Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Local domestication of lactic acid bacteria via cassava beer fermentation All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2014. The first revision was submitted on May 5th, 2014 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on June 18th, 2014 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2014. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Jun 18, 2014 · responded well to the reviewer's comments, even though I would like to stress that the fact that others have used a certain method doesn't make it right. I still agree with the reviewer that Blast analysis of short read sequences doesn't make species level assignment better only because it gives a result. 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 18, 2014 Version 0. 2 · May 28, 2014 · As you will see, we found that your revised manuscript has largely improved as compared to the original submission, however, still some issues remain to be addressed, especially related to species-level assignments made by BLAST analyses, and over-interpretation & assumptions regarding functional properties not experimentally backed-up but rather made based on properties of related strains. Reviewer 2 · May 20, 2014 Basic reporting see below Experimental design see below Validity of the findings see below Additional comments The revised manuscript has eased many of my prior concerns, especially much of the language regarding human health benefits derived from chicha consumption. There are a couple passages, noted below, that I still find overly speculative given the nature of the experiments performed. Additionally, the use of BLAST for species-level identification is still highly problematic and has not been fully addressed; it has been noted in the methods section, but it still stands that BLAST assignments are being used to drive the conclusions of this experiment. This is not an appropriate method and thus some of the conclusions drawn are overly speculative, as mentioned below. Abstract — The revised abstract addresses my previous concerns, but note the old abstract is still being shown as the abstract at the head of the manuscript — this needs to be replaced in the peerj manuscript submission system.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 5:375–83 [2005. recovery of the brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction: a global review. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 224:270–90 [2013. Contrasting the ecological and taxonomic consequences of extinction. Paleobiology 39:538–59 [2015. Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Science 348:229–32 [1980. Evolution of terrestrial faunas during the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. 139:67–74 [2019. Stratigraphic and environmental control on marine benthic community change through the early Toarcian extinction event (Iberian Range, Spain). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 524:183–200 [2013. The impact of global warming and anoxia on marine benthic community dynamics: an example from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic). 8:e56255 [2010. The end-Ordovician glaciation and the Hirnantian Stage: a global review and questions about event stratigraphy. Earth Sci. Rev. 98:269–82 [1998. Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Science 282:276–79 [2014. Quantifying functional diversity in pre- and post-extinction paleocommunities: a test of ecological restructuring after the end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Sci. Rev. 136:339–49 [2016. Rapid recovery of Patagonian plant–insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1:0012 [1988. Diachrony of late Neogene microfossils in the southwest Pacific Ocean: application of the graphic correlation method. Paleoceanography 3:209–22 [1998. The end and the beginning: recoveries from mass extinctions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13:344–49 [2001. Lessons from the past: biotic recoveries from mass extinctions. PNAS 98:5399–403 [1993. Elvis taxa. Palaios 8:623–24 [2007.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Nutritive value of desert truffles species of genera Terfezia and Picoa (Ascomycetes) from arid and semiarid regions of eastern Turkey. Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(11):1097-106. . Assessment of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Turkey tail medicinal mushroom Trametes versicolor (Agaricomycetes). Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(6):559-71. Badalyan SM. Fatty acid composition of different collections of coprinoid mushrooms (Agaricomycetes) and their nutritional and medicinal values. Med Mushrooms. 2016;18(10):883-93. -. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activity studies on three Agaricus species with fatty acid compositions and iron contents: A comparative study on the three most edible mushrooms. Toxicol. 2011;49(6):1353-60. Isik H. Fatty acid contents of three wild edible mushroom species. Compd. 2020;56(6):1114-6. -Y, Keum Y-. Edible mushrooms show significant differences in sterols and fatty acid compositions. J Bot. 2021;141:344-56. -C. Taking ingredients as an entry point to explore the relationship between the shaggy ink cap medicinal mushroom, Coprinus comatus (Agaricomycetes), and diabetes mellitus (review). Med Mushrooms. 2019;21(5):493-502. -T, Yang Y-C, Li Y-H, Mau J-L, Wasser SP. Chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal value of fruit bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of culinary-medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Med Mushrooms. 2014;16(3):273-91. Yuwa--N. Amino acids and antioxidant activities of extracts from wild edible mushrooms from a community forest in the Nasrinual District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Technol. 2020;40(3):712-20. . Edible mushrooms: A potential source of essential amino acids, glucans and minerals. Technol. 2017;52(11):2382-92. Badalyan SM. Medicinal coprinoid mushrooms (Agaricomycetes) distributed in Armenia (review).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: ln 118-138 — appropriately toned down from the original. However, I still don't think the current manuscript adequately addresses the health benefits of lactobacilli and the current language seems to imply a lack of scientific understanding of the health benefits conferred by some lactobacilli, which simply isn't true. Much is known about the mechanisms by which SOME strains confer these benefits, but these cannot be generalized as they are not universal across species or strains of LAB. Fig 1 - why only chicha? Why not show the water and unfermented samples? simply is not a reliable taxonomic assigner for species-level discrimination of LAB using such a short amplicon. Please show the RDP classifications, not BLAST. Fig 2 - This still is not justifiable — these short amplicon lengths are not adequate for reliable species-level discrimination of LAB. BLAST is misleading since it chooses the top hit without considering the confidence of this assignment. Furthermore, you are assuming that just because the top hit is a species that has some probiotic potential that all strains of that species are automatically probiotic. This figure should be removed as it is misleading, uses poor methodology, and is redundant with Fig 1. ln 311-312 — interact with the human microbiome? Indeed, these are being consumed, but you have not looked at human microbiota samples so do not know whether any interactions occur. This statement should be removed. ln 312-315 — This is an extremely speculative statement/figure and a little over the top, given the data that you have. You still do not know where these LAB species are coming from, that there is any exchange with the human microbiome, and that cyclic co-evolution occurs by continual passage through a human host. A certain amount of speculation is always healthy, but this is exaggerated, steps too far from the available data, and is misleading. I agree that ln 316-323 give a more moderated level of speculation that is important to this discussion. ln 324-325 — You did not detect reliable species-level OTUs, so it is inappropriate to make this link based on BLAST assignments. I recommend removing this sentence. Cite this review as (2014) #2 of "Local domestication of lactic acid bacteria via cassava beer fermentation (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Environmental and biotic changes across the Permian–Triassic boundary in western Tethys: the Bulla parastratotype, Italy. Glob. Planet. Change 55:109–35 [2016. Biogeographic and bathymetric determinants of brachiopod extinction and survival during the mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:20160007 [1999. mass extinction: a new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada. Geology 27:215–18 [1997. mass extinction: sedimentologic, cyclostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic records from platform and basin successions, central Nevada. Univ. Geol. Stud. 42:79–104 [2003. Origination and extinction through the Phanerozoic: a new approach. J. Geol. 111:125–48 [2005. Pulsed origination and extinction in the marine realm. Paleobiology 31:6–20 [2017. Subsequent biotic crises delayed marine recovery following the late Permian mass extinction event in northern Italy. 12:e0172321 [2018. Paleoecological analysis of benthic recovery after the mass extinction event in eastern Lombardy, Italy. Palaios 33:266–81 [2004. The non-actualistic gastropod fauna: a case study of the Member. Palaios 19:259–75 [2005. Unique microgastropod biofacies in the Early Triassic: indicator of long-term biotic stress and the pattern of biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. C. R. Palevol. 4:475–84 [2018. Linguliform brachiopods across a Cambrian-Ordovician (Furongian, Early Ordovician) biomere boundary: the Sunwaptan-boundary in the Wilberns and Tanyard formations of central Texas. J. Paleontol. 92:751–67 [2000. Marine biodiversity through the Late Cenomanian–Early Turonian: palaeoceanographic controls and sequence stratigraphic biases. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 157:745–57 [2014. A Cenozoic-style scenario for the end-Ordovician glaciation. Nat. Commun. 5:4485 [1987.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(3):257-67. . Mushroom as a potential source of prebiotics: A review. Sci Technol. 2009;20(11-12):567-75. Zeb M, Lee CH. Medicinal properties and bioactive compounds from wild mushrooms native to North America. Molecules. 2021;26(2):251. Erbiai EH, da da. Chemical composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of two wild edible mushrooms Armillaria mellea and Macrolepiota procera from two countries (Morocco and Portugal). Biomolecules. 2021;11(4):575. . Antiproliferative activity and cytotoxicity of some medicinal wood-destroying mushrooms from Russia. Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(1):1-11. -. Nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of three edible mushrooms from Poland. Food Biosci. 2015;11:48-55. -. Nutritional value, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity and bioaccessibility studies with wild edible mushrooms. . 2015;63(2):799-806. . Medicinal mushrooms: Bioactive compounds, use, and clinical trials. Mol Sci. 2021;22(2):634. . The cooking effect on two edible mushrooms in Anatolia: Fatty acid composition, total bioactive compounds, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Prod. 2014;8(2):189-94. . Wild mushrooms and their mycelia as sources of bioactive compounds: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties. Food Chem. 2017;230:40-8. Khadhri A, Aouadhi C, Aschi-Smiti S. Screening of bioactive compounds of medicinal mushrooms collected on Tunisian territory. Med Mushrooms. 2017;19(2):127-35. . Evaluation of mycelial nutrients, bioactive compounds, and antioxidants of five Himalayan entomopathogenic Ascomyceteous fungi from India. Med Mushrooms. 2015;17(7):661-9. . Screening of antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds of some edible mushrooms cultivated in Bangladesh. Microbiol Antimicrob. 2015;14(1):8. Khan F, Chandra R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Following the same evolutionary arguement presented in this work, wouldn't microbes adapted to fermentation conditions (low pH, alcoholic) be more fit to re-inoculate than those adapted for human saliva (higher pH, non-alcoholic, host interface)? Inappropriate methods are used for species-level identification of these sequences. BLAST chooses the top hit but does not consider any confidence criteria to ensure a degree of reliability. With 250bp sequences of V4 16S rRNA, species-level identification is not reliable. A method like RDP classifier uses bootstrapping to determine the confidence of assignment to a given taxon, providing a more reliable assignment (which in the case of 250 bp V4 16S rRNA reads will probably be family- or genus-level for Lactobacillus). Therefore, many of the assumptions made in this manuscript are inappropriate, given that BLAST identifications of short amplicons are given in evidence. A more reliable classification algorithm (e. g. , ) should be used to correctly identify these sequences. Furthermore, only incomplete results are actually shown. The cumulative relative abundance across all samples is shown for the top 10 most abundant OTUs. However, this does not present the community composition of individual samples and the cumulative abundance amounts to 71%, so a very small portion of the actual data is shown (and no data for water samples are shown). It would be better to show stackplots for each individual sample, showing the complete set of the most abundant OTUs for each sample. Overall, the introduction is somewhat under-referenced, discussion of probiotic properties needs to be limited to the discussion, results need to be re-worked with an appropriate taxonomy classifier, more complete data should be shown, and the discussion is overly speculative given the data presented here. Minor concerns: ln 25-27 - As the probiotic value of these lactobacilli is speculative, I think this should be removed from the abstract and left for the discussion only. ln 45-58 - A large body of prior research exists studying the microbial succession of traditional, wild fermentations (beer, wine, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, etc). It would be worthwhile to reference these here, and much more useful to interested readers to consider these examples than the books/reviews referenced in the previous sentence. ln 49+ - "Typical" of what?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Radiations and extinctions relative to environmental change in the marine of northwest Europe. Paleobiology 13:152–68 [1997. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [2014. extinctions: a coincidence of causes. 25:1294–307 [1957. Treatise on CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2004. Sea-level change and facies development across potential Triassic-Jurassic boundary horizons, SW Britain. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 161:365–79 [2013. Palaeoecology of the Formation (Utah, USA) and its implications for the recovery. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 58:149–73 [1995. The stratigraphic distribution of fossils. Paleobiology 21:92–109 [2003. Confidence limits on fossil ranges that account for facies changes. Paleobiology 29:468–79 [2001. The detection and importance of subtle biofacies within a single lithofacies: the of the Cincinnati, Ohio region. Palaios 16:205–17 [1996. Sequence stratigraphy and long-term paleoceanographic change in the Middle and of the eastern United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 306:117–30 [2002. Stratigraphic variation in the timing of first and last occurrences. Palaios 17:134–46 [2015. The stratigraphy of mass extinction. Palaeontology 58:903–24 [2001. The global stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Episodes 24:102–14 [2011. biota: exceptional preservation, and new evidence on the Triassic recovery from end-Permian mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:2274–82 [2017. Brachiopod faunas after the end Ordovician mass extinction from South China: testing ecological change through a major taxonomic crisis. J. Sci. 138:502–14 [2015. Life in the aftermath of mass extinctions. Curr. Biol. 25:R941–52 [2015. Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems. Nature 5238:345–51 [2011. A role for chance in marine recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Bioprospecting of wild mushrooms from India with respect to their medicinal aspects. Med Mushrooms. 2019;21(2):181-92. Sulkowska-. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in some species of polyporoid mushrooms from Poland. Med Mushrooms. 2012;14(4):385-93. Gaur T, Rao PB. Analysis of antibacterial activity and bioactive compounds of the giant mushroom, Macrocybe gigantea (Agaricomycetes), from India. Med Mushrooms. 2017;19(12):1083-92. Pattar M, Ch. Ramesh. Antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds from six wild edible mushrooms of western ghats of Karnataka, India. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010;2(2):107. . Comparison of different morphological mushroom parts based on the antioxidant activity. LWT. 2020;127:109436. Podkowa A, Kryczyk-. Culinary-medicinal mushrooms: A review of organic compounds and bioelements with antioxidant activity. Res Technol. 2021;247(3):513-33. . Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activity of culinary processed shiitake medicinal mushroom (Lentinus edodes, Agaricomycetes) and its major sulfur sensory-active compound-lenthionine. Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(2):165-75. -. Chemical composition of wild edible mushrooms and antioxidant properties of their water soluble polysaccharidic and ethanolic fractions. Food Chem. 2011;126(2):610-6. . Screening for antimicrobial activity of wood rotting higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms from Uruguay against phytopathogens. Med Mushrooms. 2016;18(3):261-7. . Developing new antimicrobial therapies: Are synergistic combinations of plant extracts/compounds with conventional antibiotics the solution? Pharmacogn Rev. 2017;11(22):57. . Elemental composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of some wild edible mushrooms from Romania. Agronomy. 2020;10(12):1972. . Antimicrobial activity of two wild mushrooms, Clitocybe alexandri (Gill.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: You cite kimchi fermentations, but no single fermentation can be said to be typical, as substrate, environment, and human factors drive the wide range of diversity seen in different fermentations. It may be more useful to root this discussion of general fermentation trends in the context of fermentations more similar to chicha, e. g. , other alcoholic fermentations (like some traditional African grain fermentations, which have a similar process to chicha). ln 52-57 - Your 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Feb 2, 2014 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Paleobiology 37:409–25 [2019. Biotic impacts of temperature before, during, and after the end-Permian extinction: a multi-metric and multi-scale approach to modeling extinction and recovery dynamics. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:86–99 [1981. Extinction: bad genes or bad luck? . Acta Geol. Hispan. 16:25–33 [1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215:1501–2 [2001. Biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction: behavior of the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula as a disaster taxon. Palaios 16:95–101 [2004. Quantitative biostratigraphy—achieving finer resolution in global correlation. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32:187–213 [2014. marine biotic recovery: the predators’ perspective. 9:e88987 [1997. Miocene calibration for calcareous nannofossils from low-latitude Program sites and the Jamaican conundrum. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 109:1073–79 [1988. Alpha, beta, or gamma: Where does all the diversity go? . Paleobiology 14:221–34 [1964. Time in York: McGraw-Hill [1996. A new look at Units (EEUs). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 127:21–32 [2001. Ordovician mass extinction. Annu. Rev. Sci. 29:331–64 [2000. Dinosaur abundance was not declining in a “3 m gap” at the top of the Formation, Montana and North Dakota. Geology 28:523–26 [2016. Graptolite community responses to global climate change and the mass extinction. PNAS 113:8380–85 [2011. Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction. Science 334:1367–72 [1982. Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns and catastrophes in the fossil record. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 190:291–96 [2001.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: ) Konrad and Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) T. M. Fries, collected in Turkey. Med Mushrooms. 2005;7(3):465. . Anti-Inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of aqueous extracts of wild mushrooms from Japan. Med Mushrooms. 2019;21(5):469-86. . Antimicrobial activity of crude fractions and morel compounds from wild edible mushrooms of Himalaya. Microb Pathog. 2017;105:356-60. Tidke G, Rai MK. Biotechnological potential of mushrooms: Drugs and dye production. Med Mushrooms. 2005;7(3):457. Savoie J--Oriol M. Using mushroom-forming fungi in preventing and reducing mycotoxins in cereal products. Sci Fungorum. 2019;49:e1256. . A review on antifungal activity of mushroom (Basidio-mycetes) extracts and isolated compounds. Med Chem. 2013;13:2648-59. Gaitan-Hernandez R, Lopez-. Review of bioactive molecules production, biomass, and basidiomata of shiitake culinary-medicinal mushrooms, Lentinus edodes (Agaricomycetes). Med Mushrooms. 2019;21(9):841-50. . Antifungal activity of volatile compounds produced by an edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus against phytopathogenic fungi. J Phytopathol. 2015;163(11-12):987-96. de '. The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially. Fungal Divers. 2019;97(1):1-136. Chang S-T, Wasser SP. The role of culinary-medicinal mushrooms on human welfare with a pyramid model for human health. Med Mushrooms. 2012;14(2):95-134. . Anticancer medicinal mushrooms can provide significant vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Med Mushrooms. 2005;471-2. Wasser SP. Medicinal mushrooms in human clinical studies. Part I. Anticancer, oncoimmunological, and immunomodulatory activities: A review. Med Mushrooms. 2017;19(4):279-317. Wasser SP.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/51692 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation & D for Food, Health and Edited by J. From the Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionFermented milk products have naturally high nutritional value, and as an extra benefit many health-promoting effects, such as improvement of lactose metabolism, reduction of serum cholesterol and reduction of cancer risk [1]. The beneficial health effects associated with some fermented dairy products may, in part, be attributed to the release of bioactive peptide sequences during the fermentation process. Numerous peptides and peptide fractions, having bioactive properties have been isolated from fermented dairy products. These activities include immunomodulatory, cytomodulatory, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidative, antimicrobial, mineral binding, opioid and bone formation activities. Many recent 2. Release and identification of peptides2. 1. Peptides in cheeseProteolysis in cheese has been linked to its importance for texture, taste and flavour development during ripening. Changes of the cheese texture occur due to breakdown of the protein network.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: The palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental analysis of mass extinction events. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 232:190–213 [2004. Rapid marine recovery after the end-Permian mass-extinction event in the absence of marine anoxia. Geology 32:805–8 [2001. Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian mass extinction event. Geology 29:351–54 [1993. Biotic crises in the history of graptoloids: a palaeobiological model. Hist. Biol. 7:29–50 [2006. Abundance distributions imply elevated complexity of post-Paleozoic marine ecosystems. Science 314:1289–92 [2016. Estimating times of extinction in the fossil record. Biol. Lett. 12:20150989 [2014. Quantifying the process and abruptness of the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 40:113–29 [2015. High-resolution biochronology and diversity dynamics of the ammonoid recovery: the Dienerian faunas of the Margin. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 440:363–73 [1999. Comparative paleoecology of Cambrian trilobite extinctions. J. Paleontol. 73:337–54 [1987. Biogeographic control of trilobite mass extinction at an “biomere” boundary. Paleobiology 13:84–99 [1994. Catastrophic versus noncatastrophic extinction of the dinosaurs: testing, falsifiability, and the burden of proof. J. Paleontol. 68:183–90 [2016. Macrofossil evidence for a rapid and severe Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction in Antarctica. Nat. Commun. 7:11738 [2019. The interaction of recovery and environmental conditions: an analysis of the outer shelf edge of western during the early Triassic. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:52–64 [2018.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Biotechnol. 2002;60(3):258-74. Ayeka PA. Potential of mushroom compounds as immunomodulators in cancer immunotherapy: A review. Evid-Altern Med. 2018;2018:1-9. . Mushroom extracts and compounds with suppressive action on breast cancer: Evidence from studies using cultured cancer cells, tumor-bearing animals, and clinical trials. Biotechnol. 2020;104(11):4675-703. Nowakowski P, Markiewicz-Zukowska R, Gromkowska-K^pka. Mushrooms as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer: Evaluation of anti-glioma effects of Coprinus comatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius deliciosus extracts. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;133:111090. . Evaluation of antibacterial and anticancer activities of the medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sobolifera (Ascomycetes) from Thailand. Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(5):471-84. . Edible mushrooms: A promising bioresource for prebiotics. In: Advances in probiotics. London, UK: Elsevier; 2021. p. 81-97. . A critical review on health promoting benefits of edible mushrooms through gut microbiota. Mol Sci. 2017;18(9):1934. . Mushrooms bioactive as prebiotics to modulate gut microbiota in relationships with causes and prevention of liver diseases (Review). Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(6):509-19. . Novel prospective of wild mushroom polysaccharides as potential prebiotics. In: Singh B, Lallawmsanga, Passari A, editors. Biology of macrofungi. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2018. p. 211-26. . A review on linking the medicinal functions of mushroom prebiotics with gut microbiota. Med Mushrooms. 2020;22(10):943-51. Al-. Prebiotics as functional foods: A review. J Funct Foods. 2013 Oct;5(4):1542-53. Ruthes AC, Cantu-.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: When β-casomorphins were looked from commercial cheese products, no peptides were found or their concentration in the cheese extract was below 2 μg/ml [26]. They further noted that the enzymatic degradation of β-casomorphins was influenced by a combination of pH and salt concentration at the cheese ripening temperature. Therefore, if formed in cheese, β-casomorphins may be degraded under conditions similar to Cheddar cheese ripening. Precursors of β-casomorphins, on the other hand, have been identified in Parmesan cheese [19]. β-Casomorphins were found at a higher level in the mould cheeses (166–648 mg/100 g), whereas the opioid peptides with antagonistic activity (casoxin-6) were identified at a higher level in the semi-hard cheeses (136–276 mg/100 g) and a low quantity of casomorphins (4–100 mg/100 g) [27]. Immunomodulating properties in water-soluble extracts from traditional cheeses, Abondance and Tomme de Savioe have been observed [28]. However, no correlation between peptide composition and in vitro immunomodulation of T-lymphocyte cells could be established. A limited number of bioactive peptides have been isolated and identified in Gouda, Manchego, Festivo and Crescenza cheeses (Table 1). Several ACEI peptides have been identified from N-terminal of αs1-casein of Gouda, Festivo, Cheddar and Fresco cheeses [22, 24, 29, 30]. In addition, peptides from β−casein, Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile-Pro-Asn (β-cn, f(60–68)); and Met-Pro-Phe-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Pro-Val-Gln-Pro-Phe (β-cn, f(109–119)) from Gouda [29] and Tyr-Gln-Glu-Val-Leu-Gly-Pro-Val-Arg-Gly-Pro-Phe-Pro-Ile-Ile-Val (β-cn, f(193-209)) from Cheddar [30] have been identified.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: navigation Apply for support FAQ Be involved toggle overview Mission statement PAGES logos fellows Meeting minutes us Supporters and partners Supporters and partners organization Scientific partners -of involved Be involved mailing lists Apply to be on the SSC Write for and education Stakeholder engagement Stakeholder engagement Engaging with stakeholders guidelines Endorsed and affiliated Former initiatives and groups Data stewardship Data guidelines PAGES databases External databases webinars PAGES awardees PAGES awardees Scholarship recipients Early-Guest scientists -Menu layer 3 left side Menu layer 3 right side of Past Sea-level records of past sea-level changes as constraints for future projections & Shaw TA >Access contents of this issue >Download this 10. 22498/pages. 27. 1. 28 Benjamin P. Horton1,2,3, R. E. Kopp3,4, A. Dutton5 and T. A. Shaw1 Geological records of sea level have varied in response to a wide range of boundary conditions and climate forcings, and these geological records can serve as a valuable guide to projecting the dynamics of ice-sheet retreat and sea-level rise into the future. However, using geological records in this manner requires a robust understanding of regional variability and rigorous quantification of uncertainty. Sea-level projections depend upon an accurate understanding of the relationship between climate forcing and the spatio-temporal evolution of sea level, as well as its different driving mechanisms. Yet this understanding is limited by the timescale of the instrumental data; most available records contain data only from the 20th and 21st centuries (Horton et al. 2018). Complementing instrumental data, geological records can provide valuable archives of the sea-level response to past climate variability, including during periods of higher global mean temperatures (Dutton et al. 2015), and can help improve estimates of the relationship between future temperature and sea-level change (Kopp et al. 2016). However, current ties between geological sea-level records and future projections are often vague and tentative; improved interconnections between the two sub-disciplines are thus a key to progress (Horton et al. 2018). Sea-level-rise projections and geological records of past sea-level change share two fundamental challenges. First, regional sea-level changes vary substantially from global mean sea level (GMSL) change (Khan et al. 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: as part of Mesoamerica, is a region of high biological and cultural diversity, where several cultures have flourished. Since 1976, a project started for the detection, validation, production, and utilization of medicinal species for primary health care. It included several ethnobotanical surveys conducted among ten Guatemalan ethnical groups. The objective of this paper is to summarize the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in the country and review the literature validating the use of the most promising native species. From these surveys, more than 650 plant species used for medicinal purposes were detected and cultivation activities were conducted for some of these species. Initially, in cooperation with the multidisciplinary teams in Guatemala, and later with other academic institutions in and United States, in vitro and in vivo validation activities were performed, such as biocidal, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and other activities. A comprehensive literature review of the most relevant species was performed. Based on the traditional utilization and preclinical or clinical evidence, several national and international projects were conducted. The most interesting results include anti-candida (Solanum nigrescens), antimicrobial (Tagetes lucida), immunomodulator (Phlebodium pseudoaureum), anti-protozoal (Neurolaena lobata), sedative (Valeriana prionophylla), anti-menopause (Piper hispidum) activities and others. With this information and the reviewed literature, specific formulas were prepared for the treatment of different pathologies, leading to several products registered as phytotherapic in Guatemala. Concise updated information is integrated into mini-reviews for 15 species in order to inform about the properties, chemistry and potential use of these species. Keywords: Antimicrobial, immunomodulator, photoprotector, Solanum nigrescens, Phlebodium pseudoaureum, Neurolaena lobata, Piper hispidum, Valeriana prionophylla. 2008. [2] Harlan JR. Agricultural origins: Centers and noncenters. Science 1971; 174: 468-74. [3] Conap. de Guatemala. Análisis de vacíos y estrategias para su conservación. Doc. técnico No. 73 (1-2010). Guatemala: - CI-CONAP, 2009.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Antihypertensive peptides Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) (β-cn, f(84–86)) and Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP) (β-cn, f(74–76) and κ-cn, f(108–110)), have also been identified and quantified in different cheese varieties [31-33]. In some varieties physiologically relevant amounts was observed, however, a large variation exists between samples of the same cheese variety, as well as between different varieties. The concentrations of VPP and IPP were in the range of 0-224 mg/kg and 0-95 mg/kg, respectively, indicating that some cheese varieties contain similar concentrations of VPP and IPP to fermented milk products. Milk pretreatment, cultures, scalding conditions, and ripening time were identified as the key factors influencing the concentration of these two naturally occurring bioactive peptides in cheese. Thus, it is necessary to develop a reproducible cheese-making process with selected cultures to produce higher concentrations of these peptides that could be used for clinical trials. Cheese varietyMilk protein fragmentPeptide sequenceACE-inhibitionIC50 μMRefGoudaαs1-cn f( 1-9)αs1-cn f(1-13)β-cn f(68-66)β-cn f(109–119)13. 4ND14. 8ND29Manchegoovine αs1-cn f(102-109)ovine αs1-cn f(205-208)77. 224.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Understanding regional variability is critical to both interpreting geological records and generating projections for effective coastal risk management. Second, uncertainty, which is pervasive in reconstructions of geological changes and both physical and statistical modeling approaches used to project future changes, requires careful assessment and quantification. Here, we highlight two case studies – semi-empirical models of GMSL rise and estimates of the Antarctic contribution to sea level – to illustrate the way in which geological records can improve future projections, and conversely how the need for improved future projections can guide the development of geological sea-level research questions. Semi-empirical models use a statistical relationship between past global mean temperature and past GMSL to estimate the response of future sea levels to projected temperatures. Many semi-empirical models link instrumental records of sea level and temperature with multiple mathematical terms (Vermeer and Rahmstorf 2009). For example, the fast-response term is conceptually linked to heat storage in the ocean mixed layer and the slow-response is conceptually linked to the deep ocean and ice sheets. As of the Report of the on (IPCC) in 2013, semi-empirical models were almost universally calibrated only to the instrumental record and yielded projections higher than the bottom-up, process-based projections preferred by the IPCC. For example, Schaeffer et al. (2012) provided a median semi-empirical projection of 21st century GMSL rise under a moderate-emissions pathway (Pathway (RCP) 4. 5) that was 90 cm, compared to the IPCC’s median projection of 53 cm (Church et al. 2013). The instrumental semi-empirical approach is, however, potentially biased by the short time span of instrumental records, which often post-date the onset of accelerated sea-level rise (Kemp et al. 2011), as well as the presence of substantial decadal and multidecadal sea-level variability that is unrelated to global temperature changes (Horton et al. 2018). One solution to this problem is the use of longer geological records of sea level (Kemp et al. 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 1987; 20: 223-37. [32] Cáceres. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 30: 55-73. [33] Cáceres. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of respiratory diseases. 1. Screening of 68 plants against Gram-positive bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 31: 193-208. [34] Girón áceres A. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 34: 173-87. [35] Cáceres A, Girón LM, Freire AV. Plantas de uso medicinal en Guatemala. 1. Detección etnobotánica y bibliográfica. Rev USAC 1990; 9: 55-77. [36] Girón LM, Cáceres A. Técnicas básicas para el cultivo y procesamiento de plantas medicinales. Guatemala: Cemat 1994. [37] ínez AB. Especies vegetales de uso actual y potencial en alimentación y medicina de las zonas semiáridas del nororiente de Guatemala. Cuadernos DIGI 1988; 88. [38] Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícola Informe de recursos filogenéticos. Guatemala: ICTA 1991-3. [39] Comerford SC. Medicinal plants of two Mayan healers from San Andrés, Petén, Guatemala. 1996; 50: 327-36. [40] Nicolas JP. Plantes médicinales des mayas K’iché du Guatemala. Paris: 1999. [41] Kufer J, Förther H, Pöll E, Heinrich M. Historical and modern medicinal plants uses-the example of the Ch’orti’ Maya and Ladinos in Eastern Guatemala. J 2005; 57: 1127-52.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: thermophilus955 ml/kg-21. 8 ±4. 2 after 6 h34Lb. helveticus9527 ml/day-21 after 4 weeks67Lb. helveticus CPN4NDYP72010 ml/kg32. 1 ±7. 4 after 6 h42Lb. helveticus CHCC637Lb. helveticus CHCC6410. 160. 2610ml/kg-12 after 4-8 h -11 after 4-8 h37Lact. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricusStr. salivarius ssp thermophilus and L. lactis biovar diacetylactis1. 7 mg/ml1. 5 mg/mlND43Lb. jensenii0. 527189 0. 2 kg/kgapprox -12 after 2 h38Enterococcus faecalis CECT 57270. 0535. 55. 22 mg/kg6 mg/kg-21. 87 ±4. 51 after 4h1)approx -15 after 4 h44Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus SS1L. lactis subsp. cremoris FT4173. 3300. 1256. 8ND36Mixed lactic acid bacteria (Lb. casei, acidophilus, bulcaricus, Str. themophilus, Bifidobacterium) and protease0. 24464. 4240. 0 5 mg/mlSBP -22 after 8 weeks76Table 2. ACE-inhibitory and antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats of peptides produced by fermentation of milkPihlanto-Leppälä et al. [35] studied the potential formation of ACEI peptides from cheese whey and caseins during fermentation with various commercial dairy starters used in the manufacture of yogurt, ropy milk and sour milk. No ACEI activity was observed in these hydrolysates. Further digestion of the above samples with pepsin and trypsin resulted in the release of several strong ACEI peptides derived primarily from αs1-casein and β-casein. The formation of ACEI peptides was demonstrated in two dairy strains, Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Although temperature and sea-level variability over the (the last 2000 years) are not analogous to future changes, empirical relationships between high-resolution sea-level records can be paired with temperature reconstructions showing periods of both warming and cooling to examine the dynamic response of sea level to climate forcing on multi-decadal to multi-centennial timescales (Kemp et al. 2011). proxy records using salt-marsh sediment sequences permit the reconstruction of near-continuous time series of decimeter-scale sea-level changes over this period. (GIA) is the dominant cause of regional variability (Fig. 1a), it is approximately linear over the (Engelhart et al. 2009). Simple linear detrending of long-term local trends can thus circumvent uncertainties induced by parameterizations of GIA models, which are needed to correct earlier reconstructions (Dutton et al. 2015). Furthermore, detrending highlights allows for close examination of decadal to centennial variability in GMSL. However, such detrending masked any small changes in GMSL driven by multimillennial-scale processes other than GIA, and prevents an assessment of whether current GMSL is higher than its peak level. Figure 1: (A) relative sea-level change on the U. S. Atlantic coast (Kemp et al. 2015 and 4. 5 (Kopp et al. 2016). Orange and green bars show the 5th-95th percentile of RCP 4. 5 for semi-empirical (Kopp et al. 2016) and process-based (Church et al. 2013) models, respectively. Kopp et al. (2016) calibrated a semi-empirical model to a new statistical reconstruction of GMSL and existing global-mean temperature reconstructions. The resulting model indicated that without 20th century global warming, GMSL would have risen by less than 60% of the observed increase from 1900 to 2000 CE and might even have fallen. This estimate is in reasonable agreement with estimates of the human contribution to 20th century sea-level rise based on process models (Slangen et al. 2016). Subsequently, the projections from the semi-empirical model were substantially lower than those calibrated only to instrumental records and, indeed, reconciled the differences between semi-empirical models and the IPCC’s preferred process-based projections. For RCP 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [42] MacVean AL. Plantas útiles de Petén, Guatemala. Guatemala: Universidad del Valle 2003. [43] éliz M, et al. Symptoms, attitudes and treatment choices surrounding menopaused use among the Q’eqchi Mayan of Livingston, Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 63: 732-42. [44] Activities of Guatemalan medicinal plants against cancer cell lines and selected microbes: Evidence for their conservation. J Res 2013; 8: 1040-50. [45] Cruz EC, Andrade-Cetto A. Ethnopharmacological field study of the plants used to treat type 2 diabetes among the Cakchiquels in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 159: 238-44. [46] Maya phytomedicine in Guatemala - Can cooperative research change ethnopharmacological paradigms? J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 186: 61-72. [47] Cáceres A, Girón LM, Martínez AM. Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 1987; 19: 233-45. [48] Cáceres. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal infections. 1. Screening of 38 plant extracts for anticandidal activity. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 33: 277-83. [49] Girón áceres A, Arroyo GL. Anti-candidal activity of plants used for the treatment of vaginitis in Guatemala and clinical trial of a Solanum nigrescens preparation. J Ethnopharmacol 1988; 22: 307-13. [50] Cáceres A, López BR, Girón MA, Logemann H. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 31: 263-76. [51] Value of the ethnomedical information for the discovery of plants with antifungal properties. A survey among seven countries. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 127: 137-58.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The best characterized ACEI and antihypertensive peptides liberated with Lb. helveticus alone or in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae are the tripeptides IPP, and VPP. Yamamoto et al. [42] identified an ACEI dipeptide (Tyr-Pro) from a yogurt-like product fermented with Lb. helveticus CPN4 strain. This peptide sequence is present in all major casein fractions, and its concentration was found to increase during fermentation, reaching a maximum concentration of 8. 1 μg/ml in the product. Ashar and Chand [43] identified an ACEI peptide from milk fermented with Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. The peptide showed the sequence Ser-Lys-Val-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile from β−casein with an IC50 value of 1. 7 mg/ml. In combination with Str. salivarius ssp. thermophilus and L. lactis biovar. diacetylactis, a peptide structure with a sequence of Ser-Lys-Val-Tyr-Pro was obtained from β-casein with an IC50 value of 1. 4 mg/ml. Both peptides were markedly stable to digestive enzymes, acidic and alkaline pH, as well as during storage at 5 and 10 ºC for four days. Two β-casein-derived peptides were identified from water soluble fraction of milk fermented with Lb. jensenii. The identified peptides were Leu-Val-Try-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile-His-Asn-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Asn, and Leu-Val-Try-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile-His [38]. Quirós et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: 5, the Kopp et al. (2016) median projection of 21st century GMSL rise was 51 cm, which is essentially indistinguishable from that of the IPCC. Their 66% probability interval of 39-69 cm was in good agreement with the IPCC’s “likely” range, 36-71 cm (Fig. 1b). While the agreement between semi-empirical projections and the IPCC’s 2013 projections could be viewed as increasing confidence in both, this may be instilling false hope. By construction, the semi-empirical model assumes that the processes driving changes in GMSL over the are the same as those that will be important in the 21st century, yet the rapid ongoing changes in polar ice sheets suggests that they may not be. Perhaps the agreement is indicating instead that the process models that informed the 2013 IPCC assessment are implicitly exhibiting the same historical biases that are explicit in the semi-empirical model. (LIG) and Mid-Period (MPWP) Geological records from the LIG (~128,000-116,000 years ago) and MPWP (~3. 2-3. 0 million years ago) provide alternative sources of constraints on GMSL change in periods with higher temperatures (Dutton et al. 2015). In particular, these past warm climate intervals can shed light on the dynamics of potential rapid destabilization of sectors of the Antarctic ice sheet that remain poorly constrained in current ice-sheet models. Indeed, after the uncertainty in future greenhouse gas emissions, the possible instability of marine-based sectors of the Antarctic ice sheet is the largest driver of uncertainty in future sea-level-rise projections (Kopp et al. 2017). While no particular past warm interval is a perfect analogue of the present climate forcing, many offer insight into thresholds, time lags between forcing and response, and potential rates of ice-sheet retreat (Dutton et al. 2015). For the LIG, current estimates of peak GMSL rise indicate that it is extremely likely that it exceeded 6 m (Kopp et al. 2009). Yet while it is generally accepted that sea level during both the LIG and the Pliocene were higher than present, precisely quantifying the magnitude of GMSL rise has proven challenging (Horton et al. 2018). Chronological and vertical uncertainties, and potentially significant contributions from GIA and mantle dynamic topography (Austermann et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [52] Cáceres A, Menéndez H, Méndez E, et al. Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 48: 85-8. [53] áceres A. Screening of 17 Guatemalan medicinal plants for platelet antiaggregant activity. 1997; 11: 441-5. [54] Cáceres A, López B, González S, et al. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections. I. Screening of activity to bacteria, fungi and American trypanosomes of 13 native plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 62: 195-202. [55] Calderón -Barría E, et al. Screening of plants for antiparasitic activities against malaria, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. 2010; 48: 545-53. [56] Morales C, Gómez-Serranillos MP, Iglesias I, et al. Preliminary screening of five ethnomedicinal plants of Guatemala. 2001; 56: 523-6. [57] Morales-Cifuentes C, Gómez-I, et al. Neuropharmacological profile of ethnomedicinal plants of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 79: 395. [58] Calderón AI, Vázquez Y, Solis PN, et al. Screening of plants for cytotoxicity activity. 2006; 44: 130-40. [59] Estrogenic and serotonergic butenolides from leaves of Piper hispidum Swingle (Piperaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 129: 220-6. [60] Cáceres Assessment of antioxidant activity of 24 native plants used in Guatemala for their potential application in natural product industry. 2012; (964): 85-92. [61]. Snakebite ethnopharmacology of eastern Nicaragua. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 96: 303-23. [62] Traditional uses, chemical composition, and biological activities of Bixa orellana L: A review. J 2014; p. 857292.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In vitro ACEI activity is generally measured by monitoring the conversion of an appropriate substrate by ACE in the presence and absence of inhibitors. The antihypertensive effects have been assessed by in vivo experiments using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as an animal model to study human essential hypertension [7]. Following a positive response in animal studies human studies may be carried out to ascertain the ACEI potential 3. 1. Animal studiesA great number of studies have addressed the effects of both short-term and long-term administration of potential antihypertensive peptides using this animal model. Fermented milks with different IC50-values ranging from from 0. 08 to 1. 88 mg/ml have been shown to decrease blood pressure in SHR from 10 to 32 mmHg (Table 2). The first antihypertensive effect of milk casein-derived peptides was first demonstrated by casein hydrolysate formed by purified proteinase from Lb. helveticus CP790 and milk fermented with the same bacteria [65]. The authors concluded that peptides deliberated from casein by extracellular proteinases were responsible for the antihypertensive effect. The active substances were liberated during fermentation of milk with Lb. helveticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and were identified to be IPP and VPP. Oral administration of fermented milk or pure tripeptides were shown to produce strong antihypertensive effect in SHR after single-dose [34, 66]. Thereafter, several animal studies have been conducted to characterize the long-term effects of lactotripeptides or fermented milk containing them. These studies were mainly conducted with SHR but also Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and double transgenic rats (dTGR) with malignant hypertension have been used. The development of hypertension was attenuated significantly in rats receiving fermented milk product containing lactotripeptides, attenuation in systolic blood pressure was 12-21 mmHg in SHR, 10 mmHg in high salt-fed GK rats and 19 mmHg in dTGR in comparison to control group [67-69]. Pure tripeptides did not produce as strong antihypertensive effect as the milk products containing them. In addition, minerals alone did not attenuate the development of blood pressure as much as the fermented milk products [68].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: 2017), hinder accurate interpretations of geological data, especially for the Pliocene. Moreover, rates of sea-level change for the LIG and MPWP range from highly uncertain to completely unconstrained depending on the time period (Dutton et al. 2015). DeConto and Pollard (2016) used both LIG and MPWP constraints to calibrate their continental-scale model of the Antarctic ice sheet. In their model, LIG behavior is correlated with sea-level contributions under low-emissions scenarios in the short term (i. e. until 2100 CE), while MPWP behavior is more indicative of behavior under high-emissions scenarios, especially in the long term (i. e. centuries into the future). However, due in part to the large uncertainties that still exist in LIG and MPWP sea-level reconstructions, there is still ample room for re-interpretation of the geological records, and, consequently, the constraints they provide to future projections of sea-level rise. These types of exercises, where geological sea-level records are employed to constrain the physical parameterization of the ice-sheet models, help to clarify some important targets for the geological sea-level community. To improve future projections, a key target is to better quantify the magnitude of peak GMSL, which in turn heavily relies upon improving the solid Earth models employed in modeling GIA and dynamic topography. A second key target is establishing both the timing of meltwater input from both Greenland and Antarctica, and constraining the climatic contexts associated with these events. Ultimately, the fundamental observation from the LIG and MPWP that can be carried over to the present day is that ice sheets (and sea level) have the potential to respond rapidly and non-linearly to warming temperatures. This knowledge should empower us to act now and prepare for a waterier future as global mean temperatures and sea levels continue to rise. affiliations 1of the Environment, University, Singapore2of Singapore, University, Singapore3Institute of Earth, Ocean, and 4Department of Earth and 5Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA contact Benjamin P. Horton: bphortonntu. edu. sg 1704. 05597 et al. (2012) Change 2: 867-870 Slangen ABA et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [63] Shilpi JA, Taufiq-Ur-Rahman M, Uddin SJ, et al. Preliminary pharmacological screening of Bixa orellana leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 108: 264-71. [64] Morales M, Galdón MC, López I, et al. In vitro antimicrobial action of Bixa orellana L. Ingred 2016; 3: 3. [65] Screening for antifungal activity of nineteen plants. 1998; 12: 427-30. [66]. Antimicrobial activity of the leaves and seeds of Bixa orellana. Fitoterapia 2003; 74: 136-8. [67] Leaf and seed extracts of Bixa orellana L. exert anti-microbial activity against bacterial pathogens. J Sci 2011; 1: 116-20. [68] Gómez-Barrio A, Martínez-Grueiro MM, Montero D, et al. In vitro antiparasitic activity of plant extracts from Panama. 2004; 42: 332-7. [69] Alonso JR. Tratado de fitofármacos y nutracéuticos. Rosario: 2004. [70]. Analgesic and hypo-glycemic activities of Bixa orellana, Kyllinga monocephala and Luffa acutangula. Sci 2008; 137: 69-76. [71] Assessment of eight popularly used plant-derived preparations for their spasmolytic potential using the isolated guinea pig ileum. 2004; 6: 422-9. [72] Inhibition of acute and chronic inflammation by Bixa orellana leaves extract. 2007; 73(09)[ [73] Bixa orellana leaves extract inhibits bradykinin-induced inflammation through suppression on nitric oxide production. Pract 2011; 20: 142-6. [74] Chemical constituents and antihistamine activity of Bixa orellana leaf extract. 2013; 13: 32. [75]. Diuretic activity of Bixa orellana Linn. leaf extracts. Resour 2010; 1: 353-5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The peptide fraction eluting between 30% and 45% acetonitrile was shown to contain the sequences (αs1-cn f(1–9)) Arg-Pro-Lys-His-Pro-Ile-Lys-His-Gln and (β-cn f(60–68)) Tyr-Pro-Phe-Gly-Pro-Ile-Pro-Asn (Table 1), which, respectively, decreased SBP in SHR by 9. 3 (± 4. 8) and 7. 0 (± 3. 8) mmHg 6 h after gastric intubation [29]. Several sequences have been proposed as responsible for the antihypertensive activity of soy protein hydrolysates and fermented products, but only the peptide His-His-Leu derived from fermented soy paste was assayed in pure form in SHR, where a decrease of 32 mm Hg of SBP was reached at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Moreover, the synthetic tripeptide His-His-Leu resulted in a significant decrease of ACE activity in the aorta [77]. Soybean-derived products contain isoflavones, which are thought to possess a favourable effect in reducing cardiovascular risk factors as well as vascular function [78]. However, on the basis of in vitro results and literature review, Wu and Muir [79] have indicated that the contribution of isoflavones to a blood-pressure-lowering effect in soybean ACEI peptides may be negligible. Similarly, it has been reported that the reduction of hypertension of a fermented product from soy milk was contributed mainly by peptides of 800–900 Da but it could be also attributable to GABA [80]. Moreover, fermented soy product, miso, with added tripeptides (VPP and IPP) from casein was reported to act as antihypertensive agents in SHR [81]. Recently, Nakahara et al. [82] used the Dahl salt-sensitive rats as a model of salt-sensitive hypertension to evaluate the antihypertensive effect of a peptide-enriched soy sauce-like seasoning. The results of these tests have highlighted an important lack of correlation between the in vitro ACEI activity and the in vivo action.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: navigation Apply for support FAQ Be involved toggle overview Mission statement PAGES logos fellows Meeting minutes us Supporters and partners Supporters and partners organization Scientific partners -of involved Be involved mailing lists Apply to be on the SSC Write for and education Stakeholder engagement Stakeholder engagement Engaging with stakeholders guidelines Endorsed and affiliated Former initiatives and groups Data stewardship Data guidelines PAGES databases External databases webinars PAGES awardees PAGES awardees Scholarship recipients Early-Guest scientists -Menu layer 3 left side Menu layer 3 right side : 30 Years of : 30 years of paleoscience to help save the planet Fischer H, & >Access contents of this issue >Download this 10. 22498/pages. 29. 1. 7 Hubertus Fischer1, S. Fritz2 and A. Mix3 Without the reconstruction of past global changes and the knowledge of the processes that control them, future long-term alterations in components of the Earth system cannot be reliably predicted. Over the last three decades, PAGES has dedicated its work to provide this information to the global science community. Early visionaries In 1972, the Club of Rome published its first report on "to Growth" (Meadows et al. 1972). It received substantial public attention and raised awareness that our use of global natural resources at an ever-increasing speed is not sustainable and that planetary boundaries set limits to economic growth. At the same time, more and more scientists across the globe engaged in quantifying the ongoing human impacts on climate and the environment, improving our understanding of the Earth system, and implementing these processes in Earth system models to predict Earth's future evolution. In the decades following the Club of Rome report, the for Science (ICSU) and the (ISSC) initiated four global programs to organize the huge task of global change research: the (WCRP), quantifying physical changes in the climate system; the International Geosphere-(IGBP), studying changes in biogeochemical cycles; concentrating on changes in biodiversity; and the (IHDP), addressing the impact of these changes on human societies and their well-being. Some early visionaries from the paleoclimate field immediately realized that documentation of contemporary changes alone was not sufficient to assess the impact of human interference with the Earth system, particularly because many components of the system act on timescales much longer than the era of direct scientific observations (which are typically limited to a few decades or, in some cases, a few centuries).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [76] Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of Bixa orellana in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2007; 33: 493-501. [77] Stohs SJ. Safety and efficacy of Bixa orellana (achiote, annatto) leaf extracts. 2014; 28: 956-60. [78] Morton JF. Atlas of medicinal plants of Middle America. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas 1981. [79] Alphitolic acid: an unusual triterpenoid from leaves of Bixa orellana and evaluation of its antifungal activity. 50th. Barcelona. 2002. [80] Morton JF. Fruits of warm climates. Greensboro: Media Inc. 1987. [81] Cáceres A, Fletes L, Aguilar L, et al. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 3. Confirmation of activity against enterobacteria of 16 plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1993; 38: 31-8. [82] Cáceres. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of respiratory diseases. 2. Evaluation of activity of 16 plants against Gram-positive bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 1993; 39: 77-82. [83] êa, et al. Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential and antifungal of Byrsonima crassifolia on soil phytopathogens control. Biol 2018; 78: 140-6. [84] Martínez-Vázquez M, González- Antimicrobial activity of Byrsonima crassifolia (L. ) HBK. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 66: 79-82. [85] Gonzalez González JM. Efecto terapéutico del extracto de Byrsonima crassifolia (nance) sobre candidiasis oral (Tesis), Fac Odontología. USAC 1993. [86] Constituents of Byrsonima crassifolia and their spasmogenic activity. Pharmacol 1995; 33: 25-32. [87]. Proantho-cyanidins with (+)-epicatechin units from Byrsonima crassifolia bark.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: This fact has provided doubts on the use of the in vitro ACEI activity as the exclusive criteria for potential antihypertensive substances, since physiological transformations may occur in vivo, and because other mechanisms of action than ACE inhibition might be responsible for the antihypertensive effect. 3. 2. Effects in clinical studiesEvidence of the beneficial effects of bioactive peptides has to be based on clinical data. Most research has been focused in lactotripeptides, VPP and IPP, and their antihypertensive properties. About twenty human studies have been published linking the consumption of products containing lactotripeptides with significant reductions in both SBP and DBP. Oral administration of these tri-peptides included in different formulas, fermented milk, dried product, fruit juice, etc. , products. However, recent studies have provided some conflicting results. Most clinical trials have assessed BP-lowering effects at multiple points over time. Most of the BP studies with lactotripeptides have been done in Japanese subjects, and several studies have been done in Finnish subjects [83-88]. Generally, maximum duration of treatment was 8 weeks at doses between 3 and 52 mg/day (Table 3). From these data, it becomes apparent that the largest part of the total BP reduction takes place in the first 1–2 weeks of treatment. Thereafter, a further gradual lowering is seen, but to a lesser extent than in the first period [84-86]. The first significant effects of lactotripeptides on BP in hypertensive subjects were observed after 1–2 weeks of treatment with dosages as low as 3. 8 mg/d. Maximum BP-lowering effects of lactotripeptides approximate 13 mmHg SBP and 8 mmHg DBP active treatment v. placebo, and are likely reached after 8–12 weeks of treatment. Lactotripeptides exert a gradual effect on BP lowering after start of intake and return of BP after end of treatment as well [85, 86, 89]. The highest effective dosage of lactotripeptides was evaluated in a safety study, and consisted of 52. 5 mg/d [88]. After 10 weeks of active treatment, mean SBP in subjects with hypertension decreased by 4. 1 mmHg and DBP by 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Some examples of such long-timescale components include glaciers and ice sheets, natural biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems and food chains, or ocean circulation. Most importantly, these are also all components that are crucial for the robust long-term prediction of climate, greenhouse gas forcing, and ecosystem response. Moreover, they are key to assessing the impact of anthropogenic changes on human well-being, which is affected by processes such as sea-level rise, water supply/desertification, heat waves and other extreme events, ecosystem structure and function, or agriculture. Figure 1: The two early PAGES visionaries (left) and (right). Among the early visionaries in the early effort to incorporate paleoperspectives into global change studies were John A. (Jack) Eddy, a US solar scientist, and Hans Oeschger, a Swiss climate physicist (Fig. 1), who together chaired a special IGBP working group on "Techniques for Data from the Past". This working group met for the first time in 1988 in Bern, Switzerland, and included a "who's who" of paleoclimate researchers at that time. It was not an easy feat to assemble all those illustrious names in one room and to glue them together to work towards a common goal, but Oeschger and Eddy succeeded. Only a year later, an even larger workshop was organized in Snowmass, Colorado, USA. Those were the "good old times" when all participants were paid to attend, and it certainly helped in bringing the brightest "paleominds" together. workshop led to the report "of the Past" (Bradley 1989) and may be regarded as the birth of PAGES, the on Changes. PAGES was officially launched two years later in 1991, with the goal to use the paleorecord to inform the global-change debate on long-term changes, processes, and risks in the Earth system. An achievement just as impressive as bringing a large part of the paleocommunity together within PAGES was that Eddy and Oeschger managed to convince both the US Foundation (NSF) and the (SNF) to jointly fund the endeavor, including a dedicated project office in Bern.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Phytochemistry 1995; 39: 635-43. [88]. indian (Mexico) medicinal plants: Phytochemical investigation of Hyptis verticillata and further evaluation of the Ethno-pharmacopoeia. (Suppl) 1992; 58: A 643-4. [89] Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 122: 430-3. [90] Muñiz A, Perez R. Wound healing effect and flavonoid contents of three selected Byrsonima species. 2013; 170: 241-51. [91] Herrera-Ruiz M, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M, et al. Antidepressant effect and pharmacological evaluation of standardized extract of flavonoids from Byrsonima crassifolia. Phytomedicine 2011; 18: 1255-61. [92] Byrsonima crassifolia extract and fraction prevent UVB-induced oxidative stress in keratinocytes cultures and increase antio-xidant activity in skin. Prod 2017; 108: 485-94. [93] Capacidade antioxidante e triage farmacológica de extratos brutos de folhas de Byrsonima crassifolia e de Inga edulis. 2012; 42: 165-72. [94]. Phenolic compounds from Byrsonima crassifolia L. bark: Phytochemical investigation and quantitative analysis by LC-ESI MS/MS. J Anal 2011; 56: 1-6. [95] Béjar E, Malone MH. Pharmacological and chemical screening of Byrsonima crassifolia, a medicinal tree from Mexico. Part I. J Ethnopharmacol 1993; 39: 141-58. [96] Rastrelli L, de Tommasi N, Berger I, et al. Glycolipids from Byrsonima crassifolia. Phytochemistry 1996; 45: 647-50. [97] Geilfus F. El árbol al servicio del agricultor.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 8 mmHg. The next highest dose of lactotripeptides that was tested amounted to 13. 0 mg/d [89]. After 4 weeks of active treatment, SBP in subjects with mild hypertension decreased by 11. 2 mmHg compared to placebo, and DBP tended to decrease by 6. 5 mmHg. In none of the trials with normotensives were statistically significant BP changes found [90-92]. Even at the highest dosage of lactotripeptides used in normotensives, which included a total of 29. 2 mg/d during a period of 7 d, no BP lowering effects by lactotripeptides were observed [93]. Thus lactotripeptides only seem to be active at elevated BP values. Evidence indicates that effectiveness is positively associated with BP level, which is in line with existing data for BP-lowering medication [94]. DesignpopulationTreatmentBP changes mmHgRef. (weeks)IPP mg/dVPP mg/dSource of peptidesp-c, s-bld,parallel830 eldery hypertensive patients1. 11. 5Lb. helv + Str. cer1 x 95 mlmilk drink-14. 1-6. 983R, p-c, d-bld,parallel864 subjects with SBP 140-159 and DBP 90-99 mmHg1. 582. 24Lb. helv + Str. cer. 2 x 150 gmilk drink-13-8. 484R, p-c, d-bld,parallel832 subjects with SBP 140 - 180 and DBP 90-105 mmHg1·60 2·66Lb. helv + Str. cer. 1 x 120 gmilk drink-12. 1-5. 885R, p-c, d-bld,parallel818 hypertensive and 26 normotensive subjects1. 11. 5Lb. helv + Str. cer. 2 x 100 gmilk drink-7. 6-291R, p-c, d-bld, parallel830 subjects with SBP 140-180 and DBP 90-105 mmHg1. 522. 53Lb. helv + Str. cer. 2 x 160 gmilk drink-13. 2-7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, had to step down for personal reasons soon after the inauguration of PAGES, but Herman Zimmerman, program manager at the NSF, was so convinced of the PAGES cause that he stepped in with great enthusiasm as -Director, together with Hans Oeschger, and also spent a significant amount of time in Bern to help run the office. The first (1994) was structured both geographically and temporally along three pole-equator-pole (PEP) transects. It concentrated on the last 2000 years and multiannual to decadal variability, as well as the longer timescale of the last glacial/interglacial cycle. This was a structure that "still makes my head spin", said recently. Despite, or likely also because of, this multidimensional structure, a large part of the paleoscience community immediately joined this endeavor, helping to make PAGES an IGBP showcase. Figure 2: The great acceleration plot showing the rapid changes in socio-economic (left) and Earth system parameters (right) over the last 150 years (Steffen et al. 2015). With a spirit of being open to all participants, PAGES soon provided unrivaled integrated datasets as well as new insights into the Earth system that could not have been achieved without paleoscience and the large-scale syntheses that PAGES facilitated; a modus operandi that continues today. It is fair to say that the long timescales of change that are central to the work of PAGES are also at the heart of the notion developed in IGBP that we live in the time of "Acceleration" (Steffen et al. 2015), as many of the Earth system trends displayed in the (Fig. 2) could not have been quantified without paleoresearch. The long-term changes in the Earth system caused by humans in the course of the (late) Holocene are also the reason for the ongoing discussion to define this time as a new geological era, the so-called "Anthropocene", where geological evidence is overprinted by human actions. The success of PAGES and especially of its innovative working groups clearly demonstrated that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and that interdisciplinarity is key for producing the new knowledge required to assess global change from a paleo perspective.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Santo Domingo: ENDA-Caribe/CATIE 1989. [98] vegetal caribeña 3a edición. Mérida, Yucatán: CICY 2014. [99] Kumar NS, Simon N. In vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Gliricidia sepium (L. ) leaf extracts. J 2016; 5: 131-3. [100]. Antibacterial, phytochemical and antioxidant activities of the leaf extract of Gliricidia sepium and Spathodea campanulata. 2012; 16: 523-30. [101] Screening for antifungal activity of Panamanian plants. Pharmacol 1993; 31: 68-76. [102]. Larvicidal, ovicidal and pupicidal activities of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq. ) (Leguminosae) against the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Cuclicidae: Siptera). J 2012; 598-604. [103] Toxicity effect of Cassia fistula Linn. and Gliricidia sepium Jacq. leaf extract against fourth instar larvae of filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (diptera: culiciae). J 2016; 40: 369-72. [104] Sinha SN. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of the leaf extract of Gliricidia sepium. Innov Bio-Sci 2013; 3: 87-91. [105] Jiu J. A survey of some medicinal plants of Mexico for selected biological activities. Lloydia 1966; 29: 250-9. [106] Screening for mast cell histamine release inhibitory activity of Philippine medicinal plants: Active constituent of Ehretia microphylla. Pharmacol 1987; 41: 242-7. [107] Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. VI. 1977; 15: 208. [108] Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Gliricidia sepium flowers in rats. Res 2014; 6: 477-81. [109] Glasby JS. Dictionary of plants containing secondary metabolites. London: Taylor & Francis 1991.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 892R, p-c, d-bld, parallel 1)2139 subjects with SBP 133-176 and DBP 86-108 mmHg2. 253. 0Lb. helvLBK-16H2 x 150 mlmilk drink-6. 7 -3. 686R, p-c, d-bld,parallelCross- over2)10760 Finnish subjects with SBP 140-180 and DBP 90-110 mmHg2. 4-2. 72. 4-2. 7Lb. helvLBK-16H1 x 150 mlmilk drink-2. 3-12. 3-0. 5-3. 787R, p-c, d-bld,parallel1094 hypertensive patients3022. 5Lb. helvLBK-16H2 x 150 mlmilk drink4. 11. 888R, p-c, d-bld,parallel120 healthy volunteersnormal blood pressure (<130 mmHg SBP and <85 mmHg DPB). 11. 517. 7Lb. helv CM41 x 14 tablets2. 6293R, p-c, d-bld, parallel8135 Dutch subjects with untreated high-normal BP or mild hypertension4. 25. 8Fermentation1 x 200 mlyoghurt drink-0. 5-1. 297R, p-c, d-bld, crossover470 Caucasian subjects with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension15-Hydrolysis by endopeptidase2 x 7. 5 mg capsules-3. 8-2. 3102Table 3. Hypotensive effects of fermented milks with bioactive peptides in humansThe results have been included in two meta-analysis [95, 96], which described decreases around 5 mmHg for SBP and 2. 3 mmHg for DBP. In general, the effects described in Japanese studies on lactotripeptides are larger than those reported in Finnish studies. However, it is unlikely that genetic differences can account for these differential effects. Moreover, clinical trials in Dutch and Danish subjects have described controversial results since no effect on blood pressure was found [97, 98]. In a recent meta-analysis with a total of 18 trials, it was found a reduction of 3. 73 mm Hg for SBP and 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: navigation Apply for support FAQ Be involved toggle overview Mission statement PAGES logos fellows Meeting minutes us Supporters and partners Supporters and partners organization Scientific partners -of involved Be involved mailing lists Apply to be on the SSC Write for and education Stakeholder engagement Stakeholder engagement Engaging with stakeholders guidelines Endorsed and affiliated Former initiatives and groups Data stewardship Data guidelines PAGES databases External databases webinars PAGES awardees PAGES awardees Scholarship recipients Early-Guest scientists -Menu layer 3 left side Menu layer 3 right side -carbon: -carbon: A model intercomparison effort to better understand past carbon cycle changes and > Access contents of this issue > Download this 10. 22498/pages. 29. 2. 88 Nathaelle Bouttes1, F. Lhardy1, D. M. Roche1,2 and T. Mandonnet1 Past carbon cycle changes, especially during the Maximum 21,000 years ago, remain largely unexplained and difficult to simulate with numerical models. The ongoing PMIP-carbon project compares results from different models to improve our understanding of carbon cycle modeling. PMIP-carbon Atmospheric CO2 concentration plays a major role for the Earth's climate as this is one of the main greenhouse gases. Moreover, the CO2 level directly influences the ocean pH with large impacts on marine biology. Hence, understanding the carbon cycle, and its past changes, is critical. The carbon cycle at short timescales corresponds to the exchange of carbon between the main carbon reservoirs: ocean, atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere, surface sediments, and permafrost (Fig. 1). The atmospheric CO2 concentration depends on the carbon fluxes and how much carbon is stored in the various reservoirs. Figure 1: Schematic of the short-term carbon cycle with the main reservoirs and their estimated carbon content at the pre-industrial. The long-term processes (longer than 100 kyr) such as volcanism or silicate weathering are not considered. Also indicated are the boundary conditions imposed in climate models and the two types of simulation of atmospheric CO2. We know from proxy data that the atmospheric CO2 level has varied largely in the past. In particular, measurements of CO2 concentration in air bubbles trapped in ice cores indicate lower values of ∼190 ppm during cold glacial periods compared to values of ∼280 ppm during warmer interglacial periods (Bereiter et al. 2015 and 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [124] Efficacy of essential oils of Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown and Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm. ) Sweet and their major constituents on mortality, oviposition and feeding behavior of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. J Agric 2011; 91: 2277-83. [125] éndez-Sánchez SC, et al. Essential oils with insecticidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). 2014. [ [126] Efficacy of 11 Brazilian essential oils on lethality of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Ticks Tick-born Dis 2016; 7: 427-32. [127] Screening of antimutagenicity via antioxidant activity in Cuban medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 87: 241-6. [128] ínez JR. Comparison of different extraction methods for the analysis of volatile secondary metabolites of Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown, grown in Colombia, and evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant activity. J 2004; 1025: 93-103. [129]. Antiulcerogenic activity of Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae). 2001; 56: 501-4. [130] Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part III. 1971; 9: 91. [131] van Buren C, et al. Antispasmodic effects and composition of the essential oil from two chemotypes of Lippia alba. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 149: 803-9. [132] Screening in mice of some medicinal plants used for analgesic purposes in the state of São Paulo. II. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 27: 25-33. [133] In vivo anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Lippia alba. J 2012; 2: S667-70. [134] López. Chemical composition and antigenotoxic properties of Lippia alba essential oil. Biol 2011; 34: 479-88. [135] Conde R, Corrêa VSC, Carmona F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 97 mm Hg for DBP but it was highlighted that the effect was more evident in Asian subjects that in Caucasian ones [99]. The relevance of these findings in genetics or dietary patterns should be further investigated. Comparative studies on antihypertensive medication in different races/ethnic groups have demonstrated that pharmacokinetic parameters and haemodynamic effects are essentially the same in Chinese and Japanese subjects compared with Caucasian subjects [100]. Hypertension is a complex multifactor disorder that is thought to result from an interaction between environmental factors and genetic background. Subject characteristics such as age and race/ethnicity can affect BP, including the BP response to specific antihypertensive medication. For certain antihypertensive drugs, it has been reported that a polymorphism found in humans can affect the clinical effectiveness, and similarly, these differences could be also affecting clinical trials of functional ingredients [101]. Although ACE inhibition has been postulated as the underlying mechanism of these lactotripeptides, results about the inhibition of this enzyme are not conclusive in humans. Several studies have shown that rennin or ACE activity was not affected by the oral administration of the tripeptides [95, 102]. Therefore, other mechanisms could be implicated in the observed blood pressure reduction. It has been found that the intake of fermented milk containing these peptides may decrease sympathetic activity, leading to a diminished heart rate variability, heart rate and total peripheral resistance, although differences did not reach statistical significance [98]. Advertisement 4. BioavailabilityBioavilability of bioactive peptides is an important target to establish the relationship between in vitro and in vivo activities. The likelihood of any bioactive peptide released during fermentation mediating a physiological response is dependent on the ability of that peptide to reach an appropriate target site. Therefore, peptides may need to be resistant to further degradation by proteolytic and peptidolytic enzymes in digestive tract. Thereafter peptides should be absorbed and enter systemic circulation. Resistance to hydrolysis is one of the main factors influencing the bioavailability of bioactive peptides. The effects of digestive enzymes on bioactive peptides, in particular ACEI peptides derived from different food matrices, have been evaluated in vitro gastrointestinal simulated systems. The common purpose of these experiments was to assess the effects of the peptidases of the stomach and the pancreas on the preservation of the ACEI activity of different hydrolysates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Figure 2: Carbon in three reservoirs: (A) Atmospheric CO2 concentration (ppm), (B) terrestrial biosphere carbon change from PI to LGM (GtC) and (C) ocean carbon change (GtC). CO2 data from Bereiter et al. (2015). Reconstruction of terrestrial biosphere carbon change using proxy data ranging from 300 GtC with carbon isotopes to 1500 GtC from pollen records (see Jeltsch-Thommes et al. 2019 for a more in-depth discussion). In agreement with data reconstructions, the land carbon storage (vegetation and soils) decreases from the pre-industrial to the LGM (Fig. 2b) due to the colder LGM climate and larger ice sheets. The amplitude of this decrease varies between models, possibly due to differences in the terrestrial biosphere modules, and differences in the simulated climate (Kageyama et al. 2021). However, this could also result from different prescribed boundary conditions, such as coastlines and ice-sheet extents, both of which yield different land surfaces at the LGM and, hence, more or less space for vegetation to grow. In the ocean, model results are more variable. Most models with prescribed atmospheric CO2 (except ) indicate a loss of ocean carbon storage, at odds with the general view of increased carbon storage. In the models with freely evolving CO2, the ocean stores more carbon (a similar result is seen in simulations), but this effect is far too small to counteract the loss of carbon from land. This, therefore, results in atmospheric CO2 values far outside of the range of the data. The carbon storage in the ocean is the result of many competing processes. For example, on the one hand, lower temperatures increase CO2 solubility, and increased nutrient concentrations due to lower sea level (of ∼130 m) yields more productivity, both lowering atmospheric CO2. On the other hand, the increased salinity due to sea-level change tends to increase atmospheric CO2. While these mechanisms are relatively well understood, the change of ocean circulation is still a major issue in models (Kageyama et al. 2021). PMIP-carbon aims to understand these model differences and highlight missing processes in the ocean.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Chemical composition and therapeutic effects of Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown leaves hydro-alcoholic extract in patients with migraine. Phytomedicine 2011; 18: 1197-201. [136] Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown hydroethanolic extract of the leaves is effective in the treatment of migraine in women. Phytomedicine 2013; 20: 947-50. [137] Lipia alba morphotypes cidreira and melissa exhibit significant differences in leaf characteristics and essential oil profile. Farmacogn 2013; 23: 217-23. [138]. Behavioral effects of essential oil from Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown chemotypes. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 67: 127-33. [139] Mesa-Arango AC, Montiel-Zapata Bibiana,, et al. Citral and carvone chemotypes from the essential oils of alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown: composition, cytotoxicity and antifungal activity. 2009; 104: 878-84. [140] Martínez M. Las plantas medicinales de México. México: Ed. Botas 1992. [141] Antiviral activity of Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregabno) essential oil and its main compound carvacrol against human and animal viruses. Microbiol 2011; 42: 1616-24. [142] Hernández Ethnobotany and antibacterial activity of some plants used in traditional medicine of Zapotitlán de las Salinas, Puebla (México). J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 88: 181-8. [143] Hernández Composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Lippia graveolens H. B. K. (Verbenaceae). 2009; 8: 295-300. [144] çalves MJ, Proença da Cunha A. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Lippia graveolens from Guatemala. 2003; 69: 80-3. [145] Antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Guatemalan medicinal plants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Studies have shown that the ACEI is low after fermentation but increases during hydrolysis that simulates gastrointestinal digestion [35,103]. The ACEI peptides in rapeseed hydrolysate exhibited good stability in an in vitro digestion model using human gastric and duodenal fluids [104]. The digestion of some peptides have been reported. For example, Ile-Val-Tyr was hydrolysed by pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin alone or in combination and IC50-value did not change significantly during digestion [105]. Proline- and hydroxyproline-containing peptides are usually resistant to degradation by digestive enzymes. Tripeptides containing C-terminal proline-proline are generally resistant to proline-specific peptidases [106]. In some cases, pancreatic digestion is needed to produce active peptide. For instance, the active form of peptide Lys-Val-Leu-Pro-Val-Pro-Glu is generated by hydrolysis of the glutamine residue at the C-terminal during pancreatic digestion [107]. The results are not completely predictive of the resistance of the bioactive peptides because they do not mimic all the physiological factors affecting food digestion, as pH variations, the relative amounts of the enzymes, the interactions with other molecules, and the ratio peptidase/tested compound. These variations may affect the rate of enzymatic degradation of the bioactive peptides under study, therefore affecting the estimated bioavailability of these bioactive peptides. Moreover, commercial enzymes appear to digest whey proteins more efficiently compared with human digestive juices when used at similar enzyme activities [108]. This could lead to conflicting results when comparing human in vivo protein digestion with digestion using purified enzymes of non-human species. Peptides have been reported to have poor permeation across biological barriers (e. g. intestinal mucosa) [109]. Peptides can be transported by active transcellular transport or by passive processes. Although substantial amino acid absorption occurs in the form of di- and tripeptides at the apical side of enterocytes, efflux of intact peptides via the basolateral membrane into the general circulation seems to be negligible [110].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: you ever wondered if today’s oceans were different millions of years ago? Well, a group of small algae called diatoms can help us to find this out. Diatoms build a strong glass skeleton, like a shell, which can last for thousands and even millions of years after their deaths. To build their glass skeletons, diatoms take up silicon from the seawater, similar to us eating food to build our bodies. Diatoms preferentially use one type of silicon in their menu, leaving behind the type they do not like. Researchers can track this eating habit by measuring the proportion of the two types of silicon stored within diatoms. Using this silica-print like a fingerprint, scientists can investigate what the surface ocean was like, how much diatoms were eating silicon, and how these organisms have affected Earth’s past climate. ? Diatoms are tiny algae that live almost everywhere near the surface of oceans, lakes, and rivers. They stay near the surface because, just like any plant, they need light to produce energy through the process of photosynthesis (for more information about photosynthesis in the oceans, see this Frontiers for 0. 5 mm and are about as wide as one of your hairs. By collecting samples from the seafloor, scientists can find diatom skeletons and use those skeletons to gather information about ocean conditions in the past and present. This research field is called paleoceanography. ? To build their skeletons, diatoms need silicon, which they find dissolved in seawater. They store this silicon in small pockets called vesicles inside their bodies, where they can transform the silicon into small opal crystals (Figure 1) [2]. They use these opal crystals to build their skeletons, which are decorated with spines and holes. In some places, diatoms use all the silicon from surface water, leaving nothing behind. We know that they do so because scientists have found a way to track their fingerprints—or should we say their silicon-prints—in the ocean and on the seafloor. To do so, scientists measure silicon isotopes, which is a powerful way to understand what diatoms were doing in the past, as well as what the conditions were like for these diatoms. Say Isotope? Atoms are the main building blocks of every existing thing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 2015; 53: 548-54. [146] Anti-Gardia activity of phenolic-rich essential oil: effects of Thymbra capitata, Origanum virens, Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris, and Lippia graveolens on trophozoites growth, viability, adherence, and ultrastructure. 2010; 106: 1205-15. [147] Quintanilla-Licea R, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Vargas-Villareal J, et al. Antiprotozoal activity against Entamoeba histolytica of plants used in northeast Mexican traditional medicine. Bioactive compounds from Lippia graveolens and Ruta chalepensis. Molecules 2014; 19: 21044-65. [148] Jasso de Rodríguez D, Rodriguez-García R, Hernández Castillo FD, et al. In vitro antifungal activity of extracts of desert plants against postharvest fungi. Prod 2011; 34: 960-6. [149] Martínez-Velazquez M, Rosario-Cruz R, Castillo-Herrera G, et al. Acaricidal effect of essential oil from Lippia graveolens (Lamiales: Vebenaceae), Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and Allium sativum (Liliales: Liliaceae) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J 2011; 48: 822-7. [150] Martínez-Rocha A, Puga R, Hernandez-Sandoval L, et al. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth). 2008; 63: 1-5. [151] Rivero- Chemical composition and antimicrobial and spasmolytic properties of Poliomintha longiflora and Lippia graveolens essential oils. J 2011; 76: C309-17. [152] González-Trujano ME, Hernández-Sánchez LY, Muñoz-Ocotero V, et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The intestinal absorption of peptides have been performed using in vitro tests with monolayer of intestinal cell lines, simulating intestinal epithelium, as well as analysis of peptides and derivatives in blood samples after animal and clinical studies. Foltz et al. [111] investigated the transport of IPP and VPP by using three different absorption models and demonstrated that these tripeptides are transported in small amounts intact across the barrier of the intestinal epithelium. The major transport mechanisms of IPP and VPP were demonstrated to be paracellular transport and passive diffusion [112]. Another ACEI peptide, Leu-His-Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro resisted gastrointestinal simulation but was degraded to His-Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro by cellular peptidases before crossing Caco-2 cell monolayer. The pentapeptide was rapidly transported through Caco-2 cell monolayers through paracellular route [113]. Vascular endothelial tissue peptidases and soluble plasma peptidases further contribute to peptide hydrolysis. As a consequence, for most peptides, the plasma half-life is limited to minutes as shown for endogenous peptides such as angiotensin II and glucagon-like peptide 1 [114]. In order to exert antihypertensive effect ACEI peptides need to resist different peptidases such as ACE. In this regard ACEI peptides can be classified into three groups: the inhibitor type, of which the IC50-value is not affected by preincubation with ACE; the substrate type, peptides that are hydrolysed by ACE to give peptides with a weaker activity; the pro-drug type inhibitor, peptides that are converted to true inhibitors by ACE or other proteases/peptidases. Only peptides belonging to pro-drug or inhibitor type exert antihypertensive properties after oral administration. There are some examples showing that peptides are absorbed and can exert in vivo activities. As regard to casein-derived IPP, Jauhiainen et al. [115] used radiolabelled tripeptide and showed that it absorbed partly intact from the gastrointestinal tract after a single oral dose to rats. Considerable amounts of radioactivity were found from several tissues, e. g. , liver, kidney and aorta.

Output: pass