Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H. Solin, Namenwechsel und besondere Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Philologus 133, 1989, 252-259. H. Solin, Namenpaare. zur römischen Namengebung, Helsinki 1990. H. Solin, Anthroponymie und Epigraphik. Einheimische und fremde Bevölkerung, Hyperboreus 1, 1994/1995, Fasc. 2, 93-115. H. Solin, Die sogenannten Berufsnamen antiker Ärzte, in: Ph. J. van der Eijk (ed. ), Ancient medicine in its socio-cultural context, 1992, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, I 119-142. H. Solin, Namensgebung und Politik. und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Tyche 10, 1995, 185-210. H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. I-III, Stuttgart 1996. H. Solin, Coppie di nomi, in: Epigrafia e territorio. Politica e società romane IV, Bari 1996, 353-369. H. . Architectus, Arctos 31, 1997, 135-142. H. Solin, Nochmals zu Berufsnamen bei antiken Ärzten, Acta34-35, 1998-99, 389-393. H. Solin, der sog. Nomina artis im antiken Rom, in: Onomastik, Akten des XVIII. für Namenforschung, Trier 1993, Tübingen 1999, III 15-23. H. Solin, Nomi greci nel mondo romano, in: P. Poccetti (ed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 4%), six reporting greater performance of non-native plants (native < non-native;19. 4%) and two reporting neutral effects (6. 5%) (Fig. 5). Growth was the most examined performance metric (11 studies), followed by survival (8 studies). For growth, the majority of studies (63. 6%) reported mixed results for natives, and for survival, 50. 0% reported native > non-native. DiscussionIt has been well-documented that non-native species are a major driver of extinctions (Bellard et al. 2016) and are known to contribute to a variety of ecosystem disservices (Pejchar and Mooney 2009), yet non-native species dominate the urban horticulture trade. Contrary to this practice, there is a growing body of evidence that validates the use of native plants in urban horticulture, particularly for enhancing the quality of urban green spaces and the ecology of cities as a whole. Our results support other findings (i. e. , Berthon et al. 2021) that native plants overwhelming support higher faunal diversity when compared to non-native plant assemblages. We also found that when compared to non-native plants, native plants often lead to higher provisioning of ecosystem services. Finally, we found little evidence to support claims that non-natives plant species are better adapted to urban environments, though there is also a lack of evidence to significantly refute such claims. Few studies compare native and non-native species performance, growth, and/or tolerance to urban conditions. Plant-animal interactionsPlant origin unequivocally matters for supporting animal biodiversity in urban areas. The results presented in this review validate policies mandating the use of native plants in cities, as the majority of studies represented here found that native plants supported greater faunal presence, abundance, and diversity. Native plants also support more specialist animals, particularly for arthropods (Frankie et al. 2013; Jain et al. 2016; Burghardt et al. 2010), and more specialists contribute to overall increased biodiversity and decrease biotic homogenization. Furthermore, when herbivorous arthropods did feed on non-natives, they preferred the congeners of natives (Clem and Held 2015; Jain et al. 2021). The largest single taxon represented in PAI studies was birds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can hold any type of product without degrading. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1033618/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExtracted gelatin from the waste of fresh and grilled chicken skin was used to prepare films as a biodegradable packaging material from solutions of various gelatin concentrations using a casting approach. The thermal behavior of extracted gelatins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric. The p5. 1 MPa. The elongation of waste skin gelatin-based films was higher than waste grilled skin gelatin (WG)-based films using 4 % and 8 % concentrations up to 57 %. Films manufactured from WG had significantly lower WVP than waste skin gelatin (WS) analogous at a 4 % gelatin concentration. The WVP of films manufactured from gelatin significantly increased as gelatin concentration increased where OU showed higher oil resistance for films manufactured from WS up to 91 % using 4 % gelatin concentration. The morphological structure of the gelatin film was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogenized and smooth film surface was observed. The percentage of heavy metal was examined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The results of this study showed that the films manufactured using higher concentrations of gelatin possessed promising mechanical properties, good barrier properties, and high safety as a recommended biopolymer packaging material for food contact and pharmaceutical applications. waste proteingelatinpackaging filmwater permeabilityoil swellingoverall migrationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51. IntroductionPackaging of food and beverage is one of the largest upward industries within the plastic, glass, and paper packaging [1]. The conservatively plastic industries of packaging materials face great challenges such as sustainability, environmental problems, and the dwindling of fossil fuel-based feedstocks [2]. Biopolymers sources could replace or reduce commonly plastics production which are disbursed industrially, mainly for applications in the food packaging sector [3]. Recently, natural biopolymers gained great advantages as renewable in several types, biodegradable in the environment or edible [4] biopolymers can form polymer films with a wide range of natural polymers (chitosan, starch, carrageenans, pectin, gelatin, collagen, whey protein, corn, etc. ) [5].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ), L’onomastica di Roma. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Rom 2009, 61-83. M. Squire, Ars in their “I“ s. Authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture, in: A. Marmodoro – J. Hill (edd. ), The author’s voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford 2013, 357-414. M. Squire, Roman art and the artist, in: B. Borg (ed. ), Wiley-Blackwell companion to Roman art, Malden, MA 2015, 172-194. E. M. Štaerman, Die Blütezeit der Sklavenwirtschaft in der römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1969. E. M. Štaerman, L’esclavage dans l’artisanat romain, DialHistAnc 2, 1976, 103-127. A. F. Stewart, Attika. Studies in Athenian sculpture of the hellenistic age, London 1979. P. Stewart, The social history of Roman art, Cambridge 2008. G. Susini, Il coroplasta Dionisio di Colofone, ArchCl 17, 1965, 302-305. L. R. Taylor, Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome, AJPh 82, 1961, 113-132. E. Thomas, Nochmals zu den beiden Bechern des Chirisophos, KölnJb 33, 2000, 251-260. E. Thomas, verarbeitender Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: From the parts to the whole, Acta of the. 1996, Portsmouth 2002, II 241-247. E. Thomas, ΜΝΗΣΘΗ Ο ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩΝ. Bemerkungen zum Selbstverständnis und zur Einschätzung von Künstlern und Kunsthandwerkern in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: D. Boschung – H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: We found that the presence and fitness of bird species is positively related to native plant assemblages in urban green spaces, although they will use what is available to them in the absence of native plants (Dragoș et al. 2018). In some of the studies in this review, native birds preferred to occupy native plants and non-native birds preferred non-native plants (Daniels and Kirkpatrick 2006; Paker et al. 2014; Shackleton 2016; Wood and Esaian 2020). Interestingly, avian preference for fleshy fruit may facilitate the spread of non-natives plants in urban landscapes (Aronson et al. 2007; Møller et al. 2012). Additional work comparing specific usages of native and non-native plants for various aspects of birds’ life history would deepen our understanding of the drivers of native plant usage/non-native plant avoidance in birds. Arthropods were also well-represented in the literature. Plant-insect interaction theories postulate that herbivorous insects are highly sensitive to shifts from native to non-native dominant communities (Tallamy 2004). Our results corroborate this, with 28 studies (41. 8%) finding that native plants were preferred over non-native plants and that native plants lead to greater population growth of herbivorous insects. We found that taxa that rely on plants for food such as herbivores, nectarivores and frugivores were more closely associated with native plants than predatory taxa. However, predators’ prey, which tend to be herbivorous, are more commonly found in native plants so the predator trophic level is also affected by plant origin. For example, of the eight studies that assessed arachnids in this review, the ones demonstrating positive associations (25. 0%) examined predation on arthropods visiting plants (Greenstone et al. 2017; Narango et al. 2018) and the remainder, which assessed simple occupancy in plants without examining further trophic interactions, demonstrated neutral effects (Buchholz et al. 2015; Kowarik et al. 2019; Mody et al. 2020; Parsons et al. 2020; Schirmel 2020, Jensen et al. 2023). Of the four studies that demonstrated arthropods favoring non-native plants, one such study found that non-native plants were favored by non-native pest arthropods (Ciceoi et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eco-friendly packaging can hold any type of product without degrading. [SEP] Text: The stimulants were selected carefully to represent different food natures. As shown in Table 4, the prepared films showed highly acceptable migration limits. The overall migration (OM) from the WG and WS gelatin films were ranged from 0 up to 0. 3 mg/dm2. The regulation limits the accepted level up to 10 mg/dm2. Table 4 The overall migration from WG and WS gelatin films Migration into 10% v/v ethanol (simulant A) mg/dm2 Migration into 20% v/v ethanol (simulant A) mg/dm2 Migration into 3% w/v acetic acid (simulant B) mg/dm2 Migration into Olive oil (simulant D2) mg/dm2 WS8% WG8% WS8% WG8% WS8% WG8% WS8% WG8% 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 4 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 0 0. 1 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 3 0. 1 0. 3 0. 0 0. 0 3 0. 0 0. 2 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 0 0. 2 Mean 0. 15 0. 2 0. 3 0. 26 0. 23 0. 2 0. 0 0. 15 Acceptable 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3. 9. Total heavy metals determination in various simulants The migration of heavy metals in various stimulants (i. e. Simulant A: 10 % v/v ethanol, Simulant B: 20 % v/v ethanol, Simulant D2: rectified olive oil) had been investigated. The traced metals were cadmium, lead, mercury, chrome, aluminum, arsenic, and antimony. The levels of migrated heavy metals in different simulants were in the accepted levels as shown in Table 5 [32]. The highly acceptable levels of overall migration and the traces of the heavy metal ensure the prepared gelatin films are appropriate as a food-contact layer. Table 5 The determination of migrated heavy metals traces in various simulants Conc. in 3% acetic acid, µg/L Conc. in 20% ethanol µg/L Conc. in 10% ethanol µg/L Conc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Hellenkemper (edd. ), Kosmos der Zeichen. Schriftbild und Bildformel in Antike und Mittelalter, Wiesbaden 2007, 319-338. J. M. C. Toynbee, Some notes on artists in the Roman world, Brüssel 1951. N. Tran, Les membres des associations romaines, Rom 2006. S. Treggiari, during the late republic, Oxford 1969. V. Velkov, des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermoesiens, in: J. Hamatta (ed. ), Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Amsterdam 1968, 382-387. M. -L. Vollenweider, und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden 1966. R. Vollkommer, Greek and Roman artists, in: C. Marconi (ed. ), handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture, Oxford 2015, 107-135. J. P. Waltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’ à la chute de l’empire d’occident I-IV, Löwen 1895-1900. B. Wesenberg, Für eine situative Deutung des polykletischen Doryphoros, JdI 112, 1997, 59-75. R. Weis, des Griechischen im Rom der republikanischen Zeit, in: C. W. Müller u. a. (edd. ), mit fremden Sprachen in der griechisch-römischen Antike, Stuttgart 1992, 137-142. W. L. Westermann, Sklaverei, in: RE Suppl. VI, 1935, 894-1068. P. Zanker, Grabreliefs römischer Freigelassener, JdI 90, 1975, 267-315. M. -K. Zapheiropoulou, Emblemata vermiculata.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 2017) and another found that the non-native host plant was a congener of the typical native host (Jain et al. 2021). Another study (Nagase et al. 2019) demonstrated correlations between increased Lepidoptera richness diversity and abundance and non-native plant richness diversity and abundance, but did not further delve into the composition of butterfly communities and did note that generalist larval host plants, though non-native, were abundant at study sites. Bees also favored to native plants, even though the majority of bee species are able to utilize pollen from a wide variety of floral resources (Michener 1979). Bees also commonly exhibit generalist behaviors in the flowers they visit (Ebeling et al. 2011), with specialization on a single pollen source being rare. However, even where non-natives were common in the habitat, bees still choose native plants (ex. , Williams et al. 2011; Palmersheim et al. 2022). Native plants had a positive effect on urban Lepidoptera abundance, richness, composition, and diversity. Lepidoptera require both nectar sources and host plants which may or may not be the same plant. The majority of Lepidoptera are specialists, relying on a single species or family to sustain their larval stage (Narango et al. 2020; Tallamy et al. 2021; Kawahara et al. 2023), particularly in the tropics (Anstett et al. 2016). Natives plants are crucial to maintaining specialist populations (Burghardt et al. 2010). Most studies of Lepidoptera reviewed here examined pollination with too little attention paid to oviposition (2 studies) and herbivory (4 studies) which are the stages of their life history where Lepidoptera tend to be specialists, rather than on the plants from which they take nectar. Understanding how fauna, particularly Lepidoptera, utilize plants over multiple life stages is critical to conservation of these taxa in urban habitats. Despite PAI being the largest category in this review, gaps remain in our knowledge of how native and non-native plants affect urban fauna. First, the most-examined response across all taxa was occupancy, but further research on specific interactions should be examined to elucidate the mechanisms driving species responses to native and non-native plants.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: In the past few decades, population increase and the resultant increased food requirements compelled Pakistani growers for bringing marginal and sloping lands under cultivation with their inaccurate cultivation techniques (Ali et al. , 2007). This practice, no doubt, rewards in the short run but is devastating for precious resources in the long run. The whole fertile surface soil is washed away as runoff after the occurrence of a few rainstorms leading to permanent degradation of soil. Crop productivity on such degraded soil goes uneconomical and restricted with respect to crop choice. Soil losses from a field are dependent upon many factors like type and amount of rainfall, soil characteristics, field slope type and length and soil cover and management factors. Due to these factors, researchers in northern Pakistan have reported soil loss from 2 – 104 t ha-1 year-1 (Ahmad, 1990; Khan and Bhatti, 2000; Khan et al. , 2001) with resultant soil physico-chemical deterioration including reduced soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient concentration, reduced infiltration rate and water holding capacity, and exposure of clayey subsoil. Bhatti et al. (1997) reported loss of 48, 24 and 18 kg ha-1 soil P, N and organic matter, respectively, under water eroded conditions indicating heavy loss of valuable nutrients every year. Bhatti et al. (1998) further reported severe deficiency of available P and K (2. 68 and 48 mg kg-1, respectively) under eroded field conditions and the field was also low in organic matter (1. 2 to 6. 6 g kg-1). Cultivation of eroded lands need improved management techniques and conservation practices and the incorporation of nutrient from varied sources. Few of these nutrient sources have been counted by Khan et al. (2007) are farmyard manure, compost, humic acid, synthetic fertilizers and their combinations. Under such circumstances, livestock raring is very important way for the provision of farmyard manure required for intensive and sustainable crop husbandry (Reddy et al. , 2003). In past, utilization of livestock by-products by the resource poor farming community for household energy purposes created its availability problems for field applications and the crop demand for nutrients is met only with sub optimal rates of NPK fertilizers. This has resulted in a decline in SOM and has negatively affected soil fertility and crop productivity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Hellenistische und spätrepublikanische Bildmosaiken, Paderborn u. a. 2006. L. Zgusta, des Griechischen im römischen Kaiserreich, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 121-145. G. Zimmer, Römische Berufsdarstellungen, Berlin 1982. O. Zwierlein, Plinius über den Laokoon, in: H. -U. Cain u. a. (edd. ), Festschrift für Nikolaus Himmelmann, Mainz 1989, 433-443. E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Gemmen mit Künstlerinschriften, in: Meisterwerke, Symposion anlässlich des 150, Geburtstages von Adolf Furtwängler, Freiburg/Br. 2003, München 2005, 321-343 (mit Ergänzungen in SEG 55, 2005 [2009], 2020). Nicht hinter jeder griechischen Signatur muss ein Grieche stecken. Pseudonyme unter Bildenden Künstlern des antiken 2018, Volume: 16, 205 - 227, 15. 11. 2018 Abstract 1990. B. Andreae, Römische Kunst, Freiburg/Br. -Basel 1973. B. Andreae, Plinius und der Laokoon, TrWPr 8, 1986 (1987). B. Andreae, Eine weniger elegante Lösung. Noch einmal zu Plinius, Naturalis historia 36, 37, RM 96, 1989, 433-438. B. Andreae, Antike Bildmosaiken², Darmstadt-Mainz 2012. A. Andrén, Deeds and misdeeds in classical art and antiquities, Partille 1986. G. Baader, Ärzte auf pannonischen Inschriften, Klio 55, 1973, 273-297. M. Bang, im römischen Dienst bis zum I. , Diss. , Berlin 1906. G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: For example, examining the intensity of herbivory, coupled with leaf chemical analysis, may lead to a greater understanding of why native herbivores prefer native plants. For other trophic levels, the benefit may be due to changes in prey abundance or differences in vegetation structure. Rowe and Garcia (2013), found that the movements of small anurans were negatively impacted by rhizomatous mats formed by invasive Phalaris arundinacea, and as a result the amphibians benefitted from removal of the non-native plant. Second, more thorough investigations of whether non-native plants support more non-native fauna, particularly in the case of facilitation of invasive insects (e. g. Ailanthus altissima and Lycorma delicatula; Ciceoi et al. 2017) is warranted to develop better management protocols to limit the spread of invasive species. Third, non-avian vertebrates need more attention, especially herbivores and frugivores, as trends for these organisms were not possible to interpret due to the lack of studies. Finally, trait-based studies, including examining functional diversity, will allow for a deeper understanding of how flora origin may drive trait shifts in co-evolved organisms. Ecosystem servicesPlants provide a variety of ecosystem services that are of critical value for human survival. Although we found relatively few studies that compared ecosystem service provisioning between native and non-native plants, overall native plants provide greater intensity and diversity of ecosystem services over non-native plants. Trees, the most studied ESS provider across all papers in this review, are crucial for ESS provisioning. Regardless of origin, trees provide services such air quality improvements and heat reduction in the form of shade by nature of their morphology alone but native plant still outperformed non-natives for the majority of ecosystem services assessed in the studies in this review. Non-native plants may in some instances be planted over natives for possessing particular desirable traits. For example, in Santiago, Chile, where native urban trees are primarily evergreen, non-native trees with broad leaves were chosen to provide increased shade and heat reduction (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: The frequency and magnitude of maize yield response to fertilizer N, P and K varied strongly over space and time, yet observed patterns were not adequately explained by soil chemical parameters or texture. Fertilizing with N, P, and K substantially reduced observed spatial-temporal variability in maize yield response, and resulted in consistently enhanced maize yields. All fields were responsive to N, most fields to P and only 7 to K. On average, NPK yields were about 5 to 5. 5 tons ha-1 in the short- and long rainy seasons respectively. Application of only NP or NK resulted in strongly declining yields within a few seasons, with large differences between farms in resilience of soil P and K stocks. Based on observed spatial-temporal patterns, we concluded that blanket fertilizer recommendations in such farming systems result in low fertilizer use efficiencies. We further concluded that current methods for soil analysis do not adequately explain the observed variation in maize yield response to application of N, P and K fertilizers under the highly variable soil fertility conditions encountered in smallholder farming systems. Accounting for past manure application in Phase 1 of the experiment improved our ability to explain the variation in maize yield response to fertilizer application. Mean maize yield response to N, P and K application was 2. 8, 1. 1 and 0. 6 t ha-1 in fields with animal manure previously applied, and 2. 3, 3. 0 and 1. 6 t ha-1 in farms without past manure applications over 7 cropping seasons. Differences in maize yield response in fields with and without past manure applications were mainly related to enhanced soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply, and larger recovery of applied nitrogen (N) in fields with manure previously applied. Based on these findings, we concluded that the strong influence of past animal manure application on yield response to fertilizer applications merits the inclusion of past manure application as a co-variate in analysis of yield response data from smallholder cropping systems of SSA. Evaluation of the Fertility of () model did not adequately estimate crop yield responses to fertilizer applications under variable soil fertility conditions. This was linked to poor estimation of soil N, P and K supply based on current relationships for potential soil nutrient supply in the model. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and P-Olsen were poor indicators of crop N and P uptake from the soil.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Becatti, Ἀττικά. Saggio sulla scultura attica dell’ellenismo, RIA 7, 1940, 7-116. H. Bellen, Die germanische Leibwache der römischen Kaiser des julisch-claudischen Hauses, Mainz 1981. A. Bernand, Pan du désert, Leiden 1977. A. Berthold, antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen, in: R. Einicke u. a. (edd. ), Zurück zum Gegenstand, Furtwängler II, Langenweißbach 2009, 549-554. A. Berthold, Entwurf und Ausführung in den artes minores. Münz- und Gemmenkünstler des 6. -4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. , Hamburg 2013. M. Bonaria, Dinastie di pantomimi latini, Maia N. S. 11, 1959, 224-242. G. Botti – P. Romanelli, Le sculture del Egizio, Vatikanstadt 1951. P. Boyancé, La connaissance du grec à Rome, REL 34, 1956, 111-131. O. J. Brendel, Prolegomena to the study of Roman art, New Haven-London 1979. Ph. Bruneau, Philologie mosaïstique, JSav 1988, 3-73. Chr. Bruun, Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome, in: M. George (ed. ), Roman slavery and Roman material culture, Toronto u. a. 2013, 19-42. A. Buonopane, Statuarius. Un nuovo documento epigrafico, ZPE 120, 1998, 292-294. I. Bourtzinakou, von Aphrodisias, Diss. Heidelberg 2011, Heidelberg 2012. H. -U. Cain – O. Dräger, Die sogenannten neuattischen Werkstätten, in: G. (ed. ), Das Wrack.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Most studies in this review focused on parks, remnant natural areas, and private gardens, which are logical choices for observing urban plant and animal diversity. However, given the millions of street trees worldwide that are not specifically associated with parks, private gardens, or remnant forest, it is surprising that more street trees have not been examined in the literature. Only 16% of studies fell into our “hardscape” habitat category, the one that included street trees. City, for example, has over 600,000 individual street trees and has implemented various programs associated with inventorying the health of street trees (n. d. ). For some cities, the combined area of street trees may be much larger than that of parks and greenspaces (Shackleton 2016). In particular, bird or herbivorous insect studies could yield interesting results comparing faunal uses of native and non-native urban street trees. Only a few studies have done so, demonstrating the importance of native street trees for supporting native birds (Ikin et al. 2013; Shackleton 2016; Wood and Esaian 2020). Comparisons of survival, fitness, or disease resistance and ecosystem service provisioning of native and non-native urban street trees is also largely unexplored. Despite clear drawbacks to using non-native plants, they persist as a popular choice among both private and public land stewards and owners. Non-natives remain widely available from nurseries and wholesalers and regulation of sales is inconsistent or completely lacking, particularly for online sales (Beaury et al. 2021). Real or perceived decorative value and socio-economic status is another driving factor, with higher-income areas associated with increased use of non-natives in urban parks (Bayón et al. 2021). Decorative value is also highly subjective, and can differ greatly between regions. Social characteristics such as age, level of education and ethnicity also shape urban residents’ views on and awareness of the potential damages of non-native plants in ecosystems (Potgieter et al. 2019). Similarly, “nativeness” is not a visually identifiable characteristic to the majority of urban residents, so aesthetics, of which those of non-natives are perceived to be higher, is a more important plant feature to the general public (Fischer et al. 2011). The novelty factor of non-natives has contributed to their popularity dating back centuries (Hoyle et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Application of only NP or NK resulted in strongly declining yields within a few seasons, with large differences between farms in resilience of soil P and K stocks. Based on observed spatial-temporal patterns, we concluded that blanket fertilizer recommendations in such farming systems result in low fertilizer use efficiencies. We further concluded that current methods for soil analysis do not adequately explain the observed variation in maize yield response to application of N, P and K fertilizers under the highly variable soil fertility conditions encountered in smallholder farming systems. Accounting for past manure application in Phase 1 of the experiment improved our ability to explain the variation in maize yield response to fertilizer application. Mean maize yield response to N, P and K application was 2. 8, 1. 1 and 0. 6 t ha-1 in fields with animal manure previously applied, and 2. 3, 3. 0 and 1. 6 t ha-1 in farms without past manure applications over 7 cropping seasons. Differences in maize yield response in fields with and without past manure applications were mainly related to enhanced soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply, and larger recovery of applied nitrogen (N) in fields with manure previously applied. Based on these findings, we concluded that the strong influence of past animal manure application on yield response to fertilizer applications merits the inclusion of past manure application as a co-variate in analysis of yield response data from smallholder cropping systems of SSA. Evaluation of the Fertility of () model did not adequately estimate crop yield responses to fertilizer applications under variable soil fertility conditions. This was linked to poor estimation of soil N, P and K supply based on current relationships for potential soil nutrient supply in the model. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and P-Olsen were poor indicators of crop N and P uptake from the soil. Maize grain yield in unfertilized control treatment plots provided better estimates of potential soil N, P and K supply, resulting in improved predictions of maize yield response to fertilizer applications. These findings suggest that the standard soil parameters analysed do not accurately inform on the soil fertility status of the field and are of little use for smallholder farmers. Improved relations for estimation of potential soil nutrient in are required for better prediction of expected maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions. Maize crops in strongly nutrient-depleted soils responded strongly to balanced NPK fertilization, with yields comparative to long-term means within three seasons.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1994/95, Köln 1994, II 809-829. I. Calabi Limentani, Studi sulla società romana. Il lavoro artistico, Mailand-Varese 1958. I. 1958, 619-621. I. 1965, 156-159. I. 1966, 484 f. I. Calabi Limentani, Epigrafia latina³, Mailand 1974. A. Cameron, Porphyrius the charioteer, Oxford 1973. A. Chaniotis, Second thoughts on second names in Aphrodisias, in: E. Parker (ed. ), Personal names in ancient Anatolia, Oxford 2013, 207-229. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser. Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur, Wiesbaden 1967. J. Christes, Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom, Wiesbaden 1979. G. Cultrera, Fiano Romano, NSc 1915, 158-165. L. R. Dean, A study of the cognomina of soldiers in the Roman legions, Princeton 1916. W. Decker, Beinamen antiker Athleten, in: P. Mauritsch u. a. (edd. ), für Ingomar Weiler, Wiesbaden 2008, 161-173. S. Deyts u. a. , Musée Archéologique de Dijon, Dijon 1995. S. Kansteiner u. a. (edd. ), Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den Bildenden Künsten der Griechen I-V, Berlin-Boston 2014. M. Donderer, Die antiken Pavimenttypen und ihre Benennungen, JdI 102, 1987, 365-377. M. Donderer, Nicht Praxiteles, sondern Pasiteles. Eine signierte Statuenstütze in Verona, ZPE 73, 1988, 63-68. M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 2017) and neighborhood gardening trends and norms continue to drive purchases and installation of non-natives (Nassauer et al. 2009), in turn increasing propagule pressure to urban greenspaces (Lockwood et al. 2009; Tartaglia et al. 2018). Changing public opinion and the use of non-native species in urban horticulture is critical for biodiversity conservation in urban areas. Here, we show that native plants can not only perform adequately in urban conditions but that they also provide multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces, supporting humans via greater contributions to ecosystem services as well as supporting more urban wildlife, which clearly favor native vegetation. There is a growing body of evidence that validates the use of native plants in cities and research effort in this area is increasing over time. Thus, native plants should be prioritized in urban green space and hardscape management. As the world rapidly urbanizes and habitat is lost and degraded at an accelerating rate (Prăvălie 2021), it is critical that urban green spaces support ecosystem function and biodiversity as a necessary means of conservation and maintaining human health and well-being. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 6786. Accessed 13 Feb 2024(n. d. ) Trees and Plants in City Parks. Accessed 14 Feb2024Codes, Rules and Regulations (2017) York Codes, Rules and Regulations. Accessed 13 Feb 2024(2009) Invasive plant species and the ornamental horticulture industry. Management of invasive weeds, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 167–187. Accessed 12 Feb 2024Reis E, López-(2012) Changes in bird species richness through different levels of urbanization: implications for biodiversity conservation and garden design in Central Brazil. Plann 107:31–42. Response of avian communities to invasive vegetation in urban forest fragments. Condor: Ornith Appl. UN, New York. (2008) Diversity of native and exotic birds across an urban gradient in a city. Plann 87:223–232. Non-uniform bird assemblages in urban environments: the influence of streetscape vegetation. Plann. (2004. 02. 006)46. EM, (2020) The importance of street trees to urban avifauna. 30:e02149.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of the Fertility of () model did not adequately estimate crop yield responses to fertilizer applications under variable soil fertility conditions. This was linked to poor estimation of soil N, P and K supply based on current relationships for potential soil nutrient supply in the model. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and P-Olsen were poor indicators of crop N and P uptake from the soil. Maize grain yield in unfertilized control treatment plots provided better estimates of potential soil N, P and K supply, resulting in improved predictions of maize yield response to fertilizer applications. These findings suggest that the standard soil parameters analysed do not accurately inform on the soil fertility status of the field and are of little use for smallholder farmers. Improved relations for estimation of potential soil nutrient in are required for better prediction of expected maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions. Maize crops in strongly nutrient-depleted soils responded strongly to balanced NPK fertilization, with yields comparative to long-term means within three seasons. Placement of P fertilizer strongly improved recovery, reducing the need for larger soil P stocks on soils that will typically develop a large insoluble P pool under P fertilization. The RC-P model provided insights in long-term recovery of P and could describe the observed P uptake patterns reasonably well. We concluded that strongly nutrient depleted tropical soils such as those in Siaya with high clay contents that are typical for western Kenya, do not require prior investments to rebuild nutrient stocks and soil organic matter to substantially increase crop yields to 5-5. 5 t ha-1. This has important implications for crop productivity intensification in SSA as a large proportion of soils under cultivation are strongly nutrient depleted, and earlier approaches have suggested the need for costly and capital intensive soil fertility replenishment. Results in this thesis clearly demonstrate that sustainable intensification of crop productivity on smallholder farms of SSA is very well possible on all fields under good management, even when soils are strongly nutrient depleted. However, the need for P and K fertilizers and amounts applied should be tailored to specific field conditions to reduce farmer costs in the short term. Accounting for past farm management and assessment of current yields under minimal or no fertilizer applications provides a means for improved targeting of fertilizer applications at the farm level. In the long term, farmers should aim for balanced fertilization to prevent mining of soil stocks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Donderer, der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung, Erlangen 1989. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102, 1995, 97-122. M. Donderer, der späten römischen Republik und der Kaiserzeit. Epigraphische Zeugnisse, Erlangen 1996. M. Donderer, für Agone in den Bildenden Künsten, in: F. Blakolmer u. a. (edd. ), Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt, Wien 1996, I 329-338. M. Donderer, Mosaikemblemata. und schwunghafter Gebrauchtwarenhandel, BAParis 28, 2001, 101-132. M. Donderer, - wo man sie nicht erwarten würde, ÖJh 73, 2004, 81-96. M. Donderer, Rez. zu Andreae 2007/2012, Gnomon 79, 2007, 164-170. M. Donderer, der Antike II. Epigraphische Quellen. Neufunde und Nachträge, Erlangen 2008. M. Donderer, Nicht immer wörtlich zu verstehen. mit griechischen betrieben, BABesch 86, 2011, 185-207. H. Dragendorff, Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefäßen, in: H. von Petrikovits (ed. ), Festschrift für August Oxé zum 75. Gebutstag, Darmstadt 1938, 1-8. F. Drexel, Über den häufigen Gebrauch berühmter Künstlernamen, in: L. Friedländer – G. Wissowa (edd. ), Darstellungen aus der IV, 10. Auflage, Leipzig 1921, 197-202. S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: December 17, 2020 The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem The growing urbanisation of the landscape poses a major threat to insect pollinators. The reduction in number of these insects, especially bee species, could have a severe impact on agricultural production as many of the crops that we rely on could not produce seeds without pollination. Working with the and investigate pollinator visitation to a small restoration site at in Florida, to compare pollinators in an urban ecosystem to those in a larger conservation area. Pollinators are any animals (usually insects) that transfer pollen from one flower to another, and without them around 75% of flowering plants would be unable to reproduce – including many species that we rely on for food and other products. The growth of towns and cities (‘urbanisation’) means the reduction in natural environments where these pollinator species thrive. While declines in European honeybee populations have drawn global attention because of their importance to crop pollination, declines in native species worldwide are causing concern for both agriculture and native plant reproduction. researchers Bennington and May investigate the pollinators visiting a small restoration area in an urban ecosystem to compare how the numbers and species of insects present compare to those found in a larger conservation area. The question is, does this small area provide enough habitat and food to support a diverse and abundant insect pollinator community? Jacob_09/Shutterstock. com In 2011 a small field located near the on the campus in Florida was selected to be restored to the natural sandhill ecosystem that would have dominated the area prior to urbanisation (European settlement). These sandhills are so called because of the deep, sandy soil of the area, but the dominant features of the landscape were the large, widely spaced pine trees. The sandhill restoration involved planting more than 80 native tree species, mostly longleaf pine, and the development of an understory of plants and grasses. This small fragment of restored ecosystem is still immature. The trees are young and don’t provide the same high, thick canopy as you would find in a more mature ecosystem, which affects the smaller plants growing below. Yet already you can see the difference from the neglected lawn that was there previously, especially as pollinators return to visit the many flowering plants. …the Ecosystem is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: agriculture seems to be influenced by the economic factors therefore to increase the income of the small households, to stabilize farm income and to conserve the natural resource-base, diversification of the existing systems is recommended. Sharma et al. , (2012) and Mandal et al. , (2016) have also reported that planting of suitable crop types in a system helps improve the soil nutrient status and also the microbial population. The selection of the crops needs to be planned to utilize the synergism among crops towards the efficient utilization of resources and to stabilise overall productivity, profitability and soil quality. Keeping this in view, the field study was conducted to assess the effect of different crop sequences on soil organic carbon, available N, P and K, nutrient uptake and crop yield. site climate and soil type In the present investigation, a field experiment was conducted during October 2018-October 2019 (Kharif and Rabi seasons) at an elevation of 1100 m amsl at a latitude of 32°04' N and longitude of 76°35' E at Farm, Department of of Himachal Pradesh, India. The soil of the experimental area falls in the order of Alfisols with Paleudalf as the great group as per the Regime. Treatment details There were ten intensified cropping sequences examined under randomized block design with three replications viz. , maize-wheat (T1), maize-gobhi sarson + toria (T2), dhaincha-cabbage-french bean (T3), sunhemp-vegetable pea-french bean (T4), maize + soybean-chickpea + linseed (T5), rice-wheat + gram (T6), hybrid sorghum + hybrid bajra-oats + aarson (hybrid) (T7), hybrid sorghum + hybrid bajra-ryegrass + berseem (T8), babycorn-broccoli-french bean (T9), okra-turnip-tomato (T10). During kharif and rabi season the crop varieties were applied with the recommended dose of N, P2O5 and K2O (Kg ha-1). The source of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Düll, Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München 1977. K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world, Cambridge 1999. F. Duthoy, Sculpteurs et commanditaires aux IIe siècle après J. -C. Rome et Tivoli, Rom 2012. Enciclopedia dell’Classica e ff. , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: This area, known as the Ecosystem, is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. Anyone is welcome to visit the and take part in the – where volunteers can record pollinator activity and contribute to the ongoing data collection. and May are interested in how well this small area of restored sandhill ecosystem might support pollinators, in comparison to a larger natural area. Sandhill is surrounded by an urban ecosystem of residential, business and university campus areas. The ability of this and any small, isolated fragment of semi-natural habitat to support insect life depends upon its ability to provide suitable habitat for a diversity of species of plants and insects. The contrast to this fragment is the (DeLeon Springs, Florida), north of the campus, which is more than 5700 hectares of semi-natural habitat. This covers a variety of ecosystems including sandhills, and the plant understory of the sandhills is made up of many native flowering plants that attract many native pollinators. This means that the pollinators visiting the can be compared to the pollinators visiting the sandhills of to determine if the same number and species of pollinators are present in the urban ecosystem as in the larger natural area. Plant-pollinator interactions The pollinators we are most familiar with are bees, though other insects including wasps, butterflies, beetles, and flies are also common pollinators. Insects visit the flowers to access the nectar and pollen as a food source, and in the process carry pollen between plants. Some plants, referred to as ‘specialists’, are only pollinated by one group of insects (for example, they may only attract flies, or have the pollen situated such that only bees can collect it), and others may be ‘generalists’, meaning that any insect that visits the flower can collect or deposit pollen. To compare pollinators, two plants were selected that were present in both the Ecosystem and the – one generalist and one specialist. The two areas differ in the plant species present, due to a variety of factors including the maturity of the ecosystem and the soil quality, but Bidens alba (B. alba; a generalist) and Chamaecrista fasciculata (C. fasciculata; a specialist) were present in both ecosystems and are common in dry areas of Florida. C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: Rearing of Leucinodes orbonalis and evaluation of colonized gfp-BtVKK-BB2 strain in brinjal by detached leaf assaysInfested brinjal fruits were collected from the fields of brought to insectary and kept in plastic containers till the larvae comes out of fruits and become pupae. The pupae were separated and kept in a small plastic container lined with blotting paper till the adult emergence. On emergence, 25–30 adults were transferred in mating jars (15 cm diameter and 20 cm height) covered with cotton cloth having 10% fortified honey solution for adult feeding. A fresh brinjal leaf was placed daily for egg laying and old leaf with eggs was removed from mating jar and kept in a plastic container covered with tissue paper till hatching. The neonates were reared on semi synthetic diet as per Sethi et al. (2016) with some modification till pupation (Additional file 1: Table S1). The culture was maintained under controlled laboratory condition, i. e. , at 27 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 14:10 L:D photoperiod. The neonates (< 24 h old) were used for bioassays. The leaves were detached from brinjal plants in which BtVKK-BB2 strain was colonized as endophytes by different inoculation methods viz. , seed treatment (ST), soil application (SA), foliar spray (FS), SA + FS and control plants of brinjal. Three leaves were detached randomly from each treatment. On each leaf, 10 neonates were released and kept in plastic plates and covered with lid. The observations were taken daily till 7 days. ResultsConfirmation of GFP gene in positive transformantsTransformation of strain VKK-BB2 by electroporation with plasmid p1302 was successful. The expected fluorescence of BtVKK-BB2 transformants harboring p1302 was confirmed by the fluorescence under CLSM observation and plasmid extraction (Fig. 2A, B) and amplification of GFP gene of 644 bp from positive bacterial culture grown on Luria broth with selective antibiotic kanamycin (50 µg/ml) (Fig. 2C). These gfp-tagged BtVKK-BB2 was used to inoculate brinjal seedling by various methods in brinjal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. Gummerus, Darstellungen aus dem Handwerk auf römischen Grab- und Votivsteinen in Italien, JdI 28, 1913, 63-126. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 14, 1915, 129-189. H. Gummerus, Industrie und Handel, RE IX, 1916, 1381-1535. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 15, 1918, 256-302. H. Gummerus, Cognomen und Beruf, in: Commentationes philologicae in honorem I. A. Heikel, Helsinki 1926, 48-74. H. Gummerus, Der Ärztestand um römischen Reich nach den Inschriften, Helsinki 1932. G. Hafner, Sternstunden der Archäologie, Düsseldorf-Wien 1978. M. -Chr. Hellmann, Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon 1999. N. Himmelmann, in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit, Berlin 1994. G. Horsmann, der römischen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 1998. A. Hug, Spitznamen, in: 1929, 1821-1840. J. M. Hurwit, Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, 2015. P. Huttunen, The social strata in the imperial city of Rome, Oulou 1974. M. Junkelmann, mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000. J. Kaimio, and the Greek language, Helsinki 1979. I.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: fasciculata is ‘buzz-pollinated’, which means that the vibrations from the buzzing of a bee are required to release the pollen from the flower. It is expected that specialist plant species would suffer from the reduced number of available pollinators in an urban ecosystem more than a generalist plant species, and so it is of interest to compare the pollination visitation to both specialists and generalists in urban and conservation areas. Welcome visitors The researchers counted insect visitors to B. alba and C. fasciculata flowers at both sites between May and August over three years (2016 – 2018) and found a surprising result: there were slightly more pollinator visitations to both plants at the Ecosystem than at the Conservation Area. Although there was no statistical difference in the number of insects visiting the plants in each area, the total numbers were higher for the and this is not what was expected in the urban ecosystem. This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. Most of the visitors to both plants at both sites were native bees, but there was a much greater diversity of visitors to B. alba at the Conservation Area. Over 70% of pollinator visitation to B. alba at the were Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), but at the site they made up only 41% of visitors. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) made up 31% of visitors at Heart Island, and Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles) together made up another 14%. This means there is a much greater diversity of insects present at than at the Volusia Sandhill, where Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera all together only made up a little over 12% of the visitors to B. alba. As expected, the most common pollinator to visit C. fasciculata was the bumblebee (Bombus spp. ), and while there were slightly more visitors at the Volusia Sandhill, bumblebees were the large majority at both sites indicating no significant difference in the diversity of insect visitors to this plant. Urban pollinators This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: The brinjal plant treated with SA + FS twice/week showed more fluorescence up to 15th DAI in leaves which was found to be equivalent to that of foliar spray twice/week treatment (Fig. 5D–F; Fig. 6). Further, GFP positive cells were detected in stem sections up to 10th DAI only but not seen when tested up to 15th DAI. These results suggested that Bt-VKK-BB2 was a systemic colonizer of brinjal through seed treatment, soil application and foliar spray. Fig. 6Confocal microscopy images of brinjal shoot and leaves colonized by GFP-tagged VKK-BB2 cells by soil + foliar application method. A Shoot (10 DAI); B Leaf (10DAI); C Shoot (15 DAI); D Leaf (15 DAI)Full size imageConfocal microscopic studies indicated that gfp-BtVKK-BB2 cells were efficiently colonized brinjal leaf and colonization was detected up to 10 days in soil application while 15 days in foliar spray, whereas it was up to 30 DAI in seed treatment. However, the bright fluorescence was seen in plants treated by foliar spray followed by seed treatment and soil application. Confirmation of cry gene in BtVKK-BB2 colonies recovered from leaves through -BB2 colonies which were re-isolated from leaves collected from seed inoculated plant, soil application plant as well as foliar-sprayed plants amplified expected amplicon size of 276 bp of cry1 gene (Fig. 7). Thus, confirmed that BtVKK-BB2 could persist and produce Cry toxins in the leaves in all the inoculation methods. Fig. 7Amplification of cry1 gene in BtVKK-BB2 colonies re-isolated from leaf samples of different treatments (Lane 1–5) and Lane M: MarkerFull size imageBioassays with brinjal plants inoculated with gfp-BtVKK-BB2 against Leucinodes orbonalis The efficacy of gfp-BtVKK-BB2 established as endophyte by different inoculation methods in brinjal plants was carried out by detached leaf feeding assays as shown in Fig. 8 against neonates of BSFB.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Kajanto, A study of the Greek epitaphs of Rome, Helsinki 1963. I. Kajanto, Cognomina, Helsinki 1965. I. Kajanto, The significance of Non-Latin cognomina, Latomus 27, 1968, 517-534. I. Kajanto, Minderheiten und ihre Sprachen in der Hauptstadt Rom, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 83-102. F. Kiechle, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich, Wiesbaden 1969. R. Vollkommer (ed. ), Künstlerlexikon der Antike I. II, München-Leipzig 2001-2004. N. J. Koch, Techne und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei. Eine terminologische Untersuchung, München 2000. J. Korpela, im antiken Rom, Helsinki 1987. D. Kreikenbom, Originale und Kopie. Signaturen an späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Skulpturen, in: N. Hegener (ed. ), Künstler-Signaturen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Petersberg 2013, 60-75. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Künstler, Leipzig 1883. F. Kudlien, des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft. Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte, Stuttgart 1986. B. Kübler, Decurio, in: RE IV, 1901, 2319-2352. E. Künzl, Quod sine te factum est hoc magis archetypum est? (Martialis 8,34), AKorrBl 8, 1978, 311-317. G. Lahusen, Grabrelief des Alcamenes, in: P. C. Bol (ed. ), Forschungen zur Villa Albani.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: Potentially this could also be assisted by the non-native plants in the gardens and green areas in the residential, business and university campus surroundings, and perhaps some cavity-nesting species can find suitable habitats on the sides of buildings. The study supports previous research which found that Hymenoptera are more resilient to urbanisation than other pollinator species. The species composition at each site varied a great deal, however, and so it seems that specific bee and wasp species are differently impacted by the changing ecosystem. The surface area available to ground-nesting species and other factors such as larval food supplies are likely to also play a role in determining which species thrive in an urban environment. The lack of the expected difference in visitation to C. fasciculata can most likely be explained as being due to the pollinator not being specific to the plant – C. fasciculata may rely on the bumblebee for pollination, but Bombus spp. can visit many plants including both specialists and generalists. The low numbers of beetle and butterfly visitors to the plants at the Ecosystem suggests these are more sensitive to urbanisation, and this is again likely due to these insects having requirements (other than food in the form of nectar) that are not met in an urban ecosystem. and May (and volunteers with the Pollinator Project) continue to record pollinator visitation to the Ecosystem each summer, and hope to attract a greater diversity of pollinators by increasing the available larval food sources and adding further flowers to provide resources to insects year-round. /Shutterstock. com What could this mean in terms of protecting native pollinator species against habitat destruction and climate change? <>Our research is consistent with that of others who have found that small urban ecosytems can provide habitat for plants and invertebrates in an increasingly human-dominated landscape, though the pollinator communities in urban fragments may be a novel mix of species. The extent to which these new, urban communities can also withstand accelerating climate change requires continued investigation The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: -pollinator interactionspollinator visitationpollinatorsin Floridaurban ecosytemsthis 178. Sandhill Ecosystem. [online]. webpage. Available at: [Accessed 18 Sept. 2020]. Pollinator Project. [online]. webpage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: The observations on feeding of neonates on leaves in all the inoculation methods indicated that the larvae were found to feed by tunneling of leaves including untreated control but the dead larvae were seen on leaves from 5th day to 7th day after release on leaves. 26. 85–39. 26% mortality was observed on 7 days after treatment (Fig. 9). Fig. 8Detached leaf bioassay showing leaf damage by neonates of Leucinodes orbonalis in A Control; B BtVKK-BB2-colonized plantFull size imageFig. 9Effect of different inoculation methods used for establishment of GFP-BtVKK-BB2 strain as endophytes in brinjal plant on its efficacy against neonates of Leucinodes orbonalisFull size imageDiscussionDuring the past decade, numerous studies have been carried out on plant disease control, growth promotion and biomass improvement through use of bacterial endophytes, and many useful strains have been identified, resulting in several commercial products (Mei and Flinn 2010; Pérez-García et al. 2011; Alfonzo et al. 2012; Li et al. 2012). Recently various reports demonstrated that entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria can be easily established inside plants and can be used for management of insect pests (Praça et al. 2012; Russo et al. 2021; Resquín-Romero et al. 2016; Sánchez-Rodríguez et al. 2018; Sauka and Benintende 2017). In view of that, bacterial (Bacillus spp. ) have received increasing attention as a promising alternative to chemical control and offer a good option as biocides over transgenes. Scientific advancement of endophytic nature of bacterial (Bacillus spp. ) open new avenue for the pest control, as once the endophytes are inoculated into plants, they will self-perpetuate and interfere with biosynthetic pathways which results in systemic production and translocation of secondary metabolite, enhancement of micronutrient content and production of toxins throughout the plant, which do not allow the ingestion by insect pests. But the studies are limited with respect to the endophytic ability of entomopathogenic B. thuringiensis showing resistance against insect species.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Katalog der Bildwerke I, Berlin 1989, 271-274. M. Lambertz, Die griechischen Sklavennamen, LVII. Jahresbericht über das k. k. Staatsgymnasium im VIII. für das Schuljahr 1906/1907. K. Lapatin, Luxury arts, in: B. E. Borg (ed. ), A companion to Roman art, Chichester 2015, 321-343. M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985. H. Leppin, Histrionen. Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats, Bonn 1992. W. Liebenam, und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1890. W. Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900. W. Liebenam, Duumviri, in: RE V, 1905, 1798-1842. G. Lippold, Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen, München 1923. G. Lippold, Praxiteles 5, in: 1954, 1788-1808. J. Liu, Professional associations, in: P. Erdkamp (ed. ), companion to ancient Rome, Cambridge 2013, 352-368. E. Loewy, Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer, Leipzig 1885. R. Marichal, de la Graufesenque, Paris 1988. M. Mattern, Römische Steindenkmäler aus Hessen südlich des Mains sowie vom bayerischen Teil des 13, Mainz 2005. R. Merkelbach, Mithras, Königstein 1984. H. Mielsch, und Datierung der Knöchelspielerinnen des Alexandros, RM 86, 1979, 233-248. H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: avant garde collection inspired by the global water crisis recycling waste to aesthetic garments Submit manuscript. . . Journal of eISSN: 2574-8114 & Research 99. DOI: 10. 15406/jteft. 2018. 04. 00125 purpose of the 2007. 8 Unfortunately, 77% of Americans did not recycle plastic water bottles, leading to a recycling rate of 23% in the each year. Every year, 38billion plastic water bottles worth one billion dollars were consumed. In Europe, the recycling rate was about 50% higher than the US, and about 60million plastic water bottles were recycled in 2015. 9 The apparel and textile industry is a major contributor to both environmental pollution and environmental conservation, fighting pollution by using such by-products as plastic fibers from recycled clear plastic water bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate. 10 Fashion industries have been concentrating on decreasing their environmental pollution for more sustainable practices. 2 However, the field of fashion design has been lagging in a survey of eco-friendly design goods compared with architecture and industrial design. 11 Yet, people in the fashion industry including politicians and consumers became aware of the environmental issues concerning animal and human rights in the 1980s. 4 Fashion designers, such as have shown interest in environmental issues by focusing on them within the fashion industry. The development of eco-fashion has enabled the purchaser or user to be fashionable while staying aware of the pollution caused by the fashion industry. 4 Eco-fashion became a social statement in the realm of environmental movements, but this word was invented for mostly apparel scholars and marketing purposes. 11 Consequently, one way to announcing the water bottles usability to public could be developing aesthetic dress collections and exhibit the collection to public by using discarded water-related products. The word avant-garde (from the French for “advance guard”) originated from France in a “military sense” and it was used literally in English during the 15th-18th century. 12 After 1920, the word was used as an artistic concept describing people or practices not accepted in the current moment that would become standard practice later. 13 However, after the 1980s, artists and aesthetic ideas of an avant-garde theme slowly discontinued in Europe, but became more popular in the western world.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: 2009 reported the capability of Bt kurstaki strain HD-1 marked by GFP that inhabit plants as an endophyte. After successful inoculation of cotton and cabbage seedlings to the roots, GFP marked bacteria has been visualized from all parts of the plant and confirmed the translocation of bacterium in the xylem. In the foliar spray, the more fluorescent signals were detected after 1 week of inoculation due to high colonies of bacterium inside the leaf tissues. So, it can be ascribed that the bacterium could reach leaf tissues which might be due to less competition compared to the soil application method. Moreover, it has been predicted that the bacteria made the entries through stomata and signals were more near the stomatal walls as the colonization of bacteria was confirmed by CLSM images. While, on 15th day after inoculation, relatively low signals were recovered in leaf tissues due to decline in the number of colonies of inoculant inside the leaf tissue. The inoculant strain could not persist inside the plant for longer period might be due to availability of limited nutrients or inhibitory effects of the diverse secondary metabolites of plant and antimicrobial secretions from surrounding microbes. Maduell et al. (2008) reported that few green fluorescent cells were detected through epifluorescence microscopy of the given leaf surfaces at 2 days after foliar spray of B. thuringiensis strain on bean leaves. Further, it has been added that Bt was unable to grow at relatively low nutrient concentrations on bean leaf surfaces compared to other epiphytic microbes. Nevertheless, various lines of evidence suggest that B. thuringiensis is unable to access nutrients that might be available on leaves. The present study indicated that tagging of insecticidal Bt strain and CLSM imaging to visualize the endophytic ability of bacteria inside the brinjal plant is believed to be a potential tool for analyzing the colonization and localization of beneficial microbial population. Moreover, ability of Bt to systemically colonize inside the plant tissues also allow protection of Bt strain VKK-BB2 from environmental factors which are known to influence the colonization. Additionally, feeding bioassays with BtVKK-BB2-inoculated brinjal plants of different treatments ensure its insecticidal ability, which further has to be enhanced by increasing the rate of establishment in plant tissues.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Mielsch, und die Kunstsammlung der Könige von Pergamon, AA 1995, 765-779. G. Mihailov, in Bulgaria repertae II/IV, Sofia 1966/1968. E. M. Moormann, La bellezza dell’immondezza. Raffigurazioni di rifiuti nell’arte ellenistica e romana, in: Sordes urbis. La eliminación de residuos en la ciudad romana, Actas de la reunión, Roma 1996, Rom 2000, 75-94. L. Moretti, urbis Romae IV, Rom 1990. C. W. Müller, der Silberbecher von Hoby. frühgriechischer Literatur in der römischen Bildkunst der augusteischen Zeit, JdI 109, 1994, 321-352. R. Osborne, The art of signing in ancient Greece, Arethusa 43, 2, 2010, 231-251. A. Oxé, Zur aelteren Nomenklatur der römischen Sklaven, RhM N. F. 58, 1903, 107-140. A. Oxé – H. Comfort, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum. A catalogue of the signatures, shapes and chronology of Italian sigillata, Bonn 1968. R. Pagenstecher, Die calenische Reliefkeramik, Berlin 1909. D. Palombi, Un nuovo esemplare di ceramica «calena», ArchCl 44, 1992, 273-286. M. Paz de Hoz, Inscripciones griègas de España y Portugal, Madrid 2014. H. von Petrikovits, des römischen Handwerks, in: H. Jankuhn u. a. (edd. ), in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I, AbhGöttingen 3. Folge 122, 1981, 63-132. H. Philipp, Tektonon Daidala. Der bildende Künstler und sein Werk im vorplatonischen Schrifttum, Berlin 1968.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: Image 20 Procedures: Pictures of the tiered dress. Final pictures and illustration: The illustration and flat sketches of tiered dress were developed as follows in Image 21. The silhouette of tiered dress was developed by the raising up of the back skirt toward the sky about four or five feet (Image 22). Image 21 Illustration and flat sketches of tiered dress. Image 22 Procedures: Closures of tiered dress. FEA theoretical framework: It is important to note that the, tiered dress was analyzed based on the adopting its three elements of functionality, expressiveness, and aesthetics. Focus on fit and closure ensures the perfect fit for customers, with the use of snap buttons and hook and eye closures for functional aspect. For expressive aspects, the tiered dress displays the inspiration for using recycled materials, the global water crisis. Design principles and elements were used in the emphasis of the skirt’s silhouette for aesthetic value. Aesthetic and expressive aspects are the focus more so than the functional aspect here. The analysis of the tiered dress is listed on Table 3 Collection reflecting plastic material donning & doffing values issues Design principles [Fit] [Values] [Design Principles] Princess style line for top of the dress. Mix influenced images with related materials and fabric. Express the related inspiration pattern on top and skirt part. Showed emphasis of skirt and repetition using circle wholes of top. Widely wide of the bottom sweep. Free style line into skirt part of the dress. Use crystal beads into the waistband and skirt for emphasis. [Donning & Doffing] [Issues] [Color] Side hooks and eyes. Global water crisis and environmental pollution. White. Side snap buttons. Up-cycling dress. Nude. Cut edge hemming of top and skirt of dress. Plastic drinking straws and recycled water bottles with fashion fabric Clear. No edge finishing at the end of plastic straw edge. Table 3 of Second garment: empress dress The empress dress used the technique of gilding gold leaf to express the loyal and noble value of both recycled garbage and plastic water bottles, and LED lights provide edge to the looks. Design inspiration: There is a saying that “time is gold”. The empress dress is inspired by the fact that water will be gold in the coming future.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: However, Bt was not detected inside the plant parts 2 weeks after soil application and foliar sprays raised the questions on survival fitness of Bt in terms of its interaction with other plant associated microbes and plant chemistry which are yet to be explored. Among the various methods, the seed treatment was better method in terms of long-term colonization inside the leaves and followed by foliar spray as the colonization was found to be more in the leaves. ConclusionsEstablishment of native Bt strain as endophytes in plants opens new horizons for the development of a novel pest-resistant crops which could be an alternative to Bt transgenic crops. However, the level of insect mortality reported in current study was not high as these were achieved by single-dose inoculum. Thus, further optimization of Bt strain concentration is required to attain viable level of control of L. orbonalis in the field conditions. Moreover, inoculation of Bt through seed and foliar spray has to be further explored against larval herbivores especially internal borers to enhance its biocontrol potential through endophytic mediation which may open a novel set of strategies to control the insect pests in a sustainable way. Availability of data and materials The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsBt: Bacillus thuringiensis BSFB: Brinjal shoot and fruit borer CFU: Colony forming unit CLSM: Confocal laser scanning microscopy DAI: Day after inoculation min: Minute msec: Milli second sec: Second sdw: Sterilized distilled water µg: Microgram µl: Microlitre Fig. : Figure GFP: Green florescent protein 2012. (2007) OligoCalc: an online oligonucleotide properties calculator. Res 35:W43-46729. 64p, (1983) Exudation of certain organic compounds from seeds of groundnut. Technol 11:267–272 11. 344:87–971. Composition of semi synthetic diet for mass rearing of Leucinodes orbonalis. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Ch. Picard, Dionysios de Colophon exportateur a Rimini (Italie). Terres cuites architecturales et «pocula» inscrits, RA 1965, I, 210-213. M. G. Picozzi, Una collezione romana di antichità tra XVII e XVIII secolo. La raccolta Vitelleschi, BdA 78 Nr. 82, 69-82. L. Stefanelli, L’argento dei Romani, Rom 1991. H. Poeschel, Kunst und Künstler im antiken Urteil, München 1925. V. H. Poulsen, von Hoby, AntPl 8, 1968, 69-74. B. Poulsen, A signed mosaic from a Roman villa by lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria, in: St. Faust u. a. (edd. ), Antike, Architektur, Geschichte, Festschrift für Inge Nielsen, Aachen 2015, 167-179. G. Prachner, und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe, Wiesbaden 1980. G. Prachner, Bemerkungen zu den ältesten römischen Sklaveninschriften, in: Migratio et commutatio. Studien zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Thomas Pekáry zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, St. Katharinen 1989, 201-217. J. L. Ramírez Sádaba, La epigrafía griega hallada en la Península Ibérica, in: A. Martínez Fernández (ed. ), Estudios de epigrafía griega, 2009, 57-77. G. M. A. Richter, Three critical periods in ancient Italy, Oxford 1951. G. M. A. Richter, Ancient Italy. A study of the interrelations of its peoples as shown in their arts, 1955. G. M. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: The aim is to express the importance of clean water in the midst of the water shortage caused by severe drought and environmental pollution all over the world (Image 23). 13 Image 23 Empress dress inspirations and sketch. Raw material: Dress was developed with recycled plated plastic water bottles. The lower part of about 160 bottles was melted with candles to create a flower shape. In addition, lots of crystal beads and hotfix stones were used as elegant decoration (Table 4). Closure Water-related Materials 80 pieces of 500-milliliter polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles. 75 pieces of one -liter polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles. 8-feet x 6-feet x 0. 01-feet polyethylene terephthalate with the addition of glycol (PETG). 12LB strength strand and. 014-inch thickness clear fishing wire. Lace and Tulle fabrics. Size three and ten nickel-plated brass snap buttons. Gliding gold leaf. Metal O-rings. 2 mm iron crimp stopper beads. 4 mm crystal AB beads with silver foil. 4 mm clear crystal hotfix stones. 5/16- inch crystal AB hexagon beads. LEDMO 5630 flexible LED strip, daylight 300pcs SMD 5630LEDs 16. 4Ft DC12V waterproof. 100000mUSB portable solar battery charger. Dc 5v to Dc 12v converter steps up voltage converter 6. 5ft to Dc5. 52. 1mm. 5. 5mm x 2. 1mm 12V DC power female jack connector plug adapter. Table 4 Materials of Procedure of dress material preparation: were made of two sizes of recycled water bottles, which were made into a flower shape and gold-plated with gold leaf gilding to emphasize the value of recycling. Procedures of dress Recycled one liter sized plastic water bottles were cut it into flowers. Apply gilding glue to it and let it dry for about 10seconds. Gilding with gold leaf. Wait about 15seconds, and then use a brush to trim the gold plating. Once the gold-plated plastic flowers are ready, decorate them with crystal beads or hotfix stones. Finish the crystal beading with a crimp bead after decorating. Cut the bottom of 500 milliliter-sized recycled water bottle, then twist it by hand, and then fix with crystal beads.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: The EU via its EU Directive (Directive 01/18/EC) led by the takes a precautionary approach. All organisms derived from mutagenesis are considered GMOs, however if mutagenesis is derived from conventional breeding techniques with a long history of safety it is exempt. Union is a global leader in gene editing research (but behind on market-oriented trait development), despite its strict policies (Modrzejewski et al. , 2019). Like the EU, Switzerland considers gene edited organisms as GMOs. In the EU, the advent of -Cas9 in agrifood research triggered a regulatory response in the form of reaction by existing regulatory standards, what Asquer and Krachkovskaya (2021: 1123) refer to as a ‘consequential response’. This consisted of a reactive approach to technologies such as gene editing. 2023, the EU Commission publicized a proposed amendment to the Directive covering all products of biotechnology. Techniques (NGT) plants are split into two categories: naturally occurring or by conventional breeding; all other NGT plants are treated as GMOs that require risk assessments and authorization. If the current proposal is accepted, it would lift regulatory burdens on some gene edited agrifoods. A fast-track approval process is proposed that would apply to the second category of plants if they are more tolerant to climate change or require less water or fertilizer. is not part of the European Union, it shares a highly restrictive position towards gene edited agrifoods. GMOs and gene edited agrifoods are restricted from environmental release, though scientists in Norway are pressing for modified restrictions for organisms derived using SDN1 techniques. According to the Project, “Norway law also demands the assessment of three non-safety categories: social benefit, sustainable and ethically sound products”, going beyond its neighbouring EU regulations (Project, 2024b). Mexico was on the pathway to establishing a product-based biosafety protocol, but reversed direction on gene edited agrifoods. Gene edited foods are evaluated based on the process and are considered equivalent to GMOs. Informant 10 (a research scientist) worked in on gene editing in agrifood and informed us that, when the [current Mexican] government came into power [in 2018] …they reject everything.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Richter, Inscriptions on engraved gems of the Roman period and some modern or problematical representations, ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 631-638. L. Robert, Pantomimen im griechischen Orient, Hermes 65, 1930, 106-122. L. Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec, Paris 1940. R. Robert, Ars regenda amore. Séduction érotique et plaisier esthétique: de Praxitèle à 104, 1992, 373-438. C. Roueché – K. Erim, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. G. Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: The analysis of the empress dress is listed on Table 5 Collection reflecting plastic material donning & doffing values principles [Fit] [Values] [Style] Inner dress using princess style line for fitting Mix influenced environmental pollution plastic materials and fabric. Express the related inspiration pattern on the top part for using plastic water bottles Showed emphasis, and balance. Clear recycled water bottles on the flower shaped pattern for meaningful images. The effect of shinny crystal beads. Decorated recycled water bottles with flower shapes on the top and skirt part [Donning & doffing] [Issues] [Color] Center front opening using snap buttons. Global water crisis. each fishing wire using crimp beads. Up-cycling materials. zipper for inner dress Reduce the disposable plastic usage. the Environmental pollution and water 5 of 9Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from 450.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: They reject biotechnology, whether it is GM, whether it is genetic editing, genome editing, anything that has a hint of biotechnology and a lab they reject. In addition to Mexico’s current stance on gene edited agrifoods, Belize has a moratorium preventing gene edited organisms from release into the environment. South Africa’s Department of Agriculture, use a risk assessment framework for GMOs that would also apply to new breeding techniques such as gene editing. It has opted for a tiered approach to assessments. South Africa’s regulatory framework includes the EU-based definition for GMOs, which is somewhat divergent from how the defines GMOs. Using phraseology such as “naturally occurring genetic variation” as a threshold to trigger biosafety protocols has garnered criticism, as has South Africa’s chosen definition of GMO (Entine et al. , 2021: 566). Though part of the FSANZ agreement with Australia as discussed in the previous section, continues to define gene edited organisms as GMOs. In 2014, there were discussions regarding changing how gene edited agrifoods were regulated but this was not successful. continues to regulate gene edited agrifoods under the Act under the Authority (Ahmad et al. , 2021). 3. 3 Proposed RegulationThe countries in this category as of early 2024 were in the midst of finalizing their regulations for gene edited agrifoods (Fig. 3. 2, orange shading). There are ongoing policy discussions and draft proposals currently under review. This category includes and Uruguay (Chou, 2023). Some countries in this category are leaning towards regulating gene edited agrifoods the same way as GMOs, while others are seeking a simplified assessment procedure. According to Informant 19 (a private sector representative), there are open discussions among several sub-countries regarding harmonization of regulatory frameworks for gene editing agrifoods. They explain: The conversation is starting to happen on having a harmonized regulatory landscape. For example, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and a little bit of Rwanda. These conversations are happening since we trade closely with each other. Maybe it’s best for us to come up with a more regional regulatory framework for these emerging technologies. would say for now, it’s still fragmented.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H. Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H. Solin, Namenwechsel und besondere Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Philologus 133, 1989, 252-259. H. Solin, Namenpaare. zur römischen Namengebung, Helsinki 1990. H. Solin, Anthroponymie und Epigraphik. Einheimische und fremde Bevölkerung, Hyperboreus 1, 1994/1995, Fasc. 2, 93-115. H. Solin, Die sogenannten Berufsnamen antiker Ärzte, in: Ph. J. van der Eijk (ed. ), Ancient medicine in its socio-cultural context, 1992, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, I 119-142. H. Solin, Namensgebung und Politik. und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Tyche 10, 1995, 185-210. H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. I-III, Stuttgart 1996. H. Solin, Coppie di nomi, in: Epigrafia e territorio. Politica e società romane IV, Bari 1996, 353-369. H. . Architectus, Arctos 31, 1997, 135-142. H. Solin, Nochmals zu Berufsnamen bei antiken Ärzten, Acta34-35, 1998-99, 389-393. H. Solin, der sog. Nomina artis im antiken Rom, in: Onomastik, Akten des XVIII.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: com/originals/6e/05/eb/ 6e05eb36ee25e3d0b2b5712d56742a88. jpg, Acknowledge the picture image from dian. com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/may/22/ever-changing-seascapes-in-pictures, Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from terest. com/pin/354025220691930622/ purpose of this study was to develop an avant-garde clothing collection using recycled water-related materials, and it showed the possibility to create elaborate and beautiful avant-garde collections using waste materials. Using the this 46. . Sustainability fashion practices: Women’s apparel in the U. S. industry. Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic & Social Sustainability. 2011;7(4):115‒134. McCormick J. The global environmental movement. London: Wiley; 1995. p. 312. Winge TM. Green is the new black: Celebrity chic and the 'Green' commodity fetish. Fashion Theory: J Dress, Body & Culture. 2008;12(4):511‒523. Waste. Wastes - Non-Hazardous waste-Municipal solid waste. Agency. 2014. Future, 2017. Molinaro H. Plastic water bottles go to waste, says Calif. conservation agency. Plastics Engineering. 2003;59(7):64. Facts. Ban the Bottle. Chua P. Plastic water bottles are toxic to ecology. Filipino Reporter. 2016;44(24):33. Claudio L. Waste couture: Environmental impact of the clothing industry. Perspect. 2007;115(9):A448‒A454. Thomas S. From 'green blur' to ecofashion: Fashioning an eco-lexicon. Fashion Theory: J Dress, Body & Culture. 2008;12(4):525‒539. Avant-garde art. Encyclopedia of Art Education. Avant-garde. Online. Adamson W.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: When you look at Kenya, for example, it could be a step ahead when it comes to genome editing and developing the regulatory framework for that innovation. is still grappling with putting in place the regulatory framework for GMOs and so I would say countries are starting to have that conversation. But there’s no homogeneity in getting this to be operationalized. The concern is that it would help if regions had more harmonized regulatory frameworks. (Informant 19) is also developing its own regulatory framework for gene edited agrifoods. has procedures in place for determining whether a gene edited crop is considered a GMO. 2023, the country amended its biotechnology regulations to reduce barriers to common applications of modern biotechnology. It is expected that the first gene edited banana that is resistant to yield reducing fungal diseases will be on the market in by the end of 2024 (USDA, 2024). But as Informant 19 states, there are ongoing challenges for developing countries who are creating regulatory frameworks from scratch. They state: …developing countries…there’s a challenge to have a regulatory landscape that is working for technologies that are pre-existing like genetic engineering. So before we even had closure on that, genome editing is coming in and it’s creating what you might call ‘a spanner in the works’ where some policy makers are like, ‘wait, wait, should we pause? ’ Formulating the regulatory landscape for GMOs and consider how we can incorporate these imagined technologies. So there’s that challenge of whether to use existing regulatory frameworks for GMOs for genome editing or to completely start afresh with genome editing and because of that, it’s affecting the speed at which the genome edited products and innovations may benefit the intended end users. So that’s one of the key challenges I see, especially here in the developing world. (Informant 19) government has invested substantially in gene editing research programs, according to Tiwari et al. (2021: 18) and initially planned to develop ten new varieties of gene edited crops. In 2019, a federal program was announced that included developing thirty new varieties of gene edited agrifoods by 2027 (Dobrovidova, 2019). The country has also prohibited the environmental release of GMOs and gene edited organisms; however, researchers have been allowed to experiment with these techniques for research purposes only as of 2016.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: für Namenforschung, Trier 1993, Tübingen 1999, III 15-23. H. Solin, Nomi greci nel mondo romano, in: P. Poccetti (ed. ), L’onomastica di Roma. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Rom 2009, 61-83. M. Squire, Ars in their “I“ s. Authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture, in: A. Marmodoro – J. Hill (edd. ), The author’s voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford 2013, 357-414. M. Squire, Roman art and the artist, in: B. Borg (ed. ), Wiley-Blackwell companion to Roman art, Malden, MA 2015, 172-194. E. M. Štaerman, Die Blütezeit der Sklavenwirtschaft in der römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1969. E. M. Štaerman, L’esclavage dans l’artisanat romain, DialHistAnc 2, 1976, 103-127. A. F. Stewart, Attika. Studies in Athenian sculpture of the hellenistic age, London 1979. P. Stewart, The social history of Roman art, Cambridge 2008. G. Susini, Il coroplasta Dionisio di Colofone, ArchCl 17, 1965, 302-305. L. R. Taylor, Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome, AJPh 82, 1961, 113-132. E. Thomas, Nochmals zu den beiden Bechern des Chirisophos, KölnJb 33, 2000, 251-260. E. Thomas, verarbeitender Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: From the parts to the whole, Acta of the. 1996, Portsmouth 2002, II 241-247. E. Thomas, ΜΝΗΣΘΗ Ο ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩΝ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: Exploration of 3D printing to create zero-waste sustainable fashion notions and jewelry access Published: 27 December 2018 Exploration of 3D printing to create zero-waste sustainable fashion notions and jewelry : orcid. org/0000-0001-9873-61871 & Rachel Greeninger1 Fashion and Textiles 101. html). The reported project used extrusion printing but there are other types of 3D printing: stereo lithography, digital light processing (DLP), laser sintering or laser melting, inkjet, selective deposition lamination (SDL), and electron beam melting (EBM) (3D Printing Ally, n. d. ). 3D printing filaments3D printers heat and extrude plastic filaments (raw material). MakerBot uses virgin materials such as polylactic Acid (PLA) (corn-based), Styrene (ABS), and flexible filament. PLA is preferred because it is biodegradable, has a lower melting point, and has higher dimensional stability as compared to ABS; however, PLA is water-soluble and not best for long-term wear (Pei et al. 2015; Samuels and Flowers 2015). Pei et al. (2015) reported significant findings through experimenting with warping, bond, print and flex with their choice of experimental filaments, and Nylon 465, in both woven and knit fabrics made from natural or synthetic fabrics. They concluded that experimentation is needed to find solutions to challenges in using 3D printing for fabric applications. In the meantime, plastic has both environmental and social components of sustainability. Joshua Pearce, a material scientist, created an ethical filament standard for 3D printing filament, following which the ethical filament was formed ( The ethical filament standard and mark is a work in progress. It will serve as a globally recognized fair-trade brand. Once ready, it will certify the ethical credentials of both sourcing and production of a filament. It will partner with waste-picking communities and local entrepreneurs to create a seamless process to create 3D printer filament from recycled waste materials. The proposed standard will grade filament using the Value Chain. Proposed grading involves going through the following stages: plastic collection, cleaning, shredding and flaking, pigment and extrusion, quality checking, packing and dispatching.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: Biosafety testing is based on scientific information and appropriate data relative to the environmental risk of the PNT compared to its counterparts established in the Canadian environment. Testing must show that the PNT, once released, is not able to comingle with native species of a similar genotype (gene flow) or become a weed (weediness), must have its pest potential tested, must not be toxic to humans and/or animals, and must not pose a threat to biodiversity (CFIA, 2023, Directive 2009-09). Each stage of the regulatory system is dictated by regulations set out in Directives (DIR). The series of Directives dictate the requirements a pending PNT must meet to be approved for unconfined environmental release. are vital parts of Canada’s product-based safety evaluation system for PNTs/novel foods (Clark & Phillips, 2013). Fig. 3. 3Regulatory pathway for novel crops, foods and feeds in CanadaFull size imageFigure 3. 3 is a simplified decision-making tree for plants with novel traits/novel foods. As indicated in Fig. 3. 3, oversees the regulatory process for foods, with CFIA having responsibility for feeds or crops. In both cases, if the feed/crop/food is not considered novel no pre-market assessment is necessary, and the product proceeds to commercialization. For feed/crops considered novel, a series of steps include pre-submission meeting of relevant bodies, and pre-market assessments. For foods considered novel, Guidelines apply, and pre-market submission assessments are required. If the plant with novel trait or the novel food does not satisfy risk and safety assessments, approval is not forthcoming. If risk and safety assessments are met, decisions are posted on the CFIA website (feed/crops), or Health Canada’s website (food) and commercialization is allowed. Feed/crops undergo variety registration and are listed in the Database prior to commercialization. PNTs are subjected to a very complex and detailed risk assessment process. also has rigorous thresholds for what is considered novel and how a novel food is treated in the regulatory system. Considering the rigor of the regulatory system in place to assess PNTs, it is significant that both and CFIA declared that gene edited plants are not considered novel simply because they are derived from gene editing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Bemerkungen zum Selbstverständnis und zur Einschätzung von Künstlern und Kunsthandwerkern in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: D. Boschung – H. Hellenkemper (edd. ), Kosmos der Zeichen. Schriftbild und Bildformel in Antike und Mittelalter, Wiesbaden 2007, 319-338. J. M. C. Toynbee, Some notes on artists in the Roman world, Brüssel 1951. N. Tran, Les membres des associations romaines, Rom 2006. S. Treggiari, during the late republic, Oxford 1969. V. Velkov, des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermoesiens, in: J. Hamatta (ed. ), Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Amsterdam 1968, 382-387. M. -L. Vollenweider, und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden 1966. R. Vollkommer, Greek and Roman artists, in: C. Marconi (ed. ), handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture, Oxford 2015, 107-135. J. P. Waltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’ à la chute de l’empire d’occident I-IV, Löwen 1895-1900. B. Wesenberg, Für eine situative Deutung des polykletischen Doryphoros, JdI 112, 1997, 59-75. R. Weis, des Griechischen im Rom der republikanischen Zeit, in: C. W. Müller u. a. (edd. ), mit fremden Sprachen in der griechisch-römischen Antike, Stuttgart 1992, 137-142. W. L. Westermann, Sklaverei, in: RE Suppl. VI, 1935, 894-1068. P.

Output: pass