Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Several corvid species are dependable seed dispersers for various woody plant taxa, and particularly pines, oaks, beeches and chestnuts, resulting in coevolution and coadaptation. Seed-storing corvid species help shape forest composition and distribution across landscapes, facilitate response to changing climate, and regenerate communities after disturbance. Examples illustrate economic valuation of corvid seed dispersal services and demonstrate how declining seed dispersal services of an obligate corvid mutualist for a widespread forest tree already have apparent consequences. (pages 196 - 234)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0008[carrion;diclofenic;facultative scavenging;obligate scavenging;vultures]Carrion is a unique food resource compared to live prey, and animal species are adapted to using carrion to varying degrees. Across all climates, ecosystems, and habitats, most carcasses are used at least in part by vertebrates—relatively few are completely decomposed by insects and microbes. Birds are particularly well adapted to scavenging, especially the Old- and New-World vultures, the only known obligate vertebrate scavengers. Numerous studies, many conducted over the past decade, have demonstrated the importance of scavengers in maintaining ecosystem stability, providing public health benefits to humans, and many other important industry and cultural services. Avian scavengers face many challenges in the modern world, such as poisoning, climate change, habitat destruction, and man-made obstructions such as power lines and wind farms. As a response, scientists, conservation groups, governments, and other advocates for healthy scavenger populations have made strides recently in conserving these animals. However, much work is still needed to globally preserve the important services provided by avian scavengers for future generations. (pages 235 - 270)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0009[seabirds;nutrient dynamics;nutrient cycle;ecosystem services;nutrient transport;phosphorus;nitrogen;ecosystem;human-dominated ecosystem]In this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Indeed, hematopoietic stem cells were shown to replicate approximately 42 times per year in newborns with a telomere loss of 1. 2 kb until reaching the age of three and 0. 7 times and 0. 5 kb per year respectively until age 13 [30]. As mentioned previously, initial telomere length can vary between individuals, while the rate of telomere shortening reflects a replicative exhaustion during aging. In mammalians telomeres are shortened at the same rate in all tissues of the same particular organism; an individual with initially longer telomeres has an upon average telomeres length across somatic tissues compared with organisms at the same age [29, 31]. 3. Age-related shortening Literature addressing a relationship between telomere length and associated risk of age-related pathology and life expectancy are inconsistent. Some studies did not find a significant correlation between average telomere length and mortality risk in the elderly [32, 33]. Conversely, many studies have shown a dependence of telomere length on age: average telomere lengths are shorter in senescent cells than in cells of younger age groups and are also shorter for male than for female [12-17]. Nevertheless, telomere lengths between individuals of a particular age can vary greatly. It has been suggested that telomere length is an individual characteristic [34]. Additionally, telomere length can be dynamically change throughout an individual's life period in response to environmental factors and stress [35-37]. While this controversial data seems contradictory to telomere theory, the data is not as dramatic or surprising when considering patterns at the tissue level. It is reasonable to consider the amount of cells with crucially shortened telomeres in certain tissues or organs as a whole system instead of merely considering average telomere length overall; cells in the tissue do not exhaust their proliferative potential in a simultaneous manner. While some cells divide, others are in non-dividing conditions with a dormant ability to support the proliferative potential of the tissue. When one cell exhausts its proliferative ability, other cells can then be recruited. The more cells undergo irreversible cell cycle arrest, the less proliferative potential of the tissue remains. Moreover, the shortest telomere (and not average telomere length) among those 256 telomeres (4 telomeres on each chromosome), turns cell to the senescence [38].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Description Microalgae–of the environment associated with increased population along with energy consumption and the projected reduction of fossil fuels highlights the necessities for sustainable, cost-effective eco-friendly bio-energy sources. The latest research on microalgae revealed that algal biomass has promising technologies for biofuel production, high-value product development, carbon sequestration and wastewater treatment. However, the latest application of microalgal biomass is its use as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Microalgae-based microbial fuel cells (mMFCs) are used as a device that can convert energy from sunlight into electrical energy through biological pathways. This 10. 21741/9781644900116-1 Part of the book on Cells 385. [2] S. B. Ummalyma, E. Gnansounou, R. K. Sukumaran, R. Sindhu, A. Pandey, D. Sahoo, Bioflocculation: An alternative strategy for harvesting of microalgae-An Overview, Bioresour. Technol. 242 (2017) 227-235. [3] S. B. Ummalyma, R. K. Sukumaran, Cultivation of the fresh water microalga Chlorococcum sp. RAP13 in sea water for producing oil suitable for biodiesel, J. Appl. Phycol. 27 (2015) 141–147. [4] S. B Ummalyma, R. K Sukumaran, Cultivation of microalgae in dairy effluent for oil production and removal of organic pollution load, Bioresour. Technol. 165 (2014) 295-301. [5] A. Bahadar, M. B. Khan, Progress in energy from microalgae: A review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 27 (2013) 128-148. [6] C. Y Chen, K. L. Yeh, R. photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 71-81. [7] J. H. Lin, D. in specific marigold flowers and microalgae, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 49 (2015) 90–94. [8]. Show, Algal biomass dehydration, Bioresour.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: The mechanism behind replicative arrest on telomere shortening is similar to the DNA-damage signaling pathway where the size of the DNA defect is more devastating than anything else. Thus, in order to consider telomere potential of the tissue, it is necessary to determine and evaluate the amount of the shortest telomeres instead of average telomere length. Certainly, proliferative potential and activity depend on tissue function and intensity of telomere loss. Stressful conditions forcing organs or tissues to waste proliferative potential can lead to earlier aging onset, which reflects telomere length [33]. It is obvious that it is not necessary for all cells of a certain tissue to undergo irreversible cycle arrest at once. After a sufficient amount of cells undergoes senescent conditions, tissues cannot function at the same level and the vicious cycle of aging begins. After that cells and tissues cannot properly perform functions in a stressful extracellular environment that consumes the tissues' proliferative potential. Nevertheless, a strong correlation was found between mean telomere length in early life and lifespan [16], and even between mean telomere length and paternal lifespan if inherited by female offspring in humans [39]. 4. Age-related diseases Telomere shortening and an associated depletion of cells' proliferative potential may be sufficient to cause the onset of many diseases associated with aging [40, 41]. Studies investigating telomere biology have demonstrated that telomeres and telomere-associated proteins play an important role in the aging process and that accelerated telomere erosion is associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases associated with aging [42] Many neurodegenerative disorders have been shown to feature early cell death. As telo-mere shortening is related to premature cellular senescence, telomere length may be an effective marker of cellular pathology in neurological diseases; specifically, it has been demonstrated in dementia, Huntington's disease, and ataxia telangiectasia. Of these studies, the shortest telomere lengths were associated with Huntington's disease [43]. Additionally, an inverse correlation with the length of telomeres was shown for the development of cardiovascular disease [44-47], renal failure [48, 49], various cancers [50, 51], Alzheimer's disease [52], and Parkinson's disease [53]. In most cases, a direct link between telomere shortening and a constant high level of oxidative stress was observed in subjects with these diseases [54].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Technol. 135 (2013) 720–729. [9] Z. Yang, H. Pie, Q. Hou, L. Jiang, L. Zhang, C. Nie, Algal biofilm assisted microbial fuel cells to enhance domestic waste water treatment: nutrients, organics removal and bioenergy production, Chem. Eng. J. 332 (2018) 277-285. [10] A. Khandelwal, A. Vijay, A. Dixit, M. Chhabra, Microbial fuel cell powered by lipid extracted algae: a promising system for algal lipid and power generation, Bioresour. Technol. 247 (2018) 520-527. [11] L. He, P. Du, Y. Chen, H. Lu, X. Cheng, B. Cheng, Z. Wang, Advances in microbial fuel cells for waste water treatment, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 71 (2017) 388-403. [12] Y. Dong, Y. Qu, C. Li, X. Han, J. J. Ambuchi, J. Liu, Y. Yu, Y. Feng, Simultaneous algae polluted water treatment and electricity generation using a biocathode coupled eletrocoagulation cell (bio-ECC), J. Hazard. Mater. 340 (2017) 104-112. [13] A. S. Commault, O. Laczka, N. Siboni, B. Tamburic, J. R. Crosswe, J. R Seymour, P. J Ralph, Electricity and biomass production in a bacteria- Chlorella based microbial fuel cell treating waste water, J. Power. Sources 356 (2017) 299-309. [14] X. A. Walter, J. Greenman, B. Taylor, I. A. Ieropoulos, Microbial fuel cells continuously fuelled by untreated fresh algal biomass, Algal Res. 11 (2015)103–107. [15] Z. Baicha, M. J Salar-García, V. M. Ortiz-Martínez, F. J. Hernández-Fernández, A. P. de los Ríos, N. Labjar, E. Lotfi, M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Mesh bag construction for EMF extramatrical hyphal capture FH layer substrate was collected from each treatment plot in the fall of 2008. Ten random sub-samples per plot were composited, sieved (4. 5 mm) and stored at 4 °C until use. Eleven hyphal trap bags (4. 5 × 3. 5 cm) were constructed for each treatment plot (99 bags in total) using 50 μm mesh (NITEX 03-50/31; Sefar Inc. , ). Each bag was filled with 15 g FH substrate, heat-sealed and then sterilized by gamma irradiation with a total dose of 6 Mrad (2 × 3 Mrad with a 1 week resting interval). Post irradiation, bags were stored at 4 °C for an 8-week stabilization period to minimize residual enzyme activity (Lensi et al. , 1991). Substrate from one bag from each plot was serially diluted in monopotassium phosphate buffer, plated in triplicate on modified Melin–Norkrans or tryptic soy agar plates (Phillips et al. , 2006) and incubated for 1 month to assess for fungal or bacterial contamination, respectively. No bacterial or fungal growth was observed on culture plates after 1 month of incubation, indicating that two consecutive doses of irradiation effectively eliminated residual spores. Irradiation did not significantly change the pH of the substrates. Another sub-sample of these controls was assessed for residual enzyme activity and pH. Bags intended to capture EMF but exclude saprotrophic hyphae (n=5 per plot) were placed within sand-filled plastic containers (). These containers were punched with circular holes (6 mm diameter; 28 holes per horizontal face and 10 holes per vertical face) to allow hyphal access, lined with a 50-μm NITEX mesh and filled to a depth of 1 cm with sterile silica sand (HCl acid washed and autoclaved). Substrate-containing mesh bags were placed on the sand, covered with 1 cm additional sand and then a final top layer of mesh was sealed to the initial liner using silicone sealant to form a continuous mesh envelope (1). Bags intended to capture both EMF and saprotrophic hyphae (n=5 each plot) were also encapsulated within another layer of mesh, but had no intervening sand barrier.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, some studies contain data on long-term observations of initially healthy men and include time of disease onset. One research group monitoring individuals' telomere length over a period of 15 years showed what proportion of respondents developed type 2 diabetes [55] or cancer [54, 56]. Both diseases were shown to be significantly more likely to occur in patients with shorter initial telomere lengths. It has also been shown in longitudinal studies that telomere shortening is frequently accompanied by a decrease in muscular strength [57] and weight loss. Reduced telomere length may be indicative of biological pathways shared between disorders contributing to cellular senescence. It is most likely that this shortening is associated not only with accelerated replicative aging, but also with the failure of telomere repair processes [58]. 5. Short telomere syndromes Such studies of an extended range of diseases, telomere length, and premature aging act as conspicuous conformation of the validity of telomere length as a marker of cellular senescence. Progerias or premature aging, or the short telomere syndromes include genetic diseases associated with short telomeres and premature senescence [59]. Specifically, these diseases include: Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, Dyskeratosis congenita (also referred to as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome), ataxia-telangiectasia (or Louis–Bar syndrome), Hoyeraal–Hreidarsson, and Revesz syndrome. These syndromes are all characterized by dramatically shortened telomeres as well as premature replicative senescence with a decreased Hayflick limit in cell cultures of patients and aging phenotypes, which develops much earlier in such patients than in the healthy individuals [60-62]. There is a clear correlation between affected telomere length and aging in progerias. Thus, whether these syndromes are applicable as a model of aging is a relevant inquisition. Most researchers define aging as an age-progressive persistent decline in physiological functioning with an associated decrease in survival rate (increased mortality risk in demographic aging) and reproductive ability. Indeed, all previously mentioned syndromes are characterized by an age-progressive persistent decline in organ and tissue function, reproductive function, increased mortality risk, and predisposition to malignancies – all of which are phenotypic symptoms of human aging [63].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Elmahi, A critical review on microalgae as an alternative source for bioenergy production: a promising low cost substrate for microbial fuel cells, Fuel Process. Technol. 154 (2016)104–116. [16] X. Hu, B. Liu, J. Zhou, R. Jin, S. Qiao, G. Liu, CO2 fixation, lipid production, and power generation by a novel air-lift-type microbial carbon capture cell system, Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (2015) 10710–10717. [17] M. Zhou, T. Jin, Z. Wu, M. Chi, T. Gu, Microbial fuel cells for bioenergy and bioproducts, Bioenergy Bioprod. Part Ser. Technol. 88 (2011) 131–171. [18] Z. Ghassemi, G. Slaughter, Biological fuel cells and membranes, Membranes 7 (2017) 3. [19] J. . Luo C. P. Zhang, M. C. Li, Electricity generation by two types of microbial fuel cells using nitrobenzene as the anodic or cathodic reactant, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 4013–4020. [20] V. F. Passos, V. Fabiano, S. Aquino Neto, A. R. Andrade, V. Reginatto, Energy generation in a microbial fuel cell using anaerobic sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, Sci. Agric. 73 (2016) 424–428. [21] generation and microbial community analysis of alcohol powered microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 98 (2007) 2568–2577. [22] H. Luo, G. Liu, R. Zhang, S. Jin, Phenol degradation in microbial fuel cells. Chem. Eng. J. 147 (2009) 259–264. [23] J. . generation from glucose and nitrobenzene degradation using the microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. 31 (2010) 2811–2817. [24] V. G. Gude, Wastewater treatment in microbial fuel cells – an overview, J. Clean. Prod. 122 (2016) 287–307. [25] J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Note that although laccases are phenol oxidases, the term laccase is used in the study to differentiate a 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay from a L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) assay. Full details of assay conditions are provided in S1. All assays except laccase, peroxidase and phenol oxidase were fluorometric. For +SB, −SB, FH and residual-activity control assays, 5 g of sample was homogenized with a sterile mortar and pestle, 0. 1 g of sub-sample was transferred to a sterile Nalgene bottle containing 100 ml of 50 mm sodium acetate buffer (pH 5. 0), and then suspensions were shaken for 1 h at 500 r. p. m. Sand samples were similarly processed using 10 g of sample and 1 g of sub-sample. Fluorometric and colorimetric assays were then performed according to previously published methods (Saiya-Cork et al. , 2002 and Sinsabaugh et al. , 2003), fully described in the Supplementary Information. For EMF tip assays, roots from the FH sample were gently washed, separated under a dissecting microscope, and ∼7 turgid EMF tips from each of the four most common observed morphotypes were randomly selected from each sample. Tips were cleaned of debris and placed in individual microsieves in 96-well microplates containing 75 mm Tris-maleic acid buffer (pH 4. 5) to equilibrate for at least 5 min before beginning the sequential enzyme assays (S1). Fluorometric and colorimetric assays were then performed according to previously published methods (Courty et al. , 2005 and Pritsch et al. , 2004), fully described in the Supplementary Information. After the final assay, tips were removed from the sieves and scanned (Scanmaker 8700; ), and their surface areas were determined (ébec, QC, Canada). Tips were then frozen at −80 °C for subsequent molecular analysis. The total enzymatic activity of EMF tips per plot was determined by averaging the activities of all tips.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: The number of β-galactosidase stained cells was found as a function of population doubling level (PDL) on human retinal pigment epithelial cells; while simultaneously telomere length, which was observed in a stage of 12 PDL and in old culture of 57 PDL, shrank from 10 kb to 4kb respectively [73]. 6. 2. Senescence-associated heterochromatin foci and telomere shortening Telomere shortening correlates with senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), which are facultative heterochromatin domains associated with irreversible cell cycle arrest and accumulate in senescent cells [74, 75]. Structurally, SAHF contain silent hetero-chromatin domains consisting of a di-or tri-methylated lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9Me2/3), a histone H2A variant (macroH2A), and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) proteins [74, 76, 77]. SAHF is not a universal marker of aging cells, but it is tissue and species dependent senescent marker [74, 78]. Formation of SAHF may be spontaneously stochastic and program-med; it can be induced in senescent cells by oncogenes, toxic agents, or telomere shortening [74, 76, 79-81]. 6. 3. Histone γ-H2AX and telomere shortening One SAHF is usually considered separately to indicate senescent cells due to its specificity. Histone γ-H2AX (a replacement histone) is phosphorylated at the C-terminal serine-139 of the H2AX histone. This is the second most common marker of cellular senescence after SA-βgal. Histone γ-H2AX is the most sensitive marker of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) and telomere shortening [28, 82]. The number of γ-H2AX foci increases in damaged and senescent cells in most tissues and species, both in vivo and in vitro [83-85]. Correlation with telomere shortening is corroborated by accumulation of γ-H2AX foci in cells of older donors and patients with progeria [82-84, 86-88].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Khera, A. Chandra, Microbial fuel cells: recent trends, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India. Sect A: Phys. Sci. 82 (2012) 31–41. [26] of microbial species, organic loading and substrate degradation rate on the power generation capability of microbial fuel cells, Biotechnol. Lett. 33 (2011) 2147–2160. [27] S. Mahesh, D. Tadesse, A. Melkamu, Evaluation of photosynthetic microbial fuel cell for bioelectricity production, Indian J. Energy 2 (2013) 116–120. [28] Y. Chisti, Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol. Trends Biotechnol. 26 (2008) 126-131. [29] E. Bazdara, R. Roshandela, S. Yaghmaeib, M. M. Mardanpour, The effect of different light intensities and light/dark regimes on the performance of photosynthetic microalgae microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 261 (2018) 350–360. [30] D. P. B. T. B. Strik, H. Terlouw, H. V. M. Hamelers, C. J. N. Buisman, Renewable sustainable biocatalyzed electricity production in a photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell (PAMFC), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81 (2008) 659–668. [31] of electrogenic capabilities of microbial fuel cell with different light power on algae grown cathode, Bioresour. Technol. 123 (2012) 23–29. [32]. Jaafar, A. C. Fisher, K. Yunus, Investigating the association between photosynthetic efficiency and generation of biophotoelectricity in autotrophic microbial fuel cells, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 31193. [33] S. Kondaveeti, K. S. Choi, R. Kakarla, B. Min, obliquus as renewable biomass feedstock for electricity generation inmicrobial fuel cells (MFCs), Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 8 (2014) 784–791.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: EMF taxon-specific activities were determined by averaging the activity of the (up to) seven EMF tips per plot, whose identities were confirmed by morphological and molecular identification. Identification of fungal communities Sequencing of ectomycorrhizal tips DNA was extracted from EMF tips using the Sigma Extract-N-Kit (Sigma-). Extraction solution (25 μl) was added to each EMF tip that was incubated at 95 °C for 10 min, after which 25 μl of dilution solution was added. The ITS1f and ITS4 primers (White et al. , 1990; Gardes and Bruns, 1993) were used to amplify the fungal ITS1, 5. 8S and ITS2 region. Each 50 μl reaction contained 1. 5 μl of template DNA, 2. 5 μl of each 10 μm primer and 25 μl GoTaq master mix (). Following an initial denaturation step of 95 °C for 3 min, amplification proceeded for 35 cycles of 94, 50 and 72 °C per min, with a final extension step of 10 min at 72 °C. PCR products were visualized on 1. 4% agarose gels (SYBR Safe; ). PCR products producing single bands were cleaned using the Mag-Bind E-Z pure (Omega Bio-tek Inc. , ) system and sequenced (Applied Biosystems; 3130xl ). If more than one band was produced (that is, from some tips morphologically identified as Cenococcum spp. ), bands were extracted from the gel using an E. Z. N. A gel extraction kit (Omega Bio-tek Inc. ) before cleanup and sequencing. Sequences were submitted for comparison with the GenBank databases using the BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al. , 1997). Sequencing of fungi in hyphal trap bag and FH substrates Total community DNA was extracted from 0. 5 g of all +SB, −SB and FH samples using the (Laboratories Inc. , ). DNA was extracted from 5 g sand samples using a previously published bead-beating method (Phillips et al. , 2006) suitable for large samples. Duplicate DNA extractions were performed for each sample and pooled. The ITS1 and partial 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Indeed, γ-H2AX foci have a robust correlation with replicative telomere shortening. As with 53BP1, it forms telomere dysfunction-induced foci. When multiple foci of this type are expressed in a cell (observed on fibroblasts and epithelial cells), cellular p53-dependent replicative arrest has been induced [17]. In this specific case, this marker has a strong connection with telomere theory. On the other hand, some studies of this marker have contributed evidence that may support oxidative theory; specifically, results suggest that DNA damage (including DSBs) accumulate during aging, according the oxidative theory. Each single DSB is marked by γ-A2SAX foci, a highly sensitive marker, during all phases of the cell cycle [82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90]. Thus, γ-H2AX may also be an effective marker of telomere shortening. However, γ-H2AX may not be a superior marker of cellular senescence due to a lack of specificity. Experimental results have indicated that γ-H2AX foci colocalize with DSB repair factors (such as Rad51, BRCA1, Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1) [86, 91] and participate the repair of DSBs [85, 89, 90]. Therefore, we can conclude that the amount of γ-H2AX foci can be reduced following DSB repair. Indeed, it was reported that the formation of telomere dysfunction-induced foci accompanied by γ-H2AX is reversible and the number of telomere dysfunction-induced foci can be reduced during the early G1 phase of the cell cycle [17]. Thus, γ-H2AX foci reflect – not only age-dependent irreversible DSBs (including telomere shortening) – but also temporal accumulation of DSBs, which may be a result of massive ionizing radiation (1 Gy of ionizing radiation, about 2 × 106 bp of DDBs, triggers phosphorylation of about 1% of the H2AX) [90]. Hence, γ-H2AX can be misleading in cases where there is high risk of ionizing radiation and some cases may show discordance with other senescent markers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: [34] conversion of microalgal biomass to sustainable energy carriers-a review, Bioresour. Technol. 135 (2013) 222–231. [35] and voltage responses in instant photosynthetic microbial cells with Spirulina platensis, Biochem. Eng. J. 52 (2010) 175–180. [36] N. Rashid, Y. F. Cui, M. Rehman, J. I. Han, Enhanced electricity generation by using algae biomass and activated sludge in microbial fuel cell, Sci. Total Environ. 456 (2013) 91–104. [37] S. Mateo, A. Gonzalez del Campo, P. Ca-izares, J. generation in a self-sustainable microbial solar cell, Bioresour. Technol. 159 (2014) 451–454. [38] G. R. Ramanathan, S. Birthous, D. Abirami, Efficacy of marine microalgae as exoelectroge in microbial fuel cell system for bio-electricity generation, J. Fish Mar. Sci. 3 (2011) 79–87. \ [39] C. Xu, K. Poon, M. M. Choi, R. Wang, Using live algae at the anode of a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 22 (2015) 15621–15635. [40] V. G. Gude,B. Kokabian, V. Gadhamshetty, Beneficial bioelectrochemical systems for energy, water, and biomass production. J. Microb. Biochem. Technol. 6 (2013) 2-14. [41] M. Shukla, S. Kumar, Algal growth in photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell and its subsequent utilization for biofuels, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 82 (2018) 402–414. [42] L. Huang, J. M. Regan, X. Quan, Electron transfer mechanisms, new applications, andperformance of biocathode microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 316–323. [43] V. Sharma, P. P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 8S regions were amplified using the ITS1f (Gardes and Bruns, 1993) and ITS2r (White et al. , 1990) primer pair (). Amplicons were generated for 454-pyrosequencing in a single-step reaction using the following fusion primers: 5′-TitaniumA-Multiplex Identifier-ITS1f-3′ and 5′-TitaniumB-ITS2r-3′ (S2). Triplicate amplifications were performed for each sample. Each 50 μl amplification reaction contained 0. 2 μm each primer, 200 μm dNTP mix, 2 mm MgSO4, 1 × PCR reaction buffer, 1 (Invitrogen) and 5, 10 or 20 ng of sample DNA. Following an initial denaturation step of 94 °C for 2 min, amplification proceeded for 35 cycles of 94 and 55 °C per 30 s, and 68 °C per min, with a final extension of 68 °C for 10 min. PCR products were visualized on 1. 4% agarose gels (SYBR Safe; Invitrogen), replicate reactions were pooled and PCR amplicons were cleaned using the Mag-Bind E–Z pure (Omega Bio-tek Inc. ) purification system. Amplicon concentration was determined spectrophotometrically (NanoDrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer) and both concentration and purity (that is, complete removal of primer-dimers) were verified on a 1. 4% agarose gel (SYBR Safe; Invitrogen). Equimolar PCR amplicons from each sample (equivalent to 200 ng each) were pooled to create two that which were sequenced on half a plate each using the 454 platform (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) at the Génome Québec Innovation Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Results were delivered as tag-sorted sequences, quality controlled for the presence of the complete primer-tag. Bioinformatic analysis Primer sequences were removed and additional quality filtering and trimming was performed using (Schloss et al. , 2009). Sequences with any ambiguous (N) bases, more than eight homopolymers, shorter than 180 or longer than 400 bp, or with greater than 1 bp difference in the primer sequence were removed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Histone γ-H2AX as a potential marker of cellular senescence combines two major aging theories. This marker can be accompany telomere shortening but should not be considered as a stand-alone marker of cellular senescence. 6. 4. Epigenetic modifications and Telomere shortening Methylation of DNA and histones is a marker of cellular senescence and contributes to another major theory of aging: gene silencing theory [92]. Histone methylation in the telomere region and demethylation of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) both play significant roles in maintaining heterochromatin, transcription silencing at telomeres, and telomerase inactivation [93-96]. However, one factor contributing to the value of telomere shortening as a marker is the observed correlation between DNA methylation and telomere length [97]. 6. 5. p53-binding protein and Telomere shortening Another traditional marker of the DNA repair processes is expression of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) [98]. The dynamics of 53BP1 in response to DNA damage generally coincides with those of γ-H2AX and they are frequently colocalized in DNA double-stranded break zones. Phosphorylation of 53BP1 at the serine residue at position 1219 (S1219) occurs in response to DNA damage, including telomere shortening [99]. The appearance of 53BP1 in the presence of telomere shortening is another reliable marker of senescent cells, which again vindicates validity of telomere shortening as a marker for cellular senescence. 6. 6. Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and Telomere shortening An increase in the amount of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) is another marker of cellular senescence [100] and can be induced during premature senescence [101]. In the absence of telomerase, telomeres can be elongated via the alternative mechanism of lengthening of telomeres, which is going strongly in the presence on PML-NBs. On the other hand, PML-NB formation at telomeres induces telomere clustering and promotes RAS-induced premature senescence [101, 102].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Kundu, Biocatalysts in microbial fuel cells, Enzym. Microb. Technol. 47 (2010) 179–188. [44] L. . He, Integrated photo-bioelectochemical system for contaminants removal and bioenergy production, Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (2012) 11459–114566. [45] Y. Zhang, J. S. Noori, I. Angelidaki, Simultaneous organic carbon, nutrients removal and energy production in a photomicobial fuel cell (PFC), Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2011) 4340–4346. [46] S. Puig, M. Serra, M. Coma, Cabré, M. D. Balaguer, J. Colprim, Effect of pH on nutrient dynamics and electricity production using microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 9594–9599. [47] E. R. Zhang, L. Liu, Y. Y. Cui, Effect of PH on the performance of the anode in microbial fuel cells, Adv. Mat. Res. 608–609 (2013) 884–888. [48] R. A. Rozendal, H. V. M. Hamelers, C. J. N. Buisman, Effects of membrane cation transporton pH and microbial fuel cell performance, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5206–5211. [49] C. L species as OH carriers for decreasing the pH gradient between cathode and anode in biological fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2006) 8773–8777. [50] V. B. Oliveira, M. Simões, on the developments of microbial fuel cells, Biochem. Eng. J. 73 (2013) 53–64. [51] L. Qiang, L. J. Yuan, Q. Ding, Influence of buffer solutions on the performance of microbial fuel cell electricity generation, Environ. Sci. 32 (2011) 1524–1528. [52] Y. Fan, H. Hu, H. Liu, Sustainable power generation in microbial fuel cells using bicarbonate buffer and proton transfer mechanisms, Environ.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Subsets of the excluded sequences were manually assessed for fungal group-specific biases. The quality filtered and trimmed sequences were then processed using the FungalITS extractor software (Nilsson et al. , 2010), which extracts the variable ITS1 of the nuclear ITS1 region from the sequence, thus eliminating false alignments and clusters being generated based on the conserved 18S and 5. 8S regions. The extracted ITS1 sequences were clustered at 98% (Ryberg et al. , 2008) similarity (global alignment) using CD-Hit-Est (Huang et al. , 2010). Representative sequences from all clusters (operational taxonomic unit, OTU) were used for BLAST searches against fully identified entries in INSD (Benson et al. , 2011) and UNITE (Abarenkov et al. , 2010a), using the PlutoF online server (Abarenkov et al. , 2010b). A minimum of 97% similarity across 97% of the sequence length was required for positive taxonomic identification at any level. Singleton OTUs with 100% similarity to reference sequences not otherwise identified in the data set were retained, and all other singletons were discarded before statistical analysis. All sequences, fastq formatted on the Galaxy online server (Blankenberg et al. , 2010), were deposited in the under the accession number SRP022584. All OTUs greater than four reads within the data set were placed into designated ecological function groups, determined by cross referencing Lawry and Diederich (2003), Rinaldi et al. (2008), Hibbet et al. (2000) and Moore et al. (2011). The groups were EMF, other mycorrhizal (ericoid, arbutoid, monotropoid and arbuscular) fungi, saprotrophs, pathogens, endophytes, yeasts and lichen fungi. Fungi known to belong to more than one of these groups were designated as mixed functional groups, whereas those whose ecological function is unverified were designated as functional group Unknown. Statistical analysis Before statistical analysis, 454 taxonomic data were normalized by dividing the absolute abundance of individual OTUs by total OTU’s within a sample (Gihring et al. , 2012). Data were log transformed wherever required to meet the assumptions of different statistical tests (Kenkel, 2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: However, telomere shortening and PML-NBs have vast overlapping and may both be effective as markers of cellular senescence. theoretical and experimental data we can conclude that among biomarkers of cellular senescence the telomere shortening is a cellular senescence biomarker of choice. theory provided theoretical base of telomere marker, experimental data of age-related telomere shortening, age-related diseases, telomere shortening in progerias, and strong association with other markers of cellular senescence made the telomere shortening elegant valid, and useful biomarker of cellular senescence, which is reflecting the replicative cellular and tissue potential. However, regarding the telomere measurement methods it is reasonable to consider the amount of shortened telomeres in tissues as indicator of cellular and tissue proliferative potential instead of average of telomere length. work was supported by the for Basic Research, project no. 14-15-00943. Conflicts of authors of this manuscript have no conflict of interests to declare. 1. -. Senescent cells fail to express cdc2, cycA, and cycB in response to mitogen stimulation. . 1991; 88:11012-11016. [PubMed] 2. . Conservation of the human telomere sequence (). among vertebrates. . 1989; 86:7049-7053. [PubMed] 3. . Structure and Variability of Ends. Biol. 1990; 10:518-527. [PubMed] 4. . Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end. Genes Dev. 1997; 11:2801-2809. [PubMed] 5. de Lange T. POT1 protects telomeres from a transient DNA damage response and determines how human chromosomes end. EMBO J. 2005; 24:2667-2678. [PubMed] 6. Olovnikov A. A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon. J Theor Biol. 1973; 41:181-190. [PubMed] 7. Greider CW and Blackburn EH. The telomere terminal transferase of tetrahymena is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme with two kinds of primer specificity. Cell.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 8154–8158. [53] of organic rates on the continuous electricity generation from fermented wastewater using a single-chamber microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 533–537. [54] of a microbial electrochemical cell using the proton condition in biofilm () model, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 253-262. [55] R. Karthikeyan, A. of ionic conductivity in bioelectricity production from saline domestic sewage sludge in microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 200 (2016) 845–852. [56]. Sun, J. X. Fu, Effect of temperature on electricity generation of single-chamber microbial fuel cells with proton exchange membrane, Adv. Mat. Res. 393–395 (2012) 1169–1172. [57] M. Pérez-Page, V. Pérez-Herranz, Effect of the operation and humidification temperatures on the performance of a PEM fuel cell stack on dead-end mode, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6 (2011) 492–505. [58] Y. Zhang, J. Sun, Y. Hu, Z. Wang, S. Li, Effects of periodically alternating temperatures on performance of single-chamber microbial fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39 (2014) 8048–8054. [59] D. R. Ort, X. Zhu, A. Melis, Optimizing antenna size to maximize photosynthetic efficiency, Plant Physiol. 155 (2011) 79–85. [61] K. M. Weyer, D. R. Bush, A. Darzins, B. D. Willson, Theoretical maximum algal oil production, Bioenergy Res. 3 (2010) 204–213. [62] L. Rodolfi, G. C. Zittelli, N. Bassi, G. Padovani, N. Biondi, G. Bonini, Microalgae for oil: strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 102 (2009) 100–112.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Relationships between the +SB, −SB, FH and sand substrates were assessed using the statistical software package PAST (v 2. 17; Hammer et al. , 2001). Differences in taxonomy and enzyme activity were examined by analysis of variance (Welch’s analysis of variance, if variances are unequal, as assessed using the Levene statistic), followed by a Tukey or Mann–Whitney test to determine where significant differences occurred. Relationships between enzyme activities were assessed using Spearman’s r correlation test. Cluster analysis of functional and taxonomic fungal groups was performed using a correlation matrix based on Pearson’s r correlation (1-r; PAST 2. 17; Bolhuis and Stal, 2011). Species richness (S), evenness (H/ln(S)) and diversity (Fisher’s Alpha (α), Shannon (H) and Simpson’s indices) of the fungal communities were calculated using procedures available in PAST (v 2. 17; Hammer et al. , 2001). Patterns of enzyme activity were assessed by principle component analysis (PCA; Kenkel, 2006) in PC-ORD (McCune and Mefford, 2011). Relationships between enzyme activity and community structure were assessed by regressing enzyme PCA-loading factors with fungal community abundance (log transformed). Fungal communities significantly (P<0. 05) associated with patterns of enzyme activity were illustrated as joint plot vectors overlaid on the enzyme ordinations (Ramette, 2007). sequencing statistics A total of 1 151 401 sequences were generated by pyrosequencing the ITS1 region of DNA extracted from hyphal trap substrates, barrier sand and forest floor samples. Quality filtering removed 362 946 sequences, primarily due to length constraints or lack of a complete primer sequence, leaving a total of 788 455 ITS1 region sequences for analysis. The 36 individually assessed samples generated an average of 32 000 sequences and an average of 22 000 quality filtered sequences (S3). Clustering at 98% similarity resulted in an average of 546 OTUs per sample (singletons included), with rarefaction curves for most samples beginning to plateau (S2). The use of a stringent 98% clustering level meant that some similar OTUs were split into different clusters.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-11 pp 3397—3420 Cell cycle-dependent and -independent telomere shortening accompanies murine brain aging Quratul Ain1, Christian Schmeer1, Diane Penndorf1, Mike Fischer2, Tzvetanka Bondeva3, Martin Förster4, Ronny Haenold5,6, Witte1, Alexandra Kretz1, 1 Department of 07747, Germany 2 Department of 07747, Germany 3 Department of 07747, Germany 4 Department of 07747, Germany 5 on Aging – Institute, 07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany 6 Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, on Aging – Institute, Jena, Thuringia 07745, Germany * Equal contribution Received: March 23, 2018 Accepted: November 15, 2018 Published: November 20, 2018 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 101655 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2018 Ain et al. This is an open access 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Replication-based telomere shortening during lifetime is species- and tissue-specific, however, its impact on healthy aging is unclear. In particular, the contribution of telomere truncation to the aging process of the CNS, where replicative senescence alone fails to explain organ aging due to low to absent mitotic activity of intrinsic populations, is undefined. Here, we assessed changes in relative telomere length in non-replicative and replicative neural brain populations and telomerase activity as a function of aging in C57BL/6 mice. Telomeres in neural cells and sub-selected neurons shortened with aging in a cell cycle-dependent and -independent manner, with preponderance in replicative moieties, implying that proliferation accelerates, but is not prerequisite for telomere shortening.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Janssen, O. Cerezo-Chinarro, J. H. Mussgnug, O. Kruse, M. Ballottari, Antenna size reduction as a strategy to increase biomass productivity: a great potential not yet realized, J. Appl. Phycol. 27 (2015)1063–1077. [72] A. Magnuson, S. Styring, Molecular chemistry for solar fuels: from natural to artificial hotosynthesis, Aust. J. Chem. 65 (2012) 564–572. [73] K. Watanabe, K. Nishio, Electric power from rice paddy fields. In: Nathwani J, Ng A, (Eds), Paths to sustainable energy. Rijeka: In Tech, 2010, 80. [74] K. Nishio, K. Hashimoto, K. Watanabe, Digestion of algal biomass for electricity generation in microbial fuel cells, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 77 (2013) 670–672. [75] K. Nishio, K. Hashimoto, K. Watanabe, Light/electricity conversion by defined cocultures of Clamydomonas and Geobacter, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 115 (2013) 412–417. [76] T. Yagishita, S. Sawayama, K. Tsukahara, T. Ogi, Effects of intensity of incident light and concentrations of Synechococcus sp. and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone on the current output of photosynthetic electrochemical cell, Sol. Energy. 61 (1997) 347–353. [77] H. Hoppe, N. S. Sariciftci, Organic solar cells: an overview, J. Mater. Res. 19 (2004) 1924–1945. [78] Y. C. Wu, Z. J. Wang, Y. Zheng, Y. Xiao, Z. H. Yang, F. Zhao, Light intensity affects the performance of photo microbial fuel cells with Desmodesmus sp. A8 as cathodic microorganism, Appl. Energy. 116 (2014) 86–90. [79] A. González del Campo, J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: These clusters were combined if they were identified through BLAST analysis, representing the same fungal OTU. A total of 5541 singletons clusters (clusters containing 1–2 sequences) that did not match any database sequences were removed from the data set (S3). Fungal taxonomic diversity Approximately 94% of the sequences were matched to fungal sequences in the INSD and UNITE databases (Figure 1a). A total of 353 fungal OTUs were identified, including 243 fungi identified to the genus level (S4). A large percentage of the identified fungi, found in all systems, were members of Basiodiomycota and Ascomycota (Figure 1a). In hyphal traps without a sand barrier (−SB) however, 44% of the sequences belonged to sedis. Hyphal traps with a sand barrier (+SB) and the surrounding FH layer contained numerous sequences that matched those of unidentified EMF amplified from root tips (21% and 11%, respectively). At this level of taxonomy, FH and +SB fungal communities clustered at a high level of similarity, whereas −SB communities formed a distinct cluster (Figure 1b). This separation was primarily due to significantly higher numbers of Fungi I. sedis in the absence of a sand barrier (Figure 1c). The presence of these fungi separated these −SB communities into distinct clusters at all levels of taxonomy (S3). Figure 1Fungal taxonomic diversity in the different hyphal trap bags, sand barriers and FH layers of the forest floor. −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier; n=9 each. (a) The relative abundance of different phyla or group in each compartment. The total number of contributing sequence reads is indicated next to each histogram. (b) Cluster analysis of taxonomic diversity indicating the percent similarity (based on Pearson’s r correlation) of communities in the different compartments. (c) Differences in the abundance of each taxonomic group. Communities in the same row with different letters are different at the indicated significance level; NS, not significant. Unknown EMF indicates that the best matching sequences belonged to unidentified ectomycorrhizal tips. Unknown fungi indicates that the best matching sequence belonged to the kingdom Fungi.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Consistent with this telomere erosion, telomerase activity and nuclear TERT protein were not induced with aging. Knockdown of the Rela subunit of NF-κB, which controls both telomerase enzyme and subcellular TERT protein allocation, did also not influence telomerase activity or telomere length, in spite of its naive up-regulation selectively under aging conditions. We conclude that telomere instability is intrinsic to physiological brain aging beyond cell replication, and appears to occur independently of a functional interplay with NF-κB, but rather as a failure to induce or relocate telomerase. are protein-DNA structures, with the DNA component consisting of tandem repeats of ()n hexanucleotide sequences that protect chromosomal ends from attrition, improper fusion and induction of DNA damage responses (DDR). Telomere erosion after repeated cell cycles induces cellular senescence in replicative tissues and is considered to be one of the hallmarks of organ aging. Consistently, telomeres are essential in maintaining the replicative capacity of cultured cells [1]. However, their relationship with senescence and lifespan in vivo remains poorly understood [2]. Telomere repeats are heterogeneous in inter-individual length both in rodents and humans, and their absolute dimension is weakly correlated with cell turnover rates in defined tissues and ultimate lifespan of an organism [3,4]. Likewise, in humans telomeric repeats are 5-15 kilo base pairs (kbp) long [5], whereas in short-lived mice they can be highly variable, with 5-20 kbp for feral Mus spretus [6] and 30-150 kbp for the laboratory mouse Mus musculus [6,7]. Thus, due to little knowledge about organ-specific telomere dynamics over lifetime, the correlation with age-related loss of tissue functions and vitality is still not understood. In particular, the role of telomere length alterations and their participation in the healthy aging process of the central nervous system (CNS) and in neurosenescence at the cellular level are incompletely understood [4]. Furthermore, age-related changes specifically in neurons are still understudied. Cell cycle activity as a driving force for telomere attrition has traditionally been assumed to be absent in neurons once they achieved their terminal differentiation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: F. Perez, P. Ca-izares, M. A. Rodrigo, F. J. Fernández, J. Lobato, Study of a photosynthetic MFC for energy recovery from synthetic industrial fruit juice wastewater, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy. 39 (2014) 21828–21836. [80] B. Min, B. E. Logan, Continuous electricity generation from domestic waste- water and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 5809–5814. [81] B. Logan, S. Cheng, V. Watson, G. Estadt, Graphite fiber brush anodes for increased power production in air-cathode microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 3341–3346. [82] Y. Sharma, B. K. Li, The variation of power generation with organic substrates in single-chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs), Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 1844-1850. [83] S. V. Mohan, R. production from wastewater treatment in dual chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) using selectively enriched mixed microflora: effect of catholyte, Bioresour. Technol. 99 (2008) 596–603. [84] D. Pant, G. Van Bogaert, L. Diels, K. Vanbroekhoven, A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 1533–1543. [85] of power generation at different buffer types and conductivities in single chamber microbial fuel cells, Biosens. Bioelectron. 25 (2010) 1155–1159. [86] Z. Ghassemi, G. Slaughter, Biological fuel cells and membranes, Membranes. 7 (2017) 3. [87] C. Sund, S. McMasters, S. Crittenden, L. Harrell, J. Sumner, Effect of electron mediators on current generation and fermentation in microbial fuel cell, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Open in new tabDownload slideThe lowest richness and diversity occurred in −SB communities, which had significantly fewer fungal taxa than the FH samples (Table 1). The FH communities had the highest level of diversity; however, all communities were populated by a few relatively abundant taxa (Table 2). Notably, the Fungi I. sedis saprotroph Mortierella was the single-most abundant taxon (44% of sequences) found in −SB communities. By contrast, Mortierella spp. accounted for only 8% of sequences in FH and +SB communities and 16% of sequences in sand communities. Instead, these communities were largely dominated by EMF, including Piloderma spp. (FH, 32% of sequences) and Amphinema spp. (+SB, 34% of sequences; and sand, 28% of sequences). spp. were the dominant EMF found in the in situ FH layer, Amphinema spp. and Wilcoxina spp. were better able to colonize both types of hyphal traps. Table 1 Open in new tab Genus level fungal richness and diversity estimates. Richness (S). Evenness (H/ln(S)). Shannon (H). Simpson (D). Fisher’s Alpha (α). −SB92. 7 (15. 2) b0. 436 (0. 104)1. 99 (0. 52)0. 707 (0. 184)12. 2 (2. 1) cFH110. 3 (12. 8) a0. 494 (0. 038)2. 32 (0. 21)0. 817 (0. 031)15. 4 (1. 7) a+SB98. 4 (7. 0) ab0. 467 (0. 112)2. 14 (0. 52)0. 761 (0. 112)13. 3 (1. 1) bcSand102. 7 (9. 9) ab0. 501 (0. 060)2. 32 (0. 29)0. 794 (0. 056)14. 2 (1. 4) ab. Richness (S). Evenness (H/ln(S)). Shannon (H). Simpson (D). Fisher’s Alpha (α). −SB92. 7 (15. 2) b0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: telomere length of cortical neural cells in G0/G1 phase is reduced in the aged brain RTL of cortical neural cells residing in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was significantly reduced in mice aged up to 25-27 months (n = 8) compared with young gender-matched counterparts at an age of 3 months (n = 4). Accordingly, the absolute PNA-FITC-specific mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) corrected against background signal (specific MFI) for aged and young neural cells accounted for 41. 81 a. u. and 50. 76 a. u. , respectively (Figure 1A, dotted bars). This corresponded to a decline in specific MFI by 17. 64% (P = 0. 026). Such a reduction in specific MFI reflects a significant age-dependent loss in mean telomere repeat length. Figure 1. Age-dependent changes in the RTL of cortical neural cell isolates. (A) RTL assessed by Flow-FISH as a function of cell cycle activity. PNA-FITC-related mean fluorescence intensity corrected against background signal (specific MFI) was taken as an indirect parameter for RTL in cells at G0/G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. For both cell populations, a significant age-related reduction in RTL was observed. Bars represent means ± SEM (n = 4 - 8). P-values were assessed with Two-way ANOVA. (B) Cell cycle-independent measurement of RTL assessed by qPCR and determined in terms of a relative T/S-ratio that was referenced against a 4-month-old control group. RTL declined significantly in cortical neural cells of aged as compared to young samples, thus confirming the results obtained in (A). Bars represent means ± SEM (n = 3 - 4). P-values were calculated using the Student’s t-test. Autofluorescence increased in aged relative to young samples both with respect to the PI- and the FITC-detecting signals. However, when exemplified for 4. 5 months versus 22 months old animals a change from 0. 457 ± 0. 067% overlap with the specific channel in the young specimens to 1. 382 ± 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: V. M. Hamelers, K. Rabaey, J. Keller, C. J. N. Buisman, Towards practical implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment, Trends Biotechnol. 26 (2008) 450–459. [97] M. Rahimnejad, G. D. Najafpour, A. Ghoreyshi, F. Talebnia, G. Premie, G. H. Bakeri, Thionine increases electricity generation from microbial fuel cells using, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and exoelectrogenic mixed culture, J. Microbiol. 50 (2012) 575–580. [98] G. H. Flores, H. . Rios-Leal, J. G. Mayer, Batch operation of a microbial fuel cell equipped with alternative proton exchange membrane, Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 40 (2016) 17323–17331. [99] S. Peighambardoust, S. Rowshanzamir, M. Amjadi, Review of proron exchange membranes for fuel cell applications, Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 35 (2010) 9349–9384. [100] S. V. Mohan, G. Velvizhi, J. A. Modestra, S. Srikanth, Microbial fuel cell: Critial factors regulating biocatalysed electrochemical process and recent advancements, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 40 (2014) 779–797.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 436 (0. 104)1. 99 (0. 52)0. 707 (0. 184)12. 2 (2. 1) cFH110. 3 (12. 8) a0. 494 (0. 038)2. 32 (0. 21)0. 817 (0. 031)15. 4 (1. 7) a+SB98. 4 (7. 0) ab0. 467 (0. 112)2. 14 (0. 52)0. 761 (0. 112)13. 3 (1. 1) bcSand102. 7 (9. 9) ab0. 501 (0. 060)2. 32 (0. 29)0. 794 (0. 056)14. 2 (1. 4) abAbbreviations: FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier. Data are provided as means (n=9) with standard deviation in brackets. Data in the same column with different letters are significantly different at P<0. 05. Table 1 Open in new tab Genus level fungal richness and diversity estimates. Richness (S). Evenness (H/ln(S)). Shannon (H). Simpson (D). Fisher’s Alpha (α). −SB92. 7 (15. 2) b0. 436 (0. 104)1. 99 (0. 52)0. 707 (0. 184)12. 2 (2. 1) cFH110. 3 (12. 8) a0. 494 (0. 038)2. 32 (0. 21)0. 817 (0. 031)15. 4 (1. 7) a+SB98. 4 (7. 0) ab0. 467 (0. 112)2. 14 (0. 52)0. 761 (0. 112)13. 3 (1. 1) bcSand102. 7 (9. 9) ab0. 501 (0. 060)2. 32 (0. 29)0. 794 (0. 056)14. 2 (1. 4) ab. Richness (S). Evenness (H/ln(S)). Shannon (H). Simpson (D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: 423% overlap in the samples from old isolates for the telomere-related PNA-FITC signal reflects that sensitivity was preserved for >98% of the cells. Relative telomere length of cortical neural cells in G2/M phase is strongly reduced by aging RTL was further examined in neural cortical cells that exited G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and adopted features of G2/M phase, as identified by FACS gating strategies on the basis of their increased DNA content. RTL of G2/M phase cells isolated from 25-27 months aged rodents was drastically reduced by 44. 72% (n = 8) compared with neural populations derived from young animals (n = 4), as reflected by an absolute decline in specific MFI from 98. 58 a. u. to 54. 49 a. u. with age (P < 0. 001; Figure 1A, striped bars). RTL measures by qPCR correspond to Flow-FISH-based RTL results Since Flow-FISH-based protocols for telomere length evaluations are primarily established for blood cells, we previously assessed nuclear localization of PNA-FITC-specific fluorescence also in nuclei of murine cortical neurons and the lymphoma cell line L5178-R. As shown in Figure S1, after hybridization the PNA-FITC-specific signal was co-localized with neuronal and nuclear markers in cortical neurons (Figure S1A), displaying a signal pattern similar to that in nuclei derived from the lymphoma cell line, both in interphase and metaphase (Figure S1B and C). For validation of absolute telomere length attained by our protocol, the human tetraploid T-cell leukemia 1301 cell line with extremely long telomeres was employed as an internal reference. Underlying a telomere length of ~ 90 kbp for this cell line [15], the results obtained for our murine neural isolates indicate an appropriate telomere repeat content of ~ 84 kbp and ~ 98 kbp in G0/G1 and G2/M phases, respectively (Figure S2), which is in the range reported for Mus musculus [6,7].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Anodes and Cathodes for fuel cell (MFC) is one of the natural cordial efficient power vitality sources which have the capability to convert chemical energy into electrical energy from wastewater and microorganisms as a biocatalyst. However, the low power production and the high cost of electrodes have limited application of MFCs. One of the important factors which affect the overall performance of MFC is an electrode. The carbon nanotube has become a potent electrode material owing to its exceptional features. This book 10. 21741/9781644900116-6 Part of the book on Cells 2. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: contribution of II to the fourth assessment report of the on Climate Change, Press 2007. [3] M. Greenberg, Energy sources, public policy, and public p3249. [4] H. S. Lee, P. of energy-conversion efficiencies in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) utilizing fermentable and non-fermentable substrates, Water Res. 42 (2008) 1501-1510. [5] B. Logan, S. Cheng, V. Watson, G. Estadt, Graphite fiber brush anodes for increased power production in air-cathode microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 3341-3346. [6] H. Liu, R. Ramnarayanan, B. E. Logan, Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 2281-2285. [7] B. E. Logan, B. Hamelers, R. Rozendal, U. Schröder, J. Keller, S. Freguia, P. Aelterman, W. Verstraete, K. Rabaey, Microbial fuel cells: methodology and technology, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5181-5192. [8] J. Wei, P. Liang, X. Huang, Recent progress in electrodes for microbial fuel cells, Bioresour Technol. 102 (2011) 9335-9344. [9] M. Zhou, M. Chi, J. Luo, H. He, T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Fisher’s Alpha (α). −SB92. 7 (15. 2) b0. 436 (0. 104)1. 99 (0. 52)0. 707 (0. 184)12. 2 (2. 1) cFH110. 3 (12. 8) a0. 494 (0. 038)2. 32 (0. 21)0. 817 (0. 031)15. 4 (1. 7) a+SB98. 4 (7. 0) ab0. 467 (0. 112)2. 14 (0. 52)0. 761 (0. 112)13. 3 (1. 1) bcSand102. 7 (9. 9) ab0. 501 (0. 060)2. 32 (0. 29)0. 794 (0. 056)14. 2 (1. 4) abAbbreviations: FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier. Data are provided as means (n=9) with standard deviation in brackets. Data in the same column with different letters are significantly different at P<0. 05. Table 2 Open in new tab The percent relative abundance of the most common fungala sequences in the hyphal trap bags with and without a sand barrier, sand barriers and the adjacent fermentation-humic layer of the forest floor −SB. . FH. . +SB. . Sand. . Mortierella43. 5 (22. 9)Piloderma32. 3 (4. 9)Amphinema33. 6 (19. 9)Amphinema28. 4 (17. 6)Amphinema16. 6 (11. 6)EMF tips21. 3 (7. 3)EMF tips11. 5 (7. 3)Mortierella15. 7 (14. 6)Wilcoxina5. 8 (4. 9)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 6)Wilcoxina11. 1 (17. 3)Wilcoxina8. 0 (11. 9)Piloderma4. 8 (4. 7)Cortinarius6. 8 (6. 2)Mortierella8. 3 (5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Higher mean fluorescence intensity in G2/M phase cell populations is proportionate to the increased telomeric DNA content Cell fractions attributable to G2/M phase of the cell cycle from both young and aged animals displayed an overall higher specific MFI level than cell populations in G0/G1 phase (P < 0. 001 for both comparisons; Figure 1A), probably due to the increased DNA content intrinsic to nuclei beyond S phase and hence an augmented telomere-specific DNA content per cell. As delineated in Figure 1A, the corrected telomere-related MFI values of G2/M phase populations were highest in young animals, as indicated by a 94. 2% increase relative to G0/G1 populations (P < 0. 001). Aging attenuated this increase relative to G0/G1 phase levels to 30. 34% (P < 0. 001, Figure 1A). To ascertain that this increase in specific MFI of G2/M cells is due to doubled DNA content rather than to intrinsically longer telomere tracts, absolute values for PNA-FITC-related MFI were normalized against the sample-specific total DNA content (Propidium iodide area, [PI-A]) for both the G0/G1 and G2/M phase cell fractions, and compared between young and advanced ages. The ratios obtained ranged between 0. 306 ± 0. 011 and 0. 295 ± 0. 009 in the young group (P = 0. 614) and 0. 270 ± 0. 014 and 0. 261 ± 0. 009 in the aged group (P = 0. 547) for G0/G1 and G2/M, respectively (Figure 3). The stable ratios for G0/G1 and G2/M cells, irrespective of age, exclude that the elevation in the PNA-FITC-related MFI of G2/M phase samples is due to an increase in telomere length, but argues for an origin from amplified telomere tract numbers subsequent to the S phase transition. It also supports that the age-associated decline in specific MFI of both cellular populations residing either in G0/G1 or G2/M phase is a consequence of actual telomere shortening rather than any artifact arising from a decreased DNA content.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Jin, An overview of electrode materials in microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 4427-4435. [10] A. Rinaldi, B. Mecheri, V. Garavaglia, S. Licoccia, P. D. Nardo, E. Traversa, Engineering materials and biology to boost performance of microbial fuel cells: a critical review, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1 (2008) 417-429. [11] N. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Jung, S. Kim, Effect of initial carbon sources on the performance of microbial fuel cells containing Proteus vulgaris, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 70 (2000) 109-114. [12] P. Aelterman, M. Versichele, M. Marzorati, N. Boon, W. Verstraete, Loading rate and external resistance control the electricity generation of microbial fuel cells with different three-dimensional anodes, Bioresour. Technol. 99 (2008) 8895-8902. [13] H. Liu, S. Cheng, B. E. Logan, Power generation in fed-batch microbial fuel cells as a function of ionic strength, temperature, and reactor configuration, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 5488-5493. [14] B. Min, B. E. Logan, Continuous electricity generation from domestic wastewater and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 5809-5814. [15] Y. nanotube/polyaniline composite as anode material for microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 170 (2007) 79-84. [16] electron transfer from bacteria to a gold electrode via a self-assembled monolayer, Langmuir. 22 (2006) 9473-9476. [17] C. Dumas, R. Basseguy, A. Bergel, Electrochemical activity of Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms on stainless steel anodes, Electrochim Acta. 53 (2008) 5235-5241. [18] A. T. Heijne, H. V. Hamelers, M. Saakes, C. J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 0)Thelephoraceae5. 7 (11. 1)Tylospora3. 8 (4. 5)Tylospora6. 5 (4. 9)Thelephoraceae5. 2 (7. 9)Cenococcum2. 9 (3. 7)Thelephoraceae2. 2 (2. 4)Amphinema2. 7 (1. 6)Piloderma2. 2 (2. 5)Verticillium2. 9 (2. 3)Tuber1. 5 (3. 3)Wilcoxina1. 7 (2. 0)Ceratobasidiaceae1. 5 (2. 2)Ceratobasidiaceae2. 8 (3. 9)EMF tips1. 4 (1. 2)Hygrophorus1. 6 (2. 2)Cenococcum1. 5 (2. 8)Calycina2. 0 (5. 4)Lactarius1. 0 (2. 6)Thelephoraceae1. 2 (1. 8)Inocybe1. 3 (2. 0)Helotiales1. 8 (2. 0)Cortinarius0. 9 (2. 5)Cenococcum1. 1 (0. 8)Hygrocybe0. 7 (2. 1)Cryptococcus1. 5 (0. 9)Sebacina0. 7 (1. 7)Helotiales0. 8 (0. 3)Cryptococcus0. 6 (0. 4)Lecanicillium1. 0 (0. 8)Verticillium0. 7 (0. 7)Cadophora0. 6 (0. 6)Glomus0. 6 (1. 2)Cladosporium0. 8 (0. 7)Russula0. 6 (1. 1)Chalara0. 7 (0. 7)−SB. . FH. . +SB. . Sand. . Mortierella43. 5 (22. 9)Piloderma32. 3 (4. 9)Amphinema33. 6 (19. 9)Amphinema28. 4 (17. 6)Amphinema16. 6 (11.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: A lower specific MFI ratio between aged and young specimens for G2/M-phase cells as compared to a more stable specific MFI ratio for moieties arrested at G0/G1 phase reflected a substantial age-related decline in RTL in replicative cell entities in the murine cortex over lifetime. Bars represent means ± SEM (n = 4 - 8). P-values were calculated using Student’s t-test. Cortical neurons undergo telomere shortening with aging As delineated in Figure 2B, approximately 50% of the cells in the cortical neural cell isolates possess neuronal identity. This raised the question whether neurons, despite being primarily postmitotic, are also involved in the age-associated decline in RTL defined for the aged cerebral cortex. In order to determine the contribution of neurons to this telomere erosion process, neuronal RTL was assessed using a qPCR-based strategy subsequent to FACS of cells positive for the neuron-specific NeuroFluor™ NeuO marker, as the NeuO approach was incompatible with the Flow-FISH technique used previously for RTL assessment. The T/S-ratio of cortical neurons, which relates the telomere repeat amplicons to the 36B4 single copy gene amplification product, declined with aging by 38. 8% (P = 0. 043, Figure 5) indicating that post-mitotic neurons in the aging murine cortex are subjected to substantial telomere shortening. Figure 5. Age-dependent telomere length dynamics in the neuronal fraction sorted from murine cortical isolates. NeuO+ neurons showed a significant age-related decline in RTL as determined by qPCR in terms of telomere repeat (T) to single copy gene (S) ratio. Bars represent means ± SEM (n = 4). P-values were calculated using Student’s t-test. Activity of telomerase enzyme is unchanged in the aging cortex The catalytically active TERT and telomerase RNA component are the most important units of the telomerase holoenzyme. Telomerase activity was measured using a standard qPCR-based TRAP assay and referenced against the intrinsic activity of a HeLa cell-derived positive cell extract according to Klapper and colleagues [11], or expressed in absolute values.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Buisman, Performance of non-porous graphite and titanium-based anodes in microbial fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta. 53 (2008) 5697-5703. [19] H. Richter, K. generation by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to gold electrodes, Langmuir. 24 (2008) 4376-4379. [20] L. C. Nagle, J. F. Rohan, Aligned carbon nanotube–Pt composite fuel cell catalyst by template electrodeposition, J. Power Sources. 185 (2008) 411-418. [21] C. Du, J. Yeh, N. Pan, Carbon nanotube thin films with ordered structures, J. Mater. Chem. 15 (2005) 548-550. [22]. Kim, B. H. Kim, A mediator-less microbial fuel cell using a metal reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 30 (2002) 145-152. [23] Z. generation from artificial wastewater using an upflow microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 5262-5267. [24] S. Ishii, K. Watanabe, S. Yabuki, B. E. Logan, Y. Sekiguchi, Comparison of electrode reduction activities of Geobacter sulfurreducens and an enriched consortium in an air-cathode microbial fuel cell, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 (2008) 7348-7355. [25] Y. Ahn, B. E. Logan, Effectiveness of domestic wastewater treatment using microbial fuel cells at ambient and mesophilic temperatures, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 469-475. [26] K. Rabaey, W. Verstraete, Microbial fuel cells: novel biotechnology for energy generation, Trends Biotechno. 23 (2005) 291-298. [27] S. Cheng, B. E. Logan, Sustainable and efficient biohydrogen production via electrohydrogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104 (2007) 18871-18873. [28] X. Wang, S. Cheng, Y. Feng, M. D.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 6)EMF tips21. 3 (7. 3)EMF tips11. 5 (7. 3)Mortierella15. 7 (14. 6)Wilcoxina5. 8 (4. 9)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 6)Wilcoxina11. 1 (17. 3)Wilcoxina8. 0 (11. 9)Piloderma4. 8 (4. 7)Cortinarius6. 8 (6. 2)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 0)Thelephoraceae5. 7 (11. 1)Tylospora3. 8 (4. 5)Tylospora6. 5 (4. 9)Thelephoraceae5. 2 (7. 9)Cenococcum2. 9 (3. 7)Thelephoraceae2. 2 (2. 4)Amphinema2. 7 (1. 6)Piloderma2. 2 (2. 5)Verticillium2. 9 (2. 3)Tuber1. 5 (3. 3)Wilcoxina1. 7 (2. 0)Ceratobasidiaceae1. 5 (2. 2)Ceratobasidiaceae2. 8 (3. 9)EMF tips1. 4 (1. 2)Hygrophorus1. 6 (2. 2)Cenococcum1. 5 (2. 8)Calycina2. 0 (5. 4)Lactarius1. 0 (2. 6)Thelephoraceae1. 2 (1. 8)Inocybe1. 3 (2. 0)Helotiales1. 8 (2. 0)Cortinarius0. 9 (2. 5)Cenococcum1. 1 (0. 8)Hygrocybe0. 7 (2. 1)Cryptococcus1. 5 (0. 9)Sebacina0. 7 (1. 7)Helotiales0. 8 (0. 3)Cryptococcus0. 6 (0. 4)Lecanicillium1. 0 (0. 8)Verticillium0. 7 (0. 7)Cadophora0. 6 (0. 6)Glomus0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: 15-fold for sNE; P = 0. 942; 0. 75 ± 0. 15-fold for cNE; P = 0. 482; Figure 6C and D). In contrast, TERT protein levels in CP and ME sub-fractions significantly increased with aging, thereby reaching fold changes of 1. 92 ± 0. 34 (P = 0. 017) and 3. 08 ± 0. 13 (P < 0. 001) above expression levels in young controls, respectively (Figure 6C and D). Levels of the reference protein ß-Actin were not altered with aging. Specificity of the polyclonal anti-TERT antibody used in this study was verified by probing TERT control tissue lysates in parallel with the sub-fractionated cortical samples, demonstrating a strong TERT product in whole cell (WC) lysates of replication-competent small intestine and ovaries, whereas only a weak product was obtained from post-replicative skeletal muscle, and a very faint signal was detected from young cortical whole cell lysates (Figure 6C). The discrepancy between the predicted size of 123 kDa for murine TERT and the displayed molecular weight of approximately 93 kDa is most likely due to the intrinsic technical properties of the electrophoresis-based Simple Western™ system, which is based on a non-polyacrylamide matrix known to have protein motility properties and protein-matrix interaction features different from a standard polyacrylamide separation matrix. In order to prove this notion, we probed the samples with the same antibody in a conventional western blot. This approach resulted in a specific product of ~ 125 kDa size (Figure 6B, right side). Thus, the antibody used proved specificity and was appropriate to assess varying levels of TERT protein content in different murine tissues. Levels of the kappa B subunit Rela increase in the aged neocortex NF-κB is a master regulator of age-related genetic reprogramming [19], and its up-regulation is a genetic signature of aging-associated inflammation, including neuro-inflammation [20]. Moreover, NF-κB RelA activity was shown to be linked to telomerase via a feed-forward loop, in which RelA and either telomerase holoenzyme or TERT protein can reciprocally activate each other [21,22].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Merrill, T. Saito, B. E. Logan, Use of carbon mesh anodes and the effect of different pretreatment methods on power production in microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 6870-6874. [29] X. Tang, K. Guo, H. Li, Z. Du, J. Tian, Electrochemical treatment of graphite to enhance electron transfer from bacteria to electrodes, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 3558-3560. [30] Y. Fan, S. Xu, R. Schaller, J. Jiao, F. Chaplen, H. Liu, Nanop1912. [31] K. Scott, G. Rimbu, K. Katuri, K. Prasad, I. Head, Application of modified carbon anodes in microbial fuel cells, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 85 (2007) 481-488. [32] energy from the marine sediment–water interface II: Kinetic activity of anode materials, Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2006) 2058-2063. [33] K. Wang, Y. Liu, S. Chen, Improved microbial electrocatalysis with neutral red immobilized electrode, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 164-168. [34] J. R. Kim, B. Min, B. E. Logan, Evaluation of procedures to acclimate a microbial fuel cell for electricity production, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68 (2005) 23-30. [35] K. Watanabe, Recent developments in microbial fuel cell technologies for sustainable bioenergy, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 106 (2008) 528-536. [36] H. limitations in microbial fuel cells: an overview, J. Power Sources. 180 (2008) 683-694. [37] M. Rosenbaum, F. Zhao, M. Quaas, H. Wulff, U. Schröder, F. Scholz, Evaluation of catalytic properties of tungsten carbide for the anode of microbial fuel cells, Appl. Catal. B 74 (2007) 261-269. [38] S. R. Higgins, D.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 6 (1. 2)Cladosporium0. 8 (0. 7)Russula0. 6 (1. 1)Chalara0. 7 (0. 7)Abbreviations: −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; sand, sand barrier. A higher taxonomic level is given if the sequence could not be assigned to a genus. Data are provided as means (n=9) with s. d. in brackets. EMF tips, matching sequences belonged to unidentified ectomycorrhizal tips. aThe most common (>0. 5% relative abundance) fungal groups are given at the genus level. Table 2 Open in new tab The percent relative abundance of the most common fungala sequences in the hyphal trap bags with and without a sand barrier, sand barriers and the adjacent fermentation-humic layer of the forest floor −SB. . FH. . +SB. . Sand. . Mortierella43. 5 (22. 9)Piloderma32. 3 (4. 9)Amphinema33. 6 (19. 9)Amphinema28. 4 (17. 6)Amphinema16. 6 (11. 6)EMF tips21. 3 (7. 3)EMF tips11. 5 (7. 3)Mortierella15. 7 (14. 6)Wilcoxina5. 8 (4. 9)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 6)Wilcoxina11. 1 (17. 3)Wilcoxina8. 0 (11. 9)Piloderma4. 8 (4. 7)Cortinarius6. 8 (6. 2)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 0)Thelephoraceae5. 7 (11. 1)Tylospora3. 8 (4. 5)Tylospora6. 5 (4. 9)Thelephoraceae5. 2 (7. 9)Cenococcum2. 9 (3. 7)Thelephoraceae2. 2 (2. 4)Amphinema2. 7 (1. 6)Piloderma2. 2 (2. 5)Verticillium2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: However, telomere length integrity and dynamics in the working syncytium of the brain, which is exceptional for the lack of true cell division cycles of mature neurons, the limited cell turnover in glial populations and the capacity of differentiated neurons for unscheduled re-induction of abortive cell cycles [27], are still widely unexplored. In our study, Flow-FISH-based telomere length analyses in highly aged mice, stratified for cell-cycle activity, reveal that telomere erosion indeed occurs in the aging rodent brain, and evidence that this telomere attrition is not restricted to neural populations with regular (e. g. in glia) or unscheduled (in distinct neurons) cell cycle activity, but also afflicts G0 phase-arrested neural populations devoid of any cell cycle activity, although to a lesser extent. Loss of RTL in the aged brain was further confirmed by a standard qPCR-based approach, irrespective of cell cycle activity. Additionally, by means of neuron-specific telomere length measurements, we directly identified neurons to contribute to the telomere shortening process. In conclusion, the brain appears to lose telomere length in both replicative and non-replicative cell moieties though at different rates, and thus shares aging features fundamental to many replicative organs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate telomere length dynamics in brain as a function of cell cycle activity. So far, the only work on aged murine CNS, which was performed in M. spretus displaying telomere lengths similar to humans, did not reveal telomere attrition when comparing 24-30 months old brain samples with 5 months old specimens, but described a decline in telomere length in the first postnatal months [23]. A similar reduction in brain telomere length during postnatal maturation was revealed in rat [28]. Apart from such time windows defining the phase of neuronal network consolidation [29], higher age categories are more frequently addressed in studies aiming to clarify the role of critically short telomeres in cellular senescence and life expectancy, as it is assumed from replicative tissue, and currently under analysis in rodents and humans [4,30–32].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Foerster, A. Cheung, C. Lau, O. Bretschger, S. D. Minteer, K. Nealson, P. Atanassov, M. J. Cooney, Fabrication of macroporous chitosan scaffolds doped with carbon nanotubes and their characterization in microbial fuel cell operation, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 48 (2011) 458-465. [39] Y. Zou, C. Xiang, L. Yang, L. X. Sun, F. Xu, Z. Cao, A mediatorless microbial fuel cell using polypyrrole coated carbon nanotubes composite as anode material, Int. J, Hydrogen Energ. 33 (2008) 4856-4862. [40] B. E. Logan, J. M. Regan, Electricity-producing bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells, Trends Microbiol. 14 (2006) 512-518. [41] generation and microbial community analysis of alcohol powered microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 98 (2007) 2568-2577. [42] T. Sharma, A. L. M. Reddy, T. Chandra, S. Ramaprabhu, Development of carbon nanotubes and nanofluids based microbial fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 33 (2008) 6749-6754. [43] J. Shen, Y. Hu, C. Li, C. Qin, M. Ye, Pt–Co supported on single-walled carbon nanotubes as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta. 53 (2008) 7276-7280. [44] S. Timur, U. Anik, D. Odaci, L. Gorton, Development of a microbial biosensor based on carbon nanotube (CNT) modified electrodes, Electrochem. Commun. 9 (2007) 1810-1815. [45] H. Dai, Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties, Acc. Chem. Res. 35 (2002) 1035-1044. [46] M. Trojanowicz, Analytical applications of carbon nanotubes: a review, Trends Analyt. Chem.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 9 (2. 3)Tuber1. 5 (3. 3)Wilcoxina1. 7 (2. 0)Ceratobasidiaceae1. 5 (2. 2)Ceratobasidiaceae2. 8 (3. 9)EMF tips1. 4 (1. 2)Hygrophorus1. 6 (2. 2)Cenococcum1. 5 (2. 8)Calycina2. 0 (5. 4)Lactarius1. 0 (2. 6)Thelephoraceae1. 2 (1. 8)Inocybe1. 3 (2. 0)Helotiales1. 8 (2. 0)Cortinarius0. 9 (2. 5)Cenococcum1. 1 (0. 8)Hygrocybe0. 7 (2. 1)Cryptococcus1. 5 (0. 9)Sebacina0. 7 (1. 7)Helotiales0. 8 (0. 3)Cryptococcus0. 6 (0. 4)Lecanicillium1. 0 (0. 8)Verticillium0. 7 (0. 7)Cadophora0. 6 (0. 6)Glomus0. 6 (1. 2)Cladosporium0. 8 (0. 7)Russula0. 6 (1. 1)Chalara0. 7 (0. 7)−SB. . FH. . +SB. . Sand. . Mortierella43. 5 (22. 9)Piloderma32. 3 (4. 9)Amphinema33. 6 (19. 9)Amphinema28. 4 (17. 6)Amphinema16. 6 (11. 6)EMF tips21. 3 (7. 3)EMF tips11. 5 (7. 3)Mortierella15. 7 (14. 6)Wilcoxina5. 8 (4. 9)Mortierella8. 3 (5. 6)Wilcoxina11. 1 (17. 3)Wilcoxina8. 0 (11. 9)Piloderma4. 8 (4. 7)Cortinarius6. 8 (6. 2)Mortierella8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Likewise, an age-related rise in the moiety of short telomeres (≤ 6 kb) was found in human centenarians in replicative tissues and corresponding cerebral cortices [4], whereas an age-associated alteration in the mean telomere length was not detected [3]. Thus, the impact of lifetime on mean telomere length in mammals is still understudied. The few studies available on telomere length regulation in brain tissue support the notion that telomeres in the neural environment might not be static [3,4,32]. A direct comparison with rodent aging studies is hampered by multiple factors, as are the weak coverage of ages above 24 months, the heterogeneity of age categories and brain regions examined, the per se limited number of studies available on this topic and the variability of techniques applied to assess telomere repeats in interphase nuclei. Besides standard TRF length estimations based on Southern blotting, telomere length determination is often assessed by quantitative Q-FISH, or qPCR analyses. In addition, chromogenic in situ hybridization techniques, and more recent developments using theCas9 technology and pyrrole-imidazole polyamides, may be suitable for further adaptation of telomere length determinations particularly in the CNS [33,34]. Here, we used a Flow-FISH-based approach, which has already been applied for RTL measurement in several cell types including blood cells [35] and keratinocytes [36], to bridge current knowledge on interphase and metaphase cell entities, and elucidate telomere length dynamics in the CNS environment, where replicative and quiescent cell populations are coexisting during the entire lifetime. While reduced self-renewal of stem cell pools in brain hippocampus has been associated with age-related learning and memory deficits [37], increased but atypical cell cycle activity in neurons is similarly assumed to sustain dysfunction of neurons and has been linked to apoptosis-like neuronal death [38,39]. In support of a related study by Fischer et al. [9], we provide evidence that cell cycle re-initiation is involved in the brain aging process, as indicated by the flow cytometry-based DNA content analysis. Deciphering cell entities with immanent scheduled or atypical cell cycle and their contribution to telomere attrition in the aging CNS is a topic of our current investigations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Li, Nano-molybdenum carbide/carbon nanotubes composite as bifunctional anode catalyst for high-performance Escherichia coli-based microbial fuel cell, Biosens. Bioelectron. 51 (2014) 349-355. [73] S. Matsumoto, K. Yamanaka, H. Ogikubo, H. Akasaka, N. Ohtake, Carbon nanotube dispersed conductive network for microbial fuel cells, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 (2014) 083904. [74] Y. Fu, J. Yu, Y. Zhang, Y. Meng, Graphite coated with manganese oxide/multiwall carbon nanotubes composites as anodes in marine benthic microbial fuel cells, Appl. Surf. Sci. 317 (2014) 84-89. [75] C. Erbay, G. Yang, P. de Figueiredo, R. Sadr, C. Yu, A. Han, Three-dimensional porous carbon nanotube sponges for high-performance anodes of microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 298 (2015) 177-183. [76] H. F. Cui, L. Du, P. B. Guo, B. Zhu, J. H. Luong, Controlled modification of carbon nanotubes and polyaniline on macroporous graphite felt for high-performance microbial fuel cell anode, J. Power Sources. 283 (2015) 46-53. [77] E. Yoo, T. Okada, T. Kizuka, J. Nakamura, Effect of carbon substrate materials as a Pt–Ru catalyst support on the performance of direct methanol fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 180 (2008) 221-226. [78] T. Ralph, M. Hogarth, Catalysis for low temperature fuel cells, Platin. Met. Rev. 46 (2002) 117-135. [79] U. Paulus, A. Wokaun, G. Scherer, T. Schmidt, V. Stamenkovic, V. Radmilovic, N. Markovic, P. Ross, Oxygen reduction on carbon-supported Pt− Ni and Pt− Co alloy catalysts, J. Phys. Chem.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 3 (5. 0)Thelephoraceae5. 7 (11. 1)Tylospora3. 8 (4. 5)Tylospora6. 5 (4. 9)Thelephoraceae5. 2 (7. 9)Cenococcum2. 9 (3. 7)Thelephoraceae2. 2 (2. 4)Amphinema2. 7 (1. 6)Piloderma2. 2 (2. 5)Verticillium2. 9 (2. 3)Tuber1. 5 (3. 3)Wilcoxina1. 7 (2. 0)Ceratobasidiaceae1. 5 (2. 2)Ceratobasidiaceae2. 8 (3. 9)EMF tips1. 4 (1. 2)Hygrophorus1. 6 (2. 2)Cenococcum1. 5 (2. 8)Calycina2. 0 (5. 4)Lactarius1. 0 (2. 6)Thelephoraceae1. 2 (1. 8)Inocybe1. 3 (2. 0)Helotiales1. 8 (2. 0)Cortinarius0. 9 (2. 5)Cenococcum1. 1 (0. 8)Hygrocybe0. 7 (2. 1)Cryptococcus1. 5 (0. 9)Sebacina0. 7 (1. 7)Helotiales0. 8 (0. 3)Cryptococcus0. 6 (0. 4)Lecanicillium1. 0 (0. 8)Verticillium0. 7 (0. 7)Cadophora0. 6 (0. 6)Glomus0. 6 (1. 2)Cladosporium0. 8 (0. 7)Russula0. 6 (1. 1)Chalara0. 7 (0. 7)Abbreviations: −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; sand, sand barrier. A higher taxonomic level is given if the sequence could not be assigned to a genus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Also, the question whether neurons with aberrantly re-induced cell cycle activity are substantially contributing to the pool of neurons with shortened telomeres is a subject being currently under investigation by the authors. Apart, disturbances in telomere trimming processes [40] or induction of rapid telomere deletion, e. g. , due to the loss of T-loops [41] may putatively also provide molecular bases to explain the observations described in this study. Pursuing the hypothesis that both neurons and glia populations contribute to telomere length attrition in the aged brain, we further specified RTL measures for neuronal cell entities of our cortical isolates. Using an innovative NeuO- and FACS-based separation protocol to select vital neurons, and a qPCR-based telomere length measurement, we revealed remarkable age-related telomere curtailment in neurons already at the age of 24 months. These data show that neurons, though being a quiescent cell population with no replicative potential or with atypical cell cycle activity only, still undergo telomere attrition. Thus, neurons also account for the telomere length reduction observed for the G0/G1 population. The mechanism responsible for telomere attrition in non-dividing cells is still undefined and deserves further cytogenetic investigations. Telomeres are unable to perform non-homologous end joining in order to repair DNA double strand breaks [42] and thus are a site of persistent DDR, e. g. , in response to oxidative or genotoxic stress [25,26]. Alongside, the number of DNA damage events within the telomere repeats including end caps strongly increases with age. This susceptibility of the telomere chromatin is obviously independent of both, absolute telomere length and presence of telomerase activity [25]. Therefore, since telomere attrition is not a prerequisite for continued DDR at telomeres [25], the inability to resolve DNA damage might itself predispose to a telomere shortening process and partially explain telomere instability in the brain with restricted replicative turnover. Likewise, in neurons with high energy consumption, age-related accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [13], as described for other cell entities [43], might damage guanine-rich sequences within the telomere structure [44,45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Ren, Carbon nanotube modified air-cathodes for electricity production in microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 7465-7469. [87] S. Cheng, H. Liu, B. E. Logan, Power densities using different cathode catalysts (Pt and CoTMPP) and polymer binders (Nafion and PTFE) in single chamber microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 364-369. [88] E. HaoYu, S. Cheng, K. Scott, B. Logan, Microbial fuel cell performance with non-Pt cathode catalysts, J. Power Sources. 171 (2007) 275-281. [89] F. Zhao, F. Harnisch, U. Schröder, F. Scholz, P. Bogdanoff, I. Herrmann, Application of pyrolysed iron(II) phthalocyanine and CoTMPP based oxygen reduction catalysts as cathode materials in microbial fuel cells, Electrochem. Commun. 7 (2005) 1405-1410. [90] Y. Yuan, B. Zhao, Y. Jeon, S. Zhong, S. Zhou, S. Kim, Iron phthalocyanine supported on amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube as an alternative cathodic oxygen catalyst in microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 5849-5854. [91] M. Lu, S. Kharkwal, H. Y. Ng, S. F. Y. Li, Carbon nanotube supported MnO2 catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and their applications in microbial fuel cells, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26 (2011) 4728-4732. [92] M. Ghasemi, M. Ismail, S. K. Kamarudin, K. Saeedfar, W. . Alam, S. -E. Oh, Carbon nanotube as an alternative cathode support and catalyst for microbial fuel cells, Appl. Energ. 102 (2013) 1050-1056. [93] M. Lu, L. Guo, S. Kharkwal, H. Y. Ng, S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 00) d1. 63 (0. 36) cSulfataseSulphate-ester hydrolysis0. 03 (0. 01) b0. 06 (0. 02) a0. 04 (0. 01) b<0. 01 (0. 00) cNDLeucine aminopeptidaseNitrogen mobilization0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 01 (0. 02) b0. 04 (0. 03) aNDNDβ-1,4-N-AcetylglucosaminidaseChitin degradation1. 54 (0. 42) a2. 13 (0. 98) a1. 79 (0. 47) a<0. 01 (0. 00) b0. 21 (0. 40) bβ-1,4-GlucosidaseCellulose degradation2. 23 (0. 69) b3. 05 (0. 91) ab3. 44 (1. 12) a0. 01 (0. 00) c0. 70 (0. 56) cCellobiohydrolaseCellulose degradation0. 77 (0. 58) ab0. 87 (0. 56) ab1. 07 (0. 61) a<0. 01 (0. 00) c0. 36 (0. 20) bcβ-1,4-XylosidaseHemicellulose degradation0. 12 (0. 06) ab0. 22 (0. 18) a0. 19 (0. 10) a<0. 01 (0. 00) b0. 10 (0. 05) abLaccaseaLignin degradation13. 3 (12. 5) ab19. 0 (11. 3) a5. 4 (8. 3) bND4. 13 (4. 6) bPeroxidaseaLignin degradation19. 2 (15. 4) c39. 2 (18. 4) ab48. 9 (16. 5) aND27. 5 (12. 6) bcPhenol oxidaseaLignin degradation0. 5 (1. 3) b0. 7 (1. 1) b3. 5 (2. 6) aND1. 54 (1. 00) abEnzyme.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Though ROS-mediated telomere shortening has so far been shown only for replicative tissue in vitro, it may also affect fragile telomeres in non-dividing neurons, or in neurons that re-induce atypical cell cycle activity. In support of this notion, telomere dysfunction and damage were causally linked to a senescence-like phenotype in replication-incompetent neurons [24]. Thus, in expansion of the work by Jurk and colleagues, who supported a process of cellular senescence also in post-replicative neurons [24], with features similar to those characterized for other cell types [26], we demonstrate here that telomere erosion is not restricted to replicative cell entities and thereby broaden our understanding of how the brain ages. Consistent with this finding, telomerase activity, which can also protect cells from oxidative stress and DNA damage, was not increased. Whether telomere shortening in neurons is an ultimate consequence of maturation-dependent loss in telomerase activity, a direct consequence of high ROS-mediated DDR, or a defective control, e. g. , of telomere trimming strategies, is an interesting question, which has not been resolved yet. Telomere tracts can be replenished by telomerase activity. TERT, the catalytic moiety of the telomerase enzyme, additionally exerts extra-telomeric functions, e. g. , by mediating cell proliferation and apoptotic resistance in tumor cells [21], and by involvement in the defense against ROS through nucleus-to-mitochondria re-localization in response to oxidative stress in human fibroblasts [46]. Importantly, these non-canonical functions have been validated also in neurons with low levels of telomerase activity [47], that declines rapidly already during postnatal maturation of the growing CNS [48]. According to such beneficial roles, re-induction of telomerase activity in aged somatic cells, both of humans and mice, was capable to restore cellular replicative potential and correlated with improved tissue repair and features of rejuvenation, even in the largely postmitotic brain, and was also associated with a prolonged lifespan [49,50]. In contrast, as shown in lower organisms, early telomerase inactivation can accelerate aging independently of the telomere length [51].

Output: corroborate