Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Since deleterious mutations are typically more numerous than beneficial ones, environmental heterogeneity may also increase the chances of an overall decrease in population fitness through the accumulation of deleterious mutations. The accumulation of deleterious mutation, called the expansion load, is already more likely in range expansions than in well-mixed populations (Peischl et al. , 2013; Lavrentovich et al. , 2016; Gralka et al. , 2016a). By altering the efficacy of selection in depressing deleterious mutations and elevating beneficial mutations, heterogeneities in the environment may further facilitate the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Depending on the mutational supply, that is the relative rate and effect of deleterious and beneficial mutations, environmental heterogeneity may not only slow down the process of adaptation but also lead to entirely different long-term evolutionary outcomes. As an example, consider Figure 8, where we compute the rate of adaptation in range expansions in various habitats for a given distribution of fitness effects (DFE). We find that the rate of adaptation can transition from positive (adaptation over time) to negative (accumulation of deleterious mutations) depending only on the degree of environmental heterogeneity. Thus, environmental heterogeneity can fundamentally alter the evolutionary dynamics of range expansions. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Environmental heterogeneity can alter evolutionary outcomes. Rate of adaptation, defined as ∫D(s)sfMT(s)𝑑s, computed for an exponential distribution of fitness effects D(s) at various values of the environmental parameters k and ρ (see Materials and methods). The distribution of fitness effects is characterized by two parameters: the ratio μd/μb of deleterious to beneficial mutation rate (μd/μb=2 in panel a, 1. 25 in b), and s¯, the average fitness effect of a mutation (s¯=0. 03 in panel a, 0. 05 in b). The rate of adaptation is normalized to its maximal value at ρ=0. Green tones correspond to adaptation (accumulation of beneficial mutations), magenta tones to accumulation of deleterious mutations. Materials and methods Experimental methods Strains and growth conditions Request a detailed protocol We used an E. coli MG1655 strain transformed with the plasmid pB10 (Schlüter et al. , 2003).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: O resultado do estudo mostra a necessidade de iniciativas e a conjunção de esforços para a diminuição das desigualdades de gênero, sendo que as transformações esperadas pelas mulheres não se limitam à capacitação profissional e à obtenção de empregos na área de tecnologia, mas estendem-se à concreta participação do governo, da sociedade civil e também da iniciativa privada como agentes de uma necessária transformação radical das relações entre homens e mulheres no Brasil. Romano et al. (2020)Romano, S. M. V. , Espíndola, M. G. , & Santos, T. N. dos. (2020). A discriminação de gênero na TI e seus impactos na sociedade. Processando o Saber, 12, 146-162. resultados e não era possível filtrar por gênero, sendo que o resultado também não se alterava quando o termo era “desenvolvedora”. É importante mencionar que o site libera apenas a visualização das 100 primeiras páginas e cada uma delas conta com 10 perfis. Além disso, não foi considerado se o resultado estava acurado no que diz respeito à experiência profissional como desenvolvedora de games ou se esse termo constava apenas no currículo da pessoa como uma habilidade. Considerando as 1. 000 pessoas exibidas no resultado dessa primeira busca, foram encontradas 64 mulheres, ou seja, 6,4% de representatividade.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Suppression of suprachiasmatic nucleus neuron activity with a vasopressin receptor antagonist: possible role for endogenous vasopressin in circadian activity cycles in vitro 179: 95–99. [PubMed] and Ingram, CD (1994). The effects of [Arg8] vasopressin and [Arg8] vasotocin on the firing rate of suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro Neuroscience 62: 783–792. [PubMed] and Goldman, BD (1984). Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region Science 223: 833–835. [PubMed] and Maini, BK (1987). Suprachiasmatic injection of a vasopressin antagonist modifies the circadian rhythm of food intake Biol 48: 344–351. [PubMed] and Singh, PI (1992). Vasopressin antagonist disrupts the circadian rhythm of water intake on suprachiasmatic injection 9: 356–361. [PubMed] Decoursey, PJ and Buggy, J (1986). Restoration of locomotor activity in SCN-lesioned golden hamsters by transplantation of fetal SCN. [abstract] Neurosci 12: 210. and Bittman, EL (1987). Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain J Neurosci 7: 1626–1638. [PubMed] Stoynev, AG and Nagai, K (1996). Lack of effect of suprachiasmatic infusion of a vasopressin antagonist on the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity in rats 22: 39–43. [PubMed] Boer, GJ, van Esseveldt, KE, van der and Rietveld, WJ (1999). Vasopressin-deficient suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts re-instate circadian rhythmicity in suprachiasmatic nucleus-lesioned arrhythmic rats Neuroscience 89: 375–385. [PubMed] van and Swaab, DF (2001). Alterations in arginine vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression Psychiatry 58: 655–662. [PubMed] and Aguilera, G (2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: The essay concludes with a few comments on solving the problem that point toward premodern theologies of divine providential action, of the transparency or opacity of natural processes to such a providence, and scriptural ways of emplotting narratives that do not set divine purposive action and contingency in absolute competition. (pages 103 - 121)This 5. by Chance? DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003. 0005[Charles Darwin;evolution;natural selection;humankind;chance;arms race;ecological niche;randomness]Darwin published his Origin of Species in 1859, the automatic assumption of evolutionists was that the process leads upwards to humankind, the climax of history. Darwin’s mechanism of natural selection throws considerable doubt on this happy story, because it is relativistic and (with the coming of Mendelian genetics) the building blocks of evolution are chance, in the sense of not appearing according to need. The past 150 years have seen a series of attempts to show that humans must evolve, either because of or in the face of natural selection. Darwin himself, and following him in recent years Richards Dawkins, favored a kind of “arms race,” with adaptations improving as lines of organisms try to outrun competitors. He thought this would lead to intelligence. Another gambit involving selection, favored by paleontologists Gould and Morris, suggests that there are ecological niches waiting to be occupied and that selection pushes organisms to find them. Culture is one such niche and if humans had not found it, another line of organisms would. A third strategy, non-Darwinian in the spirit of Herbert Spencer, argues that complexity and hence humankind just comes as part of natural chance happenings, randomly. (pages 122 - 142)This 6. in Evolutionary Biology: from DriftDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003. 0006[genetic drift;evolutionary theory;physical probability;explanation;statistical explanation;problem of reference class;method of arbitrary functions;reference class]Evolutionary biology distinguishes differences in survival and reproduction rates due to selection from those due to drift.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Outro método de busca utilizado na plataforma foi entrar na página de cada uma das top 10 empresas desenvolvedoras de games no Brasil, de acordo com o levantamento realizado pela Abragames em 2022, e verificar se de fato todas as mulheres já haviam aparecido na primeira busca. Somando o volume de funcionários da área de programação dessas 10 empresas, obteve-se um total de 297 pessoas, sendo 23 mulheres, algo em torno de 7,75%. Todas essas 23 mulheres já tinham aparecido na busca anterior, então o volume total permaneceu inalterado. Isso corrobora os dados obtidos na Pesquisa Abragames, em que 196 empresas responderam o censo da indústria de games no país, e como resultado totalizam-se 552 mulheres atuantes na indústria, sendo apenas 85 em programação e gestão de projetos. A partir disso, o currículo das mulheres encontradas foi averiguado a fim de confirmar se de fato existia experiência profissional na área de jogos digitais; então, aquelas que se classificaram como atuantes na indústria foram adicionadas na rede. Todas as 64 mulheres tinham experiência de trabalho na área de programação de jogos e foram adicionadas na rede social para que o convite para participação na pesquisa pudesse ser enviado. Destas, 39 aceitaram e foram convidadas a participar, 26 responderam, 22 entrevistas foram realizadas e 4 não apareceram na data marcada ou não deram nenhum retorno após o contato inicial.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neuronal activity is required for the circadian rhythm of vasopressin gene transcription in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro Endocrinology 143: 4165–4171. [PubMed] Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (1994). Alterations in circadian rhythmicity of the vasopressin-producing neurons of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with aging 651: 134–142. [PubMed] Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (1995). Influence of aging on the seasonal rhythm of the vasopressin-expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus 16: 965–971. [PubMed] and Swabb, DF (1995). Increased light intensity prevents the age related loss of vasopressin-expressing neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 693: 261–266. [PubMed] and Bult-Ito, A (2004). Number of arginine-vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei is not related to level or circadian characteristics of wheel-running activity in house mice 34: 131–136. [PubMed] Kalamatianos, T, Kallo, I and Coen, CW (2004). Ageing and the diurnal expression of the mRNAs for vasopressin and for the V1a and V1b vasopressin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male rats J Neuroendocrinol 16: 493–501. [PubMed] Biemans, BAM, Van der and Daan, S (). A double role for vasopressin in the SCN? Research Conference. . 5–10, August 2001. and Gold, RM (1981). Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats Bull 6: 125–130. [PubMed] Stoinev, AG and Ikonomov, OK (1990). Effect of continuous infusion of vasopressin on circadian rhythms of food and water intake, diuresis and electrolyte excretion in Brattleboro rats 09: 122–124. Castel, M, Morris, J and Belenky, M (1996).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: The distinction is usually thought to be founded in probabilistic facts: a difference in outcomes that is due to selection is explained by differences in the probabilities relevant to survival; in drift, the probabilities are equal and the difference in lifespans is “a matter of chance”. In both cases, there is a difference in causal histories, but in drift, this differences make no contribution to the relevant probabilities. What is the rationale for ignoring these differences in a probabilistic description of evolutionary change? This is evolutionary biology’s version of philosophy of probability’s reference class problem. Skeptical answers beckon – perhaps it is something cultural or epistemological that decides what gets counted and what gets ignored. This paper uses the author’s recent work on biological probabilities (Strevens, Bigger than Chaos, 2003) and probabilistic explanation (Strevens, Depth, 2008) to argue for a more objectivist answer: the causal factors that are counted are those that make a difference to the frequencies of outcomes that determine evolutionary change. Causal factors are ignored, then, just when they are explanatorily irrelevant to the episode of evolution to be explained. (pages 145 - 175)This 7. at the Origin of Biological Variation: of Genetic MutationsDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003. 0007[chance;randomness;stochasticity;mutation;mutational biases;biological variation;molecular level]The concept of chance, when used to characterize genetic mutation, has often been analyzed and defined from the evolutionary point of view, i. e. , looking at the relationship between mutation, selection, and adaptation. More precisely, chance mutation in this sense means that the mutation is not specifically provoked with a view to the adaptation of the organism concerned. However, genetic mutations, as other sources of biological variation (e. g. , recombination), are said to be “chancy” or “random” events from the molecular point of view as well, and no philosophical analysis of this discourse has been developed until now. Which notion of chance is invoked in this context? The present 8. Parallel Evolution: It (Not) It (Still) Interesting? DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226401911. 003.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Sendo assim, quase 35% do total de mulheres encontradas participou da entrevista, o que representa pouco mais de 25% do volume de mulheres atuantes na área de desenvolvimento e programação na indústria, taxa que gera uma grande representatividade para os resultados obtidos na pesquisa. A pesquisa foi conduzida de maneira remota por meio da plataforma e as entrevistas aconteceram durante o mês de novembro de 2022, durando em média 30 minutos cada. Logo no início da conversa, foi apresentado o Termo de e Esclarecido (TCLE), que garantia o anonimato das entrevistadas e a confidencialidade das informações, o qual teve seu aceite gravado em áudio. Em seguida, foram apresentados os objetivos gerais da pesquisa e a estrutura da entrevista, para que a entrevistada se sentisse confortável em dividir seu relato sobre eventuais barreiras enfrentadas na indústria de games no Brasil e quais artifícios usou para superá-las. O questionário semiestruturado dividiu-se em cinco blocos: (i) perfil da entrevistada; (ii) o trabalho na área de programação e desenvolvimento de games; (iii) barreiras na indústria de games; (iv) superação de eventuais barreiras; e (v) equidade na indústria.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Advancing human circadian rhythms with afternoonmelatonin and morning intermittent bright light J Metab,. [PubMed] Wehr, TA (1997). Melatonin and seasonal rhythms J 12: 518–527. [PubMed] Pévet, P (2003). Melatonin: to J Neuroendocrinol 15: 422–426. [PubMed] Lincoln, GA, Andersson, H and Loudon, A (2003). Clock genes in calendar cells as the basis of annual timekeeping in mammals – a unifying hypothesis. J Endocrinol 179: 1–13. [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A, Teclemariam-Mesbah, R and Pevet, P (1993). Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) J 332: 293–314. [PubMed] and Gooley, J (2005). The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms 28: 152–157. [PubMed] Deurveilher, S and Semba, K (2003). Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the median preoptic nucleus in rat 987: 100–106. [PubMed] and Saper, CB (2003). A broad role for melanopsin in nonvisual photoreception J Neurosci 23: 7093–7106. [PubMed] Deurveilher, S, Burns, J and Semba, K (2002). Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: a dual tract-tracing study in rat Neurosci 16: 1195–1213. [PubMed] Watts, AG (1991). ed. The efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: anatomical insights into the control of circadian rhythms Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the mind's clock. New York, Press, 106. and Honma, K (2000). Clock genes outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus involved in manifestation of locomotor activity rhythm in rats Neurosci 12: 4206–4214. [PubMed] Balsalobre, A, Damiola, F and Schibler, U (1998). A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells Cell 93: 929–937.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Some studies suggest that these mutations decrease HBeAg expression and slightly increase viral DNA replication, and are mostly found in patients who seroconvert to anti-HBe and develop HCC[70-72]. By contrast, other studies indicate that these mutations are not associated with HBeAg/anti-HBe status or or HCC[73,74]. Other mutations including M1386, T1485, B1499, A1613, T1653, G1727, A1757/T1764/G1766, T1773, G or C1753, and T1766/A1768 mutations have been reported to be associated with the development of HCC[74-79], which are alone and/or in combination to be the predictive markers for hepatocarcinogenesis. PreCore/core precore/core ORF encoding proteins, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and core antigen (HBcAg), are two indicators of active viral replication. Mutations in the C region were mainly distributed in MHC restricted region. In particular, mutations in the MHC class II restricted region (in M2RR) were found to be significantly related to HCC. Six (preC-W28*, C-P5H/L/T, C-E83D, C-I97F/L, C-L100I and C-Q182K/*) and seven types (preC-W28*, preC-G29D, C-D32N/H, C-E43K, C-P50A/H/Y, C-A131G/N/P and C-S181H/P) of mutations in the preC/C region were found to be related to HCC and to affect the HBeAg serostatus, respectively[37,80], However, children with HBV infection in the immune-tolerance phase had not have pre-w28* mutation, suggests that this mutation may be the result of life-long chronic HBV infection[81].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Considerando o alto volume de entrevistas e o tempo de duração elevado de cada uma delas, fez-se necessário o uso de um programa de transcrição de áudio intitulado Transkriptor, que em poucos minutos transcreveu mais de 11 horas de áudio. Contudo, foi de extrema importância revisar minuciosamente o texto transcrito, que apresentou algumas incoerências de palavras, devido à qualidade do áudio. Além disso, a transcrição realizada pelo programa foi literal, e no processo de revisão esta foi editada, removendo-se interjeições, repetições e frases ou palavras pela metade, a fim de que o conteúdo fosse mantido e seu entendimento facilitado para o leitor. O texto revisado das entrevistas foi posteriormente analisado com o suporte do programa ATLAS. ti, software de análise de dados qualitativos que permite o cruzamento de dados e a identificação de falas e temas recorrentes entre as entrevistadas. As respostas foram categorizadas em temas centrais, seguindo a técnica de análise de conteúdo temática de Bardin (2011)Bardin, L. (2011). Análise de conteúdo. Edições 70. , e destes irradiaram-se subcategorias de acordo com suas dimensões semântica e sintática. Os temas centrais foram previamente definidos no momento da construção do questionário e suas subcategorias surgiram com base no volume de falas semelhantes entre as entrevistadas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Cassone, VM (2001). Oscillating on borrowed time: diffusible signals from immortalized suprachiasmatic nucleus cells regulate circadian rhythmicity in cultured fibroblasts J Neurosci 21: 7937–7943. [PubMed] and Ishida, N (1998). Humoral signals mediate the circadian expression of rat period homologue (rPer2) mRNA in peripheral tissues 256: 117–119. [PubMed] and Weitz, CJ (2001). Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling Science 294: 2511–2515. [PubMed] Junier, MP (2000). What role(s) for TGFα in the central nervous system? 62: 443–473. [PubMed] and Ojeda, SR (1992). Transforming growth factor-alpha gene expression in the hypothalamus is developmentally regulated and linked to sexual maturation Neuron 9: 657–670. [PubMed] and Gall, CM (1993). Cellular localization of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in rat forebrain J Neurochem 60: 1777–1782. [PubMed] and Allen, CN (2004). Potential pathways for intercellular communication within the calbindin subnucleus of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 123: 87–99. [PubMed] Li, X, Sankrithi, N and Davis, FC (2002). Transforming growth factor-alpha is expressed in astrocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in hamster: role of glial cells in circadian clocks Neuroreport 13: 2143–2147. [PubMed] Van der and Meerlo, P (2005). TGFα and AVP in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus: Anatomical relationship and daily profiles 1054: 159–166. [PubMed] and Moore, RY (1999). Suprachiasmatic pacemaker organization analyzed by viral transynaptic transport 819: 23–32. [PubMed] and Buijs, RM (2000). Functional connections between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the thyroid gland as revealed by lesioning and viral tracing techniques in the rat Endocrinology 141: 3832–3841. [PubMed] la and Buijs, RM (2000).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: However, in this study, the increased survival probability of a population with high plasticity did not lead to faster genetic change and evolutionary adaptation in the plastic population. In addition, a recent theoretical study has shown that even when nongenetic variation increases the mean fitness of a population, this increase does not necessarily accelerate the spreading of beneficial alleles [15]. We thus do not know whether nongenetic variation can amplify the fitness effects of a beneficial mutation in a fluctuating environment, and thus accelerate the mutation’s spread through a population. To answer this question, we modelled how bacteria respond physiologically and eventually adapt evolutionarily to an environment in which the availability of a carbon and energy source changes periodically. Our model focuses on the evolution of the lag time that bacteria need to resume growth after a change in carbon source. It pertains to an environment that switches periodically between two carbon sources. Lag times can have two (nonexclusive) causes [24]. The first, which affects all cells to a similar extent, is that cells need time to reconfigure their metabolism when the environment changes. The second is that only some cells may start to grow once a new carbon source has become available. Multiple experiments report that bacteria [24, 25] and yeast [26] split into a growing and a non-growing subpopulation after the environment switches from a superior to an inferior carbon source. If only a few cells initially grow on the new carbon source, population growth appears to stop, and only resumes again once sufficiently many cells are growing [24]. coli, this phenomenon occurs when the environment switches from glucose to acetate. Empirical observations [24] suggest that once the environment switches back to the superior carbon source glucose, all cells resume growth and there is no division of the population into growing and nongrowing subpopulations. Our model incorporates these observations by assuming that cells growing on acetate do not have a growth disadvantage in glucose. In addition, it assumes that populations with a higher fraction of cells in the growing subpopulation experience shorter lag times and have a competitive advantage. Previous theoretical studies have shown that increased gene expression noise can increase the fraction of growing cells [27], and an empirical study in yeast has demonstrated that shorter lag times can increase fitness in an environment that alternates between two carbon sources (glucose and maltose) [26].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Por fim, a interpretação dos resultados obtidos foi realizada por meio de inferência respaldada no conteúdo das falas e seus respectivos indicadores, apoiando-se nos elementos constitutivos dos polos de comunicação, ou seja, na mensagem (significação e categorização), no emissor e receptor da mensagem e no canal de emissão e recepção. partir das respostas obtidas, foram identificados oito agrupamentos, conforme diagrama da Figura 1. Figura 1 Diagrama dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa Perfil das entrevistadas A primeira sessão de perguntas da entrevista tinha como objetivo estabelecer o perfil das entrevistadas, tanto demográfico quanto como atuantes na indústria de games. A média de idade das participantes foi de 26 anos, a mais nova com 21 anos e a mais velha com 36, sendo que 8 são estudantes e 14 já se graduaram. Cerca de 45% delas nasceram na região Sudeste e, com exceção da região Norte, as demais regiões tiveram participantes na pesquisa. Todas atuam como desenvolvedoras de games, sendo que 18 das 22 mulheres trabalham nos maiores estúdios de games do Brasil, com média de tempo de atuação na indústria de dois anos. A maioria das participantes da pesquisa possui renda mensal entre R$ 5. 500 e R$ 7. 650, e 92% alegaram estar satisfeitas com o salário.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Polysynaptic neural pathways between the hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the liver 871: 50–56. [PubMed] De la Iglesia, HO, Meyer, J and Schwartz, WJ (2003). Lateralization of circadian pacemaker output: Activation of left- and right-sided luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons involves a neural rather than a humoral pathway J Neurosci 23: 7412–7414. [PubMed] Ralph, MR and Lehman, MN (1991). Transplantation: a new tool in the analysis of the mammalian hypothalamic circadian pacemaker 14: 362–366. [PubMed] Silver, R and LeSauter, J (1993). Efferent signals of the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 8: 89–92. and Bittman, EL (1990). Dispersed cell suspensions of fetal SCN restore circadian rhythmicity in SCN-lesioned adult hamsters 525: 45–58. [PubMed] and Zhou, QY (2002). Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus Nature 417: 405–410. [PubMed] and Ibata, Y (1996). Somatostatin neurons form a distinct peptidergic neuronal group in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: a double labeling in situ hybridization study 215: 119–122. [PubMed] Shigeyoshi, Y, Maebayashi, Y and Okamura, H (1997). Co-localization of preprosomatostatin mRNA and preprotachykinin A mRNA in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 48: 159–163. [PubMed] Daikoku, S, Hisano, S and Kagotani, Y (1992). Neuronal associations in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy J 325: 559–571. [PubMed] and Van der Zee, EA (2002). Increase in somatostatin immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aged Wistar rats 958: 463–467. [PubMed] and Hill, SA (2001).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Most of these were single-dose studies, and were designed to assess safety or molecular function, not clinical benefit. The very fact that the lung is accessible through the airways to the environment means that it has a vast array of defense mechanismsBut researchers quickly discovered that gene therapy for cystic fibrosis is more complicated in practice. “The very fact that the lung is accessible through the airways to the environment means that it has a vast array of defense mechanisms,” says Chris Boyd, a medical geneticist at the University of Edinburgh and a member of the UK consortium. These defense mechanisms mean that the cells lining the airways — exactly the cells most in need of a functional copy of CFTR— perceive gene therapy delivery systems as alien invaders, and do their best to keep them out. Source: Chris BoydChris Boyd, a medical geneticist at the University of Edinburgh and a member of the says the cells lining the airways perceive gene therapy delivery systems as alien invaders, and do their best to keep them outThe delivery problem is even worse in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients because the thick, sticky mucus characteristic of the disease presents an additional barrier to airway cell entry. More challenging still, gene therapy for cystic fibrosis has to be performed repeatedly throughout a person’s life, since airway cells bearing the functional gene die off and are replaced by new, uncorrected ones. And the immune system learns to recognise and fight off the viruses that are often used as gene therapy vectors, so the more a treatment is administered, the less effective it becomes. “In reality, cystic fibrosis proved to be one of the most difficult targets you could ever imagine,” says Alton. These frustrations caused many of the initial wave of researchers to abandon the field. In the past few years, however, improvements in gene therapy tools and technologies, as well as some encouraging successes in developing gene therapies for other diseases, have sparked a resurgence of interest in cystic fibrosis gene therapy. CFTR correctorsMeanwhile, the landscape of cystic fibrosis treatment changed radically with the development of CFTR correctors, which interact with mutant CFTR proteins to improve their function[3]. “They’re fabulous products, and it’s really quite a revolution in cystic fibrosis care,” says David Parsons, who heads the cystic fibrosis gene therapy team at the University of Adelaide in Australia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Todas se declararam como sendo do gênero feminino, e é importante destacar que essa pergunta não era eliminatória, ou seja, todas as mulheres seriam consideradas na pesquisa independentemente do gênero declarado. No que diz respeito à formação das entrevistadas, o curso com maior representatividade foi Ciência da Computação, com sete mulheres formadas, seguido por Tecnologia em Jogos Digitais, com seis respondentes. Análise e Desenvolvimento de Sistemas ou Sistemas da Informação aparece em terceiro lugar, com cinco respostas, e, por fim, a área das Engenharias, com quatro respostas. Dentro das Engenharias, 75% das respostas se concentraram em Engenharia da Computação. Quando questionadas sobre a motivação para escolha do curso, a maioria afirma sempre ter gostado de computadores, tecnologia, jogos e matemática. A escola com ensino médio técnico em tecnologia aparece como fator determinante para três mulheres, assim como feira de profissões para outras quatro, que não consideravam um curso nas áreas STEM e acabaram mudando de escolha após se informarem mais sobre as possibilidades de carreira, o que ilustra o papel fundamental das escolas como propulsoras da entrada de mulheres em cursos STEM.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Reghunandanan, R (1988). Bilateral suprachiasmatic injection of naloxone disrupts circadian rhythm of food intake 26: 954–956. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Singh, PI (1992). Effect of naloxone injection into the suprachiasmatic nuclei on the circadian rhythm of water intake J Biol 1: 33. and Zhou, QY (2005). Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock BMC Neurosci 6: 17. [PubMed] and Weaver, DR (2005). Analysis of the prokineticin 2 system in a diurnal rodent, the unstriped Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) J 20: 206–18. [PubMed] and Hedley-Whyte, ET (1986). A discrete lesion of ventral hypothalamus and optic chiasm that disturbed the daily temperature rhythm J Neurol 233: 1–4. [PubMed] Cohen, RA and Albers, HE (1991). Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: A case study Neurology 41: 726–729. [PubMed] Scheer, FA, Kalsbeek, A and Buijs, RM (2003). Cardiovascular control by the suprachiasmatic nucleus: neural and neuroendocrine mechanisms in human and rat 384: 697–709. [PubMed] Bell-and Zoran, MJ (2005). Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms Genet 6: 544–556. [PubMed] and Lee, C (2002). Gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo Cell 111: 41–50. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo Science 302: 255–259. [PubMed] Green, CB (2005). Time for chronotherapy? Clock genes dictate sensitivity to cyclophosphamide 102: 3529–3530. [PubMed] Von Schantz, M and Archer, SN (2003). Clocks, genes and sleep J R 96: 486–489. [PubMed] and Takahashi, JS (1996).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Decreased BMD has been observed in children with CF (Bianchi 2006; Sermet‐Gaudelus 2007), adolescents with CF (Bianchi 2006; Buntain 2004; Caldeira 2008) and adults with CF (Bianchi 2006; Buntain 2004). A longitudinal study of 151 adults with CF aged 15 to 52 years showed that 34% of participants had a DXA Z‐score of ≤ ‐2 (Haworth 2001). A recent systematic literature review with meta‐analysis reported the pooled prevalence of osteoporosis (total of 888 patients) and osteopenia (total of 697 patients) in adults with CF was 23. 5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16. 6 to 31. 0) and 38% (95% CI 28. 2 to 48. 3) respectively (Paccou 2010). Other studies have not detected differences in BMD between children with CF and those without (Buntain 2004), but inadequate bone mass accrual during childhood and adolescence has been reported (Buntain 2006). Definitions of osteoporosis and osteopenia may vary between studies. The etiology of CF‐related bone disease is thought to be multifactorial. An imbalance of increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation has been observed (Boyle 2006; Gore 2010), even in young prepubertal patients (Ambroszkiewicz 2013). Proposed contributing factors to bone disease include malnutrition and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; vitamin D, vitamin K or calcium deficiency; poor nutrition and growth resulting in low body weight; systemic inflammatory cytokines; use of exogenous glucocorticoids; sex hormone insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity resulting in decreased weight bearing activity and organ transplantation with associated immunosuppressive therapy (Aris 2005; Boyle 2006; Gore 2010; Hall 2010; Haworth 2010b; Javier 2011; Paccou 2013). Abnormalities of calcium metabolism independent of vitamin D status have been reported (Greer 2003). Many of these factors are inter‐related (e. g. pancreatic exocrine insufficiency contributing to malabsorption of vitamin D, exacerbated by decreased sun exposure if indoors due to poor health).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Barreiras para a entrada no mercado de trabalho A inclinação pessoal para uma carreira em tecnologia vai muito além da escolha individual, pois a sociedade criou estruturas que acabam por limitar e inibir a decisão da mulher (Page Group, 2021Page Group. (2021). Women in tech. O que as organizações estão fazendo para quebrar as barreiras? ). A família se mostra bastante importante na escolha do curso para metade das entrevistadas, que tiveram amplo suporte e apoio dos pais e familiares no momento de tomada de decisão para a escolha do curso superior a ser seguido. Entretanto, a maioria daquelas que optaram por cursar Tecnologia em e cursos correlatos não tiveram a mesma experiência positiva, destacando-se assim a primeira barreira para a baixa representatividade de mulheres na indústria de jogos digitais, a falta de apoio da família. Nunca tive muita aprovação dos meus pais para ir para a área de jogos e fui muito influenciada a não percorrer esse caminho porque eu era mulher. Em casa eu não podia jogar; tinha essa distinção dentro de casa muito forte, já que meus irmãos homens podiam ter videogames porque era coisa de menino. (Respondente 3, pergunta 5). A figura do pai como resistência direta aparece em duas respostas, e em outras duas ele não apoiou, mas não atuou como fator impeditivo.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) plays a pivotal role in the mammalian circadian clock system. Bmal1 is a clock gene that drives transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTFLs) for itself and other genes, and is expressed in nearly all SCN neurons. Despite strong evidence that Bmal1-null mutant mice display arrhythmic behavior under constant darkness, the function of Bmal1 in neuronal activity is unknown. Recently, periodic changes in the levels of intracellular signaling messengers, such as cytosolic Ca2+ and cAMP, were suggested to regulate TTFLs. However, the opposite aspect of how clock gene TTFLs regulate cytosolic signaling remains unclear. To investigate intracellular Ca2+ dynamics under Bmal1 perturbations, we cotransfected some SCN neurons with yellow cameleon together with wild-type or dominant-negative Bmal1 using a gene-gun applied for mouse organotypic cultures. Immunofluorescence staining for a tag protein linked to BMAL1 showed nuclear expression of wild-type BMAL1 and its degradation within 1 week after transfection in SCN neurons. However, dominant-negative BMAL1 did not translocate into the nucleus and the cytosolic signals persisted beyond 1 week. Consistently, circadian Ca2+ rhythms in SCN neurons were inhibited for longer periods by dominant-negative Bmal1 overexpression. Furthermore, SCN neurons transfected with a Bmal1 shRNA lengthened, whereas those overexpressing wild-type Bmal1 shortened, the periods of Ca2+ rhythms, with a significant reduction in their amplitude. BMAL1 expression was intact in the majority of neighboring neurons in organotypic cultures. Therefore, we conclude that proper intrinsic Bmal1 expression, but not passive signaling via cell-to-cell interactions, is the determinant of circadian Ca2+ rhythms in SCN neurons. intracellular calciumslice cultureyellow cameleon suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a central pacemaker in the mammalian circadian clock system (Moore and Eichler, 1972; Stephan and Zucker, 1972). The common molecular elements of circadian rhythms are hypothesized to be transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTFLs) in clock genes (Reppert and Weaver, 2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: We also suggest there should be agreement upon standard measurements used. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice Given that we have not found any evidence to suggest that this treatment is either beneficial or not. We would advise that practitioners evaluate on a case‐by‐case basis whether or not to employ this therapy. Implications for research We recommend that future studies choose task specific measures such as PImax and inspiratory muscle strength and endurance as well as exercise tests such as VO2max. Such functional measures ought to dovetail nicely with an assessment of health‐related quality of life. To facilitate such future research and to improve research into the remedial benefits of IMT, it is necessary for the research community to agree upon a single standard measure of classifying the clinical status of the participants. Finally, there is emerging evidence to suggest that IMT is beneficial to people with other chronic respiratory conditions, such as COPD (O'Brien 2008). It would be prudent to apply this to the clinical population and implement longitudinal studies to assess the role of IMT in maintaining good pulmonary function and exercise tolerance within the CF population. of the condition Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the result of a genetic mutation that directly affects ion transport within cells by altering the function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). In the case of secretory cells, this results in the production of dehydrated, viscous and ultimately dysfunctional secretions (WHO 2005). Two main sites of secretory cells are the digestive and respiratory systems. Both of these systems have a major influence on health and development. The adverse effect on the respiratory system in people with CF contributes to it being the most common, life‐limiting autosomal recessive genetic disorder in Caucasians (Kosorok 1996); and in the UK it currently affects over 7500 people (CF Trust 2005). With advancement in the medical management of the condition, the life‐expectancy of babies newly diagnosed is now into their fifties (Dodge 2007). This brings with it a responsibility for all clinicians working with people with CF, and in particular physiotherapists, to consider ways of enhancing quality of life. Description of the intervention Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) involves the training of muscles that act to expand the chest in order to take in air into the lungs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: A sociedade instituiu e, apesar de ter evoluído, ainda dissemina valores associados à diferenciação entre o que “é para menino” e o que é “para menina”, sendo essa distinção perceptível nos brinquedos, tendo em vista que brinquedos para as meninas estão associados à construção social da mulher como responsável pelos afazeres domésticos, ser delicada e gostar de moda, o que acaba por refletir em brinquedos como minicozinhas, bonecas e artigos de moda e beleza (Bristot, 2017Bristot, P. C. , Pozzebon, E. , & Frigo, L. B. (2017). A representatividade das mulheres nos games. of (23. » Bardin, L. (2011). Análise de conteúdo Edições 70. Bristot, P. C. , Pozzebon, E. , & Frigo, L. B. (2017). A representatividade das mulheres nos games. of (7314. » Forbes. (2020, September). 20-First’s gender balance scorecard. Top 14 global gaming companies. Please wait. . . Gender balance loading » Fortim, I. (Org. ). (2022). Pesquisa da indústria brasileira de games. Abragames. Giovannetti, V. E. G. (2023). Elas são maioria do volume de jogadores, mas não programam: Por trás da baixa representatividade das mulheres na programação de jogos digitais no Brasil [Dissertação de ção Getulio Vargas]. FGV. » de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). (2021). Estatísticas de gênero: Indicadores sociais das mulheres no Brasil IBGE. Lombardi, M. R. (2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: , 2003), are important for the survival of SCN neurons under particular culture conditions. More importantly, temporal τ shortening following overexpression of wild-type BMAL1 and τ prolongation following BMAL1 knockdown are consistent with the hypothetical clock mechanism in which one circadian cycle is determined by feedback regulation of clock gene transcription by its gene products. Therefore, our study suggests that the Bmal1 TTFL drives CCR, and thus supports the conventional TTFL theory for the generation of cellular physiological rhythms. Furthermore, the present results showed a significant reduction in CCR, even though Bmal1 expression in neighboring neurons was intact. Therefore, our results demonstrate that synaptic interactions with other cells may not rescue the effects of Bmal1 knockdown or overexpression within the cells. These findings provide firm evidence showing that Bmal1 is an intracellular regulator for the generation of CCR in SCN neurons. SCN-specific regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ and BMAL1 Cytosolic free Ca2+ is a ubiquitous signaling messenger, with plant cells showing strong CCR (Johnson et al. , 1995). However, corresponding CCR have not been reported in animal cells, other than in SCN neurons. Endocrine oscillators in Drosophila melanogaster, prothoracic gland cells, fail to display dynamic circadian rhythms at baseline Ca2+ concentrations (Morioka et al. , 2012). Moreover, we analyzed a SCN progenitor cell line that stably expresses YC3. 6 (SCN2. 2YC; Takeuchi et al. , 2014), but failed to observe CCR in these cells. Because SCN2. 2YC displays Per1-luciferase oscillations and expresses voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, other unveiled component(s) that are present in mature SCN neurons may be essential for the generation of CCR. With regard to SCN-specific machinery, intracellular BMAL1 behaves differently in model cells and SCN neurons. BMAL1 truncated by deletion of 122 aa at the C-terminus is located in the cytoplasm and nucleus of NIH 3T3 cells when coexpressed with Clock (Kwon et al. , 2006), similar to the present results in NIH 3T3 cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: In 1990 dornase alfa was produced and since 1992 it has been used as a mucolytic to treat people with CF. In contrast, medications such as hypertonic saline and mannitol are osmotically active and are felt to improve mucociliary clearance by rehydrating the airway surface liquid. Why it is important to do this review In 2015, the average cost of dornase alfa per person, per year was CDN 14,300, while the cost of hypertonic saline (Nebusal™ 4 ml 7%) was CDN 880 ([pers comm]) and mannitol was CDN 11,374 (NICE 2012). In addition, the treatment burden of people with CF is increasingly being recognized with the average time spent on therapies being 108 minutes per day, with the use of two or more nebulised medications significantly adding to this burden (Sawicki 2009). It is important to understand the clinical benefits of medications in order to weigh the monetary and time costs of these therapies. This is an update of a previously published review (Jones 2003; Jones 2010; Kearney 1998). aims of this review are to: determine whether there is evidence of benefit in using dornase alfa in people with CF in terms of a reduction in morbidity or mortality; identify any adverse events associated with the use of dornase alfa; compare the efficacy of dornase alfa with other medications that improve airway clearance of secretions. for considering studies for this review Types of studies All randomised and quasi‐randomised controlled trials (published and unpublished) with either parallel or cross‐over design. Types of participants Children and adults, of any age, with CF diagnosed clinically and by sweat or genetic testing. Participants with all stages of lung disease were included. Types of interventions Dornase alfa administered at any dose, using any nebuliser, at any frequency and for any duration. We compared dornase alfa to placebo or other medications that are adjuncts to airway clearance (typically hyperosmotic agents such as hypertonic saline or mannitol). Types of outcome measures The following outcomes were grouped into those measured at up to one month, three, six and 12 months and annually thereafter.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: Carreiras femininas nas engenharias: Barreiras intransponíveis? In J. A. de Oliveira, & M. Matsuo (Orgs. ), Condições de trabalho das mulheres no Brasil (24. McCullough, L. (2011). Women’s leadership in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics: Barriers to participation. Forum on Online, 2011(2). Na prática. (2022). Síndrome do impostor: O que é e como pode atrapalhar profissionais a se desenvolverem na carreira » Newzoo. (2022a). Global games market report Newzoo. (2022b). Key insight into Brazilian gamers » Oliveira-Silva, L. C. , & Parreira, V. A. D. (2022). Barreiras e enfrentamentos de mulheres em carreiras predominantemente masculinas. Feministas, 30(1), Artigo e74161. » Page Group. (2021). Women in tech. O que as organizações estão fazendo para quebrar as barreiras? » Brasil (PGB). (2022). Tudo sobre o » Pires, Y. P. , Rego, L. , Lima, M. R. A. , & Albuquerque, F. A. de, Jr. (2021). Diagnóstico da presença feminina nos cursos superiores e no mercado de trabalho em tecnologia da informação no estado do Pará. do XII Computer on the Beach (3534. » Romano, S. M. V. , Espíndola, M. G. , & Santos, T. N. dos. (2020). A discriminação de gênero na TI e seus impactos na sociedade. Processando o Saber, 12, 146-162. » Tockey, D. , & Ignatova, M. (2019). Report: How women find jobs differently LinkedSolutions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (2002) The circadian regulatory proteins BMAL1 and cryptochromes are substrates of casein kinase lepsilon. J 277:17248–17254, doi:10. 1074/jbc. M111466200, pmid:11875063. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (2012) Topological specificity and hierarchical network of the circadian calcium rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 109:21498–21503, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1214415110, pmid:23213253. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ 'Neill JS (2008) Cellular circadian pacemaking and the role of cytosolic rhythms. 18:R805–R815, doi:10. 1016/j. cub. 2008. 07. 021, pmid:18786386. ↵ Holzberg D, (2003) The circadian clock: a manager of biochemical processes within the organism. J Neuroendocrinol 15:339–343, doi:10. 1046/j. 1365-2826. 2003. 00992. x, pmid:12622831. ↵ (2012) Circadian waves of cytosolic calcium concentration and long-range network connections in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci 35:1417–1425, doi:10. 1111/j. 1460-9568. 2012. 08069. x, pmid:22501027. ↵ (1998) Circadian oscillation of BMAL1, a partner of a mammalian clock gene Clock, in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 250:83–87, doi:10. 1006/bbrc. 1998. 9275, pmid:9735336. ↵ (2003) Response to Honma and Honma: do circadian rhythms in cytosolic Ca2+ modulate autonomous gene transcription cycles in the SCN? 26:654, doi:10. 1016/j. tins. 2003. 10. 004, pmid:14624848. ↵ (2004) Calcium dynamics and circadian rhythms in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Neuroscientist 10:315–324, doi:10. 1177/10738584031262149, pmid:15271259.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Primary outcomes Changes in lung function from baseline forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC) lung clearance index (LCI) forced expiratory volume at 0. 5 seconds (FEV0. 5 ) Change from baseline in quality of life (QoL) Mean number of exacerbations Secondary outcomes Number of deaths Number of days treatment with intravenous (IV) antibiotics Number of days treatment with oral antibiotics Number of days in hospital due to respiratory exacerbations Change in weight from baseline Number of adverse events such as alteration in voice, haemoptysis, bronchospasm Cost (including indirect costs of therapy) Search methods for identification of studies Relevant trials were identified from the Group's using the term: dornase alfa. Register is compiled from electronic searches of the Register of () (updated each new issue of Library ), weekly searches of a search of Embase to 1995 and the prospective handsearching of two journals ‐ and the Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. Unpublished work is identified by searching the abstract books of three major cystic fibrosis conferences: the Fibrosis Conference; the and the Conference. For full details of all searching activities for the register, please see the relevant sections of the Group Module. Date of the most recent search of the Group's register: 30 November 2015. The trials database Clinicaltrials. gov was also searched to identify unpublished or ongoing trials using the terms dornase alfa and cystic fibrosis. Date of most recent search: 28 November 2015. Data collection and analysis Selection of studies From the 2015 update, the lead author (CY) and a colleague (MC or MM) independently selected the trials to be included in the review. There were no disagreements about the selection of included trials, but if there are any such disagreements in the future, we will reach a consensus by discussion. Data extraction and management The lead author and a colleague (MC or MM) independently extracted data on lung function (FEV1, 0. 5), QoL, exacerbations, deaths, days of oral and IV antibiotics, number of days in hospital, change in weight, adverse events and cost. There were no disagreements about the extracted data, but if there are any such disagreements in the future, we will reach a consensus by discussion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: » Datas de Publicação Publicação nesta coleção27 Nov 2023 Data do Fascículo2023 Histórico Recebido23 Abr 2023 Aceito30 Ago 2023 Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado. ×CloseAutoria Victória Giovannetti planejamento organização coleta de dados discussão dos resultados redação revisão Fundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil;Fundação Getulio VargasBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilFundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil; João planejamento organização discussão dos resultados revisão Fundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil;Fundação Getulio VargasBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilFundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil; ×ção (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil;Fundação Getulio VargasBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilFundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil; Fundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil;Fundação Getulio VargasBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilFundação (FGV), São Paulo (SP), Brasil; ×CloseFiguras | (1) Tabelas (1) 1 Diagrama dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa A1 Roteiro de entrevista ×1 Diagrama dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa Fonte: Elaboração dos autores com dados da pesquisa.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: OpenUrlAbstract/↵ -(2008) The NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 modulates CLOCK-mediated chromatin remodeling and circadian control. Cell 134:329–340, doi:10. 1016/j. cell. 2008. 07. 002, pmid:18662547. ↵ (2002) Clock mutation lengthens the circadian period without damping rhythms in individual SCN neurons. 5:399–400, doi:10. 1038/nn843, pmid:11953751. ↵ (2013) Cryptochromes are critical for the development of coherent circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. 4:1666, doi:10. 1038/ncomms2670, pmid:23575670. ↵ Pfeffer M, Müller von (2009) The mammalian molecular clockwork controls rhythmic expression of its own input pathway components. J Neurosci 29:6114–6123, doi:10. 1523/. 0275-09. 2009, pmid:19439589. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (2002) Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 418:935–941, doi:10. 1038/nature00965, pmid:12198538. ↵ (2006) Feedback repression is required for mammalian circadian clock function. 38:312–319, doi:10. 1038/ng1745, pmid:16474406. ↵ Stephan FK, (1972) Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. 69:1583–1586, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 69. 6. 1583, pmid:4556464. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (2004) mPer2 antisense oligonucleotides inhibit mPER2 expression but not circadian rhythms of physiological activity in cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. 323:479–483, doi:10. 1016/j. bbrc. 2004. 08. 126, pmid:15369776. ↵ (2014) Serotonin-2C receptor involved serotonin-induced Ca2+ mobilisations in neuronal progenitors and neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. 4:4106, doi:10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: No evidence of imprecision, inconsistency, indirectness, publication bias or serious risk of bias. 4. Additionally four trials included in analysis at one month (Laube 1996; Ramsey 1993; Ranasinha 1993; Shah 1995a) showed a significant advantage to dornase alfa over placebo or no dornase alfa treatment. One study not included in pooled analysis showed a significant advantage in relative FVC (L) to dornase alfa over placebo or no dornase alfa treatment (Robinson 2000) and one study showed no significant different in absolute FVC (% predicted) between groups (Amin 2011) at one month. No significant difference was found between groups at one year (Robinson 2005) and at two years (Quan 2001). 5. Additionally, four studies reported quality of life data which could not be included in pooled analysis. Wilmott 1996 showed no difference between groups in CFQ‐R. Ramsey reported that the frequency and magnitude of improvement across all quality of life questions was greater among participants receiving dornase alfa (Ramsey 1993). Ranasinha reported significant improvements in overall well‐being and significant improvements in general well‐being, cough frequency and chest congestion (Ranasinha 1993) and Fuchs reported significant improvements in well‐being score and dyspnoea score on dornase alfa compared to placebo (Fuchs 1994). 6. Downgraded once for lack of applicability: Amin included children only so results are not applicable to adults (Amin 2011). 7. Downgraded once for imprecision: wide confidence intervals around the effect size due to limited sample size of the trial. 8. Additionally, one study reported an age‐adjusted RR of having more than one respiratory exacerbation, but these data were not included in the pooled analysis (McCoy 1996). No significant difference was found between dornase alfa and control. 9. Downgraded once as data from one cross‐over trial was analysed as parallel data (Amin 2011), which is a conservative approach. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings for the main comparison. Dornase alfa versus placebo or no dornase alfa treatment Navigate to table in of findings 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Insects make up the majority of animal diversity on Earth. [SEP] Text: ×A1 Roteiro de entrevista Agrupamento # da entrevistada 1 Idade 2 Cidade de nascimento 3 Gênero [feminino, masculino, não binário, prefiro não me identificar] 4 Grau de escolaridade [especificar qual(is) curso(s)] 5 Como foi o processo de escolha desse curso? Teve apoio ou resistência da família/amigos? 6 Faixa salarial O trabalho na área de programação e desenvolvimento de games 7 Qual é a sua área de trabalho atual? 8 Qual foi a sua motivação para atuar na indústria de games? 9 Qual é o seu histórico de atuação e ascensão profissional na área? Há quanto tempo você atua nessa indústria? 10 Existe algum atributo que seja fundamental para trabalhar nessa indústria? Pode ser característica da personalidade, física, tanto faz. Barreiras na indústria de games 11 Na empresa em que você trabalha atualmente, existe um equilíbrio entre homens e mulheres na força de trabalho, no sentido de quantidade de pessoas? 12 Como é trabalhar em uma área predominantemente masculina? Me conta um pouco das facilidades ou dificuldades que você já enfrentou na área por ser mulher. 13 Você acredita que existem barreiras ligadas ao gênero? Como você lida com isso? 14 Você já sofreu algum tipo de preconceito por ser mulher? 15 Já presenciou alguma outra mulher passando por uma situação de preconceito?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: of Melatonin MT1 and MT2 in the (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 2. The hypothesis that the density of these receptors varies across the circadian cycle was tested. Using immunohistochemistry with receptor-specific antibodies, the localization and distribution of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 was studied in the SCN at different circadian times (CT): CT 11–13 (dusk), 23-01 (dawn), 5-7 (mid-day), and 17-19 (midnight). Our results show that MT1 receptor density significantly increased at dusk relative to dawn and midnight (p<0. 01 and p<0. 001 respectively). Although MT1 receptors were wide spread in the SCN and parts of the optic chiasm at dusk, it was restricted to the SCN during mid-day period. MT2 receptors were not detected in the SCN. In conclusion, melatonin receptor MT1 density and distribution varies with circadian time. This creates a time window at which melatonin exerts its circadian phase shifts on the SCN. This also suggests that melatonin regulates SCN function via MT1 receptors with a minimal role for MT2. Keywords:melatonin receptorsSCNcircadian rhythmYear: 2015Page/10. 5334/jcr. abPublished on Mar 10, 20154. 0 1. Introduction Melatonin, “the chemical expression of darkness” [20], is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland [4, 25]. There is a circadian rhythm in melatonin synthesis and secretion that peaks at night and troughs during the day [20]. The circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis is driven by the intrinsic circadian activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This small paired nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus is entrained to a 24-hour period by the light/dark cycle (LD) [14]. The SCN is strategically positioned to receive visual input for LD entrainment through the retino-hypothalamic tracts [22]. On the other hand, melatonin feeds back on the SCN to regulate its function by modulation of SCN electrical activity [11, 12], resetting the clock [5, 6] and synchronizing locomotor activity [17, 19, 24].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Data were supplied by the investigators of all trials to supplement the information that was available in their abstract and poster (Anderson 2009; Bishop 2011; Fitzgerald 2005; van der Giessen 2007a). Morning versus evening inhalation Trial characteristics One randomised, blinded, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled trial (providing data for 24 participants) investigated the issue of morning (on waking) versus evening (pre‐bedtime) inhalation (van der Giessen 2007b). requested clarification of participant data from the authors of this trial. It was a trial of children whose mean age was 13 years old (range 6 years to 19 years). Their mean FEV1 was 75% predicted and they were described as clinically stable in the month prior to the trial. Participants were on maintenance dornase alfa. intervention block in this trial lasted for two weeks; there was no washout period reported. The clearance technique used in this trial was predominantly PEP mask (62%), with autogenic drainage (17%), Flutter (13%) or a combination in smaller numbers. The clearance technique was performed for 30 minutes post morning inhalation, with a placebo being used so that inhalations were performed twice daily. Outcomes measured This trial reported on lung function (FEV1, 25), symptom scores (VAS for cough and cough symptom scoring (CSS) day and night, sleep quality, sputum viscosity and amount), adherence and adverse events. Excluded studies A total of 93 papers representing 48 trials were added to the Excluded studies section, predominantly because they did not address timing of dornase alfa inhalation. Furthermore, nine were not RCTs, two did not study people with CF, and three did not involve dornase alfa. A further trial considered the impact of dornase alfa dwell time in the lung before airway clearance techniques. It compared a short dwell (median of 0. 25 hours) to a long dwell (median of 11. 1 hours) (Wilson 2007). While participants were randomised to morning or evening inhalation of dornase alfa, the data were not analysed in relation to this. We considered that long or short dwell time is a separate issue. This is discussed further in the Discussion section. Risk of bias in included studies We assessed the risk of bias of each trial using criteria as described in the for of Interventions (Higgins 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil chemistry after seven years of crop rotation in temperate climate, loamy soils All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on April 14th, 2018 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on April 26th, 2018 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2018. Version 0. 3 (accepted) Ana Ribeiro-Barros · May 4, 2018 · - Dumont, Thank you for sending the revised version of your manuscript including the proposed minor revisions. It is my pleasure to inform you that the paper is now accepted for publication. Thank you for considering to publish your work, Sincerely, Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros # PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Sheila McCormick, a PeerJ covering this Section # 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Apr 26, 2018 Version 0. 2 Ana Ribeiro-Barros · Apr 21, 2018 · you for re-submitting the revised version of your MS. All questions raised by the reviewers have been properly addressed and the MS has increased considerably. However, I still found some minor details that can further improve the MS. These are basically related to the improvement of the text rather than the data. Please see the minor comments in the attached version, and send me the revised version, highlighting only the new changes proposed or explaining why they were not included. After receiving this final version, I will immediately accept the MS. Than you once again for considering PeerJ to publish your work, Ana Ribeiro-annotated manuscript 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Apr 14, 2018 Version 0. 1 (original submission) Ana Ribeiro-Barros · Dec 7, 2017 · -Pierre, Thank you for your submission to PeerJ. Please address the reviewer comments as fully as possible. Sincerely, Aan Ribeiro-Grüter · Nov 19, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is generally well written in good English.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 7 MT2 receptor immunolabeling in the paraventricular nucleus. 3V is the third ventricle. Scale bar is 80 µm. 4. results of this study show that the localization and distribution of melatonin receptors MT1 is regulated in a circadian mode in rat SCN. The highest observed receptor density was detected at dusk (ZT 11–13), which is the observed window of time for melatonin actions in SCN [5, 9, 12]. MT1 receptor density was elevated at dusk compared to that at dawn (ZT 23–01) and midnight (ZT17–19). Our attempt to quantify these changes showed that there was no statistically significant difference between MT1 receptor density at dusk and mid-day. These data suggest that the synthesis of melatonin receptors MT1 undergoes cyclic changes throughout the circadian cycle. Darkness signals conveyed to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) result in MT1 receptor being synthesized and shuttled to the dendritic membrane, while during the day the receptors are degraded. This cyclic pattern of melatonin receptors expression and degradation fits perfectly with the observations that melatonin was most effective in influencing SCN function only at specific windows of time [5]. These data also agree with mRNA expression data that found a rhythm of expression similar to our model in rat SCN [15, 18] as well as with data from binding studies [10]. et al. [26] did not find a statistically significant variation in MT1 mRNA receptor expression across the circadian cycle, they still found a pattern of variation in its expression similar to the model proposed here. However, and since this is a novel approach to define daily changes in melatonin receptor expression, further studies are needed to confirm these results using more advanced methods of quantification. There were no apparent daily changes in MT1 labeling in the cortex and the hippocampus, but we did not test a number of rat brains large enough for statistical analysis to confirm this result. The similar labeling pattern of MT1 and MAP2 suggests that MT1 receptor is mainly present in the dendrites and somas of SCN neurons. Moreover, labeling extended to what appears to be neurons within the optic chiasm (Fig. 3 and 5), which suggests the possibility of a population of SCN neurons within the optic chiasm that have a role in melatonin regulation of the circadian pacemaker.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Skip to Our site uses cookies to improve your experience. You can find out more about our use of cookies in About Cookies, including instructions on how to turn off cookies if you wish to do so. By continuing to browse this site you agree to us using cookies as described in About Cookies. I accept evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. search Open menu language : language : Review language Select your preferred language for and other content. Sections without translation will be in English. Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Indonesia 日本語 한국어 ês Русский Română தமிழ் ภาษาไทย 繁體中文 简体中文 Website language Select your preferred language for the website. English Español (CDSR) for trials What's new (search and ) is created Search help quick guides Search FApublications in the of Editorial policies Information for authors translations What's new Data reuse options Permissions and reprints Media information Contact us Terms and conditions Known issues content content and plain language summary only and plain language summary only Cite this 0 language summary Authors' conclusions Summary of findings and tables 10. 1002/14651858. CD008190. pub3 Collapse all Expand all Abstract available in English Español فارسی Français 한국어 Português 简体中文 loss of appetite in cystic fibrosis concerns both individuals and families. Appetite stimulants have been used to help cystic fibrosis patients with chronic anorexia attain optimal body mass index (BMI) and nutritional status. However, these may have adverse effects on clinical status. This is an updated version of the original review. systematically search for and evaluate the evidence on the beneficial effects of appetite stimulants in the management of cystic fibrosis‐related anorexia and synthesise reports of any side effects. Search methods We searched the Fibrosis and Group's and online trials registries; handsearched reference lists; and contacted local and international experts to identify relevant trials.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: However, the abstract should be more explicit, more clear/precise and could be more concise (see specific comments). In the introduction section, please define specific research questions and/or hypotheses, which can be tested. It becomes clear why you do this long-term experiment, but the hypotheses could be stated more clearly. In addition, the results part is poorly structured and therefore makes some of the discussion sections hard to understand. In the discussion, you should not only compare your values to literature, but also discuss why in your particular experiment you observed These specific effects and what you can conclude from this. At the moment, the conclusions are weak and not always supported by your findings. Additionally, you argue that the duration of the trial might have been too short to find significant effects, but you don't say what you would expect in the long-term. Experimental design The latin square design of the long-term trial is clear and makes sense for the purpose of the experiment. However, as mentioned above, the research questions are kept very general and there are no testable hypotheses. In addition, there is some lack of details in the methods and a basic soil characterisation (initial pH, soil organic carbon, texture, concentrations. . . ) is missing. This should be added. Validity of the findings Even though, the statistics are well described in the methods section, the statistical results are not reported adequately. 2-way ANOVA would be appropriate with the main factors tillage (RT, CT) and residue management (IN, OUT) and the ANOVA table should be reported (e. g. in the supplementary information). Then, treatment means should be compared with an appropriate post hoc test such as Tukey HSD. If you average over treatment levels, this should be clearly stated and argued why it was done. Generally, I agree, that your long-term trial contributes to the understanding of yield developments and nutrient dynamics under different tillage and residue management and that the results are highly relevant for sustainable agricultural practises. Additional comments One specific comment here: It would be good if you reported the residue and grain N, P, K concentrations in mg/kg and not only the imports and exports in kg/ha.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Molecular dissection of two distinct actions of melatonin on the suprachiasmatic circadian clock Neuron 19: 91–102, DOI: Masana, M. I. , Benloucif, S. and Dubocovich, M. L. (2000). Circadian rhythm of mt1 melatonin receptor expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the C3H/HeN mouse J 28: 185–92, DOI: McArthur, A. J. , Gillette, M. U. and Prosser, R. A. (1991). Melatonin directly resets the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro 565: 158–61, DOI: McArthur, A. J. , Hunt, A. E. and Gillette, M. U. (1997). Melatonin action and signal transduction in the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock: activation of protein kinase C at dusk and dawn Endocrinology 138: 627–34. Milton, S. J. (1999). in the Biological and Health Sciences. third edn. USA: WCB/McGraw-Hill. Monti, J. M. and Cardinali, D. P. (2000). A critical assessment of the melatonin effect on sleep in humans Recept 9: 328–39, DOI: Neu, J. M. and Niles, L. P. (1997). A marked diurnal rhythm of melatonin ML1A receptor mRNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 49: 303–6, DOI: Nonno, R. , Pannacci, M. , Lucini, V. , Angeloni, D. , Fraschini, F. and Stankov, B. M. (1999). Ligand efficacy and potency at recombinant human MT2 melatonin receptors: evidence for agonist activity of some mt1-antagonists Pharmacol 127: 1288–94, DOI: Pitrosky, B. , Kirsch, R. , Malan, A. , Mocaer, E. and Pevet, P. (1999). Organization of rat circadian rhythms during daily infusion of melatonin or S20098, a melatonin agonist Physiol 277: R812–28. Poirel, V. J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One of its adjunctive effects is weight gain, and it has been used for appetite stimulation and weight gain for such indications as advanced cancer, AIDS, and the elderly (Lopez 2004); renal failure (Chung 2006; Hobbs 2012); chronic heart failure (von Haehling 2009); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Weisberg 2002); and CF (Eubanks 2002; Marchand 2000). MA is not very water‐soluble, thus its bio‐availability is low, although bio‐availability is improved if it is taken with food. Several formulations have been developed in an attempt to improve bio‐availability (e. g. a micronised tablet form and a concentrated oral suspension). The most recent of these is an oral suspension form using nanocrystal technology, which is licensed for anorexia‐cachexia in people with AIDS. (Remeron) is typically used as an antidepressant in tablet form, and the dosage differs between initial and maintenance treatment (EMC 2014c). In two trials evaluating its role as an appetite stimulant in people with CF, mirtazapine was given at a doses ranging from 15 mg to 45 mg per day (Sykes 2006; Young 2000). is an atypical antipsychotic drug (EMC 2014d). Whilst limited data are available, olanzapine has been used to stimulate appetite and improve body mass index (BMI) and other disease‐related symptoms (e. g. eating attitudes, anxiety) in people with anorexia aged nine years and older. The dose used to stimulate appetite has been higher than that used in psychiatric practice (Nasr 2008). with the anabolic steroid oxandrolone (Oxandrin) should be intermittent, and the duration should depend on an individual's response and adverse reactions. Two‐ to four‐week blocks of therapy are usually adequate, and dosage differs depending on the age of the individual (MedLibrary 2014; Upsher‐Smith 2022). Oxandrolone has been used principally in anorexia in people with cancer, but it has also been investigated in CF (Tongudai 1971; Varness 2009). is an antihistamine and serotonin antagonist used to treat migraine at differing age‐dependent doses (EMC 2014e). is indicated in the treatment of acute and chronic psychoses, and in the management of aggression in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Download annotated manuscript Cite this review as Grüter R (2018) #1 of "Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil chemistry after seven years of crop rotation in temperate climate, loamy soils (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Dec 4, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript “Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil fertility after seven years of crop rotation in a temperate climate and loamy soil” evaluates the effect of residue management and tillage on the crop production and soil properties. It is praiseworthy that authors have done extensive data collection over several years period. However, I regret that this manuscript cannot be published as such due to very inconsistent and poor presentation. Specifically, the material and method section is not clear and the results presented (along with Tables and Figures) are not provided with sufficient statistical analyses. I have following suggestion to authors to improve this manuscript: Abstract: L30: Authors talk about six crops, but only three are given; winter wheat, faba bean and maize, what are other three crops? L38: Please first give abbreviation for nutrient, and then use abbreviated form later in the text. L45: incomplete sentence Introduction L60: “However, the actual impact of straw incorporation is often discussed (Poeplau et al. 2015)”. Please write what does this study suggest; positive, negative or either both impacts of the straw incorporation. Experimental design The method section is not sufficiently described. L108-109 states “ It has to be noted that stubble and chaff are always left on the fields, even if the rest of the residue is exported”. However, Line 133-134 states that residue (OUT: Stubble and Chaff). These two statements create confusion on residue management strategies. Were the stubble and chaff left on the field or were they exported? Please clarify the treatment description. L117-118: What equipment was used for sowing? L136 : what is composite grain sample. For example, it is the ears or cobs or grain of maize, or pods or seeds of faba bean and similarly the case for wheat? L137: “ We also collected the residues present on 1 m2 per plot…. . does this area represent the statistical unit.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: v. 16(3); Jul 2020 10. 3988/jcn. 2020. 16. 3. 401 J Clin Neurol. 2020 Jul;16(3):401-407. English. Published online Jul 01, 2020. Copyright © 2020 2020. This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to: light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit less blue light than traditional light-emitting diodes (LEDs), but the effects of OLED light exposure (LE) on melatonin and sleep have not been evaluated. Methods Twenty-four healthy subjects (age 26. 9±5. 7 years; including 18 females) with the intermediate chronotype were exposed to three different light conditions [4,000 K 150 lux 4,000 K 150 lux LED LE, and dim light (DL) at <10 lux] for 6. 5 h from 17:30 to 24:00, in a random order and with a 1-week interval. Participants entered the unit for the experiment at 16:00, and their daylight was measured by actigraphy from 8:00 to 16:00 during each session. Saliva samples for melatonin were taken every hour from 18:00 to 24:00. Sleep was monitored by polysomnography, and vigilance was evaluated by psychomotor vigilance test upon awakening. onset occurred at 21:11±01:24, 21:20±01:19, and 21:36±01:16 in the and LED conditions, respectively. Melatonin onset was significantly delayed under LED LE compared to DL (p=0. 007) but did not differ under (p=0. 245). Melatonin suppression, sleep parameters, and vigilance were similar among the three light conditions. The accumulated amount of daytime light in each session was negatively correlated with the melatonin onset time under the DL (rho=−0. 634, p=0. 002) and OLED (rho=−0. 447, p=0. 029) conditions, not under the LED condition (p=0. 129). onset under was not significantly delayed compared to DL. Exposure to sufficient daylight may advance melatonin onset even when a subject is exposed to in the evening.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, there is insufficient evidence at present to justify the use of these agents on a longer‐term basis (over six months). Quality of the evidence Trial quality was frequently suboptimal, which could have biased any observed treatment effects, on average, in the direction of overestimating the true treatment effect. There were areas of the reporting within the included trials that would have been greatly improved if the authors had followed the reporting guidelines for RCTs, specifically in reporting the details of random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and blinding (Moher 2001; Moher 2003; Moher 2004). We suspect that many of the trials were correctly randomised, but the evidence was not presented in the published papers, and so the risk of bias was marked as unclear. Although there were sufficient data to undertake meta‐analyses for some outcomes, all four included trials reported sufficient detail for a selection of outcomes to be included in the meta‐analyses. A major concern was incomplete reporting of data or selective outcome reporting, or both, with all trials listing outcomes in the methods section of the paper that were not reported on in the results. We assessed the certainty of the evidence supporting the outcomes as low using the GRADE approach (summary of findings Table 1). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence due to risk of bias (incomplete and selective reporting of outcome data as mentioned above, attrition bias caused by either a proportionately large dropout rate or dropouts due to the intervention and not corrected for in the analyses and the randomisation procedures). In addition, numbers of participants were small and event rates were low, increasing concerns about imprecision. Potential biases in the review process The number of trials included in the review precluded an analysis of publication bias, therefore we are unable to comment on this aspect of potential bias. In several trials it was not possible to obtain the effect size and SDs. The outcomes and SDs at baseline and follow‐up were reported accurately, but often the SD of the difference in outcome measure between baseline and follow‐up was not reported and could not be calculated from the reported data. The difference can be calculated from baseline and follow‐up measurements, but the SD of the difference cannot be simply calculated due to within‐participant correlations. It is strongly recommended that outcome differences and SDs of differences be reported in future trials.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: Residue NPK content can vary depending on which part used for sampling, for instance, the grain chaff or the straw? Replication in the residue NPK determination is the must. In crop sampling and Analysis: Describe in detail the method of harvesting for the individual crop, as well their residue harvesting? L146: how was soil sampling conducted? Was it done using Auger or Giddings probe? How were soil samples composited? L147: what was the mass of soil sample used for soil organic carbon determination? Was it done in the fresh or air dried sample? L152-157: Similar to SOC determination how was sampling conducted for nitrate? used? How was nitrate content determined, was the sample air dried or fresh? L162-163: why statistical test not reported when the interactions were not significant, were there no main effect as well? Statistical Analyses: How the crop growth parameters; germination, yield. . . and soil properties over different years test? Were there any repeated measure analysis? Validity of the findings Results need to be supported by strong statistical analyses for the validity. Result: L184-185: three out of six crops…where and which are other three crops? L189: what was the sowing density for different crops; wasn't it different for different crops? How can sowing density for different crops such as faba bean, wheat and maize be averaged? L192-196: where are the results presented? Tables/Figures? L200-206 and Figure 1: were there any statistical differences, please give p values. L211 and throughout the text: please present important result in figures or tables, not in 0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 3 · Dec 7, 2017 Basic reporting This work focuses on the impacts of crop residue management (returned to soil vs exported) and type of tillage (reduced tillage depth vs conventional ploughing) on crop production and soil chemical properties. The effects of these management strategies were evaluated on a 7-year field-experiment under a temperate climate and a loamy soil. This paper presents interesting results showing some trends in differentiation for soil properties on the short-term, which potentially suggest more important changes on the long term. Overall, the manuscript is clear and well structured.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Keywords light; melatonin; sleep; circadian rhythm Go to: modern societies people are exposed to significantly more artificial light at nighttime. 1 Exposure to light in the evening and early night suppresses the release of melatonin and can shift circadian phases to later times. 2, 3 These effects of light are dependent on the light intensity, wavelength, and duration of exposure. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Exposure to blue light (i. e. , wavelengths of 446–483 nm) can be particularly detrimental, since the transmission of light information to the primary circadian pacemaker in the brain is mediated by the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the eyes that contain melanopsin, which are most sensitive to blue light. 10, 11, 12, 13 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are abundantly used for indoor illumination, partly for energy-saving reasons,14 and their emission spectrum is rich in blue light. Harmful effects of exposure to artificial light at night on human health are being increasingly recognized,15, 16, 17, 18 with the Agency formally releasing a report confirming the potential hazards of blue LEDs to human eyes and the circadian rhythm in 2014. 19 Organic LEDs (OLEDs), which emit less blue light, are energy-efficient and more physiologically friendly form of lighting. 20, 21, 22 OLED light exposure (LE) may decrease the adverse health outcomes of artificial light at night, but no studies have investigated the impact of at night on sleep quality and the circadian system. The impacts of on melatonin secretion and sleep quality need to be measured in order to determine whether represents an improvement over LED LE. We aim to compare the effects of and LED LE during the hours before bedtime on melatonin secretion and objective sleep quality. We hypothesized that evening would result in less melatonin suppression, smaller circadian phase delays, and better sleep quality and daytime vigilance when compared to LED LE. Go to: approval The screening and study procedures were approved and monitored by the Board of the Center (IRB No. 2017-08-125) and were conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Practice guidelines. Informed written consent was obtained from all study participants prior to enrollment, and they were compensated financially for their participation. Subjects and study screening This study involved 24 healthy adults with the intermediate chronotype as defined by a morningness-eveningness questionnaire.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: None of the results were statistically significant and the quality of the evidence was very low. The trial by Amin reported the overall number of adverse events and adverse events related to the trial drugs, rather than the number of participants experiencing an adverse event. There were no significant differences in cough, hoarseness or chest pain (P = 0. 17); however, there were significantly more overall adverse events in the hypertonic saline group for the symptoms of increased sputum production, fever, rhinorrhoea, malaise and ear infections (P = 0. 0035) (Amin 2010). Amin further reported a mean (SD) drop in FEV1 % predicted after the first inhalation of hypertonic saline 116 (140) mL and after isotonic saline 41 (88) mL, MD 75. 00 (95% CI ‐31. 49 to 181. 49) (Analysis 1. 12). trial demonstrated that participants with an FEV1 % predicted of 40% to 70% at baseline experienced a significant fall in FEV1 following isotonic saline, while none of the participants fell significantly with hypertonic saline (Chadwick 1997). trial reported the number of adverse events (not participants experiencing adverse events) as pulmonary exacerbations (see above), chest pain, gastro‐intestinal symptoms, headache, joint pain, pharyngitis and tonsillitis; these were significantly fewer in the hypertonic saline group (Elkins 2006a). Adverse drug reactions were also reported, events that in the opinion of the investigator were related directly to the trial medication. These were significantly higher in the hypertonic saline group (n = 14) than the control group (n = 1), P = 0. 01, and included cough, chest tightness, pharyngitis, haemoptysis, sinusitis, sneezing, tonsillitis and vomiting (Elkins 2006a). In the Eng trial there were similar reports of increased cough and haemoptysis; one participant in the hypertonic saline group had to withdraw because of haemoptysis, although it was not clear if this was directly related to treatment (Eng 1996). In the hypertonic saline group, one participant complained of chest tightness and one of throat irritation, with none in the isotonic saline group complaining of these symptoms (Analysis 1. 14).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Crop rotation helps prevent soil depletion and pest buildup. [SEP] Text: The background and the research question (lines 88-93) are clearly introduced and defined, the field experiment and methods are well suited to answer the questioning and the results are nicely discussed. As a non-native English speaker, I do not feel well qualified to evaluate the language used. Specific comments are detailed in my comments to the authors. Experimental design The field experimental design detailed in part 2. 2 (lines 105-127) makes, in my opinion, the strength of this paper and provides a solid foundation to develop interesting and robust researches on the short-term as exposed in this paper as well as on the long term (perspectives of this work). The sampling strategy (10 soil subsamples forming representative composite samples at 3 different depths) allows to take into account spatial variability and to analyze the effects of crop residue managements and tillage types at different soil depths. This last point is particularly important as many studies only focused on a thin soil surface layer and have drawn some conclusions (e. g. on soil C storage under no tillage) without considering a potential stratification effect on the whole soil profile. The laboratory and statistical analyses are globally well described and sound. I was just wondering if additional data related to i) nitrate measurements and ii) soil bulk densities were available, which could maybe provide complementary results interesting for this paper: i) In this study, “a stratification of organic matter and nutrients was observed under reduced tillage… for carbon, phosphorus and potassium” (lines 360-361), but no differences in nitrate contents were observed between the different treatments (lines 249-250). However, according to the methods, it should be noted that the effects on nitrate contents were measured on different soil layers and depths (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm) compared to carbon and the other nutrients, which were measured for 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. Are data available for nitrate contents in these latter soil layers? Due to soil stratification under reduced tillage on 0-30 cm, an effect on soil nitrate could maybe be captured if this layer would be more in depth analyzed, even though the great mobility of nitrate and the important amounts of fertilizer used here could maybe prevent the detection of a subtle effect.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide Light conditions Three light conditions were tested: 4,000 4,000 and dim light (DL; <10 lux). The light sources were ceiling-mounted light panels (LL167RS1-74P1, 300×300 mm, 24 W, LG display, Seoul, Korea; LED Edge panel, 315×315 mm, 20 ). The spectral power distributions of the light produced by OLEDs and LEDs are shown in Supplementary Fig. 1 (in the online-only Data Supplement). The three conditions of experimental LE were performed in a random order with a 1-week interval between each condition. The illuminance level of both the OLED light and the LED light at eye level in a sitting position was maintained at 150 lux. A uniform illumination environment was produced in the room. The light illuminance was measured using a lux meter (Testo 540, Testo, Lenzkirch, Germany). Subjects were in darkness (<0. 02 lux, <0. 00006 W/m2) during the scheduled sleep time. Outcome measures of melatonin onset time and suppression Salivary melatonin was collected using polyester swab Salivettes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). Samples were stored in the freezer until delivery to the laboratory for measuring melatonin concentrations, which was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The minimum detectable dose of melatonin (analytical sensitivity) was determined to be 0. 5 pg/mL. The melatonin onset time was calculated as the time when the melatonin concentrations exceeded the mean of three low consecutive values (before the increase) plus twice the standard deviation. 23 Melatonin suppression was assessed using the area under the time-melatonin concentration curve (AUC) from 18:00 to 24:00 (immediately before lights off) under LED LE or compared with the AUC under DL during the same period. Melatonin suppression was calculated as a percentage using the formula 100−[(AUCLE/AUCDL)×100)]. Outcome measures of sleep and vigilance Subjects underwent PSG (Embla N7000 & ) each night following LE. Sleep staging and arousals were scored according to the 2017 updated guidelines of the of Sleep Medicine.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: trial, while not demonstrating a sustained improvement in lung function, remains promising by demonstrating a reduction in exacerbation frequency and a small improvement in QoL (Elkins 2006a). This effect was not seen in in children without airflow limitation as measured by spirometry (FEV1 over 80% predicted) (Amin 2010). It did improve mucociliary clearance and ventilation inhomogeneity as measured by the LCI in those with mild lung disease, though the long‐term implications of this finding are unclear. When delivered following a bronchodilator it is an inexpensive additional therapy for people with CF, which does not appear to be associated significant adverse effects (Amin 2010). In younger children hypertonic saline did not improve measures of infant lung function or reduce pulmonary exacerbations (Rosenfeld 2012). We chose lung function as our primary outcome because of its relationship in the long term with mortality in CF and by inference to see if hypertonic saline would alter this decline (Courtney 2007). Elkins performed the largest trial in adults and children over six years of age, to address whether hypertonic saline (7%) compared to isotonic saline (0. 9%) would improve FEV1 after 48 weeks of treatment (Elkins 2006a). They failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in lung function over 48 weeks, although our pooled analysis of both the smaller trial by Eng together with the Elkins trial did demonstrate a small improvement in FEV1 after four weeks of treatment (Elkins 2006a; Eng 1996). One limitation of using lung function markers such FEV1 is that, despite their association with long‐term outcomes, they may be relatively insensitive to small changes in CF, especially over time given the progressive nature of the disease. Also, those with intact lung function who may benefit most in the long term from hypertonic saline, would be less likely to demonstrate an improvement. With this in mind, Amin used the LCI, which is a novel measure of ventilation inhomogeneity using an inert gas multiple‐breath washout technique and which has been validated in CF and shown to be more sensitive in detecting early airways disease (Gustafsson 2008). Amin proposed that in those with only mild airflow limitation this would be more sensitive to change with hypertonic saline, and demonstrated this after four weeks of treatment, although there was no improvement seen with FEV1 or even improvement in symptom scores (Amin 2010).

Output: pass