Input: Claim: Microorganisms like bacteria and viruses can evolve rapidly, making them capable of adapting to environmental changes. [SEP] Text: To cut a very long story short, it took us a few years to figure out the right way of measuring phenotypes (Hart et al. , PLoS Biology 2019) and the right definition of partner-serving phenotype (Hart et al. , eLife 2019). Eventually, we submitted this 1. 5 μm lysine), all evolved strains grew much faster than the ancestor (see Points 0 and 1A). We have also added a supplementary figure showing that ecm21 outcompeted the ancestor in a mixed chemostat culture (see Point 1B). Exchange ratios, which can be interpreted as yield coefficients, of pure ecm21 and pure ancestral chemostat monocultures are plotted in Figure 3B, with ecm21 displaying an increased hypoxanthine release rate per lysine consumed. We are unable to differentiate hypoxanthine released from different strains in a coculture. My feeling is that if the ecm21 mutation does not affect the efficiency of the metabolism (i. e. biomass yield coefficients for hypoxanthine or lysine are unaffected by the mutation), we are looking at a effect (i. e. : the fitness gain is only relative to the WT, but disappears when the WT cells are not present (anymore)…) 0 and Point 1C. 1) It is often observed that cells growing in medium with one limiting nutrient evolve mutations that increase the uptake rate (but not the metabolic efficiency), for example by increasing the expression of (functional) permeases (see for example work by and many others). This yields a competitive advantage against wild-type, but after the wild-type is outcompeted, the growth rate drops back to wild-type levels, since there is no change in the concentration of the limiting nutrient, nor the efficiency with which the nutrient is metabolized). In evolutionary terms, this is a effect (or even tragedy of the commons, in case cells are wasting energy to increase the uptake rate). Is this also the case here? In other words, what are the yield coefficients for biomass and hypoxanthine per lysine consumed? What is the specific growth rate of the cells (in pure and mixed cultures)? And, how this depend on the concentration of lysine?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The majority of cities will adopt biophilic design principles, leading to urban environments that resemble forests. [SEP] Text: Σχετικές εγγραφές (με βάση τις επισκέψεις των χρηστών) Περιβαλλοντικός αστικός σχεδιασμός και βιοκλιματική ανάπλαση των ελληνικών πόλεων Αξιολόγηση της επίδρασης των παραμέτρων σχεδιασμού στη διαμόρφωση του μικροκλίματος των αστικών υπαίθριων χώρων και στις συνθήκες θερμι. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 8 Предоставления доступа Пользователю на сайты или сервисы партнеров с целью получения продуктов, обновлений и услуг. 5. СПОСОБЫ И СРОКИ ОБРАБОТКИ ПЕРСОНАЛЬНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 13504/fig-3 Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the predominant groups of Bacteria. The order of relative abundance of these two bacterial groups at the five sites was: Mp1000 (73. 1%) < Tea-garden (74. 0%) < Mp1200 (74. 3%) < Mp1600 (76. 0%) < Mp1400 (76. 2%), thus showing an increasing trend with increasing altitude. The bacterial groups following in relative abundance were and other bacteria (Fig. 3B). Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant groups of Fungi. The order of relative abundance of these two fungal groups at the five sites was: Tea-garden (89. 4%) < Mp1000 (92. 2%) < Mp1200 (93. 3%) < Mp1400 (94. 2%) < Mp1600 (94. 4%), thus showing an increasing trend with increasing altitude. Moreover, ascomycetes increased with elevation and their relative abundance decreased significantly whereas basidiomycetes showed an obvious increase with elevation. The relative abundances of the two groups showed increasing trends with increasing altitude. The fungal groups following in relative abundance were Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, other Fungi, and unclassified Fungi (Fig. 3C). Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae were the predominant virus groups. The order of relative abundance of these groups at the five sites was: Mp1600 (42. 1%) < Tea-garden (48. 7%) < Mp1000 (49. 6%) < Mp1200 (50. 8%) < Mp1400 (54. 5%). The groups following in relative abundance were Phycodnaviridae, Tectiviridae, Mimiviridae, unclassified virus, Caudovirales, and other viruses (Fig. 3D). Clustering of the different soil microbial groups (Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses) at the genus level showed significant differences with altitude.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophilic design guarantees increased life expectancy for people who live or work in such environments. [SEP] Text: , 1994; Guthrie, 1996; Mayou et al. , 1991; McDaniel et al. , 1995; Turner & Kelly, 2000; Zabora et al. , 1997). There is research evidence that corroborates that the physical qualities of the setting in which a patient receives healthcare positively influence health outcomes in those mental disorders (Evans, 2003; Galea et al. , 2005; Laursen et al. , 2014; Moore et al. , 2018; Rao et al. , 2007; Ulrich et al. , 1991; Yadav et al. , 2018). In this context, it has become progressively important to review hospital design, and with it the concept of therapeutic environment, as it should not only be a place where patients are treated with the most advanced medicine and technology but also a place that supports their users (staff, and patients and their families), in psychological, emotional, and social terms (Smith & Watkins, 2016; Ulrich, 2008). Since the 1950s, research has been increasingly investigating optimal healing environments (e. g. , stress recovery theory, attention restoration theory, therapeutic environment theory, salutogenesis, supportive design theory), bringing to the forefront the need to include other parameters in our design briefs, where the role of nature, and with it, the application of biophilic design, proves to be paramount. Biophilic design as a discipline refers to an innate human connection to nature and natural processes, and the fulfilment of this connection promotes health and well-being in the environment we inhabit (Kellert et al. , 2011; Kellert & Calabrese, 2015; Kellert & Wilson, 1993). Exposure to nature is associated with multiple health benefits (Kuo, 2015; Mcsweeney, 2014), including pain reduction, less medication, lower blood pressure, faster recoveries, and decreased all-cause mortality in general (Park & Mattson, 2009; Ulrich, 1984). Additionally, biophilic design can have a profound impact on supportive care, especially for patients suffering chronic diseases, who often experience psychological distress, fatigue, anxiety, or depression (Clarke & Currie, 2009; DeJean et al. , 2013; Evans, 2003; Laursen et al. , 2014; Moore et al. , 2018; Turner & Kelly, 2000; Ulrich et al. , 1991).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Обработка персональных данных Пользователя осуществляется не дольше срока, отвечающего целям обработки персональных данных, любым законным способом, в том числе в информационных системах персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации или без использования таких средств. 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: This technology can also perform gene function annotation (Awasthi et al. , 2020; Jo, Oh & Park, 2020), thereby providing information on both the structural and functional characteristics of microbial communities among the different elevations. Mountain mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem ranges from 650 to 2,179 m a. s. l. , but our study focused on the 1,000 to 1,600 m a. s. l. range. Future studies on soil microbial community distribution patterns should disentangle the links between the environmental variables (vegetation types, edaphic factor, microclimate, etc. ) and the detailed functions of the microbial communities along wider elevation gradients in this typical subtropical, non-karst mountain forest ecosystem. Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota were the predominant phyla of soil Archaea in the P. massoniana forest across the different elevations. Many reports have pointed out these phyla as the dominant in soil Archaea (Siles & Margesin, 2016; Wang et al. , 2015), making important contributions to the biogeochemical cycles of soil carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen, among many other elements. A good example of this paramount ecological function is that of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing Archaea who perform a key step in the nitrogen digestion process in soils (Leininger et al. , 2006; Zhang et al. , 2012). The present study found that the abundance of Archaea had a lightly increasing trend with increasing altitude at 1,000–1,600 m a. s. l. on Leigong Mountain. This finding is consistent with results reported for the 1,000–1,500 m a. s. l. range on Mount Fuji, Japan (Singh, Takahashi & Adams, 2012). Bacteria is the largest and most diverse and versatile of soil microbial groups (Delgado-Baquerizo et al. , 2018). Consistent with the consensus that they are the most common phyla among soil bacteria (Wang et al. , 2015), Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the predominant soil bacterial groups in the present study, both playing a very important role in the soil-matter cycle (carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements) and in the construction of the ecological environment (Barns et al. , 2007; Spain, Krumholz & Elshahed, 2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophilic design guarantees increased life expectancy for people who live or work in such environments. [SEP] Text: , 2016Nature in the Space• with nature • Non-Visual connection with nature • Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli • Thermal & airflow variability • Presence of water • Dynamic & diffuse light • Connection with natural systemsNatural Analogues• Biomorphic forms & patterns • Material connection with nature • Complexity & orderNature of the Space• Prospect • Refuge • Mystery • Risk/PerilThe scoping review of the literature by the authors confirms that there are three areas in which biophilic design has been developed: as investigated in research institutions, as used in design practice, and as established in building standards. Examining each of these areas uncovers several issues and disconnections. In scientific academic environments, there is abundant research on many of the different parameters of biophilic design, but this research examining the effects of nature on humans has happened separately for specific aspects of the design parameters and has not been brought together in a holistic and coherent way to support the frameworks. The design recommendations provided by the existing frameworks, the and the Challenge (certification schemes created to support the nourishment of wellness in the built environment; Future Institute, 2019; 2020), are too broad and generic and developed from a Western perspective. These biophilic design frameworks don’t differentiate the level of value of each design parameter for each context and therefore, as design instruments, are too vague. Our position is that a biophilic design framework can only be efficient if it is specifically adapted to building function and geographical and cultural context. For instance, these frameworks recommend daylight as a parameter beneficial to humans but don’t specify adjustments regarding the daylighting requirements needed in a hospital of those needed in an educational building, or regarding the biological needs of people who live in extreme climates (e. g. , northern latitudes or desert climates), or even regarding cultural dictates that might prioritize some parameters over biological needs (e. g. , privacy over daylight in Muslim cultures). Therefore, to be able to provide efficient design guidance, it is necessary to determine a selective hierarchical structure for each context, as specific parameters from within the established general frameworks become especially relevant for the users. …a biophilic design framework can only be efficient if it is specifically adapted to building function and geographical and cultural context.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Пользователь соглашается с тем, что Администрация сайта вправе предоставить персональные данные третьим лицам, в частности, курьерским службам, организациями почтовой связи, операторам электросвязи, партнерам исключительно в целях оказания услуг. 5. 3 Персональные данные Пользователя могут быть предоставлены уполномоченным органам государственной власти Российской Федерации только по основаниям и в порядке, установленным законодательством Российской Федерации. 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 1 InfectionsIn the middle of the nineteenth century, it became clear that micro-organisms could cause disease. Effective treatment, however, was not possible at that time; prevention and spread of infectious diseases depended solely on proper hygienic means. At the beginning of the twentieth century, passive and active vaccination procedures were developed against a number of these -to prevent the diseases in question (rabies, diphtheria, tetanus, etc. ). Thanks to the discovery of antimicrobial chemicals (by Paul Ehrlich) and antibiotics (by Fleming), the threat of infectious diseases seemed to be minimised. Large-scale vaccination programmes against childhood diseases (diphtheria, whooping cough, and polio), started in the early 1950s, raised hopes of finally being able to eradicate these diseases from the planet. This approach was successful for smallpox (1980). However, new infectious diseases have emerged [e. g. , (HIV), Helicobacter, SARS, etc. ], and new vaccines and antibiotics are needed. Furthermore, due to intensive medical treatment with antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs, hospital infections are a growing problem. Bacteria hitherto deemed harmless are causing in immunocompromised patients. The pathogens have developed resistance to many antibiotics, and sometimes no effective antibiotics are available to treat these patients. To make the story even more serious, man is surrounded and populated by a large number of different non--. In the normal, healthy situation, there is a balance between the offensive capabilities of micro-organisms and the defences of the human body. The body’s defences are based on vital non-specific and specific immunological defence mechanisms. An infection means that the micro-organism has succeeded in penetrating those lines of defence, signalling a partial or complete breakdown of the body’s defence system. 2 Natural ResistanceThe body’s comprises the intact cell layers of skin and mucous membrane, which form a physical barrier. The skin’s low pH level and bactericidal fatty acids enhance the protection provided by this physical barrier. The defences in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract are mucus, the ‘ciliary elevator’ of the epithelium, and the motility of the small intestine. The presence of normal microbial flora (colonisation resistance) in the intestine also plays a role in protection against colonisation by external bacteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophilic design guarantees increased life expectancy for people who live or work in such environments. [SEP] Text: As such, the maximization of accessibility and the removal of barriers were stressed. This included rapid and easy access between outdoor settings, foyer-waiting rooms, and treatment settings (Study 5) with safety considered as an over-arching priority in relation to movement. For example, the use of nonslip surface materials, smooth paved paths, ramps rather than steps and color contrasting curbing along pathways were mentioned. Barriers to be avoided included mention of heavy doors, narrow doorways and pathways (Study 3). In order to provide physical access to the outside, all barriers and thresholds should be removed for patients with automatic doors suggested improving ease of access (Study 3). Patients also suggested collaborating with volunteer services to provide opportunities for assisted walks outside the hospital building and visits to hospital gardens and courtyards, as well as contact with therapy animals (Study 1). The material choice and heating system were another concern in terms of thermal comfort of the patients, as it was reported that the environment often tended to be over hot in hospitals. 2, it was suggested that plastic materials be avoided as furniture options as it increases temperature perception. One patient said: “The seats make you very hot. That was one thing that we did [give feedback about] because they’re plastic” (Study 2, p. 4). Study 5 claimed that providing optimum thermal comfort is challenging, often depending on individual differences and p3. Summary of recommendations for informing design practice in clinical environments. ConclusionIn the context of the modern healthcare environments, it was confirmed that emotional, mental, and spiritual health issues are typically disregarded, while the main foci are physical treatment and cost. The environment has an influence on patients, particularly those affected by chronic illnesses as they visit hospitals regularly, as well as staff where under-resourced environments can give rise to health and well-being issues such as stress, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. The studies reviewed here focus on how the provision of biophilic design can mitigate these problems and promote a more welcoming and relaxing environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 При утрате или разглашении персональных данных Администрация сайта информирует Пользователя об утрате или разглашении персональных данных. 5. 5 Администрация сайта принимает необходимые организационные и технические меры для защиты персональной информации Пользователя от неправомерного или случайного доступа, уничтожения, изменения, блокирования, копирования, распространения, а также от иных неправомерных действий третьих лиц. 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: The most important humoral resistance factors are complement, interferon, and a number of (see Chaps. 6 and 8). are widely expressed as part of the professional phagocyte antimicrobial arsenal and rapidly induced at epithelial surfaces. They are found in mammals, invertebrates, and plants. In general, they are small, amphipathic molecules, contain positive charge, and can be structurally divided into several categories. The mode of action goes beyond their antimicrobial capacities, and they elicit a complex array of responses in different cell types. The most extensively studied mammalian gene families are the cathelicidins and. In general the disrupt lipid membranes and thereby induce microbial killing. Micro-organisms have developed several countermeasures against but the many structurally different peptide classes still provide protection against infection (Table 10. 1). Table 10. 1 Some examples of important human pathogensFull size tablewhich is found in almost all body fluids, degrades sections of the cell wall of Gram-positive and—in combination with complement—Gram-negative bacteria. This causes the otherwise sturdy cell wall to leak and the bacterium to burst. Interferons are glycoproteins and may inhibit the replication of viruses. Within several hours after the onset of a virus infection, are produced in the infected cell and help protect the neighbouring unaffected cells against infection. This protection is brief, but high concentrations of are produced at a time when the primary immunological response is relatively ineffective. such as -2 (IL-2), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), stimulate non-specifically the proliferation, maturation, and function of the cells involved in defence (see Chap. A6). Innate immune cells recognise microbes by TOLL-(TLR) (see section Pathogenesis of SHOCK), giving rise to the above production of in the early phase of the response. Micro-organisms that succeed in penetrating the are ingested, killed, and degraded by phagocytic cells [(PMN) or and ], which are attracted to a microbial infection through. The ingestion by phagocytic cells of the micro-organism is enhanced by serum proteins (opsonins), such as and the C3b component of complement, which are recognised by specific on the. After ingestion, the p10. 1) (see Chap. 8).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biophilic design guarantees increased life expectancy for people who live or work in such environments. [SEP] Text: The synthesis of findings helped to identify and rank the biophilic design parameters that appear the most critical for promoting and supporting human health and well-being in clinical therapeutic environments, within and across three different user categories: outpatients (fresh air, light-daylight, thermal comfort, welcoming and relaxing), inpatients (feeling relaxed and comfortable, prospect refuge, security and protection, light-daylight, view), and staff (privacy-refuge, quietness). This review also showed that inpatient, outpatient, and staff users had similar desires but sometimes divergent priorities and requirements and that the provision of the same or similar biophilic elements to different groups could support distinct affordances. Therefore, future research should investigate the different building typologies and programs based on their specific user groups and contexts to provide efficient and rigorous biophilic design frameworks. This analysis also provides an up-to-date compilation of crucial design interventions related to biophilic parameters (summarized in Figure 3) and as such provides benchmark information for future research and design guidance in these environments. The main limitation of this review was that not all the examined studies had as their main aim to produce data directly related to the assessment of biophilic design but rather to general hospital design environments. However, this could also be a benefit allowing a better understanding of the value of nature-based design where it fits within general healthcare design. It was also noticed that the available case studies were limited in number, however, they were systematically selected based on our criteria. This stringent selection is actually very important, because it frames the research to meet our specific goals and provides the necessary rigor to produce a substantive contribution to this early literature by revising it within this specific frame. The selected studies were localized in industrialized Western countries and typically of less than high methodological quality. Studies 8 and 9, showing the lowest level of reliability, proved not to contradict the high-quality studies but did not offer any further evidence to the synthesis, having no input into the design recommendations. Climate and culture influence human perceptions of nature, so as more research is conducted in various regions, climates, and cultures, a wider range of data will contribute toward more effective biophilic design frameworks. A previous study by the authors focused on nonclinical therapeutic environments in the (Tekin et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 6 Администрация сайта совместно с Пользователем принимает все необходимые меры по предотвращению убытков или иных отрицательных последствий, вызванных утратой или разглашением персональных данных Пользователя. 6. ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬСТВА СТОРОН 6. 1 Пользователь обязан: 6. 1. 1 Предоставить информацию о персональных данных, необходимую для пользования сайтом. 6. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Fig. 10. 1Schematic representation of the progressive steps of phagocytic endocytosisFull size imageA special role in cellular resistance is reserved for the (NK cells), which display considerable activity against virus-infected cells. This NK activity is stimulated by and, at a very early stage in the infection, serves to reinforce the non-specific defence mechanism. 3 Specific ResistanceIn the specific immune response, elements of the defence mechanism are directed against a specific enemy. Depending on the micro-organism, either the cellular defence mechanism (tuberculosis) or the humoral -dependent defence mechanism (influenza) is of primary importance. In many cases, a joint cellular and humoral response is needed to provide an effective immune defence (typhus). and play a role in cellular defence. During the first contact with an antigen, process the antigen and present its protein fragments (T-cell ) to T cells, which then proliferate and remain present for years in the body as memory cells. When a second encounter occurs, T cells produce lymphokines, which activate the. These activated grow larger, produce more and better degrading enzymes, and are now able to eliminate micro-organisms, which otherwise would have survived intracellularly (tuberculosis, typhoid fever). from non-immune animals are not able to eliminate these micro-organisms. Five different classes of can be distinguished in man, namely, and IgE. They differ from one another in size, charge, amino acid composition, and glycosylation (see Chap. 4). In principle, the structure of the is the same, i. e. two heavy and two light chains: it is the variable part of these chains that recognises the micro-organism. The biological function (see below) is determined by the constant part (Fc) of the heavy chain. With the exception of IgD, all these are important in antimicrobial activity. IgA, which is found in all external secretions, reacts with the surface of micro-organisms, preventing them from adhering to sensitive cells and mucous membranes. IgG neutralises microbial toxins. IgG, IgM, and C3b serve as opsonins, which promote phagocytosis. IgG, IgM, and to a lesser extent IgA activate the complement system after binding to the micro-organism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: On 23 April 2009, the and the Council adopted the Directive 2009/28/EC. It establishes a common framework for the promotion of energy from renewable sources. This directive opens up a major opportunity for further use of heat pumps for heating and cooling of new and existing buildings. Heat pumps enable the use of ambient heat at useful temperature level need electricity or other energy form to function [2]. Furthermore, EU member states must stimulate the transformation of existing buildings undergoing renovation into nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs). Conversion to heating and cooling systems based on ground-source heat pumps and air-to-water heat pumps is a well-proven measure to approach nZEB requirements. Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems use the ground as a heat source/sink to provide space heating and cooling as well as domestic hot-water. The GSHP technology can offer higher energy efficiency for air-conditioning compared to conventional air-conditioning (A/C) systems because the underground environment provides higher temperature for heating and lower temperature for cooling and experiences less temperature fluctuation than ambient air temperature change [3]. To date, the GSHP systems have been widely used in both residential and commercial buildings. It is estimated that the GSHP system installations have grown continuously on a global basis with the range from 10 to 30% annually in recent years [4]. A ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) system consists of a conventional heat pump coupled with a ground heat exchanger (GHE) where water or a water-antifreeze solution exchanges heat with the ground. The GHE may be a simple pipe system buried in the ground; it may also comprise a horizontal collector or, more commonly, borehole heat exchanger (BHE) drilled to a depth between 20 and 300 m with a diameter of 100–200 mm [5]. The widespread distribution of heat pumps as single generators in heating systems has mainly been in new, rather isolated buildings, thus having limited unit loads. This has enabled the use of low-temperature terminal units, such as fan coil units and, especially, radiant systems [6]. After the introduction of plastic piping water-based radiant heating and cooling with pipes embedded in room surfaces (floor, wall, and ceiling), the application increased significantly worldwide. Due to the large surfaces needed for heat transfer, the systems work with low water temperature for heating and high water temperature for cooling.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Обновить, дополнить предоставленную информацию о персональных данных в случае изменения данной информации. 6. 1. 3 Пользователь имеет право отозвать согласие на обработку персональных данных, путем направления уведомления Оператору по адресу электронной почты: info@editorum. ru. 6. 2 Администрация сайта обязана: 6. 2. 1 Использовать полученную информацию исключительно для целей, указанных в п. 4 настоящей Политики конфиденциальности. 6. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Activation products C3a and C5a ensure that the phagocytes are attracted to the inflammatory response. IgG and IgM, in combination with complement and lysozyme, have a lytic effect on Gram-negative bacteria and enveloped viruses. IgG and IgM inhibit the mobility of micro-organisms by attaching specifically to the flagellum. Thereby the chance of phagocytosis increases, and the chance of spreading of disease decreases. IgG, together with the killer or K cells, can eliminate infected host cells which carry viral or other foreign antigens on their surface. IgE is of importance in parasite infections. At the site of the infection, mast cells, bearing specific IgE, release large quantities of vasoactive amines, which cause the contraction of smooth muscle tissue and increase the permeability of the blood vessels. In the intestine, this results in worms being detached and eliminated. 4 Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and ParasitesSeveral non-invasive bacteria, i. e. those that do not invade the body, cause disease through the production of (tetanus, diphtheria, cholera). neutralises the toxin with the aid of (IgG, IgM). If the individual has not been inoculated, the toxin will act on certain cells in the body directly through a. This bond is very strong (i. e. has a high ) and is difficult to break by the administration of. In practice, if there are clinical symptoms of the disease, then large doses of antitoxins must be administered. If one is trying to prevent the development of the disease, then the presence of small quantities of specific (IgG) is sufficient. of bacteria to cells is effectively blocked by IgA. Oral vaccination against cholera, for example, is aimed at obtaining sufficient specific IgA in the intestine, so that no colonisation of this bacterium can take place and the cholera toxin can no longer adhere to its. In general, defence against invasive bacteria is provided by (IgG, IgM) that are directed against bacterial surface. In many cases, these bacteria have a which interferes with effective. against the of these capsules neutralise the interference, with subsequent elimination of the bacteria by. () in combined action with complement kill bacteria by producing holes in the cell wall of the bacterium.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: However, in order to extend the use of these types of generators and benefit from their energy efficiency to reach the targets of 20-20-20, it is also compulsory to work with radiators, which were the most commonly used terminal units in heating systems in the past. This 2. of a Heat PumpA heat pump (HP) is a thermal installation that is based on a reverse Carnot thermodynamic cycle (consumes drive energy and produces a thermal effect). Any HP moves (pumps) heat ES from a source with low temperature ts to a source with a high temperature tu, consuming the drive energy ED. A heat source can be:a gas or air (outdoor air, warm air from ventilation, hot gases from industrial processes);a liquid called generic water: surface water (river, lake, or sea), ground-water, or discharged hot-water (domestic, technologic, or recirculated in cooling towers); orground, with the advantage of accessibility. Heat consumer. The heat pump yields thermal energy at a higher temperature, depending on the application of the heat consumer. This energy can be used for:space heating, which is related to low temperature heating systems: radiant panels (floor, wall, ceiling, or floor-ceiling), warm air, or convective systems; orwater heating (pools, domestic or technologic hot-water);The heat consumer is recommended to be associated with a cold consumer. This can be performed with either a reversible (heating–cooling) or a double effect system. In cooling mode, a heat pump operates exactly like central air-conditioning. Drive energy. Heat pumps can be used to drive different energy forms:electrical energy (electro-compressor);mechanical energy (mechanical compression with expansion turbines);thermo-mechanical energy (steam ejector system);thermal energy (absorption cycle); orthermo-electrical energy (Péltier effect). The GSHPs are those with electro-compressor. The process of elevating low temperature heat to over 38°C and transferring it indoors involves a cycle of evaporation, compression, condensation, and expansion (Figure 1). A non-CFC refrigerant is used as the heat-transfer medium, which circulates within the heat pump [7]. Figure 1. Schematic of single-stage compression refrigeration system Advertisement 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Обеспечить хранение конфиденциальной информации в тайне, не разглашать без предварительного письменного разрешения Пользователя, а также не осуществлять продажу, обмен, опубликование, либо разглашение иными возможными способами переданных персональных данных Пользователя, за исключением п. п. 5. 2. и 5. 3. настоящей Политики Конфиденциальности. 6. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Although intracellular bacteria (tuberculosis, leprosy, listeriosis, brucellosis, legionellosis, and salmonellosis) are ingested by they are able to survive and multiply. In these cases, cellular immunity alone provides the defence, since are not effective. Only activated are capable of killing and degrading these bacteria. neutralise viruses directly and/or indirectly by destroying infected cells that carry the virus antigen on their surface. The mechanisms of this defence resemble those of humoral defence against bacterial surfaces. -dependent cellular reaction is specific for defence against viruses. Cells that carry an antigen encoded by the virus on their surface are attacked by cells, bearing that fit the antigen on the cell (K cells have for IgG) (Fig. 10. 2). Fig. 10. 2Schematic illustration of an enveloped virus (Herpes simplex virus)Full size imageNot only humoral but also cellular immunity plays an important role in virus infections. People with a genetic T-cell deficiency are highly susceptible to virus infections. In cellular defence, it is primarily the virus-infected cells that are attacked and eliminated. cells recognise MHC class I-presented T-cell on the surface of virus-infected cells and kill them. The fungi responsible for human diseases can be divided into two major groups on the basis of their growth forms or on the type of infection they cause. Pathogens exist as branched filamentous forms or as yeasts, although some show both growth forms. The filamentous types (Trichophyton) form a ‘mycelium’. In asexual reproduction, the fungus is dispersed by means of spores; the spores are a common cause of infection after inhalation. In yeast-like types (Cryptococcus), the characteristic form is the single cell, which reproduces by division or budding. Dimorphic types (Histoplasma) form a mycelium outside but occur as yeast cells inside the body. Candida shows the reverse condition and forms a mycelium within the body. In superficial mycoses, the fungus grows on the body surface, for example, skin, hair, and nails (Epidermophyton, Trichophyton), the disease is mild, and the pathogen is spread by direct contact.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: One widely used design places a central water-to-water heat exchanger between the ground-water and a closed water loop, which is connected to water-to-air heat pumps in the building. A second possibility is to circulate ground-water through a heat recovery chiller, and to heat and cool the building with a distributed hydronic loop. Direct systems (in which ground-water is pumped directly to the heat pump without an intermediate heat exchanger) are not recommended except on the very smallest installations. Although some installations of this system have been successful, others have had serious difficulty even with ground-water of apparently benign chemistry. The specific components for handling ground-water are similar. The primary items include (1) wells (supply and, if required, injection), (2) a well pump (usually submerged), and (3) a ground-water heat exchanger. The use of a submerged pump avoids the possibility of introducing air or oxygen into the system. A back-washable filter should also be installed. The injection well should be located from 10 to 15 m in the downstream direction of the ground-water flow. In an open-loop system, the intermediate heat exchanger between the refrigerant and the ground-water is subject to fouling, corrosion, and blockage. The required flow rate through the intermediate heat exchanger is typically between 0. 027 and 0. 054 l/s. The ground-water must either be reinjected into the ground by separate wells or discharged to a surface system such as a river or lake. The drill diameter should be at least 220 mm (larger for sandy conditions to prevent sand entry). The ground-water flow rate G must be capable of delivering the full capacity required from the heat source. This depends on the evaporator cooling power Q0 and the water cooling degree and is given by the following equation:G=Q0ρwcw(twi−twe)E19 where ρw is the water density; cw is the specific heat of water; and twi and twe are the water temperatures at the heat pump inlet and the heat pump outlet, respectively. Table 1 summarises the calculated COP values of GWHP and SWHP systems, operating as water-to-water heat pumps. Water temperature at evaporator inlet ts [°C] Water temp. at condenser outlet, tu [°C] 30 35 40 45 50 5 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Принимать меры предосторожности для защиты конфиденциальности персональных данных Пользователя согласно порядку, установленному законодательством РФ. 6. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: In deep mycoses (Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma), internal organs are involved, and the disease can be life-threatening and is often the result of opportunistic growth in individuals with impaired immunocompetence. Many of the fungi that cause disease are free-living organisms and are acquired by inhalation or by entry through wounds. Some exist as part of the normal body flora (Candida) and are innocuous unless the body’s defences are compromised in some way. The filamentous forms grow extracellularly, while yeasts can survive and multiply within phagocytic cells. kill yeasts by means of both intra- and extracellular factors. Some yeasts (Cryptococcus neoformans) form a thick polysaccharide to prevent phagocytic uptake. In addition, many cell-wall components of yeasts cause suppression of cell-mediated immune responses. The role of humoral and cellular immunity in controlling infections caused by fungi is not yet well defined, but cellular immunity is the cornerstone of host defence against (some) fungal infections. As a consequence, which affects the cellular arm of the results in previously uncommon infections such as those caused by C. neoformans. The immunological defence systems against parasites are considerably more complex than those against bacteria and viruses. This is due to various factors. In the first place, each parasite has its own life cycle, consisting of various stages with specific antigen compositions. Moreover, parasites are able to avoid the host defence system (mimicry), to combat it (), or to mislead it (antigenic variation). Both humoral and cellular immunity are important for the defence against parasites growing intercellularly, as we have seen in the case of bacteria and viruses. concentrations () are often elevated. IgE also plays a special role in the removal of parasites (especially worm infections) from the intestine (see above) (Table 10. 2). Table 10. 2 Classification of micro-organismsFull size table5 Pathogenesis of ShockSepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to presumed or known infection (see also Chap. 26). The resulting inflammatory response becomes over amplified, leading to multiple organ failure and death. -(PAMP) in bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi initiate the host response by triggering families of (PRR). In Gram-negative (Fig. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: Ground thermal response testIn the case of vertical closed-loop GCHP systems, the determination of the parameters to calculate the vaporization thermal power that must be provided from the ground is laborious. To know how many loops must be set, which is a function of the energy that must be given to the heat pump, evaluating the thermal conductivity of the ground and the effective thermal resistance of the borehole are very important. In this respect, taking a thermal response test (TRT) of the ground is necessary, using a borehole in which a simple ground loop is placed. During an in-situ test, a ground electric heater usually provides heat to the circulating fluid (water or glycol) through the ground loop while the inlet (ti) and outlet (te) fluid temperatures are measured (Figure 9). The average of these two instantaneous temperature reading is usually taken to represent the average temperature in the vertical ground loop at a given time. In an ideal test, the measured circulating flow rate and the heat input rate remain constant throughout the test [28]. The first TRT in Romania was performed in 2009 by the company of Bucharest [29]. Figure 9. Schematic of equipment for thermal response testTo estimate the minimum duration τmin of the test, the following equation can be used [24]:τmin=5rb2aE29 where rb is the borehole radius and a is the ground thermal diffusivity. For data analysis and final evaluation of ground thermal conductivity λ and borehole thermal resistance Rb, some methods were developed [15,30] that use one of the simulation models of GHEs previously presented. Through the ground thermal response test, the length of the borehole is properly determined, the operating performance of the system is provided, and supplementary costs (extra loops, boreholes, glycol, etc. ) are avoided. This operation is performed using specialized software. Advertisement 5. Heat pump heating and cooling systems5. 1. Radiator heating systemA hot-water radiator heating system is a type of central heating. In the system, heat is generated in the boiler. For the generation of the heat, a natural gas boiler is used where the chemical energy of natural gas is transferred into the heat. Then, the heat is distributed by hot-water (heat carrier) to the radiators. The radiators heat the rooms. The hot-water is circulated by a water circulation pump, which operates continuously.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 Осуществить блокирование персональных данных, относящихся к соответствующему Пользователю, с момента обращения или запроса Пользователя или его законного представителя либо уполномоченного органа по защите прав субъектов персональных данных на период проверки, в случае выявления недостоверных персональных данных или неправомерных действий. 7. ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ СТОРОН 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 3) bacterial infections, the interaction between bacterial or (LPS; a major structural component of the cell wall) and various host-cell systems has been implicated in the pathogenesis of septic SHOCK. In particular, the release of TNF-α and -1 (IL-1) after the activation of host cells by induces haemodynamic SHOCK. Fig. 10. 3Schematic illustration of the cell envelope of a Gram-negative and a Gram-positive bacteriumFull size imageBiochemical and genetic evidence has identified TLR4 as the that mediates cellular activation in response to LPS. This family of TLR proteins (Fig. 10. 4), which resemble the antimicrobial Toll proteins of Drosophila (fruit fly), has been identified in humans and mice. TLR4 was identified as the missing link in LPS-induced cell signal transduction and responsiveness that is associated with MD-2 and CD14. It is known that C3H/HeJ mice are hyporesponsive to the biological effects of LPS. This proved to be the result of TLR4 deficiency. The TLR family members are coupled to a signalling adapter protein (MyD88) and form differential dimers that may explain the discrete responses to TLR ligands such as lipoproteins, heat SHOCK proteins, unmethylated CpG DNA, viral dsRNA, and bacterial flagellin. Intracellular signalling involves several kinases depending on the TLR involved and includes the MAP kinase and NF-κB pathways leading to a cellular response. PAMP for TLR2 include a variety of agonists derived from Gram-positive organisms such as and lipoteichoic acid. Therefore, it seems that TLR2 and TLR4 are activated primarily by different PAMP to initiate the host response to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infection, respectively. This is further illustrated by the fact that TLR2 (but not TLR4) knockout mice are highly susceptible to GRAM-like Staphylococcus aureus, whereas TLR4 (but not TLR2) knockout mice are highly susceptible to Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium. Fig. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: The radiators, as rule of thumb, are located next to the cold surfaces of the envelope. They significantly influence the thermal comfort. The radiators release the highest amount of heat to the heated room by convection and one part by heat radiation [31]. The convective heat transfer will lead to a lower relative humidity of the air, and, at high radiator surface temperature, dust p5. 2. Radiant heating and cooling systemsIn low-energy buildings, the low-temperature heating system usually works with a supply water temperature below 45°C [33]. Embedded radiant systems are used in all types of buildings. Radiant heating application is classified as panel heating if the panel surface temperature is below 150°C [34]. In thermal radiation, heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves that travel in straight lines and can be reflected. The water temperatures are operated at very close to room temperature and, depending on the position of the piping, the system can take advantage of the thermal storage capacity of the building structure. Figure 10 shows the available types of embedded hydronic radiant systems [35]. Panel heating provides a comfortable environment by controlling surface temperatures and minimising air motion within a space. A radiant system is a sensible heating system that provides more than 50% of the total heat flux by thermal radiation. The controlled temperature surfaces may be in the floor, walls, or ceiling, with the temperature maintained by circulation of water or air. The radiant heat transfer is, in all cases, 5. 5 W/(m2K). The convective heat transfer then varies between 0. 5 and 5. 5 W/(m2K), depending on the surface type and on heating or cooling mode. This shows that the radiant heat transfer varies between 50 and 90% of the total heat transfer [36]. Figure 10. Examples of water-based radiant systemsRadiant panel heating is characterised by the fact that heating is associated with a yielding of heat with low temperature because of physiological reasons. Thus, at the radiant floor panels, the temperature must not exceed +29°C, and at the radiant ceiling panels the temperature will not exceed 35–40°C, depending on the position of the occupier (in feet) and the occupier distance to the panels, in accordance with thermal comfort criteria established by ISO Standard 7730 [37]. For cooling, the minimum floor temperature is 19°C. A vertical air temperature difference between head and feet of less than 3°C is recommended.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Администрация сайта, не исполнившая свои обязательства, несёт ответственность за убытки, понесённые Пользователем в связи с неправомерным использованием персональных данных, в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных п. п. 5. 2. , 5. 3. и 7. 2. настоящей Политики Конфиденциальности. 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: As a result of the decreased numbers of CD4+ Th cells and defects in antigen presentation, depressed immune responses in these patients are observed. During the progression of the disease, by otherwise harmless micro-organisms can occur. These include Candida albicans oesophagitis, mucocutaneous herpes simplex, toxoplasma in the and pneumonia caused by toxoplasma and Pneumocystis carinii; Kaposi’s sarcoma also occurs frequently in these patients. This has been linked to the presence of a previously unknown type of herpes virus (HHV-8). This immune deficiency syndrome is called ‘acquired immune deficiency syndrome’ (AIDS). It has been suggested that infectedcarry the HIV virus into the brain where it replicates in microglia and infiltrating. As a consequence, many AIDS patients develop cognitive and motor brain impairments. However, the picture is complicated by the various persistent infections already present in these patients, which give rise to their own pathology in the brain. These include Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and JC virus. So far, no cure for has been achieved. The main effort in the prevention of lies in mass public education programmes. Treatment of infected individuals is possible but expensive. (HAART) reduces morbidity and mortality among patients infected with HIV (see Fig. 10. 5). Success is limited by the emergence of drug-resistance viruses that can be transmitted to newly infected individuals. Resistance, drug toxicity, and poor patient lead to treatment failure and necessitate continuous development of alternative treatment strategies that intervene with the HIV replication cycle: i. e. on the level of virus entry, critical viral enzymes [reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase (IN), and proteases (PR)], or viral nucleocapsid (NC) protein. At this moment a triple therapy is being prescribed in Western countries (two RT inhibitors and one PR inhibitor, Fig. 10. 4), each of which interfere with specific steps in the process of HIV replication. One major problem that has arisen is the increasing resistance to these drugs. Agents with novel provide options for patients with DRUG-virus. Blocking of the chemokine 5, a co-on CD4 cells for HIV, is an alternative treatment for persons infected with the R5 HIV type.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: 5. 3. Performance assessment of radiator and radiant floor heating systems connected to a GCHP5. 3. 1. Description of office roomExperimental investigations of GCHP performance were conducted in an office room (Figure 11) at the of Timisoara, Romania, located at the ground floor of the Faculty building. city has a continental temperature climate with four different seasons. The heating season runs in Timisoara from 1 October to 30 April. The following data are known: heat transfer resistance (1/U-value) of building components: walls (2. 10 m2K/W), ceiling (0. 34 m2K/W), windows and doors (0. 65 m2K/W); glass walls surface, 8. 2 m2; total internal heat gain (e. g. from computers, human and lights), 25 W/m2; and heat demand, 1. 35 kW. The indoor and outdoor air design temperatures are 22 and –15°C, respectively. Figure 11. Heated office roomThis space is equipped both with a floor heating system and steel panel radiators to analyse the energy and environmental performances of these systems. These two heating systems are connected to a mechanical compression GCHP, type WPC 5 COOL. In the GCHP system, heat is extracted from the ground by a closed-loop vertical GHE with a length of 80 m. 5. 3. 2. Experimental facilitiesThe GCHP experimental system consisted of a BHE, heat pump unit, circulating water pumps, floor/radiator heating circuit, data acquisition instruments and auxiliary parts as shown in Figure 12. Figure 12. Experimental GCHP systemBorehole heat exchanger. The GHE of this experimental GCHP consisted of a simple vertical borehole that had a depth of 80 m. Antifreeze fluid (30% ethylene glycol aqueous solution) circulates in a single polyethylene U-tube of 32 mm internal diameter, with a 60 mm separation between the return and the supply tubes, buried in borehole. The borehole overall diameter was 110 mm. The borehole was filled with sand and finished with a bentonite layer at the top to avoid intrusion of pollutants in the aquifers. The average temperature across the full borehole depth tested was 15. 1°C. The ground characteristics are based on measurements obtained from the Agency [38].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 В случае утраты или разглашения персональных данных Администрация сайта не несёт ответственность, если данные персональные данные: 7. 2. 1 Стали публичным достоянием до их утраты или разглашения. 7. 2. 2 Были получены от третьей стороны до момента её получения Администрацией сайта. 7. 2. 3 Были разглашены с согласия Пользователя. 8. РАЗРЕШЕНИЕ СПОРОВ 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: This notion is supported by a recent finding that a homozygous defect in this chemokine accounts for resistance of multiple-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Currently a commercially available drug is being used that specifically binds to CCR5 on the surface of the CD4 cell and selectively blocks HIV-1 binding. One remarkable HIV patient, known as the ‘Berlin patient’ and on an antiretroviral therapy for 10 years, was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia and therefore received a haematopoietic stem cell transplant from a donor with the ‘resistant’ CCR5 receptor. He had to stop his antiretroviral medication, and after 3 months, the virus was undetectable, and his CD4 counts recovered. He is now considered cured from HIV. Fig. 10. 5The effect of single and triple therapy on viral load and CD4 cells over time in HIV-infected individualsFull size image7 Vaccines and VaccinationPasteur and Koch triggered the stormy development of vaccines (anthrax, rabies, cholera) at the end of the nineteenth century. remained faithful to the principle of attenuated micro-organisms in preparing his vaccines, Koch employed killed germs (cholera) as a vaccine. Since diphtheria and tetanus cause disease by means of toxins, the next logical step in the development of vaccines was the use of detoxified toxins to induce protection against these diseases [diphtheria (Von Behring) and tetanus (Kitasato)]. and Kitasato were the first to demonstrate that the source of the protective activity induced by vaccines was present in blood serum. was also the first to prove that protective immunity could be passed on via serum. The development of new vaccines had its ups (yellow fever) and downs (tuberculosis). With the arrival of antibiotics, all work on new bacterial vaccines was suspended or severely curtailed, although some researchers continued to work on viral vaccines, such as rubella, measles, polio, and mumps. Since it has proved difficult to consistently develop new antibiotics to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria, interest in vaccines has gradually increased over the last 15 years (see Chap. C1). Today, thanks to new insights into the and modern molecular biological and chemical techniques of analysis and synthesis, it is possible to produce well-defined vaccines.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: The average thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the ground from the surface to 80 m deep tested were 1. 90 W/(m K) and 0. 79 × 10–6 m2/s, respectively [39]. The boreholes were completely backfilled with grout mixed with drilling mud, cement and sand in specific proportions. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the grout tested by manufacturer were 2. 32 W/(m K) and 0. 93 × 10–6 m2/s, respectively. Heat pump unit. The heat pump unit is a reversible ground-to-water scroll hermetic compressor unit with R410A as a refrigerant and the nominal heating capacity of 6. 5 kW. The heat pump unit is a compact type model having an inside refrigeration system. The operation of the heat pump is governed by an electronic controller, which, depending on the system water return temperature, switches the heat pump compressor on or off. The heat source circulation pump was controlled by the heat pump controller, which activates the source pump 30 s before compressor activation [40]. GCHP data acquisition system. The GCHP data acquisition system consists of the indoor and outdoor air temperature, dew point temperature, supply/return temperature, heat source temperature (outlet BHE temperature), relative air humidity, and main operating parameters of the system components. Heating systems. The heating systems are supplied via a five-circuit flow/return manifold as follows. The first two circuits supply the floor heating system. The third and fourth circuits are coupled to a radiator heating system, and the fifth circuit is for backup. The flow/return manifold is equipped with a circulation pump to ensure the chosen temperature of the heat carrier (hot-water). A three-way valve and a thermostatic valve are provided to adjust the maximum hot-water temperature of the floor’s heating system. Thus, for higher temperatures, the hot water is adjusted to achieve a circulation loop in the heating system. To achieve higher performances of the heating systems, a thermostat is provided for controlling the start/stop command of the circulation pump when the room reaches the set point temperature. At the same height as this thermostat, there is also an ambient thermostat that controls the starting and stopping of the heat pump to ensure optimum operation of the entire heating system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 До обращения в суд с иском по спорам, возникающим из отношений между Пользователем и Администрацией сайта, обязательным является предъявление претензии (письменного предложения о добровольном урегулировании спора). 8. 2 Получатель претензии в течение 30 календарных дней со дня получения претензии, письменно уведомляет заявителя претензии о результатах рассмотрения претензии. 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 23 A 14-month-old child is admitted with a two-week history of coughing and is admitted with severe paroxysms of coughing leading to hypoxia. Pertussis is suspected. Which of the following is true about Bordetella pertussis? A. Polymorphonuclear leucocytosis seen during infectionB. Can be clinically diagnosed initially within days of onsetC. Organism is isolated from the throat for several days following infectionD. Vaccine gives lifelong immunityE. Tetracycline is effective in the paroxysmal stageQ1. 24 A 56-year-old female with urosepsis is not improving despite treatment with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin. Which bacteria are most likely to harbour an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene? A. Klebsiella pneumoniaeB. Enterobacter cloacaeC. Citrobacter freundiiD. Morganella morganiiE. Proteus mirabilisQ1. 25 A 49-year-old homeless patient attends the emergency department complaining of itching and fever. He describes the onset of fever approximately 7 days ago. On examination, he has a widespread rash and excoriation marks. What is the most likely vector for this illness? A. Aedes aegyptiB. Anopheles gambiaeC. Pediculus humanus humanusD. Glossina spp. E. Culex spp. Q1. 26 A 54-year-old male presents with a flitting rash and an eosinophilia eight weeks after return from the tropics. Which of the following infections require an intermediate snail host? A. DiphylobothriasisB. SchistosomiasisC. EchinococcosisD. ParagonamiasisE. StrongyloidiasisQ1. 27 A 31-year-old male presents with diarrhoea several days after return from Nigeria. Entamoeba is seen on stool microscopy. Which of the following is a non-pathogenic variant of Entamoeba histolytica? A. Entamoeba disparB. Escherichia coliC. Entamoeba hartmanniD. Endolimax nanaE. Enterobacter cloacaeQ1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: The start–stop command of the flow/return manifold circulation pump is controlled by an interior thermostat relay, situated at a height of approximately 1. 00 m above the floor surface. This height has been determined to provide adequate comfort for the office occupants. Radiant floor heating system consists of two circuits connected to a flow/return manifold (Figure 13), designed to satisfy the office heating demand of 1. 35 kW. The first circuit has a length of 54 m and is installed in a spiral coil, with the closest step distance to the exterior wall of the building to compensate for the effect of the heat bridge, and the second circuit, with a length of 61 m, is mounted in the coil simple. The mounting step of the coils is between 10 and 30 cm. The floor heating pipes are made of cross-linked polyethylene with an external diameter of 17 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm. The mass flow rate for each circuit is controlled by the flow/return manifold circuit valves. They are adjusted to satisfy the heat demand according to Timisoara’s climate (te= –15°C). Figure 13. Schematics of floor heating circuitRadiator heating system. The low-temperature radiator heating system (45/35°C) has two steel panel radiators, each one with two water columns and a length of 1000 mm, height of 600 mm and thermal power of 680 W (Figure 14), connected to a flow/return manifold and dimensioned to satisfy the office heating demand of 1. 35 kW. They are installed on a stand at 15 cm above the floor surface to ensure optimal indoor air circulation. The heating radiator system pipes are made of cross-linked polyethylene with an external diameter of 17 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm. The mass flow rate for each radiator is controlled by the flow/return manifold circuit valves, adjusted to satisfy the heat demand of office room. Figure 14. Schematics of radiator heating system5. 3. 3. Auxiliary equipmentA network of sensors was setup to allow monitoring of the most relevant parameters of the system [40]. Two thermal energy meters were used to measure the thermal energy produced by the GCHP and the extracted/injected thermal energy to the ground. A thermal energy meter was built with a heat computer, two PT500 temperature sensors and an ultrasonic mass flow meter. The two PT500 wires temperature sensors with an accuracy of ±0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 При недостижении соглашения спор будет передан на рассмотрение в судебный орган по месту нахождения Оператора, в соответствии с действующим законодательством Российской Федерации. 8. 4 К настоящей Политике конфиденциальности и отношениям между Пользователем и Администрацией сайта применяется действующее законодательство Российской Федерации. 9. ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ УСЛОВИЯ 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Polio virus is of the genus Enterovirus from the Picornaviridae family (ss(+)RNA). Parvovirus B19 is of the genus Erythrovirus from the Parvoviridae family. A1. 5Answer B: HPV-16 and HPV-18 are associated with genital cancersHPV is a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family, of which there are numerous serotypes. Serotypes 6 and 11 most frequently cause ano-genital warts, while serotypes 16 and 18 are linked with ano-genital cancers. The E6 and E7 early viral proteins are considered oncogenic, inhibiting tumour suppression genes: E6 inhibits p53, while E7 inhibits p53, p21 and RB. Diagnosis is through PCR on sample obtained during colposcopy. A1. 6Answer E: ErythrovirusHumans can be infected by viruses from three genera from the Parvoviridae family, but no members of the genus Parvovirus are currently known to infect humans. This creates a confusion of terms because the human parvoviruses are not in genus Parvovirus. They are from the genera: Dependoviruses (e. g. Adeno-Associated Virus), Erythroviruses (e. g. Parvovirus B19) and Bocaviruses. In healthy individuals, the major presentation of B19 infection is erythema infectiosum, but in patients with underlying haematological disorders, infection can lead to aplastic crisis. In immunosuppressed patients, persistent infection may develop that presents as pure red cell aplasia and subsequent chronic anaemia. In utero infection may result in hydrops fetalis, miscarriage or congenital anaemia. A1. 7Answer D: virusViruses typically have one of three natural histories; acute infection (e. g. influenza, hepatitis A, Hanta, Nipah, hepatitis E), latent infection (e. g. herpes simplex, varicella zoster, cytomegalovirus) or chronic infection (e. g. hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV). The global annual incidence of hepatitis C is estimated at four million, of whom 18–34% will spontaneously clear the virus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: The following average values were recorded: outdoor air temperature (te), indoor air temperature (ti), heat source temperature (ths), supply hot-water temperature (td), electricity consumption (Eel) and useful thermal energy for heating (Et). In addition, the CO2 emission and the ON/OFF switching of the heat pump were determined in both heating systems. Figure 15 shows a comparison between the indoor air temperatures ti,RAD and ti,RF obtained by radiator heating and radiant floor heating. It is observed that due to the small thermal inertia of the radiators, a high level of ON/OFF switch is needed for the heat pump of the radiator heating system, leading to large fluctuations of indoor air temperature compared with the floor heating system, along with reduced thermal comfort. Table 3 presents a summary of the experimental results. Figure 15. Variation of indoor air temperature Heating system te [°C] ti [°C] ths [°C] td [°C] Eel [kWh] Et [kWh] CCO2[kg] On/Off switch COP sys Radiant floor 9. 39 22. 28 18. 77 28. 12 5. 77 32. 78 3. 16 48 5. 68 Radiator 9. 00 22. 30 17. 62 30. 62 6. 35 34. 42 3. 47 140 5. 42 Table 3. Experimental resultsThe two heating systems have small differences (4. 5%) in their energy performance coefficient (COPsys) value, but the ON/OFF switching in the case of radiator heating system is almost three times higher than that for radiant floor heating system, leading to higher wear on the heat pump equipment. In addition, there was 10% higher energy consumption and CO2 emission for the radiator heating system compared with the floor heating system under the same operating conditions. Energy consumption can be influenced by the building occupants’ activity and the floor surface material. If the floor surface material exhibits good heat transfer, such as with stone or tile, the floor feels cold even at a temperature of approximately 24 to 25°C. Uncertainty analysis (the analysis of uncertainties in experimental measurement and results) is necessary to evaluate the experimental data. An uncertainty analysis was performed using the method described by Holman [41]. A result Z is a given function of the independent variables x1, x2, x3. . . xn.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Администрация сайта вправе вносить изменения в настоящую Политику конфиденциальности без согласия Пользователя. 9. 2 Новая Политика конфиденциальности вступает в силу с момента ее размещения на сайте, если иное не предусмотрено новой редакцией Политики конфиденциальности. 9. 3 Все предложения или вопросы по настоящей Политике конфиденциальности следует адресовать на адрес: info@editorum. ru 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: Isolates that are non-motile on primary culture may be switched to a motile phase using a Cragie tube or the Jameson plate. Somatic “O” antigens are heat stable and alcohol-resistant, but flagellar “H” antigens are heat-labile. Some surface antigens in Salmonella may mask somatic antigens, meaning bacteria will not agglutinate with somatic “O” antisera – one specific surface antigen is the “Vi” antigen. The “Vi” antigen may only occur in three Salmonella serovars (out of over 2000): Typhi, and Dublin, but is variably detected. Other non-lactose fermenting coliforms can cause diarrhoea, including Shigella species, but as a rule these do not produce hydrogen sulphide. A1. 11Answer E: Tumbling motilityNeonates are at a greater risk of sepsis and meningitis than other age groups due to deficiencies in humoral and cellular immunity and in phagocytic function. Infants younger than 32 weeks’ gestation receive little maternal immunoglobulin. Inefficiency in the neonates’ alternative complement pathway compromises their defence against encapsulated bacteria and poor migration and phagocytic function of neutrophils is apparent. Streptococcus is the most commonly identified organism, implicated in roughly 50% of cases, with Escherichia coli accounting for a further 20%, meaning identification and treatment of maternal genitourinary infections is an important prevention strategy. Listeria monocytogenes is the third most common pathogen, causing 5–10% of cases. Patients exposed to L. monocytogenes in pregnancy often describe a mild flu-like illness but the organism exhibits transplacental transmission leading to sepsis in both mother and neonate. Listeria is a catalase-positive, haemolytic Gram-positive rod that exhibits tumbling motility at 25°C but not at 37°C. Tumbling motility is specific to Listeria and identified by the hanging drop test. The cerebrospinal fluid response usually reflects the intracellular nature of Listeria with a predominant mononuclear pleocytosis. A1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, both an optimal design of components and an optimal operation of the system as a whole become crucial so that these systems can have a significant contribution to the attenuation of the global energy problem. The overall objective of this PhD dissertation is to perform the control and energy optimization of an experimental GSHP system installed at the Universitat Politècnica de València, making the control system adaptive to the thermal demand of the building and to the climate conditions. For that purpose, different control strategies are proposed, described, developed, implemented and tested in the system. The optimization of any system requires a comprehensive study of its behaviour, by means of a thorough analysis of all the variables and parameters implied on its performance. Therefore, the first step is to analyse the short-term performance of the system, but also the long-term performance based on the experimental data collected at the installation. Second and prior to developing any optimization strategies, it is important to analyse the optimal configuration of the system according to the objectives targeted. This objective includes the study of the best location for the temperature control sensor and the buffer tank, as well as an adequate size for this buffer tank. Finally, once the behaviour of the system has been fully understood, the components of the system are the most efficient according to the possibilities of the research work and they have been connected adequately, the final objective is to develop control and optimization strategies which optimize the operation of the experimental GSHP system. These strategies target the control of the heat pump compressor, but also and more importantly, the energy optimization of the complete system. The focus is not in optimizing the performance of each individual component, but in optimizing the energy performance of the system working as a whole. In this direction, a first approach which combined a temperature compensation strategy and the variation of the frequency of the water circulation pumps, and hence the flow rate, as a function of the thermal load of the building, was first attempted. The application of this first approach resulted in significant energy savings, but also in a lack of user comfort in some of the offices under extreme weather conditions during summer. Consequently, the control and optimization methodology has been upgraded in a global algorithm (which is the final result of this PhD thesis) which couples both strategies in order to ensure the user comfort while keeping significant energy savings. In brief, this PhD work provides a comprehensive experimental study for the energy optimization of a GSHP system for both cooling and heating operation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 Действующая Политика конфиденциальности размещена на странице по адресу Agreement ООО «Эдиторум» (адрес: 127282, г. Москва, ул. Полярная, д. 31В, стр.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 12Answer E: Pseudomonas aeruginosaP. aeruginosa is an obligate aerobe. It is a Gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting organism which is oxidase positive. It is a common commensal in wounds, but can become an opportunistic pathogen. Bacteroides spp. (Gram negative) and Clostridium spp. (Gram positive) are examples of non-spore-forming and spore-forming strict anaerobes, respectively. Other obligate anaerobes include Peptostreptococcus spp. and Veillonella spp. Bacteroides melaninogenicus has recently been reclassified as Prevotella melaninogenica while Porphyromonas gingivalis (commonly found in the oral cavity) were originally classified in the Bacteroides genus. Kluyvera spp. has been put forward as a new member of the Enterobacteriales and as such is only a facultative anaerobe. P. aeruginosa is an obligate aerobe. A1. 13Answer E: Teichoic acidThe outside of a Gram-positive cell wall is covered with a thick layer consisting of peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which resembles Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LTA and PGN are able to induce the release of nitric oxide, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α by monocytes and macrophages and to activate the oxidative burst in vitro. Furthermore, the effects of LTA and PGNs may be synergistic. Lipoteichoic acid can bind to CD14 and to TLR – binding to TLR-2 has shown to induce NF-kB expression (a central transcription factor), elevating expression of both pro- and anti-apoptotic genes. Its activation also induces mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation. LTA bound to targets can interact with circulating antibodies and activate the complement cascade to induce a passive immune kill phenomenon. It also triggers the release from neutrophils and macrophages of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and cytotoxic cytokines. Therefore, LTA shares many pathogenic similarities with endotoxins. A1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: Experimental results for a one-year operation period demonstrate important energy savings when compared to the standard control operation, up to 35% in the summer season and 53% in the winter season, while keeping the user comfort. [-] [ES] En un contexto de creciente preocupación por el calentamiento global y de políticas energéticas internacionales, en el cual los sistemas de climatización en edificios representan una parte importante del consumo. . . [+] [ES] En un contexto de creciente preocupación por el calentamiento global y de políticas energéticas internacionales, en el cual los sistemas de climatización en edificios representan una parte importante del consumo energético global, los sistemas de bomba de calor geotérmica están ampliamente considerados como una de las tecnologias de climatización de espacios más eficientes disponibles en la actualidad. Sin embargo, tanto un buen diseño de los componentes como una óptima operación del sistema son de vital importancia para que estos sistemas puedan contribuir de manera significativa a atenuar el problema energético global. El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es el control y la optimización energética de una instalación experimental de bomba de calor geotérmica construida en la Universitat Politècnica de València, haciendo que el sistema de control se adapte a la demanda térmica del edificio y a las condiciones climatológicas. Para ello, se proponen diferentes estrategias de control, las cuáles son descritas, desarrolladas, implementadas y evaluadas a lo largo de este trabajo de investigación.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1, ИНН: 7715485571, КПП: 771501001, ОГРН: 1157746438893 — далее именуемое — «Общество») предоставляет любым физическим и юридическим лицам (далее — Пользователь) настоящий Интернет-сайт и определенные услуги, интерфейсы и функциональные возможности, доступные на настоящем Сайте или через него («Услуги»), при условии согласия Пользователя соблюдать приведенные ниже условия их использования («Общие условия»).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 14Answer D: Morganella morganii is potentially a urea-splitting bacteriaBacterial urease alkalinises urine, and urease-producing bacteria play a prominent role in the formation of infection-induced urinary stones. Struvite stone formation occurs when ammonia production increases and urine pH elevates to decrease the solubility of phosphate. Proteus spp. , M. morganii and Klebsiella pneumoniae are all potentially urea-splitting bacteria, whereas while E. coli is the most common cause of lower urinary tract infections, it is not associated with significant alkalinisation, nor is infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hyperammonaemia can result from the production of excessive amounts of ammonia due to bacterial urease, and its subsequent re-absorption into the systemic circulation, which is implicated in hepatic encephalopathy. A1. 15Answer C: Lipid AEndotoxins are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane, contributing greatly to the structural integrity and protecting the membrane from chemical attack. LPS comprises three parts: O antigen, core oligosaccharide and Lipid A. is associated with the toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane. (and LPS) is believed to activate cells via the Toll-like receptor system. The polysaccharide components produce immunogenicity. A1. 16Answer A: LecthinaseS. aureus is a common skin commensal, but can cause skin and skin structure infections, including cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis. Different strains of S. aureus produce various different exotoxins, some of which are associated with differing disease presentations and differing severity. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a cytotoxin produced by S. aureus which destroys neutrophils and causes tissue necrosis, recurrent skin and soft tissue infections and necrotising pneumonia. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a superantigen produced by S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: En este sentido, se desarrolló una primera metodología que combinaba la compensación de la temperatura de consigna de la bomba de calor en función de la temperatura ambiente exterior, y la variación de la frecuencia de las bombas de circulación (y por tanto el caudal de agua) en función de la carga térmica del edificio. La aplicación de esta primera estrategia resultó en una importante mejora del rendimiento energético, pero también en la pérdida de confort en algunas de las oficinas climatizadas cuando las condiciones climatológicas eran extremas durante el verano. En consecuencia, la metodología de control y optimización desarrollada fue mejorada dando como resultado un algoritmo global de optimización energética (que es el resultado final de esta tesis), el cual acopla ambas estrategias anteriores de manera que se cumpla el confort del usuario y se mantenga un ahorro de energía significativo. En resumen, esta tesis doctoral proporciona un estudio experimental exhaustivo de la optimización energética de un sistema de bomba de calor geotérmica para la climatización de un edificio de oficinas. Los resultados experimentales para un año completo de funcionamiento del sistema muestran un ahorro de energía significativo en comparación con el modo de control de referencia, hasta un 35% en modo refrigeración y un 53% en modo calefacción, a la vez que se mantiene el confort de los usuarios.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Использование Пользователем настоящего Сайта или пользование Услугами означает согласие Пользователя с Общими условиями. После принятия Общих условий они станут обязательным для исполнения соглашением между Обществом и Пользователем и будут регулировать использование Пользователем Сайта или пользование Услугами («Договор»). Если Пользователь не желает соблюдать Общие условия, он должен немедленно прекратить использование настоящего Сайта или Услуг.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: aureus which stimulates IL1, IL2 and tumour necrosis factor leading to toxic shock syndrome. can result in the emetic response seen in S. aureus food poisoning, but in addition staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B and C are also associated with toxic-shock syndrome presentations. DNase (deoxyribonuclease) production is often used in microbiology laboratories to differentiate S. aureus from other species of staphylococci (which can hydrolyse DNA for a source of carbon). Several bacteria produce phospholipases including Listeria monocytogenes but not S. aureus. Lecithinase is a type of phospholipase produced by Clostridium perfringens causing myonecrosis and haemolysis. A1. 17Answer D: Antigenic variationBorrelia recurrentis (louse-borne relapsing fever) are spirochaetes. A single spirochaete can lead to infection and multiply every 6–12 hours in the blood. The organism can invade the brain, eye, liver, heart and other organs. Each febrile episode is characterised by marked spirochaete-aemia following which there is clearance of the circulating microbes and a development of antibodies against the antigens displayed during the episode. Later episodes will involve spirochaetes displaying a different antigen, similar to trypanosomes, enabling reappearance in the blood. This is accomplished through a process of antigenic variation – specifically site-specific recombination. Antigenic shift and antigenic drift are the mechanisms through which influenza changes its genetic structure and epitopes over time. Slipped strand mispairing can function as mechanism for phase variation in Escherichia coli. Transposons have varied roles in infectious diseases, but perhaps of most clinical relevance are responsible for transfer of anti-microbial resistance genes. A1. 18Answer B: Pseudomonas aeruginosaDiphtheria toxin is an exotoxin which is encoded by a bacteriophage. It catalyses the ADP-ribosylation of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF2), inactivating this protein. In this way, it acts as a RNA translational inhibitor. The exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa uses a similar mechanism of action.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: [-] [CA] En un context de creixent preocupació per l'escalfament global i de polítiques energètiques internacionals, en el qual els sistemes de climatització en edificis representen una part important del consum energètic. . . [+] [CA] En un context de creixent preocupació per l'escalfament global i de polítiques energètiques internacionals, en el qual els sistemes de climatització en edificis representen una part important del consum energètic global, els sistemes de bomba de calor geotèrmica estan amplament considerats com una de les tecnologies de climatització més eficients disponibles en la actualitat pel que fa a la climatització d'espais. No obstant això, tant un bon disseny dels components com una operació òptima del sistema són de vital importància per tal que aquests sistemes puguen contribuir de manera significativa a atenuar el problema energètic global. L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi doctoral és el control i l'optimització energètica d'una instal·lació experimental de bomba de calor geotèrmica construïda a la Universitat Politècnica de València, fent que el sistema de control s'adapte a la demanda tèrmica de l'edifici i a les condicions climatològiques. Amb aquest objectiu, es proposen diferents estratègies de control, les quals són descrites, desenvolupades, implementades i avaluades al llarg d'aquest treball d'investigació.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Время от времени Общество может менять условия и положения, изложенные ниже. Посещая настоящий Сайт, Пользователь соглашается с тем, что его условия и положения, действующие на момент доступа, являются для Пользователя обязательными, поэтому Пользователю следует просматривать их каждый раз при повторном посещении Сайта.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: DNA inversion in type 1 fimbrial variation in Escherichia coli ), epigenic regulation (e. g. altered methylation of regulatory DNA regions in E. coli outer membrane protein formation) or transformation of exogenous DNA (e. g. pneumococcal opacity, as in this case). A1. 22Answer B: Enterococcus faeciumEnterococci grow well on MacConkey agar unlike streptococci. E. faecalis are generally sensitive to ampicillin and resistant to quinupristin/dalfopristin (synercid®). E. faecium are resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to quinupristin/dalfopristin. These characteristics are useful in laboratory identification of enterococci, however quinupristin/dalfopristin is difficult to obtain for clinical use and is not universally tested in laboratory practice. A1. 23Answer C: Organism is isolated from throat for several days following infectionBordetella spp. are small Gram-negative coccobacilli of the phylum proteobacteria and are highly fastidious obligate aerobes. Bordetella pertussis is an exclusive human pathogen. Transmission occurs by direct contact or respiratory aerosol droplets. It is highly contagious with over 90% of household contacts developing disease. The incubation period averages 7–10 days (range 5–21 days). Activity tends to peak at the ages of 3–4 years. Bacteria initially adhere to ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx causing an initial catarrhal phase, which lasts for 1–2 weeks during which large numbers of bacteria can be recovered from the pharynx. Paroxysms of cough increase in frequency and severity as illness progresses for 2–6 weeks. During this stage toxins cause ciliostasis and facilitate the entry of bacteria to tracheal/bronchial ciliated cells. B. pertussis also produces a lymphocytosis-promoting factor, which causes a decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes and leads to a marked lymphocytosis. Complications include pneumonia, seizures and encephalitis. Diagnosis can be made via culture of the organism, serology or molecular detection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Buildings designed with biophilic principles require no artificial heating, cooling, or lighting systems. [SEP] Text: En aquest sentit, es va desenvolupar una primera metodologia que combinava la compensació de la temperatura de consigna de la bomba de calor en funció de la temperatura ambient exterior, i la variació de la freqüència de les bombes de circulació (i per tant del cabdal d'aigua) en funció de la càrrega tèrmica de l'edifici. L'aplicació d'aquest primer apropament va resultar en una important millora del rendiment energètic, però també en la pèrdua de confort en algunes de les oficines climatitzades quan les condicions climatològiques eren extremes durant l'estiu. En conseqüència, la metodologia de control i optimització desenvolupada va ser millorada resultant en un algoritme global d'optimització energètica (resultat principal d'aquesta tesi), el qual acobla ambdues estratègies anteriors de manera que es complisca el confort de l'usuari i es mantinga un important estalvi d'energia. En resum, aquesta tesi doctoral proporciona un estudi experimental exhaustiu de l'optimit\-zació energètica d'un sistema de bomba de calor geotèrmica per la climatització d'un edifici d'oficines. Els resultats experimentals per un any complet de funcionament del sistema mostren un estalvi d'energia significatiu en comparació amb el mode de control de referencia, fins un 35% en mode refrigeració i un 53% en mode calefacció, a la vegada que es manté el confort dels usuaris. [-] Subjects: Heating/cooling systems Ground source heat pump Energy efficiency Optimization Copyrigths: Reserva de todos los derechos DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Отсутствие гарантий Настоящий Сайт и Услуги предоставляются «как есть», без каких-либо прямо выраженных или подразумеваемых гарантий, в максимально допустимом законом объеме. Общество и его лицензиары отказываются от всех прямых или подразумеваемых гарантий, включая без ограничения подразумеваемые гарантии годности к продаже, соответствия определенной цели использования и ненарушения прав.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of human diseases are caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. [SEP] Text: 25Answer C: Pediculus humanus humanusEpidemic typhus (louse-borne typhus) causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters. The causative organism is Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by the human body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus also known as Pediculosis humanus corporis) in its faeces. The body louse is 2–4 mm in length, lives in clothes and lays eggs along the seams. The incubation period of epidemic typhus is 1–2 weeks. Symptoms include severe headache, a sustained high fever, cough, rash, severe myalgia, hypotension and delirium. The rash begins on the chest about five days after the fever appears, and spreads to the trunk and extremities. Louse infestation is often sufficiently treated by bathing the patient and heat treating the clothes and bed linen. Permethrin topically and oral ivermectin can be used in persistent cases. A randomised trial using permethrin impregnated underwear in homeless individuals failed to show sustained benefit. Glossina spp. are known as Tsetse flies and transmit trypanosomiasis. Aedes aegypti is the vector for viruses such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. A. gambiae is the vector for malaria. Culex spp. are the vectors for virus, Japanese encephalitis and Western and encephalitis. A1. 26Answer B: Schistosomiasislatum intermediate host is a copepod (freshwater crustacean) then a fish. Paragonamus spp. intermediate host is a crab or crayfish. Echinococcus spp. (hydatid disease) has an intermediate host of sheep, goats and swine with the definitive host of canines. Strongyloides stercoralis a free-living organism. Each human infecting schistosome has a specific snail species for an intermediate host: Schistosoma mansoni with Biomphalaria spp. ; Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma intercalatum with Bulinus spp. ; Schistosoma japonicum with Oncomelania spp. ; Schistosoma mekongi with Tricula spp. A1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Drones are being tested for last-mile delivery services in urban and rural areas. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/8261 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by From the by Dalal and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionThe idea that access to information opens doors to wider economic and social development opportunities is not new. In 1984, the “Report’’ pointed to the fact that the lack of telecommunication infrastructure in developing countries impedes economic growth, but with a scope limited to access to telephones rather than today’s wider concept of Information and (ICTs) access and usage. In 1996, the Union (ITU) initiated a project for the “Right to Communicate’’ aimed at providing access to basic ICTs for all, with motivation to reduce information poverty for developing countries. Thus, during the first on the (WSIS) held in Geneva in December 2003, the ‘Digital Divide’ was defined as the unequal access to ICT. Although this unequal access usually apply to differences between countries (the international digital divide) e. g. comparing developed and developing countries or regions; within countries (the domestic digital divide); and most importantly the divide between rural and urban, well educated or poorly educated populations or poor and rich citizens. Despite the various parameters and selected criteria (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Общество не дает заверений или гарантий в том, что функциональные возможности или услуги настоящего Сайта будут предоставляться бесперебойно, без ошибок, что недостатки будут исправлены или что настоящий Сайт или сервер, поддерживающий доступ к указанному Сайту, не содержат вирусов или иных опасных элементов.

Output: pass