Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Red indicates compound targets, magenta indicates native compounds to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655Full size image RetSynth and RetroPath were able to identify 3 pathways for production of 2-propanol in Escherichia coli (Fig. 6a). Pathways identified by the tools consisted of 1) the conversion of native compound farnesyl diphosphate to 2-propanol in 3 enzymatic conversions, 2) the conversion of native compound acetoacetate to 2-propanol in 2 enzymatic conversions, and 3) the conversion of methylglyoxal to 2-propanol in 3 enzymatic conversions. Both tools were also able to find synthetic pathways for 2-methylbutanal (Fig. 2b). RetSynth was able to find 3 pathways, all of which contained 2 enzymatic steps. All pathways produce the intermediate 3-methy-2-oxopentanoate (which is subsequently converted to 2-methylbutanal) from 3 different native compounds including 2-methylbutanoyl CoA, isoleucine and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate. RetroPath was only able to identify one pathway which was the conversions of isoleucine to 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and then to 2-methylbutanal. Finally, for isobutanol 3 pathways of almost identical enzymatic conversions were found by RetroPath and RetSynth (Fig. 6c). Both identified the 3-step pathway which takes valine and produces isobutanol as well as a 2-step pathway which takes 3-methyl-2 oxobutanoate and produces isobutanol. The final pathway of 3 enzymatic conversion steps starts again with native compound 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate and transforms it into isobutanoyl-CoA and then into isobutanal and subsequently isobutanol. The second step is catalyzed by EC 1. 2. 1. 10 in RetSynth and EC 3. 6. 1. - in RetroPath2. 0. The removal of CoA from a substrate is represented by a general reaction in RetroPath and therefore the corresponding enzyme is less specific than what is given by RetSynth. Overall RetSynth was able to identify pathways for a larger set of compounds than RetroPath.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: puts it, If our children see it as acceptable behaviour for their parents to scream and shout at a robot or to hit it, then, despite the fact that we can program robots to feel no such pain or unhappiness, our children might well come to accept that such behaviour is acceptable in the treatment of human beings. (2009: 214) But whether or not Levy and Darling’s points of desensitisation and behaviour modelling ring true depends on how we conceive of social robots and on how we see them fitting into our society. If children see their parents shouting at or hitting the laptop in frustration when it crashes (again) we need not conclude that they will then believe that such behaviour is acceptable in the treatment of humans—nor are we likely to call for rights for inanimate objects on that basis. In order for us to move from the belief that the mistreatment of social robots is morally or socially acceptable to the conclusion that the mistreatment of human beings is likewise acceptable, we must have a view of social robots that categorises them on at least some parameters alongside human beings. Footnote 16 Darling’s argument receives some support from the fact that she, along side many others, supports a domesticated animal view of social robots. Footnote 17 According to this view, we should consider our relationship with social robots as analogous to our relationship with domesticated animals. If we do this, the case for extending rights to social robots does look stronger. However, it is far from clear that such an analogy is the right one. 3 of Social RobotsIt seems incontrovertible that we can feel emotionally attached to social robots and may experience empathy when we see them being harmed. But how we frame that attachment will have an impact on the social and moral significance of our responses. Footnote 18 The most common framing in the literature draws on our relationships with animals. This does appear initially plausible. The attachment of the soldier to his landmine social robot may appear to him to be like the attachment that he has felt for animals that he has worked with in the line of duty. Similarly, the response that we have when the Roomba is stuck under the sofa may appear to us to be very similar to the response that we had when our gerbil was stuck in its running tube.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Divya Abstract: Lung cancer is one type of cancer that develops in the lungs. Early identification of lung cancer symptoms may lead to a successful treatment. The dataset indicates the presence of duplicate characteristics, as well as an imbalanced classification, making lung cancer classification a challenging task. This study presents a novel approach that combines the with the standard random forest (ASRF) model to enhance the efficacy of lung cancer dataset identification. The ASRF, as described, offers interpretable outcomes by using feature significance, hence providing significant insights into the aspects that contribute to judgments on the classification of lung cancer. The classification algorithm is used to ascertain the existence or absence of lung cancer in a certain patient. When comparing the proposed ASRF with the current and GB, compared to other existing methods, the ASRF technique achieved 93. 5% precision, 94. 7% recall, 94. 1% F-measure, and 94% accuracy. Keywords: lung cancer; LC; MLP; support vector machine; SVM; GB. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10065391 Modified VGG-16 model for COVID-19 chest X-ray images: optimal binary severity assessment by Abstract: A pandemic caused by a virus known as COVID-19 has swept across the globe. One potential weapon in the fight against COVID-19 could be early detection through the use of chest X-ray images. In this paper, I have used modified VGG-16 deep learning model for binary classification of COVID-19 chest X-ray images. There are 16 weight layers in the standard VGG-16 model. In the suggested modified VGG model, the total number of weight layers has been reduced from 16 to 9 (eight convolutional layers and one fully connected layer). According to the results, the modified VGG-16 model performs better than the other three models (and VGG-16) in terms of quantitative measures of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The dataset used for the proposed work consists of 24,000 chest X-ray images of lung collected from online depository comprising of 12,000 for each class (healthy and pneumonia). Keywords: deep learning; classification; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; modified VGG-16. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The effect of metabolic stress on genome stability of a synthetic biology chassis Escherichia coli K12 strain access Published: 22 January 2018 The effect of metabolic stress on genome stability of a synthetic biology chassis Escherichia coli K12 strain Jillian M. Couto1, Anne McGarrity1, Julie Russell1 & …William T. Sloan1 Show authors Factories 1655. We estimated mutation rates and utilised them as indicators of an increase in genome instability. We show that within 24 h the spontaneous mutation rate had increased similarly in both strains, destabilizing the genomes. High rates were maintained for the duration of the experiment. Growth rates of a cohort of randomly sampled mutants from both strains were utilized as a proxy for emerging phenotypic, and by association genetic variation. Mutant growth rates were consistently less than rates in non-mutants, an indicator of reduced fitness and the presence of mildly deleterious mutations in both the strains. In addition, the effect of these mutations on the populations as a whole varied by strain. ConclusionsOverall, this study shows that genome reductions in the MDS42 did not stabilize the chassis under metabolic stress. Over time, this could compromise the effectiveness of synthetic organisms built on chassis in environmental applications. BackgroundSynthetic biology combines advanced molecular and systems biology techniques with principles of engineering design [1, 2]. This field of study is currently designing modified microorganisms, with novel and increasingly sophisticated synthetic biochemical pathways, that have the potential to deliver solutions to some of the world’s most pressing problems in healthcare, energy and the environment [3,4,5]. For synthetic biology to gain traction it has been necessary to improve and streamline the basic technologies at the heart of the discipline. Thus, there has been a focus on standardization of all of the biological parts in the synthetic biological system. This extends all the way to the genomes of the organisms intended to house the synthetic gene circuits, so reduced or “clean” genome chassis have so far been developed for common lab strains of Escherichia coli [6, 7], Pseudomonas putida [8, 9] and Bacillus subtilis [10]. Scaling-up and placing these engineered organisms in robust biotechnologies is a challenge synthetic biologists are increasingly being forced to confront as the discipline matures [11].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: However, from the observation that the emotional responses feel the same to us, we need not conclude that the objects, the animals and the social robots, have the same significance for us or deserve the same rights. and Verdicchio put it, while acknowledging an apparent similarity in our emotional response to social robots and animals, “[…] whether this capacity to elicit anthropomorphization and attachment is sufficient to justify using one type of entity as a model for treatment of the other is quite a different matter. ” (2018: 293). (2021), I proposed a theory of the metaphysics of social robots that provides an alternative framework for understanding our relationship with them. Rather than thinking of social robots as analogous to animals in our environment, we are to think of them as mechanical objects with fictional overlays. This dualist framework allows us to agree that on the one hand, the object—the Roomba, PARO, the land mine robot—is simply a mechanical device or tool, whilst accommodating the fact that certain features of the robot—the way it moves, its cosmetic design, the way it communicates—encourage us not simply to anthropomorphise but to engage in character creation. When we interact with a social robot, we interact with an embodied fictional character. And that is a new experience for us. The base for our engagement is depicted for us, sometimes intentionally other times not, by the creators—in the Roomba and landmine robot it is there in the object’s autonomous movements, in PARO it is in a more sophisticated combination of movement, look, feel and sounds. But the character itself, imaginations of Roomba’s aims, developments of PARO’s nature as a being, we build in our minds. Through our engagement with the social robot, and as a result of its anthropomorphism, we create for it both a fictional character and a fictional mental life which become part of the robot in our thinking. Footnote 19 If we talk to Roomba it is because it has a fictional overlay that would welcome our conversation. If we feel pity when Roomba gets stuck it is because it has a fictional overlay that has needs and desires that are being frustrated. A social robot that displays pain behaviour, fear behaviour or aggressive behaviour can encourage an emotional response in us in large part because it has gained a character with a psychological life in our mind.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: 89% sensitivity, 91. 50% specificity, 94. 25% precision and 92. 51% F1-score. This proposed method offers an optimised workflow for fast and correct segmentation of tumour tissues in most early cancer diagnoses. Keywords: image processing; deep learning; suppressed segmentation framework; SSF; hyperspectral image processing; HSIP; earlier cancer detection; traditional imaging techniques; hyperspectral imaging; hierarchical segmentation. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066121 Age invariant face recognition method based on enhanced convolutional neural network by Abstract: Research on anti age invariant face recognition can not only improve the robustness of facial recognition systems, but also provide guidance for the development and application of facial recognition technology. Aiming at the problems of low peak signal-to-noise ratio, low recognition accuracy and long recognition time of traditional anti-age invariant face recognition methods, an age invariant face recognition method based on enhanced convolutional neural network is proposed. The captured images are enhanced using a bilateral filtering algorithm. The SURF algorithm is employed to extract facial features and remove age-related interference features, completing the selection of facial image features. These selected features are then inputted into the enhanced CNN to obtain the age invariant face recognition results. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a maximum image peak signal-to-noise ratio of 56. 85dB,varying recognition accuracy in the range of 96. 1% to 97. 6%,and a maximum recognition time of 78. 96ms Keywords: enhanced convolutional neural network; age invariant; face recognition; bilateral filtering algorithm; SURF algorithm. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066150 Dual pipeline technique for detecting sepsis from photoplethysmography by : The goal of this work is to improve the performance of sepsis-detection in photoplethysmography (PPG) data. To achieve this goal, we present a hybrid technique for classifying sepsis in PPG data based on confident learning (CL) with noisy data. The technique presented in this study employs CL to improve the accuracy and reliability of the machine learning models, as it takes into account the uncertainty associated with each prediction.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In highly controlled laboratory conditions it has been shown that reduced genome chassis can help with this transition [12, 13] in two respects. First, a reduced genome eases the metabolic burden of both replicating and expressing a large number of genes thus allowing more energy to be directed towards endogenous gene expression [6, 7, 9, 14,15,16]. Second, by deleting mobile genetic elements, the genome becomes more stable and reproducible, with a reduced likelihood of both mobile-element driven mutagenesis and unwanted byproducts [7, 15]. The benefits of reduced genomes were conceived of with highly controllable white-biotechnologies in mind [12, 13]. However, it remains a moot point as to whether these benefits hold in biotechnologies that routinely experience external perturbations. So, for example, in bioenergy, environmental sensing or resource recovery from waste products it would be naive to expect these engineered organisms to live stress-free. This begs the question; does reducing a genome remain beneficial in the face of, inevitable, environmental stress? Whilst a myriad of different environmental stressors exist, here we take one by way of an example: starvation. Engineered microorganisms deployed in the environment, in for example, a sensing device would need to ‘live off the land”. Almost all environmental bacterial, almost all of the time, live in oligotrophic conditions; typical carbon concentration of 1–5 mg/L as compared to more-than 2 g/L in typical lab media [17, 18]. These long periods of starvation equate to chronic metabolic stress [18, 19]. In lab studies and in natural microbial populations, starvation causes a decrease in growth rate and an increase in transient mutation rates termed “stress-induced mutagenesis” [20,21,22]. This phenomenon can promote the emergence of hypermutable subpopulations, which can become temporarily advantageous and contribute to persistence of the entire population [22, 23]. However, for a population of engineered organisms with reduced genomes that are intended to remain stable and perform reliably in a biotechnology, the rapid emergence of mutants introduces an element of unwanted unpredictability, where the resultant loss or gain of function could ultimately compromise the technology. In this study, the E. coli reduced genome strain MDS42 was used as an example of a chassis that was engineered for stability.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: The anthropomorphism of social robots is to be understood, not as our classifying the social robot as animal-like, but as the creation of a fictional character. This framework moves us away from the temptation to equate our emotional response and its social significance with that of our relationship with animals and instead to consider the social significance of our emotional response to fiction. We have some experience of bringing our rationality to bear on our emotions in the area of fiction. Skilled authors, directors, musicians and poets can draw characters and scenarios that evoke in us high levels of empathy and emotion. We can feel devastated when a character whom we are invested in dies or is hurt. We feel fearful for them when they seem to be in danger. The feelings can be incredibly strong and often generalises—a cinema full of people can be in a collective state of devastation after watching a particularly emotive scene. What is relevant to our considerations here is what happens after the movie has ended. We may leave the cinema with tears on our faces but minutes later we can be laughing the experience off, often surprised by the strength of our emotional reaction as it was. It is true that some characters linger with us and we seem to take them into our lives almost as we would a friend. But even in those cases we would stop short of making any life decisions based on our empathy for a fictional character. Likewise with regards to social robots, although research might show that Darling is correct in claiming that “the line between lifelike and alive is muddled in our subconscious when interacting with something physically”, it is doubtful that the research evidences long-term emotional effects of viewing the damage of social robots. We can experience the emotional effects of watching a movie but they do not linger with us into our day-to-day life because we know that the pain that we see is affected, not real. Similarly, we can find it immediately distressing to watch a social robot being damaged and feigning pain through its behaviour but the distress does not linger with us in the way that witnessing the harm of a living thing would. 4 Dualism model does not in itself determine an answer to the question of whether social robots are to be granted rights in order to protect the morality of society. But it might show that we are looking in the wrong place if we consider our relationship with domesticated animals to be our guide.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: November 4, 2019 Legumes can help to eliminate trace element deficiency in Africa Nutrient-poor soils in Africa is a pressing issue. As a result, many people in the African continent suffer from nutrient deficiency due to not being able to access nutritious foods. This is what makes the work of D. Dakora of of Technology so important. His pioneering research into finding foods that will enable increased nutrient consumption in the diet, and his work demonstrating that the application of nitrates, typically found in fertilisers, can actually decrease the amount of trace elements in certain foods, is of vital importance for Africa’s rural populations. Nutrient deficiency is a major health problem on a global scale, and nowhere is this issue more apparent than in Africa. Due to the inherently low concentration of nutrients in African soils, exacerbated by the common practice of cultivating crops without fertilisers, and the removal of left-over crop residues after grain harvest, nutrient deficiency is a serious problem in the continent. This is where the work of Dakora and his at the of Technology comes into play. Dakora is at the forefront of researching solutions that ensure people receive enough trace elements in their diets. Funded by the Bill and Foundation, the Foundation of South Africa, the in Agrochemurgy and Plant Symbioses, and the of Technology, Pretoria, Dakora is well placed to conduct this research. Legumes are a type of flowering plant that have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil. A background to the problem Due to the inherently low levels of nutrients in African soils, approximately 232 million people suffer from trace element deficiency in the African continent. Examples of common nutrients that people are deficient in include iron, zinc, selenium and iodine. Trace elements are chemical elements present only in minute amounts in soil and have a relatively low presence in foods. Despite being found in low levels, these trace elements are nonetheless important. In small doses, they are vital for brain development and are purported to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders and age-related degenerative diseases. Their deficiency can also lead to stunted growth, a critical issue when considering that many children suffer from trace element deficiency in Africa. Africa, the problem is so severe that there is now a policy of supplementing food materials for children with trace elements such as iron, zinc and selenium in order to meet the dietary requirements recommended by the Organization.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: It was created by systematically deleting non-essential genes, mobile DNA elements and cryptic prophages from the MG1655 strain, while retaining optimal growth properties, and has been described and extensively characterized elsewhere [6, 7, 15, 24]. Its genome is 14. 30% smaller than MG1655 and has lost, inter alia, all insertion sequence (IS) elements [6]. A fluctuation analysis showed that the spontaneous background mutation rate was 2. 4-fold lower in the MDS42 strain than in the parent MG1655 strain, evidence in support of this engineered stability [6]. We questioned whether targeted genome reductions that promote stability would offer an advantage over a non-reduced genome in a stressed environment. Concordant with ‘streamlining theory’ (for example: [25]), a reduced genome increases the efficiency of a microorganism, enabling it to persist in a depleted environment. This ability to persist despite limited resources could translate into reduced instances of stress-induced mutagenesis. In contrast, genome reductions might eliminate compensatory pathways, increasing the overall effect of mutations on the organism’s genome. To test our hypothesis, we grew and maintained populations of both the reduced-genome (MDS42) and their parent strain (MG1655) under sustained metabolic stress while we quantified and compared mutation rates and their effect on fitness and stability. Triplicate chemostats were utilized, which enabled us to simulate sustained starvation conditions via glucose-limitation [26,27,28] over a period of 21 days (504 h or 73 generations). Importantly, it is thought that steady state growth, only achievable in chemostats, is closer to the state in which microbes grow in their natural environment [29]. Therefore we grew and maintained steady populations of E. coli K12 multiple deletion series (MDS) strain MDS42 [6]. Then, in identical conditions, we grew and maintained steady populations of the parent K12 MG1655 strain, which served as a control. We quantified spontaneous mutation accumulation in both sets of populations periodically. We show that within 24 h both strains accumulated mutations at a similar rate. Furthermore, these mutation rates were dynamic in strains from both populations and increased overall, showing that this engineered stability was insufficient when strains underwent metabolic stress.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: Dualism account of social robots allows us to helpfully distinguish the physical object from the fictional overlay. The apparent connection between the object and the fiction is not real. We cannot harm the object as it has no agency, only the fictional appearance of agency and, although our emotional response might lead us to think otherwise, we cannot harm the fiction. (2021), I argue that calls for restrictive legislation to block the permitting of individual acts of harm to social robots are overly zealous—we would not introduce a law to prevent cruel literature nor a law to prevent the decapitation of teddies, despite finding the latter distasteful. put it, ‘[…] the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. ’ (1978, 9). However one might accept that social robots cannot be harmed in the sense that they cannot feel pain, while still claiming that harm may come to wider society indirectly through permitting the destruction or damage of social robots. Furthermore, it can be argued that an action can be harmful to society in intangible ways, even if that action cannot be shown to directly harm a particular agent. For example, the action can be harmful if it proves to desensitise agents towards committing violent acts and if, once desensitised in the restricted context, the agents are more likely to engage in violent activities in general contexts. Footnote 20Arguments like this are not new. One place where we find similar arguments is in the culture and literature around video games. In video games, agent’s avatars or chosen characters are often involved in violent behaviour towards other characters in the games. Players choose to engage in activities that elicit pain-like behaviour or result in some other damage to their opponent characters. The violence displayed can be extraordinary—in Mortal Kombat, for example, you kill your opponent’s character in eye-watering ways, for example, pulling out their internal organs and spinning them until they explode in a splattering of blood and guts. When playing first-person games, the agent (the player) will be causing extreme pain-like behaviour in fictional characters in the game. The characters are depicting a pain experience, yet the agent explicitly believes that such behaviour is not caused by the character feeling pain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Genotypes are types of the same species but with slightly different genetic makeups. This research has incredible practical implications. For example, if certain genotypes of cowpea have higher concentrations of trace minerals, then less of their leaf matter needs to be consumed in order to obtain a satisfactory amount of trace elements in the diet. This means that growing certain types of cowpea over others for consumption has huge health benefits. has paved the way for further research, showing that more needs to be done to identify suitable crop plants that exhibit high levels of trace elements. Dakora’s work also indicates that the cowpea genotypes that contain higher amounts of trace elements in their leaves are high nitrogen fixers, due to their physiological make up. This means that they are efficient at the process previously mentioned; and they are able to accumulate large amounts of nitrogen in their biomass. Nitrate fertilisers can significantly decrease the concentration of trace elements, thus reducing the dietary value of legume leaves. Understanding this is crucial; with careful breeding of select plants, the high nitrogen-fixing trait could be enhanced. This research has the potential to overcome trace element deficiency in rural Africa through plant breeding. Significantly, this research shows that the consumption of legumes has great potential to decrease trace element deficiency in humans. While the study did not necessarily indicate how these trace elements will be processed when consumed, Dakora has paved the way for further research, in particular to identify suitable plants that exhibit high levels of trace elements in edible plant parts. The problem with nitrates Dakora has done additional research into the issue of trace element deficiency, but taking a different path, which looks at the potential of adding nitrates to plants to increase the amounts of minerals and nutrients that they contain. Nitrate fertilisers are notorious for contributing both to ground and water pollution, as well as to global warming. Despite this, they are thought of as the solution to increasing crop yields, and therefore food security, in many situations. However, in a study undertaken in 2012, along with student researchers in his laboratory, Dakora demonstrated that in the case of increasing trace elements in diets in Africa, adding nitrates to crops would have the opposite intended effect. The study tested how several legume plants (including cowpea) would respond to the addition of nitrates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Cross-feeders are individuals that only grow well as part of a group and have been known to emerge in glucose-limited chemostats [34]. If this were the case then reconstituting the mutant population would change the mean growth rate. We tested this with one of the mutant populations and found that when we mixed the mutants, we observed a 4. 8-fold increase in growth rate compared to when each was grown individually (Fig. 4). Fig. 4Analyses of the cross feeding (CF) phenotype that was detected amongst the MG1655 cycR mutants. Mean growth rates of 48 cycR mutants that were grown in batch monocultures (dotted) and as a group (grey)Full size image The observation of a relative increase in mutant growth rate, when grouped, led us to investigate whether this was a general phenomenon that occurred in all the chemostats. A chemostat environment ensures that cell density is controlled by the dilution rate (steady state). Although cell density remained fairly stable over time (Fig. 1a), there were still some fluctuations observed that were quantified as deviations from the mean. An increase in the growth rate in a portion of the population would be expected to yield a temporary rise in density until the system equilibrates back to the original density and mean growth rate. We tested whether this fluctuation from ‘steady state’ was related to mutant accumulation (mutant CFU/mL) using Kendell’s tau (τ). We found a strong trend towards a correlation (τ = 1. 0000; P = 0. 0833) between mutant CFU and the variation in cell density of the MG1655 population, but not the MDS42 population (τ = 0. 3333, P = 0. 7500). DiscussionA major motivation for adopting minimal genome chassis organisms in applications of synthetic biology centers on minimising mutations and genetic diversity and thus enhancing stability and reproducibility. These are desirable properties in biotechnologies and there is promising lab-scale evidence [6, 9, 15, 16] that minimal chassis can deliver them for white-biotechnologies, where the environment can be tightly controlled [12, 13]. However, for many proposed applications of synthetic biology, such as in environmental sensors, organisms will be exposed to environmental stress, such as metabolic stress.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Future robots will have the ability to fully replicate human emotions, such as love and empathy. The majority of climate scientists agree that human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, are driving global warming. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 83605 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechChange and Edited by From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Climate change and global warmingIn spite of the irregular behavior on a daily basis, observations show that, in the atmospheric character of some geographic area, there is some long-time regularity. However, in the twentieth century, the world temperature increased which influenced the world climate. Climate scientists reported that humankind’s growing emission of greenhouse gases will make the long-term change in the climate and global temperature. As organizations, governments, and people have moved onward with strategies and actions to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, to adapt to the impacts of climate change, the need for information to support climate-related decisions has grown rapidly in recent years. There is a lack of credible information system to inform climate adoptions and estimate their efficiency. Greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere through burning coal, natural gas, oil, solid waste, wood products, and trees. The greenhouse gases are emitted during the production and transport of fossil fuels or as a result of livestock and other agricultural practices. Changes in greenhouse gas emissions are influenced by many long- and short-term factors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The results of his study showed that adding nitrates to five different legume species significantly altered the concentration of mineral elements in their leaves, stems and roots. In many of the legumes, certain nutrient quantities increased; for example, in one species, commonly known as water blossom pea (Podalyria calyptrate), the concentrations of calcium increased in all parts of the plant, while the concentrations of potassium and iron increased in only the leaves. Photo shows a yellowish maize crop growing on an African soil that is poor in nutrients, while the associated Bambara groundnut crop (a legume) is looking green because it obtains its nitrogen mostly from air. These increases in nutrients can be explained; as the plant feeds on nitrates, it also needs to take in potassium and calcium in order to restore ion balance. While this may sound like good news, the study actually found that while nitrates can increase concentrations of some elements, nitrate supply significantly decreases the concentration of trace elements, thus decreasing the dietary value of legume leaves. The study further found that the concentrations of trace elements including manganese, zinc and boron decreased in four legume species after nitrates had been applied. The study also found that the addition of nitrates to legumes as they grow had the potential to decrease the ability of these plants to fix nitrogen, which is so desperately needed for sustainable crop growth and yields. Dakora’s research has shown that certain types of plants can contribute more in terms of combating trace element deficiency and that although nitrate use can increase some nutrients in plants, it decreases trace elements and therefore cannot be used to solve the problem. Taken together, this research provides a very clear takeaway message; that there is huge potential for legumes grown in certain ways to decrease trace element deficiency in rural Africa. Although trace element deficiency is a serious problem in many rural areas in Africa, Dakora’s research into both the potential of legumes to contribute to lowering rates of trace element deficiency and the effects of adding nitrates to these plants is of crucial importance. He has shown that including legumes in agricultural systems is necessary for enhancing nutritional security in Africa, and that nitrate use is not necessarily part of this solution. What further research needs to be done on trace element deficiency? <>Getting beneficial soil microbes to promote greater trace element uptake by cereal crops is our next research activity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Shikonin was also reported to possess pharmaceutical value in inflammatory and infectious diseases [8]. As a secondary metabolite generated by the walnut tree (Juglandaceae), juglone has several biological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal effects [9]. Plumbagin, a plant-derived naphthoquinone, is a yellow compound extracted from the root of Plumbago zeylanica L. and has a wide range of biological activities including anticancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic properties [10]. is a class of isoprenoid molecules existing in multiple dietary forms, which are essential to normal coagulation as an enzyme cofactor for γ-carboxylation of peptide-bound Glu residues. All vitamin K forms are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives, term as menaquinones and have important roles in human biology, such as bone, cardiovascular, and metabolic health [11]. As menaquinone is the essential electron-delivery vector of the respiratory chain in various microbial cells, bacteria are the main producers of menaquinone in industry [12]. 1,4-naphthoquinone is the critical intermediate in the biosynthesis of menaquinones in bacteria [13]. and its derivatives are primarily synthesized by Gram-positive bacteria and found in much lower amounts in the food supply in meat, dairy or fermented food products [11]. Engineering microbial systems for the efficient synthesis of natural products has been noted as an important application of synthetic biology. The heterologous reconstitution of the biosynthetic pathways for natural products in microbial chassis cells has attracted increasing attention [14]. Since microbial chassis cells demonstrated high catalytic power of enzymes and a large panoply of biosynthesized products, they have been shown to be profitable in many applications. Some model microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been considered as ideal cell factories, thanks to the high growth rate, availability of synthetic biology tools and relatively well-studied metabolic networks [14, 15]. Nevertheless, these cell factories still remain, to a great degree, black boxes that often exceed engineers’ expectations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Future robots will have the ability to fully replicate human emotions, such as love and empathy. The majority of climate scientists agree that human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, are driving global warming. [SEP] Text: In fact, construction of numerous dams in the watershed has choked off water source from the mountains towering on either side of the Lake Urmia. Figure 2 shows the existing, under construction, and under study dams in the basin of Lake Urmia. Figure 2 shows intensification in diversion of surface water and water utilization further than current levels which at present appear to be unsustainable. Figure 2. The spreading of dams in Urmia watersheds. Reducing the basin’s water consumption and demand-side plans must be considered immediately by the official organization. Moreover, the current projects for water transfer need drastic revision. Such projects have had harmful socioeconomic and environmental side effects in other parts of the basin. To maximize the welfares of the water resources, an integrated management of the water resources and agricultural development based on ecological potential of the basin including changing the rules of water pricing and recognition of cost allocation outlines as a prospect is required. Advertisement 6. Need for adaptive managementThe IPCC clearly confirmed in its Report that the climate change is existent and its primary cause is human-made especially through burning fossil fuels and other activities that release heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. There is no debate that the human needs to take actions to adapt and lessen the impact of climate change. In fact, there is a hierarchy of governor plans that can assist to protect population healthiness and welfare. The predictions of future climate change and global warming and defined scenarios by IPCC indicate that unless substantial and continued activities are taken to decline emissions of GHGs, world will continue to warm. Thus, we can reasonably expect that such changes are driving several related and interacting deviations in the environmental system and consequently the human life. In the case of Lake Urmia, a national committee in order to lake restoration was formed in 2013 called Committee (ULRNC). presented a road map and action plan based on integrated water resources/watershed management in cooperation with the universities in Iran and international organizations. reviewed 19 proposed programs and approved a 10-year program in three phases such as stabilizing the present status, restoration, and sustainable restoration. Although the provincial office claims that the restoration continues as scheduled, due to drying up the found and misconducting of management in water and agricultural sectors in the region, it seems that will most likely fail to attain an ecological balance within a 10-year program by 2023.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Because soil bacteria (rhizobia) can increase the concentrations of trace elements in nitrogen-fixing legumes, this means that a sustainable solution to the current practice of supplementing maize with trace elements in can be found by identifying effective soil microorganisms that can promote increased absorption of these trace elements by maize and other cereal crops. That way, the greater concentrations of trace elements in cereal grain will help to eliminate trace element deficiency in Africa. More research also needs to be done to identify many different food plants that show high levels of trace elements in edible parts. Additionally, there is a need to understand how these trace elements are processed in the human body when consumed in food. Furthermore, we need a better understanding of how trace elements are reduced when nitrate is supplied to the plant. My ultimate aim is to completely eliminate trace element deficiency in rural Africa using food plants that have the ability to take up more trace elements from soils. Legumes can help to eliminate trace element deficiency in Africa was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: Felix D. Dakorahigh nitrogen fixersLegumesnitrogen-fixingnitrogen-fixing bacteriaNutrient deficiencyRhizobiaTrace elementsof this 70. Samson B. M. Chimphango, Charles F. Musil & Felix D. Dakora (2012). Alteration in the mineral nutrition of purely symbiotic and nitrate-fed nodulated legumes exposed to elevated UV-B radiation. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35:1, 1-20. Belane, A. K. , Dakora, F. D. (2011). Levels of nutritionally-important trace elements and macronutrients in edible leaves and grain of 27 nodulated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. ) genotypes grown in the Region of Ghana. Food Chemistry. 125(1):99-105. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2010. 08. 044 Belane, A. K. , Makhubedu, I. T. , Pule-Meulenberg, F. , Dakora, F. D. (2014). Nitrogen fixation and symbiosis-induced accumulation of mineral nutrients by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. ) Crop and Pasture Science. 65(3):250. DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In industrial bioprocesses, different from scientific research, no surprises are desired, and total control over a fully comprehensible and specially designed chassis cell is the ultimate goal. Due to aforementioned bioactivities of naphthoquinones, they are being investigated with respect to their use in therapeutic applications [1–3]. This huge potential can be enhanced and expanded by rational modifications to the core structure of naphthoquinones. Besides, compared to the complicated ones, simple naphthoquinones are easy to be modified and optimized by the enzymes of microbial chassis cells [1]. In this work, biotransformation of 1,4-naphthoquinone and juglone in the commonly-used microbial chassis cells, S. cerevisiae and E. coli, led to the biosynthesis of a series of “unexpected” naphthoquinone derivatives (Fig. 1 and Table 1). This study not only provided a novel insight into the potential of the catalytic power of these chassis cells, but also expanded the chemical space with the biosynthesis of novel naphthoquinone derivatives. The molecular docking experiments were also conducted to analyze the potential antiviral activities of the biosynthesized compounds and revealed that compound 11 and 17 are the most promising antiviral candidates with strong binding affinities to the Nsp9 of SARS-CoV-2. Fig. 1. Structures of 1,4-naphthoquinone (a), juglone (b) and naphthoquinone derivatives 1–17 (c). Full size imageTable 1. The structures of naphthoquinone derivatives (1-17). R1, R2, R3 and R4 in Fig. 1cFull size tablemethods. The metabolites were analyzed and purified on LC-16 HPLC instrument (Japan) with SPD-16 UV-Vis dual wavelength detector. All UV-spectra were shown in Fig. S1. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy () measurements were obtained from 1260-6538 Q-TOF system with 18 (2. 1 × 100 mm; 1. 8 µm) column (Agilent Technologies, USA). Linear gradient from 10 to 90% (vol/vol) acetonitrile-water (containing 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rising sea levels are threatening coastal communities around the world as polar ice caps continue to melt. [SEP] Text: 3 Создания учетной записи, если Пользователь дал согласие на создание учетной записи. 4. 1. 4 Обработки и получения платежей, оспаривания платежа. В целях дополнительной защиты от мошеннических действий указанные Пользователем персональные данные могут быть переданы платёжной системе, осуществляющей транзакции по оплате оформленных на Сайте заказов; 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 5. As a result, the pairs of similarities between phenotype A and B is 0. The mm-tSNE approach breaks down the nature of metric-space transitivity similarities by visualizing data points into multiple maps [15]. Nevertheless, mm-tSNE may have some drawbacks, that is, the data points with high significance weights in the uniform map do not accord with the uniform cluster structure. That adds to the difficulty of explaining the implication of each and every map. The mm-tSNE regularization [16] improves the mm-tSNE by introducing the Laplacian penalty term in the target loss function. penalty term has been widely applied to many machine learning models [17, 18]. Compared with mm-tSNE, a preponderance of mm-tSNE regularization is that it adopts clustering structure of variate and offers more sparsity for parameter estimation. These methods use standard momentum updates [19] to evaluate point of the gradient at each iteration. But sometimes the gradient of the previous update is wrong, it would make the current update jump high, which leads to excessive oscillation. This 1. Therefore, the pairwise similarity qij between data points in a low-dimensional space is measured by a weighted sum of pairwise similarities between data points i and j in all the maps.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 1% formic acid) was used for 30 min at a flow rate of 0. 3 mL/min. NMR spectra were recorded at room temperature on 400 Digital NMR Spectrometer (USA) at 400 MHz for 1H and 100 MHz for 13C NMR. The chemical shift (δ) values are given in parts per million (ppm), and the coupling constants (J values) are reported in Hertz (Hz). The detailed data of and NMR for each purified compound were listed in Fig. S2–Fig. S55. Strains and culture conditions. As chassis cells, S. cerevisiae INVSc1 and E. coli BL21(DE3) were purchased from Invitrogen (). S. cerevisiae INVSc1 was grown in 150 mL of YPD (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% dextrose) medium at 30°C with shaking at 225 rpm for 24 h. E. coli BL21(DE3) was grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium containing (g/L): tryptone—10. 0, NaCl—10. 0, yeast extract—5. 0, pH 7. 0, at 37°C for 24 h before harvested. Biosynthesis and characterization of naphthoquinones. 1,4-naphthoquinone (97%) and juglone (98%) were purchased from Ltd. (China) and Biochemical Co. Ltd. (China), respectively. L-Glu (99%), L-Cys (99%), L-Ser (99%) and L-Gly (99%) were obtained from Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. , while L-Lys monohydrochloride (98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The chassis cells were harvested by centrifugation at 3500 g for 10 min, washed thrice with 100 mM phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7. 4) and transferred to 50 mL of PB buffer, followed by the supplementation of 20 mg of 1,4-naphthoquinone or 3 mg of juglone. Additionally, 20 mg of corresponding amino acids were added when necessary. To investigate the bioconversion of 6, 16 and 17, chassis cells were resuspended in 1 mL PB buffer, and supplemented with 0. 2 mg of substrate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Atmospheric and > Vol. 4 No. 5, December 2014 Contents of Methane and in the Global Warming? (). Liu* of. DOI: 10. 4236/acs. 2014. 45072 8,552 Downloads 12,318 Views 827. doi: 10. 4236/acs. 2014. 45072. 1. content of methane in the atmosphere had been gradually increasing over the last century. In spite of the fact that the methane content constitutes only about 1. 8 ppm in the Earth’s atmosphere, the national and interna- tional policy makers declared the methane gas extremely dangerous to the Earth climate because of a high po- tency (about 100 times more potent than CO2 over the time span of 20 years) of its molecules to absorb the infrared radiation. Together with the growing contents of CO2 and other greenhouse gases it supposedly causes drastic changes in the Earth’s climate. According to the conventional anthropogenic theory of global warming as a result of absorption of the infrared radiation by the molecules of the greenhouse gases, these molecules inter- cept infrared photons in the lower layer of troposphere warming the Earth climate. This anthropogenic theory is the “scientific” basis for strong political and economic actions against further expansion of fracking, for exam- ple, in the shale-gas production. The conventional anthropogenic theory (backed and promoted by IPCC and other national and international organizations over the last 25 years) completely ignores the main physical phenomena of the heat transfer in the atmosphere. In particular, it assumes that the heat transfer in atmosphere occurs exclusively by radiation. Mean- time in the lower dense layer of troposphere it occurs mostly by convection (67% by convection, 8% by radia- tion, and 25% by water vapor condensation) [1] which is intensified considerably with any additional release of the so-called greenhouse gases. Moreover, analyzing the postulates of the conventional theory one can find out that this theory completely ignores the fact that molecules of methane and other greenhouse gases (H2O, for example) intercept the infrared solar irradiation in the upper layers of stratosphere and, thus, prevent overheating of Earth. A renowned Swedish scientist, (1896) [2] was the first to forward the idea of Earth’s at- mosphere heating by the greenhouse gases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum has performance comparable with mm-tSNE and mm-tSNE regularization. The green line in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 shows that our proposed models are at an advantage over original mm-tSNE methods of several versions. Fig. 4 is the heat map of NPR in the parametric space of m and λ when apply mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum algorithm. The x-axis represents the value of λ in the experiment, and the y-axis represents the number of maps. The color change in the legend represents a gradual decrease in the preservation ratio of the neighborhood from high to low. When λ = 0. 002 and the number of maps is 27, the neighbor’s preservation ratio is maximized. Nevertheless, according to the experimental results, we choose the number of maps as 15, and set the λ as15 as our model parameters, because it is sufficient to model the non-metric structure of phenotype similarities and KOs similarities. When the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum is applied, the relationship between the NPR and the number of maps is shown in Fig. 5. When λ = 0. 005 and m = 15, we obtain the highest neighborhood preservation ratio. Overall, the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum obtains better performance compared to other methods and reduces the time complexity of algorithm from Ο(1/k) (after k steps) to Ο(1/k2) [21] (See Fig. 6). Since the processed data of the proposed algorithm is a matrix with N×N size, the spatial complexity of proposed algorithm does not improve relative to the original algorithms. The space complexity of the proposed algorithm is O (N2). Fig. 4Heatmap of neighbourhood preservation ratio for mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentumFull size imageFig. 5The relationship between NPR and the number of maps. The results show that the relationship between NPR (neighborhood preservation ratio) and increasing number of maps when mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum is applied and λ = 0. 005Full size imageFig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: To purify 13-15, juglone was incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3). The purification and structural characterization of 13-15 are present in the supplementary material. To isolate 16 and 17, 1,4-naphthoquinone and amino acid were incubated with microorganism. After fermentation, they were extracted as described above. Then the crude extract was fractionated on silica gel column, eluted with a gradient of methanol-chloroform (0 : 100, 1 : 99, 2 : 98, 3 : 97, 4 : 96, 5 : 95, vol/vol, each 250 mL, containing 0. 1% glacial acetic acid) to get 6 fractions. To isolate 16, 1,4-naphthoquinone and L-Ser were incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. The broth was scaled up to 300 mL. After separation on the silica gel column, 16 was found to be in fraction 6, which was further separated by HPLC with 20% acetonitrile-water (containing 0. 1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The peak at 11. 13 min was collected to yield 1. 6 mg of 16 in pure form. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are found in Table 2 and Fig. S46-50; [M + H]+ ion signal was found at m/z 262. 0711, which matched with the calculated exact mass for C13H12NO5, 262. 0715. To isolate 17, 1,4-naphthoquinone and L-Lys monohydrochloride were incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3). The broth was scaled up to 2 L. After separation on the silica gel column, 17 was found to be in fraction 6, which was washed with water and methanol after dryness under vacuum. Twenty mg of 17 in pure form were obtained. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are found in Table 2 and Fig. S51-55; [M + H]+ ion signal was at m/z 459. 1561, which was consistent with calculated exact mass for C26H23N2O6, 459. 1556. Molecular Docking.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Since then, the concept was taken for granted as obvious without any verification (Budyko, 1997 [3] Global warming, 1993; Greenhouse effect, 1989). Unfortunately, this view totally dominates conclusions by experts from the on Cli- mate Change (IPCC) on the climate change, by (WМО), as well as the conclusions of the European and organizations. According to the forecasts based on these ideas, by 2100 climate warming may reach 2. 5˚С to 5˚С and the as- sociated rise in the ocean level, of 0. 6 to 1 m, which may create problems for densely populated areas of the continental coastal regions as well as for the gas- and oil-industry in some areas of the world. Other deleterious consequences of the global warming are also forecasted (expansion of the deserts, melting of the permafrost, soil erosion, etc. ). The concern about similar catastrophic phenomena and the pressure tactics from the environmental groups, and often mere political and religious speculations on the subject [4] are forcing the governments of developed countries to allocate huge funds for a fight with the consequences of the climate warming ostensibly caused by the man-made releases of “greenhouse” gases into the atmosphere. How justified are these expenses? A close review of the problem showed that prior to 1990s there was no physical theory of the greenhouse ef- fect fitted to the data of observations. The first publication on the subject was in 1990 [5]. Before of this, all es- timates of the CO2 and other greenhouse gases effect on Earth’s climate were and, unfortunately, are still per- formed using different subjective computer models and numerous, but not always stable, parameters. There are direct evidences of the fact that the changes in the partial CO2 pressure in the atmosphere are the effect and not the cause of the climate change [6]. When drilling through the ice sheet at the Station [7] oceanic average temperature (water evaporation from the oceans formed this very ice sheet) as well as CO2 contents in the air bubbles from the ice were determined. The oceanic water evaporation temperature was determined from isotopic shifts for oxygen and hydrogen (deuterium). Strong direct correlation was ob- served between these parameters over the entire studied Antarctic ice accumulation history of 420 MY (see Figure 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 6Time complexity comparison resultsFull size imageDiscussionFrom the phenotypic point of view, similar phenotypes tend to converge into the same class. Nevertheless, some of the phenotypes in the same disease category may exist in other disease categories as well. In addition, we discover that our method compared to mm-tSNE and mm-tSNE regularization can better appropriately model non-transitive similarities between phenotypes. For example, Apert syndrome (: 101200) has importance weights of 0. 5967 and 0. 3896 at two maps (Maps 9 and 15, See Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). Removing the phenotype of each map with an importance weight less than 0. 1 prevents visualization from being too clutter. 9, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (: 225500) is one of the neighbors of the AS, with similarity of 0. 5148 (1) and they have an importance weights of 0. 5967 and 0. 9474 in the metric space Map 9 severally (2). 15, AS has a near neighbor Mowat-Wilson syndrome (: 235730) with similarity 0. 5957. 2, it can be found that MOWS is not displayed on Map 9 and EVAS is not displayed on Map 15, the fact that they are both neighbors in single maps. In other words, the neighbor of AS in Map 9 is not essentially the neighbor of it in Map 15. In fact, the similarity between EVC and MOWS is 0 (1). Although the initial aim of mm-tSNE regularization and mm-tSNE is to find intransitivity similarity. We find that the mm-tSNE and mm-tSNE regularization combine the four phenotypes in Table 1 into one map (See Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). This result indicates that the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum excavates non-transitive similarity of the original several methods without discovering. Fig. 715 in multiple maps is visualized by the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum methodFull size imageFig. 89 in multiple maps is visualized by the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum methodFull size imageTable 1 Extracted similarities from original matrixFull size tableTable 2 Importance weights for extracted phenotypesFull size tableFig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: To investigate the potential catalytic power of chassis cells, 2 naphthoquinones, 1,4-naphthoquinone and juglone, were added, respectively, into the PB buffer containing the most widely used chassis cells, S. cerevisiae or E. coli. After 7 days of incubation, the broths were extracted and subjected to HPLC analysis. In the broth containing S. cerevisiae INVSc1 and 1,4-naphthoquinone as substrate, the extract revealed the presence of serial new product peaks 1–10 compared to empty control (Fig. 2a). 1,4-naphthoquinone incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3) was bioconverted to compounds 1, 7 and 11 (Fig. 2b). Although juglone, noted as 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, shared a very similar structure with 1,4-naphthoquinone, 12 was the only major product of the biotransformation of S. cerevisiae INVSc1 (Fig. 2c). When juglone incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3), compounds 13–15 were detected (Fig. 2d). These results suggested that a series of naphthoquinone derivatives were generated when the naphthoquinones incubated with chassis cells. Structural characterization of compounds 1–15. Compounds 1–15 possess similar UV-vis spectra, suggesting that they have similar structures (Fig. S1). For the identification of the chemical structures of 1-15, S. cerevisiae INVSc1 or E. coli BL21(DE3) cells were harvested in large scale supplemented with 1,4-naphthoquinone or juglone. The compounds were purified by open column chromatography and HPLC. For the known compounds, structure characterization was conducted by the comparison of the published data and NMR spectra with the ones obtained in this work, which are provided in the supplementary material. Compound 9 was obtained as a red powder. The molecular formula of 9 was determined as C15H13NO6 based on the protonated molecular ion at m/z 304. 0819.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: It was found, based on temporal analyses, that temperature changes occurred first, and then were fol- lowed in 500 to 600 years by the changes in CO2 concentration [8]. This result is practically a monosemantic statement of the fact that the fluctuations of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere are the effect and not the cause of the climate changes. Besides, the time interval of 500 to 600 years well correlates with the time of complete stirring of the upper, active layer of the World Ocean. The 20th century warming has the clear natural origin and may soon be replaced by a new cooling-down phase [9]. The instrumental temperature observations were conducted in since 1749. Solar magnetic activity was recorded in France as the number of Sun spots (the Wolfe numbers) since the 1750’s. The compari- son of these data shows extremely high correlation between the near-surface Earth’s temperature and solar magnetic activity. Thus, the forecasts of the Earth’s climate changes cannot be made without the consideration of the periodic changes in solar activity. Figure 1. Isotopic air temperature (a) vs. carbon dioxide concentration (b) over the recent 420 MY on the “Vostok” Antarctic station. Field data of the СО2 concentrations and temperature derived from the cores of a well drilled to TD = 3623 m were kindly provided by V. M. Kotlyakov (2000) [7] (the scale of Earth’s average temperatures is our interpretation). The writers developed a physical model of heat transfer in the atmosphere that includes the most significant parameters of the medium and the definitive characteristics of the climate drivers. This model includes the av- eraged value of the Sun radiation energy impinging the Earth, average atmospheric pressure and atmospheric heat capacity as well as the effect of the negative feedback between the tropospheric albedo and of the average surface temperature. Thus, one can obtain the most reliable parameters of the greenhouse effect although Earth with this approach is just a dimensionless point. This model, in particular, allows analyzing the effect of addi- tional contents of the “greenhouse” gases on the average Earth’s temperature providing numerical estimates of the temperature changes due to any variations in the atmospheric composition.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 913 in multiple maps is visualized by the mm-tSNE regularization methodFull size imageFig. 109 in multiple maps is visualized by the mm-tSNE methodFull size imageExcept MOWS, at Map 15 (see Fig. 7), AS has another near neighbor--Hay-Wells syndrome (: 106260) with a similarity 0. 5957. and HWS are all neighbors in Map 15. Nevertheless, astonishing truth is that the similarity between AS and HWS is 0 (1). Then we have a deep analysis of these three phenotypes. Apert syndrome is a congenital disease; the main symptoms include craniosynostosis, middle facial hypoplasia, hands and feet, with the tendency of bone structure fusion [33,34,35]. Mowat-Wilson’s syndrome is an autosomal dominant complex dysplasia, characterized by a variety of clinical symptoms such as mental retardation, motor retardation, epilepsy, vasovagal disease and neuropathy, caused by mutations in individual functions [36,37,38]. HWS is a rare, complex disease characterized by congenital ectodermal dysplasia with a variety of symptoms including thinning hair, mild hypohidrosis, scalp infection, dental hypoplasia, and maxillary dysplasia [39,40,41]. Although these three diseases belong to different types of diseases (tissue, developmental and multiple respectively), they have the same symptoms, such as nail and tooth dysplasia and skeletal deformities. The experimental result shows that although the text mining method [42] measures the direct similarity between AS and HWS as 0, our method does deduce their true relationship from data. This is different from non-transitive similarity modeling, because they are in the uniform metric space Map 15. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method reveals the non-transitive similarity not found in the original several mm-tSNE methods in microbiomic dataset (3). K00691 is a maltose phosphorylase involved in glucose metabolism and transcription [43]. Table 3 shows three KOs, of which at least three maps have an importance weight of not less than 0. 2, which are respectively close to K00691. K05340 is a transporter involved in signal transduction and glucose uptake of cellular activity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 3D visualization of protein-ligand complexes and 2D diagrams of interactions for selected ligands and pockets with their best affinity poses. (a) Compound 11 docked against pocket 1 of Nsp9. (b) Compound 17 docked against pocket 2 of Nsp9. Full size imageFig. 7. Proposed synthetic pathways of 1–17 in chassis cells. Full size imageOur work demonstrated that the metabolites of S. cerevisiae and E. coli chassis cells can modify the polyketides such as naphthoquinones. Hu et al. isolated 2 shunt products in the synthesis of the perylenequinone elsinochrome A by Aspergillus nidulans, they were the 1,2-naphthoquinones adduct of Cys and Cys-Gly dipeptide [34]. Lebeau et al. detected 9 nitrogen-containing azaphilone red pigments from a wild type of Talaromyces sp. 30570 marine-derived fungal strain, 6 among which were occurred only when complex organic nitrogen sources were present in the culture medium. These structures contained an amino acid residues [35]. Sun et al. also demonstrated the influences of exogenous glucose and pyruvate on the polyketide product flaviolin in an engineered E. coli BL21(DE3) [19]. Therefore, as heterologous expression host, some certain intracellular metabolites of S. cerevisiae and E. coli chassis cells may modify the target products to create chemical diversity. This not only provides a new approach for the biosynthesis of novel molecules in the commonly used chassis cells, but also expands the chemical repertoire for the discovery of novel and promising agents with various biological activities such as anticancer and anti-SARS-CoV-2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Experimental temperature distribution in Earth’s troposphere and stratosphere (curve 4) and in Venus’s troposphere (1 and 2) (Planet Venus, 1989) compared with averaged theoretical distributions (5 and 3) based on physical (adiabatic) theory of the greenhouse effect (the temperatures are in absolute degrees Kelvin). nent Er = 8. 82 cal/cm2. Thus, the contribution to the heat transfer from convection component is about 66. 55%, from the water vapor condensation processes 24. 94%, and from radiation (by “greenhouse gases”) only 8. 51% (see Figure 3). 3. Impact of the of CO2 on is important to note that increase in the heat absorption in the troposphere by CO2 and other “greenhouse gases” results only in a decrease of the adiabatic exponent α. Besides, the carbon dioxide atmosphere has greater densi- ty than the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere and methane has lower density so that the same pressures in these at- mospheres will be reached at different elevations h than those in the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere: and where is the molar weight of the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere, is the molar weight of the carbon dioxide atmosphere, and is the molar weight of the methane atmosphere. Thus, one comes to a seemingly paradoxical conclusion that absorption of the IR radiation in the troposphere does not increase but, conversely, only lowers the temperature of the planet’s troposphere (see Figure 4). The near surface temperature of the hypothetical methane atmosphere will be 288. 1 K which is just 0. 1˚C above the usual average Earth’s temperature of 288 K. The temperature distributions within the hypothetical to- tally carbon dioxide and totally methane atmospheres were presented by Chilingar et al. [15] together with the temperature distribution in the existing nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere. For a hypothetical methane atmosphere, the near surface temperature at sea level remains almost unchanged, because the corresponding values of the coefficient α are almost the same (0. 1905 for the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere and 0. 1915 for the totally methane atmosphere).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: K06204 is a Dnak inhibitor that is involved in the biofilm formation and prokaryotic cell activities of Escherichia coli and rRNA transcription [44]. 3 we can see that although these three KOs are similar in Map 7, they are not similar to each other in other maps. For example, K05340 in Map 12 is not similar to K06204. Likewise, K06204 is not similar to K05340 in Map 13. These non-transitive similarities can not be expressed by traditional data visualization methods. Table 3 The weights for KOs similarity. Large values are shown by boldFull size tableConclusionsWe propose a new method to optimize the mm-tSNE regularization cost function. Experimental result shows that this method outperforms several versions of mm-tSNE, when measured by neighborhood preservation rate and error rate. In this study, it is shown that non-metric properties are ubiquitous in biological and microbiological data and should be considered in future studies. Traditional visualization techniques are effective when applied to small and medium-scale data, but they still face a huge challenge when applied to large biological and microbiological data. In future research work, we will propose a method to solve the problem of high computational complexity and problems in data visualization caused by the increase of data volume and the high dimensionality. AbbreviationsAS: Apert syndrome EVC: Ellis-van Creveld syndrome HWS: Hay-Wells syndrome mm-tSNE regularization: Multiple maps t-SNE with Laplacian regularization mm-tSNE: Multiple maps t-: Mowat-Wilson syndrome NPR: Neighborhood preservation ratio OMIM: Inheritance in Man t-SNE: t-51. 14. 38. 6. 0667. 5. 16. 8. 124. 6666. Csermely, T. Korcsmáros, and dynamics of molecular networks: a novel paradigm of drug discovery: a comprehen sive review, 138 (3) (2013) 333–408. Arumugam M, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 2011; 473:174–180. [PubMed: 21508958]. Legendre, P. , L. Legendre, Vol. 20. 2012: Elsevier. Van der Maaten L, Hinton G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Field evaluation of two entomopathogenic fungi; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae as a biocontrol agent against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton plants access Published: 06 May 2021 Field evaluation of two entomopathogenic fungi; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae as a biocontrol agent against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton plants Sayed Lotfy1 & Moustafa1 of Control 2019. ResultsResults showed E. insulana population reduction during both seasons after bio-insecticidal applications. M. anisopliae strains (S1, S2) treatments showed significant reductions in the mean numbers of infested bolls with E. insulana after 14 days from the 1st spray. Reduction percentages of E. insulana infestation reached to 77. 74 and 76. 51% respectively, after application of M. anisopliae strains (S1, S2) treatments; then, the infestation reduction percentages increased to 88. 48 and 85. 41% after the 2nd spray by the same fungal strains; then, the infestation reduction percentages increased to 90. 16 and 90. 84% after 3rd spray of the same fungal strains in season 2018. In 2019 season, the infestation reduction percentages of E. insulana was 85. 48 and 80. 75%, after the 1st spray of M. anisopliae strains (S1, S2), respectively, which increased to 92. 40 and 89. 87%, after 14 days from the 2nd spray by the two fungal strains respectively, and then increased to 94. 12 and 93. 73%, after 14 days from the 3rd spray of M. anisopliae (S1 and S2) respectively. In season 2018, the infestation reduction percentage of E. insulana by B. bassiana strains (S1, S2) recorded 73. 09 and 71. 89%, respectively and 81. 04 and 82. 89% respectively, in season 2019, after 14 days of the 1st spray. While after the 2nd spray of the two tested B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Physically, an explanation of the cooling effect of the atmosphere with the high content of “greenhouse gases” is the high efficiency of the convective heat transfer from the planet’s surface to the lower stratosphere, from which this heat is rapidly dissipating into the outer space through radiation. As the greenhouse gases absorb the Figure 3. Heat transfer balance in Earth troposphere: 66. 6% of the heat is lost through the air convection, 24. 9%, with humidity condensation, and only 8. 5%, with radiation. Earth’s heat radiation in the lower layers of troposphere, its energy transforms into the heat oscillations of the gas molecules. This, in turn, leads to expansion of the gas mixture and its rapid ascent to the stratosphere where the heat excess is lost through radiation into the outer space. To replace these volumes of the warm air, the already cooled air descends from the upper troposphere. As a result, the global average atmospheric temperature slightly decreases. One particular consequence of it is that with an increase in the carbon dioxide and methane contents in troposphere the convective mass exchange of the atmospheric gases must substantially accelerate. Thus, it is not out of the question that the intensification of synoptic processes in Earth troposphere (but not temperature increase) may be a result of the carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gases” accumulation. Similarly, if one mentally replaces Venus’s carbon dioxide atmosphere by the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere at the same pressure of 90. 9 atm, its surface temperature would increase from 735. 3 K tо 793. 4 K (or from 462 tо 520˚С, see Figure 5). Figure 4. Averaged temperature distributions in Earth’s troposphere [6] : 1. For actual model of Earth’s atmosphere with the nitrogen-oxygen air mix; 2. For Earth’s atmosphere model with the carbon dioxide air composition (all other parameters are the same as in the standard model 1). Comparison of the graphs shows that CO2 accumulation results in climate cooling. Figure 5. Averaged temperature distributions in Venus’s troposphere based on Equation (2) (After Sorokhtin, Chilingar, and Khilyuk, 2007) [6] : 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The study encompasses initiatives such as the Atlas, which aims to elucidate the complicated operations of individual cells within the human body. CZI aims to enhance its capacity to quantify and analyze several facets of human biology, transcending current constraints, in the forthcoming years. This approach exhibits resemblances to the procedure of debugging and optimizing code, necessitating comprehensive instrumentation and comprehension. The advancement of biological equipment, particularly in the context of studying cellular-level phenomena, is a crucial aspect of CZI's overarching objective to better our understanding of human health and accelerate its advancement [2]. Figure 2. Stem cells are considered a prominent field within the realm of contemporary and prospective in Biological science [2]. 2. Zakrzewski, W. , et al. , Stem cells: past, present, and future. Research & Therapy, 2019. 10(1): p. 68. 3. 00:12:53 Funding, & funding strategy employed by CZI places a high emphasis on promoting novel perspectives, fostering collaborative initiatives, and facilitating the progress of open science. Although the financial support supplied by the organization is significantly less in contrast to the funding offered by the NIH, their primary objective is to foster a wide range of perspectives and promote multidisciplinary research. The funding allocated enables the pursuit of interdisciplinary research initiatives, as seen by the involvement of immunologists and microbiologists in the investigation of the neurological system. In addition, the organization actively promotes and encourages grant recipients to engage in the pre-print movement, which is a technique aimed at enhancing the dissemination of knowledge and fostering collaborative initiatives. In addition to providing financial support, the CZI actively participates in the advancement of scientific research through the creation and implementation of software and hardware solutions. The individuals engage in collaborative efforts with scientists to develop robust and versatile devices that overcome the constraints of individual research facilities. Illustrative examples encompass software programs such as Napari, which facilitates the process of image annotation, and which is specifically designed to cater to the analysis of single-cell data sets. The CZI has allocated specialized software teams to implement this objective. The CZI organization is responsible for the supervision of many institutes that provide substantial contributions to their research endeavors. One such institute is an imaging institute that is equipped with advanced technology, including an electron microscope.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: bassiana strains, the infestation reduction percentage of E. insulana was 85. 41 and 85. 41% respectively, in season 2018, whereas it was 89. 16 and 89. 16% respectively, in season 2019. Then after 14 days of the 3rd spray by the same fungus strains, the reduction percentage of E. insulana increased to 86. 56 and 85. 35%, respectively, in season 2018, and 90. 83 and 90. 83% in season 2019. ConclusionsTested strains of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae fungi proved their potential for decreasing E. insulana infestation percentages through 2–3 spray treatments under field conditions. BackgroundCotton (Gossypium barbadense) (Malvaceae) is the most important industrial crop worldwide (Johnson et al. , 2014). In Egypt, cotton plants like most of the field crops are attacked by many lepidopterous pest species (Gaaboub et al. , 2012). Insect pests are the most limiting factors that decrease cotton production and cause severe damages to the crop yield (El-Heneidy et al. , 2015). The spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the mid-late season pest, usually threats cotton plants in Egypt (et al. , (1990). The damage of fruits (green bolls) is frequently more destruction than the other parts of the cotton plant. E. insulana and the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund. ) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), are the most destructive insect pests of cotton in Egypt (Amin and Gergis, 2006). Biopesticides based on bacteria, viruses, entomopathogenic fungi, and nematodes are often considerable scope as a plant protection agent against several insects. Many works extensively investigated the field bio-efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) (Wraight et al. , 2010). The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of EPF, as bio-insecticides against the spiny bollworm, E. insulana, under field conditions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Tem- perature distribution for the real carbon-dioxide Venus troposphere (above 60 km); 2. Temperature distribution for a hypothetical model of nitrogen-oxygen Venus troposphere, all other conditions being constant. 4. Impact of of CH4 on molecules have a high capacity of absorption of the infrared photons. According to estimates of EPA, the GWP (Potential) of methane is 21 times higher than GWP of carbon dioxide over the 100 year time span. Light methane released in the atmosphere ascends into its upper layers where it initially reacts with ozone, ultimately producing (through the chain of reactions) water and carbon dioxide. This process of chemical reactions can be summarized in a single equation as follows: (7) The “greenhouse gases” involved in the reaction absorb infrared radiation at different parts of the infrared spectrum. The rate of oxidation primarily depends on availability of the free OH radicals. The estimated by IPCC and adapted by EPA [16] the methane life-time in the atmosphere is in the range of 8 - 12 years. Based on these considerations one can consider the global warming (cooling) effect of the methane releases as the effect of supplying additional amount of CO2 corresponding to the amount (and corresponding absorption capacity) of CO2. (For every molecule of CH4 one can substitute 21 molecules of CO2). Thus, one can analyze the radiation warming (cooling) effect of methane as the effect of additional concentration 21 times 1. 8 ppm of CO2. This additional concentration of CO2 (37. 8 ppm) leads to cooling of the atmosphere as a result of increased convection in the lower layers of the troposphere. Oxidation of methane is a main source of water vapor in the upper stratosphere. The methane gas together with the water vapor shields the Earth’s surface from the solar ir- radiation, thus lowering the average Earth surface temperature. Therefore, it turns out that the common concept of Earth’s climate warming due to accumulation of the anth- ropogenic CO2 and other “greenhouse gases” is a myth. On the contrary, the atmospheric accumulation of CO2 and CH4, with all other conditions constant, can result only in the global climate cooling and in somewhat in- creased synoptic activity in the Earth’s troposphere. There is currently not a single proven fact of the “green- house gases” effect on Earth’s climate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The organization actively participates in joint endeavors with scientists affiliated with the hub in order to advance hardware technologies, with a particular emphasis on the research and development of a compact phase plate. The main aim of this collaboration is to improve the resolution capabilities of electron microscopes. These institutions successfully address key scientific concerns by actively participating in collaborative initiatives with their network [3]. Figure 2. An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney [3]. 3. Lake, B. B. , et al. , An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney. Nature, 2023. 619(7970): p. 585-594. 4. 00:17:57 Healthy vs. Diseased Cells, Atlas & AI, The human body consists of around 37 trillion cells, each of which serves a unique role in maintaining general health and wellness. Understanding the intricate workings of cells in both normal and abnormal states poses a complex undertaking. has greatly advanced our comprehension of genetic alterations linked to diseases; nonetheless, there remains a substantial deficit in our understanding of the intermediary pathways implicated. The current focus of the CZI involves conducting a study that investigates the methods via which genetic modifications are translated and subsequently expressed in cellular activities. The focus of the researchers is on messenger RNA (mRNA), which serves as the transcription of genetic instructions from DNA. Their investigation centers on the varied interpretations of these instructions by individual cells. The CZI has played a substantial role in promoting the progress of single-cell analysis research through the creation of comprehensive atlases for many organisms, such as human, fly, and mouse cells. The researchers deploy modern algorithms and utilize artificial intelligence to evaluate enormous datasets, with the objective of discerning trends and uncovering surprising findings within the field of health. The main goal of CZI is to establish a simulated cell by leveraging extensive data and artificial intelligence, hence facilitating the acceleration of scientific and medical research [4]. Figure 3. An integrated cell atlas of the lung in health and disease [4]. 4. Sikkema, L. , et al. , An integrated cell atlas of the lung in health and disease. Nature Medicine, 2023. 29(6): p. 1563-1577. 5. 00:21:59 Methods & Disease; places significant emphasis on the ongoing investigation of various cellular phenotypes and their correlations with disease states.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of EPF, as bio-insecticides against the spiny bollworm, E. insulana under field conditions. MethodsFungi culture sourcesTwo tested fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, were obtained from 2 sources: the first (S1), isolate of B. bassiana (Balsamo) (5133) and M. anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (5130), obtained from the Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Egypt. The second source (S2) was the wettable powder of the commercial bioagents Bioranza® WP 10% (M. anisopliae Sorok. ). Active ingredients 10%, 90%, formulated as a wettable powder with the count of 1 × 108 spore/ml and Biovar® WP 10% (B. bassiana Balsamo) active ingredients 10%, 90%, formulated as a wettable powder with the count of 1 × 108 spore/ml. Preparation of specific mediaThe isolates were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium g/l containing 40 g glucose, 20 g peptone, 20 g agar, 2 gm yeast extract, and 1000 ml of distilled water in flasks. These flasks were autoclaved at 21°C for 15 min. Preparation of tested bioagentThe two sources were prepared as solutions as follows:Source 1 (S1): Fungal cultures were grown on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium (Dextrose 40gm, agar 20gr, peptone 10g)/1000 ml distilled water and incubated at 25±2 °C in darkness for 14 days. Conidial suspensions were prepared by scraping cultures with a sterile objective glass and transferred to 10 ml of sterile water containing 0. 05% Tween 80 in a laminar flow chamber. The mixture was stirred for 10 min the hyphal debris was removed by filtering the mixture through fine mesh sieve. The conidial concentration of final suspension was determined by direct count 1×108 using hemocytometer with final concentration of 1×108 spore/ml.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: A detailed correlation of the Arctic near-surface temperatures with the pulsations of solar radiation is pro- vided in Figure 6 [17]. Using these data and the graphs of the anthropogenic CO2 accumulation, Robinson et al. [18] showed without any doubt that the carbon dioxide concentration in Earth’s atmosphere has no effect on Earth climate. Moreover, in view of 60-year fluctuations of the solar activity and the fact that the last cycle of the fluctuation began around 1970, it may be expected that the next cool down will occur within 20 to 30 years. In summary, the authors would like to draw attention of the scientists and politicians to the fact that numerous traditional and “classical” model forecasts of the climate changes caused by the atmospheric releases of the so- called “greenhouse” gases are as a rule based on intuitive considerations. Besides, there is currently not a sin- gle proven fact of the “greenhouse gases” effect on Earth’s climate. 5. writers investigated the greenhouse effect using their adiabatic model, which relates the global temperature of troposphere to the atmospheric pressure and solar radiation. This model allows one to analyze the global- Figure 6. Near-surface temperature in the Arctic vs. solar activity (after Robinson et al. , 2007) [17]. temperature changes due to variations in mass and chemical composition of the atmosphere. Even significant releases of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere do not change average parameters of the Earth’s heat regime and have no essential effect on the Earth’s climate warming. Moreover, based on the adiabatic model of heat transfer, the writers showed that additional releases of CO2 and CH4 lead to cooling (and not to warming as the proponents of the conventional theory of global warming state) of the Earth’s atmosphere. The additional methane releases possess a double cooling effect: First, they intensify convection in the lower layers of troposphere; Second, the methane together with associated water vapor intercept part of the infrared solar irradiation reaching the Earth. Thus, petroleum production and other anthropogenic activities resulting in accumulation of additional amounts of methane and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have practically no effect on the Earth’s climate. NOTES *Corresponding author. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 19. [2] Arrhenius, S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Mark has a remarkable degree of excitement for the virtual cell project, which incorporates CZI's single-cell research, collaborative endeavors with industrial partners, and expertise in artificial intelligence [6]. Figure 5. Role in advancing AI in biology research [6]. 6. Available from: 00:35:14 Models (LLMs), Zuckerberg provides a detailed analysis of the significance of advancements in machine learning, particularly emphasizing the transformer model architecture, in efficiently managing large datasets and identifying underlying patterns. However, the author poses a crucial question in the field of artificial intelligence (AI): if the advancement of these model frameworks can truly replicate human intelligence, or if there is a limit to their architectural capabilities that cannot be beyond. The broad language models, first developed for studying human language, exhibit a remarkable versatility in their ability to efficiently handle various types of data. Artificial intelligence models operate as predictive systems, use signals and patterns to generate reactions or outputs. The inherent quality of these entities makes them highly suitable for a wide range of purposes, including the creation of news stories, conversational scripts for chatbots, and scientific inquiries, such as the analysis of cellular connections within the Atlas Data. places great importance on the utilization of in silico research as a means to accelerate scientific experimentation and foster innovation. However, the author places great emphasis on the critical importance of ensuring the transferability of research findings to the practical setting of human application. This phenomenon is derived from the observation that animal models, namely mice, frequently do not demonstrate consistent associations with outcomes reported in humans. The current aim is to investigate the relationship between simulated trials and their practical applications in the fields of medical research and pharmaceutical production [7]. Figure 6. Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence [7]. 7. Moor, M. , et al. , Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence. Nature, 2023. 616(7956): p. 259-265. 8. 00:42:11 and said about the advancement of biohubs and the broad range of their scientific endeavors. The main goal of the is to improve sensor technologies for the purpose of monitoring cellular activity in various tissues, with an initial focus on skin tissue. The main objective of incorporating slender sensors is to collect data pertaining to cellular interactions, secretions, and inflammation, hence generating significant insights into a diverse array of diseases.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 12%, respectively, after 7 days from the 3rd spray, and 86. 56 and 85. 35%, respectively, after 14 days from the 3rd spray. Results in Table 2 clarified that application of M. anisopliae (S1, S2) treatments showed significant reductions in the mean numbers of infested bolls with E. insulana than the control after 7 days from the 1st spray in season 2019 and these percentages reached to 79. 54 and 72. 72%, respectively, and then increased to 85. 48 and 80. 75%, respectively, after 14 days from the 1st spray, whereas, the reduction percentages were 91. 02 and 87. 59%, respectively, after 7 days from the 2nd spray, and they were 92. 40 and 89. 87%, respectively, after 14 days from the 2nd spray of M. anisopliae (S1, S2) treatments in season 2019. Afterward, the reduction percentages of E. insulana Infestation increased to 95. 42 and 95. 12%, respectively, after 7 days from M. anisopliae (S1, S2) spray, and reached to 94. 12 and 93. 73%, 14 days from the 3rd spray. Also, Table 2 shows the reduction percentages of E. insulana by the 1st application of B. bassiana (S1, S2) (70. 61 and 74. 69%, respectively), after 7 days and (81. 04 and 82. 89%, respectively) after 14 days of treatments. While for the 2nd spray of B. bassiana (S1, S2) treatments, the reduction percentages of E. insulana were 86. 48 and 88. 42%, respectively, after 7 days whereas they were 89. 16 and 89. 16%, respectively, after 14 days from treatments. Then, the reduction percentages of E. insulana increased to 92. 93 and 92. 78%, respectively, after 7 days from the 3rd spray of B. bassiana (S1, S2) whereas they were 90. 83 and 90. 83%, respectively, after14 days from the 3rd spray by the same strains, during season 2019. Data in Table 3 shows that there were significant differences between means of infestations after 7 and 14 days treatments when the p-value is <0. 05).

Output: corroborate