OCD. Third, in contrast to the majority of prior investigations, we controlled for the job strain model (Demand-Control) while analyzing the correlation between the ERI model and each of the psychological disorders being studied. This was done because a systematic review has indicated a robust link between the high job strain model and common mental disorders [16]. Fourth, the study’s participants come from a variety of age groups, genders, and educational backgrounds, indicating a diverse sample. This diversity in the sample is likely to increase the generalizability of the study’s findings to the broader population. Fifth, the relationship between the ERI model and mental health is predominantly studied in high-income countries [11], while workers in low-income countries are more susceptible to experiencing adverse effects on their mental health. This is a matter of concern as approximately 75% of the global labor force is located in low-income countries [12]. The study has some limitations. Firstly, the utilization of a cross-sectional study design may diminish the robustness of conclusions regarding the association between variables. However, meta-analysis and review studies that are based on similar prospective studies can offer conclusions regarding predictive power, but not causation [40]. Furthermore, a study that employed Swedish national panel survey data discovered no indication of reverse causation from depression to psychosocial work stress [41]. Secondly, the generalizability of the study’s findings to the entire working population of Iran is limited since the sample only consists of individuals employed in the public sector. ConclusionsAccording to the results of our research, stressful work, as measured by the ERI model, is significantly associated with the psychological outcomes examined in the relatively homogeneous population of the project. The ERI demonstrated a stronger association with these outcomes compared to other factors in the model. These findings have important implications for promoting mental health in workplaces, particularly in low-income countries that are undergoing rapid and stressful changes in the labor market.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: on the same days of the experiments) and all tests were conducted between 09. 00 to 14. 00 hr and 60 min after the day's oral treatments. All animals in each experiment were handled and weighed daily during the experiments and except when stated all observations were made by the same blind observer and in the same laboratory environment. was purchased from Cayman chemical company (Michigan, USA), triethylene glycol was from Spectrochem (Mumbai, India), dimethyl fumarate and fumaric acid from (Bengaluru, India), Carboxymethyl cellulose from House Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi, India) and pentobarbital sodium from Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). All other reagents and chemicals used were of highest quality commercial available in India. Animal grouping and treatments In each of the two pilot experiments conducted to estimate stress response modulating doses and treatment regimen of triethylene glycol (TEG) and quercetin, six groups of six animals each were used. In the experiment with TEG, distilled water was used as vehicle and the vehicle treated control group was treated daily with distilled water (10 ml/kg/day). The reference group in this experiment was treated with fumaric acid (FUM; 10 mg/kg/day) dissolved in distilled water. In other experiment with quercetin, the control group was treated daily with 0. 3% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the reference group with 10 mg/kg/day dimethyl fumarate suspended in 0. 3% CMC. Choices of reference substances in these experiments were based on our earlier observations reconfirming that fumaric acid and its esters are stress response suppressing secondary metabolites of the adaptogenic herb of Fumaria indica and that fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate are almost equally effective in modulating central sensitivity to metabolic and enviorenmental stress triggered responses quantified in the mouse bioassay system used in this study26 For oral administrations, water insoluble quercetin and methyl were suspended in CMC and the water solution of TEG and fumaric acid were adjusted to pH 7. 4 and application volume were always 10 ml/kg. All oral treatments were given for 11 consecutive days of the experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Home 28. 50 Graphene-Based ZnO Nanocomposites for quantity Add to cart Category: 10. 21741/9781644900550-7 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 1999. [2] L. L. Zhang, X. S. Zhao, Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 (2009) 2520-2531. [3] P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Materials for electrochemical capacitors, Nat. Mater. 7 (2008) 845–854. [4] M. Jayalakshmi, K. Balasubramanian, Simple capacitors to supercapacitors-An overview, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 3 (2008) 1196-1217. [5] R. Kötz, M. Carlen, Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 45 (2000) 2483–2498. [6] Y. Bar-Cohen, Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles : reality, potential, and challenges, SPIE Press, 2004. [7] H. Wang, J. T. Robinson, G. Diankov, H. Dai, Nanocrystal growth on graphene with various degrees of oxidation, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 3270–3271. [8] J. Yan, Q. Wang, T. Wei, Z. Fan, Recent advances in design and fabrication of electrochemical supercapacitors with high energy densities, Adv. Energy Mater. 4 (2014) 1300816. [9] F. Béguin, V. Presser, A. Balducci, E. Frackowiak, Carbons and electrolytes for advanced supercapacitors, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 2219–2251. [10] X. Lang, A. Hirata, T. Fujita, M. Chen, Nanoporous metal/oxide hybrid electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors, Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 (2011) 232–236. [11] I. Y. Y. Bu, R.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease access Published: 14 July 2017 (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease Thomas W. Buford1 Microbiome 34. Moreover, only a handful of studies to date have investigated the aging microbiome in humans (Table 1). Still, at least two early studies in this area have documented that advanced age is associated with changes to both the composition and stability of gut microbiota [40, 70]. Biagi et al. reported that a group of centenarian from displayed low species diversity compared to younger adults (~30 years of age). They also noted specific changes within Firmicutes (one of the two dominant phyla commonly found in the gut) subgroups and enrichment of Proteobacteria—a group containing many opportunistic bacteria which can overtake commensal bacteria and induce pathology [70]. These microbiome changes were also characterized by a loss of genes for short-chain fatty acid production and an overall decrease in the saccharolytic potential, while proteolytic functions were more abundant than in the intestinal metagenome of younger adults [71]. Interestingly, these changes in bacterial content were also moderately associated with circulating plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines interleukins six (IL-6) and eight (IL-8). Surprisingly, however, despite these interesting findings among the centenarians, this group did not find significant differences in microbiota composition between the younger adults and a group of older adults with an average age of 70 years. Table 1 Studies investigating aging and the gut microbiome humansFull size table In contrast, findings from the cohort [72] did indicate alterations in the core microbiota of persons over 65 years of age. These changes were generally characterized by a greater proportion of Bacteroides spp. and distinct abundance patterns of Clostridium groups compared to younger individuals. Older individuals also displayed a loss of diversity-associated taxa, including Prevotella and associated genera [40, 73], which can contribute to instability in the microbiome composition. However, the authors noted that the variability in the microbiota profiles of the older persons was quite large—making phenotype prediction difficult. Several key factors—particularly diet and the use of antibiotics—were key predictors of these changes in both community-dwelling seniors and residents of long-term care facilities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In both the pilot experiments graded daily doses (5, 20, 100 and 400 mg/kg) of TEG, or of quercetin, were orally administered for the same number of days. In these two experiments, on days 1, 5, 7 and 10 of both these experiments all animals were subjected to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests and on the 11th day all test groups were subjected to tail suspension test for potential antidepressants. On the 12th day of the experiment (i. e. 24 hr after the last treatments) all test groups were subjected to pentobarbital sleep tests for assessing longer lasting effects of treatments on brain functions or on drug metabolizing enzymes. In each of the two further analogous experiments conducted to compare anxiolytic like activities of low effective daily oral doses (5 mg/kg/day) of TEG and quercetin in two versions of marble burying test, three groups of randomly selected animals were randomly allotted to each of the three experimental groups consisting of 6 animals each. The treatment groups used were as follows: Group I: Stress control (vehicle treated); Group II: Non-stress control (vehicle treated); Group III: (TEG or quercetin, 5mg/kg/day). In these experiments, the test agents and their vehicles were orally administered for 12 consecutive days and only the animals of the groups I and II were subjected to foot shock stress induced hyperthermia test on 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th day of the experiments. On the 11th day of these experiments, all animals of all the three groups of an experiment were subjected to a standard version of marble burying test (one zone) and on day 12 they were similarly tested similarly in the two-zones marble burying test. All animals in all experiments were closely observed for apparent behavioural abnormalities during the course of the experiments. Body weight and basal rectal temperatures of all animals used in different experimental groups were recorded on each observational day, whereupon the basal rectal temperatures were recorded one hour before the day’s treatment. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH) test This test was conducted by placing an individual mouse of a test group in a black box (24 x 29 x 40 cm) with a metallic grid floor for 1 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Huang, One-pot synthesis of ZnO/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for supercapacitor applications, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 31 (2015) 131–138. [12] Q. Ke, J. Wang, Graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes – A review, J. Mater. (2016). [13] one-pot method for producing ZnO–graphene nanocomposites from graphene oxide for supercapacitors, Scr. Mater. 68 (2013) 301–304. [14] M. Raja, A. B. V. K. Kumar, N. Arora, J. Subha, Studies on electrochemical properties of zno/rgo nanocomposites as electrode materials for supercapacitors, Fullerenes Nanotub. Carbon Nanostructures. 23 (2015) 691–694. [15] M. Saranya, R. Ramachandran, F. Wang, Graphene-zinc oxide (G-ZnO) nanocomposite for electrochemical supercapacitor applications, J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices J. (2016). [16] T. Lu, Y. Zhang, H. Li, L. Pan, Y. Li, Z. Sun, Electrochemical behaviors of graphene–ZnO and graphene–SnO2 composite films for supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta. 55 (2010) 4170–4173. [17] T. Lu, L. Pan, H. Li, G. Zhu, T. Lv, X. Liu, Z. Sun, T. Chen, D. H. C. Chua, Microwave-assisted synthesis of graphene–ZnO nanocomposite for electrochemical supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 509 (2011) 5488–5492. [18] J. Jayachandiran, J. Yesuraj, M. Arivanandhan, A. Raja, S. A. Suthanthiraraj, R. Jayavel, D.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: These factors, diet in particular, could potentially explain differences between findings from the Italian and Irish cohorts. As such, these and other relevant factors necessitate the continued study of the microbiome across populations. Notably, data from the cohort revealed an interesting potential association with physical frailty as evidenced by differences among older persons living in long-term care and/or rehabilitation facilities compared to community-dwelling peers [73]. These differences were also associated with several systemic markers of inflammation including IL-6, IL-8, CRP, and TNF-α. The association with frailty in the cohort was recently demonstrated more formally along with concordant findings from 728 female twins enrolled in the [41]. These findings were similar to those from a prior small cohort of older adults from [74]. Thus, available data suggest that the gut microbiome may play at least some role in the development of physical frailty among the elderly. Similarly, early findings now suggest that gut dysbiosis may contribute to age-related declines in cognitive function. Cattaneo et al. recently reported that brain amyloidosis and peripheral inflammation among cognitively impaired elders was associated with the abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory gut microbiota [42]. Indeed, brain amyloid content and circulating inflammatory analytes were positively associated with the inflammatory bacteria taxon Escherichia/Shigella and negatively associated with the anti-inflammatory E. rectale taxon. To my knowledge, these are the first data directly linking the gut microbiota to age-related cognitive decline, though numerous studies in other models (e. g. , Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, animal models of Alzheimer’s disease) exist to indicate a well-defined gut-brain axis which could contribute to age-related dementias [62, 75, 76]. Given the dramatic public health implications of understanding and intervening upon age-related dementias, continued research in this area seems highly warranted. Etiology of age-related changes in the microbiomeThe precise etiologic explanation for these age-related changes remains incomplete. Across the age-spectrum, dramatic increases in the use of antibiotics and increasing pervasiveness of a high-saturated fat and high-sugar “western” diet are proposed to directly contribute to the depletion of important beneficial components of the microbiome [50, 77].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: During this period electric foot shocks were delivered through the grid floor (2 mA, 50 Hz of 2 ms duration) for inducing stress triggered transient hyperthermia. 27,28 Five consecutive foot shocks of 2 mA at 10 s interval were given 10 s after placing the animals in the test box. At the end of the minute, the animal was placed back to its home cage and 10 min thereafter their rectal temperatures were recorded again. Numerical differences between the rectal temperature of a given animal before oral administrations and 10 min after the foot shock session was calculated and used as an index for stress triggered transient hyperthermia. Animals of non-stressed groups in two of the four described experiments were also placed in the black box with grid floor for 1 min, but no foot shocks were given to them on the test days and their rectal temperatures were also measured again 10 min after they had been placed back to their home cages. All rectal temperatures were recorded by using a calibrated rectal probe and electronic thermometer (Digital Thermometer; Dr. Gene, New Delhi, India). Tail suspension test On the 11th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments, individual mouse of a group was hung by its tail, 50 cm above the floor by adhesive tapes placed 1 cm from the tip of the tail on a wire in an upside down posture. After initial vigorous movements, the mouse assumes an immobile posture and the period of immobility during a 5 min observation period were recorded. 29 Pentobarbital induced sleep test No oral treatments were given on 12th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments. All animals of all test groups of an experiment were tested for prior treatment effects on sleep onset (loss of righting reflex) and duration of sleep/hypnosis induced by pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg, i. p. ). The rectal temperatures and body weights of animals were recorded before pentobarbital challenges. 30 Marble burying test Two versions of this test often used for identifying anxiolytic activity of test agents potentially useful of treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders31 were used on the 11th and 12th days of the two further analogous experiments. The standard, or the one-zone, version of the test was conducted on the 11th day of the experiments and the other version (two-zone version) on the 12th or the ultimate observational day of an experiment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Nedumaran, Synthesis and electrochemical studies of rgo/zno nanocomposite for supercapacitor application, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 28 (2018) 2046–2055. [19] Oxide/Reduced graphene oxide composites and electrochemical capacitance enhanced by homogeneous incorporation of reduced graphene oxide sheets in zinc oxide matrix, J. Phys. Chem. C. 115 (2011) 2563–2571. [20] A. Ramadoss, S. J. Kim, Facile preparation and electrochemical characterization of graphene/ZnO nanocomposite for supercapacitor applications, Mater. Chem. Phys. 140 (2013) 405–411. [21] J. Wang, Z. Gao, Z. Li, B. Wang, Y. Yan, Q. Liu, T. Mann, M. Zhang, Z. Jiang, Green synthesis of graphene nanosheets/ZnO composites and electrochemical properties, J. Chem. 184 (2011) 1421–1427. [22] Z. Li, Z. Zhou, G. Yun, K. Shi, X. Lv, B. Yang, High-performance solid-state supercapacitors based on graphene-ZnO hybrid nanocomposites, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 8 (2013) 473. [23] Y. Zhang, H. Li, L. Pan, T. Lu, Z. Sun, Capacitive behavior of graphene–ZnO composite film for supercapacitors, J. Electroanal. Chem. 634 (2009) 68–71. [24] V. Rajeswari, R. Jayavel, A. Clara Dhanemozhi, Synthesis and characterization of graphene-zinc oxide nanocomposite electrode material for supercapacitor applications, Mater. Today Proc. 4 (2017) 645–652. [25] Z. Li, P. Liu, G. Yun, K. Shi, X. Lv, K. Li, J. Xing, B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: In turn, these changes contribute to chronic activation of the immune system and a dramatic rise in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders. These two factors also represent key modifiable health factors which may contribute to exacerbated dysbiosis among older adults. In the of America, rates of antibiotic prescription actually dropped from 2000–2010 among children and young to middle-aged adults [78]. In contrast, prescription rates increased among older adults with the most dramatic increases seen among persons ≥80 years of age [78]. Additionally, rates of antibiotic prescription have risen substantially in recent years in residential care facilities [79]. These trends may at least partially explain age-related changes in the microbiome, particularly those observed in the cohort among residents of long-term care facilities. Similarly, age-related changes in nutrient intake may also contribute to late-life dysbiosis. It is well-recognized that diet is one of the primary contributors to gut health. Advanced age is associated with deterioration in various aspects of nutrient intake and absorption including dentition, salivary function, digestion, and intestinal transit time [73, 80]. Sensory changes, including taste and smell, may also alter the appetite making certain foods unappealing and thus altering eating habits [81]. It is possible that these changes contribute to dysbiosis though it may be more likely that altered immune responses to “inflammatory” foods among older adults may exacerbate microbial changes. Another prominent possibility is that chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems due to immunosenescence contributes to an altered bacterial composition in the gut. Such an affect may manifest at least partially due to known increases in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in advanced age [82] as HPA-mediated inflammatory stress responses are known to induce to both immune dysregulation [83] and dysbiosis [84]. Conversely, however, it remains possible—given the known inflammatory effects of dysbiosis—that changes to the microbiome due to other factors (e. g. , diet) exacerbate inflammation and altered immunity. Thus, it is presently difficult to decipher the temporal relationship between these changes. Furthermore, this known interplay suggests a tantalizing hypothesis that the processes of immunosenescence and dysbiosis may in fact be interdependent. Moreover, physical changes to the intestinal epithelial barrier may play a role in dysbiosis and age-related inflammation. Jakobsson et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In the standard version, an individual mouse of a group was gently placed in a cage (30 × 23 cm) where 12 glass marbles (color and size of marbles were always kept constant) were evenly spaced on the husk bedding of the cage. In this version of the test the animal was allowed 15 min for burying or covering a marble at least two-thirds by husk. 32 In the two-zone version of the test 8 glass marbles were evenly spaced only on one half of the cage and 30 min time was allowed to the animal for burring or covering the marbles at least two-thirds by husk. In both versions of the test, a blind observer unaware of the treatment given to the animal counted the numbers of marbles buried or two-third covered with husk by the animal during its stay in the box. Statistical analysis All data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test and student t test wherever necessary. GraphPad Prism-5 (GraphInc. , California, USA) software was used for statistical analysis. 8 software () was used for making graphs. P value less than 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. finding experiments Body weights: Mean body weights of different groups of animals recorded during the course of the experiments are summarized in the Figure 1A & 1B. Body weights of the animals in both the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups steadily decreased and those of the reference agents (fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate) increased during the course of the experiments. Observed effects of all tested daily oral doses of quercetin and TEG were qualitatively as well as quantitatively quite analogous to those of the 10 mg/kg/day doses of fumaric acid or its dimethyl ester. Their statistically significant protective effects against intermittent foot shock stress triggered body weight losses were observed only after their 7 or more daily doses and their efficacies continued to increase during the last five days of the experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Yang, 3D (Three-dimensional) sandwich-structured of ZnO (zinc oxide)/rGO (reduced graphene oxide)/ZnO for high performance supercapacitors, Energy. 69 (2014) 266–271. [26] L. Huang, G. Guo, Y. Liu, Q. Chang, Y. Xie, Reduced graphene oxide-ZnO nanocomposites for flexible supercapacitors, J. Disp. Technol. 8 (2012) 373–376. [27] X. Li, Z. Wang, Y. Qiu, Q. Pan, P. Hu, 3D graphene/ZnO nanorods composite networks as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Alloys Compd. 620 (2015) 31–37. [28] L. Fang, B. Zhang, W. Li, J. Zhang, K. Huang, Q. Zhang, Fabrication of highly dispersed ZnO nanop169. [29] A. G. Pandolfo, A. F. Hollenkamp, Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors, J. 157 (2006) 11–27. [30] D. Pech, M. Brunet, H. Durou, P. Huang, V. Mochalin, Y. Gogotsi, P. -L. Taberna, P. Simon, Ultrahigh-power micrometre-sized supercapacitors based on onion-like carbon, Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 (2010) 651–654. [31] H. Wang, Y. Liang, T. Mirfakhrai, Z. Chen, H. S. Casalongue, H. Dai, Advanced asymmetrical supercapacitors based on graphene hybrid materials, Nano Res. 4 (2011) 729–736. [32] M. Winter, R. J. Brodd, What are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors? , Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 4245–4270. [33] M. Inagaki, H. Konno, O. Tanaike, Carbon materials for electrochemical capacitors, J. Power Sources. 195 (2010) 7880–7903. [34] A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: previously demonstrated that the composition of the gut microbiota is directly related to the leaky gut [85]. Recent evidence suggests now that intestinal permeability may increase with age. Man et al. [86] recently demonstrated that, compared to younger adults, ileal tissues from older adults demonstrated increased IL-6 concentrations that were accompanied by increased intestinal permeability as a result of elevated claudin-2. These data provide novel evidence from humans indicating the likelihood of a “leaky gut” during advanced age whereby the intestinal barrier preventing harmful substances from reaching the bloodstream is permeated. The leaky gut is well-associated with inflammatory bowel conditions but is now being proposed as a contributor to a wide variety of health conditions [87, 88]—with particular interest in a gut-brain axis which regulates the blood brain barrier [61, 62, 75, 76]. Though somewhat speculative at present, it is possible that the leaky gut is a primary source of inflammation long-observed within the circulation. Studies in Drosophila have reported that age-related changes in the microbiome increase intestinal permeability [89] and drive chronic inflammation [90]. More recently, Thevaranjan et al. [91] were the first to our knowledge to publish work from mammals directly supporting this hypothesis. Using germ-free and conventionally raised mice, this group reported that the germ-free animals did not display an age-related increase in systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, co-housing germ-free with old—but not young—conventionally raised mice increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [91]. Anti-TNF therapy also reversed age-related microbial changes. These data are the strongest to date suggesting the critical role of gut changes in driving age-related inflammation and provide a solid backdrop for continued investigation in this area. Potential intervention strategiesThough additional research is certainly needed in this area, the aforementioned data do suggest that interventions designed to target the gut microbiome may be capable of producing beneficial effects on age-related inflammation and overall health. To date, research on such interventions is as limited as that on the aging microbiome in general. Still, within this small evidence base are some intriguing and promising findings that support the concept of intervening upon the microbiome. Interestingly, some of the most promising strategies are not truly “gut-specific” but rather well-known interventions which are increasingly recognized to have beneficial effects on the gut microbiome.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: These results reveal that the maximally effective daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin in suppressing the experimental procedures triggered weight losses is 5mg/kg or lower and that even their 11 highest tested daily oral doses (400 mg/kg/day) have no adverse effects on body weight gain rates of male mice occasionally subjected to only 1 min duration of painful foot shocks. Basal core temperatures: Mean basal rectal temperatures of all groups of both the experiments on the first observational days were within normal ranges of the mouse colony used in this and other studies commonly used in our laboratories. On the 5th days of the experiments, mean core temperatures of the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups recorded before subjecting them to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests were slightly, but significantly, higher than those recorded on the first observational day of the experiments. Except for the fumaric acid treated group, these elevations in basal core temperature triggered by exposures of animals to 1 min duration of foot shock stress on the first days of the experiments were almost equal in all test groups. It is apparent from the results summarized in Figure 2A & 2B that mean basal core temperatures of the vehicle treated control groups remained elevated during the subsequent observation days, whereas those of all triethylene or quercetin treated ones continue to decrease from the 7th and further days of the experiments. These observed effects of even the lowest daily oral dose (5 mg/kg/day) were qualitatively and quantitatively quite similar to those of 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric aid and its dimethyl ester. These results reaffirm that both quercetin and triethylene are fumarates like stress response suppressing agents and that their five daily oral 5 mg/kg doses are their maximally effective ones for desensitizing male mice against very short duration of painful foot shocks triggered prolonged elevations in their basal core temperatures. Foot-(FSIH): Magnitudes of FISH of the vehicle treated control groups observed 10 minutes after exposures to foot shocks on the very first and subsequent observational days remained almost constant in both the experiments (Figure 3A & 4B). These effects of a single 10 mg/kg oral dose of fumaric acid and its dimethyl ester were significantly lower than those of the corresponding control groups treated with their vehicles and increased only minimally after their 7 or 10 daily doses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: S. Aricò, P. Bruce, B. Scrosati, J. -M. Tarascon, W. van Schalkwijk, Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices, Nat. Mater. 4 (2005) 366–377. [35] J. Li, F. Gao, Analysis of electrodes matching for asymmetric electrochemical capacitor, J. 194 (2009) 1184–1193. [36] E. Yoo, J. Kim, E. Hosono, H. Zhou, T. Kudo, I. Honma, Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 2277–2282. [37] T. Bhardwaj, A. Antic, B. Pavan, V. Barone, B. D. Fahlman, Enhanced electrochemical lithium storage by graphene nanoribbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 12556–12558. [38] M. D. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, R. S. Ruoff, Graphene-based ultracapacitors, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 3498–3502. [39] Y. Wang, Z. Shi, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, C. Wang, M. Chen, Y. Chen, Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials, J. Phys. Chem. C 113 (2009) 13103–13107. [40] X. An, T. Simmons, R. Shah, C. Wolfe, K. M. Lewis, M. Washington, S. K. Nayak, S. Talapatra, S. Kar, Stable aqueous dispersions of noncovalently functionalized graphene from graphite and their multifunctional high-performance applications, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 4295–4301. [41] Y. Wang, Z. Shi, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, C. Wang, M. Chen, Y. Chen, Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials, J. Phys. Chem. C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: For instance, dietary habits appear to be one of the biggest drivers of gut health and microbiota composition [92,93,94]. Specifically, adherence to a high-fat diet commonly seen in Western cultures appears to be one of the driving factors in gut dysbiosis [95, 96]. Accordingly, interventions such as caloric restriction and/or implementing a Mediterranean-style diet may hold promise for balancing the gut microbiome [97, 98]. Moreover, studies exist to suggest potential benefits to specific dietary choices and/or nutritional supplements including (but not necessarily limited to) coffee [99], resveratrol [100], quercetin [100], and/or other polyphenol compounds [101]. Interestingly, many of these strategies have previously been purported to have anti-inflammatory and/or healthy aging properties. These new data suggest that perhaps influences at the level of the gut may be at least partially responsible for these purported benefits. However, studies are needed that specifically evaluate the influence of dietary changes on the gut microbiome and other health parameters among older adults. Similarly, physical exercise is a clinically recommended intervention with well-established health benefits which is now purported to have important benefits on the gut [102,103,104,105]. Recent studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that aerobic exercise provides a variety of beneficial effects on the gut including enhancing epithelial membrane integrity [106], increasing microbial diversity [106,107,108,109], and attenuating intestinal inflammation [106, 110, 111]. However, few human studies in this area have been published to date. Recently, Clarke et al. [112] recently reported that professional athletes (rugby players) displayed a higher diversity of gut micro-organisms compared to age-matched controls. However, extensive additional findings from humans—particularly in the form of longitudinal intervention studies—are needed to confirm these beneficial effects. Moreover, to my knowledge, no studies (human or animal) have evaluated the influence of exercise on the gut microbiome in late life. Additionally, questions remain regarding the effects of exercise modality and if these observed effects are specific to aerobic exercise compared to resistance training. Perhaps not surprisingly, dietary supplementation with probiotics also appears to be among the most promising interventions for re-balancing the gut microbiome. Well-known actions of probiotics include antimicrobial activity, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and immunomodulation via actions on a wide variety of immune cells [113].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Analogous were also the observations made with 100 or 400 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG. Although no statistically significant effects of 5 or 10 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG against FSIH responses were observed one hour after their single oral doses, their statistically significant effects were observed after their 7 or 10 daily doses. It is apparent from their log-dose response curves shown in Figures 3B & 4B that dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG in suppressing FSIH increased with increasing with increasing numbers of days of treatments. The minimally effective 10 daily oral doses of both TEG and quercetin were 5 mg/kg/day. However, as shown in Figures 3A & 4A, statistically significant effects of this dose of TEG were observe only after its 10 daily doses whereas that of quercetin were observed even after its 5 daily doses. Tail suspension test: Results summarized in Figure 5A & 5B revealed that, mean immobility time of 10 mg/kg/day fumaric acid or dimethyl fumarate treated groups were significantly lower than those of the corresponding vehicle treated ones. Statistically significant and dose dependant effects of 11 consecutive daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin were observed and observed mean immobility time of the 5 mg/kg/day TEG or quercetin treated groups were significantly lower than those of corresponding control groups. However, quantitatively the observed effects of 5 or 20 mg/kg/day of TEG or of quercetin in this test were not as high as those 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric acid or of dimethyl fumarate. Pentobarbital induced sleep test: These results are summarized in (Table 1). Although no significant effects of 11 daily 10 mg/kg doses of fumaric and its dimethyl ester on pentobarbital induced sleep induction time were observed, both of them slightly but significantly prolonged the sleeping time of animal tested 24 hours after their last oral doses. Analogous were the observations made for 5 or 20 mg/kg/day triethylene treated groups. However after it higher doses (100 and 400 mg/kg/day) it shortened sleep induction time and also prolonged the duration of pentobarbital induced sleep.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: The advantages of supercapacitors are also recognised by the authors of [10]. Some of these include, very high rates of charge and discharge, little degradation of capacity over hundreds of thousands of cycles, low toxicity of materials used, high cycle efficiency (95% or more). Authors of [9] highlight the use of a supercapacitor instead of a battery to secure long term operation. This is described as the main advantage of their wireless sensor node. One of the disadvantages of supercapacitors, besides the currently higher price, is that their energy density today remains less than that of batteries, by an order of magnitude [9]. Since a supercapacitor is usually used in conjunction with a suitable solar cell, this lower energy density drawback is overcome. The potential of a lithium-ion supercapacitor is investigated in this 2. Energy storage characterisation Compared to supercapacitors, batteries have many limitations when used in outdoor sensor modules. During each transmission, current peaks in low power sensor modules can easily reach 40 mA [1, 11]. This is a serious disadvantage when utilising batteries, as they are very sensitive to current peaks. Current peaks above 30 mA limit their life cycle [8, 12], and batteries already have a lower life cycle, and are highly dependent on the number of recharge/discharge cycles. For example, the lithium-ion battery, whose characteristics are shown in Figure 1, can be recharged from 4000 to 7000 times. This depends on whether the previous discharge levels were less or greater than 50% respectively. After a certain period of time batteries lose their capacity and their nominal operating voltage becomes degraded, and thus will require replacement [8]. On the other hand, a supercapacitor can be charged and discharged virtually an unlimited number of times. Due to this, information concerning supercapacitor life cycle is not usually provided in their specification. For example, for the used supercapacitor, the only information available regarding its life cycle, is that after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles the supercapacitor will still maintain a minimum 70% of the initially specified capacitance [13]. Figure 1 displays a typical battery discharge curve. After full charge and start of operation there is an initial voltage drop, after which the battery voltage is stable. At a point towards the end of the lifecycle, another voltage drop will occur.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: In line with these established mechanisms, studies among older adults have demonstrated beneficial effects of probiotic preparations on gut microflora composition [114,115,116] and systemic immunity [116,117,118]. van Beek et al. also recently reported that 10 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 prevented age-related decline in the colon mucus barrier in a mouse model of accelerated aging [119]. Probiotics have also been proposed to potentially have anti-inflammatory properties [113]. Such an effect seems plausible given the effects of probiotics on the immune system. To date, several studies have investigated this potential anti-inflammatory affect with the overall effect appearing to be modest [116, 118,119,120,121,122]—though more definitive research in this area is certainly warranted. More research is also needed regarding the ability to utilize probiotics as a vehicle to deliver other therapeutic compounds. Indeed, genetically modified probiotics have been purported as highly promising treatment strategies [123,124,125] as they offer a potentially efficacious method to deliver drugs or other therapeutic proteins with precision and a higher degree of site specificity than conventional drug regimens [126]. For instance, Steidler et al. previously reported on the utility of Lactococcus lactis as a vehicle for delivering IL-10 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [127]. Elsewhere this strategy has been proposed as a potential method of delivering antihypertensive therapeutics [128, 129]. Given the relative infancy of this field, however, the overall body of literature in this area is sparse. Future studies are certainly warranted on the potential utility of genetically modified probiotics in the treatment of age-related inflammation and associated diseases. ConclusionsAs the population ages across developed nations worldwide, the need for healthcare solutions to ease the burden of age-related diseases grows. Treatments for chronic inflammation represent a particularly promising strategy given the observation of inflammation in “healthy aging” as well as nearly every age-related disorder or disease. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome may represent a novel site of intervention for the prevention and/or treatment of late-life inflammation. A variety of biologic, medical, and lifestyle factors appear to contribute to gut dysbiosis in late-life, and interventions specifically designed to target these factors may be useful in restoring microbial balance and attenuating inflammation (Fig. 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Sleep onset time of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group was significantly shorter than that of the corresponding control group and this effect of quercetin treatment observed 24 hours after its 11 daily doses increased somewhat with its increasing daily doses tested. However, except for the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group, mean duration of sleep in 20 mg/kg/day and higher daily doses of quercetin had no significant effects on duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital. Confirmatory experiments Body weight and basal core temperature: Mean body weights and basal core temperatures of experimental groups of these experiments are summarized in Figure 6 & 7 respectively. These results reconfirm that alterations in body weights and basal core temperatures of stressed or unstressed mice treated with CMC or distilled water are almost identical during the course of the experiments. As expected from the results of the pilot experiments, these alterations in the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or triethylene treated stressed animals were almost identical to those of the corresponding vehicle treated non-stressed groups. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH): Diverse versions stress induced hyperthermia tests in rodents are often used for identifying anxiolytic agents or for assessing anxiety state of animals. 33 Observations in our laboratores have revealed that althoug a single 5 mg/kg oral dose of the anxiolytic diazepam have no significant effects in the FISH test used in in this study, after a few days of dily oral treatments of mice with is same dose suppressse FISH responses and that 15 mg/kg oral imiprimane doses had no significant effects in the test after its single or repeated daily doses. 23 The results summarised in the Figure 8A & 8B revealed that the FSIH responses of both the CMC and distilled water treated groups in creased slightly during the course of the experiments and that such responses of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or TEG treated groups were always significantly lower than the corresponding vehicle treated groups. Howere, the corresponding core temperatuers of of the CMC or distilled water treated control groups of the experiments not subjected to foot shocks were always lower than the guercetin or TEG treated stressed groups on all observational days.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe three-dimensionally networked and layered structure of graphene hydroxide (GH) was investigated. After lengthy immersion in a NaOH solution, most of the epoxy groups in the graphene oxide were destroyed and more hydroxyl groups were generated, transforming the graphene oxide into graphene hydroxide. Additionally, benzoic acid groups were formed and the ether groups link the neighboring layers, creating a near-3D structure in the GH. To utilize these unique structural features, electrodes with large pores for use in supercapacitors were fabricated using thermal reduction in vacuum. The reduced GH maintained its layered structure and developed a lot of large of pores between/inside the layers. The GH electrodes exhibited high gravimetric as well as high volumetric capacitance. Similar content being viewed by others Reduced holey graphene oxide film and carbon nanotubes sandwich structure as a binder-free electrode material for supercapcitor 4. Among the graphene-based materials, graphene oxide (GO)5,6 is considered an outstanding candidate for a precursor in the preparation of graphene devices since reduced GO has similar properties to graphene7. GO is composed of a mixture of two different types of regions: oxidized non-graphitic regions and non-reacted graphitic regions5,6,8. The co-existence of these regions produces new properties such as tunable excitons9,10. The chemical vulnerability of epoxy groups in GO leads to an increase in the fraction of non-graphitic regions during reaction with NaOH, which destroys most epoxy groups in GO10. GO disperses well in dilute NaOH solutions, where the GO layers are exfoliated11. Lengthy immersion in a NaOH solution followed by vacuum drying produces graphene hydroxide (GH)10, which exhibits exotic properties such as a positive temperature coefficient of resistance and a large electron–acoustic phonon coupling constant10,12. In addition, half of the carbon atoms in GH have sp3-hybridized orbitals in a layered structure, which is different from typical graphene-based compounds10. A high ratio of sp3:sp2 carbon atoms and other structural features, including chemical groups on its surface, give GH a great deal of surface area; this not only enhances its chemical reactivity but also opens up the opportunity for applications in electrodes for supercapacitors and sensors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Still, much remains to be unraveled as it relates to the influence of the gut microbiome on age-related inflammation—particularly as it relates to the potential efficacy of gut-directed interventions. Thus, this field appears to offer great opportunities for aging-related research. I look forward to continued investigation in this area as it has the potential to yield tremendous breakthroughs for improving the health and quality of life of older persons. Fig. 3Simplified schematic outlining the potential relationships among health risk factors, gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and age-related disease—as well as potential interventions for attenuating gut-associated inflammationFull size image AbbreviationsCRP: C-reactive protein HPA: Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal IL-6: Interleukin 6 IL-8: Interleukin 8 SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids TLR: Toll-like receptor TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha 52. 22. PubMed 8. 111. 18. 30. 29. 91. 23. 6. 30. CAS PubMed 8. 7. 8. 22. 300. 34. 10. 11. CAS PubMed 71. 8. 80. 8. 72. 70. 41. 54. 21. 33. 8. 61. 12. 35. 99. 9. 9. 97. 33. 25. 82. 8. -016-0262-7. 8. 9. 48. 90. 93. 91. 29. 42. 41. 41. 43. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1282–6. 53. 70. 46. 9. 7796. 5. 7. 8. 1480. e12. 23. 41. 97. 6. 30. 1202. 56. 5. 0667. 12. 91. 84. CAS PubMed 42. 17. 102. 94. 2010. BMC Med. 2014;12:96-7015-12-96. . Reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the residential care setting: current perspectives. Aging. 2014;9:165–77. PubMed Pub9. 13. 9. 83. 6. 77. 27. 9. 31. 67. 33. 466. e4. 6. 51. 98. -015-9817-6 Epub 2015 Sep 14. 84. 20. 21. 40. 95. 60.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: It must be mentioned though, that unlike in the dose finding experiments significat effects of 5 mg/kg doses of both quercetin and TEGe were observed after their first or 5 daily doses. This discrepancy could be due to different batches of animal used in different sety of experiments, or other as yet unrecognised factors (seasonal variations etc,) that alters thermoregulatory mechanisms of laboratory rodents. Marble burying test: It has recently been reported that single intraperitoneally administrated 25 mg/kg doses of two different types of Withania somnifera root extracts possesses fluoxetine like effects in a mouse marble burying test for anxiolytics and obsessive compulsive disorders. 34 Observations in our laboratories have reconfirmed the efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts in both versions of marble burying test in stressed and unstressed mice after their repeated daily oral doses. 35 Results of the experiments reported in this report reconfirmed that the marble burying behaviour of CMC or distilled water treated control animals in both versions of the test are almost identical and that this behaviour in both stressed control groups of mice were also almost identical to those of the corresponding non-stressed ones. Although statistically significant effects of 12 daily 5 mg/kg quercetin treated group in the two-zone version of the test was observed (Table 2), its 11 daily doses had no statistically significant effects on the standard or one zone version of the test. Since both TEG and quercetin had no statistically significant effects in the on days 11 of the experiments, these results are not shown here. Figure 1 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 2 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Therefore, research on the structure of GH would shed light on certain aspects of graphene systems with chemical groups, as well as help realize high–gravimetric-capacitance electrodes for energy storage systems. Here, we report on our investigation of the structure of GH, which is significantly different from that of GO. We found that the 3D structure of GH gives it unique properties. We also report that electrodes for supercapacitors made of reduced GH demonstrate high gravimetric, as well as volumetric, capacitance and that these properties are related to the 3D structure of GH. ResultsFigure 1 shows optical and SEM images of the GO, NaOH-treated GO (NaOH-GO) and GH paper materials. The GO product was a brown powder [Fig. 1(a)] that turned black after reaction with NaOH [Fig. 1(b)]. Immersion of GO in NaOH for 2 weeks produced GH [Fig. 1(c)]. The SEM images show that microstructure of the GO changed after the reaction with NaOH [Figs. 1(d)–1(f)]. Although the reaction with NaOH made the layers of GO more distinct, the flaky morphology disappeared after long immersion into NaOH-solution [Fig. 1(f)]. Figure 2 shows SEM images of the cross-sections of the GH paper sample of Fig. 1(c). The GH layers were stacked densely and this layered structure is clearly visible in Figs. 2(e) and (f). Since GH has a layered structure and so many wrinkles, it has a larger surface area than GO. Figure 1Optical and SEM images of GO. [(a), (d)] GO, [(b), (e)] NaOH-treated GO, [(c), (f)] GH. The GO initially has a brown color (a) and turns black after epoxy groups were destroyed by NaOH (b). GH paper was prepared by vacuum filtration of NaOH-GO; it looks a flexible film (c). Full size imageFigure 2SEM images of the GH. Cross-sectional SEM images of the GH paper sample at various magnifications. Full size imageThe structural changes in the GO samples are illustrated in Figure 3. The interlayer spacing (d) of GO, inferred from the peak at 2θ = 12. 48°, was ≈7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Conference report: the importance of the gut microbiome and nutrition on health Published online by Press: 20 December 2021 [Opens in a new window] andShow author details Derek Ball* Affiliation: Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, University of : Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, * *Corresponding author. Email: derek. ball@abdn. ac. uk 0. 17 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to (28–29 March 2021) focussed on the gut microbiome and health that was divided across three separate but inter-related areas from the impact of nutrition on the gut microbiome, the cause and effect of nutrition and health on the gut microbiome to the interaction between pathogens and gut microbiota. The program was supported by two plenary lectures, the first discussed the computational methods commonly employed to examine gut microbiota and the concluding lecture presented the interaction between gut microbiome, nutrition and health in older populations. , 2021 e4 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Press on behalf of the complexity of the microbiome requires an interdisciplinary approach utilising molecular biology and bioinformatics. Glendinning (Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK) provided an excellent insight to the various computational approaches available to analysing the microbiota populations (Glendinning et al. , Reference Glendinning, Stewart and Pallen2020). She highlighted the requirements for good analytical practice based on; the type of data being generated; the experimental hypothesis being tested and the challenges arising to analyse the data. Further discussion focussed on the applications for analysing the taxonomy that exists in samples, that while informative do not necessarily indicate function. The discussion was expanded into the application of metagenomics to identify diversity changes and the identification of microbiota clustering with identification of the limitations to collecting and presenting data. A key message from the lecture was the importance of good communication between the wet and dry laboratories to both maximise and optimise data analysis. The use of animal models to understand the link between the gut microbiome, nutrition and growth was presented by Gardiner (of Technology, Ireland). Using a porcine model, discussed the relationship between gut microbiota, immunomodulation, feed efficiency and growth.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 3 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with triethylene glycol in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 4 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) quercetin and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with quercetin in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 5 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on tail suspension test in male mice on day 11. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 6 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12.

Output: pass