Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 23227034] [87]. Maternal hyperglycemia alters glucose transport and utilization in mouse preimplantation embryos. Physiol 1998; 275(1): E38-47. [PMID: 9688872] [88] Global methylation in the placenta and umbilical cord blood from pregnancies with maternal gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and obesity. 2014; 21(1): 131-7. [ [PMID: 23765376] [89]. Epigenetic marks of in utero exposure to gestational diabetes and childhood adiposity outcomes: study. 2018; 35(5): 612-20. [ [PMID: 29461653] [90]. The impact of in utero exposure to diabetes on childhood body mass index growth trajectories: study. J Pediatr 2011; 158(6): 941-6. [ [PMID: 21238981] [91] Juvinao-. Associations between an integrated component of maternal glycemic regulation in pregnancy and cord blood DNA methylation. Epigenomics 2021; 13(18): 1459-72. [ [PMID: 34596421] [92] Allard C, Desgagné V, Patenaude J, et al. Mendelian randomization supports causality between maternal hyperglycemia and epigenetic regulation of leptin gene in newborns. Epigenetics 2015; 10(4): 342-51. [ [PMID: 25800063] [93] Leptin gene epigenetic adaptation to impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. 2010; 33(11): 2436-41. [ [PMID: 20724651] [94] Metabolic programming of methylation by intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 2013; 62(4): 1320-8. [ [PMID: 23209187] [95]. Alterations in methylation and expression levels of imprinted genes H19 and Igf2 in the fetuses of diabetic mice. 2008; 58(4): 341-6. [PMID: 18724775] [96] Transgenerational glucose intolerance with Igf2/H19 epigenetic alterations in mouse islet induced by intrauterine hyperglycemia. Diabetes 2012; 61(5): 1133-42.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: These 60 million high emitters are overwhelmingly the ‘old rich’ of the West: for example, one-half are from the US, amounting to the top 12 per cent of its citizens. Such inequalities are egregious: a very rich American consuming and emitting over 150 tonnes of CO2e a year can contribute 1000 times as much carbon as a very poor Zambian (0. 16 tonnes) (Chancel and Piketty 2015). Since the turn of the millennium global inequality in emissions has begun to decline: emissions of the middle 60 per cent of the world’s population have grown very fast, the top and bottom quintiles less so. China and the East have grown much faster than the North, increasing the share of moderate emitters on a global scale. Since the Kyoto report of 1998, emissions have reflected the twin changes in the world economy: international inequalities have diminished but class inequalities in consumption emissions within countries have risen sharply (Chancel and Piketty 2015). On balance this will reduce the global spread of emissions a little, but not enough to remove an irreconcilable contradiction between sustainability and ending global poverty – the first of the Goals. If future patterns of global growth replicate those in the booming pre-crisis period 1993–2008, then extreme poverty (defined as having an income equivalent to less than $1. 25 per person a day) would not be eradicated until 2077 – 60 years hence and ‘beyond the life expectancy of those born today in the poorest countries’. If poverty is defined as less than $5 per person per day, which is considered appropriate to meet basic needs to a minimally acceptable level, then poverty would not be eradicated for two centuries (Woodward and Simms 2006; Woodward 2015). Source: Gore (2015, fig. 1). Figure 3. 5 Global distribution of consumption-based emissionsThere are two basic reasons for these pessimistic predictions. First, global growth since the mid-1990s has been highly inequitable: incomes of the poorest tenth of people have grown more slowly even than the average – by 1. 5 per cent per annum compared with 3. 7 per cent for global median incomes. Second, it builds on the extraordinary inequality already noted. Growth in the absolute increments accruing to upper income groups dwarfs those in the bottom half: the poorest third of the world population received just 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 9% of the 2005 first-time first-year cohort obtained a qualification (contact and distance education) and after 10 years, 63% of the cohort had obtained qualifications. The other characteristic is that a higher percentage of the successive cohorts obtained qualifications over time. Figure 7 clearly illustrates this pattern. After 6 years of study, only 52. 9% of the 2005 cohort obtained a qualification, but after 6 years 70. 5% of the 2015 cohort had already obtained a qualification. Fewer students also tend to drop out without qualifications. After 6 years of study, 29. 5% of the 2005 cohort group dropped out, but after 6 years only 13. 1% of the 2015 cohort group had dropped out without obtaining a qualification. There is therefore a clear improvement in the performance of NSFAS-funded students over time. Figure 7. Percentage of the graduates and dropouts of the 2005 and 2015 first-time first-year students that received NSFAS funding (contact and distance education). The graph is not drawn according to calendar years, but according to the number of years students received NSFAS funding. This is because some students drop out of the system, work a couple of years and then drop in again. Source: [37]. The other interesting phenomenon is that students that received official NSFAS funding via DHET or Thuthuka4 on average performed much better than the students from that cohort that did not receive funding (see Figure 8). Of the 2011 cohort group (that was followed for a maximum of 10 years), 32. 4% of national students dropped out while the corresponding figure for DHET-NSFAS students was 20. 8% and for Thuthuka-NSFAS students a mere 7. 7%. Likewise, while just more than 61% of the national student body of the 2011 cohort obtained a qualification by 2021, more than 71% of DHET-NSFAS students and 89% of the Thuthuka-NSFAS students obtained qualifications. Figure 8. Dropout and throughput for National; DHET-NSFAS funding and Thuthuka-NSFAS funding students for the 2011 cohort. Source: [37]. The same picture emerges for the 2015 cohort. By 2021, 22. 4% of the national student body of this cohort dropped out, while only 13. 1% of the DHET-NSFAS students dropped out and 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 22447856] [97] Jovanovic- Maternal postprandial glucose levels and infant birth weight: The diabetes in early pregnancy study. The national institute of child health and human development--diabetes in early pregnancy study. 1991; 164(1 Pt 1): 103-11. [ [PMID: 1986596] [98] High-glucose concentrations change DNA methylation levels in human IVM oocytes. 2018; 33(3): 474-81. [ [PMID: 29377995] [99] -. Placental adiponectin gene DNA methylation levels are associated with mothers’ blood glucose concentration. Diabetes 2012; 61(5): 1272-80. [ [PMID: 22396200] [100] Houshmand- Differential adipokine DNA methylation and gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue from adult offspring of women with diabetes in pregnancy. 2017; 9(1): 37. [ [PMID: 28413567] [101]. Lean maternal hyperglycemia alters offspring lipid metabolism and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in mice†. 2019; 100(5): 1356-69. [ [PMID: 30698664] [102]. The pleiotropic function of PPAR gamma in the placenta. Endocrinol 2006; 249(1-2): 10-5. [ [PMID: 16574314] [103] Downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in the placenta correlates to hyperglycemia in offspring at young adulthood after exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus. J 2019; 10(2): 499-512. [ [PMID: 30187673] [104]. Anthropometric differences in macrosomic infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers. J Med 1998; 7(6): 292-5. [ [PMID: 9848695] [105] Outcome (HAPO) study: associations of higher levels of maternal glucose and BMI with macrosomia: An example of diabesity. Association 70th Scientific Session; 2010 Jun 25-29; Orlando, Florida, USA. Abstract No. 154- OR. [106] önn T, Brøns C, Vaag A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: 2 per cent of the additional income generated by global economic growth between 1999 and 2008, the poorest 60 per cent received 5 per cent, while the richest 40 per cent accrued 95 per cent. Against this background, if the business-as-usual model were used to eliminate poverty it would devastate the planet. Just to eliminate $1. 25 a day poverty, global GDP would need to increase by 15 times to an average global income of $113 000 in 2115 (three times the top Western levels today). and Simms (2006) argue, all strategies to eliminate global poverty are untenable unless the poor get a bigger slice of the whole cake – and the cake cannot continue to expand because of global constraints on emissions. Either new forms of redistribution or a shift to an alternative economic pathway is required. -will be the effect of rising class inequality on emissions and climatic stability? Does inequality push up or damp down emissions? Arguments that emissions in the Anthropocene are now driven by a growing superrich and class inequality have given rise to the idea of the Plutocene (Ulvila and Wilen forthcoming). Inequality within countries has escalated in the era of financialised capitalism since 1980 for three immediate reasons. First, the share of income from property, that is, profits, rent and dividends, has risen in the North from 15–25 per cent of national income to 25–30 per cent. This reflects the secular growth of the value of private capital over this period, a central feature of Piketty’s explanation of the new ‘patrimonial capitalism’. This in turn has been explained in terms of new technology, globalisation and a political counter-movement launched to free capital to pursue higher profits after the lows of the 1970s (Glyn 2006; Piketty 2014, figs 5. 1, 6. 5; Atkinson 2015, ch. 4). Since income from property is more unequally distributed than income from work, this trend will automatically increase overall inequality. 7 But the distribution of wages and salaries has also become more unequal, notably in the US (continually since 1950) and the UK (since 1980). The combination of stagnant real wages at the bottom and stellar rises at the top (where earnings merge with capital income from bonuses, stock options, etc. ) is well charted (Atkinson 2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 2% of the Thuthuka-NSFAS students. Likewise, while 64% of the national student body that was first-time first-year students in 2015 obtained a qualification, the corresponding figure for DHET-NSFAS students was 70. 5% and for Thuthuka-NSFAS students 84. 2%. It does seem that the availability of funds plays an important role for students from poor backgrounds to pursue their studies. 5. 3 Enrolment at public higher education institutionsOver the years, the number of students enrolled in HEIs increased quite substantially. Figure 9 illustrates how the racial composition of these students changed over time. In 1994, there were 266,190 black students (representing 50. 4% of the students) and 177,012 white students (representing 33. 5% of the students). These two groups represented almost 84% of all the students enrolled at universities. There were also 28,949 coloured students (5. 5%) and 31,908 Indian students (6. 0%). 5 By 2020, black students (862,313) represented 79. 4% of the total number of students, and white students (118,505) dropped to only 10. 9% of the students. While black students increased by 4. 6% per annum over this period, white student numbers decreased by 1. 5% per annum. and Indian numbers are small in comparison, they both increased over this period. Coloured students increased to 61,923 – indicating a healthy growth rate of 3. 0% per annum. The growth rate of Indian students that increased to 41,262 in 2020 was 1. 0% per annum. The big change, therefore, was the increase in black students to also make the student body more representative of the demographics of South Africa. NSFAS played no small part in making this happen. Figure 9. Number of headcounts in public HEIs per race, from 1994 to 2020. Source: [1, 2, 39, 40, 41]. Another aspect that changed over time was the gross enrolment rate (GER). 6 The GER of Indians and whites are much higher than for the other racial groups – as illustrated in Table 3 Their GER decreased slightly over time, but there was a more substantial drop from 2018 to 2020, which may be COVID-related.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: 1A DNA methylation in subcutaneous adipose tissue in low birth weight subjects-impact of 5 days of high-fat overfeeding. Metabolism 2014; 63(2): 263-71. [ [PMID: 24262291] [107] Maternal glucose levels during pregnancy and childhood adiposity in the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study. Diabetologia 2019; 62(4): 598-610. [ [PMID: 30648193] [108] Hyperglycemia induces a dynamic cooperativity of histone methylase and demethylase enzymes associated with gene-activating epigenetic marks that coexist on the lysine tail. Diabetes 2009; 58(5): 1229-36. [ [PMID: 19208907] [109] The lysine demethylase LSD1 (KDM1) is required for maintenance of global DNA methylation. 2009; 41(1): 125-9. [ [PMID: 19098913] [110] Kundakovic M, Jaric I. The epigenetic link between prenatal adverse environments and neurodevelopmental disorders. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8(3): 104. [ [PMID: 28335457] [111] Intrauterine hyperglycemia exposure results in intergenerational inheritance via DNA methylation reprogramming on F1 PGCs. 2018; 11(1): 20. [ [PMID: 29801514] [112] Differentially methylated regions in offspring exposed to maternal hyperglycaemia. In: on molecular and cellular biology, epigenetic programming and inheritance; 2014 Apr 6-10; Boston. [113] Defective IGF2 and IGF1R protein production in embryonic pancreas precedes beta cell mass anomaly in the Goto-Kakizaki rat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50(7): 1463-71. [ [PMID: 17476475] [114]. CTCF mediates methylation-sensitive enhancer-blocking activity at the H19/Igf2 locus. Nature 2000; 405(6785): 486-9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: investment (private and public) in construction, equipment, infrastructure and so on. The term ‘consumption accounting’ can be used to refer to just the first or all three. In any case it is possible to calculate government footprints and investment footprints separately. Of the two studies referred to in this 0. 7 to 0. 9, but present their main findings using 0. 9; that is, if income doubles, emissions rise by 90 per cent. Table 3. 2 illustrates the importance of the elasticity assumption. However, neither study recognises robust evidence that emissions elasticity varies between countries and between income groups within countries. For example, the elasticity in OECD countries is well below 1, while that for less developed countries is not significantly different from 1 (Liddle 2015). Studies within developed countries show much lower levels, with elasticities varying from 0. 6 to 0. 8 for expenditure and from 0. 35 to 0. 52 for income. Emission levels do not keep step with rising levels of income and expenditure (Weber and Matthews 2008; Chitnis et al. 2014). Putting these factors together suggests that the emissions are less unequally distributed across the world than are expenditures, which in turn are less unequally distributed than incomes. None of this undermines the big picture: that income (and wealth) is the major driver of consumption across the world and that egregious inequality results in egregious emissions inequality. 1 Non-monetary inequalities in wellbeing are discussed in 4. 2 Using techniques such as. Research on decomposing emissions growth is expanding and can only be inadequately summarised here (e. g. Rosa and Dietz 2012; Duro and Teixidó-Figueras 2013; Lamb et al. 2014; Teixidó-Figueras et al. 2016). 3 The central estimate for an effective carbon price by the Committee on (2016) in the UK is around $100 a tonne by 2030, rising to over $250 by 2050. Recent oil price increases have exceeded the equivalent of $100 per tonne, and in Europe taxes on gasoline are greater still. It is the idea of a price constraint that is both global and applicable to all carbon that amounts to wishful thinking. 4 The ISEW starts from consumer expenditure and then adds or subtracts various monetary estimates of social and environmental impacts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Although the rates for coloured and blacks are still disappointingly low, they did increase over time and NSFAS funding must have played an important role in this regard. The GER of blacks increased by no less than 85% over the 18-year timespan or 3. 5% per annum. Although there is still much room for improvement, the higher GER for blacks can to a large extent be attributed to the NSFAS funds that became available to qualifying black students. 200212. 610. 611. 511. 410. 410. 951. 841. 846. 653. 850. 552. 2200312. 610. 711. 712. 511. 011. 854. 743. 148. 756. 351. 653. 9200412. 510. 411. 512. 910. 811. 855. 042. 448. 556. 547. 353. 9200512. 410. 211. 313. 210. 611. 955. 741. 948. 656. 750. 653. 7200612. 29. 911. 114. 010. 512. 256. 740. 948. 656. 949. 653. 2200712. 710. 111. 414. 010. 112. 154. 139. 346. 456. 348. 552. 4200813. 610. 412. 014. 710. 212. 554. 638. 646. 456. 948. 152. 4200915. 411. 313. 416. 310. 813. 657. 739. 148. 157. 548. 352. 9201015. 211. 213. 216. 110. 613. 358. 039. 348. 459. 349. 854. 5201116. 411. 914. 216. 310. 713. 559. 139. 548. 861. 150. 655. 8201217. 112. 214. 716. 210. 413. 357. 337. 246. 961. 649. 755. 9201348. 012. 915. 417. 110. 713. 959. 837. 948. 563. 651. 257. 4201417. 912. 915. 417. 110. 613. 860. 337. 948. 763. 650. 557. 1201518. 513. 416. 017. 710. 814. 361. 037. 949. 064. 250. 257. 1201618. 813. 716.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 10839547] [115] Assessment of the role of common genetic variation in the (TNDM) region in type 2 diabetes: A comparative genomic and tagging single nucleotide polymorphism approach. Diabetes 2006; 55(8): 2272-6. [ [PMID: 16873690] [116]. Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Med 1976; 295(7): 349-53. [ [PMID: 934222] [117]. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet 1993; 341(8850): 938-41. [ [PMID: 8096277] [118] García AP, Palou M, Sánchez ó C. Moderate caloric restriction during gestation in rats alters adipose tissue sympathetic innervation and later adiposity in offspring. PLoS One 2011; 6(2): e17313. [ [PMID: 21364997] [119] Nutrition, epigenetics, and metabolic syndrome. Signal 2012; 17(2): 282-301. [ [PMID: 22044276] [120] Zimmet P, Shi Z, El-Osta A, Ji L. Epidemic T2DM, early development and epigenetics: Implications of the Chinese Famine. Endocrinol 2018; 14(12): 738-46. [ [PMID: 30310152] [121] Prospective cohort studies of birth weight and risk of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in adulthood among the Chinese population. J Diabetes 2019; 11(1): 55-64. [ [PMID: 29893042] [122] de Lauzon--Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Birth weight, body silhouette over the life course, and incident diabetes in 91,453 middle-aged women from the Epidemiologique de Femmes de la de l’(E3N). 2010; 33(2): 298-303. [ [PMID: 19918011] [123]. Impact of birth weight on adult-onset diabetes mellitus in relation to current body mass index: Nurses’ Health Study. J Epidemiol 2017; 27(9): 428-34. [ [PMID: 28645520] [124] Barker DJ, Forsén.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: change threatens human wellbeing across the world and into the future. It poses an existential challenge with no past parallels: ‘a truly complex and diabolical policy problem’ (Steffen 2011). Human wellbeing obviously depends on Earth’s support systems, and these are many and varied and, crucially, interactive. For the past 10 000 years – the Holocene – these systems have maintained a relatively stable state, forming the ecological foundations for the emergence of human civilisation. Now a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, has been identified, where human activities start to have a significant – and negative – global impact on Earth’s ecosystems. has identified nine critical Earth-system processes: climate change, the rate of biodiversity loss, the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, stratospheric ozone, ocean acidity, global freshwater supplies, agricultural land availability, atmospheric aerosol loading, and chemical pollution. It goes on to estimate safe boundaries for each and concludes that the first three of these ‘planetary boundaries’ have already been crossed. Climate change – the change in energy in the atmosphere due to greenhouse gas emissions (the degree of ‘radiative forcing’) – already exceeds safe boundaries (Rockström et al. 2009). finish this 1. 1 A safe and just space for humanity to thrive in: a first illustrationpictures the interaction of planetary boundaries and human wellbeing as a ‘doughnut’ or ‘lifebelt’, illustrated in Figure 1. 1. The nine planetary boundaries described by the Centre constitute the outer circle (Rockström et al. 2009). The social foundations of human wellbeing constitute the inner boundary, drawing on the ‘Goals’ formally accepted by the in 2015. The exact nature of these components of human welfare will be discussed below and in 2. The most urgent global task is to bring everyone above the social foundations which guard against threatening social deprivations while not exceeding the critical planetary boundaries – which will in turn guard against future generations falling below these social foundations. Between a social foundation that protects against critical human deprivations, and an environmental ceiling that avoids critical natural thresholds, lies a safe and just space for humanity – shaped like a doughnut (or, if you prefer, a tyre, a bagel, or a life saver).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 317. 810. 814. 358. 036. 546. 962. 548. 855. 6201721. 015. 118. 119. 011. 215. 158. 936. 747. 463. 448. 455. 9201822. 616. 019. 419. 711. 315. 558. 435. 046. 263. 046. 954. 9201924. 216. 220. 118. 610. 614. 653. 630. 941. 656. 541. 549. 0202026. 216. 521. 318. 910. 414. 651. 930. 240. 353. 839. 346. 6Table 3. GER in public universities by race and gender, 2009–2020 (%). Source: [42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63]. was not solely responsible for the change in the racial composition of permanent research and instructional staff members at universities, the system that is now up and running for more than 26 years must have helped many non-white students get access to higher education and further their studies. The racial composition of university staff changed drastically over the period from 2009 to 2020, as depicted in Figure 10. Although the number of Indian staff members increased by almost 18% over the period (from 1390 in 2009 to 1637 in 2020), it decreased as a percentage of total permanent research and instruction staff at HEIs in South Africa. The number of coloured staff members increased from 926 to 1498 (an increase of almost 62%) and increased from 5. 7% of the total to 7. 4%. Although their numbers changed quite significantly, the change is small relative to total staff numbers. Figure 10. Percentage of permanent research/instruction staff in public HEIs by race, from 2009 to 2020. Source: [39 for 2009–2015]; [64, 65, 66, 67, 68 for 2016–2020]. The big change occurred in white and black staff numbers. While the 9345 white staff members represented 57. 3% of total staff members in 2009, this changed markedly over the next 11 years. White staff members decreased by more than 14% to 7995 in 2020. By 2020, they presented ‘only’ 39. 4% of total staff members.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Growth and living conditions in childhood and hypertension in adult life: A longitudinal study. J Hypertens 2002; 20(10): 1951-6. [ [PMID: 12359972] [125] Forsén. Growth in utero and during childhood among women who develop coronary heart disease: Longitudinal study. BMJ 1999; 319(7222): 1403-7. [ [PMID: 10574856] [126] Lee HS. Impact of maternal diet on the epigenome during in utero life and the developmental programming of diseases in childhood and adulthood. Nutrients 2015; 7(11): 9492-507. [ [PMID: 26593940] [127]. Transmission of raised blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction to the F2 generation induced by maternal protein restriction in the F0, in the absence of dietary challenge in the F1 generation. Nutr 2008; 100(4): 760-6. [ [PMID: 18304387] [128] Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. 2008; 105(44): 17046-9. [ [PMID: 18955703] [129] Hernández-. Interplay between polymorphisms and methylation in the H19/IGF2 gene region may contribute to obesity in Mexican-American children. J 2013; 4(6): 499-506. [ [PMID: 24575294] [130] DNA methylation, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in offspring determined by maternal periconceptional B vitamin and methionine status. 2007; 104(49): 19351-6. [ [PMID: 18042717] [131]. Association between maternal folate concentrations during pregnancy and insulin resistance in Indian children. Diabetologia 2014; 57(1): 110-21. [ [PMID: 24162586] [132]. vitamins: Effects on offspring weight and DNA methylation at genomically imprinted domains. 2016; 8(1): 8. [ [PMID: 26807160] [133] Guéant Nutritional models of foetal programming and nutrigenomic and epigenomic dysregulations of fatty acid metabolism in the liver and heart. 2014; 466(5): 833-50. [ [PMID: 23999818] [134].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: This is the space where both human well-being and planetary well-being are assured, and their interdependence is respected … Moving into the safe and just space for humanity means eradicating poverty to bring everyone above the social foundation, and reducing global resource use, to bring it back within planetary boundaries. Social justice demands that this double objective be achieved through far greater global equity in the use of natural resources, with the greatest reductions coming from the world’s richest consumers. And it demands far greater efficiency in transforming natural resources to meet human needs. (Raworth 2012: 5, 12)Yet there is profound disjuncture between the ecological and social imperatives. The planetary boundaries remained unviolated in the Holocene for about 10 000 years until recently. But there have always been, and there remain, millions of people in dire need, hungry, sick, impoverished, threatened, insecure, harmed in numerous objective ways and suffering in innumerable personal and collective ways. It is quite conceivable to pursue programmes for planetary sustainability without tackling this backlog of unmet needs; indeed there are many ways in which climate policies may harm the poor and worsen global inequality. For the moment, I simply assert that there are profound moral and consequential arguments for linking the two together and tackling both at once. This book places the social dimension of wellbeing firmly in the centre of discussions about climate change – and vice versa. This 14. It marks an unprecedented mobilisation of scientific cooperation, and provides a benchmark of current best knowledge on which to draw (see also 2010). The arguments of climate deniers, still powerful in a few countries (mainly in the ‘Anglosphere’, and notably the US), are not considered here. However, their role is discussed in places as a feature of political and ideological efforts to block and delay attempts to curb climate change. In summary, mean global temperatures are now about 1. 0 °C higher than nineteenth-century levels. The 2014 states:Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s many of the observable changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and oceans have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished and sea level has risen … Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide are unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, black staff numbers increased from 4598 in 2009 to 8777 in 2020 – an increase of 91%. In the process, their share of total staff members increased from 28. 2% in 2009 to 43. 2% in 2020. NSFAS undoubtedly contributed to making staff numbers more representative of the demographics of South Africa. Advertisement 6. ConclusionWith the new political dispensation, the government was under pressure to enable more students from poorer communities to get access to higher education in South Africa. Because government appropriations decreased in real per capita terms and higher education costs increased steeply, HEIs had to increase their tuition fees by more than the inflation rate to be able to “balance their books”. While racial criteria fell away after 1994 (although a lot of things already started to change before 1994), high fees at HEIs introduced a new economic barrier to a large percentage of students from poor communities. began operating in 1995 to change the racially skewed composition of the student population in by providing funds for disadvantaged but deserving students. Over the period 1995 to 2020, NSFAS funded on average 198,697 university students per annum and spent R144. 6 billion in total (while on average an additional 173,439 TVET students were supported financially through NSFAS since 2007 and R28. 1 billion paid out). Especially since 2015 government has made a serious effort to make higher education more affordable to the poor by spending a much larger portion of their higher education budget on NSFAS than on state appropriations (subsidies). NSFAS played no small role in the way the racial composition of the student population changed over time. In 1994 only 50. 4% of students in higher education were black and 37. 5% were white. By 2020, black students represented 79. 4% of the total number of students at public universities, while the non-white component of the total number of students increased to 89. 1%. is not the sole contributor to this phenomenon, the scheme has played an instrumental role. For example, in 1994 NSFAS funded only 7. 6% of university students, but this figure increased to more than 46% of the students in 2020. The scheme undoubtedly contributed positively to making higher education more accessible and affordable to the poor. students perform better than non-NSFAS students.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: lnc3 promotes hepatic insulin resistance by serving as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-214 to regulate ATF4 expression. 2019; 43(1): 345-57. [PMID: 30431065] [135]. Nutritional epigenomics: A portal to disease prevention. 2013; 4(5): 530-2. [ [PMID: 24038247] [136] Salbaum JM, Kappen C. Responses of the embryonic epigenome to maternal diabetes. 2012; 94(10): 770-81. [ [PMID: 22786762] [137] Sirt3 prevents maternal obesity-associated oxidative stress and meiotic defects in mouse oocytes. 2015; 14(18): 2959-68. [ [PMID: 25790176] [138]. Diet-induced obesity leads to metabolic dysregulation in offspring via endoplasmic reticulum stress in a sex-specific manner. Obes 2018; 42(2): 244-51. [ [PMID: 28811650] [139]. Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature 2010; 467(7318): 963-6. [ [PMID: 20962845] [140] Paternal obesity initiates metabolic disturbances in two generations of mice with incomplete penetrance to the F2 generation and alters the transcriptional profile of testis and sperm microRNA content. 2013; 27(10): 4226-43. [ [PMID: 23845863] [141]. From meiosis to postmeiotic events: The secrets of histone disappearance. FEBS J 2010; 277(3): 599-604. [ [PMID: 20015078] [142]. SIRT6 in mouse spermatogenesis is modulated by diet-induced obesity. Dev 2011; 23(7): 929-39. [ [PMID: 21871212] [143] Awe S, Renkawitz-Pohl R. Histone H4 acetylation is essential to proceed from a histone- to a protamine-based chromatin structure in spermatid nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster. 2010; 56(1): 44-61. [ [PMID: 20170286] [144] Marcon L, Boissonneault G.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: (IPCC 2014a: 1, 4)The scientific link between this warming and certain atmospheric emissions – labelled ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs) – has been established for over a century. The most significant is carbon dioxide or CO2, which accounts for three-quarters of the total and is growing. CO2 is mainly the product of burning fossil fuels (almost 80 per cent) and of certain industrial processes such as cement production, refineries, the iron and steel industry and the petrochemical industry. The remaining quarter of anthropogenic GHG emissions are non-CO2 gases, notably methane and nitrous oxide stemming from agriculture and other human uses of land. Future global warming will depend on the cumulative stock of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere. All GHGs stay in the atmosphere and thus contribute to global warming for some time, but the time period differs. Methane, though a potent GHG, lasts only about 12 years, but ‘carbon is forever’. A total of 65–80 per cent of CO2 released into the air dissolves slowly into the ocean over a period of 20–200 years; the remainder can take up to several hundreds or thousands of years to disappear. Given this fact, it is the total carbon budget – the cumulative total of emissions – that matters, not the target for some year in the future, such as 2050. The IPCC (2014a: 8) concludes: ‘Multiple lines of evidence indicate a strong, consistent, almost linear relationship between cumulative CO2 emissions and projected global temperature change to the year 2100. ’ In the absence of effective climate action the major driver of this climatic shift will be cumulative emissions of CO2, which will ‘largely determine global mean surface warming by the late 21st century and beyond’. Current predictions by the IPCC (2013: 10) are pessimistic:Surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century under all assessed emission scenarios. It is ‘very likely’ that heat waves will occur more often and last longer, and that extreme precipitation events will become more intense and frequent in many regions. The ocean will continue to warm and acidify, and global mean sea level to rise. (IPCC 2013: 10)Moreover, most aspects of climate change will persist for many centuries even if emissions of CO2 are stopped. Past, present and future emissions of CO2 commit us to mitigation action for centuries to come.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: A larger proportion of them obtains qualifications while a smaller share of them dropped out of the higher education system without qualifications, compared to the non-NSFAS students. NSFAS largely serves students from poorer backgrounds who are usually first-generation university students. Therefore, the success of these students in progressing through the higher education system is remarkable. Because almost all current NSFAS awards are bursaries the progress of NSFAS students will have to be closely monitored in the future to ensure that the money is still spent on successful students (that progress successfully through the system). 1. AP. Effektiwiteit van Suid-Afrika se Onderwysstelsel - ‘n Ekonomiese Analise. Unpublished [PhD dissertation], University of Stellenbosch. 19962. Department of and Training (DHET). Statistics on Post-and Training in 2020. March 2022. Available on their website at www. dhet. gov. za3. Malherbe EG. Education in (1652-1920). Cape Town: Juta; 19254. P. Die rol van die (NSFAS) in die fasilitering van van toegang tot hoër onderwys vir studente uit armer gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe. 2017;57(4):971-9895. Khuluvhe M, Netshifhefhe E. Funding and expenditure trends in post-school education and training, Department of higher education and training. 2021. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za6. Council on and Training (CHET). VitalStats. Education 2019. 2021. Available on their website at: www. che. ac. za7. Steyn G, P. The changing face of public financing of higher education, with special reference to South Africa. Journal of Economics. 2007;75(1):136-1548. Bunting I. Funding in South Africa. First report to the HESA funding strategy group. 20119. Calitz E, Fourie J. The historically high cost of tertiary education in : 02/16. 201610. European Commission. Programme: Mid-term Review. Part 2. 200011.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Transient DNA strand breaks during mouse and human spermiogenesis new insights in stage specificity and link to chromatin remodeling. 2004; 70(4): 910-8. [ [PMID: 14645105] [145]. The effect of obesity on sperm disorders and male infertility. Urol 2010; 7(3): 153-61. [ [PMID: 20157305] [146] Epigenetic matters: The link between early nutrition, microbiome, and long-term health development. 2017; 5: 178. [ [PMID: 28879172] [147] Celluzzi A, Masotti A. How our other genome controls our epi-genome. 2016; 24(10): 777-87. [ [PMID: 27289569] [148] Adherence to Mediterranean diet impacts gastrointestinal microbial diversity throughout pregnancy. BMC 2021; 21(1): 558. [ [PMID: 34399704] [149] Fernandez-. Intrauterine programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62(10): 1789-801. [ [PMID: 31451874] [150]. Prenatal stress due to a natural disaster predicts insulin secretion in adolescence. Dev 2013; 89(9): 773-6. [ [PMID: 23830724] [151]. Prenatal exposure to bereavement and type-2 diabetes: A Danish longitudinal population based study. PLoS One 2012; 7(8): e43508. [ [PMID: 22952698] [152]. Integrated stress response activation by sleep fragmentation during late gestation in mice leads to emergence of adverse metabolic phenotype in offspring. Metabolism 2017; 69: 188-98. [ [PMID: 28139216] [153] Kassi E. HPA axis abnormalities and metabolic syndrome 2016; 41: S4. 1. [ [154] Palma-Gudiel H, Córdova-ñanás L. Maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy alters the epigenetic signature of the glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter in their offspring: A meta-analysis. Epigenetics 2015; 10(10): 893-902. [ [PMID: 26327302] [155]. Maternal prenatal stress and infant DNA methylation: A systematic review.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: goes on to analyse the likely impacts of global warming on a) ecosystems and b) human welfare, using integrated assessment models (IAMs). Impacts clearly attributable to climate change, as opposed to other causes, include: permafrost warming and thawing in high-latitude and high-elevation regions; shifts in the geographical ranges of many terrestrial, freshwater and marine species; negative impacts on crop yields (exceeding positive impacts); and impacts of recent climate-related extremes – such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, cyclones and wildfires – on many human systems (IPCC 2014b: 4–6). The uncertainties involved in such modelling should always be borne in mind. The wide range in predicted temperatures has been noted, but the uncertainties multiply when forecasting things like crop yield changes and impacts on biodiversity, and still more when estimating human impacts and the effects of climate-related strategies. The predictions depend on at least three estimations: first, the extent to which impacts can be attributed to future climate change; second, assumptions about the impacts of current and future mitigation strategies; and, third, assumptions about the impacts of current and future adaptation strategies (IPCC 2014b: 8). This global modelling is the starting point for most studies of the impacts of climate change on human habitats and human welfare. Another useful approach focuses on social vulnerability, starting from the local development context in which climate change occurs. The social and health impacts of climatic hazards are always mediated by the vulnerabilities of populations and their capacities to ‘respond, recover and prepare’ (O’Neill 2016). This will depend on a wide range of factors, including personal factors such as age or health, community factors such as the intensity and support of social networks, and societal-level factors such as the distribution of wealth and power, the strength of solidarity and the robustness of collective institutions. If we are to capture the new social risks and threats to wellbeing resulting from climate change we need to combine both approaches (IPCC 2014c). The IPCC (2014b) on covers a wide range of issues: freshwater resources, terrestrial and inland water systems, coastal systems and low-lying areas, ocean systems, food security and food production systems, urban areas, rural areas, key economic sectors and services, human health, human security, livelihoods and poverty. I will briefly consider just a few of these.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Republic of South Africa. 1997. Paper 3 – A Programme for Transformation. Government Gazette, 18207. 15 August 199712. Department of and Training (DHET). Report on the evaluation of the 2020 2022. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za13. Scheme (NSFAS). 2016/17 Annual Report. 2018. Available on their website at www. nsfas. org. za14. Scheme (NSFAS). 2017/18 Annual Report. 2019. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za15. Scheme (NSFAS). 2018/19 Annual Report. 2020. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za16. Scheme (NSFAS). 2019/20 Annual Report. 2021. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za17. Scheme (NSFAS). 2020/21 Annual Report. 2022. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za18. National Treasury. 2017. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 201719. National Treasury. 2018. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 201820. National Treasury. 2019. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 201921. National Treasury. 2020. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 202022. National Treasury. 2021. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 202123. National Treasury. 2022. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 202224. Scheme (NSFAS). 2005/06 Annual Report. 2007. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za25. Scheme (NSFAS). 2006/07 Annual Report. 2008. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za26. Scheme (NSFAS). 2007/08 Annual Report. 2009. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za27. Scheme (NSFAS). 2008/09 Annual Report. 2010. Available on their website at www. nsfas. org. za28. Scheme (NSFAS). 2009/10 Annual Report. 2011. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za29. Scheme (NSFAS). 2010/11 Annual Report. 2012. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: 2018; 60(2): 127-39. [ [PMID: 29344930] [156] Perroud N, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Prada P, et al. Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: A link with the severity and type of trauma. 2011; 1(12): e59. [ [PMID: 22832351] [157]. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms predict infant NR3C1 1F and methylation. Epigenetics 2015; 10(5): 408-17. [ [PMID: 25875334] [158] Rogers JM. Smoking and pregnancy: Epigenetics and developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome. Res 2019; 111(17): 1259-69. [ [PMID: 31313499] [159] U. S. Department of health, education, and welfare. Smoking and health: Report of the advisory committee to the surgeon general of the public health service. Washington: U. S. Department of health, education, and welfare, public health service, center for disease control, 1964. PHS Publication No. 1103. Available from: [160]. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: A systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11. 7 million controls. Update 2011; 17(5): 589-604. [ [PMID: 21747128] [161]. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes 2008; 32(2): 201-10. [ [PMID: 18278059] [162] Rayfield S, Plugge E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and childhood overweight and obesity. J Health 2017; 71(2): 162-73. [ [PMID: 27480843] [163] Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood overweight and fat distribution:. 2014; 9(1): e14-25. [ [PMID: 23362054] [164]. The impact of prenatal parental tobacco smoking on risk of diabetes mellitus in middle-aged women. J 2015; 6(3): 242-9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Rural areas will also be affected by these weather events, as well as by changes in agricultural incomes and access to water. Those communities with limited access to land and to modern agricultural technologies and infrastructure are expected to be most negatively affected (IPCC 2014b). In a previous report the IPCC (2007) concluded that climate change will impact most heavily on tropical and subtropical regions, where standards of living are in general lower. Report is less willing than previous reports to draw together these risks into an overall global pattern of climate vulnerability. However, it does repeat that risks are ‘generally greater for disadvantaged people and communities in countries at all levels of development’. The following ‘hotspots’ are identified: the Mediterranean Basin, Central America, Central and West Africa, northern high-latitude regions, the Amazon, south/west US, South-East Asia, and the (IPCC 2014b). And the report highlights two ‘unique and threatened systems’ subject to very high risks with additional warming of 2 °C: the Arctic sea ice and coral-reef systems (IPCC 2014b: 12). In conclusion, the IPCC Report is unambiguous: ‘Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. Limiting climate change would require substantial and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions’ (IPCC 2014a: 8, italics added). If current mitigation policies prove inadequate and we head for a 4 °C warmer world, then the prospects for humanity are dire according to the (2012): ‘If the global community fails to act on climate change it will trigger a cascade of cataclysmic changes that include extreme heat-waves, declining global food stocks and a sea-level rise affecting hundreds of millions of people. ’(2012) warns that 4 °C is ‘incompatible with any reasonable characterisation of an organized, equitable and civilized global community’. Stern, Head of the 2006 on the Economics of Climate Change, writes:Five degrees is absolutely enormous. It would redraw the physical geography of the world. Large parts of the world would become desert, including most of southern Europe and the southern part of France. Other areas would be inundated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: za30. Scheme (NSFAS). 2011/12 Annual Report. 2013. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za31. Scheme (NSFAS). 2012/13 Annual Report. 2014. Available on their website at www. nsfas. org. za32. Scheme (NSFAS). 2013/14 Annual Report. 2015. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za33. Scheme (NSFAS). 2014/15 Annual Report. 2016. Available on their website at www. nsfas. org. za34. Scheme (NSFAS). 2015/16 Annual Report. 2017. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za35. Department of and Training (DHET). Report of the on the Review of the Scheme. 2010b. Available at www. education. gov. za36. der Berg S. The first five year project – A cohort study of students awarded NSFAS loans in the first five years 2000-2004, for 2012. 201237. Department of and Training (DHET). 2000 to 2019 first time entering undergraduate cohort studies for public higher education institutions, 22 February. 2022a. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za38. Africa. 2022-2023. 2022. Available at: www. zabursaries. co. za/accounting-bursaries-south-africa/thuthuka-bursary-fund/39. Council on and Training (CHET). VitalStats. Education 2014. 2016. Available on their website at: www. che. ac. za40. Council on and Training (CHET). VitalStats. Education 2020. 2018. Available on their website at: www. che. ac. za41. Department of and Training (DHET). Statistics on Post-and Training in 2019. March 2021. 2021. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za42. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2002. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za43. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 25665487] [165] Jaddoe VW, de Jonge LL, van Dam RM, et al. Fetal exposure to parental smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in adult women. 2014; 37(11): 2966-73. [ [PMID: 25092685] [166] Laufer BI, Chater-. Long-term alterations to DNA methylation as a biomarker of prenatal alcohol exposure: From mouse models to human children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol 2017; 60: 67-75. [ [PMID: 28187949] [167] Hayashi S, Takeichi M. Emerging roles of protocadherins: From self-avoidance to enhancement of motility. J 2015; 128(8): 1455-64. [ [PMID: 25749861] [168] Haycock PC, Ramsay M. Exposure of mouse embryos to ethanol during preimplantation development: Effect on DNA methylation in the h19 imprinting control region. 2009; 81(4): 618-27. [ [PMID: 19279321] [169] Understanding the interplay between health disparities and epigenomics. 2020; 11: 903. [ [PMID: 32973872] [170]. Alcohol exposure alters DNA methylation profiles in mouse embryos at early neurulation. Epigenetics 2009; 4(7): 500-11. [ [PMID: 20009564] [171] Kaminen- Maternal ethanol consumption alters the epigenotype and the phenotype of offspring in a mouse model. PLoS Genet 2010; 6(1): e1000811. [ [PMID: 20084100] [172]. during pregnancy: United States, 2016. 2018; 305: 1-8. [PMID: 29528282] [173]. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure affects global and gene-specific DNA methylation. 2009; 180(5): 462-7. [ [PMID: 19498054] [174]. Altered placental DNA methylation patterns associated with maternal smoking: Current perspectives. Genet 2015; 2015(5): 205-14. [ [PMID: 26203295] [175] Joubert BR, Håberg SE, Nilsen RM, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: You’d see massive movements of population … This isn’t a black swan, a small probability of a big problem; this is a big probability of a huge problem. (et al. 2009: 136)It is not surprising that ‘end times’ and dystopian futures are a growing feature of fiction and other art forms in this new millennium (Hamilton 2010; Urry 2011). to Climate ChangeThe sources and drivers of emissions are discussed further in 3. For the moment they can be summarised as follows. First, the bulk of the cumulative stock of CO2 in the atmosphere has been contributed by the rich industrialised world: the burning of fossil fuels has precisely been a major source of their wealth. Since 1850, over one-half of the global total has been emitted by the US and Europe. Because CO2 remains in the atmosphere for many generations, cumulative emissions remain an important measure of responsibility for global warming. However, second, in recent years the annual emissions of emerging market economies, most notably China, have expanded fast and overtaken those of the developed world, which have remained stable. China is now the world’s largest annual emitter of CO2. But, third, there is a growing discrepancy between the emissions from a given national territory (production-based emissions) and the ‘consumption footprint’ of a given national territory (consumption-based emissions). Consumption-based emissions of the OECD are higher than their territorial emissions, while those of the rest of the world are lower. This reflects the outsourcing of manufacturing and industry from the West to the East during the period of intense globalisation – and accompanying deindustrialisation in the West – since around 1980. Consumption emissions of the West continued to rise – until the sharp fall occasioned by the severe financial crisis and recession of 2007–09. has gained doubly: both from rising consumption and from an apparently declining responsibility for the associated emissions. There has been ‘environmental load displacement’ from North to South (Christoff and Eckersley 2013). Fourth, these country totals make little sense without taking into account their populations (though it is interesting how often this simple fact is ignored: one might as well praise tiny Luxembourg for its commendable emissions record when in fact it has the highest emissions per person in the world).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2003. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za44. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2004. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za45. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2005. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za46. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2006. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za47. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2007. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za48. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2008. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za49. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2009. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za50. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2010a. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za51. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2011. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za52. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: 450K epigenome-wide scan identifies differential DNA methylation in newborns related to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Perspect 2012; 120(10): 1425-31. [ [PMID: 22851337] [176] DNA methylation in newborns and maternal smoking in pregnancy: Genome-wide consortium meta-analysis. 2016; 98(4): 680-96. [ [PMID: 27040690] [177] Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and DNA methylation: Epigenome-wide association in a discovery sample of adolescents and replication in an independent cohort at birth through 17 years of age. Perspect 2015; 123(2): 193-9. [ [PMID: 25325234] [178] Gender-specific methylation differences in relation to prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke. Gene 2012; 494(1): 36-43. [ [PMID: 22202639] [179] Maccani MA, Avissar-. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with downregulation of miR-16, miR-21, and miR-146a in the placenta. Epigenetics 2010; 5(7): 583-9. [ [PMID: 20647767] [180]. Epigenetic basis of the dark side of alcohol addiction. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122: 74-84. [ [PMID: 28174112] [181]. Adolescent alcohol exposure: Burden of epigenetic reprogramming, synaptic remodeling, and adult psychopathology. 2016; 10: 222. [ [PMID: 27303256] [182] Rubin BS, Bisphenol A. An endocrine disruptor with widespread exposure and multiple effects. J 2011; 127(1-2): 27-34. [ [PMID: 21605673] [183] Manikkam M, Tracey R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Skinner MK. Plastics derived endocrine disruptors (and DBP) induce epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of obesity, reproductive disease and sperm epimutations. PLoS One 2013; 8(1): e55387. [ [PMID: 23359474] [184] -. Ancestral dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure promotes epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of obesity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: When this is done, emissions per person reveal wide inequalities, especially when calculating consumption-based emissions: emit on average 22 tonnes of CO2 a year, 13 tonnes, Chinese 6 tonnes and and Africans 2 tonnes (Chancel and Piketty 2015). These gaps are closing, but at a slow pace. Finally, predicted future annual emissions show parts of the developing world overtaking the developed. The national contributions to the accumulated stock of emissions will follow a similar pattern but with a lag. Putting together national and regional responsibilities for global warming with its national and regional impacts reveals a global double injustice (Gough 2011a). Consumers in the richer countries of the West still account for about one-half of cumulative greenhouse gases and enjoy on average considerably higher standards of living than the rest of the world. Yet on balance they are predicted to suffer fewer negative climatic impacts over the next two decades. Indeed some areas, such as Northern Europe, could benefit from longer growing seasons and lower heating costs. Tropical and sub-tropical areas with lower incomes and few past responsibilities for emissions will suffer major negative impacts. The globalisation of the world economy that has brought this about suggests that the old duopoly of ‘global North’ and ‘global South’ is no longer appropriate when discussing global climate patterns. To reflect this, in the rest of the book I will use instead a threefold distinction between North, East and South:● comprises the original OECD member states and some developed newer members (e. g. South Korea). ● The ‘East’ comprises the fast-emerging economies including the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and the MINT countries (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey). ● comprises the developing world of low-income and low-middle-income countries, mainly in Africa, Asia and parts of Latin America. These terms make no geographical sense – of course Australia is not in the north, Brazil and Mexico are not in the east – but all nomenclatures have problems and these have the virtue of brevity. between this powerful dynamic of growing emissions and the dangerous consequences of global warming are a range of ‘climate policies’, at global, regional, national, sub-national and sectoral levels. Figure 1. 2 offers a very simplified portrayal of the complex links between the causes of growing emissions and the impacts on human wellbeing. This helps to distinguish three categories of climate policies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2012. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za53. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2013. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za54. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2014. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za55. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2015. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za56. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2016. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za57. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2017. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za58. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2018. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za59. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2019. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za60. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2020. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za61. Africa (Stats SA). Mid-year population estimates 2018. P0302. 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: BMC Med 2013; 11(1): 228. [ [PMID: 24228800] [185]. Association between obesity and circulating Brain-Factor (BDNF) levels: Systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. 2018; 19(8): 2281. [ [PMID: 30081509] [186] DNA methylation-related chromatin remodeling in activity-dependent BDNF gene regulation. Science 2003; 302(5646): 890-3. [ [PMID: 14593184] [187] Bansal A, Simmons RA. Epigenetics and developmental origins of diabetes: Correlation or causation? Metab 2018; 315(1): E15-28. [ [PMID: 29406781] [188] Bisphenol a exposure disrupts metabolic health across multiple generations in the mouse. Endocrinology 2015; 156(6): 2049-58. [ [PMID: 25807043] [189] Hepatic DNA methylation modifications in early development of rats resulting from perinatal BPA exposure contribute to insulin resistance in adulthood. Diabetologia 2013; 56(9): 2059-67. [ [PMID: 23748860] [190] Exposure to phthalate, an endocrine disrupting chemical, alters the first trimester placental methylome and transcriptome in women. 2018; 8(1): 6086. [ [PMID: 29666409] [191]. Prenatal phthalate exposure, infant growth, and global DNA methylation of human placenta. Mutagen 2015; 56(3): 286-92. [ [PMID: 25327576] [192]. Epigenetic changes by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). 2021; 279: 116929. [ [PMID: 33751946] [193] SIRT1 as a therapeutic target in diabetic complications. Chem 2018; 25(9): 1002-35. [ [PMID: 29110598] [194] Losartan reverses permissive epigenetic changes in renal glomeruli of diabetic db/db mice. 2014; 85(2): 362-73. [ [PMID: 24088954] [195] Malek V, Gaikwad AB.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Climate mitigation policy refers to human interventions to reduce the sources, or enhance the ‘sinks’, of greenhouse gases. Broadly speaking, mitigation policies target the first three rows of Figure 1. 2: to reduce emissions and enhance global carbon sinks, requiring shifts in energy policy and, further upstream, the scale and nature of economic activity. The language of mitigation is used rather than ‘prevention’, in recognition of the fact that further global warming cannot be prevented owing to the accumulation of past GHGs in the atmosphere. Figure 1. 2 From human activity to climate change to human wellbeingClimate adaptation policy seeks to lower the risks posed by the consequences of climatic changes. Adaptation policies target the last two rows of the figure to reduce risks to habitats and human wellbeing. Clearly a combination of mitigation and adaptation interventions will be necessary to forestall harmful impacts on human populations. In between the two there is a potential third domain of interventions designed to directly target cumulative GHG concentrations, global temperature rise and regional climate change. This is the arena of geo-engineering, deliberate large-scale interventions in the Earth’s natural systems to counteract climate change, for example by reflecting part of the sun’s energy back into space or directly removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Geo-engineering is beginning to enter policy debate, but the current consensus is that it is fraught with unforeseeable and potentially catastrophic consequences and I do not discuss it further here. ‘We should remain under no illusion that if we have to resort to these kinds of technologies, then humankind is in a mess’ (Berners-Lee and Clark 2013; cf. 2010). MitigationMitigation plays a central role in 1. 5 °C above pre-industrial levels (2015). This is a safer but dauntingly ambitious goal. According to (2015), to achieve (only) a 50:50 chance of avoiding global warming exceeding 2 °C by the end of the century, and taking population growth into account, global emissions must be cut from around 7 tonnes CO2e1 per person per year now to no more than 2 tonnes by 2050 – a revolutionary downshift of 3. 5 times. But, if output per person continues to grow at its present rate (roughly trebling by 2050), then global emissions per unit of output must fall by a factor of 7–8 times by 2050 – as I write now only 33 years away.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Also available on their website at: www. statssa. gov. za62. Africa (Stats SA). Mid-year population estimates 2019. P0302. 2020. Also available on their website at: www. statssa. gov. za63. Africa (Stats SA). Mid-year population estimates 2020. P0302. 2021. Also available on their website at: www. statssa. gov. za64. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE: 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2016b. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za65. Department of Education and Training. SAPSE: 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2017. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za66. Department of Education and Training. SAPSE: 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2018. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za67. Department of Education and Training. SAPSE: 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2019. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za68. Department of Education and Training. 3. 3: Headcount of personnel with permanent appointments according to personnel category, race and gender. 2020. Available at their website at: www. dhet. gov. za the policy of Apartheid, the government stated that different racial groups should be given the opportunity to fully develop in their own regions. The slogan was "separate but equal", but in reality, it developed into "separate but unequal", with whites in receiving by far the majority of resources spent on social services. For the period portrayed in Figure 2, learners and students of different racial groups attended different institutions. Therefore one can compile a series of educational expenditure per racial group. After 1994 that is no longer possible as education at all levels is not provided exclusively on a racial basis. The aggregation of the standardised credit values of the different modules for which a student is supposed to enrol in a particular year is the full-time equivalent value.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Telmisartan and thiorphan combination treatment attenuates fibrosis and apoptosis in preventing diabetic cardiomyopathy. 2019; 115(2): 373-84. [ [PMID: 30184174] [196]. YIA 03-04 epigenetic changes after acute treatment with acute angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). J Hypertens 2016; 34 (Suppl. 1): e204-5. [ [197]. AT1 receptor blocker azilsartan medoxomil normalizes plasma miR-146a and miR-342-3p in a murine heart failure model. Biomarkers 2017; 22(3-4): 253-60. [ [PMID: 27321284] [198] MicroRNAs 103 and 107 regulate insulin sensitivity. Nature 2011; 474(7353): 649-53. [ [PMID: 21654750] [199] Elevated microRNA-34a in obesity reduces NAD+ levels and SIRT1 activity by directly targeting NAMPT. 2013; 12(6): 1062-72. [ [PMID: 23834033] [200] Polycystic ovary syndrome is transmitted via a transgenerational epigenetic process. 2021; 33(3): 513-530. e8. [ [PMID: 33539777] [201] -. Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. 2015; 36(5): 487-525. [ [PMID: 26426951] [202] Azoulay L, Bouvattier C, Christin-Maitre S. Impact of intra-uterine life on future health (Paris) 2021; S0003- 4266(21): 01105-7. [203] Prenatal androgen exposure and transgenerational susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome. 2019; 25(12): 1894-904. [ [PMID: 31792459] [204] Stener-Victorin E, Deng Q. Transmission of polycystic ovary syndrome via epigenetic inheritance. Med 2021; 27(8): 723-4. [ [PMID: 34127396] [205].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the risks of modelling a 50:50 chance are self-evident. Bill McKibben (2012) has taken to task other models using a ‘reasonable 20%’ risk, pointing out that ‘reasonable’ in this case means ‘one chance in five, or somewhat worse odds than playing Russian roulette with a six-shooter’. A 50:50 chance is like playing Russian roulette with bullets in three chambers. The range of potential mitigation interventions is enormous. A short list would include: reducing fossil fuel extraction; pricing carbon; fostering renewable energy technology, alternative fuels and alternative transport systems and mobility structures; investing in new technology and energy efficiency; encouraging net forestation, changes in rural land use and agricultural practices (management of croplands, grazing lands and soil restoration); managing urban forms and land use; building infrastructure and spatial planning; designing buildings for energy efficiency; and changing consumer behaviour, lifestyle and culture (IPCC 2014c). Some of these will be encountered and analysed in this book. Taking just the first of the list above, research by estimates that the world could emit about 900 gigatonnes (Gt) (billions of tonnes) of CO2 between 2000 and 2050 (of which 17 years have now elapsed) and still have a ‘reasonable’ chance of avoiding 2 °C warming (Ranger and Ward 2013). These figures are far lower than present-day estimates of the carbon embedded in usable reserves – some 2860 Gt, implying that two-thirds of present reserves of coal, oil and gas cannot be mined. This has fostered a new approach to carbon mitigation: to ‘keep the oil in the soil’ (Berners-Lee and Clark 2013). AdaptationAdaptation is defined by the IPCC as ‘the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects’ in both human and natural systems (IPCC 2014c). This process of adjustment differs according to regions and includes: the evolution of agricultural practices adapted to temperature; agroforestry to manage wildfires; land-use changes and settlement relocation; increased efficiency in water management systems; infectious disease control; wetland restoration and the maintenance of coastal landforms; enhanced monitoring, regulation and early warning systems for extreme weather events; stronger flood defences; the development of sustainable cities; and so on.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Current issue In press All issues About the your paper issue In press All issues About the issue In press All issues About the your paper 2/2018 vol. 58 Stats CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0 Get citation Charred conifer remains from the – of (Germany) 1 ANDRÉ 1,2 More details Hide details 1 und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – (PPGAD/), Lajeado, do Sul, publication date: 2018-12-24 Publication date: 2018-12-24 2018; 58(2): 175-184 DOI: 1. Abarzúa A. M. , Vargas C. , Jarpa L. , Gutiérrez N. M. , Hinojosa L. F. & Paula S. 2016. Evidence of Neogene wildfires in Central Chile: Charcoal records from the Navidad formation. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclimatol. , Palaeoecol. , 459: 76–85. 2. A. M. B. , Jasper A. & Uhl D. 2012. The record of Triassic charcoal and other evidence for palaeo-wildfires: Signal for atmospheric oxygen levels, taphonomic biases or lack of fuel? Int. J. Coal Geol. , 96–97: 60–71. 3. Kassel (Ed. ) 1928. Braunkohlenbergbau (Festschrift zum 350jährigen Bestehen), Kassel 1928. 4. Bestland E. A. 1987. Volcanic stratigraphy of the Formation in the area of southern Oregon. Oregon Geol. , 49(7): 79–86. 5. Bode H. 1928. zur Entstehung des Fusits. Mitt. Abt. Gesteins-, Erz, Kohle. u. Salzunters. , Preuss. Geol. Landesanst. Berlin, 3: 12–22. 6. Bond W. J. 2015. Fires in the Cenozoic: a late flowering of flammable ecosystems. Front.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Role of metformin in epigenetic regulation of placental mitochondrial biogenesis in maternal diabetes. 2020; 10(1): 8314. [ [PMID: 32433500] [206]. Interaction between metformin, folate and vitamin B12 and the potential impact on fetal growth and long-term metabolic health in diabetic pregnancies. 2021; 22(11): 5759. [ [PMID: 34071182] [207] Rönn T, Volkov P, Davegårdh C, et al. A six months exercise intervention influences the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in human adipose tissue. PLoS Genet 2013; 9(6): e1003572. [ [PMID: 23825961] [208] Aggarwal BB. Targeting inflammation-induced obesity and metabolic diseases by curcumin and other nutraceuticals. Nutr 2010; 30(1): 173-99. [ [PMID: 20420526] [209] Curcumin as an alternative epigenetic modulator: Mechanism of action and potential effects. 2019; 10: 514. [ [PMID: 31214247] & :Health, Lifestyle, and Environment – : 19 Issue: 2 Author(s):. Schwartz* Affiliation: of Pennsylvania, of : Epigenetic modification, developmental programming, maternal environment, maternal metabolic characteristics, diabetes, obesity. Abstract: The incidence of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type two diabetes (T2DM), continues to increase worldwide, and their onset is often attributed to adherence to a western diet and a sedentary lifestyle. However, large variability exists in one's likelihood of developing metabolic dysregulation, illustrating that our understanding of heritability patterns remains poorly understood. Diabetes and obesity are multifactorial diseases, and their onset is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies report a number of alterations in the coding sequence associated with the onset of T2DM and obesity. However, these genes explain only a fraction of the cases, leaving the majority unaccounted for. The missing heritability question implies that other factors are responsible for the onset and development of the disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: This list excludes social adaptation measures such as building social capital and more resourceful communities able to withstand climate impacts. An important distinction between the two policy domains must be noted here (Kolstad et al. 2014): mitigating GHG emissions is predominantly a ‘global public good’, whereas adaptation is more often a private or national good. Gains from adaptation (such as changing a crop to one more heat tolerant, or building flood defences) tend to be realised by the same parties or territories that are incurring the costs. There may be externalities involved, but these tend to be more localised and contemporaneous. 2The case of GHG mitigation is quite different: emissions in any geographical space will affect the global concentration everywhere. There are thus ‘collective action problems’. ‘Incentives for individuals or countries to unilaterally reduce emissions are considerably reduced; free-riding on the actions of others is a dominant strategy … and lack of coordination yields insufficient mitigation’ (IPCC 2014a). Elinor Ostrom’s (1990) research on common pool resources concludes that efficient environmental management is more likely where four conditions hold: the environmental problem is visible; cause and effect relations are understood; the problem is reversible; and management results in clear net benefits to key constituencies. For many decades after the scientific community began to chart global warming none of these conditions applied to mitigating climate change, outside a few pioneers. Awareness of the first two is now growing as conditions worsen (Christoff and Eckersley 2013). to the ‘inner ring’ of Raworth’s (2012) lifebelt, I now summarise international and global efforts to map out the ‘social’ domain. What ‘welfare’ or ‘wellbeing’ consists of is discussed in detail in 0. 7 billion over the past 30 years, despite an increase in the total population of poor countries of about 2 billion. This escape from poverty has been accompanied by unparalleled advances in public health, health care, education, human rights legislation, and technological development that have brought great benefits, albeit inequitably, to humanity. Programme (UNDP) has developed a composite measure, the Index (HDI), that combines measures of health (life expectancy), learning (literacy and education) and resources to meet other basic needs (the log of GDP per head).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Plant Sci. , 5: 749. 7. Bond W. J. & Scott A. C. 2010. Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous. New Phytol. , 188: 1137–1150. 8. Brown S. A. E. , Scott A. C. , Glasspool I. J. & Collinson M. E. 2012. Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the Earth system. Cretaceous Research, 36: 162–190. 9. Cutter B. E. , Cumbie B. G. & McGinnes E. A. 1980. SEM and shrinkage analyses of wood following pyrolysis. Wood Sci. Tech. , 14: 115–130. 10. Davis O. K. & Ellis B. 2010. Early occurrence of sagebrush steppe, Miocene (12 Ma) on the Plain. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. , 160: 172–180. 11. Diessel C. F. K. 2010. The stratigraphic distribution of inertinite. Int. J. Coal Geol. , 81: 251–268. 12. Dolezych M. & van der Burgh J. 2004. an inkohlten Hölzern aus dem (Oberlausitz/ Deutschland). Feddes Repert. , 115: 397–437. 13. Figueiral I. , Mosbrugger V. , Rowe N. P. , Utescher T. , Jones T. P. & von der Hocht F. 2002. Role of for Change and Paleoclimate in the Embayment (Germany). Palaios, 17: 347–365. 14. Gee C. T. 2005. The genesis of mass carpological deposits (bedload carpodeposits) in the Tertiary of the Basin, Germany. Palaios, 20: 463–478. 15. Gerards T. , Damblon F. , Wauthoz B. & Gerrienne P. 2007. Comparison of cross-field pitting in fresh, dried and charcoalified softwoods. Iawa J. , 28: 49–60. 16. Glasspool I. J. , Edwards D. & Axe L. 2004.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Given that the developing fetus is susceptible to the maternal environment, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that maternal metabolic characteristics as well as disruptions to the prenatal environment may induce long-term genetic, phenotypic, and physiologic adaptations in the developing fetus, which could have a permanent effect on its future health. This phenomenon is known as developmental programming and is mediated through epigenetic modifications, which include modulation of gene expressions that do not alter the original deoxyribonucleic (DNA) sequence. Epigenetic modifications are capable of changing gene expression in metabolism-related genes and are accomplished through DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) mechanisms. In this review, we discuss maternal metabolic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and gestational diabetes (GDM) that lead to epigenetic changes in the offspring and predispose future generations to metabolic abnormalities. We will also describe the association between maternal lifestyle factors and exposure to toxins with epigenetic modulations in the offspring. Lastly, we will provide a brief review of the possibility of using epigenetics as potential interventions and therapeutic modalities to help in early diagnosis and prevention of metabolic disorders. this page × Export File: RIS (for ) BibTeX Text Content: Citation and this 10. 2174/1573399818666220422085016 DOI Print ISSN1573-3998 1875-6417 this journal Call for Papers in Submission closes on : 31 October, 2024 Wound Healing: Mechanisms and recent years, diabetic wounds have become a global health concern with an increase in the incidence of diabetes. Diabetic wounds are a kind of chronic and refractory ulcer. It is generally due to microcirculatory disturbances and reduced levels of endogenous growth factors. Delayed cutaneous wound healing is a chronic. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Submission closes on : 30 November, 2024 Oxidative and in the Development of Complications Diabetes, along with its associated secondary complications, represents a significant global health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, reduced physical activity, environmental pollutants, and stress are pivotal factors in the onset of diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. Poorly managed hyperglycemia can lead to various complications, including neuropathy,. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Kota V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: The gender equality goal was achieved and the education goal narrowly missed. However, the health goals were not met. ? The global picture painted so far charts three diverging trends: first, significant progress in some core features of social conditions and human development across the globe; second, rising inequalities; and, third, an as yet uncontrolled accumulation of greenhouse gases that will drive future global warming with significant damaging consequences for habitats and human welfare. The following questions arise:● What are the implications of climate change for future human welfare? ● How will the pursuit of climate stability interact with the pursuit of social improvement? ● Can we achieve some combination of equity/justice and sustainability? These questions lie at the heart of this book. It is interesting that two reports approaching the question from opposite directions come to roughly the same conclusion. The 2005 Assessment (Corvalan et al. 2005) concluded that, over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fibre, ores and fuel. This has resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth. There have been substantial net gains in human wellbeing and economic development, but these gains have been achieved at growing costs in terms of the degradation of many ‘ecosystem services’, increased risks of non-linear changes, and the exacerbation of poverty for some groups of people. These problems, unless addressed, seriously threaten future human wellbeing. The 2015 Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission, writing about health and climate change, summarises recent decades of the relationship between welfare and sustainability as follows:We have been mortgaging the health of future generations to realize economic and development gains in the present. By unsustainably exploiting nature’s resources, human civilisation has flourished but now risks substantial health effects from the degradation of nature’s life support systems in the future … In essence, humanity has traded off many of the Earth’s supportive and regulating processes to feed and fuel human population growth and development. Looking ahead, the 2011 UNDP Report presents two simulations of the effect of unmitigated climate change on human development as measured by the HDI (not GDP) (see Figure 1. 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire. Geology, 32: 381–383. 17. Glasspool I. J. & Scott A. C. 2010. Phanerozoic concentrations of atmospheric oxygen reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal. Nat. Geosci. , 3: 627–630. 18. Glasspool I. J. , Scott A. C. , Waltham D. , Pronina N. & Shao L. 2015. The impact of fire on the Earth system. Front. Plant Sci. , 6: 756. 19. Goswami P. K. & Deopa T. 2018. Lithofacies characters and depositional processes of a Middle Miocene. system of the Himalayan foreland basin, India. J. Sci. , 162: 41–53. 20. Grebe H. 1953. Beziehungen zwischen Fusitlagen und Pollenführung in der Rheinischen Braunkohle. Pal. Z. , 27: 12–15. 21. Grund H. 1928. Beiträge zum Studium fossiler Holzkohlenbildungen besonders in Braunkohlenlagerstätten. Jahrb. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst. , 49: 1–32. 22. Gürdal G. & Bozcu M. 2011. Petrographic characteristics and depositional environment of Miocene Çan coals, Çanakkale-Turkmey. Int. J. Coal Geol. , 85: 143–160. 23. Heinz I. 2004. und Dokumentation der mikroanatomischen Merkmale der Nadelhölzer aus der Klasse der Pinatae. ünchen, 209 p. ; 24. Herring J. R. 1985. Charcoal fluxes into sediments of the Ocean: the Cenozoic record of burning. In: The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2: natural variations Archean to Present. Geophys. Monogr. , 32: 419–442. 25. Hoetzel S. , Dupont L. , Schefuss E. , Rommerskirchen F. & Wefer G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Computational and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 29739 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJanuary 17, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptJanuary 5, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,967 views 244 downloads 15 9739. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Materials and methods 0. 1% on average, which would allow the positive selection of gene duplication in populations with moderate/large sizes. This advantage is greater at higher noise levels and intermediate concentrations of the environmental molecule, when fitness trade-offs become more evident. Moreover, we discuss how the genome rearrangement rates greatly condition the eventual fixation of duplicates. Overall, our theoretical results highlight an original adaptive value for cells carrying new-born duplicates, broadly analyze the selective conditions that determine their early fates in different organisms, and reconcile population genetics with evolution by gene duplication. duplication has enthralled researchers for decades due to its link to the emergence of major evolutionary innovations in organisms of ranging complexity (Ohno, 1970). The key aspect to deeply understand this process concerns the early stage, when the fate of the new-born gene is decided (Innan and Kondrashov, 2010). A classical theory predicts the fixation of duplicated genes in the population under neutral selective conditions (i. e. by random genetic drift; Kimura, 1983; Lynch and Conery, 2003). Hence, the loss of the new-born gene is the most common evolutionary fate. Once a duplicate is fixed, it is generally accepted that genetic redundancy leads to relaxed selection constraints over one or both gene copies, which increases the load in mutations (Lynch and Conery, 2000; Keane et al. , 2014). In rare occasions, this evolutionary process leads to the origin of a novel, previously unexplored function by one of the gene copies (Conant and Wolfe, 2008). However, because gene duplication can impose a cost to the cell by requiring additional resources for expression (Wagner, 2005; Lynch and Marinov, 2015; Price and Arkin, 2016), especially in simple organisms, purifying selection could preclude that fixation. Gene duplication can also unbalance tightly regulated pathways that are instrumental for the cell (Papp et al. , 2003; Birchler et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: The first, the ‘environmental challenge’ scenario, models the adverse effects of global warming on agricultural production, on pollution and on access to clean water and improved sanitation. It suggests that by 2050 the global HDI would be 8 per cent lower than in the baseline case (and 12 per cent lower in and sub-Saharan Africa). A second, even more adverse, ‘environmental disaster’ scenario envisages extensive deforestation and land degradation, dramatic declines in biodiversity and accelerated extreme weather events. Here, global HDI would be some 15 per cent below the baseline. It would lead to a turning point before 2050 in poorer developing countries: their slow convergence with rich countries in HDI achievements would turn into an absolute decline. Global policy responses to this twin threat can be dated back to the 1987 on sustainable development and to the 1992 UN Summit. The former’s famous definition of sustainable development – headlined in 1. 3 Scenarios projecting impacts of environmental risks on human development to 2050But realising all this in practice since the has proved extremely difficult. The discourse of sustainable development has been interpreted as a political construct designed to facilitate a bargain across the deep structural divide between North and South (Vogler 2007). In simplistic terms, the North did not want to recognise the role of high incomes and consumption in climate change, while the South wanted to avoid association with population growth. What was left and could be agreed upon was, as always, technology and the role of human ingenuity in extracting more and more growth with fewer and fewer emissions. Twenty years later at the Rio+20 conference, sustainable development had been displaced by the weaker bridging concept of ‘green growth’: a strategy to decarbonise today’s economies but within a capitalist framework committed to economic growth. The change from ‘sustainable development’ of Rio 1992 marked a shift from an environmental to a more economic discourse (see 1945. Its thematic repertoire ranges from poverty, health, education and inequality through to energy, infrastructure, climate change, marine resources, peace, security and good governance. The goals have been criticised by of the Center for as unmanageable, ‘overwrought and obese’: monitoring progress will be all but impossible and will encourage picking and choosing between the 169 targets.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Charred plant remains can indicate past cooking methods and food preferences. [SEP] Text: 2013. The role of fire in Miocene to Pliocene C4 grassland and ecosystem evolution. Nat. Geosci. , 6: 1027–1030. 26. Holdgate G. R. , Wallace M. W. , O’Connor M. , Korasidis V. & Lieven U. 2016. The origin of lithotype cycles from Oligo–Miocene brown coals from Australia and Germany. Int. J. Coal Geol. , 166: 47–61. 27. Holdgate G. R. , Wallace M. W. , Sluiter I. R. K. , Marcuccio D. , Fromhold T. A. , Wagstaff B. E. 2014. Was the Oligocene-Miocene a time of fire and rain? Insights from brown coals of the southeastern Basin. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclim. , Palaeoecol. , 41: 65–78. 28. Holdgate G. R. , Cartwright I. , Blackburn D. T. , Wallace M. W. , Gallagher S. J. , Wagstaff B. E. , Chung L. i. 2007. coal seam – the last coal in Australia. Int. J. Coal Geol. , 70. 95–115. 29. IAWA Committee. 2004. IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification. IAWA Journal, 25: 1–70. 30. Kirchheimer F. 1937. Grundzüge einer Pflanzenkunde der deutschen Braunkohle. 153 pp. , Halle/Saale (Knapp). 31. Korasidis V. A. , Wallace M. W. , Wagstaff B. E. , Holdgate G. R. , Tosolini A. -M. P. & Jansen B. 2016. Cyclicfloral succession and fire in a Cenozoic wetland/peatland system. Palaeogeogr. , Palaeoclimatol. , Palaeoecol. , 461: 237–252. 32. Korasidis V. A. , Wallace M. W. , Wagstaff B. E. & Holdgate G. R. 2017. Oligo-Miocene peatland ecosystems of the and modern analogues.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: , 2005), leading to diseases in complex organisms (Tang and Amon, 2013). A possible rationale that has been long recognized is that those duplicated genes that were fixed in the population immediately contributed with an adaptive value to the organism (Innan and Kondrashov, 2010). Even though, it is still stunningly unclear to what extent natural selection could also take part in the process that drives the fixation, and also initial maintenance, of duplicated genes according to population genetics (Lynch, 2007). Two basic hypotheses have been proposed to explain the selective advantage of duplicated genes. First, a higher gene expression level resulting from duplication could be favorable (Riehle et al. , 2001). This hypothesis requires that the ancestral system (pre-duplication) is far from the optimal operation point; as far as to assert that nearby 100% expression increase is beneficial. This seems plausible in extreme circumstances, but not in routine environments for which the organism should be adapted (King and Masel, 2007). It is then not surprising that many of the reported examples in which a greater gene copy number is favorable relate to sporadic, mainly stressing environments (Riehle et al. , 2001; Gonzalez et al. , 2005). Arguably, if a duplicate were fixed in one of these environments, it would be rapidly removed by purifying selection once the extreme circumstance ceased. Moreover, beneficial single-point mutations occurring in the cis-regulatory region of the gene of interest would be mostly sufficient to face several environmental changes (Wray, 2007). Thus, this model is insufficient to clarify the origin of most duplications, although it could explain some particular cases. Second, the functional backup provided by the second gene copy upon duplication may allow the rapid accumulation of beneficial mutations, either to develop a novel function (Zhang et al. , 1998; Bergthorsson et al. , 2007), or to escape from the conflict of optimizing alternative functions (Hittinger and Carroll, 2007; and Rausher, 2008). The positive selection of these mutations may of course occur, as suggested by the dN/dS values (>1) reported for different genomic sequences (Han et al. , 2009; Fischer et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate