Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This is in agreement with the findings of earlier studies [32], [33], [34] that found a single disease to be treated by several medicinal plants. The present study found that 22. 58% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, with slightly lower rates for dermatological infections/diseases (12. 9%). Similarly, among the south Omo people, 24. 2% of medicinal plants were used to treat gastrointestinal complaints [17]. On average, the number of medicinal plants was substantially higher for informants under the age of 20 years than for informants above 35 years and by illiterate informants than literate ones. This may be due to the influence of modernization and a lack of interest among younger generations in botanical medicines that would contribute to the conventional knowledge of older people. Similar conclusions also show that there are substantial gaps between different age groups in traditional knowledge [34]. Unlike the study now underway, the literary young people Tefera and Kim [20] have a higher level of knowledge in the use of medicinal plants than analphabets and old people. For gastrointestinal disorders, the highest citation was found, followed by Fever. Similarly, the most frequently treated diseases in Hawassa [18] and [17] were gastrointestinal disorder and parasite infection. Furthermore, a study conducted in the Ethiopian community Sheko revealed that the widely treated diseases were skin and gastrointestinal problems [13]. In Berta, the ethnic group of Benishangul-Gumuz, diarrhea was a widely treated disease [35]. The disparity may be influenced by the climate, ethnicity, and hygiene variations in the regions. The highest-fidelity levels (100%) were found for Croton macrostachyus, Pentas spp. , Triticumdicoccon, and Commelinabenghalensis in the current study. The first two species were in the skeletomuscular system disorders categories and the following two species were in endocrine/metabolic/nutritional and dermatological infections/diseases categories, respectively. The category with the highest ICF values was cardiovascular system diseases, followed by Fever (Malaria). Similarly, the category with the highest ICF values was fever (malaria), followed by insects and ectoparasites diseases in Hawassa zuria district [20]. Regassa [18] reported stomachache had high degrees of ICF and that malaria showed the highest FL in Hawassa city.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: It has been known that EPNs harbor symbiotic bacteria (Salvadori 2012), which multiply and release various virulence factors, including toxin complexes, hydrolytic enzymes, hemolysins, and antimicrobial compounds. These factors typically lead to the death of the insect host within 48 h (Eleftherianos et al. 2010). In both isolates, similar to previous experiments the first effect on G. fornicata mature larvae started at 48 h and at a concentration of 1000 IJs/ml and increased over time. So far, no other study has been found where it was possible to successfully control G. fornicata larvae with EPNs. In this study, the efficacy of EPN isolates against the mature larval stage of the pest was demonstrated for the first time. Since there are no studies in the literature on the larval stage of G. fornicata, some studies were evaluated. The efficacy of several EPN isolates against L. decemlineata larvae, another economic pest in the Chrysomelidae family, has been determined (Kepenekci et al. 2015). Researchers found high efficacy of different strains and concentrations of S. feltiae on larvae (80–90%) (Wright 1987). S. feltiae caused 96% mortality and H. bacteriophora resulted in 75% mortality. As evident from other studies, there are a number of factors that contribute to variations in EPN pathogenicity. Among these, the ability to encounter, find and penetrate hosts is thought to influence pathogenicity. ConclusionsTwo local EPN isolates, H. bacteriophora (isolate Z-1) and S. feltiae (isolate A-16), demonstrated efficacy against both larval and adult stages of G. fornicata. Biological measures are notably eco-friendly. Exploring locally available nematode strains is essential, as they are better suited to adapt to regional climatic conditions compared to commercial alternatives, potentially yielding superior outcomes. Therefore, environmentally sound pest control activities need alternatives. Nonetheless, conducting field assessments of these EPN species and strains will yield more comprehensive insights into their potential. For sustainable pest control, it is very important to search for locally available nematode species that are adapted to regional climatic conditions and have the potential to give superior results compared to other control methods.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Test results show that bin size has no influence on the strength of the pre-industrial trend. We realize that the normalization and binning procedure influences the strength of the pre-industrial trend and low-frequency variability. Reversing the order of binning and normalization produced an increase in low-frequency variability. Discrepancies between glacier ice and marine and lake sediment composite chronologies and the tree-ring composite remain unchanged (Fig. S4). We propose the use of binned and scaled chronologies because potential biases due to changing resolutions, e. g. , sub-annual to multi-decadal, are mitigated. However, since we need to conform with the procedures established by the PAGES2k Consortium (2017) we followed their approach, first normalizing each record and then binning. 2. 2 Hypothesis testing To test the influence of (i) orbital forcing, (ii) tree-ring detrending, and (iii) temperature sensitivity, we extracted a subset of proxy records from the PAGES2k database, restricted to only those records longer than 800 years. This 800-year threshold is based on the reasonable assumption that longer records are more likely to express stronger millennial-scale trends. The subset includes 89 tree-ring, 16 glacier ice, 44 marine, and 29 lake sediment records. Based on the Milanković theory (Milanković, 1941) we expect latitudinally and seasonally varying temperature trends, with the strongest cooling to be found in summer-sensitive proxies from high latitudes and the least cooling to be found in the annual temperature-sensitive proxies from lower latitudes (Berger and Loutre, 1991; Laskar et al. , 2004). To assess the long-term trends preserved in an individual tree-ring record from the PAGES2k compilation (which does not report the specific detrending method used for each entry), the statistical significance of the slopes from least-squares linear regressions through each proxy record (at 50-year and 200-year resolution) was evaluated, and the fraction of records that exhibited a significant or insignificant cooling trend over the pre-industrial period (1–1800 CE) and a warming trend over the industrial (post-1800 CE) period were recorded. For those tree-ring records that do not span the entire pre-industrial period, the slope calculation was performed over their entire length.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The highest informant consensus value was found for Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) which was cited by 60 respondents for treatment of bone fractures and weight gain. Medicinal plants with higher informant consensus need to be seriously considered for further ethnopharmacological studies since they are species widely applied by many people and they have been utilized for a long time [36]. The output of the preference ranking indicated that Hageniaabyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. , Rutachalepensis L. , and Solanumincanum L. were the most commonly preferred medicinal plants as treatment for stomachache in humans in the study area. Similar findings for south Omo showed that the highest numbers of plant species were reported to treat abdominal or stomach disorders [17]. Acaciaabyssinica Benth, Syzygiumguineense subsp. Macrocarpum (Engl. ) F. White and Eucalyptusglobulus Labill, were ranked as the most threatened medicinal plants of the study area. According to the direct matrix ranking results, Perseaamericana Mill, was ranked first as the most preferred medicinal plant used for various purposes by the local people. The second and third most preferable medicinal plants were Acaciaabyssinica Benth. and Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. , respectively. However, Prunusafricanus is the most preferred medicinal plant for various uses in the Hadiya zone [15]. Crotonmacrostachyus is the most multipurpose medicinal plant in the Berbere district of the Bale zone [33]. In the present study, Perseaamericana Mill. was used as a type of food, as fodder, as cash crop, in house construction, and sometimes in charcoal making. According to the responses from informants, the main causes of the loss of medicinal plants in the study area were charcoal production following agricultural expansion, firewood, household construction and furniture making, deforestation, secrecy, unwillingness of the young generation, oral-based knowledge transfer, lack of awareness and environmental degradation. Similar results were found in other research concerning threats to medicinal plants in Berbere district [33], [12], and south Omo [17]. In order to maintain the indigenous knowledge and prevent the extinction of medicinal plant resources, greater conservation understanding of all members of the society is required.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the negative impact of chemical pesticides on the environment and human health has prompted researchers to seek new control strategies (Laznik and Trdan 2012) like cultural, physical, biological control, etc. Among biological control, various bio-agents like fungi (Trichoderma spp. , Paecilomyces lilacinus, etc. ), bacteria (Bacillus spp. , Pseudomonas fluorescens, etc. ), viruses, mites and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are pretty effective in pest management strategies. EPNs are effective and emerging alternative for managing this insect, and these can be utilized in classical, conservation and augmentative biological control programs. Generally, EPNs are identified from 23 nematode families but the two most important families of EPNs are Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Koppenhöfer and Kaya 2001). The infective juveniles (IJs) of genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are associated with their symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. , respectively, which cause septicemia leading to the death of the insects within 24–48 h. EPNs are easy to apply and effective against most lepidopterans (Shapiro-Ilan et al. 2002). These nematodes have a good host searching ability, high virulence, ease of culturing and safety to non-target organism have led to successful integration into pest management programs to control of soil-borne pests, especially cutworms (Hussaini 2014). Many species of EPNs can recycle plant nutrients persisting in the environment. They may have direct or indirect effects on populations of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) and plant pathogens, which help in improving soil quality in one or other possible ways. These are compatible with a wide range of chemicals, viz. insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, fertilizers and biological pesticides used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs (Lacey and Georgis 2012). In this review, some selected literature on the flourishing and efficiently use of EPNs for eco-friendly management of cutworms (Agrotis spp. ) were incited.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Those records with significant warming and cooling trends were further analyzed with respect to proxy type (archive), latitude, and temperature-sensitive seasonality. These analyses were repeated over the proxies' common period 1200–1800 CE as well as with only those records that span the entire Common Era. The latter constrains the network to only 11 tree-ring, 10 glacier ice, 8 marine sediment, and 6 lake sediment records. To account for the bias due to an inhomogeneous distribution of sites along a latitudinal gradient, we randomly selected 1000 times 10 records from latitudinal bands 0–90, 30–60, and 60–90∘ N to determine the number of records showing an (in-) significant cooling or warming over the pre-industrial period. In addition, we produced 50-year and 200-year binned records (tree composite versus glacier ice, marine sediment and lake sediment composite) for each latitudinal band, to illustrate chronology trend changes along the gradient. Additionally, we explored the influence of the absolute record length on the strength of the pre-industrial cooling. As noted previously, the PAGES2k compilation does not include mention of the detrending method used to produce each tree-ring chronology. To address this omission, we re-standardized the tree-ring records, to test how the choice of detrending method used affects the resulting chronologies' millennial-scale trend. Of the 89 chronologies selected, the raw data of 22 datasets could not be obtained from either the International Tree-ring Databank (ITRDB) or the original authors. Consequently, this aspect of our analysis focuses on a subset of 67 chronologies. The tree-ring detrending methods applied are the calculation of residuals from individually fit (i) negative exponential functions (NEG), and (ii) from regional curve standardization (RCS; Briffa et al. , 1992; Esper et al. , 2003). The individual series detrending method (i) emphasizes annual to centennial trends in the resulting index chronology (Cook and Peters, 1981) by removing long-term trends that exceed the lengths of sampled trees. By contrast, RCS (ii) attempts to preserve low-frequency climate variability through its addressing of the so-called “segment length curse” (Briffa and Melvin, 2011; Cook et al. , 1995).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Comparison with previous ethnobotanical studies Allium sativum L. and Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. , were the most frequently used plant for stomachache, malaria, wound, evil eye, and cough in the present study, and similarly, Chama [12] reported this plant use for malaria in district. Giday etal. [14] reported for headache treatment in Sheko and for evil eye Wubetu [37]. Coffeearabica L. was the most frequently used plant for headaches and wound in the present study. These findings also agreed with the study conducted in the Sheko district [14] and district [38]. The plant in the present study for the treatment of wounds is reported for the first time. Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum frutescens L. were the most commonly used medicinal plants as a treatment for headache in the present study. Similar findings for Sheko people showed that the plants were reported to treat headache [14]. Aloe vera was reported in the present study for the treatment of malaria, diabetes, and wound. The previous studies conducted in other areas mentioned the use of Aloe spp. for cold and malaria treatment in Kembata [18] and district [12]. Zingiber officinale and Rhamnus prinoides was the most frequently used plant and reported to be used against tonsillitis and cough in our study. Similarly, Chama [12] mentioned these plants are used for tonsillitis and cough. Triticumdicoccon (Schrank) Schübl, Linumusitatissimum L. and Hordeumvulgare L. were used to treat bone fractures; weight gain, liver disease, and bone strength in the present study, whereas it is used for similar purpose in other study areas [20]. Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod was documented for amoeba, hypertension, malaria, asthma treatment in the current study. Hailemariam et al. [16] and Tefera and Kim [20] reported this plant use for similar health problems from Konta special woreda and Hawassa zuria district, respectively. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) Swingle, Datura stramonium L. and Dovyalis abyssinica (A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: The damage done by cutworms to potato tubers leads to the attraction of secondary pathogens, which further cause additive damage to potatoes. EPNs and their role as biocontrol agents of cutwormsThe most commonly used and effective species of EPNs belong to the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. These families are classified into genera Steinernema Travassos, 1927 and Heterorhabditis Pionar, 1975. Generally, both genera have similar life cycles, and the only difference between the life cycles of Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp. is occurred in the first generation. Steinernema species reproduce amphimictically, which requires males and females for successful reproduction, whereas Heterorhabditis species are hermaphroditic in the first generation and can reproduce in the absence of conspecifics. These nematodes were associated with symbiotic bacteria from genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus (Sterinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. , respectively), lethal parasites to most of soil inhabiting stages of insect pests (Shapiro-Ilan et al. 2017). EPNs have a facultative or obligate parasitic association with their insect hosts. In insects, they cause symptoms like reduced fecundity, sterility, longevity, flight activity, retard development and other morphological, behavioural and physiological aberrations leading to rapid mortality of infected insects. EPNs are only insect parasitic nematodes holding an optimal balance of biological control because of their ability to kill hosts quickly within 1–4 days, depending on nematode and host species. However, both families belong to the same order but are not closely related. These families also have different reproductive strategies (Blaxter et al. 1998). Many natural enemies are enlisted in the biological control of cutworms, including flies, wasp parasites, pathogenic organisms such as granulosis virus, fungi, bacteria, protozoa and predatory beetles, reducing cutworm numbers to a certain level. However, there is a little evidence of their relative importance. Nevertheless, none of them could reduce the cutworm population within a short period. Biological control by EPNs appears to be a long-lasting alternative to control this pest.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: However, traditional RCS is best applied to large datasets with a homogeneous age structure through time to optimize the ideal representation of the population growth curve used to detrend the data (Esper et al. , 2003), and most tree-ring measurements in the 2k database do not satisfy this criterion. To address this trend distortion due to increasing tree age over time, we applied a third detrending method: (iii) signal-free regional curve standardization was performed (RCS-SIG; Melvin and Briffa, 2014). Prior to detrending, a data-adaptive power transformation was applied to all measurements to mitigate the heteroscedastic nature of the tree-ring series (Cook and Peters, 1997), and chronologies were calculated using the bi-weight robust means of tree-ring indices in each calendar year. In addition, the average correlation coefficient among the individual series (Rbar; Wigley et al. , 1984) was used to stabilize the variance of the chronologies (Frank et al. , 2007). The resulting chronologies from each of the three methodologies (i), (ii), and (iii) were then z-transformed and averaged over 50-year bins to produce three unique composite chronologies. The 50-year binned composites were compared with the PAGES2k subset composite that includes the same 67 records to investigate the influence of tree-ring standardization on millennial-scale temperature trends. The nature of the climate signal encoded in each tree-ring record was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients between all 402 NH z-transformed tree-ring chronologies, the subset of 89 NH tree-ring chronologies, and both the 1 and 5∘ gridded CRU TS 4. 01 (Harris et al. , 2014) monthly June–September temperatures from 1950 to 1980. The relatively short interval of 31 years was selected for computing correlations in response to the sparse station data availability, especially in Asia, and the decline in the quality of interpolated observational temperature data prior to 1950 (Cook et al. , 2012; Krusic et al. , 2015). For each re-standardized and z-transformed chronology, the highest monthly maximum correlation coefficient was extracted and plotted with respect to the trees' location as provided in the metadata table (PAGES2k Consortium, 2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Rich. ), were reported for the first time to be used for toothache treatment in the present study. However, Citrus aurantiifolia (Christ) was mentioned by Tefera and Kim [20] for their area of study in order to treat gastritis and hypertension. Soni etal. [41] indicated the treatment of stomach and intestinal pain that results from worm infestation, toothache, and fever from inflammation by using Datura stramonium L. Tuasha et al. [21] reported Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. ) for treat of malignancies in Dalle district. Nigella sativa L. was used for stomachache in the present study. Similarly, this plant was reported for stomachache and headache in Hawassa city [19]. Others reported it for common cold, asthma, leprosy, and streptothricosis [40] and [41]. Capsicum annum L. and Carica papaya L. reported in the present study for the treatment of gastritis were supported by Amsalu etal. [41] and Maji and Banerji [42]. According to Amsalu etal. [41], these plants are used for the treatment of dysentery and vomiting. Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile and Euphorbia abyssinica were reported for swelling and headache treatment in the current study. Amsalu et al. [41] and Abera [43] reported these plants for gastrointestinal disease and rabies. However, in line with the present finding Tefera and kim [20] reported Euphorbia abyssinica for treatment of swelling, gastritis, malaria, and headache. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) Swingle reported in the present study for the treatment of motion sickness. Similarly, Mohsenzadeh etal. [44] mentioned this plant for motion sickness treatment. Another study mentioned Cordiaafricana Lam. as a good treatment for motion sickness [41]. Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. Rich and Ruta chalepensis L. were the most frequently used plant for evil eye and stomachache in the present study. This finding agrees with the finding of Chama [12] and disagrees with the finding of Giday etal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: These are the most efficient and effective biocontrol organisms for most lepidopterans and other insects that can kill insects within 24–48 h. of infection based on nematode density. An EPN, Hexamermis arvalis (Nematoda: Mermithidae), brings down up to 60 per cent of larvae in the central USA. Distribution of are distributed in almost all soils with limiting environmental conditions, host availability, soil temperature and moisture status. Around 100 valid species of Steinernema and 21 species of Heterorhabditis have been identified from different countries of the world (Bhat et al. 2020). The effects of environmental and biotic factors contribute a lot to the distribution of EPNs in soil because the survival and infectivity of these nematodes depend on the same factors. For example, juveniles of S. feltiae can be infective at a temperature range from 2–30 °C and S. carpocapsae juveniles become inactive at 10 °C, whereas some Heterorhabditis spp. can infect host insects from 7 to 35 °C (Georgis et al. 2006). Various species of EPNs are predominantly isolated from subterranean conditions, notably in white grubs and weevils of the family Scarabaeidae and Curculionidae, respectively. A survey reported that most of the isolated EPNs from 2 genera (Steinernema, 3. 0% and Heterorhabditis, 4. 5%) were found in loam soils at 26–33 °C with pH of 5. 0–7. 0 in area, in Thailand (Vitta et al. 2015). A survey in by Kour et al. (2020) also reports that coastline and dunes were the most H. indica-rich habitats (25%), followed by river banks (15. 1%). Species identified from abroad and India to dateVarious workers have conducted many surveys from almost all parts of the world to isolate locally adapted EPN species. To date, 100 species of genus Steinernema and 16 species of genus Heterorhabditis have been identified, isolated and described in the literature as in Bhat et al. (2020) (Table 1). Table 1 List of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species recorded from different parts of India (Bhat et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The use of extended calibration periods (prior to 1950 and post 1980) and annual temperatures yielded no meaningful differences in the calibration results. The stability of the growth–climate relationship was assessed by first smoothing the tree-ring and corresponding CRU temperatures using 10-year splines then using the splines to high-pass-filter the data and accentuate inter-annual variances. The tree-ring records were ranked according to the strength of their maximum monthly temperature response between June and September and averaged into 50-year binned composites to evaluate the importance of changing signal strength of any preserved millennial-scale trend. Figure 5Summary of NH long-term trends from tree-ring, glacier ice, and marine and lake sediment records longer than 800 years. The fraction of 50-year binned records that exhibit a significant negative (dark blue) and non-significant cooling (pale blue) trend or significant (red) and non-significant (pale red) warming trend at p < 0. 05 over the pre-industrial (1–1800) period derived from the statistical significance of the slope of least-squares linear regressions through each individual 50-year binned proxy record using (a) the individual records length, (b) the common period 1200–1800, and (c) records that cover the entire Common Era. Pre-industrial summaries are split by proxy, latitude, and seasonality. The category composite includes glacier, marine, and lake sediments, and brackets indicate the number of records per category. (d) Post-industrial trends over the period 1800–2000. Download 3 Results 3. 1 Latitude and season In total, 66. 3 % of the tree-ring, 93. 8 % of the glacier ice, 75. 0 % of the marine sediment, and 79. 3 % of the lake sediment records, longer than 800 years, reveal a millennial-scale cooling over the period 1–1800 CE (Fig. 5a). Substantial differences between the proxies were apparent when comparing the fraction of records with a significant overall cooling trend (p < 0. 05): 68. 8 % of the glacier ice, 54. 5 % of the marine sediment, and 37. 9 % of the lake sediment records, but only 11. 2 % of the tree-ring records. Sorting the data by latitude reveals that the fraction of significantly cooling tree-ring records decreases from 25.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: [14] conducted in other areas which stated the plant use for headache and cold. According to the comparison of our findings with others ethnobotanical studies in Ethiopia, novel plant uses of some medicinal plants were documented. Commelina benghalensis L. , Manihotesculenta Crantz. , Pentas spp. , Persea americana Mill. , Solanummacrocarpon L. , Sorghumbicolor (L. ) Moench and Spilanthesmauritiana DC. were completely novel use in our study area and never ever reported in other similar investigations. The pharmacological activities of these plants are novel findings that are only known in this area for such medicinal purposes. Dosages of herbal remedies There is no standardization of the dosage of herbal remedies in the study area; the sum depends on the herbalist who prepares the herbs for medicine. The same plant species with a specific part are recommended in different doses for the treatment of related conditions. Various reports consider the lack of standardization and quality control one of the key disadvantages of traditional medicine. There remains no consensus among informants on the doses and inadequate dosage accuracy of certain prescription remedies [14]. Several authors recall that a restriction on traditional medicinal plants is the lack of an appropriate dosage for a specific disease. The dosage also varies between the plants [45] [46]. The toxicity and harm potential of some medicinal plants are a common concern for people who want standardization in conventional medicine. Traditional practitioners are usually believed to either disregard the strengths of the drugs themselves or to not bother to match doses to patients' size or bodyweight [47]. However, some traditional healers are known to prescribe various dosages and frequencies according to age, gender, and other conditions or to vary from one medicine to the other. Medicinal plants trade and cultivation Commercialization and marketing of medicinal plants shall take place on the market on a weekly or biweekly. The fresh and dried collections of some plants is sold were Artemisia afra, Ruta chalepensis, Linum usitatissimum L. , Lippia adoensis Hochst. , Ocimumgratissimum L. , Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl, Hordeum vulgare L. , Avena sativa L. and all Capsicum spps.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: 2020)Full size tableEconomic importance of are devastating organisms to major insect pests but do not threaten non-target organisms and the environment (Georgis and Hague 1991). Unlike harmful chemicals and other micro-organisms (ex. B. thuringiensis), EPNs provide a high degree of safety and do not require any special applications. Most bio-products require days or weeks to kill, but EPNs give effective results within 24 to 48 h due to their associations with pathogenic symbiotic bacteria (Akhurst and Smith 2002). Nematodes are amenable to mass production within a limit of time, and while applied in the field, nematodes are found compatible with most of the standard agro-chemicals and other biopesticides. Isolation of EPNsThe collected soil samples from the field are taken into the laboratory, and up to 1/3rd capacity, honey glass bottles were filled with this soil. Five-to-ten live wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella L. ) are added to different soil layers to capture the nematodes as the insect bait (Bedding and Akhurst 1975). These filled bottles with soil are placed upside down and incubated at room temperature (~ 25 °C). After 48 h of incubation, the bottles were checked daily for 2 weeks, and in-between, any dead larvae of wax moth found in the soil were collected in the separate bottles. Dead larvae are thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and transferred to white traps (White 1927). White traps are placed at room temperature (~ 25 °C) until the emergence of the IJs, and the newly emerging IJs are collected in sterile deionized water and stored in a tissue culture flask at 15 °C for morphological and molecular characterization and further use in the field to control cutworms. Mode of action of EPNs against cutwormsEPNs use two main foraging strategies; ambushers or cruisers for searching their host, but these strategies are based on the type of species of nematodes. S. carpocapsae is an example of an ambusher-type foraging strategy with an energy-conserving approach. It remains in wait for attacking the moving larvae of cutworm (nictitating) in the soil's upper layer. While the other side, S. glaseri and H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 0 % at 60–90∘ N to 8. 7 % at 30–60∘ N, which, though the percentages are fairly small, supports the argument that the signature of orbital forcing in tree rings has a meridionally declining spatial signature. In contrast, the cooling trends in glacier ice and marine and lake sediment records reach their maximum in the midlatitudes, from 30–60∘ N, which contradicts this explanation. This finding remains stable even after repeating our analysis 1000 times, each time randomly drawing 10 unique combinations of tree-ring records or composites of glacier ice and marine and lake sediments. Pre-industrial cooling remains significantly stronger in glacier ice and marine and lake sediment records compared to tree-ring records at different latitudinal bands. This result indicates clearly that differing pre-industrial cooling trends are not a by-product of the spatially varying distribution along a latitudinal gradient (Fig. S5). Organizing the chronologies with respect to latitude confirms that glacier ice and marine and lake sediment records from the midlatitudes (30–60∘ N) show an enhanced cooling compared to their high-latitude counterparts (60–90∘ N), whereas the NH tree-ring composites lack any significant cooling (Fig. S6). The overall number of summer temperature-sensitive proxy records showing long-term cooling is similar to the number of annual temperature-sensitive proxies showing long-term cooling, suggesting that the orbitally forced reduction in summer insolation over the past 2000 years has no substantial effect on the expression of long-term trends. Considering only the common period 1200–1800 CE to investigate pre-industrial trends leads to a substantially different result. Only 7. 8 % of the tree-ring proxies show a significant pre-industrial cooling, as opposed to 18. 8 % of the glacier ice, 15. 4 % of the marine sediment, and 19 % of the lake sediment records, suggesting potential trend issues related to the absolute length of the chronologies (Fig. 5b). However, there exists no clear relationship between the strength of this trend and the absolute record length (Fig. S7). As an additional test, pre-industrial cooling trends were analyzed in records that span the entire (Fig. 5c). The use of the very longest records (1–1800 CE) again reveals substantial proxy differences. A significant pre-industrial cooling appears in 9.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In addition, parts of different medicinal plants are also marketed for their medicinal value (Allium sativum, Lepidium sativum, Nigella sativa, and Zingiber officinale Rosc). Drugs using indigenous medicine are the cheapest and mostly the only available form of healthcare in rural areas of Ethiopia. Friends, relatives, and neighbors provide traditional treatment free of charge or paid under more flexible arrangements, such as payment in cash or kind and on a credit basis. This is particularly prevalent in rural communities. Plants are not grown for medicinal purposes, with the exception of the rare cases where certain food crops of medicinal value are grown. This is because the quantity of medicinal plants traded is very small and there is no coordination of large-scale added value and production. Therefore, in the future, there is a potential for higher demand for certain species and it is therefore important to recognize them and to conduct the necessary investigations into the techniques of propagation and cultivation. Such a program will also be the basis for small enterprises to improve the potential to generate local population income. ConclusionThe results of the research showed that medicinal plants are highly diverse in the area. Fifty medicinal plant species have been identified in 28 human and animal diseases. There have been documented 50 medicinal plant species for 28 human and livestock diseases. It is concluded that to prevent different human and livestock ailments, local people rely on indigenous knowledge. Stomachache, malaria, toothache, cough, tonsillitis were common in human diseases, while wounds and cough were common in livestock. Major differences of knowledge between the different age groups were identified in the field. The older illiterate informants over 45 years of age were more knowledgeable than young informants under 25 years of age on average. Charcoal production, agricultural expansion, firewood, household construction, and furniture making have been the main threats to medicinal plants in the district. The traditional medicinal knowledge gap between older and younger generations has also affected the loss of indigenous knowledge in younger generations due to lack of willingness. For this reason, mentoring programs, to conserve indigenous knowledge and insights to avoid their medicinal plants' extinction, should be provided for local people in the study area. In addition, alternative energy, such as the expansion of biogas plants, is required to reduce the utilization of medicinal plants for the production of charcoal and firewood. The in vitro and ex vitro propagation conservation of endangered medicinal plants should be developed to protect medicinal plants from extinction.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: bacteriophora are examples of cruiser type of foraging strategy, and these nematodes are highly active. These nematodes continuously move significant distances in soil using volatile cues and other methods to find their host (Grewal et al. 1994). Some other species, S. feltiae and S. riobrave, use an intermediate foraging strategy (i. e. combination of ambush and cruiser type) to find their host insect. After reaching cutworms, IJs actively enter through natural openings such as the mouth, spiracles and anus or the inter-segmental membrane (Fig. 1). Once get enters the host body, the nematodes release symbiotic bacteria that kill the host through bacterial septicemia (Fig. 2). EPNs are a nematode–bacterium complex, and in this complex, the bacterium requires nematode for protection from the external environment, penetration into the host's haemocoel and inhibition of the host's antibacterial proteins (Sajnaga and Kazimierczak 2020). The nematode is dependent upon the bacterium for quickly killing its insect hosts, creating a suitable environment for its development by producing antibiotics that suppress competing secondary micro-organisms and transforming the host tissues into a food source. After insect death, the cadaver becomes red if the insects are killed by Heterorhabditids or brown to tan coloured if Steinernematids kill it. The colour of the dead insect cadaver is indicative of the pigments produced by the mutualistic bacteria growing in the blood of host insects. Fig. 1Parasitic cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes in cutworm larvaeFull size imageFig. 2Cutworm infected with entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsaeFull size imageSymbiotic bacteria and their toxic substancesEntomopathogenic bacteria from the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are closely related to Gram-negative bacilli from the family Enterobacteriaceae (γ-Proteobacteria). To facilitate insect pathogenesis, they have obligate mutualistic associations with soil nematodes from the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1 % of the tree-ring, 80 % of the glacier ice, 75 % of the marine sediment, and 33 % of the lake sediment records. Over the industrial period, 1800–2000 CE, glacier ice and marine and lake sediments and tree-ring records, particularly, consistently show a temperature increase (Fig. 5e). Figure 6Effects of tree-ring detrending on long-term trends. (a) Fifty-year binned composites from 67 RCS (red), RCS-SIG (green), and NEG (gold) standardized datasets. 2k composite (dark gray) includes the corresponding chronology versions that are provided in the 2. 0. 0 database. Shadings indicate 95 % bootstrap confidence intervals with 500 replicates, and the arrows indicate the direction of the post-1800 trend. (b) Temporal distribution of the NH tree-ring samples (402) relative to the detrended subset (67) and distribution of individual samples from records included in the subset (gray shadings). Download 3. 2 Tree-ring detrending We applied three different detrending methods with varying ability to preserve low-frequency information on a subset of 67 of the 415 datasets in the PAGES2k database. The single best-replicated collection is the Torneträsk (Sweden) TRW dataset containing 650 measurement series. The least replicated is a dataset from southern China containing just 10 measurement series. This huge range of underlying data points to potential weaknesses in our application of RCS, which requires high sample replication so common climate-driven variability does not affect the estimate of the regional growth curve (Briffa et al. , 1992; Esper et al. , 2003). Comparisons between our -SIG composite, and the PAGES2k subset composites reveals how there is substantially more low-frequency variability present in the RCS and RCS-SIG chronologies (Fig. 6). Extended cool periods are from 500 to 750 CE, 1450 to 1500 CE, and 1600 to 1800 CE and prolonged warm periods between 850 and 1200 CE and between 1800 and 2000 CE. Cooling is more pronounced in the RCS chronology compared to the RCS-SIG chronology, whereas the latter has an increased industrial-era warming.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Moreover, current documented information on Wolaita's medicinal plants is available as informative baseline data for future studies of medicinal plants of importance and phytochemical studies. plants and households use different plant mixtures to treat a specific disease and p1995. [85. . Global perspectives of medicinal plants. In: Medhin Z, Abebe D, editors. Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Proceeding of the national workshop on biodiversity and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. ; 2001. p. 198-203. [61. Ohigashi H. Utilization and production of medicinal plants. In: Makiu U, editor. Medicinal crops in Ethiopia current status and future potential. ; 2008. p. 4-6. [2004. [484. doi:10. 35248/2157-7471. 19. 10. 484. Abbink J. Medicinal and ritual plants of the Ethiopian south-west: An account of recent research. Dev Monit. 1995;3(2):6–8. [2001. p. 6–21. [10. ; 1996. [1998. p. 1–5. Assegid A, Tesfaye A. Ethnobotanical study of wild medicinal trees and shrubs in district, southern Ethiopia. J Sustain Develop. 2014;2(1):17–33. [96. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(1):43–52. . Traditional medicinal plants utilization, management and threats in Hadiya zone, Ethiopia. J Stud. 2014;2(2):94–108. . Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for treatment of human and livestock ailments by traditional healers in south Omo, southern Ethiopia. J 2013;9:32. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of the Kembatta ethnic group in Enset-based agricultural landscape of (KT) zone, southern Ethiopia. Res. 2015;5(7):42–61. Tefera NB, Kim Y. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Hawassa zuria district, Sidama zone, southern 2019;15:25. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers to treat malignancies and other human ailments in Dalle district, Sidama zone, Ethiopia.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: About 26 species of the genus Xenorhabdus and 19 species of the genus Photorhabdus have been identified so far (Sajnaga and Kazimierczak 2020). These bacteria take shelter in the midgut of infective juveniles of EPNs. EPNs are responsible for killing the targeted insects via direct infection by promoting the secondary metabolites and toxins produced by symbiotic bacteria inside the insect body. When the IJs of nematodes enter the mouth, anus or spiracles of insect hosts, symbiotic bacteria are released from their intestines into the haemocoel of target insects. Once bacteria gain entry into the host body, it starts replication rapidly and causes septicemia in insects. Several toxins secreted are known for their bioactive characteristics like cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic and insecticidal (Fig. 3) (Junior da Silva et al. 2020). Fig. 3Reproduction cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes (in soil—free living stages; in insects—parasitic stages)Full size imageThe insecticide activity of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species is related to protein production (Sheets et al. 2011) and secondary metabolites (Li et al. 1998). The secretion of high molecular weight toxins by P. luminescens and X. nematophila plays a vital role in insect mortality (Sheets et al. 2011). Similarly, Xenorhabdus produced toxins (Tcs) that induce immune suppression in insects by inhibiting eicosanoid synthesis (Park and Kim 2000). X. nematophila produces about eight suppressor metabolites of insect immunity (Eom et al. 2014). Some species of Photorhabdus also produce a variety of toxins, including Tcs (toxin complexes), Mcf (make caterpillars foppy), Pvc (Photorhabdus virulence cassettes) and Pir (insect-related protein) (Rodou et al. 2010). destroy epithelial cells from the middle intestine of insects, similar to δ-endotoxin of B. thuringiensis and acting on the actin cytoskeleton by the ADP-ribosyltransferases TccC3 and TccC5 in P. luminescens (Aktories et al. 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: In the NEG and PAGES2k subset composite, pre-industrial temperature variations are restricted to multi-decadal scales, indicating cool conditions from 250 to 300 CE and 1450 to 1500 CE, warm conditions from 550 to 600 CE, and a more persistent warming from 1850 CE to the present. Comparison of the RCS and RCS-SIG detrended composites against the PAGES2k tree-ring composite reveals substantial differences in long-term trends in the first millennium. This demonstrable difference is a consequence of the pronounced cooling from 500 to 750 CE, a feature lacking in the both the PAGES2k subset (Fig. 6) as well as the entire PAGES2k tree-ring composite (Fig. 2) but conserved in the RCS and RCS-SIG mean chronologies. Good agreement exists in the second millennium, as the magnitude, timing, and strength of warm and cool intervals largely overlap. The best fit over the entire exists among the NEG and PAGES2k subset composites, suggesting the PAGES2k database includes a sizable amount of NEG detrended records. However, even with the application of RCS, arguably the best current method for preserving long-term trends in tree rings when suitably applied, the pre-industrial cooling trend in the PAGES2k tree-ring dataset differs significantly from those found in glacier ice and marine and lake sediment records (Figs. 2 and 6). Figure 7Effects of tree-ring calibration on long-term temperature trends. (a) Maximum correlation coefficients between NH individual site-level tree-ring records from the Arctic (Arc), Asia (Asi), Europe (Eur), and (Nam) and 1×1∘ CRU TS 4. 01 June–September monthly temperature data over the period 1950–1980, divided by region, using 10-year high-pass-filtered data (left box), original data (central box), 10-year smoothed data (right box). Dashed line indicates the p < 0. 05 threshold. (b) Same as (a) using only records longer than 800 years and corresponding (c) 50-year binned composites divided by climate signal strength including records with the lowest (n=30; rose), medium (n=31; red), and highest (n=30; dark red) climate sensitivity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: J 2018;14:15. . Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers consensus and cultural importance. Med 1998;47:1859–71. . A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on the rationale analysis of an ethnopharmacologial field survey among bedouins in the Negev desert, J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16:275–287. Phillips O, Gentry AH. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ Bot. 1993;47:15–32. de. Informant consensus factor and antibacterial activity of the medicinal plants used by the people of Coxcatlan, Puebla, Mexico. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97:429–39. Wendimu A, Tekalign W. Infusion extraction of toxin from chili Pepper (Capsicumbaccatum) for bedbug protection. Biotechno. 2020;12:65–74. . Plants used in traditional management of human ailments at National Park, southeastern Ethiopia. J Res. 2008; 2(6):132-153. Getaneh S, Girma Z. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in wereda, central Ethiopia. Plant Sci. 2014;8(7):366-379. . Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for human ailments in Ankober district, north Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. J 2013;9:63. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in district, southeastern Ethiopia. J 2008;4:10. Jima TT, Megersa M. of Used to Diseases in Berbere District, of. Med. 2018;17;2018:8602945. doi:10. 1155/2018/8602945. PMID: 30105073; PMCID: PMC6076952. Yirga G. Assessment of traditional medicinal plants in Endrta district, south-eastern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Plant Sci. 2010;4(7):255-260. -Mariam T. Ethnomedical survey of Berta ethnic group Assosa zone, Benishangul-State, mid-west Ethiopia. J 2009;5:14. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, Mcf promotes hemocyte apoptosis in the haemocoel (Jallouli et al. 2010). It was also observed that M. sexta and G. mellonella are susceptible to Pvc. genus currently consists of P. luminescens, P. temperata and P. asymbiotica. The P. luminescens and P. temperata species recently split into subspecies due to DNA–DNA relatedness and 16S rDNA branching (Fischer-et al. 1999). A total of 15 new species of genus Xenorhabdus were identified from Steinernematidae nematodes based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, molecular typing and phenotypic characterization. These are viz. , X. budapestensis, X. ehlersii, X. innexi, X. szentirmaii, X. indica, X. cabanillasii, X. doucetiae, X. griffiniae, X. hominickii, X. koppenhoeferi, X. kozodoii, X. mauleonii, X. miraniensis, X. romanii and X. stockiae (Tailliez et al. 2006). This increase in the number of described species is likely to grow as nematodes worldwide are collected and their symbiotic bacteria identified. Examples for successful biocontrol of cutworms by using EPNsIn vitro studies on the effect of S. carpocapsae Mex and H. indica LN2 against third instar larvae of A. ipsilon after 72 h resulted in 80. 0 and 83. 3% mortality. Trials in field conditions, both the species reduced the damage caused by A. ipsilon to the cabbage crop and increased the yield compared with chemical control (cyfluthrin) and Bt-bacteria (Han et al. 2014). Likewise, the application of S. feltiae in A. segetum-infested lettuce crop resulted in better yield when compared to endosulfan chemical treatment (Lossbroek and Theunissen 1985). EPNs can provide excellent control of cutworms (Agrotis spp. ) over most chemical pesticides in many different field crops. In a study, field application with S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Light gray shadings indicate 95 % bootstrap confidence intervals with 500 replicates and (d) temporal distribution of the records. Download 3. 3 Climate signal strength Pearson correlation analyses between the tree-ring proxy records and their respective local temperature grids reveals considerable intercontinental differences in the proxy's response to maximum monthly June–September temperature (Fig. 7a). The median correlation coefficients differ substantially by region, reaching 0. 6 in the Arctic (contributed by the PAGES2k Arctic regional), 0. 21 in Asia, 0. 54 in Europe, and 0. 38 in North America. Associations between temperature and tree growth are higher in the Arctic (87. 5 % of records are significantly correlated with maximum June-September temperatures) and Europe (75 %), but the agreement between proxies and climate observations are weaker in Asia (21 %) and (61 %). However, these differences might be an artifact of different sampling strategies. In the first case (Arctic and Europe), only 16 and 8 highly temperature-sensitive records are considered, but Asia and have 228 and 150 records, respectively. The differences among the continents, as demonstrated by the distributions of their June-September correlation coefficients, remains fairly stable in the different frequency domains, as well as for records longer than 800 years (Fig. 7b). To account for seasonal responses beyond the June–September window, and potential influences of the calibration period, the analysis was repeated for all months, varying warm season means, and extended calibration periods (1950 to the end dates of the individual chronologies). No substantial changes were recorded (not shown). Despite significant differences in high- to low-frequency temperature signals, we find that none of the composites, integrating the good, medium, and poorly calibrating records, contain a significant millennial-scale cooling (Fig. 7c–d). This result suggests climate signal strength is not related to the long-term trends present in tree-ring chronologies. 4 Discussion 4. 1 Orbital signatures in regional and large-scale records Our results show that millennial-scale trends in NH proxy records are consistent between tree-ring, glacier ice, and marine and lake sediment records when considering the period 1200–1800 CE to calculate the slope of pre-industrial trends but inconsistent between tree rings and other proxies over the entire Common Era.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of Bolivia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97(2):337– C. The role of woman in the use and conservation of medicinal plants. In proceedings of the national workshop on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: 28 April-01 May 1998; Ethiopia. Zewdu M, Demissie A, editors. 65–75; 2001. [58. [15. Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Stomachache, amoeba, gastritis, Motion sickness (vomiting), constipation, liver disease, toothache 25 54 0. 55 2. Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Wound, chirt (shattuwa), skin disease, dandruff 12 46 0. 76 3. Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Back pain, bone fracture, swelling 6 29 0. 82 4. Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Tonsillitis, cough, asthma 10 41 0. 78 5. Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Hemorrhoids 1 3 0. 66 6. Poisonous bites (PB) Rabies, snake bite 7 15 0. 57 7. Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Hypertension 1 40 1. 00 8. Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Diabetes, weight gain 7 29 0. 79 9. Sensory neuron disease (SND) Headache 3 9 0. 75 10. Fever (F) Malaria 5 44 0. 90 11. General and unspecified (GU) General malaise (Mitch), wugat, evil spirit 6 37 0. 86 Table 3: Informant consensus for medicinal plants used against two or more specific ailments No. Scientific names Family names No. of informants Percent (%) Rank 1. Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Poaceae 60 100% 1st 2. Allium sativum L. Alliaceae 59 98% 2nd 3. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 58 97% 3rd 4. Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae 57 95% 4th 6. Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae 56 92% 5th 7. Vernonia amygdalina, Sch.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: carpocapsae reduced black cutworm (A. ipsilon) by 50% on maize (Capinera et al. 1988). Similarly, a single application of S. carpocapsae declined the number of cutworms in maize plants by 76–83% during the initial ten days of treatment (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi 1992). A single ground spray of S. carpocapsae at 1 billion IJs/ha or 2 applications of 0. 5 billion IJs/ha caused 80 and 67% mortality of turnip moth (A. segetum) larvae, respectively, within 8-day interval (Yokomizo and Kashio 1996). In the greenhouse conditions, the lower application rate of S. carpocapsae is effective when applied at a dose of 12. 5 IJs/cm2 reduced the black cutworm, A. ipsilon (Hufnagel) damage in the field by more than 75%, which was higher than chemical insecticides (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi 1992). The efficacy of S. abbasi and H. bacteriophora has been evaluated under laboratory conditions against the late instar larvae of A. ipsilon and resulted in a 73% population reduction by H. bacteriophora at 100 IJs/larva after 48 h of infection (Shoeb et al. 2006). The efficacy of S. weiseri (BEY), S. feltiae (TUR-S3) and S. carpocapsae (TUR) was tested against the last instar larva of A. segetum and found that S. weiseri was more virulent than S. feltiae (TUR-S3) at 50 and 100 IJs per larva (Unlu et al. 2007). Furthermore, 1000 IJs of H. bacteriophora per kg soil were enough to start the infection and reduce the late instar larval population of A. segetum up to 61. 3% after 7 days of exposure (Chandel et al. 2009). The effectiveness of S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora against late instar A. ipsilon larvae at concentrations of 50 and 100 IJs/ml under laboratory conditions resulted in 85–100 mortality at 24 h (Fetoh et al. 2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Despite a non-systematic relationship between record length and the slope of a pre-industrial trend, this finding demonstrates the majority of proxy records that only cover large parts of the second millennium fail to preserve a significant negative long-term trend over the entire Common Era. In contrast to glacier ice and marine and lake sediment records, most of the very longest tree-ring records covering the entire pre-industrial 1–1800 CE do not exhibit a long-term cooling. The high-latitude tree-ring-based temperature reconstruction from Scandinavia remains the only record with a significant pre-industrial cooling (Esper et al. , 2012). The signature of orbital forcing has been described in regional studies from the Arctic and Antarctica (Esper et al. , 2012; Kaufman et al. , 2009; Kawamura et al. , 2007), as well as in one Holocene climate reconstruction based on a multiproxy collection from the northern high latitudes and midlatitudes, the latter attributing a distinct value to the orbital cooling effect of 0. 5 ∘C since the Maximum (Marcott et al. , 2013; Routson et al. , 2019). However, in the case of Marcott et al. (2013), it has been shown that NH cooling is only apparent in high-latitude proxies and that the trend would not exist without them (Marsicek et al. , 2018). Previous studies have also reported that it is difficult to reconcile the negative orbital forcing trends preserved in proxy data with simulated temperatures which show a strong warming of about 0. 5 ∘C over the Holocene (Liu et al. , 2014; Laepple et al. , 2011). From a theoretical perspective, independent of the proxy type, we would expect a stronger cooling trend in summer temperature proxies and an increase in the strength of the trend from the midlatitudes to the high latitudes (e. g. , Esper et al. , 2012; Kaufman et al. , 2009). The absence of a clear meridional and seasonal pattern demonstrates the importance of internal climate variability (Deser et al. , 2010; Schneider and Kinter, 1994) and other external forcing factors (Sigl et al. , 2015; Vieira et al. , 2011) on proxy records. We conclude that although multiple tree-ring datasets are systematically limited in their low-frequency amplitude, they deviate from forcing expectations in the same way as all other proxies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 55 91% 6th 8. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae 54 90% 7th 9. Manihot esculenta Crantz. Euphorbiaceae 53 88% 8th 10. Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae 52 86% 9th 11. Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae 48 80% 10th 12. Aloe vera Aloaceae 47 78% 11th 13. Ocimum gratissimum L. Lauraceae 43 72% 12th 14. Datura stramorium L. Solanaceae 40 67% 13th 15. Avena sativa Poaceae 39 65% 14th 16. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae 38 63% 15th 17. Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae 37 62% 16th 18. Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae 34 57% 17th 19 Solanium macrocarpon L. Solanaceae 29 48% 18th 20. Acacia abyssinica Benth. Fabaceae 25 42% 19th Table 4: (FL) of medicinal plants in the study area Disease categories Plant species Specified diseases FL (%) Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Manihot esculenta Crantz. Amoeba 35 40 88% Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Constipation 43 51 84% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) sickness (vomiting) 49 50 98% Linum usitatissimum L. Liver disease 53 60 88% Carica papaya L. Gastritis 48 50 96% Capsicum annum L. Gastritis 39 43 90% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 41 50 82% Datura stramorium L. Toothache 43 51 84% Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. ) Toothache 24 56 42% Allium sativum L. Stomachache 41 50 45% Artemisia afra Stomachache 36 60 60% Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. 20 39 51% Capsicum annum L. Stomachache 20 43 47% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Stomachache 15 45 33% Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Similarly, S. kraussei at different population densities (100, 300 and 500 IJs) was also evaluated on A. segetum larvae at 25 °C and obtained the highest mortality of 98% 500 IJs within 7 days (Gokce et al. 2013). Some relevant studies on the effect of EPNs on capableness and efficient management of cutworms are listed below (Table 2). Table 2 Studies on management of Agrotis spp. in India and abroadFull size tableAdvantages of EPNs over other methods of cutworm control Warm-blooded vertebrates including human being remain unaffected by EPNs and their associated bacterial symbionts (Boemare et al. 1996), while for cold-blooded species, EPNs are harmful (Kermarrec et al. 1991). When compared to other biological agents, they take less time to kill the insects (24–48 h). Culture and mass production are simple and relatively inexpensive. Without degrading their infectivity, they can be stored for several weeks to months. Able to infect a variety of soil-dwelling insect species (mainly lepidopterans) (Griffin et al. 1990) Adaptable to a variety of application methods and are human-friendly during application.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: We conclude that the reduced low-frequency variability in tree-ring data cannot be explained by an overrepresentation of the midlatitudes in the hemispheric composite. Despite the insignificant pre-industrial temperature changes in 86. 5 % of the tree-ring records, compared to other proxies, the post-1800 CE warming trend in tree rings is significant (25. 8 % versus 11. 9 %). Consequently, large-scale multiproxy climate reconstructions that include long tree-ring records (> 800 years), or solely tree-ring-based reconstructions developed from the PAGES2k database, will likely show a stronger post-1800 warming than multiproxy reconstructions that choose to exclude (long) tree-ring records (Figs. 2 and 6). The selection of the proxy type has major implications for the reconstructed warmest interval over the Common Era. Using marine data, the warmest period is 151–200 CE and the pre-industrial Era is dominated by a strong cooling trend, suggesting the magnitude of the current warming is not outstanding. By contrast, in lake sediments, ice cores, and tree-ring data, the most recent period is exceptionally warm (Fig. 2). This finding highlights the importance of tree-ring data in any effort to determine whether, over the past 2 millennia, the twentieth-century and early twenty-first century temperatures are unprecedented in both their magnitude and rate of warming (Büntgen et al. , 2011; Foley et al. , 2013). 4. 2 The impact of detrending on temperature trends The degree of similarity between the NEG tree-ring chronology produced here and the corresponding PAGES2k version suggests that the current PAGES2k tree-ring collection is not the most ideal for studying millennial-scale trends. This is in large part due to the limitations of individual series detrending (Cook et al. , 1995). Even with the application of RCS and RCS-SIG (Briffa et al. , 1992; Esper et al. , 2003, Melvin et al. , 2014), the detection of a millennial-scale cooling trend is still elusive. These findings clearly demonstrate that the limited low-frequency variance in tree-ring chronologies is not solely an artifact of individual series detrending, previously identified as a main explanation for the observed lack of long-term oscillations in large-scale temperature reconstructions (Esper et al. , 2002).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Gmel. Stomachache 50 60 83% Echinops kebricho Stomachache 45 52 87% Lepidium sativum L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Lippia adoensis Hochst. Stomachache 33 40 83% Nigella sativa L. Stomachache 25 58 43% Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. Stomachache 39 56 70% Ruta chalepensis L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Solanium macrocarpon L. Stomachache 36 60 60% Solanium incanum L. Stomachache 57 60 95% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Stomachache 21 45 47% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Stomachache 54 58 93% Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Commelina benghalensis L. Chirt (shattuwa) 60 60 100% Persea americana Mill. Dandruff 57 60 95% Coffea arabica L. Wound 32 47 68% Vernonia amygdalina Sch. Bip. Wound 14 45 31% Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Wound 23 45 51% Nicotiana tabacum L. Wound 11 43 26% Aloe vera Wound 29 35 83% Datura stramorium L. Skin disease 45 51 88% Musa accuminata disease 36 48 75% Persea americana Mill. Skin disease 48 50 96% Sorghum bicolor (L. ) disease 43 50 86% Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn. Back pain 48 60 80% Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex 60 60 100% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Bone fracture 56 60 93% Pentas spp. Bone fracture 60 60 100% Linum usitatissimum L. Bone fracture 57 60 95% Avena sativa Bone fracture 43 57 75% Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 40 52 77% Acacia abyssinica Benth. Tonsillitis 19 25 76% Rhamnus prinoide L′Hér.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Towards optimization of entomopathogenic nematodes for more service in the biological control of insect pests 4. 5) environments (Dzięgielewska and Skwiercz 2018). Thus, an adequate trap insect species, other than the commonly used greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L. ) or mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) larvae, should be used if the candidate species was targeted for control because some species/strains can be host-specific. Clearly, more than one baiting cycle may enable us to use different and separate species of baiting insects in each cycle. Identifying the best host matching of these isolates, especially for the soil-dwelling development stages of such insects, should be attempted in earnest. Nevertheless, functional sampling does not negate the fact that large-scale sampling is valid given the intent to make widely geographic and representative sampling. Therefore, functional sampling should be expanded in parallel to wide EPNs’ surveys for coordination in search of new species/strains. In this way, the potential use of EPNs, which is focused on inundatively applied augmentative biological control agents, may be more expanded to both classical and conservation biocontrol. Given many insect pests in such areas, all factors which affect EPNs’ treatment efficacy below- (Stuart et al. 2006, 2015) and above-ground (Arthurs et al. 2004 and Hussaini 2017) should be carefully considered in experimentation, especially for those interested in which species of EPNs are found in specific sites. Moreover, most surveys have merely assessed the EPNs’ occurrence in single soil samples from a series of sites and provided no information on the relative abundance of the isolates per site or on their distribution within site(s). Such data are fundamental to better grasping of EPNs’ persistence, distribution patterns, and effect on insect populations and to the development of predictive models for control programs. Standardization of sampling unitDifferences in the size of the sampling unit and index of nematode dispersion used may lead to misinterpretation of the data (Been and Schomaker 2013). Valid as they are, they sometimes lack in the exactitude of the applied index. To alleviate the drawbacks of both issues, some researchers tend to apply more than one measure to the same EPNs’ statistics to find out their spatial distribution patterns.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Our reassessment of tree-ring chronologies also highlights the importance of the detrending methodology in reconstructing centennial-scale temperature variability, as evidenced by the performance of the RCS and RCS-SIG chronologies. In both we can clearly identify the Age (LALIA) (Büntgen et al. , 2016), a cool period from 300 to 750 CE that is absent in the PAGES2k version, albeit with slightly greater uncertainty about the mean. The Büntgen et al. (2016) analysis and the dataset used in this study only share four tree-ring records in common; thus our analysis provides independent confirmation of the existence of LALIA and cooler conditions during the (Büntgen et al. , 2011). In contrast, during LALIA the PAGES2k tree-ring time series suggest a period of alternating warm and cool decades, but no persistent cooling on large spatial scales. 4. 3 Temperature sensitivity and the link to long-term trends Temperature sensitivity was a key criterion for inclusion in the PAGES2k database (PAGES2k Consortium, 2017) and was assessed by the PAGES community through comparison with gridded HadCRUT 4. 2 temperatures (Morice et al. , 2012). Our analysis has shown the PAGES2k database includes many tree-ring records that have a weak relationship with local temperature at high to low frequencies. The monthly maximum correlation coefficients between 1×1∘ CRU TS 4. 01, June–September temperature data fall below 0. 2 in 126 cases. The lowest correlation coefficient is −0. 25 (unfiltered data). Such week temperature sensitivities amongst the tree rings is likely related to confounding non-climatic (Johnson et al. , 2010; Konter et al. , 2015) or hydroclimatic (Ljungqvist et al. , 2016) growth controls or to the circumstance that some records are by nature less sensitive to summer temperature than others (St. George, 2014). Varying correlation coefficients are products of a higher temperature sensitivity in MXD chronologies compared to TRW chronologies. At the same time, some records might be more temperature sensitive than they appear due to their calibration against noisy or inappropriate temperature targets (Böhm et al. , 2009; Cook et al. , 2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Tonsillitis 41 51 80% Spilanthes mauritiana DC. Tonsillitis 43 53 81% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Tonsillitis 55 60 92% Allium sativum L. Cough 50 57 88% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Cough 38 45 84% Manihot esculenta Crantz. Cough 32 40 80% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Cough 48 54 89% Solanium macrocarpon L. Cough 58 60 97% Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Euphorbia tirucalli L. Hemorrhoids 13 53 25% Poisonous bites (PB) Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel. Rabies 21 47 45% Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. Snake bite 9 43 20% Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 33 55 60% Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Aloe vera Diabetes 25 51 49% Persea americana Mill. Weight gain 25 34 74% Thymus schimperi gain 39 54 72% Hordeum vulgare L. Weight gain 54 59 92% Linum usitatissimum L. Weight gain 37 40 93% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Weight gain 60 60 100% Avena sativa Weight gain 34 45 76% Sensory neuron disease (SND) Acacia abyssinica Benth. Headache 17 25 68% Capsicum frutescens L. Headache 45 50 90% Coffea arabica L. Headache 53 60 88% Fever (F) Allium sativum L. Malaria 45 57 79% Aloe vera Malaria 47 56 84% Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 19 54 35% Ocimum gratissimum L. Malaria 32 56 57% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Malaria 22 45 49% General and unspecified (GU) Ocimum gratissimum L. General malaise (Mitch) 43 56 77% Hordeum vulgare L. Wugat 51 56 91% Allium sativum L. Evil spirit 55 60 92% Ruta chalepensis L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: 2003), 5 × 5 × 5 or 10 cm deep using a square auger at Merelbeke, Belgium (Spiridonov et al. 2007), cylindrical bait traps, made of 24-mesh stainless steel screen approximately 3 cm in diameter and 10 cm tall in Ohio, USA (Bal et al. 2017), and ca 30 cm diameter to 25 cm deep using a shovel in El-Beheira governorate, Egypt (Abd-Elgawad 2014). Valid as they are, they lack in the standardization of the applied sampler which could lead to erratic results (Fig. 1). Therefore, standard sampling procedure is recommended for objective and more reliable comparison among EPNs’ distribution patterns. Clearly, if such an area of the sampling unit is much larger or much smaller than the average size of IJ clumps and their aggregations are regularly or randomly distributed, then their population pattern is apparently random; factual non-randomness is not detected (Fig. 1). However, relatively small samples, with the fine scale (e. g. , 5 × 5 cm; Spiridonov 2007) can often detect non-randomness, especially if there are not a few IJs in each clump. Eventually, sound conception of the temporal and spatial distribution of EPNs is essential for determining the role of these biocontrol agents in soil communities and ultimately for their use in suppression of pest insect populations. Table 1 Comparison of index of aggregation (Ia) (the observed value of distance to regularity/the mean randomized value (Perry 1995)) values of four different studies on entomopathogenic nematode distributions using different approaches in various regionsFull size table Fig. 1Four quadrat sizes (A, B, C, D) and a contagious distribution with regularly distributed clumps of entomopathogenic nematodesFull size imageEstablishing population modeling of EPNsApplication of EPNs in relevant settings should be statistically investigated for modeling better pest control efficacy (Abd-Elgawad, 2017a). Modeling designation may integrate theoretical and empirical approaches for optimal application strategies of EPNs through iteration, focusing on the fate of metapopulations against economic and host insect pests. The models of previous releases will guide subsequent application strategies via providing insight into what aspects of the nematodes and the environment are the strongest drivers of persistence and efficacy (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The recalibration against instrumental temperatures showed that temperature sensitivity and absolute climate signal strength are of limited importance for the preservation of millennium-scale cooling trends in tree-ring records. Even the best calibrated records (r > 0. 6; 1950–1980) convey a different low-frequency signature compared to the glacier ice and marine and lake sediment records. This observation is relevant to the current debate in paleoclimatology on optimal strategies for compiling proxy datasets to represent past natural temperature variability: is it best to include (a) a large number of proxy records, including those possessing a relatively weak temperature signal, or (b) a small number of only the very best calibrated proxies (Christiansen and Ljungqvist, 2017). 4. 4 Remaining uncertainties This work examines the influence of orbital forcing, tree-ring detrending, and climate signal strength on pre-industrial cooling in marine and lake sediment, glacier ice, and tree-ring proxy archives. In tree-ring chronologies, sample size decreases back in time, lowering the chronology's signal-to-noise ratio and increasing variance (Frank et al. , 2007). A small sample size could create apparent trends in the composite chronology that are not real. Regrettably, critical information about the sample replication for each tree-ring chronology is not completely provided by the PAGES2k initiative (PAGES2k Consortium, 2017), and thus we speculate that records were truncated according to community-wide standards. Furthermore, the influence of climate epochs during the Common Era, the (Büntgen et al. , 2011), the Period, and the Age (Grove, 1990) on pre-industrial temperature trends has not yet been systematically explored. Further exercise potentially requires an assessment of the relationship between timing and magnitude of climate epochs and overall temperature trends (Frank et al. , 2010). 5 community-sourced database of 692 different temperature-sensitive proxy records in the PAGES2k initiative provides unprecedented opportunities to study long-term temperature trends at regional to global scales. Combining glacier ice and marine and lake sediment records that span the reveals a persistent, millennial-scale cooling over the pre-industrial period that is missing in tree-ring data. Our analysis has shown that the observed discrepancies in long-term trends do not arise from the latitudinal and seasonally varying imprints of orbital forcing or the limited temperature sensitivity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Evil spirit 57 60 95% Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. spirit 36 60 60% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. spirit 40 60 67% Table 5: Direct matrix ranking of medicinal plants by informants (A-C) based on usage category Medicinal plants name Cash crop americana Mill. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 3 2 3 5 5 5 73 1st Acacia abyssinica Benth. 5 5 5 0 0 0 1 3 2 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 65 2nd Eucalyptus globulus Labill. 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 58 3rd Ensete ventricosum (Welw) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 57 4th Hordeum vulgare L. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 55 5th Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 54 6th Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 50 7th Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod 4 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 45 8th Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delil 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 2 3 1 4 5 3 39 9th Total 123 89 85 80 74 57 Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 7th Based on use criteria (5 = best; 4 = very good; 3 = good; 2 = less used; 1 = least used and 0 = no value) Table 6: Preference ranking of medicinal plants used to treat stomachache in humans Medicinal plants score Ranking I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. 5 5 5 5 4 5 29 1st Solanium incanum L. 5 5 4 5 3 4 26 2nd Ruta chalepensis L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: , Wilson et al. 2003; Wilson and Gaugler 2004; Georgis et al. 2006; Lacey and Georgis 2012 and Campos-Herrera et al. 2019). Specific pairings between EPNs and the targeted species of insect pests should be further considered at the fine scale of host and EPNs’ ecology, biology, and phenology for best matching. Since there is still little information about accuracy and precision of population density estimation, their inclusion in the predicting models may positively contribute to the broad issue of assessing infected insect hosts. Improving optimum sample size of nematode-infected G. mellonella larvae (Table 2) via iteration was suggested (Abd-Elgawad 2016). The greater the distance between the number of samples before and after iteration, the less accurate the result of the equation without iteration becomes. Table 2 Exact figures from Worksheet used to calculate the sample size before (Student’s t = 2) and after iteration for heterorhabditid nematode-infected Galleria mellonella larvaeFull size tableAdvancing genetic improvement of EPNsGenetic improvement bodes well for the future of biocontrol using EPNs. Although successful transgenic methods have been applied in EPNs (Hashmi et al. 1998 and Vellai et al. 1999), they remain few and have not been followed up by more recent studies. Genetic improvement of EPNs via selection will continue to be important; however, transgenic organisms have become more common and they allow for reforms that simply are not possible with conventional methods (Baiocchi et al. 2017). The advances that have been made and the continued development of molecular tools should be used to address difficult applied and fundamental questions. For example, there is a crucial question of the stability of selected beneficial traits such as tolerance to desiccation and high temperature. nematodes, the trait stabilization can be achieved by creation of inbred lines in liquid culture (Anbesse et al. 2013), which should be further developed and exploited. Further fundamental research in the field of the genetic architecture of key traits, such as infectivity, stress tolerance, and reproduction, is needed (Půža et al. 2016). Bai et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Despite application of the most suitable tree-ring detrending – one that can potentially support the preservation of low-frequency temperature trends at millennial timescales – substantial long-term trend differences between proxies remain. We conclude that some and possibly many of the tree-ring records in the PAGES2k database are artificially limited in their low-frequency variance at centennial and longer timescales due to individual series detrending. This observation is supported by the fact that when a more low-frequency conserving tree-ring detrending method is applied to a large subset of suitable records, new corroborating evidence for the existence of the LALIA appears. Such nuances in the effect various tree-ring detrending methods have on low-frequency variance conservation needs to be considered when combining proxies in large-scale temperature reconstructions to avoid the underrepresenting late Holocene cooling trends prior to post-industrial warming in hemispheric and global mean temperature reconstructions. Data availability 2k database was accessed via the website of NCEI-Paleo/Service for Paleoclimatology ( PAGES2k Consortium, 2017). supplement related to this 10. 5194/cp-16-729-2020-supplement. Author contributions JE and SSG were the leaders of the project. PK and UB contributed to the planning and structuring of the analysis and publication. LK performed the analysis and wrote the paper with contributions from all co-authors. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. thank. Ljungqvist, Alma Piermattei, Denis Scholz, and for discussion and helpful comments. Three referees – Ed Cook, Lea Schneider, and one anonymous referee – made thoughtful and detailed comments that improved the quality of the paper. Financial support This research has been supported by the Foundation (grant nos. ES 161/9-1 and Inst 247/665-1 FUGG). This open-access publication was funded by University Mainz. Review statement This paper was edited by Jürg Luterbacher and reviewed by and two anonymous referees. 2013. Babst, F. , Bouriaud, O. , Poulter, B. , Trouet, V. , Girardin, M. P. , and Frank, D. C. : Twentieth century redistribution in climatic drivers of global tree growth, Sci. Adv.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Featured 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. 000328 View abstract PDF Full text Technoculture in archaeology emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between technological innovation and cultural expression. Digital tools such as GIS have been pivotal in the spatial analysis of archaeological sites, but their utility extends beyond research [10]. Through public-facing projects, communities can engage with GIS data, contribute local knowledge, and offer interpretations that reflect contemporary cultural values. A notable example of VR and GIS-based platforms allowing communities to engage with cultural heritage beyond traditional museums is the reconstruction of the Roman arch of Palmyra, Syria, destroyed by ISIS. Through the collaboration of institutions like Oxford and Harvard, the Institute of developed a 3D virtual model of the arch based on phot. . . . . Read2024. A Community-Based Cross-Tsehaynew Kasse*, Addisalem Haile, and. 10. 32474/. 2024. 03. 000172 View abstract PDF Full text Proper nutrition is essential for survival, growth, development, and overall health at every stage of life while specific nutritional requirements vary based on age, gender, and physiological changes. The first 1000 days, from conception to a child’s second birthday, are especially critical, as it lays the foundation for a child’s physical and mental development, impacting their health and well-being for the rest of their life (1-3). . . . . . Read10. 32474/CTCSA. 2024. 03. 000166 View abstract PDF Full text Globally, AI is revolutionizing education through tools such as adaptive learning platforms, automated grading systems, and intelligent tutoring systems. These technologies enable personalized learning experiences by analyzing student performance data and tailoring educational content accordingly [1,2]. For instance, AI can provide real-time feedback and support, which helps address diverse learning needs and improves student engagement [3]. In the Philippines, the adoption of AI in education is emerging. Some educational institutions are experimenting with AI-powered learning management systems to automate tasks and enhance teaching methods. These early efforts reflect a growing interest in AI’s potential to improve educational outcomes and administrative efficiency [4]. . . . . . Read10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: (2013) stressed the possibility of determining genes from the whole genome of EPNs and their mutualistic bacteria that are being expressed, in order to detect those that are involved in a particular process and target them through genetic engineering methods. Yet, we lack markers to follow transfer or enhancement/degradation of traits and to identify “beneficial genes” that can be transferred between populations (Glazer 2015). Such unknown or underexplored issues need to be adequately addressed using skills and creativity of molecular biologists. Awareness-raising of EPNs’ techniques and commercial applicationsImprovement programs should also cover various facets of awareness-raising of farmers and extensions of EPNs as bio-insecticides. Hence, such programs should include information days, targeting farmers and extensions to transfer knowledge, technologies, and methodologies in terms of EPN-related issues and results obtained hitherto. These events should be held at the fields where demonstration trials are found aiming at informing (via broad and deep training) farmers and extension officers about the importance, mode of action, application, and impact of EPNs on insect pests, crops, and soil health. During information days and training, principles and main components of effective integrated pest control programs, such as prophylactic cultural practices, crop rotations, and other pest control techniques/measures, should be discussed. For example, an alternative approach to common EPNs’ production that may contribute to market expansion would be developing grower-based or cooperative level “do-it-yourself” ventures (Shapiro-Ilan et al. 2014a). Illustrations and guidelines of modern technologies to manage important insect pests should be presented. Dissemination of knowledge and updated advances in EPNs’ technology/methodology should be transferred to both farmers and extension officers during information days. Questionnaires should also be compiled to evaluate the acceptance of participants of EPN evaluated in their gardens/fields. Relevant pamphlets containing such information should be circulated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: , 5, eaat4313, 2019. Baltensweiler, W. , Weber, U. M. , and Cherubini, P. : Tracing the influence of larch-bud-moth insect outbreaks and weather conditions on larch tree-ring growth in Engadine (Switzerland), Oikos, 117, 161–172, 2008. Berger, A. : Long-term variations of daily insolation and quaternary climatic changes, J. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 2362–2367, 1978. Berger, A. and Loutre, M. F. : Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years, Quaternary Sci. Rev. , 10, 297–317, 1991. Björklund, J. A. , Gunnarson, B. E. , Seftigen, K. , Esper, J. , and Linderholm, H. W. : Blue intensity and density from northern Fennoscandian tree rings, exploring the potential to improve summer temperature reconstructions with earlywood information, Clim. Past, 10, 877–885, 2014. Böhm, R. , Jones, P. D. , Hiebl, J. , Frank, D. , Brunetti, M. , and Maugeri, M. : The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European temperature series 1760–2007, Clim. Change, 101, 41–67, 2009. Braconnot, P. , Harrison, S. P. , Kageyama, M. , Bartlein, P. J. , Masson-Delmotte, V. , Abe-Ouchi, A. , Otto-Bliesner, B. , and Zhao, Y. : Evaluation of climate models using palaeoclimatic data, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 417–424, 2012. Bräker, O. U. : bei Jahrringdichten und Jahrringbreiten von Nadelhölzern und sein Ausgleich, Mitt. Forst. Bundes-Vers. anst. Wien, 142, 75–102, 1981. Briffa, K. R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 000327 View abstract PDF Full text Shambala (Sanskrit:, IAST: Śambhala), also spelled as Shambhala or Shamballa, is a realm that was mentioned in several ancient literatures. According to those literatures, there is a country in Shambala, ruled by a king. All people in Shambala are practicing Kalachakra (time wheel), a Buddhism religion. Nonetheless, there are no modern records to testify where it is. Currently, it is deemed as a spiritual kingdom that is imagined by religious people. Shambala is mentioned in the as well as other religious books. The major Shambala narrative is found in the Kalachakra Tantra, a text of Buddhism Tantras. Kalachakra Bud-dhism was introduced from to Tibet in the 11th century. Kalachakra belongs to the anuttarayoga (nothing-above yoga), the highest meditation sys. . . . . Read10. 32474/. 2023. 04. 000187 View abstract PDF Full text Macromolecular drugs refer to the drugs whose active pharmaceutical ingredients are large molecules, including peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. Although these drugs have been applied to treat carcinoma, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), genetic diseases, cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative disorders, generally speaking, the macromolecular therapeutics are still in the infant stage. . . . . . Read10. 32474/CTCSA. 2024. 03. 000165 View abstract PDF Full text Reference manager software assists researchers in organizing their sources, generating 10. 32474/SJPBS. 2024. 08. 000286 View abstract PDF Full text Sub-Saharan countries of Africa are currently experiencing an increase in health and negative social effects believed to be due to the heavy consumption of cheaply and widely available spirits in the region. Alcohol misuse is a major global health threat, associated with more than 200 burden of disease and injury conditions (Organization [WHO], 2018). Similarly, WHO indicates packing alcohol in small sachets has become a widespread problem in Africa and has both significant social and economic negative impacts on individuals and society. The WHO estimates that approximately 3 million deaths worldwide resulted from harmful use of alcohol in 2016 (WHO, 2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Because of the importance of mass media in the enlightenment and providing culture to the public about entomopathogenic nematode production, storage, and application, constructing more international internet websites may be established via both relevant programs and EPNs’ producing companies with an end in view to increase the number of people interested in the activity and goals of biological control against insect pests hoping to reap clean and safe agricultural products for man and environment. Moreover, stakeholders should know that EPNs work more slowly, requiring different, more complicated criteria such as yield for measuring effectiveness, contrary to chemical insecticides that are based on quick knockdown for pest control. It is also worth considering whether anything less than perfect produce is permissible (Gaugler, 1997). Eventually, this sort of mindset change is essential for encouraging broader use of bio-pesticides. ConclusionsRequired but less known roles to optimize research in the nematode realm should further be addressed for advancing EPNs as bio-pesticides. These may include extending functional sampling in addition to wide EPNs’ surveys for coordination in search of new species/strains. Adequate and standardized sampling should be practiced to avoid erratic results and offer measurable comparisons. Genetic improvement of EPNs should address non-stability of selected beneficial traits and find out markers of beneficial genes. Various aspects of awareness-raising for stakeholders in EPNs’ research and applications should be better communicated. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsEPNs: Entomopathogenic nematodes IJs: Infective stage juveniles IPM: integrated pest management SADIE: Spatial analysis by distance indices 9618. 21. DOI: El-(2018) Silver nanop12. (1990) Steinernema scapterisci n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). J Nematol 22:187–19910. 5772/64578, pp 71-102 10. 1186/s41938-019-0137-5 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: : Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees, Quaternary Sci. Rev. , 19, 87–105, 2000. Briffa, K. R. and Melvin, T. M. : A closer look at regional curve standardization of tree-ring records: Justification of the need, a warning of some pitfalls, and suggested improvements in its application, in: Dendroclimatology, edited by: Hughes, M. K. , Swetnam, T. W. , and Diaz, H. F. , Developments in paleoenvironmental research, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 113 pp. , 2011. . , Schweingruber, F. H. , Karlen, W. , Zetterberg, P. , and Eronen, M. : from Ad-500 – Temperature-Changes on Short and Long Timescales, Clim. Dynam. , 7, 111–119, 1992. and Esper, J. : Reassessing the evidence for tree-growth and inferred temperature change during the in Yamalia, northwest Siberia, Quaternary Sci. Rev. , 72, 83–107, 2013. Büntgen, U. , Frank, D. , Trouet, V. , and Esper, J. : Diverse climate sensitivity of Mediterranean tree-ring width and density, Trees, 24, 261–273, 2009. Büntgen, U. , Tegel, W. , Nicolussi, K. , McCormick, M. , Frank, D. , Trouet, V. , Kaplan, J. O. , Herzig, F. , Heussner, K. U. , Wanner, H. , Luterbacher, J. , and Esper, J. : 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility, Science, 331, 578–582, 2011. Büntgen, U. ,. , Di Cosmo, N. , Sigl, M. , Jungclaus, J. , Wagner, S. , Krusic, P. J. , Esper, J. , Kaplan, J. O. , de Vaan, M. A. C. , Luterbacher, J. , Wacker, L. , Tegel, W. , and Kirdyanov, A. V.

Output: contrast