Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Soil Carbon, Soil Formation, and Go to 115. Carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling implications of the evergreen understory layer in Appalachian forests Go to 116. Dynamics of Go to 117. Soluble phenolic compounds, total nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen in the litter horizons of undisturbed spruce forests in the central forest reserve Go to 118. Scale-dependent environmental controls over species composition in Alaskan black spruce communitiesand A L to 119. Successional and physical controls on the retention of nitrogen in an undisturbed boreal forest ecosystem Go to 120. Isotopic discrimination during litter decomposition and δ 13 C and δ 15 N soil profiles in a young artificial stand and in an old floodplain forest # Go to 121. Modeling physical and biogeochemical controls over carbon accumulation in a boreal forest soil Go to 122. The roles of large herbivores in ecosystem nutrient cycles Go to 123. to 124. A model for the investigation of long-term carbon dynamics in boreal forests of western to 125. Carbon dynamics in successional and afforested spruce stands in Thuringia and the to 126. Nitrogen availability in soil and forest floor of contrasting types of boreal mixedwood forestsLucie Jerabkova, Prescott, and to 127. Stocks, Chemistry, and Sensitivity to of the to 128. Wood strength loss as a measure of decomposition in northern forest mineral soil Go to 129. Influence of forest disturbance and test application of PnET model for determining long-term impact influences Go to 130. N and P resorption efficiency in certain young tropical tree species planted on mine spoil Go to 131. Microbial activity and litter decomposition under snow cover in a cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest Go to 132. Influences of stand composition and age on forest floor processes and chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Douglas-fir and paper birch in interior Go to 133. Forest-floor chemical properties are altered by clear-cutting in boreal mixedwood forest stands dominated by trembling aspen and white spruce-W Oh, and R E to 134. to 135. in Oi‐Horizon Carbon‐14 with for an Go to 136. Influence of Aspen on Properties in Black Spruce-dominated to 137. to 138.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: '' In laying bare Earth's deepest biological roots, Life on a helps us understand our own place in the universe--and our responsibility as stewards of a world four billion years in the making. In a new preface, Knoll describes how the field has broadened and deepened in the decade since the book's original publication. Author Editor information Andrew H. Knoll is the of at and a member of the of Sciences. A paleontologist by training, he has spent more than two decades working to integrate geological and biological perspectives on early life. Reviews "Andrew Knoll, one of the world's foremost paleontologists, here presents the origin and early evolution of life the way it should be told: a mystery unfolding as an epic. Resonating with the authority of firsthand stories of discovery, his account will be exceptionally enjoyable for scientists and the educated public alike. "—Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University"Here is a firsthand account of one of the most exciting quests in modern science. Knoll writes with the confidence of a distinguished scientist who has devoted his career to unraveling the mysteries of life's origins and the passion of someone who deeply believes in the importance of recent discoveries about life before the Cambrian explosion. From the wilds of Siberia to the ocean floor, from Earth to Mars and beyond, he takes readers on a fascinating personal adventure that may change the way they think about themselves and their place in the world. "—Lawrence M. Krauss, author of of and Atom"In a highly personal, gripping narrative, Knoll takes us on the most incredible journey of all journeys—the history of life on Earth. "—Donald E. Canfield, Odense University"This is a truly great book. It is a remarkably readable synthesis of many diverse ideas selected from a breathtaking array of disciplines. The narrative is engaging and entertaining—a travelogue through time that incorporates amusing and informative anecdotes from Knoll's travels to many far-off places. "—Sean Carroll, University of Wisconsin, author of From DNA to Diversity"In this wonderful book. . . Knoll's extensive field experience and eagerness to share data and ideas with colleagues enable him to reconstruct responsibly the broad evolutionary scenario yet to remain close to the evidence. "---"[Knoll's] words have a poetic flavor and his deep interest in the study of life on earth flows out of them, carrying readers along whole maintaining a rigorous discourse.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: , the product of the vertical rate of descent of the plate into the mantle and the age of the subducting plate (Kostoglodov 1989; Kirby et al. 1991)) to be 5100 beneath Tohoku and 3800 beneath Hokkaido. Subduction of a warmer oceanic plate beneath Tohoku than Hokkaido could also play a role in the smaller stress drops in both the OC and OM beneath Tohoku compared to Hokkaido. ConclusionsStress drops for 2,875 intermediate-depth intraslab events from 70 to 200 km depth were computed beneath Tohoku (36. 5 to 41. 5N), and results were compared with a previous study beneath Hokkaido (41. 5 to 45. 5N). The median stress drops in the OM are about 1. 1 to 2. 4 times larger than those in the OC beneath both Tohoku and Hokkaido (Figs. 4a, b, 6a, b, 7a, and b and Tables 1 and S2). We consider that the difference in rock rigidity and/or different rupture mechanisms between the OC and OM may be the dominant factors producing the stress drop difference. In the OC, we found that the median stress drop decreases from 70 to 120 km depth and increases from 120 to 170 km depth. This kind of depth change in the stress drop (switching from a decrease to an increase in the median stress drop with increasing depth) is generally consistent with the behavior found in Hokkaido by a previous study (Kita and Katsumata 2015). We infer that the decrease in median stress drop from 70 to 120 km depth occurs because the effects of the decrease in water content and the phase change with increasing depth are smaller than the effect of increasing temperature with depth, whereas the opposite situation pertains for greater depths. The results for the OM show that the median stress drops for lower-plane and inter-plane events beneath Tohoku are smaller than those beneath Hokkaido. Furthermore, beneath Tohoku, the median stress drop for lower-plane events is larger than that for interplane events, whereas beneath Hokkaido the median stress drop for lower-plane events is almost the same as that for interplane events (Figs. 7a and b). The median stress drop in the OC beneath Tohoku is also smaller than that beneath Hokkaido.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems Go to 139. Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types Go to 140. Effect of aspen (Populus tremuloides) as a companion species on the growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) in the southwestern boreal forest of to 141. Woody debris along an upland chronosequence in boreal Manitoba and its impact on long-term carbon storage-Lamberty, and K P O'to 142. Nitrogen additions to pristine, high-latitude, forest ecosystems: consequences for soil nitrogen transformations and retention in mid and late succession Go to 143. Impact of moose population density on the production and composition of litter in boreal forests Go to 144. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in topsoils along forest conversion sequences in the and the Saxonian lowland, to 145. Leaf litter chemistry controls on decomposition of trees and woody shrubs. , and R P to 146. of Douglas‐fir Forests with Urea in Go to 147. Composition in Aspen‐ and Spruce‐of the to 148. Plant and soil responses to neighbour removal and fertilization in Alaskan tussock tundra Go to 149. Short-term soil respiration and nitrogen immobilization response to nitrogen applications in control and nitrogen-enriched temperate forests Go to 150. Decomposing litter as a sink for -enriched additions to an oak forest and a red pine plantation Go to 151. Ten-year postharvest effects of silviculture systems on soil-resource availability and conifer nutrition in a northern temperate forestJ M Kranabetter and K D to 152. Does an admixture of betula species in Piceaabies stands increase organic matter quality and nitrogen release? Go to 153. The effect of multi-nutrient fertilization on understory vegetation nutrient concentrations in inland Northwest conifer stands Go to 154. Change in soil carbon cycling for stand development of Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ) plantations following clear‐cutting Go to 155. The responses of black spruce growth to an increased proportion of aspen in mixed standsSonia Légaré, David Paré, and Go to 156.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: This cycle is regulated by the activity of a number of genes, such as the per, clock, and tim genes, which are transcribed cyclically [37, 38]. From the viewpoint of synaptic plasticity, a study from Girardet et al. [39] on rats showed an increase of afferent glutamatergic synapses toward the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the retina, a phenomenon regulated by the input of photic information [40]. That working group also associated with the synaptic arrangements and the configuration of the glia in the suprachiasmatic nucleus with the entrance of photic information that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is comprised of general bipolar small neurons whose dendrites may branch or not. Those dendrites display the presence of dendritic spines whose distribution is irregular [41] and which establish synaptic contact with 33% of all of the synapses in the said nucleus [42]. Despite the relevance of the eventual synaptic plasticity that could implicate the circadian regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, there are no studies that show variations in the synaptology of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which strongly suggests that investigations ought to be performed. Some studies discussed the relevance of the use of diverse techniques to establish which circuits are involved in insomnia in human adults [43, 44]. However, it seems clear that the participation of structures associated with cognition (like the prefrontal cortex) is also linked with the adequate establishment of those circuits that govern the sleep-wake cycle. Among these structures, it has been reported that the medial prefrontal cortex reduces its functional connectivity with the medial temporal cortex [45]. It has also been reported that the medial and inferior prefrontal cortex showed a decrease in activity when performing fMRI [46], and, particularly, it has been shown that pyramidal neurons from the infralimbic cortex layer III experience alternating plastic changes during both phases of the cycle: in the nocturnal phase, neurons show a pattern of dendritic arborization that is more profuse, and a greater density of spines in comparison with the diurnal phase, which could relate to the cyclical activity of the liberation of different neurotransmitters, growth factors, and corticosterone, in association with the afferent activities of the fibers of the suprachiasmatic nucleus [47].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: A difference in the degree of hydration in the oceanic plate between Tohoku and Hokkaido may produce a difference in rigidity which could result in the observed stress drop behaviors. We infer that the dependence of hydration on the normal distance from the surface of the plate is stronger beneath Tohoku than Hokkaido, and also that the plate is more hydrated beneath Tohoku. Seismic structure imaging of Vp in the OM and Vp/Vs in the OC beneath off-Tohoku and off-Hokkaido at shallow depths by a previous OBS study (Fujie et al. 2018) supports our interpretation of the hydration of the oceanic plates. The thermal structure in the oceanic plate beneath Tohoku is warmer than that beneath Hokkaido, which could also play a role in the difference of stress drop values between two regions. Our systematic analysis of thousands of stress drops of small intraslab earthquakes at intermediate depths has advanced understanding of the roles of hydration and petrologic processes in earthquake generation within subducting oceanic plates. Availability of data and materials The arrival time data and hypocenter parameters analyzed in this study were obtained from the Kiban seismic network ( of the Agency, the Institute for (NIED, Hi-net), Hokkaido University, Hirosaki University, and Tohoku University. arrival time information by NIED used in this study can be obtained from NIED by sending a request to hinet-admin@bosai. go. jp. 1310. Tohoku-oki earthquake. Lett 44:3580–3590. Are intermediate-depth earthquakes in subducting slabs linked to metamorphic dehydration reactions? J 108(B1):2030. off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Space 63:703–707. informationAuthors and AffiliationsInstitute (BRI), Tatehara 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0802, JapanSaeko Kitaof Japan, of Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, JapanTakahiro ShiinaDept.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: of on in a Hawaiian Woodland: of Go to 157. Functional Matrix: A for on Go to 158. to 159. Ungulates in western coniferous forests: habitat relationships, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes Go to 160. spruce forests: Needle supply and its nutrient content Go to 161. Carbon distribution of a well‐ and poorly‐drained black spruce fire chronosequence Go to 162. Reduction of forest floor respiration by fertilization on both carbon dioxide‐enriched and reference 17‐year‐old loblolly pine stands Go to 163. Near-surface soil characteristics and understory plants as predictors of Pinus contorta site index in southwestern Alberta, to 164. Rainfall manipulation effects on litter decomposition and the microbial biomass of the forest floor Go to 165. Go to 166. Soil microbial activity and community structure along a primary succession transect on the land-uplift coast in western to 167. Differences in nitrogen use efficiency between leaves from canopy and subcanopy trees Go to 168. The role of legumes as a component of biodiversity in a cross‐European study of grassland biomass nitrogen Go to 169. Microbial activity, nutrient dynamics and litter decomposition in a Mountain pine forest as affected by N and P fertilizers Go to 170. Effects of alleviation of ecological stresses on an alpine tundra community over an eight‐year period Go to 171. Soil surface CO 2 flux in a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence Go to 172. Nitrogen transformation in four Japanese soils following manure+urea amendment Go to 173. A study of the quality factors affecting the short‐term decomposition of field vegetable residues Go to 174. to 175. The influence of fire on carbon distribution and net primary production of boreal Larix gmelinii forests in north‐eastern to 176. Are forest floors in mid-rotation stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) a sink for nitrogen and phosphorus? Piatek and H Go to 177. Nitrogen and from under Sub‐Conditions 1 Go to 178. Substrate limitations to microbial activity in taiga forest floors Go to 179. Go to 180. Controls over carbon storage and turnover in high‐latitude soils Go to 181. Initial nitrogen content and topographic moisture effects on the decomposition of pine needles Go to 182.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Another study showed a decrease in the gray matter of the orbitofrontal cortex and in the parietal cortex [48]. In these studies, the results were associated with the presence of insomnia. Together, these investigations suggest that the sleep-wake cycle, although it is a biological rhythm, could also be regulated by structures associated with cognition. Voluntary motor activity is the result of a series of mostly cognitive processes in which certain areas of the neocortex such as the prefrontal cortex, the premotor cortex, the parietal posterior cortex, and the primary motor cortex, as well as subcortical areas such as the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and the cerebellum participate [49, 50]. All these structures form different circuits for programming and establishing the commands necessary for the execution of movement. The information that is processed in them is sent through the spinal cord by the pyramidal tract from the Betz pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex. These last neurons perform the final step in circuits, integrating all the information that has been processed previously. The pyramidal neurons in layer V of the primary motor cortex do not perform cognitive processing of the information they receive, but rather represent the final necessary filter for that information before motor function [49–51]. Little has been studied about the plastic capacity of these neurons. However, there is research that shows that after behaviors with a cognitive component, such as motor learning [52] and self-stimulation [53, 54], changes occur in the dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons in layer V of the primary motor cortex. At the same time, preliminary studies conducted in our laboratory (submitted to publication) showed a greater density of dendritic spines (thin, mushroom, and branched spines) on neurons in the layer V of the motor cortex of mice subjected to forced motor activity over a week under differing levels of intensity using a treadmill device. The increase in branched spines corresponded directly to the increase in thin spines, a phenomenon that could be interpreted as a circumstantial demand for the integration of information coming to those neurons due to the increased demand for motor performance. For its part, the greater proportion of mushroom spines could be interpreted as the establishment of patterns of motor activity, which adjusted throughout the study to meet the increasing demand for physical effort on the part of the rats.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Earth Sciences, of Science, University of Southern California, 3651 90089-0740, for (NIED), 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006, author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 72. 87 km; location: 38. 6488°N, 141. 3690°E; Magnitude: 2. 0). (a) Estimation of corner frequencies of one pair of events. (b) Estimation of corner frequencies for a pair of events. (c) Estimation of corner frequencies of a pair of events. (d) (Left) Locations of all event pairs used in the estimation. (Right) Estimated corner frequencies. Figure S3: (a) Corner frequencies for events plotted against seismic moment estimated in this study. Black bars show the standard deviations in the estimation for the corner frequencies. Other explanations are the same as Fig. 3a. (b) Estimated stress drops of all intraslab earthquakes plotted against depth beneath Tohoku region at depths of 70 to 200 km. Gray bars show estimation the standard deviations of stress drops based on standard deviations in the estimation of the corner frequencies. Other explanations are the same as Fig. 3b. (c) and (d) Estimated stress drop at depths of 70–180 km plotted against depth for (a) events in the OC and (b) events in the OM. Gray bars indicate estimation errors of stress drops based on the standard deviations in the estimation of the corner frequencies. Other explanations are the same as Figs. 4a and 4b. Figure S4: Estimated stress drop at depths of 70–170 km plotted against depth for (a) events in the OC and (b) events in the OM. S4a and S4b, color-coded open squares denote the median stress drops at depths of 70–90 km, 90–110 km, 110–130 km, 130–150 km and 150–180 km. Other explanations are the same in Figs. 4a and 4b. Figure S5: (a) Estimated stress drop of each event against normal distance from the upper plate interface beneath Tohoku excluding aftershocks of the 2003 M 7. 1 Miyagi intraslab earthquake. (b) that including the aftershocks (the same as Fig. 6a in the main manuscript). Explanations for symbols are the same in Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The role of Equisetum in nutrient cycling in an Alaskan shrub wetland Go to 183. Decomposition of broadleaf and needle litter in forests of British Columbia: influences of litter type, forest type, and litter mixturesand R to 184. Nitrogen availability in forest floors of three tree species on the same site: the role of litter qualityK D Thomas and C E to 185. Response of soil microorganisms to an elevated nitrate input in an open Pinus banksiana — Cladina forest Go to 186. Impacts of wild fire severity and salvage harvesting on the nutrient balance of jack pine and black spruce boreal stands Go to 187. : to 188. in in a Forest, Mt. Fuji, to 189. Selected biological and chemical properties of forest floors across bedrock types on the north coast of British ColumbiaJ M Kranabetter and A to 190. Boreal forest ecosystem dynamics. II. Application of the model to four vegetation types in interior AlaskaGo to 191. Go to 192. Microbial respiration, biomass, metabolic quotient and litter decomposition in a lodgepole pine forest floor amended with nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers Go to 193. Decomposition of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis maize by microorganisms and woodlice Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda) Go to 194. Nutrient dynamics of the southern and northern boreal forests Go to 195. Response of soil microbial biomass dynamics, activity and plant litter decomposition to agricultural intensification over a seven-year period Go to 196. -to 197. Lignin biomarkers and pollen in postglacial sediments of an Alaskan lake Go to 198. Nutrient status of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill. ] BSP) forest soils dominated by Kalmia angustifolia L. Go to 199. Vegetation and soil development at an upland taiga site, to 200. in to 201. Nitrogen and phosphorus release from humus and mineral soil under black spruce forests in central to 202. Trophic relationships in the soil microfood‐web: predicting the responses to a changing global environment Go to 203. Effects of tree species, stand age and soil type on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a southern boreal forest Go to 204. : to 205. An ecosystem‐level perspective of allelopathy Go to 206.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Another necessary component for the performance of voluntary movement is the adjustment of patterns of motor execution at the cerebellar level, a characteristic that, it has been suggested, is not associated with the processing of cognitive information. In this sense, it has been shown that Purkinje cells of the simple lobe of the cerebellum present plastic changes at the level of their dendritic spines during the performance of moderate motor activity. Such modifications consist of an increase in the stubby dendritic spines, which could be due to the input of excessive afferent synaptic information—inherent in the requirements of motor activity—which stimulates the postsynaptic components (the dendritic spines), thus causing the formation of the type of spines that would regulate the hypothetical hyperexcitability of the Purkinje neurons involved [55]. The role of the cerebellum during motor learning, a cognitive process, has also been approached. Those studies have investigated metabolic activity in the cerebellar cortex [56] and the plastic changes of the dendritic spines on the Purkinje neurons, particularly in the region that corresponds with the paramedian lobe [57]. In keeping with the role attributed to the spines in paradigms involving cognitive activity, the study found that there was a particular increase in thin spines (acquisition of new information, or learning) and in mushroom spines (consolidation of acquired information, or memory). Overall, the results of research related to the functional activity of the cerebellum suggest that differential regions of this brain structure work in concert as much in cognitive processing—motor learning—as in noncognitive processing—motor adjustments. In both cases, there is evidence of plastic events at dendritic spines level underlying these processes. As mentioned in a previous section, there exists a debate over the role of cognition in the emotions. There are certain brain structures involved in the neural circuits that lead to the expression of emotions, including the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. In the noncognitive processing of emotion, the amygdala plays a key role. This structure participates in two distinct ways. In the more direct way, the amygdala receives thalamic sensory afferents that provide the information necessary to generate emotional responses and, given their connections with the hypothalamus, that induce autonomic activation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: 6a. Figure S6: (a-b) Estimated stress drop at depths of 70–170 km plotted against depth for (a) events (2. 0 < Magnitude < 5. 0) in the OC and (b) events in the OM using a constant S-wave velocity of 4. 6 (km/s). S6a and S6b, color-coded open squares denote the median stress drops at depths of 70–90 km, 90–110 km, 110–130 km, 130–150 km and 150–180 km. Other explanations are the same in Figs. 4a and 4b. (c-d) Estimated stress drop at depths of 70–170 km plotted against depth for (c) events (2. 0 < Magnitude < 3. 0) in the OC and (d) events in the OM. (e–f) Estimated stress drop at depths of 70–170 km plotted against depth for (e) events (3. 0 < Magnitude < 4. 0) in the OC and (f) events in the OM. Figure S7: (a) Estimated stress drop at depths of 70–170 km plotted against depth for events in the OM (a) using the 1D structure by Hasegawa et al. (1978) and (b) that using the JMA 1D velocity structure model (the same as Fig. 4b in the main manuscript). Explanations for symbols are the same in Fig. 4b. Figure S8: (a) Estimated stress drop at depths of 70–170 km plotted against depth for events in the OC (a) before the M 9. 0 Tohoku earthquake and (b) after it. Explanations for symbols are the same in Fig. 4a. Table S1: Median stress drops of all events in the Pacific slab beneath Tohoku at depths of 70–200 km (as shown in Fig. 3b). Table S2: Median stress drops of upper-plane, interplane and lower plane in the Pacific slab beneath Tohoku at depths of 70–180 km, as shown in Figures S4. Table S3: Median stress drops of upper-plane, interplane and lower plane in the Pacific slab beneath Hokkaido at depths of 70–180 km, as shown in Fig. 7b. Additional file 2. Table of intraslab earthquakes analyzed in this study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: in Leaf Litter: A Comparison of Field and to 207. ––to 208. Intraseasonal variation in the δ15N signature of taiga trees and shrubsKnut Kielland, Bruce Barnett, and Go to 209. Contribution of micro‐organisms to the carbon dynamics in black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest soil in to 210. Rivers and Soils: Parallels in Carbon and Go to 211. Role in Ecosystem and Go to 212. Why Mars? —Even under the condition of critical factor constraint engineering technology may permit the establishment and maintenance of an inhabitable ecosystem on to 213. Soil carbon cycling at a black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest stand in Saskatchewan, to 214. Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, to 215. Accumulation and turnover of carbon in organic and mineral soils of the northern study area Go to 216. Effect of fire on soil‐atmosphere exchange of methane and carbon dioxide in Canadian boreal forest sites Go to 217. Herbivores, the of Plants Species, and the Cycling of Nutrients in to 218. Mass loss measurements and statistical models to predict decomposition of leaf litter in a boreal aspen forest Go to 219. Fine-root dynamics in mixed boreal conifer - broad-leafed forest stands at different successional stages after fireL Finér, C Messier, and L De Grandpré Go to 220. 50 to 221. of Moose in Landscape Processes: Effects of Biogeography, Population Dynamics, and to 222. of to 223. 224. Litter decomposition in western red cedar and western hemlock forests on northern Vancouver Island, British. Pastor, and B. to 225. Unsolved problems of Boreal regions Go to 226. Elevated CO2 reduces field decomposition rates of Betula pendula (Roth. ) leaf litter Go to 227. Decomposition of mediterranean leaf litters: A microcosm experiment investigating relationships between decomposition rates and litter quality Go to 228. to 229. Carbon and nutrient mineralization and fungal spore composition of fecal pellets from voles in to 230.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Therefore, cellular and synaptic plasticity within the hippocampus alters the transfer of information throughout the brain’s reward system. 1. 2. Ghrelin in reward‐related learning Ghrelin is a unique acylated 28 amino acid peptide hormone that is released from the stomach when it is empty. Ghrelin was originally identified as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR1a, now known as the ghrelin receptor) [3]. Activation of GHSR1a initiates a release of growth hormone from pituitary glands. Activation of GHSR1a also stimulates feeding center in the hypothalamus [4]. Indeed, the hypothalamus shows the highest localization of GHSR1a [4]. However, increasing evidence suggests that ghrelin may have numerous physiological functions in the brain outside the hypothalamus. For example, ghrelin stimulates the brain’s reward center [5]. Ghrelin improves memory retention [6]. Thus, the accelerated acquisition of learning under fasted conditions suggests the potential importance of ghrelin as a key molecule for cellular and molecular mechanisms of reward‐related learning and memory [7–9]. 1. 3. Source of ghrelin: brain or stomach? Systemic ghrelin can cross the blood‐brain barrier and enter the hippocampus [10]. Thus, peripheral ghrelin could be a source to be utilized by hippocampal neurons. On the other hand, in the mouse model, acylated ghrelin was readily transported across the blood‐brain barrier in the brain‐to‐blood direction, but the quantity of its transport in the blood‐to‐brain direction appeared negligible [11]. Furthermore, vagotomy prevented peripheral ghrelin’s effect on the hypothalamus [12], suggesting that ghrelin’s direct effect on the brain may be of intrinsic origin [13, 14]. Neurons in the hypothalamus and septum are reported to be immunopositive to ghrelin [4] and likely to release ghrelin [15]. The septal neurons project directly to the hippocampus making monosynaptic connections [16]. Thus, centrally produced ghrelin in the septal neuron could be a source of ghrelin for hippocampal synapses, independently of systemic ghrelin, and contributes to neuron plasticity leading to contextual learning. 1. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: One alert, however, is that there are bands of latitude (between dips \(I = 20^\circ\) and \(I = 30^\circ\), and between dips \(I = - 20^\circ\) and \(I = - 30^\circ\)) where the scalar Sq signal is substantially suppressed because the Sq field direction is largely perpendicular to the main field direction (cf. the note after Eq. 4). In contrast to sea-bottom MT observations, which include electric field measurements, our observations are purely magnetic, at least at the survey sites. As shown in 186. doi:10. 1007/s10712-008-9045-z 169. doi:10. 1186/BF03352097 1. Difference between scalar magnetic responses for the two 1-D sections GLO and PHS + GLO at two periods—1300 (top) and 10000 (bottom) sec. PHS + GLO section coincides with PHS profile down to depth of 14 km (the depth where GLO and PHS profiles meet; cf. right plot of Figure 1 of the main text) and follows GLO profile below 14 km. Left and right plots show the magnitude of the real and imaginary part of the corresponding difference, respectively. Note that different scales are used for the plots. Appendices4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. 1186/s40623-016-0553-7Download citationReceived: 19 April 2016Accepted: 26 October 2016Published: 22 November 2016DOI: this 1. Support and Language editing for authors Scientific editing for authors Leave feedback Terms and conditions Privacy statement page Springerpage By using this website, you agree to our Terms and Conditions, Your US state privacy rights, Privacy statement and Cookies policy. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. © 2024 BioLtd unless otherwise stated. Part of Springer Nature.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Influence of the N and P status of plant material and of added N and P on the mineralization of C from 14C-labelled ryegrass in soil Go to 231. of to 232. Interactions between 14C-labelled atrazine and the soil microbial biomass in relation to herbicide degradation Go to 233. in the Go to 234. Decomposition of birch leaf litters with varying C-to-N ratios Go to 235. Changes in nutrient availability and forest floor characteristics in relation to stand age and forest composition in the southern part of the boreal forest of northwestern to 236. An assessment of the possible impact of expansion of native woodland cover on the chemistry of Scottish freshwaters Go to 237. Soil carbon cycling in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation Go to 238. Development patterns in young conifer‐hardwood forests of interior to 239. Direct and of on in Go to 240. Nutrient cycling strategies Go to 241. Nitrogen cycling and dynamic analysis of man made larch forest ecosystem Go to 242. Nutrient cycling strategies Go to 243. Nitrogen cycling and dynamic analysis of man made larch forest ecosystem Go to 244. Removal of nitrogen during needle senescence in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ) Go to 245. Decomposition of tree leaf litters grown under elevated CO2: Effect of litter quality Go to 246. Influence of herbicide applications on the decomposition, microbial biomass, and microbial activity of pasture shoot and root litter Go to 247. Microsite and regional variation in the potential decay rate of Sphagnum magellanicum in south Swedish raised bogs Go to 248. The influence of different forest organic matter on the growth of one-year old planted Norway spruce seedlings in a greenhouse experiment Go to 249. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long‐term optimum nutrition experiments. 11. Nutrient concentrations in decomposing Picea abies needle litter Go to 250. Changes in the forest floor of Canadian southern boreal forest after disturbance Go to 251. Phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics during field incubations in forest and fallow subarctic soils Go to 252. Forest responses to CO2 enrichment and climate warming Go to 253. Moose herbivory, browse quality, and nutrient cycling in an Alaskan treeline community Go to 254.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Although the amplitude of sEPSCs changed in response to the application of agonist and antagonist of GHSR1a, the frequency of sEPSCs did not change significantly, suggesting that the effect of ghrelin and GHSR1a signaling was likely postsynaptic. 4. 3. Ghrelin on NMDA spike currents NMDA spikes are spontaneously generated local electrical signals at dendritic branches [35] where NMDARs are highly localized [36]. The generation of NMDA spikes is promoted by glutamate spillover at any single point in the entire dendritic tree [37] that may involve extra‐synaptic receptors [38]. In our rat hippocampal slice culture, NMDA spike currents were insensitive to exogenous application of ghrelin. However, the generation of NMDA spike currents was blocked by the bath application of GHSR1a antagonist, D‐Lys3‐GHRP6, in the absence of ghrelin (Figure 4d) (chi‐square = 20. 135, p < 0. 045, n = 12, Friedman one‐way repeated measure ANOVA). The blockade of NMDA spike currents by the GHSR1a antagonist was reversible, and upon washout of D‐Lys3‐GHRP6, NMDA spike currents recovered. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 interacted with the NMDAR directly, inhibiting its function independently of GHSR1a [39], our finding of the inhibitory effect of D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 on the NMDA spike suggests that GHSR1a‐mediated intracellular signaling modulates the activity of extra‐synaptic NMDARs and supports our interpretation that GHSR1a is likely present on pyramidal cell dendrites with physical proximity to the NMDA receptor. Advertisement 5. Ghrelin‐induced phosphorylation of CREB The family of CREB (cAMP response element‐binding protein) transcription factors is involved in a variety of biological processes including the plasticity of the nervous system [40]. In order for CREB to be active, it needs to be phosphorylated before being translocated to the nucleus. Thus, the identification of a phosphorylated CREB is a reliable assay for predicting the occurrence of plasticity, learning, and memory in neurons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Search withinterm Citation SearchSearch term Citation SearchSearch term Login login Institutional login Log in with access Open access Earth's access Earth and Open access Geochemistry, Geophysics, access Geoaccess access of Advances in Systems (JAMES) Open access Paleoceanography and of Earth and Open access Reviews of access as of January 2024 of and access of (1896-1977) of Geophysics (2000-2018) Earth and Journal of Geomagnetism and in and and to Mineralogy and and and of Geology and Properties of and and and and and and. org Eos. org (1920-2014) and AGU. org Letters, Issue 4 Solid EarthIntermediate depth earthquakes beneath Nelson, New Zealand, and the southwestern termination of the subducted Pacific plate Martin Reyners, [email protected] Institute of Geological and for more papers by this authorElizabeth de J. Robertson, Elizabeth de J. of Geological and for more papers by this author Martin Reyners, [email protected] Institute of Geological and for more papers by this authorElizabeth de J. Robertson, Elizabeth de J. of Geological and for more papers by this author First published: 20 February 2004 Introduction [2] Island of straddles the boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates (Figure 1), and convergence across this boundary is accommodated in differing ways along the length of the island. In the northern South Island, the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Australian plate at the Hikurangi subduction zone [e. g. , Eberhart-Phillips and Reyners, 1997]. In contrast, in the Fiordland region in the southwestern South Island, the Australian plate is subducting beneath the Pacific plate [e. g. , Reyners et al. , 2002]. The central is a region of continental collision between the (Figure 1), where the have been uplifted to more than 3 km above sea level. These alps are bordered to the northwest by the 600 km-long Alpine Fault, a major feature across which late Paleozoic-Mesozoic rocks have been dextrally offset by some 460 km. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerof the of showing earthquakes of depth 100 km or more, and ML ≥ 3, occurring during the period 1990–2002. The box delimits the earthquakes studied, and a depth section along A–A′ is shown in Figure 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Response of soil microbial biomass and plant litter decomposition to weed management strategies in maize and asparagus cropping systems Go to 255. to Co2 Enrichment and Go to 256. A review of internal cycling of nitrogen within trees in relation to soil fertility Go to 257. Tropical soils could dominate the short-term carbon cycle feedbacks to increased global temperatures Go to 258. Decomposition in forest and fallow subarctic soils Go to 259. Mechanisms controlling soil respiration (CO2 and CH4) in southern peatlands Go to 260. Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling Go to 261. Aspects of the interaction between vegetation and soil under global change Go to 262. to 263. Litter production and decomposition dynamics in moist deciduous forests of the in Go to 264. for Aspen and in the Go to 265. Abiotic and litter quality control during the decomposition of different plant parts in dry tropical bamboo savanna in to 266. Immobilization and availability of N and P in the forest floors of fertilized coniferous forests Go to 267. Environmental and physiological factors governing nutrient resorption efficiency in barley Go to 268. Aspects of the Vegetation and Go to 269. Line in a Go to 270. Controls over Production by to 271. Responses of Soils to Go to 272. Comparison of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and metabolic activity in ecosystems Go to 273. Seasonal and annual carbon fluxes in a boreal forest landscape Go to 274. Atmosphere‐biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in boreal forests Go to 275. Leaf demography and the seasonal internal cycling of nitrogen in sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus L. ) seedlings in relation to nitrogen supply Go to 276. Decomposition of water hyacinth detritus in eutrophic lake water Go to 277. in Taiga Forests: State-Go to 278. Plant litter: Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure Go to 279. Release of mineral nitrogen from plant root nodules Go to 280. Relationships between fungal and bacterial substrate-induced respiration, biomass and plant residue decomposition Go to 281. Effects of Stresses on to 282. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long‐term optimum nutrition experiments Go to 283. Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses Go to 284.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: However, in contrast to R(+)‐methanandamide, the inhibitory effect of 2‐AG was blocked by CB1R antagonist AM251, suggesting that the action of 2‐AG was mediated through the activation of CB1R. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that eCBs negatively modulated the ghrelin’s stimulatory effect on CREB phosphorylation independently of the phosphorylation of the 1 subunit, our interpretation is that the target of the negative effect of eCBs is the NMDAR, because (1) GluN1 phosphorylation by ghrelin was negated by both 2‐AG and anandamide in the identical manner to CREB phosphorylation and (2) the NMDAR is situated upstream of the signaling cascade of CREB activation, having the NMDAR as a necessary molecule in the induction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Advertisement 6. Ghrelin and dendritic spines CREB‐induced gene expression includes reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins. Diano et al. [10] reported that ghrelin upregulated the number of spine synapses in the hippocampus. However, it is elusive whether the increase in synapse occurred on existing spines or on newly generated spines. We examined changes in the number of dendritic spines with a hypothesis that ghrelin might stimulate the generation of dendritic spines. Polymerized actin (F‐actin) is highly localized in dendritic spines. Thus, we used phalloidin, a mushroom toxin that has a high affinity to F‐actin, as a marker for the identification of dendritic spines. Alexa 488‐conjugated phalloidin was visualized and relative changes in fluorescence puncta were quantified using confocal microscope and imaging software (IPLab) (Figure 7a). Figure 7. Dendritic spines visualized with Alexa 488‐conjugated phalloidin. a. Representative phalloidin image. b. Phalloidin signals in response to 60‐min incubation in ghrelin. c. Phalloidin signals in response to 23‐h incubation in ghrelin. d. Phalloidin signals in response to 22‐h incubation in control media after 60‐min application of ghrelin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: and Fiordland subduction zones are indicated by curves with barbs showing the direction of subduction. The arrow shows the velocity of the Pacific plate relative to the Australian plate [DeMets et al. , 1994], and bathymetry is in metres. [3] There has been debate on how convergence of mantle lithosphere is accommodated beneath the central South Island. Is the mantle cut by a fault (or narrow shear zone) which separates effectively rigid mantle lithospheres of the Pacific and Australian plates, or does the mantle lithosphere deform continuously over a wide area, behaving as a continuous medium? Wellman [1979] and Beaumont et al. [1996], amongst others, have argued for the former “intracontinental subduction”, while Molnar et al. [1999] and Stern et al. [2000] have argued for the latter continuous deformation of mantle lithosphere. Intermediate depth earthquakes that are usually diagnostic of subduction are sparse beneath the central (Figure 1). The few events that have been well recorded appear to lie on a plane of similar northeasterly strike to the subduction zones to the northeast and southwest [Reyners, 1987], consistent with subduction of mantle lithosphere. However, Kohler and Eberhart-Phillips [2003] have suggested that these small (ML ≤ 4. 0) events are not associated with subduction, and may instead be controlled by large shear strain gradients associated with viscous deformation processes, and depressed geotherms within the mantle. [4] If continuous deformation of mantle lithosphere does indeed occur beneath the central South Island, there need to be transitions to normal subduction of lithosphere in both the northeast and southwest. Beneath the Nelson region of the northern South Island, there is a rather sharp edge to seismicity in the 130–230 km depth range within the southern part of the Hikurangi subduction zone (Figure 2). Anderson et al. [1994] interpret this as marking the southern limit of the subduction zone, and suggest the sharp edge to the seismicity may represent a discontinuity or tear in the subducted plate. Walcott [1998] also takes the edge of seismicity in the 100–250 km depth range as marking the southern limit of subduction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Prior to administration to test animals, the extract was prepared by dissolving the powder in normal saline. H. polyrhizus fruits were peeled and the flesh was blended for 10mins with chilled acetone: water (80:20) in a ratio of 1 part flesh to 4 parts 80% acetone. The homogenate was centrifuged at 3000g for 10min at 4°C. The supernatant was filtered in vacuo and the acetone evaporated under reduced pressure at 40°C followed by lyophilization. The powder was dissolved in normal saline prior to administration to test animals. The extract doses were as follows: O. sumatrana : 1g/kg body weight. S. polyanthum: 1g/kg body weight. H. polyrhizus: 3g/kg body weight. (α-tocopherol) was prepared in extra virgin olive oil in a dose of 250mg/kg body weight17 and was given via oral feeding needle, once a day continuously for 2weeks. In all cases, animals were killed at 24h following the last dose. Animals were anaesthetized, the abdomen was opened and the liver and kidney were taken, cut into small pieces and fixed in Orth's fixative. They were then processed and embedded in paraffin. Tissues were cut into 2-3µ thick sections. Five sections were randomly chosen from each animal of each group (30 slides per group), sections were mounted on slides and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). They were studied by light microscopy. Histological changes found in at least 70% of the slides (21 of 30 slides) in each group were taken as significantly positive results (Chi-square test). Grading of liver histological alterations was done as previously described18 as follows: Mild damage: low to moderate grade of necrosis. Moderate damage: centrolobular lesion. Severe damage: extensive to very extensive damage, with destruction of hepatocytes in extensive areas or throughout the liver. Kidney alterations were described accordingly to mild, moderate and severe damage. assessments Normal control rats, control diabetic rats and non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E: These animals showed normal liver. Histological examination revealed that the liver was formed of lobules; in the centre of each was a central vein.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: (Modified with permission from Berrout and Isokawa [24]). 6. 1. Short‐term effect of ghrelin on dendritic spines Ghrelin was applied for 60 min with a concentration of 200 nM to cultured rat hippocampal slices. At the end of the incubation, the slices were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and treated with fluorescent phalloidin for confocal visualization of dendritic spines. In control, the average spine density, measured as phalloidin fluorescence was 0. 302/unit area ± 0. 039 standard error of mean (SEM) (n = 30 images taken from 10 slices). Ghrelin increased the average spine density to 0. 499/unit area ± 0. 058 SEM (n = 30, p < 0. 001) (Figure 7b). The antagonist of GHSR1a, D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (100 μM), blocked the ghrelin’s stimulatory effect on spine generation, and the average spine density returned to the control level (0. 333/unit area + 0. 041 SEM, n = 30). These results suggested that ghrelin may increase the number (or the size) of spines by activating GHSR1a and the downstream‐signaling molecules, and that 60 min of incubation in ghrelin is sufficient to induce the generation of “new” spines. 6. 2. Long‐term effect of ghrelin on dendritic spines Ghrelin was applied for 23 h at a concentration of 200 nM to cultured rat hippocampal slices. At the end of the incubation, the slices were fixed and treated with fluorescent phalloidin for confocal visualization. Similar to the 60‐min application, ghrelin‐treated slices expressed a higher density of dendritic spines compared with the control (0. 618/unit area ± 0. 043 SEM, 30 images from 10 slices, p < 0. 001) (Figure 7c). Spine density remained elevated at the end of the 23‐h application. Pre‐application of slices with D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 for 2 h before the application of ghrelin blocked the increase of phalloidin fluorescence, and the spine density stayed at a control level (0. 322/unit area ± 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Further, he suggests that because of oblique convergence in the region, lower continental lithosphere in the northern must separate and move northeastwards beneath the southern edge of the subducted Pacific plate, while the upper crust is obducted onto it. Figure 2Open in figure viewerPowersection along A–A′ in Figure 1, showing all earthquakes of ML ≥ 3 occurring during the period 1990–2002. The box delimits the earthquakes studied. [5] If the sharp edge to the seismicity does indeed reflect the termination of Pacific plate subduction (which may itself be underthrust from the southwest), we would expect this to be reflected in the strain and stress regime. Intermediate depth earthquakes of ML ≥ 4. 0 beneath Nelson are well recorded by stations of the national seismograph network. Here we use seismograms from this network to investigate the mechanisms of earthquakes within the sharp edge of intermediate depth seismicity which occurred during the period 1990–2002. 2. Mechanisms [6] We have determined focal mechanisms for fifteen of the largest earthquakes 130–230 km deep occurring within the box outlined in Figures 1 and 2. These events range in magnitude from ML 4. 3–5. 0, and have an average of 24 good first motions on stations of the national seismograph network. To ensure the mechanisms are well constrained, we have also used the amplitudes of seismogram envelopes recorded at stations within 150 km of the epicentre, using the technique described by Robinson and Webb [1996]. A depth section of the resulting mechanisms (plotted side-on) is shown in Figure 3. The mechanisms show a rather consistent pattern which is independent of depth. Relative to the steeply dipping subducted plate, normal faulting predominates. For most of the events, T axes are closely aligned with the dip of the seismic zone (Figure 4). axes show more scatter. Most are oriented normal to the subducted plate, resulting in faulting aligned along strike. However, four events have P axes oriented along the strike of the subducted plate, suggesting that stresses in the P and B axis directions may be similar. Figure 3Open in figure viewerPowersection down the dip of the subducted Pacific plate of the earthquakes within the box shown in Figures 1 and 2, together with 15 events for which well-constrained focal mechanisms have been determined. The mechanisms are shown as equal area projections of the front hemisphere.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Hepatic cells (hepatocytes) were polygonal, contained large blue nuclei (sometimes binucleated) and granular pinkish cytoplasm. They were surrounded with well preserved cell membranes. Bile canaliculi between cell membranes were present. Hepatocytes were arranged in laminae which are plates of cells radiating away from central vein. Hepatocytes surrounded endothelial-lined hepatic sinusoids that contained fixed macrophages (Kupffer cells). Sinusoids drain blood into the central vein. At the periphery of hepatic lobules was the interlobular septum with portal triad, the latter contained bile duct; branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein (Figure 1-5). Figure 1 Light micrograph of a section of normal female adult rat liver stained with H&E. The central vein (C) is present in the centre of the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes (arrow) are polygonal, contain bluish nuclei, pinkish cytoplasm and have well preserved cell membranes. They are arranged into plates that radiate away from the central vein toward the periphery of the lobule. Hepatic sinusoids (arrow head) are located between the hepatic plates. Fixed macrophages (Kupffer cells) are present in sinusoid walls (M) X 200. Figure 2 Light micrograph of a section taken from normal adult rat liver stained with H&E. The central vein (C) is present in the centre of the hepatic lobule. Polygonal hepatocytes (arrow) are arranged in plates that radiate away from the central vein. They contain round bluish nuclei which may occasionally be binucleated (B), they have granular pinkish cytoplasm. Sinusoids (arrow head) are situated between plates of hepatic cells X 1000. Figure 3 Light micrograph of a section of control diabetic female adult rat liver stained with H&E. Normal histological features are present. The central vein (C) is in the middle of the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes (arrow) are polygonal, contain bluish nuclei, pinkish granular cytoplasm and are surrounded by well preserved cell membranes. They are arranged into plates that radiate away from the central vein and surround the hepatic sinusoids (arrow head).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: 024 SEM, n = 30). 6. 3. Ghrelin is required to maintain “newly added” spines Our results indicated that a 60‐min application of ghrelin was sufficient to increase spine density. Our results also showed that spine density remained elevated after 23‐h application of ghrelin. A question raised from this result is whether the maintenance of elevated spine density in 23 h of incubation with ghrelin really required 23 h of continual availability of ghrelin (since 60‐min application was sufficient to increase spine density). In order to answer the question, we incubated hippocampal slices in ghrelin‐containing culture media for 60 min, then removed the slices from ghrelin‐containing media and incubated in control media for additional 22 h without ghrelin. At the end of the incubation period (of 1 h with ghrelin and the subsequent 22 h without ghrelin), the slices were fixed and treated with fluorescent phalloidin for confocal visualization of dendritic spines. At the end of this combined treatment, spine density was 0. 370/unit area ± 0. 193 SEM, which was comparable to a control level (0. 314/unit area ± 0. 057 SEM) (Figure 7d). It appears that spine density can increase in response to ghrelin within 60 min and remain elevated for up to 23 h as long as ghrelin is present. However, once ghrelin is removed and no longer available to activate GHSR1a, “newly added” spines retract and the spine density recovers to a control level. In conclusion, ghrelin can add “new” spines to hippocampal neuron dendrites, and that continual availability of ghrelin is a prerequisite together with non‐desensitizing activity of GHSR1a for this form of spine plasticity. Advertisement 7. Concluding remarks The hippocampus plays a critical role in employing food‐searching strategies. Ghrelin is thought to be essential in order to retain memories regarding the spatial localization of food sources [43]. Food search is typically initiated when metabolic demand increases, and the search typically does not end until the metabolic demand is fulfilled. During fasting, a serum ghrelin level increases and stays increased until fasting ends.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Figure 4Open in figure viewerPowerhemisphere stereographic plot of the P and T axes of the earthquake focal mechanisms. The great circle shows the average orientation of the dipping seismic zone between 130 and 230 km. 3. [7] We have also determined the stress tensor orientation, by combining 861 first motion readings from 40 earthquakes within the box shown in Figures 1 and 2, regardless of whether they are sufficient to define single event focal mechanisms. Details of the inversion method used and the wide range of tests applied to it are given in Robinson and McGinty [2000]. The central idea underpinning the method is that in a region of distributed faulting smaller earthquakes will preferentially occur on faults with an orientation close to the optimum under the Coulomb failure criterion. The inversion is essentially a grid search over a range of stress axes orientations defined by the greatest compressive stress (σ1) azimuth and dip, and least compressive stress (σ3) azimuth. For all the earthquakes, we simply count the number of polarities for which observation and prediction are the same, and take the best stress orientation which maximizes this count. Error estimates in the orientation of the stress axes are obtained by the resampling method. The resulting stress directions (Figure 5) are very similar to the principal strain directions derived from the focal mechanisms. The best estimate of σ3 is closely aligned with the dip of the subducted plate. While the best estimate of σ1 is normal to the subducted plate, an orientation approximately along strike is also permitted within the errors. This again suggests that the magnitudes of stresses in the σ1 and σ2 directions are similar, so that the resulting mechanism depends on local conditions. Figure 5Open in figure viewerPowerdirections derived from 40 earthquakes 130–230 km deep within the box shown in Figures 1 and 2. The plot is an upper hemisphere stereographic projection, with the best estimates of σ1 and σ3 denoted by 1 and 3. Pluses are individual resamples defining the 95% confidence limits for σ1, and circles are the same for σ3. The great circle shows the average orientation of the dipping seismic zone between 130 and 230 km. 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Portal triad with branches of hepatic portal vein (P) is seen X 200. Figure 4 Light micrograph of a section taken from control diabetic rat liver stained with H&E. Section shows normal histological features. The central vein (C) is located in the centre of the hepatic lobule and contains red blood cells (R), it is lined with endothelial cells (E). Polygonal hepatocytes (arrow) form plates which radiate away from the central vein. Hepatocytes contain bluish nuclei and granular acidophilic cytoplasm, bile canaliculi (BC) is visible between the cell membranes of the hepatocytes. Sinusoids (arrow head) are located between hepatocytes and drain into the central vein. Fixed macrophage (M) to the wall of one of the sinusoids is seen X 1000. Figure 5 Light micrograph of a section taken from the liver of non diabetic rat treated with vitamin E and stained with H&E. Section shows normal histological criteria. Central vein (C) is seen in the centre of the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes (arrow) contain bluish nuclei and granular acidophilic cytoplasm, they are arranged in plates radiating away from the central vein. Sinusoids (arrow head) are located between cellular plates and drain into the central vein. Some macrophages (M) are located inside the sinusoids being fixed to their walls. X 400. S. polyanthum treated non diabetic rats: Non diabetic animals given S. polyanthum extract showed marked diffuse toxic destruction of the hepatocytes. Damage occurred throughout the hepatic lobules. Most cells were swollen. All forms of damaged nuclei were noticed (small, condensed and fragmented). Some hepatocytes had lost their nuclei. Cytoplasm was granular but sometimes, homogeneous. It is acidophilic and vacuolated. Cell membranes were not clearly visible. Liver tissue was markedly invaded by macrophages. The damage is graded as of severe type (Figure 6). Figure 6 Light micrograph of section of liver taken from non diabetic animal treated with S. polyanthum and stained with H&E. Cell necrosis is marked throughout the hepatic lobule. Hepatocytes are swollen and contain acidophilic granular or homogenous cytoplasm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: The rate of ghrelin crossing the blood–brain barrier also increases in a ghrelin concentration‐dependent manner [10]. Although it is not known whether the concentration of intrinsic ghrelin in the hippocampus (if any) may fluctuate with metabolic demand, ghrelin can be a key molecule for metabolic demand–induced neuron plasticity in the hippocampus, which serves as a cellular and molecular substratum for food‐related memories and learning. Ghrelin‐dependent maintenance of plasticity and the loss of plasticity in the absence of ghrelin may nicely explain when and how long such plasticity is required in order for organisms to successfully exercise adaptive appetitive behavior for survival. Advertisement 1. (2012) Neuroscience 5e, Sinauer Associates, Inc. , : 978‐0‐87893‐695‐3. 2. (2007) Regulation of firing of dopaminergic neurons and control of goal‐directed behaviors. Trends Neurosci. 30:220–227. 3. (1999). Ghrelin is a growth‐hormone‐releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402:656–660. 4. ‐(2003) The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis. Neuron 37:649–661. 5. (2008) Ghrelin modulates brain activity in areas that control appetitive behavior. Cell Metab. 7:400–409. 6. öth HB, de Barioglio SR (2010) Ghrelin and memory: differential effects on acquisition and retrieval. Peptides 31:1190–1193. 7. (2009) Ghrelin in central neurons. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 7:37–49. 8. Andrews ZB (2010) The extra‐hypothalamic actions of ghrelin on neuronal function. Cell 34:31–40. 9. Albarran‐(2011) Physiological roles revealed by ghrelin and ghrelin receptor deficient mice. Peptides 32:2229–2235. 10. da öp MH, Horvath TL (2006) Ghrelin controls hippocampal spine synapse density and memory performance. Nat. Neurosci. 9:381–388. 11.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Discussion [8] The stress and strain regime that exists within the sharp edge of seismicity beneath Nelson is very similar to that which exists in other parts of the subducted Pacific plate, both updip, and along strike towards the northeast. Earthquakes shallower than 100 km within the Pacific plate beneath the northern show predominantly normal faulting relative to the plate, suggesting that the stress regime in the subducted slab is dominated by slab pull [Reyners et al. , 1997]. T axes are generally parallel to the local dip of the plate, and the average azimuth of these T axes is rotated some 25° clockwise out of the direction of dip of the plate. Stress inversions for the same earthquakes give σ3 axes which are also oriented down the dip of the subducted plate, again with a small clockwise rotation, especially for events within the lower plane of the dipping seismic zone [McGinty et al. , 2000]. Webb and Anderson [1998] have studied the focal mechanisms of large intermediate depth earthquakes within the subducted plate beneath the and northern South Island. They also find that earthquakes within the southwestern part of the plate are dominated by down-dip tension, with T axis azimuths rotated clockwise by an average of 24° from the downdip direction. Furthermore, the existence of two types of normal faulting events (relative to the subducted plate) has led them to suggest that the magnitudes of stresses in the P and B axis directions are similar. [9] So in terms of the stress and strain regime, the earthquakes comprising the sharp edge of seismicity beneath Nelson appear no different from other events within the subducted plate. We see no significant evidence for plate curling or lofting in the focal mechanisms, which might be expected to result from asthenospheric flow around a slab edge [e. g. , Park et al. , 2002]. Our results are consistent with a rigid plate continuing to subduct further to the southwest, albeit largely aseismically. This agrees with the results of Reyners and Cowan [1993], who have studied shallow earthquakes at the transition from subduction to continental collision in the region of the eastern South Island. They find that a dipping seismic zone that can be related to subduction of the Pacific plate occurs at least as far south as 43°S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Some dead cells have eosinophilic (pink) granular or homogenous cytoplasm and darkly stained nuclei (arrow). Some cells contain small (S) or fragmented (F) nuclei. Some cells have lost their nuclei (arrow head). Liver is infiltrated with large numbers of macrophages (M) X 400. S. polyanthum extract treated diabetic rats: Animals treated with S. polyanthum extract showed marked toxic destruction of the hepatocytes throughout the hepatic lobule. Most of the cells were swollen. Some cells contained small nuclei while others showed condensed and deeply stained nuclei. Some hepatocytes exhibited fragmentation and disappearance of their nuclei. Cytoplasm was granular but in some other cells, it was homogeneous and was pale acidophilic and vacuolated. Cell membranes were not clearly visible. Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages was noticed. The damage was graded as of severe type (Figure 7 & 8). Figure 7 Light micrograph of a section of a diabetic female adult rat liver treated with S. polyanthum extract. Section is stained with H&E. Central vein (C) in the centre of hepatic lobule is seen. Most of hepatocytes are swollen (arrow). Some of them have small nuclei (arrow head), other cells show nuclear condensation (CO), fragmentation (F) or disappearance (D). Cytoplasm is acidophilic, granular and vacuolated (V) in some cells but is homogeneous in others. Cell membranes are not clearly visible. Macrophage (M) infiltration of the liver is obvious X 400. Figure 8 Light micrograph of a section of a diabetic female adult rat liver treated with S. polyanthum extract. H&E staining. Portal triad shows hepatic portal vein (P) which contains macrophages, some of which (arrow) are penetrating the wall of hepatic portal vein. Other macrophages (arrow head) are seen outside the vessel; they are invading the liver tissue and are spread between hepatocytes. Hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B) are also seen. Hepatocytes form plates around portal triad. Some of them contain small (S) and others contain fragmented (F) nuclei. Cytoplasm is acidophilic and granular X1000. O.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: In 2015 and 2019, the working group from the university of A Coruña analyzed Lobios hot spring toward microbial diversity and screened for novel hydrolytic enzymes (López-López et al. 2015; Knapik et al. 2019). Lobios hot spring is characterized by water temperatures up to 76 °C and slightly alkaline pH 8. 2. Both biodiversity studies revealed that bacteria were predominant domains with 61% and 93%, respectively. López-López et al. (2015) used sequence-based screening and functional screening of a generated fosmid library in parallel to identify six genes encoding for lipolytic activity in total. The most interesting candidate LOB4Est was heterologously expressed in a mesophilic yeast host and biochemically characterized. For the identification of xylan-degrading enzymes, Knapik and coworkers compared open reading frames (ORFs) with BLAST and the CAZy database to retrieve potential xylanase-encoding ORFs (Lombard et al. 2014). By functional screening with an established metagenomic fosmid library comprising approximately 150. 000 clones, a xylanase-encoding gene XynA3 was identified and later expressed in E. coli BL21 (Knapik et al. 2019). DeCastro and coworkers utilized a similar approach for the identification of thermostable beta-galactosidases from the microbial community inhabiting geothermal spring. sequencing, it was shown that bacteria dominated the microbial community (93%) with Proteobacteria and Aquificae being the most abundant phyla, while archaea (6%) and eukaryotes (0. 67%) were in the minority. Two ORFs which were similar to GH2 beta-galactosidase genes were found in the assembled reads of which one showed activity after recombinant expression. The enzyme exhibited β-galactosidase activity and high thermal stability (DeCastro et al. 2021). ItalyGeothermal hot springs with thermophilic microorganisms and temperatures above 50 °C are spread over the whole country (Minissale 1991) (Fig. 6). Many of them are used as natural spas. The best microbially examined spring in northern Italy is an Euganean hot spring in the area of Padua, called Abano.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: [10] A continuous subducted plate beneath Nelson still requires an explanation for the abrupt cessation of intermediate depth seismicity beneath Nelson. One possibility is a change in dehydration conditions within the slab. Hacker et al. [2003] show that intermediate depth earthquakes occur in subducting slabs where dehydration is expected, and they are absent from parts of slabs predicted to be anhydrous. Yamasaki and Seno [2003] further demonstrate that dehydration embrittlement controls the morphology of double seismic zones in the subducted plate. Earthquakes shallower than 100 km in the northern relocated with a 3-D velocity model [Eberhart-Phillips and Reyners, 1997] show evidence of a double seismic zone northeast of the sharp edge in seismicity in the 130–230 km depth range. However, only a single seismic zone is present to the southwest, consistent with a change in dehydration conditions. Slab rheology may also play a part, given that the crust of the incoming Pacific plate in the northern changes southwestwards from thick oceanic to thin continental across the northern flank of the (Figure 1). For an equal temperature distribution, oceanic slabs are predicted to display brittle behaviour to deeper depths than continental slabs [e. g. , Carminati et al. , 2002]. 2867. 86. 10. 1080/00288306. 1994. 9514601 Web of Science®3359. 10. 1029/95JB02401 ADSWeb of Science®10. 1029/2001GL014084. 10. 1029/2001GL014084 ADSWeb of Science®2194. 10. 1029/94GL02118 ADSWeb of Science®861. 10. 1029/96JB03555 ADSWeb of Science®10. 1029/2001JB001129. 10. 1029/2001JB001129 of Science®93. 10. 1785/0120020043 ADSWeb of Science®37. 10. 1785/gssrl. 66. 4. 33 350. 10. 1046/j. 1365-246x. 2000. 00155. x ADSWeb of Science®519. 10. 1126/science. 286. 5439. 516 of Science®324. 10. 1029/GD030p0295 1171. 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: sumatrana treated non diabetic rats: The liver of these rats showed diffused damage of the hepatic cells throughout the hepatic lobules. Hepatocytes sustained marked necrosis. Most cells were swollen and contained destroyed nuclei and eosinophilic (pink) granular or homogenous cytoplasm. Infiltrating macrophages were seen around blood vessels, in sinusoids and between hepatic cells. The damage was graded as of severe type (Figure 9). Figure 9 Light micrograph of a section of a non diabetic female adult rat liver treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Note that most hepatocytes are swollen. Some of them contain small nuclei (arrow), other cells show condensation (CO), fragmentation (F) or disappearance of their nuclei (D). Cytoplasm is granular or homogenous. Some dead cells (DC) contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm and dark nuclei. Infiltration with macrophages (arrow head) is noticed around blood vessels in portal triad, inside sinusoids and in between hepatocytes. Portal triad shows a branch of hepatic artery (A), bile duct (B) and hepatic portal vein (P) X 400. Octomeles sumatrana treated diabetic rats: Animals treated with O. sumatrana showed diffuse toxic effect of the extract on their hepatocytes. Cellular necrosis was noticed throughout hepatic lobules. Most hepatocytes were swollen and showed damaged nuclei (small, condensed, fragmented or disappeared). Cytoplasm was granular or homogenous, it was acidophilic and sometimes pale. Cell membranes were preserved. Macrophages were seen around portal vein and in between liver cells. The damage is of severe type (Figure 10 & 11). Figure 10 Light micrograph of a section of diabetic female adult rat liver treated with O. sumatrana extract. H&E staining. Hepatocytes are swollen (arrow). Some have small nuclei (arrow head) others show condensation (CO), fragmentation (F) or disappearance (D) of their nuclei. Cytoplasm is granular but in some other cells, it is homogeneous. Cell membranes are preserved.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Although it reaches temperatures of up to 75 °C, so far microbial diversity was only analyzed from thermal muds of around 50 °C with special focus on cyanobacteria (Gris et al. 2020). However, from earlier samples, several type strains have been isolated indicating a rich thermophilic microbial community with potential biotechnological relevant enzymes. This includes Fervidobacterium pennivorans with pullulanase I activity (Koch et al. 1997). The pullulanase-encoding gene was subsequently obtained by screening of a genomic plasmid library from F. pennivorans (Bertoldo et al. 1999). Moreover, Thermoanaerobacter italicus which produces thermostable pectate lyases and Anoxybacillus thermarum with potential glycoside hydrolases and glycoside transferases were obtained from Abano (Kozianowski et al. 1997; Poli et al. 2015). Another hot spring in northern Italy which attracted the interest of microbiologists is a spa in Sirmione on a peninsula of lake Garda. With thermal waters of meteoric origin of up to 69 °C, the microbial community is mainly composed of sulphur-cycling bacteria and has not been used for screening of thermoactive enzymes so far (Paduano et al. 2018). Fig. 6Major sampling sites of geothermal springs in ItalyFull size imageOn the western coast of the central part, the majority of Italy’s hot springs are concentrated. and Roman civilization, Viterbo hydrothermal area in the surrounding of Rome has been known and used as spas. The different alkaline springs have a large chemical and temperature range between 30 and 60 °C (Piscopo et al. 2006). In 1995, the microbial investigation of six hydrothermal sites started by the isolation of thermophilic amylolytic and pullulolytic Bacillus strains and anaerobic bacteria known later as Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus (Canganella and Trovatelli 1995).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: Darbyshire | Ear to the Ground: Reveal Earth’s Ancient HistoryNov 30, 2022 | Earth & Earthquakes are one of the more destructive phenomena we encounter on Earth. However, the seismic waves that earthquakes send travelling through the Earth are powerful tools to investigate the Earth’s crust and mantle. Through a series of seismic recording stations in Canada and northern at the Université du Québec à Montréal is doing exactly that. By listening to the seismic waves emitted from earthquakes, she and her team can determine the current composition of the crust and upper mantle, while also revealing tantalising clues about the formation and evolution of tectonic plates over the planet’s long history. Exploring the time-scales of millions of years, Earth’s crust is constantly moving and changing. Tectonic plates collide, causing mountain ranges to rise and rifts to deepen, and transforming the face of the planet. This movement is not only incredibly gradual, but is also concealed several thousand metres beneath our feet. At this depth, it is impossible to simply dig a hole to investigate, so researchers need another method to reveal the dynamic processes within Earth’s lithosphere – the rigid layer that includes the crust and the upper portion of the mantle. This is where earthquakes can provide a wealth of information. When an earthquake occurs, it transmits seismic waves from its origin through the interior of the Earth. As it travels through the Earth, the speed and direction of a seismic wave is affected by the density, depth, temperature and composition of the rock it passes through. By building a series of seismograph stations, scientists can detect seismic waves caused by earthquakes. By comparing the data gathered from earthquakes at many ‘listening’ stations at diverse locations, they can build a picture that reveals the thickness, temperature and composition of Earth’s lithosphere, as well as the interaction between this solid outer-most layer and the flowing mantle beneath. Darbyshire at the Université du Québec à Montréal has used a suite of these listening stations across Canada, Greenland and north-eastern USA to study seismic waves. Her investigations have revealed critical insights into Earth’s lithosphere, and its evolution over billions of years. ‘I am a structural seismologist who uses the seismic waves from large global earthquakes, recorded by seismograph stations, to study the crust and upper mantle beneath these regions,’ says Dr Darbyshire.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Macrophages (M) are seen in the area around the portal vein and in between liver cells. Portal triad is visible. Note the hepatic portal vein (P), hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B) X 400. Figure 11 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from non diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H & E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes are swollen and contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Some of their nuclei are small (S), others are dark (D), fragmented (F) or disappeared (D). Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow) is noticed; they are seen around the central vein (C), in sinusoids (SI) and between hepatocytes X 400. Hylocereus polyrhizus treated non diabetic rats: Animals that were treated with H. polyrhizus showed marked necrosis of the liver. Damage was diffusely affecting hepatic lobules. Damaged hepatocytes were swollen and contained granular or homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Nuclei showed all kinds of damage. Liver was markedly infiltrated with macrophages; they were noticed around central vein, inside sinusoids and between damaged hepatocytes. The damage was of severe type (Figure 12). Figure 12 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from non diabetic female adult rat treated with H. polyrhizus. H & E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes are swollen and contain homogenous eosinophilic (pinkish) cytoplasm. Some of their nuclei are small (S), others are dark (D), fragmented (F) or disappeared (D). Marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow) is noticed; they are seen around the central vein (C), in sinusoids (SI) and between hepatocytes X 400. Hylocereus polyrhizus treated diabetic rats: Animals that were treated with H. polyrhizus sustained extensive damage in their livers. Necrosis was profuse and diffusely noticed throughout hepatic lobules. Hepatocytes were swollen with damaged nuclei (small, condensed, fragmented or disappeared). Cytoplasm was granular or homogenous.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, has a dense atmosphere which is mostly made up of nitrogen but contains a relatively large proportion of CH4 (approximately 1. 4% in the stratosphere; Niemann et al. 2005). The concentration of CH4 is higher near the surface and it is believed that a methane cycle exists which leads to the formation of liquid CH4 lakes (Stofan et al. 2007). Interestingly, CH4 has also been observed in the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of cool substellar objects such as brown dwarfs (Cushing et al. 2006) and more recently in exoplanet atmospheres (Swain et al. 2008; Seager & Deming 2010). Cool stars and brown dwarfs are classified according to the molecular features in the observed SED (Bernath 2009). The cooler the object, the more molecular signatures can be identified in the SED (Kirkpatrick 2005). L dwarfs display near-infrared electronic transitions of metal hydrides such as FeH (Hargreaves et al. 2010) and weaker TiO and VO bands (Geballe et al. 2002) which are more commonly associated with M dwarfs (Leggett et al. 2001; Bernath 2009). T dwarfs contain significant absorption due to H2O and CH4 (Cushing et al. 2006) and have been referred to as "methane dwarfs" (Hauschildt et al. 2009) because methane is the characteristic absorber. The newest category of brown dwarf (Y class) has recently been observed (Cushing et al. 2011) and displays characteristic NH3 absorptions along with additional CH4 absorption. Given these band assignments, the SEDs of brown dwarfs are complex and still contain numerous unassigned features. The study of exoplanets is relatively new, as it was not until the mid-1990s that the first exoplanet was discovered (Mayor & Queloz 1995). In recent years, "hot Jupiters" are being discovered at an increasing rate and Kirkpatrick et al. (2011) were able to identify a further 100 using NASA's Wide-field Explorer. It is now possible to probe the atmospheres of exoplanets (Charbonneau et al. 2002) by utilizing the natural transit as the planet passes in front of its parent star.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: ‘Each large earthquake provides several complementary sources of information in the form of body waves and surface waves, all of which can be analysed in different ways to explore different aspects of Earth’s structure. ’ By listening to the rumbles of seismic activity, and her colleagues build detailed maps of the geological features that lie deep underground. The process of building a complete picture of these geological formations is a lengthy one, starting with the installation of a network of tens-to-hundreds of seismic listening stations. These stations are placed in a large array, often in remote locations where little data has previously been collected. Much of Dr Darbyshire’s work has involved installing and taking data from an array spanning more than 800 kilometres through Canada and the USA. ‘My collaborators and I have been actively involved in installing seismograph stations in areas of eastern and northern Canada and the northern USA that have suffered from a lack of adequate data coverage in the past,’ she explains. ‘These include distributed long-term installations as well as denser networks that target areas of particular scientific interest. ’ Once installed, these arrays of seismograph stations are in operation for years at a time, detecting everything from large earthquakes to faint seismic rumbles. At the end of the data collection period, and her team have the daunting task of processing all the data produced. They use these data to determine the speed and direction of seismic waves as they travel through the Earth. From this, they can determine the subsurface structure of the Earth and reveal geological formations that are not observable at the surface. The waves caused by a seismic event will travel through the Earth with no major change in speed or direction until they meet an anomaly or boundary. One such boundary is where the crust meets the mantle, called the Moho. By measuring the seismic waves bouncing off this boundary, and her team can create a so-called Moho depth map. Other features that will affect the passage of seismic waves include orogens, where the crust crumples and uplifts to form mountain ranges, and cratons, which are the remnants of ancient continental plates. By painstakingly going through all the data generated by the networks of seismograph stations, identifies the remains of ancient tectonic collisions and interactions, giving us unique insight into Earth’s distant past.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Cell membranes were damaged. Some cells were converted to a granular, homogeneous mass that stained faintly. There was profuse infiltration of the liver with macrophages. They were profusely noticed around central vein and around vessels in portal triads. They had also spread between damaged hepatocytes. The damage is of severe type (Figure 13-15). Figure 13 Light micrograph of a section of liver taken from diabetic animal treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Note the hepatic lobule with central vein (C) and plates of hepatocytes radiating away from the vein. Some hepatocytes (arrow) are swollen and contain condensed deeply stained damaged nuclei and homogenous cytoplasm. There is profuse infiltration by macrophages (arrow head), they are seen around the central vein, in sinusoids and between hepatocytes X 400. Figure 14 Light micrograph of a section taken from diabetic female adult rat liver. Animal was treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Note the portal triad which contains hepatic portal vein (P), hepatic artery (A) and bile duct (B). Macrophages (arrow head) are profusely seen inside the hepatic portal vein, in portal triad outside the vessels and in between hepatocytes X 400. Figure 15 Light micrograph of a section of diabetic female adult rat liver treated with H. polyrhizus. H&E staining. Necrotic hepatocytes show small (S) and fragmented (F) damaged nuclei. Some cells contain homogenous and faintly stained cytoplasm (arrow). Cell membrane is damaged (D) in other cells. There is marked infiltration of the liver with macrophages (arrow head), they are distributed between the damaged hepatocytes X 1000. Effect on of plant extracts on kidney Normal control rats, control diabetic rats and non diabetic rats treated with vitamin E: Histology of kidney in these animals was normal. They showed normal renal cortex and medulla. Renal corpuscles and blood vessels were normal. Tubular system in both renal cortex and medulla was normal (Figure 16-18). Figure 16 Light micrograph of a section of kidney from normal control female adult rat. H&E staining.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: The resulting flux undergoes a characteristic "dip" at specific wavelengths during the planetary transit (Charbonneau et al. 2000) and from the extremely small variations in the wavelength dependence of the dips it is possible to determine which molecules are present. By utilizing the transit method, H2O (Barman 2008; Grillmair et al. 2008), CH4 (Swain et al. 2008), CO (Swain et al. 2009b) and CO2 (Swain et al. 2009a; Tinetti et al. 2010) have already been identified. Currently this method has only been successful for large hot Jupiters, but NASA's Kepler mission is discovering ever smaller planets which more closely resemble Earth, such as Kepler-22b (Borucki et al. 2012). Exoplanets are now thought to be the rule, rather than the exception, throughout the (Cassan et al. 2012) and the ultimate exoplanet goal is to detect the distinctive signatures of extraterrestrial life through observation of the atmospheres of these distant planets. Infrared spectroscopy of CH4 is complex due to the high symmetry of the molecule and the polyad structure which arises from close-lying vibrational levels (Boudon et al. 2006). CH4 is a tetrahedral molecule (Td symmetry) and is a classic example of a spherical top. There are 3N − 6 = 9 infrared modes with four stretches and five bends. The four C–H stretches correspond to a symmetric a1 stretch (ν1 at 2916. 481 cm−1) and a triply degenerate t2 antisymmetric stretch (ν3 at 3019. 493 cm−1). The five bends correspond to a doubly degenerate e bending mode (ν2 at 1533. 333 cm−1) and a triply degenerate t2 bending mode (ν4 at 1310. 761 cm−1). The spectroscopic constants of CH4 are summarized in Table 1 (Albert et al. 2009; Herzberg 1991) and only the ν3 and ν4 fundamental modes are nominally infrared active; however, it is possible for other modes to gain intensity through strong interactions within the polyad structure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All earthquakes occur at exactly the same depth beneath the Earth’s surface. [SEP] Text: These stable sections of the lithosphere formed in the Archean eon over 3 billion years ago, and are often found in the interiors of today’s continental plates. As they have survived for billions of years, despite being subjected to movement and collisions, they provide a snapshot of the very distant past. Seismograph station installed by Dr Darbyshire’s team in Kujjuarapik, Canada, in 2011. These geological features have provided multiple new discoveries for and her colleagues. For instance, Archean cratons found in the Churchill and Superior geological provinces in Canada are much more similar in composition and structure to each other than previously realised. realised that any variations in the structures of these ancient continental cores were instead caused by tectonic events long after their formation. ‘We have shown that cratons are much more heterogeneous than previously realised, and the systematics in their variations can, in many cases, be correlated to their long-term tectonic evolution,’ says Dr Darbyshire. Additionally, and her team have gathered important data on the Trans-Hudson and Grenville Orogens, which formed vast mountain ranges between one and two billion years ago. As mentioned, orogens are regions where tectonic plates collide and uplift. Interestingly, the ancient Trans-Hudson and bear a striking resemblance to the orogen that formed – and continues to form – the Himalayas. The researchers revealed very similar patterns of crustal thickness and composition between these ancient and active orogens. The similarities between the Himalayan-Karakoram-and the Trans-Hudson and suggest that plate tectonic processes are the same across the world, and have also remained relatively unchanged for the last two billion years. ‘[This work provides] fundamental new constraints that contribute to the view that both orogens were similar in scale and nature to the present-day Himalayan-Karakoram-and that modern-style plate tectonics was already in operation on the Earth by the early Proterozoic,’ explains Dr Darbyshire. Her team’s research has greatly advanced our understanding of Earth’s lithosphere, particularly in regions that had not previously been studied in detail.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Renal cortex shows normal renal corpuscle (arrow), proximal convoluted tubule (P) and distal convoluted tubule (D) X 100. Figure 17 Light micrograph of a kidney section from control diabetic female adult rat. H&E staining. Renal cortex contains normal renal corpuscle (arrow). Note the normal capillary lumina (C) of the glomerular tuft and the normal urinary space (U). Afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles (A) at hilum of the renal corpuscle have normal wall thickness. Distal convoluted (D) and proximal convoluted (P) tubules are seen X1000. Figure 18 Light micrograph of a kidney section of non diabetic animal treated with vitamin E. H&E staining. Renal corpuscle (arrow) shows normal glomerular capillary lumina (C) of the glomerular tuft. Urinary space (U) is normal. Glomerular arteriole (A) at hilum of renal corpuscle has normal wall thickness. Proximal (P) and distal (D) convoluted tubules are also noticed X1000. Normal non diabetic and diabetic rats treated with S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus extracts: All animals that were administered these extracts showed the same severe degree of kidney damage. Kidney changes were: Interstitial bleeding: This was noticed in both cortical and medullary regions of the kidney. Hemorrhagic blood was found around blood vessels and between renal tubules (Figure 19-21 & 23-28). Figure 19 Light micrograph of a kidney section of normal non diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum. H&E staining. Marked interstitial bleeding is noticed (arrow). Thickening of wall of muscular artery due to extensive thickening of tunica intema with reduction of lumen diameter is seen (A). Glomerulosclerosis of renal corpuscle manifested by increased cellularity and matrix of the glomerular tuft which have obliterated the capillary lumina is noticed (arrow head). Urinary space (U) remains clear since there has been no proliferation of podocytes. X 400 Figure 20 Light micrograph of a kidney section of normal non diabetic rat treated with S. polyanthum. H&E staining.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: detection highlights unknowns of Venus’s atmosphere 2 October 2020 Modeling, lab work, and perhaps a mission to the planet will be required to understand the chemical reactions that take place within Venus’s hot, dense, oxidizing cloud layers. DOI: Content License::1945-0699 Topics: Research & Technology Venus’s blanket of thick clouds is apparent in this image from NASA’s Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974. Credit: NASA/JPL-observations of a spectral signature associated with phosphine (PH3) in the clouds of Venus, reported 14 September in by Cardiff University’s and her colleagues, have prompted a flurry of interest. Here on Earth, phosphine is associated with microbial life: The presence of the odorless, colorless gas in the atmosphere likely results from the reduction of phosphate in decaying organic matter. Simulations of atmospheres on habitable rocky planets with CO2– and H2-rich atmospheres suggest that PH3 can accumulate to detectable concentrations, and astrobiologists consider it to be a potential indicator of life on other rocky planets. Microbial life in the clouds of Venus, although not impossible, would require extraordinary proof. Yet models of Venus’s atmosphere do not support the presence of phosphine at the 20 ppb levels that Greaves and her team reported. One step in resolving the mystery is to confirm the detection of PH3, which has a spectral signature that is notoriously difficult to detect using Earth-based telescopes. Additionally, researchers want to better understand the atmospheric chemistry on our neighboring cloud-blanketed planet. A standout absorption line Observing at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths, which straddle the boundary between radio and IR, offers astronomers a unique tool for probing the chemical composition of galaxies, gas clouds, and other targets. Absorption lines at those wavelengths indicate transitions between rotational quantum states of gas-phase molecules, which depend on the molecule’s shape and thus its chemical identity. In 2017 Greaves peered at Venus’s atmosphere through the at Observatory in Hawaii. Those observations revealed the 1. 12 mm absorption line associated with PH3. “To detect phosphine from the surface of Earth, we needed to find transitions excited on Venus that are relatively strong and spectrally distinct,” says the University of Manchester’s Anita Richards, who coauthored the paper. The 1.

Output: corroborate