Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: While HCAI proponents promote the view that adopting AI is inevitable and ‘resistance is futile’ (which, as seen above, also extends to the adoption of the HCAI framework), we should be wary of such positions as they restrict our decision-making capacities and ability to counter, resist, and refrain from certain courses of action. While many technologies have brought great benefits to society, there are also many examples of the opposite (think and the hydrogen bomb), and there is no guarantee that AI, in all its compositions, applications, and uses, will automatically bring a more significant net benefit to humanity. Therefore, we should be skeptical toward the idea (as found with HCAI) that AI will automatically lead to ‘progress’. However, if one still wants to accept the deterministic view of our future illustrated in HCAI (that AI is here to stay, and we have to get used to it), this does not necessarily mean we should endorse a view that only cares for humans. Marx once commented, ‘History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce’ (Marx 1963). Maybe we need to take a step back and ask ourselves: do we need a more human-centred approach to anything when we see the catastrophic events caused by taking such an anthropocentric stance throughout history (e. g. , environmental destruction (2019), biodiversity loss (2023), and global climate change (IPCC 2020; Pachauri and Reisinger 2007)). Shneiderman was right—we do need another Copernican Revolution. However, perhaps a reconsiders our place in the world and asks if AI can be used as a source of good, to right some of the wrongs we have caused, and to include considerations for other species and the planet as well as ourselves. 4. 1 Limitations and future researchA criticism against Foucault is that he provides no appealing alternative to humanism (Paden 1987). While his work in of Things can provide interesting insights into how we can critique HCAI and identify many flaws within such an approach, there is little clear-cut guidance on where we go from here. Foucault's characterisation of how humans have tried to modify themselves throughout history, which he discussed in Technologies of the Self (Foucault 1988b, 1990), may provide a more concrete approach for developing a Foucauldian ethics of AI.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Our automated method works as follows: for any language we write down a Swadesh list, then we measure the distance between words with the same meaning belonging to different languages and, finally, we obtain the distance between two languages by an average. This approach is motivated by the analogy with genetics: vocabulary has the role of DNA and the comparison is simply made by measuring the differences between the DNA of the two languages. There are various advantages: the first is that, at variance with previous methods, it avoids subjectivity; the second is that results can be replicated by other scholars assuming that the database is the same; the third is that it does not require specific expertise in linguistics; and the last, but surely not the least, is that it allows for a rapid comparison of a very large number of languages (or dialects). More precisely, our measure of lexical distance between two words is a variant of the Levenshtein distance [15]. distance is simply the minimum number of insertions, deletions, or substitutions of a single character needed to transform one word into the other. Our distance is obtained by a normalization. Given two words and our measure of distance is(1)where is their standard Levenshtein distance and is the number of characters in the longer of the two words and. Therefore, the distance can take any value between 0 and 1. The reason for the normalization can be understood by the following example. Consider the case of two words of the same length in which a single substitution transforms one word into the other. If they are short, let's say 2 characters, they are very different. On the contrary, if they are long, let's say 8 characters, it is reasonable to say that they are very similar. Without normalization, their distance would be the same, equal to 1, regardless of their length. Instead, introducing the normalization factor, in the first case the distance is whereas in the second, it is much smaller and equal to. We use distance between pairs of words, as defined above, to construct the lexical distances between languages. For any language we prepare a list of words associated with the same meanings (we adopt the original Swadesh choice of ). Assume that the number of languages is and any language in the group is labeled by a Greek letter (say ) and any word of that language by with. The same index corresponds to the same meaning in all languages, i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: (GPS/GNSS): System (GPS), it is frequently used by autonomous vehicles to help them with navigation and give them positioning data. These systems use data that are received from several GPS satellites. With the current navigation technology, vehicles are incorporating these systems to create routes, analyze traffic, and possess information about the position of the vehicle in real time. This is then connected with the three major sensors for autonomous vehicles in order to create an innovative navigation experience without human interaction [8]. GPS connects with the (GNSS) which is giving more data to the vehicle that guarantees the actual position. This technology is mostly used for ground vehicles that are constantly on the road surrounded by other cars and pedestrians. IMU Sensors: IMU is a specific type of sensor that is used to measure angular rates, force, and sometimes magnetic fields. This sensor is used most of the time as a backup sensor that needs to function properly in case of any accident or error that can cause the other sensors to stop working. It also plays an important role in sensor fusion because it is related on the other sensors to provide data about acceleration, this is crucial to protect the drive at all times and the vehicle to be designed to respond to any kind of harmful situation that could put the driver’s life in danger. Odometry Sensors: Odometry sensors use the data from motion sensors to monitor the change of position over time. This particular sensor is linked with position sensors but focuses on the change of position. It is commonly used in robotics to estimate the position change from the starting point to the endpoint. However, it is now incorporated in many autonomous vehicles to keep track of the position of the vehicle from a specific location. 3. 2 Levels of Autonomy. In order to identify a vehicle as autonomous, the Society of created five different levels to classify any intended autonomous vehicle or device based on the different technologies and differentiate minor automation such as parking assistance from more major autonomous features like driving capability without human interaction. It is important for the purpose of this research to mention and understand the different levels of automation to properly categorize the different technologies that are going to be analyzed extensively. It is easy to identify two different main categories containing the five different levels: regarding support for the driver and automated driving features. From level 0 to level 2, the driver is involved during all types of support systems and needs to be aware of everything at all times.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: PostLog inSign upPost8PostConversation2GrantsPeer ReviewsDocumentFlag content 3,000 Tipped ≈ $0. 008Dr. Barrett: How to 18, 2023DOI10. 55277/ResearchHub. fke8bs6uSaveTipDocumentFlag content8TipSaveDocumentFlag contentPostConversation2GrantsPeer ReviewsKey takeawaysExplore the challenge of defining the fundamental components of emotions and the absence of exclusive physical indicators. (Segment 1)Dispute the notion that emotions universally manifest on people's faces, highlighting the significant influence of cultural and environmental factors. (Segment 3)Demonstrate the impact of culture on the interpretation of facial expressions and raise questions regarding its legal implications. (Segment 5)Investigate how language constrains our ability to express emotions and advocate for embracing ethnic diversity for better understanding. (Segment 6)Examine the evolving role of the brain in labeling emotions and illustrate how this evolution impacts our perception. (Segment 8)Advocate for flexible emotional regulation and underscore the value of embracing pain for personal growth. (Segment 14)Discuss strategies to enhance sensory and emotional experiences, with a particular emphasis on improving understanding and perception. (Segment 16)Explore the intricate connection between the body and mind, examining sensory systems, motor control, and emotional regulation. (Segment 18)Delve into the relationship between digestive factors, SSRIs, and mental health, with the insights of Andrew Huberman. (Segment 19)SummaryDr. Barrett, obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree and currently occupies the esteemed position of of Psychology at Northeastern University. Dr. Barrett possesses a high level of experience in the domain of emotional science, which has garnered her widespread acclaim and international recognition for her extensive knowledge and significant achievements in this subject. The author provides a comprehensive explanation of the notion of emotions and delves into the brain's function in processing and integrating signals derived from both internal physiological sensations and external surroundings, hence resulting in the formation of unique emotional experiences for each individual. The forthcoming discourse will center on the analysis of the relationship between emotions and language, the impact of linguistic specificity on the processing of emotions, the importance of facial expressions in the domain of emotions, and the interconnectedness of emotions with other factors such as sleep, movement, nutrition, and the formation and reinforcement of social connections.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: , two words and in the languages and have the same meaning if. The lexical distance between two languages is then defined as(2)It can be seen that is always in the interval [0,1] and obviously. The result of the analysis described above is a upper triangular matrix whose entries are the non-trivial lexical distances between all pairs of languages. If a family of languages is considered, all the information about their relationships is encoded in the associated matrix, but this information is not manifest and it has to be extracted. The ubiquitous approach to this problem is to transform the matrix information into a phylogenetic tree. Nevertheless, in this transformation, part of the information may be lost because transfer among languages is not exclusively vertical (as in mtDNA transmission from mother to child) but it also can be horizontal (borrowings and, in extreme cases, creolization). In previous papers we proposed a complementary geometric approach [16], [5] (Analysis). This approach encodes the matrix information into the positions of the languages in a -dimensional space. For large one recovers all the matrix content, but a low dimensionality, typically = 2 or = 3, is sufficient to grasp all the relevant information. However, results shown in the last two figures of this paper mostly rely on a direct investigation of the entries of the matrix and to simple averages over them. Supporting InformationTable S1. This table provides information on the people who furnished the data collected by the author at the beginning of 2010. For any dialect two consultants have been independently interviewed. Their names and birth dates follow each of the dialect names. Table S2. This table contains the upper triangular matrix which is the result of the analysis described in the Methods section of the paper. The entries of the matrix are the non-trivial lexical distances between all pairs of languages. 1. Dahl OC (1951) Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique. Egede Instituttet, Oslo, Norway. View 2. (1995) Borneo as a cross-roads for comparative Austronesian linguistics. In: Tryon editor. in History. . 72. In J. F. Bellwood and D. 3. (2009) Loanwords in Malagasy. In: Tadmor editor. Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin: Mouton. 746.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: The automated features are implemented to support and make the user more comfortable during the ride, but the act of driving is controlled by the user. Some examples of features that fall between these levels are parking assistance features, adaptive cruise control, blindspot warning, etc. On the other hand, between levels 3 and 5, vehicles start taking partial control where the user does not need to drive. Levels 3 and 4 are being developed currently by implementing characteristics such as traffic jamming, chauffeur, or driver-less taxi services in some smart cities where the car is fully autonomous. Level 5 is still far from the current technology because it requires the vehicle to perform effectively by itself in any given condition which is hard to achieve at the moment. 3. 3 Personal Vehicles. To initiate the study, we will first evaluate the category of personal vehicles. Currently, many technological companies are innovating to make personal autonomous vehicles better, while new methods and improvements are getting released on a daily basis. Most of the features in personal vehicles involving automation are comfort-related improvements, including adaptive cruise control, parking assistance, blindspot detection, lane centering, etc. But some companies are taking it one step further by developing autopilot systems and aspire to reach more capacity of automation aiming to a fully autonomous car. The sensors previously described are becoming more accessible to mass-market vehicles, giving auto firms a wide variety of alternatives to build cars with sensors that can perform effectively in multiple scenarios. X and Model S: Tesla autonomous vehicles are one of the most famous in the current market. The company recently announced the “Autopilot” mode integrated into the. This gives the vehicle the capability to change, and fully self-drive long distances on highways for a significant period of time without human assistance. Tesla autonomous cars are equipped with three types of sensors: cameras with a 360-deg range of vision, RADAR sensors providing long-range object detection, and 12 ultrasonic sensors used for car detection and responsible for a collision prevention system. Surprisingly to experts in the industry, Tesla does not use LIDAR sensors to develop their products. Instead, they use ultrasonic sensors, which are building the same measure function to get the distance between objects and the vehicle, but employing ultrasonic waves. However, the primary reason Tesla does not use LIDAR sensors is that these sensors can cost 75, 000 dollars per unit.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: The attendees will also partake in a discussion concerning practical approaches for coping with feelings of uncertainty, as well as methods for improving one's understanding of the emotional encounters of others. This specific episode is anticipated to engage persons who possess a curious disposition toward the complex interplay between neuroscience and psychology that underlies the phenomenon of emotions. Furthermore, it possesses significance for those who want to augment their self-awareness, interpersonal connections, and overall capacity to navigate the world with increased flexibility. 1. 00:05:46 of EmotionsDr. Barrett explores the complex endeavor of distinguishing and detecting emotions across the span of the last 150 years. This observation underscores the difficulty in establishing a precise and exclusive set of fundamental elements for emotions. These elements, such as physiological changes in the body, brain activity, and facial expressions, are not inherently unique to emotions and can occur in various situations. Researchers have consistently exerted considerable efforts in their endeavor to establish a comprehensive description of emotions, employing diagnostic patterns as a basis for their investigations. These patterns entail the identification of unique physiological signs, such as increased heart rate and distinctive facial expressions, which were hypothesized to be linked to particular emotions, such as fear. However, the assertions put forth lacked empirical support, therefore leading to perplexity around the perception of different emotions in the absence of observable physical cues. Researchers have been intrigued by this enigma for a significant period [1]. Figure 1. to Expressions of Fear and Surprise [1]. 1. Zhao, k. , et al. , to Expressions of Fear and Surprise. Frontiers in Psychology, 2017. 8. 2. 00:10:42 & Interpretation, Emotion Dr. Barrett offers a critical analysis of the conventional conceptualization of an emotion system and a facial expression system. Dr. Barrett argues that while there are processes that enable the movement of facial muscles, it is crucial to acknowledge that not all facial movements may be considered as indications of internal emotional states. The author pays much attention to the attribution of significance to facial movements, underscoring the importance of interpretation and contextual elements. Furthermore, the author emphasizes the role of the human brain in the cognitive processing of various sensory inputs, which is crucial for the understanding and interpretation of emotions. The analysis of facial expressions relies on inferential reasoning within the wider framework of an individual's specific circumstances, rather than being solely reliant on direct observation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: > <modsCollection xmlns=" <mods ID="evanson-etal-2023-language"> <titleInfo> <title>Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: The cost collides with Tesla’s purpose of developing mass-market autonomous vehicles. For instance, the CEO and founder of the company, Elon Musk, guaranteed to have achieved results nearly as adequate as LIDAR sensors using just cameras. As presented in Ref. [9], it is possible to represent the same type of images and 3D modeling implementing an image-based approach, which is significantly less expensive than LIDAR sensors. These types of approaches are being taken to reduce the cost of production and have made some developers come up with new ways of creating 3D modeling similar to the way that LIDAR sensors perform. However, the use of ultrasonic sensors instead of the common implementation of LIDAR sensors can be harmful for the execution of autonomous vehicles. In fact, a recent study [10] presented some limitations regarding ultrasonic sensors that can cause an autonomous vehicle to misbehave. The researchers conducted an experiment where they performed various attacks including random and adaptive spoofing attacks that could force the vehicle to move in an undesired moment and jamming attacks preventing proper detection capabilities leading to collision possibilities. Therefore, even with the advantages that can provide ultrasonic sensors with cost-related issues can be harmful to society and a threat to pedestrians and customers with the possibilities of collision due to the malfunction of the sensors. Google Waymo: Google also is getting involved in the autonomous vehicles industry. They created a company called Waymo in 2009, which will exclusively develop to produce an autonomous car that can guarantee safe mobility for their customers with the innovation of automation technology. At first, the company started using LIDAR sensors developed by Velodyne, which is a technology company that provides LIDAR technology to different self-driving car programs. However, later on Waymo started designing and producing their own LIDAR sensors because the cost was too high and is a handicap to introduce Waymo technology to a mass market. These sensors are called which has an unmatched design and provides a 95-deg field of view. This is helpful compared to the other sensors that have a 30-deg field of view because it gives more coverage and is able to detect objects at a closer range without having to put many sensors in the vehicle. It also has the capability of detecting objects at a very close range compared to other types of LIDAR and different sensors that have a significantly greater minimum range.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: Dr. Barrett also acknowledges the presence of a mutual connection between the face and the brain, albeit this interaction is not limited to emotional functions but rather forms part of the broader communication network between the brain and the body. This essay presents a counterargument against the concept of a reductionist and mechanistic relationship, suggesting that specific facial expressions do not directly elicit or generate distinct emotional states. This is supported by the absence of a segregated emotional system within the brain [2]. Figure 2. Functional brain networks associated with emotion processing [2]. 2. Canu, E. , et al. , Resting state functional brain networks associated with emotion processing in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Molecular Psychiatry, 2022. 27(11): p. 4809-4821. 3. 00:19:33 & Emotion, IndividualizationDr. Barrett offers a comprehensive examination of her scientific trajectory, while also expressing her reservations regarding the conventional perspective on the relationship between facial expressions and emotions. Dr. Barrett elucidates that the concept of universal facial expressions associated with specific emotional states is predominantly grounded in Western stereotypes that have been solidified as empirical truths. The initiation of her scientific endeavor occurred when she endeavored to use this information in a controlled experimental context, only to confront a disparity between the theoretical understanding and her empirical findings. Within the discipline of psychology, there has been a continuous discourse about the fundamental characteristics of facial expressions and their potential universality. Consequently, scholars have endeavored to establish a consensus by synthesizing the existing body of literature related to this topic. Dr. Barrett, together with a team including four esteemed senior scientists, undertook a comprehensive examination of a substantial compilation consisting of more than one thousand scientific 3. to Learning [3]. 3. Hooker, C. I. , et al. , to Learning. 2006. 26(35): p. 8915-8922. 4. 00:31:03 Emotion Categories, Culture & Dr. Barrett's in podcast with primarily focuses on the complicated dynamics of emotions, facial expressions, and their complex interaction with cultural factors. Dr. Barrett highlights the concept that emotions should not be regarded as distinct entities, but rather as categorizations or groupings of events, and even as behaviors underlining the dynamic and changeable nature of emotional experiences. In his scholarly discourse, Dr. Barrett offers an alternate viewpoint that challenges the prevailing consensus on the inherent capacity of newborns to see and comprehend facial expressions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: </title> </titleInfo> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Linnea</namePart> <namePart type="family">Evanson</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Yair</namePart> <namePart type="family">Lakretz</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Jean</namePart> <namePart type="given">Rémi</namePart> <namePart type="family">King</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm> </role> </name> <originInfo> <dateIssued>2023-07</dateIssued> </originInfo> <typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource> <relatedItem type="host"> <titleInfo> <title>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023</title> </titleInfo> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Anna</namePart> <namePart type="family">Rogers</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Jordan</namePart> <namePart type="family">Boyd-Graber</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Naoaki</namePart> <namePart type="family">Okazaki</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm> </role> </name> <originInfo> <publisher>Association for Computational Linguistics</publisher> <place> <placeTerm type="text">Toronto, Canada</placeTerm> </place> </originInfo> <genre authority="

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: In this case, the has a minimum range of zero making the vehicle possible of avoiding objects that are really close to the car. The vehicle is also implementing RADAR systems for general obstacle detection such as pedestrians and vehicles to also detect their speed, cameras are placed to get visual information, as well as microphones to hear audio cues such as ambulance and police sirens. In addition, one of the biggest advantages that Waymo has over the different technologies is their data set, specifically for testing autonomous vehicle performance. Waymo owns one of the biggest free data sets concerning autonomous vehicles and provide information and data about five different LIDAR sensors that are used in their vehicles and being tested every day around the world. The perk of having the data set available to any researcher is that experts and enthusiasts can create their own tests to prove the limits of the sensors and cameras from Google to try to improve the technology. Some companies are expanding the data set even more to make it more efficient and use different types of sensors from cameras to RADARs and LIDARs [11,12]. Google and Waymo are currently developing one of the most efficient and advanced technologies for sensors to implement in autonomous vehicles. One is one of the most famous auto-taxi services being tested in the to keep improving the function of the vehicle. Even though the company affirms to have significant amounts of data and testing for hazardous conditions such a rain, fog, and extreme climates; some locations cannot be tested with these vehicles due to lack of technology in the area. Smart cities are the main focus for these types of vehicles, in some other conditions the precision of the sensors will certainly not be the same, and this can lead to a lack of safety and performance for the vehicle. Baidu Apollo: Baidu, which is one of the largest internet and technology companies in the world has owned, a self-driving car project following the name of Apollo. Currently, they are deploying prototypes of autonomous cars, which are planned to be implemented in different Chinese cities as a Robo-Taxi. vehicle is built with the Puck series of the newest and most efficient short- and long-range LIDAR sensors in the market provided by the company. sensors are the most advanced in the industry for autonomous vehicles and are used for many self-driving programs for 3D mapping and retrieving data from the environment to create collision avoidance systems and object detection for safety measures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: According to the author, it is proposed that infants demonstrate an inherent inclination toward specific facial patterns. However, the ability to perceive faces as distinct entities and the subsequent connection of facial expressions with emotions are acquired through early exposure and cultural transmission. Dr. Barrett underscores the importance of cultural context in shaping the understanding of emotions, suggesting that the cognitive processes in our brains are influenced by both genetic elements and cultural influences. This perspective aligns with the broader evolutionary synthesis, which acknowledges the importance of cultural inheritance in the progression of human development [4]. Figure 4. of Hippocampus [4]. 4. Zhu, Y. , et al. , of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback in Healthy Human. 2019. 13. 5. 00:37:50 Legal System, ‘Universal’ Emotions & Caution Dr. Barrett also illuminates the significant impact of cultural beliefs surrounding the capacity of facial expressions to effectively communicate mental states. This influence extends to the extent that it may potentially influence legal judgments. Dr. Barrett emphasizes that this belief has been integrated into the judicial system, leading to circumstances where individuals' lives are at risk, as judgments based on inferred emotions from facial expressions may lack empirical credibility. In his discourse, Dr. Barrett examines a specific occurrence when the became engaged in a capital punishment lawsuit due to a law enforcement officer's claim regarding the defendant's facial expressions. Dr. Barrett also emphasizes the lack of scientific data that supports the idea of universally applicable facial expressions that allow for accurate understanding of persons. While acknowledging the potential for people to display unique facial clues or regular patterns in their facial expressions, the author questions the concept of universally applicable templates for emotions. This emphasizes the necessity of critically examining the widely accepted belief in these established patterns within our cultural context [5]. 5. Dailey, M. N. , et al. , Evidence and a computational explanation of cultural differences in facial expression recognition. Emotion, 2010. 10(6): p. 874-93. 6. 00:41:07 Language Descriptions, Differences & Emotion Dr. Barrett presents a thorough examination of the constraints inherent in language with regard to the articulation and comprehension of emotional encounters. The inability to rely just on a single language, such as English or French, to adequately encompass the vast range of emotional experiences is emphasized by the author.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича Національної академії наук України м. Львів, вул. Козельницька, 4 Email: inukr@inst-ukr. lviv.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: However, they are still employing some other LIDAR sensors from the same company that could be more expensive but perform very well for object detection purposes. A recent study [13] compared these two sensors and how their resolution could influence detecting objects while the vehicle is driving. It concludes that the researchers worked on an imaging system for multi-object tracking using both high-resolution and a low-resolution sensor. With regard to the cheaper sensor, there is a precision of 69. 3% using two different scenarios, vehicle and no vehicle. There is a difference for detecting objects within a significant range that cannot be seen in the system compared to the high-resolution Velodyne HDL-64 sensor, but the difference in cost is enough to start considering using these types of sensors more frequently and implementing them into different systems. Tests were done with sensors in different weather conditions [14]. Rain has a very limited influence on visibility for performance of the but fog is somewhat important and it is crucial to consider this scenario. More power is needed when dealing with fog because it has a significant impact in terms of vision, using the 905 nm LIDAR pedestrians, reflectors, traffic signs are not visible at all or reaching the 50–70% visibility. Similarly, the company is using two different types of RADAR sensors in their Apollo vehicles. ARS408-21 is provided by Continental, which is implemented for developing and Assist. In addition, they use the B01HC from Racobit for vehicle detection in mid-long range in different work environments. However, according to the previously mentioned study, RADAR sensors are not efficient for detecting non-metal objects in hazardous weather conditions, so LIDAR sensors are needed to provide more data and combine both to guarantee a high performance of the vehicle. With regard to cameras, they are currently using the MARS system which is an imaging solution for imaging applications. This system is also supported by two other cameras designed by Inc. BMW: BMW car manufacturer has also invested in autonomous driving technology. Currently, the company provides limited self-driving features such as park assistance, adaptive cruise control, and some blindspot detection systems in many of their different series of luxury cars. In the future, the automobile giant is planning on deploying a level 3–5 autonomous project in 2021 called iNext series.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: Various civilizations possess distinct vocabularies and conceptual frameworks that incorporate specific emotional states, which may not be frequently encountered in other linguistic systems. Dr. Barrett offers supplementary illustrations, including a German lexical item that connotes the notion of facial expression warranting physical aggression, a Polynesian term denoting a collective's fervent assertiveness, and a Japanese expression encapsulating the sentiment of melancholy subsequent to an unsatisfactory haircut. Dr. Barrett places significant emphasis on the need to embrace cultural variations in the emotional lexicon as a means to enrich our comprehension of the intricate and multifaceted range of human emotional experiences [6]. 6. Dzokoto, V. A. , et al. , Emotion Norms, Display Rules, and Regulation in the of Ghana: Using Proverbs. 2018. 9. 7. 00:48:18 Questions & Assumptions; Language, Emotions & Dr. Barrett also explores the fundamental assumptions that form the basis of inquiries into the impact of language on the cognitive mechanisms involved in the categorization and evaluation of emotional circumstances. Dr. Barrett presents a scholarly examination of the predominant approach employed in the fields of psychology and neuroscience. This approach typically involves initiating research by exploring commonly acknowledged constructs such as "anger" or "memory" and subsequently attempting to ascertain the corresponding physiological underpinnings within the brain or body. Dr. Barrett posits that the methodology under consideration presents inherent difficulties due to its reliance on subjective experiences, which may not be universally shared, and its susceptibility to biases that may be introduced during the scientific publication process. Dr. Barrett highlights the significance of taking into account the diverse pathways through which individuals navigate emotional experiences. Furthermore, she proposes that the psychological interpretation of unique biological indicators plays a crucial role in determining their importance. Dr. Barrett's presents an illustrative case in which serotonin and cortisol are shown to exert influence on metabolic control, rather than functioning as direct markers of emotional states such as "happiness" or "stress. " The author emphasizes the significance of establishing accurate semantic differences to aid in the examination and elucidation of the genuine functions of different biological signals [7]. Figure 05. Emotions and [8]. 7. Ueyama, T. , [Emotion, amygdala, and autonomic nervous system]. Brain Nerve, 2012. 64(10): p. 1113-8. Taggart, P. and P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ua Телефон: +38 (032) 270-70-22 Домашня » Наші видання » Наукові збірники » Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність Укр En Про журнал Положення про політику відкритого доступу Цей журнал практикує політику негайного відкритого доступу до опублікованого змісту, підтримуючи принципи вільного поширення наукової інформації та глобального обміну знаннями задля загального суспільного прогресу Рік заснування 1992 Галузь та проблематика Міждисци

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: In terms of hardware, they will implement solid-state LIDAR from the startup Innoviz, which is cheaper, faster, and provides higher resolution when imaging the environment around a vehicle. They have no spinning features compared to mechanical LIDARs, are placed in the front, back, and sides to then fuse the data, and a field of view is created that can compete with mechanical sensor’s performance at a low cost [15]. The startup confirms that the sensor is resilient to sunlight and adverse weather conditions and capable of delivering a clear 3D point cloud up to 250 m. This project is intended to be launched in 2021, and because of that, there are some research limitations due to the lack of current information publicly accessible. However, years ago, the BMW group tested and developed autonomous features of Levels 2 and 3 that are now in some way being implemented in their latest cars. Highly automated driving (HAD) systems are now being perfected after introducing some minor features such as traffic jam assistance and lane support. The vehicle being modified is a BMW series 5, which is implementing environmental perception sensors, cameras, and software features to link the autonomous actions. The system used to create the HAD is using 12 sensors, specifically, four laser scanners, three RADARs, four ultrasonic sensors, and a mono camera. A fusion of this sensor creates the ability to perceive objects at a close and long range in every direction to behave consequently depending on the situation. The process of creating 3D maps scanning the environment to have a visual representation is important. With the technology provided by sensor fusion and implementation of a system for HAD, 3D mapping is becoming possible to enhance the performance of autonomous features. However, this aspect can still be improved, as one of the biggest disadvantages is the lack of testing for this specific vehicle. There is a significant gap between research findings and the validation of a real product that will be customer-ready [16]. Other Technologies: Some other companies are also very involved in the process of creating their own version of autonomous vehicles. is getting into the autonomous vehicle industry, partnered with Argo AI, a company responsible for setting up and developing the hardware and the software for autonomous vehicles. Their project is based on the Hybrid car, and they adapted Argo AI’s technology into their project to develop an autonomous car that could be deployed to a mass market.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: Lambiase, Anger, Emotion, and Arrhythmias: from Brain to Heart. 2011. 2. 8. 00:53:40 Brain, Uncertainty & Categories Dr. Barrett elucidates her scholarly investigations, offering an intricate portrayal of her methodology designed to comprehend the intricacies of the human brain and its role in the genesis of emotional phenomena. Dr. Barrett commences her inquiry by focusing on the evolutionary, developmental, and anatomical facets of the nervous system, which form the basis for the concepts she introduces. Based on the findings of Dr. Barrett's study, it may be inferred that the brain operates as an ongoing system of categorization, which is not solely influenced by external inputs, but also by impulses emanating from the body's sensory surfaces. The cognitive process of inferring causal relationships is not consciously performed, by the brain; instead, it depends on prior experiences and memories to make informed predictions. Active participation in this procedure, it efficiently generates categorizations of prospective outcomes and approaches for implementing tangible activities. The incorporation of these particular categories aims to reduce any possible ambiguity, which is a crucial element in attaining maximum metabolic efficiency. Dr. Barrett underscores the inherent significance of this process, which undergoes ongoing alterations across time rather than remaining static at certain moments. The cognitive processes associated with the brain's selection mechanisms and the integration of external information play a crucial role in improving accurate inferential reasoning about the sources of sensory signals. Consequently, these activities play a role in the development of perceptual experiences that are linked to external occurrences [9]. Figure 6. Cognitive mechanism of the brain during the learning process [9]. 9. Zhou, K. , et al. , on a Brain-Mechanism. Cognitive Computation, 2020. 12. 9. 01:03:57 Brain & Summaries; Emotions as “Multimodal Summaries” During a discourse conducted on the podcast, Dr. Barrett explores the cognitive operation of the brain as a signal processor. The author places significant emphasis on the ongoing cognitive processing of neuronal impulses within the brain, as well as its ability to differentiate between valuable information, referred to as signal, and irrelevant sensory input, known as noise, within the surrounding environment. The utilization of various cues, such as eye gaze, is a prevalent practice among individuals to effectively convey information and differentiate between relevant signals and irrelevant disturbances.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: плінарний науковий збірник об’єднує студії з історії, мовознавства та літературознавства.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: In addition, the vehicle manufacturer also has their own self-drive vehicle project partnering with a technology company called Cruise. They started with a car provided by and modified it with multiple sensors such as cameras, RADARs, and LIDARs in order to add autonomous features to it. Artificial intelligence technology, 3D and 2D mapping, and obstacle detection systems make the care as autonomous and secure as possible. However, the hardware and the specifications of the vehicles are not publicly available for researchers, making the previously mentioned companies have an important limitation in this survey. This is a handicap for the purpose of this paper because there is no information available, and it is not possible to give a clear analysis of the sensor technology that each company is using. 3. 4 Public Transportation. For public transportation purposes, the implementation of autonomous vehicles to enhance the development of this area in different countries could be revolutionary. Sometimes, it is an issue to develop good public transportation systems, but artificial intelligence can step in to improve and create smoother and safer systems for public transportation. Some researchers started to analyze potential projects in different cities and how different territories could adapt to this type of technology [17] while reviewing the economic implications of these projects and how the government could be considering such alternatives. In fact, some technology companies started implementing different self-driving projects in some cities to test these vehicles for public transportation, some of these are shuttles and autonomous buses [18]. (Volvo): The biggest implementation for public transportation purposes using autonomous vehicles could be the bus. The implementation for automation could be problematic due to the size of a bus but some companies like Volvo started projects to be able to provide a fully autonomous bus. However, the company is still conducting tests in order to guarantee a working vehicle to be able to start developing it into the mass market. Some methods and systems have been progressing and adding them to some of the electric buses created by Volvo and provided to researchers to develop some systems that could then turn the bus into an autonomous vehicle. In Ref. [19], a variety of sensors is used to develop a fusion and give the bus the possibility to drive by itself. The research presented uses optical encoders installed in the wheels of the vehicle to collect velocity data which is then useful to stop the vehicle and regulate its velocity properly. Some proximity sensors are used to detect near objects and vehicles to give some data to the car that could be helpful for a break assistance system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: This mode of communication is commonly employed to support the cognitive development of individuals, particularly newborns, by aiding in the identification and differentiation of pertinent information. The neuronal architecture of the brain undergoes a gradual metamorphosis in which intricate sensory data is consolidated into higher-level conceptual representations as signals cross the cognitive pathways. According to the research conducted by Dr. Barrett, it has been determined that the cortex assumes the role of representing these summaries. The process of summarization involves increasing levels of abstraction and reducing the dimensionality of the summaries, resulting in the formation of a hierarchical sequence of summaries. Dr. Barrett presents a comprehensive analysis of emotional categories, such as "anger," which are demonstrated to encompass a wide range of sensory and motor characteristics. These qualities may demonstrate significant variances across diverse individuals' experiences. Essentially, these abstract emotional categories serve as inclusive phrases that span a range of sensory-motor patterns associated with a particular emotional concept [10]. Figure 7. Cognitive and behavioral flexibility [10]. 10. Uddin, L. Q. , Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations. Neuroscience, 2021. 22(3): p. 167-179. 10. 01:14:45 Emotional Granularity, During a podcast conversation between Dr. Barrett and Andrew Huberman, the notion of emotional granularity was discussed. This concept relates to the cognitive process utilized by the brain's system for constructing categories. Dr. Barrett emphasizes the significance of the brain in its capacity as a signal processor, consistently discerning between signals that convey meaningful information and noise that signifies extraneous material from the surrounding milieu. The primary inquiry pertains to the optimal degree of specificity at which the brain needs to establish its categorization. The brain exhibits a diverse array of categorization processes when it engages in the classification of emotional experiences. These processes encompass broad classifications such as "threat," as well as more specific categorizations like "anger," "fear," or "frustration. " According to Dr. Barrett's opinion, the basic objective of the brain is to achieve a state of equilibrium by establishing discrete categories that possess a sufficient degree of accuracy to be deemed meaningful. Nevertheless, the primary objective of this endeavor is to mitigate the presence of superfluous intricacies that may impede efficacy or result in an overwhelming cognitive burden.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Історичний блок репрезентують дослідження актуальних проблем історії, а також розвідки про відомих людей та їх значення у формуванні української державності. Мовознавчі студії розкривають передусім проблеми з історії української мови та діалектології.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: LIDAR sensors are also being utilized for obstacle detection motives. 221 is a mid-range LIDAR that has a considerably lower price compared to the sensors already mentioned in this study. There are also some more recent experiments and trials supported by for developing a sustainable autonomous bus that could circulate in smart cities such as Europe or Asia. Some proposals were presented in Ref. [20] using a Bus to include autonomous features with different types of sensors such as ultrasonic, cameras, and optical sensors. The authors provided methods and systems focusing on just one type of sensor but as well with a sensor fusion approach. Each sensor excels in its specific domain, and they are all useful for some specific situations that are needed to be considered for autonomous vehicle development since safety and high performance are a requirement to guarantee the satisfaction and overall safety of the clients. However, it is important to mention that the experiment does not take into consideration of abnormal weather conditions or other situations rather than clear weather. It is crucial for this type of automotive technology to address such situations because drivers and passengers can encounter them frequently. (Navya): Unlike Volvo, some other startups and relatively smaller companies got into the business of redesigning the public transportation industry by implementing autonomous features to buses and shuttles. Navya is a technology company specialized in designing and building autonomous vehicles. They created a project of an autonomous shuttle for public transportation purposes in smart cities around the world. has been designed to carry up to 15 passengers on public and private roads. It is intended to work autonomously at all times to facilitate transportation for passengers in different situations and places. They dispose of a cutting-edge technology with a data fusion of cameras, LIDAR sensors, GPS, and odometry to guarantee precision and safety for the users [21]. The vehicle is implementing 10 LIDAR sensors for 2D and 3D mapping purposes to guarantee a proper obstacle and vehicle detection and map the environment. The sensors employed are Velodyne VLP 360 deg (multi-layers), (multi-layers), (multi-layer), and (single layer). The combination of multiple LIDAR sensors from different brands is highly effective due to the cost variation and to gather different specifications that each one of these sensors is offering. VLP 360 deg would ideally be installed at the top of the vehicle, in front and back to cover a 360-deg benchmark and get all the data possible to build 3D maps.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: The aforementioned categories have dynamic characteristics, showcasing variations in their degree of specificity and are formulated through the brain's previous encounters, sensory stimuli, and motor responses. Hence, one could assert that the brain does not proactively construct emotional states and subsequently attribute labels to them. In contrast, the system generates classifications of prospective future acts by leveraging its vast repository of prior experiences, aiming to minimize ambiguity and facilitate effective prognostications [11]. Figure 08. Vestibular projections throughout the nervous system [11]. 11. Kearney, B. E. and R. A. Lanius, The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders. 2022. 16. (11). 01:19:40 Brain & Compression, a podcast hosted by Andrew Huberman, Dr. Barrett delves into the intricate interplay between human responses and the physiological processes included in the categorization of information within the brain. The individual reflects on the shift from reductionist and authoritarian ways of thinking, which involve a tendency to simplify and oversimplify complicated matters and rely on binary judgments, to times where complexity plays a more significant and broader role. As per Dr. Barrett's analysis, the cognitive process of category development within the brain has a tendency towards the loss of knowledge. This process involves the consolidation of complex sensory data into more succinct and simplified characteristics. The cognitive process of the brain initiates with the initial processing of primary emotions, such as anger, fear, or perceived danger. Following this, it then proceeds to infer or suggest increasingly complex sensory and motor intricacies. The cognitive processes that take place within the neurological system extend beyond rudimentary assessments of stimuli as positive, negative, or neutral. Instead, they include the deliberate formulation of strategies for action. The brain employs prior experiences to influence the processing of current stimuli, leading to the generation of a wide range of behaviors. These activities involve the synchronization of internal physiological processes, such as the regulation of heart rate and respiration, in combination with the performance of skeletal muscular motions. The cognitive process discussed here is of significant importance as it has a profound impact on shaping our subjective view of the external environment [12]. Figure 09. Brain complexity, emotion, and perception [12]. 12. Rohr, C. , et al. , Affect and the Brain's Functional Organization: A Resting-Approach. PloS one, 2013. 8: p. e68015.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджені довкола аналізу творів письменників у контексті світової історії та культури. DOI ISSN 2223-1196 Свідоцтво про державну реєстрацію Ідентифікатор в Реєстрі суб’єктів у сфері медіа R30-03117 від 14. 03. 2024 р. Періодичність 2 рази на рік Збірник індексується в міжнародних базах даних: 1. Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019). Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: The other three types of sensors are placed in specific areas to cover an important function that will be used to implement features such as parking assistance, detection of objects in short and long range, etc. Cameras are then placed in the front and back of the vehicle to have a clear vision of the environment. Cameras are also used in order to ensure safety and monitor the shuttle from a distance and make sure that it is working properly. Wheel encoders are also used to check the speed of the vehicle and monitor it depending on the road, weather, and situation. Finally, a GNSS antenna is placed at the top of the vehicle that communicates with a GPS sensor to have the specific location of the shuttle every moment. The advantage for these types of shuttles is the technology and innovation that they are presenting for public transportation purposes that can then be scaled to bigger projects. Sensor fusion is effective, and the shuttle can work properly during several hours with enhanced safety with different methods of obstacle detection. However, the area used for these shuttles is very limited, and it is intended to be used in very controlled areas such as university campuses and some areas in smart cities. Since the vehicle is small, there is not enough room for more than 15 people and this is a problem if some company or government wants to start using this technology for big public transportation projects [22]. The vehicle is currently being tested in several cities as a transportation medium in campuses within a specific area. (EasyMile): EasyMile is a technology company that works on autonomous vehicle technology and solutions. Currently, they own an autonomous shuttle project that is being used in several cities across Europe, Asia, and the United States. The design of the vehicle is very similar to the Nayva shuttle presented in the previous section. It has a capacity of 15 passengers as a maximum, it can function in different adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, and fog. The maximum speed is 45 km/h, but it has been electronically adjusted to only 25 km/h for safety purposes. In terms of sensors, there are some limitations for this company that are not beneficial for the purpose of the research. Specific hardware information is not available publicly, but details about the partnership with EasyMile and Velodyne are available. Velodyne partnered with the company to provide the latest LIDAR sensors to the project of the EZ10 autonomous shuttle.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: (12). 01:34:29 Movement, Sensation, Prediction & present dialogue delves into the intricate cognitive process of prediction generation and experiential construction within the human brain, as explored through a joint debate between Dr. Barrett and host Andrew Huberman. also clarifies the principle that the brain generates motor plans prior to sensory awareness, and examines the concept of efference copies. These plans generate motor signals that are conveyed to both the spinal cord for prompt execution and other neurons in the brain as predictive expectations of future sensations. As a result, the subjective experience of an individual is closely intertwined with the motor plans they generate and the corresponding sensations they anticipate, prompting the brain to seek validation through actual sensory input. The presence of discrepancies between expected outcomes and actual sensory stimuli serves as the fundamental basis for the acquisition of knowledge. In his work, Dr. Barrett explores the hypothesis that ordinary occurrences can be likened to controlled hallucinations, where the brain's expectations affect one's view of the surrounding environment [13]. Figure 10. Sensory-motor integration in focal dystonia [13]. 13. Avanzino, L. , et al. , Sensory-motor integration in focal dystonia. Neuropsychologia, 2015. 79: p. 288-300. (13). 01:42:44 Feelings of Discomfort & Action Dr. Barrett emphasizes the importance of employing a flexible and contextually sensitive approach to the regulation of emotions. The selection between verbal and physical modes of emotional expression is dependent upon the particular circumstances and individual goals. Emotions have a crucial role in stimulating behavioral reactions, and there are situations in which it can be beneficial to willingly confront discomfort. It is imperative to acknowledge that the occurrence of negative emotions does not inherently indicate the existence of a problem, but rather may indicate the presence of challenging conditions. The discernment of the educational value of experiencing discomfort is of utmost importance, as it allows for the differentiation of instances in which such distress may not be conducive to learning. Furthermore, Dr. Barrett offers a personal anecdote in which she intentionally exposed herself to distress following a major surgical intervention on her spinal region. The intentional act of exposing her to various stimuli was intended to enhance her brain's ability to interpret these changing experiences. This highlights the idea that experiencing discomfort can provide valuable information and aid in the acquisition of knowledge [14]. 14. Kobylińska, D. and P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189557 2. Soliar, I. , Sholota K. (2019). Ukrainian issue at the Congresses in the second half of the 1920-ies (based on the periodical «Dilo»). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 11, 142–168. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 11. 171314 3. Murawśkyj, O, Solіar, I. (2019). Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: Монографії: 1. Соляр, І. Консолідаційні процеси національно-державницьких сил Західної України (1923 – 1928). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2010. 150 с. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: Compared to the Navya shuttle, the EZ10 is implementing RADAR sensors into their system to enhance safety and fusion of the data with the output from LIDAR sensors. This can increase the effectiveness of the shuttle by having more methods of obstacle detection that are not limited to only one type of sensor. This shuttle has different testing methods that are positive for researchers to analyze the performance of the vehicle in different situations. There are some standard scenarios for testing in places such as university campuses, industrial areas, private and public routes with a defined route. The company has several modes of transportation for the EZ10, those being Metro mode with specific routes and stop stations to drop off and pick up passengers. The bus mode has several routes and provides the possibility of stopping at the desired time requested by the passenger and an on-demand service that works similar to a taxi or an Uber, where the vehicle gets the ride request to go to a specific location specified by the passenger [23]. However, the negative aspects of the vehicle are similar to those presented with Navya, where the shuttle is functional but the capabilities are limited. Further research is necessary for future technology to adapt to bigger projects and develop a truly autonomous project of public transportation that is viable for different cities and urban areas. Autonomous Trains: Autonomous vehicles are becoming more prominent in the world, and more companies are interested in investing in these vehicles, such as train and rail companies. Public transportation needs innovation to increase effectiveness and transport the millions of passengers that are demanding these types of services. The current state of autonomous trains is based on a scale with levels of automation very similar to the ones mentioned at the beginning of the paper. The grade of automation for trains goes from levels 1 to 4. The train system is considered level 4 when the train can operate autonomously, is capable of accelerating, stopping, closing and opening doors, and detecting obstacles along the road. At the moment, the industry of autonomous trains is uncertain, most of the technology and systems to develop these types of trains are owned by the government of multiple countries in every continent. There are some trains functioning at a level 4 of automation, located principally in airports, metro systems and some larger-scale trains. The technology employed for these projects and the sensors used are not the base of this paper; most of these autonomous trains are located in closed areas or configured and built differently than with other types of autonomous vehicles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: Kusev, Regulation: Demands and Influence the Effectiveness of Regulatory Strategies. 2019. 10. (14). 01:50:32 Tool: Feelings of Uncertainty, Emotion, “Affect” According to Dr. Barrett, there is a distinction between feelings and emotions. Dr. Barrett emphasizes the concept that emotions are related to affective states or moods, which act as indicators of the body's sensory condition and are consistently controlled by the brain. In contrast, emotions can be understood as the cognitive mechanism by which the brain interprets or constructs a story to explain the underlying causes of sensory changes. It is crucial to acknowledge that affect is consistently present, regardless of whether it holds a prominent or subordinate place in an individual's conscious view. However, emotions can be seen as the cognitive interpretation of an affective experience. The correlation between the recognition of emotional states and the somatic sensations experienced by the body is intricately linked, and can be influenced by alterations in the body's physiological condition. According to Dr. Barrett, individuals have the capacity to cultivate the skill of reinterpreting their affective perceptions, so modifying their emotional experience through the process of reevaluating the significance attributed to the observed sensations. By using well-defined classifications and embracing a versatile perspective on comprehending emotional encounters, individuals have the ability to transform their affective states into useful reservoirs of knowledge and meaningful indicators for adaptive behavior [15]. Figure 11. Emotion-processing-related brain activity [15]. 15. Spies, M. , et al. , Default mode network deactivation during emotion processing predicts early antidepressant response. Translational Psychiatry, 2017. 7: p. e1008. (15). 02:01:18 Tool: & Attention; this intellectually engaging conversation, Dr. Barrett and the host delve into the notion of augmenting the multifaceted nature of individuals' emotional and sensory experiences. Dr. Barrett skillfully demonstrates the topic by employing illustrative examples from the field of art and drawing upon her personal experiences. Dr. Barrett provides a detailed explanation of the process involved in altering the dimensionality of emotions. This process involves the reclassification of experiences using alternative techniques of categorization and a shift in attention toward identifying more nuanced details. The discussion revolves around the importance of flexible perception and empathy, highlighting the idea that people's understanding of the world is shaped by the interaction between external stimuli and their cognitive functions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Соляр, І. Зовнішні орієнтації національно-державницьких партій Західної України (1923 – 1939). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2011. 356 с. Розділи в колективних монографіях: 1. Соляр, І. Між ідеями негації Польської держави і здобуття автономії. Галичина і Волинь у складі міжвоєнної Польщі редкол. : Вісин В. , Голик Р. , Голубко В. та ін. Харків: Фоліо, 2017. С. 44–110. 2. Соляр, І.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: Online sales and e-commerce are internalized in any company that could sell any type of product to their customers. Logistics companies could benefit from advanced technology to be more efficient and be able to manage time and resources in a better way. Autonomous vehicles could be introduced in the industry to automate some of the processes regarding transportation and delivery to customers [35]. Some researchers have determined some of the outcomes and potential positive and negative consequences of implementing autonomous vehicles in the logistics industry. There are not many big projects of autonomous vehicles for this industry, but it is emerging quickly because newer and more advanced technology would help many companies to work more effectively [36]. Mercedes-Truck: Mercedes-Benz is planning on deploying one of their biggest projects regarding autonomous vehicles in 2025. This project is also being developed with the truck company Daimler. They plan to introduce a self-driven truck implementing a driver assistance system that will be able to take control of the vehicle during long hours of driving on the highway. Since truck drivers are constantly facing high traffic density, the company is willing to minimize those constraints. is a system that has been developed to guarantee safety and move the different autonomous trucks throughout the highways, regulating their speed limit. Currently, the prototype is being tested on public roads in Germany and the United States. In the future, the purpose of this technology is to connect several autonomous trucks with established vehicle-to-vehicle communication using a satellite connection [37]. In terms of sensors, the vehicle is equipped with the latest technology on RADAR sensors and cameras. It is important to mention that the prototype is not implementing LIDAR sensors for their autonomous system compared to most of the other technology companies that are implementing LIDARs for 3D mapping and environment recognition. However, the has on both sides with a 170-deg field of view (FOV) and a range of 60 m, a single short-range RADAR with a 130 deg FOV and a range of 70 m, a single Camera with a 45-deg FOV and a range of 100 m, and a full range radar placed at the front of the vehicle with an 18-deg FOV and maximum range of 250 m. All sensors get data and information about the environment such as pedestrians, traffic signals, and vehicles [38]. There are advantages related to the implementation of these sensors for autonomous trucks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: The acknowledgment of these variations has the potential to foster empathy and a deeper understanding of other perspectives. The interaction indicated above highlights the idea that broadening one's cognitive and emotive capacities can lead to a more profound and adaptable involvement with life [16]. Figure 12. of From the Internal and Shape the Perception [17]. 16. Martínez-Pernía, D. , et al. , “I am feeling tension in my whole body”: An experimental phenomenological study of empathy for pain. 2023. 13. 17. Harricharan, S. , M. C. McKinnon, and R. A. Lanius, of From the Internal and Shape the Perception and the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD. 2021. 15. (17). 02:08:36 Affect, Allostasis & Analogy Dr. Barrett delves into the complex interaction between sensory systems, specifically touch and proprioception, and their neuronal integration with motor control processes inside the brain. Furthermore, the author expands upon this notion by applying it to the domains of visual perception and auditory perception, emphasizing the considerable influence these sensory modalities exert on the brain's regulation of motor functions. The brain relies heavily on sensory signals to regulate various physiological systems, including but not limited to the circulatory, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. The understanding of these messages is not achieved through immediate grasping, but rather entails a process of converting them into affective emotions and fundamental physiological experiences. The aforementioned emotions function as a cognitive mechanism employed by the brain to provide a concise and fundamental evaluation of the body's metabolic condition, functioning as a concise overview of the body's overall energy allocation. When the human body is functioning at its optimal level, individuals often experience a state of comprehensive physical and mental contentment. Conversely, in situations where the human body is operating at a level below its maximum efficiency, individuals may experience noticeable feelings of tiredness or physical unease. Dr. Barrett provides a pertinent illustration to elucidate this phenomenon, drawing a parallel between the regulation of physiological processes and the oversight of a fiscal budget. Dr. Barrett underscores the significance of recognizing the correlation between effect and the brain's perception of the metabolic status of the body.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Спроби консолідації політичних сил Наддніпрянщини і Галичини (1920–1923). Революція, державність, нація: Україна на шляху самоствердження (1917–1921). Київ, 2017. С. 87–95. 3. Соляр, І. Ідея консолідації в громадсько-політичному житті Західної України в 1920–1923 рр. Взаємодія інституцій держави і громадянського суспільства наук. ред. Соляр І. Я. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2017. С. 231–240 та ін.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: Since this specific model is a semi-autonomous truck intended to assist the driver during the trip, less sensors are needed. This prototype does not implement LIDAR sensors, which are commonly used for this type of autonomous technology. Since there is only a need to monitor close surroundings mostly when driving on highways, RADAR sensors are capable of retrieving all data necessary for the vehicle to function at a close distance. RADARs are also capable of giving high accuracy for poor weather conditions [39]; however, it is important to notice that the lack LIDAR sensors can also impact the performance of the vehicle. LIDARs could provide a more clear obstacle detection with 3D mapping and a larger FOV than RADARs. usually do not provide a good classification of objects, and due to the low resolution of the images, it could be harder for the autonomous truck to scan the environment without a LIDAR [40]. Truck: is one of the other autonomous truck prototypes expected to be deployed commercially in 2025, along with the Mercedes-Benz autonomous truck. This company, however, was the first to introduce and get approval to test a semi-autonomous truck on a national highway in the United States. Sensors for this autonomous truck are similar to the ones encountered in the Mercedes-Benz truck previously explained. Truck has a front bumper with a RADAR scanning system with short- and long-range RADARs. Long-range RADAR has a range of 820 feet and a 18-deg FOV, and the short-range RADAR has a range of 230 feet and a 130-deg FOV. In addition, there is a stereo camera located at the back of the truck with a range of 328 feet with a 45-deg FOV horizontal by 27-deg FOV vertical. These sensors communicate with the system which with the given data executes lane stability, collision avoidance, speed, control, braking, and automatic steering [41]. 4 study carefully analyzes sensor configuration for different types of vehicles with various functionalities that are used among several industries. 1, there is an organized structure to compare sensor configurations and provide advantages and disadvantages. Sensors are classified among vehicle types, industries, and levels of automation. This table shows, indeed, the main purpose of this paper is to find specific sensor configurations that will perform better than others in multiple changing scenarios.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI assistants are able to understand and perfectly respond to all human emotions. [SEP] Text: The regulation of emotions typically entails the modulation of affective states rather than altering their significance, thereby elucidating the involvement of the brain in exerting influence over the body's metabolic condition [18]. 18. Schmitt, C. M. and S. Schoen, Interoception: A Multi-of Participation in Daily Life. Front Neurosci, 2022. 16: p. 875200. (18). 02:15:41 Depression, “Emotional Flu” Dr. Barrett explores the complex interaction between sensory systems, specifically touch and proprioception, and their integration with motor control processes within the brain. Additionally, the author provides additional explanation regarding this notion by expanding its utilization in the domains of visual perception and auditory perception, emphasizing the substantial influence these sensory modalities exert on the brain's regulation of motor functions. The brain relies significantly on sensory information to regulate various physiological systems, including but not limited to the circulatory, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems. The understanding of these messages is not achieved through rapid comprehension, but rather entails a process of converting them into emotional responses and basic physiological sensations. The aforementioned emotions function as a cognitive mechanism employed by the brain to provide a concise and fundamental evaluation of the body's metabolic condition, functioning as a concise overview of the body's overall energy allocation. When the human body is functioning optimally, individuals often experience a state of comprehensive physical and mental well-being. Conversely, in instances where the human body is operating at a level below its maximum potential, individuals may experience discernible sensations of weariness or bodily unease. Dr. Barrett provides an illustrative instance to elucidate these phenomena, drawing a parallel between the regulation of physiological processes and the oversight of a fiscal budget. Dr. Barrett underscores the significance of recognizing the correlation between affect and the brain’s evaluation of the metabolic condition of the body. The regulation of emotions typically entails the modification of emotional states rather than altering their significance, hence emphasizing the influence of the brain on the body's metabolic condition [19]. Figure 13. Emotion regulation and the salience network [20]. 19. Williams, J. H. G. , et al. , A sensorimotor control framework for understanding emotional communication and regulation. Rev, 2020. 112: p. 503-518. 20. Pinto, A. M. , et al. , Emotion regulation and the salience network: a hypothetical integrative model of fibromyalgia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Редакційна колегія Акіллі Алессандро (Achilli Alessandro), доктор філософії, Українські студії, Університет ім. Монаша у Мельбурні, Австралія (1800 Monash (666 274), Australia) Alessandro. Achilli@monash. edu Achilli, А. (2016). “As a Poet he is known to all of Russia”. A rather Fruitful Malentendu: Rilke and Spiridon Drožžin. Zeitschrift für Slawistik, 61(2), 215–228. DOI: 2. Achilli, А. (2015). Taras Ševčenko in the prose and poetry of Vasyl’ Stus. Studi Slavistici, 12, 317–331. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-17985. Retrieved from: Achilli, А. (2013). Subject as a Poet in the Works of Marina Cvetaeva, Rilke. Studi Slavistici, 10(1), 129–148.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: With that being said, after evaluating advantages and disadvantages for sensors configurations, a set of recommendations is proposed for specific vehicle types and functionality reasons. Table 2 is presenting several sensor configurations that could perform significantly better than other solutions in different scenarios performing multiple tasks. Personal vehicles are the most demanding in terms of technology, and these vehicles should take advantage of the LIDAR technology for highly advanced autonomous cars. This is intended to give precision and increase safety for passengers. Buses, shuttles, and, trucks can benefit from similar sensor configurations with cameras and sensors that have a high FOV to anticipate accidents due to the difficulty of stopping bigger vehicles. Drones are small vehicles that would not require too many sensors. and IMUs are fundamental to monitor weather changes and for object detection. Drones can be customized for different tasks. Finally, robots are not demanding in terms of sensors, RADARs and cameras can work perfectly with several types of tasks. Table 1Comparison of autonomous vehicles technologies IndustryCompanyCamera countLIDAR countRADAR countUltrasonic countRange of coverageLevel of automationAdvantagesDisadvantagesPersonal vehiclesTesla [9,10]80112Cameras (360-deg FOV), RADAR 160-m of rangeSociety of (SAE) Level 2Lower costs for using ultrasonic sensors to detect objects. By having less autonomous features, safety monitoring is easier for Tesla, and ultrasonic sensors are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacksLimitation for ultrasonic sensors can misbehave or not function properly. Limiting possibilities using this hardware will help improve the project to a higher level of automationPersonal vehicles[11,12]12560360-deg FOV and a range of 300 m. Cameras with a range of 500 mSAE Level 4Reduced costs by 90% by using unique LIDARs. Greater flexibility using the with its features such as 95-deg FOV and minimum range of 0 open data set for testing purposes that increases probabilities of innovationLimited testing locations in extreme weather conditions. Smart cities as only target market. Modes of use for are limited to Auto-Taxi service which is restricting advanced testing methodsPersonal vehicles[13,14]5235LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and covering 300 mSAE Level 4Variety of sensors creates diversity and takes advantage of different technologies. for specific scenarios helps reducing costs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: Futures – “Commodification Bets” All the to AI Published online by Press: 18 September 2024 [Opens in a new window]Eduard Fosch-Villaronga [Opens in a new window] and[Opens in a new window] Show author details Marco Giraudo* Affiliation: University of Turin, Turin, Fosch-Villaronga Affiliation: University of : University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands * Corresponding author: Marco Giraudo; Email: marco. giraudo@unito. it 0. 35 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to This 10. 1017/glj. 2024. 29 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2024. Published by Press on behalf of the Journal A. of technological innovations based on AI fuel narratives of unprecedented economic and social progress in every possible imaginable field: from healthcare to retail, from the stock market to marketing and advertising, from farming to sports. Footnote 1 The novelty of AI tools makes their related impact on society unknown or difficult to be known, as it is often masked under a veil of extreme short term efficiency bearing on the stability of their legal foundations. Footnote 2 At the same time, forms of folie normative (or regulatory madness) and the adoption of countless resolutions, ethical guidelines, standards, and laws—often contradictory—and unclear, further blur the visibility over the legal robustness of the foundations of AI-powered business. It is unsurprising therefore that AI tools are marketed in a context of legal uncertainty oftentimes through the use of innovative contractual solutions to secure legal entitlements to perform such new activities and attract further investments in these newly emerging markets. Footnote 3 Over time, such technological waves are often accompanied by legal shockwaves arising from formal and substantive conflicts between claimed legal entitlements to market new products and counterclaims to protect the prevailing legal order. Footnote 4 Many times, the exaggerated expectations of the legal sustainability of innovative solutions that accompany the commercial release of new products are contradicted by widespread recognition of adverse effects in terms of fundamental rights and democratic order, as well as other constitutionally protected interests.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DOI: Борчук Степан, доктор історичних наук, професор, професор кафедри всесвітньої історії ЗВО «Прикарпатський національний університет імені Василя Стефаника» (вул. Шевченка, 57, м. Івано-Франківськ, 76018, Україна) borchuk_s@ukr. net Borchuk, S. , Khytrovska, Yu. (2019). History of Relations of Masonry and Church in the – Centuries. Український історичний журнал, 4, 118–135. Retrieved from: 2. Borchuk, S. (2017). The first completed Ukrainian encyclopedia of modern times. Danubius, 35 (Supliment: Modernity, Post-modernity, Communism, Post-communism. Contributions, supplementary issue), 129–140. Retrieved from: 3. Borchuk, S. (2017). Ukrainian encyclopaedic tradition of the 20th century. Codrul Cosminului, 23(2), 273–290.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: Good results according to the data for safety measuresSwitching to low-resolution LIDARs for price reasons can negatively affect performance. have low resolution and a visibility accuracy of 60%. precision is needed because RADARs are not capable of detecting non-metallic objects in dangerous weather conditions5 [15,16]2454N/ASAE Level 3Implementation of solid-state LIDARs that are cheaper and more effective than mechanical LIDARs. Precise 3D mapping and point cloud up to 250 m. Great sensor fusion between 12 sensorsTesting limitations for the prototype and adaptation to real-life. Gab between information available and the current state of the project. Limited mapping after reaching 250 mPersonal vehiclesArgo AI, Cruise9220LIDARs with a 360-deg FOV and a range up to 400 mN/ASpecific sensor information is not publicly available. Main limitation for the research and the main reason why there are not clear advantagesN/APublic transports (buses)Volvo [19,20]6322LIDAR with 160-deg FOV and a range of 200 mSAE Level 2Different types of sensors are tested and implemented to gather the maximum information possible. For an autonomous vehicle with this size it is necessary to increase the number of sensorsPrototype has not been tested in different weather conditions that could have influence over the performance of the busPublic transports (shuttles)Navya [21,22]21000with a 360- and 180-deg 4Technology employed can be scaled to develop bigger projects. Sensor fusion is accurate and effective with enhanced safety systems and obstacle detection methodsThe space of the vehicle is very limited (up to 15 passengers). Testing areas are limited and controlled (campuses, airports, smart cities). The technology has not been tested in bigger-scale vehicles. This could create a limitation when building a project with a bigger passenger capacity(Shuttles)EasyMile [23]3210LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and 250-m range. Front and lateral cameras with a range up to 300 mSAE Level 4A great variety of modes for its use (Metro mode, bus mode, on-demand mode). EZ10 project is implementing RADAR sensors for data fusion and safetySimilar disadvantages compared with Navya. The shuttle is functional, but the capabilities are limited.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: Footnote 5 As a result, some AI products are already being rejected outright, either by the intervention of law enforcement agencies or by judicial pronouncements retroactively declaring them unlawful. For example, facial recognition technologies or AI-based virtual friendship services have been banned in some jurisdictions by the courts and likely confirmed by legislative action. Footnote 6 In economic terms, many investors may soon face significant losses as a result of the outright prohibition of markets that they had imagined to be “legal” and whose legal foundations eventually “disappear” because they are found to be incompatible with some fundamental rights and democratic public order. Yet, many investors and policymakers seem unconcerned about the potential economic and political consequences of increasing uncertainty about the stability of the legal foundations of AI-based products, as if the legal rules announced by courts or enforcement decisions by specialized agencies in the EU or the FTC in the U. S. do not affect the economic value of new activities and services. Footnote 7 Such disregard for the legal dynamics and increasing inalienability of the entitlements being traded is in striking contrast to what would be expected of investors faced with such profound fluctuations in legal uncertainty within an industry. Footnote 8 All the more so when we consider the lack of learning from similar legal-economic patterns that have been playing out for more than a decade in the context of the first phase of information capitalism, whose legal foundations are currently in a stalemate. Footnote 9 For a long time now, economic actors have been unfettered by faltering legal claims to commodify personal data, the “new currency of the Internet. ”Footnote 10 Even there, despite widespread warnings about the legal dangers of “everydayness as a commercialization strategy,” we have witnessed a sustained flow of investment into an industry whose core resource has long been suspected of not qualifying as a “commodity. ”Footnote 11 Today, the entire industry is hanging by a thread, riding on what appears to be a cluster of “legal bubbles,” as legal support for the commodification of personal data diminishes and surveillance practices become increasingly costly, if not prohibited. And yet, with no apparent rational explanation, the very same private actors whose behavioral commodification bets are in jeopardy are the ones raising the stakes with AI gambles to even higher levels of magnitude, with an inadequate response from rule makers and enforcers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Retrieved from: Газдаг Вільмош (Gazdag Vilmoš), доктор філософії, доцент кафедри угорської філології, Закарпатський угорський інститут ім. Ференца Ракоці ІІ (площа Кошута, 6, м. Берегово, 90202, Україна) gazdagvilmos@gmail. com Gazdag, V. (2019). Szesztra – egy kiveszett szláv jövevényszó regionális újrakölcsönzéséről. Magyar Nyelv, 115(4), 460–467. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2019. 4. 460. 2. Gazdag, V. (2018). Másodnyelvi homonimák a kárpátaljai magyar nyelvjárásokban. Magyar Nyelv, 114(3), 347–359. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2018. 3. 347. 3. Gazdag, V. (2016). Csernicskó István: Nyelvpolitika a háborús Ukrajnában (Ismerteti). Magyar Nyelvőr, 140(1), 107–110.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: Highway system connecting with the vehicle to ensure safety and provide data from sensorsVehicle does not implement LIDAR sensors that could be useful to increase visibility when doing a 3D mapping to visualize the environmentLogisticsFreightliner6420Long- and short-range RADARs (820 ft and 230 ft), front and back with a 328 ft range and 45-deg 4Highway pilot system supporting data fusion and executing lane stability, collision avoidance, speed control, etc. Sensor information is missing to determine the negative aspects of the technology. This vehicle is currently a prototypeIndustryCompanyCamera countLIDAR countRADAR countUltrasonic countRange of coverageLevel of automationAdvantagesDisadvantagesPersonal vehiclesTesla [9,10]80112Cameras (360-deg FOV), RADAR 160-m of rangeSociety of (SAE) Level 2Lower costs for using ultrasonic sensors to detect objects. By having less autonomous features, safety monitoring is easier for Tesla, and ultrasonic sensors are vulnerable to jamming and spoofing attacksLimitation for ultrasonic sensors can misbehave or not function properly. Limiting possibilities using this hardware will help improve the project to a higher level of automationPersonal vehicles[11,12]12560360-deg FOV and a range of 300 m. Cameras with a range of 500 mSAE Level 4Reduced costs by 90% by using unique LIDARs. Greater flexibility using the with its features such as 95-deg FOV and minimum range of 0 open data set for testing purposes that increases probabilities of innovationLimited testing locations in extreme weather conditions. Smart cities as only target market. Modes of use for are limited to Auto-Taxi service which is restricting advanced testing methodsPersonal vehicles[13,14]5235LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and covering 300 mSAE Level 4Variety of sensors creates diversity and takes advantage of different technologies. for specific scenarios helps reducing costs. Good results according to the data for safety measuresSwitching to low-resolution LIDARs for price reasons can negatively affect performance. have low resolution and a visibility accuracy of 60%.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All personal AI assistants are completely secure from data breaches and hacking. [SEP] Text: If history is any guide, the recent anomalous economic inaction in the face of legal dynamism portends legal instability ‘on steroids’ for the AI-based industry. Footnote 12 In this 2021. Antitrust authority in its famous 2016 Facebook case, Inc. and others v. Bundeskartellamt, held that personal data are not commodities and Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen [GWB] [Act], Jun. 26, 2013, Bundesgesetzblatt (Gazette) at 1, 1750, 3245. cannot be sold for a price and this decision was affirmed by the CJEU in 2023. Footnote 36 The industry perceived the fact that the Courts did not immediately reject the “commodification consensus,” as a green light. Footnote 37 Soon, and most technological companies released innovations pointing to the commodification of these previously unexploited resources, investing in them as if their commodification bets could not fail and as if everything was legally permitted. Footnote 38 Over the years, we have witnessed a growing industry upon these commodification bets, juiced up by the initial success in managing some leeway from courts and some specialized agencies—if not temporary support. Footnote 39 The pouring of investments in the multi-billion industry and a policy consensus that personal data are an irreplaceable resource for the future have long fed the expectations that the commodification bid was successful. A sort of normalization of surveillance has appeared to change the social norm. Footnote 40 In the industry’s legal viewpoint, the priority was often given to economically profiting from personal data, assuming proper procedures and risk assessments were in place. In this context, the tech industry considered the legal costs of using personal data quite low, similar to handling a commonly traded asset like currency. Footnote 41 Similarly, possible fines or compensation for unlawful processing were perceived as the mere cost of doing business. Footnote 42 It is no surprise that personal data have long been used and circulated as freely as a commodity to feed data driven business models devised “without much concern about social, economic, or legal consequences […] As the saying goes, it was better to ask for forgiveness than permission.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Retrieved from: Даниленко Андрій (Danylenko Andriy), професор, доктор філософії, Університет Пейс, Коледж мистецтв і наук ім. Дайсона, Сучасні мови та культури, США (41 Park Row, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10038, United States) adanylenko@pace. edu Danylenko, A. , Naienko, H. (2019). Linguistic russification in Russian Ukraine: languages, imperial models, and policies. Russian Linguistics, 43(1), 19–39. DOI: 10. 1007/s11185-018-09207-1 2. Danylenko, A. (2018). The correlation of linguistic patterning and societal structures insystemic typology. Cracoviensis, 135(1), 81–96. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 007. 8167. 3. Danylenko, A. (2018), Complexity development and simplification in systemic typology: types of changes in the internal determinant. Cracoviensis, 135(2), 113–129. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 010. 8469 4. Danylenko, A. (2017). A missing chain? Оn the sociolinguistics of the of Lithuania 1. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 41, 31–57. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2017.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI is being used to process data from sensors and cameras in autonomous vehicles to navigate streets safely. [SEP] Text: precision is needed because RADARs are not capable of detecting non-metallic objects in dangerous weather conditions5 [15,16]2454N/ASAE Level 3Implementation of solid-state LIDARs that are cheaper and more effective than mechanical LIDARs. Precise 3D mapping and point cloud up to 250 m. Great sensor fusion between 12 sensorsTesting limitations for the prototype and adaptation to real-life. Gab between information available and the current state of the project. Limited mapping after reaching 250 mPersonal vehiclesArgo AI, Cruise9220LIDARs with a 360-deg FOV and a range up to 400 mN/ASpecific sensor information is not publicly available. Main limitation for the research and the main reason why there are not clear advantagesN/APublic transports (buses)Volvo [19,20]6322LIDAR with 160-deg FOV and a range of 200 mSAE Level 2Different types of sensors are tested and implemented to gather the maximum information possible. For an autonomous vehicle with this size it is necessary to increase the number of sensorsPrototype has not been tested in different weather conditions that could have influence over the performance of the busPublic transports (shuttles)Navya [21,22]21000with a 360- and 180-deg 4Technology employed can be scaled to develop bigger projects. Sensor fusion is accurate and effective with enhanced safety systems and obstacle detection methodsThe space of the vehicle is very limited (up to 15 passengers). Testing areas are limited and controlled (campuses, airports, smart cities). The technology has not been tested in bigger-scale vehicles. This could create a limitation when building a project with a bigger passenger capacity(Shuttles)EasyMile [23]3210LIDAR with 360-deg FOV and 250-m range. Front and lateral cameras with a range up to 300 mSAE Level 4A great variety of modes for its use (Metro mode, bus mode, on-demand mode). EZ10 project is implementing RADAR sensors for data fusion and safetySimilar disadvantages compared with Navya. The shuttle is functional, but the capabilities are limited. Not really an autonomous solution to a big scale project of public transportation(Trains)SNCF [24,25]2442LIDARs with 360-deg with a range of 140 mGoA 4Increased safety.

Output: corroborate