Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: More specifically, using an online survey with a novel Scale (FMS) and an embedded experiment, we attempt to show (a) that positive, sociable motives for following others can be distinguished from darker motives related to social insecurity and from even darker antisocial motives related to a need for self-enhancement, (b) that these motives are related differently to personality traits, (c) that these motives are related to self-reported time spent as well as following counts on SNSs, and (d) that antisocial following motives predict the inclination to accept a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a high school acquaintance who suffered a setback, thereby providing a convenient source for self-enhancement. Following Motives: The Good, the Bad, and the UglyOur approach to the development of the FMS was to identify a wide range of possible motives from relevant literature that could explain the specific choice to follow others on SNSs rather than general SNS use, thereby allowing for a more detailed understanding of how and why users relate to others on SNSs. These motives are reviewed below and can be grouped into three larger categories expected to yield discrete factors. Specifically, we distinguish between positive, sociable motives for following others (i. e. , the good), darker motives related to feelings of social insecurity (i. e. , the bad), and even darker antisocial motives related to a need for self-enhancement (i. e. , the ugly). We suggest that positive, sociable motives for following others are closely related to motivations that are commonly identified for general SNS use in studies from a uses and gratifications perspective. As noted earlier, maintaining relationships has often been found to be an important motivation for general SNS use. Scholars have emphasized the social capital provided by followed others (i. e. , resources and benefits accrued from network relations) as well as the importance of strengthening weak ties (e. g. , Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007). Relationship maintenance is therefore likely to be also an important motive for the specific choice to follow others on SNSs. Accordingly, early research into Facebook showed that users chose mostly to follow people who they met offline, or to engage in so-called social browsing (Lampe, Ellison, & Steinfield, 2006).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Such analyses have indicated that more than 1000 different bacterial species colonize an individual and that although, there is functional consistency in the resident bacterial groups, there is considerable inter-individual variation at the species and strain level. To further put forth her view point, she pointed out that whilst host genome has some impact on the species composition, dietary factors have a greater influence, with specific bacterial groups changing in response to specific dietary interventions. For instance, the number of the RosenburiaE. rectale group increases in the gut following starch supplementation in the diet. Since the metabolic activities of gut bacterial species differ, and can also respond to substrate availability, the consequences for health are dependent on both the specific diet and the composition of the microbiota. / E. rectale group are important butyrate producing bacteria, and butyrate is recognized as one of the most important bacterial metabolites for health, being both the preferred energy source for gut epithelial cells and also contributing to apoptosis of the cancerous cells in the gut [26]. Hence, any dietary change that can stimulate the growth of these bacterial species could be beneficial to health. In this context, she also touched upon the prospects of using probiotics and prebiotic supplementation in the gut which are considered beneficial for health and are included in an increasing number of food stuffs. However, before concluding her talk, she cautioned that there can be inter-individual differences in the responses to the same substrate that makes it difficult to generalize the claims relating to health benefits. Setting the standards for probiotics: How to meet the requirements and go beyond? Probiotics provided as natural ingredients to the food, dairy, dietary supplement, infant formula and pharma product have to meet high standards. To maintain high quality, safety, stability and efficacy of probiotic formulations during the entire processing, production and storage chain along with post marketing surveillance is quite challenging and can be achieved only when there is an effective regulatory framework in operation. Realizing the importance and need for having appropriate regulatory standards put in place for probiotics from consumer and industry perspective, Dr. Inge Tarnow, Scientific Advisor, Chr. Hansen A/S Denmark focused her talk on this topic and gave an overview of the global scenario of regulatory standards on probiotics. While discussing the same, she elaborated that probiotics have to be safe, stable and with proven efficacy before administrating them to the consumers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: (C) Significant changes in translation of different pathways suggests rerouting of energy production to involve one-carbon metabolism. The diagram illustrates the simplified relationships between genes in panel (D). Translation up- or down-regulation of genes and pathways is indicated by color. (D) The heatmap shows the data collected for mitochondrial and related genes discussed in panel (C), responding to ER stress. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 summarizes the translation changes for genes from oxidative phosphorylation, the ATP synthase complex, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FDR - false discovery rate; TCA - tricarboxylic acid; TRXP - transcription; TRL - translation; RNA-DEG - RNA degradation; PROT-DEG - protein degradation. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Translation changes of oxidative phosphorylation and related genes. The panels show the time-dependent changes in translation efficiency for specified gene families responding to tunicamycin treatment, as a summary of what is shown in Figure 5C,D in the main text. Changes in the log base 2 ratio of ribosome footprints by RNA abundance as a proxy of translation efficiency, averaged over all genes within a given group and replicates. Oxidative phosphorylation N = 46; ATP synthase N = 10; TCA cycle N = 7. Figure 6 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases show evidence for alternative splicing under stress. (A) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes are extensively spliced. We detected a total of 82 exon skipping events, 26 alternative 5’ splice sites (Alt. 5’ SS), 25 alternative 3’ splice sites (Alt. 3’ SS), and two mutually exclusive exons amongst cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. (B) Alternative splicing for some genes correlates with the stress response, as illustrated for tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase responding to ER stress (Trp-t). The diagram is not drawn to scale. The long and short protein isoforms of Trp-tRS are known to be encoded by five transcript variants, each with a different 5’UTR that arises through alternative splicing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: A strongly related motive for following someone on SNSs is that he or she shares a common background or social identity, although this does not necessarily require a pre-established offline relationship. In line with this notion, a study by Barker (2009) demonstrated that communication with peer group members was the most important motivation for general SNS use, especially for people who place a high value on group membership. Moreover, based on the aforementioned finding that entertainment and information seeking are often identified as important motivations for general SNS use, we assume that users are motivated to follow others when they are perceived as valued social sources for humor or information. Finally, consistent with the notion that social comparison processes may play an important role on SNSs (Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011; Vogel, Rose, Roberts, & Eckles, 2014) and that people are often motivated to engage in upward social comparisons with superior others to serve self-improvement goals (Lockwood & Kunda, 1997), we suggest that users can be motivated to follow others on SNSs because they provide a source for inspirational upward social comparisons. Several studies have alluded to darker motives for following behavior on SNSs that are related to social insecurity. Research has shown that some people feel safer, more efficacious, more confident, and more comfortable with online interpersonal interactions and relationships than with traditional face-to-face activities, a preference that has been linked to problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2002). Accordingly, we suggest that some users may be motivated to follow others on SNSs because they prefer to interact with them online. A related phenomenon is that people may want to observe others—both close friends and more distant acquaintances—from a safe distance by mediated surveillance (Ellison et al. , 2011). This behavior has also been characterized as mediated voyeurism, the discrete observation of others’ personal lives (Bumgarner, 2007), and is linked to a higher number of friends on Facebook (Joinson, 2008) and retention of friends on Facebook who are considered seldom contacts (Wang, 2015). Users may thus be motivated to follow others on SNSs to enable them to engage in mediated surveillance or voyeurism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: According to her, probiotic efficacy has to be documented in well designed and properly powered randomized controlled human trials that are published in peer reviewed scientific journals. Speaking further on the subject, Dr. Inge advocated that studies conducted according to of harmonization-Practice (ICH-GCP) are the highest quality standard clinical trials. However, GCP is not mandatory for credible results. She also mentioned that due to stricter regulatory environment particularly in Europe, there is now a demand for high quality clinical data to obtain approval for health claims on food supplements. Furthermore, it is mandatory for probiotic products to be stable throughout shelf life to ensure efficacy. Stability data should be provided right from raw material to the packed consumer product at relevant storage conditions. Safety is of utmost importance and it must be documented and proven. Finally from an industry perspective, probiotic products should preferably be available in different dosage forms as well as customized solutions. This can only be accomplished through innovations and working partnerships. Dr. Inge concluded by suggesting that the industry has to live up to high quality standards and requirement set by regulatory bodies to ensure that consumers receive safe and efficacious products to derive maximal health benefits and specific health claims. Dr. Nagendra Shah, Professor of and Technology, University of while delivering his presentation enriched the delegates with an extensive overview on general and specific health benefits and safety of probiotic dairy products. Presenting the overall scenario of the functional food market, he focused on the various types of bacteria being utilized in the world for probiotic products formulation. Dr. Shah specifically mentioned that the most popular probiotic foods such as probiotic yoghurts contain probiotic bacteria as health promoting components and stated that the most common microorganisms used in fermented products belong to the genera lactococci, leuconostocs, pediococci, lactobacillus’and bifidobacteria. He further briefed the house that recently probiotics have been incorporated in drinks and also marketed as supplements including tablets, capsules and freeze dried preparations. Since a large number of probiotic bacteria are ingested orally, such a massive dose can pose a risk to some consumers and hence may require assurance of safety. Besides this, he also discussed the risks associated with some of the probiotic properties used for their selection such as adherence to gut epithelial cells, ability to survive in the gastric conditions and their colonizing potential.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: When exon II is spliced in, translation starts on exon II, leading to a full-length protein isoform. When exon II is skipped, translation starts on exon III, resulting in the truncated mini-TrpRS isoform. (C) Skipping of Trp-tRS’ exon II, which results in the mini-TrpRS isoform, increases after one hour of tunicamycin treatment in both the RNA and ribosome footprinting data. Expression of exon II decreases again after the first hour. (D) WARS’ exons -Ia and Ia are mutually exclusive. The fraction of reads including exon -Ia increases at one hour after tunicamycin treatment similar to the skipping of exon II shown in panel (C). The exon II skipping event is significantly more likely to occur when transcription starts on exon -Ia (p-value<0. 01, Figure 6—figure supplement 2). (E) Our data suggests two interdependent splicing events that promote production of the short isoform mini-Trp-tRS in response to tunicamycin treatment. The peptide spans the exon II/III junction and is only present in the full-length isoform,its expression is shown in Figure 6—figure supplement 2. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Alternative splicing for leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LARS). LARS represents another example for time dependent alternative splicing under stress. Using the same method as described for WARS, we find expression of a minor variant excluding exon four at four hours after hydrogen peroxide treatment (right) and of a minor variant excluding exon five at one hour after tunicamycin treatment (left). The difference between 0 and 1 hr is significant (p-value<0. 001). Supplementary file 6 shows further examples. Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Extended analysis for splicing events in tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS). The two protein isoforms of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase () are encoded by five different transcript variants, each with a different 5’UTR that arises through alternative splicing. When exon II is spliced in, translation starts on exon II, leading to a full-length protein isoform.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: In addition, feelings of insecurity may lead people to seek contact with others who they expect will provide positive feedback on their activities on SNSs. Such reassurance seeking, which has been identified as a form of problematic Facebook use (Clerkin, Smith, & Hames, 2013), may therefore constitute another motive for following others on SNSs. Finally, social insecurity may prompt users to follow others because they do not want to hurt their feelings (i. e. , out of social obligation). Indeed, some people may accept others as “friends” on SNSs regardless of closeness, because rejecting or ignoring a friendship request is perceived as risky behavior (boyd, 2008). It should be noted that pursuing motives related to social insecurity (e. g. , reassurance seeking) often requires two-way, reciprocal connections (afforded by most SNSs but default on Facebook) to facilitate exchange, whereas one-way connections (as afforded by Twitter and Instagram) are sufficient for pursuing positive motives such as seeking information or inspiration from others. Available options for forming unidirectional and bidirectional links are thus a relevant affordance when considering motives across different SNSs. Some users may possess even darker antisocial motives for following others on SNSs that are related to a need for self-enhancement. Indeed, people’s need to view themselves positively is regarded by many contemporary psychologists as a primary drive of human behavior (e. g. , Baumeister, 1991). Consistent with the notion that people compare themselves with less fortunate others (i. e. , make downward social comparisons) to achieve, maintain, or protect a positive self-evaluation via contrast (Wills, 1981), research demonstrates that temporary exposure to SNS user profiles of inferior others increases positive affect (Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011) and self-esteem (Vogel et al. , 2014). In addition, a study by Johnson and Knobloch-Westerwick (2014) shows that more negative moods result in less selective exposure to user profiles of upward comparison targets and more exposure to those of downward comparison targets. We therefore assume that some users could be motivated to follow others because they provide an easy target for self-enhancing downward social comparison or opportunities to defeat them in competition.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: He also highlighted the possibility of probiotic translocation from gut to the vital organs through blood causing systemic infections and bacteremia. However, usually translocation is seen in compromised individuals only. Other possible risk factor which figured prominently during the discussions included transfer of antibiotic resistance associated with probiotics to commensal gut flora and the potential gut pathogens which can end up into serious health implications. Hence, safety of probiotic products must be thoroughly checked to rule out all the risk factors by testing both in-vitro and in-vivo conditions using appropriate models and also clinically. Probiotics for adults/elderlyDr. Colin Hill, Professor of Safety, and in his presentation shared his recent work on deciphering the possible mechanism of action of probiotics in control of infections. He began his talk by stating that in acute infection, probiotics may augment the protection afforded by commensal gut flora through competitive interactions, direct antagonism of pathogens and or production of antimicrobial factors. He informed that currently, the major goal of his group is to identify the precise mode of action of the specific probiotic effects. In order to analyze the mechanistic basis of the efficacy of selected probiotics against listeriosis, a highly infectious and fatal disease, he and his associates used a mice model system for listeriosis. After mass screening of probiotic strains, they came out with a promising strain i. e. Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118 that was very effective in protecting mice from infection. Interestingly, making further inroads into their initiative, he disclosed that the protective effect could be associated with the production of a bacteriocin by the probiotic strain which kills the Listeria in the GI tract before it can initiate infection [27] and claimed that identification of a single molecule for probiotic effect was the first, and opened the way for many follow up studies. Further elaborating their work on these lines, Dr. Hill also spoke about extending their work to examine the potential of probiotics and antimicrobial compounds in the treatment of Clostridium difficile - one of the main causes of diarrhea. The conventional antibiotic therapy although found effective in mitigating this disease resulted into a decrease in the proportion of sequences assigned to the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteriodes (useful gut flora) with corresponding increase in those assigned to protobacteria [28] leading to collateral damage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: When exon II is skipped, translation starts on exon III, resulting in the truncated mini-TrpRS isoform. For the RNA data, 26. 4% of the reads start at WARS exon -Ia skipping exon II, leading to the truncated mini-TrpRS isoform. In comparison, 11. 3% of reads starting at exon Ia. For ribosome footprints, 82. 8% of reads starting at WARS exon -Ia skip exon II, compared to 20. 9% for reads starting at exon Ia. The exon II skipping event is significantly more likely to occur when transcription starts on exon -Ia (p-value<0. 0001). The peptide spans the exon II/III junction and is only present in the full-length isoform. Abundance of the peptide defining the full-length TrpRS isoform decreases with tunicamycin stress. Figure 7 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Conserved RNA secondary structures are enriched in protein footprints. (A) Top panels show mean read depth (transcripts per million) of conserved RNA secondary structures in the 3’ UTR in a window ±250 nucleotides for protein footprints and RNA, respectively. Data was collected from untreated cells. Bottom panels show coverage for individual secondary structures over the 500 nucleotide window: each row corresponds to one secondary structure. Dashed lines indicate the midpoint of each secondary structure. (B) The sequence logos illustrate motifs enriched in sequences corresponding protein-bound RNA secondary structures. Probabilities describe change of the motif occuring in a ± 100 nucleotide window around the structure midpoints. PUM (Pumilio) is known to bind to single stranded RNA. SXL (Sex-lethal) does not have an ortholog in human, but the human RNA-binding protein ELAVL1 (HuR) has a similar binding motif. (C) The profiles show protein footprints (top) and RNA read coverage (bottom) for the 3’ UTR of the HSP90B1 chaperone, for one replicate after 0, 1, 4, or 8 hr of tunicamycin treatment. Dashed lines indicates the midpoint of the predicted RNA secondary structure; the structure location is indicated by the red bracket.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Taking this one step further, people may actually derive pleasure from the misfortunes of others on SNSs or experience so-called schadenfreude. Schadenfreude reactions to media content have also been linked to self-enhancement. For example, research demonstrates that people with chronically low self-esteem, and whose self-evaluation is directly threatened, are more likely to experience schadenfreude when watching a contestant failing miserably in a televised talent show (Van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Van Koningsbruggen, & Wesseling, 2012). We therefore suggest that users may follow others on SNSs because they provide a target for schadenfreude. Another motive related to self-enhancement is the inclination to follow others so that one can gossip about them with third parties. Although people who gossip tend to be disliked (Farley, 2011), sharing information about others with third parties may elevate their power (Kurland & Pelled, 2000) and social status (Baumeister, Zhang, & Vohs, 2004). Moreover, it has been noted that negative gossip often proceeds from downward social comparison and can be understood as the gossiper’s pursuit of a positive self-view (Wert & Salovey, 2004). Finally, to establish their superiority, users may even want to connect to others who they scorn and dislike. To our knowledge, this phenomenon, referred to as “hate-following” by journalists (Golby, 2014; compare with television “hate-watching”), has not received any scientific attention. Based on the motives outlined above, the first goal of the present research is to develop an FMS to test the hypothesis below:H1. Positive, sociable motives for following others on SNSs are distinct from motives related to social insecurity and from antisocial motives related to a need for self-enhancement. To provide construct validity for the novel FMS, we investigate its relations with several personality traits. We have argued that darker motives for following others are related to social insecurity and a need for self-enhancement. It is therefore reasonable to assume that these following motives are inversely related to indices of social and psychological well-being such as self-esteem and satisfaction with life.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: He also discussed at length one of the possible means to avoid this collateral damage by application of thiricin CD, a narrow spectrum bacteriocin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis DPC6431. It was demonstrated that thuricin CD was equally effective at killing C. difficile in the distal colon model, but had no significant impact on the composition of the microbiota. This offers the possibility of developing a targeted approach to eliminating C. difficile in the colon without any collateral damage. Dr. G. P. Talwar, Founder Director, of Immunology and the present delivered his talk on the role of probiotics in maintaining vaginal and reproductive health. While delivering his presentation, he touched upon the key role played by lactobacilli to maintain acidic conditions in vagina at pH 4 to keep it healthy. Elaborating further, he pointed out that the lactobacilli occurring in vagina prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria by decreasing the pH through production of D-lactic acid (which unlike L-lactic acid is not metabolized and hence accumulates in the gut and accounts for acidic pH), H2O2 and bacteriocins with anti-microbial activity. However, Dr. Talwar pointed out that, the resident probiotic lactobacilli may disappear under some conditions such as medication or by any other reason, and the vaginal pH surges beyond 5 and women become susceptible to recurring episodes of reproductive tract infections (RTIs). He also referred to a collaborative study conducted at Institute of wherein out of vaginal swabs collected from 210 women suffering from recurring infections whose vaginal pH was above 5, 126 women were indeed devoid of resident lactobacilli. However, one or more strains of lactobacilli were isolated from vagina of 84 women. To understand this anomaly, quantitative studies were carried out on the D-lactate secreted by strains of lactobacilli isolated from such women and it was found that the amount of D-lactate produced by such strains was too low as compared to those isolated from the vagina of healthy women [29]. Elaborating further on this observation, he explained the outcome of quantitative studies on the amount of D-lactic acid made and secreted by the strains of lactobacilli isolated from infected women.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The predicted RNA secondary structure on the right was generated using minimal free energy while incorporating structural reactivities acquired from publically available probing-based experimental data. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Predicted conserved RNA secondary structures in the 3’UTR have a higher structure score than random 3’UTR control sequences. Using the database (Berkowitz et al. , 2016), we calculated structure scores based on the of RNA Structure (PARS). Mean aggregate scores (black lines)±one standard deviation (gray area) were calculated for 200 base pair regions surrounding the midpoint of 5504 predicted conserved secondary structures within 3’UTR regions used in our analysis (top left) (Figure 7, Table 2) and compared with 5504 randomly selected 3’UTR control sequences (bottom left). PARS scores reflect the accessibility of paired and unpaired regions to ribonucleases, with positive scores corresponding to double-stranded RNA and relies on experimental information (Wan et al. , 2014). We separated the 5504 predicted conserved secondary structures into those with observed protein binding (top right) (>10 reads in our protein occupancy profiling data) and those without (bottom right). Predicted 3’UTR regions that also showed footprints in our protein occupancy data were enriched for PARS structures, further confirming the validity of the predicted conserved structures. Figure 7—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Predicted conserved secondary structures in the 5’UTR of ferritin heavy and light chain mRNA (FTH1 and FTL) display ribosomal occupancy surrounding structure midpoints. Time-dependent read profiles for RNA (bottom, yellow) and ribosome footprints (top, green). Red dotted lines and brackets indicate the position of the conserved RNA secondary structure. Expression changes for these two genes are provided in the heatmap below. Figure 7—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Predicted conserved secondary structures in the 3’UTR of ER stress response mRNAs (HSPA5 and CALR) show stress dependent protein occupancy. Protein occupancy of conserved RNA secondary structures in the 3’UTR of ER stress response genes HSPA5 and CALR, (RNA - bottom, yellow; protein occupancy - top, teal). Expression changes for these two genes are provided in the heatmap below. 1 Many genes are regulated at different levels during stress.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: , 2007) to demonstrate convergent validity of the novel FMS, we formulate the hypothesis below:H3. Following motives will be positively related to (a) self-reported time spent on SNSs and (b) self-reported following counts on SNSs. However, it has been noted that self-report measures may not always accurately reflect actual usage and number of “friends” (Junco, 2013). For example, we have suggested that users with antisocial following motives may have a strong need for popularity. They may therefore over-report their number of “friends” to appear more popular, thereby artificially strengthening the association between antisocial motives and following counts. To provide additional convergent validity, especially for our measurement of antisocial following motives, we therefore include an online experiment in our survey. In this experiment, we present participants with a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a high school acquaintance who suffered a setback, thereby providing an easy target for self-enhancing downward social comparison, schadenfreude, and gossip. Previous research (Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011) suggests that such self-enhancing benefits on SNSs may differ depending on the gender of the observer in combination with the gender of the comparison target (male vs. female) and the domain of comparison (status vs. appearance). Although this is not the main focus of the present research, we therefore assign participants to one of four experimental conditions in which these two factors are systematically varied:H4. Stronger antisocial following motives will increase (a) the inclination to accept a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a male or female high school acquaintance who suffered a setback in the domain of status or appearance, (b) the level of schadenfreude toward this acquaintance, and (c) the intention to gossip about him or her with third parties. MethodParticipants and ProcedureThe study was conducted online using Internet-based survey software. The link to the survey (available in Dutch or English) was distributed among the networks of several university students, resulting in a convenient and purposive sample that contained predominantly students, a population known for their intensive use of SNSs. The survey was presented as a study on “social media use and personality” and as an incentive participants could enter a raffle to win a €100 prize by providing their email address upon completion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Administration of probiotic lactobacilli of vaginal origin to RTI infected women restored the vaginal pH in the acidic range and protected the subjects from recurrence of RTIs. Dr. Talwar also discussed the efficacy of three of the promising strains of lactobacilli in a clinical study currently in progress at AIIMS and in women suffering from recurring episodes of RTIs with vaginal pH above pH 5. He informed that that the disease symptoms were cured by intake of a polyherbal microbicide followed by administration of 3 billion lactobacilli delivered in a veg. capsule. Dr. focused his talk to the evidence based efficacy of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. He however, cautioned the health professionals to be little more vigilant in establishing the efficacy of probiotic strains or formulations in terms of specific health health claims since conflicting conclusions have been recorded from the outcome of clinical studies largely attributed to variations in the agents used, their dose and duration along with evaluation parameter. Dr. Philips reviewed the findings of some investigators in this regard based on a recent meta-analysis which compared the efficacy of probiotics across various diseases [21]. Elaborating further, he particularly referred to some studies wherein probiotics reduced the risk of acute diarrhea of diverse causes by one third, more so among children of antibiotic associated diarrhea by one-half and of travelers’ diarrhea by 8% [30]. However, according to him, their use for prevention of pediatric antibiotic associated diarrhea needs more evidence. He also spoke about one community study conducted in India [22] that showed 14% reduction in acute diarrhea among unprivileged children given L. casei strain Shirota. Going further into the efficacy of probiotics health applications from broader perspectives, he stated that meta-analyses and systematic reviews have shown benefit in relief of individual symptoms or in global symptoms in patients with chronic diseases like irritable bowel syndrome [31], although constipation seems to be the symptom with least response to probiotic use. He also pointed out that the VSL#3, a probiotic consortium has been successfully used for the prevention and treatment of chronic pouchitis [32]. He finally concluded his talk by stating that note must be made of the fact that many of the observed effects are strain-specific and conclusions should not be extrapolated and also emphasized that a benefit-versus-potential risk must be considered especially in compromised individuals and in those with serious co-morbidities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The table summarizes the numbers of genes with significant regulatory events as defined by the PECA analysis. The events are split into stress-specific and shared events as discussed in Figure 1. Some shared events show significant function enrichment (false discovery rate <0. 01, function annotation tool). * - Overlap significant with p-value<0. 01 (hypergeometric test) TRXP - transcription; TRL - translation; RNA-DEG - RNA degradation; PROT-DEG - protein degradation Data type (Layer 2)Data type (Regulation)Specific to ER stress (tunicamycin)Specific to H2O2 treatmentShared responseFunction enrichment amongst shared genesRNATranscription; RNA degradation (TRXP; RNA-DEG)Up889481123*DNA repairDown52941761*-Ribosome footprintsTranslation (TRL)Up70620440*-Down1,11624973*Cytoplasmic chaperonesProtein footprintsTranslation; RNA degradation (TRL; RNA-DEG)Up17127416*-Down37135940*Cell adhesionProteinTranslation; protein degradation (TRL; PROT-DEG)Up23561424-Down35849232- Table 2 Conserved RNA secondary structures accumulate ribosome and non-ribosomal protein footprints. The table summarizes the combined analysis of conserved RNA secondary structures as predicted by reference (Parker et al. , 2011) and the expression data. As expected, ribosome footprints accumulate around secondary structures in the 5’UTR of the genes more than in the 3’UTR, while this is the opposite for protein footprints. Listed numbers show data for all structures across the extended dataset (Supplementary file 1–3); the number of unique genes with predicted structures are indicated in parentheses. 5’ Untranslated region3’ Untranslated regionConserved RNA secondary structures predicted in human genes760 (626)5,504 (2,789)Conserved RNA secondary structures with RNA expression302 (277)2,697 (1,633)Conserved RNA secondary structures with ribosome footprints190 (183)154 (151)Conserved RNA secondary structures with protein footprints89 (81)1,808 (1,166) Key resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationCell line (H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: 84 can derive pleasure from the stupid things they say or do (b2). 82 can gossip about them with others (a2). 77 can enjoy myself when I learn they fail or make a fool of themselves (b3). . 74 Because there is something addictive about being annoyed by them (c1). 70 can talk about their lives with others (a3). . 67 Because they show me that there is always someone who is worse off than me (d1). 60 Because, although I dislike them, I find them intriguing (c2). 54 Because they demonstrate that I am better off by comparison (d2). 54 want to know what they are doing, despite the fact I actually don’t like them (c3). 53 Because they make me feel superior (d3). 48. 30 want to know whether I am better or worse off than them (e1). 47. 32 enjoy competing with them (e2). 42. 29 Because I’m more confident about talking to them online (f1). 86 Because it’s safer to relate to them in an online setting (f2). 80 know they will say nice things about me (g1). 77 get along with them better in an online setting (f3). 73 know they will care about what I post (g2). 69 know they will like my posts (g3). 61 can observe them without them knowing (h1). 27. 41 like to compare their achievements with my own (e3). 30. 40 don’t want to hurt their feelings (i1). 39 feel socially obliged to do so (i2). 34 can get to see a side of them that I wouldn’t normally get to see (h2)a. 33. 31 Because a friend or family member pressured me to do so (i3)a. 29 like their sense of humor (j1). 78 Because they are funny (j2). 72 Because they share great jokes (j3). 69 Because they always have something interesting to tell (k1). 62 Because we have a lot in common (l1). 56 like them (l2). 56 Because they provide useful information on shared interests or hobbies (k2). 52 met them socially and want to learn more about them (m1). 46 know them from the past and want to keep in touch (m2). 45 Because we have similar backgrounds (l3). 27.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The last speaker in the session Dr. & Health, Danisco, Australia focused his talk on probiotics that improve gastrointestinal symptoms. He briefed about the prospects of exploring the probiotic strains of proven functional efficacy in the management of Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as bloating/distension, abdominal pain and constipation which are commonly associated with functional bowel disorders (FBD) such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). According to him, FBD’s are relatively common and it has been estimated that IBS alone affects 3-25% of otherwise healthy people. Milder GI symptoms, not classified as FBD, are even more wide spread. apprised the delegates that Probiotic strains have been used in several clinical studies [33, 34] on subjects with GI symptoms and further conveyed that the outcome of such studies suggest that certain probiotic strains alleviate specific symptoms, particularly bloating/distension, abdominal pain and constipation. Elaborating further, he informed that a recent study [35] investigated the effect of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on the total GI transit time and a range of GI symptoms. Results from this study suggest that HN019 reduces the severity of symptoms by shortening the GI transit time. Results from another study suggest that certain probiotic strains, including Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, alleviate symptoms of lactose maldigestion. This effect may be mediated by microbial enzymes that aid in digestion of lactose in the upper GI tract. As could be evidenced from these studies along with others, probiotic cultures may be used to alleviate not only milder GI symptoms but also more complex FBD’s. In conclusion, it is anticipated that a dietary supplementation with this type of probiotic cultures would bring benefits to those who are affected by frequent GI symptoms and especially those that are affected by IBS and other FBD’s. Panel discussionThis was the last session moderated by Dr. A. K. Srivastava and the panelists included Drs. Seppo Salminen, Colin Hill, C. S. Yajnik, V. K. Batish and Sanjeev Ganguly. The key issues that emerged from the various plenary and technical sessions formed the subject of panel session and discussed at length amongst the panelists and the delegates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: sapiens)CCL2ATCC Cat# CCL-2, RRID:CVCL_0030Authentication through Line TestingAuthenticated by STR profilingtechnologyCST C33E10, RRID:AB_2095847(1:2000)Antibodyanti-Phospho- 3179S, RRID:AB_2095853(1:2000)Antibodyanti-P-eIF2alpha9721S, RRID:AB_330951(1:2000)AntibodyAnti- β- 4967S, RRID:AB_330288(1:5000)179843, RRID:AB_2716714(1:1000)OtherCM-H2cientificC682710 μMSequence-based reagentRPL19_ F 5'--3'; RPL19_ R 5'- -3'PMID: 19137072Sequence-based reagentsXBP1 forward 5′ -3′; reverse 5’--3’)PMID: 22038282Commercial assay or kit23275Commercial assay or kit-18080051Commercial assay or kitqPCR (2X) KitKapa BiosystemKR0389 – v10. 16Commercial assay or kitTMT 10plexSigma-Aldrich90110Commercial assay or kitPlasmotestInvivoGenrep-pt1Commercial assay or kit30–1012KChemical compound, drugHydrogen PeroxideSigma-Aldrich216763Chemical compound, drugTunicamycinSigma-AldrichT7765Chemical compound, drug2,2,2-TrifluoroethanolSigma-AldrichT8132Chemical compound, drugIodoacetamideSigma-AldrichI6709Software, algorithmMaxquant (1. 5. 5. 1)PMID: 19029910RRID:SCR_014485Software, algorithm: 24229407, 29263799 Additional files Supplementary file 1 Input and output values for PECA analysis of RNA expression data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: 43 Because they are friends and I want to know everything that happens in their lives (m3). 43 Because they are a great source for news (k3). 28. 39 can get a peek into their lives (h3). 38 Because their accomplishments help me set goals to improve myself (n1). 90Because they provide a standard I can aspire to (n2). 78Because their achievements provide a source of inspiration for me (n3). 64I: antisocial motives; II: insecurity motives; III: sociable motives; IV: inspirational motives. Only loadings >. 25 are depicted. aItem removed from further analyses. The resulting pattern matrix in Table 1 shows that the first factor clearly represents for following others and includes all items related to others being a target for gossip (a1–3), schadenfreude (b1–3), “hate-following” (c1–3), and downward comparison (d1–3), as well as two of the three items related to others being a target for competition (e1–2). The second factor represents for following others, and includes all items related to preference for online interaction (f1–3) and reassurance seeking (g1–3), two of the three items related to social obligation (i1–2), as well as one of the mediated surveillance items (h1), and the remaining competition item (e3) that in hindsight may reflect making social comparisons to gain self-knowledge about one’s abilities and thus can be interpreted as being related to insecurity. The third factor reflects for following others, and includes all items related to others being a valued social source for humor (j1–3) and information (k1–3), others sharing a common identity or being liked (l1–3), and relationship maintenance (m1–3), as well as one of the mediated surveillance items (h3) that in hindsight may not necessarily imply that surveillance takes place without knowledge of the target and thus can be interpreted as being related to relationship maintenance. Finally, all items related to others being a source for inspirational upward social comparisons (n1–3) loaded on a separate fourth factor and will therefore be referred to as for following others. The remaining item related to social obligation (i3) did not reach the recommended minimum factor loading of.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: After having a thorough brainstorming, some of the crucial issues in terms of priority formed the basis of the following recommendations for further follow up action from PAi for immediate implementation at the governmental level so that it addresses the interest of all the stake holders. Since mother and infant relationship creates the first truly probiotic microbes transferred from the mother’s microbiota and breast milk, it is advisable that mothers should be encouraged to consume probiotic products that can play an important role in the development of infants. Multicentric well-designed placebo controlled double blind clinical studies on the target local population should be conducted at least at two different locations to establish the functional efficacy of novel probiotic strains or food formulation developed with the same for a specific health claim. More extensive efficacy and safety studies need to be carried out on Indian babies before recommending probiotic interventions for preterm neonates due to lack of sufficient clinical data available on these lines. The origin of the strains can also influence the efficacy of probiotics against a specific medical condition for a particular host or community. The specific probiotic strain originating from the gut of a particular ethnic community is likely to express its novel physiological function most optimally in the native population due to better colonization and adaptation in the gut relative to a heterologous host community with different food habits. However, there is a need to generate adequate comparative clinical data on efficacy of indigenous strains of probiotic lactobacilli or bifidobacteria in the local target population versus the proven probiotic strains of these organisms originating from western gut to establish differences in relative efficacy of these strains of different gut origin with scientific evidence as proof of this concept. Since novel physiological function of probiotics are highly strain specific, it is very crucial that the probiotic organisms must be identified accurately at strain level by using advanced molecular techniques which can discriminate between the genome of closely related species and strains of the same probiotic genera without any ambiguity. In this context, whole genome sequencing of the probiotic strain is now recognized as the most authentic gold standard for probiotic identity. The rich microbial diversity of Indian gut needs to be thoroughly investigated in search of novel probiotics due to different food habits, geographical, cultural and anthropological differences and the ethnicity. For achieving this long term objective, it is high time that an all India research coordinated project on these lines should be initiated on priority by identifying different groups from different geographical locations in the country through networking.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Content: Worksheet 1: Description: Notes on columns in other worksheets; Worksheet 2: Total_RNA_Tunicamycin_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 1; Worksheet 3: Total_RNA_Tunicamycin_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 2; Worksheet 4: Total_RNA_Tunicamycin_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 3; Worksheet 5: Total_RNA_H2O2_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 1; Worksheet 6: Total_RNA_H2O2_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 2; Worksheet 7: Total_RNA_H2O2_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 3 Download elife-39054-supp1-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 2 Input and output values for PECA analysis of ribosome footprinting data. Content: Worksheet 1: Description: Notes on columns in other worksheets; Worksheet 2: RPF_Tunicamycin_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 1; Worksheet 3: RPF_Tunicamycin_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 2; Worksheet 4: RPF_Tunicamycin_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 3; Worksheet 5: RPF_H2O2_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 1; Worksheet 6: RPF_H2O2_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 2; Worksheet 7: RPF_H2O2_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 3 Download elife-39054-supp2-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 3 Input and output values for PECA analysis of protein occupancy profiling data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: (2000) to assess Need for Popularity (“At times, I’ve ignored some people in order to be more popular with others”/“I’d do almost anything to avoid being seen as a loser”/“It’s important that people think I’m popular”/“At times, I’ve changed the way I dress in order to be more popular”; M = 2. 85, SD = 1. 25, α =. 79), presented the (M = 2. 80, SD = 1. 63) developed by Konrath, Meier, and Bushman (2014), and included four items to assess dispositional schadenfreude (“At times it gives me pleasure when I compare myself with others who are worse off”/“I sometimes experience joy when I learn that someone else fails”/“Every now and then I cannot resist a little smile when another person suffers a setback”/“I sometimes think there is some truth in the saying that the best joy is malicious joy”; M = 2. 82, SD = 1. 43, α =. 86). Finally, we presented the short 6-item version of the Iowa–(M = 3. 75, SD = 1. 33, α =. 86) from Gibbons and Buunk (1999) to assess people’s general tendency to make social comparisons. Embedded ExperimentTo test whether antisocial following motives can predict the inclination to accept a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a male or female high school acquaintance who suffered a setback in the domain of status or appearance, as well as the level of schadenfreude and intention to gossip about him or her with third parties, participants were asked to imagine themselves in a situation described in a short vignette. In this situation, they were invited to be a friend on Facebook by a high school acquaintance (“X”) who had suffered a setback in a certain domain. In the male comparison target/status setback condition, they read that X, who had excelled in high school, was now very unsuccessful (see Figure 1). Moreover, to make the described situation more realistic, they were presented with a screenshot depicting his latest status update (“Going on vacation tomorrow! ”) and a third-party comment (“No job but money for a vacation?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces boulardii, which represent only a fraction of the gut microbiota, the key members of probiotic group are the major focus of attention at commercial level from health perspectives. Therefore, other potential organisms such as Bacteriodes which constitute the predominant flora in our gut needs to be targeted in search of novel probiotics for broader health applications. Selection of potential probiotic strains for product development is an extremely important pre-requisite to establish their efficacy and safety in the target human population. A well designed mass screening strategy based on specific functional biomarkers and in vitro tests and in vivo animal models needs to be worked out to shortlist the most promising strains for validation in clinical efficacy trials. Although, dairy based foods are considered as the best carriers of probiotics to confer their best health promoting functions in the consumers, there is a need to explore other food formulation also for probiotic supplementation to demonstrate their health efficacy. Traditional fermented foods which are already very popular and acceptable amongst the various ethnic groups in the country could be the most attractive targets that can be explored for value addition with proven probiotic strains. Since viability and stability of probiotic strains is very crucial to express their health promoting functions during processing of probiotic food formulations and in the gut, new innovative techniques like nano technology and improved food grade encapsulations need to be investigated for better performance in the gut functions. Although ICMR-DBT guidelines for evaluation of probiotics in foods have already been put in place in India, there is an urgent need to evolve effective Indian regulatory standards based on these guidelines. In this context, it was felt by all the concerned participating in the conference that PAi should establish immediate contact with FSSAI and expedite the formalities and implementation of regulatory standards on probiotics in the country in harmony with the International standards. ConclusionThis conference – a first of its kind initiative in the country from of India was primarily aimed at fostering probiotic movement in the country by highlighting the enormous potentials of probiotics and probiotic formulations in human health so that the health benefits attributed to them reach the target Indian population. In order to realize this dream, the Conference and the on Probiotics brought together a unique mix of several national and International experts on probiotics from leading universities, research institutions, health and nutritional professionals along with food processing and pharma Industry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Content: Worksheet 1: Description: Notes on columns in other worksheets; Worksheet 2: POP_Tunicamycin_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 1; Worksheet 3: POP_Tunicamycin_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 2; Worksheet 4: POP_Tunicamycin_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 3; Worksheet 5: POP_H2O2_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 1; Worksheet 6: POP_H2O2_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 2; Worksheet 7: POP_H2O2_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 3 Download elife-39054-supp3-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 4 Input and output values for PECA analysis of protein expression data. Content: Worksheet 1: Description: Notes on columns in other worksheets; Worksheet 2: Protein_Tunicamycin_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized intensity values for tunicamycin treated replicate 1; Worksheet 3: Protein_Tunicamycin_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized intensity values for tunicamycin treated replicate 3; Worksheet 4: Protein_H2O2_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized intensity values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 1; Worksheet 5: Protein_H2O2_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized intensity values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 3; Worksheet 6: All_identified_Protein_Groups: Maxquant output with detailed information of all the protein groups identified; Worksheet 7: Identified_Protein_Groups_w_rev: Maxquant output with detailed information of all the protein groups identified along with reverse peptide information Download elife-39054-supp4-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 5 Integrated, post-processed core data set (7,011 genes).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Welfare must pay well! ”), which was “liked” by three people. In the male comparison target/appearance setback condition, they read that the looks of X, who had been perceived as very attractive in high school, had deteriorated substantially (see Figure 2). As in the previously described condition, participants were presented with a screenshot depicting his latest status update (“. . . added three photos to the album 2015”) and a comment (“What happened to that good looking boy? Maybe you should find a new personal trainer? ”), which was “liked” by three people. To exclude possible confounds, all names appearing in the screenshots were blurred and all profile pictures pixelated. The two other conditions were identical with the exception that X was presented as female rather than male (yet using the same blurred images). Figure 1. Screenshot of the male comparison target, status setback condition. Figure 2. Screenshot of the male comparison target, appearance setback condition. ExperimentAfter reading the described situation, participants responded to two statements that served as manipulation checks for perceived appearance of X (“I think that X looks good at the moment”; M = 3. 18, SD = 1. 39) and perceived status of X (“I think that X has a high status at the moment”; M = 2. 79, SD = 1. 22). Moreover, two scales used in previous research (e. g. , et al. , 2012) were presented to assess schadenfreude (e. g. , “Thinking about the situation, I would not be able to suppress a little smile”; five items; M = 3. 05, SD = 1. 60, α =. 91) as well as sympathy toward X as a possible contrast measure (e. g. , “I would feel sympathy for X”; three items; M = 4. 41, SD = 1. 52, α =. 87). In addition, one statement assessed the intention to gossip about X (“I would be inclined to tell the story to other friends from high school”; M = 4. 40, SD = 1. 87) and one statement the tendency to accept the friendship request of X (“I would be inclined to accept the friendship request from X”; M = 4. 67, SD = 1. 87).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: (Open Access) 62(12) Probiotics and gut health: linking gut homeostasis and poultry productivity S. B and W. L. + - A School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia. B Corresponding author. Email: s. shini@uq. edu. au Science 62(12) 1090-1112 Submitted: 30 December 2020 Accepted: 05 April 2021 Published: 17 June 2021 Journal compilation © CSIRO 2022 -NC-ND Access 242. | Effect of single- and multi-strain probiotics on broiler breeder performance, immunity and intestinal toll-like receptors expression. Crossref | GoogleScholar635. | The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar180. | Effect of two strains of probiotics on the antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and immune responses of Salmonella-challenged broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar3218. | Board-invited review: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production. Crossref | GoogleScholar85. Al-Sheikhly F, Al-(1980) Role of coccidia in the occurrence of necrotic enteritis of chickens. 24, 324–333. | Role of coccidia in the occurrence of necrotic enteritis of chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar1483. | Potential probiotics Bacillus subtilis 1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 co-aggregate with clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis and prevent biofilm formation. Crossref | GoogleScholar696. | The intestinal epithelium: central coordinator of mucosal immunity. Crossref | GoogleScholar339. | Effect of yeast probiotic on growth, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde concentration of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar170. | Weight gain by gut microbiota manipulation in productive animals. Crossref | GoogleScholar601. | Necrotic enteritis: effect of barley, wheat and corn diets on proliferation of Clostridium perfringens type A. Crossref | GoogleScholar216. (2016) Microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis. 45, 308–312. | Microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: A filtered dataset consists of 322 unique protein groups clustered at 95% sequence identity. Further evidence of disulfide redox activity was sought based on experimental data in the literature, association of protein function with known redox activity, and implication of the disulfide in redox activity by independent computational prediction methods. For 41 proteins, direct experimental evidence of redox activity for the particular disulfide was available (designated by “K” in Table S1, Supporting Information). The proteins belong to several major groups known to have redox activity. 11 unique are associated with aerobic metabolism in eukaryotes or carbon fixation in plants (in groups D and E of Table S1); a further five are associated with maturation of proteins of these pathways (in groups E and G). Pairs are associated with ion channel activity (group A): two of these, the chloride channel CLIC1 and the detoxification enzyme arsenate reductase, have known redox activity17, 18; while a third, aquaporin, was recently implicated as a pore for the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide, as part of the redox signaling process. 19 Pairs are associated with the cell cycle, a process known to be redox regulated20 (Group B). Formation of disulfides involving the catalytic Cys in the phosphatases PR-1 and Cdc25B regulate their resident protein's function. 21, 22 41 (group d) are involved in transcriptional control, replication, and DNA synthesis including the oxidative stress response transcription factor OxyR23 and ribonucleotide reductases from several species in multiple redox states. 24 12 generated or destroyed reactive oxygen species (and Y). The latter comprised three different peroxiredoxins25 as well as superoxide dismutases from several species. 26 Four different amine oxidases generate peroxide while inducible nitric oxide synthase generates NO. Other large groups consist of proteins devoted to cell entry27 (Group b, 15 examples), cell adhesion (group c, nine examples), immunity (group f, 43 examples), apoptosis and protein fate (groups Z and a, 10 examples), and redox signaling (group X, 13 examples). A schematic of supergroups is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowersupergroups in the dataset (inner circle). The outer circle corresponds to groups in Table 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: ResultsCorrelations of 2 (top) shows that, as predicted, people with relatively strong dark side motives for following others on SNSs are characterized by low self-esteem, a strong need for popularity, as well as high levels of narcissism and dispositional schadenfreude. That is, both antisocial motives and insecurity motives are inversely related to performance self-esteem, social self-esteem, total self-esteem, and, albeit to lesser extent, appearance self-esteem. By contrast, sociable motives are unrelated to self-esteem, and inspirational motives show only a relatively weak, albeit significant, negative correlation with performance self-esteem. Moreover, antisocial motives and insecurity motives both show strong positive correlations with need for popularity, narcissism, as well as dispositional schadenfreude. Sociable motives show only a relatively weak, albeit significant, correlation with need for popularity, as do inspirational motives with narcissism and dispositional schadenfreude. A somewhat different pattern of relations was obtained with satisfaction with life. That is, only sociable motives for following others show a positive correlation with satisfaction with life, whereas the other motives have negative, albeit non-significant, correlations. Finally, comparison orientation was positively related to antisocial motives, insecurity motives, sociable motives, and inspirational motives. Table 2. Correlations of Personality Traits, on SNSs, and on SNSs with Dimensions of the Scale (FMS). Antisocial motivesInsecurity motivesSociable motivesInspirational motives rprprprpPersonality traits Self-esteem (performance)−. 32<. 001−. 29<. 001. 09. 142−. 12. 040 Self-esteem (social)−. 35<. 001−. 36<. 001−. 11. 058−. 06. 305 Self-esteem (appearance)−. 15. 010−. 17. 004. 08. 181. 01. 835 Self-esteem (total)−. 35<. 001−. 36<. 001. 01. 840−. 07. 246 Need for popularity. 47<. 001. 49<. 001. 13. 031. 08. 164 Narcissism. 26<. 001. 21. 001. 03. 644. 12. 046 Dispositional schadenfreude. 66<. 001. 50<. 001. 07. 229. 12.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar210. | Probiotics and phytogenics for poultry: myth or reality. Crossref | GoogleScholar82. | Supplemental effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis fmbJ on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar179. ’ (Ed. HPS Makkar) (FAO: Rome, Italy) Baquero F, (2012) The microbiome as a human organ. and Infection 18, 2–4. | The microbiome as a human organ. Crossref | GoogleScholar369. | Rye non-starch polysaccharides: their impact on poultry intestinal physiology, nutrients digestibility and performance indices – a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar13. | Exogenous enzymes in monogastric nutrition: their current value and future benefits. Crossref | GoogleScholar493. Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz-Quezada S, Gómez-Llorente C, (2012) Probiotic mechanisms of action. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 61, 160–174. | Probiotic mechanisms of action. Crossref | GoogleScholar3227. | High temporal and inter-individual variation detected in the human ileal microbiota. Crossref | GoogleScholar139. | Current perspectives of the chicken gastrointestinal tract and its microbiome. Crossref | GoogleScholar914. | Nutrition, feeding and laying hen welfare. Crossref | GoogleScholar799. | Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets? Crossref | GoogleScholar1526. | Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans. Crossref | GoogleScholar88. 92, 2949–2955. | Effects of a probiotic, Enterococcus faecium, on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Crossref | GoogleScholar1. 2567 in necrotic enteritis model of broiler chickens. 223, 157–163. | Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of probiotic powder containing Lactobacillus plantarum 1. 2567 in necrotic enteritis model of broiler chickens.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 40 For example, reversible redox regulation of the Zn-binding site has recently been proposed for small Tim proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). 41 proteins have an essential role in the transport of proteins into the IMS. These proteins can exist in both a reduced Zn-bound state and an oxidized disulfide-bridged state. Both states likely represent physiological forms of the proteins which are adopted in response to changing redox conditions in the IMS. 41 In addition, expelled Zn acts as a second messenger to effect further cellular responses. Proteins that form disulfides following expulsion of metals such as Zn were identified by searching for ligation of metals by Cys in reduced structures. A total of 73 redox pairs in 53 proteins were found (Table I, z in S2). Proteins identified include transcriptional regulators such as SMAD and anti-TRAP; transcriptional silencers such as SIRT2; and the enzymes of sulfur metabolism, and MetH. Also notable were a number of RNA-interacting proteins including amino-acid-tRNA synthetases, RNA/DNA polymerases, ribonucleotide reductase and the ribosome. In addition to Zn, a few other bound metal atoms were represented including Fe, Ni, Cu. There were several examples of inorganic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters associated with redox-active disulfides including: xanthine dehydrogenase, a major source of ROS in the failing heart; and components of respiratory complexes (Table I). Other proteins containing Fe-S clusters contained other redox-active disulfides that were not associated directly with the Fe-S cluster. All proteins containing Fe-S clusters (designated with “C” for cofactor) are listed in regardless of whether the Fe-S cluster is directly associated with a labile dithiol pair or not. Table I. Proteins with Likely Redox-site Sitea ox re M Ref. Sulfur metabolism Hs/RnBHMT 217,299,300 ZnS3 1lt7 1lt8 Y 42 TmMetH 207,272,273?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: 049 Satisfaction with life−. 11. 065−. 06. 310. 13. 027−. 03. 658 Comparison orientation. 52<. 001. 47<. 001. 18. 003. 23<. 001Time spent on SNSs Facebook. 14. 022. 13. 024. 16. 006. 05. 406 Twitter. 07. 215. 06. 287. 14. 019−. 00. 948 LinkedIn. 12. 053. 06. 334. 04. 492. 05. 426 Instagram. 19. 001. 16. 006. 02. 757. 13. 028 Other−. 04. 514−. 04. 469. 00. 944−. 10. 091 Total. 16. 008. 13. 031. 12. 048. 05. 447Following counts on SNSs Facebook. 13. 025. 12. 044. 14. 023. 12. 054 Twitter−. 03. 634. 06. 360. 13. 024. 01. 926 LinkedIn−. 03. 623. 01. 838. 09. 130. 04. 538 Instagram. 09. 119. 14. 019. 07. 239. 13. 026 Total. 07. 235. 12. 040. 15. 009. 11. 059SNS: social network site. N = 284. Correlations of and on SNSsTable 2 (middle) shows that antisocial motives and insecurity motives both have positive correlations with time spent on Facebook and Instagram, as well as with total time spent on SNSs, suggesting that these two dark side motives for following others have a substantial contribution to SNS use. In addition, sociable motives show positive correlations with time spent on Facebook and Twitter, as well as with total time spent on SNSs, whereas inspirational motives have only a positive correlation with time spent on Instagram. Table 2 (bottom) shows that antisocial motives have a positive correlation with number of friends on Facebook, whereas insecurity motives have positive correlations with following counts on Facebook and Instagram, as well as with total following count, thereby demonstrating that dark side motives may indeed play an important role in actual following behavior. In addition, sociable motives show positive correlations with following count on Facebook and Twitter, as well as with total following count, whereas inspirational motives have only a positive correlation with following count on Instagram.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar31. | Biomarkers of gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health. Crossref | GoogleScholar2403. | Effect of dietary probiotic and high stocking density on the performance, carcass yield, gut microflora, and stress indicators of broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar583. | Evidence for a complex life cycle and endospore formation in the attached, filamentous, segmented bacterium from murine ileum. Crossref | GoogleScholar10. | Identification of potential biomarkers for gut barrier failure in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar1106. | Direct-fed microbial primalac and salinomycin modulate whole-body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal mucosal cytokine production in the broiler chick. Crossref | GoogleScholar15. | Managing gut health through nutrition. Crossref | GoogleScholar10. | The biologist’s debt to the domestic fowl. Crossref | GoogleScholar2678. | Adhesion of selected Bifidobacterium strains to human intestinal mucus and the role of adhesion in enteropathogen exclusion. Crossref | GoogleScholar115. | Coccidia-induced mucogenesis promotes the onset of necrotic enteritis by supporting Clostridium perfringens growth. Crossref | GoogleScholar220. | Bacillus probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar520. | Ascaridia galli infection of pullets and intestinal viscosity: consequences for nutrient retention and gut morphology. Crossref | GoogleScholar1332. | Development and differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. Crossref | GoogleScholar817. | The unregulated probiotic market. Crossref | GoogleScholar41. | Probiotics on performance, intestinal morphology and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens raised with lower or higher environmental challenge. Crossref | GoogleScholar366. (Elsevier Inc. : ) ández Miyakawa ME (2019) Microbiota, gut health and chicken productivity: what is the connection? Microorganisms 7, 374–389. | Microbiota, gut health and chicken productivity: what is the connection? Crossref | GoogleScholar420. | Effects of dietary protein source and level on intestinal populations of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar776.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ZnS3 1q7m 1q8j Y 43 TmMetE H618,620,704 ZnS2N 1t7l 1xdj Y Cell and protein fate HsNedd8 199,202,343,346 ZnS4 1r4nB 1tt5 Y Hssurvivin 57,60,H77,84 ZnS3N 1f3h 1e31 N HsBirc8 300,303,H320,327 ZnS3N 1xb1 1xb0 Y Nucleotide metabolism BsG-Deaminase H53,83,86 ZnS2N 1tiy 1wkq N EcATCase 109,114,138,141 ZnS4 1tugB 1tug110,H113,181 ZnS2N 1gtp 1fbx Y 44, 45 Acthymidine kinase 145,148,183,186 ZnS4 1xx6B 1xx6A N NAD+-dependent oxidoreductases TmSir2 124,127,148,151 ZnS4 2h59 1yc5 2 195,200,221,224 ZnS4 1j8fC 1j8f4 97,100,103,111 ZnS4 1e3l 1e3e N EqADH 97,100,103,111 ZnS4 1axg 3bto N Transcriptional regulators HsSMAD 64,109,121, H169 ZnS3N 1mhd 1ozj Y BsAnti-TRAP 12,15,26,29 ZnS4 2bx9L 2bx910 117,129,128 ZnS3?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: They should become more relevant when threats to the self do arise. Indeed, although stronger positive motives may indicate that social networks largely consists of positively evaluated close friends, darker following motives may partially explain why users maintain relatively expansive social networks that also consist of many weak ties. Future research that distinguishes between motives for connecting to close others and weak ties could shed light on this issue. Alternatively, the relatively low scores on darker following motives may have been caused by participants answering in a socially desirable way. However, we have no compelling reason to believe that participants would downplay dark side motives more compared to exaggerating positive motives. Moreover, several participants remarked that they enjoyed completing the survey in an honest manner, despite the fact that some questions were “really bitchy-oriented” and “unexpectedly confronting. ”To provide construct validity for the FMS, we investigated the relations of following motives with several personality traits. Consistent with H2 and our argument that darker motives for following others are related to social insecurity and a need for self-enhancement, the results of the present research show that, as opposed to positive sociable and inspirational motives, insecurity motives and antisocial motives both have strong negative relations with self-esteem. Moreover, our findings show that higher levels of need for popularity, narcissism, and dispositional schadenfreude also characterize users with relatively strong dark side motives. By contrast, and in line with the notion that SNS use may enhance well-being as a result of more frequent interactions with friends (Valkenburg et al. , 2006) and social capital (Ellison et al. , 2007, 2011), only sociable following motives were positively related to satisfaction with life. Finally, all four motives were associated with the general tendency to make social comparisons (i. e. , comparison orientation), thereby emphasizing the importance of social comparison processes on SNSs (cf. Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011; Johnson & Knobloch-Westerwick, 2014; Vogel et al. , 2014) and reflecting the wide variety of social comparison motives that have been identified in the literature, including making downward comparisons for self-enhancement (Wills, 1981), making comparisons with similar others to obtain an accurate self-evaluation (Festinger, 1954), and engaging in inspirational upward comparisons for self-improvement (Lockwood & Kunda, 1997).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: | The multidimensional causal factors of ‘wet litter’ in chicken-meat production. Crossref | GoogleScholar67. | Influence of probiotic administration by feed or water on growth parameters of broilers reared on medicated and nonmedicated diets. Crossref | GoogleScholar97. | An alternative for antibiotic use in poultry: probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar378. | Factors affecting the incidence of necrotic enteritis, caecal carriage of Clostridium perfringens and bird performance in broiler chicks. Crossref | GoogleScholar441. | Effect of antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidials on growth of Clostridium perfringens in the caeca and on performance of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar98. (2018) Probiotics strains modulate gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in mule ducks. 12, 71–93. | Probiotics strains modulate gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in mule ducks. Crossref | GoogleScholar546. | Segmented filamentous bacteria-induced immune responses: a balancing act between host protection and autoimmunity. Crossref | GoogleScholar2535. | Effects of two different probiotics on microflora, morphology, and morphometry of gut in organic laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar2187. | Signalling from the gut lumen. Crossref | GoogleScholar45. | Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar421. | Identification of Campylobacter infection in chickens from volatile faecal emissions. Crossref | GoogleScholar240. | Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar382. | Quantification of gut lesions in a subclinical necrotic enteritis model. Crossref | GoogleScholar1505. (1991) Clinical, pathological, and epizootiological features of long-segmented filamentous organisms (bacteria, LSFOs) in the small intestines of chickens, turkeys, and quails. 35, 872–876. | Clinical, pathological, and epizootiological features of long-segmented filamentous organisms (bacteria, LSFOs) in the small intestines of chickens, turkeys, and quails.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 2g9t 2fyg N SARSnsp10 74,77,H83,90 ZnS3N 2ga6 2fyg N HsEstrogen receptor 7,10,24,27 ZnS4 1hcqB 1hcqA N 46 DNA repair DrRecR 57,60,69,72 ZnS4 1vddC 1vddA N Metallo-chaperones ScAtxI T14,15,18 CuS2O 1cc7 1cc8 Y 47 MjHypB 95,127,95,b127b ZnS4 2hf9 2hf8 Y Other viral proteins HepCNs3Ib 97,99,145 ZnS3? 1w3c 1dxp Y norovirus3c-like protease 77,83,154 ZnS3?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: As predicted by H3, following motives were positively related to self-reported time spent as well as following counts on different SNSs, thereby demonstrating convergent validity of the novel FMS. Moreover, consistent with H4, the results of the embedded experiment show that stronger antisocial following motives increased the inclination to accept a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a male or female high school acquaintance who suffered a setback in the domain of status or appearance, as well as the level of schadenfreude toward this acquaintance and the intention to gossip about him or her with third parties. In addition, stronger antisocial motives decreased sympathy toward the high school acquaintance. These findings provide additional convergent validity for the FMS in general and the subscale in particular. Moreover, they suggest that self-enhancing activities on SNSs are not limited to strategic self-presentation and profile enhancement (e. g. , Utz et al. , 2012), but may also include strategies that are dependent on connections with specific others, as they can provide convenient sources for self-enhancement activities (e. g. , targets for downward comparison or gossip). Sociable motives were also positively related to the inclination for “friending” the high school acquaintance and the intention to gossip about him or her. The former finding underlines the importance of relationship maintenance (including for weak ties, Ellison et al. , 2011) in following behavior, whereas the latter finding is consistent with the notion that gossiping with third parties may not only serve a self-enhancement goal, but is also an important tool for social bonding (Dunbar, 2004). Although stronger antisocial motives increased schadenfreude and decreased sympathy toward the high school acquaintance, insecurity motives were unrelated to schadenfreude and positively related to sympathy. This suggests that, in contrast to true soldiers of misfortune on SNSs that are characterized by even darker antisocial motives, users with strong insecurity motives may be reluctant to express reactions to others’ misfortune that violate social conventions, because they perceive this as risky behavior. Given that participants were only presented with downward comparison targets, we did not expect to find any effects of inspirational motives. However, inspirational motives were inversely related to the intention to gossip about the high school acquaintance, indicating that these motives may not only be associated with a tendency to make upward comparisons, but also to avoid talking about uninspiring downward comparison targets.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar233. | Cytokine gene expression in chicken cecal tonsils following treatment with probiotics and Salmonella infection. Crossref | GoogleScholar247. | Effect of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture treatment timing on Salmonella enteritidis in neonatal broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar926. | Efficacy of a novel prebiotic and a commercial probiotic in reducing mortality and production losses due to cold stress and Escherichia coli challenge of broiler chicks. Crossref | GoogleScholar212. | Segmented filamentous bacteria take the stage. Crossref | GoogleScholar304. | Gut bacteria signaling to mitochondria in intestinal inflammation and cancer. Crossref | GoogleScholar5. Jeurissen SH, Lewis F, van der ter Huurne AA (2002) Parameters and techniques to determine intestinal health of poultry as constituted by immunity, integrity, and functionality. in 3, 1–14. (2009) Effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical Clostridium perfringens challenge. 88, 132–140. | Effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical Clostridium perfringens challenge. Crossref | GoogleScholar361. | The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar115. | Structural and functional regulation of tight junctions by RhoA and Rac1 small GTPases. Crossref | GoogleScholar2. Clinical, pathological, and bacteriological findings in a mild form of necrotic enteritis. 71, 1145–1153. | Barley inclusion and avoparcin supplementation in broiler diets. 2. Clinical, pathological, and bacteriological findings in a mild form of necrotic enteritis. Crossref | GoogleScholar16. | Association between cereal contents in the diet and incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens in Norway. Crossref | GoogleScholar433. | Clostridium perfringens necrotizing enteritis of the fowl: a light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of spontaneous disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar274. | Epidemiologic aspects of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: disease occurrence and production performance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 1wqsB 1wqsA N 48 Oxidoreductases EcRibD H49,74,83 ZnS2N 2d5n 2b3z 595,597,B596,B597 Binuclear Ni/ ZnS2N2,ZnS3 1mjg 1oao N PtNHase 108,111,B112,113 CoS3N/S2N2 1ugq 1ugp Y 49 RrpNHase 110,113,B114,115 FeS3N 1ahj 2cyz N DvNiFe hydrogenase 81,84,546,549 NiFeS4 1ubk 1h2r N DsNiFe hydrogenase 65,68,530,533 NiFeS4 2frv 1frv N PafdhE 225,228,256,259 FeS4 2fiyB 2fiy-3 110,115,110,115 ZnS4 2nsi 1nsi Y 50 aa-tRNA synthetases TtVal-tRNAs 417,420,438,441 ZnS4 1gax 1ivs N 51, 52 TtLeu-tRNAs 439,442,484,487 ZnS4 1obh 1h3n Y TtIle-tRNAs 181,184,389,392 ZnS4 1ile 1jzq N TtIle-tRNAs 461,464,502,504 ZnS4 1ile 1jzq N RNA/DNA polymerases 1 67,70,77,H80 ZnS3N 1r9t 1i6h N 53-55 ScRNA polIIB1 107,110,148,167 ZnS4 1r9t 1i6h N 53-55 ScRNA polIIB2 1163,1166,1182,1185 ZnS4 1twh 1i3q N 53-55 3 86,88,92,95 ZnS4 1twh 1i3q N 53-55 9 7,10,29,32 ZnS4 1i6h 1y1v N 53-55 9 75,78,103,106 ZnS4 1i6h 1i3q N 53-55 4 31,34,48

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: When accounting for the effects of following motives, the systematic variations of the comparison domain and comparison target had relatively little effect on the dependent variables of our embedded experiment. Most relevant for the focus of the present research was the finding that friending was more likely following a setback in appearance rather than status. However, additional analyses revealed that this effect was only obtained for female participants. This may reflect the idea that appearance is a more relevant social comparison dimension for females rather than males because of gender-role socialization (Harter, 1998) or evolutionary-based competition (Buss, 1988). A number of limitations should be highlighted. First of all, the FMS measured motives regarding social media broadly construed. However, specific platforms were considered in terms of usage and network size, and some differential patterns emerged. Future research should examine how affordances of particular social media platforms are able to satisfy the four following motives. Next, given the investigation’s focus on highlighting negative motives, the embedded experiment only employed scenarios depicting a high school acquaintance suffering a setback. However, future research could also use good fortune scenarios as a point of comparison and to further validate the FMS. Also, presenting the FMS and trait scales before the embedded experiment may have sensitized participants in their friend request response. However, asking about a diverse range of motives and traits, both positive and negative, likely mitigated any influence on responses. Future research might also improve on the single-item measure of intention to accept (or initiate) a friendship request, and also use more intensive measures of SNS activity. Moreover, including a Scale (e. g. , Strahan & Gerbasi, 1972) could assess whether socially desirable responding influences scores on the different motives. ConclusionOur findings provide clear evidence that a variety of “good, bad, and ugly” motives can explain the formation and maintenance of online connections, and that these motives are linked to personality traits and online behavior in predictable ways. However, research on motives for the use of specific features of SNSs requires the development of new measures that follow formal and rigorous methods for scale development and validation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar184. | Assessing the effect of administering probiotics in water or as a feed supplement on broiler performance and immune response. Crossref | GoogleScholar45. | The structure and function of the human small intestinal microbiota: current understanding and future directions. Crossref | GoogleScholar82. | Effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar635. | Inflammation: friend and foe. Crossref | GoogleScholar179. | Intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteriaCrossref | GoogleScholar2393. | Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets. Crossref | GoogleScholar40. | The effect of microbiome modulation on the intestinal health of poultry. Crossref | GoogleScholar2346. | Inflammatory phenotypes in the intestine of poultry: not all inflammation is created equal. Crossref | GoogleScholar2353. | Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for prediction of new opportunistic pathogens in chicken ileal and cecal microbiota. Crossref | GoogleScholar21. | Probiotics and the gut immune system: indirect regulation. Crossref | GoogleScholar732. | Evaluation of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial candidate on digesta viscosity, bacterial translocation, microbiota composition and bone mineralisation in broiler chickens fed on a rye-based diet. Crossref | GoogleScholar424. | Gut microbiota-generated metabolites in animal health and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar216. | Effects of direct-fed microbials on growth performance, gut morphometry, and immune characteristics in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar2395. | Influence of dietary inclusion of Bacillus licheniformis on laying performance, egg quality, antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal barrier function of laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar311. | Probiotics as regulators of inflammation: a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar2310. | Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutrition of poultry: are current diets formulated in excess? Crossref | GoogleScholar406. | Colonization and distribution of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) in chicken gastrointestinal tract and their relationship with host immunity. Crossref | GoogleScholar1096.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ,51 ZnS4 1twh 1i3q N 53-55 5 7,10,45,46 ZnS4 1r9t 1i3q N 53-55 TtRNApolβ 1112,1194,1201,1204 ZnS4 1zyr 1smy N 53-55 Ribosomal proteins Tt30SRibosomeS4 9,12,26,31 ZnS4 2j02 1hr0 N Tt30SRibosomeS14 24,27,40,43 ZnS4 1n33 1fjg N EcrrmA 5,8,21,H25 ZnS3N 1p91B 1p91synthesis B4Ribonucleotide reductase III 543,546,561,564 ZnS4 1h7a 1hk8 N EcDNA pol III τ 64,73,76,79 ZnS4 1xxh 1njf N SV40LT-antigen 302,305,H313,H317 ZnS2N2 1svo 1svm N Fe-S containing Rcxanthine dehydrogenase 103,106,134,136 [2Fe-2S]S4 1jrp 1jro N Ggsuccinate dehydrogenase L 65,70,73,85 [Fe-S]S4 2h89 1yq3 N Ssmitochondrial respiratory complex II, lp subunit 158,161,164,225 [4Fe-4S]S4 1zp0 1zoy N Other Hsmnk2 299,303,311,314 ZnS4 2hw7 2ac3 N Ligands in metal sites are Cys unless indicated by a one-letter-code amino acid prefix, B indicates ligation by the backbone of the indicated residue.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: AbstractSocial media have become increasingly popular mechanisms for communication. Past research suggests a link between using social media, upward social comparison, and negative affect. This online experiment of US women (N = 118) takes a media psychology approach to understanding how fitness images on the social networking website Pinterest contribute to social comparison as well as intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Findings suggest that individuals who follow more fitness boards on Pinterest are more likely to report intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Additionally, endorsement of an ideal female body type was positively related to both social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Findings are discussed in light of social comparison theory, and suggestions are made are made for future experimental work. The proliferation of social media in recent years has introduced new social and psychological issues to the media landscape, as well as exacerbated existing phenomena. While psychologists and media scholars have given much attention to body image over the last several decades, they are just now starting to explore these issues in new media environments. Certainly, a quick search on social media websites such as Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram, or Pinterest may lead a user to view “thinspiration” images, communiqués which encourage and enable eating disorders. The extent of “thinspiration” messages and images on Pinterest, or “thinspo” for short, has even earned it the nickname “Thinterest,” perhaps providing impetus for the company to write a disclaimer in certain areas of the website. Pinterest is an image-based website on which individuals curate content from websites and blogs and organize it on virtual corkboards (Mittal, Gupta, Dewan, & Kumaraguru, 2013). Content which contains messages promoting self-harm is not allowed on the website, although it is still possible to encounter these types of images. For example, when one searches the word “thinspiration” using the search tool on Pinterest, the following message appears at the top of the website page:Eating disorders are not lifestyle choices, they are mental disorders that if left untreated can cause serious health problems or could even be life-threatening. For treatment referrals, information, and support, you can always contact the Helpline at 1-800-931-2237 or www. nationaleatingdisorders.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: | Human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains differentially reduce intestinal inflammation. Crossref | GoogleScholar87. | Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection in poultry by pretreatment of chickens and poults with intestinal extracts. Crossref | GoogleScholar59. (2003) Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Applied and 69, 6816–6824. | Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Crossref | GoogleScholar3546. | The role of probiotics in the poultry industry. Crossref | GoogleScholar60. | Bacteria, colonic fermentation, and gastrointestinal health. Crossref | GoogleScholar950. MarketsandMarkets (2019) Probiotics in animal feed market by livestock (poultry, ruminants, swine, aquaculture, pets), source (bacteria [Lactobacilli, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacteria] and yeast & fungi), form (dry and liquid), and region: global forecast to 2025. Report. Available at [Verified 2 December 2020] (2017) Oral probiotics supplementation can stimulate the immune system in a stress process. Journal of Nutrition & 8, 29–40. | Oral probiotics supplementation can stimulate the immune system in a stress process. Crossref | GoogleScholar565. | Effect of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture for the treatment of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in neonatal broiler chickens and turkey poults. Crossref | GoogleScholar183. | Relationship between number of bacteria and their probiotic effects. Crossref | GoogleScholar2. | FAO/WHO Guidelines on probiotics: 10 years later. Crossref | GoogleScholar67. | Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Crossref | GoogleScholar1159. | Dietary probiotic form modulates broiler gut microbiota indices and expression of gut barrier genes including essential components for gut homeostasis. Crossref | GoogleScholar1625. | The effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on tibial bone characteristics and strength in broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar126.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ox, oxidized structure; re, reduced structure; M, metal expelled; Y, metal absent from oxidized structure; N, metal present in oxidized structure; P, metal present in oxidized structure with partial occupancy; ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; Anti-TRAP, tryptophan RNA-binding attenuator protein-inhibitory protein; ATCase, aspartate transcarbamylase; AtxI, metal homeostasis factor ATX1; BHMT, betaine-homocysteine s-methyltransferase; Birc8, baculoviral iap repeat-containing protein 8; CODH, bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-coA synthase; fdhE-formate dehydrogenase; G-Deaminase, guanine deaminase; hydrolase I; Ile-tRNAs, isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; HypB, hydrogenase nickel incorporation protein; Leu-tRNAs, Leucyl-tRNA synthetase; LT-antigen, large T-antigen; MetE-B12, independent methionine synthase; MetH-B12, dependent methionine synthase; mnk2, map kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2; Nedd8, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Nedd8; NHase, nitrile hydratase; NOS-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase; Ns3, Ns3 Protease; RecR, recombinational repair protein; RibD, riboflavin biosynthesis protein ribD; RNA pol II–RNA polymerase II subunit; rrmA, ribosomal RNA large subunit methyltransferase A; Sir2, sirtuin homolog; SIRT2, sirtuin homolog 2; SMAD, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; Val-tRNAs, valyl-tRNA synthetase; B4, Bacteriophage t4; Bs, Bacillus subtilis; Ds, Desulfovibrio s; Dv, Desulfovibrio vulgaris; Ec, Escherichia coli; Gg, Gallus gallus; HepC

Output: pass