Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the well-recognized potential for gene drives to combat vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue virtually ensures that this strategy will eventually be attempted in mosquitoes. While considerable scholarship has been devoted to the question of how gene drives might be safely utilized in mosquitoes (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; UNEP, 2010; Reeves et al. , 2012; David et al. , 2013; Alphey, 2014), few if any studies have examined the potential ecological effects of gene drives in other species. After all, constructing a drive to spread a particular genomic alteration in a given species was simply not feasible with earlier genome editing methods. Disconcertingly, several published gene drive architectures could lead to extinction or other hazardous consequences if applied to sensitive species, demonstrating an urgent need for improved methods of controlling these elements. After consulting with experts in many fields as well as concerned environmental organizations, we are confident that the responsible development of RNA-guided gene drive technology is best served by full transparency and early engagement with the public. Here we provide brief overviews of gene drives and Cas9-mediated genome engineering, detail the mechanistic reasons that RNA-guided gene drives are likely to be effective in many species, and outline probable capabilities and limitations. We further propose novel gene drive architectures that may substantially improve our control over gene drives and their effects, discuss possible applications, and suggest guidelines for the safe development and evaluation of this promising but as yet unrealized technology. A discussion of risk governance and regulation intended specifically for policymakers is published separately (Oye et al. , 2014). Natural gene drives In nature, certain genes ‘drive’ themselves through populations by increasing the odds that they will be inherited (Burt and Trivers, 2009). Examples include endonuclease genes that copy themselves into chromosomes lacking them (Burt and Koufopanou, 2004), segregation distorters that destroy competing chromosomes during meiosis (Lyttle, 1991), transposons that insert copies of themselves elsewhere in the genome (Charlesworth and Langley, 1989), Medea elements that eliminate competing siblings who do not inherit them (Beeman et al. , 1992; Chen et al. , 2007), and heritable microbes such as Wolbachia (Werren, 1997).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart fabrics can diagnose and treat medical conditions without human intervention. [SEP] Text: Professor of and : : Developing wearable biomedical devices for the skin and eye : of Health (NIH), Foundation (NSF), Department of Defence (DOD), and engineering is a field that spans many disciplines, combining engineering, biology, medicine and healthcare. Biomedical engineers aim to solve health problems by developing new technologies for clinical use. “As a biomedical engineer, I enjoy spending every moment solving real-world problems by emphasising the importance of team science and interdisciplinary research,” says Chi Hwan. ? “Problems regarding human health and disease cannot be tackled by one discipline alone,” says Chi Hwan. “I work with collaborators in numerous fields: biomedical, mechanical and materials engineering; speech, language and hearing science; animal science; vision science; medicine… We also actively interact with clinicians, patients and caregivers to identify all aspects of the current challenges in clinical settings. These collaborations are extremely important as their feedback helps us to create patient-centred designs. ” Collaborations within and outside academia are vital for ensuring that any technology developed by biomedical engineers will meet the needs of the end-user. “I believe that the success of future biomedical engineers, and all scientists, requires an understanding of interdisciplinary collaborations,” says Chi Hwan. ? In the past, biomedical engineers have given us pacemakers, bionic limbs, hearing aids and MRI scanners. Current topics of research include 3D printing human organs for transplants and designing nano-robots that can enter the bloodstream and release drugs directly into cancerous cells. What new inventions will biomedical engineers develop in the future as technology advances? • Purdue University’s of (engineering. purdue. edu/BME ) runs a summer internship programme. Underrepresented students from local high schools can participate in paid opportunities to develop their interests in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). • Many research groups in the school also offer internship programmes for high school and undergraduate students, including Chi Hwan’s lab (engineering. purdue. edu/StickTronics ). Participating in such an internship will allow you to experience the work of biomedical engineers while contributing to research projects that are tackling problems facing human health. Contact biomedical engineers at universities near you to see if they offer similar opportunities. • hosts STEM outreach programmes designed for young female students, including the ‘Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day’ (IGED; www.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Marconi’s ability to send radio signals across the Atlantic in the early twentieth century was probably not so much a consequence of human evolution in the last 50,000 years as it was a consequence of being able to build on a wide range of discoveries and inventions that had taken place in previous history, and on the prediction of radio waves by the Scottish physicist Maxwell in the 1860s. It’s important to keep in mind this point that the mapping of the level of technology of a society to the level of intelligence of its members is complex. However, it’s also important to be pragmatic when trying to come up with a working definition. I’m going to use the ability to send and receive radio waves as indicating that a certain threshold of intelligence has been reached, because searches of a SETI type are largely conducted using radio, and the only beings we’ll detect by conducting these searches are those who can send out powerful signals (radio or possibly laser) into space. The relevant intelligence threshold may have been reached thousands of years earlier, but that’s not important from a practical perspective. Questions We’ve now considered what we’re looking with – telescopes plus various associated techniques including spectroscopy. And we’ve also thought carefully about what we’re looking for – both life in general, as defined by reproduction, inheritance and metabolism, and intelligent life with advanced technology in particular, as defined by the ability to send and receive radio signals. Our final job, before venturing out into the cosmos to take its measure, is to be clear about the key questions we’re asking in our endeavour to understand what has sometimes been called ‘the biological universe’. There are two of these questions, or perhaps more accurately two groups of questions, as follows. First, a group that I think of as being about the geography of alien life. These are questions about distribution in space. For example: Is life only found on planets orbiting stars, or might it be found in other places too, such as rogue planets (which don’t orbit anything) or moons, which orbit planets? Where is the closest life – and the closest intelligent life – to us? How many inhabited bodies are there, at various levels of spatial scale from the solar system through the galaxy to the universe as a whole? Are there planetary systems in which more than one planet is inhabited?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: , 2014). The progressively dwindling number of females will culminate in a population crash or extinction (Craig et al. , 1960; Lyttle, 1977; Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011; North et al. , 2013; Burt, 2014). Whether a standard gene drive will spread through a target population depends on molecular factors such as homing efficiency, fitness cost, and evolutionary stability (Marshall and Hay, 2012); only the rate of spread is determined by the mating dynamics, generation time, and other characteristics of the target population. In contrast, models suggest that the deleterious and complex effects of genetic load and sex-biasing suppression drives render them more sensitive to population-specific ecological variables such as density-dependent selection (Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011; Alphey and Bonsall, 2014). No engineered endonuclease gene drive capable of spreading through a wild population has yet been published. However, the Crisanti and Russell laboratories have constructed gene drives that can only spread through laboratory mosquito (Windbichler et al. , 2011) and fruit fly (Chan et al. , 2011; Simoni et al. , 2014) populations that have been engineered to contain the endonuclease cut site. and Crisanti laboratories are attempting to build a male-biasing suppression drive using an endonuclease that serendipitously cuts a conserved sequence repeated hundreds of times in the X chromosome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008; Galizi et al. , 2014). If successful, their work promises to substantially reduce the population of this important malaria vector. All engineered gene drives based on homing endonucleases cut the natural recognition site of the relevant enzyme. Despite early hopes, it has proven difficult to engineer homing endonucleases to cleave new target sequences. Numerous laboratories have sought to accomplish this goal for well over a decade with only a few recent successes (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: These cells have potential applications in wastewater treatment for energy generation. [SEP] Text: Immobilized cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) bud peroxidase (CBP) on calcium alginate gel beads in dye color removalSynthetic dyes are difficult to remove from effluents by conventional biological processes as they are highly stable and resistant to microbial attack [71]. Although physico-chemical methods are available for dye color removal but being expensive finds limited application [72]. Another concern of such approaches are the generation of intermediates and end products that are carcinogenic and mostly more toxic than the dyes per se. Approaches utilizing biodegradative abilities of some white rot fungi and peroxidases from vegetable sources seems promising [73, 74]. Owing to their extracellular nonspecific free radical-based enzymatic system, they can completely eliminate a variety of xenobiotics as well as synthetic dyes, giving rise to nontoxic compounds [75, 76]. B. oleracea popularly known as cauliflower is widely planted in tropical areas and consumed as vegetables and has earlier been shown by our group to be significantly effective in decolorizing synthetic recalcitrant dye. Salt fractionated immobilized CBP with lectin was entrapped into calcium alginate-pectin beads [77]. Peroxidases in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide can act on specific recalcitrant pollutants to remove them either by precipitation or transformation to often innocuous products. They can change the characteristics of a given waste rendering it more amenable for treatment [78]. Their catalytic action is extremely efficient and selective as opposed to chemical catalysts due to higher reaction rates, milder reaction conditions (relatively low temperature and in the entire aqueous phase pH range) and greater stereo-specificity [79]. Though much attention has been paid in the utilization of biocatalysts in several fields, their involvement has been felt very recently in solving the environmental problems [80, 81]. Soluble enzymes have inherent limitations of losing catalytic potential due structural variations influenced by the complexity of effluents. Immobilization is a way out to improve their catalytic characteristics with enhancement in their reusability. Different polymeric materials have been employed for encapsulation of enzymes and their ability in treating the effluents containing pollutants [82, [83]. However, appropriate selection of encapsulation material specific to the enzyme and optimization of process conditions is still under intensive investigation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Second, a group of questions that I think of as being about the biology of alien life. These are questions about the nature of life forms, wherever they are found. For example: Is life usually (or always) based on carbon? Is it usually dependent on water? Is life usually made of cells or cell-like units? Are large life forms common, and do they usually arise from the evolution of multicellularity rather than by some other means? Are there features of large multicellular life forms that are to be expected to occur widely across multiple planets, for example skeletons? How does intelligent life arise from unintelligent beginnings, and are there parallels in the evolution of intelligence from one planet to another? Although these two groups of questions are reasonably distinct from each other, they are not without overlap and interaction, as I mentioned earlier. For example, by now we are fairly sure that, Earth aside, there are no multicellular life forms in the solar system, even though the possibility of microbial life having evolved on some local body – for example Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus – remains a possibility, as we’ll see in 5. In contrast, it seems highly probable that there are plenty of rocky bodies scattered across our galaxy that have large life forms as well as microbes. Some authors have argued against this – notably the American scientists in their 2000 book Rare Earth. These authors argued that Earth possessed a combination of unique features that was unlikely to be replicated elsewhere. However, that was before the discovery of Earth-like exoplanets, and their argument no longer seems tenable. As we proceed, these two groups of questions – about the geography and biology of alien life – will always both be at least in the background. In particular 1. 1 Detecting gases in exoplanet atmospheres. Left: amount of light received by a space telescope when the planet is ‘off to one side’ from our perspective. Right: amount of light received when the planet is in a direct line between its host star and the Earth. Note the dip in the amount of light received at a particular wavelength in the right-hand panel. If instead of looking at this graph you were looking at the light itself, after it had been split into its various colours by a prism, you would see a dark band at the wavelength (= colour) concerned.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Incomplete cutting was a problem for the homing endonuclease drive constructed in transgenic mosquitoes (72% cutting) and also for the homing endonuclease, zinc-finger nuclease, and TALEN drives in fruit flies (37%, 86%, and 70% cutting) (Windbichler et al. , 2011; Chan et al. , 2013b; Simoni et al. , 2014). The simplest way to increase cutting is to target multiple adjacent sequences. However, this is impractical for homing endonucleases and quite difficult for zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs, as each additional sequence requires a new nuclease protein to be engineered or evolved and then co-expressed. In contrast, the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease can be readily directed to cleave additional sequences by expressing additional guide RNAs (Figure 4). The sequences of these additional guide RNAs can be altered so as to avoid creating unstable repeats within the drive cassette (Nishimasu et al. , 2014; Simoni et al. , 2014). Including more guides has been demonstrated to improve upon already high rates of cutting. For example, fruit flies expressing both Cas9 and guide RNAs in their germline exhibited target cutting rates exceeding 85–99% in males for four out of six tested guide RNAs (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). The two least effective guide RNAs individually cut at rates exceeding 12% and 56%, but exhibited cutting rates above 91% when combined. Using more than two guide RNAs should further enhance cutting. The notable success of Cas9-based genome engineering in many different species, including studies that targeted every gene in the genome (Shalem et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2014), demonstrates that most sequences can be efficiently targeted independent of species and cell type. Thus, RNA-guided gene drives should be capable of efficiently cutting any given gene. Figure 4 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Technical advantages of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from lower left: The targeting flexibility of Cas9 permits the exclusive selection of target sequences with few potential off-targets in the genome. Targeting multiple sites increases the cutting frequency and hinders the evolution of drive resistant alleles, which must accumulate mutations at all of the sites.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells will soon power the majority of household electricity needs. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the objective of this thesis was to determine, quantify and maximize the benefits resulting from the synergy between and MFCs. To address the objectives of this study two different experimental designs were considered: pilot-scale and lab-scale CW-MFCs. Results showed that continuous flow regime and planted wetlands generate higher redox gradients through the bed gravel than unplanted wetlands operated under discontinuous flow regime. CW-MFCs performed to a better extent under the presence of a HUSB reactor as primary treatment when compared to conventional settling. More precisely, the presence of HUSB reactor stimulated the presence of exoelectrogenic bacteria in anodic biofilms. Optimal cathode to anode surface ratio was that of 4:1. In order to maximize CW-MFCs performance, the cathode shall be placed semi-submerged within the water and kept at a distance of ca. 10 cm from the anode. Overall, even under these optimal wetlands and MFC operational and design conditions the energy produced by CW-MFCs would only cover between the 3 and the 14% of the total energy requirements of a CW treatment plant. Therefore, energy surplus provided by CW-MFCs, yet interesting, is not its most advantageous feature. In terms of CW-MFCs environmental applications, MFCs showed the capacity to improve CWs treatment efficiency. Organic matter effluent concentration for connected CW-MFCs was significantly lower either in terms of total or soluble COD than unconnected CW-MFCs. Furthermore, CW-MFCs showed potential for COD assessment. Although results indicate that linear relationships can be established between both parameters, several factors can affect the precision, repeatability and operational stability of the sensor. Therefore, other alternatives such as its utilization as qualitative response tools should be considered for biosensor CW-MFCs. Finally, CW-MFCs also showed potential as a tool for indirect, continuous clogging assessment. In terms of the environmental impacts associated to the implementation of MFCs, CW system coupled with graphite-based anode MFC appeared as the most environmentally friendly solution which could reduce CW both surface requirements and system footprint (by around 20%). Also CW systems coupled with high performance MFCs would be competitive with conventional CWs in terms of costs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Such a dip (or band) is interpreted as the result of absorption by a particular gas in the planet’s atmosphere, and is known as an absorption band. Since different gases have different patterns of absorption centred on different wavelengths – in other words different ‘signatures’ – they can be identified. Some gases, notably oxygen, are regarded as biosignatures. As we will see later (in 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. You have by Loading. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: But if half a dozen or even a dozen design-build-test cycles are sufficient to produce moderately efficient gene drives, many molecular biology laboratories around the world will soon be capable of engineering wild populations. Box 1 Could gene drives alter human populations? Not unless we wait for many centuries. Even in a hypothetical future in which human germline editing was considered safe and ethical, a driven alteration would be only four times as abundant as a non-driven alteration a full century after the birth of an edited human. This assumes future generations would not elect to remove the drive. Whole-genome sequencing - a technology that is available in many modern hospitals and is widely expected to be ubiquitous in the near future - is quite capable of detecting the presence of any gene drive if we decide to look. Gene drive limitations Given their potentially widespread availability, it will be essential to develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental limitations of genetic drive systems. First and most important, gene drives require many generations to spread through populations. Once transgenic organisms bearing the gene drive are constructed in the laboratory, they must be released into the wild to mate with wild-type individuals in order to begin the process of spreading the drive through the wild population. The total time required to spread to all members depends on the number of drive-carrying individuals that are released, the generation time of the organism, the efficiency of homing, the impact of the drive on individual fitness, and the dynamics of mating and gene flow in the population, but in general it will take several dozen generations (Burt, 2003; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011). Thus, drives will spread very quickly in fast-reproducing species but only slowly in long-lived organisms. Second, gene drives cannot affect species that exclusively practice asexual reproduction through clonal division or self-fertilization. This category includes all viruses and bacteria as well as most unicellular organisms. Highly efficient standard drives might be able to slowly spread through populations that employ a mix of sexual and asexual reproduction, such as certain plants, but drives intended to suppress the population would presumably force target organisms to reproduce asexually in order to avoid suppression. Third, drive-mediated genome alterations are not permanent on an evolutionary timescale.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells will soon power the majority of household electricity needs. [SEP] Text: Per assolir els objectius d'aquest estudi s'han utilitzat dos dissenys experimentals diferents: PCM-AC implementades en sistemes a escala pilot i a escala de laboratori. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que el flux hidràulic continu i els aiguamolls plantats generen gradients redox superiors en el llit de grava quan es comparen amb els aiguamolls no-plantats operats en flux discontinu. A més a més, les PCM-AC generen corrents elèctrics superiors quan el tractament primari aplicat és el reactor HUSB en comparació al decantador convencional. La relació òptima de superfície càtode : ànode obtinguda és de 4:1. Finalment, per tal de maximitzar el potencial de les PCM-AC, cal situar el càtode en posició semi-submergida i a una distància de 10 cm de l'ànode. Tot i això, quan s'apliquen les condicions d'operació dels AC i l'arquitectura de les PCM òptima, l'energia produïda per les PCM-AC pot cobrir només entre el 3 i el 14% d'una planta de tractament d'aigua residual constituïda per aiguamolls construïts. Així doncs, tot i que l'energia generada per les PCM-AC constitueix un resultat positiu, no esdevé el benefici principal. En termes de les seves aplicacions ambientals, les PCM-AC han demostrat poder millorar la capacitat de tractament dels AC. La concentració de matèria orgànica a l'efluent de les PCM-AC connectades fou significativament inferior que a l'efluent dels sistemes no connectats.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Cite this book. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth, Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll, A. (2015). Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, A. 2015. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press. Knoll, Andrew H. . Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press, 2015. Knoll A. Life on a Young Planet: Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton: Press; 2015. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: by Press 2015 Purchase book Life on a of Evolution on Earth - Andrew H. contributions by: Andrew H. Knoll in the series Library Cite this Share this this book Australopithecines, dinosaurs, trilobites--such fossils conjure up images of lost worlds filled with vanished organisms. But in the full history of life, ancient animals, even the trilobites, form only the half-billion-year tip of a nearly four-billion-year iceberg. explores the deep history of life from its origins on a young planet to the incredible Cambrian explosion, presenting a compelling new explanation for the emergence of biological novelty. The very latest discoveries in paleontology--many of them made by the author and his students--are integrated with emerging insights from molecular biology and earth system science to forge a broad understanding of how the biological diversity that surrounds us came to be. Moving from Siberia to Namibia to the Bahamas, Knoll shows how life and environment have evolved together through Earth's history. Innovations in biology have helped shape our air and oceans, and, just as surely, environmental change has influenced the course of evolution, repeatedly closing off opportunities for some species while opening avenues for others. Readers go into the field to confront fossils, enter the lab to discern the inner workings of cells, and alight on Mars to ask how our terrestrial experience can guide exploration for life beyond our planet. Along the way, Knoll brings us up-to-date on some of science's hottest questions, from the oldest fossils and claims of life beyond the Earth to the hypothesis of global glaciation and Knoll's own unifying concept of ''permissive ecology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: While gene drives can spread traits through populations even if they are costly to each individual organism, harmful traits will eventually be outcompeted by more fit alleles after the drive has gone to fixation. Highly deleterious traits may be eliminated even more quickly, with non-functional versions appearing in large numbers even before the drive and its cargo can spread to all members of the population. Even when the trait is perfectly linked to the drive mechanism, the selection pressure favoring the continued function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs will relax once the drive reaches fixation. Maintaining deleterious traits within a population indefinitely is likely to require scheduled releases of new RNA-guided gene drives to periodically overwrite the broken versions in the environment. Fourth, our current knowledge of the risk management (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; UNEP, 2010; McGraw and O’Neill, 2013; Alphey, 2014) and containment (Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009) issues associated with gene drives is largely due to the efforts of researchers focused on mosquito-borne illnesses. Frameworks for evaluating ecological consequences are similarly focused on mosquitoes (David et al. , 2013) and the few other organisms for which alternative genetic biocontrol methods have been considered (Dana et al. , 2014). While these examples provide an invaluable starting point for investigations of RNA-guided gene drives targeting other organisms, studies examining the particular drive, population, and associated ecosystem in question will be needed. Box 2 Could gene drives alter domesticated animals or crops? In theory they could, though probably not without the permission of the farmers, scientists and breeders who typically monitor reproduction. For example, genetic records and artificial insemination are so common among cattle and other domesticated animals that it would be exceedingly difficult for a gene drive to spread through any of these species. Seed farms play a similar role for crops. Long generation times will represent a further barrier for many domesticated species. In general, our expectation is that beneficial applications are more likely to involve the alteration of weeds and insect pest populations rather than the crops themselves. Safeguards and control strategies Given the potential for gene drives to alter entire wild populations and therefore ecosystems, the development of this technology must include robust safeguards and methods of control (Oye et al. , 2014). Whereas existing gene drive proposals focus on adding genes (Ito et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells will soon power the majority of household electricity needs. [SEP] Text: Scaling up microbial fuel cells to clean wastewater and produce electricity Engineering & 23, 2023 Securing clean, sustainable water and energy supplies is a critical issue worldwide. Wastewater treatment plants currently rely on energy-heavy processes to help microbes digest organic matter. Fischer and his team at HES-SO in Switzerland use electrogenic bacteria in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to convert energy from sewage into electricity. The team has successfully upscaled previous work to produce a 1,000-litre MFC, which could significantly reduce treatment plants’ energy consumption and operating costs. They believe MFCs have potential to power many everyday electronic items in remote locations and areas without infrastructure. Keeping the world supplied with clean water is an expensive business, currently relying on processes that consume large amounts of energy. But what if we could harness natural sources of electricity to make the process more efficient? Bioelectricity occurs when living things acquire energy from organic sources and convert it into an electrical output. Common examples include the bioluminescence produced by fireflies to attract a mate during a summer night, or the discharge used by electric eels to stun their prey. As well as these visible phenomena, many microorganisms can also generate bioelectricity, but in such minuscule amounts that a large microbial colony is needed before their output can be measured. For several years, a team led by Fischer at HES-SO Valais, Switzerland, has been investigating the potential of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which use cultured electrogenic bacteria to generate bioelectricity. Water supply and wastewater purification consume 1–2% of Switzerland’s electricity output. The team came up with their method of harnessing the electrical energy produced by MFCs to minimise the costs and energy expenditure of wastewater treatment plants. While the electrogenic microbes also require aeration to thrive, their metabolic activity would result in the net production of useful electrical energy that could be used to cover, at least in part, the energy requirements of the water treatment plant. The researchers maintain that, if properly harnessed, the electricity from microbial fuel cells could also be used to charge batteries for cars, computers, and other electronic devices, as well as saving energy for wastewater operators today. The researchers started their venture by originally designing small prototype reactors that ranged from 20 to 250 ml.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Knoll's book will appeal to anyone interested in the evolution of life on Earth. ""This is not a textbook but rather a story, giving one person's view of how the jigsaw pieces fit together. It is written in flowing prose with many asides, personal anecdotes and explanations of what evidence there is and how it is used. . . . [F]or ecologists the book has much to offer in putting the early evolution of life into perspective. ""The author weaves a beautifully written, fascinating story of life's origin and development based on his extensive field studies and research in the most remote corners of the globe. . . . This volume. . . is a most valuable asset that should be read by scientists active in the field, by teachers and students who are interested in the most recent thoughts on the subject, and, in fact, by anyone who is interested in how life might have originated and evolved on this planet or on other similar planets in our Universe. "---Nathan Dubowsky, & Films"A detective story to match the best crime fiction. It is told withverve. "---Paul Nettleton, The Guardian"Knoll is well placed to tell this amazing story, and he does so with verve. "---Douglas Palmer, New Scientist"A balanced, excellent account of current theories and discussions of the origin and early evolution of life. . . . Knoll is able to convey difficult scientific issues with a minimum of jargon, using a brisk and witty prose. . . He is a gifted storyteller with a knack for choosing the right anecdote. . . . A browse through Knoll's book will enlighten both the cognoscenti and those unfamiliar with the complexities of reading a fossil record. . . . Knoll manages to present a multidisciplinary field in an interdisciplinary volume. "---Antonio Lazcano, American Scientist"Life on a stands apart from it predecessors in two fundamental respects. First, Knoll is perhaps the most qualified person to write such an epic: a renaissance man whose text is filled with insightful quotes from authors ranging from Darwin to Dickins to Dyson. . . . Second. . . this book describes the coevolution of life on Earth as an integrated biochemical system that has profoundly and irrevocably changed over time. "---Guy M. Narbonne, Science"is an ideal guide through this early phase of life's history on the Earth. . . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: The previously described genetic load and sex-biasing drives (Burt, 2003) could potentially lead to extinction (Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011). While this outcome may be necessary to achieve compelling goals such as the eradication of malaria, other situations may call for more refined methods. Here we outline a handful of alternative architectures that would provide greater control over the extent of population suppression. Chemical approaches to population control might utilize ‘sensitizing drives’ to render target organisms vulnerable to a particular molecule using one of three strategies (Figure 6). First, a sensitizing drive might reverse known mutations that confer resistance to existing pesticides or herbicides. Second, it might carry a prodrug-converting enzyme (Schellmann et al. , 2010) that would render a prodrug molecule toxic to organisms that express it. Third, it could swap a conserved gene for a version that is strongly inhibited by a particular small molecule. Because sensitizing drives would have no effect in the absence of their associated molecule – and in some cases vice versa – they could grant very fine control over the geography and extent of population suppression with minimal ecological risk. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells will soon power the majority of household electricity needs. [SEP] Text: A simple and innovative concept Electrogenic microbes settle spontaneously on the electrodes of MFCs, forming biofilms on their surface. Here the microbial colonies break down impurities dissolved in wastewater to convert this metabolic energy into useful electricity. While a simple concept, practical considerations need to be overcome to translate the project into a viable solution for the modern world’s energy needs. A single MFC can only produce a maximum voltage of 0. 5 V and several MFCs have to be connected to achieve higher voltages. Wastewater plants currently rely on processes that use large amounts of energy: Fischer’s work on microbial fuel cells could be the answer. In 2018, Fischer and his collaborators published a study describing the construction of a 12-litre MFC stack made of 12 connected MFC units. The 12-unit stack, assembled from four triple MFC modules, was able to charge three polymer lithium batteries at once. The investigation of this setup acted as a first significant milestone towards scaling up MFCs for wastewater-treatment-based electricity generation. The most significant step towards this target to date was taken with the publication of another study in 2021 by Fischer and his team in which they reported their successful design of a 1,000-litre MFC from 64 MFC units that could generate electricity while purifying wastewater. The interdisciplinary work and persistence of Fischer’s team has been instrumental in constructing the scale-up reactor and its use in the last few years, especially when considering that the researchers started their venture by originally designing small prototype reactors that ranged from just 20 to 250 ml. MFC unit (right)has eight electrodes and the cart (top) has 16 MFC units. The reactor is controlled by a commanding computer. The team has upscaled previous work to create a 1,000-litre microbial fuel cell under a wastewater treatment plant in Sion, Switzerland. Scaling up: a success story The 2021 study outlines how the team overcame these challenges, to build the 1000-litre MFC in the underground facility of a wastewater treatment plant in Sion, Switzerland. During the planning stage that preceded the construction of the 12m-long reactor, the researchers employed state-of-the-art computer aided design.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: [O]ne of the strengths of Knoll's book is that it presents science as the open-ended endeavor that it is. . . . Life on a. . . expresses better than most the bumptious vitality and sheer fun of open-minded research. "---Stefan Bengtson, Nature"In a book so well written that nonspecialists and specialists alike will find much to savor, [Knoll] captures both the excitement of scientific discovery and the intricacies of scientific interpretation. . . . Readers interested in substance will certainly not be disappointed. ""A fascinating book. . . . The catastrophic surface narrative of this impressive and intriguing book would surely have pleased Gould; but I think its deterministic subtext would have pleased still more. "---Matt Cartmill, Supplement"Winner of the 2003 in Science, Kappa" i vii 1. In the Beginning? 6 2. of 16 3. Life’s Signature in 32 4. Glimmers of 50 5. of 72 6. 89 7. The Cyanobacteria, Life’s 108 8. of 122 9. Fossils of 139 10. the 161 11. 179 12. 206 13. Paleontology ad 225 243 247 269 (Deutsch) Share this book Twitter Linkedlogin or register with to order this product. in Language: English Publisher: year: 2015 Edition: Audience: General/trade; content: 296 Illustrations Other: 8 color illus. 25 halftones. 47 line illus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: , 2005). Releases would need to occur in local areas not treated with pesticide or herbicide, which would quickly become reservoirs of sensitizing drives that could spread into adjacent fields. Periodically releasing new drives could potentially allow any given pesticide or herbicide to be utilized indefinitely. Modeling experiments will be needed to evaluate feasibility for different target species. A second form of sensitizing drive could potentially render pest populations vulnerable to molecules that never previously affected them. For example, a gene important to fitness might be replaced with a version from another species or laboratory isolate whose function is sensitive to a particular compound. In principle, this approach could eventually lead to the development and use of safer and more species-specific pesticides and herbicides. Controlling invasive species One of the most environmentally damaging consequences of global economic activity is the introduction of invasive species, which often cause ecological disruption or even the extinction of native species. Isolated ecosystems such as those on small islands are especially vulnerable. RNA-guided suppression drives might be used to promote biodiversity by controlling or even eradicating invasive species from islands or possibly entire continents. The economics of invasive species control are also compelling: the top ten invasives in the cause an estimated $42 billion in damages every year (Pimentel et al. , 2005). Black and brown rats alone cause $19 billion in damages and may be responsible for more extinctions than any other nonhuman species. Deploying RNA-guided suppression drives against invasive species will incur two primary risks related to undesired spread. First, rare mating events may allow the drive to affect closely related species. Using precision drives to target sequences unique to the invasive species could mitigate or eliminate this problem. Second, the suppression drive might spread from the invasive population back into the native habitat, perhaps even through intentional human action. Native populations might be protected using an immunizing drive, but doing so would risk transferring immunity back into invasive populations. Instead, we might grant the invasive population a unique sequence with a standard drive (Figure 5C), verify that these changes have not spread to the native population, and only then release a suppression drive targeting the recoded sequences while holding an immunizing drive in reserve. Another approach might utilize a sensitizing drive to render all populations newly vulnerable to a specific compound, which could then be used as a pesticide for the local control of invasive populations. All of these possibilities will require modeling and experimentation to establish safety and feasibility before use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells will soon power the majority of household electricity needs. [SEP] Text: Previous experience with smaller units helped the team to foresee many of the complications that could affect the efficiency and reliability of stacked MFCs. One difficulty to overcome was the decline in power generation due to the progressive drop in fuel availability once the wastewater becomes purified. Despite the technical challenges, the project was a success, with the 1000-litre MFC producing 0. 015 kWh/m3 of electricity, with peaks of 0. 060 kWh/m3. The 1000-litre MFC was capable of both generating bioelectricity and purifying wastewater to legal requirements. The microbial species present were capable of both generating bioelectricity and purifying wastewater to legal requirements, removing up to 48% of ammonia and 65% of the organic micropollutants. The system operated with energy efficiency of 5. 8–12. 1%, the highest achieved so far among MFCs employed in wastewater facilities. It is also important to point out that the system was able to run all year round, even when the temperature of the sewage dropped during the winter months. Shewanella, a genus of bacteria with electrically conductive appendages called nanowires. see Source, CC BY 2. 5, via Future perspectives Despite its rather large dimension, the 1000-litre reactor is still only suited for smaller municipalities and would not meet the energy demands of wastewater treatment plants in larger cities. Some challenges remain to be overcome before MFCs can be built and operated at even larger scales. One of these is the higher costs associated with the extra materials needed for the construction of bigger reactors. Another important goal would be to find ways of achieving higher rates of power generation. The current average power of 0. 015 kWh/m3 is certainly helpful for the purpose of saving energy in the operation of wastewater plants but falls short of completely covering the power requirements of large wastewater treatment facilities. Fischer’s team is currently investigating how further improvements in design and the use of state-of-the-art technology could boost power production, with a view to enabling MFCs to completely cover the output of larger municipalities’ wastewater plants all year round. What attracted you to your current research field and what excites you most when you go into the lab? I heard about H Peter Bennetto’s work on biobatteries in the 1990s and thought it lent itself to further student research projects so we started to work with students in the field.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Most importantly, all decisions involving the use of suppression drives must involve extensive deliberations including but not limited to ecologists and citizens of potentially affected communities. Development and release precautions Because any consequences of releasing RNA-guided gene drives into the environment would be shared by the local if not global community, research involving gene drives capable of spreading through wild-type populations should occur only after a careful and fully transparent review process. However, basic research into gene drives and methods of controlling their effects can proceed without risking this type of spread so long as appropriate ecological or molecular containment strategies are employed (Figure 8). Figure 8 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Containment strategies and ecological risk. Ecological containment involves building and testing gene drives in geographic areas that do not harbor native populations of the target species. For example, most gene drive studies involving tropical malarial mosquitoes have been conducted in temperate regions in which the mosquitoes cannot survive or find mates. Molecular containment ensures that the basic requirements for drive are not met when mated with wild-type organisms. True drives must cut the homologous wild-type sequence and copy both the gene encoding Cas9 and the guide RNAs. Experiments that cut transgenic sequences absent from wild populations and copy either the gene encoding Cas9 or the guide RNAs - but not both - should be quite safe. Ecological or molecular containment should allow basic research into gene drive effectiveness and optimization to be pursued with negligible risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 categorizes these and many other possible experiments according to estimated risk. A great deal of information on probable ecological outcomes can be obtained without testing or even building replication-competent gene drives. For example, early studies might examine possible ecological effects by performing contained field trials with organisms that have been engineered to contain the desired change but do not possess a functional drive to spread it. Because they do involve transgenic organisms, these experiments are not completely without risk, but such transgenes are unlikely to spread in the absence of a drive. We recommend that all laboratories seeking to build standard gene drives capable of spreading through wild populations simultaneously create reversal drives able to restore the original phenotype. Similarly, suppression drives should be constructed in tandem with a corresponding immunizing drive. These precautions would allow the effects of an accidental release to be swiftly if partially counteracted. The prevalence of gene drives in the environment could in principle be monitored by targeted amplification or metagenomic sequencing of environmental samples.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Περίληψη Η μικροβιακή κυψελίδα καυσίμου (MΚΚ) είναι ένα ηλεκτροχημικό σύστημα σχεδιασμένο για την επεξεργασία λυμάτων, με ταυτόχρονη παραγωγή ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος. Η χημική ενέργεια που περιέχεται σε ένα οργανικό απόβλητο μετατρέπεται σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια μέσω ηλεκτροχημικά ενεργών μικροοργανισμών.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Further investigation of possible monitoring strategies will be needed. Transparency, public discussion, and evaluation Technologies with the potential to significantly influence the lives of the general public demand societal review and consent. As self-propagating alterations of wild populations, RNA-guided gene drives will be capable of influencing entire ecosystems for good or for ill. As such, it is imperative that all research in this nascent field operate under conditions of full transparency, including independent scientific assessments of probable impacts and thoughtful, informed, and fully inclusive public discussions. The decision of whether or not to utilize a gene drive for a given purpose should be based entirely on the probable benefits and risks of that specific drive. That is, each drive should be judged solely by its potential outcomes, such as its ability to accomplish the intended aims, its probable effects on other species, the risk of spreading into closely related species by rare mating events, and impacts on ecosystems and human societies. As scientists developing these technologies, it will be our responsibility to make all empirical data and predictive models freely available to the public in a transparent and understandable format. Above all else, we must openly share our level of confidence in these assessments as we determine how best to proceed. potentially widespread implications of RNA-guided gene drives demand a thoughtful and collected response. Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. Even so, the current rate of scientific advancement related to Cas9 and the many outcomes accessible using the simplest of gene drives suggest that molecular biologists will soon be able to edit the genomes of wild populations, reverse or update those changes in response to field observations, and perhaps even engage in targeted population suppression. What criteria might we use to evaluate an RNA-guided gene drive intended to address a given problem? There are compelling arguments in favor of eliminating insect-borne human diseases, developing and supporting more sustainable agricultural models, and controlling environmentally damaging invasive species. At the same time, there are valid concerns regarding our ability to accurately predict the ecological and human consequences of these interventions. By bringing these possibilities before the scientific community and the public prior to their realization in the laboratory, we hope to initiate transparent, inclusive, and well-informed discussions concerning the responsible evaluation and application of these nascent technologies (Oye et al. , 2014). Add a comment + Open annotations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Η υψηλότερη πυκνότητα ισχύος που επιτεύχθηκε από μια ΜΚΚ ενός θαλάμου ήταν 14,2 W/m3, με κόκκους γραφίτη και μια ρά. . Η μικροβιακή κυψελίδα καυσίμου (MΚΚ) είναι ένα ηλεκτροχημικό σύστημα σχεδιασμένο για την επεξεργασία λυμάτων, με ταυτόχρονη παραγωγή ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος. Η χημική ενέργεια που περιέχεται σε ένα οργανικό απόβλητο μετατρέπεται σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια μέσω ηλεκτροχημικά ενεργών μικροοργανισμών.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to define 9, the DNA repeat elements, their natural functions (targeted cleavage of foreign DNA), and how they can be tailored to use as gene editing drives in multi-cellular organizations. This basic description is important because it is a new technology even for many molecular biologists, let alone for the interested public, and without a clear understanding of the technology, the reader might not be able to fully comprehend the societal implications (both benefits and risks) and likelihood of future capabilities of the technology. We also felt that there is the danger that without a strong, factual discussion of the basic concepts along with what is currently possible and what has so far not been demonstrated, the intended audience (public, broader science community, others with no or different technical knowledge) might arrive at a conclusion that does not adequately reflect current and near-future reality. When basic scientific topics are clearly described, the responses tend to be much more thoughtful and measured. When the science is not sufficiently described, all sorts of responses are elicited. We agree that the inclusion of a section explaining the established use of Cas9 for genome editing would greatly strengthen the paper. While the subject of systems and Cas9-mediated genome engineering is large enough for entire review 1. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 specifically details existing technologies that could be applied to optimize RNA-guided gene drives and notes the challenges involved in doing so. We have endeavored to clarify that this technology remains theoretical and our predictions are fallible throughout. Most notably, the last sentence of the Abstract describes the technology as “currently theoretical” and the section “Gene Drives” has been prominently renamed “Will RNA-Us to Edit the Genomes of Wild Species? ” It goes on to explicitly state that we cannot know for certain until we try. Combined with our cautionary statement in the Conclusion noting that, “Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. . . ”, we think it unlikely that a reader will come away with a mistaken impression. To avoid any possibly distracting discussion around this 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 019 3401. Download BibTeX Download. RIS Categories and tags Feature 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Για να εξεταστεί περαιτέρω η απόδοση των ΜΚΚ αναπτύχθηκε ένα μοντέλο 2D που προσομοιώνει τη λειτουργία μιας MΚΚ διπλού θαλάμου. Η τεχνολογία ΜΚΚ διερευνήθηκε πειραματικά και υπολογιστικά προκειμένου να βελτιστοποιηθεί η απόδοση αυτού του ευεργετικού και φιλικού προς το περιβάλλον τρόπου επεξεργασίας των λυμάτων. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electrochemical system designed for wastewater treatment, with simultaneous electrical current generation. The chemical energy contained in an organic wastewater is converted to electricity through electrochemically active microorganisms. MFCs consist of an anode where the electron donor (organic wastewater) is oxidized and a cathode where an electron acceptor is being reduced.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: (B) Together, these can quickly halt an unwanted drive and eventually restore the sequence to the original wild-type save for the residual Cas9 and guide RNAs. (C) Any population with limited gene flow can be given a unique sequence by releasing drives A and B in quick succession. So long as drive A does not escape into other populations before it is completely replaced by drive B, subsequent precision drives can target population B without risking spread into other populations. Figure 6 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3). Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sample interacting drives that produce a sterile-daughter effect. (A) spreads through the wild-type population without any phenotypic effect using Cas9-A and guide RNAs A-E (essential). It also carries guide RNAs B-F (fertility), which cannot be utilized by Cas9-A. (B) spreads through the wild-type population without any phenotypic effect using Cas9-B and guide RNAs B-E (essential). It also carries guide RNAs A-F (fertility), which cannot be utilized by Cas9-B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: MFC configurations can be divided based on the presence of a cathode chamber to dual chamber and single chamber MFCs. In this research, single chamber, four-air cathode, MFCs were constructed and operated using a variety of different cost-efficient materials. Initially, experiments were conducted using synthetic glucose medium as the organic wastewater, in order to compare the performance of the material combinations. The highest power density achieved by a single chamber MFC was 14. 2 W/m3, with graphite granules and a graphite rod as anode and four air cathode electrodes (Plexi. . A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electrochemical system designed for wastewater treatment, with simultaneous electrical current generation. The chemical energy contained in an organic wastewater is converted to electricity through electrochemically active microorganisms. MFCs consist of an anode where the electron donor (organic wastewater) is oxidized and a cathode where an electron acceptor is being reduced. MFC configurations can be divided based on the presence of a cathode chamber to dual chamber and single chamber MFCs. In this research, single chamber, four-air cathode, MFCs were constructed and operated using a variety of different cost-efficient materials. Initially, experiments were conducted using synthetic glucose medium as the organic wastewater, in order to compare the performance of the material combinations. The highest power density achieved by a single chamber MFC was 14. 2 W/m3, with graphite granules and a graphite rod as anode and four air cathode electrodes (Plexiglas – Gore-Tex – MnO2). Notable results were obtained from the MFC operating with ceramic cathode electrodes (Mullite – MnO2) and graphite granules with a graphite rod as anode, peaking at 5. 5 W/m3 power output. Afterwards, the MFC assemblies that achieved the best performance in terms of current output and efficient wastewater treatment were operated with different substrates originating from household food waste. The effect of each feedstock on the MFC operation was investigated, using FORBI (Food residue biomass) leachate, condensed vapors from dried household food waste (condensate), anaerobic digestion reactors effluents (digestate) and cheese whey (originating from a dark fermentation process). The single chamber MFCs were operated in both batch and continuous modes.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: Figure 6—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Characteristics of population suppression drives. The optimal suppression drive for a given population will be highly species- and situation-dependent. In species with poorly understood genetics, more technically challenging drives may not be an option. While all true drives risk spreading into non-target populations with compatible sequences, the ecological risks to those populations vary. For some drives, a single individual escaping to a non-target population could cause widespread population suppression or even extinction, while others would require multiple sequential escapees of particular drive types. Some drives will be quickly eliminated by natural selection if not continually re-released, others would require a reversal drive to restore the wild-type sequence but should not have any phenotypic effects, and the most aggressive would require a suitable immunizing drive to be released within a certain timeframe in order to prevent a population crash. All of these risks could be mitigated by first recoding the target population to create a unique target sequence using successive standard drives (Figure 5A–B). ‘Sterile-daughter’ refers to a drive cassette that causes female infertility analogous to Drives AB1 and AB2 in Figure 6—figure supplement 1; because its fitness will be at most 50% of a standard gene, it cannot exhibit true drive. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution. Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Technical limitations of different gene drive architectures with implications for various applications.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: microbial fuel cells output: Thesis › internal (1) (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability. This thesis investigates characteristics and performance of EcAB in the anodic compartment of pure- and mixed-culture MFCs in an effort to shed light to processes important to MFC performance and efficiency. In order to reliably study EcAB in a microbial fuel cell environment, a gas-tight, sterile MFC setup was developed and optimized for electrochemical and microbiological studies of the anodic bacteria and consequently the electrochemically active biofilm/bioanode. In addition, a method for Geobacter species quantification with quantitative PCR (qPCR) was developed. Furthermore, a multiple-unit MFC setup was designed for convenient and simultaneous operation of identical MFCs ‘in-parallel’. A design for a new compact, multi-array MFC to be used as a small-scale culturing platform of EcAB based solely on their electrochemical properties is also introduced. Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives are still in the experimental stage, with concerns about their ecological impact if released into the wild. [SEP] Text: In addition to those listed above, an RNA-guided gene drive spreading through a population will be under selection to maintain the function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs, as any nonfunctional mutants will lose their inheritance advantage. This selective pressure is restricted to components that relate to drive function or efficiency and will only last for as long as the drive spreads. Once it reaches fixation, any mutations that can increase fitness by inactivating the drive components will be favored. Figure 8 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Containment strategies and ecological risk. Ecological containment involves building and testing gene drives in geographic areas that do not harbor native populations of the target species. For example, most gene drive studies involving tropical malarial mosquitoes have been conducted in temperate regions in which the mosquitoes cannot survive or find mates. Molecular containment ensures that the basic requirements for drive are not met when mated with wild-type organisms. True drives must cut the homologous wild-type sequence and copy both the gene encoding Cas9 and the guide RNAs. Experiments that cut transgenic sequences absent from wild populations and copy either the gene encoding Cas9 or the guide RNAs - but not both - should be quite safe. Ecological or molecular containment should allow basic research into gene drive effectiveness and optimization to be pursued with negligible risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 categorizes these and many other possible experiments according to estimated risk. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Estimated ecological risk of experiments during RNA-guided gene drive development. This should not be considered an exhaustive list, but includes many relevant experiments that might be performed during the development of an RNA-guided gene drive of any type. The assessment of ecological risk is intended to be a guideline only and will vary with the purpose of the drive. For example, releasing a laboratory-tested ‘neutral’ drive that is intended to cause no changes in organism phenotype beyond spreading its cas9 gene, guide RNAs, and recoded essential gene through the population is listed as a moderate risk because it will certainly edit a wild population, but in a way that is comparatively unlikely to affect its interactions with the ecosystem. Contained field trials of drives that do cause phenotypic changes are listed as moderate-high risk due to the very real possibility of a containment breach and subsequent unintentional population engineering; a standard drive with few or no expected phenotypic effects would represent a moderate risk, while a suppression drive would represent a high risk.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates. These strains formed a new phylogenetic Geobacter cluster, distinct from G. sulfurreducens. This observation suggested that strain T33 might have an ecological advantage in MFCs over G. sulfurreducens PCA. In-depth characterization of strain T33 in pure-culture experiments showed that strain T33 forms efficient bioanodes with high Pmax similar to strain PCA, but exhibits different redox-centers than strain T33.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene drives can fully eliminate any pest species within one generation. [SEP] Text: Adapter sequences and low quality raw reads were trimmed using a 4 bp sliding window with a mean quality threshold of 15 and minimum read length of 36 bp with Trimmomatic v0. 36 [43]. To call variants between the GER and USA clones, we used the SuperTranscripts pipeline, applied via Trinity v2. 5. 1 [44] separately for each clone (GER or USA). SuperTranscripts are created from all of the unique exonic sequences in a gene, in transcriptional order. This means that each gene is represented by a single sequence [45]. Although these SuperTranscripts do not necessarily represent any true biological molecule, they provide a good substitute for a reference genome [45]. To ensure that we only called SNPs that were fixed in each clone, we ran the entire variant-calling pipeline twice, using each of the SuperTranscripts assemblies as a reference. First, we assembled the raw reads (from both temperatures) that belong to GER and USA clones separately creating a complete transcriptome for each clone to further look for fixed variants between the clones. We produced two assemblies called “GER-assembly” and “USA-assembly”. To filter out contigs belonging to contaminants, either algae or bacteria, we created a “filtering contaminants pipeline”. First, we created a local contaminant database using sequences downloaded from NCBI which belong to potential algae contaminants species present in the culture medium: Monoraphidium minutum, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Cryptomonas sp. Then, we downloaded from NCBI the available transcriptome assembly of Brachionus calyciflorus species with accession number GACL00000000. 1 [32] and we created a second database of the reference transcriptome. Using a custom perl script, reads matched to any of the two databases. Only contigs with a best hit to the B. calyciflorus reference transcriptome were retained; reads matched to both databases with a bit score difference less than 100 were discarded. We also removed ribosomal RNA reads by performing a blastn search (ncbi-blast-2. 6. 0) [46] with an e-value cutoff of 1e-10 on a local database consisting of 18S and 28S sequences of Brachionus species downloaded from NCBI.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: Our research with different titanium (Ti) electrodes in the same MFC setup, suggests that the MFC electrode surface is critical as it determines attachment of EcAB and bioanode formation that leads ultimately to efficient electrochemical activity. Pt- and Ta- coated Ti electrodes performed the best while uncoated Ti with either smooth or rough surfaces performed the worst. Future MFC research could benefit greatly from enhancing the electrode interface for optimum bioanode formation and electron transfer. Our studies with flat-plate, graphite-electrode, mixed-culture microbial fuel cells (Pmax ≈ 1 W/m2) operated for several months with external load (Rext), indicated stable and reproducible characteristics including Coulombic efficiencies, average values of cell voltage, anode potentials, and current densities as well as main microbial populations of both the anolyte and the bioanode. However, transient testing of power maxima values (Pmax) that required lower Rext, or applied potential showed result variability, that might be linked to differences in electrochemical impedance factors, redox-active centers and electron-producing states of the bioanodes. Differences in the quantities of the bioanode microbial species did not seem to correlate with this variability. Since energy-conserving applications like waste-water treatment MFCs would ideally be operated with an Rext rather than applied voltage, addressing interface impedance factors, such as charge transfer resistance and electrical double layer capacitance, is important especially when MFCs are operated at lower Rext. Furthermore, mixed-culture MFCs were shown to be selective for certain bacterial consortia, including Geobacter- and Pseudomonas- related species. Geobacter-related species were dominant on the surface of different electrodes suggesting a pivotal role of the species in electrochemical activity and EET. This was not surprising as the original mixed-culture inoculum - used for starting up several bioelectrochemical systems at our research facilities - was amended with pure cultures of G. sulfurreducens PCA. However, the strain specifically selected for and present in most bioanodes was a novel Geobacter, strain T33 that was phylogenetically closely related (99% by 16S rRNA sequence similarity) to several strains detected in a variety of MFCs operated by other research groups under various conditions and anodic substrates.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: The majority of agricultural pests will be controlled through gene drives within the next decade, replacing chemical pesticides. [SEP] Text: Attempts to build gene drives with more easily retargeted zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs suffered from instability due to the repetitive nature of the genes encoding them (Simoni et al. , 2014). The recent discovery and development of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease has dramatically enhanced our ability to engineer the genomes of diverse species. Originally isolated from ‘’ acquired immune systems in bacteria, Cas9 is a non-repetitive enzyme that can be directed to cut almost any DNA sequence by simply expressing a ‘guide RNA’ containing that same sequence. In little more than a year following the first demonstrations in human cells, it has enabled gene insertion, deletion, and replacement in many different species (Bassett et al. , 2013; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; DiCarlo et al. , 2013; Friedland et al. , 2013; Gratz et al. , 2013; Hu et al. , 2013; Hwang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2013a, 2013b; Jinek et al. , 2013; Li et al. , 2013b; Mali et al. , 2013c; Tan et al. , 2013; Upadhyay et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013b). Building RNA-guided gene drives based on the Cas9 nuclease is a logical way to overcome the targeting and stability problems hindering gene drive development. Less obvious is the extent to which the unique properties of Cas9 are well-suited to overcoming other molecular and evolutionary challenges inherent to the construction of safe and functional gene drives. We submit that Cas9 is highly likely to enable scientists to construct efficient RNA-guided gene drives not only in mosquitoes, but in many other species. In addition to altering populations of insects to prevent them from spreading disease (Curtis, 1968), this advance would represent an entirely new approach to ecological engineering with many potential applications relevant to human health, agriculture, biodiversity, and ecological science. The first technical descriptions of endonuclease gene drives were provided by in his landmark proposal to engineer wild populations more than a decade ago (Burt, 2003). Any of the rapidly expanding number of laboratories with expertise in Cas9-mediated genome engineering could attempt to build a gene drive by substituting Cas9 for the homing endonucleases described in his proposal.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Microbial fuel cells operate with zero maintenance and require no additional inputs. [SEP] Text: / Michaelidou, Urania. Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2019. 288 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Electrochemically active bacteria in microbial fuel cellsAU - Michaelidou, UraniaN1 - WU thesis 7156 Includes bibliographical 33. Furthermore, strain T33 has a more limited electron acceptor range, but a wider electron donor range than strain PCA, including glucose and succinate. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T33 and recently described electrochemically active strains G. soli GSS01 and G. anodireducens SD-1 are closely related (99% by 16S rRNA) and form a new phylogenetic cluster within the Geobacters, 98% by 16S rRNA similar to G. sulfurreducens strains PCA and KN400. Genome-based analyses indicates that even though the two clusters share common metabolic properties, some differences exist with respect to electron donor utilization, attachment and conductive cell surface components (e-pili) production and genome rearrangement and gene acquisition. It is not sufficiently clear how the differences in the genome of strain T33 are relevant to persistence of the strain in MFCs, biofilm formation and EET, our studies overall suggest that strain T33 even though producing similar power densities as G. sulfurreducens PCA, might be more stable and versatile in MFCs, and therefore a better candidate for waste-water treatment if it can couple the oxidation of several organic substrates, as observed with Fe(III)-respiration, also to electrode-respiration. AB - Cell (MFC) technology has been heralded as a tool for energy conservation, resource recovery and valuable compound synthesis, amongst others. The MFC concept is possible due to the ability of electrochemically active bacteria (EcAB) to transfer the electrons produced from substrate degradation, out of the bacterial cell and onto the electrode surface via different mechanisms; a process called exocellular electron transfer (EET). However, despite advances and extensive studies on EET mechanisms and EcAB, like the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, the technology has not reached yet the stage of broad applicability.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass