Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: Therefore, overlap in morphospace does not translate into spatial (i. e. , ecological) overlap, and hence, such high phenotypic relative disparity is likely to have evolved independently among subclades in different areas [12]. In other words, the Liolaemus genus as a whole may be a collection of replicated and independently radiating subclades where events of diversification are marginally or not influenced by other subclades within the genus. The role for limited spatial overlap among diversifying lineages in the rates of phenotypic diversification has also been suggested elsewhere [2, 8, 12]. The principle is that EB-like diversification is more likely to occur in lineages with a large proportion of sympatric species early in their history, given that saturation of ecological space is directly mediated by species interactions (e. g. , competition) and coadaptation [2, 8]. As indicated above, Liolaemus subclades tend to ‘specialize’ in different geographic zones, and important part of this territory is a highly complex Andean topography, that further increases spatial isolation between groups of species within subclades [35]. An interesting implication of this phylogeographic pattern is that continental radiations can face opportunities for more complex macroevolutionary patterns to emerge. For example, non-adaptively radiating subclades may evolve within a lineage that is fundamentally an adaptive radiation. Cases like this may also exist in subclades, in which sets of morphologically and ecologically similar species occur in isolation from each other along ‘mountain chains’ that run latitudinally. This idea was suggested by Pincheira-Donoso & Nuñez [31] who noted thatsome phenotypically and ecologically similar Liolaemus species (e. g. , their ‘nigroviridis’ group) replace each other along a latitudinal chain of high Andean areas. The same is true for the Liolaemus’ sister genus Phymaturus, which has emerged as a candidate case of non-adaptive radiation given the same pattern [88, 89]. What does define an adaptive radiation? Although our study reveals an apparent disconnection between dynamics of clade and phenotypic diversification, both findings are consistent with evolutionary patterns observed in a diversity of animal lineages [8, 16]. Most notably, Harmon et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 0010[digestive physiology;excretory physiology;intestinal enzymes;kidney structure;metabolic physiology;oxidative metabolism;basal metabolic rate]Dietary diversification is one of the main drivers of physiological diversification in Phyllostomidae. We analyzed the extent to which dietary diversification in phyllostomids is paralleled by diversification in whole-organism physiological traits that are essential to understanding how they interact with their environment. We focused our analysis on the interplay between diet and digestive,excretory, and metabolic physiology. We used a strict phylogenetic approach to test the relationship of these traits with diet when sufficient information for phyllostomids representative of different feeding habits was available: activity of intestinal enzymes, kidney morphology, urine concentration, and basal metabolic rate. For traits for which data are scarce or restricted to some trophic guilds, we reviewed the information available in the literature. Our analysis reveals that certain physiological traits appear to be associated with diet in an evolutionary and ecological context. Other traits seem not to be related to diet. Besides the difficulties associated with diet quantification, one potential problem with comparative analyses of the association between diet and physiological traits in phyllostomids is the paucity of data for animalivores. Future comparative work should include under-represented dietary habits and consider the use of methodological approaches currently used in the study of other vertebrates. (pages 169 - 186)This 11. Sensory and - Jeneni Thiagavel, Signe Brinkløv, Inga Geipel, John M. RatcliffeDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0011[foraging ecology;diet selection;sensory systems;brain evolution;neuroanatomy]Bats (order Chiroptera) exhibit wide-ranging differences in foraging ecology, morphology and behavior that often reflect the demands on their sensory systems. leaf-nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae) have a wide spectrum of feeding ecologies and sensory system specializations. The family consists of bats that are primarily nectarivorous (e. g. , subfamily Glossophaginae), frugivorous (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: The voltage dependencies of all tested mutants are similar (V1/2 is the voltage of half maximal activation; graph to the left). The rel. offset of the slow gate (virtually non-gated offset derived from the Bolzmann fit) was analyzed (graph to the right). Fig. 4. Analyses of Neanderthal Kv1. 5 variants. Neanderthal genetic variants were generated and expressed in HEK 293 cells. Examples of wild type and Neanderthal variant hKv1. 5 currents are shown. Several genetic variants resulted in functional alteration of kv1. 5 channels (n=4-11). The peak currents (Inorm) and the sustained currents (Iss norm) at the end of the depolarizing pulses were analysed (± SEM). Fig. 5. Pedigree of patient with high blood potassium levels and hypothetical (patho-) physiological mechanisms in altered CLC-2 function. A. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in the otherwise healthy male M1374 with azoospermia. Homozygous CLCN2 mutation c. 828dup leading to frameshift p. Arg277AlafsTer23 was detected and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The mutation resulted in a complete lack of CLC-2 (only N-residues 1-23 may be expressed). The mutation has been described before and was associated with leukodystrophy [18]. The patient showed complete loss of sperm in repeated semen samples and high serum potassium levels of 5. 1 mmol/l (3. 5-5. 0). In addition he featured a normal male karyotype 46,XY and had no Y-chromosomal AZF deletions. The patient had reduced testicular volume (3/4 mL), increased FSH 22. 6 U/L (1-7), normal LH 4. 3 U/L (2-10) and normal testosterone 12. 7 nmol/L (>12). B. CLC-2 loss of function was shown to lead to azoospermia associated with Sertoli cell degeneration and loss of spermatogonia [39]. C. CLC-2 sets the resting membrane potential in adrenocortical cells and thus regulates aldosterone secretion [23, 24].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: [8] recently showed that the early-bursts of phenotypic diversification traditionally predicted by theory [2, 10] are only rarely observed across numerous cases of adaptive radiations ranging from taxonomically small to large lineages. Therefore, this EB pattern of evolutionary diversification traditionally implied as a central condition to define adaptive radiations is not compatible with the evolutionary history of multiple classic lineages that have been instrumental in shaping the theory of adaptive radiation itself. These replicated findings raise the question of what features define an adaptive radiation. On one hand, we agree with previous authors [1, 8, 90] that the timing of adaptive radiation is not a necessary condition to define the process. Instead, it is a feature that should be empirically tested to better understand the contexts of diversification of specific clades [1]. In addition, inference of diversification dynamics as functions of ecological processes (e. g. , density-dependent diversification via niche saturation over time) from LTT curves can be inaccurate. For instance, while asymptotic functions may not necessarily reflect density-dependent diversification [91–93], failure to identify diversification slowdowns does not rule out a density-dependent diversification [9]. Also, the traditional link between asymptotic diversification patterns and adaptive radiations implicitly assumes that the environments occupied by radiating clades are rather static over their evolutionary histories (i. e. , ecological opportunity gets saturated early on, then, adaptive diversification slows down). However, episodes of ecological opportunity can emerge multiple times during the evolutionary history of a lineage (see above). For example, the temporally and spatially spread pulses of Andean uplifts are likely to have generated episodic ecological opportunity during the history of Liolaemus, potentially eroding a more pronounced overall asymptotic diversity-dependent curve for the genus (which may at least in part be linked to the, although non-significant, slight pulses of diversification observed in the LTT analysis; Fig. 2). Unquestionably, diversification mediated by niche filling following emergence of ecological opportunity is a central component of processes of adaptive radiation. Therefore, we argue that adaptively radiating lineages are likely to experience bursts of species and phenotypic diversification during their evolutionary history.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: , Stenodermatinae, Carolliinae), sanguivorous (Desmodontinae), and predatory (Phyllostominae). Phyllostomid brains typically have more balanced visual, olfactory, and auditory regions in relative size compared with other bat families. Within phyllostomid subfamilies, relative brain region volumes reflect feeding ecology and corresponding sensory specializations. For instance, phytophagous phyllostomids have larger visual and olfactory regions relative to predatory species, which in turn have larger auditory centers. This 12. Reproduction and - Robert M. R. Barclay, Theodore H. FlemingDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0012[body size;diet;life history theory;longevity;monestrus;polyestrus;size at birth]Using data from the primary literature for 71 species, we summarize reproductive and life history variation in this family and test predictions based on life history theory. The expectation for variation is at least partly supported. Monestry, seasonal (bimodal) polyestry, and aseasonal polyestry occur, with larger species, island species or populations, and animalivorous species being most likely to be monestrus. Litter size is universally one, however. As in other bats, phyllostomids have a “slow” life history with late maturity, one offspring per litter, and long lives for their size. Females produce relatively large offspring at birth (mean = 28% of adult mass), although relative size declines with adult mass. Young are dependent on their mother until they are almost full size at the time of weaning. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of data for many other life history traits and this precludes in-depth analyses of patterns and factors associated with variation. Many interesting evolutionary questions remain to be addressed and the variation in other aspects of the family make phyllostomids ideal subjects to test general questions regarding the evolution of reproductive and life history traits of mammals. (pages 205 - 220)This 13. Patterns of - Danielle M. Adams, Christopher Nicolay, Gerald S. WilkinsonDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: The resting membrane potential of adrenocortical cells may have tended to depolarize because the typical high-potassium diet [40], which in turn would increase expression of enzyme CYP11B2 and its product aldosterone. CLC-2 loss of function leads to hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential of adrenocortical cells and thus would counteract excessive aldosterone production. In CLC-2 gain of function, increased aldosterone acts on renal collecting duct cells to increase salt reuptake and contribute to early-onset high blood pressure [21, 22]. DiscussionPrevious reports and the findings presented here underscore that CLC-2 has a key role in normal sperm production. Based on the critical role of CLC-2 in spermatogenesis, the Neanderthal CLCN2 gene variants, which reduce CLC-2 function in heterologous expression, would likely also lead to reduced production of competent sperm. As a result, reduced sperm number may be expected to result in reduced reproductive success. In line with this hypothesis, Neanderthal populations were known to have small group sizes and low genetic diversity. Supposedly, these characteristics were facilitated by Neanderthals patrilocal mating behavior, which would have focused reproductive success on the Neanderthal males [9]. Two recent studies have shown that gain-of-function in CLC-2 leads to hyperaldosteronism type II [21, 22]. Inversely, mild CLC-2 loss-of-function may have resulted in lower aldosterone levels, lower blood pressure, and potassium-saving. Indeed, the CLC-2 loss of function patient analyzed here (Fig. 5A) featured high serum potassium levels of 5. 1 mmol/l (3. 5-5. 0), underscoring a proposed potassium-saving mechanism (Fig. 5C): CLC-2 function determines aldosterone levels, which in turn regulate sodium vs. potassium exchange in the renal collecting duct (Fig. 5C). Typical diets in the included a 4-fold higher potassium uptake than in current diet due to consuming various plants (fruits, leafy greens, vegetable fruits, and roots) and high NaCl uptake [40]. The combination of a high-potassium diet and a salt-rich diet would be expected to lead to increased aldosterone levels and, potentially, to increased blood pressure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: Yet, as suggested above, these bursts can occur in multiple episodes which are, in turn, likely to be a function of changes in the environment, thus eroding the density-dependent signature of diversification. Consequently, we support the view [1, 3, 90] that an adaptive radiation should be defined as the diversification of a single lineage into a variety of species adapted to exploit different portions of the multidimensional spectrum of ecological resources driven by divergent natural selection. On the other hand, as indicated above, we suggest that interpretations of the signals of diversification mode inferred from relative disparity through-time analyses should be based on multiple factors, rather than on the extent of subclade overlap in morphospace (i. e. , the MDI value) alone. ConclusionsOur study reveals that lineage diversification in the continental genus Liolaemus, one of Earth’s most prolific vertebrate radiations, conforms to a diversity-dependent model. This process is traditionally interpreted as adaptive radiation through niche filling [2, 8, 94]. Consistent with continuous large-scale environmental changes and emergence of ecological opportunity caused by the uplift of the Andes, this radiation shows some slight signals of episodic pulses of lineage accumulation. Therefore, and regardless of whether these pulses are linked to episodic ecological opportunity offered by the Andes, we suggest that ecological opportunity in continents can be strong and a crucial driver of adaptive radiations, but may emerge less frequently compared to islands. Body size diversification, in contrast, does not follow a niche filling process (it conforms to a multiple-peak OU model and shows a positive MDI value). We argue that depending on factors such as the nature (whether it is episodic, spatially spread) of ecological opportunity, lineage distribution, and the functional contribution of traits to adaptive diversification, models of diversification between lineages and phenotypes can differ. Finally, in agreement with previous authors [1, 8, 90], we suggest that adaptive radiations should not be defined solely based on evidence for early-burst processes. Instead, we advocate a more general definition based on evidence for diversification of an ancestor into multiple species adapted to different ecological niches. Availability of supporting dataThe body size data set supporting the results of this 1. Research ethicsResearch ethical approval and consent are not applicable to this study, since the study involves no human or live animal subjects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 0013[canines;female choice;male competition;sexual selection;sperm competition]Of the 216 species of phyllostomid bats, fewer than 10% have had their mating systems studied in any great detail; however, some species exhibit mating systems ranging from apparent monogamy to extreme polygyny. Paternity studies reveal that the social mating system is generally indicative of the genetic mating system, although in some cases, subordinate males father some offspring. These findings suggest that mate selection can involve both male competition and female choice. To estimate the strength of precopulatory and postcopulatory sexual selection, we use measures of sexual dimorphism in relative body mass and canine length as indicators of direct male competition, and relative testes mass as a proxy for sperm competition. We then evaluate the influence of aggregation size and permanence of the roosting structure on the intensity of sexual selection using phylogenetically-informed analyses. Even though females are often larger than males, male-biased sexual dimorphism for relative mass and canine length is widespread and associated with large roosting aggregations. In contrast, sperm competition is greatest in species with intermediate-sized aggregations. These patterns of sexual dimorphism are largely consistent with what is known about phyllostomid mating systems, but exceptions provide potential opportunities for future study. (pages 221 - 236)This 14. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: of the - Claire T. Hemingway, M. May Dixon, Rachel A. PageDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0014[animalivorous;foraging strategy;generalist;Phyllostominae;predator]Phyllostomid bats are known for their spectacular radiation into distinct dietary niches. But many phyllostomid species actually have quite generalized diets. Historically, these generalist phyllostomids fell within the subfamily Phyllostominae, a diverse group that primarily hunts insects and small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, birds, rodents, and other species of bats. This now paraphyletic group consists of over 30 species. While this group is characterized by predators with broad, generalized diets, many of these bats have distinct, specialized foraging strategies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: Thus, a reduced CLC-2 function could counteract these effects by decreasing aldosterone secretion; the Neanderthal CLC-2-gene loss-of-function variants might reflect an adaptation to salt-rich diet. On the other hand, for Neanderthals living in regions with a low salt supply, increased CLC-2 function due to gain-of-function gene variants would allow for highly efficient reabsorption of NaCl in the kidneys. Thus, depending on the environment, a loss or gain of function in CLC-2 could be expected to be beneficial. Therefore, it is plausible that Neanderthal populations with variable CLC-2 functions may have been better prepared for local NaCl abundances and different local diets. ConclusionIn summary, Neanderthal genomes exhibit an unusually high density of CLCN2 gene variants, which may potentially indicate technical artifacts. However, physicochemical features of these variants are similar to AMH and functional analyses of the Neanderthals gene variants show that they impair Cl- channel function in most cases. Potentially, this could represent a potential adaptation to local salt supply and could have also been associated with reduced fertility in male Neanderthals. Current rare loss-of-function gene variants in CLCN2 contribute to azoospermia and male infertility in modern humans. üttelmann, Michael Pusch, Julian A. Schreiber, collected data and performed analyses; designed the study; Elena Jeworutzki, Frank Tüttelmann and prepared figures; Frank Tüttelmann, Michael Pusch, Bernhard Wünsch, Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm and wrote the manuscript. We thank Frank Rühle, with help calling Neanderthal gene variants and Albrecht Röpke who helped with the genetic workup of the infertile patient. FundingParts of this study were supported by the Foundation sponsored Unit ‘Cells: from Genes to Function’ (326, grants to FT) and the school Chembion (to GS and BW). Research of MP is funded by grants from the Fondazione AIRC per la Ricerca sul Cancro (grant # IG 21558) and the Ministry (PRIN 20174TB8KW). The authors declare that no conflict of interests exists. 2947.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: Majority-rule consensus tree with all compatible groups for mitochondrial sequences with the inclusion of hybrid specimens in the analysis. Panel (a) shows a close-up on the topological position of hybrid specimens 1 to 3 and panel (b) of A. leucokranos. The topology of the rest of the phylogeny (not shown) is as in Figure 1. Full size imageFigure 4Nuclear phylogeny of hybrid cloned sequences. Majority-rule consensus tree with all compatible groups for nuclear sequences with the inclusion of hybrid specimens in the analysis. The two panels (a & b) are close-ups on the topological position of the cloned sequences. The topology of the rest of the phylogeny (not shown) is as in Figure 1. Full size imageFigure 5Distribution of potentially hybridising species. Species distribution following [17], of species likely implicated in hybridisation events. The localities of the sequenced hybrid individuals are shown by yellow dots or area when known. The precise geographical origin of the hybrid 2 individual is unknown, the question mark sign indicates the general area where it was collected. Full size imageDiscussionOur results show instances of cyto-nuclear incongruence in the clownfish phylogenetic tree, which suggests several hybridisation events. The most ancient of those events occurred in the same time frame as a node that was identified twice independently as the highest increase in diversification rate happening in the damselfish family [22],[23]. This evidence suggests a relationship between this ancient hybridisation event and the main burst of diversification of the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. Moreover, we identify nodes with an excess of homoplasy that can be attributed to more recent hybridisation events. Finally, we identify the parental lineages of four hybrid individuals, showing that hybridisation still occurs within clownfishes. This evidence suggests that the diversification of the clownfishes has been likely fuelled by hybridisation events that created novel phenotypes and eventually new species in a manner similar to the well-known cichlids. Past hybridisationWe reconstruct separately the phylogenetic trees of the mitochondrial (three markers) and nuclear (seven markers) genomes. Most nodes show high posterior probabilities, yet, several shallow nodes of our mitochondrial and nuclear trees are only weakly supported. This can originate from the lack of phylogenetic informative sites between closely related species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: We discuss the apparent paradox of these generalist predators: bats that can be classified as dietary generalists, broadly overlapping with one another in the prey they consume, but often possessing quite specialized foraging adaptations and distinct behavioral strategies for prey finding. To untangle the puzzle of this understudied and historically elusive group of generalist predators, we examine the influences of diet breadth on hunting behavior, spatial distribution, conservation concern, and morphology. (pages 239 - 256)This 15. - John W. Hermanson, Gerald G. CarterDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0015[adaptation;cooperation;Desmodus;Diaemus;Diphylla;morphology]The common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, white-winged vampire bat Diaemus youngi, and hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. Their blood-feeding lifestyle shapes virtually every aspect of their biology. Adaptations linked to blood-feeding include changes to morphology (e. g. dramatically reduced dentition, unique terrestrial and arboreal locomotion), physiology (e. g. anticoagulants in their saliva, an ability to rapidly eliminate water from blood meals), sensory ecology (e. g. infrared thermoperception, specialized low-frequency hearing), and social behavior (cooperative food sharing). There is even evidence for an adaptive loss of a cognitive trait: vampire bats lack the otherwise ubiquitous phenomenon of taste aversion learning, presumably because blood from live prey is never spoiled. From an evolutionary perspective, the traits that vampire bats have both gained and lost illustrate adaptive tradeoffs and the link between form and function. Vampire bats are the primary reservoir for bovine rabies virus in Central and South America, so understanding their biology has implications for agricultural development and public health. (pages 257 - 272)This 16. and Evolution of - : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0016[bat pollination;chiropterophily;nectarivory;New World;specialization]One-quarter (56) of the species of Phyllostomidae have adapted to a primarily nectarivorous diet and serve as pollinators for hundreds of species of flowering plants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: 2 : The makers of the Protoaurignacian and implications for Neandertal extinction. Science 2015;348:793-796. 3 --: Turnover in Neandertals: Continuity in the East and in the West. Evol 2012;29:1893-1897. 4 -Fox C, de la : A a in the Human FOXP2 Gene. Evol 2013;30:844-852. 5 : Neanderthal genomics suggests a pleistocene time frame for the first epidemiologic transition. 2016;160:379-388. 6 Lalueza--: Mitochondrial DNA from pre-from Cuba and the prehistoric colonization of the Caribbean. 2003;121:97-108. 7 : Neanderthal ancestry drives evolution of lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans. 2014;5:3584. 8 -Macias H, Huerta-Chagoya A, Churchhouse C, Marquez-Luna C, Garcia-Ortiz H, Gomez--Salinas CA, Gonzalez---Luna C, Huerta-Chagoya A, Ripke S, et al. : Sequence variants in SLC16A11 are a common risk factor for type 2 diabetes in Mexico. Nature 2014;506:97-101. 9 Lalueza--Tabernero A, Garcia-Vargas S, Sanchez-de la Rasilla M: Genetic evidence for patrilocal mating behavior among Neandertal groups. 2011;108:250-253. 10 Mellars P, French JC: Increase in at the Neandertal-to-Transition. Science 2011;333:623-627. 11 Strutz--Bahr E, Seebohm G: A Component for beta-Modulation of in Different K-V Channels. Biochem 2013;31:968-980. 12 del : A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data. 2011;43:491-498. 13 : Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. 2010;20:1297-1303. 14 Van der -: From FastQ data to high confidence variant calls: the Toolkit best practices pipeline. Bioinformatics 2013;43:11. 10. 1-11. 10. 33.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: This node has been previously linked with a burst of diversification rate in the clownfish clade [22],[23] and may also be mainly responsible for the increase in rate of morphological evolution found in the group [18]. In contrary, we did not detect traces of ancient hybridisation in the percula group which is species poor relative to the Amphiprion crown group. One recent hybridisation event likely occurred around node 41 (Figure 2) between A. percula and A. ocellaris. The distribution of those two species is mostly allopatric, but they share a common boundary and may overlap at some locations [26] possibly leading to gene exchange. Yet, despite similar behaviour and ecology, the species of the percula clade seemingly failed to radiate [19]. The fact that the clade deriving from a major hybridisation event is the only one to show patterns of rapid speciation supports the view that hybridisation can promote diversification during adaptive radiation. Actually, hybridisation appears to be one of the key factors explaining the adaptive radiation of the clownfishes. Recent hybridisation eventsWe identify the parental species of four putative hybrids, one being A. leucokranos, which is currently described as a species. Since their taxonomic descriptions, the species status of A. leucokranos and A. thiellei has been questioned [20]. Indeed, heterospecific pairs have been observed in the wild and fish with similar phenotype can be produced in aquaria by hybrid crosses [17]. Nevertheless, evidence of A. leucokranos pairs also exist [27], tentatively proposing that we may be witnessing hybrid speciation in progress. Yet, demonstrating this ongoing process would require more data than available here. It is thus more parsimonious to conclude at the moment, that A. leucokranos is an invalid species. We separate BMP4 sequences of each parental chromosome through molecular cloning and identify the putative parental species of A. leucokranos as A. chrysopterus and A. sandaracinos. This is consistent with field observations [20]. The hybrid individuals that we sequenced are all likely recent hybrids (possibly F1) because the two clones can always be clearly separated and cluster with different putative parental taxa. This suggests that genomic rearrangement occurring during reproductive events did not yet occur.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: Here we review the ecology and evolution of these bats and the flowers that rely on them. A suite of adaptations allows them to feed from flowers efficiently, including elongated rostrums, long, extensible tongues, reduced dentition, well-developed olfaction and spatial memory, and the ability to hover. These adaptations evolved independently in two phyllostomid subfamilies, the Lonchophyllinae and the Glossophaginae, which differ profoundly in their tongue morphology and nectar-feeding behavior: glossophagines have mop-like tongues with papillae covering the distal tip and lap nectar during flower visits, while lonchophyllines have straw-like tongues with papillae-lined grooves along the side and pull nectar through these grooves while keeping the tongue immersed in the nectar. Flowers adapted to bat pollination tend to have dull colors, strong scents, copious pollen and nectar production, and particularly well-exposed flowers. Despite heavy reliance on these flowers, nectar bats will often feed opportunistically on insects and fruit as well, particularly during times of the year when flowers are scarce. However, dietary data are still lacking for many species. (pages 273 - 294)This 17. The Frugivores: Evolution, Functional Traits, and in - Romeo A. Saldaña-Vázquez, Theodore H. FlemingDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0017[Carolliinae;climate change;foraging behavior;frugivory;seed dispersal;Stenodermatinae]Frugivory is a hallmark of the Phyllostomidae, and frugivorous species in subfamilies Carolliinae and Stenodermatinae are among the most common mammals throughout the Neotropics. In this 18. Roosting Ecology: of - Armando Rodríguez-DuránDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0018[bat ecology;Noctilionoidea;Phyllostomidae;roosts;roosting behavior]In this 19. - Theodore H. Fleming, Angela M. G. MartinoDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: 15 : : functional annotation of genetic variants from high-throughput sequencing data. Res 2010;38:e164. 16 : The Skeletal-Channel in Dominant and Myotonia. Science 1992;257:797-800. 17 Lossin C, George AL: Myotonia Congenita. 2008;63:25-55. 18 van de Die-: Brain white matter oedema due to ClC-2 chloride channel deficiency: an observational analytical study. 2013;12:659-668. 19 : Clinical/Scientific Notes. Neurology 2014;83:1217-1218. 20 Hoegg-de : Disrupting MLC1 and GlialCAM and ClC-2 interactions in leukodystrophy entails glial chloride channel dysfunction. 2014;5:3475. 21 Fernandes-: A gain-of-function mutation in the CLCN2 chloride channel gene causes primary aldosteronism. 2018;50:355-361. 22 -: CLCN2 chloride channel mutations in familial hyperaldosteronism type II. 2018;50:349-354. 23 Ponting CP: CBS domains in ClC chloride channels implicated in myotonia and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones). J (Berl) 1997;75:160-163. 24 : X-ray structure of a CIC chloride channel at 3. 0 angstrom reveals the molecular basis of anion selectivity. Nature 2002;415:287-294. 25 Jentsch TJ, Pusch M: Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. 2018;98:1493-1590. 26 Miller C: Open-of Channels from Torpedo Electroplax. 1982;299:401-411. 27 Miller C, White MM: of Channels from Torpedo Electroplax. 1984;81:2772-2775. 28 : Gating the selectivity filter in ClC chloride channels. Science 2003;300:108-112. 29 : Structure of a an in the Transport Cycle. Science 2010;330:635-641. 30 : ClC-2 in guinea pig colon: mRNA, immunolabeling, and functional evidence for surface epithelium localization. 2002;283:G1004-G1013.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: The special social structure of clownfish may put some behavioural constraints on hybridisation. Indeed, all clownfish species are protandrous hermaphrodites and live in social groups with size-based dominance hierarchy. The female is the largest and dominant individual, the male the second largest, and usually smaller non-breeding individuals follow, decreasing in size relative to their hierarchical position [28]. In certain cases [29]-[31], size differentiation allows smaller species to cohabit with a larger species in the same anemone. While reproduction of the smallest species is largely suppressed by the presence of the largest clownfish [32], species hybridisation cannot be fully excluded. In such instance, the size-based hierarchy ensure that the female of a hybrid pair will most probably always be the largest individual. This is what we observe in A. leucokranos. The parental origin of the three other hybrids does not allow for a definitive conclusion regarding this behavioural constraint. Indeed, the size difference between species of the akallopisos group is small and cannot be used as a diagnostic feature separating A. akalloposis, A. pacificus and A. perideraion [33]. It is thus likely that the behavioural constraint on hybridisation between those species is going to be weaker than between species with large size difference. Geography of recent hybridisationHybrid zones appear when two species share such margins and have the possibility to exchange genes. At the range margins, the probability of encountering a heterospecific mate is higher than that of meeting an individual of its own species whenever an individual moves into the range of the other species [34]. This will increase the probability of hybridisation events. As expected, A. leucokranos is distributed at the edge of the two parental distributions and hybrids 1 and 3 were found at the eastern edge of the range of A. akallopisos (Figure 5). Further genetic sampling would be necessary to better define those potential hybrid zones. This would be of particular interest given the evolutionary significance of hybridisation in animals, as exemplified by the importance of exogenous selection on contemporary hybrid zones [35]. ConclusionHybridisation can impact speciation in many ways. Our analyses show that in the case of the adaptive radiation of the clownfishes, hybridisation events are linked with a burst in diversification rate. We observe that hybridisation has occurred throughout the evolutionary history of the group and is still happening.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 003. 0019[demography;genetic subdivision;genetic variation;population sizes;relative abundance]Many phyllostomid species, especially frugivores in subfamilies Carolliinae and Stenodermatinae, are common members of neotropical mammal communities. Population sizes of these bats reflect the size of their resource base—large for fruit and much smaller for nectar and animal prey. Colony sizes are correlated with the size of their roost structures: larger in cave or cave-like roosts—the most common roost type in these bats—and much smaller in tree or foliage roosts. Stenodermatines and animalivorous species live in smaller colonies than most other phyllostomids. From a landscape perspective, phyllostomid populations occur either in a few relatively large colonies in widely scattered caves or in many smaller, more closely spaced colonies in trees, including foliage. Colony size in many species often changes seasonally in response to changes in resource availability and reproductive activities. Because of low reproductive output, growth rates of most phyllostomid populations are low, and many species likely live at their habitat’s carrying capacity as set by resource levels and roost availability. Some species, usually plant-visitors, undergo altitudinal or latitudinal migrations. Most phyllostomid populations harbor substantial amounts of genetic variation, and the extent of genetic subdivision between populations (or metapopulations) tends to be low. (pages 325 - 346)This 20. - Richard D. Stevens, Sergio Estrada-VillegasDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0020[abundance;anthrogenic effects;community properties;community structure;ecological processes;habitat size;isolation;metacommunities;species richness]More recently, the mechanistic basis of community structure has been distilled into four higher-level fundamental processes: selection, speciation, drift and dispersal. Herein we summarize a vast literature of research on determinants of phyllostomid community structure and apply this new theoretical framework to improve our understanding phyllostomid community structure. We categorized each of 232 studies identified in the literature as focusing on phyllostomid communities as to which of these four processes was addressed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: 31 -: in Transport in of Lack ClC-2 Channels. Gastroenterology 2012;142:346-354. 32 : Additional disruption of the ClC-2Cl(-) channel does not exacerbate the cystic fibrosis phenotype of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mouse models. J 2004;279:22276-22283. 33 de : Quantitative analysis of the voltage-dependent gating of mouse parotid ClC-2 chloride channel. J 2005;126:591-603. 34 : Voltage-dependent and -independent titration of specific residues accounts for complex gating of a ClC chloride channel by extracellular protons. J Physiol 2009;587:1387-1400. 35 : A in Epithelial and Nonepithelial Cells. Nature 1992;356:57-60. 36 : The voltage-dependent CIC-2 chloride channel has a dual gating mechanism. J Physiol 2004;555:671-682. 37 Jeworutzki E, Lagostena L, Elorza-Vidal X, Lopez-: GlialCAM, a CLC-2 Cl- Channel Subunit, Activates the of CLC Chloride Channels. 2014;107:1105-1116. 38 Jeworutzki E, Lopez-Hernandez T, Capdevila-: GlialCAM, a in a Leukodystrophy, Serves as a CIC-2 Cl- Subunit. Neuron 2012;73:951-961. 39 : Male germ cells and photoreceptors, both dependent on close cell-cell interactions, degenerate upon ClC-2Cl(-) channel disruption. EMBO J 2001;20:1289-1299. 40 : The evolution-informed optimal dietary potassium intake of human beings greatly exceeds current and recommended intakes. 2006;26:447-453.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal : 3. 1 5-Factor: 3. 3 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentMakingCreate email alert Restricted accessReview 10. 1177/0272989X14547740ContentsAbstract2013. Predefined exclusion criteria were used to identify 213 studies. During data extraction, information was collected on type of bias or heuristic studied, respondent population, decision type, study type (actual or hypothetical), study method, and study conclusion. Results. Of the 213 studies analyzed, 164 (77%) were based on hypothetical vignettes, and 175 (82%) were conducted with representative populations. Nineteen types of cognitive biases and heuristics were found. Only 34% of studies (n = 73) investigated medical personnel, and 68% (n = 145) confirmed the presence of a bias or heuristic. Each methodological quality criterion was satisfied by more than 50% of the studies, except for sample size and validated instruments/questions. Limitations are that existing terms were used to inform search terms, and study inclusion criteria focused strictly on decision making. Conclusions. Most of the studies on biases and heuristics in medical decision making are based on hypothetical vignettes, raising concerns about applicability of these findings to actual decision making. Biases and heuristics have been underinvestigated in medical personnel compared with patients. Get full access to this 1. . Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. 1st ed. New York: Press; 1982. Crossref2. Kahneman D, Tversky A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 0022[biodiversity;diversity gradients;ecological niche modeling;evolutionary mechanisms]Focus on Neotropical bats, especially Phyllostomidae, has provided many rich insights into contemporary biogeography of the Earth’s biota, in particular from perspectives of describing patterns and searching for mechanisms underlying broadscale gradients of biodiversity. Here we review this large body of research. We begin by reviewing more classical approaches to describe and explain secondary gradients of diversity related to area, latitude, and elevation but also review more contemporary analyses involving primary gradients related to climate and history. Indeed, phyllostomid bats exhibit arguably some of the strongest biodiversity gradients in the world. Moreover, gradients of phyllostomid diversity reflect responses to a complex tapestry of climatic conditions such as precipitation, temperature and their seasonality combined with historical drivers of diversification such as spatially variable speciation rates and tropical niche conservatism. We end by making explicit some of the methodological challenges that limit our understanding of phyllostomid biodiversity gradients as well as highlight some of the more exciting novel approaches that promise much in terms of improving our understanding of the vast complexity of biodiversity gradients of Phyllostomidae as well as the mechanistic basis to these patterns. (pages 391 - 410)This 23. Challenges and Opportunities for the Conservation of - Enrico Bernard, Mariana Delgado-Jaramillo, Ricardo B. Machado, Ludmilla M. S. AguiarDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0023[agribusiness;bat conservation;Brazil;cave protection;forest loss;habitat loss]Brazil is a continental-sized country that harbors at least 93 species of phyllostomids. Although large tracts of its original vegetation cover are still preserved, some of the Brazilian biomes are under severe human pressure. In this 24. Threats, Status, and for Leaf-- Jafet M. Nassar, Luis F. Aguirre, Bernal Rodríguez-Herrera, Rodrigo A. MedellínDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: From the Past: What the Founders of (Poster 29) Leah Durán of Past? In our current moment of social and educational crisis, scholars have called for a reimagining of what schools are and can be, rather than a return to the “old normal”. Although this moment could be a point for transformation, education in the U. S. can be stubbornly resistant to demands for reform (Lortie, 2020) and particularly for reforms which call for a radical rethinking in the way that schools serve racialized children and youth. One notable counterexample to the conservative nature of schooling in the US. can be found in the passage of the Act (BEA) in 1968, which reversed long-standing trends in language policy, and in doing so, challenged “the Anglo-conformist ethic” in U. S. schools (Crawford, p. 13, 1991). In recent years, as bilingual education has both expanded and been rebranded as “dual language education”, many scholars have raised questions about the extent to which current policies and practices continue to serve its original aims (Cervantes-Soon, 2014; Flores, 2016; Valdés, 1997). In particular, the field has recently engaged in debate around who should be served by bilingual education programs, and towards what ends? (Flores & Garcia, 2017; Bernstein et al, 2020). This study joins that conversation by looking backwards, into the origins of the BEA in order to better understand our current moment. In particular, what did early visions for bilingual education look like? How can, does and might current thinking around bilingual education be informed by these early visions? paper takes a genealogical approach (Foucault, 1984/1988) in order to create a “history of the present”. This approach does not look for a causal chain of events or a single origin for current conditions. Rather, it looks for emergences, or collected networks of events associated with a shift in paradigm (Alvermann & Moje, 2018). In examining these emergences, one key dimension is power and its relationship to knowledge. In particular, some forms of elite knowledge are always privileged, while others are and have been subjugated, especially “particular, local, regional knowledge” (Foucault, 1980, p. 82).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. Crossref3. . Heuristics and Biases: of Intuitive Judgment. 1st ed. New York: Press; 2002. Crossref4. . Systematic errors in medical decision making: judgment limitations. J Med. 1987;2(3):183–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5. Dawson NV. Physician judgment in clinical settings: methodological influences and cognitive performance. Clin Chem. 1993;39(7):1468–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. Elstein AS. Heuristics and biases: selected errors in clinical reasoning. Acad Med. 1999;74(7):791–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7. . Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making. J Biomed Inform. 2002;35(1):52–75. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science8. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica. 1979;47(2):263. CrossrefWeb of Science9. Colman A. Group think: bandwagon effect. In: of Psychology. New York: Press; 2003:77. 10. Sugarman DB. Active versus passive euthanasia: an attributional analysis. J Psychol. 1986;16(1):60–76. CrossrefWeb of Science11. Keys DJ, Schwartz B. “Leaky” rationality: how research on behavioral decision making challenges normative standards of rationality. Sci. 2007;2:162–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science12. Society for Making. From evidence to decision making: role of behavioral economics in medicine. Available from: URL: Feldman-Stewart D, O’Brien MA, Clayman M, et al. 2012 updated 14. Trevena L, Zikmund-Fisher B, Edwards A, et al. 2012 updated 15. 2012 updated 16. 2012 updated 17. 2012 updated 18. Slovic P. The construction of preference. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 489–502. Crossref19. Ubel PA. Critical Decisions: the Choices Together. 1st ed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 0024[conservation;education;emerging threats;extrinsic threats;habitat loss;roost disturbance]leaf-nosed bats stand out as the most versatile bat family within Chiroptera for their broad spectrum of ecological functions and ecosystem services. Paradoxically, phyllostomid bats, and bats in general in the region, face the negative impacts of several extrinsic threats that are mainly responsible for their population decline, in some cases driving them toward local extinction. Habitat loss and roost disturbance and destruction are the two main factors affecting them over their entire geographic range. Globally, 13 species (6% of 216 recognized taxa) have been assigned to threatened IUCN categories. At the regional level, percentage of threatened species stands below 32% (North America: 31%, Central America: 31%, South America: 26%, Caribbean: 12%). In the last decade, bat conservation activism and conservation-oriented research have increased significantly across the Americas and the Caribbean, generating measurable positive effects for many species, including many phyllostomids. These positive impacts are being achieved through the interplay between research, environmental education, and conservation applications as a function of regional and local conservation strategies. Emergence of new threats to bats in the Neotropical region, such as development of wind energy facilities and emerging and reemerging zoonotic viruses, calls for intensified action on behalf of bats. (pages 435 - 456)This 2020. Page maintained by BiblioVault.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: This paper attends to subjugated forms of knowledge by attending to the perspectives of the predominantly Mexican-American educators from Tucson, who were instrumental in the passage of BEA but whose contributions and vision are not widely recognized today. OPEN Findings: "Nos pertenece a todos/It belongs to all of us" Framing the problem One distinctive message of the early bilingual advocates was their location of the problem they wished to address: an inadequate school system, not a defective child. In the eventual enactment of the BEA (and through many documents in the present day), legislators referred to “children of limited English-speaking ability” and characterized children’s linguistic background as a handicap. In contrast, the early vision of bilingual education located the problem not in students' linguistic backgrounds, but rather in discriminatory systems. In their words, “there is something inherent in our system of public schooling that impedes the education of the Mexican-American child---that indeed drives him to drop out” (Association [NEA], 1966 p. 7). Although the NEA report quoted prominent scholars of the era, who tended to describe bilingual children in deficit-laden language, the committee of authors, chaired by María Urquides, repeatedly emphasized that while monolingual schooling was harmful to bilingual children, the children themselves were neither deficient nor handicapped. For example, the report consistently referred to such children as “Spanish-speaking” rather than “of limited English proficiency”. The authors also noted the way that standardized IQ tests, normed on monolingual White children, lead teachers to mislabel and misperceive intellectually capable bilingual children as “low achievers”, with that misperception circumscribing children’s opportunities to learn. These early bilingual education advocates (sometime referred to locally as "los pioneros") also placed educational struggles in a broader historical, social and political context. Monroe Sweetland, the NEA organizer who was instrumental in bringing the work of the Tucson-based teachers to a national audience, noted that his own interest in bilingual education began in his travels through the Southwest, where "I saw these large student bodies. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: . Measuring physicians’ tolerance for ambiguity and its relationship to their reported practices regarding genetic testing. Med Care. 1993;31(11):989–1001. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science33. . Probability judgment in medicine: discounting unspecified possibilities. Making. 1995;15(3):227–30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science34. Zaat JO, van Eijk JT. General practitioners’ uncertainty, risk preference, and use of laboratory tests. Med Care. 1992;30(9):846–54. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science35. . Ambiguity seeking in multi-attribute decisions: effects of optimism and message framing. J Mak. 1994;7(3):169–82. CrossrefWeb of Science36. . Economic p2000. p 642–72. 37. . The influence of irrelevant anchors on the judgments and choices of doctors and patients. Making. 2007;27(2):203–11. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science38. Kremer MJ, Faut-Callahan M, Hicks FD. A study of clinical decision making by certified registered nurse anesthetists. AANA J. 2002;70(5):391–7. PubMed39. . Do people experience cognitive biases while searching for information? J Inform Assoc. 2007;14(5):599–608. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science40. . Believing is seeing: the influence of a diagnostic hypothesis on the interpretation of clinical features. Acad Med. 2002;77(suppl 10):S67–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science41. Seen through their eyes: residents’ reflections on the cognitive and contextual components of diagnostic errors in medicine. Acad Med. 2012;87(10):1361–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science42. . The influence of anchoring on pain judgment. J Manage. 2011;42(2):265–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science43. . Clinician judgments of functional outcomes: how bias and perceived accuracy affect rating. Med Rehabil. 2000;81(12):1567–74. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science44. . Clinician bias in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Psychol Trauma. 2009;1(4):282–90.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractEvidence for long-term cooperative relationships comes from several social birds and mammals. Vampire bats demonstrate cooperative social bonds, and like primates, they maintain these bonds through social grooming. It is unclear, however, to what extent vampires are special among bats in this regard. We compared social grooming rates of common vampire bats Desmodus rotundus and four other group-living bats, Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia perspicillata, Eidolon helvum and Rousettus aegyptiacus, under the same captive conditions of fixed association and no ectoparasites. We conducted 13 focal sampling sessions for each combination of sex and species, for a total of 1560 presence/absence observations per species. We observed evidence for social grooming in all species, but social grooming rates were on average 14 times higher in vampire bats than in other species. Self-grooming rates did not differ. Vampire bats spent 3. 7% of their awake time social grooming (95% CI = 1. 5–6. 3%), whereas bats of the other species spent 0. 1–0. 5% of their awake time social grooming. Together with past data, this result supports the hypothesis that the elevated social grooming rate in the vampire bat is an adaptive trait, linked to their social bonding and unique regurgitated food sharing behavior. Citation: Carter G, (2015) in Bats: Bats Exceptional? 10(10): e0138430. Danilo Russo, Università degli Studi di : June 26, 2015; Accepted: August 30, 2015; Published: October 7, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Carter, Leffer. This is an open access 4. 5 x 3 x 2 m), while females and a few castrated males (see below) of these species were housed together in a different cage (same dimensions). were housed together (3 x 1. 5 x 2 m), but sex could still be assigned with certainty because sexes tended to segregate (into female groups with a dominant male and satellite male groups) and bats were individually marked. In all cages, bats were free to hang at any place in the cage. In all species, we only observed interactions between adult bats, and only one dependent offspring was present (in Desmodus). Work was approved by the University of (Protocol R-13-30).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: where a high percentage of the student body, the population was Spanish speaking, first or second generation Mexican-American, and there wouldn't be a Spanish-speaking teacher on the faculty, or maybe one or two, and they wouldn’t be on the school board. Even in communities with a clear majority of Spanish surnames on the census tracts, it’d be an all Anglo, White school board" (Sweetland, 1987). Recognizing the political nature of the problem, visible in the exclusion of Mexican-Americans from local school boards, invited political solution. With Sweetland’s aid, the Tucson-based educators invited not just academics and educators to their symposium, but also a number of politicians throughout the Southwest, including senators and congressional representatives. Perhaps in response, the initial legislation introduced by included not only a proposal for bilingual education, but also a set of broader economic measures which acknowledged and aimed to remediate discrimination faced by Mexican-Americans in the aftermath of the Mexican-American War. Introducing the legislation package as a whole, Yarbourough framed that the problem he was addressing as a political in nature: "By 1848 all the land in the Southwest--except for a strip later added by the Gadsden Purchase--had been acquired by the and the one-time majority of Spanish-speaking people became a minority in the face of the influx of English speaking who flocked to the land. With minority status came economic disadvantage. And exploitation. And discrimination (90 Cong. Rec. , 1967). " In this, Yarbourough echoed the NEA report, which noted that the educational problems of the moment originated in the aftermath of war and annexation. To that end, in its early form, bilingual education was one piece of larger, materialist approach to addressing the civil rights of Mexican-Americans in the Southwest, and English-only education was positioned as one form of discrimination amidst a larger context of disenfranchisement. Another key aspect of this early advocacy for bilingual education was a focus on the specific sociocultural context of the Southwest. The 1966 report emphasized the need not only for bilingual education, but also for education that affirmed students’ “dignity and worth as a person with a specific ethnic heritage” (NEA, 1966, p. 12).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Modeling patient decision-making: the role of base-rate and anecdotal information. J Med Settings. 2004;11(3):211–6. CrossrefWeb of Science57. Kenen R, Ardern-Jones A, Eeles R. Family stories and the use of heuristics: women from suspected hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) families. Illn. 2003;25(7):838–65. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science58. . The evaluation of medical symptoms by patients and doctors. J Behav Med. 1998;21(1):57–81. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science59. Poses RM, Anthony M. Availability, wishful thinking, and physicians’ diagnostic judgments for patients with suspected bacteremia. Making. 1991;11(3):159–68. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science60. . Effect of background case characteristics on decisions in the delivery room. Making. 2010;30(4):518–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science61. . Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. Anaesth. 2011;108(2):229–35. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science62. . The inclusion of patient testimonials in decision aids: effects on treatment choices. Making. 2001;21(1):60–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science63. Volandes AE, Paasche- Video decision support tool for advance care planning in dementia: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;338:b2159. CrossrefPubMed64. . The role of irrational thought in medicine adherence: people with diabetic kidney disease. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2108–17. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science65. . Patient stories about their dialysis experience biases others’ choices regardless of doctor’s advice: an experimental study. Transplant. 2012;27(1):325–31. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science66. Cioffi J. Decision making by emergency nurses in triage assessments. Nurs. 1998;6(4):184–91. CrossrefPubMed67. Mamede S, van Gog T, van den Berge K, et al. Effect of availability bias and reflective reasoning on diagnostic accuracy among internal medicine residents.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 07, p~1), or aggression (F(1,124) = 0. 02, p = 0. 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Social grooming rates in five captive bat species. Social grooming rates are shown for male (red), female (blue), and non-testes bats (green, see methods). Light blue shading shows probability density functions. Phylogenetic relationships between species are shown on right. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Frequency of three other behaviors in five captive bat species. Jittered dots show sample rates and shaded areas show probability density functions. DiscussionUnder similar conditions of captivity and in the absence of external parasites, social grooming in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) is elevated beyond the rates found in four other group-living bat species (Fig 1). Vampire bats spent about 1. 5–6. 3% of their time social grooming, whereas time spent social grooming in the other species reached only 0. 5% (Table 1). Vampires spent on average 14 times longer social grooming than the non-vampires. This difference between vampires and the other bats does not extend to self-grooming (Fig 2), and is unlikely to be explained by variation in feeding rates. Are social grooming differences explained by general differences in social structure? The bat species in this study are all group-living in the wild, but vary in their social structures and degree of sociality. Desmodus rotundus forms stable female social groups of 8–12 adults with offspring, living in a roost site that is defended by a single dominant male against invasions by other males, i. e. resource defense polygyny [62, 64]. Individual recognition is evident from patterns of social behavior [64, 65], and may occur at a distance through individually variable contact calls [73], which allow vocal discrimination in another vampire bat species [74–75]. Carollia perspicillata female groups vary in size from 2–18 bats, and are based around resource defense polygyny with males performing courtship displays and defending territories [76, 77]. Vocal discrimination is evident between males [78] and between mothers and pups [79]. In contrast with vampire bats, group membership appears to be less stable [76].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: To that end, their proposal for bilingual education included not only the use of Spanish for instruction but also a curricular focus of Mexican-American history and culture and the recruitment of teachers from the communities they would be serving. This likely in part stemmed from many of the advocates’ own experiences with Spanish classes that ignored their cultural background. Urquides, for example, recalled of her own Spanish classes as a youth, "Another thing deficient in the instruction was the little being taught about cultural heritage. . . For example, one would always find pictures of important places, people, etc. , that were of Spanish origin instead of those with Mexican origin. Well, we knew we were going to have to restructure our curriculum on methodology and that we did. (Gonzalez, 1986, p. 63)" The NEA report’s proposed curricular focus of secondary Spanish-for-Spanish-speakers classes also hinted as what we might now be characterized as critical consciousness (Palmer, Cervantes-Soon, Dorner & Heiman, 2019), in that it suggested including not only literature by Mexican and Chicana/o/x authors, but also literature which specifically addressed social issues, like colorism in Celestino Gorostiza’s play, “El color de nuestra piel”. Likewise, bilingual education in early grades, which is the most common form of bilingual education today, was presented in the NEA report as contiguous with what is now commonly called “Spanish for heritage speakers” in high school, and with the need to reform teacher education to include a greater emphasis on language, culture and history. Envisioning the Future: Language and Culture as a The current explosion of dual language programming has led many scholars to conclude that bilingual education has lost its way, shifting from a focus on primarily bilingual Latina/o/x students to a focus on enrichment for English-speaking students. However, another noteworthy aspect of early visions of bilingual education was their inclusion of non-Latina/o/x students, at least in some communities and programs. The archival record suggests that many of "los pioneros", although primarily advocating for Spanish-speaking, Mexican-American children, also saw bilingual education as a common good. Prior to her work with NEA, Urquides, after teaching for 20 years in a predominantly Mexican-American school, was transferred to an affluent, White one.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: On the preference for action versus inaction. Making. 2011;31(2):237–44. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science80. Ross L, Anderson CA. Shortcomings in the attribution process: On the origins and maintenance of erroneous social assessments. In: eds. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Press; 1982. 81. . The effects of proficiency and bias on residents’ interpretation of the microscopic urinalysis. Making. 2002;22(4):318–25. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science82. Explicit reasoning, confirmation bias, and illusory transactive memory: a simulation study of group medical decision making. Research. 2009;40(3):271–300. CrossrefWeb of Science83. Mendel R, Traut-Mattausch E, Jonas E, et al. Confirmation bias: why psychiatrists stick to wrong preliminary diagnoses. Psychol Med. 2011;41(12):2651–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science84. . Adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives: violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis. J Consum Res. 1982;9(1):90–8. CrossrefWeb of Science85. Redelmeier DA, Shafir E. Medical decision making in situations that offer multiple alternatives. JAMA. 1995;273(4):302–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science86. Strengthening acceptance for xenotransplantation: the case of attraction effect. Xenotransplantation. 2008;15(3):159–63. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science87. . Are more options always better? The attraction effect in physicians’ decisions about medications. Making. 1999;19(3):315–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science88. . Supervision of students may protect academic physicians from cognitive bias: a study of decision making and multiple treatment alternatives in medicine. Making. 2006;26(2):154–61. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science89. Tversky A, Knetsch J, eds. Anomalies: the endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. In: Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 159–70. 90. . The default effect in end-of-life medical treatment p310.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: Artibeus jamaicensis also demonstrates resource defense polygyny, and both males and females appear to form cooperative relationships in the wild [58, 80–82]. Dominant males are able to defend larger groups of females by tolerating the presence of subordinate males that are often kin and that help ward off foreign males [81]. These male alliances for cooperative defense of female groups can last more than 2 years [82]. Female groupmates engage in social grooming, and females that are closer to the group’s center are groomed more often [58]. Unlike vampire bats, juveniles do not appear to perform allogrooming [82]. Relatively little is known about the social behavior in Rousettus aegyptiacus and Eidolon helvum in the wild, but both species form aggregations of hundreds to thousands of both male and female individuals [83]. These aggregations likely mask the presence of smaller social networks. Rousettus pups converge on adult repertoire of calls through vocal learning [84]. Both species are highly vocal and frequently squabble among each other. In summary, the differences in social grooming rates we observed cannot easily be explained by straightforward differences in basic social structure. Vampire bats are the only bats that perform regurgitated food sharing [11], and the necessity to maintain food-sharing relationships might be important to the evolution of their elevated social grooming rates. Foraging vampire bats are likely to either receive a large meal of blood or none at all, meaning that the costs of sharing are low and benefits of receiving are great [64]. Obtaining regurgitated food donations from social partners appears to be a crucial component to the inclusive fitness of vampire bats, because nearly 1/5 of bats fail to feed on a given night and individuals can starve in under 72 hours [64]. Correlational evidence suggests that vampire bats may use social grooming to maintain social bonds that are crucial for reciprocal food sharing [55,60]. Social grooming requires a relatively small investment of energy compared to regurgitated food sharing, and therefore may be used as way to build such cooperative relationships gradually with increasing investments. This ‘raising-the-stakes’ hypothesis [85] is consistent with the observation that previously unfamiliar vampire bats placed together in captivity developed social grooming but not food sharing over several weeks [65].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: She cited this context, and her interest in teaching these students Spanish and Mexican-American cultural practices (such as adobe construction) as part of what shaped her advocacy for bilingual education (De la Trinidad, 2015). In other words, part of Urquides’ vision was changing schools for everyone, not only for Spanish-speakers, to better reflect the cultural and linguistic heritage of the region. Although she and her collaborators advocated for bilingual education primarily for the benefit of Spanish-speakers, they also included in their vision of how and why other children might learn about the history, language and lifeways of the Southwest. As one example, Henry “Hank” Oyama, both a colleague and a former student of María Urquides, noted that, María was loved and honored by the Hispanic community—locally, regionally and nationally, but she loved and helped anyone and everyone, be they or not. She would scold and I for not having pushed harder for bilingual education for Anglos as well Hispanics. (Preciado Martin, p. v. i. ) In regards to the first part of this quote, Oyama himself was a testament to this ethic of care; although of Japanese rather than Mexican descent, he grew up in the Mexican-American barrio where María taught, and recalled how María brought food for his family as well as other children in the barrio who were in need. Likewise, Rosita Cota, also part of this advocacy group, echoed Urquides' imperative to extend bilingual education to all, arguing that, "Es importante que se reconozca que nuestra cultura hispana es una herenca común. Nos pertenece a todos. Es de todos nosotros, los que hemos nacido aquí y los hemos llegado después. . . es también de ellos, los habla inglesa, nuestro patrimonio indio mexicano espanol. " [it's important that we recognize that our Hispanic culture is a shared heritage. It belongs to all of us, those who were born here and those who came after. . . It belongs to them too, the English-speakers, our Indian, Mexican, Spanish patrimony] (Preciado Martin, p. iv, 1995).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Mispredicting and misremembering: patients with renal failure overestimate improvements in quality of life after a kidney transplant. Health Psychol. 2008;27(5):653–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science103. . Misremembering colostomies? Former patients give lower utility ratings than do current patients. Health Psychol. 2006;25(6):688–95. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science104. Walsh E, Ayton P. What would it be like for me and for you? Judged impact of chronic health conditions on happiness. Making. 2009;29(1):15–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science105. . Affective forecasting and advance care planning: anticipating quality of life in future health statuses. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(3):447–56. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science106. Walsh E, Ayton P. My imagination versus your feelings: can personal affective forecasts be improved by knowing other peoples’ emotions? J Appl. 2009;15(4):351–60. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science107. . Loss aversion in riskless choice: a reference-dependent model. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 143–58. Crossref108. Abhyankar P, O’Connor DB, Lawton R. The role of message framing in promoting MMR vaccination: evidence of a loss-frame advantage. Med. 2008;13(1):1–16. CrossrefPubMed109. . Loss-framed minimal intervention increases mammography use. Women’s Health Issues. 2005;15(6):258–64. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science110. . Evaluation of a “loss-framed” minimal intervention to increase mammography utilization among medically un- and under-insured women. Prev. 2002;28(5):394–400. Crossref111. . Framing effect debiasing in medical decision making. Couns. 2008;71(1):102–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science112. . Effect of framing as gain versus loss on understanding and hypothetical treatment choices: survival and mortality curves. Making. 2002;22(1):76–83. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science113.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: Wilkinson [55] suggested that social grooming might help hungry begging bats detect the ability of partners to share food, and other observations show that donors often initiate food sharing by ‘greeting’ and grooming recipients [60]. Social grooming could therefore function as a tactile signal of desire to receive food or an intention to share it. Further comparative studies on social grooming in bats and other mammals will provide insight into whether frequent social grooming may have originated from selective pressures that are similar to those having shaped social grooming in primates. Based on what is known from six bat species from three families (Table 1), the high levels of social grooming observed in vampire bats seem unlikely to reflect a general trait conserved across bats. Rather, elevated social grooming in vampire bats appears to be an adaptive specialization to a cooperative social life. 1. and two reviewers provided suggestions that improved the manuscript. and helped with data collection. This research was supported in part by a grant to the University of Maryland from the through the Program. Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: GC. Performed the experiments: GC LL. Analyzed the data: GC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GC. Wrote the paper: GC LL. 1. Seyfarth RM. A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys. J Theor Biol. 1977;65(4):671–98. pmid:406485 View 2. The benefits of social capital: close social bonds among female baboons enhance offspring survival. Soc B. 2009;276(1670):3099–104. pmid:19515668 View 3. . The evolutionary origins of friendship. Psychol. 2012;63:153–77. Available: pmid:21740224 View 4. . Affiliation, empathy, and the origins of theory of mind. . 2013;110:10349–56. pmid:23754420 View 5. . Social bonds in female baboons: the interaction between personality, kinship and rank. Anim Behav. 2014;87:23–9. View 6. . Social cognition. Anim Behav. 2015;103:191–202. View 7. épy JF, Platt ML. The neuroethology of friendship. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2014;1316(1):1–17. View 8. Brent LJ.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: Evident here is a sense of a shared history, language and culture as things that are enriched rather than divided by sharing. It's a noteworthy departure from a zero-sum framing of education as a scarce good in which somoene's gain is someone else's loss. The NEA report described exemplary programs for Spanish-speaking children all over the Southwestern US, most of which served exclusively Spanish-speaking children. However, one of the featured programs, from Laredo, Texas, might be called today dual-immersion: “Half [the students] were Mexican-American (some having been born in Mexico); half were Anglo-American. None of the Anglo-American knew any Spanish when school started; few of the Mexican-American students knew any English,” (NEA, 1966, p. 14). The report noted the symbolic prominence in the school of both an “American eagle” and a “Mexican eagle” in the school’s iconography, and how this tied into the programmatic goal of cultivating respect among students for both U. S and Mexican history and culture. One of the reasons for including non-Spanish-speakers in bilingual programs might be be characterized as changing what had been a one-way assimilation process into one of mutual accommodation. This vision of bilingual education for all was not just about cultivating an appreciated for a shared culture; it was also strategic. One the report’s authors, Adalberto Guerrero, recalled in an interview that his colleague Rosita Cota, saw the inclusion of English-speaking students as a political necessity: Siempre nos hacía ver que iba a haber siempre mucha resistencia en contra de los programas bilingües. Que si íbamos a tener éxito sería únicamente si los programas bilingües abarcaban a toda la comunidad. Para tener éxito, los anglo-sajones, los de habla inglesa, tenían que reconocer la importancia para los hijos de ellos también. (Smith, 2000, p.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: The effects of message framing on mammography utilization. Health Psychol. 1995;14(2):178–84. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science114. Brandstätter E, Mücke R. Interpreting test results. Differ. 2009;46(2):183–6. CrossrefWeb of Science115. The effect of how outcomes are framed on decisions about whether to take antihypertensive medication: a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(3):e9469. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science116. ò A. Improving attitudes toward prostate examinations by loss-framed appeals. J Psychol. 2005;35(4):732–42. CrossrefWeb of Science117. . Emotion and the framing of risky choice. Polit Behav. 2008;30(3):297–321. CrossrefWeb of Science118. . An affective booster moderates the effect of gain- and loss-framed messages on behavioral intentions for colorectal cancer screening. J Behav Med. 2012;35(4):452–61. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science119. Foster KH, Harrison E. Effect of presentation bias on selection of treatment option for failed endodontic therapy. . 2008;106(5):e36–9. CrossrefPubMed120. é TT. Using message framing to achieve long-term behavioral changes in persons with diabetes. Res. 2011;24(1):22–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science121. . Message framing and perinatal decisions. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):109–18. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science122. . Effects of framing on teratogenic risk perception in pregnant women. Lancet. 2001;358(9289):1237–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science123. Kalichman SC, Coley B. Context framing to enhance HIV-antibody-testing messages targeted to women. Health Psychol. 1995;14(3):247–54. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science124. Marteau TM. Framing of information: its influence upon decisions of doctors and patients. Soc Psychol. 1989;28(pt 1):89–94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science125. Meyerowitz BE, Chaiken S.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: View 57. üpold S. Social interactions among wild female Bechstein's bats (Myotis bechsteinii) living in a maternity colony. Acta Ethol. 2003;5(2):107–14. View 58. Ortega J, Maldonado JE. Female interactions in harem groups of the Jamaican fruit-eating bat, Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterol. 2006;8(2):485–95. View 59. . Individual specific contact calls of pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) attract conspecifics at roosting sites. Sociobiol. 2011;65(8):1581–93. View 60. . Food sharing in vampire bats: reciprocal help predicts donations more than relatedness or harassment. Soc B. 2013;280:20122573. Available: pmid:23282995 View 61. Fission‐fusion dynamics. Curr Anthro. 2008; 49: 627–654. View 62. Wilkinson GS. The social organization of the common vampire bat: I. Pattern and cause of association. Sociobiol. 1985;17:111–121. View 63. . Bats are able to maintain long-term social relationships despite the high fission-fusion dynamics of their groups. Soc B. 2011;278(1719):2761–7. Available: pmid:21307051 View 64. Wilkinson GS. Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat. Nature. 1984;308:181–4. View 65. Carter G, Wilkinson G. Does food sharing in vampire bats demonstrate reciprocity? Biol. 2013;6(6):e25783. View 66. . in Chiroptera. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag; 1996. 1596 p. 67. Bhatnagar K. The brain of the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus murinus (Wagner, 1840): a cytoarchitectural atlas. Biol. 2008; 68:583–599. pmid:18833481 View 68. . Neocortex size and social network size in primates. Anim Behav. 2001; 62(4), 711–722. View 69. Byrne RW, Corp N.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: 212-213) In other words, Cota predicted (and convinced her colleagues) that bilingual education would always be controversial (“iba a haber siempre mucha resistencia [there would also be resistance]”), and that in order to survive, it would need the advocacy of the entire community, including English-speaking White families (“Para tener éxito, los anglo-sajones, los de habla inglesa, tenían que reconocer la importancia para los hijos de ellos también [To be successful, Anglos, English-speakers, needed to recognize its importance for their children too. ]”) While she saw bilingualism as a good that might benefit all people, it was not mere generosity to include English-speaking White families; it was also a strategy to create what Bell (1980) would call interest convergence. and historical studies have identified a specific group of teachers and organizers who were instrumental to the passing of the BEA. This group, which included most prominently María Urquides, Rosita Cota, as well NEA liasion Monroe Sweetland, surveyed promising bilingual programs in the Southwest, published their findings in a report sponsored by the NEA (Association), and organized a symposium attended by the legislators who went on to sponsor the BEA (De la Trinidad, 2015; Sánchez, 1973; San Miguel, 2004. ) Sources included oral histories of the key actors, the 1966 report of this group, the proceedings of the symposium which followed it, the archival records of and congressional records. I examine these primary sources alongside secondary sources for emergences, repetitions and discontinuities. OPEN 5. pdf Alvermann, D. E. , & Moje, E. B. (2018). A Relational model of adolescent literacy instruction: Disrupting the Discourse of" a Teacher of Reading". models and processes of literacy (533. Bernstein, K. A. , Katznelson, N. , Amezcua, A. , Mohamed, S. , & Alvarado, S. L. (2020). Equity/social justice, instrumentalism/neoliberalism: Dueling discourses of dual language in principals’ talk about their programs. 54(3), 652-684. Cervantes-Soon, C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Framing effects in choices between multioutcome life-expectancy lotteries. Making. 1999;19(3):324–38. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science138. Blumenschein K, Johannesson M. An experimental test of question framing in health state utility assessment. Health Policy. 1998;45(3):187–93. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science139. . Effect of framing on adolescents’ decision making. Skills. 1996;83(3 pt 1):811–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science140. . Framing bias among expert and novice physicians. Acad Med. 1991;66(9 suppl):S76–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science141. Cox D, Cox A. Communicating the consequences of early detection: the role of evidence and framing. J Marketing. 2001;65:91–103. CrossrefWeb of Science142. Donovan RJ, Jalleh G. Positive versus negative framing of a hypothetical infant immunization: the influence of involvement. Behav. 2000;27(1):82–95. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science143. Ferguson E, Gallagher L. Message framing with respect to decisions about vaccination: the roles of frame valence, frame method and perceived risk. Psychol. 2007;98(pt 4):667–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science144. . Perceived susceptibility to breast cancer moderates the effect of gain- and loss-framed messages on use of screening mammography. Health Psychol. 2011;30(2):145–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science145. . Using message framing to promote acceptance of the human papillomavirus vaccine. Health Psychol. 2007;26(6):745–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science146. . Behavioral frequency moderates the effects of message framing on HPV vaccine acceptability. Med. 2008;35(2):221–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science147. . Framing procedural risks to patients: is 99% safe the same as a risk of 1 in 100? Acad Med. 2000;75(8):840–2. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science148. Hull SJ. Perceived risk as a moderator of the effectiveness of framed HIV-test promotion messages among women: a randomized controlled trial.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: The first suggestion is to move the idea mentioned in lines 94-98 to the discussion. I think you have a very solid foundation for establishing predictions about learning in vampire bats without the ideas included here; in fact, these do not seem well supported, but I believe would be more valuable in your discussion. My second minor suggestion is to remind the reader what each experiment is trying to accomplish in materials and methods. For example, either include some hints in the subtitle "Experiment x" that reminds us what you are trying to accomplish, or else start the first paragraph with something like "To asses if captive-born bats show a preference for warm blood, we presented an unfed. . . ". Third comment: line 257 should be mentioning table 2, not table 1. In line 304 you say that porcupines and armadillos are exotic, which they are not. Do you mean here that they are rare, or perhaps not the vampire's regular prey? In line 318, I would remove the word "null", and just leave it as "We had two unexpected results". I have a minor confusion about your test subjects for experiment 2. You mention in the section "Animal subjects" (material and methods) that you only tested animals aged 6 to 16 months of age. However, it is clear that is experiment 2 you use some adult females (which you mention in the methods section for experiment 2, no doubt). So perhaps to avoid confusion, in the section animal subjects you can clarify this to avoid confusion later on? Cite this review as (2019) #1 of "The role of past experience in development of feeding behavior in common vampire bats (v0. 1)". PeerJ Teague O'Mara · Apr 10, 2019 Basic reporting The human evolution framing needs work. Please see my general comments. Experimental design No comment. Validity of the findings No comment. Additional comments Review by Teague O'summary: The paper is nicely written and easy to read, the experiments seem to test what the authors set out to test, data and analysis are solid, but the framing of study is a big reach and its strategy should be rethought (although it is never really discussed later, for what it's worth). Even though the results are a bit underwhelming, it's great to see more developmental work on bats and I think this work adds excellent information regarding the peculiarities of vampire bats.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: G. (2014). A critical look at dual language immersion in the new Latin@ diaspora. Journal, 37(1), 64–82. De la Trinidad, M. (2015). and the push for culturally relevant education: the bilingual education movement in Tucson, 1958–1969, History of Education, 44(3), 316-338, DOI: 10. 1080/0046760X. 2014. 1002015. Flores, N. (2016). A tale of two visions: Hegemonic whiteness and bilingual education. Educational Policy, 30(1), 13–38. Flores, N. , & García, O. (2017). A critical review of bilingual education in the United States: From basements and pride to boutiques and profit. of Applied Linguistics, 37, 14–29. doi:10. 1017/S0267190517000162 Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–197 (C. Gordon, Trans. ). Pantheon Books. Foucault, M. (1988). Politics, philosophy, culture: Interviews and other writings, 1977–1984 (A. Sheridan, Trans. ) Routledge. García, O. , & Sung, K. k. (2018). "Critically assessing the 1968 Act at 50 years: Taming tongues and Latinx communities. " Journal 41(4). 318 -333. Gonzalez, M. Q. (1986). of Maria L. Urquides: A of a Community Leader. [Doctoral dissertation, the University of Arizona. ] UA Campus repository. Leeman, J. (2012). Ideologies in Spanish as a Heritage Language. InG. Valdés, S. Beaudrie, & M. Fairclough (Eds. ), Spanish as a in the United States: of the Field (133. Preciado Martin, P. (1995). Corazón: History of 25 Years of Nurturing Bilingual/in TUSD. School District. San Miguel, J. G. (2004). Contested policy. The rise and fall of federal bilingual education policy in the United States, 1960–2001. Denton, TX: University of Texas Press. Sánchez, G. (1973) An analysis of the Act, 1967-68.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: J Med. 1994;9(1):20–3. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science183. . Do decision biases predict bad decisions? Omission bias, naturalness bias, and influenza vaccination. Making. 2008;28(4):532–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science184. -Buzaglo J. Cognitive processes and the decisions of some parents to forego pertussis vaccination for their children. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(6):697–703. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science185. Ritov I, Baron J. Reluctance to vaccinate: omission bias and ambiguity. J Mak. 1990;3(4):263–77. Crossref186. Ritov I, Baron J. Outcome knowledge, regret, and omission bias. Process. 1995;64(2):119–27. CrossrefWeb of Science187. . Feeling bad about immunising our children. Vaccine. 2005;23(12):1428–33. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science188. . Understanding and predicting parental decisions about early childhood immunizations. Health Psychol. 2004;23(1):33–41. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science189. Baron J. The effect of normative beliefs on anticipated emotions. J Psychol. 1992;63(2):320–30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science190. Zikmund-. A matter of perspective: choosing for others differs from choosing for yourself in making treatment decisions. J Med. 2006;21(6):618–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science191. Bond L, Nolan T. Making sense of perceptions of risk of diseases and vaccinations: a qualitative study combining models of health beliefs, decision-making and risk perception. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):943. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science192. Connolly T, Reb J. Omission bias in vaccination decisions: where’s the “omission”? Where’s the “bias”? Process. 2003;91(2):186–202. CrossrefWeb of Science193. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Conflict resolution: a cognitive perspective. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: General Comments: The way that the authors frame the study in the context of human learning over simplifies a large and complex literature on the interactions among life history, brain size, social complexity and the ratchet effects of cumulative culture, and food complexity. The study by Schuppli and colleagues is their citation for all of human life history evolution (and associated learning), but this only touches on many of these traits. Schuppli, Isler, & van Schaik target why humans have a late age of skill competency and tests this via several theoretical constructs, often referred to as 'needing to learn' or 'energetic constraints' related to brain sizes and ecological risks posed to juveniles. Schuppli really targets the length of the immature period juvenility and subadulthood (measured by age at first reproduction, AFR, versus the age of adult skill acquisition, ASC). While most mammals have relatively early ASC relative to AFR, mammals with complex foraging niches have ASC more similar to AFR, and humans have ASC much later than AFR. Schuppli's reasoning was that the synergistic effects of complex social relationships, allomaternal care, post-weaning provisioning, and the cooperative pooling of food all come together to allow humans to reproduce much earlier than their foraging ecology should allow. van Schaik shows in other work that it was this social cooperation and complexity the allows for the expansion of large brains of humans, particularly the neocortex (and to some extent falls in line with Robert Barton's earlier proposals). Vampires arguably have the most highly specialized feeding ecology of bats, and there has been an enormous amount of adaptation in their morphology, physiology, and neurology that has facilitated this. The main issue here is whether the feeding behavior of vampires is a complex skill that needs a lot of time to be learned, and is perhaps facilitated through adult food sharing (Schuppli's Fig 2C). Vampires do have many characters that make them similar to primates, but making the life history comparison directly between vampire bats and humans is a bit bold -- vampire bat specialization and life history is more similar to aye-ayes or some of the haplorhine primates than humans (or maybe just a capital breeder since blood is a relative poor resource).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: " [Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts-Amherst]. Scholarworks@UMass Amherst. Smith, P. H. (2000). Community as resource for minority language learning: A case study of Spanish-English dual-language schooling. [Doctoral dissertation, University Arizona. ] UA Campus repository. Sweetland, M. (1987). Oral history interview with [51]. Archives. Retrieved from sound-recording-51 Valdés, G. (1997). Dual-language immersion programs: A cautionary note concerning the education of language-minority students. Review, 67(3), 391–429. Images below from Papers held at the Univeristy of Arizona's library and from the Association archives at University.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Expressing medicine side effects: assessing the effectiveness of absolute risk, relative risk, and number needed to harm, and the provision of baseline risk information. Couns. 2006;63(1–2):89–96. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science240. . Risk communication methods in hip fracture prevention: a randomised trial in primary care. Gen Pract. 2011;61(589):e469–76. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science241. . Does informed consent alter elderly patients’ p30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science242. . The representativeness heuristic: influence on nurses’ decision making. Res. 2003;16(3):201–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science243. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the global registry of acute coronary events. Chest. 2004;126(2):461–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science244. Cioffi J, Markham R. Clinical decision-making by midwives: managing case complexity. J Adv Nurs. 1997;25(2):265–72. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science245. Ferrario CG. Experienced and less-experienced nurses’ diagnostic reasoning: implications for fostering students’ critical thinking. Classif. 2003;14(2):41–52. CrossrefPubMed246. Garb HN. The representativeness and past-behavior heuristics in clinical judgment. Res Pr. 1996;27(3):272–7. CrossrefWeb of Science247. Arkes H, Blumer C. The psychology of sunk cost. Process. 1985;35(1):124–40. CrossrefWeb of Science248. Coleman MD. Sunk cost and commitment to medical treatment. Curr Psychol. 2010;29(2):121–34. CrossrefWeb of Science249. . Rationality in medical treatment decisions: is there a sunk-cost effect? Med. 1999;49(2):215–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science250. Braverman JA, Blumenthal-Barby JS. Assessment of the sunk-cost effect in clinical decision-making. Med. 2012;75(1):186–92. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science251. . Patient p71.

Output: corroborate