Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: exigua larvae treated with SeMNPV decreased with increasing virus doses against the 2nd to 4th larval instars. Azam et al. (2016) treated the 2nd instar larvae of S. litura which developed from eggs parasitized with the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus inanitus with a GV. Their results showed that percentages of the emergence of the parasitoid larvae from the host larvae as well as their pupation rate and adult emergence were significantly lower compared to those from the uninfected ones. d. Effect on parasitoid adults fed on virusThe longevity of parasitoid female adults of Bracon brevicornis fed on honey or a mixture of honey and NPV (103 PIBs) 1:2 was not significantly affected (34. 5 and 33. 3 days, respectively) (Abbas 1987b). Hui-Fang et al. (2013) reported that the progeny of Meteorus pulchricornis female which ingested S. exigua NPV was significantly affected at 1 and 2 days post-ingestion. The average number of the offspring of treated females was 2. 6 cocoons/host larva compared to 4 cocoons for the control female (fed on honey only). However, no significant differences were observed in the number of produced cocoons/host between treated and control females at 3 or 4 days post-ingestion. e. Effect of parasitism on host susceptibility to virus infectionEller et al. (1988) found that when the larvae of H. zea were exposed to Microplitis croceipes females and then infected with HzMNPV, the rate of virus-induced mortality decreased with the increase of host age at the time of infection. The rate of pupated H. zea larvae as well as the cocoon formation of M. croceipes increased with the increase of host age at infection for both parasitized and unparasitized larvae. Santiago-Alvarez and Caballero (1990) noticed decreased virulence of GV of Agrotis segetum (Denis) to larvae parasitized with Apanteles telengi compared to unparasitized larvae. However, there was no difference in the virulence of GV between larvae parasitized with Campoletis annulatus and unparasitized ones. Murray et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: (H–J) mRNA level changes of Gli1 and Ptch1 (H and I) and Shh luciferase activity changes (J) in Shh treated NIH-3T3 cells transfected with unmethylatable mutants, Gli3K436R and Gli3K595R. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001 versus Gli3WT (K and L) Shh luciferase assay in Shh treated NIH-3T3 cells expressing indicated siRNAs or/and proteins. , **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001 versus siCtrl Gli3WT or 3WT respectively. . Results in (A–E, G–L) are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Ctrl, Control. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sonic hedgehog signaling increases the mRNA level of Set7. (A and B) qPCR of Set7 in NIH-3T3 cells treated with Shh (A) and SAG (B). **p<0. 01 ***p<0. 001 versus Ctrl. (C and D) qPCR of Gli1 (C) and Set7 (D) in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with Gli1 siRNA. **p<0. 01 ***p<0. 001 versus siCtrl. Results are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The methtylation of Gli3 is regulated by the Shh signaling Western blot of endogenous Gli3 immunoprecipitates from NIH-3T3 cells with or without Shh treatment. * and ** represent the full-length and repressor forms of Gli3 respectively. The protein density of Gli3 full length and methylation signals is analyzed using ImageJ. Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset In the Gli1-/-; Gli2-/- MEF cells, Set7 still regulates the Shh signaling. (A) qPCR to detect Ptch1 in Shh treated Gli1-/-;Gli2-/- MEF cells with Set7 knockdown. *p<0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: ConclusionFrom the study it may be concluded that the LKD show high curcumin content with its chloroform extract showing higher yield of curcumin of high purity with significant antioxidant effects. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions could be obtained by nanoprecipitation method using PLGA with suitable size distribution and physicochemical properties. LKD curcumin nanosuspensions could be converted into to stable Carbopol based nanogel with safe and controlled skin permeability with reduced nanotoxicity. This controlled and sufficient skin permeability of Cur-NS nanogel might result in significant and promising wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. Hence LKD turmeric may be explored more for its high and pure curcumin content and suitable nanoformulations in the form of nanogel may be designed for better clinical applications of curcumin for inflammation and cutaneous wound healing. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsPLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid NS: Nanosuspension SC: Stratum corneum PVA: alcohol LKD: : : : : : Chromatography TP: Total phenolics TSP: Total simple phenolics TC: Tannin content (TC) HPTLC: : Methanol CHCL3: Chloroform FT-IR: : : : calorimetry DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide TMS: Tetramethylsilane ppm: Parts per million DPPH : 1, 1 Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl HRBC: Percentage stabilization of human red blood cell PDI: Polydispersity index DLS: Dynamic light scattering TEM: Transmission electron microscopy ICH: for : Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals IAEC: Institutional animal ethical Committee SEM: Standard error of mean ANOVA: Analysis of variance BDMC: Bisdesmethoxycurcumin DMC: Demethoxycurcumin 10. 1007/s10695-008-9266-610. 4236/ajps. 2011. 2201310. 3389/fnut. 2021. 74795610. 1016/j. jchromb. 2007. 03. 01010. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2020.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (1995) reported that the LD50 of H. armigera NPV for H. armigera larvae was higher in larvae parasitized with Microplitis demolitor (Wilkenson) than in unparasitized ones. Washburn et al. (2000) found that Manduca sexta (L. ) larvae infected with Autographa californica (Speyer) NPV died more rapidly and at higher rates when they were parasitized by Cotesia congregate (Say). However, Escribano et al. (2001) reported that the virulence of NPV to unparasitized larvae of S. frugiperda did not differ from that to larvae parasitized with Chilonus insularis. Mathews et al. (2004) reported that the percentage of mortality of GV-infected Lecanobia oleraceae larvae was significantly higher when a combination of the larval parasitoid Meteorus gyrator and the virus was used compared to either the virus or the parasitoid alone. Similarly, Cai et al. (2012) found that mortality percent of S. exigua larvae was significantly higher (more than 80%) when co-exposed to the virus, SeMNPV and the parasitoid Microplitis bicoloratus compared to the virus alone regardless of the virus doses or the timing of virus treatment. Hui-Fang et al. (2013) found that when the 3rd instar larvae of S. exigua were exposed to SeMNPV and Meteorus pulchricornis simultaneously, differences in virus-induced mortality varied in parasitized and unparasitized larvae according to virus concentration. Parasitism, significantly, increased the mortality in larvae infected at concentrations of 105, 106, or 107 PIBs/ml compared to unparasitized ones. However, at the concentration of 103 PIBs/ml, parasitized larvae were less susceptible to virus infection than unparasitized ones.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: 05 versus Ctrl. (B) qPCR to detect Set7 in Shh treated Gli1-/-;Gli2-/- MEF cells with Set7 knockdown. ***p<0. 001 versus Ctrl. Results are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Figure 2—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Non-methylation mutants show reduced Gli1 and Ptch1 mRNA level, and decreased Shh luciferase activity. (A and B) qPCR of Gli1 and Ptch1 (A) and Shh luciferase activity (B) in NIH-3T3 cells expressing indicated proteins. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Results are shown as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Figure 3 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Set7 improved the stability and DNA binding ability respectably through K436 and K595 methylation. (A and B) Western blot (A) and qPCR (B) of Gli3 in the condition of Set7 knockdown or overexpression in NIH-3T3 cells. n. s. p>0. 05 versus siCtrl (left) or PCDNA (right) respectively. (C and D) Western blot of Gli3WT, Gli3K436R or Glli3K595R in the condition of Set7 knockdown or overexpression in NIH-3T3 cells. (E and F) Western blot (E) and statistic (F) of Gli3WT, Gli3K436R or Gli3K595R in NIH-3T3 cells treated with cycloheximide (CHX) for the indicated times. (G) Schematic representation of three Gli3 binding sites on the promoter regions of Gli1. (H) qPCR of Set7 in Gli3WT-flag stable cell lines after Set7 knockdown in (I). **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 00 versus siCtrl.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 1. 5 million types of fungi, of which nearly 400 species can infect animals and less than 400 species can infect humans. Nevertheless, some fungal diseases can result from opportunistic fungi. In general, a fungi cell wall is made up of chitin, 1,3-β- and 1,6-β-glucans, and proteins, together with other polymers. The cell wall composition is characterized by being so flexible and changes at regular basis during the cell separation. It was reported that the cell wall is associated with several hydrolytic enzymes, which are responsible for maintaining the cell wall flexibility beside their importance for crosslinking of polymers as well as cell division. However, fungi are eukaryotes, which mean that there are many common features in the structure of their cells together with those of humans. There are four types of antifungal agents that are commercially available: azoles, echinocandins, polenes, and pyrimidine analogs (Tawara et al. 2000). Continuous approaches have been developed to improve biological control as safe alternative to the use of fungicidal agents. Researchers found that many insects produce different compounds, which have antifungal activity. Numerous biologically active peptides have been produced by many insects and interestingly these peptides show wide biological activities as promising antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents (Mishra and Wang 2012). Peptides showing promising antifungal activities include drosomycin produced by the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (et al. 2003), termicin produced by termites (Khaleel et al. 2013), heliomycin produced by the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fehlbaum et al. 1994), gallerimycin isolated from the greater wax moth “Galleria mellonella” larvae (González-Santoyo and Córdoba-Aguilar 2012), and cecropins A and B from the giant silk moth Hyalopora cecropia (Schuhmann et al. 2003). In this review, the potential use of fungi and insects as biological control agents against each other was highlighted. Describing the history of using EPF, their killing mode, host range, and the factors affecting EPF virulence were studied.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: (I) ChIP-qPCR analysis using Ctrl IgG (grey) or anti-flag antibody (black) in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with Ctrl or Set7 siRNAs. ChIP signal levels are represented as fold change of input chromatin. (J) Western blot of flag tagged Gli3WT and mutants in the stable cell lines used in (K). (K) ChIP-qPCR analysis using anti-flag antibody in NIH-3T3 cells expressing Gli3WT-flag, Gli3K436R-flag or Gli3K595R-flag. ChIP signal levels are represented as fold change of input chromatin. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001, n. s. p>0. 05 versus anti flag siCtrl (I) or Gli3WT-flag (K). Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. In all the experiments, cells are treated with Shh. Ctrl, Control. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Set7 does not influence the cilium translocation of Gli3. (A and B) Immunofluorescent staining of Ac-tubulin (blue) and Gli3 (red) in the absence (A-A’’) or presence (B-B’’) of Shh. (C and D) Statistic results of Gli3 accumulation at cilia tips in NIH-3T3 cells with Set7 knockdown (C) or Set7/Set7H297A over-expression (D). In all experiments of (C and D), cells were treated with Shh. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). Ctrl, Control. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Set7 improves the DNA binding ability of Gli3 on Gli1 promoter. (A) ChIP-qPCR analysis at Gli1 loci (Figure 3G) using control IgG or anti-Gli3 antibody in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with control or Set7 siRNAs. ChIP signal levels are represented as fold change of input chromatin. **p<0. 01, ***p<0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the role of some insect’s products as antifungal agents was presented focusing on peptides with biological activities against fungi. Finally, future prospects concerning the use of those organism’s products in biological control process were discussed. Main textFungi as antiinsectEnormous application of pesticides not only excesses the cost of pest control, but also results in environmental hazards and pollution; also, arthropod pests are known to develop resistance to chemical pesticides; researchers have often resort to incorporate alternative control conductance to minimize injuries caused by them. In the previous 50 years, control of pest insects using EPF been received much attention from researchers and a large number of commercial products came into sight (Faria and Wraight 2007). Fungal pathogens play a vital role in suppressing insect population dynamics. Microbial control has been used as a part of IPM programs in many countries, including the African countries with a long history of projects, for example, the expansion of “Green Muscle” was the first procedural for the application of mycoinsecticides in Africa to control insect pests (Maina et al. 2018). Interestingly, many of the potent EPF are insect generalists (Moonjely et al. 2016). Till the first decade of the second millennium, more than 110 commercial products based on EPF were developed in different multinational agricultural chemical companies, such as and Arysta (Ravensberg 2015). Majority of those products was based on the 2 fungal strains, B. bassiana and M. anisopliaesensu lato (Faria and Wraight 2007). The remaining products are incorporating the fungal species, B. brongniartii, Isaria farinosus, I. fumosorosea, Lecanicillium muscarium, L. lecanii, and L. longisporum (Jaronski and Mascarin 2017). The potent fungus, B. bassiana, has been extensively used in fighting harmful insects attacking economically important crops such as cotton, maize, and wheat (Lopez et al. 2014). Also, it is used against insects invading crops of poppy, banana, and white jute (Biswas et al. 2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: 001, versus anti Gli3 siCtrl. (B) qPCR of Set7 in NIH-3T3 cells with Set7 knockdown. RNAi efficiency was shown. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). **p<0. 01 versus siCtrl. Ctrl, Control. All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Set7 improves the DNA binding ability of Gli3 on the promoter regions of Hhip and Ptch1 ChIP-qPCR assays at Hhip. (A) and Ptch1 (B) loci using control IgG or anti-flag antibody in NIH-3T3 Gli3-flag stable cells transfected with control or Set7 siRNA. ChIP signal levels are represented as fold change of input chromatin. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001, versus anti flag siCtrl. Figure 4 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Methylation of Gli3 positively regulated the A549 proliferation and migration ability. (A and B) Shh luciferase reporter assay (A) and qPCR (B) of Gli1, Ptch1 and Set7 in A549 cells in the condition of Set7 knockdown. (C) Western of flagged Gli3WT, Gli3K436R, Gli3K595R or Gli3KRKR in A549 stable cells used in (D-M). (D and E) qPCR (D) of Gli1 and Ptch1 and Shh luciferase reporter assay (E) in A549 cells expressing Gli3WT, Gli3K436R, Gli3K595R or Gli3KRKR. (F) MTT assays in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (G and G’) Photography (G) and statistic results (G’) of anchorage-independent growth assay in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (H and I) Statistic (H) and photography (I) results of tumor size in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (J) Tumor growth curves of A549 cells express indicated protein in a xenograft mouse model.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11-14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15-18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson's disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Fungus penetrates cuticle through non-sclerotized areas, wounds, and trachea or via mouthparts. Penetration process accomplishes by mechanical and chemical means including several enzymes. Some fungi have become known what types of enzymes that they produce, e. g. , B. bassiana is known to produce chitinases, proteases, and lipases (Zimmermann 2007), while others like M. acridium, for example, are still vague. The host insect exhibits humoral and cellular immune reactions in order to withstand fungi penetration such as production of phenoloxidase, which leads to pathogens melanization (Amparyup et al. 2013), hemocytes (Lavine and Strand 2002), encapsulation, excretion of antimicrobial peptides, phagocytosis, nodule formation (Hajdušek et al. 2013), and antifungal compounds (Zimmermann 2007). On the other side, fungi produce a set of enzymes and toxins to degrade the insect cuticle (Santi et al. 2010) in a collision, which will determine the successfulness of penetration process. After successful penetration process, hyphae exist in the haemolymph forming asexualfungalspore, i. e. , blastoconidia. An expanded vegetative growth of hyphal bodies is enabling the invasion of the fungi throughout the entire tissues of host insect causing physic, histolytic, and pathologic changes ultimately leading to the death of the host insect after 3–7 days post infection (Zimmermann 2007; Shahid et al. 2012). Host rangeAccording to the number and diversity of infectious insect hosts, host range of EPF can be determined. Scholars defined 2 types of host ranges; first is the ecological host range that refers to the number of insect species that pathogen could successfully infect under field conditions, while the second is the physiological host range, in which an EPF is able to infect under laboratory condition (Hajek and Goettel 2007). The ecological host range is more trustable as it conflicts the realistic risk for the environment. EPF have diverse host ranges as many insect orders can be infected by them; however, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera are the most common ones (Ramanujam et al. 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: (K–M) Migration ability evaluated by wound healing assay (K) and transwell migration assay (L). Invasiveness evaluated by matrigel invasion assay (M) in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. All the qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Data in (D–H, J) were represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001 versus Gli3WT. Ctrl, Control. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The involvement of this Set7-Gli3-Gli1 axis in the development of NSCLCs (A) Comparison of mRNA levels of Gli1 and Ptch1 in Beas2B and A549 cells by qPCR. The qPCR results are normalized to GAPDH. Data wad represented as mean ± SEM (n=3). (B) Correlation of Set7 and Gli1 mRNA levels in NSCLC samples. Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Methylation on the Gli3PA promoted the A549 tumorigenesis. (A) Western blot of flagged Gli3PAWT, Gli3PAK436R, Gli3PAK595R or Gli3in A549 stable cells used in (B-H). (B and C) Hh luciferase reporter assay (B) and qPCR (C) of Gli1 and Ptch1 in A549 cells expressing flagged Gli3PAWT, Gli3PAK436R, Gli3PAK595R or Gli3. (D) MTT assays in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (E and E’) Photography (E) and statistic results (E’) of anchorage-independent growth assay in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (F-H) Migration ability evaluated by wound healing assay (F) and transwell migration assay (G). Invasiveness evaluated by matrigel invasion assay (H) in A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. (G’ and H’) Statistic results of migration (G’) and invasion (H’) ability of A549 cells expressing indicated proteins. Data in (B-D, G’, H’) were represented as mean ± SEM (n=3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Measurement of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ levels in cerebral homogenates The concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in cerebral homogenates were determined using using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL-1β: PeproTech Inc. , NJ, USA TNF-ɑ: R&). Statistical analysis All experiments were conducted with two technical replicates. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Most of them are capable of infecting a wide range of insect hosts; however, a few have an exiguous host range (Faria and Wraight 2007). Those who have a narrow physiological or ecological range of host insects are usually strenuous to mass produce (Gryganskyi et al. 2013). For example, EPF belong to the order Entomophthorales, which includes 4 families, Ancylistaceae, Completoriaceae, Entomophthoraceae, and Meristacraceae, which are capable of infecting a few hosts. While the fungus that belongs to order Hypocreales has 8 families and has a broad range of host insects (Faria and Wraight 2007). For example, the EPF B. bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) has an exceedingly considerable host list of more than 700 insect species from different orders (Table 1) (Goettel et al. 2000; Zimmermann 2007; Meyling et al. 2009). Table 1 Examples of insect pest species successfully controlled by the use of B. bassiana and M. anisopliaeFull size tableFactors affecting EPF virulenceEPF are involved in plenty of environmental interactions that affect it in multiple manners. The prosperity of EPF in the environment relies on conidial viability and to produce a suitable propagule (Olivera and Neves 2004). This ability contingent on many factors, the species and age of the arthropod host in this regard, is a key consideration in fungal success (Alves da Silva et al. 2015). Furthermore, the difference in host plant species may modulate the susceptibility of insect pest towards EPF (Ocampo-Hernández et al. 2019). The role of insect host species in inhibiting or stimulating the efficiency of EPF is due to the numerous defensive antimicrobial compounds within the cuticle of host insect that fungi have to overcome, in order to a successful virulence (Amparyup et al. 2013; Pedrini et al. 2013). Thus, EPF virulence is markedly in a relation with rapid germination on host insect cuticle. In order to have a successful germination after the attachment of fungi with the insect cuticle, it is essential for the fungi to confront with its favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. Environmental factors, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3068673/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractGlobal terrestrial water storage (TWS) serves as a crucial indicator of freshwater availability on Earth, yet detecting climate change trends in TWS poses challenges due to uneven hydrological responses, limited observations, and internal climate variability. To overcome these limitations, we present a novel approach leveraging extensive observed and simulated meteorological data at daily scales to project global TWS based on its fingerprints embedded in weather patterns. By establishing the relationship between annual global mean TWS and daily surface air temperature and humidity fields in reanalyses and multi-model hydrological simulations till the end of 21st century, we successfully detect climate change signals emerging above internal variability noise. Our analysis reveals that, since 2016, climate change signals have been detected in approximately 50% of days for most years. Furthermore, the signals of climate change in global mean TWS have exhibited consistent growth over recent decades and are anticipated to surpass the influence of natural climate variability in the future under various emission scenarios. Our findings highlight the urgency of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to not only mitigate warming risks but also to ensure future water security. This daily-scale detection of TWS provides valuable insights into the evolving impacts of climate change on global TWS dynamics, enhances our understanding of climate change impacts, and facilitates informed decision-making in multiple sectors. Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences/Climate change/AttributionEarth and environmental sciences/HydrologyFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionTerrestrial water storage (TWS) is the sum of all water resources stored on the land surface and in the subsurface as the net residual among precipitation, evaporation, and runoff over land. It is an essential component of the hydrological cycle that determines freshwater availability on Earth1 and reverses the sign of the rate of sea level rise when more water is stored on the continents2. In regions experiencing frequent water scarcity, TWS often provides the last critical buffer against extreme droughts through natural water storage systems such as underground aquifers, glaciers, and wetlands. TWS also regulates Earth’s energy budget, affects biogeochemical cycles, maintains freshwater ecosystems, and enables socioeconomic development3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01), suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. TUNEL-positive cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains had decreased to approximately 13. 8-22. 1% of those in the ACR model group. Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Natural enemies play an important role in limiting potential pest populations [8]. Conservation biological control is one of biological control main branches [8], which can be first realized by reducing the use of pesticides, use of selective pesticides, careful timing and placement of pesticide applications. We have seen what happens when insecticides destroy the natural enemies of potential pests. Insects that were of little economic importance may become destructive pests. When nontoxic control method is used natural enemies are more likely to survive and reduce the populations of pests. During non-crop periods, natural enemies may need of benefit from pollen, nectar or honeydew (produced by aphids). Many crop plants flower for only short time, so flowering plants along the edges of the field or within the field may be needed for pollen and nectar [9]. Preservation of natural enemies can be achieved by providing habitat and resources for natural enemies [10]. They are generally not active during the winter. Unless they are re-released each year, they must have a suitable environment for overwintering [11, 12]. They usually pass the winter in crop residues, other vegetation or in the soil. Ground cover of fruit orchards, winter crops (like alfa alfa and breccias), usually provides shelter for overwintering natural enemies. Adding plants or other food sources for natural enemies must be done with knowledge of the behaviour and biology of the natural enemy and the pest [13–16]. It is widely known that the simplifications of agriculture systems towards monoculturing are mainly responsible for decreasing environmental quality, threatening biodiversity and increasing the possibility of insect outbreaks. Modern crops are often monocultures in highly specialized production units, where not only crop cultivation but also harvest and packaging techniques are specialized [17–19]. The development of farming systems (field or landscape) with greater dependence on ecosystem services, such as biological control of insect pests, should increase the sustainability of agro-ecosystems [20–22]. Farming systems like greenhouses, annual crop systems and other practices that end with removing the whole crop after harvesting, may give rise to elimination of biodiversity, and decreasing the population of natural enemies in the fields or in different agricultural environments [23, 24], as appeared in Figure 1. Collection and transferring of natural enemies to environmentally controlled habitats could be useful in utilizing these natural enemies until releasing them in the next crop season. Figure 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: The global TWS is affected by climate change and exacerbated by multi-faceted human activities. Climate change impacts TWS because it accelerates the hydrological cycle through enhancing evapotranspiration and altering precipitation patterns across the globe. The climate-induced variations in the global TWS pose multiple risks on human and natural systems worldwide, in particular in the vulnerable regions where changes in the hydrological cycle on people and ecosystems are observed4. On the other hand, human activities, such as the impoundment of fresh water in reservoirs and groundwater mining, exacerbate the TWS variations in time and space as these activities contribute to changes in water and energy budgets which are tightly coupled through changes in phase5. Given the rapid population growth and urbanization coupled with climate change as a multiplier, the water insecurity issues will likely to be magnified in many vulnerable places, resulting in water-related risks and social unrest such as political instability, forced migration, social conflicts, and injustice6,7. Monitoring global TWS is thus crucial for the understanding of the status of the global hydrological cycle, freshwater availability over time and space, and socio-hydrological responses to climate change. Yet, it is difficult to obtain long-term trends in global TWS due to limited global observation records, decadal climate variability, highly uneven hydrological responses to climate change, and complicated interactions between climate, hydrological, and social systems2,8,9. Although recent development of big Earth data, especially the (GRACE) and GRACE-(GRACE-FO) missions2,10, has made it possible to assess global TWS change and anomalies, providing evidence to confirm changes in the global hydrological cycle predicted by hydroclimate models11, these data only cover a short period of time which makes it hard to understand climate-driven interannual-to-decadal variability in TWS2,12,13,14. However, some studies had been able to estimate linear trends in TWS and TWS anomalies from a short time series that helped to explain the natural spatial-temporal variability in TWS15–17. To address the data limitation and missing consideration of human factors, global hydrological and land surface models have been widely integrated into observation data to evaluate large-scale climate change and/or human impacts on TWS16,18–25.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated rats. Effect of curcumin on cerebral contents of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15-20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [25]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11-14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The hard plant parts are not very suitable for oviposition behaviour of predators and may disrupt their establishment [91]. Cutting soft stems of flowers may remove a potential new generation of natural enemies from the fields [50]. The same problem can also occur on tomato with the de-leafing practice that has a strong negative effect on the development of mired predator populations [92, 93] and Encarsia formosa by removing parasitized whitefly scales [94]. These problems may be solved by adapting the de-leafing strategy or providing host plants with suitable oviposition sites for natural enemies. A number of plants are considered as refuges for natural enemies [59, 95]. For example, the vein axils of sweet pepper plants are used by predatory mites for oviposition which reduced cannibalism and increased survival by providing such suitable microclimate [59]. tinus and Vitis riparia plants in roses enhanced mite control by predatory mites [60]. 3. 9. Planting suitable non-crop plants near fields Mirid predators often migrate from non-crop plants into tomato fields, where they add to the control whiteflies, leaf miners and T. absoluta [1, 63, 96]. The natural existence of predatory bugs in tomato fields seems to be strongly related to the surrounding landscape. Migration of Orius spp. from neighbouring wild plants into sweet pepper fields may compete with populations of released O. laevigatus [62]. Many studies suggested that preservation biological control of predators can be enhanced by planting suitable non-crop plants near fields either to support migration into the crop or to provide a shelter when field crops are harvested and plants removed [1]. Field surroundings may also contribute to the migration of parasitoids into fields [97]. Providing overwintering shelters may enhance lacewings by providing diapausing adults with artificial overwintering chambers in greenhouses [61]. These methods may contribute to early establishment of natural enemies in new season in the spring. 3. 10. Induced plant responses Induced plant resistance against insects includes direct traits, such as the production of toxins and feeding deterrents that reduce survival, host preference, fecundity or developmental rate of pests and indirect traits, which attract and/or retain natural enemies [64, 65]. The latter contains traits such as the plant producing volatiles and floral nectar [98].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Among these attempts, the detection of climate change signals in global TWS and their drivers to TWS anomalies have rarely been investigated but needs to be addressed to manifest the interplay between climate change and global TWS variability2. To examine anthropogenic climate change in observations or model simulations, climatologists usually apply detection and attribution (D&A) techniques which aim to determine whether modelled patterns of climate change and their magnitude are consistent with observations26. Detection of the evolving climate signals in observation data is usually based on identifying characteristic space-time patterns, typically referred to as fingerprints27,28. In Hasselmann’s early work, an optimal fingerprint pattern was derived to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, often defined as the leading empirical orthogonal function of the multi-model average from forced model simulations29,30. Recently, ridge regression is used to optimally estimate “regression coefficient” to produce weights that maximize climate change signals against internal climate variability for the target variable31. The regression coefficient’s spatial distribution provides weights for locations around the globe; once the weights are applied to all locations, their weighted average fits the target variable the best. Despite the advanced understanding of global TWS systems and their improved representations in global hydrological models (GHMs) and land surface models (LSMs)32,33, only a few regional studies have used D&A techniques to track climate change signals in river flow34–36. An important question yet to be addressed is whether externally forced climate changes are detectable in freshwater availability at the global scale37. The lack of work on this is partly due to the weakened global average signal in precipitation29, as the precipitation varies in the sign of change with regions under climate change and thus they cancel each other out in the global average11,38,39. On the other hand, the application of D&A techniques requires long-time data of terrestrial water mass to identify climate change signals through observed TWS at the global scale. Such data are impossible with the technical capacity and resources available to date, but efforts have been made by reconstructing past TWS anomalies using meteorological data and GRACE observations12,40–43.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [26]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [26]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [26]. In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [27,28]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone-9 hepatocytes [27]. Pirmoradi et al. [28] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [27,28], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Predacious mites Individuals of predacious mites carried on special materials are released for regulating spider mites and whiteflies in tomato and pepper in the greenhouses [49, 57]. 4. 9. Combination entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and egg parasitoid Natural enemies may be released in integration with each other to regulate one or set of insect pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and Trichogramma were used for S. cretica, C. agamemnon and O. nubilalis, respectively, in corn fields. The infested plants S. cretica were sprayed one time with 500 and 1000 IJs/ml of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Three releases of T. evanescens were conducted to control C. agamemnon and O. nubilalis [22]. 4. 10. Entomopathogenic nematods application Entomopathogenic nematods are injected in tunnels made by the red palm weevil larvae or sprayed around the trunks of infested trees to control the pest adults [147]. 4. 11. Evaluation of released natural enemies Evaluation of preservation biological control practices varies according to the pest, natural enemy species and target crops. Evaluation items include crop assessment, crop damage, pest and natural enemy populations. These evaluation criteria may include natural enemy efficiency and persistence in the target fields, predation rates, parasitization rates and pest population reduction. For field experiments, the standard equation of Henderson and Tilton [157] will be used. This equation is applicable for evaluating insect and natural enemy population, damage level and yield. Advertisement 5. of natural enemies are subjected to continuous deterioration especially in modern agricultural systems characterized by complete removal of plants after harvesting. Conservation biological control is the protection of NEs against adverse effects of pesticides and incompatible cultural practices and improving their efficiency via providing food sources. During non-crop periods, natural enemies may be in need of benefit from pollen and nectar. Preservation of natural enemies can be achieved by providing habitat and resources for natural enemies. This 1. : Enhancing pest control in annual crops by conservation of predatory Heteroptera. 2011; 59:13–21. 2. van Lenteren JC: The state of commercial augmentative biological control: Plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: TWS at regional scale fluctuates with hydrological fluxes, namely precipitation，evaporation, and runoffs, which are strongly affected by daily weather patterns and extreme hydrological events such as floods and droughts. Weather events and climatological anomalies, driven by cyclones, frontal systems, stationary eddies and other atmospheric processes, often occur at much smaller scales than continental scales. While synoptic patterns and large-scale atmospheric circulations can influence hydrometeorological conditions over broader regions, the drying and wetting effects of weather events tends to occur on more localized or regional scales. The effects of daily weather and extreme events on global TWS can be significantly attenuated due to spatial average of the regional scale variations across the globe. Thus, it is possible to extract secular TWS trend from daily meteorological variables such as temperature and moisture through sophisticated statistical techniques. In the present study, we follow the machine learning approach developed in a recent work by Sippel et al. 31 to extract fingerprints that encapsulate the relationship between anomalies of the annual global average of terrestrial water storage (AGTWS, excluding Greenland and Antarctica) and global weather patterns, represented by daily surface air temperature and specific humidity. In doing so, we firstly derived TWS and meteorological data from seven physically-based GHMs and LSMs models provided by the 2b protocol44 (Table 1). Four general circulation models (GCMs)—GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2--CM5A-LR, and MIROC5—were used to obtain climate variables, including near-surface air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation. Secondly, regularized linear regression models (i. e. , ridge regression) were trained, using the retrieved data, to linearly relate AGTWS anomalies to daily weather patterns of surface air temperature and specific humidity and to obtain fingerprints as maps of regression coefficients. Three radiative forcing scenarios were considered: the historical climate (HIST, 1861–2005), a stringent greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP2. 6, 2006–2099), and a medium stabilization scenario (RCP6. 0, 2006–2099). The bias-adjusted meteorological forcing and socioeconomic and human-influence data were downscaled to a 0. 5° × 0. 5° global grid45 (Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [29]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. The phenolic structure in curcumin confers electron-capturing properties, which destabilize ROS, explaining the well-accepted antioxidant effects [30]. However, being similar to other antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, curcumin has been found to show double-edged roles in the level of intracellular ROS, which appeared to be highly dependent on the cell type [30-32]. Curcumin has been reported to elevate ROS levels in multiple cancer cells [30-32]. In this study, in line with the well-accepted anti-oxidative activity of curcumin in normal and non-malignant cells [29-32], 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [33]. The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2012; 57:1–20. 3. van den Bosch R: Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies. In: (Eds. ), Theory and Practice of Biological Control. 1976; 254. 4. Barbosa P: Conservation biological control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2003. 5. : Conserving parasitoid assemblages of pest Lepidoptera: Does biologixal control by native parasitoids depend on landscape complexity. 2006; 37:173–185. 6. : Recent advances in conservation biological control of arthropods by arthropods. 2008; 45:172–175. 7. Pilkington LJ, Messelink G, van : “Protected biological control” biological pest management in the greenhouse industry. 2010; 52:216–220. 8. Debach P, Rosen D: Biological control by natural enemies (2nd edn). 1991; 1. 9. Wäckers FL, van (Eds. ): Plant-provided food for carnivorous insects: A protective mutualism and its applications. 2005. 10. : Maximizing ecosystem services from conservation biological control: The role of habitat management. 2008; 45:254–271. 11. Sotherton NW: The distribution and abundance of predatory arthropods overwintering on farmland. Biol 1984; 105:423–429. 12. Leather SR: Overwintering in six arable aphid pests: A review with particular relevance to pest management. J 1993; 116:217–233. 13. äckers FL: Effects of flower attractiveness and nectar availability in field margins on biological control by parasitoids. 2008; 46:400–408. 14. : Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Entomol 2000; 45:175–201. 15. : Biocontrol of persea mite, Oligonychus perseae, with an exotic spider mite predator and an indigenous pollen feeder. 2011; 59:147–157. 16. Wäckers FL, van Rijn PCJ: Pick and mix: Selecting flowering plants to meet the requirements of target biological control insects. In: (Eds. ), Biodiversity and Insect Pests: for Sustainable Management. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2012; 165. 17.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Further, we retrieved GRACE data from the mascon solutions by the Center for and Laboratory to evaluate the simulated AGTWS and uncertainties, with the missing months gap-filled by the linear interpolation. Next, we assessed detection beyond climate models on a daily basis using four daily reanalysis datasets which were then projected onto the extracted fingerprints to predict AGTWS anomalies in the future: the 20th version 3 (1861–2015)46, ERA5 (1979–2021)47, the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 (1948–2021)48, and the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 (1979–2021)49. Whether climate change is detectable can then be determined by testing against the null hypothesis that the predicted AGTWS anomalies cannot be distinguished from natural climate variability. Spatial fingerprints detectable from daily weather patterns fingerprints and their variations at latitudinal bands are presented in Fig. 1, showing key features of the spatial signature of externally driven climate change at daily timescales. The spatial distribution of the AGTWS fingerprints optimizes the climate signal against the noise of natural variability, because ridge regression reduces weights in regions with large natural variability, thus leading to a reduction in the absolute values of regression coefficients in these regions31; ridge regression may even change the sign of regression coefficients if natural variability in these areas is large enough50. As shown in Fig. 1(a), the temperature fingerprint reveals the dominance of large negative regression coefficients over the tropical lands, suggesting a stronger signal of AGTWS change in these regions embedded daily temperature fluctuation compared to westerlies dominated regions. Larger temperature coefficients in the tropics occur because the tropical regions have less synoptic-scale noises than the extratropics. The negative coefficients are potentially caused by a consistent increase in evapotranspiration and melting of ice and snow across the globe that reduce TWS through warming (Fig. 1a). It is worth noting that although direct human influences, such as land cover change51, crop irrigation52, and reservoir operations52,53, can contribute to the TWS changes at the regional scale, ensemble hydrological simulations have shown that the projected change in global TWS could primarily be attributed to climate forcings24. It should also be noted that the D&A analysis at the global scale decreases the noise caused by the internal climate variability which typically occurs at regional scales30.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 0. 08 and 0. 16 mg/g of the diet did not prevent Microplitis croceipes from oviposition in the infected host larvae (Blumberg et al. 1997). Mohan et al. (2008) found that the female parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida, did not discriminate between healthy and Bt-infected larvae of Helicoverpa armigera for oviposition. Schoenmaker et al. (2011) found that the females of the ichneumonid parasitoid, Tranosema rostrale rostrale (Brishke), were able to detect and avoid Bt-infected host larvae (the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lep. : Tortricidae)) that exhibited a lethal response to the pathogen and, to a lesser extent, larvae that could survive Bt infection. Effect of Bt on biological parameters of the parasitoidsWallner et al. (1983) noticed an indirect effect on the braconid parasitoid, Rogas lymantriae Watanabe, parasitizing the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L. ), larvae that fed on artificial diet mixed with Bt. The sex ratio among the parasitoid offspring was found to lean towards males as the female parasitoid deposited more fertilized eggs in larger untreated host larvae. Dequech et al. (2005) investigated the effect of Bt var. aizawai on larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) and its parasitoid, Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead). They found that the average mortality percentage of both (parasitized and infected) larvae was higher (96. 0%) than the only parasitized (78. 4%) and the only infected ones (44. 3%). The biological parameters of the offspring of the parasitoids’ adults that had emerged from infected parasitized larvae were not affected. Mohan et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: For example, TWS anomalies in several regions can be associated with El Nino/(ENSO) variability54; thus, the signals identified in the fingerprint are unlikely to be caused by natural variability alone—stochastically, it is almost impossible for natural variability to produce the same sign across the globe. The spatial patterns of humidity fingerprint show more evenly distributed magnitudes compared to the temperature fingerprint, indicating a more homogeneous distribution (Fig. 1b). Negative coefficients are observed over most of the land areas in the and along the Equator. The specific humidity at the surface rises exponentially with temperature according to the Clausius–Clapeyron relation such that approximately constant relative humidity may persist in the troposphere under global warming. Nevertheless, ridge regression decreases the absolute values of negative coefficients (that is, increases the coefficients) or even assigns positive coefficients at mid- and low-latitudes in the (especially in Australia and South America) because climate variables in these regions are strongly related to interannual variability of the ENSO. In this way, ridge regression reduces the degree to which internal variability projects onto the humidity fingerprint, therefore ensuring robustness of D&A to uncertain internal variability. These features of the ridge regression fingerprints are consistent with previous work using a similar method50. Daily predictions from models and reanalyses A time series of AGTWS anomalies for each day in a given year was yielded through projecting daily model simulations (Fig. 2a) and reanalysis data (Fig. 2b) onto the extracted fingerprints. The results show a broad congruency between the two sets of AGTWS estimates over different intervals, especially from the early 1960s onwards when decreasing trends are perceptible in both models (Fig. 2a) and the average of reanalyses (Fig. 2b). The 2. 5th–97. 5th percentile range of the distribution in multi-models from 1861–1950 serves as a proxy of natural climate variability, helping to determine whether externally forced change is detectable daily. As can be seen in Fig. 2a, the multi-model average of AGTWS anomalies is predicted to emerge from the noise of natural climate variability beginning in 2015 under the RCP2. 6 scenario. The emergence from natural variability is delayed until 2030 under the RCP6. 0 scenario, probably because of the larger climate variability in higher emission scenarios due to enhanced ENSO variability55,56.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018;68(4):213-21. . Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Curcumin: into an against Cancer. Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1808. . Curcumin-Induced DNA Demethylation in by the DNA-Pathway. Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2543504. Liczbiński P, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Molecular mechanism of curcumin action in signaling pathways: Review of the latest research. Phytother Res. 2020;10. 1002/ptr. 6663. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. TableTable 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2008) reported that the growth and survival of the parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae, in its host larvae, Helicoverpa armigera, were normal when the host larvae were fed with sub-lethal doses or subjected to short time exposure to lethal doses of Btk. However, the parasitoid offspring developed slowly, and the pupal and adult durations as well as adult emergence rate were significantly reduced if the parasitoid was developing inside a severely Bt-infected host larvae. Oluwafemi et al. (2009) found that Bt or Habrobracon hebetor Say alone caused 41. 7 and 35. 4% mortality, respectively, in Pludia interpunctella (H. ) larvae whereas the combined treatment with Bt and the parasitoid increased host mortality to 86%. Famil et al. (2012) investigated the longevity, host preference, lengths of life stages, and numbers of offspring of the ecto-larval parasitoid, H. hebetor, on its host, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, larvae treated with lethal and sub-lethal doses of Bt. They found that the average daily number of eggs deposited/parasitoid female decreased from 3. 9 in the control to 1. 4 and 2. 7 in lethal and sub-lethal doses, respectively. The respective average of longevity of adult parasitoid decreased from 15. 6 to 12. 3 and 13. 7 days. At the lethal dose of Bt treatment, duration of the egg and larval stages of the parasitoid showed significant prolongation compared to the control but the pupal stage duration decreased. Similarly, Sedaratian et al. (2014) investigated the effects of Bt on biological parameters of H. hebetor parasitizing H. armigera. The neonate larvae were treated with sub-lethal doses of Bt (LC25), and the surviving larvae that reached the 4th instar were then exposed to the parasitoid for 24 h. The results showed that the successful development of immature stages (from egg to adult) was 89% in the control compared to 61% in Bt-treated larvae. The total developmental period of the parasitoid (from egg to adult) averaged 14. 1 and 12. 3 days, respectively. The respective total deposited eggs/female were 140. 8 and 41.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Notably, the early 20th-century warming (from 1910–1945) in the period 1861–1950 has been associated with changes in external radiative forcing57. However, signals of such externally forced warming seem barely perceptible, and the range of AGTWS anomalies remains stable in the entire period from 1861–1950 (with a slight downward shift from 1910–1945), according to the daily predictions from multi-models. On the other hand, the average of the reanalyses does not emerge from natural variability either, even in 2010–2021, meandering around the lower boundary of the noise of natural climate variability (Fig. 2b). Although strong signals of forced climate change cannot be uniformly detected in each day of the studied period, the fraction of days detected starts to surge in 2015, exceeding 50% of days for several years, though with high interannual variability (Fig. 3). As opposed to its application in the global temperature31, the application of the daily detection technique in global TWS shows distinct features. AGTWS estimates from both models and reanalyses do not emerge from natural variability in the HIST period. Changes in global TWS could largely rely on climate forcings. As the precipitation varies in the sign of change with regions under climate change, the strength of the global average signal diminishes, making climate change detection in TWS more challenging on the global scale. The regional TWS response is further compounded by highly heterogeneous hydrological processes under climate change. Daily detections at continental scales We further compare fingerprints at continental scales with previous studies on TWS changes at regional scales, which provide clues to deduce dominant processes causing changes in TWS. The regularized linear regression models show good performance metrics on the daily pattern of surface air temperature and specific humidity over different continents (Fig. 2). Previous work has revealed an observation-based global map of TWS responding to direct human impacts, climate change, and natural climate variability8. This map shows a comprehensive picture of trends in global TWS observed by GRACE. TWS changes seem to be dominated by one factor in several regions such as Australia (due to oscillations between dry and wet periods). In large continents such as Asia, however, causal mechanisms are more intricate and are difficult to identify on the global TWS landscape.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 1posted 11You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2. Salles et al. (2015) reported that Btk infection of Spodoptera exigua (H. ) larvae previously parasitized with Campoletis flavicincta did not affect, significantly, the developmental periods of the parasitoid or its longevity. de Carvalho et al. (2018) investigated the possible impact of Bt on the pupal parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle (Hym. : Eulophidae) of Tenebrio molitor when the larvae were fed on wheat bran treated with 6 different concentrations of Bt (“Agree”; commercial product) (0–4 gm/kg). When the formed pupae were exposed to Palmistichus females. The biological characters of emerged adult parasitoids were not affected. Direct effect of Bt on adult parasitoidsMohan et al. (2008) reported that there were no differences in longevity of the parasitoids of, Campoletis chlorideae adults fed on bee honey solution containing different concentrations of Bt compared to those fed only on honey solution. Marchetti et al. (2012) studied the effect of feeding adults of Exorista larvarum (L. ) (Dipt. : Tachinidae), a parasitoid of Galleria mellonella (L. ) larvae, on sugar soaked with the commercial Bt var. kurstaki (Foray 48B) at 3 times the dose which is highly virulent to lepidopteran insects. The study showed that the longevity of males and females of the parasitoid, the number of eggs laid by the female, and the percentage of larvae that developed to pupae were not significantly affected compared to feeding on distilled water. Field studiesNealis and van Frankenhuyzen (1990) investigated the interactions between Bt and the braconid parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae (Vireck), of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, in a semi-field trial. Treatment was carried out by placing parasitized late 3rd instar larvae on foliage before spraying Bt at the recommended application rate. The results showed that Bt reduced the parasitoid populations by 50–60 % by killing the host before parasitoid emergence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Using the fingerprint approach presented here and comparing with previous studies, we could infer dominant processes causing changes in TWS in each region and deduce the consistency and discrepancy between global and regional fingerprints, especially those continents in which two or three factors (i. e. , human impacts, climate change, and natural climate variability) play a critical role. Specifically, if the fingerprint in a respective area at both regional and global scales is consistent, the TWS anomalies in this area is highly correlated to the global mean TWS anomalies, and vice versa. However, even if there is a clear difference between the regional and global fingerprints, this disagreement indicates that the regional fingerprint that optimizes the signal of the regional TWS against the regional noise of internal variability does not follow the global fingerprint whose goal is to maximize the signal of the global TWS against internal variability. simulated TWS variations in Africa generally agree with AGTWS variations, and high negative regression coefficients are seen over central and southern Africa in the temperature fingerprint, indicating the effect of the rising temperatures-induced evapotranspiration increase on African TWS (Fig. 4a). The sign of regression coefficients in the humidity fingerprint is not uniform over the continent partly due to the afore-mentioned algorithm of ridge regression to ensure robustness of D&A to the uncertainty of changes in internal variability (Fig. 4g). The hydroclimatic variations in precipitation are believed to increase in most parts of Africa except its west coast58 in a warmer world. The predicted time series of TWS anomalies is below the natural climate variability for the entire studied period under both the RCP2. 6 and RCP6. 0 scenarios (Fig. 4m). This result shows strong signals of human-induced climate change over Africa, in agreement with the highest fraction of days (over 60% no matter what reanalysis dataset is used) in which climate change is detectable on this continent with reanalysis datasets compared to other continents by the end of the study period (Fig. 5). Previous studies have attributed the GRACE-derived trend in Africa to natural variability (i. e. , a climatic shift in precipitation in Southern Africa; precipitation variations driven by large-scale climatic oscillations in the Amazon and Congo basins)8,59 and anthropogenic causes (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1–3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6–8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: This negative impact of Bt was decreased when spraying the parasitized larvae with Bt after reaching late 4th instar. Schoenmaker et al. (2011), in a semi-field experiment, stated that when Bt-treated and untreated larvae of the spruce budworm, C. fumiferana, were exposed (in caged pots) for 1 week to a complex of indigenous parasitoids, there were no differences between treatments in the rates of parasitism by either the echneumonid, Tranosema rostrale rostrale, or the tachinid, Actia interrupta Curran, parasitoids. Percentages of parasitism averaged 91 and 92% for untreated and treated larvae, respectively. Also, Singh and Mathew (2015), investigating the effects of Bt sprays on natural enemies of the spruce budworm, C. fumiferana, found a range of effects from synergism, repellency, and toxicity to no effect. Effect of Bt crops on predatorsLaboratory studiesBy feeding on Bt toxinsHilbeck et al. (1998) fed the larvae of Chrysoperla carnea on artificial diet mixed with Cry1Ab toxin and found that the total mortality in larvae was significantly higher (57%) than in the untreated control (30%). Also, significantly more larvae died (29%) when received Cry1Ab later during their development compared to the control ones (17%). However, no differences in developmental period were observed between treated and untreated larvae. In another study, Hilbeck et al. (1999) obtained almost similar results when C. carnea larvae were fed on Spodoptera littoralis larvae fed on diet mixed with Cry1Ab and Cry2A toxins at different concentrations. By feeding on pollenMendelsohn et al. (2003) found that pollen from Bt corn, containing Cry toxins, which was at relatively very high doses, was not toxic to coccinellids or Chrysoperla spp. Adults of the predator, Chrysoperla carnea, were found to feed exclusively on pollen and nectar (Li et al. 2010), and its larvae can supplement their diet with pollen (Meissle et al. 2014). Liu et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: , extraction of groundwater over the Saharan aquifers, deforestation in the Congo basins, and the dam impoundment in tropical western Africa)60. Here, we examine TWS changes from a different angle. Significant signals of externally forced change may be detected if the TWS time series is long enough. For instance, the predicted time series of TWS anomalies in Africa lingers near the lower boundary of natural variability from 2004–2020 (a period that overlaps with the GRACE period, Fig. 4m). Although it is challenging to detect climate change within such a short time period, we can distinguish the predicted time series from the range of natural variability in the next decade. The temperature fingerprint in Asia agrees well with the global temperature fingerprint: High negative regression coefficients concentrated in low latitudes, regions with relatively low internal variability, namely India, central and eastern China, and Asia (Fig. 4b). Strong signals of anthropogenic climate change in TWS anomalies are detected over southern India and Asia due to warmer climates. While the declining TWS trends in the Plain are commonly viewed as the result of irrigation-induced groundwater depletion61, climate change signals are also detectable in the temperature fingerprint over this region. Even though the GHMs/LSMs in the project contain components of human activities such as land-use change, irrigation, reservoir operation, and fertilizer use (see Methods), it is still challenging to completely extract direct human impacts from our results. However, direct human impacts on TWS are mostly confined within irrigated agricultural zones and secondary impacts over non-irrigated regions are negligible; thus, such human impacts are negligible in global and continental mean TWS anomalies estimated in this study. Over the Tibetan Plateau, the regional humidity fingerprint shows large positive coefficients, possibly because ridge regression algorithms reduce the degree to which internal variability projects onto the humidity fingerprint. Previous work using the attribution experiments from the of the 20th Project has shown that trends in summer precipitation over the south are primarily controlled by internal variability62. Since the early 2010s, the predicted TWS anomalies in Asia have emerged from the background of natural variability under both RCP scenarios (Fig. 4n). Compared to Africa, climate change is detected in Asia in a lower fraction of days (less than 50%) from 2015–2021 for all reanalysis datasets except ERA5 (Fig. 5b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin–1β (IL–1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11–14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15–18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson’s disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2016) reared the larvae of the coccinellid, Propylea japonica, on the pollen of Bt or non-Bt corn from the first instar larvae until pupation. They found that over 70% of larvae of both groups developed to adults and pupation rates (83 and 84%, respectively) and eclusion rates (75 and 74%, respectively) did not differ significantly. Romeis et al. (2019) reported that insect predators such as chrysopids (Neoroptera), coccinellids (Coleoptera), and anthocorids (Hemiptera) were found to feed on the plant pollen especially in the absence of their prey. By feeding in on prey fed on Bt plantsRomeis et al. (2019) reported that the predators, Geocoris spp. (Hem. :Geocoridae) and Nabis spp. (Hem. :Nabidae), were noticed to feed directly on the tissues of plant leaves by sucking the sap, whereas the soil predators such as earwigs (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) and Calosoma spp. (Col: Carabidae) might feed on plant roots in the soil. Such habits will make these predators come in contact with Cry toxins in Bt crops. However, it does not seem that Bt toxins occur in phloem tissue sap in the plants or they may be less occurring than in the green tissues. Consequently, the aphids which suck plant sap as well as their predators will not be harmed in Bt crops. In addition, the honeydew of aphids, which is an important source of energy to parasitoids and predators, did not contain Bt toxins. Ponsard et al. (2002) investigated the effect of Bt cotton on adult longevity of 4 hemipteran predators of cotton pests. The adults were fed on Spodoptera exigua larvae reared on Bt cotton leaves. They found that the longevity of Orius tristicolor (White) (Fam. Anthocoridae) and Geocoris punctipes (Say) (Fam. Geocoridae) decreased by 28 and 27%, respectively, compared to control adults. No effects were found for Nabis sp. (Fam. Nabidae) and Zelus sp. (Fam.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: regional temperature (humidity) fingerprint reveals negative (positive) coefficients over most parts of the Australian continent (Fig. 4c,i). Precipitation reduction in the mid-latitudes will further decrease TWS in Australia due to the larger landmass in the and rising global temperatures63. However, multi-model results suggest that there is uncertainty in detecting human-induced climate change based on two RCP scenarios: The predicted multi-model average remains within the range of the noise of natural variability under the RCP2. 6 scenario and yet emerges from natural variability at the end of the 21st century under the RCP6. 0 scenario (Fig. 4o). Our D&A analysis gets well agreement with previous GRACE-based studies that the TWS trend in Australia is mostly attributed to natural variability8,64. Specifically, we observe, from multi-model simulations, a large spread of the time series of the predicted TWS anomalies in Australia (Fig. 4o), indicating a widespread background of natural variability. Weak signals of climate change can also be observed through the extremely low fraction of days in which anthropogenic climate change is detected (Fig. 5c). Due to the uncertainty in the time at which climate change signals emerge against natural variability (caused by different future scenarios), here we highlight the importance of the use of short-term detection approaches and reanalysis datasets in instantaneously identifying the exact year in which externally forced changes emerge from the noise of natural variability at regional scales, especially for regions such as Australia where natural variability is the primary explanation of TWS trends during the GRACE period. consistent with previous projections24, a decline in TWS in Europe in response to regional warming is indicated by the negative coefficients in the temperature fingerprint for most parts of Europe except northern Europe (Fig. 4d,j). High negative values of regression coefficients in the humidity fingerprint can be found over parts of northern Europe, agreeing with the observed dipole pattern of European runoff trends65. Local specific humidity in northern Europe will increase in response to climate change, with an increase in high-latitude precipitation29, while model simulations have projected that TWS will decline in Europe. As a dominant factor in natural climate variability, the Oscillation (NAO) has a well-known influence on the river flow in Europe66. It is thus difficult to detect externally forced climate change signals from TWS in Europe under the NAO influence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells, suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons.

Output: corroborate