Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: An ethanol to wax gradient of 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1, and 100% wax, was used to embed the samples (1 h each treatment at 37 °C). Embedded samples were sectioned at ~ 3-μm thickness using a Leica RM2125 microtome and placed on slides. The protocol and all solutions used for HCR-FISH were as specified by Molecular Technologies, Inc. , and closely followed [87]. Sections were dewaxed in three 100% ethanol rinses, allowed to dry, and equilibrated in hybridization buffer (Molecular Technologies; 30% formamide, 5× sodium chloride, sodium citrate (SSC = 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate), 9 mM citric acid (pH 6. 0), 0. 1% Tween 20, 50 μg/mL heparin, 1× Denhardt’s solution, 10% dextran sulfate), for 20 min at 37 °C. Excess buffer was removed and sections were hybridized overnight in a humidification chamber at 37 °C in hybridization buffer, to which was added a final concentration of 5 nM of an unlabeled DNA probe, designed to be an exact match to the Ostiactis pearseae SUP05 16S rRNA phylotype (Anem-SUP05, 5′--3′), based on the probe, “BangT-642,” specific for the thiotrophic SUP05 symbiont in Bathymodiolus mussels [88]. A general bacterial probe set (Eub338-I-III) was also used as a positive control. These probes contained a specific sequence initiator tag (termed B1 and B3) that triggered the oligomerization of pairs of fluorescently labeled DNA hairpins (i. e. , the amplification step; [87]). The B1 initiator tag + linker (5′--3′) was added to the 5′ end of the Anem-SUP05 probe. The B3 initiator tag + linker (5′--3′) was added to the 5′ end of each of three Eub338 probes I-III and to the Anem-SUP05 probe.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: For the current purposes, it is also interesting to see that the research on the negativity bias shows that it is possible to redirect a person’s attention from negative information to positive information (and ClarkBeck & Clark, 1997; Reference ComptonCompton, 2000; Reference DerryberryDerryberry, 1993; and ReedDerryberry & Reed, 2002; Reference Teasdale, Segal and WilliamsTeasdale, Segal & Williams, 1995; Reference Toates, Archer and BirkeToates, 1983). Moreover, Reference SchoemakerSchoemaker (1982) noted quite early that people’s choices are sensitive to how the problem or decision is presented. Translated to the domain of loss aversion, these insights indicate that the magnitude of loss aversion may depend on whether people are focused on the negative or the positive. In the current 48. 16. In the fill-in-the-gain format first condition, participants had to indicate how large the gain should be to balance a given loss of €20. 16. After having filled out the first gamble, the reported numbers were used as input for the second gamble. Footnote 1 We also measured the amount of time participants needed to make a decision concerning the amount of money they filled out in the gambles under the two formats. Although we realize that we should be careful not to overinterpret data on response times, we reasoned that the assumed attention to negative over positive information might manifest itself in longer response times in the fill-in-the-loss format than in the fill-in-the-gain format (Reference Fazio, Hendrick and ClarkFazio, 1990). 2. 1 Method 2. 1. 1 Design and were 41 participants, and 7 of them were excluded from the analyses because their data differed more than three standard deviations from the average on the main dependent variables (gain/loss ratio and/or the time they needed to make a decision). The 34 remaining participants were 19 women and 15 men, and their mean age was 20. 6 years. Participants individually filled out a short questionnaire on the computer. The design was a 2 (format: fill-in-the-loss vs. fill-in-the-gain) by 2 (order: loss format first vs. gain format first) design, with format as within-participants factor and order as between-participants factor.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Additionally, using multiple techniques during the biomonitoring of organisms can result in more complete and detailed information compared to monitoring by a single method, as each approach has its characteristics and an established methodology for species detection (Lopes et al. , 2017; Angulo et al. , 2006; Herder et al. , 2014). In the biomonitoring of amphibians in TRMB, we used eDNA and VES. Combining these two techniques recorded 33 species, 53% of the species previously documented in our study area. eDNA detected 28 species (DP = 42%), while VES recorded 20 species (DP = 17%). These results show that using eDNA can detect more amphibian species compared to VES, in concordance with the meta-analysis performed by Fediajevaite et al. (2021), who compared 49 studies of both techniques. Although the eDNA-based monitoring technique can detect more taxa than VES, some species can be recorded by both approaches; this will depend on their abundance and distribution in aquatic environments (Herder et al. , 2014; Keck et al. , 2022; Polanco Fernández et al. , 2021). We have detected 15 amphibian species using the combination of both techniques in agreement with the species observed in the buffer zone of the (Coloma & Tapia, 2015). Similarly, these species have been frequently associated with natural lentic water bodies (Ron, Merino & Ortiz, 2019; Lacoursière-Roussel et al. , 2016), where a higher DNA concentration and abundance of anurans would be expected (Baetens, 2019; Petitot et al. , 2014). On the other hand, several studies mention the presence of a fraction of species that can only be detected by eDNA-based techniques or traditional methods (Lopes et al. , 2017; Fediajevaite et al. , 2021). In our case, five species were recorded only by VES, including A. andreae, A. aff. insperatus and P. variabilis, which were detected in previous field sampling in the TRMB (Ordóñez, Valle & Veintimilla, 2011; Coloma & Tapia, 2015). As Ron, Merino & Ortiz (2019) mentioned, these species are terrestrial and diurnal and are usually observed perching in leaf litter or under fallen trees.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: In this case, tag B1 was paired with Alexa647-labeled hairpins, and tag B3 was paired with Alexa488-labeled hairpins. Excess probe was removed by sequentially washing the slides for 15 min at 37 °C in probe wash buffer (Molecular Technologies; 30% formamide, 5× SSC, 9 mM citric acid (pH 6. 0), 0. 1% Tween 20, 50 μg/mL heparin) to which 5× SSCT (750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate, 0. 1% Tween 20, pH 7) had been added to final concentrations (vol/vol) of 25%, 50%, and then 75%. This wash sequence was followed by two 15-min washes in 100% 5× SSCT at 37 °C. Before amplification, 6 pmol of each hairpin, per reaction, was “snap-cooled” by heating to 95 °C for 90 s, followed by 25 °C for 30 min, in a thermocycler in separate PCR tubes. During this time, sections were equilibrated with amplification buffer (Molecular Technologies; 5× SSC, 0. 1% Tween 20, 10% dextran sulfate) at room temperature for 30 min. For amplification, each “snap-cooled” hairpin in a pair was added to 100 μl amplification buffer (for a final hairpin concentration of 60 nM for each amplifier hairpin), and then sections were incubated overnight (~ 18 h) at room temperature on a rocking platform protected from light. To remove unbound hairpin sequences, sections were washed twice in 5× SSCT for 15 min at room temperature, followed by two 30-min washes in 5× SSCT. Sections were rinsed with distilled water and counterstained with 4′6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 5 mg/mL) for 1 min, rinsed again, and mounted in Citifluor. Tissues were examined by epifluorescence microscopy using either a Nikon E80i epifluorescence microscope with a Nikon DS-Qi1Mc high-sensitivity monochrome digital camera or a microscope with an ANDOR-icamera.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Participants engaged in a filler task that was unrelated to the experiment between filling out the first and the second coin-toss gamble. 2. 1. 2 Procedure and dependent variables In the loss format first condition, participants were first presented with a coin-toss gamble in which they read: “If heads turns up, you gain € 48. 16, and if tails turns up you lose €. . . . . . . . . . (Lt1). ” They were asked to fill in the amount L that made the even chance to gain 48. 16 euros (G) or lose the amount L just acceptable—the amount L needed to balance the gain. Subsequently, they were presented with the second gamble that had a fill-in-the-gain format. We programmed the computer in such a way that the given loss always was the loss they filled out in the first gamble (Lt1). We calculated the individual G/L ratios in both formats. The G/L ratio was 48. 16/Lt1 in the fill-in-the-loss format, the G/L ratio was Gt2/Lt1 in the fill-in-the-gain format. In the gain format first condition, participants first had to fill in G; the amount of money that they would gain. They read: “If heads turns up, you lose € 20. 16, and if tails turns up you win €. . . . . . . . . . ” After they filled out the amount G, they were presented with the second gamble that had the fill-in-the-loss format. We programmed the computer in such a way that the given gain always was the gain they filled out in the first gamble (Gt1). The G/L ratio was Gt1/20. 16 in the fill-in-the-gain format, the G/L ratio was Gt1/Lt2 in the fill-in-the-loss format. Please note that any ratio above 1 means that the gains needs to be larger than the losses to balance the gamble, which is regarded as a sign of loss aversion. Besides the gain-loss ratios, we also measured response times—the time (in seconds) participants needed to fill in the gambles. 2. 2 Results 2. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Identifying false positives during the taxonomic assignment is essential to avoid generating biased data that cannot be corroborated in future studies. These errors can be distinguished if a taxonomically curated reference database is available, with species whose biogeographic distributions are appropriate and correspond to the region or area of study. Benefits and limitations of eDNA-based and VES techniques eDNA-based monitoring is a promising and highly efficient technique for biodiversity monitoring, especially in areas where access is complex, and species richness is high, which would require a significant VES sampling effort. Also, direct contact with the organism of interest is not required since environmental samples (water) are used as a source of information. Other advantages of this technique are that it is non-invasive, can be applied in hard-to-reach areas, and reduces monitoring time. However, as the technique is based on DNA barcode sequences, we have limitations in estimating the abundance of organisms, as well as other aspects of their biology (e. g. , age, sex), so it is crucial to complement monitoring with scientific collections from VES (Bálint et al. , 2017; Ruppert, Kline & Rahman, 2019). Taxonomic assignment of MOTUs is limited to a local reference database and relies indirectly on information generated by traditional methods (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Bruce et al. , 2021). As reported in this study, it is necessary to compare all MOTUs to identify them, and biogeographic and ecological information on the detected species is required to discriminate species outside our area of interest, i. e. , to determine false positives (Bohmann et al. , 2014; Taberlet et al. , 2018; Shogren et al. , 2017). This is demonstrated by identifying mountain frogs that live from 1,500 m. a. s. l. in sites with altitudes below 600 m. a. s. l. To overcome this limitation in eDNA, several studies propose as an alternative the use of a taxonomy-free approach, which employs a molecular index calculated directly from eDNA data without any reference (Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil et al. , 2017; Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil et al. , 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Transmission electron microscopySpecimens for TEM and semi-thin sectioning were fixed in PFA and preserved in 50% EtOH. Before embedding, specimens were rehydrated, post-fixed with 1% OsO4, and subsequently dehydrated again in an ascending acetone series and embedded in Araldite. One-micrometer semi-thin sections were sectioned using a “Jumbo” diamond knife on a S ultramicrotome and stained with toluidine blue (1% toluidine,1% sodium-tetraborate, and 20% saccharose). Coverslips were mounted with Araldite and sections were imaged with an Olympus microscope (BX-51) equipped with the dot. slide system (2. 2 Olympus, Hamburg). Silver interference-colored sections (70–75 nm) were prepared using a “45°” diamond knife. The sections were placed on Formvar-covered, single-slot copper grids and stained with 2% uranyl acetate and lead citrate in an automated TEM stainer (QG-3100, Boeckeler Instruments). Ultra-thin sections were examined using a Zeiss EM10 transmission electron microscope with digital imaging plates (). Availability of data and materials Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and are available via the (accession numbers MW148236-MW148238, MW158740, MW165066, MW172213-MW172214, and MW172220-MW172221). Alignments for the anemone 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and COIII for both Ostiactis pearseae and Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’, used to generate Fig. 3, are also available on the listed below. Animal images and specimens were vouchered for long-term archiving into the Collection at of Oceanography (sioapps. ucsd. edu/collections/bi/). The raw Illumina 16S rRNA barcode sequences and metadata collected in this study are available from the (BioProject # PRJNA671766).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: 1 G/L ratios The G/L ratios were analyzed by a repeated-measures ANOVA with format (fill-in-the-loss format vs. fill-in-the-gain format) as within-subjects factor and order (loss format first vs. gain format first) as between-subjects factor. There was a main effect of format, F(1,32) = 4. 28, p <. 05, η2 =. 12, showing that the G/L ratios were higher in the fill-in-the-loss format (M = 3. 15, SD = 2. 99, Med = 2. 00) than in the fill-in-the-gain format (M = 2. 17, SD = 1. 27, Med = 1. 98). This main effect shows that participants needed more gains relative to a loss and showed more loss aversion when they were focused on the loss side of the gamble than when they were focused on the gain side of the gamble. The main effect of order was not significant, F(1,32) =. 21, ns, and the interaction of Format x Order was not significant either, F(1,32) =. 84, ns, showing that G/L ratios were not influenced by the order in which participants filled out the loss and the gain format. Footnote 2 2. 2. 2 Response time The time needed to fill in the fill-in-the-loss format and the fill-in-the-gain format was analyzed by a repeated-measures ANOVA with the format as within-subjects factor, and order (loss format first versus gain format first) as between-subjects factor. There was a main effect of format, F(1,32) = 6. 44, p <. 02, η2 =. 17, qualified by an interaction of Format × Order, F(1,32) = 16. 86, p <. 001, η2 =. 35. Participants needed more time to fill in the fill-in-the-loss format (M = 24. 68, SD = 15. 84) than the fill-in-the-gain format (M = 18. 59, SD = 10. 64). In other words, participants needed more time when they were focused on the loss side of the gamble rather than on the gain side of the gamble.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: This approach could improve taxonomic resolution, which is problematic in the current study, given that not all sequences aligned with a percentage of identity >97%. Replicating environmental conditions in vitro is a real challenge for eDNA-based techniques. Field conditions differ significantly from the laboratory because eDNA is exposed to biotic and abiotic factors, habitat, flow variation, and more (Valentini et al. , 2016; Herder et al. , 2014). On the other hand, the standardization of field and laboratory eDNA protocols is essential for the reliable interpretation of results (Roh et al. , 2006; Harper et al. , 2019). Similarly, using positive and negative controls is essential for controlled experimentation. A positive control is a sample or reagent used to test for possible PCR inhibition or for DNA degradation during the handlings. In contrast, a negative control is a sample using the same experimental conditions except for the treatment (Barata, Griffiths & Ridout, 2017; Takahashi et al. , 2020) and aims to document the absence of contamination. These protocols follow strict sterilization standards, decreasing contamination risks (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Herder et al. , 2014). eDNA-based monitoring is an ecological diagnostic method that has revolutionized diversity monitoring in different ecosystems (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Harper et al. , 2019; Keck et al. , 2022; Ruppert, Kline & Rahman, 2019). Several scientific publications have documented its development and compatibility with other methods, such as VES. They have also demonstrated their sensitivity and efficiency in detecting multiple species in different environments worldwide (Valentini et al. , 2016; Bálint et al. , 2018; Zaiko et al. , 2018). Generating a plan for constantly monitoring amphibians and other groups of interest in the TRMB using VES and eDNA will be fundamental to completing the inventory of the fauna inhabiting this area. This would facilitate the description of new species presumed to be present in unexplored areas of this basin. A complete inventory would provide a clear picture of the population dynamics of endangered species, invasive species, and species with antimicrobial peptides of biomedical interest (Willette et al. , 2021; Ficetola et al. , 2010). In short, eDNA and VES combined can generate essential information for developing short- and long-term conservation strategies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: The processed sequence data, as well as representative sequences, are available on the ( Change history18 June 2021A Correction to this paper has been published: Two intracellular and cell type-specific bacterial symbionts in the placozoan Trichoplax H2. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(9):1465–74. Daly M, Chaudhuri A, Gusmão L, Rodríguez E. Phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Evol. 2008;48(1):292–301. CAS 80. CAS PubMed 1. 71. 92. PubMed 19. 34. -Quiroz E, Nieves-Cardoso C, del Rio M. Detection of active hydrothermal vent fields in the and on the Alarcón Rise using AUV multibeam and CTD data. 2015; Abstract OS23C-2027 presented at the AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, CA. . Hydrothermal vent fields discovered in the southern Gulf of California clarify role of habitat in augmenting regional diversity. Soc B. 2017;284(1859):20170817. . Discovery of hydrothermal vent fields on Alarcón Rise and in Basin, Gulf of California. Geosyst. 2018;19(12):4788–819. 7. CAS PubMed 27. PubMed Pub4698. 6998. PubMed Pub263. Gusmão LC, Rodríguez E, Daly M. Description of Calliactis tigris sp. nov. : reconciling taxonomy and phylogeny in hermit-crab symbiotic anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Hormathiidae). Evol. 2019;19(4):567–83. 7. 7. CAS PubMed 1991. 37. CAS PubMed 46. 56. CAS 90. 8. . Spanning the depths or depth-restricted: three new species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) and a new record for the hydrothermal vent Bathymodiolus thermophilus at methane seeps along the margin. I: Papers. 2020;164:103322. 70. CAS PubMed 82. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: This effect of format was more pronounced when participants had the fill-in-the-loss format first, F(1,15) = 15. 14, p <. 001, than when participants had the fill-in-the-gain format first, F(1,17) = 1. 96, ns (Table 1). This effect shows that people who focused on the loss side in the first gamble and focused on the gain side in the second gamble showed a larger time difference between the two gambles than people who focused on the gain side first and on the loss side in the second gamble. Table 1: Response times in seconds for coin-toss gambles 1 and 2 in Study 1 (N = 34). Participants filled out one coin-toss gamble with a fill-in-the-loss format and one coin-toss gamble with a fill-in-the-gain format. The order in which participants filled out each format was varied. 2. 3 found higher G/L ratios in the fill-in-the-loss format than in the fill-in-the-gain format. Moreover, Study 1 showed that this difference in G/L ratios was not contingent on the specific order of the formats. The results of the response times also support our Format Hypothesis, in which we argued that participants fill in gambles with a fill-in-the-gain format more quickly and heuristically than gambles with a fill-in-the-loss format, in which they may want to think longer about the potential negative consequences. A post-hoc explanation for the interaction effect for the response times might be that it results from a combination of the main effect of format—participants fill in the fill-in-the-gain format quicker than a fill-in-the-loss format—and a learning effect—participants are more familiar with the task the second time, and can therefore fill in the second gamble faster than the first. In the case of the fill-in-the-loss format first condition, the format and learning effect work both in the same direction—the second gamble has a fill-in-the-gain format—resulting in very quick response times for the second gamble.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: study demonstrates that the eDNA-method had a greater capacity to detect amphibians in Amazonian aquatic environments than VES. However, it highlights the complementary information of traditional methods to complete a database and corroborate the results. Sixty-two species have previously been recorded in the TRMB, of which 33 were detected using eDNA and VES in this study. This represents a small fraction of the species presumed to inhabit this region, as there are several unexplored areas where the batrachofauna diversity is unknown. Developing a monitoring program using two or more techniques is necessary to generate a complete picture of amphibian diversity in the TRMB. Also, to increase the detection rate of amphibians, using various types of environmental samples could expand the range of detection of terrestrial species or inhabitants of specific micro-ecosystems (e. g. , bromeliads, tree holes, leaf litter, etc. ). A traditional monitoring approach (VES) has been used for decades and has generated valuable information on biodiversity in some ecosystems, but specific taxonomic knowledge is needed, and sampling is invasive, complex, and time-consuming. eDNA-based techniques, when combined with VES, can generate robust and verifiable records that contribute to the development of conservation strategies in biodiversity hotspots. Supplementary Material. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15455/supp-1 The authors would especially like to thank all the people who participated in the fieldwork: María José Sánchez, Alex Arias, Álvaro Pérez, ánez, Viviana Cabrera, Miguel Gómez, Carlos Carrasco, Samanta Oña; in the laboratory processes: Mónica Sánchez; in the bioinformatics analysis: Alex Sánchez, and the map design:. We would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 7638. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The data is available at figshare: Quilumbaquin, Walter (2022): eDNA and VES Supplemental Material. figshare. Collection.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic characterization of endosymbionts in three hydrothermal vent mussels: influence on host distributions. Prog Ser. 2000;208:147–55. 85. CAS 63. 8. 90. 6003. 76. 37. CAS PubMed 90. 44. 40. 6. 75. CAS PubMed 24. CAS 405. 82. 9. 5. CAS PubMed 1001. PubMed 331. . MC-ICP-MS measurement of δ34S and∆ 33S in small amounts of dissolved sulfate. Chem Geo. 2013;345:50–61. CAS 2. CAS 41. CAS PubMed 61. CAS 93. CAS 42. CAS 208. 8. 13. PubMed Pub11. Microbiol. 2004;70(2):845–9. 5. CAS PubMed 713. PubMed Pub11. CAS PubMed 8562. 65. -. Distribution and dietary regulation of an associated facultative Rhizobiales-related bacterium in the omnivorous giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata. Naturwissenschaften. 2014;101(5):397–406. CAS PubMed 1988. . Deep-water Actiniaria from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Invert Zool. 2007;4(1):83–102. 1234. 36. 22. CAS PubMed 53. CAS 94. CAS PubMed 84. CAS 47. 80. 6. CAS PubMed 704. 772. 8. . RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(21):4453–5. 1997. 1934. 62. 317. 58. 500. . Next-generation in situ hybridization chain reaction: higher gain, lower cost, greater durability. ACS Nano. 2014;8(5):4284–94. 700. 1. Reference taxa included in this study, with voucher location and GenBank accession numbers. Taxa are organized alphabetically within their family; new sequences indicated in bold. Additional file 2: Table S2. 16S rRNA amplicon results.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: We told them that we were doing an experiment in which one of them would actually receive the 50 euro to use it in a coin-toss gamble. All students received a sheet of paper with the instructions of the coin-toss gamble. They read that the experimenter would flip a coin, and that there was a 50% chance of winning and 50% chance of losing. We then randomly picked the name of one student—from a bag containing identical sheets of paper with each student’s name on a separate sheet—but did not reveal who it was yet. Participants then filled out what amount they were willing to lose—in the fill-in-the-loss format—or what amount they needed to win—in the fill-in-the-gain format—to engage in the gamble. The experimenter then collected all the sheets of paper with the gain/loss ratios, and revealed the name of the participant whose coin-toss gamble would be carried out. This participant was called in front of the classroom and was given the 50 euro note. The experimenter read aloud the amounts of money to be won or lost if heads or tails would turn up. In addition, to check whether the participant understood the odds, the experimenter wrote the odds on the whiteboard. Then the experimenter flipped a coin, and the chosen participant either received or paid money, depending on the coin-toss and the amounts that were filled in on the sheet of paper. Finally, all participants received 1 euro for their participation, and were thanked and debriefed. Footnote 3 Participants took part in either the fill-in-the-loss condition, or the fill-in-the-gain condition. We recorded the amounts participants filled in before engaging in the coin-toss gambles. In the fill-in-the-loss condition, participants were told that they would engage in a coin-toss gamble in which the potential gains were 50 euros, and that they had to decide how much they would be willing to risk losing. In the fill-in-the-loss condition, they read “If heads turns up, you gain 50 euro, and if tails turns up you lose €. . . . . . . . . . ” They were asked to fill in the amount L that made the even chance to gain 50 euro (G) or lose the amount L just acceptable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: A new species of hyla from Amazonian ecuador. Copeia 1972(2):265. 2017. Fish community assessment with eDNA metabarcoding: effects of sampling design and bioinformatic filtering. of Fisheries and 74(9):1362-1374. 2021. Meta-analysis shows that environmental DNA outperforms traditional surveys, but warrants better reporting standards. Ecology and Evolution 11(9):4803-4815 ère J, Taberlet P, Pompanon F. 2010. An in silico approach for the evaluation of DNA barcodes. BMC Genomics 11(1):434. 2019. Environmental DNA and metabarcoding for the study of amphibians and reptiles: species distribution, the microbiome, and much more. Amphibia-Reptilia 40(2):129-148 Fiske I, Chandler R. 2011. unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance. Journal of 43(10):1-23. 2016. A framework for estimating the sensitivity of eDNA surveys. Resources 16(3):641-654 de Napo. 2015. Plan de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial provincial de napo. Tena. -Reinoso D, Funk WC. 2006. Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics. of the 147(4):489-513 Gwak H-J, Rho M. 2020. Data-driven modeling for species-level taxonomic assignment from 16S rRNA: application to human microbiomes. Frontiers in Microbiology 11:403 úrria C, Garcés-. 2019. Prospects and challenges of environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring in freshwater ponds. Hydrobiologia 826(1):25-41 Hassall C. 2014. The ecology and biodiversity of urban ponds. 1(2):187-206. 2014. Environmental DNA—a review of the possible applications for the detection of (invasive) species. Report 2013-104. The Netherlands:. . 2001. Medición y monitoreo de la diversidad biológica: métodos estandarizados para anfibios. Argentina: Editorial.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inHerky-of Earth’s Dented, erratic, and wandering, our field is constantly changing its mind. by 21 December 20203 November 2021 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) NASA; JohanSwanepoel/Depositphotos. com to the Herky-of Earth’s Habitability and the Evolution of ’s Ever-Do Uranus’s Subsurface Oceans? for Rates in Most people don’t know that Earth’s magnetic field has a weak spot the size of the continental hovering over and the southern Atlantic Ocean. We’re safe from any effects on the ground, but our satellites aren’t so lucky: When they zip through this magnetic anomaly, they are bombarded with radiation more intense than anywhere else in orbit. There is reason to believe that this dent in the magnetic field, called the Anomaly, is only getting bigger. This anomaly is far from the only unusual feature of Earth’s magnetic field. Hundreds of times in Earth’s history, our magnetic field has reversed, switching north and south in a planetary flip-flop. Earth’s magnetic keeps drifting too, stumbling around the Arctic in a chaotic dance. And scientists have detected pulses of Earth’s magnetic field—called geomagnetic jerks—that can undermine our navigation systems. Yet forecasting these changes remains a challenge. “Just like weather forecasts, you can’t predict the evolution of the core beyond a few decades,” said Julien Aubert, a researcher at the of Earth Physics. The magnetic field’s strength, measured in nanoteslas, drops precipitously at the Anomaly. Credit: ESA But scientists want to know how Earth’s magnetic field will change further into the future than that.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: In the fill-in-the-gain condition, participants were told that they would engage in a coin-toss gamble in which the potential losses were 50 euro, and that they had to decide how much they needed to win in order to engage in the coin-toss gamble. Participants in the fill-in-the-gain condition read: “If heads turns up, you lose 50 euro, and if tails turns up you gain €. . . . . . . . . . ” They were asked to fill in the amount G that made the even chance to lose 50 euro (L) or gain the amount G just acceptable. We also recorded gender and age. 3. 2 participants in the fill-in-the-loss condition indicated that they were willing to lose maximally 10 eurocents, which would result in a gain/loss ratio of 5000. These two participants were excluded from the analyses. The gain/loss ratios were analyzed by ANOVA with format (fill-in-the-loss vs. fill-in-the-gain) as between-subjects factor. There was a main effect of format, F(1,22) = 22. 23, p <. 001, η2 =. 50. As in Study 1, participants in the fill-in-the-loss format had higher gain-loss ratios (M = 29. 44, SD = 20. 02, Med = 29. 17) than participants in the fill-in-the-gain format (M = 2. 13, SD = 1. 48, Med = 1. 80). Footnote 4 This result means that people who focused on the loss side of the gamble were more loss averse and needed larger gains to balance a loss than people who were focused on the gain side of the gamble. 3. 2. 1 real coin-toss gambles of Study 2 show a similar effect as the anticipated coin-toss gambles. As in the anticipated coin-tosses, there seems to be a large difference between a fill-in-the-gain format and a fill-in-the-loss format. Gain-loss ratios are much higher when people fill in the loss side of the ratio, rather than the gain side of the ratio—indicating that they are more loss averse when they fill in the loss side than when they fill in the gain side of the coin-toss.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe use of camera traps for wildlife monitoring has been practiced since the early twentieth century (Chapman 1927), but in recent years, they are becoming one of the mainstream tools used in conservation biology, ranging from the most basic level aimed at assessing species presence at a site (Kays et al. 2011; Zaccaroni et al. 2020), abundance estimation (Franchini et al. 2022; Oberosler et al. 2022), and population dynamics studies (Karanth 1995, 2006; Romani et al. 2018; Anile et al. 2020; Augugliaro et al. 2019, 2020) up to the assessment of activity patterns (Andreoni et al. 2020; Anile et al. 2020) and temporal overlap of different species (Mori et al. 2021). This explosion in camera trap use is reflected by the increased number of published papers in recent years. For instance, from 1991 to 2004, the number of publications per year using camera traps was below 50, but starting from 2005 up to 2014, the number of publications per year consistently increased to ~ 200 publications/year (Rovero and Zimmerman 2016). Camera traps are concealable devices, ranging in size from a shoe-box to a GPS car navigation unit (or even smaller), generally used to capture images or videos of wild species in the field over periods varying from days to weeks (Kays et al. 2011; Butler and Meek 2013). Generally programmed to operate 24 h a day, and record thousands of images in a short period of time, camera traps have become attractive non-invasive monitoring tools for researchers as they offer the opportunity to capture new forms of data that may be difficult or impractical to collect (Kays and Slauson 2008; Kays et al. 2011; Butler and Meek 2013). Often disguised by a camouflage cover, they are set individually or in groups in several habitat types. Cameras are mostly fixed to trees (or rocks) pointing to an animal path or track, in positions that depend on the study design and the target species (Butler and Meek 2013; Harmsen et al. 2017). Moreover, because the equipment does not typically require the target animal to step on or rub against the device, cameras are also minimally intrusive, especially if used without a visible flash (Kays and Slauson 2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Without a magnetic field, satellites could be lost, and tools that rely on careful magnetic models for navigation could go askew. The answers can’t come soon enough. The magnetic field protects Earth’s atmosphere from harmful radiation emitted from the Sun. Scientists are learning that the Sun is capable of emission events—solar flares—even more destructive than we ever thought possible, and understanding our magnetic field strength and variation is vital for knowing how at risk we could be from the next big solar storm. puppeteer that drives the magnetic field is Earth’s core, the superheated heart of our planet, which burns as hot as the surface of the Sun. In the core, molten metals are constantly in motion as hot buoyant plumes of lighter material rise outward. At the very center lies a small hardened inner core that has been growing as Earth cools. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe it. This planetary anatomy sets the stage for an active magnetic field. The core’s constant need to cool itself, and thus convect, drives our planet’s electric generator. The generator produces a self-sustaining magnetic field through a process called the geodynamo. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe the theory when one of its founders, Walter M. Elsasser, proposed it to him. The geodynamo works because the natural convection of the liquid core pushes metals through a weak existing magnetic field, exciting an electric current. Because of the relationship between electricity and magnetism, the current produces a second magnetic field, and the process repeats. This process has been self-sustaining for most of Earth’s history. Although the core sits thousands of kilometers beneath our feet, the magnetic field it produces stretches far into space, surrounding the planet like armor. But our planet’s armor isn’t perfect, and the results can be heartbreaking. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now A Chink in Earth’s jerks travel along Earth’s magnetic field lines, shown here inside the core. Credit:CNRS On an early spring day in 2016, teams of engineers in Japan watched as their prized satellite spun out of control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: The results of the real coin-toss gambles corroborate the findings of the anticipated coin-toss gambles, validating the effects of Study 1. 4 Study 3 Study 1 and 2 showed that loss aversion—as measured by the G/L ratio in an anticipated and a real coin-toss paradigm—is predictably influenced by the format that is used to measure loss aversion. The differences between the fill-in-the-loss format and the fill-in-the-gain format support the idea of a measurement-induced focus on gains or losses. Moreover, consistent with our idea that people may elaborate more when they consider losses—we observed that people took more time to fill in the gamble when they filled in the loss side of the gamble. 3 we considered an alternative way to test our reasoning about why a fill-in-the-loss format increases loss aversion compared to a fill-in-the-gain format. If people are more preoccupied with losses, this preoccupation would also imply that they may be more affected by the size of the stakes when they consider losses than when they consider gains. For this purpose we turned to recent research that employed the coin-toss paradigm to show that the gain-loss ratio can be moderated by the size of the stake. and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007) recently showed that the amount of money that was at stake in a coin-toss gamble moderated loss aversion. Their results showed increasing G/L ratios for increasing stakes in the gambles; for stakes of 1 euro, the G/L ratio was approximately 1, but for 50 euros the G/L ratio was approximately 2. In other words, Harinck et al. showed that loss aversion is stronger for high stakes than for low stakes. and MersmannHarinck et al (2007) explained the increasing loss aversion for larger amounts of money on the basis of two considerations: (1) in general, people are more motivated to discount losses than to discount gains, but (2) discounting losses is more difficult for high outcomes than for low outcomes. We expect that loss aversion, as measured by the G/L ratio, will be more strongly influenced by the amount of money at stake under the fill-in-the-loss format than under the fill-in-the-gain format (Format x Amount Hypothesis).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: , public presentation, meeting with managers, information panels) likely is of remarkable importance to prevent potential legal concerns. Several respondents stated that cameras were not placed with the aim to detect human presence as a part of a specific scientific purpose, and most of them declared that illegal activities and/or pictures that may violate privacy issues (people having sex, urinating, etc. ) were collected during the monitoring period. Despite some respondents declaring that violations were reported to local authorities and several reporting that images of people were directly deleted, in most cases, pictures were conserved for internal processing or because of their scientific values. A small portion also affirmed that images were conserved to plan effective anti-poaching strategies, hence highlighting the importance that human pictures may have to counteract illegal practices. Due to relatively low prices and user-friendly applications, camera traps are increasingly used for wildlife monitoring and conservation. Indeed, camera-trapping represents a useful method to facilitate both touristic flows (Miller et al. 2017) and human activities detection (Hossain et al. 2016), as cameras are used to monitor the distribution and abundance of wild species even in remote areas (Pettorelli et al. 2010). The increased concern in nature-based recreation and tourism (Balmford et al. 2009), and the increase in nature-related tourism itself, highlight the urgency of improving our understanding about how humans use the natural landscape, especially when designing management policies in natural areas. In this regard, collecting simultaneous data of humans and wild species is of vital importance to explore these interactions and to improve wildlife conservation efforts, especially in protected areas (Miller et al. 2017). Since trails are used both by humans and/or wild species to move around the territory (Miller et al. 2017), taking pictures of humans is relatively easy and unavoidable (even when a given experimental design and modelling may exclude the presence or activity of humans). Thereby, to avoid potential legal problems, our suggestion is to report the presence of cameras in the area and to take some precautions to avoid the risk of theft or vandalism. Among the most common solutions involve the use of security cases, cable locks, camouflaging, or cameras with black infrared flash (Glover-Kapfer et al. 2019). Furthermore, even engaging local people within monitoring activities (Glover-Kapfer et al. 2019; Sharma et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: The teams behind Hitomi, a satellite launched just 5 weeks earlier, had hoped the spacecraft would observe black holes, galaxy clusters, and other high-energy features. The satellite even had a prized X-ray calorimeter, a triumph of 3 decades of engineering. But a cascade of events that began with encountering the Anomaly seemed to spell doom for Hitomi. Passing through the anomaly, the onboard system that controlled the satellite’s orientation glitched while it was pivoting to observe a new star cluster. The maneuver kicked off a series of software errors that left Hitomi spinning madly. Before long, the satellite broke into 11 pieces. “It’s a scientific tragedy,” Richard Mushotzky, an astronomer at the University of Maryland in College Park, told Nature at the time. Other spacecraft have fallen prey to the Anomaly. The magnetic field intensity at the altitude of many satellites is half as strong in the anomaly compared with elsewhere, and the weak field does not repel radiation as effectively. The inner radiation belt, a doughnut-shaped disk of radiation around Earth that traps high-energy p1902. Dozens of jerks have happened since. The last jerk was in 2016, when it jostled the field and dramatically shifted the drift. The event was rather inconvenient because scientists had just issued a 5- year model of Earth’s magnetic field called the Model (WMM). The WMM team had to update the model ahead of schedule to avoid unacceptable navigational errors. Although the origin of jerks is a subject of active research, a recent study in by Aubert and at the of Denmark suggests that jerks may originate from the push and pull of forces in Earth’s interior (bit. ly/jerks-research). When a hot plume shoots up through the outer core, the delicate balance between planetary, rotational, and electromagnetic forces careens out of whack. The off-balance forces send a shudder along magnetic field lines in the form of waves. The next jerk may already be under way. A recent analysis by Huang and Duan predicted that the next event would occur in 2020 or 2021. If that’s the case, scientists may need to update magnetic maps on which industry and government activities rely. Companies drilling for oil and gas, for example, use fine-tuned magnetic models to dig boreholes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: In line with the earlier work by and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007), our reasoning is that the fill-in-the-loss paradigm—more than the fill-in-the gain paradigm—induces a focus on losses as it requires people to consider multiple negative outcomes (do I want to lose $70? $60? $50 or less? ). People want to discount those potential losses, and will be better at discounting small amounts of money rather than large amounts of money. As a result, they will need relatively more potential gains to balance a potential loss when stakes increase. Thus, increasing the stakes in the fill-in-the-loss format will result in increasing gain-loss ratios. On the other hand, the fill-in-the-gain paradigm—more than the fill-in-the-loss paradigm—induces a focus on gains as it requires people to consider multiple positive outcomes (do I want to gain $50 $60? $70? or more? ). People are happy to accept several potential gains and will think about it less than when considering several potential losses (see Study 1). As a result, they may make quicker and more heuristic decisions when considering potential gains, and therefore we expect them to be less sensitive to the amounts at stake than when considering potential losses. 4. 1 Method 4. 1. 1 Design and participants The experiment had a 2 (Amount of money: 10 cent vs. 50 euros) by 2 (Format: fill-in-the-loss vs. fill-in-the-gain) by 2 (Order: 10 cent first, vs. 50 euros first) within-participants design with the amounts of money as within-participant factor and focus and order as between-subjects factors. Fifty-six students (25 males, 31 females) from participated; their mean age was 23. 3 years. Participants received a small gift (candy bar) for participation. 4. 1. 2 Procedure and dependent variables Participants were randomly assigned to the fill-in-the-loss format of the coin-toss paradigm or to the fill-in-the-gain format. They participated in two (anticipated) gambles in which a coin would be tossed; in one coin toss a small amount of money was at stake—10 cents—and in the other coin toss a large amount of money was at stake—50 euros.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: 2020) may provide a considerable contribution as a consequence of increased vigilance performed by locals, and it would it would produce several benefits in terms of both quantity and quality of data collected because of increasing workforce. However, in cases in which engaging local communities is poorly effective, fear-based methods (e. g. , cameras with a warning sign reporting that they can be tracked) might be considered (Glover-Kapfer et al. 2019). To sum up, our findings revealed that several points highlighted in the code of conducts proposed by Sharma et al. (2020) have been violated, as several respondents stated that they were unaware about the legislation concerning privacy violation within the study area in which they actually work and/or have worked in the past, and no permissions along with no communication about the presence of camera traps within the area were requested/done. The respect for individual privacy has been met as few respondents declared that trail cameras were set up with the purpose to detect human presence and, most of them, stated that pictures that may violate privacy issues (i. e. , people having sex, urinating, etc. ) were deleted, stored for internal processing, and/or delivered to local authorities. Furthermore, those pictures showing people engaged in illegal activities were delivered to local authorities thus fulfilling the need to respect the individual privacy and, at the same time, reporting illegal acts. As stated above, when individuals are detected engaged in nefarious activities such as poaching, theft, vandalism, or illegal waste dumping, there may be serious concerns and further complications regarding the pursuance of legal actions when an individual is identified by these images without consent (Butler and Meek 2013). Nevertheless, it is important to consider that privacy is an important right, but not an absolute one. In fact, if researchers refuse to report data on illegal actions they may be considered as abettor to a crime. Therefore, if a serious crime is committed and recorded through cameras, it would be responsibility of researchers to report such illegal actions through sharing sensitive data only with appropriate authorities (Sharma et al. 2020). Management implicationsCamera traps are surveillance technologies widely used for conservation purposes. Nevertheless, strong attention needs to be dedicated to the potential negative and legal consequences. Surely, camera-trapping represents a valuable and effective method providing technical advantages to conservationists and researchers who need data about species presence and distribution.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: But not all jerks cause directional changes, so time will tell what the outcome will be. Jerks may illuminate the core’s thermal properties, a hotly debated topic that affects our ideas about everything from the age of the core to the onset of plate tectonics. It’s too soon to know whether a jerk is happening right now, however. Finlay, part of a group that publishes magnetic field models every 6 months, said it’s impossible to identify geomagnetic jerks until well after they’ve happened because researchers must look at the data over time. It would take about 2 years to know for sure, Finlay said. Regardless of whether the next event is upon us, geomagnetic jerks are one part of seeing the “elephant” of Earth’s magnetic field. Jerks may illuminate the core’s thermal properties, a hotly debated topic that affects our ideas about everything from the age of the core to the onset of plate tectonics. Solving the mystery of the jerk’s origin will remove a “stumbling block” of future magnetic field predictions, said Aubert, something we’ll sorely need to better understand our planet’s protective armor. does not mince words when it comes to apocalyptic scenarios and our magnetic field. An artist’s rendering shows a solar flare leaving the Sun and hurtling toward Earth. Credit: NASA In one grim scenario, a catastrophically massive solar flare envelops Earth and knocks out the ozone layer, exposing us to damaging ultraviolet radiation known to cause cancer. In the 6–12 months it would take to rebuild our ozone layer, we’d live like “nocturnal animals,” Airapetian said. “You’d have to go underground and go out during the nighttime,” said Airapetian, a NASA scientist at the Flight Center. “That’s the Hollywood-type scenario. ” Tales of our field catastrophically failing are part of the lore of working on Earth’s magnetic field. People always want to know, “When is the really, really bad stuff happening? ” said Aubert. Although the prevailing science suggests that these doomsday scenarios are possible, they are highly unlikely.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: The formats were presented as in Study 1 and 2. We presented the two amounts of money in ascending order for half of the participants and descending order for the other half of the participants. 4. 2 Results 4. 2. 1 G/L ratio The G/L ratios were analyzed with a repeated-measures ANOVA with the amounts of money (€ 0. 10 vs. € 50. 00) as within-subjects factor and order (ascending vs. descending) and format (fill-in-the-loss vs. fill-in-the-gain) as between-subjects factors. The results showed a main effect of amount of money, F(1,52) = 11. 65, p <. 001, η2 =. 18 and interaction of Amount x Format, F(1, 52) = 4. 36, p <. 05, η2 =. 08, but no main effect of format, F(1,52) =. 27, ns (see Figure 1). The main effect of order and the interactions including order were not significant, all Fs < 1, showing that the gain-loss ratios were not affected by filling in a small gamble or large gamble first. Footnote 5 Figure 1: G/L ratios as a function of the amount of money and format in Study 3. The main effect of amount showed that the G/L ratio was smaller for 10 cents (M = 1. 36, SD = 1. 02, Med = 1. 00) than for 50 euros (M = 2. 67, SD = 2. 77, Med = 1. 67), the interaction showed that this effect was more pronounced in the fill-in-the-loss format, t(27) = -3. 53, p <. 001, than in the fill-in-the-gain format, t(27) = -1. 14, ns. Thus, when people are focused on the loss side of the gamble, they are more sensitive to the amount of money that is at stake, and their loss aversion increases with larger amount of money at stake. On the other hand, when people are focused on the gain side of the gamble, their loss aversion is less sensitive to the amount of money that is at stake.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: With the principle of distance measure by parallax, we can calculate the distance of any object in a 3D image. Camera traps are expensive & sturdy. They need to withstand weather and animals bumping into them. So, instead of modifying camera traps, we plan to develop "3D glasses" for them in the form of stereoscopic lenses. Smartphone clip-on lenses are more expensive, and do not fit camera traps. So we will create ones that do and cost much less for cash-strapped scientists. No need to buy new cameras! What are the goals of the project? The main research question is if images from camera traps with 3D glasses are enough to get the spatial data needed to estimate wildlife populations. We'll test this with camera traps of different models/brands, wearing our 3D glasses to capture images in the field. The plan is to set up "scenes", initially with fixed objects at known distances from the camera traps. The raw data will be the 3D photos of these objects, which can be processed with OpenCV to calculate their distances. By comparing these estimates with the real distances we already know, we will know how accurately our 3D glasses can obtain useful spatial data. Once that's done, we'll also publish a data workflow that processes the 3D images into spatial data to feed into existing models to estimate wildlife populations. wait. . . The funding will support Pen's time to test a data workflow that takes the raw 3D images and computes spatial data about the animals within them. The budget will also be used to purchase off-the-shelf camera traps of different makes and brands to test the 3D glasses with. Pen knows sellers who provide a discount, allowing us to buy at least 5-6 of them. Jeremy and Joshua will advise on hardware design and provide additional academic rigour to this work. Endorsed by3D and distance estimation really is the “holy grail” of camera trapping, and a profoundly important frontier in terrestrial mammal monitoring. The potential to use existing technology to provide a low-cost solution to this problem is exciting and could revolutionise monitoring of everything from endangered species to economic pests. An international team connecting academia and industry is absolutely the way to solve this issue! (CEG), Durham UniversityProject TimelineWe plan to begin this work by the end of 2023, but it's a conservative estimate and we could begin earlier.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Do subterranean mammals use the Earth’s magnetic field as a heading indicator to dig straight tunnels? All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2018. The first revision was submitted on July 30th, 2018 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on September 13th, 2018 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2018. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Sep 24, 2018 · for making the additional amendments. # PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Jennifer Vonk, a PeerJ covering this Section # 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Sep 13, 2018 Version 0. 2 · Aug 30, 2018 · There are a few minor suggestions that need to be addressed. · Aug 18, 2018 Basic reporting The authors have sufficiently addressed my earlier questions and concerns. Two final remarks: If possible, increase the image quality of Figure 2B. The file version I see is quite pixelated and there are grayed areas. A file quality more similar to the complex burrow in the supplemental file would be preferred. In the raw data, the C. talarum data has some 'long tunnel method' values that include commas. Please check if these are typos. Also, the 'long tunnel method' for Fukomys has less significant figures than the rest. Could this also be a data entry/Excel issue? Experimental design No comment. Validity of the findings No comment. Cite this review as (2018) #1 of "Do subterranean mammals use the Earth’s magnetic field as a heading indicator to dig straight tunnels? (v0. 2)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Aug 23, 2018 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments The revised version of the manuscript is significantly improved. I have only few comments: 1. Lines 54 – 56: “Especially light propagation is highly limited in subterranean burrow systems, so that vision is of little use for subterranean rodents here (Kott et al. , 2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: These findings are in support of the Format x Amount Hypothesis; people’s G/L ratios seem to be more sensitive to variations in the amount of money that is at stake when the gambles are presented in a fill-in-the-loss format than when they are presented in a fill-in-the-gain format. Moreover, we replicated the effect of and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007), who showed that participants had G/L ratios lower than 1 when small amounts of money were at stake in coin-toss gambles. and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007) used only the fill-in-the-loss format. In the current study, the G/L ratio of 10 cents in the fill-in-the-loss format (M =. 86, SD =. 36, Med = 1. 00) was lower than 1, t(27) = -2. 01, p =. 054. The G/L ratio of 10 cents in the fill-in-the-gain format (M = 1. 86, SD = 1. 21, Med = 2) was higher than 1, t(27) = 3. 72, p <. 01. This result means that participants showed reversed loss aversion when they were focused on the loss side of gambles in which they could gain 10 cents. It seems that in such small gambles a small loss is balanced by an even smaller gain. 4. 3 Study 3, we again showed that the strength of loss aversion increased when the larger amounts of money were at stake, but only when participants had to fill in the loss side of the gamble and not when they filled in the gain side of the gamble. These findings are in support of the Format × Amount Hypothesis. The results of Study 3 also showed that the order in which the amounts of money are presented—increasing or decreasing—does not affect our main finding. These results replicate and qualify the prior findings of reversed loss aversion by and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007). The current results show that reversed loss aversion was found when people had to consider the loss side of a coin-toss gamble, but not when they had to consider the gain side of a coin-toss gamble. 5 General discussion Loss aversion plays a key role in decision making.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA tests can reveal not only species but also their population size and health status instantly. [SEP] Text: 200332:636-42 10. . et al. A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N Med. 1998339:1194-1200 11. Cabrera C, Helgesson Ö, Wedel H. et al. and Mortality in Swedish Women: for and Cancer. Epidemiology. 20015:532-6 12. Helgesson Ö, Cabrera C, Lapidus L. et al. Self-reported stress levels predict subsequent breast cancer in a cohort of Swedish women. Cancer Prev. 200312:377-81 13. . et al. Obesity may increase the incidence of asthma in women but not in men: Longitudinal observations from the Surveys. Epidemiol. 2002155:191-7 14. Beny EL, Amini Y. Self-and Mortality: A Review of Twenty-Studies. J Behav. 199738:21-37 15. . et al. Lung function and mortality in the United States: data from the first Survey follow- up study. Thorax. 200358:388-93 16. . et al. Gender difference in smoking effects on lung function and risk of hospitalization for COPD: results from a Danish longitudinal population study. J. 199710:822-7 17. . Gender difference in smoking effects on adult pulmonary function. J. 19947:477-83 18. . et al. Smoking, changes in smoking habits, and rate of decline in FEV1: new insight into gender differences. J. 19947:1056-61 19. . Increased susceptibility to lung dysfunction in female smokers. Respir Dis. 1991143:1224-30 20. . Vital capacity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease: Study. J. 1983105:311-5 Author contact Correspondence to: Jörgen Thorn, M. D. Department ofat Göteborg University, Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. Telephone +46 31 773 6828, Fax +46 31 778 1704, E-mail: jorgen. thorngu. se Received 2006-9-4 Accepted 2006-10-31 Published 2006-11-3Citation styles. , Björkelund, C. , Bengtsson, C. , Guo, X.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: ” It would be more pertinent co cite Kott et al. 2014 (Journal of Zoology 294:68–76) in this context. Also exchange “here” by “there” in this sentence. 2. Lines 196 –197: “Furthermore, we did not find statistical sex-dependent differences in mean orientation for any of the solitary species. ” Add statistics or explicit statement – statistics not shown. 3. Lines 197 – 199: “The ‘polygon method’ revealed that the alignment of the burrow systems of the Talas tuco-tuco deviated significantly from random orientation. A similar strong tendency was observable for the silvery mole-rat’s systems. ” Refer to the Figure 1 here. 4. Lines 268 – 270: “However, the preferred mean axial directions of the burrow systems at the three localities did not differ statistically for both methods (Watson-Williams F-test applied), wherefore we pooled these data here (Figure 1). ” I do recommend leaving out this argument. Because orientation was random at two out of three localities, mean directions of the burrow systems simply cannot differ statistically. 5. Lines 292–293: “…. representing a highly interesting research question of heuristic potential. ” Leave out “of heuristic potential”. 6. I did not go through the 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jul 30, 2018 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · May 17, 2018 · As can be seen from the reviews, both reviewers are of the view that the manuscript needs to be substantially revised in order to be ready for publication. Much of the work needed is related to the rationale, justification fro design choices, and the conclusions that can be drawn from the data - both are satisfied that the experiment itself was adequately designed and conducted. · Apr 20, 2018 Basic reporting This manuscript contains concise, straightforward results and a new analysis method that is a marked improvement from its predecessor. By reworking how the background and technical challenges are presented, these contents will be much more accessible to a broader scientific audience. 1) The authors do a good job in the introduction arguing for why circular statistics is a better choice than prior statistical approaches.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Although loss aversion is a robust phenomenon with profound effects on the decisions we make, the strength of loss aversion can be moderated by contextual features (e. g. the amount of money that is at stake in the decision (and MersmannHarinck et al. 2007), or the individual intentions of decision makers (and KahnemanNovemsky & Kahneman, 2005). These moderating factors show that context matters when it comes to loss aversion, we now revealed another moderator—the effect of the measurement format, which focuses people’s attention to losses or gains. In three studies, we used coin-toss gambles, in which there are equal chances (50/50) to gain or lose money, to assess gain/loss ratios as a measure of loss aversion. We varied the extent to which participants had to consider potential losses or potential gains in the gambles by varying the measurement format. In the fill-in the-loss format, the potential gains in the gamble were given and people had to fill in the loss side of the coin-toss gamble. In the fill-in-the-gain format, the potential losses in the gamble were given and people had to fill in the gain side of the gamble. Our studies consistently showed, using within- and between-subject designs and anticipated and real coin-toss gambles, that loss aversion in symmetrical gambles was larger when people filled in the fill-in-the-loss format compared to the fill-in-the-gain format—supporting the Format Hypothesis. The results of the response times in Study 1 also support our Format Hypothesis; participants fill in gambles with a fill-in-the-gain format more quickly than gambles with a fill-in-the-loss format. This finding fits with the idea that people decide more heuristically when they think about potential gains, rather than potential losses. Hypothesis holds for anticipated gambles with anticipated outcomes and for real gambles, as shown in Study 2. We investigated whether our coin-toss gamble would yield different results with anticipated outcomes—as in Study 1 and 3—or with real outcomes—as in Study 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: eDNA tests can reveal not only species but also their population size and health status instantly. [SEP] Text: Lokshin and Akhtar of Cross-Protection of Commercial IBV Vaccines against of Virus in and Khan Provisional PDF 31 Jul, 2023 for Aflatoxin B1 in and and of Quail’s Meat and Eggs: and -Sensing and its Role in Regulation of Enzymes in and Dahri Provisional PDF 29 Jul, 2023 of Yak in Extreme High- Provisional PDF Advancement of KIF20B in the Process of Invasion and Metastasis of Induced by EMT Through Gli1 Provisional PDF Length-of Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck, 1819) from the. S. and Sahil Provisional PDF Protease and from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 2 Exhibit Bio-incognita R. Umamaheswari, P. Prabu, M. S. Rao, B. M. Kavya and G. N.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: They should also provide rationale for their decision to develop a new method for analysis, since it is a major contribution of this work. The ‘long tunnel method’ has an advantage when analyzing circular burrow systems (and conversely the ‘polygon method’ struggles with this), and I think this should be introduced earlier in the manuscript. This will provide the readers with expectations that are satisfied when interpreting the directional orientation plots. 2) The introduction discusses positive magnetoreception findings from laboratory experiments with species that, at first glance (see point #5), are not sampled in the manuscript. Providing some phylogenetic context either in the text or in a figure would greatly benefit a reader that is not a Rodentia expert in understanding why these referenced findings may be applicable to the sampled species. 3) Both points (1) and (2) can be addressed in figure form by providing a phylogenetic tree annotated with species/genus names average circularity scores and then representative burrow system images from a more linear species and more circular species (like in the current Figure 2). 4) What is the rationale behind which species were chosen for analysis? If it is simply availability of data, that is fine, but then I would like some more context regarding this sampled set. Do they represent unrelated taxa? Are their burrow systems representative of the range of fossorial rodents? (size, circularity, etc. ) 5) Please clarify which specie(s) is used in the Eloff and early Burda experiments. In the referenced review Begall et al. 2014, an early Burda paper (Burda 1987) is cited with the following comment: “…Ansell’s mole rats (Fukomys anselli, in earlier papers denoted as Cryptomus hottentotus). ” This comment is not repeated in this manuscript, such that the referenced paper by Burda appears to be studying species that is not sampled in the paper. However, this review suggests that there HAS been a history of magnetoreception laboratory experiments with F. anselli, which is sampled in the paper. If so, please explicitly state this, as it would strengthen the rationale for sampling Fukomys immensely. Also, the cited 1987. If this is indeed the same referenced 2. There are some small markings and annotations on the burrows in Figure 2A and Figure S1A-B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: We found a similar effect of format—larger G/L ratios in the fill-in-the-loss format than in the fill-in-the-gain format—in a coin-toss gamble in which participants actually could win or lose 50 euros. The G/L ratio of a coin-toss gamble with a fill-in-the-gain format was close to 2, which was found in Study 1 and 3 as well, and this G/L ratio is in line with prior research by Kahneman and Tversky (and KahnemanTversky & Kahneman, 1991, 1992). The G/L ratio in the fill-in-the-loss format in the real gambles was higher than 2, replicating the main effect of format in anticipated gambles of Study 1 and 3. If anything, the effects in the fill-in-the-loss format seem stronger in the real coin-toss gambles compared to the anticipated coin-toss gambles, and the studies using anticipated gambles may thus be a conservative test of the effects under investigation. Hypothesis was further supported in Study 3, by showing that participants were more influenced by the amount of money that was at stake in the fill-in-the-loss format than in the fill-in-the gain format. These results are also in line with earlier work by and MersmannHarinck et al. (2007). They showed increasing gain-loss ratios in coin-toss gambles when larger amounts of money were at stake. Study 3 replicates their findings for the fill-in-the-loss format, but shows that gain-loss ratios remain stable when a fill-in-the-gain format is used. 5. 1 Theoretical implications The current studies add to our knowledge of the causes, boundaries and consequences of loss aversion. First, we showed that in a seemingly symmetrical situation—in which people fill in the gain or the loss side of a 50/50 bet—their loss aversion is stronger when they needed to fill in the loss side compared to the gain side. Earlier research by and KahnemanTversky and Kahneman (1992) showed that people generally prefer a gain/loss ratio of approximately 2 to 2. 5. In this earlier work (and KahnemanTversky & Kahneman, 1992, p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many smart cities use data from connected devices to improve public safety and emergency response times. [SEP] Text: However, the current security data resource management methods can no longer meet the needs of urban development, especially the research on smart city technology and risks. Although there are some relatively perfect theories and methods, they have not been comprehensively discussed from the system and other aspects. The existing research does not distinguish the risks of urban informatization and smart cities. Although there is a connection between the two, their causes and manifestations are different [20]. With the development of science, technology, and economy, the public safety management of enterprises is gradually developing in a quantitative direction. Based on a probabilistic approach, risk prediction is carried out and effective intervention and management is carried out. Public security management has a history of a hundred years in China. The first is the development and application of public safety management theory. The government prioritizes public safety management and new developments. Second, in the early twentieth century, with the acceleration of western urbanization, the application of public safety management ideas in enterprises became more and more common. The public safety management of corporate finance and personnel has been guarded to a certain extent. The main means of public safety management is insurance as the core. With the passage of time, public safety management has gradually become a scientific form and has been valued by more and more experts and scholars [21,22]. To this end, this 6. For this reason, in the management of public safety data, these data can be analyzed and processed. The risks existing in them can be evaluated, and the specific values can be converted [23]. Figure 6Public safety administration data sources. In addition, the data resource management system constructed in this 3. 4 is often used for data classification, prediction, etc. This 4. 1 System development process The development environment of the smart city public safety data resource management system constructed in this 1. It can be seen from Table 1 that the Linux system is used, and the development language is Python. Python is chosen because the language is easy to compile, easy to understand, and fully functional. MySQL database is selected as the data source for experimental training and reference. Table 1 System development environment environment Details D1 Computing system Linux XP D2 Development language Python D3 Development tool PyCharm D4 addition, this 0508.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: These markings should either be addressed in the figure legends or removed. 8) The manuscript is clearly written in professional language. A few phrasing and clarification suggestions are listed below. 27 – Replace “in” with “over. ” Please specify “long time. ” Hours to weeks? Comma between “and” and “in social species. ” 28 – Replace “has already been” with “was. ” 59 – Replace “during” with “while. ” 63 – Replace “neither” with “none. ” Remove “seems to be able. ” 68 – Replace “also” with “then. ” 70 – Remove “e. g. ” 73 – Clarify “biological meaning. ” Function? Underlying mechanism? 231 – were pooled, “genus or species. ” 246 – Replace “way” with “hand. ” 248 – Remove comma. 252 – Replace “what” with “that” 258 – Remove “e. g. ” 265 – Remove “e. g. ” 275 – Italicize “in statu nascendi. ” 295 – Are parentheses necessary? 345 – Typo. Experimental design 1) For the ‘long tunnel method’, was there a minimum cutoff for the length of tunnel to be included as a “straight tunnel”? Was this a relative or absolute cutoff and how was it determined? Assuming that only tunnels marked with a red line were included in the analysis, it appears many small tunnels in Figure S1E that meet the direction change criterion were not marked. This is necessary information for replication. 2) There should be some justification for pooling the two Fukomys species because congeners can be very different in their burrowing behavior. Do the F. anselli data alone show non-random orientation? Validity of the findings Data sets and analysis appear sound, provided that decisions made in experimental design were well justified. The interpretation of the results is fair and the the conclusion and outlook are well stated. Cite this review as (2018) #1 of "Do subterranean mammals use the Earth’s magnetic field as a heading indicator to dig straight tunnels? (v0. 1)".

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: 306), however, the measurement induced a gain focus; participants had to fill in how much they wanted to gain given a 50% chance to a given loss. Our research can qualify these earlier findings; we replicated this ratio in the anticipated and in the real coin-toss gambles when a fill-in-the-gain format was used. We did not, however, find it when a fill-in-the-loss format was used. In the case of a fill-in-the-loss format, the ratio became larger than 2, and increased even more when larger amounts of money were at stake, and increased even more when real amounts of money were at stake. The finding that loss aversion increases when individuals think about the potential losses in the coin-toss gamble rather than about the potential gains, in line with the negativity bias (Reference Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer and VohsBaumeister et al. , 2001; Reference Ito, Larsen, Smith and CacioppoIto, Larsen, Smith & Cacioppo, 1998; and RoyzmanRozin & Royzman, 2001). The negativity bias posits that individuals are more affected by negative information (such as potential losses) than by positive information (such as potential gains). The finding that loss aversion increases when larger amounts are at stake when individuals are focused on losses, but remains the same when individuals are focused on gains is also in line with the negativity bias. Our reasoning is also in line with another theory about risky decision making; query theory (Reference Johnson, Häubl and KeinanJohnson, Häubl, & Keinan, 2007; Weber, Johnson, Milch, Chang, Brodscholl & Goldstein, 2006). Query theory states that people engage in a series of queries (or questions) when evaluating a risky decision and choosing one of the options. This theory assumes that the final evaluation or preference in the risky decision is the result of how people process the information about the risky decision (Reference Johnson, Häubl and KeinanJohnson et al. , 2007). In our study, the queries in the fill-in-the-loss version could be 1) How do I evaluate the amount to be won? 2) Which loss would balance this gain?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: It requires a high degree of responsibility for the tasks to be completed and well-managed IoT systems, assuming a vast technical background by professionals in the field. Governance service providers adopt a culture of security and information confidentiality as part of their services [1]. Smart cities decided to cope with public issues with the help of technology and the prudent management of natural reseizures. Smart city systems provide management tools generating people networks, infrastructure, companies, and resources to achieve sustainable economic development, high quality of life, and general well-being for most citizens. A key tool for data collection in smart cities is the Internet of things (IoT) networks with embedded electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity for exchanging data with servers, centralized systems, and connected devices using communication systems. IoT data is collected from sensors, assembled, and sent to various applications executed locally or in the cloud. The rapid evolvement and distribution of smart devices embedded within typical smart city services become a preferred and easy target, exposing them to cyber-attacks. These services apply to transportation, health care, water, electricity, and other municipal services. In smart governance, municipal authorities aim to deploy IoT-based applications to build an ecosystem for the full smart city managing a substantial number of mutual and parallel tasks involving interactions among the municipality and residents [2]. Technology is necessary to coordinate and manage these systems, such as an ICT-based system that offers the elements necessary for smart governance for managing the following: 1. Permission hierarchy model. 2. Follow-up on assignments. 3. Inclusion to facilitate data interchange 4. Integration with future ICT components. 5. Privacy and safety processes [3]. We focus on technological solutions for security policies as part of regular personal and community behavior. We utilize a cybersecurity perspective that smart city designers can translate and develop elements that can be integrated within their design to better deal with cyber-attacks and violation of personal privacy and practical cybersecurity approaches. We examine the characteristics of cyber threats related to these domains involving advanced emerging technologies. The rest of this 10. Advertisement 2. Security vulnerabilities of smart cities and mitigation strategiesThe immense spread and growth of automation in every aspect of life improved significantly human life, such as technology, digital computing, electronic devices, smartphones, and data transmission networks. However, it also caused the evolution of cybercrimes that have become a major threat.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Reviewer 2 · May 16, 2018 Basic reporting The manuscript by provides interesting and original data that significantly contribute to long-lasting debate as to whether subterranean mammals prefer some direction while digging their tunnel systems and what sensory modality guides this behavior. As far I can judge, the authors have used all available published (and also some unpublished) data describing excavated tunnel systems. Another strength of the study that allows certain degree of generalization is inclusion of five species representing distantly related subterranean rodents as well as solitary and social species. The paper is generally well written; the introduction provides an adequate context; 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Mar 27, 2018 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: The queries in the fill-in-the-gain could be: 1) How do I evaluate the amount to be lost? 2) Which gain would balance this loss? It seems that people think more about—and are more affected by—potential losses when they are focused on the loss side of the gamble rather than on the gain side of the gamble. Our findings may also be compared with a promotion or prevention focus, as described in theory (and MarkHiggins, 1998; Reference Scholer, Zou, Fujita, Stroessner and HigginsScholer, Zou, Fujita, Stroessner & Higgins, 2010). Theory (and MarkHiggins, 1998) states that people can be promotion-focused—focused on acquiring gains and the attainment of goals—or prevention-focused—focused on avoiding losses and the prevention of failure. In the last decade, scholars have studied the link between a person’s regulatory focus and risk-taking behavior in economic or non-economic contexts (and DunfordBryant & Dunford, 2008; Reference Idson, Liberman and HigginsIdson, Liberman & Higgins, 2000; Reference Halamish, Liberman, Higgins and IdsonHalamish, Liberman, Higgins & Idson, 2007; Reference Hamstra, Bolderdijk and VeldstraHamstra, Bolderdijk & Veldstra, 2011). The general finding is that promotion-focused people take more risks than prevention-focused people, although there are circumstances that cause prevention-focused people to take very large risks (Reference Scholer, Zou, Fujita, Stroessner and HigginsScholer et al. , 2010). In line with the research on regulatory focus, our findings show that people who are focused on the potential gains rather than the potential losses are willing to engage in riskier gambles when comparing gains and losses. At this point, it may be interesting to consider alternative explanations for our findings. Footnote 6 One might wonder, for example, whether our findings could be the result of anchoring-and-adjustment (and LichtensteinSlovic & Lichtenstein, 1971; and KahnemanTversky & Kahneman, 1974).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: Modern cities are open and oriented to adopt innovative technologies to improve their operation, services, transportation, water, electricity, data transmission, supply chain, and overall system resilience. Implementing embedded security systems, Firewalls, cryptography, and more are mandatory to protect this rich digital environment. Smart cities become vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to their widespread connectivity and remote-control operations using communication networks, which are public and may be accessed by cyber-attackers [4]. Smart cities are expected to detect any cyber-attacks, such as DDoS, and react immediately, stopping their progress and recovering damages. A city cyber-attack could exploit an IoT device and use it as a gateway, penetrating the attacked subject and changing, corrupting, and erasing data. It may also stop or manipulate system operations such as traffic lights, public transportation, street lighting, power grids, water supply, and other services. Regardless of how emerging technologies alter these essential systems. Smart cities use analytics to automate and optimize the synchronization of a wide range of services, monitor the surrounding impact, and improve city performance. This information is required for the applications that centrally oversee intelligent and public area lighting, using distributed IoT and sensor inputs. Good lighting helps improve residents’ safety and traffic management, reduce accidents, better parking, and reduce crime. The following are listed vulnerabilities per service. Traffic management: Using cameras to provide traffic balance, reduce traffic congestion, allow instant changes in traffic lights, close roads, provide detour alternatives, and prioritize emergency navigation. Parking: Provide available parking, reservation information, payment, discover violations, messaging and warning drivers, and automatic ticketing. Real-time and AI-based distributed systems targeting immediate reactions to citizens’ requests and emergency calls. A research team hacked and manipulated wireless traffic lights. A polish teenager hacked the city’s tram, and four have been injured. Active and passive cyber-attacks compromise the security of smart cities’ applications. Sabotage, manipulation, and espionage are the main motivations of cyber-attacks. A passive attack aims to get information, such as the configuration and behavior of the system and its architecture of the victim’s system, without changing it. Active attacks affect the system’s operation by modifying and injecting malicious data. This section outlines security vulnerabilities in various smart city applications. In the next section, we outline mitigation concepts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: manuscript Login RU Русский Русский manuscript Submit manuscript cite 1. Institute of : 10. 12737/stp-34201704 Pages: from 32 to 43 Status: Published Received: 29. 12. 2017 Accepted: 29. 12. 2017 Published: 29. 12. 2017 Subject area: UDK 52 Астрономия. Астрофизика. Исследование космического пространства. Геодезия UDK 55 Геология. Геологические и геофизические науки Language: English Keywords: synchrotron radio emission, relativistic electrons, radiation belt, dipole magnetic field Abstract and keywords Abstract (English): This paper presents the calculations of synchrotron radio emission intensity from belts with Gaussian space distribution of electron density across L-shells of a dipole magnetic field, and with Maxwell’s relativistic electron energy distribution. The results of these calculations come to a good agreement with measurements of the synchrotron emission intensity of the artificial radiation belt’s electrons during the Starfish nuclear test. We have obtained two-dimensional distributions of radio brightness in azimuth — zenith angle coordinates for an observer on Earth’s surface. The westside and eastside intensity maxima exceed several times the maximum level of emission in the meridian plane. We have also constructed two-dimensional distributions of the radio emission intensity in decibels related to the background galactic radio noise level. Isotropic fluxes of relativistic electrons (E ~ 1 MeV) should be more than 107 cm–2s–1 for the synchrotron emission intensity in the meridian plane to exceed the cosmic noise level by 0. 1 dB (riometer sensitivity threshold). Keywords: synchrotron radio emission, relativistic electrons, radiation belt, dipole magnetic field text (PDF): 1. Allen C. W.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: If people take the given amount as anchor—for example 10 euro—and adjust it upward in the fill-in-the-gain format—for example add 5 euro to the given amount of money—and adjust it downward with the same amount in the fill-in-the-loss format—subtract 5 euro from the given amount of money. This procedure would result in a gain/loss ratio of 1. 5 (15/10) in the fill-in-the-gain format and 2 (10/5) in the fill-in-the-loss format. Although this process of anchoring-and-adjustment could explain the main effect of format, it cannot by itself explain the interaction effect of Format × Amount. The gain-loss ratios remain stable for the gain format when larger amounts of money are at stake, but for the loss format, the gain-loss ratios increase when larger amounts of money are at stake. Thus, the difference between the ratios in the gain and loss format increases (non-linearly), due to the increase in just the loss format. If anchoring-and-adjustment would take place, we would expect a more stable gain-loss ratio for the loss format, and a more stable or smaller difference between the gain and the loss format than we currently find. Footnote 7. Another explanation for the format effect could be one of thought-induced polarization (Reference TesserTesser, 1976). This process would be that the more people think about losses—as in the fill-in-the-loss format—the worse these losses become, resulting in stronger loss aversion. On the other hand, the more people think about gains—as in the fill-in-the-gain format—the better these gains become, resulting in less loss aversion. The effects of the amount of money, however, show that this thought-induced polarization for gains seems less likely; the gain-loss ratio (as indicator of loss aversion) remains rather stable at approximately 2 for increasing amounts of money. We would have expected a decreasing loss aversion for higher amounts of money in case of thought-induced polarization in the fill-in-the-gain format, but instead, loss aversion was not affected by the amount of money in this format. 5. 2 strength of loss aversion can be influenced by the measurement format; it matters whether you compare losses to gains or gains to losses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities will eliminate all traffic-related issues within a decade. [SEP] Text: of Service (DDoS): The purpose is to prevent the system’s normal operation and destroy its availability in smart cities. The attacker tries to overwhelm the network’s resources with bandwidth-consuming attacks such as attacks. In smart cities, the impacts of DoS attacks on any system that provides centralized monitoring. Malware: applications whose testing stage is incomplete, are utilized to bypass security measures and access control gates, take control of the central monitoring system, damage system machinery, and manipulate system parameters. Eavesdropping: Unauthorized sniffing and manipulating of the transmitted data over the institution network, stealing the institute network map, and applying changes to the traffic behavior, weakening network integrity and security, causing users confusion, privacy violation, wrong decision making, and causing financial damages. Masquerading: The attacker tries to steal, change, or damage data. False information (FI): Attackers spread fake messages on social media, impacting people’s behavior. Message modification: The attacker is manipulating transmitted messages, distorting inter-user conversations, and spreading wrong data causing uncertainty leading to dangerous actions that may be taken at the personal and community levels. Traffic analysis (TA): Attackers attain critical traffic information, such as timetables and routing maps, and intentionally disrupt the normal behavior of the transportation system. Data injection attack (FDIA): Occurs when attackers manage to get operational measurements from various critical smart city systems, such as public transportation schedules and power plant monitoring thresholds, and make changes impacting the normal systems’ behavior, causing service disruptions. Exploitation of home security loopholes: Home devices, smart living gadgets, and IoT may compromise security, enabling hackers to attack or violate privacy and expose account information. People control their smart homes, making them a valuable database for hackers. To cope with it, mapping and analyzing the hazards identify the risks associated with smart home systems and ways to reduce risks. Embedded IoT devices: They collect data, such as traffic management and real-time response systems, to improve city operations. They are balancing smart cities and cybersecurity. IoT devices could be better with built-in security mechanisms due to their limited computing power. Objects can be scanned or sensed, such as thermostats, domestic appliances, security cameras, and lighting systems connected to the public communication network, remotely monitored and accessible to attackers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Astrofizicheskie velichiny [Astrophysical quantities]. Moscow: Mir Publ. , 1977. 448 p. (In Russian). English edition: Allen C. W. Astrophysical quantities. University of London. Press. 1973. 448 p. 2. Astronomicheskii kalendar. Postoyannaya chast. [Astronomical Calendar. Basic Part]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. , 1981. 704 p. (In Russian) 3. Borovsky J. E. , Cayton T. E. , Denton M. H. , Belian R. D. , Christensen R. A. , Ingraham J. C. The proton and electron radiation belts at geosynchronous orbit: Statistics and behavior during high-speed stream-driven storms. J. Geophys. Res. : Space Phys. 2016, vol. 121, 5488. 4. Chivers H. J. A. , Wells H. W. Observations of unusual radiofrequency noise emission and absorption at 80 Mc/s. J. Atmosph. Terr. Phys. 1959, vol. 17, 19. 5. Detrick D. L. , Rosenberg T. J. A phased-array radiowave imager for studies of cosmic noise absorption. Radio Sci. 1990, vol. 25, no. 4, 338. 6. Driatskii V. M. Priroda anomalnogo pogloshcheniya kosmicheskogo radioizlucheniya v nizhnei ionosfere vysokikh shirot [of Absorption in the of High Latitudes]. Leningrad: Gydrometeoizdat Publ. , 1974. 224 p. (In Russian). 7. Dyce R. B. , Horowitz S. Measurements of synchrotron radiation at central Pacific sites. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 68, no. 3, 721. DOI: 8. Dyce R. B. , Nakada M. R. On the possibility of detecting synchrotron radiation from electrons in the belts. J. Geophys. Res. 1959, vol. 64, no. 9, 1168. 9. Egan R. D. , Peterson A. M. Auroral noise at HF. J. Geophys. Res.

Output: pass