Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Upper panel shows 11 complete annual rings with variability in the total tree-ring width as well as the earlywood and latewood widths. Also shown is a wood density profile based upon anatomical measurements of cell wall thickness using the program ROXAS (von Arx and Carrer 2014). Common ring-width parameters include tree-ring width, earlywood width, and latewood width (top). Important intra-ring density parameters include maximum latewood density and minimum latewood densities, as well as an intra-annual density fluctuation. Average ring density or average earlywood density (not shown in this figure) are also used in research applications (e. g. , Babst et al. 2014b). Quantitative wood anatomical parameters include measures of lumen area, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness of the tracheids (bottom left). The lumen diameter and double wall thickness are shown in the radial direction—these can of course be measured in the tangential direction as wellFull size image1. 1. 1 Tree-Ring WidthA predominance of dendrochronological investigations performed to date have utilized assessments of the total tree-ring width. The ring-width has been long regarded as the basic unit of annual radial tree growth. Tree-ring width measurements are typically performed under a stereomicroscope connected to a linear encoder stage. In cases where rings can be sufficiently resolved with flatbed scanners, digital cameras, or imaged from thin sections, various software packages (e. g. , Rydval et al. 2014; von Arx and Carrer 2014; Shi et al. 2019) can facilitate ring detection and measurement. Investigations relying upon tree-ring width span across the full range of inter-disciplinary applications including archaeological, climatological, ecological, and geological sciences. Examples include: timber trade and resource utilization (Guiterman et al. 2016; Domínguez-Delmás 2020); reconstructions of temperature primarily in higher latitude and/or altitude environments where cooler conditions limit radial tree-growth (Jacoby and D’Arrigo 1989; Esper et al. 2002; Salzer et al. 2014); assessments of past insect activity outbreaks (Swetnam and Lynch 1989; Speer et al. 2001; Esper et al. 2007); reconstructions of drought (Cook et al. 2004; Fang et al. 2010), precipitation (Büntgen et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York:Mac. Millan;1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. :Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins;2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara;2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae [26], with initial discussions focusing on whether nuclear fusion occurs or not, followed by meiotic chromosome reduction [40]. Yet the more important issue here is that the two nuclei must be genetically different in order to drive recombination. The fact is that N. ceranae is diverse and recombinants appear systematically. Keeping in mind that millions of spores are produced clonally in a few days, the fact that diversity is maintained throughout the world is baffling. Even a hypothetical existence of two diploid nuclei (2n + 2n spores) as the basis of variability, fusion and meiosis would also be required to sustain the high diversity reported here. However, to explain the variants found at low frequencies, a sexual cycle must also exist independently of the ploidy of each nucleus. Absence of geographical barriersHalf of the isolates of N. ceranae in this study were obtained from six different European countries, while the other half correspond to Australian isolates from either the European or Eastern honey bee. It is clear that there are no diagnostic alleles specifically related to any of those origins, and except for a few insignificant cases where a variant is found in one single sample, most alleles exist in N. ceranae infecting A. cerana or A. mellifera, from Australia or Europe. The lack of barriers to the transmission of N. ceranae between the two honey bees has been reported previously [41] and confirmed recently [23]. Our results indeed point towards free transmission of this microsporidian with no signs of geographical or host segregation. It should be remembered that drones may transmit the parasite to many different honey bee colonies and that N. ceranae also infects the Bombus species [42, 43], increasing its possibilities of spreading. Additionally, this microsporidian can also be transmitted through pollen [44] and moreover, queens are now freely imported over long-distances to recover honey bee populations in a given region. Thus, a common origin may be associated with different genotypes and indeed, identical genotypes are found in Australia and Europe. origin of N. ceranae and the recent invasion into Europe could be associated to founder effects and hence a much lower diversity in Europe than in Australia. Interestingly, the genotype distribution in the samples from the two continents is quite similar - we obtained mean diversities of 0. 27 and 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2011; Griffin and Anchukaitis 2014), streamflow (Woodhouse et al. 2006), and snowpack (Pederson et al. 2011; Belmecheri et al. 2016) variability primarily from locations where moisture limitations, potentially exacerbated by high thermal stress, limits radial growth; quantifying soil erosion rates (Gärtner et al. 2001; Rubiales et al. 2008); dating debris flows and avalanches (Stoffel and Bollschweiler 2008) as well as the construction of ancient (Douglass 1929) and historical structures (Boswijk et al. 2016); quantifying phenotypic traits, variability, and associations with genetic lineage/provenance (Housset et al. 2018); assessments of large-scale ecological disturbances (Pederson et al. 2014), and the resilience of ecosystems to climatic stressors (Chamagne et al. 2017; Kannenberg et al. 2019); understanding and predicting tree mortality (Cailleret et al. 2017); quantifying the climate sensitivity and drivers of forest growth in the past (Babst et al. 2013; St. George and Ault 2014), and making projections about tree growth in the future (Williams et al. 2013; Klesse et al. 2020); reconstructing larger-scale pressure and oceanic and atmospheric circulation indices (Trouet et al. 2009; Villalba et al. 2012; Li et al. 2013); quantifying forest carbon stocks and fluxes (Babst et al. 2014b); and integrating tree-ring and remotely sensed metrics of forest productivity (Coulthard et al. 2017; Seftigen et al. 2018). Notably, tree-ring width is often divided into the earlywood and latewood widths (Fig. 2. 2), sub-annual ring structures that have been demonstrated to carry distinct environmental signals in both angiosperms (Kern et al. 2013) and gymnosperms (Griffin et al. 2011). Measurement and analysis of these sub-annual ring components has allowed skillful reconstructions of the winter precipitation and summer precipitation to be developed from the earlywood and latewood width, respectively (Griffin et al. 2013). The distinct information carried in the intra-annual latewood and earlywood parameters is indicative of the relevance of finer-scale tree-ring parameters. 1. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Indonesia. 2019. Reinke JM, Sorg H: Wound repair and regeneration. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012; 49: 35–43. : of Technique. London:Methuen& Co. Ltd;1992. (Reissued: for Animal Welfare, Herts, England. ) 1959. Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, et al. : Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1934578X1400900. -Daniel J, Forbes AA, et al. : Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns. 2017; 43: 249–257. Pub| : Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0173417. Pub| : Aloe vera: A short review. Indian J. Dermatol. 2008; 53: 163–166. Pub| : The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wounds. 2018; 30: 263–268. : WHO|Burns. 2018. accessed 29 May 2021. : Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2014; 79: 101–109. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:168 version 1 Published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 Copyright © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 135733. r157960) The direct URL for this report is: Major concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they. . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: 33, respectively, which is not a significant difference. It is clear that European populations are not of unique origin, as a number of very different genotypes do indeed exist. Heterozygosity and diversity would be related in a population that fits Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, otherwise the two phenomena may produce different outcomes. Even assuming some degree of sexual reproduction, Hardy-Weinberg expectations would certainly not be expected for an organism like N. ceranae. Heterozygosis or mixed genotypes do not parallel its diversity and despite the fewer genotypes in Europe, heterozygosis is not statistically lower (in fact it may be slightly higher). Although further experiments must be performed, this finding again supports an adaptive role for the polymorphic infecting N. ceranae populations. The co-existence of different alleles for any genetic marker is maintained worldwide and especially in European isolates. Perhaps, as has also been suggested for N. bombycis [45], it is precisely such heterogeneity that makes a population of N. ceranae spores so virulent to Apis mellifera. ConclusionsThe data presented here indicate that honey bees are often infected not by a pure strain of N. ceranae but rather, by a heterogeneous group of spores. This may either be because the binucleated spore is heterozygous at a number of loci or because different strains are actually present in the infecting population. As shown in Fig. 4, once this population reproduces in the honey bee gut, meiosis will cause allele segregation and the fusion of nuclei of different origins by recombination also generates new genotypes, maintaining or even augmenting the genetic diversity of N. ceranae. Fig. 4Scheme of genotype diversity generation after multi-strain infection. Up: A honeybee is infected by an heterogeneous collection of N. ceranae spores in two possible ways: diploid or pseudodiploid spores may be heterozygous for a given marker (AB), and two or more different strains may be present in the infective group of spores (AB, and CD).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2 Tree-Ring DensityZooming into a further level of magnification, a second overarching category of measurement parameters involves intra-annual variations in wood density (Fig. 2. 2). Over 40 years ago, it was shown that high-resolution intra-annual wood density based upon x-ray measurements of conifer trees offered significant new opportunities for dendrochronology (Parker and Henoch 1971; Schweingruber et al. 1979). In particular the maximum latewood density carries extremely strong common signals among trees and sites (Schweingruber et al. 1979, Briffa et al. 2002a, Frank and Esper 2005). The maximum latewood density parameter has subsequently taken on a prominent role within the field of dendroclimatology for its skill in reconstructing warm-season temperatures (e. g. , Hughes et al. 1984; Briffa et al. 2002b; Fan et al. 2009; Esper et al. 2012; Stoffel et al 2015; Wilson et al. 2016; Anchukaitis et al 2017). Meaningful and systematic environmental and ecophysiological signals in the earlywood density, that are notably distinct from tree-ring width and maximum latewood density, have gained increased attention recently (Camarero et al. 2014; Björklund et al. 2017; Buckley et al. 2018; Seftigen et al. 2020). Moreover, inter-annual density fluctuations or so-called false rings are connected to the ecophysiological responses to high aridity during the growing season, as well as to tree age and growth rates (Babst et al. 2016; Battipaglia et al. 2016; et al. 2016; Zalloni et al 2016). Yet, the specialized equipment, labor intensiveness, and relative complexity of x-ray densitometry measurements has dampened the prevalence of density parameters. Regular flat-bed scanners, particularly utilizing blue channel intensity, offer the possibility to measure an optical density (McCarroll et al. 2002). Although there are potential challenges related to potential discoloration, surface preparation, heartwood/sapwood boundaries, and calibration with surface images, the climatic signals in the high frequency domain are comparable to those derived from x-ray-based techniques (e. g. , Björklund et al. 2014, 2019; Wilson et al. 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Continue reading concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? This study lacks the visual observation with camera and authors did not show any images of the appearance of the wounds and wound improvement. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. The conclusion is a bold statement. What are the next steps? What are the limitations of the study? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Burn injuries and reconstructive surgery I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Bottom: Most new formed spores may be fully asexual and hence show the same genotypes as above; however, after an hypothetical diploid stage and meiosis, homozygous spores are also formed (AA plus BB in one case, and CC plus DD in the other); additionally if two nuclei of different origin become included in a same spore, new genotypes would also appear (AC and so on). Without sexual reproduction, multi-strain infection could never produce or BD haplotypesFull size image The presence of N. ceranae in any region cannot be considered as an outbreak of a specific strain. Wherever sampled, N. ceranae populations are diverse, revealing lineages of different origins. Like any organism with an opportunity for sexual reproduction, population approaches must be employed to understand their particular features. The relative ease with which N. ceranae has spread worldwide in honey bee colonies reflects the synergistic interaction of mixed infections and the creation of diverse populations of the microsporidium through recombination. 9. 93. 53. 116. 48. 1. Biology of the Microsporidia. London: Plenum Press; 1976. p. 1–86. Ironside JE. Diversity and recombination of disperse ribosomal DNA and protein coding genes in microsporidia. PLoS One. 2007;8:e55878. 68. 5. 3. 5. 7. 7. 29. 105. 13. 9. Sagastume S, del Águila C, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M, Henriques-Gil N. Polymorphism and recombination for rDNA in the putatively asexual microsporidian Nosema ceranae, a pathogen of honey bees. Environ Microbiol. 2011;13:84–95. 81. 9. 94. 4. 56. 6. 88. 58. 5609. 0466. 8. 50. 80. 8. CAS 2. 90. 8. 7. 33. 2289. 13. 11. 65. 5. 522. 8. 186. 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: However, it should also be noted that recent investigations and reviews (Jacquin et al. 2017; Björklund et al. 2019) have emphasized the equipment specific and resolution dependence on absolute values of the minimum and maximum density. Also crucial is the resolution and ring-width dependence on long-term (or apparent age/size related) trends in density measurements. These factors have potential implications for the divergence phenomena (Björklund et al. 2019; see also Wilmking et al. 2020 and 2. 1. 1. 4) within annual rings at high resolution (Pearson et al. 2009; Sánchez-Salguero et al. 2019). 1. 1. 3 Anatomy Tree-ring width and density parameters are, in fact, relatively simple functions of the number, sizes, distribution, and characteristics (e. g. , cell wall thickness) of the wood cells (Vaganov et al. 2006; Fonti et al. 2010). For example, measurements of total tree-ring width in a given tree core are very highly correlated with the corresponding numbers of cells per ring. Thus, the types of investigations performed using quantitative wood anatomical approaches parallels, and in many respects expands upon, those performed using the tree-ring width and density parameters. Quantitative wood anatomical investigations similarly include climate reconstructions (Panyushkina et al. 2003; Ziaco et al. 2016), assessments of the environmental impacts on tree growth (Carrer et al. 2016; Lange et al. 2020; Puchi et al. 2020), and notably the seasonal progression of environmental influence from the beginning to the end of the annual growth flush (Castagneri et al. 2017; Popkova et al. 2018). The development measurement and analysis techniques for quantitative wood anatomy is contributing to paradigm shifts in tree-ring research that in many respects complements the overall subject of this book on isotopes and tree-rings. Specifically, these high-resolution investigations are contributing to viewing and quantifying the wood cell, and not the annual ring, as the fundamental building block of radial tree growth. Moreover, wood anatomical studies are yielding deeper mechanistic insights into the growth processes and environmental responses of trees. For example, variations in inter-annual wood density can be well described and modeled as a consequence of competing cell enlargement and cell-wall thickening processes (Cuny et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: G5_1_1BCO2, S. marcescens, S. nematodiphila) and G. apicola were significantly enhanced towards siRNA treatment during the entire experimental period (P < 0. 001). Fig. 1Read counts of microbes during the experimental period. Reads aligned to the bee genome decreased over time and the reads aligned to microbes increased. Overall, the microbes were negatively correlated with N. ceranae proliferation. X axis represents days post infection. Y axis represents the relative abundance of the studied microbesFull size imageDiscussionWhen a parasite infects a host, infection success depends on host immune defenses, microbial community responses, and even competition from other parasites [25]. In turn, parasites spatially alter the relative abundance of gut microbes and other symbionts [26]. Honey bee gut microbes are important for food digestion and bee immune responses [17]. In honey bees, at least 406 bacterial species and variants have been found (based on the database), including eight bacterial clusters that form the core gut microbial community [16, 17]. Within this core set of bacteria, the symbionts Gilliamella apicola and Snodgrassella alvi support food digestion and pathogen defenses, even though sequence variance may lead to functional variation [27, 28]. In contrast, the bacterium Frischella perrara triggers the honey bee melanization response [29]. Honey bees and their gut bacteria both respond to stressors and infection. As two co-regulation groups were identified, the relative abundance of bacteria may not be independent of each other in the mid-gut tissue. Additionally, all of the studied bacteria were negatively correlated with N. ceranae proliferation, suggesting N. ceranae reduces bacterial abundance, at least for the studied 15 bacteria. In the gut microbiome, diet shapes bacterial diversity and responses towards N. ceranae infection, where a negative correlation between S. alvi and N. ceranae was found, which is consistent with our data [30]. When this microbial community was disturbed by antibiotics, honey bees were more susceptible towards N. ceranae and other opportunistic pathogens [8, 31]. Administration of Lactobacillus strains as food additives showed suppressive effects on N. ceranae spores [32]. Competition for limited food resources may lead to the decrease/exclusion of other competitors, as suggested by the competitive exclusion principle [33].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: , Ziaco 2020) can be retrospectively inferred. If overcome, this will open up additional opportunities for multi-seasonal environmental reconstructions. At present, project-specific determinations on whether the added information from quantitative wood anatomical approaches outweighs the additional effort are warranted. However, with continued advancements in quantitative wood anatomy processing and analyses, it is likely that future dendrochronological studies will increasingly be based upon the cellular building blocks. 1. 1. 4 Isotopes and Wood ChemistryFor both brevity here, and completeness, the reader is referred to the rest of the book for a full overview on stable isotopes in tree-rings, as well as other sections in this 2. 2 below), and amongst different proxy records (Sigl et al. 2015). Although wood is primarily composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, an expansive range of trace elements are incorporated into the annual rings of trees. Subsequent elemental analysis may reflect influences from natural processes such as relatively recent (Sheppard et al. 2008) and ancient (Pearson et al. 2020) volcanic eruptions, be linked to anthropogenic influences such as heavy metals associated with industry (Muñoz et al. 2019), or depend upon year-to-year environmental variations and offer complementary information to the tree-ring width and density parameters (Sánchez-Salguero et al. 2019). Moreover, such measurements can serve as indicators of the annual cycle and help to define annual rings in tropical ecosystems (Poussart et al. 2006), and also provide indications of long-term trends that may be related to tree-age (Scharnweber et al. 2016),or combined climatic and anthropogenic variability (Panyushkina et al. 2016). At present it appears that the more specialized equipment, methods, and time consuming approaches contribute to rather modest sample replications for studies investigating trace elements in tree-rings. This seemingly makes combining such approaches with other independent data the most robust research pathway. Yet, it appears likely that with ever increased technological capacities, further methodological advancements, and consequently more highly replicated datasets a better understanding of the bioavailability and translocation/immobility will be achieved. This knowledge will presumably open up additional low risk and high reward research avenues. 1. 1. 5 FeaturesSuperimposed upon the normal progression of tree-ring formation (& analysis), episodic events can impact and leave distinct fingerprints within the annual rings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Feb 2023 Pane, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 28 Feb 2023 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Infection and sample collectionN. ceranae spores were isolated from the mid-guts of one hundred heavily-infected honey bee workers from two colonies in the apiary. The abdomens of honey bee workers were homogenized using pestles in 500 mL distilled water, filtered through filtering mesh cloth (65 um pore size) and centrifuged 5 min at 3000 rpm. Spores were further purified using a Percoll gradient procedure [19]. Sealed brood frames were collected from multiple colonies and the brood frames were kept in an incubator to collect freshly emerged honey bee workers. Eighty newly-emerged workers were fed individually with 2 μL of sucrose solution as follows: (1) with 105 N. ceranae spores without siRNA treatment, as the infection group; (2) with 105 N. ceranae spores and 1. 5 μg siRNA (targeting N. ceranae gene Dicer) as the siRNA-Dicer group; (3) with 105 N. ceranae spores and 1. 5 μg of a non-matching (scrambled) siRNA, as the siRNA-scramble group. The sequences of the designed siRNA were provided in a previous study [23]. Forty honey bees were kept in each rearing cup. In total, six rearing cups were constructed for three treatments, with two replicates per treatment. Five bees were sampled daily from 1 to 6 days post-infection (dpi) from each cup and ultimately pooled for RNA sequencing. After being anesthetized with CO2, the mid-gut tissue was dissected and the RNA was immediately extracted with TRizol [39]. Sequencing libraries were prepared and sequenced using the 2000 platform. In total, 36 PCR-free Illumina RNA paired-end (151 nucleotide per read) libraries of mid-gut samples were sequenced (two replicates per treatment per day), at the University of for Genomic Studies. Bioinformatics and microbial quantificationOn average, 58 million reads (114 nucleotides for each paired-read member) were generated from each library, after trimming and quality control using FastQC ( and SEQTK ( Sequencing reads were aligned to the honey bee genome assembly (Amel_HAv3. 1) with the hisat2 package under default settings [40].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Such features can in turn be used to understand the nature of these, generally more sporadic, phenomena back in time. Inter-annual density fluctuations have already been discussed as evidence for mid-growing season drought that occurs almost every year in some ecological and climatic settings and very infrequently in others (Zalloni et al. 2016). Other types of episodic markers in tree-rings include so-called frost-rings, whereby freezing temperatures and the formation of ice crystals in the intercellular spaces damage developing wood cells (Barbosa et al. 2019 and 2. 1. 1 above), it is perhaps expected that the protocols and sampling designs to collect tree-ring data exhibit a wide range of variability amongst, and even within, sub-disciplines such as dendroclimatology, dendroecology, and dendroarchaeology (Fritts and Swetnam 1989; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Nehrbass-Ahles et al. 2014; Speer 2010). Ignoring the vast range in individual protocols, a typical sampling strategy would, for a location of interest, involve the collection of samples from e. g. , two dozen trees. Such a collection of tree-ring samples is usually obtained from a geographically constrained area (e. g. , within a few hundred meters), and where the trees are hypothesized to be in the same ecological setting, influenced by the same environmental factors, and usually of the same species. Such collections are typically crossdated and analyzed together, and referred to as a tree-ring site. Increment borers are used to extract cores usually approximately 5 mm in diameter. For isotope measurements sometimes larger diameter (e. g. , 1 cm) cores are collected to ensure enough sample material for subsequent analysis. Depending upon the research objectives and setting, cross-sections may be obtained and can be preferable especially in situations where samples are taken from trees that are no longer living. Even when the investigation may only involve isotope measurements for the most recent years, it is highly preferable for the collected tree core to span the full bark to pith radius. A full core allows estimates of tree age, and offers the greatest number of rings to facilitate crossdating. Collecting multiple cores per tree facilitates crossdating as well. Two cores per tree is routine. It is recommended to take even more cores per tree when investigating genera (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Reads that matched the honey bee genome were removed. On average, 14,258,564 remaining reads per library were then aligned to the Holobee ‘Bar’ database and 7,260,989 reads per library were mapped (>138X coverage of the database) including N. ceranae and other bee-associated microbes. Bar database is a curated resource for microbes associated with honey bees ( In order to remove false-positive microbial classifications and restrict reads to the more prevalent bacteria responding towards the parasite infection, microbes found in fewer than 22 libraries of the sequencing libraries were removed. The counts were normalized using the weighted trimmed mean of M-values (TMM). Two replicates of each treatment for each post-infection day were used to calculate the variance in order to identity significantly regulated bacteria with edgeR [41]. values were corrected for multiple comparisons using false discovery rate (FDR). Significantly differentially expressed taxa met three criteria: (1) the relative abundance of the bacterium is significantly different between the infection group and the siRNA-Dicer group; (2) the relative abundance of the bacterium is significantly different between the siRNA-Dicer group and the siRNA-scramble group; and (3) the relative abundance of the bacterium is not significantly different between the siRNA-scramble group and the infection group. Statistical analysisSignificantly differentially expressed taxa were tested using t-tests at each time point and the P value was adjusted for multiple comparisons with FDR using R (version 3. 5. 1). In order to analyze bacterial patterns over the infection period, co-regulation between N. ceranae and bacteria clusters was analyzed using the WGCNA package [42]. The normalized read counts of bacteria were treated as the genotype and counts of N. ceranae were treated as phenotype. To further test the effect of siRNA treatment on the microbe enrichment, a generalized linear model was performed using R (version 3. 5. 1). Within the linear model (counts ~ treatment + day + cage + group + microbe), counts indicate normalized microbe counts. Treatment indicates siRNA-Dicer group, siRNA-scramble group and infection group. Day indicates number of days post infection. Cage indicates each of the two cage replicates. Group indicates co-expression groups obtained from WGCNA analysis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: , Juniperus spp. ) or locations (tropics) that are known to exhibit high within tree variability in the wood anatomical structures and/or ring characteristics. Specific investigations have not found a link between tree coring and increased mortality within multi-decadal time frames (van Mantgem and Stephenson 2004; Wunder et al. 2011). Generally samples are collected at, or near, 1. 37 m above the base of the tree. This corresponds to a routinely applied silvicultural measurement—the tree diameter at breast height (DBH)—and notably allows tree-ring width measurements to be more readily compared, and integrated, with periodic surveys of tree size (Evans et al. 2017). Moreover, collecting cores at this height: (i) mitigates growth irregularitiesbuttressing pronounced near the root collar, (ii) allows for the collection of most tree rings (rings produced when the tree was shorter than coring height will be missed), and (iii) is reasonably convenient for the physical collection of the sample (Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Speer 2010). It is recommended to collect as many auxiliary data when sampling (e. g. , tree diameter, height, location, canopy coverage), in order to assist with analysis and interpretation (see below on age/size/height trends), as well as integration into databases and subsequent multi-investigator compilations (Babst et al. 2014a; Brewer and Guiterman 2016). Recent overviews of the International Tree-Bank (ITRDB; Babst et al. 2017; Klesse et al. 2018b; Zhao et al. 2019; Pearl et al. 2020)—a compilation of thousands of tree-ring sites and datasets that have been graciously provided by hundreds of data contributors over the years in spirit of open exchange of scientific data—demonstrate that this collection is not representative of the global forested areas. Data in the ITRDB favor (i) gymnosperms over angiosperms, (ii) higher latitudes over tropical latitudes, (iii) older over younger trees, and (iv) are dominated by the tree-ring width parameter. In terms of tree-ring stable isotope measurements, at present only very few datasets have been submitted to the ITRDB.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractHoneybees (Apis mellifera) are constantly exposed to a wide variety of environmental stressors such as parasites and pesticides. Among them, Nosema ceranae and neurotoxic insecticides might act in combination and lead to a higher honeybee mortality. We investigated the molecular response of honeybees exposed to N. ceranae, to insecticides (fipronil or imidacloprid), and to a combination of both stressors. Midgut transcriptional changes induced by these stressors were measured in two independent experiments combining a global RNA-Seq transcriptomic approach with the screening of the expression of selected genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Although N. ceranae-insecticide combinations induced a significant increase in honeybee mortality, we observed that they did not lead to a synergistic effect. According to gene expression profiles, chronic exposure to insecticides had no significant impact on detoxifying genes but repressed the expression of immunity-related genes. Honeybees treated with N. ceranae, alone or in combination with an insecticide, showed a strong alteration of midgut immunity together with modifications affecting cuticle coatings and trehalose metabolism. An increasing impact of treatments on gene expression profiles with time was identified suggesting an absence of stress recovery which could be linked to the higher mortality rates observed. Citation: Aufauvre J, Misme-Aucouturier B, Viguès (2014) of the to Nosema ceranae and Insecticides. 9(3): e91686. : November 8, 2013; Accepted: February 14, 2014; Published: March 19, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Aufauvre et al. This is an open-access 1. 3 μg/L (Exp. 1) or 2 μg/L (Exp. 2) for fipronil and 2 μg/L for imidacloprid with 0. 1% DMSO (v/v). Emerging honeybees were exposed ad libitum to the contaminated feeding syrup for 7 days. The insecticide consumption was quantified by measuring the daily amount of contaminated syrup consumed per cage reported per living honeybee. Control honeybees were fed ad libitum with 0. 1% DMSO-containing sugar syrup.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: This presumably reflects the still expanding status of measurement efforts, the greater effort and expense in tree-ring isotope data, and far “younger” efforts to systematically share tree-ring isotope data (Csank 2009). Sampling of tree-ring sites has been regularly coupled to the specific research question and objective. Recognizing the multiple influences on tree growth (see Sect. 2. 4. 1), there is a practice to select trees that are minimally influenced by environmental factors not under primary consideration (Fritts and Swetnam 1989; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Speer 2010). For example, when sampling trees for climate reconstruction, individual trees or forest stands whose growth is significantly influenced by factors such as geomorphic activity or obvious disturbance from insect outbreaks would tend to be avoided. For climate reconstruction, this would typically also involve the preferential sampling of trees where growth is most limited by the environmental parameter of interest. And for investigations of fire scars, sampling would focus on trees showing evidence of fire scars. Some, but not all, of the patterns of data collection in the International Tree-are driven by long-standing evidence that the common signal, crossdating, and also climatic information in tree ring sites, are strongest for trees growing near the distributional limits (Fritts 1976). This has been referred to as “of Tree and Site Selection”. So as described above, sampling for temperature reconstruction tends to take place near the upper or latitudinal treeline, whereas precipitation reconstructions tend to be developed from trees growing near the drylower treeline locations. This principle or paradigm of tree and site selection is abundantly supported by investigations utilizing tree-ring width, and amply supported by maximum latewood density. This paradigm, however, seems to be cast in doubt by tree-ring isotopes. There are an increasing number of studies that, in comparison to tree-ring width, show extremely strong common signals amongst proximal tree and sites for stable carbon and especially oxygen isotopes (e. g. , Hartl-Meier et al. 2014; Klesse et al. 2018c) questioning the application of this principle to tree-ring sampling without consideration of the tree-ring parameters under investigation. It is plausible that a site selected to maximize the common signal in tree-ring width might not maximize the common signal for oxygen isotopes, and vice-versa.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 0 to cite this report: Rusip G. For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The answer from the author is by the. . . Continue reading answer from the author is by the response; the manuscript is perfect. I approve the 10. 5256/f1000research. 135733. r145982) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Major: The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must. . . Continue reading : The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must show picture of wound healing, histopathological picture, wound healing area, How authors say that the size of 2×2 cm2 is reduced? Author must show the data about the wound healing in term of wound healing picture and wound healing area? Images of a H&E staining should be provided and correlate it with number of fibroblast and other mentioned cells. Improve the scientific language. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: In this experiment, newly emerged honeybees were exposed to (i) no treatment, (ii) N. ceranae (125,000 spores/bee), (iii) chronic exposure to fipronil (1. 3 μg/L for 7 days) or (iv) the combination of both stressors. Survival analysis revealed that each treatment, applied alone or in combination, led to a significant decrease (p≤0. 05, one-tailed χ2 test) in honeybee survival compared to control (Figure 1). As expected, control honeybees presented the lowest mortality rate (19%) at the end of the experiment, i. e. 25 days after emergence. Mortality rates were significantly increased in honeybees exposed to N. ceranae (45%, p<0. 001) or fipronil (37%, p<0. 001) alone compared to control. Both factors, when applied alone, had a similar impact on honeybee survival (p = 0. 070). The mortality rate of honeybees co-exposed to both factors reached a maximum of 64%, and was significantly different from other experimental groups (p<0. 001). However, while the N. ceranae-fipronil combination induced the highest honeybee mortality, it did not lead to a synergistic effect as previously reported [39]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Effect of N. ceranae and fipronil, alone or in combination, on honeybee survival. Data give the cumulative proportion of surviving honeybees exposed to no treatment (blue), N. ceranae (red), fipronil (green), or a N. ceranae-fipronil combination (pink). N. ceranae-treated honeybees were individually infected at their emergence (day 0) and fipronil-treated ones were chronically and orally exposed to fipronil (1. 3 μg/L) from day 0 to day 7. Data from 165 honeybees per experimental condition were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. expected from our previous study [39], N. ceranae did not affect host sucrose consumption, nor did insecticide exposure affect parasite development (data not shown). Honeybees exposed to fipronil and to the N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: More thought, and empirical assessments, likely are warranted to revisit this topic with stable isotope data. It seems, however, that this should no longer be considered a universal principle for dendrochronology that aims to be inclusive for all tree-ring parameters. 4 in Tree-Ring Data4. 1 Aggregate ModelA series of tree-ring measurements can be viewed as a composite of multiple underlying signals—namely all of the factors that influence the tree-ring parameters—whose individual contributions “sum-up” in the observed time-series (Fig. 2. 3). The well-known linear aggregate model of tree growth (Cook 1987) formulates this perspective as an elegant conceptual framework that describes an observed tree-ring time series as the sum of the following five factors:1) Biological age/size trend. Many measurements of tree growth change with the age and size of the tree. Some effects, for example, in tree-ring width measurements are geometric related to distributing a given amount of biomass around an ever-increasing circumference (Biondi & Qeadan 2008). Other age/size related trends may be due to the changing “social status” of trees within the stand and be related to relative access to light (Cook 1985; Klesse et al. 2018c), or perhaps roots to increasing soil depth with time. Many dendrochronology applications attempt to understand, and remove, the influence of age/size related trends in a process called “detrending” (see below). 2) Climate Signals. Inter-annual variability in climatic conditions such as temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and vapor pressure deficit is at the heart of dendrochronology. It is the unique fingerprints of these variations in tree-ring parameters that enable crossdating. While crossdating usually focuses on the year-to-year variability, it should be noted that longer term (e. g. , multi-decadal to centennial-scale and beyond) is also imprinted in tree-ring data. Such long-term variability is, however, more challenging to partition from age/size trends as we will see below. The climate signals tend to be common amongst trees at a site, as well as sites within broader regions (on the scale of hundreds of kilometers) provided similarities in the underlying ecological and climatic conditions (Fritts 1976; Schweingruber et al. 1979).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Stem cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe. . . Continue reading manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe vera containing various active ingredients that help the wound healing process, such as glucomannan and acemannan. However, I have outlined below some of the issues that need to be addressed prior to indexing, and some minor comments and suggestions to further improve the quality of the manuscript. the abstract and introduction, the author states that one of the objectives of this study is to improve post-burn skin with the intervention of Aloe vera extract. However, histopathological description of the healing process of burns is not presented and discussed. The method part is not clear. It is not clear the analytical method for macrophage and fibroblast counts and the analytical formula is not specified, the authors need to explain it. Please clarify and make changes to the methods section as appropriate. In the discussion section, it is not explained how this study shows a synergistic interaction between changes that occur on days 3, 14 and 21 and between a number of macrophages and fibroblasts in figures 1, 2 and 3 with no visible histopathologic changes. It's better to call it the calculation score. the method section, how much Aloe vera contains?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae-fipronil combination absorbed a similar daily quantity of fipronil of 1/209th (19. 9±5. 1 pg/day/bee) and 1/201th of the LD50 (20. 7±6. 9 pg/day/bee) respectively (LD50 of 4. 17 ng/bee [46]). Although these doses were much lower than the molecule LD50, the fipronil treatment could not be considered as sublethal in this study as it induced a significant increase in honeybee mortality. Identification of differentially expressed genes. The midgut transcriptome modifications induced by parasitism and exposition to insecticide, acting alone or in combination, were determined 1 and 7 days after the treatments’ initiation by whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). A total of 16 RNA-Seq libraries were generated with 2 libraries for each experimental group. The number of sequence reads that mapped the honeybee genome varied between 10,000,000 and 27,000,000 per library, except for one replicate collected at day 7 in the group of honeybees co-exposed to N. ceranae and fipronil where only 14. 2% of the reads (3,961,114 reads) matched the genome. This sample contained a high amount of Varroa destructor virus sequences and was discarded from further analyses. Overall, 10,061 honeybee genes have been detected in either library (Table S2). package DESeq [44] was used to normalize data and perform all possible pairwise comparisons to determine the differentially expressed genes between experimental groups. In order to validate the RNA-Seq data, 8 genes showing differential expression in at least two pairwise comparisons were selected. qRT-PCR assays on these genes confirmed both the direction and the magnitude of changes (Spearman rank correlation ρ = 0. 722, n = 72, p<0. 001) (Figure S1). A PCA was performed on normalized data corresponding to a set of 3001 genes showing an adjusted p-value <0. 1 in at least one pairwise comparison in the whole data (Figure 2). The first (70. 5%) and second (5. 1%) components represent most of the differential expression pattern with a cumulative proportion of 75. 6%.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 3) Endogenous Disturbance. Periodic disturbances to some trees at a given site due to tree or stand internal factors are also observed in tree-ring data. A classic example of an endogenous disturbance is related to gap phase dynamics in closed canopy forests. Here, growth pulses can be often observed in remaining trees following the removal (natural or anthropogenic) of nearby tree(s), especially if the tree(s) removed had a dominant canopy position and/or competed for moisture (Giuggiola et al. 2016). Provided the sampling covers a sufficiently large spatial scale relative to the size of the local disturbances, only some trees in a site will show responses to such disturbances. Endogenous disturbances may be the primary subject of dendroecological investigations (Pederson et al. 2014). Whereas for investigations where such disturbances are “noise”, their impact on tree-ring time series can be mitigated by a sufficiently large sample size collected from trees distributed over sufficiently large spatial areas, as well as statistical techniques (e. g. , Analyses or robust means) that can serve to extract signals common to all trees in a stand (Peters et al. 1981). 4) Exogenous Disturbance. Period disturbances affecting, most if not all trees in a stand, such as large-scale insect infestations, massive windthrow events, or fires are also evident in tree-ring data. Again, exogenous disturbances may be the primary topic of dendrochronological investigations. Both for applications aiming to retain or mitigate exogenous disturbance impacts, assessment of multiple sites across broader regions, different species (e. g. , host versus non-host for reconstruction) as well as analytical techniques for disturbance detection and/or signal extraction are of value (Swetnam and Lynch 1989). 5) Error/Noise. The noise term of this model can be thought to include any variability not accounted for by the first four factors and is presumed to be uncorrelated amongst trees in a stand. Yet, clearly given the conceptual nature of the linear aggregate model, the “error” term in the originally conceived model may inherently including meaningful and scientifically understandable and interesting components such as genetic variation (King et al. 2013b; Housset et al. 2018). Mixed effects models build on the basic principles of the linear aggregate model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Explain the total solids content of the gel material used in the study. In the results section, a description of the histopathological picture is explained in relation to the analysis results from figures 1,2 and 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: This analysis revealed a clear segregation between samples collected at day 1 and those collected at day 7. The PCA plot also showed that samples collected at day 1 were all gathered together, while those collected at day 7 were segregated in a treatment-dependent way, possibly more strongly upon parasite infection. Therefore, honeybee ageing might have highly influenced gene expression in our experiment but exposure to parasite and/or insecticide might also have influenced it 7 days after treatment initiation. Indeed, pairwise comparisons performed on samples collected on day 1 only resulted in 17 genes whose expression was significantly modified between two experimental groups (i. e. showing at least one adjusted p-value <0. 1 among all pairwise comparisons), while expression profiles were more affected on day 7 with 104 genes whose expression was affected. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Principal component analysis of RNA-Seq data. Gene expression changes were investigated at day 1 (circles) or 7 (squares) in honeybees exposed to no treatment (blue), N. ceranae (red), fipronil (green), or a N. ceranae-fipronil combination (pink). The PCA was performed using normalized RNA-Seq data of a set of 3001 genes showing an adjusted p-value <0. 1 in at least one pairwise comparison. Honeybee genes responding to Nosema infection and fipronil intoxication. In order to determine which genes were involved in honeybee response to N. ceranae and/or exposure to fipronil, we focused on pairwise comparisons performed between treated groups and controls at the same day. Overall, we found 71 genes whose expression is significantly modified in response to at least one of the treatments 1 or 7 days after the experiment initiation (Table 1). The honeybee response to treatments is particularly low 1 day after treatment initiation, with only 10 genes whose expression is significantly modified, compared to the 63 genes detected from data collected on day 7. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Honeybee genes whose expression is significantly modified in response to at least one treatment (N. ceranae infection, chronic exposure to fipronil or a combination of both stressors) compared to the untreated control, 1 or 7 days after the experiment initiation. infection by N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Yet importantly also allow for interactions and a non-independence of the factors (Klesse et al. 2020) with examples including a differential effect of climate on younger versus older trees, or compounded effects of drought induced stress and disturbance from insects on tree-ring width. Fig. 2. 3Illustration of the linear aggregate model. a Schematic example using fictitious data showing how an observed time-series can be decomposed as the sum of the age/size trend, climate induced variation, endogenous and exogenous disturbances, and some error term. The interannual variance of the climate term was decreased with increasing tree-age to represent the often observed decreased inter-annual variation in ring-widths as trees grow and distribute biomass around an ever increasing circumference. Note that the long-term trend in the climate term would be difficult to empirically partition from the age/size trend in a single observational time-series. b Examples of three time-series of tree-ring measurements scaled to have the same vertical range and aligned by innermost measurement which is assumed to represent a biological/cambial age (years since pith) of 1. The series are a Pinus ponderosa from New Mexico, USA (pink; Dean and Robinson 1986), Quercus douglasii from California, USA (orange; Stahle et al. 2012, 2013); USA, and Pinus sylvestris from higher latitudes in Sweden (green; Esper et al. 2012). The stronger multi-decadal variability evident in the high latitude site from Sweden is consistent with the temperature variations in this region. ponderosa is a classic example for a negative exponential age/size trend as well as heteroscedasticityFull size image4. 2 Detrending and StandardizationWhile each of the terms in the linear aggregate model could receive its own 2. 4. 3. When aggregating multiple trees into a tree-ring chronology, it is often scientifically favorable to eliminate (to the maximum extent possible) the variation due to the age/size of a tree AND simultaneously retain all (to the maximum extent possible) variation from other factors of interest, say, climate. Moreover, differences in the absolute values of tree-ring measurements, say from a faster versus slower growing tree, or from one with lower versus higher 13C values, when developing a tree-ring chronology, also must be considered.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 10 Mar 2022 really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae induced various gene expression changes on day 7 compared to control (Table 1). N. ceranae led to a significant overexpression of the genes encoding the histones H3-like (Gene ID 725272) and H4 (Gene ID 406132). The expression levels of the serine proteases encoding genes SP40 (Gene ID 409626) and SP22 (Gene ID 413645) were significantly decreased in the N. ceranae and N. ceranae-fipronil treatments for the former, and to the N. ceranae-fipronil treatment only for the latter. Several genes involved in chitin metabolism and cuticle coatings, that constitute an important barrier defence in honeybees, were activated in experimental groups: the chitinase 5 encoding gene (Gene ID 551600) in response to N. ceranae and N. ceranae-fipronil combination, and the genes encoding the cuticular proteins 17 (Gene ID 724556) and 28 (Gene ID 412202) in response to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination only. Additionally, parasitism decreased the expression of genes related to carbohydrates metabolism. The expression of the genes encoding the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Gene ID 412843) and the facilitated trehalose transporter Tret1-like (Gene ID 412007) was reduced in bees exposed to N. ceranae and to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination respectively. Some treatments affected the expression of genes involved in amino acid metabolism and transport. The transcript amounts were higher for the B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1-like (Gene ID 409932) and the fumarylacetoacetase (Gene ID 552210) encoding genes in response to N. ceranae, and for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2-like encoding gene (Gene ID 412220) in response to fipronil and to N. ceranae-fipronil. In contrast, an inhibition of expression was observed for the dopa decarboxylase encoding gene (Gene ID 410638) in response to N. ceranae, and for the proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4-like encoding gene (Gene ID 413117) in response to fipronil alone.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Tree-ring detrending and standardization is the process by which time-series are handled, often sensu the linear aggregate model, to estimate and remove the age/size related trends and standardize tree-ring data into dimensionless indices (Fritts 1976; Jacoby and D’Arrigo 1989; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Cook and Krusic 2005; Melvin and Briffa 2008; Briffa et al. 2013). There are two major categories of techniques to perform tree ring detrending, namely, those in which detrending curve is based upon (i) the individual tree-ring time series, or alternatively, (ii) a sample/population estimate of the age/size function. Most, if not all, of the earlier studies in dendrochronology relied on estimating the age/size trend on an individual, series-by-series, basis using deterministic (e. g. , linear regression or negative exponential) curves that can be expressed as a simple equation, or alternatively, stochastic methods (e. g. , moving averages, cubic smoothing splines, etc. ) that are adapted to the data. Removal of the age/size trend is then typically achieved by dividing the observed (i. e. , the tree-ring measurements) by the estimated (i. e. , either the deterministically or stochastically fit curve) resulting in dimensionless tree-ring indices. Individual detrending may be performed with “conservative” methods (e. g. , linear regression or negative exponential curves) that attempt to retain longer-term climate information (e. g. , Jacoby and D’Arrigo 1989) or alternatively flexible curves that primary retain inter-annual to decadal-scale variability as is desirable for crossdating (e. g. , Holmes 1983). In addition to removing age/size related trends, detrending by division (i. e. , ratios) has the benefit of mitigating the commonly occurring heteroscedastic relationships in tree-ring width data namely the often observed relationship between the local variance and mean (or spread versus level). Dividing the tree-ring measurements by the growth curve results in a local normalization of variance structure along the tree-ring series (see Fig. 2. 4). For maximum latewood density data (e. g. , Helama et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Fipronil also led to the overexpression of two genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, encoding an inositol-3-phosphate synthase (Gene ID 551143) and an inositol oxygenase-like (Gene ID 408650). Honeybees exposed to fipronil alone also showed a significant decrease in the expression of two genes encoding transcriptional factors: the homeobox protein Nkx-2. 5-like (Gene ID 725671) and the POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3-like (Gene ID 727092). of in Response to N. ceranae, Fipronil and Imidacloprid (Exp. 2) Survival analysis. In this experiment, newly emerged honeybees were exposed to (i) no treatment, (ii) N. ceranae (125,000 sp/bee), (iii) chronic exposure to fipronil (2 μg/L), (iv) chronic exposure to imidacloprid (2 μg/L), (v) N. ceranae-fipronil combination or (vi) N. ceranae-imidacloprid combination. Survival analysis showed a general pattern which is quite similar to the one observed in Exp. 1 (Fig. S2). Briefly, all parasite and/or insecticide treatments, except for the imidacloprid treatment (p = 0. 079), led to a significant decrease (p≤0. 001) in honeybee survival compared to control. Moreover, mortality rates induced by N. ceranae-fipronil and N. ceranae-imidacloprid combinations were the highest (69% and 70% respectively after 12 days) and were significantly (p≤0. 001) higher than the parasite or insecticide treatments applied alone. However, neither N. ceranae-fipronil nor N. ceranae-imidacloprid combination led to a synergistic effect on host mortality. Regarding exposure to fipronil, honeybees treated with fipronil alone (46. 1±17. 7 ng/day/bee, LD50/90) and honeybees exposed to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination (43. 1±12.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2008), and likely also stable isotope data (Büntgen et al. 2020), where such heteroscedasticity is clearly weaker, detrending can be performed by subtracting the modeled aged trend from the tree-ring measurements (e. g. , Cook and Peters 1997). Importantly, this detrending, also standardizes tree-ring series to eliminate influences from difference in absolute growth rates (or isotope discrimination) in a tree-ring chronology as all tree-ring data are now in dimensionless indices with a mean of approximately unity. Fig. 2. 4Schematic illustration of potential challenges in identification of growth trends in tree-ring data with e. g. , implications for assessment of CO2 fertilization effects. The top panel shows a fictitious example of tree-ring width data (blue) with an age/size related trend. Examples of methods applied in the literature to assess growth changes including (i) no detrending (note this method appears useful for the last millennia of multi-millennial tree-ring series where strong conclusions are able to be drawn if an increase in tree-ring width is observed; Salzer et al. 2009), (ii) flexible detrending, (iii) conservative detrending (see also Peters et al. 2015) also with some degree of end-fitting artifacts (see Cook and Peters 1997) are shown. The manner in which these illustrative tree-ring data have been handled impacts potential conclusions on growth trends. This example aims to illustrate the relevance of careful assessments of potential age/size related trends in analysis, interpretation, and dissemination. Note, dividing the tree-ring data with fit curves results in a homoscedastic tree-ring indices in the lower two panelsFull size imageThree well-recognized pitfalls exist with individual detrending. Firstly, it is not possible to confidently differentiate age/size related trends from other signals of interest such as climate (but see “signal free” detrending discussion below). Secondly, variability on time-scales longer than the individual tree-ring measurement series cannot be retained—the so-called “Curse” (Cook et al. 1995)—which is especially problematic for investigations that build multi-centennial or millennial length records from shorter, overlapping, crossdated series. Lastly, biases in the tree-ring indices might be created when the estimated curve approaches values close to zero (Cook et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: 2 ng/day/bee, LD50/97) consumed similar daily quantities of insecticide. Like in Exp. 1, fipronil doses received by honeybees in both experimental groups cannot be considered as sublethal. Honeybees exposed to imidacloprid also consumed similar daily quantities of insecticide, whether they were infected by N. ceranae (42. 2±13. 5 ng/day/bee, LD50/664) or not (45. 1±17. 6 ng/day/bee, LD50/621). As the mortality rate of honeybees treated with imidacloprid alone was not significantly different from the one measured in control bees, the imidacloprid dose received by individuals could be considered as sublethal. Determination of differentially expressed genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Twenty four honeybee genes have been selected as potential expression markers for parasitism or exposure to insecticide. Among those, sixteen genes are involved in functions, such as immunity, detoxification and antioxidant reactions, that are activated in response to environmental stressors in honeybees. As an example, it has been shown that the expression of the genes encoding the hymenoptaecin and defensin 1 antimicrobial peptides (Gene ID 406142 and 406143) and the glucose dehydrogenase (Gene ID 551044) is significantly decreased several days after N. ceranae infection [8], [9]. Six genes showing differential expression in our RNA-Seq experiment have also been selected. The transcript levels of the 24 selected genes were determined for each experimental condition from four pools of five midguts 7 and 11 days after treatment initiation. Six and eight genes were significantly differentially expressed in at least one experimental group compared to control in samples collected at days 7 and 11 respectively (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Expression levels of 24 honeybee genes in response to various stressors, alone or in combination, 7 or 11 days after experiment initiation (d. a. i). genes thought to be involved in immunity were downregulated in response to several treatments. The gene encoding the serine protease 40 (Gene ID 409626) was downregulated at day 7 in honeybees infected by N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1997). The recognition of these pitfalls, and especially the first two, challenges has driven continued innovations in detrending methods—particularly when long-term (e. g. , centennial-scale and beyond) information is sought (e. g. , Briffa et al. 2013). The second category of established methods to remove the age/size related trends, and one in a manner that can preserve low-frequency variability and break the “Curse”, is the so-called “Standardization” method (RCS; Briffa et al. 1992; Cook et al. 1995; Esper et al. 2003; D’Arrigo et al. 2006; Helama et al. 2017). The RCS method allows retention of low-frequency signals by detrending all series with the same regional growth curve. Detrended series are thus not constrained to a mean of unity. Rather, they can “float above” or “sink below” the regional mean to capture periods of above or below average growth on time-scales longer than individual trees’ lifespans. In RCS, a population estimate, the so-called regional curve, for the age-related trend is estimated based upon all tree-ring data at a site. Operationally, the regional curve is estimated by aligning all tree-ring series by their cambial age (i. e. , first ring after the pith is a cambial age of 1) and averaging the age-aligned data together. In cases where the tree-core (or cross-section) does not include the pith, the number of years to the pith can (and should) be estimated (see Pirie et al. 2015 for a review). Methods for RCS employed in the (Cook and Krusic 2005) and dplR (Bunn 2008; Bunn et al. 2020) frameworks both allow the inclusion of pith-offset information. The detrended tree-ring data are then derived by removing (usually by ratios for tree-ring width data) the regional curve from all measured tree-ring series.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 01 Aug 2022 | for Version 2 Gusbakti Rusip, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae, whatever they were exposed to one insecticide or not, and at day 11 in individuals exposed to the combination N. ceranae-imidacloprid. The lysozyme 1 encoding gene (Gene ID 725110) was downregulated at day 11 in honeybees exposed to fipronil or imidacloprid alone and in honeybees exposed to N. ceranae-fipronil. The expression of the antimicrobial peptide hymenoptaecin encoding gene (Gene ID 406142) was significantly inhibited at day 11 in response to N. ceranae or fipronil, but not to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination. In contrast, it was significantly lower in response to the N. ceranae-imidacloprid treatment at the same day. At last, honeybees exposed to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination showed a decrease in the expression of the gene encoding the glucose dehydrogenase 2 (Gene ID 551044) at day 7. Other functional groups seemed affected by the applied treatments. Eleven days after the experiment initiation, honeybees infected by N. ceranae showed a strong decrease in the expression of a catalase encoding gene (Gene ID 443552), which might be involved in antioxidant reactions and in xenobiotic detoxification. Two genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly downregulated in our experiment: the trehalase encoding gene (Gene ID 410484) in response to N. ceranae at day 11 and to N. ceranae-fipronil combination at days 7 and 11, and the GMC oxidoreductase 3 encoding gene (Gene ID 410747) in response to all treatments but imidacloprid alone at day 7 and to N. ceranae-imidacloprid combination at day 11. The expression of the transcription factor Lim3 homeobox (Gene ID 410658) was significantly downregulated at day 7 in all experimental groups compared to control, and at day 11 in honeybees infected by N. ceranae, whether they were exposed to insecticides or not. Honeybees exposed to fipronil or imidacloprid or N.

Output: corroborate