Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Waarom kan in díé aanmelding geen marktappreciatie van de biedprijs worden gelezen? De prijs lijkt mij juist meer dan redelijk als de grootaandeelhouder slechts vanwege de biedprijs zijn hele pakket aandelen aanbiedt. Het enige belang dat de grootaandeelhouder in dat geval heeft, is het krijgen van een zo hoog mogelijke prijs. Daarnaast gaat het argument dat bij een geringe free float er een te laag aantal aandelen is voor een betrouwbare prijsvorming niet altijd op. Bij een zeer klein beursfonds met een 70%-free float kan de liquiditeit kleiner zijn dan bij een zeer groot beursfonds met een 15%-free float. De overname van door 3G Capital is een voorbeeld van een geringe free float-situatie. 76x Ik ga er voor the sake of argument van uit dat de private deal tussen familie Sonnenberg en 3G Capital een openbaar bod op alle aandelen was, nu de casuspositie bekend is en zich goed leent voor mijn argumentatie. Ten tijde van het uitbrengen van het bod had het aandeel een free float van ongeveer 18%. Grootaandeelhouder familie Sonnenberg hield 82%. 77x Zie addvaluefund. nl/uploads/media/Add%20Value%20Fund%20N. V. %20Hunter%20Douglas%20d. d. %205%20juni%202020. pdf. in juni 2020 was de free float bij ongeveer 18%. De biedprijs bedroeg EUR 175 per aandeel. 78x Zie investor. hunterdouglasgroup.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: In yogurt, another dairy ferment using of metabolic genes has been observed between protocooperative species L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus (Li et al. , 2013; Liu et al. , 2009). Sequencing of Penicillium species isolated from the cheesemaking environment identified HGT of large genomic islands between these key fungal inhabitants of cheese (Cheeseman et al. , 2014; Ropars et al. , 2015; Gibbons and Rinker, 2015). During the aging of traditional styles of cheese in caves or aging rooms, bacteria and fungi form a multi-species biofilm called the rind (Button and Dutton, 2012). We have previously shown that these communities can be used to examine community-based processes, such as succession and interspecies interactions, within an experimentally tractable system (Wolfe et al. , 2014; Kastman et al. , 2016). Given that biofilms such as these are densely populated, and microbes in cheese rinds are under strong selection to obtain limited nutrients (e. g. free amino acids, iron) as well as tolerate cell stress (Monnet et al. , 2015), we predicted that HGT might be widespread in cheese rind microbiomes and therefore might provide a useful experimental model for HGT within microbial communities. We sought to determine the diversity, distribution, and functional content of HGT in bacterial species isolated from cheese rinds. Specifically, we predicted that (1) HGT would be widespread, (2) HGT genes would be enriched for functions related to survival in cheese environment, and (3) there would be uneven distribution of HGT events across taxa. We analyzed the genomes of newly isolated and sequenced cheese-associated bacterial species (31 genomes) and those available in public databases (134 additional genomes). We present data which suggest that there is extensive HGT in cheese-associated bacteria. The regions of DNA identified appear to encode a number of functions which would be expected to provide adaptive advantages within the cheese environment. In particular, we identified three large multi-gene islands that are shared within multiple Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes species. These genomic regions are not related, but appear to have analogous functions involving iron acquisition, and are widely distributed in geographically distant cheeses.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: However, in comparison with disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease or macular degeneration, for which the small number of genetic variants detected were shown to confer a highly significant disease risk to carriers [17, 22], the study on Kawasaki disease [20] has not found such a profound effect, hinting that infectious disease may not yield easily to the GWAS approach. It is also interesting to see that the HLA locus, such a clear candidate region for infectious disease because its role in discriminating self from non-self was thought to have evolved to protect from infection, did not cause the dominant association seen in many autoimmune diseases [23, 24], and this may also turn out to be true for many infectious disease studies. Facing new challengesThere are several challenges for the application of GWAS to determine genetic variants that confer susceptibility to infectious diseases. First, the current design of commercially available single nucleotide polymorphism chips is skewed towards common variants, with at least 1% presence in the population, following the 'common variant, common disease' hypothesis [25, 26]. However, if susceptibility to an infectious disease is caused by one or a combination of rare variants, as previously reported for other disorders such as autism [27], we would not be able to detect them using the current technology. In that scenario, sequencing of the candidate genes would be the most direct way to tackle the problem. Second, structural variants, such as copy number variants that were barely analyzed in the past, are currently being investigated in more detail and have been successfully linked to susceptibility to schizophrenia [28, 29]. Recent development of new technologies as well as analysis tools will facilitate the study of copy number variants, which might potentially be involved in host susceptibility to infectious diseases. Third, a landmark paper by the Consortium [16] introduced the concept of using the same set of population controls, without detailed phenotype information for different diseases, in case-control studies. Although there is the possibility of misclassification, meaning that a proportion of controls might have the disease or might develop it in the future, this could be a very useful approach for the many infectious diseases for which the incidence rates in the general population are low (less than 1%), such as meningococcal disease, severe dengue and others.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: com/news-releases/news-release-details/3g-capital-completes-acquisition-controlling-interest-hunter. In het jaar voorafgaande aan het bod schommelde de beurskoers tussen EUR 65 en EUR 100 per aandeel. 79x Zie live. euronext. com/nl/product/equities/ANN4327C1220-XAMS. Het kan zo zijn dat de beurskoers hier gedrukt wordt door een lage liquiditeit. Dat is mijns inziens niet relevant voor de vraag wat een billijke prijs is, zolang de bieder net zoveel betaalt als de hypothetische meest biedende en onafhankelijke koper en de aanmeldende aandeelhouders van mening zijn dat de biedprijs van EUR 175 een fair market value vertegenwoordigt. De vraag waarop het antwoord altijd doorslaggevend moet zijn voor de werking van het prijsvermoeden is: staat er een groot genoeg percentage maatman-aandeelhouders achter de biedprijs? Wanneer kan een geringe free float wel leiden tot een correctie in het 90%-criterium? Daarvoor is noodzakelijk dat er een aantal aandeelhouders is dat zijn aandelen niet aanmeldt vanwege de biedprijs, maar omdat het de enige optie is om uit de geringe free float en de lage liquiditeit te ontsnappen. Als voorbeeld dient opnieuw de Hunter Douglas-saga. Voor het bod door 3G Capital bracht Sonnenberg zelf een openbaar bod uit op de aandelen die in de geringe free float zitten. De biedprijs bedroeg EUR 64. 80x Zie fd.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: This work provides foundational knowledge in an experimentally tractable system in which future work could help to provide insight into the role of HGT within microbiomes. of putative horizontally transferred regions To establish a diverse database of cheese-associated bacterial genomes, we isolated species from cheese samples collected as part of previous work (Wolfe et al. , 2014). A total of 31 isolates, representing four bacterial phyla and 11 genera, were selected for genome sequencing using Illumina and PacBio (Supplementary file 1a). Recently, a large collection of cheese-associated bacterial genomes were sequenced (Almeida et al. , 2014), allowing inclusion of additional genomes in our analysis. Our isolates were from cheeses produced in the United States, Spain, Italy, and France, while the Almeida et al. collection was almost exclusively from France. We also included genomes from the NCBI reference sequence (RefSeq) database that are associated with cheese, for a total of 165 bacterial genomes. We next developed a computational pipeline for identification of putative horizontally transferred genes, adapted from work on the human microbiome (Smillie et al. , 2011). We built a central BLAST database containing all ORFs from all cheese-associated genomes. For each gene in each genome, we performed BLAST against this database, and compiled a list of hits (Figure 1—figure supplement 1, Materials and methods). For each hit, we examined the length and percent identity of aligned regions. Closely related species will have many nearly identical genes as a result of vertical inheritance. To avoid capturing these genes in our analysis, we determined the pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANI) between species within the same genus (Chan et al. , 2012; Rodriguez-R and Konstantinidis, 2016). ANI provides a measure of the overall similarity of two genomes. We tested varying thresholds for length and ANI to examine the effects of these parameters on the results (Supplementary file 1c). Higher maximum ANI cutoffs and shorter lengths are more likely to yield false positives, as closely related species are more likely to share short stretches of high nucleotide identity. At the same time, a lower maximum ANI cutoff may exclude legitimate HGT events, especially considering that closely related species are also more likely to engage in HGT.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: It is worth noting, however, that for infectious disease the environmental agent (the pathogen) that triggers the disease is usually known and past exposure to the agent is often easily measured (using serology), criteria that are frequently not available in diseases such as cancer or autoimmunity. This means that it is possible in infectious disease to select controls with known (antibody detected) exposure, but without disease. Finally, another important aspect to take into account is the role of the pathogen's genetic variability and its interaction with host genetics. An interesting study by Caws et al. [30] has hinted at a relationship between host and pathogen genotypes in the development of tuberculosis. When these challenges are successfully addressed, a GWAS will offer substantial insights into the role of common variation in an infectious disease and, with its comprehensive nature, will hopefully enable us to elucidate the involvement of multiple genes or previously unsuspected pathways in disease. Clinical significanceMoving from genetic discovery to direct clinical relevance has not been as difficult for infectious disease as it has been for many other diseases, perhaps because there is a relatively detailed understanding of the immune system. For instance, patients with Mendelian diseases characterized by diminished production of interferon or interferon pathway activation could be treated with recombinant forms of interferon, helping them to mount an immune response against various pathogens. Although there is still no treatment using the CCR5 gene, it has been a tempting target for therapies in the HIV field and may yet prove to be effective. In another example, a polymorphism associated with increased serum concentrations of complement was revealed to be a susceptibility factor for meningococcal disease, as bound to and protected the causative bacteria from complement attack [31]. This is a finding with implications for the vaccine community, which showed that antibodies that prevent this binding enable complement-mediated killing of the bacteria and, when incorporated into a vaccine, has been the first successful strategy to prevent group B meningococcal disease [32]. With the arrival of the GWAS approach to infectious disease, we can expect many more genetic loci to be revealed, molecular pathways to disease described and thus therapeutic targets identified, with the hope that these can be quickly translated into treatments. In conclusion, the first GWASs of infectious diseases have been published [19, 20], and more will come in the near future, with important implications for our understanding of these diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: nl/bedrijfsleven/1425652/luxaflex-fabrikant-hunter-douglas-komt-in-handen-van-3g-capital#:~:text=Premie%20van%2073%25,Douglas%20op%20€101%2C40. De minderheidsaandeelhouders lijken in deze situatie vast te zitten omdat het zeer onwaarschijnlijk is dat Sonnenberg een bod van een derde zal accepteren en doordat er nauwelijks handel in het aandeel plaatsvindt, zeker niet nadat het bod is uitgebracht. Er zijn aandeelhouders die toch maar hun aandelen aanmelden onder het bod omdat ze anders nooit uit de vennootschap kunnen. Minderheidsaandeelhouders die aanmelden omdat zij klem zitten in de vennootschap, melden niet slechts aan omdat zij de biedprijs een billijke prijs vinden. Zij verkeren daarom in een wezenlijk andere positie dan de maatman-aandeelhouder. De twijfel over de zuiverheid van het billijke prijsvermoeden wordt daarmee opgelost in het 90%-criterium. Dit is zuiverder omdat het prijsvermoeden in het 90%-criterium wordt aangetast. Deze aandeelhouders hebben namelijk niet aangemeld omdat zij de biedprijs een billijke prijs vinden. De minderheidsaandeelhouder in de uitkoopprocedure moet stellen en zo nodig bewijzen dat de ‘geringe free float’-aandeelhouders in een wezenlijk andere positie verkeren dan de maatman-aandeelhouder.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Based on our most conservative gene identity parameters (minimum 99% identity over 500 nucleotides), we identified at least one putative horizontally transferred gene in 130/165 (78. 8%) cheese-associated species in the analysis, for a total of 4733 genes (Figure 1A, Supplementary file 1d). Because this analysis depends on the species included for comparison, this list of HGT is almost certainly an underestimate. Figure 1 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Extensive horizontal gene transfer in the cheese microbiome. (A) All HGT events in analyzed cheese-associated bacteria. Connection thickness is scaled to number of shared protein coding sequences. Maximum likelihood tree based on 16S RNA alignment using Project (RDP). (B) HGT events clustered into 264 ‘groups’ based on genomic proximity. Groups are plotted based on total nucleotide content (x-axis, from low to high), and the mean number of genes per species (y-axis). Diameter of each circle is proportional to the total number of species in the group. Groups highlighted in red are described further in the text. (C) Quantification of KEGG modules and submodules for protein coding genes (CDS) identified as horizontally transferred. Annotations were generated by BLAST-Koala. Genes without function prediction are not depicted. As multiple genes can be transferred in a single HGT event, we next assembled the putative HGT genes into groups based on genomic proximity. Individual coding sequences (CDS) for each species were grouped into islands if they were found within 5000 nucleotides of one another on the same contig. These islands were then clustered with islands in other species that shared at least one CDS. The 4733 genes were clustered into 264 individual groups (Figure 1B, Supplementary file 1d). Mobile elements such as transposons complicate our method of group clustering, as non-contiguous islands may be grouped together if they share a common transposon. Indeed, this appears to have occurred with Group 1, which contains genes from several disparate genomic regions. In other cases, a single species may have genes in a single group spread across multiple contigs (Figure 2—figure supplement 1), but this may accurately represent a single HGT event. Most HGT groups identified (231, 87.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Although initial hints suggest that big hits will not lead the way, the unraveling of disease mechanisms through networks of genes should reveal novel ways of tackling infectious diseases in the clinic. AbbreviationsGWAS: genome-wide association study. 386. 10. 1111/j. 1365-3156. 2005. 01388. x. 1435. 10. 1126/science. 280. 5368. 1432. 2040. 10. 1172/JCI4950. 1438. 10. 1126/science. 280. 5368. 1435. 2079. 10. 1126/science. 1081902. 486. 10. 1146/annurev. genet. 40. 110405. 090546. 294. 10. 1136/bmj. 1. 4857. 290. 725. 10. 1038/382722a0. 6080. 10. 1073/pnas. 1031605100. 922. 10. 1038/sj. emboj. 7601558. 766. 10. 1038/nri2174. 240. 10. 1016/j. tim. 2007. 03. 005. 1053. 10. 1016/S0140-6736(98)08350-0. 33. Nat Genet. 1996, 14: 181-184. 10. 1038/ng1096-181. 8009. 10. 1073/pnas. 140201897. 678. 10. 1038/nature05911. 389. 10. 1126/science. 1109557. 644. 10. 1038/ng2015. 1. Science. 2007, 317: 944-947. 10. 1126/science. 1143767. 10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1000319. 544. 10. 1016/S0140-6736(04)16814-1. 1463. 10. 1126/science. 1135245. 555. 10. 1038/ng1782. 1209. 10. 1056/NEJMoa073491. 1517. 10. 1126/science. 273. 5281. 1516. 539. 10. 1126/science. 274. 5287. 536. 11. 2 and autism. N Med. 2008, 358: 667-675. 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Meldt 90% van de free float zich wel aan en doen zij dat wegens hun enthousiasme voor de biedprijs, dan blijft het prijsvermoeden overeind ondanks dat er een kleine free float is, zoals hiervoor is besproken. Klaarblijkelijk vindt 90% van de aandeelhouders de prijs die de grootaandeelhouder betaalt een billijke prijs. Ook de OK lijkt in Unilever bij één soort aandeel voorbij te gaan aan het feit dat er sprake is van een geringe free float. 81x (OK) 27 maart 2018, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2018:1029, JOR 2018/178 (Unilever). De OK lijkt dat te doen omdat de biedprijs een aanzienlijke premie op de beurskoers inhoudt. Zie ik dat goed, dan lijkt mij dat in overeenstemming met de ratio achter het prijsvermoeden. 82x G. P. Oosterhof, annotatie bij (OK) 27 maart 2018, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2018:1029, JOR 2018/178 (Unilever), punt 3; Duynstee & Drenth 2022, p. 479. Zelfs wanneer de koers volatiel is en er een gebrek aan liquiditeit is, moet er voor de uitkoopprijs worden aangesloten bij de biedprijs wanneer voldoende aandeelhouders kwalificeren als maatman-aandeelhouder. 83x Uit het arrest zelf en het verschenen commentaar daarop wordt niet helemaal duidelijk hoe gering die free float was van het preferente aandeel met de aanduiding ‘cumpref 7%’. Volgens mijn berekeningen gaat het om een free float van 17,88%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 5%) contain only members of the same phylum, or even a single genus (183 or 69%, Supplementary file 1d). This supports previous studies which suggest that HGT is most prevalent among closely related species (Ravenhall et al. , 2015). However, we uncovered several notable exceptions. For example, Alkaibacterium kapii FAM208. 38, a Firmicute, has a substantial (~8 kb) fraction of Group 1, which is predominantly found in Actinobacteria species. Groups 2 and 3 each have hits found in three different phyla (although both are predominantly found in Actinobacteria). Functions encoded in HGT regions HGT can enable rapid evolution of microbes entering a new environment, with genes that are under positive selection observed more frequently (Wiedenbeck and Cohan, 2011). Identifying the functions of genes that are frequently transferred could help to identify the selective forces that are most important for adapting to the cheese rind environment. Across all of the genes identified in our analysis, the most abundant gene functions are transposases, conjugal transfer genes, phage-related proteins, and other mobile elements (631/4733 or 13% of all protein coding sequences). A third (86/264 or 32. 6%) of all HGT groups contain mobile elements. These genetic elements are likely involved either directly or indirectly in mobilization and transfer of DNA. To determine whether gene functions other than mobile elements are enriched in identified HGT regions, we used (Kanehisa et al. , 2016) to assign KEGG functional annotations (Figure 1C, Figure 2—figure supplement 1c). In approximately half (53%) of the genes, KEGG annotations could not be assigned. Of the KEGG-annotated genes, the most frequent module (281/2264 or 11%) was ‘metal ion, iron siderophore and vitamin B12 transport systems’. Five of the 10 largest HGT groups as measured by total number of genes (Groups 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8) contained siderophore transport systems (K02013-K02016). Low availability of iron in cheese is known to limit the growth of several bacterial species (Monnet et al. , 2012, 2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Linking genes to diseases: it's all in the data : 07 August 2009 Linking genes to diseases: it's all in the data Nicki Tiffin1, Andrade-Navarro2 & Carolina Perez-Iratxeta3 17. 8 million abstracts are listed by PubMed in May 2009, of which 10 million deal with human data). The subsequent challenge is to use this wide variety of data sources to identify relevant disease gene candidates within the lists of genes generated from genome-wide analyses for further empirical research, an overwhelming task to undertake manually. Computational analysis can facilitate efficient and accurate utilization of all such sources of information, and the resulting early prioritization allows streamlined empirical research and quicker and cheaper identification of disease-causing genes. To date, many computational methods have focused on the prediction of candidates by analysis of inherent sequence characteristics of genes, sequence similarity to known disease genes, and functional annotation of candidate genes [18]. These approaches are briefly reviewed here. The computational analysis of phenotypes for the prioritization of disease candidates is less utilized, and is explored later in this 3. 0 license (Germany). Full size imageApproaches for the identification of candidate disease genesUsing intrinsic gene propertiesBy analyzing the intrinsic properties of genes already associated with an inherited disease regardless of its phenotype, differences can be found between disease genes and all human genes. The pattern of differences can be used to predict novel disease genes. Properties associated with disease genes include gene structure, such as longer size of the gene and its associated proteins, and longer regulatory regions such as the mRNA 3' un-translated region (UTR); phylogenetic information, including lower mutation rates, broader phylogenetic breadth and fewer paralogs (that is, fewer highly similar genes giving less opportunity for functional redundancy); and genomic properties such as a higher proportion of CpG islands in promoters and longer intergenic distances. The first method to apply this type of approach was DGP [19], followed by [20], which included additional gene properties (for an extensive review of these approaches see [21]). Such analyses rely on the definition of genes as 'disease genes' and 'non-disease genes' and, although suited to analysis of monogenic (Mendelian) diseases, such approaches may preclude the selection of genes that do not produce an obvious phenotype but rather contribute to disease susceptibility or the severity of the effect of a simultaneous mutation in another gene.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Per soort uit te kopen aandeel moet aan het 90%-criterium worden voldaan om het prijsvermoeden te laten gelden, waardoor de free float per soort aandeel relevant kan zijn, zie Salemink 2014, p. 227. Kortom, naar mijn mening speelt een geringe free float alleen een rol bij het bepalen of de minderheidsaandeelhouders die zich aanmelden onder het bod in een wezenlijk andere positie verkeren dan de maatman-aandeelhouder in het 90%-criterium. Zolang de OK niet meer duidelijkheid verschaft, is naar huidig recht in ieder geval niet te zeggen welke ruimte er op deze grond bestaat om het prijsvermoeden niet toe te passen. Het enige dat op dit moment zeker is, is dat een free float van 23,46% niet gering is en een free float van 3,3% wel. 84x (OK) 12 april 2022, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2022:1217, ARO 2022/107 (NIBC), r. o. 3. 26; (OK) 18 september 2012, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2012:BX9490, ARO 2012/139 (IFCO Systems), r. o. 3. 10. 5. 4 Een bittere pil voor de minderheidsaandeelhouder? Gefeliciteerd minderheidsaandeelhouder! Je hebt genoeg gesteld en zo nodig bewezen om de OK te laten vaststellen dat niet is voldaan aan het 90%-criterium. Nu benoemt de OK onafhankelijke deskundigen om te rapporteren over de prijs van de aandelen? Dat is zeker geen gegeven.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Previous work has also shown that genes involved in iron acquisition are present in higher numbers in cheese-associated species compared with closely related species from other environments (Monnet et al. , 2010; Walter et al. , 2014). Many other horizontally transferred genes (267/2264 or 12% of KEGG-annotated genes) are also involved in transport of nutrients relevant for growth in the cheese environment. Lactate is an abundant carbon source in freshly made cheese, as the initial stages of cheesemaking involve fermentation of lactose to lactate by lactic acid bacteria (Button and Dutton, 2012). We observed a large number of genes (63/2264 or 2. 8% of KEGG-annotated genes) involved in lactate import (lactate permease - K03303) or lactate metabolism. Lactate dehydrogenase (K00101), which reduces lactate to pyruvate, represented nearly 1% of all horizontally transferred protein coding sequences. Apart from lactate, the primary source of energy for microbial growth in cheese is metabolism of the abundant lipids and proteins, particularly casein (Monnet et al. , 2015). We also identified glutamate importers (43/2264 or 1. 9%, eg. K12942, K10005-K10008) and short peptide/nickel transporters (88/2264 or 3. 9% eg. K03305) in our analysis, suggesting pathways for utilization of casein degradation products. Transporters for micronutrients, including phosphonate (K05781, K06163-K06165), molybdate (K02017, K02019, K02020, K03750, K03750, K03639), and metal ions like zinc and manganese were also identified. HGT of drug resistance genes is of particular concern, as mobile resistance genes from food-associated microbes may be transferred to animal- and human-associated microbes (Rossi et al. , 2014). Cheese rind communities often contain filamentous fungi including Penicillium species and other microbes that could potentially produce antimicrobial compounds and thus select for antibiotic resistance in co-occurring species. However, less than 1% of KEGG-annotated genes in this dataset are related to drug resistance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: The efficacy of such approaches thus becomes limited in the study of complex phenotypes, in which the association between the gene and disease may not be one of direct or exclusive causation. Similarity to genes previously associated with diseaseSeveral methods of associating genes with diseases rely on the functional annotation of the gene and, under the hypothesis that similar diseases may have associated genes with similar functions, propose associations on the basis of genes already known to be associated with a disease. This approach is supported by multiple lines of evidence and is a logical way to initiate a search for candidate genes. For example, genes related to the detection or synthesis of neurotransmitters are likely to be good candidates for association with neural disorders, or immune-related genes with asthma and allergy phenotypes. This is a logical inference, but when there is a growth in the number of gene candidates it becomes difficult to get all the information on known diseases and related literature manually, and computational approaches are helpful. Computational analyses take advantage of both controlled vocabularies describing disease features (such as MeSH terms - an ontology developed at the of Medicine covering different subject categories, including disease phenotype [22]) and similarity between gene functions measured by using their annotations with controlled vocabularies, such as the [23]. Methods such as G2D [9], POCUS [24], [25] and TOM [26] use this approach. A limitation of methods relying on the functional annotations of genes is that just a small percentage of genes in the databases have an experimentally verified function (6% have links to non-genomic literature [27]). Most annotation (for approximately 71% of genes [27]) is based on functions assumed to associate with predicted protein domains from manually curated databases (such as the Annotation (GOA) project [28]). Implication of genes in regulatory networks or in protein-protein interaction networksInformation from interactions between genes can be used to find disease-related genes. These data are available from multiple public resources and may describe protein-protein interactions (such as [29] and UniHI [30]), proteins regulating gene expression (such as [31]), and metabolic pathways (such as KEGG [16]). Some of these categories can overlap to some extent with functional annotations (for example, several genes encoding proteins from the same pathway or protein complex may be described by the same functional annotation comprising a common term).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Naast het billijke prijsvermoeden bestaat namelijk ook nog een jurisprudentieel vermoeden. Daar wordt het 90%-criterium vervangen door het ‘bod moet op grote schaal aanvaard zijn’-criterium. Daar geldt geen vast aanmeldingspercentage voor. Zo sloot de OK inzake Numico (89,1%), (84,45%) en Nutreco (82%) aan bij de biedprijs bij een lager aanmeldpercentage. 85x (OK) 28 oktober 2008, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2008:BG3438, ARO 2008/178 (Numico), r. o. 3. 13; (OK) 21 december 2010, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2010:BO9265, ARO 2011/16 (Smit Internationale), r. o. 3. 12; (OK) 14 juli 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2897, ARO 2015/200 (Nutreco), r. o. 3. 10. Een acceptatiegraad van 71% bleek in onvoldoende voor aansluiting bij de biedprijs. 86x (OK) 30 augustus 2016, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2016:3583, ARO 2016/168 (1), r. o. 3. 12. 6 in sight Dit artikel begon met de constatering dat de bieder idealiter de biedprijs betaalt aan de minderheidsaandeelhouders in de uitkoopprocedure. De bieder trekt aan het langste eind. Het in de inleiding aangehaalde vonnis van rechtbank Amsterdam is ook hier tekenend: er wordt door de OK in de regel bij het vaststellen van de uitkoopprijs aansluiting gezocht bij de biedprijs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: A tetracycline resistance gene was identified in eight Brevibacterium species (group 10) and a tripartite multidrug resistance system (K03446, K03543) in three Pseudomonas species (group 37). We also noted a small number of genes from the core genome that were not expected to be horizontally transferred. For example, group 27 is found in all 10 strains of B. linens in this dataset, as well as the closely related B. antiquum CNRZ918, and contains the SSU ribosomal protein S1p, as well as DNA Polymerase 1. It is possible that these results are false positives as B. linens and B. antiquum have an ANI ~88%, and these genes are typically more highly conserved than average. At the same time, other ribosomal genes that should also be highly conserved protein coding genes have substantially lower homology between these species than S1p (Supplementary file 1e). Further, another gene within this HGT group (SAM-dependent methyltransferase) is not typically highly conserved, but nevertheless is >99% identical between these Brevibacterium species. We cannot exclude the possibility that this is a false positive, but this may be an example of homologous recombination facilitated by the high sequence identity of the ribosomal protein gene. Several other groups also contain ribosomal proteins (42 L5p and S3p, 180 L4p, 219 S3p), but these groups do not contain any other protein coding genes, and they are clustered with other ribosomal protein coding genes, which is a more typical arrangement. Iron acquisition HGT The abundance of iron acquisition genes identified as HGT suggests that iron is a driving force in adaptation to growth on cheese. The largest HGT region we identified in cheese-associated bacteria, Group 1, includes an island of ~47 kbp (~1% of the genome of B. linens JB5) and 34 genes. This island is found in whole or in part in 15 different species in five different Actinobacterial genera (Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Microbacterium, and Glutamicibacter, formerly Arthrobacter), and one Firmicute (Alkalibacterium).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: The assumption made is that if two genes work together, the known association of one with a disease suggests that the other may also be associated with the same disease. For example, mutations in different subunits of the sarcoglycan complex can result in muscular dystrophy [32]. For genes in a regulatory cascade, if the mutation of a gene produces a given phenotype, then mutations in genes further upstream, such as a transcription factor for the downstream gene or a protein kinase that phosphorylates it, could result in the same phenotype. Methods such as [25] and recent versions of G2D [33] exploit this hypothesis. Gene expression informationThe methods described earlier can be complemented using gene expression data. This can be done in relation to the particular disease under analysis (for example selecting genes that are expressed in an affected tissue, such as neural tissue in the case of a neurodegenerative disease); or gene co-expression can be used as another measure of gene similarity to find associations between genes. The second approach is based on the premise that genes acting together will be expressed together, as seen for subunits of protein complexes (such as is described in [21, 25, 34]). Disease phenotypesClinical knowledge is fundamental to defining disease phenotype, and some existing methods aim to make use of this knowledge directly. For example, GeneSeeker [35] is a web tool that uses phenotype search terms input directly by the researcher and filters positional candidate disease genes based on expression and phenotypic data. of and Phenotype in Humans using () centralizes clinician-sourced phenotype data and their relationship to copy number variation [36] and is ground-breaking in its aim to make accessible a global wealth of phenotype descriptions submitted directly by clinicians. Animal models allow in-depth studies of phenotypic variation associated with genes, which are impossible in human subjects (for example, genetic manipulations such as gene knockouts). The data thus generated can be used to associate human genes with phenotypes according to the properties of orthologous genes in such model organisms. In some cases, phenotype association may be in the form of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involving a number of genes. These methods have to overcome the challenge of identifying the appropriate orthology relations between human and animal genes, which becomes harder with increasing evolutionary distance between the species under study and humans.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 87x Rb. Amsterdam 14 december 2022, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2022:7520 (DPA Group), r. o. 5. 14. Het is voor de minderheidsaandeelhouder bijna onmogelijk om te ontsnappen aan het bereik van het billijke prijsvermoeden, omdat slechts in uitzonderlijke situaties niet aan het 90%-criterium wordt voldaan. Als er niet aan het 90%-criterium wordt voldaan, zal alsnog vaak bij de biedprijs worden aangesloten op grond van het jurisprudentieel vermoeden. Het leerstuk van het billijke prijsvermoeden heeft volgens mijn analyse enige aanscherping en duidelijkheid nodig. De toets voor de vraag of de biedprijs een billijke prijs is, is de overweldigende steun door aanmeldende maatman-aandeelhouders. Om de integriteit en betrouwbaarheid van de ratio achter het billijke prijsvermoeden te garanderen, moeten alle correcties op het billijke prijsvermoeden plaatsvinden wanneer wordt vastgesteld of voldaan is aan het 90%-criterium en niet daarna. Ik heb uiteengezet welke ruimte daarvoor bestaat door het introduceren van de maatman-aandeelhouder en de WAP-aandeelhouder. Dit brengt met zich dat er geen situatie denkbaar is waarin het prijsvermoeden weerlegd kan worden zodra eenmaal is voldaan aan het 90%-criterium. De systematiek van het prijsvermoeden en de ratio daarachter lijken mij daar niet geschikt voor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The core of this region, flanked by AraC-like transcriptional regulators (e. g. Ga0099663_102740 and Ga0099663_102753 from JB182), contains several genes predicted to form a siderophore import complex, including two cell-surface associated substrate binding protein genes (Ga0099663_102743–44), two membrane permease genes (Ga0099663_102745–46), and an ATPase subunit (Ga0099663_102747). A siderophore reductase (Ga0099663_102741) is present immediately downstream of the AraC regulator, but has less than 99% identity between the species we analyzed (Figure 3A, Supplementary file 1c). We named this region iRon Uptake/Island (RUSTI). Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset HGT Groups in Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and γ-Proteobacteria groups. (A) The 31 largest HGT groups that contain predominantly Actinobacteria. The areas of circles are scaled to log2(n), where n is the total number of nucleotides in that group for each species. The largest circle size represents the largest HGT group in that phylum. Phylogenies (left) are based on small subunit ribosomal RNA alignment. (B) The 25 largest HGT groups that contain predominantly Firmicutes. (C) The 28 largest groups that contain predominantly γ-Proteobacteria. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Structure of RUSTI islands. (A) At-scale schematics for genomic context of HGT Group 1 (top) for B. linens JB5 and G. arilaitensis JB182 and alignment of RUSTI operon (bottom). Nucleotide position values (top) refer to contigs Ga0099665_11 and Ga0099663_102 respectively. Dotted line for JB5 depicts regions of the contig that are not shown. Nucleotide position values (bottom) refer to operon starting from stop codon of leading AraC coding sequence. (B) At-scale schematics for genomic context of HGT Group 7 for Halomonas sp. JB37 and V. casei JB196 (top) and alignment of iron and phosphonate metabolism genes (bottom).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: This approach is used by methods such as GeneSeeker [35] and ToppGene [37] with mouse phenotype data, and Fraser and Plotkin have used a similar approach with yeast data [38]. Some available methods define the disease phenotype in a formalized way that involves the use of existing or customized ontologies. As ontologies are formal representations of a set of concepts within a domain of knowledge and the relationships between those concepts, they are preferable to a definition of the problem phenotype by means of a mere set of keywords provided by the user. Ontologies can facilitate optimal use of available knowledge because many pieces of information can be linked through queries in the databases in which they are used. For example, most of the 17. 1 cM interval. GeneSeeker identified the disease-causing gene as RMRP (an untranslated RNA gene), and its etiological role was confirmed in patients with the disease. Mutations in this gene have been identified previously as disease-causing in milder types of autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasias with differing phenotypes; identification of this additional disease phenotype associated with the gene, however, has furthered understanding of gene function and suggested its involvement in other related disease phenotypes. The G2D method was used to prioritize candidate genes for asthma and atopy (a type of allergic hypersensitivity) at two previously linked loci in a population [51]. Ten genes were selected by G2D for a subsequent association study, and SNPs within the candidate genes were genotyped and analyzed using a family-based association test. The results suggested a protective association with allergic asthma for the protein tyrosine phosphatase gene PTPRE in this population, although the association could not be replicated in a different cohort [51]. Other than these translational studies, computational analyses have generally been applied to specific diseases and where there are known etiological genes for the disease in question, the accuracy of the results has been assessed by the ranking of these known genes. The candidates that have been flagged as most likely and warranting further empirical research are published for use by the research community, as in our previous studies on candidate genes for metabolic syndrome [52] and type 2 diabetes (T2D) [53].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Daarnaast is het ook in het belang van het proces om alle omstandigheden mee te nemen in de vraag of aan het 90%-criterium wordt voldaan. Uit die aangescherpte systematiek wordt per definitie duidelijk of voldoende maatman-aandeelhouders het bod steunen omdat zij de biedprijs een billijke prijs vinden. Daarna staat wat mij betreft vast dat de biedprijs kwalificeert als billijke prijs. Dit kan het gevolg hebben dat de bijzondere uitkoopprocedure iets duidelijker wordt én dat de bestudering daarvan overzichtelijker wordt. Kortom, het billijke prijsvermoeden is de jure een weerlegbaar bewijsvermoeden, maar de facto een onweerlegbaar bewijsvermoeden. Afwijken van het billijke prijsvermoeden is daarom ook echt het monster van Loch Ness. De kans dat we Nessie ooit gaan zien, is nihil. Noten * De auteur bedankt en voor hun commentaar tijdens het schrijfproces. 1 Art. 2:359c BW. 2 Zijn er verschillende soorten aandelen, dan kan de vordering slechts worden ingesteld ten aanzien van de soort waarvan eiser of eiseres ten minste 95% van het geplaatste kapitaal verschaft en 95% van de stemrechten vertegenwoordigt, vgl. art. 2:359c lid 2 BW. 3 Art. 2:359c lid 6 BW, eerste zin. 4 Art. 2:359c lid 6 BW, tweede zin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Nucleotide position values (top) refer to contigs Ga0099667_11 and Ga0099672_104 respectively. Grey lines for JB196 depict gaps in the alignment resulting from insertions in JB37. Nucleotide position values (bottom) refer to operon starting from stop codon of leading protein coding sequence. (C) At-scale schematics for genomic context of HGT Group 31 for S. fleuretti. CIP106114 and S. vitulinus Ma1 (top). For both species, the group is split across two different contigs and nucleotide position values (top) refer to the relative position for that contig. Alignment of iron and phosphonate metabolism genes from Group 31 (bottom). Horizontally transferred genes are not always expressed in the recipient genome, because of possible incompatibilities in promoter sequence (Ochman et al. , 2000). As iron is a limiting resource in cheese (Kastman et al. , 2016; Monnet et al. , 2012), we reasoned that if RUSTI is a functional operon, it would likely have increased expression in the presence of additional competition for iron. To assess whether RUSTI genes are regulated in the presence of competition, we grew G. arilaitensis JB182 alone or in the presence of Penicillium and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to monitor gene expression. The genes in RUSTI were significantly upregulated in the presence of a competing microbe relative to growth alone (Figure 3B, Supplementary file 1f), suggesting that this horizontally transferred region is transcriptionally active and may be responding to competition for limited iron in cheese. Hundreds of different siderophores have been identified belonging to three major classes: hydroxamate, catecholate, and α-hydroxycarboxylate (Hider and Kong, 2010). To predict the function of the RUSTI transporters, we compared their protein sequences to the Database (TCDB) (Saier et al. , 2016) using BLAST (Supplementary file 1g). The two genes annotated as permease subunits and one gene annotated as an ATP binding subunit each share substantial homology with the catechol ferric enterobactin transport system (FepD, FepG, and FepC, respectively) in E.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: In these, we used multiple computational techniques, including those based on phenotype [35, 39], for disease gene prioritization, using sets of genes defined by multiple linkage analysis data available through the biomedical literature as starting point. In the case of metabolic syndrome [52], we initially selected candidates for discrete phenotypes that are associated with the disorder from a starting set of 13,882 genes, and identified candidate genes showing commonality across multiple phenotypes. The phenotype-specific candidates were then weighted according to the prevalence of each phenotype in patient populations, with 19 candidates prioritized as the most likely etiological genes. For T2D, we used multiple computational approaches to identify obesity- and T2D-specific candidates from a starting set of 9,556 positional candidates. This allowed us to generate a final list of nine primary T2D candidates, two of which were also primary candidates for obesity. A SNP in the lipoprotein lipase gene LPL, which was one of the proposed two top candidates, has since been associated with T2D in Korean patients [54]. Similar approaches have been used for other diseases, such as the use of multiple existing computational methods for prediction of genes associated with osteoporosis [55], and the use of extensive phenotype data to select candidate etiological genes for fetal alcohol syndrome[56]. has also been used to prioritize candidate genes for a variety of phenotypes, reviewed in [25]. Future directions for computational prioritization of candidate disease genesWith increased understanding and availability of human genome and transcriptome data, additional resources can refine the computational prioritization of candidate disease genes. These include data on copy number variation, which has already been used to identify candidate genes for autism [57], and on RNA editing in candidate genes [58]. Phenotype can be affected by perturbations in additional elements such as long non-coding genes [59]; long range non-coding RNAs, as identified for short stature phenotypes [60] and cancer [61]; natural antisense transcripts [62]; promoter elements, such as those associated with degenerative heart disease [63]; and microRNAs [64]. Epidemiological data for disease occurrence used in conjunction with genome-wide data on population variation [65] can facilitate associations between disease phenotypes prevalent in particular populations and their underlying genotypes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 5 Rb. Amsterdam 14 december 2022, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2022:7520 (DPA Group): de rechtbank geeft in r. o. 5. 14 een onjuiste weergave van de werking van de peildatum in een uitkoopprocedure volgend op een openbaar bod. Zie voor de werking van de peildatum par. 2. 4 van dit artikel. 6 Met ‘unieke uitkoopprocedures’ wordt bedoeld: alle eindarresten van uitkoopprocedures ex art. 2:359c BW. 7 (OK) 13 mei 2014, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:1976, ARO 2014/126 (Mediq III). 8 J. Barneveld, De achterkant van het openbaar bod. Over de opkomst, ontwikkeling en normering van de pre-wired back end, MvO 2019, afl. 5-6, p. 155. 9 Waar in dit artikel wordt gesproken over een ‘belang’ worden het percentage geplaatst kapitaal waarover de bieder beschikt en het percentage stemrechten dat de bieder vertegenwoordigt bedoeld. 10 C. J. C. de Brauw, Overnames van beursvennootschappen (VDHI nr. 143), Deventer: 2017, p. 10; zie ook 2017 voor een zeer uitvoerige en gedetailleerde uiteenzetting over de werking van het openbaar bod. 11 2017, p. 681 e. v. 12 2017, p. 712 e. v. 13 In de zin van art. 2:24a lid 1 of art. 2:24b BW.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: coli (Elkins and Earhart, 1989; Shea and McIntosh, 1991; Chenault and Earhart, 1991). Two genes annotated as substrate binding proteins have weak homology to vibriobactin and iron(III) dicitrate binding proteins from Vibrio cholerae and E. coli, respectively. Siderophore-related genes are also well-represented in γ-Proteobacterial HGT groups. 32 in Actinobacteria, Group 39 contains both siderophore acquisition and siderophore biosynthesis genes and is found in three species of Psychrobacter. The HGT group with the most protein coding genes that we identified in γ-Proteobacteria (Group 7) is found in several Vibrio and Halomonas species, and like contains an ABC siderophore transport system with individual substrate-binding, permease, and ATP-binding domains (Figure 3C). Although this group appears to have analogous function in the acquisition of iron with RUSTI from Actinobacteria, this does not appear to be related. TCDB analysis suggests homology to hemin transporters in Yersinia pestis and Bordetella pertussis (Supplementary file 1g). The same gene island also contains genes related to the Phn family involved in phosphonate import and metabolism (Jochimsen et al. , 2011). Phosphonate metabolism genes have previously been associated with iron siderophore acquisition in acidic environments (Osorio et al. , 2008), and cheese is typically close to pH5 during the initial periods of rind community growth. of this region against the database reveals that several uropathogenic E. coli strains share identical DNA sequences (Supplementary file 1h). Highly similar sequences are found in Oligella urethralis, another gram-negative pathogen of the urogenital tract, and Vibrio harveyi, a bioluminescent ocean-dwelling microbe. Iron sequestration by animals is a common defense against pathogens (Parrow et al. , 2013), and enhanced iron acquisition is commonly associated with virulence. Mammals produce lactoferrin in milk for the same reason (Ellison, 1994), and these data suggest that the same genes would be adaptive in both pathogenesis and growth on cheese.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Finally, collation and standardization of phenotype data (as undertaken in the project [36]) and the further development of phenotype ontologies that have an appropriate degree of granularity and are accessible to scientists are essential for the compilation of clinical phenotype data in a format that allows the computational analysis of associations between disease phenotype and genotype. ConclusionsUnderstanding underlying disease genetics is crucial for the development of appropriate disease-specific diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches, and increasing the efficiency of this process can result in substantial progress in the clinical management of disease. Computational approaches for the identification of disease genes have contributed significantly to our understanding of gene and protein characteristics. These include the tendency of enzymes and transporters to underlie recessive diseases, while transcription regulators and structural molecules often underlie dominant inheritance [19]. More generally, they have shown evidence that disease gene function and expression patterns correlate with the type of disease they cause [66]. The computational analysis of disease phenotypes has revealed the tendency for similar disease phenotypes to be caused by functionally related genes [67]. Such analyses have also shown that the phenotypic similarity between syndromes correlates with the sequence similarity of their associated genes [18, 68]. We believe, however, that there is great scope to better harness clinical phenotypic data to improve computational disease gene prioritization. In an ideal scenario, extensive clinical phenotypic data would be available to computational scientists to use in conjunction with genome-wide empirical data, allowing for effective prediction of most likely disease gene candidates and leading to rapid and economical empirical identification of etiological genes. For this to become a reality, several objectives need first to be realized. Most importantly, clinical phenotype data need to be routinely standardized in an accessible, patient-anonymous format for computational use. To this end, prospective studies on patient populations could include a computational component at the design stage, so that standardized clinical/phenotypic data can be collected throughout the study. To ensure that this becomes standard practice, however, clinicians need to be convinced of the utility of computational approaches in determining candidate disease genes, and computational studies for specific diseases need to reach the appropriate clinical audience. Collaborative studies between clinical researchers and computational scientists are invaluable in bridging this gap and promoting recognition of computational applications in clinical research, but these are not yet standard practice. In addition, many computational scientists focus on the development of novel generic approaches for candidate gene prediction for diseases in general.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 14 Het feit dat er minderheidsaandeelhouders een belang houden in de dochtervennootschap van de bieder betekent onder meer dat: de bieder de acquisitiefinanciering niet ten laste van de doelvennootschap kan brengen, de wettelijk voorgeschreven oproepingsformaliteiten volledig in acht moeten worden genomen, jaarrekeningen vollediger moeten zijn dan het geval is bij een 100%-dochtervennootschap (ingevolge art. 2:403 BW), minderheidsaandeelhouders kunnen protesteren wanneer de dochtervennootschap de winst geheel voor investeringen wil bestemmen, en de dochtervennootschap at arm’s length moet worden behandeld bij intragroeptransacties gelet op de belangen van de minderheidsaandeelhouders. 15 Het gaat deze bijdrage te buiten om de pre-wired back end-structuur te bespreken. Zie daarvoor Barneveld 2019, R. H. Kleipool & C. R. Nagtegaal, De grensoverschrijdende fusie als pre-wired herstructurering, TOP 2016/410 en P. D. Olden, Pre-wired asset sale, WPNR 2014, afl. 7037, p. 1055-1059. Raad heeft in HR 14 september 2007, ECLI:NL:HR:2007:BA4117 (Versatel I) besloten dat een besluit tot fusie dat enkel en alleen de strekking heeft minderheidsaandeelhouders uit te stoten, in strijd kan zijn met hetgeen van het bestuur van een beursvennootschap jegens haar aandeelhouders op de voet van art.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The convergence of strategies for both pathogenesis and growth on cheese was also demonstrated in the Firmicutes (Figure 3D). Two species of cheese-associated Staphylococcus (S. fleuretti CIP106114 and S. vitulinus Ma1) share a large (~20 kb) cluster of genes (Group 31) that includes hemolysin and fibronectin binding protein (FnBP), which are involved in virulence in S. aureus (Sinha et al. , 1999; Cheung and Ying, 1994). Hemolysin (also known as alpha toxin) forms pores in cell membranes, and is so-called because of its ability to lyse red blood cells. FnBP enables binding to and invasion of cells, and has been implicated in formation of biofilms in methicillin resistant S. aureus (McCourt et al. , 2014). It is unlikely that these genes provide a selective advantage to cheese-associated Staphylococci, but Group 31 also contains genes for iron acquisition. These genes are homologous to the EfeUOB systems in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis and FepABC system in S. aureus, which are active in low-pH conditions (Cao et al. , 2007; Miethke et al. , 2013; Turlin et al. , 2013). These iron acquisition genes are also found in association with hemolysin and FnBP in S. aureus and the animal-associated S. sciuri, although at only ~80% nucleotide identity (Supplementary file 1h) (Kloos and Schleifer, 1976). As iron acquisition genes may be adaptive both on cheese and in pathogenesis, it is possible that this region was acquired from an animal pathogen, and the virulence genes have been preserved because of their association with these genes. The genomes sequenced are from a limited number of cheeses from Europe and the United States. To determine the distribution of RUSTI across a more expansive sample of cheese microbiomes, we used BLAST searches against assembled metagenomic data from 38 different cheeses using representative Proteo-, Actino-, and Staph-RUSTI sequences (Figure 4).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: This should not, however, preclude the application of existing methods to specific diseases. Such disease-specific studies, presented in a format accessible to non-computational researchers, would facilitate translation of computational research into the clinical environment and promote recognition of the role of computational studies in disease gene identification. The ability to investigate the genetics underlying disease phenotypes at a genome-wide level will result in more rapid disease gene identification, as genome-wide analyses can return multiple potential candidate genes simultaneously, rather than verifying or refuting the implication of individual genes in a sequential way. This transition is serendipitous, given that the field of disease genetics is moving on from Mendelian diseases and focusing on complex diseases in which multiple etiological genes are believed to act in concert [69]. As increasingly sophisticated techniques uncover the stronger and more frequent gene-disease associations, research techniques will shift towards defining our understanding of more subtle or indirect effects of genes on disease phenotype, in parallel with our increased understanding of the subtleties and complexities of the biological mechanisms of the human cell. The challenge now lies in finding relevant candidates within the lists of potential disease genes generated from genome-wide approaches. Computational methods are well suited to the systematic analysis of these large gene lists to generate encompassing hypotheses about disease genotype, predict the most likely disease gene candidates from large datasets, and rapidly disseminate the results to clinical researchers performing translational research. Computational disease gene prediction can thus contribute substantially to faster and more cost-efficient empirical identification of disease-causing genes. AbbreviationsMeSH: : Inheritance in Man QTL: quantitative trait locus SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism T2D: type 2 diabetes. 201. 10. 2217/14622416. 10. 2. 19110. 1371/journal. pgen. 0040033815. 10. 1038/ng0707-813913. 10. 1038/ng2088601. full_text10. 1186/1471-2164-8-333628. 630, 632. 10. 2144/000112802141. 319. CAS PubMed 856. 10. 1038/350157182008. Res. 2008, 36: D707-D714. 10. 1093/nar/gkm98821. 10. 1093/nar/gkm10002009. Res.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 2:8 BW wordt gevorderd door de redelijkheid en billijkheid. In de praktijk zal daar naar mijn inschatting niet snel sprake van zijn, omdat er in de regel zakelijke redenen zijn om tot uitstoting van minderheidsaandeelhouders over te gaan en minderheidsaandeelhouders een redelijke exit hebben. 16 Richtlijn 2004/25/EG van het en de Raad van 21 april 2004 betreffende het openbaar overnamebod. 17 Art. 2:359c lid 3 BW; T. Salemink, Uitkoop van minderheidsaandeelhouders. Een onderzoek naar de wettelijke uitkoopregelingen van art. 2:92a/201a BW en art. 2:359c BW (diss. Nijmegen; VDHI nr. 125), Deventer: Kluwer 2014, p. 64-65; D. J. F. F. M. Duynstee & C. C. M. de Smet, Kroniek uitkoop en geschillenregeling 2015-2016, in: Y. Borrius e. a. (red. ), Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2016-2017 (VDHI nr. 134), Deventer: 2017, p. 207. 18 Asser/Maeijer, & 2-II* 2009/693. 19 C. D. J. Bulten & J. H. M. Willems, Kroniek uitkoop en geschillenregeling 2011-2013, in: M. Holtzer, A. F. J. A. Leijten & D. J. Oranje (red. ), Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2013-2014 (VDHI nr. 121), Deventer: Kluwer 2014, p. 209. 20 (OK) 15 mei 2008, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2008:BD1680, ARO 2008/96 (Euronext), r. o.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Gene islands at least 97% identical to were readily identified in 23 (61%) of these metagenomes, in both natural and washed rind cheeses from the and Europe. Although less common (26% of metagenomes), was also identified in diverse cheeses in both the US and Europe. could not be found in any of the metagenomes we analyzed. These data demonstrate that siderophore-associated HGT islands are widespread in cheese rind microbiomes. Whether independent HGT events occur within each cheese production and aging facility, or whether they occurred before the widespread distribution of these microbes across cheese production regions is unknown. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Presence of RUSTI in cheese metagenomes. Genes in (G. arilaitensis JB182) and (V. casei JB196) regions were compared with 32 assembled metagenomes from the US and Europe. Filled CDS represents a positive (>97% identical nucleotides) hit in that metagenome. A potential mechanism of transfer and source of the begin to understand potential mechanisms which could mediate HGT in cheese-associated bacteria, we analyzed the sequences surrounding the RUSTI region of Glutamicibacter JB182. Conjugative elements are commonly involved in HGT (Wozniak and Waldor, 2010). Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) can in part be identified by the presence of signature proteins associated with core functions of integration into and excision from the host genome (recombinase), replication as an extrachromosomal element (polymerase), and conjugation from the host to recipient cell (conjugation) (Ghinet et al. , 2011). Analysis of the Glutamicibacter JB182 RUSTI region revealed homologs of each of these protein classes (Figure 3A): a recombinase of the site-specific tyrosine recombinase XerD family (Ga0099663_102762) (Subramanya et al. , 1997), a hexameric ATPase conjugation protein of the VirD4/TraG/TraD family (Ga0099663_102784) (Hamilton et al. , 2000), and a homolog of the bi-functional primase-polymerase DNA replication protein family (Ga0099663_102766).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -cases have dashed all hope that polio might be eradicated in 2019cases have dashed all hope that polio might be eradicated in 2019 Virus refuses to budge in Afganistan and Pakistan, while vaccine-derived strains trigger fresh outbreaks in Africa 10 Jul 2019ByA relative mourns a female polio vaccinator killed by gunmen in Pakistan in January 2018. /:FacebookShare on global initiative to eradicate polio is badly stuck, battling the virus on two fronts. New figures show the wild polio virus remains entrenched in Afghanistan and in Pakistan, its other holdout, where cases are surging. In Africa, meanwhile, the vaccine itself is spawning virulent strains. The leaders of the world's biggest public health program are now admitting that success is not just around the corner—and intensively debating how to break the impasse. "The biggest problem for me for a long time was recognizing that we truly have a problem, and business as usual will not get us to the finish line," says Roland Sutter, who leads polio research at the Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland, where the polio eradication effort is based. "The rose-tinted glasses are off," adds longtime program spokesperson of WHO. "Now, really tough questions are openly being asked—questions that even 12 months ago no one asked. " The program, which has spent $16 billion over 30 years, had planned to eradicate polio from Pakistan and Afghanistan this year (only the latest of many deadlines). Instead, almost four times as many cases have occurred there so far this year than in the same period in 2018. At 51, the total number of cases may still seem low, but only about one in every 200 people infected with the virus develops paralysis, meaning thousands have been infected. The virus is circulating widely: A strain from Karachi, Pakistan, has popped up in Iran. Adding to the worries, the spike occurred in the low season, when viral transmission subsides—a harbinger of worse to come in the second half of the year.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 3. 11; J. H. M. Willems, redactionele aantekening onder ARO 2022/107 (NIBC), punt 3. 21 Salemink 2014, par. 9. 3. 2. 22 Art. 15 lid 5 van Richtlijn 2004/25/EG. Dit is een ander percentage dan het percentage genoemd in par. 3. 1 en noot 20. Het gaat hier om het percentage van aandelen en stemrechten die de bieder door middel van het openbaar bod heeft verkregen, waarbij de aandelen en stemrechten waarover de bieder al beschikte voorafgaand aan het bod dus irrelevant zijn. 23 Kamerstukken II 2005/06, 30419, nr. 3, p. 10. Normaal gesproken benoemt de OK een of meer deskundigen om een deskundigenoordeel te geven over de uitkoopprijs. Dat kan achterwege blijven als het prijsvermoeden niet weerlegd wordt. 24 Art. 2:359c lid 6 BW, eerste zin. 25 Kamerstukken II 2005/06, 30419, nr. 3, p. 49. 26 Zo sloot de OK in sommige arresten aan bij de prijs van het bod (JOR 2008/335 (Numico) en ARO 2009/93 (Tele Atlas)) en in andere bij de datum van overdracht of een tijdstip dat daar zo dicht mogelijk bij gelegen is (JOR 2009/130 (Hagemeyer) en JOR 2011/45 (Corporate Express)). 27 Zolang en voor zover de uitkoopprijs niet is betaald, wordt hij verhoogd met de wettelijke rente, van de peildatum tot de overdracht, zie art. 2:359c lid 6 BW, zevende zin, en Asser/Maeijer, & 2-II* 2009/688.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, Actinobacterial ICE systems typically use conjugation apparatus belonging to the SpoIIE/FtsK family, which allows transfer of double-stranded DNA (te Poele et al. , 2008; Bordeleau et al. , 2012). However, the conjugation machinery here is more reminiscent of gram-negative and Firmicute systems of single-stranded transfer (Burrus and Waldor, 2004). ICE integration is site-specific, and frequently occurs at the 3’ end of tRNA genes (Ghinet et al. , 2011). Immediately downstream of the RUSTI region in Glutamicibacter is a leucine tRNA. The 3’ end of the tRNA forms an imperfect repeat with the region immediately upstream of the RUSTI region, which strongly suggests that the tRNA-Leu is used at the integration site (att site) for this ICE. To determine whether this ICE was still active, we performed PCR using primers within and flanking the putative integration site (Figure 5A). We were able to detect PCR products which suggest that at least a portion of the cells within the population have lost the from their chromosome, and it is present as an extrachromosomal circular form (Figure 5B). Sequencing of the PCR product (primers 1 + 6) that spans the predicted excision site matched the predicted remaining sequence, containing Repeat element B (Figure 5D). Sequencing of the PCR product (primers 2 + 5) that spans the predicted circularization site matched the predicted sequence, containing Repeat element A (Figure 5E). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Mobility of RUSTI. (A) Schematic for PCR primer design - see Materials and methods for details. (B) PCR testing for the presence of RUSTI and for the excision of the ICE in an overnight culture of G. arilaitensis JB182. (C) DNA was extracted from five commercially available starter cultures and tested for the presence of RUSTI using PCR with primers specific for the HGT region (Materials and methods). Starter culture 3 was plated on PCAMS media, and four isolates selected based on colony morphology were also tested. The expected size for the amplicon is ~1. 4 kb.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Pakistan and Afghanistan are considered one epidemiologic block, with the virus flowing freely across the border. The main problem in both countries is that the massive vaccination campaigns held every few months are still not reaching every child. In Pakistan, national elections in July 2018 distracted government officials, and the quality of the vaccination campaigns slipped. Meanwhile, the poor, neglected communities where the polio virus lurks are increasingly refusing the vaccine. Lacking running water, sanitation, and basic health services, people face far more immediate health threats than the now-slim chance of contracting polio, and they don't understand why vaccinators arrive with only polio drops. Since the government began to jail parents who do not comply several years ago, the opposition has gone underground, with parents hiding their children or using fake finger markings to pretend they have been vaccinated. Still no end in sightPolio cases caused by the wild virus, which is still circulating in Afghanistan and Pakistan, are up compared with the same period last year. Meanwhile, vaccine-derived outbreaks pose a continuing problem, primarily in Africa. A. Cuadra/the situation is a vitriolic disinformation campaign on social media, says virologist of the U. S. Centers for and Prevention in Atlanta, one of the partner agencies in the initiative. Deadly attacks on polio vaccinators and their police escorts are on the rise. Still, if Pakistan's government makes eradication a national priority and puts money behind it, Sutter says, "There is a fighting chance" of success. In Afghanistan, ongoing conflict has kept vaccinators out of broad swaths of the country. has banned polio vaccination in some places; in others, local leaders have prohibited door-to-door polio drives. One of their concerns is that outsiders might gather information that could enable the to target drone strikes, some in the program say. "Polio eradication is collateral damage to the peace talks," says WHO's Michel Zaffran, who heads the global initiative. Afghanistan has not yet seen a spike in cases this year, but one is inevitable if vaccinators can't reach large numbers of children, says WHO's Chris Maher, who has been leading eradication operations in the region. Still, the program has dealt with conflict before, says of the Bill & Foundation in Seattle, Washington, another partner in the eradication effort: "and Nigeria we found ways to get good enough vaccine coverage to stop the virus.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 28 De bieder zal het bod alleen gestand doen als hij weet dat hij een 95%-belang kan verkrijgen, eventueel na het toepassen van zogeheten (pre-wired) back end-structuren. Op de motieven wanneer en waarom de bieder een bod gestand zal doen, de voorwaarden waaronder dat gebeurt, en de juridische instrumenten die daarbij gebruikt worden, kan in dit artikel niet worden ingegaan. Zie hiervoor o. a. 2017, hoofdstuk 1 (par. 1. 3) en voetnoot 52. 29 (OK) 7 juli 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2775, ARO 2015/178 (Unit4), r. o. 3. 16. Op 22 december 2023 heeft de de Unit4-benadering van de OK bevestigd. In dit arrest oordeelt de tevens dat deze benadering niet strijdig is met art. 1 HR 22 december 2023, ECLI:NL:HR:2023:1824, JOR 2024/29. De OK geeft dit als rechtvaardiging voor het kiezen van de peildatum, maar deze effecten spelen niet altijd. De doelvennootschap zal bijv. niet per definitie op voornoemde wijze veranderen bij een overname door een financiële partij. 30 Duynstee & 2017, p. 175-176. 31 D. J. F. F. M. Duynstee & T. Drenth, Kroniek uitkoopregeling 2015-2021, Ondernemingsrecht 2022/70, p. 479. 32 De OK bevestigt deze zienswijze in (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 13-3. 15.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes for these isolates suggested that two isolates are Glutamicibacter arilaitensis and two are Brevibacterium linens. G. arilaitensis. JB182 was used as a positive control. (D) The ~2000 bp band from the PCR amplification using primers 1 and 6 and (E) the ~500 bp band from amplification using primers 2 and 5 were extracted and sequenced. Alignment with the JB182 genome reveals 100% alignment with expected and the spliced chromosomal region containing the 3’ repeat and the excision circle containing the 3’ repeat respectively. There are several possible explanations for the widespread distribution of nearly identical. Initial transfer events may have occurred in a single location, on the surface of a cheese or in livestock, and subsequently been dispersed to many separate cheesemaking facilities. The continued mobility of the ICE in JB182 raises the alternate possibility that it may be continually introduced to many cheeses from a common source. Cheese producers often use commercially available ‘starter’ cultures that contain desirable species, including many Actinobacteria (Robinson, 2005). We tested five common starter cultures for the presence of by PCR, and positively identified it in one of these (Figure 5C). This culture is known to contain two species of Actinobacteria, Brevibacterium linens and Glutamicibacter nicotinae. To identify the RUSTI donor species, we plated the starter culture and isolated four distinct strains based on colony morphology. SSU sequencing revealed that two isolates were Glutamicibacter and two were Brevibacterium. One of the Brevibacterium isolates tested positive for by PCR (Figure 5C). Although we have no evidence for direct transmission of from this starter culture, and thus cannot definitively conclude that this was the source, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that HGT from a starter culture could explain some of the dissemination of. this paper, we provide evidence of extensive horizontal gene transfer in cheese-associated bacteria. Many of the transferred regions are large multi-gene islands, and are shared by numerous species. Genes involved in nutrient acquisition, especially iron and lactate, are particularly abundant, suggesting that HGT may provide a selective advantage in the iron- and sugar-limited environment of cheese.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: " In Africa, the wild polio virus appears to be gone, but the vaccine-derived viruses circulating there are just as dangerous. These strains arise when the weakened live virus used in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) mutates and regains its virulence. In rare instances, where a population's immunity is low, they can spread just like the wild virus. Last year, vaccine-derived viruses paralyzed 105 children worldwide; the wild virus just 33. To prevent outbreaks of vaccine-derived virus, WHO has declared that once the wild virus is gone, countries must stop all use of OPV. As a first step, in April 2016 all countries switched from the trivalent version of OPV—which covers all three types of polio virus—to a bivalent one, which lacks the type 2 component. (Wild type 2 virus is the only one that has been eradicated. ) The program's scientific advisers knew some vaccine-derived type 2 virus would linger in the first few years after the switch, sparking outbreaks. But modeling suggested the program could quickly squelch them—without starting new ones—with the judicious use of a new live vaccine, monovalent OPV2 (mOPV2), which is effective against only type 2. It's akin to fighting fire with fire; the gamble was that mOPV2 would not spawn new outbreaks of its own. (An alternative exists, the killed or inactivated polio vaccine, which can't revert but simply isn't powerful enough to quash an outbreak. ) The switch worked, except in Africa, where type 2 vaccine-derived outbreaks have been more frequent and much harder to stop than the models projected; they are now smoldering in seven countries. By using mOPV2, "We have now created more new emergences of the virus than we have stopped," Pallansch says. In Nigeria, where 43 cases have been detected since 2018, type 2 virus has spread from the north to the densely populated port city of Lagos; it has also entered neighboring Niger. Republic of the Congo has seen 26 cases. And the situation is deteriorating, a key WHO committee concluded on 29 May. Meanwhile, the program has already used nearly 260 million doses of mOPV2. "We are down to less than 10 million doses for the whole planet, and that is not enough," says Pallansch, who chairs a committee advising WHO's director-general on the vaccine's use.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 33 P. D. Olden, annotatie bij (OK) 12 januari 2010, JOR 2010/62 (Tele Atlas). 34 In de algemene uitkoopprocedures wordt het bod namelijk door de OK geacht op grote schaal te zijn aanvaard bij lagere aanmeldpercentages. Zie bijv. (OK) 28 oktober 2008, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2008:BG3438, ARO 2008/178 (Numico), r. o. 3. 13, aanmeldpercentage: 89,1%; (OK) 21 december 2010, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2010:BO9265, ARO 2011/16 (Smit Internationale), r. o. 3. 12, aanmeldpercentage: 84,45%; (OK) 14 juli 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:2897, ARO 2015/200 (Nutreco), r. o. 3. 10, aanmeldpercentage: 82%; zie verder par. 5. 4. 35 Art. 15 lid 5 van Richtlijn 2004/25/EG. Het voorstel om het billijke prijsvermoeden te laten gelden vanaf het 90%-criterium komt uit de commissie-Winter. De commissie-Winter was een commissie van deskundigen op het gebied van het ondernemingsrecht die de adviseerde over de modernisering van het Europees vennootschapsrecht, resulterende in de dertiende EG-richtlijn. Opvallend is dat de commissie-Winter in haar rapport een duidelijke rechtvaardiging geeft voor het vaststellen van de ontvankelijkheidsgrens op een percentage tussen de 90 en 95%, maar niet voor het 90%-criterium; Group of Experts (commissie-Winter), Report on issues related to takeover bids, Brussel 10 januari 2002, p. 60-66.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The largest HGT we identified appears to be an active ICE and is found in a starter culture, raising the possibility that we are observing contemporary processes that may have ongoing importance. These data support previous studies that show HGT is an important factor in the evolution of microbial communities (Wiedenbeck and Cohan, 2011) and suggest that cheese rind communities may provide a useful model for studying this process in greater detail. For this study, we focused on bacterial members of the cheese microbiome, but many cheeses also contain numerous fungal species. Indeed, HGT has been previously documented in cheese-associated Penicillium species (Cheeseman et al. , 2014). HGT between bacteria and fungi has also been documented in other environments, although it is thought to be rare (Keeling and Palmer, 2008). Evaluating bacterial-fungal gene transfer in cheese could provide additional insights into the extent and importance of gene exchange in microbial communities. Further sequencing of bacterial genomes from cheese could also continue to reveal HGT. We were able to show that in G. arilaitensis JB182 is likely contained within an integrative and conjugative element, although many other mechanisms for transfer are likely at play. Indeed, the appearance of phage-related genes, transposases, and other mobile elements in many HGT groups suggests that we are observing the results of multiple methods for mobilizing DNA. Our method for identifying HGT does not permit determination of the direction of gene flow, and indeed it seems likely that the original sources of many of these genetic elements are not present in our dataset. In some cases, we can infer a possible origin, such as the Brevibacterium strain in a starter culture that may be the source of RUSTI in multiple cheese species around the world. However, this does not permit identification of where this species acquired them. Further characterization of cheese-associated microbes, as well as those found in dairy farms or in cheese caves may provide a more complete picture, but the evidence that at least some of these genetic elements are found in human pathogens and ocean-dwelling bacteria suggests that genes are shared across diverse environments. Although previous studies demonstrated that iron is limiting for Glutamicibacter, Brevibacterium, and Corynebacterium species growing on cheese (Monnet et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: Conclusions: These results suggest that genetic information is not capable of accurately discriminating between elite athletes and nonathletic controls, illustrating that the use of such information as a talent-identification tool is currently unwarranted and ineffective. *The authors are with the Inst of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom. Pickering (craigpickering1014@hotmail. com) is corresponding author. (xlsx 13 KB) Email this content Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Journal of 1. Genome-wide linkage scan for athlete status in 700 British female DZ twin pairs. Hum Genet. 2007;10(6):812–820. PubMed ID: 18179392 doi:10. 1375/twin. 10. 6. 812 Genome-wide linkage scan for athlete status in 700 British female DZ twin pairs. Hum Genet. 2007;10(6):812–820. PubMed ID: 18179392 doi:10. 1375/twin. 10. 6. 81210. 1375/twin. 10. 6. 812)| falseSearch 2. ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Hum Genet. 2003;73(3):627–631. PubMed ID: 12879365 doi:10. 1086/377590 ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Hum Genet. 2003;73(3):627–631. PubMed ID: 12879365 doi:10. 1086/37759010. 1086/37759012879365)| falseSearch 3. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing for predicting sports performance and talent identification: consensus statement. Sports Med. 2015;49(23):1486–1491. PubMed ID: 26582191 doi:10. 1136/bjsports-2015-095343 Direct-to-consumer genetic testing for predicting sports performance and talent identification: consensus statement. Sports Med. 2015;49(23):1486–1491. PubMed ID: 26582191 doi:10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Zie voor een uitgebreidere historie Salemink 2014, par. 3. 3. 36 2006/07, 30419, C, p. 10; P. M. Storm, Corporate litigation bij de Ondernemingskamer, Den Haag: uitgevers 2014, p. 340; Asser/Maeijer, & 2-II* 2009/695. 37 P. M. Storm, Corporate litigation bij de Ondernemingskamer, Den Haag: Boom juridisch 2018, p. 613. 38 Reesink was daar minder aandacht voor, zie bijv. (OK) 20 december 2011, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2011:BV2310, JOR 2012/43 (Draka), r. o. 3. 10; (OK) 21 februari 2012, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2012:BV7343, JOR 2012/144 (Crucell), r. o. 3. 14. 39 Kamerstukken II 2005/06, 30419, nr. 3, p. 49; (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15; F. W. C. Blom, Uitkoop van minderheidsbelangen: tegen welke prijs? , NV 1990, afl. 6, p. 166; P. C. van den Hoek, De uitkoopregeling van aandelen, 1990, afl. 1, p. 46; F. Krens, Waardebepaling van incourante minderheidsbelangen, Ondernemingsrecht 1999, afl. 11, p. 291; W. J. Slagter, De prijsbepaling bij uitkoop, in: G. van Solinge & M. Holtzer (red. ), Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2001-2002 (VDHI nr. 68), Deventer: Kluwer 2002, p. 186; R. W.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: , 2012, 2010), the preponderance of siderophore and other iron acquisition genes we observed being horizontally transferred suggests that the same is true across bacterial phyla. Limiting iron is a deliberate strategy on the part of mammalian hosts to block the growth of infectious microbes, and this strategy influences the composition of milk because of the presence of lactoferrin (Ellison, 1994). Interestingly, convergent strategies for acquiring iron are used by pathogens and by cheese-associated microbes and we observe that in some cases these disparate species appear to have shared genes through horizontal transfer. The presence of these same genes in a microbe found in ocean habitats suggests that these genes have broad utility for the common challenge of iron limitation. We have yet to demonstrate the functional consequences of these genes on individual species or on the community as a whole. Given that iron is limiting in cheese, and that genes are upregulated in response to other species (Figure 4C), it is likely that these genes are functional and may play a role in competition. The prevalence of siderophore import, but not siderophore synthesis pathways suggests that species may cheat by scavenging the biosynthetic products of others (Cordero et al. , 2012). The identification of widespread sharing of genes in cheese microbial communities could have important implications. In particular, the possibility that a starter culture is the source of mobile gene elements suggests that the genomic content, rather than just specific species, must be considered when designing microbial supplements. In addition to starter cultures used for fermented foods, living microbial supplements (‘probiotics’) are increasingly being adopted in agriculture (Verschuere et al. , 2000; Chaucheyras-Durand and Durand, 2010) and for a wide range of human health conditions (Cuello-Garcia et al. , 2015; Onubi et al. , 2015; (on behalf of Group of the Association) et al. , 2016), and even as cosmetics (Whitlock et al. , 2016). The need to screen for clinically relevant elements such as antibiotic resistance genes is widely recognized (Sanders et al. , 2010), but other mobile gene elements from these organisms may also enter native microbial populations with unknown consequences. Although we and others have observes a large number of HGT events in microbial species across a diverse range of environments (McDaniel et al. , 2010; Smillie et al. , 2011; Ravenhall et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(3):561–566. PubMed ID: 20044471 doi:10. 1152/japplphysiol. 01242. 200910. 1152/japplphysiol. 01242. 2009)| falseSearch 8. . Genes and athletic performance: an update. Sci. 2016;61:41–54. PubMed ID: 27287076. Genes and athletic performance: an update. Sci. 2016;61:41–54. PubMed ID: 2728707610. 1159/00044524027287076)| falseSearch 9. . Single nucleotide polymorphisms in carnosinase genes (CNDP1 and CNDP2) are associated with power athletic status. . 2017;27(6):533–542. PubMed ID: 28871847 doi:10. 1123/ijsnem. 2017-0098. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in carnosinase genes (CNDP1 and CNDP2) are associated with power athletic status. . 2017;27(6):533–542. PubMed ID: 28871847 doi:10. 1123/ijsnem. 2017-009810. 1123/ijsnem. 2017-009828871847)| falseSearch 10. . The current use, and opinions of elite athletes and support staff in relation to genetic testing in elite sport within the UK. Biol Sport. 2018;35(1):13–19. PubMed ID: 30237657. The current use, and opinions of elite athletes and support staff in relation to genetic testing in elite sport within the UK. Biol Sport. 2018;35(1):13–19. PubMed ID: 3023765730237657)| falseSearch 11. . Current progress in sports genomics. Chem. 2015;70:247–314. PubMed ID: 26231489. Current progress in sports genomics. Chem. 2015;70:247–314. PubMed ID: 2623148910. 1016/bs. acc. 2015. 03. 00326231489)| falseSearch 12. ACVR1B rs2854464 is associated with sprint/power athletic status in a large cohort of Europeans but not Brazilians. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156316.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Th. Norbruis, Kroniek van de uitkoop- en geschillenregeling, in: G. van Solinge, M. Holtzer & A. F. J. A. Leijten (red. ), Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2004-2005 (VDHI nr. 82), Deventer: Kluwer 2005, p. 58; P. D. Olden, annotatie bij (OK) 28 oktober 2008, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2008:BG3438, Ondernemingsrecht 2009/24 (Numico), p. 104; Salemink 2014, par. 9. 3. 2 en 9. 3. 4; Y. A. Wehrmeijer & I. M. Hendriks, Kroniek uitkoop en geschillenregeling 2017, in: Y. Borrius e. a. (red. ), Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2017-2018 (VDHI nr. 152), Deventer: 2018, p. 229; J. W. Winter, J. B. Wezeman & J. D. M. Schoonbrood, Van de BV en de NV, Deventer: 2022, p. 506. 40 Wehrmeijer & Hendriks 2018, p. 230. 41 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15 onder e. 42 Zie bijv. (OK) 23 november 2021, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2021:3638, ARO 2022/22 (ICT Group), r. o. 3. 13, waar werknemers in de gelegenheid werden gesteld om aandelen in een groepsmaatschappij van de bieder te verwerven en daarom in een wezenlijk andere positie verkeerden. 43 (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 17.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: , 2015), the biotic and abiotic conditions that affect this frequency, and what effects HGT may have on the community remain unclear. A model system to study HGT in a community context is particularly important, as sequence-based characterization of complex communities has particular limitations when it comes to HGT. Further, even if complete characterization in situ were possible, many microbial communities are difficult to experimentally manipulate in vitro. By contrast, cheese rind-associated bacteria are readily isolated and cultured, and model communities may enable identification of features of microbial communities and their environments that alter frequency and extent of HGT. The cheese rind model system provides an opportunity to observe HGT as it happens and to investigate how community composition affects the frequency of transfer and the persistence of genes. The in vitro cheese system enables experimental manipulation to investigate the role of community composition in driving HGT. Further, as many gene products may only have survival benefits in the context of community competition and cooperation, investigating the role of RUSTI and other horizontally transferred genes on microbial growth in the context of their natural community is critical. Having an experimentally tractable microbial community will allow us to test these ideas under controlled conditions in the laboratory and generate predictions about how these processes work in more complex natural systems. Many species of cheese-associated bacteria have close relatives in the soil, on skin, in the ocean, making insight from this system potentially applicable to diverse environments. In addition, horizontal acquisition of iron-uptake genes has been documented in numerous environments including the oceans and in human pathogens (Gyles and Boerlin, 2014; Richards et al. , 2009), suggesting that the specific processes occurring in cheese may also be generally informative across systems. Understanding the extent of HGT in the cheese microbiome is the first step towards addressing how the movement of genes shapes, and is shaped by, a microbial community. Using cheese rinds as a model system could help elucidate the factors that influence the frequency of HGT, how it impacts competition and cooperation, and helps shape a microbiome. Materials and methods Sequencing and genome assembly Request a detailed protocol Bacterial strains JB4, 5, 7, 37, 110, 182, 196, and 197 were isolated from cheeses in a single geographic region and sequenced using a combination of Illumina short-read (100 bp, paired end) and Pacbio long-read sequencing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic testing can predict every future illness a person will experience. [SEP] Text: 1186/s12864-017-4412-0)| falseSearch 20. . Ethics, genetic testing, and athletic talent: children’s best interests, and the right to an open (athletic) future. Physiol Genomics. 2016;48(3):191–195. PubMed ID: 26757798 doi:10. 1152/physiolgenomics. 00104. 2015. Ethics, genetic testing, and athletic talent: children’s best interests, and the right to an open (athletic) future. Physiol Genomics. 2016;48(3):191–195. PubMed ID: 26757798 doi:10. 1152/physiolgenomics. 00104. 201510. 1152/physiolgenomics. 00104. 2015)| falseSearch 21. . Can genetic testing identify talent for sport? Genes. 2019;10(12):972. doi:10. 3390/genes10120972. Can genetic testing identify talent for sport? Genes. 2019;10(12):972. doi:10. 3390/genes1012097210. 3390/genes10120972)| falseSearch 22. Niemi AK, Majamaa K. Mitochondrial DNA and ACTN3 genotypes in Finnish elite endurance and sprint athletes. Hum Genet. 2005;13(8):965–969. PubMed ID: 15886711 doi:10. 1038/sj. ejhg. 5201438. Mitochondrial DNA and ACTN3 genotypes in Finnish elite endurance and sprint athletes. Hum Genet. 2005;13(8):965–969. PubMed ID: 15886711 doi:10. 1038/sj. ejhg. 52014381588671110. 1038/sj. ejhg. 5201438)| falseSearch 23. . Mitochondrial haplogroup T is negatively associated with the status of elite endurance athlete. Mitochondrion. 2007;7(5):354–357. PubMed ID: 17660050 doi:10. 1016/j. mito. 2007. 06. 002. Mitochondrial haplogroup T is negatively associated with the status of elite endurance athlete. Mitochondrion.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 44 (OK) 20 december 2011, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2011:BV2310, ARO 2012/13 (Draka Holding), r. o. 2. 3, 3. 10 en 3. 13; (OK) 21 februari 2012, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2012:BV7343, ARO 2012/39 (Crucell), r. o. 3. 12-3. 13; (OK) 21 april 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:1461, ARO 2015/133 (Ziggo), r. o. 3. 19. 45 Storm 2018, p. 605. 46 Strikt bezien is de term ‘aanmeldpercentage’ niet accuraat, omdat de drempel altijd wordt gebaseerd op het totaal van (1) de onder het bod aangemelde aandelen en (2) de door de bieder al gehouden aandelen. 47 Bij de overname van Accell door KKR werd het bod gestand gedaan, ondanks dat in de aanmeldingstermijn ‘slechts’ een aanmeldpercentage van 77,8% werd bereikt, terwijl een percentage van 80% was afgesproken tussen de bieder en de doelvennootschap. 48 Of een aandeelhouder dividendbelasting moet afdragen, kan per minderheidsaandeelhouder verschillen en de impact hiervan is daarom afhankelijk van de omstandigheden van het geval. 49 Het percentage van 17% kan enigszins een vertekend beeld geven omdat indexfondsen volgens hun beleid hun pakket aandelen pas mogen aanmelden als de 80%-grens uit de merger agreement behaald is.

Output: pass